m Hi AVf FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FORSCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CATALOGUE FISHES BRITISH MUSEUM. BY ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S., ETC. ETC. VOLUME SECOND. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 186)0. CATALOGUE ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES CO Ti LECTION BRITISH MUSEUM. DR. ALBERT GUNTHER. VOLUMJ: SECOND. SQUAMIPINNES, CIRRHITID^, TRIGLID^., TRACIUNID/E, SCI/ENIDyE, P0LYNEMIDJ5, SPHYRtENID^, TRICHIURIDiE, SCOMBRID^, CARANGID^, XIPHIID^. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 18G0. rurNTED BY TAYLOU AND FRANCIS, KEU LION COUKT, FLEET STKEET. PREFACE. Dr. CliJNTUEH observes, — "This volume contains the remaining por- tions of Cuvicr's Percoides and Scitunoldes, and nearly the whole of his Sqvuimiinnnes, Cataphracti, and Scomberoides. The instances where Cuvier has described one and the same fish under three or more different names are numerous, especially in the last family ; nevertheless the number of apparently well-characterized species has been nearly doubled since his period, as we see from a comparison of the result of this volume with the corresponding parts of the ' Histoire Naturclle des Poissons ': — Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 700 Total number of species in this volume 1 llif) Species apparently well characterized in Cuv. & Val 5;}r> Species apparently well characterized in this volume .... 059 " The plan adopted in the first volume has been adhered to. " Several important additions to the Collection have been made since the publication of the first volume, viz. : — " 1. The entire Collection of Fishes of the Museum of the East India Company. " 2. A Collection of Fishes from Vancouver Island, made during the voyage of H.M.S. Plumper. "3. Several Collections of Fisher from the seas of Lisbon and Madeira, presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. " 4. A Collection of Huabiun Fishes, received from the Stuttgart Museum. " 5. A Collection of Fishes from Ecuador, purchased of Mr. Frascj-. IV PKEFACE. " 6. A Collection of Mexican Freshwater Fi .hes, purchased of M. SaUc. '* 7. A Collection of Marine Fishes, made at Amoy (China). " 8. A Collection of Marine and Freshwater Fishes from the New Hebrides, purchased of Mr. MacgUlivray. " All these Collections contain so many interesting forms, either entirely new to science, or previously not represented in the British Museum, that I cannot forbear directing attention to the great service which may be done to science by collecting fishes, in what- ever country or sea an opportunity may occur. If we look at the large accessions to ichthyology during the last fifteen years, we may well conclude that not one-tenth of the existing species are known. " I would remark, that some authors, who have adopted genera as defined by me, have misunderstood mo, if they have thought, that the species, by which a genus is headed, is to be considered as the typical one, A serial arrangement of the species is the most natural, and it ought always to be adhered to as far as possible ; therefore I generally commence a genus with that species which has some relation to the preceding genus, placing the more aben-ant forms, or those which are allied to the following genus, at the end ; and in all such cases the typical species occupy the centre of the series. " Finally, I return my best thanks to my friend the llev. R. T. Lowe, for supplying mo from his MSS. with detailed accounts of many species examined by him at Madeira." JOHN EDWARD GRAY. iiritisli Museum. .Time 1, 18G0. ADDITIONS 10 IIIK INDEX OF THE WORKS (QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. 1635, Nieremherg, J. E. Historia Naturse maxima peregiiuee. Aiitw., fol. 1658. Rochefort. Histoire naturelle des lies Antilles. Rotterd., 4to. 1G67. Ihdertre, R. r. Histoire gen(5rale des Antilles. Paris, 4to. 1673. Nieuhoff, J. An Embassy from the East India Company to the Grand Tartar Cham, Emperor of China. Englished by J. Ot/i/hi/. Edit. 2. London, fol. 1082. . Brasilifense Zee- en Lant-Reize. Amsterd., fol, 1674. Olearius, Adam. Gottorffische Kunst-Kammer. Schleswig, 4to. 1684, Sihbald, Sir Robert. Scotia Illustrata. Edinb., fol, 1697. Dampier, W. A New Voyage round the World, Lond., 8vo. 1703. . A Voyage to New Holland. Lond., 8vo, 1718. Lebnm, Curneille. Voyage par la Moscovie en Perse et au.x Indes Orientales. Amsterd., fol. 1718, Leguat. Voj'age et Aventures, Lond., 12mo. 1729, Funnell, W. A Voyage round the World ; being an account of Capt. Will. Dampier s Expedition into the South Seas in the Ship St, George. In " Collection of Voyages," vol. iv. Lend., 8vo, 1756. Brown, P. The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. Lond., fol. 1758, Borlase, W. The Natural History of Cornwall, Oxford, fol, 1758, Edwards, G. Gleanings of Natural Historj'. Lond., 4to. T 762-66, Stroern, H. Physisk og cekonomisk Beskrivelse over Fog- deiiet Sondmor. Soroe, 4to, ] 764, Petiver, J. Gazophylacium, or Opera Historian! Naturalem spec- tantia. Lond., fol. 1765. Schlosser, J. A. Account of a fish called Jaculator, in Phil. Trans. vol, liv,, year 1764. J7U/. Pallas. Paper on the .Laculator-fish, in Phil. Trans, vol. Ivi., yeai 1766. 1774. Olofsm, E. Reise durch Island. Aus dem Diinischen. Kopenli & Leipz., 4to. VI INDEX OF THE WOKKS QUOTSD 178(5. Guctfard, J. E. Nouvelle Collection eur difl&'entea parties intt^r- essantes des Sciences et Arts. I'aris, 4to. 1788. Arledi, P. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica. Ed. J. J. Walbaum. Ory- phisw., Svo. 1788. Schopf, J. D. Besclireibung einiger Nordamci-ikanischen Fische, iu Sduiften der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freundo zu Berlin. Band viii. Stiick 3. Berlin, Svo. 1789. Block. Papers in Kongl. Vetenskabs Academiens Nya Handlingar. Stockh., 1789 &c., Svo. 1791. Tlnmberg. Papers in Kongl. Vetenskabs Academiens Nya Hand- lingar, torn. xiv. et seq. Stockli., 1791 &c., Svo. 1791. Enphrasett, B. A. Papers, ibid. 1797. Schousboe, P. Jagttagelser over Tajndome hos nogle Fiskearter, in Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, Bind 4. Kjcibenh., 8vo. 1810, Blunicnbach, J. F. Abbildungen naturbistorischer Gegenstando. Gottingen, Svo. 1813. Low. Fauna Orkadensis. Ed. W. Elford Leach. Edinb., 4to. 1833-43. Affossiz, L. Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles. Neucbatel, 4to. Atlas, fol. 1834. Kittlitz, F. U. von. Bescbreibung einiger Arten Acanthurus, in Musexujx Souckenbergianum, 1834, p. 189. 1835. Jenyns, L. Systematic Catalogue of Bfitisb Vertebrate Animals Cambridge, Svo. 1835. Cantraine, F. M^moire sur nn Poisson nouveau (Eovetus tem- minckii), in Joum. Acad. Sc. et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles, x. 4to. 1836. . M^moire sur le Serranus tinea. Ibid, xi. 1837. Ri'n>pell, E. Neuer Nachtrag von Beschreibungen neuer Nilfiscbe, in Museum Senckenbergianum, vol. iii. 1839. Parnell, R. On a new species of British Fish (Motella cimbria), in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. ii. 1839. TJiompson, W. On Fishes new to Ireland, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, vols, i, & ii. . On Fishes. Ibid. . Observations on several British Fishes. Ibid. 1839, Eydoux et Gervais. Voyage autour du monde sm- la corvette ' La Favorite,' Zoologie, Paris, Svo, 1840, RisfiO., A' Observations sur quelques Poissons de Nice, in Wieg- mann's Aichiv. 1840. Troschel, H. Ueber einige Bloch'sche Fischarten, in Wiegmann's Archiv. 1840, Bennett, F. D. Narrative of a Whaling- Voyage, Lond., Svo. 1841. M'Coy, F. On some new or rare Fish occurring on the coaat of Ireland, in Ann, & Mag, Nat, Hist, vol, vi. p. 402, 1845-46, Diiben en Koren. On nya Skandinaviska Fiskar, In ofversigt af Vetensk, Akad. Forhandl. Stockh, Svo, 1849. Snnth, A. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, Pisces. Lond., 4.0. IN THIS AND xnE PRECEDING VOLUMES. VU 1851. Gaimard, P. Voyage en Islande et an GriJnIand, execute pendant les annees 1835' et 1830, sur la corvette 'LaRecherfhe.' Paris, 8vo. Atlas, fol. . Voyage en Scandinavie, en Laponie, an Spitzberg ot aux Faroe, pendant les annexes 1838, 1839 et 1840, sur la corvette ' La Recherche.' Atlas. Paris, fol. 1851. Gosse, P. IL A Natm-alist's Sojourn in Jamaica. Lond., IGnio. 1854. Stannius. Ilandbuch der Anatomic der Wirbelthiere. Zweite Auflage. Berlin, 8vo. 1857. 3Iartens, E. von. Ueber einige Fisclie der siissen Gewasser Italians, in Wiegmaun's Archiv, 1857. 1858. Gill, Th. Papers in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858 et scq., and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859 & 1860. 1858. Bleeker, P. Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Sumatra, in Act. Soc. Sc. ludo-Nederl. vol. iii. . Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyolog. fauna van Japan. Ibid. . Tiende bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Celebes. Ibid. . Elfde bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Celebes. Ihid. . Elfde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyol. fauna van Borneo. Ibid. . Negende bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina. Ibid. . Tiende bydrage tot de kennis der A'ischfauna van Amboina, Ibid. 1859. Kner, R. Ueber Trachyptvrus altivelis uud Clicetodon trimcatus, in Sitzungsberichte der Academie der Wissensch.Wien, vol. xxxiv. 18G0. Giiiither, A. On the History of Echeneis, in Ann. Sc Mag. Nat. Hist., May. . On Centrolophus britannicus, a new British fish. Ibid., JiUy. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Fam. 8. Squamipinxes. First Group. Ch^todontina. rage 1. Clisetodon, Artedi ^ 1. strif^augulus, Soland. .... 4 2. plebeius, Gm 5 3. trifasciali.=i, Q. et G 5 4. leachii, C.etV. G 5. setifcr, Bl. G (3. auriga, Fursk 7 7. ephippium, C. etV. .... 7 8. semeion, Bleek 7 y. striatus, L 8 10. biniaculatus, Bl. 0 11. biocellatus, C. dV. .... 9 12. nesogallicuH, C. etV. 10 1.3. ocellatus, Bl ^10 14. niodestiLS, Schley 10, ol5 15. tallii, Bleeh 11 16. uiiimaculatus, Bl. 11 17. bennettii, Bleek 12 18. speculum, K. et v. II. ■ . 12 19. capistratus, L 12 20. quadriuiaculatus. Gray. . 13 21. meyeri, Sclmeid. 13 22. omatissimus, Soland. .... 15 23. fremblii, Benn 10 24. *mitratu3, Gthr 10 25. Mcula, Bl 17 20. dizostei', C. etV. 17 27. octofasciatus, Gni. . . 17, ")15 28. ulietensls, C.etV. 18 29. *robustus, Gthr 18 30. *humerali.s, Gthr 19 31. *|,n-acilis, Gthr 20 32. collaris, Bl 21 33. pifctextatus, Cant. . . 22, 515 .34. v(!ti(uilatus, (\ rtV. . . . 22 35. kleinii, Bl 22 3G, roinwardtii, Gihr 23 Page 37. vittatu.'?, Schneid 23, 515 38. fasciatus, Foisk 24 39. pictu.s, For.'ik 24 40. lunula, Laa'p 25 41. vagabundus, L 25 42. guttatissimus, Bonn 20 43. punctato-faseiatu.s, Gr. 27, 515 44. rafflosii. Bom 27 45. uxycephalus, Bleek 27 4G. mesoleucus, Forsk 28 47. dorsalis, lieiniv 28 48. ocellicauda, C. etV. 29 49. aureu.s, Schlerf 29, 515 50. xanthurus, Bleek. . . 29, 515 51. lineolatus, C. et V. .... 30 52. selene, Bleek 30 53. miliaris, Q. et G 31 54. baronessa, C. etV. 31 55. larvatu.s, Ehrcnb 31 5G. tau-uigrum, C. etV. .... 32 57. blackburni, Desjurd 32 58. uigripinnis, Pet 32 59. citrinellus. Brums 33 60. luctuosus, Q.etG 33 61. xanthocephalus, Beiui. . . 33 62. zoster, Benn 33 63. chrysozonus, K. et r. II. . . 34 64. oligacanthus, Bleek. . . 34, 510 65. strigatus, Lanysd. 34 (50. polylepis, Bleeh 35 67. sexfa.sciatu.s, Richards. . . 35 morten.sii, C. et V. 3 principalis, C. etV. .... 3 parallel us, Gronor 3 lunulatus, Q. et G 3 .sp., Artedi 3 layardi, Blyth •"> 2. Che'lnio, Cuv 35 1. roslratus, L 36 2. marginalis, Rich 36 3. longiroslris, Bn>u:ix. .38 SYSTKMAXIC INDKX. Page 4. •pclla, Glhr 38 5. trimcatus, Kner 51(5 3. Heniochus, C. ctV. 39 1. macrolepidotus, L. . . 39, 510 2. monoceros, C. et V. .... 41 3. chrysostoma, Parkins, . . 41 4. vanus, 0. et V. 41 viridis, C. et V. 39 4. Holacanlhus, Lac^ 42 1. annularis, lil. 42, 516 2. psuudannularis, Bleek. . . 43 3. arcuatua, Gray 43 4. laniarckii, Luc6p 44 5. •caudovittatus, Gthr. . . 44 6. asfur, Forsk 45 7. maculosus, Forsk 45 8. leucopleura, Bleek. . . 4(5, 510 9. tibicen, C.etV. 46 10. passer, Valeric 46 11. ciliari8,Z 46, 516 12. formosus, Casteln 47 13. lepidolepis, Bkek. . . 47, 516 14. diacanthus, Bodd. 48 15. melanospilos, Bleek 48 16. bispinosiis, Gthr 48, 616 17. sexstriatiis, K. et v. H. . . 49 18. navarchus, C. etV. .... 19 19. tricolor, Bl 49 20. bicolor, Bl. 50, 517 21. trimaculatus, C. et V. . . 50 22. xanthometopon, Bleek. . . 51 23. xanthurus, Benn 51 23 a. •cyanotis, Gthr 517 24. \Tolikii, Bleek 51 25. nox, Bleek 51 26. septentrionalis, Schley. . 52 27. imperator, Bl 52 28. nicobariensis, Schn 52 29. seinicirculatus, C. etV... 53 30. striatus, Bilpp 53 31. alteruans, 0. et V. 53 32. clnysurua, C. et- V. .... 54 33. cseruleus, Ehrenb 54 34. mesoleucus, Bl 54 35. chrysocephaliis, Bleek. . . 54 30. melanosoma, Bleek 55 mokhella, Ehretih 42 flavissimus, C. et V. .... 42 luteolus. Parkins 42 5. Pomacanthus, LacSp 55 1. paru, Bl 55, 517 6. Scatophaf,ii3, C. et V. .... 57 1. argus, X. 58,518 2. bougainvillii, C. et V. . . 59 3. ornatus, C. et V. .... 59, 518 4. ietracanlhus, lAivcp 60 5. niultifnsciatus, Rich 00 Pace purpuraacens, C. et V. . . 57 7. Ephippus, Vuv 00 1. faber, Brouss 61 2. gigas, Parkins 01 3. goreensis, C etV. 61 4. orbis, Bl 02, 518 zonatus, Girard 00 8. Drepane, C.etV. 62 1. punctata, L 02, 518 9. Hypsinotus, Schley 03 1. rubescens, Gthr 03 Second Group. Scokpidina. 10. Scorpis, C.etV. 63 1. georgianus, C. et V. .... 64 2. chilensis, Gay 64 3. fequipinnis. Rich. . . 64, 518 11. 'Atypus, (?(!/tr 64 1. "stngatus, Gthr 64, 518 Third Group. Toxotina. 12. Toxotes, Cuv 66 1. jaculator, Pall. 67, 519 2. * microlepis, Gthr 68 Fam. 9. Cirrhitidje. 1. Cirrhites, Commers 71 1. forsteri, Schneid 71 2. punctatus, C.etV. 72 3. arcatus, Park 72 3a. rivulatus, Val. 519 4. amblycepbalus, Bleek. . . 73 5. aprinas, C. et V. 73 6. fasciatus, C. etV. 73 7. cinctus, Gthr 73 2. Cirrhitichthys, Bkek 73 1. oxyi'hyncliu.s, Bleek 74 2. grapludopteriis, Bleek. . . 74 3. maculatus, Lacep 74 4. oxycepLalus, Bleek 75 5. aureus, Schley 75 3. OxyciiThites, Bleek 76 1. typus, Bleek 76 4. Chironemas, Cuv 76 1. georgianus, Cuv 76 2. * niarmoratus, Gthr 70 3. maculosus, Rich 78 5. Chilodactylus, Lac^y 78 1. carponemus. Parkins. . . 78 2. macropterns, Furst 78 3. aspersus, Rich 79 4. nigricans. Rich 79 5. "grandis, C/fhr 7.9 0. brachydactylus, C. el V. . 81 7. inonodactyliis, Caruiich. . 81 SYSTKMATIf INDEX, XI 8. fa^ciatus, Lacep 81 9. variegatus, Vol 81 10. antonii, Val. 82 11. nigripes, Rich 82 12. zonatus, C. et V. .... >i2, 519 13. * quadricomi.s, Gthr 83 14. gibbosus, Banks .... H4, 519 0. Mendosoma, Gaif 85 1. liueatum, Gay 85 cajrulesceus, Gay 85 femandezianum, Gay . . 85 7. Nemadactylus, Rich 85 1. coiiciiiniis, Rich 85 8. Latiis, Rich 8rj 1. Lecateia, Rich 80 2. ciliaris, Furs( 80 lineata, Forst 80 Fam. 10. TiiiGi.iD.i!:. First Group. Hf.tkrolepidina. 1. Chirus, Stelhr 1. hexagTamraus, Pall. 2. decagraramus, Pall. 3. lagocephalus, Pall, 4. octogranunus, Pull. 5. monopterygius, Pall. 0. constellatus, Gir. . . 7. nebulosus, Gir 8. pictiis, Gir 2. Ophidion, Gir 1. pantherinus, Gir. . . 2. elongatus, Gir 3. * Agrammua, Gthr. . . 1. schlegelii, Gthr 4. Zaniolepis, Gir 1. latipinuis, Gir 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 Second Group. Scorp.enina. 5. Sebastes, C. et V. 95 1. norwegicus, 3Iiill 95 2. viviparus, Kroy 90 3. capensis, Gjh •. . . 90 4. inemiis, C.et V. 97 5. pachycephalus, Schley. 