m
Hi
AVf
FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FORSCIENCE
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
CATALOGUE
FISHES
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.,
ETC. ETC.
VOLUME SECOND.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
186)0.
CATALOGUE
ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES
CO Ti LECTION
BRITISH MUSEUM.
DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.
VOLUMJ: SECOND.
SQUAMIPINNES, CIRRHITID^, TRIGLID^., TRACIUNID/E,
SCI/ENIDyE, P0LYNEMIDJ5, SPHYRtENID^, TRICHIURIDiE,
SCOMBRID^, CARANGID^, XIPHIID^.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
18G0.
rurNTED BY TAYLOU AND FRANCIS,
KEU LION COUKT, FLEET STKEET.
PREFACE.
Dr. CliJNTUEH observes, — "This volume contains the remaining por-
tions of Cuvicr's Percoides and Scitunoldes, and nearly the whole of
his Sqvuimiinnnes, Cataphracti, and Scomberoides. The instances
where Cuvier has described one and the same fish under three or
more different names are numerous, especially in the last family ;
nevertheless the number of apparently well-characterized species has
been nearly doubled since his period, as we see from a comparison
of the result of this volume with the corresponding parts of the
' Histoire Naturclle des Poissons ': —
Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 700
Total number of species in this volume 1 llif)
Species apparently well characterized in Cuv. & Val 5;}r>
Species apparently well characterized in this volume .... 059
" The plan adopted in the first volume has been adhered to.
" Several important additions to the Collection have been made
since the publication of the first volume, viz. : —
" 1. The entire Collection of Fishes of the Museum of the East
India Company.
" 2. A Collection of Fishes from Vancouver Island, made during
the voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.
"3. Several Collections of Fisher from the seas of Lisbon and
Madeira, presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
" 4. A Collection of Huabiun Fishes, received from the Stuttgart
Museum.
" 5. A Collection of Fishes from Ecuador, purchased of Mr. Frascj-.
IV PKEFACE.
" 6. A Collection of Mexican Freshwater Fi .hes, purchased of
M. SaUc.
'* 7. A Collection of Marine Fishes, made at Amoy (China).
" 8. A Collection of Marine and Freshwater Fishes from the New
Hebrides, purchased of Mr. MacgUlivray.
" All these Collections contain so many interesting forms, either
entirely new to science, or previously not represented in the British
Museum, that I cannot forbear directing attention to the great
service which may be done to science by collecting fishes, in what-
ever country or sea an opportunity may occur. If we look at the
large accessions to ichthyology during the last fifteen years, we may
well conclude that not one-tenth of the existing species are known.
" I would remark, that some authors, who have adopted genera as
defined by me, have misunderstood mo, if they have thought, that
the species, by which a genus is headed, is to be considered as the
typical one, A serial arrangement of the species is the most natural,
and it ought always to be adhered to as far as possible ; therefore I
generally commence a genus with that species which has some
relation to the preceding genus, placing the more aben-ant forms, or
those which are allied to the following genus, at the end ; and in all
such cases the typical species occupy the centre of the series.
" Finally, I return my best thanks to my friend the llev. R. T.
Lowe, for supplying mo from his MSS. with detailed accounts of
many species examined by him at Madeira."
JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
iiritisli Museum.
.Time 1, 18G0.
ADDITIONS
10 IIIK
INDEX OF THE WORKS
(QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.
1635, Nieremherg, J. E. Historia Naturse maxima peregiiuee. Aiitw., fol.
1658. Rochefort. Histoire naturelle des lies Antilles. Rotterd., 4to.
1G67. Ihdertre, R. r. Histoire gen(5rale des Antilles. Paris, 4to.
1673. Nieuhoff, J. An Embassy from the East India Company to the
Grand Tartar Cham, Emperor of China. Englished by J. Ot/i/hi/.
Edit. 2. London, fol.
1082. . Brasilifense Zee- en Lant-Reize. Amsterd., fol,
1674. Olearius, Adam. Gottorffische Kunst-Kammer. Schleswig, 4to.
1684, Sihbald, Sir Robert. Scotia Illustrata. Edinb., fol,
1697. Dampier, W. A New Voyage round the World, Lond., 8vo.
1703. . A Voyage to New Holland. Lond., 8vo,
1718. Lebnm, Curneille. Voyage par la Moscovie en Perse et au.x Indes
Orientales. Amsterd., fol.
1718, Leguat. Voj'age et Aventures, Lond., 12mo.
1729, Funnell, W. A Voyage round the World ; being an account of
Capt. Will. Dampier s Expedition into the South Seas in the Ship
St, George. In " Collection of Voyages," vol. iv. Lend., 8vo,
1756. Brown, P. The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. Lond., fol.
1758, Borlase, W. The Natural History of Cornwall, Oxford, fol,
1758, Edwards, G. Gleanings of Natural Historj'. Lond., 4to.
T 762-66, Stroern, H. Physisk og cekonomisk Beskrivelse over Fog-
deiiet Sondmor. Soroe, 4to,
] 764, Petiver, J. Gazophylacium, or Opera Historian! Naturalem spec-
tantia. Lond., fol.
1765. Schlosser, J. A. Account of a fish called Jaculator, in Phil. Trans.
vol, liv,, year 1764.
J7U/. Pallas. Paper on the .Laculator-fish, in Phil. Trans, vol. Ivi., yeai
1766.
1774. Olofsm, E. Reise durch Island. Aus dem Diinischen. Kopenli
& Leipz., 4to.
VI INDEX OF THE WOKKS QUOTSD
178(5. Guctfard, J. E. Nouvelle Collection eur difl&'entea parties intt^r-
essantes des Sciences et Arts. I'aris, 4to.
1788. Arledi, P. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica. Ed. J. J. Walbaum. Ory-
phisw., Svo.
1788. Schopf, J. D. Besclireibung einiger Nordamci-ikanischen Fische, iu
Sduiften der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freundo zu Berlin. Band
viii. Stiick 3. Berlin, Svo.
1789. Block. Papers in Kongl. Vetenskabs Academiens Nya Handlingar.
Stockh., 1789 &c., Svo.
1791. Tlnmberg. Papers in Kongl. Vetenskabs Academiens Nya Hand-
lingar, torn. xiv. et seq. Stockli., 1791 &c., Svo.
1791. Enphrasett, B. A. Papers, ibid.
1797. Schousboe, P. Jagttagelser over Tajndome hos nogle Fiskearter, in
Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, Bind 4. Kjcibenh., 8vo.
1810, Blunicnbach, J. F. Abbildungen naturbistorischer Gegenstando.
Gottingen, Svo.
1813. Low. Fauna Orkadensis. Ed. W. Elford Leach. Edinb., 4to.
1833-43. Affossiz, L. Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles. Neucbatel,
4to. Atlas, fol.
1834. Kittlitz, F. U. von. Bescbreibung einiger Arten Acanthurus, in
Musexujx Souckenbergianum, 1834, p. 189.
1835. Jenyns, L. Systematic Catalogue of Bfitisb Vertebrate Animals
Cambridge, Svo.
1835. Cantraine, F. M^moire sur nn Poisson nouveau (Eovetus tem-
minckii), in Joum. Acad. Sc. et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles, x. 4to.
1836. . M^moire sur le Serranus tinea. Ibid, xi.
1837. Ri'n>pell, E. Neuer Nachtrag von Beschreibungen neuer Nilfiscbe,
in Museum Senckenbergianum, vol. iii.
1839. Parnell, R. On a new species of British Fish (Motella cimbria), in
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. ii.
1839. TJiompson, W. On Fishes new to Ireland, in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist, vols, i, & ii.
. On Fishes. Ibid.
. Observations on several British Fishes. Ibid.
1839, Eydoux et Gervais. Voyage autour du monde sm- la corvette ' La
Favorite,' Zoologie, Paris, Svo,
1840, RisfiO., A' Observations sur quelques Poissons de Nice, in Wieg-
mann's Aichiv.
1840. Troschel, H. Ueber einige Bloch'sche Fischarten, in Wiegmann's
Archiv.
1840, Bennett, F. D. Narrative of a Whaling- Voyage, Lond., Svo.
1841. M'Coy, F. On some new or rare Fish occurring on the coaat of
Ireland, in Ann, & Mag, Nat, Hist, vol, vi. p. 402,
1845-46, Diiben en Koren. On nya Skandinaviska Fiskar, In ofversigt
af Vetensk, Akad. Forhandl. Stockh, Svo,
1849. Snnth, A. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, Pisces.
Lond., 4.0.
IN THIS AND xnE PRECEDING VOLUMES. VU
1851. Gaimard, P. Voyage en Islande et an GriJnIand, execute pendant
les annees 1835' et 1830, sur la corvette 'LaRecherfhe.' Paris,
8vo. Atlas, fol.
. Voyage en Scandinavie, en Laponie, an Spitzberg ot aux
Faroe, pendant les annexes 1838, 1839 et 1840, sur la corvette ' La
Recherche.' Atlas. Paris, fol.
1851. Gosse, P. IL A Natm-alist's Sojourn in Jamaica. Lond., IGnio.
1854. Stannius. Ilandbuch der Anatomic der Wirbelthiere. Zweite
Auflage. Berlin, 8vo.
1857. 3Iartens, E. von. Ueber einige Fisclie der siissen Gewasser Italians,
in Wiegmaun's Archiv, 1857.
1858. Gill, Th. Papers in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858 et scq.,
and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859 & 1860.
1858. Bleeker, P. Zesde bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van
Sumatra, in Act. Soc. Sc. ludo-Nederl. vol. iii.
. Vierde bydrage tot de kennis der icbthyolog. fauna van
Japan. Ibid.
. Tiende bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Celebes.
Ibid.
. Elfde bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Celebes.
Ihid.
. Elfde bydrage tot de kennis der ichthyol. fauna van Borneo.
Ibid.
. Negende bydrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina.
Ibid.
. Tiende bydrage tot de kennis der A'ischfauna van Amboina,
Ibid.
1859. Kner, R. Ueber Trachyptvrus altivelis uud Clicetodon trimcatus, in
Sitzungsberichte der Academie der Wissensch.Wien, vol. xxxiv.
18G0. Giiiither, A. On the History of Echeneis, in Ann. Sc Mag. Nat.
Hist., May.
. On Centrolophus britannicus, a new British fish. Ibid., JiUy.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Fam. 8. Squamipinxes.
First Group. Ch^todontina.
rage
1. Clisetodon, Artedi ^
1. strif^augulus, Soland. .... 4
2. plebeius, Gm 5
3. trifasciali.=i, Q. et G 5
4. leachii, C.etV. G
5. setifcr, Bl. G
(3. auriga, Fursk 7
7. ephippium, C. etV. .... 7
8. semeion, Bleek 7
y. striatus, L 8
10. biniaculatus, Bl. 0
11. biocellatus, C. dV. .... 9
12. nesogallicuH, C. etV. 10
1.3. ocellatus, Bl ^10
14. niodestiLS, Schley 10, ol5
15. tallii, Bleeh 11
16. uiiimaculatus, Bl. 11
17. bennettii, Bleek 12
18. speculum, K. et v. II. ■ . 12
19. capistratus, L 12
20. quadriuiaculatus. Gray. . 13
21. meyeri, Sclmeid. 13
22. omatissimus, Soland. .... 15
23. fremblii, Benn 10
24. *mitratu3, Gthr 10
25. Mcula, Bl 17
20. dizostei', C. etV. 17
27. octofasciatus, Gni. . . 17, ")15
28. ulietensls, C.etV. 18
29. *robustus, Gthr 18
30. *humerali.s, Gthr 19
31. *|,n-acilis, Gthr 20
32. collaris, Bl 21
33. pifctextatus, Cant. . . 22, 515
.34. v(!ti(uilatus, (\ rtV. . . . 22
35. kleinii, Bl 22
3G, roinwardtii, Gihr 23
Page
37. vittatu.'?, Schneid 23, 515
38. fasciatus, Foisk 24
39. pictu.s, For.'ik 24
40. lunula, Laa'p 25
41. vagabundus, L 25
42. guttatissimus, Bonn 20
43. punctato-faseiatu.s, Gr. 27, 515
44. rafflosii. Bom 27
45. uxycephalus, Bleek 27
4G. mesoleucus, Forsk 28
47. dorsalis, lieiniv 28
48. ocellicauda, C. etV. 29
49. aureu.s, Schlerf 29, 515
50. xanthurus, Bleek. . . 29, 515
51. lineolatus, C. et V. .... 30
52. selene, Bleek 30
53. miliaris, Q. et G 31
54. baronessa, C. etV. 31
55. larvatu.s, Ehrcnb 31
5G. tau-uigrum, C. etV. .... 32
57. blackburni, Desjurd 32
58. uigripinnis, Pet 32
59. citrinellus. Brums 33
60. luctuosus, Q.etG 33
61. xanthocephalus, Beiui. . . 33
62. zoster, Benn 33
63. chrysozonus, K. et r. II. . . 34
64. oligacanthus, Bleek. . . 34, 510
65. strigatus, Lanysd. 34
(50. polylepis, Bleeh 35
67. sexfa.sciatu.s, Richards. . . 35
morten.sii, C. et V. 3
principalis, C. etV. .... 3
parallel us, Gronor 3
lunulatus, Q. et G 3
.sp., Artedi 3
layardi, Blyth •">
2. Che'lnio, Cuv 35
1. roslratus, L 36
2. marginalis, Rich 36
3. longiroslris, Bn>u:ix. .38
SYSTKMAXIC INDKX.
Page
4. •pclla, Glhr 38
5. trimcatus, Kner 51(5
3. Heniochus, C. ctV. 39
1. macrolepidotus, L. . . 39, 510
2. monoceros, C. et V. .... 41
3. chrysostoma, Parkins, . . 41
4. vanus, 0. et V. 41
viridis, C. et V. 39
4. Holacanlhus, Lac^ 42
1. annularis, lil. 42, 516
2. psuudannularis, Bleek. . . 43
3. arcuatua, Gray 43
4. laniarckii, Luc6p 44
5. •caudovittatus, Gthr. . . 44
6. asfur, Forsk 45
7. maculosus, Forsk 45
8. leucopleura, Bleek. . . 4(5, 510
9. tibicen, C.etV. 46
10. passer, Valeric 46
11. ciliari8,Z 46, 516
12. formosus, Casteln 47
13. lepidolepis, Bkek. . . 47, 516
14. diacanthus, Bodd. 48
15. melanospilos, Bleek 48
16. bispinosiis, Gthr 48, 616
17. sexstriatiis, K. et v. H. . . 49
18. navarchus, C. etV. .... 19
19. tricolor, Bl 49
20. bicolor, Bl. 50, 517
21. trimaculatus, C. et V. . . 50
22. xanthometopon, Bleek. . . 51
23. xanthurus, Benn 51
23 a. •cyanotis, Gthr 517
24. \Tolikii, Bleek 51
25. nox, Bleek 51
26. septentrionalis, Schley. . 52
27. imperator, Bl 52
28. nicobariensis, Schn 52
29. seinicirculatus, C. etV... 53
30. striatus, Bilpp 53
31. alteruans, 0. et V. 53
32. clnysurua, C. et- V. .... 54
33. cseruleus, Ehrenb 54
34. mesoleucus, Bl 54
35. chrysocephaliis, Bleek. . . 54
30. melanosoma, Bleek 55
mokhella, Ehretih 42
flavissimus, C. et V. .... 42
luteolus. Parkins 42
5. Pomacanthus, LacSp 55
1. paru, Bl 55, 517
6. Scatophaf,ii3, C. et V. .... 57
1. argus, X. 58,518
2. bougainvillii, C. et V. . . 59
3. ornatus, C. et V. .... 59, 518
4. ietracanlhus, lAivcp 60
5. niultifnsciatus, Rich 00
Pace
purpuraacens, C. et V. . . 57
7. Ephippus, Vuv 00
1. faber, Brouss 61
2. gigas, Parkins 01
3. goreensis, C etV. 61
4. orbis, Bl 02, 518
zonatus, Girard 00
8. Drepane, C.etV. 62
1. punctata, L 02, 518
9. Hypsinotus, Schley 03
1. rubescens, Gthr 03
Second Group. Scokpidina.
10. Scorpis, C.etV. 63
1. georgianus, C. et V. .... 64
2. chilensis, Gay 64
3. fequipinnis. Rich. . . 64, 518
11. 'Atypus, (?(!/tr 64
1. "stngatus, Gthr 64, 518
Third Group. Toxotina.
12. Toxotes, Cuv 66
1. jaculator, Pall. 67, 519
2. * microlepis, Gthr 68
Fam. 9. Cirrhitidje.
1. Cirrhites, Commers 71
1. forsteri, Schneid 71
2. punctatus, C.etV. 72
3. arcatus, Park 72
3a. rivulatus, Val. 519
4. amblycepbalus, Bleek. . . 73
5. aprinas, C. et V. 73
6. fasciatus, C. etV. 73
7. cinctus, Gthr 73
2. Cirrhitichthys, Bkek 73
1. oxyi'hyncliu.s, Bleek 74
2. grapludopteriis, Bleek. . . 74
3. maculatus, Lacep 74
4. oxycepLalus, Bleek 75
5. aureus, Schley 75
3. OxyciiThites, Bleek 76
1. typus, Bleek 76
4. Chironemas, Cuv 76
1. georgianus, Cuv 76
2. * niarmoratus, Gthr 70
3. maculosus, Rich 78
5. Chilodactylus, Lac^y 78
1. carponemus. Parkins. . . 78
2. macropterns, Furst 78
3. aspersus, Rich 79
4. nigricans. Rich 79
5. "grandis, C/fhr 7.9
0. brachydactylus, C. el V. . 81
7. inonodactyliis, Caruiich. . 81
SYSTKMATIf INDEX,
XI
8. fa^ciatus, Lacep 81
9. variegatus, Vol 81
10. antonii, Val. 82
11. nigripes, Rich 82
12. zonatus, C. et V. .... >i2, 519
13. * quadricomi.s, Gthr 83
14. gibbosus, Banks .... H4, 519
0. Mendosoma, Gaif 85
1. liueatum, Gay 85
cajrulesceus, Gay 85
femandezianum, Gay . . 85
7. Nemadactylus, Rich 85
1. coiiciiiniis, Rich 85
8. Latiis, Rich 8rj
1. Lecateia, Rich 80
2. ciliaris, Furs( 80
lineata, Forst 80
Fam. 10. TiiiGi.iD.i!:.
First Group.
Hf.tkrolepidina.
1. Chirus, Stelhr
1. hexagTamraus, Pall.
2. decagraramus, Pall.
3. lagocephalus, Pall,
4. octogranunus, Pull.
5. monopterygius, Pall.
0. constellatus, Gir. . .
7. nebulosus, Gir
8. pictiis, Gir
2. Ophidion, Gir
1. pantherinus, Gir. . .
2. elongatus, Gir
3. * Agrammua, Gthr. . .
1. schlegelii, Gthr
4. Zaniolepis, Gir
1. latipinuis, Gir
91
91
92
92
92
92
92
93
93
93
93
94
94
94
94
95
Second Group. Scorp.enina.
5. Sebastes, C. et V. 95
1. norwegicus, 3Iiill 95
2. viviparus, Kroy 90
3. capensis, Gjh •. . . 90
4. inemiis, C.et V. 97
5. pachycephalus, Schley. 97, 519
6. ventricosus, Schley 97
7. melanops, Gir 98
8. paucispmis, Ayres 98
9. rosaceus, Gir 98
10. variabilis, Pall 99
11. dactylopterus, De la R. 99, 519
12. * nematophthalmus, G/'/ir. 99
13. maculatus, C.etV. 101
14. pcrcoide.s, Salamlcr .... 101
15. niaderensin, C. et V 102
16. kuhlii, Rowd 102,
17. bou^ainvillii, C. et V. . .
18. fasciatus, Gir
19. inarmoratu.s, C. et V, 104,
20. ocidatus, C.etV.
21. strongensis, C. et V. ....
22. longiceps, Rich
23. serrulatus, Rich
24. minutus, C. et V.
25. polylepis, Blcek
vacheUii, Rich
auriculatus, Gir
6. Scoi-paena, Artedi
1. porcus, L
2. scrofa, L 108,
3. ustulata, Loive .... 110,
4. brasilien.sis, C ct V. ....
5. cruenta, Soland.. ... 112,
0. bynoensis, Rich
7. plumieri, Schneid
8. gi-andicornis, C. et V. . .
9. picta, K. et r. H. . . 114,
10. polj-^rioii, Rlcek
11. iiistrio, Jen
12. eiythrsea, C.etV.
13. cardinalis, Soland.
14. haplodactylus, Blcek. . .
15. panda, Rich
10. diabclus, C. et V.
17. nesogalliea, C.etV. ....
18. gibbosa, Schneid.
19. cin'hosa, Tftunb
20. chilioprista, Riipi)
21. lauiaria, C.et V.
nsperella, Benn
scrofina, C. et V.
inennis, C.et V.
novae gaiinea3, C. et V, . .
mauritiana, C. et V. ....
mossambica, Peters ....
neglecta, Heck
neglecta, Schley
burra. Rich
venosa, C.etV.
fucata, Valenc
rawakensis, Q. et G
guamensis, Q. et G
guttata, Gir
7. •Glj'ptaucheu, Gthr
1. paudiuatus, Rich
8. Pterois, Cuv
volitans, L
lunulata, Schley.
kodipungi, Bleek.
antonnata, Bl. .
cincta, Riipp. . . .
miltis, Benn
122,
124,
125,
Pope
519
104
104
520
105
105
105
lOG
106
103
95
95
107
107
520
520
112
520
113
113
114
520
115
115
116
116
117
117
117
119
119
120
121
121
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
121
121
122
520
124
520
124
125
520
SYSTEM ATTC TXDEX.
Page
7. zebra, C. el V. 12(5
8. braclivpteifi, C. vi /'..... 126
9. lieterura, Bleek 127
radiata, Soland, 122
9. Pteroidichthys, Blcitlc 127
1. amboinonsis, lilcek 127
10. T.Tnianotus, Laccp 127
1. triacanthus, Lacep 128
11. * Centropogon, Gthr 128
1. australis, miite .... 128, 521
2. *robiistu9, (ithr 128
3. fuscoviren.?, Q. ct G 130
4. leiicoprosopon, Block. . . 130
hypselopterus, Bhck 128
12. Apistus, C.ctV. 130
1. alatus, C. (iV. 131
2. israelitanim, Ehrenh 131
cai'iiiatus, Schncid. 130
13. Enneapterygius, Riipp. . . 132
1. piisillus, Riipp 132
14. ♦Pentarotje, Gthr 132
1. marmorata, C. et V. .... 132
15. *Tetraroge, Gthr 132
1. barbata, C. et V. 133
2. amblycephalus, Bleek. . . 133
3. rubripinnis, Schleg 133
4. macracanthus, Bleek. . . 133
5. binotata, Peters 134
0. longispinis, C. et V. .... 134
7. *cnsta-galli, Gthr 134
8. tpenianotus, C. et V, .... 13G
9. dermacanthus, Bleek. . . 136
10. echinata, Cant 136, 521
bougainvillii, C. et V. . . 132
belengerii, C.etV. 132
amblyccphaloides, Bleek. . 132
16. Agriopus, C.etV. 137
1. torvus, Gronov 137
2. leucopoecilus, Rieh 137
3. peruvianus, C.etV. .... 138
4. verrucosus, C. et V. .... 138
5. spiuifer, Smith 1 38
6. alboguttatus, Kriii/er. . . . 139
7. hispidus, Jenyns 139
unicolor, Burton 137
17. Prosopodasys, Cant 139
1. ti-acbinoides, C. et V. 139, 521
2. dracfena, C.etV. 140
3. depre9sifron.s, Rich 140
4. * aspen-imus, Gthr 140
5. niger, C.etV. 141
0. zollingeri, Bleek 141
7. leucogaster, Rich 141
8. cottoides, L 142
plagiomctopon, Bleek. . . 139
18. Aploactia, Schlcfi 142
1. aspera, Rich 142
Pace
2. milesii, Rich 142
•3. (^)usillus, Bleek 142)
19. Trichopk'ura, Kunp 143
1. mollis, Rich 143
20. Ilcmitripterus, C. ct V. . . 143
1. americauus, C.etV. .... 143
21. Amjihiprionichthys, Bleek. 144
1. apistu.s, Bleek 144
22. Synancidium, 3Hill. .... 144
1. hoiTidum, L 144, 521
2. erosum, Lam/sd. 140
23. Synanceia, Schneid. 146
1. verrucosa, Schneid. .... 146
2. asteroblepa, Rich 147
bicii-rhata, Laccp 146
24. Micropus, Gray 147
1. maculatus, Gray 147
2. unipinna, Gray .... 147, 521
25. Minou.s, C. ct V. 148
1. monodactylus, Schn. 148, 521
2. pusillus, Schley 149
3. trachycephalus, Bleek. . . 149
26. Pelor, C.etV. 149
1. filamentosum, C. et V. . . 149
2. cuvieri, Gray 150
3. maculatum, C. et V. .... 150
4. didactylum, Prt//. 1-50
5. japonicum, C. et V. . 151, 521
6. aurantiacum, Schley 151
27. Chorisniodactylus, Rich. . . 151
1. multibarbis. Rich 151
Third Group. Cottina.
28. Podabrus, Rich 152
1. ccntropomua, Rich 152
2. cottoidea, Rich 152
29. Blepsias, C. etV. 153
1. cirrliosu.s, Pall. 153
2. bilobus, C. etV. 153
30. Nauticbtliys, Gir 153
1. oculofasciatus, Gir 153
31. Scoii^JBiiichtbys, Gir 154
1. marmoratus, Gir 154
32. Cottus, Artedi 154
1. gobio,i 156,521
2. poecilopus, Heckel 157
3. cognatus, Rich 157
4. gracilis, Heckel 157
5. richardsonii, Ayass 158
6. alvordii, Gir 158
7. franklinii, Ayass 158
8. boleoides, Gir 159
9. scorpiu.s, L 159, 521
10. grocnlandicus,Cea, Rich 284
8. Corvina, Cuv 296
1. nigra, Bl. 29G
2. nigrita, C.etV. 297
3. oscula, Lesueiir 297
4. richardsonii, C. et V..... 298
5. satumus, Gir 298
G. argyroleuca, 3Hlch 299
7. stcllifera, Bl 209
8. ronchus, C. el V. 299
9. cnja, Bnch. Ham 300
10. miles, C;. elV. 300
(woliiii, Blcek 301)
11. coitor, Buch. Hun 301
12. polycladiscus, Blcek .... 301
13. fmerpca, Laci^^ 302
14. axilluri.s, C. et V. 302
15. carutta, Block 302
10. plagiostoma, Bleek. ... 303
17. b(>langcrii, C. et V. . . . 303
18. lobata, C.ctV. 304
19. s(>nnluctiiosa, C. et J'. . . 'AOi
20. albida, C.etV. -'iOl
I'apc
21. jubata, Blcek 305
22. fasciala, Tschitdi ...... 305
celebica, Blcek 29(5
dorsali.=;, Peters 29G
clavigera, C. et V. 29G
biloba, C. et V. 290
argcntea, Houtt 29(i
grypota, Rich 29(»
neglecta, Gir 290
9. Otolithus, Cue 305
1. pcquidens, C. et V 300
2. senegalensis, C. et V..... 30(5
3. carolinensis, C. et V. . . . . 30(5
4. regalis, C. et V. 307
5. analis, Jen 307
(>. drmnmondii, Rich •507
7. tlialassinus, Holhr '508
8. Ieiarchu8, C. et V. 308
9. nothus, Holhr 308
10 cayennensis, Lnccp 309
1 1. guatucupa, C. et '•'. .... 309
12. ruber, Sclmeid. 309
13. argenteu.=!, K. et v. H. . . 310
14. maculatus, K. et v. H. . . 310
15. bispinosus, C. et V. 310
IG. microlepidotus, C. etV... 311
17. lateoidea, Bleek 311
versicolor, C. et V. 305
virescens, C. et V, 305
am'eus, Rich 305
reeve.sii, Rich 305
nebulosus, C. et V. 305
tridentifer, Rich 305
aneus, Bloch 305
10. Ancylodon, C. et V. 311
1. jacididens, C. et V. 311
2. paiTipinni.s, C. et V. .... 312
11. *Colliclithvs, Gthr 312
1. lucida. Rich 312, 52G
2. biaurita. Cant 315
3. pama, Bach. Ham 310
12. Nehvis, C.et V. 310
1. microps, C. et V 316
13. lionchurus, S'chiieid 317
1. lanceolatus, Bl 317
2. deprossus, Schtieid 317
Finn. 13. roi.YNKMiD.i;.
1. Polvnomns, L 319
1. multifilis, Sch/cf/ 320
2. oclonenuis, Gir 320
3. )1aradiseu^^, L 320
4. macrcmonui.'*, Bleck 321
5. melanocliir, C. et V. .... 321
(5. Ii.p1ndactylu8, C. et V. . . 321
7. pliniiieri. Lacfj) •521
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Page
•S. *oligodon, O'thr ."522
0. *multiradi;itus, athr. . . -'«4
10. licxanemus, C. et V. .... 325
11. xanthonenuis, C. ct V. . . 325
12. sexfilis, V.ctV. 325
13. kuru, Blcek 325
14. sextariiis, Bl. 32(j
15. pfeifferjc, lUeek 32(5
10. iudicus, SIuiw 320
17. *taeniatus, Gthr. . . 327 520
18. plebeius, L 329
19. tetradactyliis, Shmo . 329, 520
20. quadritilis, C. ct V. 330
21. tridactylus, Block 330
micro.stoma, Blcek 319
diagraniniicu.s, Blcek. . . 319
2. PeutaiieiDius, Arfcdi 830
1. quiiiqiiariu8, L 331
3. *Gal-old.'s, athr 332
1. polydactylus, V«hl .... 332
Fam. 14. SpHYiiyTiiNiD,^.
1 . Sphyr;ena, Artcdi 334
1. vulgaris, C. et V. 334
2. *)iova) Ilollandiai, Gthr. . 335
3. piciida, Schnvid. 330
4. jello, C.etV. 337
5. forstcri, C.ctV. 337
0. japonic.a, C. ct V. 338
7. argentea, Gir 338
8. coinmersonii, C. et V. . . . 338
9. nigripinnis, Schlci/ 338
10. dussuinieri, C. et 'V. 339
11. obtusata, C ct V. 339
12. langsar, Blcek 840
13. brachygnatlius, Blcek. . . 340
14. flavicauda, liiipp 840
15. agam, liiipp 3^1
cliineiisis, liich 334
affiuis, Riijip 334
Fam. 15. Trichiuridje.
1. Aplianopus, Loice 342
1. carbo, Lowe 343
2. Lepidopus, Goimn 844
1. caudatus, Euphrus 344
3 Tricbiui'us, L 840
1. lepturus, L 340
2. savala. Car 347
3. japonicus, Schlcg 847
4. muticus, Gray 348
5. haumela, Forsk 348
0. lajor, Blcek 349
4. Epinnula, Puey 349
1. iiiagistralis, Pocy 349
Page
5. * Dicrotus, Gthr 849
1. * ariuatus, Gthr 349
0. Thyisitcs, C. etV. 350
1. atim, Euphras 850, 527
2. lepidopoide.s, C.etV.... 850
3. pretiosua, Cucco 351
4. proiuetheus, C. et V,.... 351
5. solandi-i, C. ct V. 352
0. prometheoides, Bleek. . . 352
7. Gumpylus, C. et V. 352
1. serpens, Soland. 352
2. coluber, C.etV. 853
Fam. 10. ScoMBRiD^.
First Group. Scombrina.
1. Scomber, Artcdi 856
1. scomber, L 857
2. pneumatophorus,Z>t'/ai?. 359
8. jaucsaba, Bleek 859
4. australasicus, C. et V. . . 359
5. loo, C.etV. 360
0. moluccensis, Blcek 860
7. cbrysozouus, Riipp 860
8. kanagurta, Cm' 860
0. brachysoma, Bleek 801
10. colias, L 361
11. micrclepidotus, liiipp. . . 361
12. tapeinocephalus, Bleek. . . 861
delphinalis, Comm, .... 856
japonicus, Huutt 356
auratus, Houtt 357
diego, Ayres 357
puuctatus, Couch 857
2. Thynnus, C.etV. 302
1. th^Tiuus,i 802
2. brachypterus, C. et V. . . 363
8. coretta, C.etV. 303
4. affinis, Cant 303
5. tonggol, Blcek 304
6. thunnina, C.etV. 304
7. pelamys, C.etV. 804
8. brevipinnis, C. et V. .... 365
9. albacora, Lowe 365
(macropterus, Schley. . . 365)
10. alalonga, Risfio 366
11. pacificus, C. ctV. 366
12. argcnti-vittatus, C. et V. . 306
18. bilineatus, Rii2yp 806
atlanticus. Less 302
obesus, Lotve 302
orientalis, Schley 302
sibi, Schlcf/ 302
3. Pelamys, C.'ct V. 807
1. sarda, Bl. 367
2. uuicolur, Gcofr 368
3. orientalis, &chlc(} 368
h 2
SY8XEMATIC INDEX.
4. nuda, Gthr
5. chilensis, C.etV.
4. Auxis, C. et V.
1. rochei, liisso
2. tapeinosoma, Bleek
5. Cybium, C'tiv
1. commersonii, Lac6p
2. lineolatum, C. et V. ....
3. inten-uptum, C. et V. . . . .
4. guttatum, Schncid. 371,
5. uipliouium, C. et V, ....
6. croockewitii, Bleek
7. tritor, C.etV.
8. maculatum, Mitch
9. regale, Bl.
10. caballa, C.etV.
11. flavo-bninneurn, Smith. .
12. sara, Benn
clupeoideum, Brotiss. . .
mertensii, C. et V.
chinense, Lacep
acervum, C. et V.
immaculatum, C. et V. . .
solandii, C. et V.
immune, Benn
6. Naucrates, Ckiv
1. diictor, L
7. Elacate, Cuv
I. nigra, Bl.
8. Echeneis, Artedi
1. *clypeata, Gthr
2. albescens, Schlcg
3. squalipeta, Dald.
4. brachj^tera, Lowe
5. remora, L
6. osteochir, Cuv
7. * sciitata, Gthr
8. lineata, Metiz
9. holbrookii/6-7//r
10. naucrates, L
9. *IIypsiptera, Gthr
1. *argentea, Gthr
Page
308
368
368
369
369
369
370
370
371
527
371
372
372
372
372
373
373
373
369
369
369
370
370
370
370
374
374
375
375
376
370
377
377
378
878
381
381
382
382
384
386
386
10.
1
!l.
1
2
12.
1
2,
13.
1
14.
1
Second Group. No me in a.
Gasterochisma, Rich 387
. melampus, liich 387
Nomeus, Cuv 387
. gi'onovii, Gm 387
. peronii, C. etV, 388
Cubicops, Loive 388
. capensis, Sm 389
. gracilis, Lowe 389
•Neptonicnus, Gthr 389
. 'brama, Gthr 390
• I'latvstelhus, G(hr 39]
. caltratuin, Fon^t 39J
Page
15. Ditrema, Schleg 392
1. Iffive, Gthr..'. 392
Third Group. Cyttina.
16. Zeus, Artedi 393
1. feber, L 393
2. japonicus, C.etV. 394
3. capensis, C.etV. 394
4. pungio, C.etV. 394
5. nebulosus, Schlcg 395
6. conchifer, Lowe 395
17. *Cyttu.s, Gthr 396
1. australis, Rich 396
2. roseus, Lowe 396
18. Oreosoma, Cuv 396
Fourth Group. Stuomateina.
19. Stromateu.s, Artedi 397
1. fiatola, X 397
2. microchirus, Bmielli .... 398
3. maculatus, C. et V. 898
4. triacanthus, Pecic 398
5. gardenii, Schncid. 399
6. atous, C.etV. 399
7. cinereus, Bl. 400
8. argenteus, Bl. 400
9. niger, Bl. 401
argenteus, Euphr 397
xanthurus, C.etV. 397
20. ('entrolophus, Laccp 402
1. * britannicus, Gthr 402
2. pompilus, L 403
3. ovahs, C.etV. 404
Infth Group. Coryph.;enina.
21. Cor}'phjena, Artedi 404
1. hippurus, L 405
2. pelagica, L 407
3. scomberoides, Lacep. . . 407
4. equisetis, L 407
5. punctulata, C.etV. 408
6. neapolitana, C.etV. 408
marcgravii, C. et V. .... 404
suerii, C.etV. 404
vlamingii, C. ctV. 404
fasciolata, P(dl 404
nortoniana, Loive 404
azurea. Less 404
aocialis, Benn ,404
22. Brama, Schneid. 408
1. raii, Bl. 408
2. du.ssumieri, C. et V. .... 409
n. on-hu,C. cl V. 409
4. longipinnis, L(m>e 410
23. Taractea, Lowe 410
1, ai:»p('r, Lowe 410
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XIX
Page
24. Pteradis, Gronov 410
1. papilio, Lowe 410
2. ocellatus, C. et V. 411
3. carolinus, C. ct V. 411
4. velifer, Pall. 411
trichipterus, C. ct V. .... 410
25. Schedophilus, Cocco .... 411
1. berthelotii, Val. 412
2. *maciilatus, Gthr 412
3. mediisophagiis, Cocco . . 412
20. Diana, Risso 413
1. semilimata, Risso 413
27. Ausonia, Risso 413
1. cuvieri, Risso 414
28. Mene, Laccp 415
1. maculata, Schudd. 415
29. Lampris, Retz 415
1. luna. Gm 41G
Fam. 17. Cahangidje.
First Group. Carangina.
1. Tracliurus, C.etV. 419
1. tracliurus, L 419
2. Carangichthvs, Bleek 421
1. tvpus, Bleek 422
3 Camnx, Cuv 422
1. rottleri, Bl. 424
2. macrosoma, Bleek 425
3. muroadsi, Schleg 425
(lajang, Bleek 425)
4. macarellus, C. et V. .... 420
5. punctatus, Ayass 426
6. scombrinus, Val. 420
7. iacobseus, C. et V. 427
8. kurra, C.etV. 427
9. kurroidos, Bleek 427
10. kiliche, C.etV. 428
11. maruadsi, Sclileg 428
(pinnatus, Eyd. et Soul. . 428)
12. rhonchus, Geoffr 428
13. crumenophthalmus, Bl. . . 429
14. blochii, C.etV. 430
15. hasseltii, Bleek 430
16. torvus, Jen 431
17. gjtnnostethoides, Bleek.. 431
18. nov8e guineae, C. et V. . . 431
19. boops, C.etV. 431
20. lioglossus, Gthr 432
21. asceusionis, Osbeck .... 432
22. djeddaba, Forsk 432
23. calla, C.etV. 433
24. inacrurus, Bleek 434
25. xanthurus, K. et v. II. . . 434
26. malam, Bleek 434
27. brevis, Bleek 435
Page
28. plagiotajnia, Bkek 435
29. senegallua, C.etV. 435
30. ire, C.etV. 436
31. prseustus, Benn 436
32. stellatus, Eyd. et Soul. . . 436
33. malabaricus, Schneid. . . 436
34. talamparoides, Bleek. . . 437
35. equida, Schleg 438
36. heniigymnostethuSj-BfceA;. 438
37. bajad, Forsk 438
38. fulvo-guttatus, Forsk. . . 439
39. ferdau, Forsk 439
40. broekiueyeri, Bleek 439
41. chilensis, Gay 439
42. georgianus, C. etV. .... 440
43. leptolepis, C.etV. 440
44. dentex, Schneid. 441
45. amblyrhyuchus, C. et V. . 441
46. *bicolor, Gthr 442
47. helvolus, Forst 443
48. uraspis, Gthr. 444
49. speciosus, Forsk 444
50. riippellii, Gthr 445
51. fusus, Geoffr 445
52. chrysos, Mitch 445
53. melampygos, C. et V.. . . . 446
54 jarra, C.etV. 446
55. cynodon, Bleek 447
56. lepturus, Agass 447
57. sausun, Forsk 447
58. carangus, Bl. 448
59. hippos, L 449
60. atropus, Schneid 450
61. ophthalmotsenia, Bleek. . 451
62. oblongus, C.etV. 452
63. chrysophryoides, Bleek. . 452
34. dinema, Bleek. 452
65. armatus, Forsk 453
66. ciliaris, Bl. 454
67. sutor, C.etV. 454
68. alexandrinus, C. et V. . . 455
69. gallus, L 455
70. goreeiisis, C. et V. 457
microchir, C.etV. 422
para, C.etV. 422
fasciatus, C.etV. 422
niegalaspis, Bleek 422
solea, C.etV. 422
bartholomfei, C. et V 422
mentalis, Ehrenb 422
tille, C.etV. 422
tapeinosoma, Bhek 422
jauthinospilos, Bleek 422
peruanus, Tschudi 422
cancroides. Rich 422
bixanthopterus, Riipp. . . 422
heberi, Benn 422
SVSrEMATIC INDEX.
Pafte
boops, Gir 422
cestiis, Rich 422
margarita, Rich 422
cteriileopinnatus, C et V. 422
fasciatus, Rich 422
4. Argyi-uiosus, Laccp 457
1. % omer, L 4>58
2. setipiiiuis, Mitch 459
5, MicropterjTc, A(jass 400
1. cbrysunis, L 400
C, Seriola, Cuv 402
1. duinerilii, Risso 402
2. lalandii, C. et V. 403
(diibia, Lowe 403)
3. quiiKjueradiata, Schleg. . . 404
4. bonariensis, C. et V. .... 404
5. falcata, C. et V. 404
0. fasciata, Bl. 404
7. zoiiata, Mitch 405
(carolinensis, Hulbr. . . 405)
8. tapeinometopon, Blvek. . . 405
9. nigro-fasciata, Riipp 405
. 10. intermedia, &/«/*'(/ 400
11. dussumieri, C\ et V. .... 400
12. * gig-as, Gthr 400
boscii, C.ctV. 402
succincta, C. et V. 402
7. Seriolella, Gitich 407
1. porosa, Guich 407
2. violacea, Guich 408
3. caerulea, Guich 408
8. Seriolichtbys, Rleek 408
1. bipinnulatus, Q. et G. . . . 408
9. Nauclerus, C. et V. 409
1. comprossus, C. et V. . . . . 409
2. abbreviatua, C. et V. .... 409
3. brachycentrus, C. et V. . , 470
4. triacantbus, C. et V. .... 470
5. annularis, C. et V. 470
0. leucurus, C. et V. 470
10. rorthmeua, C. et V. 470
1. argenteus, C. et V. 471
11. Cliorinemus, C. et V. 471
1. lysan, Forsk 471
2. tala, C.ctV. 473
3. toloo, C.etV. 473
4. tol, C.ctV. 473
5. sancti Petri, C. et V.. . . . 473
6. orientalis, Schleg 474
7. occidentalis, L 475
8. guaribira, C.ctV. 475
9. saliens, HI 475
e.\oletus, Ehrenb 471
hmccobitus, Gir 471
to), Illcck 471
leiicoplitlialmu.s, Rich. . . 471
delicatidiiji, Rich 471
Page
12. Lichia, Cue 470
1. amia, L 470
2. glaiica, L 477
3. vadigo, Risso 478
4. calcar, Bl. 479
5. albacora, Guich 479
13. Temnodon, C.etV. 479
1. saltator, L 479
14. Tracliynotus, Zacep 480
1. ovatus, L 481
2. goreensis, C.ctV. 483
3. glaucus, Bl. 483
4. niyrias, C.ctV. 483
5. panipanus, C. et V. .... 484
0. baillonii, Luccp 484
7. oblongus, C.etV. 484
8. cayennensis, C. et V.. . . . 485
9. nielo, Rich 485
marginatus, C. et V. .... 480
paytensis, C. et V. 480
15. I'animelas, Gthr 485
1. percifonnis, 3Iitch 485
10. Paropsis, Jeii 480
1. signata, Jen 486
17. Psettus, Commers 480
1. sebiB, C.etV. 486
2. argenteus, L 487
3. falciformis, Lucep 488
18. Platax, C.etV. 489
1. vespertilio, Bl. 489
2. orbicularis, Forsk 490
3. boersii, Bleek 490
4. rajaialdi, C.etV. 490
5. xanthopus, Bleek 491
6. arthriticus, Bell 491
7. teira, Forsk 492
punctulatus, C. et V. . . . . 489
gambret, Bleek 489
19. Zanclus, Commers 492
1. cornutus, L 493
2. canescens, L 493
'20. I'senes, C. ctV. 494
1. cyanophrys, C. et V. .... 494
2. iavanicus, C. et V. 494
3. leucurus, C.etV. 495
4. guamensis, C. et V. .... 495
5. auomalus, Schley 495
auratus, C.etV. 494
21. Capros, Lacq) 495
1. aper, L 490
22. Antigonia, Lowe 497
1. capros, Lowe 497
23. Equula, Cuv 497
1. fasciata, Lac/q) 498
2. odcntula, Bl 498
3. caballa, C. f < /'. 499
4. dussuniieri, C. et V. .... 500
SYSTEMATIC INBKX.
5. gerreoides, Block.
6. nuchalis, Sc/ifci/.
7. bindoiclos, lilcek.
8. splendens, Cuv. . .
9. daui'a, Cuv
10. obloiif^a, C. et V. . .
11. lineolata, C. et V.
12. *leiiciscus, Gthr.
18. rivulata, Schleg. . .
14. insidiatrix, Bl. . .
15. inteiTupta, C. et V.
16. parviceps, C. ct V.
17. longimaniis, Cunt.
bindus, C. ct V. . .
brevirostris, C. et V.
blochii, C. et V.
gracilis, Bleek.
24. Gazza, Itiij>i). . .
1. minuta, Bl
2. equula3forTni9, liiipp
3. argentaria, Foist.
25. Lactarius, C. et V.
1. delicatulus, C. et V.
Pape
rm
500
501
501
502
502
502
503
504
504
504
505
505
497
498
498
498
506
506
506
506
507
507
Second Group. Kitrtina.
•2Q. Pompheris, C. et V. 508
1. compressus, White 508
Papo
2. otaitensis, C. et V. 50«
3. mangula, C. et V. 509
4. molucca, C. et V. 509
5. schwenkii, Bleek 510
6. mexicana, C. et V. 510
schomburg'kii, MM. ^•
Trosch 527
27. Kiivtus, Bl. 510
1. indicus, Bl. 510
Fam. 18. Xiphiid^.
1. Xiphias, Artedi 511
1. gladius, L 511
2. velifer, Cuv 512
2. Ilistiophorus, Lac6p 512
1. belono, Bajin 513
2. hersehelii, Gray 513
3. gladius, Brmiss 513
4. orientalis, Schley 514
5. immaculatus, Riipp 51 1
6. pulchcllus, C.etV. .... 514
ancipitirostris, C. et V. . . 512
georgii, Lowe 512
EllRATUM.
Page Gl, line 10, /<;»• p. 213 read p. I lu.
CATALOGUE
FISHES.
Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.
{CONTINUED.)
Fam. 8. SQUAMIPINNES.
Squamipinnes, part., Cuv. R'eyne Atmn. ; MiiUer, Berl. AhhancU. 1844,
p. 201 ; Owen, Led. on Coviparat. Anat, Vert. i. p. 49.
Chsetodontida), part., Richanh. Ichthyol.
Body compres.sed and elevated, covered with scales, which are some-
times exceedingly finely cUiated, and sometimes smooth. Lateral line
continuous, not continued on the caudal fin. Month in front of the
snout, generally small, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate
size. Six or seven branchiostegals. Dentition formed by villiform
or setiform bands, without canines or incisors ; some of the genera
with teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous and soft
px>rtion of nearly equal development ; anal with three or four spines,
similarly developed as the soft dorsal, and both many-rayed. The
vertical fins more or less densely covered with small scales ; the spinous
portions sometimes not scaly. The lower rays of the pectorals
bi'anched ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and fi^'e soft rays.
Stomach caecal ; pyloric appendages in moderate number ; intestines
generally with many convolutions. Air-bladder present, more or
less simple. Pseudobranchiae well developed.
Mostly carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas between the Tropics,
especially of the Indian region ; a few entering rivers or spreading
beyond the Tropics.
2 aatTAMrprNiTEs.
Synopsis of the Genera.
First group : Chsetodoiitina. Palatine or vomerine teeth none.
Prseopercular spine none. A single dorsal, without any
notch, and with the spinous portion well developed ;
none of the spines elongate. Muzzle short or of
moderate length 1 . Ch^todon.
Muzzle very long ; scales moderate, or rather small 2. Chelmo.
One dorsal, with eleven to fourteen spines, the fourth of
which is filiform. Scales moderate 3. Heniochus.
Prscoperculum with a strong spine; dorsal with twelve
to fifteen spmes 4. Holacanthus.
Praeoperculum with a strong spine ; dorsal with eight to
ten spmes 5. Pomacanthus.
Anal with four spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal
not scaly, and separated from the soft by a notch ... 6. Scatophagus.
Anal with three spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal
not scaly, separated from the soft by a deep notch,
with nine spines, the third of which is elongate. Pec-
torals short 7. Efhippus
Anal with three spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal
not scaly, separated from the soft by a deep notch,
with nine spines, the tliird of which is elongate and
flexible. Pectorals long 8. Drepane.
Anal with three spines ; the spinous portion of the dorsal
not scaly, separated from the soft by a deep notch,
with eight spines, the second of which is the longest ;
pectorals of moderate extent 9. Hvpsi.notus.
Second group : Scorpidina. Teeth on ihe palate. Dorsal fin
occupying the middle of the back. (Australian Seas.)
One dorsal, with nine to ten spines, the posterior of which
are the longest 10. Scorpis.
One dorsal, with eleven spines, the middle of which are
the longest %... 11. Atypus.
Third group : Toxotina. Teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin occu-
pying the posterior half of the back.
One dorsal, with five spines 12. Toxotes.
1. CH^TODON. 3
First Group. CH^TODONTINA.
1. CH-ffiTODON*.
Chsetodon, (Artedi) Cuv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. <§• Vol. vii. p. 3.
Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal, without any
notch, with the spinous and soft portions similarly developed ; none
of the spines elongate. Muzzle shoii; or of moderate length. No
teeth on the palate ; praeoperculum entire or slightly sex'rated, with-
out spine. Scales generally large or of moderate size. Six branchio-
stegals. Air-bladder sometimes with horns or with two divisions.
Intestinal tractus with many convolutions ; pyloric appendages in
moderate number.
Seas between the Tropics.
I have divided the numerous species of this genus as follows, in
order to facilitate their determination : —
I. Scales large or of moderate size, not exceeding: fifty-five transverse
series.
A. More than ten dorsal spines.
1. More than three anal spines, p. 4.
2. Three anal spines.
a. One or more of the dorsal rays elongate, p. 6.
b. None of the dorsal rays elongate.
a. A large round black or white spot —
aa. On the dorsal fin, p. 8.
bb. On each side of the body, p. 11.
/3. Without a round black or white spot.
aa. Body with distinct longitudinal bands (not stripes), p. 13.
bb. Body with broad cross-bands, p. 17.
cc. Body without bands, with stripes or spots, or uniform.
aa, Ventrals dark-coloured, p. 21.
/3^. Ventrals light-coloured.
* Caudal with a black cross-band or orescent, p. 23.
* Caudal with a fine black cross-streak, p. 28.
* Caudal with a blackish mai-gin, p. 30.
* Caudal without dark fransverae streaks, generally uni-
form, p. 31.
B. Ten dorsal spines or less, p. 34.
n. Scales small, in sixty or more transverse series, p. 34.
* 1. Chaetodon mertensii, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 47. — Hab. ?
2. Benard, ii. 56. 239 ; Valent. f. 407. — Chsetodon principalis, Cuv. 4' Val.
vii. p. 81. — East Indies.
3. Chffitodon parallelus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 70.— East Indies.
4. Chsetodon lunulatus, Quoy S^ Gaim. Toy. Freyc. Zool. p. 381. — Sandwich
Islands.
5. Chaetodon, no. 7, Artedi, Species, p. 95. — Hab. ?
6. Chsetodon layardi, Blyth in, Kelaart, Prodrom. Faun'. Zeylan. Append.
p. 50. — Cevlon.
b2
■^ SQUAWIPINNES.
1. Specifs with larpe or moderately large scales, not exceeding: fi%-five
transverse series.
A. With nioj-e tlian ten dorsal spines.
1. With more than three anal spines.
1. Chaetodon strigangulus.
C'lia'todon stripanjiidus, (SoJamhr) (Im. p. 1209; C'uv. S^- Vol. \n.
p. 42. pi. 172 ; Bn-vheifn Voycu/c, ZooUx/ij, p. 00. pi. 17. f. 2 ; Bleek.
liunda, i. p. 2-39.
triauj,mlaris, Riijoi). Atlas, Fisclte, p. 42. pi. 9. f. 3.
I). |i. A. ~. L. lat. 26. L. trausv. 5/16. Vert. 10/14.
The snout is not produced, and nearl}^ equal in length to the dia-
meter of the eye. The soft dorsal is produced into an acute-angled
lobe. The ocular band rather narrower than the eye and white-
edged ; body A\-ith about twenty-five blackish stnpes, angularly bent,
with the angle pointing forwards. Caudal black, with whitish mar-
gin ; the dorsal and anal fins with a fine black marginal line ; ven-
trals whitish.
From the lied Sea to Polynesia.
«. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
The intestinal tract makes a great many convolutions. The air-
Ijladder is divided into a large posteiior portion and into a smaller
an+erior one. The anterior emits two small processes.
Skeleton. — The skeleton of this and the other species of CIkx-
fodon shows several very remarkable modifications of the structure
of some bones of the skull. The maxillary has so irregular a form,
that no description can give an adc(juatc idea of it ; two portions
can be distinguished, a superior and an inferior, separated from
each other by the narrower and slightly bent middle of the bone.
A very long process, directed forwards, extends from the palatine
bone across the centre of the maxillary. The anterior portion of
th(^ intermaxillary, in which the teeth are implanted, is much
swollen ; the posterior process is much longer than the descending
branch. The mandibula also is swollen and very solid. The.up})er
portion of the skull appears as one solid, elevated, rounded, smooth
bony mass, without any ridges or grooves. The sutures between the
principal frontal bones and the supraoccipital alone are visible. The
supraocci])ital is continued posteriorly in the strong occipital crest,
which has the upper margin swollen, and extends on to the first
interneural.
The infraorbital ring is moderately developed, and becomes gra-
dually narrower posteriorly. The praeoperculum is smooth, with a
very rudimeutaiy muciferous channel behind the interior ridge, which
is scarcely elevated ; the inferior limb is rather shorter than the pos-
terior. The operculum is subquadrangular,-not quite twice as high
1. CH^TODOH. 5
as broad, with the posterior side emarginate. The interoperculum
is broader and longer than the suboperciilura. The humerus is rather
feeble. The cavity formed by the coracoid and the ulna and radius
is broad and deep, and offers a strong basis for the muscles of the
pectoral fin, wliich, in these short and elevated fishes, is more strongly
developed, in order to maintain the fish in equilibrium, than in those
with a more elongate and depressed body. Each pubic bone is formed
by three lamellae of nearly equal development, and there is no free
space between them.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1'4. The ribs are rather strong and broad. The longest
neural and hasmal spines are those of the middle vertebrae. The first
two haemal spines are the strongest, and excavated anteriorly. Each
of the anterior neural and interneural spines is dilated posteriorly in
a transparent lamella. The first interhsemal is very strong, and
apparently composed of two spines.
2. Chsetodon plebejus.
X. Gm. p. 1269 ; Cut: ^- Val. vii. p. 68.
D. i|. A.-^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 6/15.
The snout is rather obtuse, and nearly equal in length to the dia-
meter of the eye ; praeoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the dorsal
and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band reaches from
the side of the neck to the inferior margin of the interoperculum, is
white- edged, and darker above the eye than below. Tail with a
large rounded, blackish, white-edged spot near its back, immediately
below the end of the dorsal.
South Sea.
a. Adult : rather bleached. Old Collection.
3. Chsetodon trifascialis.
Chaetodon trifascialis, Quoy l-5^- A.j52_. L. lat. 30.
The snout is little produced, pointed, and shorter than the diameter
of the eye ; praeoperculum very indistinctly denticulated ; dorsal and
anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is somewhat narrower
than the orbit, and crosses the neck at some distance before the
origin of the dorsal fin ; there is a broad white band behind it ; a
broad triangxilar brown transyerse band from the anterior six dorsal
spines to the axil ; taU with a broad blackish-brown cross-band,
broadly edged with lighter anteriorly and posteriorly ; dorsal with a
blackish margin, and with a large round black, wliite-edged spot
between the fifth and fou^ tecnth rays ; anal brownish, with a broad
yellow band ; caudal with a blackish -brown cross-band near the
base ; ventrals miniitely dotted with brownish.
Seas of Burn, Timor, and Oualan.
10 SQTTAMIProNES.
12. CliaBtodon nesogallicus.
JRenard, Poiss. Mol. i. pi. 5. f. 37.
Chsetodon nesogallicus^ Cuv. «$• Vul. vii. p. 63; Bhch. Banda, i. p. 240.
D. f^. A. |. L. lat. 30.
The snout is moderately produced ; prajoperculum very slightly
denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The
black ocular band is about as wide as the eye, and extends over the
interoperculum. A broader vertical black band across the tail, the
spft dorsal and anal fins ; a white ring in the upper extremity of the
latter band ; anterior part of the back with blackish streaks obliquely
descending forwards.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a, 6. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
13. Chaetodon ocellatus.
Blocli, iii, p. 105. taf. 211. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 223 ; Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 75
(not Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vi. p. 212).
The snout is produced, longer than the eye ; dorsal and anal fins
rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is naiTower than the eye, and
extends from the nape of the neck to the chest. Body imiform. The
soft dorsal with a large round black, white-edged spot neai the
middle of the base.
East Indies.
14. Chaetodon modestus.
Ch?etodon modestus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 80.
pi. 41. f. 2.
ocellatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. GS.
D.ii. A.^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. if.
Body and the spinous dorsal very much elevated ; the snout is pro-
duced, and longer than the diameter of the eye ; praeopcrculum den-
ticulated. The soft dorsal and anal with the posterior margin nearly
vertical. A single brown band along the middle of the forehead ;
the ocular band is narrower than the orbit, and extends across the
chest ; body wdth two broad browTiish bands ; caudal with a brownish
cross-band on the base , vcntrals light broAvnish, in young specimens
black. A round black spot between the third and seventh dorsal
rays, on the upper half of the fin.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a, h. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : bad state. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Half-grown : stuffed. China Seas.
1. CHJETODON, 11
e. Young. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
/, g. Adult : stuffed. Purchased.
h. Half-grown : stuffed.
bb. A round black or white spot on each side of the body.
15. Chaetodon tallii.
Sleeker, Banda, iii. p. 97.
D. |. A. ^. L. lat 25.
The snout is pointed ; the praeoperculum not denticulated ; the
dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is as
wide as the orbit, extends from the origin of the dorsal to the throat,
and is edged with white. Body with obHque blackish transverse
stripes ; on each side of the back, below the anterior half of the sofl
dorsal, a blackish blotch ; tail with a broad blaclcish cross-band ;
dorsal with a narrow black margin ; ventrals and caudal transparent
violet. {Bl.)
Sea of Banda Neira.
16. ChaBtodon unimaculatus.
Block, t. 201. f. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 221; Cuv. fy Val vii. p. 72; Cuv.
It^gne A7iim. Ul.Poiss. pi. 39. f. 3 (not good); Bleek. Banda, i. p. 241.
D.g. A.^. L. lat. 46. L. trans v. 8/19. Vert. 10/14.
The snout is very slightly produced, and rather longer than the
diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum not denticulated ; the dorsal
and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The black ocular band is con-
tinued over the chest, and as broad as the diameter of the eye ; a
narrower vertical band over the posterior margins of the dorsal and
anal, and across the tail; a large round black spot on the lateral
line, below the six posterior spines ; the remainder of the body ana
the fins uniform.
Molucca Sea ; Polynesia.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : bleached. Old Collection.
The skeleton differs from that of Oh. strigangulns in the following
points : — The bones are more elongate in the vertical direction ; the
length of the lower limb of the praeoperculiim is nearly one-half that
of the posterior ; the operculum is three times as high as wide. The
cavity for the pectoral muscles is rather shallow, but very broad. The
interior of the three lamellae of the pubic bones is the most developed,
the inferior the least, but posteriorly with a swelling for the articula-
tion of the ventral spine. The length of the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column is very little less than that of the caudal ; the first
interhaemal is very long, as long as the first seven vertebrae together.
12 SQUAMIPINNES.
17. Chaetodon bennetti.
Chfetodon beiuiotti, Cur. &, J'al. vii. p. 84; Bleck. Batav. p. 4G7.
vinctus, Binn. Voy. Beech, p. 62. pi. 17. f. 1 (faulty).
I>•^^ ^-^e- L.lat.40.
The snout is obtuse, nearly equal in length to the diameter of the
eye ; pra^operculum indistinctly denticulated at the angle ; anal and
dorsal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is narrower than
the orbit, reaches from the nape of the neck to the lower margin of
the interopercidum, and is edged Avith silvery-white. A large round,
black, white-edged spot on each side of the back, below the posterior
dorsal spines ; two oblique pearl-coloured bands descend from the
operculum towards the anal fin, one above the root of the pectoral,
the other below ; the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal with a broad
blackish margin.
Molucca Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Amboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
The figure quoted represents en-oneously nine dorsal spines, and
has served for the description given by Cuvier.
18. Chsetodon speculum.
Chsetodon speculum, (Kichl S^- van JIass.) Cut: Sf Vol. vii. p. 73 ; Bleck.
Banda, i. p. 242.
? Chaetodon spilopleura, (Reinw.) Cuv. Sr Val. vii. p. 74.
D. ||. A. ^. L. lat. 40.
The dorsal and anal fins are rounded posteriorly. The ocular
band is continued over the chest. An ovate black spot of the size
of the head, on the back, below the middle of the dorsal fin ; caudal
edged with, brown.
Molucca Sea.
19. Chsetodon capistratus.
Seha, iii. 25. 16, ? iii. ^0. 35.
Chaetodon capistratus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, tab. 33. f. 4 ; L. Syst. Nat.
p. 465 ; L. Gm. p. 1252 ; Bl. t. 205 ; Bl. Schn. p. 222 ; Risso, Eur.
Merid. iii. p. 432; Cuv. 4* Val. vii. p. 64; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 67.
Tetragon opterus, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. p. 37. no. 2. t. 11. f. 5.
Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 4. pi. 13. f. 2.
J).}im. A.^. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 6/17. Ca3c. pylor. 8.
The snout is very slightly produced, and nearly equal in length to
the diameter of the eye ; pra;operculum ver}^ indistinctly serrated.
The soft doi-sal and anal angular posteriorly. The black ocular band
is white-edged, much narrower than the eye, and extends over the
interoperculimi, not over the chest. A round black, white-edged spot
immediately before the angle made by the dorsal fin and the back
of the tail ; blackish oblique streaks along the series of scales, those
of the upper half of the body descending forwards, those of the lower
ascending forwards. A greyish band edged with black acro-ss the
1. CH^TODON. 13
middle of the caudal, and continued on the soft dorsal and anal fins,
where it runs parallel to, and near the margin ; ventrals whitish.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
h. Adult. Trinidad. Presented hy J. B. Richardson, Esq.
0. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
d. Adult : not good state. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Smith.
e. Adult: stuffed.
/. Half-grown : stuffed.
(/. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
20. Chaetodon quadrimaculatTis.
Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 33.
D. i|. A. l^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 8/17.
The snout is very slightly produced, and scarcely longer than the
diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior angle
roanded. The ocular band begins from the nape of the neck, is as
broad as the orbit^ black above the -eye, yellowish, edged with brown
beneath. The dark brown coloration of the back is separated from
the ocidar band by another yellow one. The upper half of the body
dai-k brown, with two white blotches on each side, one below the
middle of the spinous dorsal, the other below the middle of the soft.
The soft dorsal and anal with a brown-edged inframarginal stripe ;
ventrals and caudal yellowish.
Sandwich Islands.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Sandwich Islands. From the
Collection of the Zoological Society. — Tj'pe of tte species.
/3. Without a round black spot.
aa. Body with distinct longitudinal bands.
21. Chaetodon meyeri.
Valent. iii. p. 455. f. 347 ; Renard, i. 25. 135.
Chsetodon meyeri, Bl. Schn. p. 223 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 19 ; Cuv.
R^ffne Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 37. f. 2 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. i. Am-
hoina, p. 37.
Holacanthus flavo-niger, Lacep. iv. pp. 529, 538. pi. 13. f. 2.
D. |. A. ^. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 7/27. Vert. 10/14.
The snout is obtuse, but longer than the diameter of the eye ;
prseoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the vertical fins rounded pos-
teriorly. Body, head, and fins with curved black stripes : one across
the lower lip ; the second round the snout ; th» third from the nape
of the neck through the eye to the base of the ventrals : these stripes
are yellow-edged ; the fourth from the first dorsal spine to the supra-
scapula ; the fifth along the upper margin of the dorsal, bent down-
wards to the praeopercular margin, and from hence along the abdo-
men and the basal half of the anal ; the sixth concentric with the
14 saUAMIPlNNES.
former, touching the opercular margin and the root of the pectoral,
and proceeding to the upper part of the root of the caudal ; the
seventh, eighth and ninth also are curved, and radiate from the root
of the pectoral ; caudal with two narrow cross-stripes ; operculum
with a vertical white streak.
Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Celebes. Piirchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. e. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
/. Adult. Moluccas.
g. Adult. Presented by G. Bennett, Esq.
A. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Skeleton. — The maxillary bone is very irregularly shaped ; two
portions can be distinguished in it, a superior and an inferior, sepa-
rated from each other by the narrower middle of the bone. The
upper portion has posteriorly a large condyle for the articulation
with the palatine ; the lower portion is of less extent than the upper
one, and not quite so broad. A long and slender process, directed
forwards, extends from the palatine bone across the centre of the
maxillary, forming a notch in the praeorbital. The anterior portion
of the intermaxillary, in which the teeth are implanted, is swollen ;
the posterior process is much longer than the descending branch.
The mandibula appears to be composed of two bones only, the den-
tary and the articular, one situated before the other ; the former
presents a very singular aspect : it is excavated anteriorly, and holds
the hair-Uke teeth, like the qmll of a camel-hair brush. The articular
bone is triangular, and forms the posterior part of the mandibula.
The upper portion of the skull appears as a solid, elevated, rounded,
smooth bony mass, with some pores above the posterior part of the
orbit. Sutures are visible between the principal frontal bones, the
supraoccipital, the parietals, and the suprascapulae. The supra-
occipital is continued posteriorly in an elevated and strong crest,
which has the upper margin swollen, and is posterioi-ly bifurcate to
receive the first intemeurals. The anterior frontal bones are scarcely
to be distinguished from the principal frontals ; the orbital margin
is very slightly serrated.
The tiirbinal bones are well developed. It is a peculiarity of the ske-
leton of Choetodon and the genera allied to it, that the posterior portion
of the infraorbital ring is firmly united with the interior ridge of 1 he
praeoperculum. This portion is composed of three nan-ow bones in the
present species, and is as long as the anterior part of the ring, which is
formed by two quadrangular bones only, the praeorbital included. The
outer surface of these bones is rough and porous. The prajoperculum
is smooth, with the muciferous channel merely radicated, and \\dth the
interior ridge not elevated ; the inferior hmb is one-half the length of
the posterior, and has the margin finely serrated. The operculum has
neither ridge nor spine, is subquadrangular, 2| as high as wide ; the
posterior side is subvertical. The sub- and intcropcrculum are very
1. CH^TODON. 15
obliquely situated ; the former is small, the latter broader anteriorly
than posteriorly. The suprascapula is firmly joined to the bones of the
skull: the hiunerus is very developed, sword-shaped, and reaches down-
wards to the ventrals: the coracoid is exceedingly broad, and especially
the cavity for the muscles of the pectoral fin ; this cavity is rather
shallow. There is a very small cleft between the ulna and coracoid.
The lamellae of the pubic bones are nearly equally developed; the lower
is posteriorly swollen for the articulation with the ventral spine.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-35. The ribs are strong and broad, and provided at
the base with epipleural spines. The longest neural and hsemal
spines are those of the middle vertebrae, and the latter are longer
than the former. There . are two spurious intemeurals, which are
received in a fork, formed by the occipital crest ; they are pro\dded
superiorly with a spine, directed forw^ards, and covering the crest like
tiles. Each neural and iatemeural spine belonging to' the spinous
dorsal is dilated into a transparent lamella, firmly joined to the spine
next to it. The haemal spine of the second caudal vertebra is the strong-
est, compressed, and partially united with the spines of the first and
third caudal vertebrae. In a similar way, the interhaemals of the anal
spines are anchylosed together and with the corresponding haemals.
The skeleton from which the above description is taken appears
to have been that of a very old fish.
22. Chsetodon omatissimus.
Cheetodon omatissimus, {Solander) Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 22 ; Less. Voy.
Coq. Zool. ii. p. 179. pi. 30. f. 1 (not good) ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl.
ii. Amboina, p. 55.
Chsetodon omatus, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 33, and in Griff. Anim.
Kingd. X. p. 323. pi. 20.
D-W A.^. L.lat.55. L. transv. 1?.
The snout is a little pointed, and rather shorter than the diameter
of the eye ; praeoperculum minutely denticulated ; th« dorsal and
anal fins rounded posteriorly. Head with six black vertical bands,
edged with yellow : the first across the lower lip ; the second round
the snout ; the third through the eye ; the fourth across the praeoper-
culum, continued into a line running below, and parallel to tho
margin of the dorsal fin ; the fifth from the suprascapula over the
operculum to the suboperculum ; the sixth veiy narrow, along the
opercular membrane. Body with seven oblique, yellow longitudinal
bands, the five upper of which terminate at the base of the dorsal fin ;
the sixth to the back of the tail ; the seventh to the anal fin. The
soft dorsal with a black edge, besides the black line ; the anal with
black,, yellow and black marginal bands ; caudal with a black cross-
band near the base and near the posterior margin; ventrals yellowish.
From the Molucca Sea to Polynesia.
a. Adult : stufted. Sandwich Islands. Purchased. — Type of Ch.
16 SaUAMIPINNES.
ornatus. The interior black streak along the margin of the anal
very broad.
6. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank. — -ITie in-
terior black streak along the margin of the anal thread-hkc.
23. Chaetodon fremblii.
Chsetodon fremblii, Benn. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 42.
frehmlii, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 24.
D. if. A. f^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 10/23.
The snout is slightly produced, and rather longer than the diameter
of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Body with
seven rather oblique, bluish, darker-edged longitudinal stripes ; the
fourth and fifth form a border to a large brown blotch, which occupies
the posterior third of the soft dorsal and the narrower part of the
tail; a brownish spot beforfe the first dorsal spine ; ventrals whitish.
Sandwich Islands.
a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. — Type of
the species.
h. Adult: stuffed.
24. Chaetodon niitratus.
D. 1?. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6/15.
19 14
The snout is nioderately produced ; the proeopereulum entire ; the
dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band crosses
the head above the orbits and does not extend to the interoperculum.
A broad oblique browTi band from the nape of the neck towards the
soft portion of the anal, whicli is not reached by it ; a second, parallel,
along the back to the lower side of the tail ; caudal, anal, and ^•entral
fins yellowish, the dorsal with a fine brown inframarginal line.
Hah. ?
a. Stuffed. Probably from Dr. Janvier's Collection, who collected
at the Mauritius.
Description of the specimen, — Although the specimen is somewhat
deformed by stuffing, and has the pectoral and caudal fins mutilated,
I do not hesitate to found a new species on it, its characters being
so very distinct. The greatest height of the body is 1| in the
length, without caudal. The snout appears to be rather produced
and slightly pointed. The dorsal has only a thin coat of scales, and
its anterior part is nearly free ; the spinel are very strong, and
increase to the fourth, which is Ij in the length of the head ; the
following gradually become shorter to the eighth, the ninth to the
thirteenth being nearly equal. The soft portion of the fin is not
elevated and rounded posteriorly. The second anal spine is the
longest and equals the fourth of the dorsal. The soft portion is
rather higher than the soft dorsal.
1. CH^TODON. 17
The extent of the ocular band below the orbit is not very dis-
tinctly visible,
inches, lines.
Length without caudal 3 7
Height of the body 2 1
Length of the head 1 2
of the fourth dorsal and of the second
anal spine 0 11
bb. Body with broad cross-bands.
25. Chaetodon falcula.
moch, ix. p. 102. t. 426. f. 2 ; lil. Schu. p. 225 ; Cuv. &■ Val. vii. p. 41
Bleek. Batoe, p. 311.
The snout is produced, pointed, and longer than the diameter of
the eye ; pra^operculum scarcely denticulated ; dorsal and anal fins
rounded postoiiorly. The ocular band is not mder than the orbit,
white-edged ; body with two black falciform bands, anteriorly white-
edged, the first from the anterior part of the dorsal fin to below the
lateral line, the second from the posterior part of the spinous dorsal
and from the anterior of the soft ; twelve or thirteen subvertical
violet stripes besides ; tail with a black cross-bar, white-edged ; the
soft dorsal and caudal with a blaclc intramarginal stripe ; anal with
a black margin.
Sea of Batoe,
2Q. Chaetodon dizoster.
Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 527 ; Cuv. Eegne Anim. III. Pom. pi. 39. f. 2.
Snout produced, pointed, much longer than the diameter of the
eye ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior angle rounded. The
ocular band is rather narrower than the orbit and crosses the chest ;
the anterior and lower part of the body violet, the posterior and
upper yellow. Body crossed by narrow dark vertical lines ; a black
cross-band from the anterior three dorsal spines to below the lateral
line ; another black band from the posterior four dorsal spines along
the base of the soft dorsal to the back of the tail ; a black band round
the tail ; the vertical fins with a blackish inframarginal line ; ventrals
whitish. (Val.)
Sea of Mauritius,
27. Chaetodon octofasciatus.
Klein, Miss. iv. tab. 9. f. 3 ; Seba, iii. 25. 12.
Chaetodon octofasciatus L. Gm. i. p. 1262; Bl. tab. 2^5. f. 1; Bl. ScJm.
p. 223 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 17 ; Bk'fk. Verhand. Batav, Genootsch.
xxiii. Chcetodont. p. 16.
Chaetodon octo-lineatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p, 69,
D, n. A. ^. L, lat, 50, L. transv, 12/24,
The snout is obtuse, and equal in length to the diameter of the
18 SQtTAMIPnmES.
eye ; pweoperculuni entire ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded poste-
riorly. Head, body, and fins with, three pairs of brown nross-streaks ;
a single brown streak from the symphysis of the upper jaw to the
nape of the neck ; another vertical streak over the tail (where it is
broadest), and over the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins:
the anterior streak of the first pair is thB ocular band, which, half
as wide as the orbit, extends over the chest. Ventl^ls white ; caudal
with a blackish cross-band near the base.
East Indian Seas.
a, b. Fine specimens. Singapore.
c. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
28. disBtodon xUietensis.
Cuv. 4' ^c^^- vii. p. 39 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Nedcrl. i. Amboina, p. 38.
D.g A.1 L.lat.30.
The snout is pointed ; praDopeiculum crenulated at *the lower
margin ; dorsal and anal fins roimded posteriorly. The ocular band
is nearly as broad as the orbit, and extends over the interoperculum
from the middle of the neck ; snout brownish- violet ; forehead with
small white cross-streaks. Body with two very bruad violet cross-
bands, the anterior from between the fourth and eighth dorsal spines
to behind the root of the pectoral, the posterior from the origin of
the soft dorsal to the anterior half of the anal ; there are, moreover,
about seven blackish streaks crossing the body, on, and between, the
bands described ; tail with a black cross-band. The soft doraal
with a light brownish band and a brown edge ; the soft anal with
two light-brown bands and with a blu6 and blackish edge ; caudal
with a black cross-band near the margin, which is transparent;
ventrals yellow. (Bl.)
Seas of Amboyna, Ternate, and Ulietea.
29. Chaetodon robustus.
D.IH. A.^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6/15.
The snout is moderately produced and somewhat conical ; the
lower praeopercular margin slightly denticulated ; the dorsal and
anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is much narrower
than the eye, and reaches over the interoperculum. A brown ver-
tical band from the third and fourth dorsal spines to behind the base
of the pectoral ; another much broader one is white-edged, and
extends from the tips of the last five dorsal spines over all the soft
dorsal downwrds to the posterior third of the base of the anal; a
narrow brown band round the free portion of the tail ; a single bro^vn
streak along the middle of the upper surface of the head. Caudal,
anal, and ventral fins white (in spirits).
a. Adiilt. From the Haslar Collection.
Description of the specimen. — This species hns the body much
elevated, its greatest heie-ht being nearly two-thirds of f total
1. CH>«TODON. 19
length. The upper profile descends abruptly from the origin of the
dorsal, and is rather concave above the orbit. The lower profile also
is concave beneath the angle of the mouth. The snout is moderately
produced, as long as the diameter of the eye or as the distance
between the orbits. The angle of the pra^operculum is nearly a
right one, and its lower margin is slightly denticulated. The spines
of the fins are rather strong ; those of the dorsal increase in length
to the fourth, which is two-thirds of the length of the head ; the
following gradually become shorter, and the last is not quite the
length of the first ray. The soft portion is not elevated and rounded
posteriorly. The caudal is tnmcated. The second anal spine is the
longest and strongest ; it eqiials the fourth of the dorsal. The soft
portion of the anal is very much like the corresponding opposite fin,
but rather lower. The pectoral reaches to the vertical from the vent,
the ventral to that from the anal.
The scales are large, especially those between the spinous dorsal
and the lateral line. One of the largest covers two-thirds of the eye.
I may add to the description of the colours given above, that the
ocular band appears rather lighter below the orbit ; that each scale
of the tiimk, within and without the brown band, has a silvery spot ;
that the posterior band occupies all the soft dorsal, with the exception
of a light edge and a fine brownish inframarginal line, whilst it does
not extend on to the anal. The colours, however, have a little faded.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 0
Height of the body 3 9
Length of the head 1 8
Diameter of the eye 0 6
Length of the fourth dorsal and of the second
anal spine I 2
80. ChsBtodon humeralis.
D. g. A. -i. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 5/17.
The snout is very slightly produced ; the lower prseopercular
margin denticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly.
The ocular band is much narrower than the eye, and reaches over
the interoperculum. A brown vertical band from the first, second
and third dorsal spines to and below the base of the pectoral, touching
the opercular margin ; another from the tips of the last five dorsal
spines across the base of the soft dorsal and across the tail to the
middle of the base of the soft anal. The soft dorsal and anal white,
with a brown inframarginal band ; caudal with a brown band at the
base, a brown crescent in the middle, and a white cross-streak behind
the crescent.
Sandwich Islands.
a, b. Half-grown. Sandwich Islands.
c, d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
20 SQITAMIPINNES.
Description. — This species is closely allied to Ch. rohustus, but may
be readily distinguished by a different an-angement of the cross-bands,
by the banded caudal fin, and by the different numbers of the fins.
The greatest height of the body is 1^ in the total length. The
upper profile descends abruptly from the origin of the dorsal, and is
very slightly concave above the orbit. The lower profile exhibits
scarcely any concavity. The snout is sHghtly produced, as long as
the diameter of the eye or as the distance between the orbits. The
angle of the praeoperculum is nearly a right one, and its lower margin
is slightly denticulated. The spines of the fins are rather strong :
those of the dorsal increase in length to the fourth, which is two-
thirds the length of the head ; the following gradually become shorter
to the eleventh, the last three being equal and rather shorter than
the first ray. The soft portion of the fin is not elevated and roimded
posteriorly. The caudal is truncated. The second anal spine is the
longest and strongest, rather shorter than the fourth dorsal spine.
The soft portion of the anal is very much like the corresponding part
of the opposite fin, but rather lower. The ventral reaches to, the
pectoral nearly to, the vertical from the vent.
The scales are large, especially those in the middle of the side of
the body ; one of the largest covers five-sixths of the orbit.
I may add to the description of the colours given above, that there
is an indistinct single brownish streak along the middle of the snout
and forehead; that the brown inframarginal band of the anal originates
at the base of the first spine : and that the greater portion of the
soft dorsal and anal are white, like the body (in spirits).
inches, lines.
Total length 5 4
Height of the body 3 3
Length of the head 1 6
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the foiirth dorsal spine '.. 1 0|
of the second anal spine 0 11
31. Chsetodon gracilis.
D. 1?. A. l^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 7/17.
The snout is moderately produced and somewhat conical , the
angle and the lower margin of the praeoperculum very sliglitly den-
ticulated ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular
band is narrower than the orbit, edged mth white, and reaches over
the interoperculum ; a brown, white-edged vertical band from the
extremity of the dorsal across the tail over the posterior half of the
soft anal. The remainder of the fish whitish (in spirits).
Caribbean Sea.
a, h. Adult. West Indies, i'rom Mr, Scrivener's Collection.
c. Adult. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
Descriptton. — This species has the body moderately elevated, its
1. CTUE^DOT^. 21
greatest height being about one-half of the total length. The upper
profile of the head is very slightly concave above the orbit, and the
lower ascends as much as the upper descends. The length of the
snout equals the diameter of the eye, the width between the orbits
being rather less. The angle of the praeoperculum is nearly a right
one, and, Kke the lower margin, slightly denticulated. The dorsal
spines are moderately strong, and increase in length to the fourth and
fifth, the length of which is rather more than one-half that of the
head. The following spines are very Uttle shorter, and the last
equals in length the first ray. The soft portion of the fin is not
elevated and rounded posteriorly. The caudal is tiiincated. The
anal spines are strong ; the second is rather longer than the third
or than the dorsal spines, two-thirds the length of the head. The
soft portion of the anal is very much like the corresponding part of
the opposite fin, but rather lower. The pectoral does not extend to
the vertical from the vent, the ventral reaches nearly to it. The
scales are of moderate size ; those between the pectoral and the
lateral line are the largest, one of them covering about one-half of
the eye.
I may add to the coloration stated above, that there is a shining
silvery spot on the operculum, perhaps of a colour different from
the ground colom* in life ; that the brown band occupies the smaller
portion of the soft dorsal, sometimes the posterior extremity only,
whilst on the anal it may extend forwards to the spines. The soft
dorsal has a tine brown marginal lino posteriorly. Tho other fins
are uniform white.
inches, lines.
Total length 4 2
Height of the body 2 2
Length of the head 1 0
Diameter of the eye 0 4
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 7
of the second anal spine 0 8
ce. Body without bands, with stripes or spots, or uniform.
aa. Ventrals dark-coloured.
32. Chaetodon collaris.
Seba, iii. 25. 10.
Chfetodon collaris, Bl. taf. 210. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 223 ; Cuv. 8f Val.
vii. p. 53 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 19.
Clisetodon unifasciatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 69.
D. ^. A. ^,. L. lat. 3a. L. transv. 7/18.
The snout is obtuse and little longer than the diameter of the eye ;
prseoperculum serrated ; the soft dorsal and anal fins with the pos-
terior angle rounded. Body wi+h many yello'wish obli(]ue ana longi-
tudinal streaks, following the series of the scales. The ocular band
as broad as the eye, extending fi-om the occiput to the root of the
ventrals, posteriorly on the neck with a broad dark bro-vvn transverse
22 SQTTAMIPINNES.
blotch ; the band has a yellow edge anteriorly and posterioriy.
Ventrals brown ; the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal wlutish, the
two latter with a fine brownish line near the margin.
Japan ?
a. Adult.
6. Adult. Old Collection.
33. Chaetodon praetextatus.
Cant. Catal. p. 156. pi. 3.
T) Jl. A ^
26-28' ' 20-22*
The snout is moderately produced, and much longer than the dia-
meter of the eye ; dorsal and anal rounded posteriorly. The white
ground colour of the head nearly suppressed by broad black bands :
one round the extremity of the snout ; the second oblique, roimd the
snout, behind the mouth ; the third, the ocular band, broader than
the eye, and divided into two by a white streak above the eye ; the
fourth occupying the operculum. The soft dorsal with a red, white
and black, the anal with a red and black margin ; a black cross-band
on the middle of the caudal ; ventrals black. Body uniform.
Sea of Pinang.
Three typical specimens, in the Collection of the East India Co.
34. Chaetodon reticulatus.
Ciiv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 32. pi. 171 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 178.
pi. 30. f. 2.
27 22
The snout is very little produced, and nearly equal in length to the
diameter of the eye ; the dorsal and anal fins with the posterior
angle slightly rounded. Snout black, the margin of the lips yellow ;
the ocular band as broad as the orbit, occupjang the whole neck, and
extending to the root of the ventrals, which also are black. Tho
scales of the body with a brown margin. The soft dorsal and anal
with a yellow and black edge ; the caudal with the base blackish,
and with two black cross-streaks near the posterior margin. {Cuv.)
Polynesia.
35. Chaetodon kleinii.
Klein, Miss. iv. tab. 10. f. 2. 2r)5.
Cha;todon Ideinii, Bloch, tab. 218. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 225.
virescens, Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 30 ; Bleak. Verh. Batav. Genootsch,
xxiii. CJicetudont. p. 18.
flavescens, Benn. Proc. Comni. Zool. Soc. i. p. 61.
»-^^- ^-jh-o- L-lat.33. L.transv.5/11.
The snout is obtuse, and about equal in length to the diameter of
the eye ; prajoperculum entire ; tlie dorsal and anal fins rounded pos-
teriorly. The ocular band extends from the first dorsal spine to the
1. CH.,ETODON, 23
extremity of the ventral fins, and is nearly as wide as the Drhit ; the
extremity of the snout and the margins of the soft dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins blackish ; the remainder uniform yellowish (in spirits ; the
black colour of the ventral disappears sometimes in dried specimens).
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a,h. Adult. Amboyna, Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c, d. Adult : not good state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Young. Java. Pxirchased of Mr. Jamrach.
/. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological So-
ciety.— Type of Ch. Jlavescens.
g, h. Adult : stuffed.
36. Chsetodon reinwardtii.
Chgetodon melanotus, (^Reinw.) Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 71 (not Schneid.)
D. 1^. A. i-.
25 13
The snout is pointed. Uniform yellowish, with an ocular band,
two black spots on the caudal fin, black ventrals, and with the
dorsal and anal blackrcdged. (Cuv.)
Molucca Sea.
0/3. Ventrals light-coloured.
* Caudal with a black cross-band or crescent.
37. ChsBtodon vittatus.
Benard, i. 20. 109; Valent. iii. p. 378. f. 93, p. 494. f. 450, Seba, iii.
29. 18
Chsetodon trifasciatus, [^Mungo Park, Tt'ans. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 34] ;
Lacep. 10. p. 498.
vittatus, Bl. Schtt. p. 227 ; Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 34; Bleek. Verh.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 18.
austnacus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 30. taf. 9. f. 2 (var.).
D. i5. A. ^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 5/13. Vert. 10/14.
The snout is short, obtuse, and equal iu length to the diameter of
the eye ; praeoperculum very indistinctly serrated ; the dorsal and
anal fins with the posterior angle rounded. Body with parallel and
slightly obUque blackish streaks. Snout blackish, separated from
the ocular band by a white streak ; the ocular band white-edged,
encircling the chest, much narrower than the orbit ; a very narrow,
blackish, anteriorly white-edged stripe behind, and parallel to the
ocular band, along the praopercular margin. A cnijeiform, black,
yellow-edged band from the origin of the soft dorsal to the back of
the tail, where it is broadest. A black, yellow-edged band along
the base of the anal. The soft dorsal with an indistinct reddish band
along its middle. Caudal crossed in the middle by a black, yeUow-
edged bar ; ventrals wmtish.
From the Red Sea to Polynesia.
a. Adult. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
6, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
24 SQUAMIPINNES.
d. Adult female : skeleton. Aniboyna. Purchased of 'Mr. Frank.
e, f. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult ; bleached. Old Collection.
The skeleton differs from that of Chcetodon meyeri in the following
points : — The angular bone of the mandibula is larger than the den-
tary ; the orbital margin of the anterior frontals shows no serrature
whatever ; the posterior portion of the infraorbital ring is exceedingly
narrow, and separated from the inner ridge of the praeoperculum by
a slight interspace ; the length of the inferior praeopercular limb is
more than one-half of the posterior ; the subopcrculum is elongate,
although narrow ; the interoperculum is subtriangular ; the ca^^ty
for the pectoral muscles is broad and deep, and there is only a veiy
small foramen between the ulna and coracoid.
38. Chaetodon fasciatus.
Chaitodon fasciatus, Fursk. p. 69; L. Gm. p. 12(5(5; CVr. c^- Val. vii.
p. 61.
flavus, Bl Schn. p. 225 ; Rupp. Atlas, Fische, p. 40. taf. 9. f. 1.
D. if. A. •^. L. lat. 3G. L. transv. G/12. Ca?c. pylor. 7.
Vcrt.i«.
The snout is produced, conical, longer than the diameter of the
eye ; praeoperculum entire ; the dorsal and anal fins with the poste-
rior angle rounded. The ocular band crosses the upper surface of the
head above the eyes, and is not continued to the neck or to the
interoperculum ; a broad white band behind the ocular band. Eack
blackish-brown ; body with blackish bands obUquely descending for-
w^ards ; the soft dorsal and anal are margined with black, and the
former has a blackish band besides, near its base ; the caudal with
a light margin, and a black cross-bar near the margin ; ventrals
whitish.
Red Sea ; China.
a. Adult: stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Kiippell's Collection. —
The cross-bear on the caudal is nearly as broad as the light
margin.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. K, Reeves, Esq. — The
cross-bar on the caudal is nearly twice as broad as the light
margin.
39. Chaitodon pictus.
? Klein, Hist. IHsc. iv. t. 9. f. 2.
ChiBtodon pictus, Forskal, p. (5o ; lil. Schn. p. 22G ; Cuv. Sf Val. vii.
p. 55; Blcck. Natuurk. lydschr. Nedcrl Indie, 1851, ii. p. 177.
Russell, i. pi. 87, (var.) pi. 83.
Chaetodon decussatus, Uuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 54 ; Blcek. I. c. xiii. p. 328.
vagabundus, Benn. Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 7 (not L.).
B.l?. A.i L. lat. 35.
The snout is slightly produced, and scarcely longer than the cy(; :
1. CH^TonoN. 25
prseoperciiliim minutely serrated ; dorsal and anal angular posteriorly.
Body with oblique streaks, the upper ones descending obliquely for-
wards, "the lower ones ascending obliquely forwards ; they do not
cross each other. Ocular band nearly as broad as the eye, extending
to the inferior margin of the interopercidum ; the soft dorsal and
anal, and the tail between them, blackish-brown ; caudal white, with
a blackish-brown crescent in the middle ; anal with a fine lighter
line near the margin ; the posterior part of the ventrals greyish.
Red Sea ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Madras. Presented by J. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
40. Chaetodon lunula.
Pomacentrus lunula, Lacep. iv. pp. 507, 510, 513.
Chgetodon lunula, Cuv. i^- Val. vii. p. 59. pi. 173 ; Bleek. Gilolo, p. 57.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 8/14.
The snout is slightly produced, and rather longer than the dia-
meter of the eye ; praioperculum distinctly serrated ; the soft dorsal
and anal rather angular postejiorly. The black ocular band is
broader than the eye, and terminates at the prseopercular margins ;
the head behind this band is white ; the neck and the anterior part
of the back downwards to the base of the pectoral are blackish-brown,
with three obhque white stieaks. The upper margin of the dorsal
and the lower of the anal are black ; a black band along the base of
the soft dorsal, widening and bent downwards to the tail, which is
crossed by it ; a whitish band along the concavity of the former ;
caudal -with a rather narrow black cross-band near its posterior
margin.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Polynesia.
a. Adult. Prince's Island.
h. Fine specimen, Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection,
d. Adult : not good state. Old Collection.
41. Clisetodon vagabundus.
Renard, i. 23. 126.
Chactoclon vagabundus, Lmn. Mus. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 71, and Si/si. i
p, 465 ; L. Gm. p. 1251 ; Bl. taf. 204. f. 2 ; Bl. Hctm. p. 222 ; Cuv. S,
Val. vii. p. 50; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. x.xiii. CJiatod.
p. 18 (not Benn.).
D. i?. A. ^. L. lat. 30. Vert. 10/14.
The snout is slightly produced, pointed, conical, and longer than
the diameter of the eye ; praeoperculum scarcely denticulated ; the
soft anal and dorsal fins with the angle rounded. The ocular band
is black, and terminates at the angle of the interoperculum. Body
with oblique lines ; those above the pectoral descending obliquely
26 SQUAMiPiimrEu.
forwards, those above the anal ascending obliquely forwards. The
dorsal with a narrow black margin, and a black band along the base
of the soft portion, posteriorly bent downwards, crossing the tail and
continued on a part of the anal. The anal with a narrow black and
white margin ; the caudal with two black cross-bands, the anterior
of which is crescent-shaped.
From the Red Sea to Polynesia.
a. Adult. Mauritius. From the Collection of C. Telfair, Esq.
b. Adult ; skeleton. Mauritius. From the Collection of C. Telfair,
Esq.
c. d. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The configuration of the bones of the head is more
like that of Chcetodon striganffulus than that of Ch. meyeri. The
lower jaw is elongate and rather low, the dentary being some%vhat
pointed ; the praeorbital is produced, and twice as long as high ; the
infraorbital ring, especially the posterior portion, is narrow, and the
latter is joined to the inner ridge of the prajoperculum. The in-
ferior limb of the pra^operculum is 1| as long as the posterior, which
ascends obliquely backwards; the operculum is snbquaui angular,
twice as high as wide, with the posterior side slightly emarginate ;
the suboperculum narrow, tapering posteriorly ; the interopereulum
oblong, irregularly quadrangular. The occipital crest is exceedingly
high, and forked at its upper extremity, as described in Ch. meyei'i.
The length of the abdoniinal portion of the vertebral column is to
that of the f^audal as 1 : 1-3. The haemal spines of the first and
second caudal vertebrae are anchylosed together ; the first and second
interhaemals are separated. Epipleural spines none. There is a
round foramen between the radius and coracoid, near the symphysis
of the coracoids.
42. Chsetodon gnttatissimus.
Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 183.
D-i- A. A L.lat.32.
The snout is slightly produced, and rather longer than the dia-
meter of the eye ; pracoperculum serrated ; the dorsal and anal fins
rounded posteriorly. The ocular band extends from the nape of the
neck to the lower margin of the interopereulum ; it is narrower
than the eye above, and much narrower below the orbit ; the upper
portion is edged with yellow. Sides of the body yellow, each scale
with a black spot ; dorsal and anal purplish-brown, dotted with
black and edged with yellowish ; caudal with a black crescent across
the middle ; ventrals yellowish.
Sea of Ceylon.
a. Adult. Ceylon. From Dr. Sibbald's Collection. — Tj^jc of the
species,
b. Adult . skin. Ceylon. From Dr. E. F. Kclaart's Collection.
1. CH^TonoN, 27
43. Chsetodon punctato-fasciatus.
Chpetodon punctato-fasciatus, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 28 ; Bleeker, Banda,
i. p. 238.
punctato-lineatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 70.