97, 519 6. ventricosus, Schley 97 7. melanops, Gir 98 8. paucispmis, Ayres 98 9. rosaceus, Gir 98 10. variabilis, Pall 99 11. dactylopterus, De la R. 99, 519 12. * nematophthalmus, G/'/ir. 99 13. maculatus, C.etV. 101 14. pcrcoide.s, Salamlcr .... 101 15. niaderensin, C. et V 102 16. kuhlii, Rowd 102, 17. bou^ainvillii, C. et V. . . 18. fasciatus, Gir 19. inarmoratu.s, C. et V, 104, 20. ocidatus, C.etV. 21. strongensis, C. et V. .... 22. longiceps, Rich 23. serrulatus, Rich 24. minutus, C. et V. 25. polylepis, Blcek vacheUii, Rich auriculatus, Gir 6. Scoi-paena, Artedi 1. porcus, L 2. scrofa, L 108, 3. ustulata, Loive .... 110, 4. brasilien.sis, C ct V. .... 5. cruenta, Soland.. ... 112, 0. bynoensis, Rich 7. plumieri, Schneid 8. gi-andicornis, C. et V. . . 9. picta, K. et r. H. . . 114, 10. polj-^rioii, Rlcek 11. iiistrio, Jen 12. eiythrsea, C.etV. 13. cardinalis, Soland. 14. haplodactylus, Blcek. . . 15. panda, Rich 10. diabclus, C. et V. 17. nesogalliea, C.etV. .... 18. gibbosa, Schneid. 19. cin'hosa, Tftunb 20. chilioprista, Riipi) 21. lauiaria, C.et V. nsperella, Benn scrofina, C. et V. inennis, C.et V. novae gaiinea3, C. et V, . . mauritiana, C. et V. .... mossambica, Peters .... neglecta, Heck neglecta, Schley burra. Rich venosa, C.etV. fucata, Valenc rawakensis, Q. et G guamensis, Q. et G guttata, Gir 7. •Glj'ptaucheu, Gthr 1. paudiuatus, Rich 8. Pterois, Cuv volitans, L lunulata, Schley. kodipungi, Bleek. antonnata, Bl. . cincta, Riipp. . . . miltis, Benn 122, 124, 125, Pope 519 104 104 520 105 105 105 lOG 106 103 95 95 107 107 520 520 112 520 113 113 114 520 115 115 116 116 117 117 117 119 119 120 121 121 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 121 121 122 520 124 520 124 125 520 SYSTEM ATTC TXDEX. Page 7. zebra, C. el V. 12(5 8. braclivpteifi, C. vi /'..... 126 9. lieterura, Bleek 127 radiata, Soland, 122 9. Pteroidichthys, Blcitlc 127 1. amboinonsis, lilcek 127 10. T.Tnianotus, Laccp 127 1. triacanthus, Lacep 128 11. * Centropogon, Gthr 128 1. australis, miite .... 128, 521 2. *robiistu9, (ithr 128 3. fuscoviren.?, Q. ct G 130 4. leiicoprosopon, Block. . . 130 hypselopterus, Bhck 128 12. Apistus, C.ctV. 130 1. alatus, C. (iV. 131 2. israelitanim, Ehrenh 131 cai'iiiatus, Schncid. 130 13. Enneapterygius, Riipp. . . 132 1. piisillus, Riipp 132 14. ♦Pentarotje, Gthr 132 1. marmorata, C. et V. .... 132 15. *Tetraroge, Gthr 132 1. barbata, C. et V. 133 2. amblycephalus, Bleek. . . 133 3. rubripinnis, Schleg 133 4. macracanthus, Bleek. . . 133 5. binotata, Peters 134 0. longispinis, C. et V. .... 134 7. *cnsta-galli, Gthr 134 8. tpenianotus, C. et V, .... 13G 9. dermacanthus, Bleek. . . 136 10. echinata, Cant 136, 521 bougainvillii, C. et V. . . 132 belengerii, C.etV. 132 amblyccphaloides, Bleek. . 132 16. Agriopus, C.etV. 137 1. torvus, Gronov 137 2. leucopoecilus, Rieh 137 3. peruvianus, C.etV. .... 138 4. verrucosus, C. et V. .... 138 5. spiuifer, Smith 1 38 6. alboguttatus, Kriii/er. . . . 139 7. hispidus, Jenyns 139 unicolor, Burton 137 17. Prosopodasys, Cant 139 1. ti-acbinoides, C. et V. 139, 521 2. dracfena, C.etV. 140 3. depre9sifron.s, Rich 140 4. * aspen-imus, Gthr 140 5. niger, C.etV. 141 0. zollingeri, Bleek 141 7. leucogaster, Rich 141 8. cottoides, L 142 plagiomctopon, Bleek. . . 139 18. Aploactia, Schlcfi 142 1. aspera, Rich 142 Pace 2. milesii, Rich 142 •3. (^)usillus, Bleek 142) 19. Trichopk'ura, Kunp 143 1. mollis, Rich 143 20. Ilcmitripterus, C. ct V. . . 143 1. americauus, C.etV. .... 143 21. Amjihiprionichthys, Bleek. 144 1. apistu.s, Bleek 144 22. Synancidium, 3Hill. .... 144 1. hoiTidum, L 144, 521 2. erosum, Lam/sd. 140 23. Synanceia, Schneid. 146 1. verrucosa, Schneid. .... 146 2. asteroblepa, Rich 147 bicii-rhata, Laccp 146 24. Micropus, Gray 147 1. maculatus, Gray 147 2. unipinna, Gray .... 147, 521 25. Minou.s, C. ct V. 148 1. monodactylus, Schn. 148, 521 2. pusillus, Schley 149 3. trachycephalus, Bleek. . . 149 26. Pelor, C.etV. 149 1. filamentosum, C. et V. . . 149 2. cuvieri, Gray 150 3. maculatum, C. et V. .... 150 4. didactylum, Prt//. 1-50 5. japonicum, C. et V. . 151, 521 6. aurantiacum, Schley 151 27. Chorisniodactylus, Rich. . . 151 1. multibarbis. Rich 151 Third Group. Cottina. 28. Podabrus, Rich 152 1. ccntropomua, Rich 152 2. cottoidea, Rich 152 29. Blepsias, C. etV. 153 1. cirrliosu.s, Pall. 153 2. bilobus, C. etV. 153 30. Nauticbtliys, Gir 153 1. oculofasciatus, Gir 153 31. Scoii^JBiiichtbys, Gir 154 1. marmoratus, Gir 154 32. Cottus, Artedi 154 1. gobio,i 156,521 2. poecilopus, Heckel 157 3. cognatus, Rich 157 4. gracilis, Heckel 157 5. richardsonii, Ayass 158 6. alvordii, Gir 158 7. franklinii, Ayass 158 8. boleoides, Gir 159 9. scorpiu.s, L 159, 521 10. grocnlandicus,Cea, Rich 284 8. Corvina, Cuv 296 1. nigra, Bl. 29G 2. nigrita, C.etV. 297 3. oscula, Lesueiir 297 4. richardsonii, C. et V..... 298 5. satumus, Gir 298 G. argyroleuca, 3Hlch 299 7. stcllifera, Bl 209 8. ronchus, C. el V. 299 9. cnja, Bnch. Ham 300 10. miles, C;. elV. 300 (woliiii, Blcek 301) 11. coitor, Buch. Hun 301 12. polycladiscus, Blcek .... 301 13. fmerpca, Laci^^ 302 14. axilluri.s, C. et V. 302 15. carutta, Block 302 10. plagiostoma, Bleek. ... 303 17. b(>langcrii, C. et V. . . . 303 18. lobata, C.ctV. 304 19. s(>nnluctiiosa, C. et J'. . . 'AOi 20. albida, C.etV. -'iOl I'apc 21. jubata, Blcek 305 22. fasciala, Tschitdi ...... 305 celebica, Blcek 29(5 dorsali.=;, Peters 29G clavigera, C. et V. 29G biloba, C. et V. 290 argcntea, Houtt 29(i grypota, Rich 29(» neglecta, Gir 290 9. Otolithus, Cue 305 1. pcquidens, C. et V 300 2. senegalensis, C. et V..... 30(5 3. carolinensis, C. et V. . . . . 30(5 4. regalis, C. et V. 307 5. analis, Jen 307 (>. drmnmondii, Rich •507 7. tlialassinus, Holhr '508 8. Ieiarchu8, C. et V. 308 9. nothus, Holhr 308 10 cayennensis, Lnccp 309 1 1. guatucupa, C. et '•'. .... 309 12. ruber, Sclmeid. 309 13. argenteu.=!, K. et v. H. . . 310 14. maculatus, K. et v. H. . . 310 15. bispinosus, C. et V. 310 IG. microlepidotus, C. etV... 311 17. lateoidea, Bleek 311 versicolor, C. et V. 305 virescens, C. et V, 305 am'eus, Rich 305 reeve.sii, Rich 305 nebulosus, C. et V. 305 tridentifer, Rich 305 aneus, Bloch 305 10. Ancylodon, C. et V. 311 1. jacididens, C. et V. 311 2. paiTipinni.s, C. et V. .... 312 11. *Colliclithvs, Gthr 312 1. lucida. Rich 312, 52G 2. biaurita. Cant 315 3. pama, Bach. Ham 310 12. Nehvis, C.et V. 310 1. microps, C. et V 316 13. lionchurus, S'chiieid 317 1. lanceolatus, Bl 317 2. deprossus, Schtieid 317 Finn. 13. roi.YNKMiD.i;. 1. Polvnomns, L 319 1. multifilis, Sch/cf/ 320 2. oclonenuis, Gir 320 3. )1aradiseu^^, L 320 4. macrcmonui.'*, Bleck 321 5. melanocliir, C. et V. .... 321 (5. Ii.p1ndactylu8, C. et V. . . 321 7. pliniiieri. Lacfj) •521 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Page •S. *oligodon, O'thr ."522 0. *multiradi;itus, athr. . . -'«4 10. licxanemus, C. et V. .... 325 11. xanthonenuis, C. ct V. . . 325 12. sexfilis, V.ctV. 325 13. kuru, Blcek 325 14. sextariiis, Bl. 32(j 15. pfeifferjc, lUeek 32(5 10. iudicus, SIuiw 320 17. *taeniatus, Gthr. . . 327 520 18. plebeius, L 329 19. tetradactyliis, Shmo . 329, 520 20. quadritilis, C. ct V. 330 21. tridactylus, Block 330 micro.stoma, Blcek 319 diagraniniicu.s, Blcek. . . 319 2. PeutaiieiDius, Arfcdi 830 1. quiiiqiiariu8, L 331 3. *Gal-old.'s, athr 332 1. polydactylus, V«hl .... 332 Fam. 14. SpHYiiyTiiNiD,^. 1 . Sphyr;ena, Artcdi 334 1. vulgaris, C. et V. 334 2. *)iova) Ilollandiai, Gthr. . 335 3. piciida, Schnvid. 330 4. jello, C.etV. 337 5. forstcri, C.ctV. 337 0. japonic.a, C. ct V. 338 7. argentea, Gir 338 8. coinmersonii, C. et V. . . . 338 9. nigripinnis, Schlci/ 338 10. dussuinieri, C. et 'V. 339 11. obtusata, C ct V. 339 12. langsar, Blcek 840 13. brachygnatlius, Blcek. . . 340 14. flavicauda, liiipp 840 15. agam, liiipp 3^1 cliineiisis, liich 334 affiuis, Riijip 334 Fam. 15. Trichiuridje. 1. Aplianopus, Loice 342 1. carbo, Lowe 343 2. Lepidopus, Goimn 844 1. caudatus, Euphrus 344 3 Tricbiui'us, L 840 1. lepturus, L 340 2. savala. Car 347 3. japonicus, Schlcg 847 4. muticus, Gray 348 5. haumela, Forsk 348 0. lajor, Blcek 349 4. Epinnula, Puey 349 1. iiiagistralis, Pocy 349 Page 5. * Dicrotus, Gthr 849 1. * ariuatus, Gthr 349 0. Thyisitcs, C. etV. 350 1. atim, Euphras 850, 527 2. lepidopoide.s, C.etV.... 850 3. pretiosua, Cucco 351 4. proiuetheus, C. et V,.... 351 5. solandi-i, C. ct V. 352 0. prometheoides, Bleek. . . 352 7. Gumpylus, C. et V. 352 1. serpens, Soland. 352 2. coluber, C.etV. 853 Fam. 10. ScoMBRiD^. First Group. Scombrina. 1. Scomber, Artcdi 856 1. scomber, L 857 2. pneumatophorus,Z>t'/ai?. 359 8. jaucsaba, Bleek 859 4. australasicus, C. et V. . . 359 5. loo, C.etV. 360 0. moluccensis, Blcek 860 7. cbrysozouus, Riipp 860 8. kanagurta, Cm' 860 0. brachysoma, Bleek 801 10. colias, L 361 11. micrclepidotus, liiipp. . . 361 12. tapeinocephalus, Bleek. . . 861 delphinalis, Comm, .... 856 japonicus, Huutt 356 auratus, Houtt 357 diego, Ayres 357 puuctatus, Couch 857 2. Thynnus, C.etV. 302 1. th^Tiuus,i 802 2. brachypterus, C. et V. . . 363 8. coretta, C.etV. 303 4. affinis, Cant 303 5. tonggol, Blcek 304 6. thunnina, C.etV. 304 7. pelamys, C.etV. 804 8. brevipinnis, C. et V. .... 365 9. albacora, Lowe 365 (macropterus, Schley. . . 365) 10. alalonga, Risfio 366 11. pacificus, C. ctV. 366 12. argcnti-vittatus, C. et V. . 306 18. bilineatus, Rii2yp 806 atlanticus. Less 302 obesus, Lotve 302 orientalis, Schley 302 sibi, Schlcf/ 302 3. Pelamys, C.'ct V. 807 1. sarda, Bl. 367 2. uuicolur, Gcofr 368 3. orientalis, &chlc(} 368 h 2 SY8XEMATIC INDEX. 4. nuda, Gthr 5. chilensis, C.etV. 4. Auxis, C. et V. 1. rochei, liisso 2. tapeinosoma, Bleek 5. Cybium, C'tiv 1. commersonii, Lac6p 2. lineolatum, C. et V. .... 3. inten-uptum, C. et V. . . . . 4. guttatum, Schncid. 371, 5. uipliouium, C. et V, .... 6. croockewitii, Bleek 7. tritor, C.etV. 8. maculatum, Mitch 9. regale, Bl. 10. caballa, C.etV. 11. flavo-bninneurn, Smith. . 12. sara, Benn clupeoideum, Brotiss. . . mertensii, C. et V. chinense, Lacep acervum, C. et V. immaculatum, C. et V. . . solandii, C. et V. immune, Benn 6. Naucrates, Ckiv 1. diictor, L 7. Elacate, Cuv I. nigra, Bl. 8. Echeneis, Artedi 1. *clypeata, Gthr 2. albescens, Schlcg 3. squalipeta, Dald. 4. brachj^tera, Lowe 5. remora, L 6. osteochir, Cuv 7. * sciitata, Gthr 8. lineata, Metiz 9. holbrookii/6-7//r 10. naucrates, L 9. *IIypsiptera, Gthr 1. *argentea, Gthr Page 308 368 368 369 369 369 370 370 371 527 371 372 372 372 372 373 373 373 369 369 369 370 370 370 370 374 374 375 375 376 370 377 377 378 878 381 381 382 382 384 386 386 10. 1 !l. 1 2 12. 1 2, 13. 1 14. 1 Second Group. No me in a. Gasterochisma, Rich 387 . melampus, liich 387 Nomeus, Cuv 387 . gi'onovii, Gm 387 . peronii, C. etV, 388 Cubicops, Loive 388 . capensis, Sm 389 . gracilis, Lowe 389 •Neptonicnus, Gthr 389 . 'brama, Gthr 390 • I'latvstelhus, G(hr 39] . caltratuin, Fon^t 39J Page 15. Ditrema, Schleg 392 1. Iffive, Gthr..'. 392 Third Group. Cyttina. 16. Zeus, Artedi 393 1. feber, L 393 2. japonicus, C.etV. 394 3. capensis, C.etV. 394 4. pungio, C.etV. 394 5. nebulosus, Schlcg 395 6. conchifer, Lowe 395 17. *Cyttu.s, Gthr 396 1. australis, Rich 396 2. roseus, Lowe 396 18. Oreosoma, Cuv 396 Fourth Group. Stuomateina. 19. Stromateu.s, Artedi 397 1. fiatola, X 397 2. microchirus, Bmielli .... 398 3. maculatus, C. et V. 898 4. triacanthus, Pecic 398 5. gardenii, Schncid. 399 6. atous, C.etV. 399 7. cinereus, Bl. 400 8. argenteus, Bl. 400 9. niger, Bl. 401 argenteus, Euphr 397 xanthurus, C.etV. 397 20. ('entrolophus, Laccp 402 1. * britannicus, Gthr 402 2. pompilus, L 403 3. ovahs, C.etV. 404 Infth Group. Coryph.;enina. 21. Cor}'phjena, Artedi 404 1. hippurus, L 405 2. pelagica, L 407 3. scomberoides, Lacep. . . 407 4. equisetis, L 407 5. punctulata, C.etV. 408 6. neapolitana, C.etV. 408 marcgravii, C. et V. .... 404 suerii, C.etV. 404 vlamingii, C. ctV. 404 fasciolata, P(dl 404 nortoniana, Loive 404 azurea. Less 404 aocialis, Benn ,404 22. Brama, Schneid. 408 1. raii, Bl. 408 2. du.ssumieri, C. et V. .... 409 n. on-hu,C. cl V. 409 4. longipinnis, L(m>e 410 23. Taractea, Lowe 410 1, ai:»p('r, Lowe 410 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XIX Page 24. Pteradis, Gronov 410 1. papilio, Lowe 410 2. ocellatus, C. et V. 411 3. carolinus, C. ct V. 411 4. velifer, Pall. 411 trichipterus, C. ct V. .... 410 25. Schedophilus, Cocco .... 411 1. berthelotii, Val. 412 2. *maciilatus, Gthr 412 3. mediisophagiis, Cocco . . 412 20. Diana, Risso 413 1. semilimata, Risso 413 27. Ausonia, Risso 413 1. cuvieri, Risso 414 28. Mene, Laccp 415 1. maculata, Schudd. 415 29. Lampris, Retz 415 1. luna. Gm 41G Fam. 17. Cahangidje. First Group. Carangina. 1. Tracliurus, C.etV. 419 1. tracliurus, L 419 2. Carangichthvs, Bleek 421 1. tvpus, Bleek 422 3 Camnx, Cuv 422 1. rottleri, Bl. 424 2. macrosoma, Bleek 425 3. muroadsi, Schleg 425 (lajang, Bleek 425) 4. macarellus, C. et V. .... 420 5. punctatus, Ayass 426 6. scombrinus, Val. 420 7. iacobseus, C. et V. 427 8. kurra, C.etV. 427 9. kurroidos, Bleek 427 10. kiliche, C.etV. 428 11. maruadsi, Sclileg 428 (pinnatus, Eyd. et Soul. . 428) 12. rhonchus, Geoffr 428 13. crumenophthalmus, Bl. . . 429 14. blochii, C.etV. 430 15. hasseltii, Bleek 430 16. torvus, Jen 431 17. gjtnnostethoides, Bleek.. 431 18. nov8e guineae, C. et V. . . 431 19. boops, C.etV. 431 20. lioglossus, Gthr 432 21. asceusionis, Osbeck .... 432 22. djeddaba, Forsk 432 23. calla, C.etV. 433 24. inacrurus, Bleek 434 25. xanthurus, K. et v. II. . . 434 26. malam, Bleek 434 27. brevis, Bleek 435 Page 28. plagiotajnia, Bkek 435 29. senegallua, C.etV. 435 30. ire, C.etV. 436 31. prseustus, Benn 436 32. stellatus, Eyd. et Soul. . . 436 33. malabaricus, Schneid. . . 436 34. talamparoides, Bleek. . . 437 35. equida, Schleg 438 36. heniigymnostethuSj-BfceA;. 438 37. bajad, Forsk 438 38. fulvo-guttatus, Forsk. . . 439 39. ferdau, Forsk 439 40. broekiueyeri, Bleek 439 41. chilensis, Gay 439 42. georgianus, C. etV. .... 440 43. leptolepis, C.etV. 440 44. dentex, Schneid. 441 45. amblyrhyuchus, C. et V. . 441 46. *bicolor, Gthr 442 47. helvolus, Forst 443 48. uraspis, Gthr. 444 49. speciosus, Forsk 444 50. riippellii, Gthr 445 51. fusus, Geoffr 445 52. chrysos, Mitch 445 53. melampygos, C. et V.. . . . 446 54 jarra, C.etV. 446 55. cynodon, Bleek 447 56. lepturus, Agass 447 57. sausun, Forsk 447 58. carangus, Bl. 448 59. hippos, L 449 60. atropus, Schneid 450 61. ophthalmotsenia, Bleek. . 451 62. oblongus, C.etV. 452 63. chrysophryoides, Bleek. . 452 34. dinema, Bleek. 452 65. armatus, Forsk 453 66. ciliaris, Bl. 454 67. sutor, C.etV. 454 68. alexandrinus, C. et V. . . 455 69. gallus, L 455 70. goreeiisis, C. et V. 457 microchir, C.etV. 422 para, C.etV. 422 fasciatus, C.etV. 422 niegalaspis, Bleek 422 solea, C.etV. 422 bartholomfei, C. et V 422 mentalis, Ehrenb 422 tille, C.etV. 422 tapeinosoma, Bhek 422 jauthinospilos, Bleek 422 peruanus, Tschudi 422 cancroides. Rich 422 bixanthopterus, Riipp. . . 422 heberi, Benn 422 SVSrEMATIC INDEX. Pafte boops, Gir 422 cestiis, Rich 422 margarita, Rich 422 cteriileopinnatus, C et V. 422 fasciatus, Rich 422 4. Argyi-uiosus, Laccp 457 1. % omer, L 4>58 2. setipiiiuis, Mitch 459 5, MicropterjTc, A(jass 400 1. cbrysunis, L 400 C, Seriola, Cuv 402 1. duinerilii, Risso 402 2. lalandii, C. et V. 403 (diibia, Lowe 403) 3. quiiKjueradiata, Schleg. . . 404 4. bonariensis, C. et V. .... 404 5. falcata, C. et V. 404 0. fasciata, Bl. 404 7. zoiiata, Mitch 405 (carolinensis, Hulbr. . . 405) 8. tapeinometopon, Blvek. . . 405 9. nigro-fasciata, Riipp 405 . 10. intermedia, &/«/*'(/ 400 11. dussumieri, C\ et V. .... 400 12. * gig-as, Gthr 400 boscii, C.ctV. 402 succincta, C. et V. 402 7. Seriolella, Gitich 407 1. porosa, Guich 407 2. violacea, Guich 408 3. caerulea, Guich 408 8. Seriolichtbys, Rleek 408 1. bipinnulatus, Q. et G. . . . 