D. f^. A. ^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 7/13.
The snout is very slightly produced, and rather longer than the
diameter of the eye ; praeoperculura entire ; the soft dorsal and anal
fins rounded posteriorly. The ocular band is reduced to a pale,
brown-edged streak, reaching from above the orbit to the margin of
the prseoperculum ; a black spot on the nape of the neck. Back with
about seven vertical brown bands ; each scale of the sides with a
brown central spot. Dorsal vnih. a black and white marginal line,
the margin being greyish ; caudal yellow in the basal half and
grepsh in the marginal one, both colours being separated by a black
band ; anal with a black and white line, and with the margin yellow ;
ventrals yellow, with a blackish spot.
Sea of Banda.
a, h. Fine specimens. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
c. Adult ; skin. From Gronov 's Collection.
44. Chaetodon rafflesii
Renard, i. 8. 58 ; ? Seha, iii. 26. 36.
Chsetodon rafflesii, Betm. Life of Raffies, p. 689.
princeps, Ciw. 8f Val. vii. p. 33 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss.
p. 177 ; Blcek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Ch$• Vcd. vii. p. 86.
Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal, with nine and
more spines, none of which are elongate. Muzzle produced into a
long cylindrical tube, with a small anterior cleft of the mouth. No
teeth on the palate ; praeoperculum without spine. Scales moderate
or rather small.
Indian Seas. West coast of Australia. Polynesia.
d2
36 SQUAMIFINNES.
1. Chelmo rostratus.
Seha, iii. pi. 25. f. 17.
Chjetodon rostratus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, i. p. 61. tab. 33. f. 2 ; Z. Gm.
p. 1244 ; in. tab. 202. f. 1 ; lil. Schn. p. 221 ; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 3,'i7.
pi. 47 ; Gronov. Synt. ed. Gray, p. 73.
Jaculator, StMonncr, I'hil. Trunn. 1/04, p. 30. pi. 9.
Choitodon enceladus, Shaw, Nat. Mite. p. 2. pi. 07.
Cholmon rostratas, Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; lienn. Life of Raffles, p. 689
C'uv. Sf Val. vii. p. 87 ; Cant, fatal, p. 158 ; Cuv. Rlgne Anim. III.
Pom. pi. 40. f. 1 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod.
p. 20.
D. I;. A. ^. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 9/20. Vert. 10/14.
The length of the snout (from the anterior margin of the orbit) is
one-half the length of the head. Head and body with five brownish
cross-bands, edged with brown and white ; a round black white-
edged spot in the middle of the soft dorsal, within the fourth cross-
band ; the fifth Imnd black round the tail.
East Indian Seas. \\'est coast of AustraUa. Entering rivers.
a. Adult. Celebes. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
h-e. Adult. Singapore.
f. Adult : skeleton. Singapore.
g. Adult : bad state. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
h, i. Young. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
Tc. Adult. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
I. Adult: skin. From Cronov's Collection.
m. Half-grown. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
n. Half-grown : discoloured.
The skeleton differs from that of the following species by a shorter
lower prajopercular limb, its length being 1| in that of the posterior.
2. Chelmo marginalis.
Richardson, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, x. p. 29.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 9/22. Caec. pylor. 5.
Vert. 10/14.
The length of the snout is one-half that of the head. Head and
body with four brownish cro.ss-bands. edged with brown and white ;
sometimes an indistinct blackish spot in the middle of the soft dorsal,
within the third cross-band ; the fourth band round the tail.
Perhaps a variety of Ch. rostratus, from the West coast of
Australia.
a. Adult. Swan River.
h. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gilbert's Collection. —
Tj-pe of the species.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
2. CHELMO. 37
Skeleton. — The skull of Chehno is at once distinguished by the
peculiar prolongation of the jaw-bones, in which, however, the max-
illary does not participate ; the latter is very much like that of a
species of Chcetodon, short, with the lower extremity slightly dilated,
anteriorly concave, posteriorly irregularly convex. A long and
slender process, directed foi-wards, extends from the palatine bone
across the upper extremity of the maxillary, and is received in a
Hotch of the praeorbital. The anterior portion of the intermaxillaries,
as well as their posterior processes, are exceedingly elongated in a
horizontal direction, and both bones together form a half-channel,
similar to the bill of a bird, anteriorly with seven transverse bands
of minute teeth ; the anterior margin of the jaw, besides, is armed
with a series of very small teeth. The articular and dentary bones
of the mandibula are likewise exceedingly elongate ; the latter is
toothed like the intermaxillary, the articular anchylosed to the hypo-
tympanic, prseoperculum and intei'operculum.
The other portions of the skeleton bear a great resemblance to
Chcetodon. The upper portion of the skull appears as a solid, ele-
vated, rounded bony mass, with a groove above each orbit. Sutures
are visible between the supraoccipital, principal frontal bone, and
suprascapula. The supraoccipital is continued posteriorly in a very
elevated and strong crest, which has the upper margin swollen, and
is posteriorly bifurcate, to receive the hook-like process of the first
intemeural. The anterior frontal bones are not to be distinguished
from the principal frontals ; the orbital margin is crenulated.
The turbinal bones are well developed and elongate; the prae-
orbital is oblong, twice as long as high ; the remainder of the infra-
orbital ring is very narrow, and its posterior portion firmly united
with the interior ridge of the prseoperculum. The praeoperculum
has the interior ridge very slightly elevated, and the muciferous
channel merely indicated ; the limbs form an obtiise angle together,
and the length of the inferior is 1| in that of the posterior; the
margins are obtusely serrated. The operculum has neither ridge nor
spine, is sub quadrangular, and not quite twice as high as wide. The
sub- and interoperculum are very obliquely situated ; the former is
small, the latter broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The supra-
scapula is firmly joined to the bones of the skuU ; the humerus is
well developed and sword-shaped. The coracoid has the outer ridge
considerably elevated, so that the cavity for the muscles of the pec-
toral appears rather deep ; there is only a small ovate foramen be-
tween the coracoid and ulna, the bottom of the cavity being entirely
bony. The lamellae of the pubic bones are nearly equally developed ;
the lower is swoUen posteriorly for articulation with the ventral
spine.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1:1-5. The^ribs are strong, anteriorly and posteriorly
with a groove, and at the base with a small epipleiu-al spine. The
longest neural and haemal spines are those of the middle vertebrae,
and the latter are longer than the former. There are two very
38 SQLAMiPINNKS.
slender spurious interneiu-als. Each neural and intferneural of the
spinous dorsal is dilated into a transparent lamella, which in the
latter is broad enough to touch that of the spine next to it. The
anterior haemal and interhsemal spines show the same structure as
in Chcetodon meyeri.
3. Chelmo lonprostris.
Chaetodon longirostris, Broassonet.
Chelmon longirostris, Cmv. <§• Val. vii. p. 89. pi. 175 ; Blcek. Vorhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chatod. p. 20.
D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 1?.
The length of the snout is much more than one-half of that of
the head. A large triangular black patch covering the neck, the
upper surface of the head, and the side downwards to the level of the
inferior margin of the eye ; a round black spot at the posterior angle
of the anal fin ; caudal blackish.
From Isle de France to Polynesia.
a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : stuffed. Purchased.
c. Adult : not good state. Old Collection.
4. Chelmo pelta.
D. ^. A. -i. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 8/19.
iy 15
The length of the snout is not quite one-half that of the head.
Fniform reddish-brown, blackish on the sjiinous dorsal, a darker band
from the origin of the dorsal to the eye.
Hah. ?
a. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-half
of the total length, the length of the head one-third. The upper
profile descends abniptly fi'om the origui of the dorsal fin, and is
concave. The snout is relatively shorter than in Ch. rostratus,
forming not quite one-half of the length of the head. The width
between the eyes is less than the length of their diameter. The
praeoperculum has the angle rounded and minutely serrated. The
dorsal spines are very strong and long, with the membrane between
deeply notched ; they increase in length to the fourth, which is 1|
in the length of the head ; the following spines gradually become
shorter to the last, which is rather shorter than the first ray. The
basal half only of the soft dorsal is covered with scales ; it is not
elevated, and has the upper margin nearly entirely vertically situated.
. The caudal is tiimcated. The second anal s])ine is stronger, but
scarcely longer than the third, and 1^ hi the length of the head.
The soft portion of the anal is much higher than the corresponding
pai't of the opposite fin, and covered with scales on the basal half
only. The ventral fins reach to the origin of the anal ; the pectorals
3. iiENiocHUs. 39
do not extend to the vertical from tlie vent. The scales are of mo-
derate size, ctenoid ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the eye.
The colour is now uniform reddish-brown, with shining longitu-
dinal streaks, following the series of the scales. The spinous dorsal
and its base are blackish. A dark ocular band, much narrower than
the orbit, descends from the origin of the dorsal to the eye, and is not
continued on the cheelc. The soft dorsal has a light posterior margin.
The other fins are yolloA\ish or colourless.
inches, lines.
Total length 3 4
Height of the body 1 8
Length of the head I ]
Distance between the anterior margin of the
eye and the extremity of the snout .... 0 0^
Diameter of the eye 0 3|
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 9
of the second anal spine 0 8^
3. HENIOCHdS*
Henioclius, Cuv. S^- Val. vii. p. 92.
Taurichthys, Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 146.
Body much compressed and elevated. One dorsal, with eleven to
thii'teen spines, the fourth of which is more or less elongate and
filiform. Muzzle rather short or of moderate length. No teeth on
the palate ; proeoperculum without spine. (Scales of modei-ate size.
Air-bladder present ; five branchiostegals ; pyloric appendages in
small number.
From the Mauritrus through all the East Indian Seas to Polynesia
and the N.W. coast of Australia,
1. Heniochus macrolepidotus
Renard, i. 3. 13. 31. 168, ii. 14. G6: Riiysch, i. no. 3; Valcnt. iii. figs. 18.
201. 324. 372. 509; Seha, iii. 25. 8.
Cliffitodou macrolepidotus, Artedi, S^iecics, p. 94 ; L. Si/sf. i. p. 464 ;
L. Gm. p. 1247 ; Bl. tab. 200. f. 1 ; Lacep. iv. p. 455. pi. ] 1. f. 3 and
pi. 12. f. 1; Iii. Schn. p. 231.
acmninatiis, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, tab. 33. f. 3.
bifasciatus, SJiaiv, Zool. iv. p. 342 ; Gruitov. Sijst. ed. Gray, p. 75.
Heniochus acumiuatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 98.
pennutatus, (Bennett) Cur. 8f Val. vii. p. 99.
macrolejjidotus. Cur. 8f Val. vii. p. 93 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 82.
pi. 44. f. 1 (young) ; Richards. Ichtli. C/iin. p. 246; Blceker, Vcrh.
Bat. Gen. xxiii. Cltcetod. p. 21.
Diphreutes macrolepidotus. Cant. Catal. p. ] 59.
D. li_ A 1. L. hit. 48. L. transv. 10/22. Cicc. pylor. G.
Vert. 10/14.
The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform. A small
* 1. Rui/srh. tab. 20. f. 5; Renard. ii. 10.49; Vnlenf. no. 161.— Tauriehtlivs
viridis, Cur. cf Val. vii. p. 151. — East Indie?.
40 aQtJAMIPlN>'E3.
protuberance above each orbit, none on the neck. The upper sur-
face of the snout and a band between the orbits black. Body with
two broad black bands : the anterior from the firet four doraal spines,
touching the hind margin of the operculum, across the root of the
pectorals to the belly, including the ventrals, which are deep black.
The posterior band from the fifth, sixth and seventh dorsal spines
descending obliquely backwards, and occupj-ing the posterior half of
the anal fin ; the anterior half is black-edged.
From the Mauritius thi'ough all the East Indian Seas to the N.W.
coast of Austraha.
a. Large specimen : skin : not good state. Ceylon. From Dr. E.
F. Kelaart's Collection.
h, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult: skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lection.
e. Half-gTown : not good state. Australia.
/. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
g. Large specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
{. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
k-m. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
n. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
0. Adult : skeleton. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.
p. Half- grown : bad state : stuffed.
q. Young : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The structure of the jaw-bones appeal's to be very
similar to that in Chcetodon. The limbs of the praeoperculum are
very indistinctly denticulated, and fonn together a somewhat obtuse
angle ; the interior ridge is slightly elevated, and has a distinct
muciferous channel posteriorly. The operculum is irregularly qua-
drangular, 2| as high as wide. The pra)orbital is oblong, the re-
mainder of the infraorbital ring very narrow, and not joined to the
praeoperculum ; the turbinal tubiform, of moderate length. The
anterior frontal bones are rather small. Each principal frontal has
an obtuse longitudinal ridge, exteriorly with a small groove ; there
is another larger cavity between the two ridges. The crown of the
skull is elevated, with a high and broad occipital crest, which, how-
ever, does not reach to the spurious intemeural spines. There are
two other crests on the side of the crown, on the inner of which is
suspended the suprascapula, the outer one being transformed into a
muciferous channel. The humeral is well developed and sword-
shaped : the radius and the coracoid form a very deep cavity. The
pubic bones are separated from each other by a narrow interspace,
and each is composed of four lamellae.
There are ten* abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the first
being much compressed in its longitudinal diameter, so as to be
easily overlooked. The greater portion of the three anterior haemal
* Cuvier states eight only.
'6. HKNIOCHUS 41
spines are anchylosed together: the mterhsemals of the first two
anal spines form one bone only, with a broad triangular process an-
teriorly ; the bone itself is very long, its length being equal to that
of the first twelve vertebrae together.
2. Heniochus monoceros.
Cuv. dr Val. vii. p. 100. pi. 176 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii.
aiatod. p. 21.
D. i|. A. ^. L. lat. 58. L. transv. 9/24.
The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform. A conical
protuberance above each orbit, another on the nape of the neck. A
black band from the first two dorsal spines, occupying all the neck,
the eye, the forehead and the snout ; a second band from the fifth,
sixth and seventh dorsal spines to the belly, including the root of
the pectorals and the ventrals, which are of a' deep black ; a third
band from the pbstevior dorsal si^ines, descending obliquely back-
wards and occupying the posterior half of the anal fin ; the anterior
half is black-edged.
Sea of the Mauritius.
o. Large specimen. Mauritius. From^the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.
3. Heniochus chrysostoma.
? Heniochus chrysostomus, {Parkins,^ Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 99 ; Cuv.
Hegne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 40. f. 2.
Heniochus chrysostomus, (Solander^ Voy. Beech. ZooJ. p. 62. pi. 18. f. 1.
melanistion, Bleeker, Banda, lii. p. 98.
D. -^. A. ^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 7/25.
The fourth dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform, with a
broad floating membrane reaching to its top. A very slight pro-
tuberance above the orbit, none on the neck. A black band from
the origin of the spinous dorsal to the belly, occupying the whole
operculum, the upper portion of the prseoiierculum, the eye, the root
of the pectorals, and the ventrals, which latter are entirely black ; a
second band from the thii'd to the sixth dorsal sjjines, descending
obhquely backwards and occupying more than the posterior half of
the anal ; a third broad band along the base of the soft dorsal, ex-
tending to the back of the tail and the root of the caudal fin.
East Indian Archipelago. (Otaheite ?)
a, h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
4. Heniochus varius.
Ruysch, Pise. Amb. tab. 20. f. Q; Romrd, i. 30. 164; Valent. iii.
p. 369. f. 71.
Taurichthys varius, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 148. pi. 181 ; Cuv. Regne Anim.
lU. Poiss. pi. 41. f. 2 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Grn. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 25.
D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 53.
The fourth dorsal spine elongate. A protuberance above each
42 tJ'arAMiPiN'NEs.
orbit, conical and lioin-likc in adnlt specimens, scarceh/ visible in
yoniiger ones ; a third, obtusely conical, on the nape of the neck.
A black band from the origin of the dorsal, occupying the Avhole
head to tlu^ prscopercular margins ; the second black band nearly
entirely suppressing the ground colour, from the third to the seventh
dorsal spines to the belly, and extencUng from the I'oot of the pec-
torals and ventrals to the end of the anal, which, like the ventrals,
is entirely black.
Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Molucca Sea.
b. Half-grown. Ambojiia. Piu'chascd of Mr. Frank.
c. Very fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
4. HOLACANTHUS*.
Ilolacanthus, Laccp. iv. p. 525 ; (Juv. ^- Vul. vii. p. 153.
Body compressed, and generally much elevated. Praeoperculum
with a strong spine at the angle. One dorsal, entirely scaly, with
twelve to fifteen spines ; the anal with three (exceptionally with
four). No teeth on the palate. Scales of moderate or small size.
Six branehiostegals ; air-bladder with two posterior horns ; pyloric
appendages in increased number.
Inhabitants of nearly aU the tropical seas.
The species may be grouped together as follows : —
I. Species with scales of moderate size.
A. With longitudinal bands, p. 42.
E. Trunk with a whitish vertical blotch or band, p. 45.
C. Body ornamented by several cross-bands, p. 4(5.
D. Body uniform or bicoloured, or merely spotted, p. 49.
fl. Species with small scales.
A. Body with longitudinal bands, p 52.
B. Body with white or bluish transverse lines, alternately broader and
narrower, p. 52.
C. Body without bands, p. 54.
I.' Species with the scales of modovjite size.
A. With longitudinal bands.
1 . Holacanthus annularis.
Chsetodon annularis, lU. tab. 215. f. 2; L. Cim. p. 1202: lil Schi.
•p. 21'J; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 330. pi. 47.
Ilolacanthus annularis, Lacvp. iv. pp. 520, 533 ; (Jur. il- \ii- P' 1^^4 :
Blceli. Verhand. Batav. Gcnoutsoh. xxiii. C'hfstod. p. 2").
Ch.ietodon vortioosus, Gronov. 'S'l/st. nl. Gray, p. 74.
^•rS-9- A-fs- J^-lat. 48. L. transv. 7/2.).
The pryeoperciilar spine Is smooth, and reaches to the ])ase of the
pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins are not produced. Head and ven-
tral fins brown, the former with a white vertical band, d(\scending
from the nape of the neck, between the eye and the pneopercular
margin, to the spine. Body with six brown vertical bands ; each scale
of the body with th(^ centre dnrko-,
Molucca Sea.
(t, h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult: stufted. Old Collection.
d. Adult: skin. From Gronov's Collection.
] 8. Holacanthus navarchus.
Renard, i. pi. 16. f. 92, ii. pi. 4. f. 17 ; Valent. ill. p. 364. no. 58, p. 367.
no. 64 ; Ruysch, Thcafr.Anim. i. Pisc.Amh. pp. 29, 30. t. 15. f. 10, 11.
Holacanthus navarclius, Cnv. s beyond the\('rtical
from the posterior margin of the o])erculum ; the dorsal and anal
fins are rounded posteriorly. A bluish streak from the forehead,
below the eye and the rool of the pectoral, to the belly, another from
the fifth dorsal spine to behind the pectoral ; the space between these
two streaks bluish-black : the tail, between the posterior half of the
soft dorsal and between the anal, and the latter fin black, dotted and
margined with blue ; the remainder of the body yellow, each scale
with a black spot in the centre ; pectoral und ventral black ; dorsal
and caudal yellow, edged with black.
Seas of Amboyna and Kanda.
u, b. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchnsed of Mr. Frank.
D. Body unitbnn or bicoloured, or nn-rcly spntled.
19. Holacanthus tricolor.
Edwards, pi. 28.''. f. 4 ; Duhami'l, Peches, ii. sect. 4. pi. J."!, f. 1 ; Parra,
pi. 7. f. 2.
Chfetodon tricolor, Bluch, taf. 425 ; Bl. Schn. p. 219.
Holacanthus tricolor, Lac^p. iv. pp. 525, 5-30 ; Chn\ Sf Vol. vii. p. 162 ;
Cin\ R'egne Ain'm. III. Poiss. pi. 41. f. 3.
D. ji. A.-^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 8/25. Ctec. pylor. 2:5.
Vert. 24.
The proeopercular spiiu^ is grooved, and reaches to the veitical
VOL. II. K
50 SQITAMIPINNES.
from the posterior margin of the opercuhira ; the soft dorsal and anal
and the upper caudal ray moderately produced. Head, anterior part
of the tnink, caudal, and the margins of the soft dorsal and anal fins
yellow, the remainder brownish-black.
Atlantic- coasts of Tropical America.
o, b. Adiilt : stuffed. Bahia.
c. Adult : skin. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
d-k. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's CoUecdon.
J. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of ^li. Scrivener.
m. Adult. West Indies.
n. Young. West Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
0. Adult: bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
p. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
q. Adult: stuffed.
20. Holacanthus bicolor.
Renarcl, i. pi. 19. f. 100.
ChjBtodon bicolor, Bl. t. 200. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 218.
HolaCanthns bicolor, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 108 ; Bleek. Solor, p. 77.
D. ||. A. fg. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6/19.
The prseopercular spine is conical, and reaches to the root of the
pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins with the angle pointed. The
anterior portion of the body to the vertical from the sixth dorsal
spine, and the caudal yellowish ; the remainder of the body deep
black. The black and yellowish colours are separated from each
other by a streak of a more intense yellow. A broad black ocular
band, broaden than the orbit, deep black above the orbit, brownish
below, not extending over the chest.
East Indian Archipelago.
a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
21. Holacanthus trimaculatus.
Holacanthus trimaedatus, (Lacep.) Cuv. (§■ Val. vii. pp. 196. pi. 182 ;
Bleekcr, Barkla, i. p. 242.
D. J|. A. ~. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 8/26.
The prseopercular spine is sanooth, and reaches to the base of the
pectoral; the dorsal and anal fins not produced. Each scale \vith
a white spot in the centre ; lips blacldsh ; a black spot on the nape
of the neck, and another edged with white on the shoulder ; the
lower half of the anal black.
Molucca Sea. ij
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Adult: stuffed. Moluccas.
4. UOLAf ANTHUS. 51
'22. Holacanthus xanthometopon.
Bheker, Siiuuitra, ii. p. 258.
D.li. A.JL. L.lat.48.
The praeopercular spine is ino)e than one-half shorter than the
head ; the dorsal and anal fins are rounded posteriorly. Head blue ;
the cheeks and opercles witli numerous golden, black-edged dots ;
chin and li])s lincolatcd with black. A band between the orbits
orange-coloured. Body violet ; tail yellow : each scale on the sides-
witli a blue spot in the centre and a golden margin ; an orange-
coloured spot on the scapulary region. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral
fins yellow, edged with violet ; the soft dorsal posteriorly with a large
round black, blue-edged spot ; the anal with numerous blue, black-
edged spots. (Bl.)
Sea of Sumatra.
23. Holacanthus xanthurus.
Bcitnett, Proc. Coimn. Zool. Sue. 1832, p. 183.
D. |i. A. ^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 7/22.
The praeopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the base of the
pectoral ; the dor.sal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Brownish
(in spirits), each scale with a light crescent-shaped streak; caudal
yellow.
Sea of Ceylon.
a. Fine specimen. Ceylon. Collected by Dr. Sibbald. — Ty\^e of
the species.
24. Holacanthus vroliMi.
Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 339.
D.i^. A.^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6/19.
The praeopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the base of the
pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins are rather rounded posteriorly.
Uniform greyish -brown, gradually becoming black posteriorly ; the
margin of the operculum blackish.
Seas of Coram and Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. r«rank.
h. Fine specimen. Coram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
25. Holacanthus nox.
Bleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 338.
D.l|. A.^. L.lat.48.
The praeopercular spine Ls about as long as the diameter of the
eye ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
e2
52 SQUAMIPINNES.
II. Species with small sealen.
A. Body with longitudinal bands.
26. Holacanthus septentrionalis.
Tenun. 4" Schleg. Faun. Japon. Pom. p. 82. pi. 44; Richardson, Ichth.
China, p. 246.
D.l^ A.i-.
18 18
Scales verj' small. The prseopercular .spine reaches to the vertical
from the posteiior margin of the operciilum ; dorsal and anal fins
rounded posteriorly. Head, body, dorsal and anal fins with about
twelve bine longitudinal bands : caudal yellow.
Sea of Japan.
a, b. Adult: stuffed,
27. Holacanthus imperator.
Citharsedus, ./Elian, Animal, xi. cap. 23.
Valent. iii. p. 362. f. 51, p. 462. f. 370, p. 479. f. 418 ; Ruysch, CoU.
Pise. Amb. p. 37. tab. 19. f, 1 ; Renard, i. 16. 93, ii. 56. 238.
Chaetodon imperator, Bloch, iii. p. 51. t. 194 ; L. Gm. p. 1255 ; Bl.
Schn. p. 217.
Holacanthus imperator, Lacep. iv. pp. 527, 534. pi. 12. f. 3 ; Cuv.SfVal.
vii. p. 180; Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 758, and Act. Soc. Nederland, i.
Manado en Makassar, p. 49.
22 30
Scales small. The proeopercular spine reaches to the base of the
pectoral. Head, chest, and anal fin with bluish lines. An oblong
black spot between the shoulder, the operculum, and the root of the
pectoral ; body with many orange-coloured, slightly waved streaks ;
caudal yellow.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a. Fourteen inches long : skin. Ceylon, Collected by E. F. Kelaart,
M.D.
h. Adult. AmbojTia, Purchased of Mr, Frank.
c. Thirteen inches long,
d. Thirteen inches long : stuffed.
B, Body with white or bluish transverse lines, alternately broader
and nan'ower.
28. Holacanthus nicobariensis.
Renard, i. pi. 5. f. 34.
Chajtodon nicobariensis, Bl. Schn. p. 219. t. 50.
Holacanthus geometricus, LarSp. iv. pp. 528, 537. pi. 13. f. 1 ; Cin\ ^■
Vol vii, p. 189.
nicobariensis, Bh-pher, Amboina, vi. p. 413
Scales small. The anal and dorsal fins rounded ])osteriorly. Black,
4. HOLACANTHUS. 53
with curved, concentric, alternately white and bluish transverse
lines, the posterior of which forms a complete ring ; on the doreal,
caudal and anal fins, the lines are divided and form reticulations ;
the posterior half of the caudal is white.
East Indian Archipelago.
29. Holacanthus semicirculatus.
Holacanthus semicirculatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 191. pi. 18-3 ; Bleek.
Amboina, vi. p. 414 (not Banka, p. 452) ; Voy. Coqu. Zool. Poins.
p. 173. pi. 30. f. 3.
Chsetodon microlepis, Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 257.
T-K 13-14 A 3
Scales small. The prajopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to
the vertical from the posterior margin of the operculum ; anal and
doi-sal fins triangular, not produced. Entirely black, with curved,
concentric, alternately white and bluish transverse lines, the white
ones being broader ; caudal black, with white cross-streaks.
East Indian Archipelago ; Polynesia.
a. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the Herald.
b, c. Adult and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
30. Holacanthus striatus.
Holacanthus striatus, RUppell, N. W. Fisehe, p. 32. taf. 10. f. 2 ; Bleek.
Amboina, vi. p. 414.
semicirculatus, Bleeker, Bankn, p. 452 (not Cuv^.
D.^^ A.i.
23 -21
Scales small. The praeopercular spine reaches to the vertical from
the posterior margin of the operculum. Black, with curved, concen-
tric, alternately white and bluish transverse lines, the white ones
being broader ; caudal white.
Red Sea.
a. Half-grown. Red Sea.
31. Holacanthus alternans.
Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 193.
T) '^ A -
JJ. 57- A.-.
Scales small. Dorsal produced into a long point ;*anal angular.
Brown, dotted with darker anteriorly, with lighter posteriorly and
on the dorsal and anal fins ; four white veriical lines on the side of
the head ; body with ciirved white transverse lines, alternately
broader and narrower, those on the tail vertical and straight ; caudal
with one or two white transverse lines. {Cuv.)
Sea of Madagascar.
54 SQXTA.AIIPINNES.
32
. Holacanthus
chrysurus,
Cuv.
•^^
Val.
vii,
, p.
188.
19
A.
3
19"
Dorsal tin slightly jwinted. Brown : a bluish line from the neck
round the eye towards the mouth, emitting three other lines to the
margin of the interoperculum ; a vertical Une on the operculum, ex-
tending before the pectoral to the base of the ventral ; a third on the
chest ; body with six whitish curved lines, alternately broader and
narrower, extending over the dorsal and anal ; there are several
other indistinct lines in the intcrspaqes between those described ;
caudal yellow, with a fine black marginal line. (Cuv.)
Hah. ?
33. Holacanthus caBmleus.
Holacanthus ca^mleus, (Ehrenbg.) Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 194.
D. i^. A.^.
15 15
Blue, with curved white transverse lines, alternately broader and
narrower; caudal yellow ; dorsal and anal fins rounded. {Cuv.)
Eed Sea.
C. Body without bands
34. Holacanthus mesoleucus.
Renard, i. 22, 121 ; Valent. iii. p. 361. f. 48.
Ohsetodon mesoleucus, Bl. tab. 216. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 227.
mesomelas, Gm. i. p. 1263.
Holacanthus mesoleucus, Lacep. iv. pp. 528, 537; Cuv. 4" ^(^l- vii.
p. 170 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Cliatod. p. 26.
Chaetodon atratus, Groiwv. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 72.
D.l^. A. -i.
17 17
Scales small. The praeopercular spine not grooved, reaching to the
vertical from the posterior margin of the operculum ; dorsal and anal
fins roimded posteriorly. Head vnih. the anterior part of the body
y'ellow, which colour passes gradually into brown ; a broad brown
ocular band from the neck, across the chest ; the brown part of the
body finely reticulated with white ; caudal white.
East Indian Archipelago.
a. Fine specimen. Macassar. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : skin. From Gronov's Collection.
35. Holacanthus chrysocephaluA.
BUeker, Java, ii. p. 428.
Scales small. The praeopercular spine is about as long as the eye,
5, I'OMACANTUUS. 55
the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Body yellowish -red
anteriorly, and brownish-violet behind the pectoral fins ; anteriorly
■with blue longitudinal bands, posteriorly with numerous blue spots,
arranged in longitudinal series ; anal with a pair of blue longitudinal
bands ; caudal yelloM-ish-red. (BL)
Sea of Bata^ia.
36. Holacauthus melanosoma.
Bleeker, Solor, p. 78.
D. ;|. A. ^. L. lat. 100.
The prseopercular spine is about as long as the diameter of the
eye ; the dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly. Black : head
anteriorly spotted with yellow ; the dorsal and anal fins posteriorly
yeUow-edged ; caudal yellow, with a black transverse spot. i^Bl.)
Sea of Lawajong (Solor).
5. POMACANTHUS.
Pomacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 517 ; Cuv. &■ Val. vii. p. 200.
Body compressed and much elevated. Pra?operculum with a
strong sjjine at the angle. One dorsal, entirely scaly, with eight to
ten spines, the anal with three. No teeth on the palate. Scales
rather smaU. Six branchiostegals ; air-bladder present ; pyloric
appendages in increased number.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
The scales of the fishes of this genus, or rather subgenus, have a
great tendency towards irregularity of size and arrangement, as in
several species of Holacanthus. Smaller and larger scales are mixed
together, the former generally predominating in young individuals.
Cuvier has established not less than six species for a single one (!).
1. Pomacanthus paru.
Chirivita, Parra, pi. 6. f. 1 k 2.
Paru, Marcffr. p. 144.
Guaperva, Marcgr. p. 178.
Acarauna nigra, Willufflibij, pi. O. 3. f. 4.
Seha, iii. 25. 5 & 6.
Chastodon arcuatus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. pi. 33. f. 6; Bl. taf. 201. f. 2;
BL Schn. p. 218.
no. 4, Broivri, Jamaica, p. 454.
aureus, Block, taf. 193. f. 1 (not good) ; Bl. Schn. p. 217.
paru. Block, taf. 197 ; Bl. Schn. p. 217.
Pomacanthus lutescens, Lacep. iv. pp. 518, 521, 623.
aureus, Cuv. «^ Val. vii. p. 202.
paru, Cin: 4* Val. vii. p. 205.
balteatus, Ctiv. <§• Val. vii. p. 208.
cingulatus, Cttv. i^- Val. vii. p. 209. pi. 185 ; Cantcln. Anim, iimir.
OH rares Atner. du Sud, Poiss. p. 20.
o6 SQl'AWlPrNNES.
I'oniacanthus quiuquecinctus, Ciiv. S,- Vul. vii. p. 210; Casteln. I. c.
arcuatus, Cuv. ii,- Vat. vii. p. 211 ; Casfeln. I. c.
J). ^-^. A. -. Ctee. pylor. 15. Vert. 10/14.
30 24 ^■'
Scales rather irregularly arranged ; praeopercular spine rather
short and flat. The anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal much
produced. Immatiu-e specimens with some yellowish vertical bands ;
adult ones with small white crescent-shaped spots, sometimes irre-
gularly spotted with black.
A. Adult s])eciinens. — Ground-colour dark ; body with many small
white or yellow crescents ; base of the pectoral yellow : Chcetodon
j)aru, Bloch ; PomacantJius paru, Cuv.
a, h. Twenty-one inches long : stuffed. West Indies.
c. Stuffed. West Indies.
d. Skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Purnell's Collection.
Variety. — Ground-colour yellowish; body with many irregular
brown or black spots : Clicetodon aureus, Bloch ; Pomacanthui aureus,
Vnv.
e. Eiglitecn inches long : stuflcd. West Indies.
/. StTiffed. America.
;■>
/>. Adult: skin. Holdfast Bay. Voyage of H.M. 8. Fly.
r, d. Adult : skins. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
r. Fine male specimen. Raoul Island. Presented by the Lords of
the Admiralty.
Description. — Tlie fish, upon which I have founded this new genus,
has some affinity to several others of diffei'ent families. It might be
referred to the family of the Percida'., if it had not the soft portions
of the dorsal and anal entirely covered with scales. In consequence
of the presence of teeth on the palate, and of the sti-ucture of the
air-bladder, we are obliged to remove it from the Pristijiomutidce,
although it bears a strong resemblance to Therapon. For the present,
the fish appears to be nearest allied to Scotpis, from which, however,
it ditt'ers gencrically by the shape of the spinous dorsal.
The general form of the body is that of a species of Therajion ; it
is compressed, oblong, its greatest height below the fifth dorsal si)ine
being one-third of the total length. The upper profile descends
obliquely do^vn wards to the end of the snout, in a vei'y slightly curved
line. The length of the head is 4^ in the total ; the extent of the
snout is less than the diameter of the eye or the space between the
orbits, which is slightly convex. The cleft of the mouth is small,
the upper maxillary reaching to the anterior margin of the orbit.
The pricorbital is nearly as wide as high, with the lower margin
rounded and veiy slightly serrated. No pores are Aisible at or be-
tween the pieces of the mandibula. The eye is of moderate size.
The prseoperculum is rather deeply serrated round its margins, the
denticulations being longest at the angle, Aviiich is a right one. The
operculum is not armed. All the head is covered with veiy small
scales.
The dorsal fin begins in a vertical drawn from between the bases
of the pectoral and ventral fins, and terminates at a distance from
the caudal, which equals that between the eye and the posterior
margin of the operculum. The upper margin of the fin has no notch
between the two portions, and its profile descends gradually from the
fifth spine to the extremity of the fin. The spines are of moderate
strength, broader on one side : the first is the shortest, about half
the diameter of the eye ; the following increase in length to the fifth,
which is the tallest, one-half the length of the head ; the last_ is
rather longer than one-half the fifth. The anterior rays do not
exceed in length the last spine, and the whole soft portion is covered
with minute scales. The caudal is scaly at the base only, forked,
each lobe being 4| in the total length. The a7ial fin begins in a
vertical from the last dorsal spine, and terminates a little behind the
dorsal ; the three spines are as strong as the dorsal ones : the first
equals in length the second of the dorsal ; the second is the tallest,
2| in the length of the head; the third is intermediate between
the first and second. The soft portion is very much like the corre-
sponding part of the dorsal fin. The pectorals are scaly at the
base, pointed, one-sixth of the total length, and do not reach to the
vertical from the vent. The ventrals are inserted behind the pec-
VOL. II. I'
(j6 SaUAMIPINITES.
torals and reach to the vent ; their spine is not quite one-half the
lenj^th of the head.
The scales arc small, ctenoid.
The teeth of the jaws form a \alliform band, with an outer series
of stronger ones, which are very slightly flattened. There is a small
patch of teeth on the head of the vomer.
The ground-colour is now a grcj-ish-yellow, and appears to have
been red in Life. The back and the sides are banded with bro^^^l :
an indistinct, very narrow Line along the base of the dorsal. The
first lateral band proceeds from the occiput, where it is iinited with its
fellow, to, and along, the base of the soft dorsal ; the second from the
forehead, where it joins that of the other side, to the end of the dorsal
and the back of the tail ; the third from above the eye to the middle
of the root of the caudal ; the fourth (paler than the others) from
the eye to the lower side of the root of the caudal ; the fifth (the
least distinct) from below the eye, above the pectoral, to the end
of the anal. There is sometimes a sixth near the belly. The spi-
nous dorsal is blackish ; the caudal, pectoral, and ventral fins are
greyish.
inches, lines.
Total length 5 11
Height of the body 2 0
Length of the head 1 4
of the fifth dorsal spine 0 84
of the eleventh dorsal spine .... 0 T)
— — — of the caudal 1 li
of the second anal spine 0 04
of the pectoral 1 0
of the ventral spine 0 7
of the largest specimen 8 0
The stomach is very spacious, with thin membranes ; the intestinal
tractus is 1 1 as long as the fish ; the testicles are separated from
each other. The air-bladder is large, prolonged into two horns pos-
teriorly, extending on both sides of the haemal spines, and into two
short processes anteriorly. Pseudobranchise well developed. Four
gills, with a foramen behind the posterior.
Feeds on sea-weed and animal su\)stances.
Third Group. TOXOTINA.
12. TOXOTES.
Toxotes, Ouv. R^gne Anim. ; Cur. ^ Vol. vii. p. 310.
Body compressed, oblong ; snout rather produced, with the lower
jaw longest ; eye of moderate size. One dorsal with five spines, situ-
ated on the posterior part of the back ; the soft portion and the anal
scaly, the latter with three spines. ViUiform teeth in the jaws, on
12. TOXOTES. (57
the vomer and the palatine bones. Scales of moderate size, cycloid.
Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder simple ; pyloric appendages in
moderate number.
East Indian Seas ; Polynesia.
1. Toxotes jaculator.
Scisena jaculatrix, roll. Spicil. viii. p. 41, and Phil. Treats, vol. hi.
1760, p. 186, tab. viii. f. 0 (scales too small).
Scarus schlosseri, L. Gm. p. 1282; Lacep. iv. pp. 5, 17; SJtair, Zool.
iv. p. 398.
Labrus jaculatrix, Lacop. iii. pp. 425, 464; Shaio. Zool. iv. p. 485.
pi. 68.
Cojus chatareus, Buck. Hain. pp. 201, 370. pi. 14. f. 34.
Toxotes jacidator, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 314. pi. 192 ; Cant. Cntiil. p. 176 ;
Agass. Poiss. Foss. iv. p. 262. pi. 11 ; Cuv. Rcf/ne Aiiim. III. Pom.
pi. 44. f. 3; Sleeker, Vcrh. Batac. Gcnootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 31.
D. -i-. A. r-^. L. lat. 28. L. transv. ?^. Cajc. pvlor. 7-9.
11—13 15—1/ /~" *'
Vert. 10/14.
The length of the snout equals tlie width of the space between
the eyes. Greenish, with broad darker bands or spots across the back.
East Indian Seas ; Polynesia.
a. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta, Purchased of Mr. \^'arwick,
h. Adult : skeleton, AmbojTia. Purchased of Mr, Frank.
c. Half-grown, Molucca Sea, Purchased of Mr, Frank,
d, e. Half-grown and young. North Australian Expedition. Pre-
sented by Dr. J, B,, Elsey,
/, Half-grown, India,
g. Adult, Old Collection.
)i. AdiUt: stuffed.
Skeleton.— The conformation of the skull and of the whole skeleton
i.s so totaUj' different from that of Chcetodon, that we should be
fully justified in separating Toxotes from this family ; and it might
perhaps be much better to place it as a separate groiip or family,
near the Apogonina. The maxillary bone is very slender, and shows
no dilatation at the posterior extremity : the descending branch of
the intermaxillary is similar in form to the maxiUary, but the uppei*
portion of the bone is much dilated, and has short posterior pro-
cesses. The mandibula is thin and transparent, highest posteriorly,
and gradually tapering anteriorly ; there is no free space between
the dentary and articular bones. The head of the vomer is snbovate,
broader than long, riud entirely covered with minute teeth ; the pa-
latine and pterygoid bones have similar teeth, those of the formci
forming a narrow cuneiform band, of the latter an exceedingly large,
elliptical patch ; the glossohyal is well developed, broad, ovate, and
toothed like the pterygoid. The prseoperculiun has neither a distinct
interior ridge nor a muciferous channel ; its limbs meet at a right
angle ; the lower is serrated, and nearly one-half the length of the
posterior. Tlie operculum is crescent-shaped, ^vith the upper p^iit
f2
(58 SQUAMTPINNES.
tnmcatcd ; it is t^wice us high as wide, and has no scrratnrc or ridgo
■wliatcver. The siibopercuhim is sword-shaped ; the interopercuhim
has the lower margin convex. The pra^orbital, Uke the other infra-
orbitals, is very narrow ; it is broadest superiurly, and its anterior
margin is serrated. The turbinal bones are small, scale-like bones,
Avhieh are in immediate contact with each other. There is another
pair of bones, larger than the tiirbinals, difficnlt to be referred to any
one of the typical ])ones of the skull of fishes ; they are situated in
front of the orbital portion of the principal frontals above the nasal
opening, and sepai-ated from each other by the anterior portion of
the frontals ; they may be considered as a second pair of turbinals,
or as supranasals. The prefrontals form the anterior portion of the
orbit, and do not extend on to the upper surface of the skull.
The upper surface of the skull is broad, smooth, and rather flat,
the crown being more depressed than the space between the oi'bits ;
the sutures are very indistinct. The occipital crest is feeble, and
is scarcely prominent on the iippcr siu'face of the skull : there are
two other crests on each side of the crown, with a groove between ;
the exterior is the strong(T, and pro\'ided with a muciferous channel ;
the interior is feeble, and the suprascapida is fixed to it. The hu-
meral is slender and styliform. The coracoid and the radius are thin,
and not entirely ossified, and fonn together a broad cavity for the
muscles of the pectoral fin ; their junction with the opposite bones
is imusually broad and firm. The pubic bones are very narrow and
of moderate length ; each is composed of three lamellie, the upper
and lower of which are merely indicated.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the Ic^ngth
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : ] -1. The first vertebra is slightly compressed in its lon-
gitudinal diameter. The neural, hajmal, &c. spines are rather feeble.
There are five or six spurious interneurals, all being much inclined
back'vards, and the two anterior (jf which are dilated into transparent
lamella) ; the interneurals of the dorsal spines are, of course, the
.strongest. The first interha^mal is of moderate strength and length,
and it inclines backwards with the upper extremity. The ribs are
of moderate strength, and soiuc of the anterior ones are provided
with epipleural spines.
2. Toxotes microlepis.
D. 3^. A.f^. L. lat. 42. L. transv. (5/14.
The length of the snout is less than the width of the space between
the orbits. Four black blotches along the -ipper part of the side.
Siam.
(i-c. Fine specimens. Siam. Fi-om IMr. Mouhot's Collection.
Dcficriptlon. — Great as is the similarity between this and the other
species, the new one may readily 1)e distinguished by the much
smaller scales and the shortness of the snout. Tn the genoriil habit
12. TOXOTES. (J!)
and in all the generic characters, the j^rcsent species completely
agrees with T. jaculator ; the snout, however, is much shorter, its
length being scarcely more than the diameter of the eye, and con-
siderably less than the width between the orbits. Tlie diameter of
the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head. The length of the
base of the anal equals exactly that of the dorsal. One of the largest
scales covers two-thirds of the eye.
The colour may prove to be subject to as ranch variation as in the
other species. The specimens described are yellowish, "wdth greenish
back and yellowish caiidal. There is a series of four black blotches
on each side : the anterior is the smallest, and situated on the upper
extremity of the pra;oiDerculum ; the third is the largest, and placed
opposite the dorsal spines ; a narrow blackish band round the base
of the caudal ; a round black spot on the posterior angle of the dorsal ;
the anal and the ventrals are black.
inches, lines.
Total length 6 0
Height of the body 2 6
Length of the head 1 8
Width between the eyes 0 7
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the snout 0 5|
of the fourth dorsal spine 1 0
of the base of the dorsal 1 10
of the base of the anal 1 10
of the third anal spine 0 9i
of the pectoral 1 2
of the ventral 0 9
of a large scale 0 4
Height of a large scale 0 3^-
ciRRniTiDj;.
Earn. 9. CIRRHITIDtE.
I'ei'coidei, pt., et Sciienoidei, pt., Cun'er, Miiller.
PercidiB, pt., et SciaenidiC, pt., Owen.
Cin'liitid.'e, Grai/, Sjjn. Brit. Mii.s.
Tlierapoiiidrc, pt., et PohtieiuidtTJ, pt., JHchtirdson, Ichthyol.
Cirrhitoidei, Blcch. Act, Soc. Scient. Imlo-Kcdcrl. ii. Amboinay p. 39,
Body compressed and ohlong, covered ^\"ith cycloid scales ; lateral
line continuous. Mouth in front of the snout, with lateral cleft.
Eye lateral, of moderate size. Checks not cuirasscd. Generally six,
sometimes five, in one genus three branchiostegals. Dentition more
or less complete, composed of small pointed teeth, sometimes with
the addition of canines. One dorsal fin, formed by a spinous and soft
portion of nearly eq ual development. Anal with three spines, generally
less developed than the soft dorsal*. The lotver rays of the pectoral
fins simple and generally .^tout ; ventrals thoracic, but remote from
the root of the jiectorals, "ndth one spine and five rays. [Air-bladder
either absent or with many appendages, in the species examined.]
Carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas of the tropical regions and
the southern tc'mpcratc parts of the Pacific.
This family might be divided into two smaller groups, the type of
the one of which would be Cirrhites, of the other Cliilodadylvs, if it
were not for Chironemus, which connects them so closely together,
that it would be difiicult to decide to which of the two groups it
ought to he referred.
Syno2)sis of the Genera.
A. Anal fin not elongate.
1. Vomerine teeth.
No palatine teeth; dorsal spines 10; intermax-
illary not denticulated 1. CinniiiTKS.
Palatine teeth ; dorsal spines 10 2. CmnHixiCHXHYS.
No palatine teeth; dorsal spines 10; intermax-
illary denticiUated 3. OxvciRiniiTKS.
Dorsal spines 15 4. CHinoNEMUS.
2. No vonwruie teeth.
Six (five) branchiostegals; villiform bands of
teeth in both the jaws o. Chllodactylus.
Lower jaw without teeth 0. Mknuosoma.
Three branchiostegals ; a single series of teeth in
both the jaws 7. Nemadactylus.
B. Anal fin elo)tgate.
The spinous portion of the dorsal fin with
17 spines ^^- Latris.
** CfV. the c'cnus LntriK.
1. CIREHITES. 71
1. CIRRHITES.
Cirrhites, {Commers., Lacep.) Cuv. Reffne Anmi.; Cut ^- / ul. Hi, p. 66.
The five to seven lower pectoral rays are simple ; dorsal with ten
spines. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, with the addition of
canines ; teeth on the vomer ; none on the palatine bones. Six
branehiostegals. Praeoperculum denticulated ; operciilum without
spines. Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Air-bladder none ; py-
loric appendages in small nimiber.
From the eastern coasts of Africa to Polynesia.
1. Cirrhites forsteri.
Seba, iii. 27. 12 ; Jienard, i. 9. 61.
Perca tasniata, Forster.
Grammistes forsteri, Bl. Schn. p. 191.
Sparus pantherinus, Lacep. iv. p. 160. pi. 6. f. 1.
Cirrhites pantherinus, Cuv. 8f Vol. iii. p. 70; Less. Voy. Coq. Puiss.
p. 225. pi. 22. f. 1; Bleeker, Banda, i. p. 232.
Serranus tankervillae, Benn. Fishes of Ceylon, pi. 27.
D. 1^. A. f . L. lat. 50. L. transv. 5/12. Csec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 10/16.
Seven simple pectoral rays ; the pectoral does not reach so far
backwards as the ventral. Head and breast with deep- black points ;
a broad yellow band from above the pectoral to the lower half of
the caudal fin ; a broad black band above it from the middle of the
body to the uppe'^ half of the caudal.
From the eastern coasts of Africa to the Pacific ; Cape Seas.
a. Adult. Mauritius. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Adult : stuflfed. Mauritius.
c. Adult: stuffed: not good state. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir
A. Smith.
d, e. Adult and haK-grown. India. Old Collection, as Perca
crUentata.
f. Adult : skeleton. India. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
y. Adult : skeleton. India. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
Sheleton. — The skull is compressed, all the bones being well
ossified, and very solid. The intermaxillary is much shorter than
the maxillary, and has the posterior processes of moderate length.
The maxillary is slightly bent sword-shaped, broadest at the ex-
tremity. The mandibulary has some small pores along the lower
side. The head of the vomer is thick,- swollen, and armed with
teeth on the anterior margin only. The praeoperculum is crescent-
shaped, without angle, and with the posterior part of the margin
minutely serrated; the interior ridge is very low. The outlines
of the operculiun are very irregular : the posterior margin is
notched, but there are no spines ; the inferior margin is waved.
The interoperculum is bent, with the side joining the siiboperculum
( iKiiUirnM;.
I'luargiiiatL'. 'J'ho .subopci't-uhnn i.s elongated, willi the posterior
extremity produced beyond the operculuin. 'i'lie prajorbital broad,
rhomboid. Th'- space between the orbits is rather narrow and flat.
The occipital crest well developed, triangular ; the lateral crests are
scarcely visible. The bones of the humeral arch are rather strong,
and both the coracoid 1)ones arc joined together by a long horizontal
suture. The lower exti-emity of the radius is provided with several
peculiar processes. The pubic bones are rather elongate and narrow ;
each of ihein is formed by three lamellae of nearly equal development.
Thei-e are ten abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrce, the lengtli
of the former j)ortion of the vertebral column being to that of the
laudal as 1 : I --j. The neural and htcmal spines are of moderate
length and strengtJi ; each of the interneuruls is dilated. The lirst
interhcnmal'is very strong, and evidently formed by two; it has two
ridges ^n each side, and a low one anteriorly.
2. CiiThites punctatus.
C/ir. c^ J'(i/. iii. p. 70.
D. I". A. ^. L. hit. 42. ].. transv. 5/1(7.
110 '
Head and trunk marbled ^ith brown, and with scattered black
points. Seven simple pectoral rays. The p( ctoral reaches to the
origin of the anal fin .
Indian Ocean ?
<(. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria.
3. Cirrhites arcatus.
Vufeid. iii. p. 497. fio-. 470; liniard, i. 18. 102.
Cirrhites arcatus, (Parki/is.) Cnr. ^ Vul. iii. p. 74; liicliards. lor/.
Sanifir. Fishes, p. 20. pi. o. f. ;i-5 ; Lens. 1 'oi/. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 227 ;
Cur. lii'f/iie Aniin. III. Puisn. pi. 10. f. 2; Bhrk. Avf. Sor. Nvderl. i.
Maiiadd cti MacaHsar, p. 41.
Cirrhites vittatus, ( Valcnc.) (.'iir. JRr//tie .iiiim. III. I'om. p. 31).
D. -■ A. ^. L. Lit. 50. L. Irunsv. -5-. Ciec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 10/1 fl
Seven simple pectoral rays ; the firsl dorsal ray elongate. \ white
band above the lateral line from the middle of the body to the I'ppei-
half of the caudal ; a whitish semicircular line behind the orbit,
f'dged with brown.
From the Mauritius to the Pacific.
'/. Adult. Mauritius. From the liaslar Collection.
'». Adult: skeleton. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
Skeleton. — The skeleton is very similar to that of C. for.tfn-i;
It diffos, however, by the occipital ocst, which, instead of being
triangular, is semilunate. The first iiiterhspmal has a longitudinal
frino\e anteriorlv
2. uiRuniTicnrnYs. 73
4. Cirrhites amblycephalus.
Bleeker, Sangi, p. 378.
D. 1^. A. |. L. lat. 48.
Soven simple pectoral rays ; the first dorsal ray elongate. Orange-
coloured, with about sixteen brownish longitudinal streaks ; a brown
spot behind the eye, edged with yellow. {Bl.)
Sea of Sangi.
5. Cirrhites aprinus.
Cue. 8f Val. iii. p. 70.
T) •" A -
n.-. A. g.
Six simple pectoral rays ; dorsal very distinctly notched. Eed,
with six blackish vertical bands, extendiiig on the dorsal ; dorsal fin
dotted with black. (Cuu.)
Sea of Timor.
6. Cirrhites fasciatus.
Cur. Sf Val. iii. p. 76. pi. 47 (not Bennett).
D.|^. A.f.
12 0
Five simple pectoral rays ; dorsal deeply notched. Greyish, with
blackish cross-bars ; head, back, and dorsal with small white soots.
{Cuv.)
Coast of Pondicherry.
7. CirrMtes cinctus.
CiiThites fasciatus, Beiin. Zool. 'Joiirn. 1829, p. 39 (not Cuv.).
D. i5. A. -|. L. lat. 49. L. transv. 5/12.
Six simple pectoral rays, the longest of which reaches nearly to
the anal. Brownish-olive, witti five brown cross-bars ; the first
across the operculum, where it forms a dark-coloured spot ; the last
nearly black, behind the dorsal fin ; head and anterior part of the
body minutely dotted -with whitish.
Coasts of Madagascar, He de France, and Sandwich Islands.
a. Adult. Sandwich Islands. Presented by the Zoological Society.
— Type of Mr. Bvjnnett's description.
h. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
c. Adult : stuifed. He de France.
d. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
2. CIRRHITICHTHYS.
Cirrhiticlithys, Bia k. Act. Soc. Scient. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboiiia, p. 39.
The five or six lower pectoral rays are simple. D. jj:^. A. —
Villiform teeth in both the jaws, with the addition of canines ; teeth
CIERHITID.E.
on the vomer und the palatine bones. Six branchiostegals. Praeopcr-
ciilum dentic-ulated ; operculum spiniferous. Scales cycloid, of mode-
rate size. Air-]jladder none ; pyloric appendages in small number.
East Indian Seas.
1. Cirrhitichthys oxyrhynchus.
Uleckcr, Goram, p. 205.
D. -. A. 4. L. lat. 40.
12 0
The length of the head is 3f in the total ; the snout pointed, the
distance between the end of "the snout and the extremity of the
maxillary bone being more than the diameter of the eye. The fifth
and sixth dorsal spines longest, half the height of the body. Five
simple pectoral rays, the longest of which reach to the anal ; tlie
second anal spine strong, and much Icmg-er than the longest of the
dorsal. Rose-coloured : the head \\-ith three bands ; the body Avith
nine or ten rather irregular cross-bands ; a round deep-brown sjwt
below the middle of the soft dorsal fin, extending on the membrane
of the fin ; the spinous dorsal and the anal brown-spotted. {Bl.)
Sea of Goram.
2. Cirrhitichthys graphidoptenis.
Cirrhites graphidopterus, Bleuk. Ambuina, iii. p. 106.
D. 'A A. 4. L. lat. 38-42.
12 o
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total; praeorbital
denticulated posteriorly. Dorsal spines strong; the sixth is the
longest, half the height of the body ; the fii'st dorsal niy produced
into a filament. Six simple pectoral rays, the longest of whieh
reaches nearly to the anal fin. Rose-coloured: head with some
bands ; body with irregular cross-bands, alternating with large spots ;
the soft dorsal with round black spots.
Sea of Amboyna.
a, h. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
3. Cirrhitichthys maculatus.
CiiThites maculatus, Lacep. v. p. •"> ; Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 69.
Labrus marmoratus, Laccp. iii. p. 492. pi. 5. f. 3.
Cirrhites maculosus, Bennett, Zoo/. Journ. 1829, p. 38.
D. j^. A. |-. I^. lat. 40-42. L. transv. 4/9. Vert. lO/lG.
Seven simple pectoral rays. The pectoral does not reach to the
vent. Body and vertical fins spotted with brown ; a series of darker
spots along and behind the base of the dorsal fin. Palatine bones
with a very small patch of teeth anteriorly.
From the Red Sea and the Sea of the lie de France to the Pacific.
a. Adidt. Polynesia.
h. Adult. India. Old Collection, as l\rcn i/ohioidcs.
3. OXYCIRRniTKS. 75
r. Adult: skeleton. India. Old CoWeciion, as Pevcn gobiokles.
d. Hiill'-grown. Sandwich Inlands. Presented by the Zoological
Soeietj\
e. Adult: stuffed, lied Sea.
/". Adult : stuffed. He de France.
//. Adult: stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
as Cirrliitcf! ar)iuUaf^s.
Sl-eJctoii. — The skeleton of this species is very similar to that
of Cirrhitcs forsteri ; it differs only by a much lower occipital
crest, and bj* the posterior extremity of the frontal bones being
more convex.
4. Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus.
Cirrhites oxycephalus, Blechcr, ^imhoina, vi. p. 408.
D.l^. A.|. L.lat.40.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total ; the snout is a
little shorter than the eye. Praeorlntal without any denticulations.
The fourth and fifth dorsal spines are longest, and 1^ or 1| in the
height of the body ; the first dorsal ray produced into a filament.
Six simple pectoral rays, the longest of which reaches to the anal ;
the second anal spine strong, and longer than the longest of the
dorsal. Ilose-eoloured : body with five oblique cross-bands, and
with spots between the bands ; head with two transverse bands. {Bl.)
Sea of Ambojnia.
a. Young.
5. Cirrhitichthys aureus.
Cirrhites aureus, Tevuit. ^- Schler/. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 15. pi. 7. f. 2.
D. 1^. A. 1. L. hit. 43. L. transv. o/lO.
12 0
Six simple pectoral rays, the longest of which reach beyond the
origin of the anal ; the first dorsal ray elongate. Uniform orange-
coloured.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by J. K. Hecves, Esq.
3. OXYCIRRHITES.
OxyciiThites, BlceJc. Act. Soc. Scie/if. Indo-Ncderl. ii. Amboina, p. 39,
The five lower pectoral rays are simple ; dorsal with ten spines.
ViUiform teeth in both the jaws, without canines ; teeth on the
vomer ; none on the palatine bones. The intermaxillary bones well
developed and much produced, denticulated on the descending and
ascending processes. Prseoperculura denticulated ; operculum spini-
ferous. Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Six branchiostegaLs.
Seas of Araboyna and He de France.
76 CIRRHITID^,
1 . Oxycirrhites typns.
Bleeker, I. c. p. 40.
D. If. A. |. L. lat. 55.
Five simple pectoral rays. Head with three brown longitudinal
bands ; body with eight or nine oblique transverse and four longi-
tudinal bands of the same colour.
Seas of Amboyna and He de France.
a. Adult : stuffed : not good state. He de France.
4. CHIRONEMUS.
Chironemus, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 78.
Threpterius, Riohards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 68, and Ann. 4" Maff-
Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 284.
The six or seven lower pectoral rays are simple ; dorsal with
fifteen spines. ViUiform teeth in both jaws, without canines ; teeth
on the vomer ; none on the palatines. Six branchiostegals, Prse-
operculum entire ; operculum with points. Scales cycloid, of mode-
rate size. Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in small number.
Australian Seas.
1. Chironemiis georgianus.
Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 78.
D. j|. A. y. Csec. pylor. 4.
Seven simple pectoral rays ; the base of the soft dorsal half as
long as that of the spinous. (Cuv.)
King George's Sound.
2. Chironemns manuoratus.
D. 14 1 3^. A. |. L. lat. 55.
Six simple pectoral rays. The base of the soft dorsal rather shorter
than that of the .spinous. The fifth dorsal spine longest.
Western coasts of Australia.
a. Adult: skin. Swan River. From Mr. MacgLUivray's Collection.
b. Adult : skin. Hamley Island. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
Description. — The height of the body equals the length of the head,
and is about one^fourth of the total ; the form of the body being
rather elongate, with the upper profile slightly convex. The inter-
space between the eyes appears to be concave. The .snout is mode-
rately pointed, and longer than the diameter of the eye. The upper
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. The prajorbital is triangular, witli the inferior margin very
convex ; the remainder of the infraorbital ring is narrow. The
mejnbrane of the anterior nostril is produced into a short appendage.
The diameter of the eye is about one-fourth of the length of the
4. CniRONEMTTS. 77
head. I cannot detect any scales on the cheek. The margin of the
praeopercuhim is rounded, and witliout any denticulations whatever.
The operculum terminates in two rather prominent points ; the sub-
operculum is produced into a flap, w^hich overreaches the lower oper-
cular spine. The suprascaj^ula has no sorrature.
The dorsal fin begins vertically above the opercular spine, and
terminates at a shoi't distance from the caudal. There is a deep notch
>)etween the two portions of the fin ; the length of the base of the soft
is rather shorter than that of the spinous, and both can be received
in a low scaly groove. The margin of the spinous portion is convex,
that of the soft straight and descending obliquely backwards. The
spines are rather strong : the length of the fii'st is three-fifths of the
second ; the following gradually become longer to the fifth, which is
more than one-third of the length of the head. The posterior spines
gradually decrease in length to the fourteenth, which equals the
second ; the fifteenth, belonging to the soft portion, is, again, some-
what longer. The anterior portion of the soft dorsal is highest, the
first two rays being a little longer than the fifth spine. The caudal
is truncated, and about one-seventh of the total length. The anal is
veiy short and elevated : the first spine corresponds to the fifth dorsal
ray, and is one-half the length of the second spine; the second is rather
stronger, but not longer than the third, and one-third of the length
of the head. The first and second rays are much longer than any of
the dorsal fin, and 1^ in the length of the head ; the following rays
diminish in length. The pectoral is rounded, and composed of nine
branched rays and six simple ones ; the latter project considerably
beyond the margin of the fin, and the membrane between them is
veiy deeply notched. The ventral is inserted much more backwards,
and its base corresponds to the eighth dorsal spine ; the spine is
about two-thirds the length of the adjacent ray ; the entire length
of the fin is about one-seventh of the total.
The scales are cycloid, of moderate size, and rather irregularlj'
arranged. The lateral line is inconspicuous, and runs in a nearly
straight line.
The teeth in the jaws form broad villiform bands ; the vomerine
band is much narrower, and bent at an obtuse angle. The pharyn-
geal teeth are obtuse, cardiform, and form large rounded patches.
The head and bodj^ are now yellowish, largely marbled with dark
brown ; the spinous dorsal is blackish ; all the other fins are spotted
with brown.
inches, lines.
Total length 8 4
Height of the body 2 1
Length of the head 2 1
Diameter of the eye 0 6
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 0 9
— of the second anal spine 0 8
of the second anal ray 1 3
of the upper simple pectoral ray . . 1 11
of the adjacent branched ray .... 1 7
7o cnmTirnn.i-:.
3. CMronemus maculosus.
Threpterius maculosus, Iticlianls. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 70. pi. 2.
f. 1, 2, and Ann. ii,- May. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 285.
D. ii. A.|-. L. lat. 52.
The length of the base of the soft dorsal is two-thirds of that of thc^
spinous. Seven simple pectoral rays. Prtcorbital narrow. Mem-
brane between the dorsal spines dee^ily notched, and produced into
a small free lobe behind each spine. Pale brown : head, body, the
soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins spotted with blackish.
King George's Sound.
5. CHILODACTYLUS.
Cheilodactylus, {Lacejt.) Cuv. Hegne Aniin. ; Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. .3.j(3.
One dorsal fin, with sixteen to nineteen spines ; the anal fin of
moderate length ; the caudal forked ; one of the simple pectoral rays
more or less exceeding the fin in length. Teeth in villiforni bands ;
no canines ; no teeth on the palatine bones or vomer. Prseorbital
and prseoperculum entire. Scales of moderate size, cycloid. Cheeks
scaly. Six (five) branchiostegals. Air-bladder ■with many lobes (at
least in some of the species) ; pyloric appendages in small number.
Tropical parts of the Pacific ; Chinese Seas ; Cape of Good Hope.
1. Chilodactylus carponemus
Sparus carponemu.?, Parkinson.
Chilodact;yius carponemus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 302. pi. 128 ; Richards.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. Gl, and Ami. ^- 3Ia(/. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii.
p. 277.
B. G. D. i^. A. :^. C«c. pylor. 2.
Seven rays of the pectoral fin simple, the longest reaching nearly
to the end of the anal, and one-third of the total length. Dorsal
scarcely notched. Coloration uniform ; the caudal with blackish
tips.
Coasts of New Zealand and South Australia.
2. Chilodactylus macropterus.
Scifena macroptera, Forst.
Cichla macroptera, Bl. Schn. p. 342.
Cheilodactylus macropterus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 62,
and Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 278.
D. g. A. ^. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 6/17.
Six simple pectoral rays, the uppermost of which is very elongate,
and rea('hes to the fourth soft ray of the anal. Dorsal fin notched:
the seventh spine is the longest, higher than the soft dorsal, and
one-half the length of the head ; the second anal spine strong, and
5. CHTLODACTYLUS. 79
longer than the third. A blackish band from the origin of the dorsal
to the shoulder and tlie base of the pectoral.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult: not good state. Port Arthur. PrcscntedbyRir J. Franklin.
h. Adult : stufted. Australia. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
r. Half-grown : stuiFed. Port Essington. Puixhascd of J. Gould,
Esq.
3. Chilodactylus aspersus.
Cheilodactylus ekrponemiis, Ricluirds. Zool. I'rans. iii. p. 99 (not Cnv.
Sf Val. ; formula of tlie fins taken from C. Sf V.).
aspersus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. I860, p. 04, and Ann. ^ Mnq.
Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 280.
B. 6. D. g. A. ^. L. lat. 55-57. L. transv. 6/15.
Six simple pectoral rays, the uppermost of which is very elongate,
and reaches beyond the ongin of the soft anal. The spines of the
fins are strong : the fifth of the dorsal is the longest, higher than the
soft dorsal, and 2i in the length of the head. Brownish, with
scattered black specks.
Coasts of Van Diemen's Land.
a. Fifteen inches long : bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. Port
Arthur. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. — Type of the species.
b. Adult : bad state. Poit Arthur. From the Haslar Collection.
4. Chilodactylus nigricans.
JRichards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 63, and Ann. l^- Mag. Nat. Hist.
1851, vii. p. 279.
D.i5. A.i^. L.lat.ca.48.
Five simple pectoral rays, the upjiermost of which is the longest,
and projects only about one-sixth of its length beyond the membrane.
The sixth and tallest dorsal spine equals one-third of the height of
the body, and is higher than the soft rays, which rise considerably
-above the posterior spines. Uniform blackish-grey. (Rich.)
King George's Sound.
5. Chilodactylus grandis.
D. '£ A. f. L. lat. 53. L. transv. 7/13.
Six simple pectoral rays, the second of which is elongate and
reaches nearly to the vent ; the others are gradually shorter. Dorsal
tiin notched, with both portions of nearly equal height. Coloration
uniform (in dried state).
Cape Seas.
a. Large stuffed specimen. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
Description of the specimen. — The form of the body is rather elon-
gate, with the upper and lower profiles slightly convex. The greatest
80 CIERHITID^.
depth of the body is beneath the sixth dorsal spine, and is contained
4J- in the total length. The length of the head is 4| in the total ;
the interspace between the eyes is one-fifth of the length of the
head. The snout is produced, the eye being somewhat more i-emote
from the extremity of the snout than of the operculum ; the cleft
of the mouth is rather small, and the ujiper raaxillarj' does not
reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The eye
is of moderate size, one-sixth of the length of the head. The cheek,
the opercles, and the interspace between the eyes are densely covered
with small scales. The proeoperculum has the posterior margin ver-
tical and the angle rounded ; the subopcrculum overreaches the oper-
culum posteriorly.
The dorsal fin begins vertically above the suprascapula and ends
at a short distance from the caudal, in the vej-lical from the 44th scale
of the lateral line. The length of the base of the spinous ])ortion is
rather shorter than that of the soft ; the upper margin of the foi-mer
is slightly convex, that of the latter straight and somewhat oblique.
The spines are moderately strong . the first is one-half the Jcngtli of
the second ; the following gradually become longer to the fifth, "whicli
is one-third of the length of the head ; and the posterior ones decrease
in length to tlie last, which is about half as long as the first rays ;
these are the longest, and equal to the fifth dorsal spine. There is a
low scaly sheath along all the length of the fin. The caudal is deeply
forked, one of the middle I'ays being one -third only of the upper lobe ;
both lobes are pointed. The a^ial fin is short, and begins in the ver-
tical from the sixth dorsal ray : the first spine is one-third the length
of the second ; the second is moderately stout, and shorter than the
third ; the third is one-thiixl of the first and second rays, Avhich are
the longest, and one-half the length of the head ; the other rays
diminish in length. The pectoral is composed of eight branched rays
and six simple ones, the sc-^ond of which is the longest, and much
exceeding the others in length. I cannot state the exact length of
this ray, as it is dried and shrunk, but I suppose that it reaches
nearly to the vent. The next ray also is very elongate, one-fourih of
its entire length projecting beyond the membrane ; the other rays
are gradually shorter. The base of the ventrals is very remote from
that of the pectoral, and falls in the vertical from the tenth dorsal
spine ; the length of the fin is about one-ninth of the total, and the
spine is two-thirds of the length of the fin.
The scales are of moderate size, cycloid.
The teeth form villi form bands in both jaws.
inches, hncs.
Total length 27 0
Height of the body 6 6
Length- of the head 6 1
Diameter of the eye 1 0
Distance between the eyes 1 3
Length of the fifth dorsal spine 2 0
of the second anal ray 3 3
of the ventral 2 0
5. CHILODACTYLtJS. 81
6. Chilodactylus brachydactylus.
Cuv. 4" Val. V. p. 361.
D. -^. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 6/13.
The simp] 3 rays of the pectoral short, one-fifth longer than the
branched ones. The spinous doi-sal low ; the sixth spine, which is
the longest, 3^ in the length of the head. Uniform brown.
Cape of Good Hope.
a. Adult : not good state. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased of Mr.
Frank as Ch. gronovii.
b. Adult : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased of Sir A. Smith.
c. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
7. Chilodactylus monodactylus.
Chaetodon monodactylus, Carmich. Trans. Linn. Soc, xii. p. 300. pi. 21.
Chilodactylus carmichaelis, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 360, ix. p. 489 ; Gai/y
Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 197; Cuv. RegneAnim. III. Poiss. pi. 31. f. 2.
B. 6. D. i^. A. ^. L. lat. 45.
24 12
The six lower pectoral rays simple, the longest reaching to the
second anal spine. The second anal spine very strong. Body with
some indistinct vertical bands ; a blackish blotch on the shoulder and
below the eye.
Coasts of Chile.
8. Chilodactylus fasciatus.
Cynaedus, Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 64. no. 221. pi. 10. f. 1.
CheUodactylus fasciatus, Zacep. v. p. 6. pi. 1. f. 1; Cuv. <§• Val. v. p. 367.
Trichopterus indicus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 162.
B. 5. D. g. A. If. L. lat. 75. Vert. 14/20.
Five rays of the pectoral simple, the length of the longest being
one-fouilh of the total. Dorsal fin scarcely notched ; the spinous
portion little elevated and nearly even. Brown (in a dried state),
with six or seven vertical bands ; on each caudal lobe five transverse
bands.
Cape of Good Hope.
a. Adult : stuffed : not good state.
6. Adixlt : stuffed : not good state. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
c. Adult: skin. From Gronov's Collection.
9. Chilodactylus variegatus.
Cheilodactylus variegatus, Cuv, 8f Val. ix. p. 494 ; Gay, Hist. Chil.
Zool. ii. p. 199.
tschudii, MUU. ^ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 25.
cinctus, Tschudi, Faun, Per. Ichthyol. p. 15. taf. 2.
B. 6. D.
16 A 3
Six or seven simple pectoral rays, none of which are elongate.
VOL. II. o
82 CIERHITID.'E.
Dorsal fin low. The upper sido of the hcud and the anterior part of
the back black, the remainder lighter. 8ix blackish cross-bars from
the base of the dorsal to, the sides.
Coasts of Chile and Peru.
10. Chilodactylus antonii.
Viw. ^- Val. ix. p. 494 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool ii. p. 201, Atl. Ictiol
lam. 5 bis, f. 2.
Five simple pectoral rays, the longest of which exceeds the pec-
toral by one-sixth of its length ; the seventh dorsal spine is about the
longest. Body with four or five greenish cross-bands ; cheek dotted
with blackish.
Coast of Chile.
11. Chilodactylus nigripes.
Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 66, and Ann. Si- Mao. Nat. Hist.
1851, vii. p. 281.
D.i?. A.i. L.lat.61.
Five simple pectoral rays, the second of which is th°i longest, and
falls short of the vent, while about one-third of its length projects
beyond the membrane. Dorsal fin notched ; the fifth and longest
dorsal spine exceeds rather more than one-third of the height of the
body. An eminence above the upper angle of the orbit. Fins
black. {Rich.)
King George's Sound.
12. Chilodactylus zonatus.
Labre du Japon, Krusenst. Raise, Atl. taf. 63. f. 1.
Cheilodactylus zonatus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 365. pi. 129 ; Faun. Japon.
Poiss. p. 64. pi. 29 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 239, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850, p. 66, and Ann. (^ 3fa(/. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 282 ; Bleek.
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 83.
D. -!^. A.-. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 9/16.
31-32 8 '
The simple rays of the pectoral of moderate length, the longest
reaching to the vertical fi'om the vent. Dorsal fin deeply notched ;
the anterior part of the spinous dorsal elevated ; the fourth spine is
the longest, and three-fifths of the length of the head. Brownish,
ndth several dark-brown oblique cross-bands ; opercular mem-
brane deep black ; the soft dorsal with a blackish longitudinal band ;
caudal with round light spots edged wath brownish. In very old
specimens a pair of tubercles on the forehead and another on the
snout.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
5. CHILODACTYLUS. 83
b. Adiilt : stuifed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult : skin. China. Purchased of Mr. Wai'wick.
d. e. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
13. Chilodactylus quadricomis.
D. g. A. |. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 9/17
Six simple pectoral rays, the second of which is very elongate and
extends to the anal fin ; the fourth and fifth dorsal spines very
strong, and much higher than the soft dorsal. Four horn-like pro-
minences— one pair before the eyes and the other above the snout.
Head and body with eight broad, oblique, black cross-bars, five of
which extend on the dorsal fin.
Sea of Japan.
a. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank as Ch. zonatns,
var.
Description of the specimen. — This species is aUied to Ch. zonatus
and Ch. gibbosus, from which, however, it may be readily distin-
guished by the smaller number of dorsal rays. The height of the body
is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 41. The upper profile
descends abruptly in a strong curve between the origin of the dorsal
fin and the scalcless interspace between the orbits, the nape of the
neck being much more compressed than the upper surface of the
head. The upper profile of the head descends in a less bent curve :
the interspace between the eyes is flat and broad, its width being
4| in the length of the head. There is a horn-like process above
each upper anterior angle of the orbit. The upper extremity of the
maxillary bones also is prominent, forming a second pair of horns
above the snout, smaller than those of the frontal bones. The cleft
of the mouth is rather small, the upper maxillary not extending to
the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The snout is
scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, which is large, and 3^
in the length of the head ; it is situated high up the sides, and the
upper margin of the orbit is slightly elevated. The cheeks and the
limbs of the praeoperculum are covered with very small scales ; those
of the other opercles are rather larger. The posterior limb of the
praeoperculum is vertical, the lower horizontal ; the angle is rounded.
The dorsal fin begins immediately behind the vertical from the
suprascapula, and is continued to a small distance from the caudal.
The base of the spinous portion of the dorsal is rather longer than
that of the soft, and both can be received in a low scaly sheath.
The anterior part, from the fourth and fifth spines, is suddenly ele-
vated, and then gradually becomes lower to the last spine ; the an-
terior part of the soft dorsal, again, is elevated, and then the xipper
profile descends in a slightly oblique straight Kne. The nrst three
spines are short; the fourth and fifth are very strong, compressed, high,
and more than one-half the length of the head. The anterior and
longest dorsal rays are two-thirds of the length of the longest spine.
The caudal fin is deeply notched ; the upper lobe is the longest. The
G 2
84 CIKKHITIDJ-:.
origin of the anal corresponds to the sixth dorsal raj ; the spines aro
moderately developed : the first is less than one-half the length of the
second, the second stronger and rather shorter than the third, the third
less than one-half of the first and second rays, which are equal in
length to the longest dorsal spines; the posterior rays rapidly decrease
in length. Of the length of the 'pectoral rays, which are (kied and
shninken, an approximate statement only can be given. The second
simple ray is very elongate, and appears to reach to the origin of the
anal ; the other rays, beneath it, also project beyond the membrane,
and the inferior ones become gradually shorter. The base of the
ventral is very remote fi-om that of the pectoral, and falls below the
ninth dorsal spine ; its length is about one -seventh of the total, and
the length of the spine is three-fifths of the adjacent ray.
The scales are of moderate size, cycloid, with the free surface
finely granulated.
The ground-colour is now dirty-yellowish — probably red or rose-
coloured in life. The head and body are crossed by eight black
bands, descending backwards in an oblique direction : the first is
nearly vertical, below the eye ; the second from the nape of the neck
across the shoulder to the root of the pectoral ; the third from the
membrane between the first four dorsal spines towards the root of
the ventral, to which, however, it does not extend. The three fol-
lowing bauds terminate shortly below the lateral line : the fourth
from the upper margin of the dorsal between the sixth and tenth
spines ; the fifth from the margin between the last five spines ; the
sixth from the membrane and base between the ninth and sixteenth
dorsal rays ; the seventh from the membrane and base between the
last nine rays round the tail ; the eighth round the root of the caudal
fin. There do not appear io be any other spots on the fins.
inclies. lines.
Total length 12 0
Height of the body 3 2
Length of the head 2 10
Diameter of the eye 0 9
Distance between the eyes 0 8
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 1 6
of tlie second anal ray 1 tJ
of the ventral 1 8
14. Chilodactylus gibbosus.
Chsetodon gibbosus, Banks.
Cheilodactyhis gibbosus, Richards. Trans. Zool. Sac. iii. p. 102, and
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 65. pi. 2. f. 3, 4.
D.iZ*. A. I*. L. lat. 63.
The simple rays of the pectoral of moderate length, the longest
reaching to the vertical from the vent. Dorsal fin slightl)^ notched ;
the fourth and fifth spines elongate, the former equal to the length
* I cannot find the numbers stated by Sir J. Richardson.
6. MENDOSOMA. 7. NEMADACTYLUS. 85
of the head : iii old specimens a pair of horns on the forehead and a
pair of bony tubercles on the snout. A blackish longitudinal band
between the dorsal and the lateral line.
Coasts of West Australia.
a.- Adult : stuffed. Type of the species.
b. Adult (female ?) : stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
Immature specimens do not show either the horns or the prolonged
dorsal spines ; the body and tail are crossed by seven or eight black-
ish bands.
c, d. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
e. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
6. MENDOSOMA*.
Mendosoma, Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 212.
One dorsal fin, deeply notched, with twenty-two spines ; the anal
fin of moderate length, the caudal forked ; the simple pectoral rays
feeble, not exceeding the margin of the fin. Small teeth in the upper
jaw only ; none in the lower or on the palate. Scales of moderate
size ; cheeks scaly. Six branchiostegals.
Coast of Chile.
1. Mendosoma lineatum.
Gay, I. c. p. 213. lam. 5. f. 2.
D.22|±. A.^.
Greenish, with brown longitudinal streaks, {Gay.)
Coast of Chile.
7. NEMADACTYLUS.
Nemadactylus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 98, and Trans. Zool.
Sac. iii. p. 116.
One dorsal fin, with seventeen spines ; the anal fin of moderate
length ; the caudal forked ; one of the simple pectoral rays exceeding
the fin in length. A single series of minute teeth in the jaws ; no
other teeth. Praeorbital and pra;operculum entii-e. Scales thin,
cycloid, of moderate si^e. Cheeks naked. Three branchiostegals.
Air-bladder ? Pyloric appendages in small number.
Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land).
1. Nemadactylus concinnus.
Richards. Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. IIG. pi. 4. f. 2. ■
B. 3. D. i^. A. -V L. lat. 50, Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 34.
28 15 ^•'
Coloration uniform. The longest simple pectoral ray projecting
nearly one-fourth of its length beyond the membrane. (Rich.)
Port Arthur.
* 1. Mendosoma ciserulescens, Gai/, p. 215. — Cliile.
2. Mendosoma fernandezianus, Gat/, p. 216. — Juan Fernandez.
86 CIRKHITID^.
8. LATRIS*.
Latris, Richards. Proc. Zool. fSoc. 1839, p. 98, and Trans. Zoul. Soe.
iii. p. lOG.
Cheilodactyhis, sp., Richards. Ann. ^Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 283.
Dorsal fin deeply notched, the spinous portion with seventeen
spines ; anal fin elongate ; not one of the simple pectoral rays passes
the margin of the fin. Teeth villiform in both the jaws ; no canines,
Prseorbital entire ; prajoperculiim minutely ciliated. Scales small ;
cheeks scaly. Six branchiostegals. Pyloric appendages in small
number.
Coasts of Australia.
1. Latris hecateia.
Latris hecateia, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 98, and Trans.
Zool. Soc. iip. p. 100. tab. 6. f. 1.
Cheilodactylus hecateius, Richards. Proc. Zool Soc. 1850, p. 67.
B.6. D. 17|^. A.|. L. lat. 110. Csec. pyl. 4. Vert. 14/20.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total ; the lower nine
pectoral rays simple. Vomerine teeth. Back and sides brown, with
foiir straight whitish longitudinal bands.
Coasts of Van Diemen's Land.
a. Adult. Port Arthur. From the haslar Collection. (Type of the
species.)
b. Adult : very bad state. Port Arthur. From the Haslar Collection.
2. Latris ciliaris.
Latris ciliaris, Forster, Descript. Anim. ed. Lichtenst. p. 137 ; Richards.
Ichth. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 37. pi. 26. f. 6, 7
Anthias ciliaris, Bl. Schn. p. 310.
B. 6. D. 17 I 39. A. |. L. lat, 84.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; six simple pec-
toral rays. Vomerine teeth none.
New Zealand.
* 1. Scifcna lineata, Forster. — Cichla lineata, 5^. Schn. p. 342. — Cheilodactylus
lineatus, Richards. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 283. — New
Zealand.
riUGLID.'E.
Fam. 10. TRIGLID^*.
Catapliracti, pt., Car.liegiieAnim.; MiiUcr, BerLAbhandl. 1844, p. 201.
Sclero[,reiiida3, pt., Owen, Led. Compar. Anut. Vert. i. p. 49.
Triglidse, pt., Kaup in Wieym. Archie, 1858, p. 329.
Form of the body oblong, compressed or siibcj-lindrical ; eyes
generally lateral, the cleft of the mouth extending on the sides (jf
the muzzle ; sometimes of hideous aspect — eyes directed upwards
and the cleft of the mouth subvertital. Dentition feeble ; teeth in
villiform bands ; generally without canines. Some bones of the head
armed; suborbital rimj articulated luitli the prceopercidum. Epidermoid
productions very variable. Two separate dorsal fins, or two distinct
portions of the dorsal finf. Anal fin similarly developed as the soft
dorsal. Ventrcds thoracic, often with less than five soft rays. Five
to seven branchiostegah ; pseudobranchiaD ; air-bk^dder often absent.
Carnivorous fishes, found in all seas, — a few only entering fresh
waters. Some inhabit exclusively the fresh waters of both the
Arctic regions. All live at the bottom of the water, being bad
swimmers ; a few are able to raise themselves into the air.
After separating the Gasterosteidce from this family, as circum-
scribed by Cuvier, I di\ide them jirincipally according to the structure
of the dorsal and anal fijis J : one of the chief divisions corresponds
in many characters to the Percidce and Pristipomatidcc (Scorpcpnina),
another to the Trachinidie {Cottina). The fourth and first divisions
(Catajdiracti, Heterole^iidina) have no correspondent in the pre-
ceding families, the anatomical characters of the last being very little
knowTi.
Synopsis of the Groups.
I. Body covered with ordinary scales, or naked, sometimes with some
plate-like scales.
A. The spinous portion of the dorsal equally or more developed
than the soft and than the anal.
Anal very long a. Heterolepidina.
Anal short b. Scorpaenina.
* A genus but little known has been referred to this family — Xystophorus,
Richards. Voy. Ereb. # Terr. Fishes, p. 52. pi. 30. f. 22.
t Except in Aspidophoroides.
\ The distribution lately proposed by Prof. Kaup is foiujded on too one-
sided a principle to meet with the approval of a cooler observer. The circum-
scription of the genera suffers very much by such a method of division ; besides,
wrong characters are applied to several of the genera. Miiller has proposed
to divide this family according to the structure of the gills; but that arrange-
ment appears artificial, since I have observed that there is a fiftli slit behind the
posterior gill in some of the specimens oi Chorismodacfylns vudtiharha/ us, whilst,
it is wanting in others. Moreover, the genera P/'cro/s and Scorpcena, Vlafyccphcduf-
and Cotttis, &c., would be separated from each other.
88 TRIGLlD^Ti,
B, Tlie spinous portion of the dorsal less
developed than the soft or than the
anal c. Cottina.
II. Body completely ciiirassed by bony, keeled
plates or scales d. Cataphracti.
Synopsis of tJie Genera.
First group : Heterolepidina. Tr'ujVulce with the body covered
with ordinarj^ scales, and with many pyloric appendages. The two
portions of the dorsal fin and the anal elongate and equally developed.
Several lateral lines I . Chiru.s.
One lateral line ; scales cycloid ; prseoperculum slightly
armed 2. Ophiodojt
One lateral line ; scales small, ctenoid ; praeoperculum
not armed 3. Agrammus.
One lateral line; scales minute, with the posterior
mar^n comb-like 4. Zaniolepis.
Second group : Scorpsenina. Triglidm with the spinous portion
of the dorsal fin equally or more developed than the soft and than the
anal, which is not elongate, with the body naked or covered with
ordinary scales, and with the pyloric appendages in small number.
a. Body iviili vemf distinct scales.
Occiput without groove ; fins not elongate ; dorsal
notched, with twelve or tliirteen spines 5. Sebastbs.
I 1 3
Occiput vrith a groove. D. 11|-— . A. y 6. ScoRPiKNA.
Occiput veith a groove ; dorsal with seventeen spines ;
pectoral appendage none 7. Glyptauchek
Spines and rays of some of the fins elongate, isolated,
and the latter branched ; pectoral appendages
none 8 Pterois.
Rays of all the fins simple ; one dorsal, deeply notched. 9. PTEROiniCHTiirs.
Dorsal continuous with the caudal 10. T^nianotus.
Occiput without groove ; pra^orbital spiniferous ; dorsal
with fourteen or fifteen spines ; pectoral appendage
none 11. Centropogon.
One pectoral appendage 12. Apistus.
Lateral line interrupted ; three separate dorsal finfl ... 13. Enneapterygius.
/3. Body with rudimentary scales, or mithout lai.y.
Praeorbital with an acute spine ; a cleft behind the
fourth gill ; pectoral appendage none ; dorsal
with twelve to thirteen spines 14. Pentakoge.
TUIGLID^. 89
Prieorbital with an acute spine ; no cleft behind the
fourth gill ; pectoral appendage none ; dorsal with
12-17 spines, without any division ^ 15. Tetraroge.
Head compressed ; praeorbital not armed ; pectoral
appendage none ; dorsal without any division ... 16. AoRioPus.
Praeorbital with an acut« spine ; no cleft behind the
fourth gill; pectoral appendage none; the three
anterior dorsal spines forming a distinct division. 17. Prosopodasys.
Head compressed, with obtuse ridges ; prseorbital with-
out a prominent spine ; pectoral appendage none ;
the dorsal fin anteriorly with a distinct division... 18. Aploactis.
Head smooth, compressed ; praeorbital not armed. The
three anterior dorsal spines forming a distinct
division, the remainder of the fin being continuous. 19. Teichopleuea.
Two separate dorsals, the spinous with a distinct ante-
rior division 20. Hemitripterus.
Prseoperculum and operculum small, not covering the
gill-membrane .j », 21. Amphiprioniciitiiys.
Head monstrous. Vomerine teeth. One dorsal. Pec-
toral appendage none 22. Synancidium.
Head monstrous. No vomerine teeth. One dorsal.
Pectoral appendage none ; anal rather short ..;... ^3j- Synanceia
Pi-seorbital with a strong spine, directed dcfwn'wards;
two dorsals, the first with eight spines .....\ 24. Michopus.
One pectoral appendage 25. Minous.
Two pectoral appendages 26. Pelor.
Three pectoral appendages 27. Chorismodactylus.
Third group : Cottina. Triglida with the spinous portion of
the dorsal fin less developed than the soft and than the anal, with the
body naked, or covered with ordinary scales, or incompletely cuirassed
with single series of plate-like scales. Pyloric appendages in small
number.
Head and body compressed, without any scales or ten-
tacles ; one small recurved spine at the prseoper-
cular margin ; ventrals rudimentary 28. Podabrus.
Head and body compressed, the former with tentacles,
the skin of the latter with prickles ; ventrals rudi-
mentary 29. Blepsias.
Ventrals eloneat«, with three soft rays 30. Nautichtuys.
Head not depressed, body naked. Ventrals with five
soft rays, not enveloped in a thick skin ; no pec-
toral appendages ; two dorsals 51. ScorpjinichtMys.
Head broad, depressed, body scaleless ; dorsal fins of
moderate height ; no palatine teeth 32. Cottus.
Head broad, depressed, body scaleless ; ventrals of
moderate length ; palatine teeth 33. Centridekmichthys.
A dorsal series of bony plates ; on the sides and on the •
belly scattered scales ; palatine teeth 34. Icelus.
90 TRIGLID^.
A dorsal series of bony plates ; oblique and separate
series of small ciliated scales beneath the lateral
line ; no palatine teeth ^ 35. Triolops.
Body with isolated bands of scales; dorsal fins con-
tinuous, separated by a notch 30. Hemilepidotus.
Body with isolated bands of scales ; two separate dorsals. 37. Artedius.
The second dorsal very elevated 38. Ptyonotus.
One dorsal with flexible spines and rays 39. Polycaulus.
Ventrals thoracic, but situated behind the root of the
pectorals ; the first dorsal spine short, and isolated
from the others 40. Platycepiialus.
Ventrals thoracic, but situated a little before the pec-
torals ; body incompletely covered with series of
bony plate-like scales 41. Hoplichtiiys.
Ventrals thoracic, but situated a little before the pec-
torals, with five soft rays ; body scaly 42. Bem bras.
Three pectoral appendages ; palatine teeth 43. Prionotus.
Three pectoral appendages ; palatine teeth none ; scales
of moderate size 44. Lepidotricla.
Three pectoral appendages ; palatine teeth none ; scales
very small 45. Trigla.
Fourth group : Cataphracti. Triglidce with the body completely
cuirassed by bony, keeled plates or scales. Pyloric appendages in
small or moderate number.
Two dorsals ; no pectoral appendages ; pectoral simple. 46. Agonus.
One dorsal 47. Aspidophoroides.
Two pectoral appendages 48. Peristbthus.
Pectoral very long (organ for flying), with the lower
portion detiiched and shorter 49. Dactylopterus.
Pectoral not elongate, divided into two portions by a
deep notch 50. Cephalacanthus.
First Group. HETEROLEPIDINA.
Heterolepidae, Girard in U. S. Pacif. 11. It. Exped. Fishes, p. 41.
TrigUdce with the body covered with ordinary scales, and with
many pyloric appendages. The two portions of the dorsal fin and
the anal elongate and equally developed.
All these fishes, from the northern parts of the Pacific, have a
common, and such a peculiar feature in their habit, that they should
be comprised in one group, although it is impossible, from our
scanty knowledge of their anatomy, to circumscribe it with proper
characters. The increased number of the pyloric appendages, found
in the species hitherto examined, and the elongate anal fin appear to
1. CHiEirs. 91
me to be the characters by which, for the present, they may be sepa-
rated from the 8corj)anina, — provided that the same characters be
found in the other species, as is most likely the case.
1. CHIRUS.
Chirus et Hexagrammus, Steller.
Labrax, Pall. Mem. Acad. Petersh. ii. p. 382.
Chiropsis, Girard, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 201.
Head and body more or less compressed, elongate, covered with
very small scales ; several muciferous channels besides, and similar to,
the usual lateral hne. Bones of the head not, or very sKghtly armed.
One dorsal, elongate, with twenty to thirty spines ; anal elongate.
Ventral with one spine and five rays. Small teeth in the jaws and
on the vomer, and sometimes on the palatine bones. Branchiostegals
six or seven. Pyloric appendages in increased number.
A genus from the North Pacific, of which we know little more
than that it comprises a considerable number of species, only one of
which is completely described.
1. Chirus hexagrammus.
Hexagrammus asper, (Steller) Tiles. Act. Acad. Petrop. ii. p. 340.
steUeri, Tiles, ibid. p. 335. tab. 15.
Labrax hexagrammus, Pall. ibid. p. 39S. tab. 23. f. 3, and Zoogr. JRosso-
Asiat. iii. p. 275 ; Faun. Jupnn. Poiss. p. 53. pi. 23.
Chirus hexagrammus, Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Potss. pi. 83. f. 2 ; Bleek.
Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, p. 80
B. 6. D. |Ei- ^- 20-22. L. lat. 105. Csec. pylor. 13.
A skinny tentacle above each orbit. Palatine teeth none. Two
muciferous channels between the lateral line and the dorsal fin, one
along the base of the anal fin, and a short one above the ventral.
The length of the head is 4^ in the total ; the upper maxiUary reaches
to below the anterior third of the orbit. Scales ciliated. A slight
notch between the spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fill.
Sea of Japan ; Gulf of Georgia.
a, h. Adult : stufied. Japan.
c. Fine specimen. Gulf of Georgia (New Orcas Islands), Presented
by the Lords of the Admiralty. — This specimen was received
during the printing of the present sheet. I found, on dissection,
that the stomach is a rounded, obtuse sac of moderate extent ; it
was filled with small Crustacea. There are thirteen pyloric
appendages, grouped in two clusters, of moderate length. The
intestine makes an anterior and posterior convolution, and its
length is three-quarters of that of the fish. The liver is large,
and the greater portion is situated on the left side of the stomach.
The ovaria are of moderate size, separated from each other, with
a common and wide oviduct. The eggs are small. Air-bladder
none ; four gUls, with a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiae
well developed.
92 TRIGLID-X
2. Chirus deca^ammus.
Labrax docagrammus, Pall. I. c. p. 386. pi. 22. f. 2.
Cliirus decagrammus, Rlch(i7-ds. Faun. Bor. Amcr. Pise. p. 99.
denarius, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 78. pi. 41. f. 2.
D.?I. A. 24.
Two mueiferous channels between the lateral line and the dorsal
fin, and two along the base of the anal. The length of the head is
A^ in the total ; the upper maxiUary reaches to below the anterior
third of the orbit. No flap above the orbit. Teeth on the vomer
and the palatine bones.
Cape St. Elias ; harbour of Sitka (north-west coast of America).
3. Chirus lagocephalus.
Labrax lagocephalus, Pall. Mem, Acad. Petersb. ii. p. 384. pi. 22. f. 1.