408 9. Nauclerus, C. et V. 409 1. comprossus, C. et V. . . . . 409 2. abbreviatua, C. et V. .... 409 3. brachycentrus, C. et V. . , 470 4. triacantbus, C. et V. .... 470 5. annularis, C. et V. 470 0. leucurus, C. et V. 470 10. rorthmeua, C. et V. 470 1. argenteus, C. et V. 471 11. Cliorinemus, C. et V. 471 1. lysan, Forsk 471 2. tala, C.ctV. 473 3. toloo, C.etV. 473 4. tol, C.ctV. 473 5. sancti Petri, C. et V.. . . . 473 6. orientalis, Schleg 474 7. occidentalis, L 475 8. guaribira, C.ctV. 475 9. saliens, HI 475 e.\oletus, Ehrenb 471 hmccobitus, Gir 471 to), Illcck 471 leiicoplitlialmu.s, Rich. . . 471 delicatidiiji, Rich 471 Page 12. Lichia, Cue 470 1. amia, L 470 2. glaiica, L 477 3. vadigo, Risso 478 4. calcar, Bl. 479 5. albacora, Guich 479 13. Temnodon, C.etV. 479 1. saltator, L 479 14. Tracliynotus, Zacep 480 1. ovatus, L 481 2. goreensis, C.ctV. 483 3. glaucus, Bl. 483 4. niyrias, C.ctV. 483 5. panipanus, C. et V. .... 484 0. baillonii, Luccp 484 7. oblongus, C.etV. 484 8. cayennensis, C. et V.. . . . 485 9. nielo, Rich 485 marginatus, C. et V. .... 480 paytensis, C. et V. 480 15. I'animelas, Gthr 485 1. percifonnis, 3Iitch 485 10. Paropsis, Jeii 480 1. signata, Jen 486 17. Psettus, Commers 480 1. sebiB, C.etV. 486 2. argenteus, L 487 3. falciformis, Lucep 488 18. Platax, C.etV. 489 1. vespertilio, Bl. 489 2. orbicularis, Forsk 490 3. boersii, Bleek 490 4. rajaialdi, C.etV. 490 5. xanthopus, Bleek 491 6. arthriticus, Bell 491 7. teira, Forsk 492 punctulatus, C. et V. . . . . 489 gambret, Bleek 489 19. Zanclus, Commers 492 1. cornutus, L 493 2. canescens, L 493 '20. I'senes, C. ctV. 494 1. cyanophrys, C. et V. .... 494 2. iavanicus, C. et V. 494 3. leucurus, C.etV. 495 4. guamensis, C. et V. .... 495 5. auomalus, Schley 495 auratus, C.etV. 494 21. Capros, Lacq) 495 1. aper, L 490 22. Antigonia, Lowe 497 1. capros, Lowe 497 23. Equula, Cuv 497 1. fasciata, Lac/q) 498 2. odcntula, Bl 498 3. caballa, C. f < /'. 499 4. dussuniieri, C. et V. .... 500 SYSTEMATIC INBKX. 5. gerreoides, Block. 6. nuchalis, Sc/ifci/. 7. bindoiclos, lilcek. 8. splendens, Cuv. . . 9. daui'a, Cuv 10. obloiif^a, C. et V. . . 11. lineolata, C. et V. 12. *leiiciscus, Gthr. 18. rivulata, Schleg. . . 14. insidiatrix, Bl. . . 15. inteiTupta, C. et V. 16. parviceps, C. ct V. 17. longimaniis, Cunt. bindus, C. ct V. . . brevirostris, C. et V. blochii, C. et V. gracilis, Bleek. 24. Gazza, Itiij>i). . . 1. minuta, Bl 2. equula3forTni9, liiipp 3. argentaria, Foist. 25. Lactarius, C. et V. 1. delicatulus, C. et V. Pape rm 500 501 501 502 502 502 503 504 504 504 505 505 497 498 498 498 506 506 506 506 507 507 Second Group. Kitrtina. •2Q. Pompheris, C. et V. 508 1. compressus, White 508 Papo 2. otaitensis, C. et V. 50« 3. mangula, C. et V. 509 4. molucca, C. et V. 509 5. schwenkii, Bleek 510 6. mexicana, C. et V. 510 schomburg'kii, MM. ^• Trosch 527 27. Kiivtus, Bl. 510 1. indicus, Bl. 510 Fam. 18. Xiphiid^. 1. Xiphias, Artedi 511 1. gladius, L 511 2. velifer, Cuv 512 2. Ilistiophorus, Lac6p 512 1. belono, Bajin 513 2. hersehelii, Gray 513 3. gladius, Brmiss 513 4. orientalis, Schley 514 5. immaculatus, Riipp 51 1 6. pulchcllus, C.etV. .... 514 ancipitirostris, C. et V. . . 512 georgii, Lowe 512 EllRATUM. Page Gl, line 10, /<;»• p. 213 read p. I lu. CATALOGUE FISHES. Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII. {CONTINUED.) Fam. 8. SQUAMIPINNES. Squamipinnes, part., Cuv. R'eyne Atmn. ; MiiUer, Berl. AhhancU. 1844, p. 201 ; Owen, Led. on Coviparat. Anat, Vert. i. p. 49. Chsetodontida), part., Richanh. Ichthyol. Body compres.sed and elevated, covered with scales, which are some- times exceedingly finely cUiated, and sometimes smooth. Lateral line continuous, not continued on the caudal fin. Month in front of the snout, generally small, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Six or seven branchiostegals. Dentition formed by villiform or setiform bands, without canines or incisors ; some of the genera with teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous and soft px>rtion of nearly equal development ; anal with three or four spines, similarly developed as the soft dorsal, and both many-rayed. The vertical fins more or less densely covered with small scales ; the spinous portions sometimes not scaly. The lower rays of the pectorals bi'anched ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and fi^'e soft rays. Stomach caecal ; pyloric appendages in moderate number ; intestines generally with many convolutions. Air-bladder present, more or less simple. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Mostly carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas between the Tropics, especially of the Indian region ; a few entering rivers or spreading beyond the Tropics. 2 aatTAMrprNiTEs. Synopsis of the Genera. First group : Chsetodoiitina. Palatine or vomerine teeth none. Prseopercular spine none. A single dorsal, without any notch, and with the spinous portion well developed ; none of the spines elongate. Muzzle short or of moderate length 1 . Ch^todon. Muzzle very long ; scales moderate, or rather small 2. Chelmo. One dorsal, with eleven to fourteen spines, the fourth of which is filiform. Scales moderate 3. Heniochus. Prscoperculum with a strong spine; dorsal with twelve to fifteen spmes 4. Holacanthus. Praeoperculum with a strong spine ; dorsal with eight to ten spmes 5. Pomacanthus. Anal with four spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal not scaly, and separated from the soft by a notch ... 6. Scatophagus. Anal with three spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal not scaly, separated from the soft by a deep notch, with nine spines, the third of which is elongate. Pec- torals short 7. Efhippus Anal with three spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal not scaly, separated from the soft by a deep notch, with nine spines, the tliird of which is elongate and flexible. Pectorals long 8. Drepane. Anal with three spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal not scaly, separated from the soft by a deep notch, with eight spines, the second of which is the longest ; pectorals of moderate extent 9. Hvpsi.notus. Second group : Scorpidina. Teeth on ihe palate. Dorsal fin occupying the middle of the back. (Australian Seas.) One dorsal, with nine to ten spines, the posterior of which are the longest 10. Scorpis. One dorsal, with eleven spines, the middle of which are the longest %... 11. Atypus. Third group : Toxotina. Teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin occu- pying the posterior half of the back. One dorsal, with five spines 12. Toxotes. 1. CH^TODON. 3 First Group. CH^TODONTINA. 1. CH-ffiTODON*. Chsetodon, (Artedi) Cuv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. <§• Vol. vii. p. 3. Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal, without any notch, with the spinous and soft portions similarly developed ; none of the spines elongate. Muzzle shoii; or of moderate length. No teeth on the palate ; praeoperculum entire or slightly sex'rated, with- out spine. Scales generally large or of moderate size. Six branchio- stegals. Air-bladder sometimes with horns or with two divisions. Intestinal tractus with many convolutions ; pyloric appendages in moderate number. Seas between the Tropics. I have divided the numerous species of this genus as follows, in order to facilitate their determination : — I. Scales large or of moderate size, not exceeding: fifty-five transverse series. A. More than ten dorsal spines. 1. More than three anal spines, p. 4. 2. Three anal spines. a. One or more of the dorsal rays elongate, p. 6. b. None of the dorsal rays elongate. a. A large round black or white spot — aa. On the dorsal fin, p. 8. bb. On each side of the body, p. 11. /3. Without a round black or white spot. aa. Body with distinct longitudinal bands (not stripes), p. 13. bb. Body with broad cross-bands, p. 17. cc. Body without bands, with stripes or spots, or uniform. aa, Ventrals dark-coloured, p. 21. /3^. Ventrals light-coloured. * Caudal with a black cross-band or orescent, p. 23. * Caudal with a fine black cross-streak, p. 28. * Caudal with a blackish mai-gin, p. 30. * Caudal without dark fransverae streaks, generally uni- form, p. 31. B. Ten dorsal spines or less, p. 34. n. Scales small, in sixty or more transverse series, p. 34. * 1. Chaetodon mertensii, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 47. — Hab. ? 2. Benard, ii. 56. 239 ; Valent. f. 407. — Chsetodon principalis, Cuv. 4' Val. vii. p. 81. — East Indies. 3. Chffitodon parallelus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 70.— East Indies. 4. Chsetodon lunulatus, Quoy S^ Gaim. Toy. Freyc. Zool. p. 381. — Sandwich Islands. 5. Chaetodon, no. 7, Artedi, Species, p. 95. — Hab. ? 6. Chsetodon layardi, Blyth in, Kelaart, Prodrom. Faun'. Zeylan. Append. p. 50. — Cevlon. b2 ■^ SQUAWIPINNES. 1. Specifs with larpe or moderately large scales, not exceeding: fi%-five transverse series. A. With nioj-e tlian ten dorsal spines. 1. With more than three anal spines. 1. Chaetodon strigangulus. C'lia'todon stripanjiidus, (SoJamhr) (Im. p. 1209; C'uv. S^- Vol. \n. p. 42. pi. 172 ; Bn-vheifn Voycu/c, ZooUx/ij, p. 00. pi. 17. f. 2 ; Bleek. liunda, i. p. 2-39. triauj,mlaris, Riijoi). Atlas, Fisclte, p. 42. pi. 9. f. 3. I). |i. A. ~. L. lat. 26. L. trausv. 5/16. Vert. 10/14. The snout is not produced, and nearl}^ equal in length to the dia- meter of the eye. The soft dorsal is produced into an acute-angled lobe. The ocular band rather narrower than the eye and white- edged ; body A\-ith about twenty-five blackish stnpes, angularly bent, with the angle pointing forwards. Caudal black, with whitish mar- gin ; the dorsal and anal fins with a fine black marginal line ; ven- trals whitish. From the lied Sea to Polynesia. «. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. The intestinal tract makes a great many convolutions. The air- Ijladder is divided into a large posteiior portion and into a smaller an+erior one. The anterior emits two small processes. Skeleton. — The skeleton of this and the other species of CIkx- fodon shows several very remarkable modifications of the structure of some bones of the skull. The maxillary has so irregular a form, that no description can give an adc(juatc idea of it ; two portions can be distinguished, a superior and an inferior, separated from each other by the narrower and slightly bent middle of the bone. A very long process, directed forwards, extends from the palatine bone across the centre of the maxillary. The anterior portion of th(^ intermaxillary, in which the teeth are implanted, is much swollen ; the posterior process is much longer than the descending branch. The mandibula also is swollen and very solid. The.up})er portion of the skull appears as one solid, elevated, rounded, smooth bony mass, without any ridges or grooves. The sutures between the principal frontal bones and the supraoccipital alone are visible. The supraocci])ital is continued posteriorly in the strong occipital crest, which has the upper margin swollen, and extends on to the first interneural. The infraorbital ring is moderately developed, and becomes gra- dually narrower posteriorly. The praeoperculum is smooth, with a very rudimeutaiy muciferous channel behind the interior ridge, which is scarcely elevated ; the inferior limb is rather shorter than the pos- terior. The operculum is subquadrangular,-not quite twice as high 1. CH^TODOH. 5 as broad, with the posterior side emarginate. The interoperculum is broader and longer than the suboperciilura. The humerus is rather feeble. The cavity formed by the coracoid and the ulna and radius is broad and deep, and offers a strong basis for the muscles of the pectoral fin, wliich, in these short and elevated fishes, is more strongly developed, in order to maintain the fish in equilibrium, than in those with a more elongate and depressed body. Each pubic bone is formed by three lamellae of nearly equal development, and there is no free space between them. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1'4. The ribs are rather strong and broad. The longest neural and hasmal spines are those of the middle vertebrae. The first two haemal spines are the strongest, and excavated anteriorly. Each of the anterior neural and interneural spines is dilated posteriorly in a transparent lamella. The first interhsemal is very strong, and apparently composed of two spines. 2. Chsetodon plebejus. X. Gm. p. 1269 ; Cut: ^- Val. vii. p. 68. D. i|. A.-^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/15. The snout is rather obtuse, and nearly equal in length to the dia- meter of the eye ; praeoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band reaches from the side of the neck to the inferior margin of the interoperculum, is white- edged, and darker above the eye than below. Tail with a large rounded, blackish, white-edged spot near its back, immediately below the end of the dorsal. South Sea. a. Adult : rather bleached. Old Collection. 3. Chsetodon trifascialis. Chaetodon trifascialis, Quoy l-5^- A.j52_. L. lat. 30. The snout is little produced, pointed, and shorter than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum very indistinctly denticulated ; dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is somewhat narrower than the orbit, and crosses the neck at some distance before the origin of the dorsal fin ; there is a broad white band behind it ; a broad triangxilar brown transyerse band from the anterior six dorsal spines to the axil ; taU with a broad blackish-brown cross-band, broadly edged with lighter anteriorly and posteriorly ; dorsal with a blackish margin, and with a large round black, wliite-edged spot between the fifth and fou^ tecnth rays ; anal brownish, with a broad yellow band ; caudal with a blackish -brown cross-band near the base ; ventrals miniitely dotted with brownish. Seas of Burn, Timor, and Oualan. 10 SQTTAMIProNES. 12. CliaBtodon nesogallicus. JRenard, Poiss. Mol. i. pi. 5. f. 37. Chsetodon nesogallicus^ Cuv. «$• Vul. vii. p. 63; Bhch. Banda, i. p. 240. D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 30. The snout is moderately produced ; prajoperculum very slightly denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The black ocular band is about as wide as the eye, and extends over the interoperculum. A broader vertical black band across the tail, the spft dorsal and anal fins ; a white ring in the upper extremity of the latter band ; anterior part of the back with blackish streaks obliquely descending forwards. Indian Ocean and Archipelago. a, 6. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 13. Chaetodon ocellatus. Blocli, iii, p. 105. taf. 211. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 223 ; Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 75 (not Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vi. p. 212). The snout is produced, longer than the eye ; dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is naiTower than the eye, and extends from the nape of the neck to the chest. Body imiform. The soft dorsal with a large round black, white-edged spot neai the middle of the base. East Indies. 14. Chaetodon modestus. Ch?etodon modestus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 80. pi. 41. f. 2. ocellatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. GS. D.ii. A.^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. if. Body and the spinous dorsal very much elevated ; the snout is pro- duced, and longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeopcrculum den- ticulated. The soft dorsal and anal with the posterior margin nearly vertical. A single brown band along the middle of the forehead ; the ocular band is narrower than the orbit, and extends across the chest ; body wdth two broad browTiish bands ; caudal with a brownish cross-band on the base , vcntrals light broAvnish, in young specimens black. A round black spot between the third and seventh dorsal rays, on the upper half of the fin. Japanese and Chinese Seas. a, h. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Adult : bad state. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank. d. Half-grown : stuffed. China Seas. 1. CHJETODON, 11 e. Young. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. /, g. Adult : stuffed. Purchased. h. Half-grown : stuffed. bb. A round black or white spot on each side of the body. 15. Chaetodon tallii. Sleeker, Banda, iii. p. 97. D. |. A. ^. L. lat 25. The snout is pointed ; the praeoperculum not denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is as wide as the orbit, extends from the origin of the dorsal to the throat, and is edged with white. Body with obHque blackish transverse stripes ; on each side of the back, below the anterior half of the sofl dorsal, a blackish blotch ; tail with a broad blaclcish cross-band ; dorsal with a narrow black margin ; ventrals and caudal transparent violet. {Bl.) Sea of Banda Neira. 16. ChaBtodon unimaculatus. Block, t. 201. f. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 221; Cuv. fy Val vii. p. 72; Cuv. It^gne A7iim. Ul.Poiss. pi. 39. f. 3 (not good); Bleek. Banda, i. p. 241. D.g. A.^. L. lat. 46. L. trans v. 8/19. Vert. 10/14. The snout is very slightly produced, and rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum not denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The black ocular band is con- tinued over the chest, and as broad as the diameter of the eye ; a narrower vertical band over the posterior margins of the dorsal and anal, and across the tail; a large round black spot on the lateral line, below the six posterior spines ; the remainder of the body ana the fins uniform. Molucca Sea ; Polynesia. a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Adult : bleached. Old Collection. The skeleton differs from that of Oh. strigangulns in the following points : — The bones are more elongate in the vertical direction ; the length of the lower limb of the praeoperculiim is nearly one-half that of the posterior ; the operculum is three times as high as wide. The cavity for the pectoral muscles is rather shallow, but very broad. The interior of the three lamellae of the pubic bones is the most developed, the inferior the least, but posteriorly with a swelling for the articula- tion of the ventral spine. The length of the abdominal portion of the vertebral column is very little less than that of the caudal ; the first interhaemal is very long, as long as the first seven vertebrae together. 12 SQUAMIPINNES. 17. Chaetodon bennetti. Chfetodon beiuiotti, Cur. &, J'al. vii. p. 84; Bleck. Batav. p. 4G7. vinctus, Binn. Voy. Beech, p. 62. pi. 17. f. 1 (faulty). I>•^^ ^-^e- L.lat.40. The snout is obtuse, nearly equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; pra^operculum indistinctly denticulated at the angle ; anal and dorsal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is narrower than the orbit, reaches from the nape of the neck to the lower margin of the interopercidum, and is edged Avith silvery-white. A large round, black, white-edged spot on each side of the back, below the posterior dorsal spines ; two oblique pearl-coloured bands descend from the operculum towards the anal fin, one above the root of the pectoral, the other below ; the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal with a broad blackish margin. Molucca Sea. a. Fine specimen. Amboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank. The figure quoted represents en-oneously nine dorsal spines, and has served for the description given by Cuvier. 18. Chsetodon speculum. Chsetodon speculum, (Kichl S^- van JIass.) Cut: Sf Vol. vii. p. 73 ; Bleck. Banda, i. p. 242. ? Chaetodon spilopleura, (Reinw.) Cuv. Sr Val. vii. p. 74. D. ||. A. ^. L. lat. 40. The dorsal and anal fins are rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is continued over the chest. An ovate black spot of the size of the head, on the back, below the middle of the dorsal fin ; caudal edged with, brown. Molucca Sea. 19. Chsetodon capistratus. Seha, iii. 25. 16, ? iii. ^0. 35. Chaetodon capistratus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, tab. 33. f. 4 ; L. Syst. Nat. p. 465 ; L. Gm. p. 1252 ; Bl. t. 205 ; Bl. Schn. p. 222 ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 432; Cuv. 4* Val. vii. p. 64; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 67. Tetragon opterus, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. p. 37. no. 2. t. 11. f. 5. Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 4. pi. 13. f. 2. J).}im. A.^. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 6/17. Ca3c. pylor. 8. The snout is very slightly produced, and nearly equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; pra;operculum ver}^ indistinctly serrated. The soft doi-sal and anal angular posteriorly. The black ocular band is white-edged, much narrower than the eye, and extends over the interoperculimi, not over the chest. A round black, white-edged spot immediately before the angle made by the dorsal fin and the back of the tail ; blackish oblique streaks along the series of scales, those of the upper half of the body descending forwards, those of the lower ascending forwards. A greyish band edged with black acro-ss the 1. CH^TODON. 13 middle of the caudal, and continued on the soft dorsal and anal fins, where it runs parallel to, and near the margin ; ventrals whitish. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America. a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection. h. Adult. Trinidad. Presented hy J. B. Richardson, Esq. 0. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. d. Adult : not good state. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Smith. e. Adult: stuffed. /. Half-grown : stuffed. (/. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection. 20. Chaetodon quadrimaculatTis. Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 33. D. i|. A. l^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 8/17. The snout is very slightly produced, and scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior angle roanded. The ocular band begins from the nape of the neck, is as broad as the orbit^ black above the -eye, yellowish, edged with brown beneath. The dark brown coloration of the back is separated from the ocidar band by another yellow one. The upper half of the body dai-k brown, with two white blotches on each side, one below the middle of the spinous dorsal, the other below the middle of the soft. The soft dorsal and anal with a brown-edged inframarginal stripe ; ventrals and caudal yellowish. Sandwich Islands. a. Adult : skin : not good state. Sandwich Islands. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. — Tj'pe of tte species. /3. Without a round black spot. aa. Body with distinct longitudinal bands. 21. Chaetodon meyeri. Valent. iii. p. 455. f. 347 ; Renard, i. 25. 135. Chsetodon meyeri, Bl. Schn. p. 223 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 19 ; Cuv. R^ffne Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 37. f. 2 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. i. Am- hoina, p. 37. Holacanthus flavo-niger, Lacep. iv. pp. 529, 538. pi. 13. f. 2. D. |. A. ^. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 7/27. Vert. 10/14. The snout is obtuse, but longer than the diameter of the eye ; prseoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the vertical fins rounded pos- teriorly. Body, head, and fins with curved black stripes : one across the lower lip ; the second round the snout ; th» third from the nape of the neck through the eye to the base of the ventrals : these stripes are yellow-edged ; the fourth from the first dorsal spine to the supra- scapula ; the fifth along the upper margin of the dorsal, bent down- wards to the praeopercular margin, and from hence along the abdo- men and the basal half of the anal ; the sixth concentric with the 14 saUAMIPlNNES. former, touching the opercular margin and the root of the pectoral, and proceeding to the upper part of the root of the caudal ; the seventh, eighth and ninth also are curved, and radiate from the root of the pectoral ; caudal with two narrow cross-stripes ; operculum with a vertical white streak. Molucca Sea. a. Adult. Celebes. Piirchased of Mr. Frank. b. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. d. e. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach. /. Adult. Moluccas. g. Adult. Presented by G. Bennett, Esq. A. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Skeleton. — The maxillary bone is very irregularly shaped ; two portions can be distinguished in it, a superior and an inferior, sepa- rated from each other by the narrower middle of the bone. The upper portion has posteriorly a large condyle for the articulation with the palatine ; the lower portion is of less extent than the upper one, and not quite so broad. A long and slender process, directed forwards, extends from the palatine bone across the centre of the maxillary, forming a notch in the praeorbital. The anterior portion of the intermaxillary, in which the teeth are implanted, is swollen ; the posterior process is much longer than the descending branch. The mandibula appears to be composed of two bones only, the den- tary and the articular, one situated before the other ; the former presents a very singular aspect : it is excavated anteriorly, and holds the hair-Uke teeth, like the qmll of a camel-hair brush. The articular bone is triangular, and forms the posterior part of the mandibula. The upper portion of the skull appears as a solid, elevated, rounded, smooth bony mass, with some pores above the posterior part of the orbit. Sutures are visible between the principal frontal bones, the supraoccipital, the parietals, and the suprascapulae. The supra- occipital is continued posteriorly in an elevated and strong crest, which has the upper margin swollen, and is posterioi-ly bifurcate to receive the first intemeurals. The anterior frontal bones are scarcely to be distinguished from the principal frontals ; the orbital margin is very slightly serrated. The tiirbinal bones are well developed. It is a peculiarity of the ske- leton of Choetodon and the genera allied to it, that the posterior portion of the infraorbital ring is firmly united with the interior ridge of 1 he praeoperculum. This portion is composed of three nan-ow bones in the present species, and is as long as the anterior part of the ring, which is formed by two quadrangular bones only, the praeorbital included. The outer surface of these bones is rough and porous. The prajoperculum is smooth, with the muciferous channel merely radicated, and \\dth the interior ridge not elevated ; the inferior hmb is one-half the length of the posterior, and has the margin finely serrated. The operculum has neither ridge nor spine, is subquadrangular, 2| as high as wide ; the posterior side is subvertical. The sub- and intcropcrculum are very 1. CH^TODON. 15 obliquely situated ; the former is small, the latter broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The suprascapula is firmly joined to the bones of the skull: the hiunerus is very developed, sword-shaped, and reaches down- wards to the ventrals: the coracoid is exceedingly broad, and especially the cavity for the muscles of the pectoral fin ; this cavity is rather shallow. There is a very small cleft between the ulna and coracoid. The lamellae of the pubic bones are nearly equally developed; the lower is posteriorly swollen for the articulation with the ventral spine. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-35. The ribs are strong and broad, and provided at the base with epipleural spines. The longest neural and hsemal spines are those of the middle vertebrae, and the latter are longer than the former. There . are two spurious intemeurals, which are received in a fork, formed by the occipital crest ; they are pro\dded superiorly with a spine, directed forw^ards, and covering the crest like tiles. Each neural and iatemeural spine belonging to' the spinous dorsal is dilated into a transparent lamella, firmly joined to the spine next to it. The haemal spine of the second caudal vertebra is the strong- est, compressed, and partially united with the spines of the first and third caudal vertebrae. In a similar way, the interhaemals of the anal spines are anchylosed together and with the corresponding haemals. The skeleton from which the above description is taken appears to have been that of a very old fish. 22. Chsetodon omatissimus. Cheetodon omatissimus, {Solander) Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 22 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 179. pi. 30. f. 1 (not good) ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. ii. Amboina, p. 55. Chsetodon omatus, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 33, and in Griff. Anim. Kingd. X. p. 323. pi. 20. D-W A.^. L.lat.55. L. transv. 1?. The snout is a little pointed, and rather shorter than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum minutely denticulated ; th« dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Head with six black vertical bands, edged with yellow : the first across the lower lip ; the second round the snout ; the third through the eye ; the fourth across the praeoper- culum, continued into a line running below, and parallel to tho margin of the dorsal fin ; the fifth from the suprascapula over the operculum to the suboperculum ; the sixth veiy narrow, along the opercular membrane. Body with seven oblique, yellow longitudinal bands, the five upper of which terminate at the base of the dorsal fin ; the sixth to the back of the tail ; the seventh to the anal fin. The soft dorsal with a black edge, besides the black line ; the anal with black,, yellow and black marginal bands ; caudal with a black cross- band near the base and near the posterior margin; ventrals yellowish. From the Molucca Sea to Polynesia. a. Adult : stufted. Sandwich Islands. Purchased. — Type of Ch. 16 SaUAMIPINNES. ornatus. The interior black streak along the margin of the anal very broad. 6. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. — -ITie in- terior black streak along the margin of the anal thread-hkc. 23. Chaetodon fremblii. Chsetodon fremblii, Benn. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 42. frehmlii, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 24. D. if. A. f^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 10/23. The snout is slightly produced, and rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Body with seven rather oblique, bluish, darker-edged longitudinal stripes ; the fourth and fifth form a border to a large brown blotch, which occupies the posterior third of the soft dorsal and the narrower part of the tail; a brownish spot beforfe the first dorsal spine ; ventrals whitish. Sandwich Islands. a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. — Type of the species. h. Adult: stuffed. 24. Chaetodon niitratus. D. 1?. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6/15. 