D. |. A. 22.
Two mueiferous channels above, and two below the lateral line ;
mouth rather small. Scales cycloid ; dorsal fin deeply notched. (Pall.)
Kmiles.
4. Chirus octogrammus.
Labrax octogi'amraus, Pall. Mem. Acad. Petersb. ii. p. 393. pi. 23. f. 2.
Jy.'^y A. 24.
One mueiferous channel above, and two below the lateral line.
Cleft of the mouth of moderate width. Scales ciliated ; dorsal fin
deeply notched. Gill- membranes separated from each other by an
isthmus. " Opercula cute angulata." Spotted. (Pall.)
Coasts of Kamtschatku • Kuriles.
5. Chirus monopterygius.
Ijabrax monopterygius, Pall. Mem. Acad. Petersb. ii. p. 391. pi. 23.
f. 1 (bad).
D. 46. A. 24.
One mueiferous channel above, and two below the lateral Une.
Cleft of the mouth of moderate width. Scales ciliated ; dorsal fin
without notch ; vomerine and palatine teeth ; opercles slightly
armed ; the gill-membranes continuous under the throat. (Pall.)
Unalaschku.
6. Chirus constellatus.
? Labrax .superciliosus. Pall. Mem. Acad. Petersb. ii. p. 388. pi. 22. f. 3.
Chiropsis constellatus, Girard in JJ. S. Pacif. R. R. Expcd. Fishes,
p. 42. pi. 19.
B. 6. D. 21 I 25. A. 24.
Caudal fin subconcave posteriorly ; anal rounded exteriorly. Scales
on the middle of the flanks conspicuously larger than elsewhere.
Greenish -brown, with groups of black dots on the anterior part of
2. OPHIODON. 93
the body and on the sides of the head ; pectorals densely dotted with
black. A flap above each orbit. Palatine and vomerine teeth. (Gir.)
West coast of North America.
Chirus guttatus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 132,
or CJi 'ropsis guimtus, Gir., U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 44,
pi. 20. f. 5-8, appears to be closely allied to, or identical with, the
above species. It is also possible that this species is the same as
Lahrax decagrammus, Pall., or Chirus denarius, Eich., both species
being founded on dried skins, in which the tentacle above the orbit
may have been overlooked.
7. Chirus nebulosus.
Cii ropsis nebulosus, Girard, U. S. Pacif . R. R. Exped, Fishes, p. 46.
B. 7. D. 28 I 19. A. 25.
Caudal subconcave posteiiorly ; the lower portion of the cheeks
and the opercidar apparatus scaleless ; base of the anal longer than
of the soft dorsal. Above black, beneath olive. Five lateral Hues
on each side. {Gir.)
Fort Steilacoom, Puget's Sound.
8. Chirus pictus.
Chirus pictus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 132.
Grystes lineatus, Ayres, Proc. CaUf. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. p. 9.
Chiropsis pictus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 43.
pi. 20. f. 1^.
B. 6. D. 19 1 23. A. 21.
Caudal fin subtruncated posteriorly. Scales of more uniform
size than in Ch. constellatus. Dark brown, with numerous vermUion
spots, bordered with black, on the sides and the lower fins. Palatine
and vomerine teeth : a skinny flap above each orbit ; scales ctenoid.
{Gir.)
Coast of California.
2. OPHIODON.
Opbiodon, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 133.
Oplopoma, Girard, I. c. 1856, p. 135.
Body and head elongate and slightly compressed, covered with
very small cycloid scales. Praeoperculum slightly armed. Two
dorsals, more or less contiguous, the first with more than twenty
spines; anal elongate; ventrals thoracic. Teeth in the jaws, on
the vomer, and the palatine bones. Six branchiostegals.
Coasts of CaHfomia.
1. Ophiodon pantheriuus.
Oplopoma pantherina (qucere Hoplopoma pantherinum), Girard, I. c,
• and U. S Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 46. pi. la f. 1-3.
D.24|±. A. 22. V.1/5.
The dorsal fins united at, the base only; a small skinny flap
94 TRIGLID^.
above the orbit ; the upper maxillary reaches to beyond the vertical
from the posterior maij^in of the orbit. Brown : head and body
spotted with black. (Gir.)
Cape Flattery, W. coast of N. America.
2. Ophiodon elongatus.
Gtrard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 133, and U. S. Pacif.
R. Jt. Exped. Fishes, p. 48. pi. 18. f. 4-7.
D. 26 I 22. A. 24. V. 1/5.
The dorsal fins separated from each other by a slight notch ; no
flap above the orbit. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical
from the jiosteinor margin of the orbit. Brown, spotted all over
with blackish. {Gir.)
Coasts of California.
3. AGRAMMUS.
Labrax, sp., Temm. Sf Schley. Faun. Japan. Perns, p. 56.
Head and body compressed, rather elongate, with small ctenoid
scales ; k single lateral line. Bones of the head not armed. One
elongate dorsal, with seventeen or eighteen spines ; anal elongate ;
ventral with one spine and five rays. Small teeth in the jaws and
on the vomer ; none on the palatines. No flap above the orbit.
Branchiostegals six. Pyloric appendages ?
Sea of Japan.
1. Agrammus schlegelii.
Labrax agrammus, Temm. <5r Schley. I. c.
D. i^J. A. 18-20. L. lat. 90.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total. The upper
maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Brownish, marbled or irregularly banded A\ith darker.
Sea of Japan.
o. Adult: skin, in spirits. Japan.
4. ZANIOLEPIS.
Zaniodermis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 202.
Zaniolepis, Girard in U. S. Pacif. li. li. Exped. Fishes, p. 73.
Head and body compi-essed, slightly elongate ; the upper sm-face
of the head spineless. Prajoperculum armed. Scales minute, im-
bedded in the epideiTnis, with the posterior margin comb-like and
projecting from the skin. One dorsal ; the spinous portion and the
anal much longer than the soft. The anterior part of the spinous
dorsal elevated. Ventrals thoracic. Caid-like tectli in the jaws, on
the vomer and the palatine bones. Branchiostegals six.
Pacific coasts of the United States.
Nothing has been made known of (he anatomy of this fish, \)\\\ it
appears to me to have some relation to the genera limes ; the space between the eyes is concave, and pro-
5. SEBASTE8. 105
vided with a groove along the middle ; vertex with prominent sjiines.
The fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest, one-third the length
of the head, and much shorter and more feeble than the second of the
anal. Brownish-red, marbled with darker ; fins dotted with white.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Japan.
h. Half-grown. China.
c. Adult : bad state. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
20. Sebastes oculatas.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 466 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 37 ; Oay, Hist.
Chil. Zool. ii. p. 178 ; Cuv. Mffne Anim. lU. Poiss. pi. 23. f. 3.
D.||. A. J.
The height of the body is 3| in the entire length, the length of
the head three times. The interocular space equals rather more
than half the diameter of the eye, and is concave, with two longitu-
dinal ridges. The (?rown of the head with prominent spines ; the
second anal spine longest and. strongest. E.ed : back brownish (with
four round red spots). (Jen.)
Valparaiso.
21. Sebastes strongensis.
Scorpsena strongia, Cuv. ^- Val. iv. p. 32i{ ; Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Asb-ol.
Poiss. p. 688 (descript. bad), pi. 11. f. 2 ; Less. Voy. Duperr. Zool.
Poiss. p. 213.
cyanostigma, Bleeker, Buru, p. 400.
D. Ill' A. 4-. L. lat. 45.
The height of the body is df in the total length, the length of the
head three times. Vertex, temple, and operculum scaly. The width
of the space between the orbits is less than one-half of their dia-
meter, which is 2-i to three times in the length of the head. The
snout is shorter than the eye ; no groove below the eye ; jaws nearly
equal in front ; no conspicuous skinny flaps. Prteorbital with very
distinct spines, one of which points downwards and crosses the max-
illary. The spinous portion of the dorsal higher than the soft ; the
spines of the anal strong, the middle one being the longest. Brownish,
clouded with rose-coloured, and dotted aU over with bluish-white.
East Indian Archipelago ; Polynesia.
a. Half-grown. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
b. Young : bad state. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
c. Young : not good state. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
22. Sebastes lougiceps.
Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 2 14.
The length of the head is 2^ in the total. There are three small
106 TRlGLId;.
teeth on the slightly raised upper edge of the orbit, four or five
minute serratures in its middle part, and three larger jagged teeth
at its posterior corner. The two low, roimded interocular ridges
are separated from each other by a narrow mesial furrow, and the
whole space between the eyes does not exceed two-thirds of the dia-
meter of the orbit. The ridge which flanks the top of the cranium
is a regular saw with five teeth. A low, thin, irregularly incised
edge crests the infraorbitar ridge. Small scales cover the top of
the head to the nostrils. (Rich.)
Discovered by Sir J. Richardson in insect-boxes from China.
23. Sebastes serrulatus.
Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 215,
D.12|i. A.i.
Head •with, very low, thin, and serrated crests. A low double
crest skirts the upper edge of the orbit, and is followed on each side
of the crown by a rather higher single one. The second infraorbital,
which crosses the cheek, shows two thin, finely serrated crests, that
include a rugose disk. The proeopcrcular margin is serrated through-
out ; a very minute spine at its angle, and clusters of spinous points
on the usual sites of the four angular corners (?). Each hmb of the
lower jaw is traversed by three serrated crests. The operculum ends
in a minute spinous point. The interorbitar space exceeds half the
diameter of the orbit in breadth, and is scaly between the ridges.
Palatine bones toothless. (Rich.)
Discovered '»y Sir J. Richardson in an insect-box from China.
24. Sebastes minutus.
Cuv. Sf Vul iv. p. 348.
D. J|. C«c. pylor. 3.
Lateral Hne rough. Spines of the head very prominent. Reddish-
brown, mai'bled with darker. (Cuv.)
Palatine bones ?
Polynesia.
25. Sebastes polylepis.
Scoi-pfena polylepis, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nvdcrl. Indie, 1851, ii.
p. 173.
D. 12U. A. 4. L. lat. 35.
I 9 5
Palatine teeth none. The height of the body is one-fourth of the
total length, the length of the head one-third ; cheeks and operculum
entirely scaly. The diameter of the eye is 3 to 3| in tlie length of
the head, and the distance between the eyes ecjuals one-half their
diameter. No groove below the eye. Praiorbital with the spines
obtuse ; prominent spines on the crown of the head ; no skinny ap-
6. SCOEP^NA, 107
pendages. The spinous dorsal half as high as the body. Brown,
marbled and variegated with darker.
Seas of Ambojna and Sumatra.
a, b. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
d-f. Yoimg. East Indies. Presented by Captain Sir E. fielcher.
6. SCORP-ENA*.
Scorpsena, Artedi, Genera, p. 47 ; Cuv. Sf Veil. iv. p. 286.
Scorpaena et Scorpoenopsis, Heck. Ann. Wien. Mas. ii. 1840, p. 158.
Scorpfena et Scorpsenichthys, (not Girard) Bleeh. Boeroe, p. 402,
Head large, slightly compressed, with a naked groove on the occiput,
armed with spines, and generally with skinny flaps ; body covered
with scales of moderate or rather small size, and generally with
skinny appendages. One dorsal, more or less deeply notched, gene-
rally with the formula 11 1 r^ ; anal y. Ventrals thoracic ; pectorals
large, rounded; no pectoral appendages. Villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, and generally on the palatine bones. Seven
branchiostegals. Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in moderate
number.
All the Tropical Seas, extending northwards into the Mediterra-
nean and along the Atlantic coasts of the United States.
A. Species with palatine teeth.
1. Scorpaena porcus.
? Scorpaena, Salv. f. 201.
Scorpaena, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 47.
porcus, L. Syst. i. p. 452 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1214 ; Briinn. Ichthyol.
Massil. p. 32 ; Bl. taf. 181 ; Bl. Schn. p. 192 ; Lacep. iii. pp. 259,
275 ; Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 187 ; De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii.
* 1. Scorptena asperella, 5e«w. Zool.Journ.xv. 1829, p. 40, — Sandwich Islands.
S. scrofina, Cuv. Sf Val. vs.. p. 465. — Brazil.
3. inermis, Cuv. 4' Val. iv. p. 311. — Martinique.
4. — '- novas guinese, .Cuv. ^ Val. iv, p. 320. — S. papuensis, Cuv. ^ Val. iv.
p. 321. — New Guinea.
5. mauritiana, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 322, — He de France.
6. mossambica, Peters, in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 241, — Mozambique.
7. Scorpaenopsis neglecte, Heck. Ann. Wien. Mus. ii, 1840, p, 159, — East
Indies.
8. Scorpaena burra, Richards. I. c. p. 215. — Depuch Island.
9. Russell, i. pi. 56. — Scorpaena venosa, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 317, — Pondicherry.
10, Scorpaena neglecta, Temm. Hf Schlcg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p, 43, {51. 17. f. 4 :
Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 216. — Japanese Sea.
11, fucata, Valenc. Voy, Venus, v. Zool. p. 313, pi, 3, f. 2. — Galapagos
Archipelago,
12, rawakensis, Quay ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p, 325, — Polynesia,
13, guamensis, Qiu>y Sf Gaim. I.e. p, 326. — Guam.
14, guttata, Gir. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 145, and V. S. Pact/.
R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 77. pi. 17. f. 1-4,— Coast of California.
108 TRIGLID/E.
p. 316 ; Martens, Jteise nach Venedig. ii. p. 426 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iv.
p. 300; Gronor. Sijst. ed. Oi-ay, p. 117; Dekay, New York Faun.
Fishes, p. 38; Gidchen. Explor.Alyer. Poiss.ja. 41 ; Nordni. in Demid.
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 378 ; Ayass. Poiss. Foss. iv, p. 199. pi. L. f. 2.
Perca, Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 291.
Corystion, Klein, Miss. iv. p. 47. no. 13.
Cottus massiliensis, Forsk. p. 24.
Scorpaena massiliensis, Lacep. iii. p. 269.
Duhamel, Pcches, ii. sect. 5. pi. 3. f. 2.
D. 11 1 J. A. f. L. lat. 65. Caec. pylor. 8. Vert. 24 (? 23 Agass.).
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 31. The head is scaleloss. The length of the snout is one-
foui-th, the width of the space between the orbits one-seventh of the
length of the head ; the space between the orbits is deeply concave,
with two ridges, not tenninating in spines posteriorly ; vertex with
a subquadrangular groove, broader than long. Orbital tentacles well
developed. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest ;
their length Is less than one-half that of the head. The third anal
spine as long as, or longer than, the second, nearly one-third the length
of the head*. Brownish-red, marbled A\dth darker, and dotted with
deep black, the dots sometimes forming edges around the darker
clouds ; sometimes, in half-grown individuals, a black blotch on the
posterior half of the spinous dorsal, and the black dots on the caudal
fin arranged in cross-bands.
Mediterranean ; crosses the Atlantic, and found at New York.
a, h. Adult : stuffed. Mediterranean.
c. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
d. Adult. Dalmatia.
e,/. Half-grown: not good state. Adriatic. Purchasedof Mr. Frank.
g. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
h. Half-grown. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
i. Adult. Lisbon.
Ic. Adult : stuffed. Lisbon. Presented by G. Hough, Esq.
I. Adult : stuffed. Lisbon.
w. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. Presented by the Eev. R. T. Lowe.
n. Adult : not good state.
0. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
2?. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
q-t. Yoimg and haLt'-gro\vn. From the Haslar Collection.
ii-w. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
x-z. Half-grown : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
2. Scorpaena scrofa.
2Kopnios, Arist. ii. c. 17, v. c. 9. 10, \ iii. c. 13 ; Athen. vii. p. 320.
Scorptena, Plin. xxxii. c. 11 ; Salv. f. 202; Rondel, vi. c. 19. p. 201 ;
Gcsner, f. 46 ; Bellon. Aqmit. p. 248.
* In immature specimens the second ant^l spine is the longest.
6. scoepjEN/v. 109
Scorpixia, Willughby, p. 331 ; Ray, p. 142.
Scorpeena, Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 46. no. 103.
Scorpaena scrofa, L. Syst. i. p. 453 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. i. p. 87. no. 290 ;
L. Gm. i. p. 1215; Briinnich, Ichth. Mass.-Tp. S2;.Bl. taf. 182 ; Bl.
Schn. p. 192 ; Lacep. iii. pp. 259, 280 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 188 ;
Martens, Reise nach Venediq, ii. p. 426 ; De la Roche, j^nn. Mus.
xiii. p. 316 ; Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. t. 17. f. 2 ; Cuv. . Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
c. Large specimen : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scri-
vener.
d-g. Skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
h. Adult : stuffed. South America.
■/. Adult. Presented by General Hardwicke.
k. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
J-n. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
0. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
p. HaU-grown : bleached,
(jr. Young.
r-t. Adult : stuffed.
v. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
8. Scorpaena grandicomis.
ScorpsRna plumieri, Lacep. ii. pi. 19. f. .3, iii. p. 282 (not BI. Sckn.).
grandicornis, Cur. |- Val. iv. p. 309.
D. ll|^. A.|. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is about equal to the length of the head,
and 3^ in the total. Scales on the base of the operculum and on the
cheek. The space between the eyes is very concave, without pro-
minent ridges, and its width is about 6i in the length of the head.
Vertex with a deep square groove ; orbital tentacles elongate, broad
and fringed. The third dorsal spine is about equal to the second of
the anal fin, and 2g in the length of the head. Reddish, marbled
with brown ; head and body minutely dotted with white ; caudal and
anal fins with broad brown bands.
Caribbean Sea.
a-d. Half-growTi : skins, Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Half-grown • stuffed : not good state.
9. Scorpaena picta.
Scoi-pfcna picta, (Kuhl ^ van Hass.) Cut, 8f Val. iv. p. 321 j Cantor,
Catal. p. 40.
D.n|l. A.|. L. lat. 37.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
G. SCOEP^NA. 115
length of the head 2|. The head is nearly entirely scaleless. The
length of the snout is 3|, the width of the space between the eyes
7| in the length of the head. The space between the eyes is deeply
concave, with two low ridges, which do not terminate in spines ;
vertex Avith a shallow groove, surrounded by strong sjiines ; orbital
tentacles none ; the posterior spine of the praeorbital bent forwards.
The fourth and fifth dor-sal spines are the longest, about one-third
the length of the head, and shorter than the anal spines. Body and
fins marbled with brown ; axil brown, with reniform wliitish spots.
East Indian Archipelago,
a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank as Sc. novce-guinece.
b. Adult. Celebes.
c. Young. Purchased of Mr. Jami'ach.
10. Scorpsena polyprion.
Bleeker, Sclerop. p. 21, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Bali, p. 5,
and ibid. Sclerop. p. 7.
D. llU. A. 4. L. lat. 47.
The height of the body is 3f in the total length, the length of the
head three times. The head is scaleless, except on the temple and
the basal part of the operculum. The length of the snout is nearly
one-third, the width of the space between the orbits one-eighth of
the length of the head. The space between the orbits is deeply con-
cave, with low ridges, which do not terminate in spines ; vertex with
a shallow quadrangular groove, broader than long, and surrounded
by very prominent spines ; orbital tentacles none ; praeorbital with
a skinny flap. The fourth dorsal spine is the longest, nearly one-
third the length of the head, and much shorter than the second of
the anal fin. Browoi, marbled with darker ; axil without or with
very inconspicuous lighter spots.
East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Young. Borneo.
d. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Captain Gascoigne.
e. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
11. Scorpsena histrio.
Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 35. pi. 8.
D.ll|i, A.|.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head rather less than one-third. Scales on the cheek, temple,
and base of the operculum. The diameter of the eyes is 4| in the
length of the head ; the space between very concave, with two whitish
lines in the central furrow, scarcely elevated into salient ridges. No
groove below the eye ; the lower jaw a Httle the longest. Vertex
with a groove, surrounded by strong spines ; orbital tentacles well
I 2
1 1 6 TRIGLTD.T5.
developed. The third dorsal spine is the longest, and 2f in the
length of the head, more slender than, but nearly as long as the second
of the anal fin. Scarlet-red : fins rather paler, ^vith small, in-egularly
shaped blackish spots. (Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Ai'chipeliago),
12. Scorpsena erythraea.
Scorpaena erythraea, Cuv. ^- Val. iv. p. 310.
am-ita, Jiiippell, N. W. Fische, p. 106. taf. 27. f. 2.
D. 11 1 -. A. 4- L- lat. 45. Caec. pylor. 2.
I 10 5 ■*■ *^
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 2|. Head entirely scaleless ; jaws equal in front ;
orbital tentacles moderate. The length of the snout is one-fourth,
the mdth of the space between the orbits one-seventh of the length
of the head. The space between the eyes is deeply concave, with
two low ridges, which do not terminate in spines ; vertex with a
very shallow groove, surrounded by strong spines. The posterior
spine of the praeorbital bent forwards. The fourth and fifth dorsal
spines are the longest, 2| in the length of the head, and much
shorter than the second of the anal. Body and fins marbled with
brown ; axil with some brown spots.
Red Sea.
a. Half-gi'ovm. lied Sea.
13. Scorpaena cardinalis.
Scorpfeca cardinalis, (Solandcr) Iiichx>/v.
122 TRiGLirtn:.
8. PTEROIS*.
Pterois, Cm: Retjnc Anim.; Cur. cj- Val. iv. p. 351.
Head and body compressed, the former armed Avitli spines on its
upper surface and on the sides, and provided with skinny flaps ; no
groove on the occiput ; body covered \vith scales of modei"ate or
small size. One dorsal, deeply notched, with twelve or tliirteen
spines ; anal short ; the spines and rays of some of the fins very
elong-ate and generally free, but branched ; no pectoral appendages.
YUHform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer ; none on the palatino
bones. Seven branchiostegals. Aii'-bladder large ; pyloric append-
ages in small number.
Tropical seas from the eastern coasts of Africa to Polynesia.
1. Pterois volitans.
Seba, ill. 28. 1 (bad); Renard, Poiss. i. 6, 41, i. 43, 215, ii. 15, 72;
Valentyu, Ltd. iii. p. 413. f. 210, and p. 415. f. 213 ; LacSp. ii. t. 17.
f. 3 ; Russell pi. 133.
Aniboynese viscn, Nieuh. Bras. Lunt- en Zee-Reize, p. 268.
Gasterosteus vohtans, L. i. p. 491.
Perca, sp., Gronov. ZoojjlujL no. 294.
Scoi-p;Bna volitans, L. Gm. i. p. 1217 ; Block, t. 184; Bl Schn. p. 193;
Gronov. Si/st. ed. Graij, p. 119; Bennett, Fishes of Cetjion, pi. 1.
ScorpoBna mahe, Laeep. iii. p. 278.
Pterois volitans, Cuv. ^' Val. iv. p. 352. pi. 88; Bleeker, Verhand. Batav.
Geiiootscli. xxii. Sclerop. p. 8 ; Riipp. N. W. FiscJie, p. 107.
D. 12 I ±. A. 2iH. L. lat. 90. Gvc. pyl. 3. Vert. 10/14.
Nape of the neck naked ; the space between the eyes veiy concave,
its width being equal to the chameter of the eye, which is 1|- in the
length of the snout. The pectoral fins reach to, or beyond, the
caudal fin. lied : snout, head, and the whole body Math a great many
narrow blackish cross-streaks; all the rays of the vertical fins spotted;
the spots on the pectoral and ventral fins larger and between the
rays.
From the eastern coasts of Africa through all the Indian Seas to
the coasts of Australia.
a. Adult : not good state. Egypt. Presented by J. Burton, Esq.
h. Half- grown. S. Africa.
c. Young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
d. Half-grown : not good state. ^Nfadras. Presented by T. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
e. Adult. China. Presented by General Hardwicke.
/. Half-gi-oA\Ti : not good state. China. Presented by General
Hardwicke.
g. Adult Aniboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
i. Adult : skeleton. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult: bad state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
* 1. Pterois radiala, (.'■per maxillary reaching to the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye. Body and fins with small brown spots and rings.
No palatine teeth.
Seas of China, Borneo, and Java ; New Zealand.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
h. Adult. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.
18. APLOACTIS*.
Aploactis, Temm. <§r Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 51.
Head and body compressed, studded with small prickles ; the bones
of the head with obtuse protuberances, the prseorbital without spine.
The three anterior dorsal spines forming a more or less distinct di-
vision ; the remainder of the fin continuous, with eleven spines.
Pectoral appendages none. Teeth in the jaws and on the vomer ;
none on the palatine bones. Five branchiostegals.
Seas of Japan, China, and Australia.
1. Aploactis aspera.
Aploactis, Te77im. ^- Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 51. pi. 22. f. 3.
aspera, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 72.
B. 5. D. 3 I ^. A. 12. V. 1/2.
Uniform brown ; tins punctulated with black. The dorsal fin
begins behind the occiput ; the spines of the head obtuse.
Seas of Japan and China.
a. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
2. Aploactis milesii.
Richandson, Proc. Zool Soc. 1850, p. 60. pi. 1. f. 1, 2, and Ann. <§• Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1851, vii. p. 275.
B. 5. D. ji. A. 12. V. 1/2.
14
Caudal and pectoral fins with one or two rows of white spots.
The dorsal fin begins between the orbits. Head with obtuse knobs
instead of spines. (Rich.)
King George's Sound.
* Aploactis pusillus, Blcek., is known to me from the " Jahresbericht'' only,
contained in ' Wiegmann's Archiv,' 1859.
20. HEMITKIPTERUS. 143
19. TRICHOPLEURA.
Sthenopus *, Richards. Voy. Smnar. Fishes, p. 10.
Trichopleiira, Kaup, Wiegm, Arch. 1858, p. 338.
Head and body compressed, naked ; the fonner without spines or
protuberances. The three anterior dorsal spines forming a separate
division of the fin ; the remainder of the fin continuous, with ten
spines ; pectoral appendages none ; all the rays of the fins simple.
Teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine bones.
Six branchiostegals ; no cleft behind the fourth giU.
Sea of China.
1. Trichopleura mollis.
Sthenopus mollis, Richards. Voy, Samar. Fishes, p. 10, pi. 2. f. 6, 7.
B. 6. D. 3 I 1 1 1. A. 10. V. 1/2.
Integuments soft, lax, with scattered minute filaments and prickles.
The first three dorsal spines forming a separate division of the fin ;
the foiu'th spine intermediate, and at some distance from the pre-
ceding and the following spines. Head without external ridges and
protuberances.
Sea of China.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir .J. Eichardson. — Type of the
species.
20. HEMITRIPTERUS.
Hemitripterus, Cuv. ^ Vol. iv. p. 268.
Head not compressed, naked, with many cutaneous appendages ;
armed. Scales none. Two dorsals, the first rather more developed
than the second ; ventrals enveloped in thick skin like the pectorals ;
no pectoral appendage. Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the
vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones. Six branchiostegals. Air-
bladder none ; pyloric appendages in moderate niunber.
Atlantic shores of Northern America.
1. Hemitripterus americanus.
Cottus acadianus, Penn. Arct. Zool. iii. p. 371.
tripterygius, £1. Schn. p. 63.
hispidus, Bl. Schn. p. 63. pi. 13 (bad).
Scorpaena flava, Mitch. Trans. Lit. 8f Philos. Soc. New York, i. p. 382.
pi. 2. f. 8.
purpiirea et rufa, Mitch. Amer. Month. Mag. ii. p. 245.
Hemitripterus americanus, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 268. pi. 84 ; Griff. Anim.
Kingd. x. p. 141. pi. 53. {.3a; Store?; Rep. Mass. p. 23; JDekay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 56. pi. 6. f. 16 ; Cuv. R^gne Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 22. f. 1. //, oiW^a^vn^, ^rycV
D. 15 I 12. A. 14. Caec. pylor. 6. Vert. i^.
The anterior portion of the first dorsal rather remote from the
* Preoccupied.
144 TRIGLID.E.
remainder, though continuous. Yellowish or reddish, marbled with
brown.
Coast of New York and further northwards.
21. AMPHIPRIONICHTHYS.
Amphiprionichthys, Sleeker, Koko.s, iii. p. 172.
Head and body compressed, scaleless. Pra^orbital, pncoperculum
and operculum armed ; pr^-
nanceia tracliynis, E-ichardson.
/. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
g. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
h. Adult : stuffed. St. Helena.
i. Adult female : skeleton. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
1c. Adult.
/. Half- grown.
TO. Half- grown.
n. Intestines of ^ecimen ?'.
Skeleton. — The skull exhibits the same peculiarity in general ap-
pearance as the head when covered -with the soft parts. Tlie bones
of the skull are very strong and sohd, many of the sutures being
obsolete. The maxillary is styliform, and slightly bent in its upper
part, dilated and spatuliform in its lower ; the intermaxillary lias a
broad flat prominence at the descending branch, which is longer than
the posterior process. There is a wide free space between the den-
tary and articular bones of the mandibula, and the former has a
deep ovate groove on its outer side. The vomer is anchor-shaped,
with the head broad and slightly excavated ; the palatine is broad,
flat, bifurcate posteriorly, to receive the pterygoid bone between the
two branches. The turbinal bones appear to be united with the
frontals. The prseorbital is very irregularly shajjed, having five im-
pressions and two strong spines pointing downwards. The middle
infraorbital bone is the narrowest, the posterior exceedingly strong,
with a very high prominence, and firmly joined to the prseoperculum.
The praeoperculum forms a strong bony arch with five spinous pro-
minences, the three lower of which are obtuse, whilst the tM^o upper
ones, corresponding to two ridges of the infraorbital, project con-
siderably. The operculum has the appearance of a trident, the spines
radiating from the basal joint. The suboperculum is attached to the
operculum by two processes, which receive the lower spine between
them. The interoperculum is veiy narrow and elongate. The an-
terior frontals are small, and firmly united to the principal frontals ;
the latter form the most prominent part of the skull : they are gable-
like, elevated above the surface of the skull ; on the top and the
anterior side they have irregular impressions, and diverge anteriorlj',
forming a deep longitudinal groove for the processes of the inter-
maxillary ; their posterior side descends abruptly, forming the anterior
portion of the saddle-like crown ; their orbital margin is more than a
semicircle. The bottom of the saddle-like cro^vn is flat, with a flight
ridge on each side. The paroccipital has a very high prominence, to
which is attached the suprascapula — a solid, subquadrangular bone
with irregular impressions ; there is a deep square groove beneath
the prominence. The scapula has a very strong spine. The humeral
arch is exceedingly firm, especially the cpracoid, whilst the radius
is relatively feeble. Each of the pubic bones is formed by two
VOL. II. L
146 TRIGLID^.
lamellae ; they are firmly joined to the inner side of the coracoid, and
separated from each other by a cleft extending from the symphysis
to the anterior extremity. The basal portion of the skull is neither
compressed nor globose .
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce, the centre
of the five anterior being much compressed in their longitudinal dia-
meter. The hiEmal, neural, interha^mal and interneural spines are
of moderate strength ; the three anterior interneurals are attached
to the supraoccipital, which also bears two pairs of ribs. The ha^mals
of the ninth to the thirteenth vertebrae are compressed, each forming
a completely closed arch. The first interhaemal is suspended on the
twelfth vertebra.
All the teetli are villiform ; those of the pharyngeal bones form
small patches.
2. Synancidium erosum.
Synanceia erosa, (Laitf/sd.) Cuv.^ Val. iv. p. 459. pi. 90; Faiai. Japon.
■ Poks. p. 45. pi. 17. if. 1.
D.H A.i.
Cheek without groove ; cro^\^l of the head with a large square
cavity. Vomerine teeth. Rose-coloured, marbled with brownish ;
the pectoral and caudal fins with a white cross-band.
Sea of Japan.
a. Half-groMTi. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Adult : di-ied. Presented by the Zoological Society.
c-e. Adult: dried.
23. SYNANCEIA*.
Synanceia, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 194 ; Cut: iy Val. iv. p. 440.
Head monstrous ; scales none. One dorsal, with thirteen or six-
teen spines ; anal rather short ; pectoral appendages none. Villiform
teeth in the jaws ; none on the vomer or the palatine bones. Bran-
chiostegals seven ; air-bladder present ; pyloric appendages in small
number.
From the Indian Ocean to Poljiiesia.
1 . Synauceia verrucosa.
Synanceia verrucosa. Block, Schn. Si/st. p. 195. t. 45 ; Jiiippcll, N. W.
' Flsche, p. 109.
Scoi'paena brachio, Lacep. iii. pp. 259, 272. pi. 12. f. 1.
brachiata, Shaw, Zool. iV. pt. 2. p. 274.
Synanceia sanguinolenta, Ehrmh. Pise. t. .3.
bracliio, Ciiv. liegne Anim. , Cur. ^- Val. iv. p. 447 ; Bhrker,
Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxii Sclerop. p. 9 ; Cur. Rer/ne Anim.
III. Poiss. pi. 25. f. .{ ; Ar/ass. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 200. pi. h.
J). J. A. 1. Ca;c. pyldr. 4. Vert. 10/14.
Cheek with a rather small crescent-shaped groove ; the interoculai-
* 1. Snorp.Tiia bioirrata, Lacrp. iii. pp. 258, 270, ii.pl. 11. f. 3. — Scorp.Tiia bi-
capilliita, Shaw. 7awJ. iv. p. 273.- — Synanceia bioapillata, Vuv. &( Val. iv.
p. 4,")4. — Indian Owau.
24. MICROPTTS. 147
space deeply concave. Caudal fin with a whitish band and a whitish
margin.
Red Sea ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Polynesia,
a. Very large specimen : stuffed. He de France.
h. Very large specimen : stuffed.
c. Very large specimen. Presented by the Zoological Society.
d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult, Voyage of the ' Herald.'
2. Synanceia asteroblepa.
Richards. Voy. Sulph. Zool. Fishes, p. 69. pi. 39. f. 1-3 : Bleek. Borneo,
vi. p. 419.
D.^. A.g. V.1/4.
Head with ridges, without a large groove ; eyes directed upwards.
Blackish-green, dotted with blackish ; fins blackish, the pectoral and
caudal fins variegated with brownish.
New Guinea ; rivers of Borneo.
24. MICROPUS.
Micropus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 20.
Caracanthus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr, i. 1844, p. 267.
Head and body very compressed, with small tubercles ; snout very
short, truncated ; no scales ; several bones of the head strongly
armed ; the praeorbital and the interopercukim with a strong spine,
directed downwards. Two separate or continuous dorsals, the first
with eight (seven) spines, the anal with two ; no pectoral filament ;
ventrals rudimentary, ViUiform teeth in the jaws only. Branchio-
stegals five ; no aperture behind the fourth gill
Pacific.
1. lllicroptis maculatus.
Micropus maculatus, Gray, I. c.
Caracanthus typicus, Kroyer, I. c. p. 264.
D. 8|-?-. A.-. V. 1/2.
I 11-12 12 /
Two separate dorsal fins. The height of the body is one-half of
the length (without caudal) ; praeoperculum with five spines. Above
brown, with whitish spots ; below yellow, dotted with blackish, or
dotted all over with brown.
Seas of Owaihi and Hao.
a. Type of the species. Presented by Mr. S. Stutchbury,
2. Micropus unipiiina.
Micropus unipinna, Gray, I, c.
D,?;j. A.H/. V.1/2.
Dorsal fins continuous. The height of the body is one-half of the
l2
1 4S TRIGLIDiE.
length (without ciiudal) ; praaoperculiim with five spines. Uniform
brownish above, or with a dorsal series of whitish spots.
Pacific.
a. Type of the species. Sloane Museum ?
h. Presented by Mr. S. Rtutchbury.
25. MINOUS.
Minous, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 420.
Corythobatus, sp., Cant. Catal. p. 45.
Head and body rather compressed, without any scales. Several
bones of the head, and especially the praeorbital, armed. One dorsal,
with nine to eleven spines, the anal with three ; one pectoral fila-
ment ; pectoral rather elongate. ViUiform teeth in the jaws and
on the vomer ; none on the palatines. Air-bladder present : pyloric
appendages in small number.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
1. Minous moncdactylus.
Scorpfena monodactyla, Bl. Schn. p. 194.
Rimell, pi. 159.
Apistus minous, Cuv. Mk/ne Anim.
russellii, Swains. Nat. Hist. Fishes, ii. p. 2G5.
Minous woora, Ctw. <^ Val. iv. p. 421 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 213 ;
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 251.
monodactyhis, Cwr. 8f Val. iv. p. 424. pi. 59. f. 2 ; Bleeh. Verh.
Batav. Genootsch. xxii. Sclerop. p. 9.
Corythobatus woora, Cant. Catal. p. 45.
^Minous adamsii, Richards. Voy. Samar. Fishes, p. 7. pi. 2. f. 4, 5 (pec-
toral rather too large).
D.fiii. A. 9-11. V. 1/5.
The interocular space nearly equal to the width of the orbit ; the
prseorbital spine rather strong ; dorsal spines moderate.
Indian Ocean ; East Indian Seas.
a, b. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c. Adult. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. China.
e. Adult. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. — Type of
Minous adamsii.
f. Half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
g-o. Adult : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes.
The differences in the number of the fin-rays, and the more or less
prominent spines on the bony bridge from the infraorbital to the
praeoperculum, are not of specific value in this species, as is shown
by the specimens in the Britisli Museum. It would, appear, however,
from Blocker's description, that there are other di^erenocs between
M. woora and monodactt/lus. In this case it is very doubtful whether
the fish described by Cuvior xmder the name of woora, is identical
2G. PELOR. 149
with M. ivoora, Bleek. The fact that Cuvicr ascribes three pyloric
appendages to one species, and five to the other, deserves particular
attention. M. adamsii, Richardson, does not differ from M. mono-
dactyhis.
2. Minous pusillus.
Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon. Puiss. p. 50.
J) ^ A '
The interocular space is two-thirds the width of the orbit ; the
posterior prasorbital spine is feeble, and directed downwards. Dorsal
spines exceedingly feeble, and produced into filaments. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
Although ignorant of the structure of the gills, I would refer the
following species, for the present, to this genus, from which, however,
it appears to differ generically in having a distinct anterior dinsion
of the spinous dorsal.
3. Minous trachycephalus.
Aploactis trachycephalus, Bleeker, Celebes, vi. p. 451.
B. 7. I>-3||-. A.f
The interocular space concave, one-half the diameter of the eye ;
head with numerous conical tubercles ; the pra;or])ital with a single
short spine ; the length of the pectoral fins is 3|^ in the total. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado (Celebes).
26. PELOR.
Pelor, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 427.
Head irregularly formed ; scales none ; body, head, and fins with
skinny flaps. The three anterior dorsal spines joined by a membrane,
■ and rather remote from the others, which, twelve or fourteen in
number, are isolated from one another. Two pectoral appendages,
joined at the base by a membrane ; ventrals thoracic. Villiform
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Branchio-
stegals seven ; air-bladder present, small ; pyloric appendages in
small number.
Indian Ocean ; East Indian Seas.
1. Pelor filamentosum.
Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 428. pi. 94 ; Cuv. Rhjnc Antm. 111. Foiss. pi. 25.
f. 2 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 206. pi. 21. f. 1.
D. 3 I 11 1|. A. 11. Ceec. pylor. 4.
The two upper pectoral rays filiform and prominent. The dia-
meter of the eve is 1| in the Avidth of the interocular space ; cheeks
150 TRIGLLDJS.
with a broad groove. Greyish-brown, marbled with brown and
powdered with white ; the interior margin of the pectoral spotted
with blackish.
He de France.
a. Adult.
2. Pelor cnvieri.
Pelor cuvieri, Gray, III. Itid. Zool. ii. pi. 20. f. 2 ; Richards. Ichthyol.
Sulph. p. 72. pi. 39. f. 4, and Ichthyol. China, p. 212 ; Sleeker, Su-
matra, li. p. 252.
? Pelor sineuse, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 468.
D. 3 I ^. A. 13.
None of the upper pectoral rays produced. The diameter of the
eye is 3-3| in the width of the interocular space, which is broad
and slightly concave ; cheek without groove. The length of the
snout is one-half that of the head. Brownish, marbled with darker,
and punctulated with bluish.
Seas of China and Smnatra.
a. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. — Type of the
species.
h. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Young, China. Presented by Sir John Richardson.
3. Pelor maculatum.
Cuv. 4- Val. iv. p. 434; Less. Voy. Cog. Zool. Poiss. p. 210. pi. 20.
D.3|f.
None of the upper pectoral raj\s produced. Blackish, variegated
with black. Three white blotches on the dorsal fin and three on
the Ijack ; eye with a white ring ; head with round white spots ;
pectoral black, with a white cross-band ; caudal with two black and
two white bands. (6W.)
Sea of Waigiou.
4. Pelor didactylum.
Scorpsena didactyla, Pall. Spidl. Zool. vii. p. 26. t. 4.
Trigla nibicunda, Hornst. Nya Handl. ix. p. 45. t. 8.
SjTianceia didactyla et rubicund a, Bl. Schn. pp. 195, 196.
Pelor obscuruni, Cuv. ^- Val. iv. p. 436; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 211,
Poiss. pi. 21. f. 2 (not good) ; Bleeker, Ceram, iii. p. 241.
Scoi-paeua digitata, Gronov. Syst. cd. Gray, p. 117.
D. 3|^. A. 12.
None of the pectoral rays produced. The interocular space very
concave ; cheek with a groove. Brown, dotted with white ; the
dorsal fin with oblique yellow bands ; pectoral with a broad yeUow
cross-band, its interior surface black, with a yellow band and yellow
spots ; the caudal with two yellow cross-bands.
N£'W Ireland ; Ceram.
27. CHORISMOCACXTLUS. 15]
5. Pelor japonicum.
Pelor japonicum, Ouv. Sc Val. iv. p. 487 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 44.
pi. 18. f. 2.
tigrinum, Richards Ichthyol. Chin. p. 212.
D. 3 I ^. A. 9.
None of the pectoral rays produced. The diameter of the eye is
2| in the -wddth of the interocular space, which is very concave.
Cheek with a deep ovoid groove. The length of the snout is 2\ in
that of the head. Greyish-brown, marbled with reddish-white.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a.
Fine specimen.
Japau.
h.
Adult : stuffed.
Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c.
Adult : stuffed.
Japan.
d.
Adult : stuffed.
China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e.
Adult. Canton,
Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
/•
Adult: stuffed.
6. Pelor aurantiacum.
Teynm. 8)- Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 44. pi. 18. f, I.
D. 3|^. A. 9.
None of the pectoral rays produced. Interocular space very con-
cave ; cheek with a deep ovoid groove. The length of the snout is
2g in that of the head. Orange-coloured, Avith scattered black dots.
{Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
27. CHORISMODACTYLUS.
Choridactylus, Richards. Voy. Samarany, Fishes, p. 8.
Head and body rather compressed, scaleless, with skinny flaps.
Bones of the head provided with ridges ; the praeorbital, proeoper-
culum and operculum armed ; a groove on the occiput. One dorsal
fin, with thirteen spines ; the anal with two ; three pectoral append-
ages. Ventrals with one spine and five rays. Villiforrn teeth in the
jaws only. Six branehiostegals ; air-bladder none ; pyloric append-
ages in small number.
Seas of China and Madras.
1. Chorismodactylus multibarbis.
Choridactvlus multibarbus, Richards. T'oy. Samarany, Fishes, p. 8.
pi. 2. f. 1-3.
■Q.ll A. f. V. 1/5.
Head, body, and fi?is with many delicate tentacles ; two larger bar-
bels on the chin. The first three dorsal spines slightly remote from
the othei's ; the third, fourth and fifth are the longest ; anal spines
hidden bv the skin. rown, dotted Avith white ; a wlutish band
152
TRIGLID^.
descends obliquely from the fourth, fifth and sixth sjiines to the
belly ; caudal with a white cross-band.
Seas of China and Madras.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sif J. Richardson. — Type of the
species.
b, c. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
Third Group. COTTINA.
Triglidce with the spinous portion of the dorsal fin less developed
than the soft and than the anal, with the body naked, or covered with
ordinary scales, or incompletely cuirassed with single series of plate-
like scales ; pyloric appendages in small number. Formula of the
t V ™ (10) io±*
vertebrae —^^ — .
28. PODABRUS*.
Podabrus, Richards. Voy. Samar. Fishes, p. 11.
Head and body compressed, without any scales or tentacles ; bones
of the head not armed, except the operculum and the prasoperculum,
the latter of which has a recurved spine at its posterior margin.
Two dorsals, the first with ten feeble spines ; anal rather elongate ;
no pectoral appendages ; ventrals rudimentary, with two soft rays.
Small eardiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. Six branchiostegals.
Sea of China.
1. Podabrus centropomus.
Richards. I.e. p. 11. pi. 1. f. 7-11.
D. 10 I 20. A. 18. V. 1/2.
Snout produced, narrow ; the upper outline of the back considerably
curved, the greatest depth of the body being not much less than the
length of the head ; the lateral line strongly cur\'ed upwards above
the pectoral. Coloration uniform (in spirits).
The sea off the Island of Quelpart, in the Straits of Korea.
a. Typo of the species. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
2. Podabrus cottoides.
Ricluirds. I. c. p. 13. pi. 1. f. 1-0.
D. 10 I 19. A. 18. V. 1/2.
Snout of moderate extent ; back not clev .ted, the greatest depth
* Tlio genus Hoplocottus, Kaup, in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 339, is a mixture
of forms so different that it does not appear advisable to introduce it into the
synonviny. •
29. BLEPSIAS. 153
of the body being three-fifths of the length of the head ; lateral line
slightly curved ; a series of black dots along the lateral line.
Sea of China.
a. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. 1 — Types of the
h. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher. J species.
29. BLEPSIAS.
Blepsiaa, Cuv. 8f Vol. iv. p. 373.
Head and body compressed, the former with tentacles ; the prae-
operciiliim armed. Skin with small prickles. Two dorsals, the first
with seven spines, and much shorter than the second and the anal.
Ventrals thoracic, little developed. Small teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer and on the palatine bones. Branchiostegals six or seven*.
Coast of Kamtschatka.
1. Blepsias cirrhosns.
Trachinus cirrhosus, Pall. Zooyr. Moss. iii. p. 237.
Blepsias trilobus, Cuv. «V Val. iv. p. 375. pi. 90.
B. 6. D. 7 I 24. A. 19. V. 1/3.
The first four dorsal spines separated from the others by a notch ;
the anal fin lower than the soft dorsal. Body covered with prickles.
Coast of Kamtschatka ; Gulf of Georgia.
a, b. Fine specimens. New Orcas Islands, Gulf of Georgia. Pre-
sented by +he Lords of the Admiralty.
2, Blepsias bilobus.
Blepsias bilobus, Cuv. i^ Val. iv. p. 379 ; Cuv. Rkgne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 24. f. 2.
Peropus bilobus, Beech. Voy. Zool. Fishes, p. 59. pi. 16. f. 3.
B. 7. D. 7|^. A. 19. V. 1/3.
The first dorsal not notched, and separated from the second ; the
anal fin rather lower than the soft dorsal. Body entirely covered
with prickles ; lateral line spiny.
Coast of Kamtschatka.
a. Type of the species (in spirits ; not dried, as stated by Cuvier).
Kamtschatka. Presented by A. Collie, Esq.
30. NAUTICHTHYS.
Nautichthys, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. P. Exped. Fishes, p. 74.
Head and body compressed, slightly elongate ; the upper surface of
the head and the opercles armed. Skin studded with mimite prickles.
• Cuvier states five branchiostegnls for Blepsias cirrhosus, but he examined
dried specimens.
154 TRIGLIDiE.
Two dorsals, contiguous at the base, the first much shorter than the
second, and elevated anteriorly ; no pectoral appendages ; ventrals
thoracic, elongate. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and
the palatine bones. Branchiostegals five.
Pacific coasts of the United States.
1. Nautichthys oculo-fasciatus.
Blepsias oculo-fasciatus, Girnrd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 202.
Nautichthys oculo-fasciatus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped.
Fishes, p. 75.