19 14 The snout is nioderately produced ; the proeopereulum entire ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band crosses the head above the orbits and does not extend to the interoperculum. A broad oblique browTi band from the nape of the neck towards the soft portion of the anal, whicli is not reached by it ; a second, parallel, along the back to the lower side of the tail ; caudal, anal, and ^•entral fins yellowish, the dorsal with a fine brown inframarginal line. Hah. ? a. Stuffed. Probably from Dr. Janvier's Collection, who collected at the Mauritius. Description of the specimen, — Although the specimen is somewhat deformed by stuffing, and has the pectoral and caudal fins mutilated, I do not hesitate to found a new species on it, its characters being so very distinct. The greatest height of the body is 1| in the length, without caudal. The snout appears to be rather produced and slightly pointed. The dorsal has only a thin coat of scales, and its anterior part is nearly free ; the spinel are very strong, and increase to the fourth, which is Ij in the length of the head ; the following gradually become shorter to the eighth, the ninth to the thirteenth being nearly equal. The soft portion of the fin is not elevated and rounded posteriorly. The second anal spine is the longest and equals the fourth of the dorsal. The soft portion is rather higher than the soft dorsal. 1. CH^TODON. 17 The extent of the ocular band below the orbit is not very dis- tinctly visible, inches, lines. Length without caudal 3 7 Height of the body 2 1 Length of the head 1 2 of the fourth dorsal and of the second anal spine 0 11 bb. Body with broad cross-bands. 25. Chaetodon falcula. moch, ix. p. 102. t. 426. f. 2 ; lil. Schu. p. 225 ; Cuv. &■ Val. vii. p. 41 Bleek. Batoe, p. 311. The snout is produced, pointed, and longer than the diameter of the eye ; pra^operculum scarcely denticulated ; dorsal and anal fins rounded postoiiorly. The ocular band is not mder than the orbit, white-edged ; body with two black falciform bands, anteriorly white- edged, the first from the anterior part of the dorsal fin to below the lateral line, the second from the posterior part of the spinous dorsal and from the anterior of the soft ; twelve or thirteen subvertical violet stripes besides ; tail with a black cross-bar, white-edged ; the soft dorsal and caudal with a blaclc intramarginal stripe ; anal with a black margin. Sea of Batoe, 2Q. Chaetodon dizoster. Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 527 ; Cuv. Eegne Anim. III. Pom. pi. 39. f. 2. Snout produced, pointed, much longer than the diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior angle rounded. The ocular band is rather narrower than the orbit and crosses the chest ; the anterior and lower part of the body violet, the posterior and upper yellow. Body crossed by narrow dark vertical lines ; a black cross-band from the anterior three dorsal spines to below the lateral line ; another black band from the posterior four dorsal spines along the base of the soft dorsal to the back of the tail ; a black band round the tail ; the vertical fins with a blackish inframarginal line ; ventrals whitish. (Val.) Sea of Mauritius, 27. Chaetodon octofasciatus. Klein, Miss. iv. tab. 9. f. 3 ; Seba, iii. 25. 12. Chaetodon octofasciatus L. Gm. i. p. 1262; Bl. tab. 2^5. f. 1; Bl. ScJm. p. 223 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 17 ; Bk'fk. Verhand. Batav, Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetodont. p. 16. Chaetodon octo-lineatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p, 69, D, n. A. ^. L, lat, 50, L. transv, 12/24, The snout is obtuse, and equal in length to the diameter of the 18 SQtTAMIPnmES. eye ; pweoperculuni entire ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded poste- riorly. Head, body, and fins with, three pairs of brown nross-streaks ; a single brown streak from the symphysis of the upper jaw to the nape of the neck ; another vertical streak over the tail (where it is broadest), and over the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins: the anterior streak of the first pair is thB ocular band, which, half as wide as the orbit, extends over the chest. Ventl^ls white ; caudal with a blackish cross-band near the base. East Indian Seas. a, b. Fine specimens. Singapore. c. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection. 28. disBtodon xUietensis. Cuv. 4' ^c^^- vii. p. 39 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nedcrl. i. Amboina, p. 38. D.g A.1 L.lat.30. The snout is pointed ; praDopeiculum crenulated at *the lower margin ; dorsal and anal fins roimded posteriorly. The ocular band is nearly as broad as the orbit, and extends over the interoperculum from the middle of the neck ; snout brownish- violet ; forehead with small white cross-streaks. Body with two very bruad violet cross- bands, the anterior from between the fourth and eighth dorsal spines to behind the root of the pectoral, the posterior from the origin of the soft dorsal to the anterior half of the anal ; there are, moreover, about seven blackish streaks crossing the body, on, and between, the bands described ; tail with a black cross-band. The soft doraal with a light brownish band and a brown edge ; the soft anal with two light-brown bands and with a blu6 and blackish edge ; caudal with a black cross-band near the margin, which is transparent; ventrals yellow. (Bl.) Seas of Amboyna, Ternate, and Ulietea. 29. Chaetodon robustus. D.IH. A.^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6/15. The snout is moderately produced and somewhat conical ; the lower praeopercular margin slightly denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is much narrower than the eye, and reaches over the interoperculum. A brown ver- tical band from the third and fourth dorsal spines to behind the base of the pectoral ; another much broader one is white-edged, and extends from the tips of the last five dorsal spines over all the soft dorsal downwrds to the posterior third of the base of the anal; a narrow brown band round the free portion of the tail ; a single bro^vn streak along the middle of the upper surface of the head. Caudal, anal, and ventral fins white (in spirits). a. Adiilt. From the Haslar Collection. Description of the specimen. — This species hns the body much elevated, its greatest heie-ht being nearly two-thirds of f total 1. CH>«TODON. 19 length. The upper profile descends abruptly from the origin of the dorsal, and is rather concave above the orbit. The lower profile also is concave beneath the angle of the mouth. The snout is moderately produced, as long as the diameter of the eye or as the distance between the orbits. The angle of the pra^operculum is nearly a right one, and its lower margin is slightly denticulated. The spines of the fins are rather strong ; those of the dorsal increase in length to the fourth, which is two-thirds of the length of the head ; the following gradually become shorter, and the last is not quite the length of the first ray. The soft portion is not elevated and rounded posteriorly. The caudal is tnmcated. The second anal spine is the longest and strongest ; it eqiials the fourth of the dorsal. The soft portion of the anal is very much like the corresponding opposite fin, but rather lower. The pectoral reaches to the vertical from the vent, the ventral to that from the anal. The scales are large, especially those between the spinous dorsal and the lateral line. One of the largest covers two-thirds of the eye. I may add to the description of the colours given above, that the ocular band appears rather lighter below the orbit ; that each scale of the tiimk, within and without the brown band, has a silvery spot ; that the posterior band occupies all the soft dorsal, with the exception of a light edge and a fine brownish inframarginal line, whilst it does not extend on to the anal. The colours, however, have a little faded. inches, lines. Total length 7 0 Height of the body 3 9 Length of the head 1 8 Diameter of the eye 0 6 Length of the fourth dorsal and of the second anal spine I 2 80. ChsBtodon humeralis. D. g. A. -i. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 5/17. The snout is very slightly produced ; the lower prseopercular margin denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is much narrower than the eye, and reaches over the interoperculum. A brown vertical band from the first, second and third dorsal spines to and below the base of the pectoral, touching the opercular margin ; another from the tips of the last five dorsal spines across the base of the soft dorsal and across the tail to the middle of the base of the soft anal. The soft dorsal and anal white, with a brown inframarginal band ; caudal with a brown band at the base, a brown crescent in the middle, and a white cross-streak behind the crescent. Sandwich Islands. a, b. Half-grown. Sandwich Islands. c, d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. 20 SQITAMIPINNES. Description. — This species is closely allied to Ch. rohustus, but may be readily distinguished by a different an-angement of the cross-bands, by the banded caudal fin, and by the different numbers of the fins. The greatest height of the body is 1^ in the total length. The upper profile descends abruptly from the origin of the dorsal, and is very slightly concave above the orbit. The lower profile exhibits scarcely any concavity. The snout is sHghtly produced, as long as the diameter of the eye or as the distance between the orbits. The angle of the praeoperculum is nearly a right one, and its lower margin is slightly denticulated. The spines of the fins are rather strong : those of the dorsal increase in length to the fourth, which is two- thirds the length of the head ; the following gradually become shorter to the eleventh, the last three being equal and rather shorter than the first ray. The soft portion of the fin is not elevated and roimded posteriorly. The caudal is truncated. The second anal spine is the longest and strongest, rather shorter than the fourth dorsal spine. The soft portion of the anal is very much like the corresponding part of the opposite fin, but rather lower. The ventral reaches to, the pectoral nearly to, the vertical from the vent. The scales are large, especially those in the middle of the side of the body ; one of the largest covers five-sixths of the orbit. I may add to the description of the colours given above, that there is an indistinct single brownish streak along the middle of the snout and forehead; that the brown inframarginal band of the anal originates at the base of the first spine : and that the greater portion of the soft dorsal and anal are white, like the body (in spirits). inches, lines. Total length 5 4 Height of the body 3 3 Length of the head 1 6 Diameter of the eye 0 5 Length of the foiirth dorsal spine '.. 1 0| of the second anal spine 0 11 31. Chsetodon gracilis. D. 1?. A. l^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 7/17. The snout is moderately produced and somewhat conical , the angle and the lower margin of the praeoperculum very sliglitly den- ticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is narrower than the orbit, edged mth white, and reaches over the interoperculum ; a brown, white-edged vertical band from the extremity of the dorsal across the tail over the posterior half of the soft anal. The remainder of the fish whitish (in spirits). Caribbean Sea. a, h. Adult. West Indies, i'rom Mr, Scrivener's Collection. c. Adult. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection. Descriptton. — This species has the body moderately elevated, its 1. CTUE^DOT^. 21 greatest height being about one-half of the total length. The upper profile of the head is very slightly concave above the orbit, and the lower ascends as much as the upper descends. The length of the snout equals the diameter of the eye, the width between the orbits being rather less. The angle of the praeoperculum is nearly a right one, and, Kke the lower margin, slightly denticulated. The dorsal spines are moderately strong, and increase in length to the fourth and fifth, the length of which is rather more than one-half that of the head. The following spines are very Uttle shorter, and the last equals in length the first ray. The soft portion of the fin is not elevated and rounded posteriorly. The caudal is tiiincated. The anal spines are strong ; the second is rather longer than the third or than the dorsal spines, two-thirds the length of the head. The soft portion of the anal is very much like the corresponding part of the opposite fin, but rather lower. The pectoral does not extend to the vertical from the vent, the ventral reaches nearly to it. The scales are of moderate size ; those between the pectoral and the lateral line are the largest, one of them covering about one-half of the eye. I may add to the coloration stated above, that there is a shining silvery spot on the operculum, perhaps of a colour different from the ground colom* in life ; that the brown band occupies the smaller portion of the soft dorsal, sometimes the posterior extremity only, whilst on the anal it may extend forwards to the spines. The soft dorsal has a tine brown marginal lino posteriorly. Tho other fins are uniform white. inches, lines. Total length 4 2 Height of the body 2 2 Length of the head 1 0 Diameter of the eye 0 4 Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 7 of the second anal spine 0 8 ce. Body without bands, with stripes or spots, or uniform. aa. Ventrals dark-coloured. 32. Chaetodon collaris. Seba, iii. 25. 10. Chfetodon collaris, Bl. taf. 210. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 223 ; Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 53 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 19. Clisetodon unifasciatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 69. D. ^. A. ^,. L. lat. 3a. L. transv. 7/18. The snout is obtuse and little longer than the diameter of the eye ; prseoperculum serrated ; the soft dorsal and anal fins with the pos- terior angle rounded. Body wi+h many yello'wish obli(]ue ana longi- tudinal streaks, following the series of the scales. The ocular band as broad as the eye, extending fi-om the occiput to the root of the ventrals, posteriorly on the neck with a broad dark bro-vvn transverse 22 SQTTAMIPINNES. blotch ; the band has a yellow edge anteriorly and posterioriy. Ventrals brown ; the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal wlutish, the two latter with a fine brownish line near the margin. Japan ? a. Adult. 6. Adult. Old Collection. 33. Chaetodon praetextatus. Cant. Catal. p. 156. pi. 3. T) Jl. A ^ 26-28' ' 20-22* The snout is moderately produced, and much longer than the dia- meter of the eye ; dorsal and anal rounded posteriorly. The white ground colour of the head nearly suppressed by broad black bands : one round the extremity of the snout ; the second oblique, roimd the snout, behind the mouth ; the third, the ocular band, broader than the eye, and divided into two by a white streak above the eye ; the fourth occupying the operculum. The soft dorsal with a red, white and black, the anal with a red and black margin ; a black cross-band on the middle of the caudal ; ventrals black. Body uniform. Sea of Pinang. Three typical specimens, in the Collection of the East India Co. 34. Chaetodon reticulatus. Ciiv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 32. pi. 171 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 178. pi. 30. f. 2. 