B. 5. D. 9 I 27. A. 19. V. 1/3.
The three anterior dorsal spines filiform, the posterior rays of the
dorsal and anal fins extending beyond the root of the caudal, the
ventrals beyond the vent. A black band across the eye and cheeks.
{Gir.)
Fort Steiiacoom, Puget's Sound.
31. SCORP^NICHTHYS.
Scorpaeniclithys, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p 131 (not
Bleek.).
Head not depressed, the upper surface bony, corrugated, with
skinny flaps. No groove on the crown. Scales none. Two dorsals,
the second rather more developed than the first ; the ventrals tho-
racic, not enveloped in a thick skin ; no pectoral appendages. Villi-
form teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Six
branchiostegals.
Coast of Cahforuia.
1. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus.
Scorpaenichtliys marmoratus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
pp. 1.31, 14.5, and 1856, p. 133, and U. S. Pacif. R R. Exped. Fishes,
p. 64. pi. 16. f. 1.
Hemitripterus marmoratus, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1854, u. 4.
B. 6. D. 11 1 19. A. 13. V. 1/5.
Skinny appendages above the orbit, on the snout, and at the pos-
terior extremity of the maxillary bones. Praioperculum with two
moderate spines. Brown, marbled with black. (Gir.)
Coast of California.
32. COTTUS*.
Cottus, sp., Artedi, Genera, p. 48.
Cottus, Cuv. <^ Va,l. iv. p. 142.
Cottus et Phobetor, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. i. 1844, p. 263.
* 1. Cottus platycephalus, Pall. Zoogr. p. 135 ; Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 177. — Kmii-
tschatka.
2. mertensii, Cuv. &f Val. viii. p. 496. — Kamtschatka.
3.
32. coTTUs. 155
Boreocottus, Porocottus, et Ceratocottus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1859, p. 165 &c.
Aspicottus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 130.
Coitus et Acanthocottus, Girard, Monograph of the Cottoids in Smith-
son. Contrib. K?iowl. iii. 1852.
Leiocottus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 133, and U. S.
Pacif. R. It Exped. Fishes, p. 62.
Head broad, depressed, rounded in front ; body subcylindrical,
compressed posterioi'ly ; head and body covered with a soft and
scaleless skin ; lateral line present. Two dorsals, of moderate height.
Pectoral roiinded, with some or all the rays simple. Ventrals tho-
racic. Jaws and vomer with villiform teeth ; (vomerine teeth some-
times absent ;) none on the palate. Air-bladder none ; pyloric ap-
pendages in moderate number.
Antipodes of Nototlienia and Harpagifer ; inhabiting the northern
Seas of Europe and North America, extending to the coasts of Finance.
Fresh waters of Europe, Korthem Asia and North America.
The species of this genus may be arranged as foUows : —
A. Species with a simple prseopercular spine or spines, and with vo-
merine teeth.
B. Species with antler-like processes at the praeopercular spine.
I. With vomerine teeth.
n. Without vomerine teeth.
3. Cottus marmoraius, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 497.— Kamtschatka.
4. villosus, Pall. Zoogr. p. 129 ; Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 196. — Kamtschatka.
6. seneus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. Sr PMlos. Soc. New York, i. p. 380 ;
Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 189 ; Storer, Sep. Mass. p. 20 ; Bekay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 52. pi. 6. f. 19. — Coast of New York. — Ten anal rajs,
as stated bj Dekay in the text, would be a good distinctive character ;
but the figure, given by the same author, represents thirteen (!).
6. scorpioides, Fabric. Faun. Gr'onl. p. 157 ; Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 187. —
Coast of Greenland.
7. wilsonii, Girard, Smith'' s Contr. I. c. p. 42. pi. 1. f. 3 & 4, pi. 3.
f. 14-17. — Pennsylvania.
8. meridionaUs, Girard, Smith's Contr. I. c. p. 47. pi. 1. f. 9 & 10, and
Proc.Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, p. 189, and Proc.Am^r. Assoc. Adv.
Sc. ii. 1850, p. 410. — James River (Virginia).
9. vii ;osus, Haldcm. Suppl. Monogr. Limn. Sfc. 1840, p. 3 ; Girard,
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. ii. 1850, p. 411, and Proc. Post. Soc. Nat.
Hist. iii. 1850, p. 189, and Smit/ison. Contrib. I. c. p. 51. pi. 2. f. 1, 2, pi. 3.
f. 1-9. — Pennsylvania and Maryland.
10. formosus, Girard, Smithson. Contrib. I. c. p. 58. — Lake Ontario.
11. Acanthocottus ocellatus, Storer, Post. Journ. vi. p. 253. — Labrador.
12. Boreocottus axillaris, CHll, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 166. —
Belu-ing's Straits.
13. Porocottust quadrifihs, Gill, I.e. — Behring's Straits.
14. Cottus polaris, Sabine, App. Parry's First Voyage, p. 213 ; J.C. Ross, App.
p. 53 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 43. — Coast of Boothia.
t A single hooked praeopercular spine is attributed to this species : but it is
not evident whether the spine is simply curved, or provided with an antler-like
process.
156
XaiGLLD^.
A. Species with a simple prseopercular spine, and with vomerine teeth.
1. Cottus gobio.
BoiTos (KotVos), Aristot. iv. c. 8.
Cottus, {Gaza, Aristot.) Rondel, ii. p. 202.
Cottus s. Gobio fluviatilis capitatus, Gesner, f. 162 a j Aldrov. v. c. 28.
p. 613 ; WUlughby, p. 137. tab. H. 3. f. 3 ; Ray, p. 76.
Cottus, sp. 1, AHedi, Gen. p. 48, Spec. p. 82, Synon. p. 76.
gobio, L. Si/st. Nat. i.p. 462; L. Gm. i. p. 1211 ; Gronov. Mm.
Ichthyol. ii. p. 14 ; Bl. taf. p. 39. f. 1, 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 61 ; Lacep. iii.
p. 252 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 80 ; Pall. Zooyr. lii. p. 126 ; Meid.
pi. 17 ; Jurine, Poiss. du Lac Leman, pi. 2 ; C'uv. ^ Val. iv. p. 145 ;
Ekstrom, Fische Mdrkd,jp. 167 ; Fries och Fksfr. Skatid. Fisk. p. 34.
t. 7. f. 2 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 71 ; Gi'mther, Neckarjische, p. 17 ;
Gronow Syst. ed. Gray, p. 103 ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Russ. die-
rid, iii. p. 376.
Isevis, Marsiyli, Danub. iv. tab. 24. f. 2.
Percis, sp., Klein, Miss. v. p. 43. no. 17.
Cottus minutus, Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 145. pi. 20. f. 5, 6 ; Cuv. & Val. iv.
p. 152.
affinis, Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mm. ii. p. 145. taf. 8.
niicrostomus, Heckel, I. c. ; Nordtn. in Demid. Voy. Rms. Mend.
iii. p. 377 ; Heckel ^ Kner, Silsswasserf. p. 32.
ferrugineus, Heckel Sf Kner, Siisswmserf. p. 34.
D. 6-8 (9) I 16-17. A. 12 (-14). Cxe. pylor. 4 (3-5).
Vert. 10/23.
Skin smooth. No spines on the head, except on the praeoperculum,
which is armed posteriorly with a small curved spine, and on the
suboperculum, the spine of which is still smaller. The lateral line
iTins nearly along the middle of the body, and terminates in the
middle of the root of the caudal. Vent rather nearer to the snout
than to the tip of the caudal* ; the ventrals do not extend to the
vent ; the height of the first dorsal is more than one-half of that of
the second. Pectoral, dorsal, caudal, anal, and sometimes the ven-
tral fins dotted with blackish.
Fresh waters of Europe, and probably of Northern Asia.
I. Pectoral tins with 7 or 8 forked rays : Cottiis gobio, Valenc. —
France.
II. llajs of the pectorals simple.
A. Rays of the ventrals forked : Cottv^ gobio, Axtedi,L.,Ekstr.,
or Cottus affinis, Heck. — Scandinavia.
a. Many specimens. Gotha River, Sweden.
B. Rays of the ventrals simple. — Germany ; England.
b. Adult. Austria.
c. Adult. Dalmatia.
* Sir John Richardson (Faun. Bar. Amer. Fish. p. 42), and Girard (l. r. p. 36),
from him, state, in the description of Coffus coqiiatus : — " The anug, situated pre-
cisely as in yohio. is rather nearer to the snout than to the insertion of tlie nwidsA."
This is wrong, with regard to the European C. yobio; and if it be correct as to
C. coynatus, both fishes must be different.
32. coTTus. 157
d-f. Adult. Danube (Ulm). From the Stuttgart Museum.
g. Adult. Neckar. From the Stuttgart Museum.
h. Adult: skeleton. Neckar. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.
i, Jc. Large skulls. Neckar. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.
I. Adult. Cambridge. Mus. Leach.
m. Adult: not good state. London. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
n. Adult : not good state. London. Presented by W. Yarrell, Escj.
0. Adult. Devon. Mus. Leach.
p-t. Half-grown and adult.
itf. Half- grown.
On the varieties and the anatomy see Gimthcr, NicJcarfische,
pp. 20-28.
2. Cottus pcecilopus.
Coitus pcecilopus, Ilechel, Ann. Wiot. Mus. ii. 18.39, taf. 8. f. 1,2*;
Norihn. in Demid. Voj/. Russ. Mcrid. iii. p. 377.
gobio, var., Gthr. Ncckarf. p. 25.
D. 8-9 I 16-18. A. 13-14. Ca^e. pylor. 4-5.
Skin smooth. No spines on the head, except on the pra^operculum,
which is armed with a small curved spine, and on the suboperculum,
the spine of which is still smaller. Lateral line above the middle
of the body, not reaching to the caudal, and tei-niinating near the
extremity of the dorsal. Vent in the middle of the distance between
the snout and the root of the caudal. The second dorsal and the
anal lower than the corresponchng part of the body ; the origin of
the anal falls vertically below the third dorsal ray. The vcutrals
extend to the vent. Fins dotted with brown.
Karpathians ; Pyrenees.
a. Fine specimen. Hungary.
3. Cottus cognatus.
Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. iii. p. 40; Heckel, Ann. Wicn. Miis. ii.
1836, p. 149 ; Girard, Proc. Amcr. Assoc. Adv. Sc. ii. p. 410, and
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1850, iii. p. 189, and Smitlison. Contrib.
I. c. p. 41.
D. 8 I 18. A. 14. Ca5c. pylor. 4.
Skin smooth. No spines on the head, except those of the prae-
and suboperculum, as in C. gohio. The lateral line is nearer to the
ridge of the back than to the belly. Vent nearer to the snout than
to the insertion of the caudal. The origin of the anal falls in the
vertical from the sixth dorsal ray. {Rich.)
Great Bear Lake.
4. Cottus gracilis.
Cottus gobio, Ayrcs, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 1845, p. 121. pi. 11.
gracilis. Heck. Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 1837, p. 148 ; Girard, Proc.
Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. ii. 1850, p. 411, and Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
iii. 1850, p. 189, and Smithson. Contrib. I. c. p. 49. pi. 1. f. 11, 12,
* The figure given in HerkcJ and Kner, Sil^iswasaerfsche, p. 31. represents the
lateral line faulty.
158 TRIGLIDJE.
Uranidea qiiiescens, Dekay, New York Faun. 1842, p. 61. pi. 5. f. 14.
? Cottus gobio, Kirtl. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. \. 1847, p. 342
? Cottus bairdii, Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. ii. 1850, p. 410,
and Proc. Post. Sac. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, p. 189, and Smithson.
Contr. I. c. p. 44. pi. 1. f. 5, 6.
D. 8 I 16. A. 11-12.
Skin smooth ; armature of head as in C. gobio. The lateral line
does not extend to the caudal ; the vent is nearer to the snout than
to the extremity of the caudal fin ; the first dorsal fin very low, its
height being less than one-half of that of the second ; the pectoral
extends somewhat beyond the origin of the anal ; the origin of the
anal faUs vertically below the third dorsal ray. Dorsal, pectoral,
caudal, and anal fins banded or spotted.
Rivers of Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York.
a. Half-grown. Boston. Presented by B. Wiristone, Esq.
5. Cottus richardsonii.
Agass. Lake Superior, 1850, p. 300 ; Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc.
1850, p. 410, and Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, p. 189, and
Smithson. Contrib. p. 39. pi. 1. f. 1, 2, pi. 3. f. 18-21.
D. 8 I 18. A. 14.
Skin smooth ; armature of head as in C. gohio. Pectorals shorter
than the head ; the vent is in the middle of the distance between
the extremities of the snout and of the caudal fin ; the origin of
the anal falls vertically below the third dorsal ray.
Lake Superior.
6. Cottus alvordii.
Girard, Smithson. Contrib. I. c. p. 40. pi. i. f. 7, 8.
D. 7 I 16. A. 13.
Skin smooth; armature of head as in C. gobio, with a second
additional, very smaU praeopercular spine beneath the larger one.
The lateral line disappears under the middle of the second dorsal ;
the vent is nearer to the snout than to the root of the caudal fin.
The first dorsal is about half as high as the second ; the pectoral
extends beyond the origin of the anal ; the origin of the anal falls
vertically below the third dorsal ray. Fins yellowish, the first dor-
sal with some blackish spots. (Gir.)
Streams emptying into Lake Huron.
7. Cottus franklinii.
Agass. Lake Superior, 1850, p. 303 ; Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv.
'Sc. ii. 1850, p. 411, and Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, p. 189,
and Smith's Contrib. I. c. p. 53. pi. 2. f. 5, 6, pi. 3. f. 10-13.
D. 8 I 17. A. 12.
Skin smooth ; armature of the head as in C. gobio. The lateral
line disappears under the middle of the second dorsal fin ; the vent
32. coTTUS. 159
IS nearer to tlie base of the caudal fin than to the tip of the snout.
The first dorsal is nearly as high as the second, the pectoral does
not reach to the anal, and the origin of the anal falls vertically below
the fourth dorsal ray.
Lake Superior.
8. Cottus boleoides.
Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. ii. 1850, p. 411, and Froc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, p. 189, and Smithson. Coittrib. I. c. p. 56.
pi. 2. f. 7, 8.
D. 8-9 I 17. A. 11-12.
Skin smooth. Armatui'e of the head as in C. gohio. Lateral Hne
aliove the middle of the body, not reaching to the caudal, and termi-
nating below the dorsal. Vent in the middle of the distance between
the snout and the root of the caudal ; the second doj-sal and the
anal higher than the body between them ; the ventrals extend to,
or slightly beyond, the vent ; the pectoral beyond the third ray of
the anal. Pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins strioiated and dotted with
blackish. (Glr.)
Along the western slope of the Green Mountains.
9. Cottus scorpius.
Cottus, sp. 3, pt., Artedi, Gen. p. 49, Spec. p. 86 ; Groiiov. Zoophyl.
no. 268.
scorpius, pt., L. Syst. i. p. 452 ; Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 102.
Corystion, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. p. 47. no. 11. tab. 13. f. 2, 3.
Edwards, Gleanings, pi. 284 (lower figure ; faulty).
Cottus scorpius, Block, taf. 4(T; Bl. Schn. p. 60; Lacep. iii. p. 236;
Donov. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 35 ; Cm}. ^- Val. iv. p. 160 ; JEkstroni,
Fische Morko, p. 171 ; Fries och Ekstr. p. 23. pi. 5. f. 1, 2 ; Parn.
Fish. Frith of Forth, p. 23; Yarrell, i. p. 75 (not Pallas).
D. 10 1 14. A. 11-12. Cffic. pylor. 9. Vert. i^.
Two small spines above the snout and four more or less obtuse
tubercles on the crown ; three pra^opercular spines, two of which
are at the angle, the upper one the longest, rather less than the
width of the eye. The height of the first dorsal is less than the
length of the maxillary bone. Sldn naked, in some incfividuals
with several granulated plates. The pectoral does not reach to the
origin of the anal. Above blackish, marbled with grepsh ; the soft
dorsal and anal fins \vith oblique blackish bands ; the caudal with
vertical bands.
Coasts of Great Britain ; German Ocean ; Baltic.
a. Large female. England. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.
b. Large female : skin. South Devon. From Mr. Yarrell's Collec-
tion as " Four-horned Cottus.^'
<;. Adult. Mouth of the Thames. Presented by T. Henslow, Esq.
d. Adult. Brighton. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.
e. Adult : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieutenant H. F.
Spcnce, R.N.
160 TRIGLID,?5.
/, g. Large specimens : stuffed. Frith of I'orth.
h-k. Adult : skins. England. Prom Mr. Tarrell's Collection.
I. Adult. Eiver Gotha, Sweden. From Mr. Lloyd's Collection.
m. Adult female : skeleton. River Gotha, Sweden. From Mr.
Lloyd's Collection.
n, 0. Veiy large specimens. Baltic Sea. From the Haslar Collection.
p. Very large specimen : skeleton.
q. Adult.
r,s. Half-grown.
t. Half-grown.
u. Adult : stuffed.
V. Intestines of specimen m.
Sheleton. — The greater part of the upper surface of the skull ia
formed by the principal frontal bones, which have a crescent-shaped
incisure on the side for receiving the eye. The sjiace between the
eyes is concave, and its width is two-thirds of the distance between
the upper posterior angles of the orbits ; these angles are indicated
by a striated protuberance of the bone. The crown of the head is
very broad and fiat ; an obtuse ridge runs from the protuberance men-
tioned to the insertion of the suprascapula, and separates the crown
from the lateral parts of the head ; a similar transverse ridge crosses
the supraoccipital. A part of the ethmoid, which is intercalated
between the frontal bones, is quite free ; anteriorly it is bifurcate.
The turbinal bones are armed with a spine ; the palatine bones
oblong, toothless. The vomer is anchor-shaped ; its anterior- arms
are provided with a band of villiform teeth, bent at an obtuse angle;
its posterior part is broad anteriorly, and tapers posteriorly mto an
obtuse point. The basisphenoid is flat beneath, very long, reachinp,
nearly as far forwards as the vomer ; there is no pit bet vvecn the
basioccipital and the basisphenoid. The basal portion of the brain-
capsule is slightly convex, broad, and depressed.
The upper maxiUary bone is rather elongate, styliform antf^' iorly,
and spatuliform behind ; it has no supplementary bone. Thr inter-
maxillary is one-third • shorter ; its posterior margin is slightly
flattened and produced ; each posterior process is divided into two,
namely into a broad, oblong, exterior part, and a longer interior
one which is pointed. The dentaiy bone of the mandibula is deeply
forked ; only the inferior part is joined to the articular, the superior
being quite free. The articular bone is composed of three processes :
the middle and longest joins the dentary, the two others being free ;
the one is styhform and points upwards, the other is broad and di-
rected downwards. Tlio dentary, like other bones of the skull, has a
muciferous channel, as in a great many — more or less in all — Acan-
thopterygn, and therefore not a peculiarity of the Cottoids.
The infraorbital bridge is formed by three oblong flat bones with
several mucous pits. The opcrclcs are composed merely of ridges,
terminating in, or armed with, spines ; the connecting bony parts
between the ridges are feeble and thin.
Each OS imiommatum is composed of three lamcUae, the inferior of
32. C0TTU3. 161
which is the least developed ; the two others fi>' ui togethe'.' a concave
longitudinal groove. There is a wide channel, completely closed.
along all the longitudinal axis of the bone.
Thirty-five vertehrce ; the extent of the abdominal portion cannot
be ascertained in the present skeleton.
10. Cottus grcenlandicus.
Cottus scorpiiis, Fabric. Faun. Grcenl. p. 15G ; Fuber, Fische Islands,
p. 120.
grcenlandicus, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 156 ; Richards. Faun. Bor.
Amer. iii. pp. 46, 297. pi. 95. f. 2 ; Storer, Rep. Mass. p. 16 ; Dekay,
New York Fauna^ Fishes, p. 54. pi. 4. f. 10.
? Cottus porosus, Cuv. i^- Val. viii. p. 498 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer.
Fishes, p. 47.
Cottus variabilis, Ayres, Proc. Bast. Sac. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 68, and
Bast. Journ. iv. 1843, p. 259.
Acanthocottus variabilis, Gir. Bast. Journ. vi. p. 248
D. 10 I 16. A. 12-13. Csec. pylor. 7.
Two small spines above the snout ; four more or less obtuse
tubercles on the crown ; the quadrangular space between them
rather longer than broad ; three prseopercular spines, two of which
are at the angle ; the upper one is the longest, rather less than the
width of the eye, The height of the first dorsal is less than the
length of the maxillary bone ; the ventral terminates at a great
distance from the vent ; the pectoral does not reach to the origin of
the anal. Skin above the lateral hne generally with granidated
plates. The first dorsal blackish, marbled with lighter, and with a
whitish posterior margin ; the soft dorsal and anal with broad oblique
brown bands, the caudal with vertical ones.
Arctic Seas of America.
Var. a. Sides of the beUy with large white spots.
a. Large specimen. Banks of Newfoundland. From the Haslar
Collection.
b. Large specimen. Banks of Newfoimdlaud. From the Haslar
Collection.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Very large specimen : stuffed. Greenland,
Var. /3. Sides irregularly marbled.
e. Large specimen, Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq.
/, g. Adult : dried. Greenland. Presented by the Zoological
Society.
h. Half-grown: dried.
11. Cottus pachypus.
D. 9 I 16. A. 12 (-14)
Two small spines above the snout, an obtuse one above each orbit,
and a pair of obtuse prominences on the veciput. The impression
VOL. II. M
162 TRIGLID^.
on the crown becomes narrower posteriorly, and is nearly twice as
long as broad. Thi'ee praeopercular spines, two of which are at the
angle ; the upper is the longest, its length being equal to the dia-
meter of the eye, but less than the width between the orbits. The
height of the first dorsal is somewhat more than the length of the
maxillaiy bone ; the ventral terminates at a great distance from the
vent, and the pectoral does not reach to the anal. Skin above the
lateral line with smooth warts. Brownish, spotted with darker
(colours faded).
Port Leopold.
a. Adult. Port Leopold. From the Haslar Collection,
6. Young. Port Leopold. From the Haslar Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The greatest height of the body, in
front of the dorsal, is 4| in the total length ; its greatest width,
behind the pectoral, foui" times. The tail tapers much posteriorly,
and its height, before the caudal, is twenty-one times in the total
length. The head is moderately broad and depressed ; its length is
3| in the total. The cleft of the mouth is moderate, the maxillary
reaching to the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the snout is not
very obtuse, and the upper jaw slightly overhangs the lower ; there
is a pair of small spines above the snout. The space between the
eyes is slightly concave, and its "width rather more than the hori-
zontal diameter of the eye ; there is an obtuse protuberance above
the posterior angle of the orbit, from which a slight ridge proceeds
to the occipital protuberance ; the latter is very little prominent,
and furnished with a small skinny tentacle. The impression be-
tween these two pairs of protuberances is shallow, and becomes
narrower posteriorly, being nearly twice as long as broad. The
praDoperculum is anned with three spines, two of which are opposite
the infraorbital, the third being situated at the inferior extremity
of the bone, and pointing downwards. The suboperculum has a
single spine anteriorly, directed downwards ; throat without spines.
The spinous do^'sal begins at a distance from the head which is
rather less than the length of the impression of the crown ; it is not
continuous with the soft. The fourth spine is the longest, its length
being somewhat more than that of the maxillary bone, and a little
less than that of the ninth ray. The caudal has the posterior mar-
gin slightly coiwex, and its length is 6| in the total. The anal is
formed by twelve rays, and begins in the vertical from the fifth dor-
sal ray, and terminates a little before the opposite fin ; its height
equals that of the spinous dorsal. The pectoral is composed of six-
teen simple rays, and reaches to the vent, which is situated nearly in
the middle of the total length. The root of the ventrals falls be-
hind that of the pectoral ; they terminate at a grc;it distance from
the vent, and are composed of one spine and three rays. The spine
is enveloped in the same membrane with the first ray ; the middle
ray is the longest, flat and compressed like the interior.
The lateral line is continued to the caudal, and is composed of
elongate bony tubes, thirty-eight in number. This specimen is nearly
32. coTTus. 163
entirely smooth, exhibiting, hoAvever, some flat and smooth warts
above the lateral line ; it is a female.
The young specimen differs from the adult one in having fourteen
anal rays.
The colours have somewhat faded; the upper parts are brown,
with some darker spots ; the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins appear
to have been spotted, the spots being arranged in bands. The lower
part of the sides with several white spots.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 1
Length of the head 1 J 1
Greatest height of the body 1 6
Smallest height of the tail 0 4
Greatest width of the body 1 9
Width of the space between the eyes .... 0 5
Horizontal diameter of the eye 0 4
Length of the fourth dorsal spine 0 10
of the ninth dorsal ray 0 11
of the sixth anal ray 0 10
of the caudal 1 1
of the pectoral 1 6
of the ventral 1 3
12. Cottus labradoricus.
.4.canthocottus labradoricus, Girard, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 1850,
p. 247. pi. 7. f. 3.
B. 6, D. 8 I 17. A. 14. V. 1/3.
Two spines above the snout, one above the orbit, and two pairs
on the crown. Four prseopercular spines, two of which are situated
at the angle, the upper one being the longest, rather less than the
width of the eye. A series of granulated plates above the lateral
line ; back with scattered bony plates. ( Qir.')
Coast of Labrador.
13. Cottus octodecim-spinosus.
Scorpius virginianus, Williighby, App. p. 25. pi. 10. f. 15.
Cottus scorpius, Schoepff, Schrift. Naturf. Freunde BerJ. viii. p 145.
octodecimspinosus, MitchiU, Tra7is.' Lit. 8f Philos. Soc. Neto York,
i. p. 380; Cuv.SfVal. iv. p. 181; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes,
p. 46.
virginianus, Storer, Rep. Mass. p. 18; Dekay, New York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 51. pi. 5. f. 13.
Acanthocottus virginianus, Gir. Smithson. Contrib. I. c. pi. 3. f. 26-20,
f. 46-48.
D. 9 I 16. A. 13-14. Cffic. pylor. 6. Vert. 13/23.
Two spines above the snout and four on the crown, the latter
placed in a quadrangle, much longer than broad. Three prseoper-
cular spines, the upper of which is one-half longer than the diameter
of the eye» The height of the spinous dorsal is rather more than
M 2
1 64 TEIGLID^.
the length of the maxillary bone. Skin smooth ; along the lateral
line narrow bony plates. Body marbled with brown ; the first
dorsal blackish, with whitish spots ; the other fins with brownish
spots, more or less confluent into bands.
Atlantic coasts of the northern parts of North America.
a. Adiilt : stuffed. N. America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.
b. Adult : skin. New York. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
14. Cottus mitchilli.
Cottus Scorpio ?, Mitch. Tram. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 381.
mitchilli, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 188 ; Dehay, Neto York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 53. pi. 17. f. 47.
D. 10 I 14. A. 11.
Two spines above the snout ; four on the praeoperculum, the upper
one much shorter than the diameter of the eye. The distance
between the eyes is one-half of their diameter ; ventral fin reaching
nearly to the vent. Yellowish, with confluent bars and blotches over
the back and sides ; all the fins with interrupted black bars. (Dek.)
Coast of New York.
15. Cottus bubalis.
Cottus, sp. 3, pt., Artedi, Gen. p. 49, i^ec. p. 86; Gronov. Zoophyl.
no. 268.
Cottus scorpius, pi., L. Syst. i. p. 452 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 102.
Scorpius marinus, Schonev. Ichth. p. 67. tab. 6.
Tonning in Trondhj. Selsk. Skr. ii. p. 345. tab. 13, 14.
Cottus bubalis, Euphrasen, N. Schwed. Abhandl. vii. p. 64. t. 3. f. 2, 3 ;
Bl. Schn. p. 62 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 165. pi. 78 ; Ekstrom, Fische
MorU, p. 182; Fries och Ekstr. p. 27. t. 6. f. 1, 2; Yarrell, Brit. Fish.
2nd edit. 1. p. 78 ; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 25 ; Owen, Osteal.
Catal. i. p. 55.
Aspicottus bubalis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 130.
bison, Girard, I. c.
D. 8 I 11-12. A. 9. C«c. pylor. 8. Vert. {|.
Two small spines above the snout ; behind the eyes two obtuse
parallel ridges, including a quadrangular space much longer than
broad. Four praeopercular spines, two of which are at the angle,
and a third in the middle of the posterior margin of the bone ; the
uppermost is longer than the diameter of the eye. The ventral fin
terminates at some distance from the vent, the pectoral reaches to
the origin of the anal. Lateral line armed with bony plates. Head,
body, and fins variegated with blackish.
a. European variety. The ridges on the bones of the skuU covered
with skin, or smooth. Coasts of France and Great Britain ; German
Ocean ; Baltic.
a-c. Adult and half-grown. Brighton. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.
d-g. Adult. Falmouth. Purchased.
32. coTxus. 165
h,i. Adult: stxiffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieutenant H. F.
Spence, R.N.
k, I. JLalf-grown : stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieutenant
H. F. Spenoe, K.N.
m. Half-grown. Berwick-on-Tweed. Presented by Dr. G.Johnston.
n, 0. Adult. Devonshire coast.
p-s. Adult, half-grown, and young. Wales. Presented by Mrs.
Grey.
t-v. Half-grown. S. Wales. Presented by J. Stokes, Esq.
w. Many skins. Kiver Tamar. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
x-z. Adult and half- grown. Frith of Forth.
a. Adult: stuffed. Frith of Forth. Mus. Leach.
/3. Adult : skin. Frith of Forth.
y. Half- grown. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
?. Adult.
e. Half-grown.
^. Half-grown.
7], d, I. Adult and half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
K. Adult: skeleton. Falmouth.
fi. American variety. The ridges of the bones of the head
tubercular, not covered with skin. Coast of California; Gulf of
Georgia.
X. Fine specimen. New Orcas island (Gulf of Georgia). Presented
by the Lords of the Admiralty.
The skeleton is very similar to that of C. scorpius, and differs from
it chiefly by^he narrowness of the upper parts of the skull. The
space between the orbits is very concave, and its width is two-fifths
only of the distance between the upper posterior angles of the orbits.
The longitudinal ridges on the crown of the head are rather stronger,
and the space between them is twice as long as broad.
The number of the vertebrce also is remarkably different, there
being twelve abdominal and seventeen caudal.
16. Cottusjaok.
Cottus scorpius, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 131.
? Myoxocephalus stelleri, Tiles. Mem. Acad. PHersb. 1811, iv. p. 273.
Cottus jaok, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 172.
D. 7 I 15. A. 14.
Two small spines above the snout ; crown with some slight granu-
lations instead of tubercles ; three prseopercular spines, two of which
are at the angle, the upper one the longest, rather less than the
width of the eye. Above and below the lateral line granulated
plates. The height of the first dorsal is much less than the length
of the maxillary bone. Body and pectoral fins spotted with brown ;
%e second dorsal, caudal, and anal with brown bands.
Coasts of Kamtschatka
ltJ6 TRIOriDJf.
17. Cottus polyacanthocephalus.
Palhs, Zoogr. p. 133. pi. 23 ; Cm. &,- Val. iv. p. 177.
D. 10 I 15. A. 12.
Crown mth four groups of pointed granulations ; a similar group
above the temporal region ; three^prfcopercular spines, two of which,
are at the angle, the upper one extenchng nearly as far backwards as
that of the operculum. Skin naked. Brownish, with lighter spots ;
fins with, irregular bands.
N.W. coast of America.
18. Cottus quadricomis.
Cottus, ."sp. 2, ArtecU, Gene) a, p. 43, and Sjjec. p. 84 j Gronov. Zoophyl.
no. 272.
CottiLs quadricornis, L. Syst. i. p. 451 ; Bl t. 108 ; Bl. Schn. p. 62 ;
Larep. iii. p. 241 ; Chi\ e^ Val. iv. p. 168 ; Ekstrom, Fische Morko,
p. 178 ; Fries oeh Ekstr. p. 30. t. 7. f. 1 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 83;
Wliifc, Coted. Brit. Fishes, p. 7; Gronov. Syst. eel Gray, p. 102;
P PuU. Spieil. Zool. viii. p. 25 (not Parry).
D. 9 I 14. A. 13-15. Ciec. pylor. 7. Vert. 40.
Two small spines above the snout ; four very prominent and rough
tubercles on the crown, the quadrangular space between them rather
longer tlian broad ; foiu- pra^operciilar spines, the uppermost of
which is the longest, and about equal to the diameter of the eye.
The height of the first dorsal is much less than the length of the
maxillary bone. The ventral terminates at a great distance from the
vent, whilst the pectoral extends nearly to it. One or more series of
granular tubercles, parallel to the lateral line. Greyish ; fins some-
times .spotted.
British Channel ; German Ocean ; Baltic.
o. Adult. London market. Presented by Dr. J". E. Gray.
h, c. Adult. From the Haslar CoUectio.:.
19. Cottus hexacornis.
Richards. Franklin Jonrn. p. 72<'>, and Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 44.
D. 7 1 13. A.—?
Six club-shaped processes stand erect on the top of the head,
their .summits fiattish and scabrous ; the smallest pair are situated
between the nares. Fins streaked with bluish-black. {Rich.)
Mouth of Tree River, near the Coppermine, lat. 67° 12' N.
20. Cottus hinrndo.
Leiocottus hirundo, Girard, Pror. Ae. Nat. Sc. Phijad. 1856, p. 133,
and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, \>. 62. pi. 16. f. 2, 3.
B. 5. D. 9 I 17. A. 17. V. 1/.3.
Posterior extremity of the maxillary with two or three small
thread-like barbels. Skin perfectly smooth. (jUll-oprnings con-
32. coTTUS. 167
tinuous under the throat. Praeoperculxim with three spines, the
upper of which is bifurcate, the points being bent upwards. Dark
brown, irregidarly spotted with black. (Gir.)
Island of San Miguel (California).
B. Species with antler-like processes at the praeopercular spine,
and with vomerine teeth.
21. Cottus pistilliger.
Fallas, Zoogr. iii. p 143. pi. 20. f. 3, 4; Cuv. <^ Vol. iv. p. 193.
D. 9 I 13. A. 16.
Two spines above the snout. Crown with four obtuse and small
tubercles ; four praeopercular spines, two of which are at the angle,
the upper one very long and armed with two teeth. Lateral line
with rou£;h tubercles ; a series of small filaments below the lateral
line, each terminating in a small knob.
Coast of Kamtschatka (Port of Avatcha and Island of Unalashka).
22. Cottus claviger.
Cm. Sf Vol. iv. p. 195. pi. 79. f. 2 (bad) ; Beech. Voij. Zool. Fishes,
p. 58. pi. 16. f. 1, 2.
D. 6 I 13. A. 11.
Two strong spines above the snout ; the superciliary margins very
elevated, with a deep groove between them. Four pra3opercular
spines, the upper of which is exceedingly strong and long, extending
nearly to the vertical from the extremity of the first dorsal, and den-
ticulated on its upper margin. Occiput produced into two very long
cuneiform processes. Lateral line with bony plates, each with a
spiny keel ; body covered with rough tubercles ; a series of small
cutaneous appendages above the anal.
Kamtschatka.
a. Type of the species. Kamtschatka. Presented by A. Collie, Esq. —
The occipital processes have been taken off by a former examiner.
C. Species with antler-like processes at the pnieopercular spine,
and without vomerine teeth.
23. Cottus intennedius.
Temm. «^- Schley. Faim. Japon. Poiss. p. 38.
D. 9 I 13. A. 14.
No vomerine teeth. Two strong spines above the snout ; a small
tubercle above the upper posterior angle of the orbit ; upper side of
the head rough. Four- prteopercular spines, the upper one Avith
four, or five antler-like processes. Space between the eyes narrow
and concave. Body and fins marbled with brown ; pectoral and
caudal fins with brown bands. {Schleg.)
Coast of Japan.
168 TRlGLin^.
24. Cottus ventralia.
Cottu3 ventralis, Cm-. Hf Val. iv. p. 194. pi. 79. f. 1 (not good) ; Beech.
Voy. Zool. Fishes, p. 58.
? Acanthocottus patris, Storer, Bost. Joiirn. vi. p. 250. pi. 7. f. 2.
D. 10 I 14. A. 16.
No vomerine teeth. Two spines above the snout ; a small tubercle
above the upper posterior angle of the orbit, none on the crown.
Four proeopercular spines, the upper as long as the diameter of the
eye, with two antler-hke processes. The upper side of the head
with granulated tubercles ; lateral line with a series of small elon-
gate tubes. Pectoral and ventral very long, reaching beyond the
origin of the anal.
jCoast of Kamtschatka (and of Labrador).
a. Half-grown. Kamtschatka. Presented by A. Collie, Esq. —
Type of the species.
6. Young.
2b. Cottus tricuspis.
Cottus gobio, Fabricius, Faun. Grcenl. no. 115.
tricuspis, Reinh. Vid. Selsk. Nat. Math. AfJi. v. p. lii.
Phobetor tricuspis, Kroycr, Naturhist. Tidsskr.'i. 1844, p. 263.
D. 10 I 16. A. 18. Ciec. pylor. 6. Ycrt. |.
No vomeiine teeth. Two veiy small spines above the snout ; a
small tubercle above the upper posterior angle of the orbit ; on the
crown none, or they arc scarcely visible. Four jiraeopercular spines,
the upper as long as the diameter of the eye, \vith two antler-hke
processes, the anterior of which is very small. The space between
the eyes concave ; its width is much less than that of the cUameter of
the eye. Crown of the head and neck with groups of granulations ;
lateral line smooth. The pectoral fins reach beyond the origin of
the anal, the ventrals to the vent. Dorsal and pectoral fins with
brown spots, forming bands.
Coasts of Greenland.
a-g. Adult and young. Greenland.
h. Adult female : skeleton. Greenland.
i. Adult : Hudson's Bay. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Young. Hunde Island. Presented by Dr. Sutherland.
/. Young. Port Leopold. From the Haslar Collection.
in. Adult: stuffed.
n. Intestines of specimen /;.
The liver is large, round, not divided into lobes, and situated
principally on the left side of the stomach. The stomach is very
spacious and curved ; the pylorus with six appendages ; the intes-
tines appear to make one complete circumvolution. The ovaria are
separated from each other to their posterior extremity. Tlie urine-
bladder is narrow, elongate, situated above the right-hand ovarium.
Sheleton. — The configuration of the skull is much more similar to
C. gohio than to C. srorj>ius or 6w6«/»>. The space between the
33. CENTRIDERMICHTHTS. 169
orbits is very slightly condave, very narrow, its width being nearly
one-third the distance between the upper posterior angles of the
orbits. The crown is flat, without any longitudinal or transverse
ridges, but with a very slight impression in the middle. The
frontal bones, the praeoperculum, the mandibula, and the infra-
orbitals have very distinct muciferous channels ; the turbinals are
provided with a minute spine. The number of the caudal vertebrae
is increased, there being twelve in the abdominal portion and twenty-
eight in the caudal.
26. Cottus diceraus.
Cottus diceraus, Pall. Nov. Act. Petrop. 1783, p. 354. pi. 10. f. 7 ; Cuv.
(§• Val. iv. p. 189 ; Cuv. E^gne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 21. f. 1 ; Beech.
Voy. Zool. Fishes, p. 57. pi. 15. f. 2.
stelleri, Bl. Sclm. p. 0:}.
Synanceia cervus, Tiles. Mem. Acr.d. St. Petersb. iii. p. 278. pi. 13.
Ceratocottus * diceraus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 165.
D. 7 I 14-15. A. 10.
Two spines above the snout. The superciHaiy margin elevated
and continued into a ridge, which terminates posteriorly in a tren-
chant point. Praeoperculum with four spines, two of which are at
the angle ; the upper very long, equal to two-thirds the length of
the head, and armed with eight recurved teeth ; suboperculum with
two spines. Lateral line with roiigh tubercles.
Coast of Kamtschatka.
33. CENTRIDERMICHTHYS.
Trachidermust, Meckel, Ann. Wien. Mtis. 1840, ii. p. 159.
Centridennichthys, Richards. Voij. Sidph. Fishes, p. 73.
Cottopsis, Oligocottus, et Leptocottus, Girard in U, S. Pacif, R. R.
Exped. Fishes, p. 51, &c.
Head more or less depressed, rounded anteriorly ; body subcyUn-
drical, compressed posteriorly ; head and body covered with soft and
scaleless skin, more or less studded with prickles or granulations ;
lateral line present. Two dorsals, of moderate height ; pectorals
rounded, with some or all the rays simple ; ventrals thdracic, of
moderate length. TeetJi in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine hones.
Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Coasts of Japan and China ; Pacific coasts of North America ; fresh
waters of California and of the Oregon and Washington Territories ;
coast of Greenland.
1. Centridermichthys fasciatus.
Trachidermus fasciatus, Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 1840, p. 160.
taf. 9. f. 1, 2.
Centridermichthvs ansatus, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 74. pi. 54.
f 6-10.
* Preoccupied by Phobetor.
t Trachidcrnms is inadmissible; the correct form, Trachydcrmu, was pro-
occupied long ago by Latrcillc for a genus of Insects.
170 TRIGLID^.
Cottus uncinatus, Tem/n. S)- Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 38 (not
Reinh.).
D. 8 I 19. A. 17.
Teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. The space between
the eyes is concave, and its width equals their diameter. Four prae-
opercular spines, the upper of which is long, with the point curved
upwards. Body covered with nimierous minute granulations or
prickles; a series of tubercles along the lateral line. Across the
back four black bands, the last occupying the base of the caudal ; a
black spot at the base of the pectoral and the first dorsal ; the rays
of all the fins dotted with brown.
Coast of Japan ; mouth of the Yangtsee-Kiang-Kew, in the north
of China ; Philippine Islands.
2. Centridermichthys asper.
Cottus asper, Richards. Faun. Bor. Arner. Fishes, pp. 295, .313. pi. 95. f. 1.
Trachidermus richardsoni, Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mas. 1840, li. p. 162.
Centridermichthys asper, Richards. Voy. Sidph. Fishes, p. 74.
Cottopsis asper, Girard, Proc. Bast. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 1850, p. 303,
and Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sc. Nat, xii. 1851, p. 185, and U. S.
Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 51.
D. 9-10 I 21-22. A. 17. V. 1/4. Ccec. pylor. 5.
Gill-openings separated beneath by an isthmus. Three pra^oper-
cular' spines, the upper of which is the longest, covered by the skin,
and with the point curved upwards. Crown with very small Avarts ;
back of the body with very minute spines. YeUowish-brown, with
black spots and dots.
Fresh waters of the Oregon and Washington Territories.
3. Centridermichthys gulosus.
Cottopsis gulosus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 129,
and U. S. Pacif, R. R. Expcd. Fishes, p. 35.
B. 6. D. 9 I 18. A. 14-15. V. 1/4.
Gill-openings separated beneath by an isthmus. Three prscoper-
cular spines, the upper of which is the largest, nearly entirely hidden
by the skin, and A^dth the point curved upwards. Skin smooth,
except on a space immediately behind the pectorals, which is covered
with very minute spines. The lateral line falls abruptly below the
extremity of the soft dorsal. Reddish-brown, irregularly spotted
with black ; fins blackish-brown, caudal and pectorals variegated
with black. (Gir,)
Fresh waters of California.
4. Centridermichthys parvus.
Cottopsis parvus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 144, and
U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 54.
B." 6. D. 8 I 21. A. 15-17. V. 1/4.
Gill-openings separated beneath by an isthmus. Jaws equal.
Prseopercular spines very inconspicuous. Skin generally covered with
33. CENTEIDERMICHTHYS. 171
very minute spines. The lateral line is slightly bent downwards on
the tail. Olivaceous : body and fins spotted with black ; a black
blotch on the upper and posterior portion of the first dorsal. (Oir.)
Fresh waters of California.
5. Centridermichthys maculosus.
Oligocottus maciilosus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 133,
and Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1857, pi. 24. f. 7, and U. S. Pacif.
It. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 56.
B. 6. D. 8 I 16-17. A. 13-14. V. 1/3.
Gill-openings continuous under the throat. Head with the upper
surface depressed and the snout very shelving. A stoutish bicuspid
process on the convexity of the praeoperculum. Yellowish-brown
mottled with blackish ; along the back a series of blotches of a deeper
hue ; the rays, of the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins with black dots
arranged in bands.
West coast of America from California to the Vancouver Islands.
a-f. Fine specimens. Vancouver Islands. — These specimens exhibit
smaU tentacles on the upper pt>i-t of the head and along the
lateral line.
(J, h. Adult. — The skin above the lateral line is granulated.
6. Centridermichthys analis.
Oligocottus analis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 201, and
U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expcd. Fishes, p. 57.
D. 9 I 17. A. 13. V. 1/3.
Gill-openings continuous under the throat. Head with the upper
surface depressed and the snout very shelving. Pra^opercular spines
moderate. Dorsal fins contiguous. Dorsal region with minute
spines. Greenish-olive, spotted with black. {Gir.)
Coast of California.
7. Centridermichthys globiceps.
Oligocottus globiceps, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Fxped. Fishes, p. 58.
D. 9 I 16. A. 12. V. 1/3.
Gill-openings continuous under the throat. Head with the upper
surface convex and with the snout abruptly truncated, rounded.
Praeoperculum with rudimentary spines. Dorsal fins separated.
Skin perfectly smooth. Reddish-brown, spotted with black. (Gir.)
Coast of California.
8. Centridermichthys armatus.
Leptocottus ai-matiis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1854, pp. 131, 145,
and 1856, p. 133, and in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fish. p. 60. pi. 15. f. 2.
Acanthocottus inennis, Ayres.
B. 6. D. 8 I 18. A. 17. V. 1/4.
Gill-openings separated beneath by an isthmus. The upper jaw
longer than the lower ; the upper maxillary reaches beyond the ver-
172 TBIGLU)^.
tical from the centre of the orbit. A curved praeopercular process
provided with two spines directed upwards. Blackish-brown above ;
dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins barred with black ; anterior dorsal
with a black spot posteriorly.
Pacific coast of the United States.
a-c. Fine specimens. New Orcas Islands (Gulf of Georgia). Pre-
sented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — Girard describes the
upper maxillary as extending beyond the vertical from the pos-
terior margin of the orbit. (?)
9. Centridermichthys bicomis.
Cottus bicomis, Rcinh. Vid Selsk. Natur. og 31ath, Afh. viii. p. Ixxv.
B. 7. D. 8 I 15. A. 14.
Occiput with two acute points ; four praeoperciilar spines, the
uppermost of which is bifurcate. (Reinh.)
Greenland.
10. Centridermichthys uncinatus.
Cottus uncinatus, Reinh. Vid. Selsk. Natur. og 3Iath. Afhandl. 1833-
34, p. xliv (not Schleg.).
Icelus uncinatus, Kroyer, Naturhist, Tidsskr. 1844, i. p. 253.
D. 8 I 13. A. 11.
Occiput with two rounded tubercles. Two praeopercular spines,
the upper of which is bent upwards, hooklike, vnth a smaller process
at its base. {Reinh.)
Greenland.
34. ICELUS.
Icelus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. 1844, i. p. 253,
Head large, naked, armed at the opercles and on the neck ; body
subcompressed, with a dorsal series of bony plates from the neck to
the base of the caudal ; lateral line with osseous tubercles ; on the
sides and on the belly scattered scales. Two separate dorsals ; ven-
trals thoracic, wtth less than five rays; no pectoral filaments.
Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones
Six branchiostegals. Air-bladder none.
Coasts of Spitzbergen and Greenland
1. Icelus hamatus.
Kroyer, I. c,
D. 9 I 20. A, 16. V. 1/3.
The length of the head is one-third of the total ; the space between
the orbits veiy narrow, one-fourth of the diameter of the eye ; the
upper jaw longest. Prajoperculum A\ith four spines, the upper three
of which arc hooked, and the uppermost bifurcate. Pectoral fins
shorter than the head. Yellowish, with a great manv brown spots.