27 22 The snout is very little produced, and nearly equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior angle slightly rounded. Snout black, the margin of the lips yellow ; the ocular band as broad as the orbit, occupjang the whole neck, and extending to the root of the ventrals, which also are black. Tho scales of the body with a brown margin. The soft dorsal and anal with a yellow and black edge ; the caudal with the base blackish, and with two black cross-streaks near the posterior margin. {Cuv.) Polynesia. 35. Chaetodon kleinii. Klein, Miss. iv. tab. 10. f. 2. 2r)5. Cha;todon Ideinii, Bloch, tab. 218. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 225. virescens, Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 30 ; Bleak. Verh. Batav. Genootsch, xxiii. CJicetudont. p. 18. flavescens, Benn. Proc. Comni. Zool. Soc. i. p. 61. »-^^- ^-jh-o- L-lat.33. L.transv.5/11. The snout is obtuse, and about equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; prajoperculum entire ; tlie dorsal and anal fins rounded pos- teriorly. The ocular band extends from the first dorsal spine to the 1. CH.,ETODON, 23 extremity of the ventral fins, and is nearly as wide as the Drhit ; the extremity of the snout and the margins of the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish ; the remainder uniform yellowish (in spirits ; the black colour of the ventral disappears sometimes in dried specimens). Indian Ocean and Archipelago. a,h. Adult. Amboyna, Purchased of Mr. Frank. c, d. Adult : not good state. Purchased of Mr. Frank. e. Young. Java. Pxirchased of Mr. Jamrach. /. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological So- ciety.— Type of Ch. Jlavescens. g, h. Adult : stuffed. 36. Chsetodon reinwardtii. Chgetodon melanotus, (^Reinw.) Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 71 (not Schneid.) D. 1^. A. i-. 25 13 The snout is pointed. Uniform yellowish, with an ocular band, two black spots on the caudal fin, black ventrals, and with the dorsal and anal blackrcdged. (Cuv.) Molucca Sea. 0/3. Ventrals light-coloured. * Caudal with a black cross-band or crescent. 37. ChsBtodon vittatus. Benard, i. 20. 109; Valent. iii. p. 378. f. 93, p. 494. f. 450, Seba, iii. 29. 18 Chsetodon trifasciatus, [^Mungo Park, Tt'ans. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 34] ; Lacep. 10. p. 498. vittatus, Bl. Schtt. p. 227 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 34; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 18. austnacus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 30. taf. 9. f. 2 (var.). D. i5. A. ^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 10/14. The snout is short, obtuse, and equal iu length to the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum very indistinctly serrated ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior angle rounded. Body with parallel and slightly obUque blackish streaks. Snout blackish, separated from the ocular band by a white streak ; the ocular band white-edged, encircling the chest, much narrower than the orbit ; a very narrow, blackish, anteriorly white-edged stripe behind, and parallel to the ocular band, along the praopercular margin. A cnijeiform, black, yellow-edged band from the origin of the soft dorsal to the back of the tail, where it is broadest. A black, yellow-edged band along the base of the anal. The soft dorsal with an indistinct reddish band along its middle. Caudal crossed in the middle by a black, yeUow- edged bar ; ventrals wmtish. From the Red Sea to Polynesia. a. Adult. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens. 6, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 24 SQUAMIPINNES. d. Adult female : skeleton. Aniboyna. Purchased of 'Mr. Frank. e, f. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection. g. Adult ; bleached. Old Collection. The skeleton differs from that of Chcetodon meyeri in the following points : — The angular bone of the mandibula is larger than the den- tary ; the orbital margin of the anterior frontals shows no serrature whatever ; the posterior portion of the infraorbital ring is exceedingly narrow, and separated from the inner ridge of the praeoperculum by a slight interspace ; the length of the inferior praeopercular limb is more than one-half of the posterior ; the subopcrculum is elongate, although narrow ; the interoperculum is subtriangular ; the ca^^ty for the pectoral muscles is broad and deep, and there is only a veiy small foramen between the ulna and coracoid. 38. Chaetodon fasciatus. Chaitodon fasciatus, Fursk. p. 69; L. Gm. p. 12(5(5; CVr. c^- Val. vii. p. 61. flavus, Bl Schn. p. 225 ; Rupp. Atlas, Fische, p. 40. taf. 9. f. 1. D. if. A. •^. L. lat. 3G. L. transv. G/12. Ca?c. pylor. 7. Vcrt.i«. The snout is produced, conical, longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum entire ; the dorsal and anal fins with the poste- rior angle rounded. The ocular band crosses the upper surface of the head above the eyes, and is not continued to the neck or to the interoperculum ; a broad white band behind the ocular band. Eack blackish-brown ; body with blackish bands obUquely descending for- w^ards ; the soft dorsal and anal are margined with black, and the former has a blackish band besides, near its base ; the caudal with a light margin, and a black cross-bar near the margin ; ventrals whitish. Red Sea ; China. a. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Kiippell's Collection. — The cross-bear on the caudal is nearly as broad as the light margin. b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. K, Reeves, Esq. — The cross-bar on the caudal is nearly twice as broad as the light margin. 39. Chaitodon pictus. ? Klein, Hist. IHsc. iv. t. 9. f. 2. ChiBtodon pictus, Forskal, p. (5o ; lil. Schn. p. 22G ; Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 55; Blcck. Natuurk. lydschr. Nedcrl Indie, 1851, ii. p. 177. Russell, i. pi. 87, (var.) pi. 83. Chaetodon decussatus, Uuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 54 ; Blcek. I. c. xiii. p. 328. vagabundus, Benn. Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 7 (not L.). B.l?. A.i L. lat. 35. The snout is slightly produced, and scarcely longer than the cy(; : 1. CH^TonoN. 25 prseoperciiliim minutely serrated ; dorsal and anal angular posteriorly. Body with oblique streaks, the upper ones descending obliquely for- wards, "the lower ones ascending obliquely forwards ; they do not cross each other. Ocular band nearly as broad as the eye, extending to the inferior margin of the interopercidum ; the soft dorsal and anal, and the tail between them, blackish-brown ; caudal white, with a blackish-brown crescent in the middle ; anal with a fine lighter line near the margin ; the posterior part of the ventrals greyish. Red Sea ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago. a. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 40. Chaetodon lunula. Pomacentrus lunula, Lacep. iv. pp. 507, 510, 513. Chgetodon lunula, Cuv. i^- Val. vii. p. 59. pi. 173 ; Bleek. Gilolo, p. 57. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 8/14. The snout is slightly produced, and rather longer than the dia- meter of the eye ; praioperculum distinctly serrated ; the soft dorsal and anal rather angular postejiorly. The black ocular band is broader than the eye, and terminates at the prseopercular margins ; the head behind this band is white ; the neck and the anterior part of the back downwards to the base of the pectoral are blackish-brown, with three obhque white stieaks. The upper margin of the dorsal and the lower of the anal are black ; a black band along the base of the soft dorsal, widening and bent downwards to the tail, which is crossed by it ; a whitish band along the concavity of the former ; caudal -with a rather narrow black cross-band near its posterior margin. Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Polynesia. a. Adult. Prince's Island. h. Fine specimen, Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection, d. Adult : not good state. Old Collection. 41. Clisetodon vagabundus. Renard, i. 23. 126. Chactoclon vagabundus, Lmn. Mus. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 71, and Si/si. i p, 465 ; L. Gm. p. 1251 ; Bl. taf. 204. f. 2 ; Bl. Hctm. p. 222 ; Cuv. S, Val. vii. p. 50; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. x.xiii. CJiatod. p. 18 (not Benn.). D. i?. A. ^. L. lat. 30. Vert. 10/14. The snout is slightly produced, pointed, conical, and longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the soft anal and dorsal fins with the angle rounded. The ocular band is black, and terminates at the angle of the interoperculum. Body with oblique lines ; those above the pectoral descending obliquely 26 SQUAMiPiimrEu. forwards, those above the anal ascending obliquely forwards. The dorsal with a narrow black margin, and a black band along the base of the soft portion, posteriorly bent downwards, crossing the tail and continued on a part of the anal. The anal with a narrow black and white margin ; the caudal with two black cross-bands, the anterior of which is crescent-shaped. From the Red Sea to Polynesia. a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of C. Telfair, Esq. b. Adult ; skeleton. Mauritius. From the Collection of C. Telfair, Esq. c. d. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. Skeleton. — The configuration of the bones of the head is more like that of Chcetodon striganffulus than that of Ch. meyeri. The lower jaw is elongate and rather low, the dentary being some%vhat pointed ; the praeorbital is produced, and twice as long as high ; the infraorbital ring, especially the posterior portion, is narrow, and the latter is joined to the inner ridge of the prajoperculum. The in- ferior limb of the pra^operculum is 1| as long as the posterior, which ascends obliquely backwards; the operculum is snbquaui angular, twice as high as wide, with the posterior side slightly emarginate ; the suboperculum narrow, tapering posteriorly ; the interopereulum oblong, irregularly quadrangular. The occipital crest is exceedingly high, and forked at its upper extremity, as described in Ch. meyei'i. The length of the abdoniinal portion of the vertebral column is to that of the f^audal as 1 : 1-3. The haemal spines of the first and second caudal vertebrae are anchylosed together ; the first and second interhaemals are separated. Epipleural spines none. There is a round foramen between the radius and coracoid, near the symphysis of the coracoids. 42. Chsetodon gnttatissimus. Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 183. D-i- A. A L.lat.32. The snout is slightly produced, and rather longer than the dia- meter of the eye ; pracoperculum serrated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band extends from the nape of the neck to the lower margin of the interopereulum ; it is narrower than the eye above, and much narrower below the orbit ; the upper portion is edged with yellow. Sides of the body yellow, each scale with a black spot ; dorsal and anal purplish-brown, dotted with black and edged with yellowish ; caudal with a black crescent across the middle ; ventrals yellowish. Sea of Ceylon. a. Adult. Ceylon. From Dr. Sibbald's Collection. — Tj^jc of the species, b. Adult . skin. Ceylon. From Dr. E. F. Kclaart's Collection. 1. CH^TonoN, 27 43. Chsetodon punctato-fasciatus. Chpetodon punctato-fasciatus, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 28 ; Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 238. punctato-lineatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 70. D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 7/13. The snout is very slightly produced, and rather longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculura entire ; the soft dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is reduced to a pale, brown-edged streak, reaching from above the orbit to the margin of the prseoperculum ; a black spot on the nape of the neck. Back with about seven vertical brown bands ; each scale of the sides with a brown central spot. Dorsal vnih. a black and white marginal line, the margin being greyish ; caudal yellow in the basal half and grepsh in the marginal one, both colours being separated by a black band ; anal with a black and white line, and with the margin yellow ; ventrals yellow, with a blackish spot. Sea of Banda. a, h. Fine specimens. Purchased of Mr. Frank, c. Adult ; skin. From Gronov 's Collection. 44. Chaetodon rafflesii Renard, i. 8. 58 ; ? Seha, iii. 26. 36. Chsetodon rafflesii, Betm. Life of Raffies, p. 689. princeps, Ciw. 8f Val. vii. p. 33 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 177 ; Blcek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Ch$• Vcd. vii. p. 86. Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal, with nine and more spines, none of which are elongate. Muzzle produced into a long cylindrical tube, with a small anterior cleft of the mouth. No teeth on the palate ; praeoperculum without spine. Scales moderate or rather small. Indian Seas. West coast of Australia. Polynesia. d2 36 SQUAMIFINNES. 1. Chelmo rostratus. Seha, iii. pi. 25. f. 17. Chjetodon rostratus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, i. p. 61. tab. 33. f. 2 ; Z. Gm. p. 1244 ; in. tab. 202. f. 1 ; lil. Schn. p. 221 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 3,'i7. pi. 47 ; Gronov. Synt. ed. Gray, p. 73. Jaculator, StMonncr, I'hil. Trunn. 1/04, p. 30. pi. 9. Choitodon enceladus, Shaw, Nat. Mite. p. 2. pi. 07. Cholmon rostratas, Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; lienn. Life of Raffles, p. 689 C'uv. Sf Val. vii. p. 87 ; Cant, fatal, p. 158 ; Cuv. Rlgne Anim. III. Pom. pi. 40. f. 1 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 20. D. I;. A. ^. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 9/20. Vert. 10/14. The length of the snout (from the anterior margin of the orbit) is one-half the length of the head. Head and body with five brownish cross-bands, edged with brown and white ; a round black white- edged spot in the middle of the soft dorsal, within the fourth cross- band ; the fifth Imnd black round the tail. East Indian Seas. \\'est coast of AustraUa. Entering rivers. a. Adult. Celebes. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. h-e. Adult. Singapore. f. Adult : skeleton. Singapore. g. Adult : bad state. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. h, i. Young. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection. Tc. Adult. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. I. Adult: skin. From Cronov's Collection. m. Half-grown. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. n. Half-grown : discoloured. The skeleton differs from that of the following species by a shorter lower prajopercular limb, its length being 1| in that of the posterior. 2. Chelmo marginalis. Richardson, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, x. p. 29. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/22. Caec. pylor. 5. Vert. 10/14. The length of the snout is one-half that of the head. Head and body with four brownish cro.ss-bands. edged with brown and white ; sometimes an indistinct blackish spot in the middle of the soft dorsal, within the third cross-band ; the fourth band round the tail. Perhaps a variety of Ch. rostratus, from the West coast of Australia. a. Adult. Swan River. h. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. — Tj-pe of the species. c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection. e. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 2. CHELMO. 