{Kr.)
Spitzbergen.
36. HEMILEPIDOTUS. 173
*
35. TRIGLOPS.
Triglops, Reinh. Vid. Selsk. Natur. og Math. Afh. v. p. lii ; Kroyer,
Naturhist. Tidsskr. 1844, i. p. 260.
Head of moderate size, subcompressed, naked, with the praeopei -
culum armed ; tail elongate, slender, subconical. Body with a series
of bony plates along the dorsal fins, and with oblique and separate
series of small and ciliated scales beneath the lateral line. Lateral
line with osseous tubercles. Two separate dorsals ; ventrals tho-
racic, with five soft rays ; no pectoral filaments. VUHform teeth in
the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine bones. Seven
branchiostegals. Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in moderate
number.
Coast of Greenland ('?).
1. Triglops pingelii.
Reinhardt 8f Kroye>', II. cc.
D. 12 I 24. A. 24. V. 1/5.
The diameter of the eye is one-third the length of the head, longer
than the snout, and three times the space between the orbits. Prae-
operculum with four spines, two at the posterior and two at the in-
ferior margin. The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the
total. Brown above, with blackish spots ; the pectoral with dark
cross-bands. Male with a very large anal papilla.
36. HEMILEPIDOTUS.
Hemilepidotus, Cuv. %■ Vat. iv. p. 275.
Head not depressed, naked; praeoperculum armed ; body, with
longitudinal bands of scales, alternating with naked stripes. One
dorsal, divided by a notch into a spinous and soft portion ; ventrals
thoracic, and, like the pectorals, not enveloped in a thick membrane.
No pectoral filaments. VilUform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and the palatine bones. Six branchiostegals. Air-bladder none ;
pyloric appendages in small number.
Sea between N.E. Asia and N. America.
1. Hemilepidotus trachurus.
Cottus hemilepidotus, Tiles, in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 262. p. 11.
trachurus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. iii. p. 1.38. pi. 25.
Hemilepidotus tilesii, Cuv. Sr Val. iv. p. 276. pi. 85 : Cuv. Rigne Anim.
m. Poiss. pi. 22. f. 2.
Head without skinny flaps. A band of rough scales, formed by
four series, along the base of the dorsal fin, another broader one above
and below the lateral line.
Coast of Kamtschatka ; Kuriles.
174 THIGLID^.
2. Hemilepidotus spinosus.
Hemilepidotus spinosus, (Ayres) Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1856, p. 134, and U. S. Padf. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 68.
Calycilepidotus spinosus, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1. 1855,
p. 76.
D.M- A- 16.
The upper surface and the sides of the head with skinny flaps.
The dorsal band of scales composed of six rows anteriorly, a broader
lateral band above and below the lateral line. Reddish-brown, with
darker bands and blotches.
Coast of California.
37. ARTEDIUS.
Artedius, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 134.
Head rough, with skinny flaps above the orbits. Praeoperculum
armed. Body with a dorsal band of scales. Two separate dorsals,
the second of which is the longer. Ventrals thoracic, not enveloped
in a thick membrane. No pectoral filaments. YiUiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Five branchiostegals.
Coast of California.
1. Artedius notospilotus.
Calycilepidotus lateralis, Ayres, Proc. Calif, Acad. Nat. Sc. 1855, p. 77.
Artedius notospilotus, Girard, P)-oc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 134,
and Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1857, pi. 24. f. 5, 6, and U. S. Pacif.
R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 71. pi. 22 b. f. 5, 6.
B. 5. D. 9 I 15. A. 10. V. 1/3.
The upper siirface of the head tubercular and scaly. Praeoper-
culum armed with a flat tricuspid spine. The dorsal band of scales
broad, from the shoulder nearly to the end of the soft dorsal. Oliva-
ceous, with four black bars across the back. (Oir.)
Coast of California.
2. Artedius lateralis.
Scorpajnichthys lateralis, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1864,
p. 145.
Artedius lateralis, Girard, I. c. 1856, p. 134, and V. S. Pacif. R. R.
Exped. Fishes, p. 70. pi. 22 a. f. 6, 6.
B. 5. D. 9 j 17. A. 11. V. 1/3.
The surface of the head smooth. Praeoperculum armed with a flat
bicuspid spine. The dorsal band of scales narrow, from the shoulder
to the end of the second dorsal. Deep chestnut-brown, spotted with
yellowish. (Oir.)
Coast of California.
39. POLYCAtrirs. 175
38. PTYONOTUS*.
Triglopsis, Girard, Cottoids of N. Amer. in Smithson. Contrib. Knowl.
iii. 1852, p. 64 (not Kroyer).
Head rather broad and depressed, rounded in front ; body sub-
cylindrical, compressed posteriorly ; head and body with the skin
soft and naked ; lateral lane present. Two dorsals : the second very
elevated ; pectorals rounded, with the rays simple ; ventrals thoracic.
Jaws and vomer with villiform teeth ; none on the palatine bones.
Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in small number.
Lake Ontario.
1. Ptyonotus thompsonii.
Triglopsis thompsonii, CHrard, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 1851,
p. 19, and Smiths. Contrib. I. c. p. 65. pi. 2. f. 9, 10, pi. 3. f. 22-25,
36-38.
D. 7 I 18. A. 15. C«c. pylor. 7.
Dorsal fins separated from each other. {Glr.)
Lake Ontario.
39. POLYCAULUSt.
Synanceia, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 194 ; Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 440.
Head broad, rather depressed, with the eyes directed upwards;
body subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Praeoper-
culum armed. Scales none. One dorsal with flexible spines and
rays ; anal elongate ; pectoral appendages none. Villiform teeth in
the jaws only. Branchiostegals seven.
East Indian Seas.
1. Polycanlus elongatus.
? Synanceia uranoscopa, Bl. Schn. p. 195 ; Cuv. &■ Val. iv. p. 458.
Synanceia elongata, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 456 ; Bleeker, Verhand. Batav.
Genootsch. xxii. Sclerop. p. 10.
breviceps, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 71.
D. 24-25. A. 15. Vert. 10/17.
Form of the head and position of the eye as in Uranoscopus. The
upper surface of the head uneven ; cheek without groove. No vo-
merine teeth. Brownish (in spirits), with whitish dots ; pectoral
and anal with a broad blackish margin.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. Java.
b, c. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
e. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.
/. Adult. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
g, h. Adult : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
?. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Beeves, Esq.
* From TTTvov, a fan, and vHjtos, back.
t From TToXiJKcawXos, with many stems. (Anal with many rays.)
176 THIGLIDJE.
Tc. Adult female : skeleton. China.
I, m. Ad\ilt. China.
Skeleton. — ^The examination of the skeleton distinctly proves the
necessity of removing this species from Synanceia. The maxillary
is broad at the extremity, and provided with a longitudinal ridge ;
the descending branches of the intermuxiUary are -auch longer than
its posterior processes. The mandibula has a longitudinal ridge and
several wide pores. The vomer is triangular, Hat, with the anterior
part very broad, gradually tapering posteriorly. The bones forming
the bottom of the temporal and orbital grooves are firm, and joined
together. The infraorbitals form a very solid bridge with a rough
surface, and, together with the frontal, completely close the orbit.
The anterior part of the bridge is armed with two spines inferiorly,
and its posterior is broadly joined to the praeopercular ridge, com-
pletely covering the temporal groove. The praeoperculum has a
strong ridge, from which others radiate, terminating in spines on the
margin ; the operculum with two ridges. There is a deep quadran-
gular groove between the orbits, in which the posterior processes
of the intermaxillary are received. The crown is very broac and
flat, with two parallel ridges and several lateral protuberances. The
basal portion of the brain-capsule is flat and broad. The pubic bones
form together a semi-elliptical disk, with a styliform process poste-
riorly. There are ten abdominal and seventeen caudal vertebrae.
The neural, haemal, intemeural and interhaemal spines are of mo-
derate strength and length.
40. PLATYCEPHALUS*.
Platycephalus, Bl. Schn. p. 58 ; Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 226.
Head broad, very depressed, more or less armed with spines ; body
depressed anteriorly, subcylindrical posteriorly, covered with ctenoid
scales. Lateral line present. Two dorsals : the first spine isolated
from the others. Ventrals thoracic, but rather remote from tlie root
of the pectorals ; no pectoral appendages. Jaws, vomer, and palatine
bones with bands of villiform teeth. Air-bladder none ; pyloric
appendages in moderate number.
From Polynesia and the Australian Seas, through all the Indian
Seas to the Eastern coasts of Africa.
* 1. Platycephalus borboniensis, Cuv.^ Val. iv. p. 252. — He de Prance.
2. timoriensis, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 254. — Timor.
3. longiceps, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 255. — Red Sea.
4. ' vittatus, Cuv. 4" Val. ix. p. 462. — Malabar.
5. crocodilus, Tiles, in Krusenst. Beise, pi. 59. f. 2 ; Cuv. 4' Val. iv.
p. 256. — Japan.
6. clavulatuB, Cant Catal. p. 38.— Pinang. — The skin ot a young spe-
cimen from Dr. Cantor's Cc^ection is in the British Museum, but Dr.
Cantor himself was not certain of its proper determination, marking it
as PI. clavulatus, juv. ?
7. fuscus, Cuv. 4" Val. iv. p. 241. — Pacific.
8. bassensis, Cuv. 4 Val. iv. p. 247 ; Quoy 4' Gaim, Voi/. Astral. Poiss.
p. 683. pi. 10. f. 3.— Port Western.
9. culteflatua, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 217. — China Soa.
40. PLATTCEPHALUS. 177
A. Species with two spines at the angle of the pr|Hit'i'iiliir hpiiidh i i( III ilM Inii^lli ; llin iiihirorliiliil N|Hi<'it in
vtuy hlifjjilly ('itiiriivii, itiid tin wiillli ninirly iii|iinh llio vriiiml iliii-
iiiutnr ^>i Mm nyii. 'I'lin hii|MtiriliMry iuIko, m iidf/ti I'ntiii tlin nyo let
Mill ompiil, iilioMioi' rutin llit> tyn In llir /trii|)iilii, ninl ii rninlli I'mni
Uin itntiiii lilliil Id llin iiiifi,lii of llio |ii iiiii|miii'iiI(iiii, iinnnil with mmiiiII
H|iliinH iluiti'lnd liiirli WMiilh. 'I'lio lriif.',lli nrilin ii|i|iin' |ii ii-ii|Mtr('iiliir
h|iillooi|ilMlh \Ih illhliiiico f'nini llin (n ltd 'I'lm Ini^Jii nl' Ihn hncnnd dm
Hill H|illin IH '.'il ill llnil. nl' llin liriid Iwdinil lintiiiinnd Willi lolly
I'niii H|tilinH.
Iiidiiin ( >i-t-iiii.
It, «Vyi»)('«'w iii/h iitcin ffum Iwit Hftnum iit thtt imf/h of llu^ piiifiifurnilttm.
M'Ji. I'liilyodiihaliiH hiiUviolisiil.
Hhvkvr, llntnviii, \> HM>.
!> I I fi I II!. A. ll*. I,. ImI. (U>.
'I'lm Inlif^lll III llin Iniid in :(!, Ill llin (nliil, mill iIm liiniidlll nlin llllll'
«d' iIm litiifi,lli . llin widlli nl tlin Npiun linl wnnii llin nynM in niin lliird
nl' llinll dlilliinlni M|niinHnii I tin ll|i|inl hidtt nl' I lin linad ; Mllpnl illltuy
ildfin dniiliriitiilnd , iiili iinrliiliil I idf{n Willi Ivvn n|iiiinH , |irinn|in|--
t'liliiiii Willi Itiinn H|)liinh, llin ii|i|ini nl' wtiii ti in Itin lniif(nhL l.iilni'iil
linn Miiinnlli. 'I'lm vniiliid linn inarli In I tin mini. Alinvn iiiiirniiii
lirnwillHli ginnii ; llin inyti nl' nil Itm lliih, nHiMijit nl' Mm iiiiiil, ViU'in
guind wiMi Innwii , Mm iimiulirmin nl' Mm ntiiidiil H|inlln(l willi
lirnwii. ( /'/ )
Hnii nl' Itiiliiviii
'.'.t. IMatyoopliuliiB piititiH.
JS>(0i'ii in H'itj/m. Aivh. iHhh, p. '.MO.
I>. I 1 7 I IM. A. II. I,, hil. M
'I'lm M|Mitn tin! wnnii Mm nyoH iH nniiniivn, mid mm I'miiMi nl' llinir
dimimlnr. Crnwii «d' Mm Imiiil with Mnvnml HnrmM nl' MpiimH ; iiimMmr
HnrmH tu^lvvnnll Mm |»rmni'lil(iil mid Mm pi'tnn|it*i't iitiiiii ; ii piiir nt'
(tirl)iiiiil HpiiK'M t'lirnn prtiHipniniiliir HpiiinH, Mm uppnr nl' wliicli IN
Mm Inii^nMl. I.alniut liiu* hiimntli. 'I'lm l.wn dniMiilH niMmr riMimln
rrntii oimli «iMmi'. Vntlnwrnli lunwii, iimi'lilnd witli duilmr on Mm Imitil
mid nil Mm MldnM , nil Mm llii.i wilti Hpn|n, lll^ml^^nd in ImiidN. {I'd.)
('niiht nt' Mn/itiiiliii|im
1*1. I'lalyooplialtiti iiuu'KdnpKi
Ukektr, .liJfUUi, p. !\W, iMid t'lifi. Kilt. <>iii. wvi ./n/m/i, lid> I C I.
I>, I I S I II. A. I--'. I., lid. 10.
'Din InliKlli nt Mm Imud in .'Ijj in Mm tnliil, mid lUi lunudtli \\ in
itH IniiuMi i Mio widlli nl' tim Hpiuui Imtwnnn Mm nynN ih nno Mind •»f
Mmii dimimtni ; nrliit willmnl lllmimnt. HpiimM iilmvn Mm Himnt and
nil Mm nnwii nt Mm Imikd ; Hiipiuni l>lliil mid iiilViiniliiliil ridf(nN dnn
lirnliilnd, npnnnim iiiln«'« I'litim . Mirnn pimnpnn iilar Mpiimn, Mm
40. PLATYCEPHALtTS. 189
upper of which is the longest. Lateral line smooth. The ventral
fins reach nearly to the anal. Greenish, with five brownish c ss-
bars; the first dorsal brownish, the anal white, the rays of the other
fins dotted. (Bl.)
Sea of Japan.
25. Platycephalus bobossok.
Bleeker, Batav. p. 461.
D. 1 I 8 I 11. A. 12. L. lat. 70.
The length of the head is 3|^ in the total, and its breadth is 1| in
its length ; the width of the space between the eyes is one-fourth of
their diameter. Spines on the upper side of the head ; supraorbital
ridge denticulated ; infraorbital ridge with five or six spines ; prae-
operculum with three spines, the middle of which is the longest.
Lateral line armed with exceedingly small spines. The ventral fins
reach to the anal. Greenish-brown, with about foxir darker cross-
bands ; the spinous dorsal marbled with brown, the rays of the other
fins variegated with brown. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
26. Platycephalus pristiger.
Cuv. 8f Vol, iv. p. 260 ; Qtwy ^ Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. iii. p. 685.
pi. 10. f. 5 ; Bleek. Ternate, viii. p. 205.
D. 1 I 8 I 11. A. 11, L. lat. 55.
The length of the head is 3|^ to 3|^ in the total, and its breadth
1|^ to 1| in its length ; the width of the space between the eyes is
one-fourth of their diameter ; orbit without filament. Numerous
spines and denticulations on the upper surface of the head and on
the sides; four or five praeopercular spines, the upper of which is the
longest ; interoperculum anteriorly with a long spine. Lateral line
nearly entirely smooth. The ventral fins reach to the anal. Rose-
coloured, clouded with brownish ; anal white, the rays of the other
fins dotted with brownish ; the tips of the first dorsal and of the
ventral fins, and the posterior part of the caudal brownish.
Seas of New Guinea, Celebes, Temate. and Java.
27. Platycephalus celebicus.
Bleekfir. Celebes, vi. p. 460.
D. 1 I 7 I 12. A. 13. L. lat. 53.
The length of the head is 3f in the total, and its breadth is 1|^ in
its length ; the width of the space between the eyes is one-third of
their diameter ; orbit without filament. Spines on the upper side of
the head, many denticulations on the supra- S.nd infraorbital ridges ;
foxir praeopercular spines, the second of which is the longest ; inter-
operculum without spinei Lateral line nearly entirely smooth. The
ventral fins reach to the anal. Olive, marbled with brown : cheeks
190 TEIGLID^.
orange-coloured, with broad brown bands ; the first dorsal with a
broad oblique blackish band, the rays of the other fins dotted with
brown. (BL)
Sea of Manado (Celebes).
28. Platycephalus asper.
Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 257. pi. 82 ; Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 40. pi. 10. f. 4, 5.
D. 1 I 8 I 11. A. 11. L. lat. 50.
The length of the head is one-third of the total, and its width
between the praeopercular spines one -half of its length. The space
between the eyes is an exceedingly narrow groove. The superciliary,
occipital, scapulary, and infraorbital ridges are finely serrated, but
that of the operculum is smooth. Three praeopercular spines, the
upper of which is the longest; a fourth, strong one pointing forwards.
Lateral line nearly smooth. Yellowish-brown, with brown dots on
the fins.
Seas of Japan and China.
a. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
b. Young. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
29. Platycephalus spinosus.
Tennn. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 40. pi. 16. f. 1, 2 (not good) ;
Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, p. 77.
D. 1 1 8 I 12. A. 12. L. lat. 34-35 (40).
The length of the head is 3^ in the total, and its width If in its
length ; the width of the space between the eyes is one-third of
their diameter ; orbit without filament. Crown of the head with
many spines ; the ridge between the praeorbital and prgeoperculum
denticulated. Three praeopercular spines, the upper of which is
the longest; the anterior portion of the lateral line spiny. The
ventral fins reach to the anal. Brownish-red, with four brown
cross-bars; the ventrals with blackish tips, anal white, the other
fins dotted.
Sea of Japan.
41. HOPLICHTHYS.
Oplichthys, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 266.
Head broad, very depressed, with the snout produced and rounded
anteriorly, strongly armed, and with the upper surface and sides
bony ; back and sides of the body covered with bony plates. Two
dorsals, the first much shorter than the second. No pectoral fila-
ments. Ventrals inserted a Uttle before the pectorals. Minute
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Air-bladder
none ; pscudobranchiae.
Sea of Japan.
42. BEMBBAS. 191
1. Hoplichthys langsdorffii.
Cuv. Sf Veil. iv. p. 264. pi. 81 ; Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss.
p. 156. pi. 79. f. 2.
D. 6 I 15. A. 16.
Along the side of the body a series of large bony plates, each
armed with two spines.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adult. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult.
c. Half-grown. From the Haslar CoUection.
d, e. Adult. China. From the Haslar CoUection.
f-r. Dried specimens.
42. BEMBRAS.
Bembras, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 282.
Head not very depressed, armed and scaly on the sides; body
covered with rather small scales. Two dorsals, of nearly equal de-
velopment, the first with nine or eleven spines. Veritrals thoracic, but
inserted a little before the pectorals, with five soft rays and one spine.
No pectoral appendages. Villiform teeth in the jaws, onjthe vomer and
the palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder none.
Sea of Japan.
1. Bembras japonicus.
Bembras japonicus, Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 282. pi. 83 ; Faun. Japon, Poiss.
p. 41. pi. 16. f. 8.
B. 7. D. 11 1 12. A. 14. L. lat. 55.
Infraorbital ridge with four denticulations, directed backwards.
Bed ; dorsal fins with greenish spots.
Sea of Japan..
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
2. Bembras curtus.
Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 42. pi. 16. f. 6, 7.
B. 7. D. 9 I 9. A. 8.
The infraorbital ridge with three denticulations. Uniform reddish
(in a dried state).
Sea of Japan.
43. PRIONOTUS.
Prionotus, (LacSp.) Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 85.
Head parallelepiped, with the upper surface and the sides entirely
bony. Scales small, or of moderate size. Two dorsals, the first
192 TRIGLrO^.
much shorter than the second. Three pectoral filaments. Villiform
teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Air-
bladder generally with lateral muscles, and divided into two lateral
parts. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Coasts of the New World ; one species from Japan.
1. Prionotus lineatus.
Trigla lineata, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. 8f Phil. Sue. New York, i. p. 430.
pi. 4. f. 3.
Prionotus strigatus, Cur. ^ VjiL iv. p. 8G; Cuv. Bx-yne Anxm. III.
Poiss. pi. 20. f. 2 (not good).
lineatus, Dekay, Neto York Fauna, Fishes, p. 45. pi. 4. f. 12.
D. 8-9 I 13. A. 13. Vert. 10/15.
Prajorbital obtiise in front, granulated ; no spines on the side of
the head or above the upper posterior angle of the orbit. The pala-
tine teeth form a very narrow band. The pectoral appendages
tapering. Brown above, dotted with darker ; pectoral brownish-
grey, with many narrow darker cross-streaks, on the inner side
blackish, with a broyJ white upper margin. The first dorsal with
a black spot between the fourth and sixth spines; the second greyish,
with brownish points on the rays.
Atlantic coasts of North America.
a. Half-grown.
6. Adult.
2. Prionotus carolinus.
Trigla Carolina, L. Mantissa, p. 528.
palmipes, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 4;U.
pi. 4. f. 5.
Pnonotus pilatus, Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 77, and
Report Fish. Massach. p. 20. pi. 6. f. 1 ; Baird, Ninth Smiths. Report,
p. 327.
carolinus, Cuv. <§• Val. iv. p. 90 ; Storer, Report, p. 14 ; Dekay,
Neio York Fauna, Fishes, p. 46. pi. 5. f. 15.
D. 10 I 13. A. 12. L. lat. 100. Vert. 10/16.
Praeorbital obtuse and swollen in front, coarsely granulated, with-
out spines on the side ; a small spine above the posterior upper angle
of the orbit, with a groove behind, joining that of the other side.
The palatine band four times as long as broad. The pectoral ap-
pendages dilated at their extremity ; the pectoral fin extends to the
vertical from the fourth anal ray. Brown, clouded with darker;
the first dorsal with a black spot, the second with oblique whitish
streaks.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Adult. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
I'A. I'llJONOTIS. 103
li. Piionotufl punctatua.
J'linii, liini. MH ; Jiroirnr, Jiiiiiinrii, ul. 17.
'J'l'ij^lii, (iiruliim, /llot/i, liil). '.lf>'2 ; Jil. iSrIui. jt. JM,
piinrLiilii, Jthiili, tub. .'{5.*$; ///. AV////. j». l.'{.
I'lioiioliiH j)iiii. lat. 80. Cu^o. pylor. 0. V«--ii. i l/ir>.
Thfj longUi of Ui(; li(;ul Ih M| in tlie total ; the H]m:(t bi.
c h. Adult and half-grown. Jamaica, l-'ioiri Dr. l*arncll'n (Jol-
lection.
i. Half-grown. W. IndicH,
1c. Half-grown, ('iiiildxan Hoa. PrcHcntcd hy the Zoological So-
ciety aH Tri(/I(i. ticrralti.
I. Arlult': Htuffcd.
m. Adult: htuffcd.
n. Ifalf-grown. l*atagonia.
0. Adult. l''rom the HjiHlar T'ollcction.
p. Half-grown. J'"jo(n the HaHhw Collection.
-». Half-grown: had Htaf,e,. J''roni the HaHlar Collccfion.
1. Jfalf-grown. Vrom the llaHhir (/'olleetion.
V. Half-grown. I'lom Mr. HtokoH'w Collection.
tHkehton. — Tho maxilhiry and int<;rmaxillary lioncfl are Bitiiatf^d
below the proniijj<;nt edge of the infraorhitalH ; f.he former iw very
long, reachiijg hackwairbs nearly ass far -m the mandihulary, and rather
hlerider, wilh the powterioi- <;xtn;n)ity very hroad. The ifitcrmax-
illary iw much hho/tei', tfi,p(;iing ponterioriy, and haw tin; [>oHt<;rior
proc(!HHeH very Hlioit, the rjiouth, therefon;, heing very little pro-
tractile, T)ie maiidihula. in rather low, and exhihitu in<;gular ridgeM
on if/H outer Kurf;icr!. The vomer m hroad ajil/erJorly, with the edge
elev;i,ted, and armed with a nai/ow Hl,)ij> of f.<;<;th, which iis infx;r-
ru)»ted in the jniddle.
'J"he infriio/bital hone.s cuirawhe >nipl<;teIy tli'; cheek ; two WiHen
may he diislinguixhed : a hupei-ior, enU'iing into the lower lialf of
the oiliit and formed hy two rather Kmall hone« ; they aic Heparat<;d
from the infejior neiicM hy a gioove, hy which the .stiiiXi of the honew
are inf/;riupted. I'he infei-ior mjries \h formec hy thiee large, fiat,
Htriafed honcH, the Htria- of (;aeh hone radiatiiig IVom a lUiutra. Tho
firwt }>one in fhe prajorhital, Hiihtriangulaj> with tlu; w;ntre (from
which the wti-ia- radijite) ■itu;i1ed in the /ni'Idh of the anV;rior
vol. II. I,
194 TRIGLID.E.
margin ; it is placed horizontally, forming a great portion of the
upi^er surface of the snout ; its anterior mai-gin is sharp, serrated ;
and there is a small spine, directed backwards, behind the centre
mentioned. The second bone is the smallest, triangular, •with two
sides equal, and with the lower side shortest ; the centre is situated
in the middle of the lower side, and there is a spine behind it. The
third bone is the largest, irregularly quadrangular, forming a long
suture with the prfeopereulum. The point from which the striae
radiate is excentric below the true centre, and armed with a very
small spine. A slight ridge, minutely serrated, runs from this point
to the angle of the pra^operculum.
The prajoperculum and operculum form one continuous plane
with the bones cuirassing the cheek. The former has a ridge
across the angle, terminating in a strong spine ; there is a small
spine in the middle of the ridge, from which point the striae
radiate, with which both limbs are provided. The opercidum is
strongly striated, and has two ridges, terminating in spines, the
lower of which is the stronger. The sub- and interoperculum are
narrow and smooth.
All the bones on the upper surface of the skull are rough wit?!
tubercular strise, radiating from the centre in each bone. The tur-
binal bones arc well developed, touching each other in front of the
ethmoid. The upper surface of the ethmoid* is quite free, sub-
rhomboidal, twice as long as broad, and not extending on to the
intcrorbital space. The prefrontals arc large, forming a suture
together in the median line of the skull ; theii* orbital margin is
armed with an obtuse point. The principal frontal bones do not
extend anteriorly beyond the intcrorbital space, which is concave,
and the width of which is less than the length of the vertical dia-
meter of the orbit ; they are truncated posteriorly, separated from
the occipitals by an indistinct transverse groove ; there is a spine on
the posterior portion of the orbit, from which point the striae radiate.
The crown of the head is flat, broader than long, and the sutures
between the single bones have nearly entirely disappeared, except
the median one. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is slightly
rounded ; there is a foramen in the basisphcnoid, immediately behind
the occipital joint.
The suprascapula is firmly attached to the occipital, and terminates
in a long horizontal spine ; the scapula is oblong, broader inferiorly.
The coracoid is nearly straight, with two slender curved processes
for the junction with the scapula, and armed with a powerfid spino
immediately behind these processes. Each pubic bone has two
limbs : the anterior is formed, as in other Acanthopterygii , by three
lamellae, the interior of which is the broadest ; the anterior hmbs of
both bones converge towards the symphysis of the coracoids, leaving
a wide free space between them, in which there is only a very short
process. The posterior limb is directed inwards, emitting a long
* An examinalion of tlio (l('vclf)pnicnt of t-lie bones of (ho skull may show that
this is not the othmoid itself, hut a clcnnal plate corrosponcling to the ethmoid.
43. PRIONOTUS. 195
triangular process posteriorly; the symphysis of the pubic bones
extends along the whole length of that process. The structure of
the pectoral appendages and their junction with the carpal bones
shows that they are merely detached pectoral rays.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertehrce, the length
of the foi-mer portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-75. The haemal, neural, &c., spines are feeble.
4. Prionotus tribulus.
Cuv. 8f Val. iv. p. 98. pi. 74 ; Dekmj, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 48
pi. 70. f. 226 (bad).
D. 10 I 12. A. 11. L. lat. 52. Vert. 11/15.
The length of the head is rather more than one-third of the total ;
the space between the orbits is rather broad and concave, its width
being more than that of the eye. The prseorbital does not project
beyond the snout. Several small spines between the prasorbital and
the pra?opercular spine ; spines strong in the male. Pectoral ap-
pendages tapeiing ; the pectoral fin reaches to the vertical from the
eighth anal ray. The spinous dorsal with a black blotch between
the foui'th and sixth spines ; the soft with series of brown spots.
Back with two blackish spots at the base of the second dorsal, the
second of which descends to the lateral line.
Southern coasts of the United States.
a. Fine specimen. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Adult : skeleton. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c. Fine specimen. Lake Champlain. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
d-f. Adult males. Texas. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
g. Air-bladder of specimen h.
The skeleton is extremely similar to that of Prionotus punctatus,
and differs from it in the following points only : —
1. The second infraorbital of the lower series is nearly isoscelous,
and its spine is situated, not on the lower margin, but at some dis-
tance above it.
2. The width between the orbits equals the length of the vertical
diameter of the orbit.
5. Prionotus horrens.
Richards, Voy. Sulph. Ichth. p. 79. t. 42. f. 1-3.
D. 10 I 11. A. 9
Scales very small. The prseorbital does not project beyond the
snout. Spines of the head veiy strong, flat, triangular; the pectoral
reaches to, or slightly beyond, the origin of the anal.
Coast of N.W. America.
fl-c. Half-grown. Gulf of Fonseca (N.W. America). From the
Haslar Collection. — Types of the species.
196 TRIGLID^.
6. Prionottis miles.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 29. pi. 6.
D. 10 I 12. A. 11.
Prseorbital slightly projecting beyond the snout, with six spinous
teeth on each side ; cheeks and temples without spines ; no groove
across the crown. The pectoral reaches to the vertical from the
fourth anal ray. {Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
7. Prionotus birostratus.
Richards. Voij. Sulph. Ichthyol. p. 81. pi. 42. f. 4-6.
D. 9 I 10-12. A. 11.
Praeorbital produced into an obtuse process, projecting beyond the
snout. Head with the spines well developed. Pectoral truncated.
Scales very small.
Gulf of Fonseca.
8. Prionotus japonicus.
Bleeker, Japan, p. 398, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan,
p. 75. tab. 5. f. 1.
D. 9 I 14. A. 14. L. lat. 4-5-50.
Vertex and snout without spines ; praeorbital terminating in a flat,
short, triangular, serrated disk ; palatine teeth very minute, in a very
narrow band ; the pectoral reaches to the tenth anal ray, and is
marked by a very large black blotch.
Sea of Japan.
44. LEPIDOTRIGLA.
Trigla, sp., Cuv. ^ Val.
Head parallelopiped, with the upper surface and the sides entirely
bony ; body with scales of moderate size, regularly arranged. Two
dorsals, the first much shorter than the second. Three pectoral fila-
ments. ViUiform teeth in both the jaws and on the vomer, none on
the palatine bones. Air-bladder generally with lateral muscles, often
divided into two lateral parts; pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Mediterranean ; East Indies ; coast of Van Dicmen's Land.
1. Lepidotrigla aspera.
Mullus asper, Rondel, x. c. 6. p. 296 ; Gesner, iv. p. 568 ; Aldroi\ Pise.
ii. c. 2. p. 133 ; Willuyhby, iv. c. 7. p. 279. tab. S. 1. f. 2 ; Ray,
Si/n. p. 87.
Trigla cavillone, Lacep. iii. pp. 341, 366 ; Risso, Hist. Nat. iii. p. 396.
aspera, Cm: ^' Val. iv. p. 77; Bomtp. Faun. Ital. Pesci; Gnichen.
Explor. Ah/er. Poiss. p. 40; Cm: Rh/ne Anim. 77/. Poixs. pi. 20. f. 1.
D. 9 1 15. A. 15. L. lat. 50. Ctec. pylor. 6. Vert. 11/19.
Scales VTTV rogiilar, of moderate size, strongly serrated, tliose of
44. LEPIDOTEIGLA. 197
the lateral line not spiny. The snout is very short, with the upper
profile concave. Prseorbital flattened and truncated in front, with
several small spines. The pectoral reaches to the fourth anal ray.
Pectoral with some cross-bands.
Mediterranean.
a. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
b. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
c. Half-grown. DaLmatia.
d. e. Half- grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half- grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
2. Lepidotrigla papilio.
Trigla papilio, Ctiv. ^- Val. iv. p. 80. pi. 73.
D. 9 ] 14. A. 14. L. lat. 55. Ca3c. pylor. 7.
Scales very regular, of moderate size, with spines on the fi'ee mar-
gin, those of the lateral line with a spiny keel. Prajorbital not jDro-
jecting beyond the snout. The spines of the dorsal rather strong and
bent ; the spines along the base of the dorsal fin strong, prominent,
compressed. The pectoral reaches to the sixth anal ray. The first
dorsal with a black spot between the fourth and seventh spines. {Cuv.)
Indian Ocean.
3. Lepidotrigla phalaena.
Trigla phalaena, Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 83.
D. 9 I 15. A. 14.
Scales very regular, of moderate size, with spines on the free mar-
gin ; those of the lateral line with a spiny keel. Praeorbital not
projecting beyond the snout. The spines of the dorsal rather slender
and erect; the spines along the base of the dorsal fins slightly promi-
nent. The pectoral with cross-streaks ; the first dorsal with a black
spot between the fourth and seventh spines. {Guv.)
Hah. ?
4. Lepidotrigla sphynx.
Trigla sphynx, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 83.
D. 9 I 14. A. 14. C«c. pylor. 7.
Scales very regular, of moderate size, with spines on the free mar-
gin ; those of the lateral Line with a spiny keel. Praeorbital not
projecting beyond the snoiit. The spines of the dorsal not strong ;
the spines along the base of the dorsal fins strong, prominent, com-
pressed. The first dorsal with a black, white-edged spot. ( Cuv.)
Hah. ?
5. Lepidotrigla vanessa.
Trigla vanessa, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 96, and Trans. Zool.
Soc. iii. p. 83. pi. 5. f. 1.
D. 11 1 17. A. 17. L. lat. 70. Ca)c. pylor. 8.
Scales very regular, of moderate size, those of the lateral line wilb
198 TRIGLID^.
very distinct spines. The snout is rather short, with the upper pro-
file concave. Prseorbital anteriorly with a triangular spine. The
pectoral reaches to the seventh anal ray. Pectoral spotted.
Coast of Van Diemen's Land.
a. Adult. Port Arthur. From the Haslar Collection. — Tyne of the
species.
h, c. Half-grown : not good, state. From the Haslar Collection.
d, e. Half-grown : very bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
Sir John Richardson {I. c.) has given the numbers of the rays of
the fins of these specimens as follows : D. 8 [ 12. A. 12 ; but the
artist has represented the correct numbers in the figures.
6. Lepidotrigla biirgeri.
Trigla biirgeri, Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japon. Potss. p. 35. pi. 14.
i.\,2; Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 73.
D. 9 I 16. A. 16. L. lat. 60.
Scales very regular, of moderate size ; those of the lateral line
without spines. The snout is rather short, with the upper profile
straight. Prseorbital anteriorly with a flat triangular spine. The
pectoral reaches to the fourth anal ray. Pectoral blackish, with the
upper and lower margins yellowish.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
h. Young. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c, d. Half-grown : have been dried.
t-g. Half-grown and young. From the Haslar Collection.
45. TRIGLA*.
Trigla, sp., Artedi, Genera, p. 4:^ j Cuv. lUgne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val
iv. p. 9.
Head parallelepiped, with the upper surface and the sides entirely
bony ; body with exceedingly small scales, those of the lateral Hne
sometimes larger. Two dorsals, the first much shorter than the second.
Three pectoral filaments ViUiform tfeeth in both the jaws and .on
the vomer, none on the palatine bones. Air-bladder generally with
lateral muscles, often divided into two lateral parts ; pyloric append-
ages in moderate number.
This genus is spread from the western coasts of Europe and the
Mediterranean, round the Capo of Good Hope, through the Indian
Ocean and Archipelago, to New Zealand. One European species
crosses the Atlantic and is found at New York. Not yet found on
the coast of Mozambique, He de France, and in the Red Sea.
* 1. Trigla brandesii, JBleek. Sclerop. p. 24. — Banda Neira.
2. peronii, Ciiv. ^ Val. iv. p. 53. — Indian Ocean.
45. TRIGLA. 190
1. Trigla pini.
Trigla cuculua, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, ii. p. 93, and Sxjst. Naf. p. 497 ;
Cuv. (^ Vol. iv. p. 26 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 43. pi. 70.
f. 225 ; Bonap. Faim. Ital. Pesci, pi. . f. 2 (dorsal not good) ; Yarrell,
Brit. Fishes, i. p. 38.
pini, Block, tab. 355 ; Lacep. Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi. p. 43 ; Bl.
Schn. p. 14 ; Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 206.
PoljTiemiis tridigitatus, 3Iitchill, Tram. Lit. SfPhil, Sac. NetvYork, i.
p. 449.
D. 8-9 I 18. A. 16-17. Cjbc. pylor. 10. Vert. 5^.
Scales very small ; the lateral line crossed by vertical folds of tbo
skin. The upper profile of the snout descends abruptly and is
concave, in older specimens less so than in younger ones. The space
between the eyes is very concave, one-half, or little more than one-
half the diameter of the eye. Praeorbital anteriorly with short den-
ticulations. The first dorsal spine tubercular ; the second is the
longest, and equal to, or even longer than, the distance between the
tip of the snout and the angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral
reaches to the vertical from the tliird or fourth anal ray. Uniform
reddish-rose-coloured.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic coasts of Europe ; New York.
a-d. Adult : stuffed. English coast.
e. Adult : skin. England. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
/. Half-grown : skin. England. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.
g. Fine specimen, Brighton. Presented by Lr. A. Giinther.
h. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by "W. Swainson, Esq.
i. Fine specimen. Madeu'a. Presented by the Rev. R. T, Lowe.
Tc. Half-grown. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
I. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
-m. Half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
n-p. Half- grown : bad state ; have been in chloride of zinc.
q. Half-grown : not good state.
r, s. Adult : stuffed.
t. Adult : skin. Presented by the Zoological Society.
u. Large specimen : skeleton.
Skeleton. — The general structiu'e of the bones is the same as in
Prionotus. The maxillary and intermaxillary can be nearly entirely
hidden below the prominent edge of the infraorbitals ; the former
does not reach as far backwards as the mandibulary, and becomes
gradually broader posteriorly. The intermaxillary is much shorter,
tapering, and has the posterior processes very short. The mandibula
is rather low. The vomer is broad anteriorly, with an elevated and
toothed edge ; the band of teeth is not interrupted in the middle.
The infraorbital bones are arranged in two series : a superior, formed
by two small bones, and entering the orbit, and an inferior, formed
by three larger bones, and cuirassing the cheek. The first is the
praeorbital, subtriangular, with the anterior margin rather swoUen
and granular ; the second is elongate, subtriangTilar, situated along
the lower edge of the cheek, and reaching to the pra3oj)erculum ;
200 TKIGLtD.i:
the third is the largest, siihqiiadrangidar. and situated between the
second, the pnefrontal, the upper scries of infraorbitals, and the praD-
operculura. None of these bones liave any spines or ridges. The
prteopercidnm and opcrcnlum form one continuous plane with the
bones cuirassing the cheek. The former has a ver}' slight ridge
across the angle, which is provided with two obtuse points ; it is
obliquely situated, and its lower limb is reduced almost to notliing.
The operculum has no distinct ridge, but two 'sinnes, separated from
each other by a crescent-shaped notch ; the sub- and interoperculum
are nari-ow and smooth.
The turbinal bones arc large, triangular, touching each other in
front of the ethmoid. The upper surface of the ethmoid is quite
free, rhombic, twice as long as broad, and not extending between
the orbits. The pra^frontals are large, subrhomboidal, touching each
other behind the ethmoid ; their orbital margin is provided with
some obtuse points. The piincipal frontal bones do not extend an-
tei-iorly beyond the interorhital space, which is rather concave, and
the -svidth of which is much less than the length of the vertical dia-
meter of the orbit. The crown of the skull is quite flat, nearly t\\dcc
as broad as long ; the sutures have entirely disappeared. The basal
portion of the brain- capsule is rather com])resscd ; the basisphenoid
is narrow, with a small foramen behind the occipital joint.
The suprascapula is fii-mly joined to the occipital, and terminates
in a short spine. The scapula is oblong, broader inferiorly. The
coracoid is nearly straight, -with two short processes tor its junction
with the scapula, and with a powerful, flat, triangular spine imme-
diately behind these processes. The three fiee pectoral appendages
articulate with the two lower bones of the cax-pus. Each pubic bone
has two limbs : the anterior is formed by three lamellic, the interior
and inferior of which are the broadest ; the anterior limbs of both
bones converge towards the symphysis of the eoracoids, leaving a
wide free space between them : the posterior limb, with its fellow,
forms a regular triangular plate, emitting anteriorly a very long and
slender process, wliich. reach(!S nearly to the symphysis of the eora-
coids. The whole structiu'c of the pelvis constitutes a very solid base
for the muscular apparatus of the ventral fins.
There are fifteen abdominal and twenty-two caudal vcrtcbrcp, the
length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of
the latter as 1 : 1-75. The anterior vertebra) are rather compressed
in their longitudinal diameter. Each intcmeural spine has a longi-
tudinal and a transverse ridge ; superiorly it widens into two bony
wings, which together form the exterior cuirass, in which the dorsal
fins move.
2. Trigla lineata.
MuUus imlx'ibis, liu/idcl. x. c. 5. p. 2'ii!) ; (iesner, iv. p. 507; Aklrov. ii.
c. 2. p. 131 ; m/luf/kbi/, iv. c. 7. p. 278. tab. S. 1. f. 1; Eaij, St/n. p. 87.
Cuculus linoatiis, Roi/, >Spi. p. 106. tab. 2. f. 11.
Trigla lineata, L. C^m. i. p. 1345; 7//.ra;oper-
culum and the orbit, the inferior part of which is formed by it.
There is a small and narrow postorbital. Each of the three larger
bones is armed with a spine situated in one line near the inferior
margin of the bones ; there is a series of muciferous cavities between
the spines and the inferior margin.
The jaw-bones are situated at the lower side of the snoiit, which
projects considerably beyond the mouth. The intermaxillary is
short, Avidening posteriorly ; the maxillary is longer, feeble, and
becomes a little broader behind ; the mandibula has the muciferous
channel well developed, and several cavities leading into it. Tho
limbs of the prasoperculum are of nearly equal length ; two luJrizon-
tal ridges cross its angle, and the upper one terminates in a spine :
the operculum is rather small, triangular, with an elevated ridge.
TTiere are twelve abdominal and twenty-seven caudal vertehrm ;
the haemal, neural, intcrhaemal and intemeural spines are short and
feeble.
214 TEIGLID^.
3. Agonus dodecaedrus.
Agonus dodekaedrus, Tiles. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iv. pi. 13.
Phalangistes loricatus, Pall. Zootp: iii. p. 114.
Aspidophorus dodekaedi'us, Cut. ^ Val. iv. p. 209.
D. 11 I 7. A. 15.
The height of the body, below the neck, is one-ninth of the total
length ; the width between the eyes equals their diameter. Two
dorsals. Vomerine teeth none (?). No prominent spines above the
snout. Praeopercvdum with three spines, the upper of which is the
longest. The lower jaw produced beyond the upper. The keels of
the scales terminate in a small point ; breast covered with Bjany
polygonal, small, convex plates.
Kamtschatka.
4. Agonus rostratus.
Agonus rostratus, Tiles. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iv. pi. 14.
Phalangistes fusiformis, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. iii. p. 116.
Aspidophorus rostratus, Cud. Sf Val. iv. p. 212.
D. 8 I 8. A. 13.
TVo dorsals. Vomerine teeth none (?). No prominent spines
above the snout; prasoperculum with three spines. The lower jaw
produced beyond the upper ; barbels none. The scales on tlvfi back
keeled, the keel terminating in a spine ; breast covered with many
polygonal small plates.
Coast of Kamtschatka ; Kurile Islands.
5. Agonus spinosissimus.
Aspidophorus spinosissimus, ^r(J?/er,iVa^Mr/jts<. Tidsskr. 1844, i. p. 250.
D. 6 I 7. A. 8.
Jaws equal in length. Head depressed, body compressed. One
pair of spines above the snout, a second above the orbits, a third on
the nape ; the latter is the largest. Tentacles very short and thick.
Scales with very prominent spines. Six series of scales between the
ventral fins and the vent, four between the vent and the anal fin.
Pectoral fins much longer than the head, and equal to one-fourth of
the total. Yellowish-brown, marbled with darker.
Greenland.
6. Agonus stegophthalinus.
Cottus japonicus, Pall. Spicil. fasc. vii. p. 30. pi. 5; L. Gm. i. p. 1213;
Bl. Schn. p. 105; Tiles. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iv, p. 410, and Kru-
senst. Peise, pi. 87.
Agonus stogoplithalmus, Tiles. I. c. p. 427. pi. 12, and Mem. Soc. Natur.
Mosc. ii. p. 219.
Aspidophorus superciliosus, Cuv. c^ Val. iv. p. 215.
D. 0 ! 7. A. 8.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length. Dorsal
46. AGONUS 215
fins remote from each other. Vomerine teeth none (?). Above each
orbit a flat triangular prominence, directed upwards and outwards ;
no prominence on the crown ; two small spines above the snout.
Breast covered with fine granulations. The dorsal spines are strong,
enveloped in a thick membrane.
Kmiles.
7. Agonus quadricomis.
Aspidophorus quadricomis, Cuv. Sc Vol, iv. p. 221. pi. 80 ; Beech. Voy.
Zool p. 59. pi. 15. f. 1.
D. 9 I 6. A. 10. L. lat. 33.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length. The dorsals
remote from each other. Vomerine teeth none. Barbels none. Two
small spines above the snout ; two horns above the eyes, and two
above the occiput. Space between the eyes nearly equal to their
diameter.
Coast of Kamtschatka.
a. Adult. From the Zoological Society's Collection.
h. Adult: bad state. Kamtschatka. Presented by A. CoUie, Esq. —
Type of the species.
8. Agonus decagonus.
Agonus decagonus, Bl. Schn. p. 105. tab. 27.
Aspidophorus decagonus, Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 223 ; Kroyer, Naturliist.
Tidsskr. 1844, i. p. 243.
D. 6 I 7. A. 8.
Dorsal fins separated from each other by four series of scales. One
pair of spines above the snout, a pair of larger ones above the orbits,
and a third pair of very large ones before the neck ; tentacles few,
but long ; no groove across the neck. The length of the pectoral
equals that of the head, and is one-fifth of the total. YeUowsh-
brown, marbled with darker.
Greenland.
9. Agonus niger.
Aspidophorus niger, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. 1844, i. p. 238.
D. 7 i 7. A. 8. L. lat. 36-39.
Dorsal fins separated from each other by two scries of scales. Two
pairs of spines- above the snout, and two above the orbits. Lower
jaw with tentacles. A deep groove across the neck. The length of
the head is one-fourth of the total, and more than that of the pec-
torals. (^Kroyer.)
Valparaiso.
This species appears to be closely aUied to the following, if indeed
it be not the same
216 TRIGUD^.
10. Agonus chiloensis.
Aspidophorus chiloensis, Jcnyns, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 30. pi. 7. f. 1,
la, 1 h ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 174.
D. 7 I 8. A. 9. L. lat. 38.
Two dorsals. Vomerine teeth. Angle of the month and chin with
many barbels. Two pairs of spines above the snout, and two above
the orbit. Space between the eyes less than their diameter. Body
with brown cross-bars.