37 Skeleton. — The skull of Chehno is at once distinguished by the peculiar prolongation of the jaw-bones, in which, however, the max- illary does not participate ; the latter is very much like that of a species of Chcetodon, short, with the lower extremity slightly dilated, anteriorly concave, posteriorly irregularly convex. A long and slender process, directed foi-wards, extends from the palatine bone across the upper extremity of the maxillary, and is received in a Hotch of the praeorbital. The anterior portion of the intermaxillaries, as well as their posterior processes, are exceedingly elongated in a horizontal direction, and both bones together form a half-channel, similar to the bill of a bird, anteriorly with seven transverse bands of minute teeth ; the anterior margin of the jaw, besides, is armed with a series of very small teeth. The articular and dentary bones of the mandibula are likewise exceedingly elongate ; the latter is toothed like the intermaxillary, the articular anchylosed to the hypo- tympanic, prseoperculum and intei'operculum. The other portions of the skeleton bear a great resemblance to Chcetodon. The upper portion of the skull appears as a solid, ele- vated, rounded bony mass, with a groove above each orbit. Sutures are visible between the supraoccipital, principal frontal bone, and suprascapula. The supraoccipital is continued posteriorly in a very elevated and strong crest, which has the upper margin swollen, and is posteriorly bifurcate, to receive the hook-like process of the first intemeural. The anterior frontal bones are not to be distinguished from the principal frontals ; the orbital margin is crenulated. The turbinal bones are well developed and elongate; the prae- orbital is oblong, twice as long as high ; the remainder of the infra- orbital ring is very narrow, and its posterior portion firmly united with the interior ridge of the prseoperculum. The praeoperculum has the interior ridge very slightly elevated, and the muciferous channel merely indicated ; the limbs form an obtiise angle together, and the length of the inferior is 1| in that of the posterior; the margins are obtusely serrated. The operculum has neither ridge nor spine, is sub quadrangular, and not quite twice as high as wide. The sub- and interoperculum are very obliquely situated ; the former is small, the latter broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The supra- scapula is firmly joined to the bones of the skuU ; the humerus is well developed and sword-shaped. The coracoid has the outer ridge considerably elevated, so that the cavity for the muscles of the pec- toral appears rather deep ; there is only a small ovate foramen be- tween the coracoid and ulna, the bottom of the cavity being entirely bony. The lamellae of the pubic bones are nearly equally developed ; the lower is swoUen posteriorly for articulation with the ventral spine. There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the caudal as 1:1-5. The^ribs are strong, anteriorly and posteriorly with a groove, and at the base with a small epipleiu-al spine. The longest neural and haemal spines are those of the middle vertebrae, and the latter are longer than the former. There are two very 38 SQLAMiPINNKS. slender spurious interneiu-als. Each neural and intferneural of the spinous dorsal is dilated into a transparent lamella, which in the latter is broad enough to touch that of the spine next to it. The anterior haemal and interhsemal spines show the same structure as in Chcetodon meyeri. 3. Chelmo lonprostris. Chaetodon longirostris, Broassonet. Chelmon longirostris, Cmv. <§• Val. vii. p. 89. pi. 175 ; Blcek. Vorhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chatod. p. 20. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 1?. The length of the snout is much more than one-half of that of the head. A large triangular black patch covering the neck, the upper surface of the head, and the side downwards to the level of the inferior margin of the eye ; a round black spot at the posterior angle of the anal fin ; caudal blackish. From Isle de France to Polynesia. a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult : stuffed. Purchased. c. Adult : not good state. Old Collection. 4. Chelmo pelta. D. ^. A. -i. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 8/19. iy 15 The length of the snout is not quite one-half that of the head. Fniform reddish-brown, blackish on the sjiinous dorsal, a darker band from the origin of the dorsal to the eye. Hah. ? a. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-half of the total length, the length of the head one-third. The upper profile descends abniptly fi'om the origui of the dorsal fin, and is concave. The snout is relatively shorter than in Ch. rostratus, forming not quite one-half of the length of the head. The width between the eyes is less than the length of their diameter. The praeoperculum has the angle rounded and minutely serrated. The dorsal spines are very strong and long, with the membrane between deeply notched ; they increase in length to the fourth, which is 1| in the length of the head ; the following spines gradually become shorter to the last, which is rather shorter than the first ray. The basal half only of the soft dorsal is covered with scales ; it is not elevated, and has the upper margin nearly entirely vertically situated. . The caudal is tiimcated. The second anal s])ine is stronger, but scarcely longer than the third, and 1^ hi the length of the head. The soft portion of the anal is much higher than the corresponding pai't of the opposite fin, and covered with scales on the basal half only. The ventral fins reach to the origin of the anal ; the pectorals 3. iiENiocHUs. 39 do not extend to the vertical from tlie vent. The scales are of mo- derate size, ctenoid ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the eye. The colour is now uniform reddish-brown, with shining longitu- dinal streaks, following the series of the scales. The spinous dorsal and its base are blackish. A dark ocular band, much narrower than the orbit, descends from the origin of the dorsal to the eye, and is not continued on the cheelc. The soft dorsal has a light posterior margin. The other fins are yolloA\ish or colourless. inches, lines. Total length 3 4 Height of the body 1 8 Length of the head I ] Distance between the anterior margin of the eye and the extremity of the snout .... 0 0^ Diameter of the eye 0 3| Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 9 of the second anal spine 0 8^ 3. HENIOCHdS* Henioclius, Cuv. S^- Val. vii. p. 92. Taurichthys, Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 146. Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal, with eleven to thii'teen spines, the fourth of which is more or less elongate and filiform. Muzzle rather short or of moderate length. No teeth on the palate ; proeoperculum without spine. (Scales of modei-ate size. Air-bladder present ; five branchiostegals ; pyloric appendages in small number. From the Mauritrus through all the East Indian Seas to Polynesia and the N.W. coast of Australia, 1. Heniochus macrolepidotus Renard, i. 3. 13. 31. 168, ii. 14. G6: Riiysch, i. no. 3; Valcnt. iii. figs. 18. 201. 324. 372. 509; Seha, iii. 25. 8. Cliffitodou macrolepidotus, Artedi, S^iecics, p. 94 ; L. Si/sf. i. p. 464 ; L. Gm. p. 1247 ; Bl. tab. 200. f. 1 ; Lacep. iv. p. 455. pi. ] 1. f. 3 and pi. 12. f. 1; Iii. Schn. p. 231. acmninatiis, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, tab. 33. f. 3. bifasciatus, SJiaiv, Zool. iv. p. 342 ; Gruitov. Sijst. ed. Gray, p. 75. Heniochus acumiuatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 98. pennutatus, (Bennett) Cur. 8f Val. vii. p. 99. macrolejjidotus. Cur. 8f Val. vii. p. 93 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 82. pi. 44. f. 1 (young) ; Richards. Ichtli. C/iin. p. 246; Blceker, Vcrh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Cltcetod. p. 21. Diphreutes macrolepidotus. Cant. Catal. p. ] 59. D. li_ A 1. L. hit. 48. L. transv. 10/22. Cicc. pylor. G. Vert. 10/14. The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform. A small * 1. Rui/srh. tab. 20. f. 5; Renard. ii. 10.49; Vnlenf. no. 161.— Tauriehtlivs viridis, Cur. cf Val. vii. p. 151. — East Indie?. 40 aQtJAMIPlN>'E3. protuberance above each orbit, none on the neck. The upper sur- face of the snout and a band between the orbits black. Body with two broad black bands : the anterior from the firet four doraal spines, touching the hind margin of the operculum, across the root of the pectorals to the belly, including the ventrals, which are deep black. The posterior band from the fifth, sixth and seventh dorsal spines descending obliquely backwards, and occupj-ing the posterior half of the anal fin ; the anterior half is black-edged. From the Mauritius thi'ough all the East Indian Seas to the N.W. coast of Austraha. a. Large specimen : skin : not good state. Ceylon. From Dr. E. F. Kelaart's Collection. h, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. d. Adult: skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col- lection. e. Half-gTown : not good state. Australia. /. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank, g. Large specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. {. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. k-m. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. n. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 0. Adult : skeleton. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection. p. Half- grown : bad state : stuffed. q. Young : bad state. From the Haslar Collection. Skeleton. — The structure of the jaw-bones appeal's to be very similar to that in Chcetodon. The limbs of the praeoperculum are very indistinctly denticulated, and fonn together a somewhat obtuse angle ; the interior ridge is slightly elevated, and has a distinct muciferous channel posteriorly. The operculum is irregularly qua- drangular, 2| as high as wide. The pra)orbital is oblong, the re- mainder of the infraorbital ring very narrow, and not joined to the praeoperculum ; the turbinal tubiform, of moderate length. The anterior frontal bones are rather small. Each principal frontal has an obtuse longitudinal ridge, exteriorly with a small groove ; there is another larger cavity between the two ridges. The crown of the skull is elevated, with a high and broad occipital crest, which, how- ever, does not reach to the spurious intemeural spines. There are two other crests on the side of the crown, on the inner of which is suspended the suprascapula, the outer one being transformed into a muciferous channel. The humeral is well developed and sword- shaped : the radius and the coracoid form a very deep cavity. The pubic bones are separated from each other by a narrow interspace, and each is composed of four lamellae. There are ten* abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the first being much compressed in its longitudinal diameter, so as to be easily overlooked. The greater portion of the three anterior haemal * Cuvier states eight only. '6. HKNIOCHUS 41 spines are anchylosed together: the mterhsemals of the first two anal spines form one bone only, with a broad triangular process an- teriorly ; the bone itself is very long, its length being equal to that of the first twelve vertebrae together. 2. Heniochus monoceros. Cuv. dr Val. vii. p. 100. pi. 176 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. aiatod. p. 21. D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 9/24. The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform. A conical protuberance above each orbit, another on the nape of the neck. A black band from the first two dorsal spines, occupying all the neck, the eye, the forehead and the snout ; a second band from the fifth, sixth and seventh dorsal spines to the belly, including the root of the pectorals and the ventrals, which are of a' deep black ; a third band from the pbstevior dorsal si^ines, descending obliquely back- wards and occupying the posterior half of the anal fin ; the anterior half is black-edged. Sea of the Mauritius. o. Large specimen. Mauritius. From^the Collection of the Zoolo- gical Society. 3. Heniochus chrysostoma. ? Heniochus chrysostomus, {Parkins,^ Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 99 ; Cuv. Hegne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 40. f. 2. Heniochus chrysostomus, (Solander^ Voy. Beech. ZooJ. p. 62. pi. 18. f. 1. melanistion, Bleeker, Banda, lii. p. 98. D. -^. A. ^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 7/25. The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform, with a broad floating membrane reaching to its top. A very slight pro- tuberance above the orbit, none on the neck. A black band from the origin of the spinous dorsal to the belly, occupying the whole operculum, the upper portion of the prseoiierculum, the eye, the root of the pectorals, and the ventrals, which latter are entirely black ; a second band from the thii'd to the sixth dorsal sjjines, descending obhquely backwards and occupying more than the posterior half of the anal ; a third broad band along the base of the soft dorsal, ex- tending to the back of the tail and the root of the caudal fin. East Indian Archipelago. (Otaheite ?) a, h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 4. Heniochus varius. Ruysch, Pise. Amb. tab. 20. f. Q; Romrd, i. 30. 164; Valent. iii. p. 369. f. 71. Taurichthys varius, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 148. pi. 181 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. lU. Poiss. pi. 41. f. 2 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Grn. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 25. D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 53. The fourth dorsal spine elongate. A protuberance above each 42 tJ'arAMiPiN'NEs. orbit, conical and lioin-likc in adnlt specimens, scarceh/ visible in yoniiger ones ; a third, obtusely conical, on the nape of the neck. A black band from the origin of the dorsal, occupying the Avhole head to tlu^ prscopercular margins ; the second black band nearly entirely suppressing the ground colour, from the third to the seventh dorsal spines to the belly, and extencUng from the I'oot of the pec- torals and ventrals to the end of the anal, which, like the ventrals, is entirely black. Molucca Sea. a. Adult. Molucca Sea. b. Half-grown. Ambojiia. Piu'chascd of Mr. Frank. c. Very fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 4. HOLACANTHUS*. Ilolacanthus, Laccp. iv. p. 525 ; (Juv. ^- Vul. vii. p. 153. Body compressed, and generally much elevated. Praeoperculum with a strong spine at the angle. One dorsal, entirely scaly, with twelve to fifteen spines ; the anal with three (exceptionally with four). No teeth on the palate. Scales of moderate or small size. Six branehiostegals ; air-bladder with two posterior horns ; pyloric appendages in increased number. Inhabitants of nearly aU the tropical seas. The species may be grouped together as follows : — I. Species with scales of moderate size. A. With longitudinal bands, p. 42. E. Trunk with a whitish vertical blotch or band, p. 45. C. Body ornamented by several cross-bands, p. 4(5. D. Body uniform or bicoloured, or merely spotted, p. 49. fl. Species with small scales. A. Body with longitudinal bands, p 52. B. Body with white or bluish transverse lines, alternately broader and narrower, p. 52. C. Body without bands, p. 54. I.' Species with the scales of modovjite size. A. With longitudinal bands. 1 . Holacanthus annularis. Chsetodon annularis, lU. tab. 215. f. 2; L. Cim. p. 1202: lil Schi. •p. 21'J; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 330. pi. 47. Ilolacanthus annularis, Lacvp. iv. pp. 520, 533 ; (Jur. il- \ii- P' 1^^4 : Blceli. Verhand. Batav. Gcnoutsoh. xxiii. C'hfstod. p. 2"). Ch.ietodon vortioosus, Gronov. 'S'l/st. nl. Gray, p. 74. ^•rS-9- A-fs- J^-lat. 48. L. transv. 7/2.). The pryeoperciilar spine Is smooth, and reaches to the ])ase of the pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins are not produced. Head and ven- tral fins brown, the former with a white vertical band, d(\scending from the nape of the neck, between the eye and the pneopercular margin, to the spine. Body with six brown vertical bands ; each scale of the body with th(^ centre dnrko-, Molucca Sea. (t, h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. c. Adult: stufted. Old Collection. d. Adult: skin. From Gronov's Collection. ] 8. Holacanthus navarchus. Renard, i. pi. 16. f. 92, ii. pi. 4. f. 17 ; Valent. ill. p. 364. no. 58, p. 367. no. 64 ; Ruysch, Thcafr.Anim. i. Pisc.Amh. pp. 29, 30. t. 15. f. 10, 11. Holacanthus navarclius, Cnv. s beyond the\('rtical from the posterior margin of the o])erculum ; the dorsal and anal fins are rounded posteriorly. A bluish streak from the forehead, below the eye and the rool of the pectoral, to the belly, another from the fifth dorsal spine to behind the pectoral ; the space between these two streaks bluish-black : the tail, between the posterior half of the soft dorsal and between the anal, and the latter fin black, dotted and margined with blue ; the remainder of the body yellow, each scale with a black spot in the centre ; pectoral und ventral black ; dorsal and caudal yellow, edged with black. Seas of Amboyna and Kanda. u, b. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchnsed of Mr. Frank. D. Body unitbnn or bicoloured, or nn-rcly spntled. 19. Holacanthus tricolor. Edwards, pi. 28.''. f. 4 ; Duhami'l, Peches, ii. sect. 4. pi. J."!, f. 1 ; Parra, pi. 7. f. 2. Chfetodon tricolor, Bluch, taf. 425 ; Bl. Schn. p. 219. Holacanthus tricolor, Lac^p. iv. pp. 525, 5-30 ; Chn\ Sf Vol. vii. p. 162 ; Cin\ R'egne Ain'm. III. Poiss. pi. 41. f. 3. D. ji. A.-^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 8/25. Ctec. pylor. 2:5. Vert. 24. The proeopercular spiiu^ is grooved, and reaches to the veitical VOL. II. K 50 SQITAMIPINNES. from the posterior margin of the opercuhira ; the soft dorsal and anal and the upper caudal ray moderately produced. Head, anterior part of the tnink, caudal, and the margins of the soft dorsal and anal fins yellow, the remainder brownish-black. Atlantic- coasts of Tropical America. o, b. Adiilt : stuffed. Bahia. c. Adult : skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq. d-k. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's CoUecdon. J. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of ^li. Scrivener. m. Adult. West Indies. n. Young. West Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 0. Adult: bad state. From the Haslar Collection. p. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. q. Adult: stuffed. 20. Holacanthus bicolor. Renarcl, i. pi. 19. f. 100. ChjBtodon bicolor, Bl. t. 200. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 218. HolaCanthns bicolor, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 108 ; Bleek. Solor, p. 77. D. ||. A. fg. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/19. The prseopercular spine is conical, and reaches to the root of the pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins with the angle pointed. The anterior portion of the body to the vertical from the sixth dorsal spine, and the caudal yellowish ; the remainder of the body deep black. The black and yellowish colours are separated from each other by a streak of a more intense yellow. A broad black ocular band, broaden than the orbit, deep black above the orbit, brownish below, not extending over the chest. East Indian Archipelago. a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank. 21. Holacanthus trimaculatus. Holacanthus trimaedatus, (Lacep.) Cuv. (§■ Val. vii. pp. 196. pi. 182 ; Bleekcr, Barkla, i. p. 242. D. J|. A. ~. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 8/26. The prseopercular spine is sanooth, and reaches to the base of the pectoral; the dorsal and anal fins not produced. Each scale \vith a white spot in the centre ; lips blacldsh ; a black spot on the nape of the neck, and another edged with white on the shoulder ; the lower half of the anal black. Molucca Sea. ij a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. b. Adult: stuffed. Moluccas. 4. UOLAf ANTHUS. 51 '22. Holacanthus xanthometopon. Bheker, Siiuuitra, ii. p. 258. D.li. A.JL. L.lat.48. The praeopercular spine is ino)e than one-half shorter than the head ; the dorsal and anal fins are rounded posteriorly. Head blue ; the cheeks and opercles witli numerous golden, black-edged dots ; chin and li])s lincolatcd with black. A band between the orbits orange-coloured. Body violet ; tail yellow : each scale on the sides- witli a blue spot in the centre and a golden margin ; an orange- coloured spot on the scapulary region. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins yellow, edged with violet ; the soft dorsal posteriorly with a large round black, blue-edged spot ; the anal with numerous blue, black- edged spots. (Bl.) Sea of Sumatra. 23. Holacanthus xanthurus. Bcitnett, Proc. Coimn. Zool. Sue. 1832, p. 183. D. |i. A. ^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 7/22. The praeopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the base of the pectoral ; the dor.sal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Brownish (in spirits), each scale with a light crescent-shaped streak; caudal yellow. Sea of Ceylon. a. Fine specimen. Ceylon. Collected by Dr. Sibbald. — Ty\^e of the species. 24. Holacanthus vroliMi. Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 339. D.i^. A.^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6/19. The praeopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the base of the pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins are rather rounded posteriorly. Uniform greyish -brown, gradually becoming black posteriorly ; the margin of the operculum blackish. Seas of Coram and Amboyna. a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. r«rank. h. Fine specimen. Coram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens. 25. Holacanthus nox. Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 338. D.l|. A.^. L.lat.48. The praeopercular spine Ls about as long as the diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Black. {Bl.) Sea of Amboyna. e2 52 SQUAMIPINNES. II. Species with small sealen. A. Body with longitudinal bands. 26. Holacanthus septentrionalis. Tenun. 4" Schleg. Faun. Japon. Pom. p. 82. pi. 44; Richardson, Ichth. China, p. 246. D.l^ A.i-. 18 18 Scales verj' small. The prseopercular .spine reaches to the vertical from the posteiior margin of the operciilum ; dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Head, body, dorsal and anal fins with about twelve bine longitudinal bands : caudal yellow. Sea of Japan. a, b. Adult: stuffed, 27. Holacanthus imperator. Citharsedus, ./Elian, Animal, xi. cap. 23. Valent. iii. p. 362. f. 51, p. 462. f. 370, p. 479. f. 418 ; Ruysch, CoU. Pise. Amb. p. 37. tab. 19. f, 1 ; Renard, i. 16. 93, ii. 56. 238. Chaetodon imperator, Bloch, iii. p. 51. t. 194 ; L. Gm. p. 1255 ; Bl. Schn. p. 217. Holacanthus imperator, Lacep. iv. pp. 527, 534. pi. 12. f. 3 ; Cuv.SfVal. vii. p. 180; Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 758, and Act. Soc. Nederland, i. Manado en Makassar, p. 49. 22 30 Scales small. The proeopercular spine reaches to the base of the pectoral. Head, chest, and anal fin with bluish lines. An oblong black spot between the shoulder, the operculum, and the root of the pectoral ; body with many orange-coloured, slightly waved streaks ; caudal yellow. Indian Ocean and Archipelago. a. Fourteen inches long : skin. Ceylon, Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D. h. Adult. AmbojTia, Purchased of Mr, Frank. c. Thirteen inches long, d. Thirteen inches long : stuffed. B, Body with white or bluish transverse lines, alternately broader and nan'ower. 28. Holacanthus nicobariensis. Renard, i. pi. 5. f. 34. Chajtodon nicobariensis, Bl. Schn. p. 219. t. 50. Holacanthus geometricus, LarSp. iv. pp. 528, 537. pi. 13. f. 1 ; Cin\ ^■ Vol vii, p. 189. nicobariensis, Bh-pher, Amboina, vi. p. 413 Scales small. The anal and dorsal fins rounded ])osteriorly. Black, 4. HOLACANTHUS. 53 with curved, concentric, alternately white and bluish transverse lines, the posterior of which forms a complete ring ; on the doreal, caudal and anal fins, the lines are divided and form reticulations ; the posterior half of the caudal is white. East Indian Archipelago. 29. Holacanthus semicirculatus. Holacanthus semicirculatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 191. pi. 18-3 ; Bleek. Amboina, vi. p. 414 (not Banka, p. 452) ; Voy. Coqu. Zool. Poins. p. 173. pi. 30. f. 3. Chsetodon microlepis, Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 257. T-K 13-14 A 3 Scales small. The prajopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin of the operculum ; anal and doi-sal fins triangular, not produced. Entirely black, with curved, concentric, alternately white and bluish transverse lines, the white ones being broader ; caudal black, with white cross-streaks. East Indian Archipelago ; Polynesia. a. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald. b, c. Adult and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. d. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. 30. Holacanthus striatus. Holacanthus striatus, RUppell, N. W. Fisehe, p. 32. taf. 10. f. 2 ; Bleek. Amboina, vi. p. 414. semicirculatus, Bleeker, Bankn, p. 452 (not Cuv^. D.^^ A.i. 23 -21 Scales small. The praeopercular spine reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin of the operculum. Black, with curved, concen- tric, alternately white and bluish transverse lines, the white ones being broader ; caudal white. Red Sea. a. Half-grown. Red Sea. 31. Holacanthus alternans. Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 193. T) '^ A - JJ. 57- A.-. Scales small. Dorsal produced into a long point ;*anal angular. Brown, dotted with darker anteriorly, with lighter posteriorly and on the dorsal and anal fins ; four white veriical lines on the side of the head ; body with ciirved white transverse lines, alternately broader and narrower, those on the tail vertical and straight ; caudal with one or two white transverse lines. {Cuv.) Sea of Madagascar. 54 SQXTA.AIIPINNES. 32 . Holacanthus chrysurus, Cuv. •^^ Val. vii, , p. 188. 19 A. 3 19" Dorsal tin slightly jwinted. Brown : a bluish line from the neck round the eye towards the mouth, emitting three other lines to the margin of the interoperculum ; a vertical Une on the operculum, ex- tending before the pectoral to the base of the ventral ; a third on the chest ; body with six whitish curved lines, alternately broader and narrower, extending over the dorsal and anal ; there are several other indistinct lines in the intcrspaqes between those described ; caudal yellow, with a fine black marginal line. (Cuv.) Hah. ? 33. Holacanthus caBmleus. Holacanthus ca^mleus, (Ehrenbg.) Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 194. D. i^. A.^. 15 15 Blue, with curved white transverse lines, alternately broader and narrower; caudal yellow ; dorsal and anal fins rounded. {Cuv.) Eed Sea. C. Body without bands 34. Holacanthus mesoleucus. Renard, i. 22, 121 ; Valent. iii. p. 361. f. 48. Ohsetodon mesoleucus, Bl. tab. 216. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 227. mesomelas, Gm. i. p. 1263. Holacanthus mesoleucus, Lacep. iv. pp. 528, 537; Cuv. 4" ^(^l- vii. p. 170 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Cliatod. p. 26. Chaetodon atratus, Groiwv. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 72. D.l^. A. -i. 17 17 Scales small. The praeopercular spine not grooved, reaching to the vertical from the posterior margin of the operculum ; dorsal and anal fins roimded posteriorly. Head vnih. the anterior part of the body y'ellow, which colour passes gradually into brown ; a broad brown ocular band from the neck, across the chest ; the brown part of the body finely reticulated with white ; caudal white. East Indian Archipelago. a. Fine specimen. Macassar. Purchased of Mr. Frank. h. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank. c. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection. 35. Holacanthus chrysocephaluA. BUeker, Java, ii. p. 428. Scales small. The praeopercular spine is about as long as the eye, 5, I'OMACANTUUS. 55 the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Body yellowish -red anteriorly, and brownish-violet behind the pectoral fins ; anteriorly ■with blue longitudinal bands, posteriorly with numerous blue spots, arranged in longitudinal series ; anal with a pair of blue longitudinal bands ; caudal yelloM-ish-red. (BL) Sea of Bata^ia. 36. Holacauthus melanosoma. Bleeker, Solor, p. 78. D. ;|. A. ^. L. lat. 100. The prseopercular spine is about as long as the diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Black : head anteriorly spotted with yellow ; the dorsal and anal fins posteriorly yeUow-edged ; caudal yellow, with a black transverse spot. i^Bl.) Sea of Lawajong (Solor). 5. POMACANTHUS. Pomacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 517 ; Cuv. &■ Val. vii. p. 200. Body compressed and much elevated. Pra?operculum with a strong sjjine at the angle. One dorsal, entirely scaly, with eight to ten spines, the anal with three. No teeth on the palate. Scales rather smaU. Six branchiostegals ; air-bladder present ; pyloric appendages in increased number. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America. The scales of the fishes of this genus, or rather subgenus, have a great tendency towards irregularity of size and arrangement, as in several species of Holacanthus. Smaller and larger scales are mixed together, the former generally predominating in young individuals. Cuvier has established not less than six species for a single one (!). 1. Pomacanthus paru. Chirivita, Parra, pi. 6. f. 1 k 2. Paru, Marcffr. p. 144. Guaperva, Marcgr. p. 178. Acarauna nigra, Willufflibij, pi. O. 3. f. 4. Seha, iii. 25. 5 & 6. Chastodon arcuatus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. pi. 33. f. 6; Bl. taf. 201. f. 2; BL Schn. p. 218. no. 4, Broivri, Jamaica, p. 454. aureus, Block, taf. 193. f. 1 (not good) ; Bl. Schn. p. 217. paru. Block, taf. 197 ; Bl. Schn. p. 217. Pomacanthus lutescens, Lacep. iv. pp. 518, 521, 623. aureus, Cuv. «^ Val. vii. p. 202. paru, Cin: 4* Val. vii. p. 205. balteatus, Ctiv. <§• Val. vii. p. 208. cingulatus, Cttv. i^- Val. vii. p. 209. pi. 185 ; Cantcln. Anim, iimir. OH rares Atner. du Sud, Poiss. p. 20. o6 SQl'AWlPrNNES. I'oniacanthus quiuquecinctus, Ciiv. S,- Vul. vii. p. 210; Casteln. I. c. arcuatus, Cuv. ii,- Vat. vii. p. 211 ; Casfeln. I. c. J). ^-^. A. -. Ctee. pylor. 15. Vert. 10/14. 30 24 ^■' Scales rather irregularly arranged ; praeopercular spine rather short and flat. The anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal much produced. Immatiu-e specimens with some yellowish vertical bands ; adult ones with small white crescent-shaped spots, sometimes irre- gularly spotted with black. A. Adult s])eciinens. — Ground-colour dark ; body with many small white or yellow crescents ; base of the pectoral yellow : Chcetodon j)aru, Bloch ; PomacantJius paru, Cuv. a, h. Twenty-one inches long : stuffed. West Indies. c. Stuffed. West Indies. d. Skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Purnell's Collection. Variety. — Ground-colour yellowish; body with many irregular brown or black spots : Clicetodon aureus, Bloch ; Pomacanthui aureus, Vnv. e. Eiglitecn inches long : stuflcd. West Indies. /. StTiffed. America.