Coast of Chile.
a, h. Adult and half-grown. Valparaiso. Purchased of Mr. Bridge.
47. ASPIDOPHOROIDES.
Agonus, sp., m. Schn. p. 104.
Aspidophoroidcs, Lacep. iii. p. 227.
Aspidophorus, sp., Cue. iSf Val. iv. p. 224.
Head and body angular, covered with bony plates. Lateral line
none. One short dorsal ; no pectoral filaments. Teeth in the jaws
only.
Coasts of Greenland, reaching southwards to the northern coasts
of the United States.
1. Aspidophoroides monopterygius.
Cottus monopterygius, Block, t;tf. 178. 1". 1, 2 ; Gm. L. i. p. 1213.
Agonus monopterygius, Bl. ScJui. p. 104.
Aspidophoroides tranquebar, Lacep. iii. p. 228.
Aspidophorus monopterygius, Ciu: ^- Val. iv. p. 224, vi. p. 554. pi. 169 ;
Storer, liqj. Mass, p. 22. pi. 1. f. 1 j Dekay, New York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 62. pi. 2. f. 6 (5) (bad).
Cottus monopterygius, Richards. Faun. Bar. Amer. Fishes, p. 50.
Aspidophoroides groinlandicus, Val. in Cuv. Heyne Anim. 111. Poiss.
pi. 21. f. 3.
D. 5. A. 6. L. lat. 47.
Body elongate. One short dorsal. Vomerine teeth none. No
barbels. A single pair of spines above the snout ; no other spines
on the head. Space between the eyes rather less than their diameter.
Body with brown cross-bars.
Coast of Greenland.
a. Half-grown. Greenland.
h. Adult.
48. PERISTETHUS.
Peristedion, Lacep. iii. p. 368 ; Cuv. Sf Val. iv. p. 101.
Peristethus, Kuup, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1859, p. 103.
Head parallelepiped, with the ui)iier surface and the sides entirely
bony ; each pra)orbital prolonged into a long flat process, projecting
beyond the snout ; body cuirasscd with large bony plates. One or
two dorsals, the second of which is the more developed ; two pec-
48. PEEISTETHUS. 217
toral appenaages. Teeth none ; lower jaw with barbels. Air-
bladder simple. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Mediterranean ; tropical parts of the Atlantic ; East Indian Seas.
1. Peristethus cataphractum.
Lyra altera, Rondel, x. c. 10. p. 299 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 7. p. 147 ; Gesner,
p. 517 bis ; Willughby, p. 283. pi. S. 3 ; Ray, p. 89.
Lyra, Salv. f. 192.
Coccyx, Bellon. p. 209.
Trigla, sp. 10, Artedi, Genera, p. 46 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 282.
Trigla cataphracta, L. Gm. i. p. 1341 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 72 ; Bl.
taf. 349 ; Bl. Schn. p. 16 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 104 ; Martens,
Reise nach Vencdig, ii. p. 431.
Cataphractus, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. p. 43. no. 4.
Duhumel, Peches, sect. v. p. 113. pi. 9. f. 2.
Trigla chabrontera, Osbeck, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. iv. p. 201.
hamata, Bl. Schti.y. 16.
Peristedion malarmat, Lacep. iii. p. 369.
cataphractum, Cuv. df Val. iv. p. 101. pi. 75; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes,
i. p. 67 ; Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 105. pi. 8. f. 1 ; Risso, Hist.
Nat. iv. p. 402 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poise. pL 20. f. 3 (not good) ;
Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 40.
chabrontera, Lacep. iii. p. 373 ; Risso, I. c.
Skeleton of the head : Rosenth. Ichth. Tafeln. pi. 18. f. 4.
D. 7 1 3^. A. 20-21. L. lat. 30. Caec. pylor. 10. Vert. 10/23.
Prseorbital processes elongate, their length being 21 in the distance
between their extremity and the anterior margin of the orbit. Three
small spines on the upper surface of the snout. Each of the bony
plates between the base of the ventral fins is -twice as long as broad.
The ridge of the angle of the praeoperculum terminates obtusely.
Unilbrm red.
Mediterranean ; British Channel.
a, h. Adult : stuifed. Mediterranean.
c. Adult : stufied : not good state.
d. Adult. Malta. From the Haslar Collection.
e. f. Fine specimens. Lisbon. Presented by the Eev. E. T. Lowe.
g. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection
i. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
Jc. Adult : skeleton.
I. Adult : not good state. Old Collection.
m. Adult : bad state. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
n. Caeca pylorica of specimen h.
2. Peristethus brevirostre.
D. 7 I 17. A. 19. L. lat. 28.
The length of the praeorbital processes is 2| to three times in the
distance between their extremities and the anterior margin of the
orbit. A single pair of spines on the upper surface of the snout.
218 TRIGLIDiE.
Each of the bony plates between the ventral fins is twice as long as
broad. The ridge of the praeoperculum terminates posteriorly in a
long spine. Uniform red.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adnlt. "West Indies. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
h. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
c. Adult: stuifed.
Description. — The length of the head is one-third of the total;
its crown is broad and flat, separated from the b^-oad bony plate,
which covers the nape of the neck, by a narrow grooved line, the
convexity of which is directed forwards. The space between the
orbits is slightly concave, and its width is one-fourth of the length of
the head. There is a slight protuberance on the forehead. Each
turbinal bone is armed with a prominent triangular spine. The
length of the snout is one-half that of the head, and each praeorbital
process takes one-third of the former ; in one of the specimens these
processes are a httle longer. They are flat, rounded anteriorly,
slightly divergent, and covered all over with small granidations, like
the whole head. Two ridges arise from the base of the praeorbital
process, running towards the angle of the prajoperculum ; the upper
one is the stronger, and terminates posteriorly in a depressed spine,
which reaches beyond the base of the pectoral. The operciilum also
has a low ridge, terminating in a prominent spine. All the bones
of the head are separated from one another by slightly grooved lines.
The jaw-bones are feeble, as usual, and the lower jaw is provided
with many barbels, two of which are considerably longer than the
others and fringed.
The nape of the neck is cuirassed with a broad bony plate, angu-
larly bent downwards on each side ; the abdominal surface with two
pairs of large plates. The anterior pair is narrowed between the
ventral fins ; the greatest width of each plate is one-half of the
greatest length. The plates of the posterior pair are rather longer
than broad ; the vent is situated in a shght notch of their posterior
extremity. The space between the vent and the anal is cuirassed M'ith
two broad and short plates, undivided in the medial line. Each side
of the body and tail is cuirassed with three series of scale-like plates,
each armed with a claw-shaped spine, directed backwards; the spines
of the lowest series are the strongest. The lower side of the tail has
two additional series of spineless plates, separated by the anal fin.
None of the dorsal spines are elongated in any of the specimens ;
the caudal fin is small, slightly emarginate; the pectoral reaches to the
tenth plate of the medial series, the ventral to tlie origin of the anal.
Coloration uniform red.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 2
Length of the head 3 2
Width of the head between the orbits .... 0 9^
Length of a praeorbital process 0 6
Diameter of the eye 0 8|
48. PERISTETHUS. 219
inches, lines.
Greatest length of an anterior ventral plate. 1 3
Mddth of an anterior ventral plate. 0 8
length of a posterior ventral plate. 0 9
width of a posterior ventral plate ,08
3, Peristetlms laticeps.
Schleff. Byclr, tot de dierk. v. 1852, p. 43, cum tab.
D. 24. A. 17.
The length of the praeorbital processes is one-third of the distance
of their extremities from the anterior margin of the orbit. Tlu'ce
smaU sjjines on the upper surface of the snout. The ridge of the
angle of the pra^operculum terminates in a spine of moderate length.
Uniform red. (ScJdeg.)
Amboyna.
4. Peristethus orientale.
Temm. %■ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 37. pi. 14. f. 5, 6, & pi. 14. A.
f. 1, 2, and Bydr. tot de dierk. v. 1852, p. 44 ; Kemp, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1859, p. 105.'pl. 8. f. 2.
D. 28. A. 20.
Prseorbital processes divergent, elongate, their length being one-
half of the distance between their extremity and the anterior margin
of the orbit. No spines on the upper surface of the snout. Each of
the bony plates between the ventral fins is three times as long as
broad. The ridge of the angle of the praeoperculum terminates in a
strong spine. A single dorsal fin.
Japanese Sea.
5. Peristethus moluccense.
Valeiit iii. p. 363. f. 55 ; Rcnard, ii. 14. 67.
Peristedion moluccense, Bleek, Natuurk. Tydschr, Nedeii. Ind. i. p. 24,
and Act. Soc.
Peristethus gigas, Kaup, I. c. p. 106.
D. 7 1 i. A. 16. L. lat. 26.
Prseorbital processes rather elongate, theii- length being one-third
of the distance between their extremity and the anterior margin of
the orbit. Three small spines on the upper surftice of the snout.
Each of the bony plates between the ventral fins is nearly as broad
as long. The ridge of the angle of the praeoperculum terminates in
a strong spine.
Molucca Sea.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna.
6. Peristethus rieffeli.
Peristethus rieffeli, Kaup, I. c, p. 106. pi. 8. f. 3.
D. 6 I 10. A. 17. L. lat. 32.
The length of the pi-sDorbital processes is 2^ in the distance of
220 TBIGLID^.
dleir extremities from the anterior margin of the orbit. A single
spine in the middle of the forehead, a pair of obtuse ones above the
posterior angle of the orbit, and another pair of larger ones on the
posterior extremity of the occipital bones. The anterior ventral
plates irregularly shaped, longer than broad. The lateral ridge of
the head terminates posteriorly in a very long, flat spine. The upper
side of the head, the back, and the rays of the dorsal fins punctulated
with brown.
East Indies ?
a, h. Have been dried. Probably from Chinese insect-boxes.
Description. — The length of the head is 2i in the total ; the crown
is quadrangular, very shghtly excavated, each comer being armed
with a small spine ; it is crossed by a longitudinal and a transverse
suture, and separated from the neck by another deeper suture. The
space between the orbits is concave, and from one-seventh (probably
in females) to one-eighth (probably in males) of the entire length of
the head. There is a small triangular spine in front of the eyes, in
the middle of the forehead, from which four slight ridges radiate,
two towards the space between the eyes, and two towards the snout.
The snout is very broad and elongate ; its length, without the pree-
orbital processes, equals that of the remainder of the head. The
praeorbital processes also are elongate, and converge slightly ante-
riorly* ; they are continued posteriorly into a very broad, flat, pro-
minent ridge, which terminates in a long spine. The operculum is
armed with two small spines. The diameter of the eye equals the
distance between the orbits in one of the specimens, in the other it
is rather smaller. I can find only two pairs of barbels at the man-
dibula.
The nape of the neck s cuirassed with a broad bony plate, angu-
larly bent downwards on each side. I am unable to see distinctly
the situation of the vent ; but there appear to be three pairs of ab-
dominal plates before the vent : the anterior is longer than broad,
irregularly formed, anteriorly with an actrte process, posteriorly with
a small notch ; the middle plate is broader than long, provided with
a longitudinal ridge and with a smaU posterior notch, like the former ;
the posterior is still shorter. Each side of the body and tail is
cuirassed with three series of scale-hke plates, each of wliich bears a
spine, directed backwards. The spines of the three series are nearly
equally developed. The scales of these series are distingmshed by
their great breadth and small length. The lateral line is evidently
present in this species, and probably in all the others, its openings
being situated behind every spine of the middle lateral series of scales.
In this species it commences behind the suprascapula, follows the
course of three additional scales intercalated between the dorsal
and middle series of scales, is then abruptly bent downwards and
is visible through the scales, and finally passes in the direction of the
* The strong convergence of the preceeees in the figure quoted, is merely the
result of the posterior part of the prscopercles being very much stretched out.
49. DACTYLOPTERUS. 221
middle series. If an artificial opening be made in it, and a coloured
fluid be injected, the course of the rauciferous channel, with its
branches, becomes very clear, the fluid spreading for a considerable
distance by capillary attraction.
The lower side of the tail has two additional series of plates, sepa-
rated by the anal fin ; each plate has a longitudinal ridge.
None of the dorsal spines are elongate ; the caudal fin is smaU,
slightly emarginate ; the pectoral reaches to the fifth plate of the
dorsal scries, the ventral to the third abdominal plate.
Very small round dots are visible on the head, on the back, and on
the sides ; the spines and rays of the dorsal fins are dotted mth brown.
inches, lines.
Total length 10 0
Length of the head 4 3
Width of the head between the orbits .... 0 6|
Entire length of the snout 2 8
Length of the praeorbital process 1 2
Diameter of the eye 0 6|
Greatest length of an anterior ventral plate. 1 1
width of an anterior ventral plate. 0 9
length of the middle ventral plate. 0 7
width of the middle ventral plate . 0 8
length of a posterior ventral plate. 0 4
width of a posterior ventral plate . 0 7
49. DACTYLOPTERUS.
Dactylopterus, Lacep. iii. p. 325 ; Cuv. ^ Val. iv. p. 114.
Head parallelopiped, with the upper surface and the sides entirely
bony ; scapula and angle of the proeoperculum produced into long
spines ; body with scales, strongly keeled, fvnd of moderate size ;
lateral line none. Two dorsals, the second not much longer than the
first ; pectoral very long (orgaii for Jlyinr/), vjith the lower portion de-
tached and shorter. Granular teeth in the jaws, none on the palate.
Air-bladder divided into two lateral parts, each with a large muscle ;
pyloric appendages in increased number.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
1. Dactylopterus volitans.
Aristot. iv. c. 9 ; 0pp. ii. v. 457-461 ; jElian. ii. c. 5 ; Athen. vii.
p.m. 324; Bellon. p. 195; Rondel, pp. 284, 285; Salv. I 184;
Wilhighby, p. 283 ; Parra, p. 25. pi. 14 ; Marcyr. Iter Bms. p. 102 ;
Kleiti, 3Iiss. iv. pi. 14. f. 1, 2 ; Seba, iii. 28. 7 ; Leyuat, Voy. i. pp. 10,
11. f. A & C.
Trigla volitans, L. Gni. p. 1346 ; Bl. taf. 351 ; Bl. Schn. p. 12.
sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 285.
tentabunda, Walbanm, Art. Renov. iii. p. 362, note.
fasciata, Bl. Schn. p. 16. tab. 3. f. 1.
222 TRIGLID.B.
Dactylopterus pirapeda, Lacep. iii. p. ;j26.
volitans, Cm: !wn.
s-M. Adult : stuficd.
V, IV. Half-grown : stuffed.
X. Adult : ' skeleton. Presented by the Zoological Society.
A full description of the skeleton has been given by Cuvier. The
anterior tubiform portion of the vertebral column ap})ears to me
to be composed of four vertebra), and the length of the abdominal
portion is to that of the caudal as 1:1-5.
2. Dactylopterus orientalis.
Re7iard, i. pi. 10. f. 06 ; Valoit. iii. f. 35 ; Russell, pi. 101.
Dactylopterus orientalis, Ctiv. i§- Val. iv. p. 134. pi. 76 ; Richardson,
Ic.hth. Chin. p. 218 ; Bleek. Amb. { Heterostichus.
First Group. URANOSCOPINA.
Eyes on the upper sditfece of the head ; cleft of the mouth vertical ;
head generally cuirassed with bony plates. Body sometimes naked,
sometimes partly or entirely eftvefod vrith small scales. Lateral line
continuous,
* 1. Pagetodes, Bichards. Voy. Ereb.Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 15. pi. 8. f. 3.
2. Hemerocoetes acanthorhynchus, which has been placed by its describer
close to fishes of this family, is not an Acanthopterygian fish, all its fin-
rays being articulated,
t In Epicopua with one spine and six rays.
VOL. II.
226 TRACHINID^.
Si/no2:)sis of the Genera.
Two dorsals. Scales very small 1 . Uranoscopu8.
Two dorsals. Scales none 2. Agnus.
One dorsal. Scales very small. Head cuirassed with bony
plates 3. Anema.
One dorsal. Scales none 4. Kattietostoma.
One dorsal. Scales .small. Head covered with soft skin .. 5. Leptoscopus.
1. URANOSCOPUS*.
Uranoscopus (i.) sp., Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. iii. p. 285.
Head large, broad, partly covered with bony plates ; body some-
what cylindrical ; cleft of the mouth vertical ; eye on the upper side
of the head. Scales very small. Two dorsals, the first with three
to five spines ; A^entrals jugular ; pectoral rays branched. Villiform
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones, without
canines ; generally a filament below and before the tongue ; opercular
api>aratus generally' armed ; cavity of tlie gills with an opening
above the operculum as well as posteriorly. Pseudobranchia? ; six
branchiostegals. Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in moderate
number.
East Indian Seas ; Polynesia ; one species from the Mediterranean.
1. Uranoscopus scaber.
KaXXtcoVu/xof, Arist. ii. c. 15, viii. c. 13; JEliioi. xiii. c. 4; Athcn. viii.
f. 177.
OvpavoarKUTTo^, Athen. vii. f. 142, viii. f. 177.
"Ayvos, Athen. viii. f. 177.
Callionymus, Plin. xxxii. c. 7 &; 11; Gesner, pp. 1.35, 158; Wil-
iKI/hhy, p. 287.
Uranoscopus, Plin. xxxii. c. 7 «fc 11 ; Galien. De usii part. iii. c. 3 ;
Pondcl. X. c. 13; Salv. f. liKJi, 197 i, & 108; yl/drov. ii. c. 51;
Gesner, pp. 135, 158 ; WiUxtjhhy, p. 287 ; Hay, p. 97.
Trachinus, sp. 2, Arfcdi, Griitni, p. 42.
Uranoscopus scaber, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 434 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. n. 29 ;
L. Gm. p. 1150; Bl. taf. 103; Bl. Schn. p. 40; Lacrp. ii. p. 349.
pi. 11. f. 1; Pisso,Irhth.Niee,]). lOii, mid Eur. Merid. iii.p.2Gl; Dela
Roche, Ann. 3fus. xiii. p. 315; 3fartens, Reise nach Venediy, ii. p. 430;
Chv. Sf Val. iii. p. 287; Richardfi. lehth. Chin. p. 211 ; Nordm. in
Deniid. Voy. Russ. Merid. Poiss. p. 371 ; Cttr.Rk/ne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 17. f. 1.
Cfillionymus araneus, Gronor. Si/sL ed. Gray, p. 44.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. tab. 18. iig. 5.
1). 4 I f^. A. 13-14. Caic. pylor. 1 1-12. Vert. 11/15 (10/13 Cnv.).
Two dorsals. Scales very small. The length of the head is 3^ in
the total ; the distance between the gilUopenings equals that betwoen
the extremities of the occii)ital and turbinal bones. Humeral spine
* Uranoscopus marmoratus, Cur. 4 Val. iii. p. 304. — East Indies.
1. URANOscopua. 227
one-third or one-fourth of the length of the pectoral ; suboporculum
with one strong spine, pracoperenlum with fonr or five smaller ones,
all directed downwards. The first dorsal black, the caudal brownisli.
Mediterranean. [Coast of Pondichcrry, cfr. Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 303.]
a. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.
6. Adult. Eiirope.
c. Half-grown. Europe. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Fine specimen. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
e. Adidt: skin: not good state. Sine patria. Presented by tho
Zoological Society.
/. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
fj. Head : dried. From Gronow's Collection.
2. Uranoscopiis occidentalis.
Agass. in Spix, Pise. Brusil. p. 123. tab. 73; Cuv. ^- Val. viii. p. 402.
D. 4 I 14. A. 13.
The length of the head is 3^ in the total ; the distance between
the gill-openings is rather more than that betwee-i the extremities
of the occipital and turbinal bones. Humeral spine stout, one-third
of the length of the pectoral ; suboperculum with one, prseoperculum
with five spines. The first dorsal black.
Atliintic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
['? b, c. Young. Gulf of Guinea. Congo Expedition.]
3. Uranoscopus cognatus.
Cantor, Catal. p. 21.
D. 3 I ^. A. 14. Cffic.'pylor. 8.
The length of the head slightly exceeds one-fourth of the total.
Four prseopercular spines, placed in two pairs, an anterior and a
posterior, with a central space between ; the scapular spines small,
but distinct ; the humeral spine very strong, triangular, and longi-
tudinally furrowed, its length being contained 2^ in that of the pec-
toral fin. Head above, and back pale brownish-green ; cheeks, sides
and abdomen silver j% minutely dotted with black ; the first dorsal
black, near the base clouded with whitish ; the second dorsal, caudal,
and pectorals minutely dotted with black.
Sea of Pinang.
a. Half-grown : skin. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Type of the
species.
4. Uranoscopus affinis.
Cm: Sf Val. iii. p. 304.
D. 5 I 12. A. 13.
The length of the liead is 3^ in the total. Humeral ,)ine two-
Q 2
228 TZACwnriDM.
thirds the length of the pectoral ; suprascapula with two rather
strong spines ; praeoperculuni with six spines. The first dorsal
white, with a black spot. (Cuv.)
Indian Ocean.
5. TJranoscopus guttatns.
Cuv. <§■ Val. iii, p. 305 ; Cuv. Rkgne Anitn. lU. Poiss. pi. 17. f. 2.
B. 4 I 12. A. 13. Cffic. pylor. 8.
The anterior part of the sides, above the lateral line, without
scales. Prajoperculum with six, suprascapula with two spines ;
humeral spine one-third the length of the pectoral. The posterior
margin of the skull with five small, rounded lobes. The head and
the back dotted with white ; the fii-st dorsal white, with two black
spots. (Cuv.)
Coast of Pondicherry.
6. Uranoscopus bicinctus.
Temm. ^ Schleg. Ffinn. Japon. Poiss. p. 26. pi. 10. B. (not good) ;
Bleek. Act. Soc. Nederl. ii. Amhoina, p. 41.
D.4|^. A. 13.
No barbel below the chin.. The length of the head is 3| in the
total ; the distance between the giU-openings is rather more than
that between the extremities of the occipital and turbinal bones.
Suboperculum with one, prseoperculum with four spines, pointing
downwards*. Body with two dark bands, one across the anterior
part of the body, the other below the second dorsal ; the first dorsal
black, the caudal dark brown.
Japanese and Chinese Seas ; Sea of Amboyna.
a. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
c. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
d. Half-grown : stuffed.
7. Uranoscopus asper.
Temm. 8f Sehleq. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 20. pi. 9. f. 1 ; Richards. Ichth.
C/im. p. 211.
D. 4 I 14. A. 14.
The length of the head is 4^ in the total ; the length of the hu-
meral spine is 2| in that of the pectoral ; two small scapular spines ;
suboperculum with one, praeoperculum with three spines. The first
dorsal black ; head and back brown, irregularly spotted with ligliter.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.
a, b. Adult : stuffed. Japan.
* Bleeker found the number of the prasoperculnr spines to vary between four
and six.
2. AGNUS. 229
8. Uranoscopus sulphureus,
Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 495.
D. 5 j 13. A. 13.
Humeral spine very strong and broad, deeply grooved ; suprascapula
and infraorbitals without spines ; five praeopercular spines. {Val.)
Friendly Islands.
9. Uranoscopus y-graecum.
Cm. 8,- Val. ill. p. 308.
D. 4 I 14. A. 13.
The bony plate of the crown is nearly four times as bro^d as long ;
from the middle of its anterior margin arises an apophysis, wbich
bifurcates, each branch running towards the orbit ; there is a free
space, without cuirasse, between the eye, the bony plate of the
crown, and the apophysis. Prseoperculum, suprascapula, and coracoid
without spine. Dorsal spines short and stout.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
10. Uranoscopus filibarbis.
Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 307.
D. 4 I 14. A. 13.
Chin with a long and slender barbel. Four prseopercular spines.
The first dorsal black. {Cuv.)
Indian Ocean.
2. AGNUS*.
Uranoscopus, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 493.
Habit and teeth as in Uranoscopus. Scales none. Two dorsals,
the first with about four spines; venti'als jugular; pectoral rays
branched. No filament in the mouth; some bones of the head
armed. Six branchiostegals. Air-bladder none.
Atlantic coasts of North America.
1. Agnus anoplus.
Uranoscopus anoplos, Cuv. 8c Val. viii. p. 493; Dekaxj, Ncto York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 37. pi. 22. f. 65.
D.4|± A. 13.
Suborbital ring and prseopercular limb veiy narrow ; cheek covered
with soft skin ; no spines on the prajoperculum ; humeral spiiie very
small. No filament in the interior of the raandibula. Coloration
uniform ; fins whitish.
Atlantic coasts of North America.
* "Ayvos was one of the denominations given by the Greeks to the Mediterra-
nean species of Uranoscopus.
230 TKACniNIU^.
3. ANEMA*.
Uranoscopus, sp., Vuv. Sf Val.
Habit and teeth as. in Uranoscopus. Seales very small. No fila-
ment in the interior of the mouth. One continuous dorsal ; ventrals
jugular ; pectoral rays branched ; "some bones of the head armed. Six
branehiostcgals ; pseudobranchiai. Cavity of the gills without superior
opening. Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in moderate number.
East Indian Seas ; New Zealand.
1. Anema monopterygium.
Uranoscopus monopterygius, Bl. Sclut,. p. 49.
niaculatus, Solatuler, MSS. ; Forster, MSS. ; Richards. Ann. ^•
Mac/. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 207, and Erch. ^- Terr. Fishes, p. 54. pi. 33.
f. l-3t.
ciiThosus, Cuv. (§- Val. iii. p. 314.
forsteri, C'ltc. ^ Val. iii. p. 318.
kouripouia, Less. Voy. Dtiperrey, Poiss. pi. 18.
D. 20. A. 17. Cjec. pylor. 14.
No filament in the mouth. Scales extremely smaU. Cavity of
the gills not opened above ; a short, obtuse barbel in the middle of
the chin. Operculum and pra^ojDerculum covered with soft skin.
Head, body, and pectoral fins wdth round or ovate white spots.
New Zealand.
a. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b-d. Adult: very bad state. Bay oi Islands. From the Haslar
Collection.
e. Adult, From the Haslar Collection.
2. Anema elongatum.
Uranoscopus elongatus, Teinm. 8f Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 27.
pi. 9. f. 2.
D. 14. A. 18.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the
head 3^. Teeth rather large. The bony plates of the skull sepa-
rated from one another by intervals of soft skin ; parts of the oper-
culum and prffiopcrculimi naked, bony. The dentary bone with a
broad and notched apophysis at its inferior side ; prceopercuhim
without spines. Scales very small. Greenish-olive, with numerous
dark spots. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan .
3. Anema inerme.
Uranoscopus le beck, Bloch, Sy.-,v. p. 47.
inermia, Cuv. iSf Val. iii.' p. 310. pi. 05; Cuv. Effgne Anim. lU.
Poiss. pi. 17. f. 3 ; Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 27. pi. 10 a.
D. ^^. A. 16-19. Ca)c. pylor. 8.
One dorsal. Scales very small. The length of the head is 3| in
* From riifia, filament, aim ilic n privalivum. t Barbel much too long.
5. LEPTOSCOPUS. 231
the total ; the posterior margin of the occipitaLs straight, without
notch ; operculum and prasoperculum naked, bony ; sub- and pras-
operculum mthout spines ; spine of the shoulder small. Cavity of
the gills not opened above. Back, dorsal and pectoral fins with
large round or ovate white spots.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult: stuffed. Ceylon. From the CoUectiou of the Zoological
Society.
6. Half- grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c. Adult: stuffed.
4. KATHETOSTOMA*.
Uranoscopus, sp., Cur. ^- Val. iii. p. 319.
Habit and teeth as in Uranoscopus. Scales none. One continuous
dorsal ; ventrals jugular ; pectoral rays branched ; some bones of the
head armed. Cavity of the gills without superior opening ; six
branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiaj. Air-bladder none.
Australian Seas.
1. Kathetostoma Iseve.
Uranoscopus lajvis, Bl. Schn. p. 47. tab. 8j Ciw. ^ Val. iii. p. 319.
D. 17. A. 17.
One dorsal. Scales none. The length of the head is 3| in the
total. Thi'ee spines on the inferior margin of the praeoperculum,
two below the mandibula, two on the throat.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult Port Arthur. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Twenty-six inches long and seven broad : stuffed. Australia.
Presented by Captain Stokes.
5. LEPTOSCOPUS.
Leptoscopus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 133.
Uranoscopus, sp., Richards. Voy. JSreb. i^ Terr. Ichthyol. p. 55.
Form of the head as in Uranoscopus, but entirely covered with
soft skin ; body elongate ; cleft of the mouth approaching the ver-
tical line ; eye on the upper side of the head. Scales small, cycloid.
One continuous dorsal ; ventrals jugular ; pectoral rays branched.
Villiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones ; without canines. No interior or exterior filament ; opercles
without external spines. Cavity of the gills very wide, partially
opened above. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiae. Neither an
air-bladder nor pyloric appendages.
Port Jackson.
* From KaQeros. vertical, and aropa, mouth.
232 TRACHINID^.
1. Leptoscopus macropygus.
Uranoscopus macropygos, Richards, Voy. JEreb. ^- Terr. Ichthyul. p. 55,
pi. 33. r. 4-6.
Leptoscopus macropygus, Gill, I. c.
D. 31. A. 36. L. lat. 86 (43).
The scales of the lateral Hne twice as large as those of the ad-
joining series, each corresponding to two transverse series. The
upper half of the head and body olive, mottled with hrown ; lateral
line brown.
Port Jackson.
a. Fine specimen, and type of the species. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
Second Group. TRACHININAt.
Eyes more or less lateral. Head not cuirassed. Lateral line con-
tinuous. IntermaxiDary without larger tooth on its posterior portion.
Synopsis of the Oenera.
* Body with scales.
Cleft of the mouth very oblique, wide. Two dorsals;
ventrals jugular. Palatine teeth 6. Traciiinus.
One dorsal, more or less continuous ; ventrals a little
before the pectorals. Canine teeth in the jaws ; no
palatine teeth 7. Percis.
Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique. Two dorsals ; ven-
trals jugular, with one spine and five soft rays. Vo-
merine teeth 8. Apiiriti.s.
Muciferous system of the head well developed. Ventrals
tlioracie. No palatine teeth 9. Sillago.
Two dorsals ; ventrals jugular ; no teeth at all on the
palate 10. Eleginus.
Ventral with one spine and six soft rays ; teeth cardiform 11. Encorus.
Cleft of the mouth horizontal, with the lower jaw very
prominent. Two dorsals ; ventrals jugi Jar. Pala-
tine teeth ; canines very strong 12. Percophis.
** Body without scales.
Snout very large, spatuliform 13. Chaniciithys.
Snout short ; bones of the head without externally visible
armature 14. Boviciithys.
Snout short. Prncorbital and prseoperculum armed 15. Trichodon.
t Homalopomus trowbridgii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., appears to
belong to this group. — Western coasts of the United States.
6. TKACHINUS. 233
6. TRACIIINUS.
Trachiiuis, (Artedi) Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. iii, p. 233.
Body cylindrical, elongate ; cleft of the month very obliqne ; eye
lateral, directed npwards. Scales very small, cycloid. Two dorsals,
the first short, with six or seven spines ; ventrals jugular ; the lower
pectoral rays simple. VUliform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer,
the palatine and pterygoid bones. Prseorbital and operculum armed.
Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchia). Air-bladder none ; pyloric
appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; eastern shores of the Atlantic ; coast of Chile.
1. Trachinus draco.
ApoKo)!', Arhtot. viii. c. 13 ; ^lian. ii. c. 50.
Araneus, Plin. ix. c. 48.
Draco marinus, Plin. ix. c. 27, xxxii. c. 11 ; Salv. f. 71.
Draco, Rondel, x. c. 11 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 50 ; Willughby, p. 288 ; Ray, p. 91,
Trachinus, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 42 ; Gronov. Zuophyl. no. 274.
draco, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 435 ; jBrilnn. Pise. 3fass. no. 30 ; Risso,
Ichth. Nice, p. 108, and £ur. Merid. iii. p. 260; De la Roche, Ann.
Mus. xiii. p. 331 ; Martens, Reise nach Venedig, ii. p. 429 ; Cuv.
8.
Percis ni^bulosa, Quoy ^ Guim. Voij. Freyc. Poiss. p. .^540; Cur. &■ Vat
iii. p. 2(;0.
emeryana, Biehords. Ann. df May. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. l;](>,
Ico}i. Pise. tab. 1. f. 1, and Ichth. Chin. p. 211.
D. 5 I 21-22. A. 19-20. L. lat. 85. Cicc. pylor. 4.
Vert. 10/20.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of
» 1. Bevard, i. G. 42; Percis occllata, C. 4- V. iii. p. 270.— East Indies.
238 TRACHINID.i;.
the head about four times. The interspace between the eyes is more
than the length of their diameter. On each side are two rows of
brown clouded spots, those above the lateral line being- the larger ;
the spinous dorsal is deep black, \vith a veriical white streak before
the third spine, and a small white spot posteriorly, — the second
either white with four series of brown spots,, or bro\vn with as
many series of white spots ; caudal with indistinct whitish trans-
verse lines.
Cuvier considers as a variety a similar fish with the spinous dor-
sal entirely black and with the soft greyish, with transparent spots.
Body greyish-brown, clouded ^vith dai'ker.
lie de France ; Sharks' Bay (New Holland) ; Depuch Island.
Var. Ventrals black.
a. Adult : stutfed. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
This specimen corresponds with Sir J. Richardson's description of
P. emery ana, but has the ventrals black.
Old age ? New species ? Both lobes of the caudal pi'oduced into
filaments, as long as the fin.
6. 8| inches long. Discoloured. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
This specimen has the form and the coloration of the head of P.
emeryana, as it is figured by Sir J. Richardson, but is distinguished
by the elongate caudal lobes.
2. Percis punctata.
Cut. 4- Val. iii. p. 204.
D. 5 I 21. A. 19. L. lat. 60.
A single row of black spots above the lateral line ; two or three
series of spots across the neck. Th ^ spinous dorsal transparent, the
soft with three series of darker specks ; caudal with six or seven
brownish cross-streaks. {Guv.)
Hab. ?
3. Percis punctulata.
Ctiv. fy Val. iii. p. 205 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 219.
D. 5 I 21. A. 17. L. lat. 60.
The ventrals reach to the vent. Praeopcrculum entire. Reddish-
grey: snout with round whitish spots, edged with brown; across
the back six or seven light-brown bands, and on each side of the
dorsal three series of black specks ; neck spotted with brown ; on
each side of the tail and belly ten or twelve large brown blotches ;
the spinous dorsal black, with the upper margin white, the soft with
three series of brown spots ; caudal truncated, with three blackish
specks in each interval between two rays, and nearer to the pos-
terior margin than to the base of the fin ; an.-d with six black spots
7. PERCis. 239
along the base, and with a black speck on each interval between the
rays, near the margin of the fin.
He de France.
a, b. Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
4. Percis hexophthalma.
Percis hexophtalma, (UJircnh.) Ciiv. <^ Val. iii. p. 271, vii. p. 507.
polyophtalma, {Ehrenh.) Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 272.
cylindrica, Riipp. Atlas Fische, p. 19. t. 5. f. 2 (not Cuv.).
caudimaculata, Riipp. Neue JVirbelth. Fische, p. 98j Bleeker, Perc.
p. 54, and Celebes, iv. p. 11.
D. 5 I 19. A. 18. L. lat. 62. L. transv. 7/19.
The height of the body is seven times in the total length, the
length of the head 4^. The distance between the eyes is one-third
of the length of the snout. The ventrals reach to, or nearly to, the
origin of the anal fin. A large black central blotch on the caudal ;
along each side of the belly three or more white rings ^A'ith black
centre. The spinous dorsal with a black basal spot ; the soft dorsal
with tliree longitudinal scries of black spots, the anal with one.
From the lied Sea to the Louisiade Archipelago.
a. Adult. 8ine patria. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h. Adult : stuffed. Sine patria.
c. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyasre of the ' Rattle-
snake.'
d. Adult. Red Sea.
e. Adult. Old Collection.
Riippell says that this species has no pyloric appendages.
5. Percis cylindrica.
Si^a, iii. 27. 16.
Scieena cylindrica, Block, taf. 299. f. 1 ; Lacep. iv. p. 314.
Bodianus sebaj, Bl. Schn. p. .335.
Percis cylindrica, Cuv. 3f Val. iii. p. 267 ; Bleek. Batida, i. p. 235 (not
Jiiip2).).
D. 5 I 21. A. 18. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 5 A to 0| in the total length, the length
of the head 4g to 4|. Ventral fins rather elongate, reaching to the
fifth anal ray ; the third and fourth dorsal spines rather longer than
the intermaxillary. Body with nine or ten cross-bands ; a brown
band from the eye to the throat ; interoperculum spotted with yellow
and brown ; the spinous dorsal blackish, the soft dorsal and anal
spotted with whitish and brown, the caudal with black.
Molucca Sea ; Chinese Sea.
a, 6. Adult and half- grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Franks Collection.
c. Adult. Philippines.
d. Adult. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
e. Adult. Sir Charles Hardy's Island. Presentedby J. B. Jukes, Esq.
/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Young.
240 TRACniNIL.E.
G. Percis xanthozona.
Bkeker, Perc. p. 55.
1). 5f21. A. 18. L. lat. 65.
The height of the body is one-seventh of the total Icngtli, the
length of the head one-fomth. Praeoperculum entire ; caudal rounded.
Greenish-brown, with nine or ten brownish cross-bands, and with a
broad yellow longitudinal band; opcrclcs striated and dotted with
blue ; the spinous dorsal brown, the soft dorsal with three, the anal
with one longitudinal series of black spots ; caudal ^\'ith a large yellow
blotch and several black dots. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
7. Percis pulchella.
Temm. Sf Scldeg. Faun. Jcqwn. Puiss. p. 24. pi. 10. f. 2; RicJiards. Ichth.
Jap. (§• Cliin. p. 21]
D. 5 1 21. A. 18. L. lat. G2. L. transv. 6/18,
The height of the bodj^ is six tinies in the total length, the length
of the head 4| ; the distance between the eyes is small, and one-half
the lengtli of the snout ; the ventrals do not reach to the origin of
the anal. Turplish-brown, ^^dth six darker cross-bars, interrupted
by a yelloAnsh longitudinal band ; head with light-blue lines ; the
spinous doi'sal brownish at the base, the soft yellowish, Avith three
series of yellow specks. ♦ Caudal and anal spotted with light blue,
the latter with a broad dark-brown margin.
Sea of Japan.
a. Adult. Japan.
h. Skin : in spirits. Japan. From the Lcydon Museum.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
8. Percis cancellata.
Labrus tetvacanthus, Laccp. iii. pp. 478, 488, ii. pi. 13. f. 3.
Percis cancellata, Cuv. i^- Val. iii. p. 208; Blcek. Batj. iii. p. 501.
D. 5 I 21. A. ^. L. lat, 62 L. transv. 9/18.
The height of the body is 6| in the total length, the length of the
head 4| ; the distance betAvecn the eyes is one-half the length of
the snout. The ventral fins reach nearly to the origin of the anal ;
the length of the fouith dorsal spine is much less than that of the
intermaxillaiy. Brown, with three series of light blotches, each
Avith darker centre : the first scries along the base of the dorsal ; the
second along the middle of the body, alternating with the former ;
the third corresponding to the second, across the belly, each blotch
oblong and continuous with that of the other side, white-edged ; a
round black spot on the suprascapula ; a large and broad l)rown
blotch below the eye : the spinous dorsal transparent, clouded with
brownisli ; the soft dorsal with three scries of brown specks ; caudal
7. PERCIS. 241
spotted with broAvn, each spot with black centre ; anal black -edged :
ventral colourless.
East Indian and Louisiade Archipelago.
a. Adult : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago. Voyage of H.M.8.
Rattlesnake.
h. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
9. Percis tetracanthus.
? Bodianus tetracantluis, Lacep. iv. pp. 285, 302.
Percis tetracanthus, Bleak. Batav. p. 458.
D. 4 I 21. A. 18. L, lat. 65.
The height of the body is eight times in the total length, the length
of the head 4^ ; the distance between the eyes is one-third the length
of the snout ; the ventral fins reach slightly beyond the origin of tlie
anal. Coloration similar to that of P. cmiceUata ; caudal dotted mth
brown, and with a large white blotch on its posterior half; ventrals
yellowish.
Seas of Java, Amboyna, and of the Feejee Islands.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. e. Adult and half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
10. Percis millepunctata.
D. 4 I 21. A. 18. L. lat. &2. L. transv. 4/8.
The height of the body is 7f in the total length, the length of the
head four times. The width of the interorbital space is one-fourth
of the length of the snout. The second and third dorsal spines are
the longest, much shorter than the intermaxillaiy bone ; the ventrals
reach to the vent. Bydy with many blackish dots, not banded ; snout
and lips blackish.
Coast of Ceylon.
a. Eighty lines long : not good state. Ceylon. From the Collection
of Messrs. von Schlagintweit.
B. Tlie posterior dorsal sjiines equal to, or lonf/er th/ui, the nikldle ones.
11. Percis sexfasciata.
Temm. 8f Schleg. Faitn. Japo>i. Poiss. p. 26.
r>. ^. A. 21. L. lat. 67.
The distance between the eyes is one-half of theii- diameter. The
ventrals reach to the vent ; the four posterior dorsal spines of equal
length, and half the height of the soft dorsal. Prteopereiilum with
three small spines at the angle. On each sitie are six vertical brown
bands, bifurcated above, each being composed of three spots, the in-
ferior of which is single,-«nd double the size of the upper ones. A dark
spot on the upper angle of the root of the caudal ; the soft dorsal with
eight blackish spots along the base ; ventrals brownish. (Schln/.)
Sea of Japan .
VOL. II. u
512 TRACHINIDJE.
12. Percis semifasciata.
aw. 8f Val iii. p. 276. pi. 62.
D.A A. 24.
Back brown, dotted with darker, and with six darker cross-bars ;
the soft dorsal with a series of brown spots. (Cuv.)
Hah. ?
13. Percis nycthemera.
Cuv. 8f Vol. iii. p. 274 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 218 ; Cuv. Bignc
Anim, lU. Poiss. pi. 15. f. 2.
D. ^. A. 17. Cffic. pylor. 4.
The interspace between the eyes is one-half longer than their dia-
meter. The fifth dorsal spine is the longest. Above brown, beneath
whitish ; five series of brown spots on the soft dorsal ; the spinous
portion entirely brown. {Guv.)
New Zealand.
14. Percis colias.
Gadus colias, Forster.
Enchelyopus colias, Bl. Sckn. p. 54.
Percis colias, Cuv. ^ Val. iii. p. 273.
D. ^. A. 18. {Forst)
Back and fins blackish -blue, belly whitish ; operculum and the
posterior part of the dorsal black-spotted.
New Zealand.
8. APHRITIS.
Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 483.
Cylindrical, elongate ; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with
the lower jaw rather longer ; eye lateral. Scales rather small,
minutely cUiated. Two separate dorsals, [the first with six spines] ;
ventrals jugular, with one spine and five soft rays ; the lower pectoral
rays branched. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer [and the
palatine bones], without canines. Operculum with a flat point, pra-
operculum entire. Six branchiostegals. Air-bladder none ; pyloric
appendages in sr-.all number.
Fresh waters of Van Diemen's Land. [Western coasts of South
America.]
1. Aphritis urvillii.
Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 484. pi. 243.
D. 6 I 19. A. 25. L. lat. 65. Cffic. pylor. 4.
Palatine teeth. Caudal truncated. Reddish, marbled vdih brown-
ish ; dorsal and caudal fins with series of red dots. ( Val.)
Fresh waters of Van Diemen's Land.
9. SIILAGO. 243
The two lbUo\7ing species appear to form another genus :< —
2. Aphiitis undulatus.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 160. pi. 29. f. 1 ; Gaf/, Hist. Chil. Zool.
ii. p. 168.
B. 6. D 7-8 I 24-25. A. 23.
Palatine teeth none ; the upper jaw longest. The height of the-
body is about six times in the total length, the length of the head 4|.
Olivaceous, irregularly spotted with brownish. (Jen.)
Chonos Archipelago (west coast of South America).
3. Aphritis porosus.
Jenyns, I. c. p. 162.
D. 8 I 25. A. 23.
Palatine teeth none ; the upper jaw longest. The height of the
body is about one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head
one-fourth. Olivaceous-brown, with six or seven indistinct dusky
cross-bars. (Jen.)
Coast of Patagonia.
9. SILLAGO*.
Sillago, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Ciiv. ^ Vol. iii. p. 398.
Body somewhat cylindrical, elongate ; cleft of the mouth small,
with the upper jaw rather longer; eye lateral, somewhat directed
upwards. Scales rather smaU, ctenoid. Two dorsals, the first with
nine to twelve spines ; ventrals thoracic ; the lower pectoral rays
branched. YOliform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, none on
the palatines. Operculum terminating in a point, prseoperculum
denticulated. The bones of the head with the muciferous system
developedf. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder
simple ; pyloric appendages in small number.
From the Red Sea to the southern coasts of Australia.
1. Sillago sLiiama.
Atherina sihama, Forsk. p. 70.
Scisena riialabarica, £1. Schn. p. 81. t. 19.
Platycephalus sihamus, Bl. Schn. p. 60.
Bussell, t. 113.
SUlago sihama, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 9. taf. 3. f. 1.
acuta, Ouv. 8f Val. iii. p. 400 ; Bleeker, Perc. p. 61.
* 1. Sillago burrus, Richards.^ Ann. &( Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 128, and
Icon. Pise. pi. 2. f. 1. — Australia.
•f- The physiognomy of the fishes of this genus has a striking similarity to
Pachyurus, a Sciaanoid genus.
244 trachtnibjE.
Sillago erythrsea, Ciw. ^- Vol iii. p. 409.
malabarica, Cant. Catal. p. 21 ; Bleck. Bali, iii. p. 157.
D. 11 1 J5.'. A. 55^5-3. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 4/11. Caec. pylor. 2*.
Vert. 14/20.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the le-ngth
of the head one-fourth. The space between the eyes is one-half the
length of the snout. The ventral spine feeble. Coloration uniform
brownish-yeUow, with a silvery lateral streak ; fins transparent,
reddish-violet.
From the Red Sea through all the Indian Seas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea.
6. Half-grown : not good state. Ceylon, From the Collection of
the Zoological Society.
0. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. Fi'om Dr. Cantor'.s
Collection.
d. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
e. Adult. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
/. Adult. Philippines.
g. Half-grown. Canton. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h, i. Adult and half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
k'. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
1. Adult: skeleton. China.
m. Half- grown. China.
11, Young : bad state. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
0. ? Adult: skin : bad state. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.
JO. Thirteen inches long. From theCoUection of the Zoological Society.
The peculiarities of the slceleton have been noticed by Cuvicr. The
structure of the skuU is that of a Scifenoid fish, but the mimber of
the vertebrae and the long anal fin are characters by which it ap-
proaches more to the fishes of the present family. The length of
the abdominal portion of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal
as 1 : 1-4.
Bleeker, -with his usual precision, has given distinct characters for
the following species, to which, however, I cannot refer the Chinese
specimens mentioned above, as they show all the characters attri-
buted by Bleeker to Sillago sihama.
2. Sillago japonica.
Tefnm. ^- Schley. Faun. Japan. Paiss. p. 2-3. pi. 10. f. 1 ; Blcek. Act.
Soc. Sc. Indo-NeclirL iii. Japan, p. 11, and Bali, iii. p. 1G3.
Only three longitudinal series of scales between the spinous dorsal
* HiippcU found two pyloric appendnges. Cuvicr four. In flie specimens in
l}ic Hritisli Museum the intestines do not ndmit of an examination.
9. SILLAGO. 245
and the lateral line. The height of the body is 6i to 7 times in the
total length, the length of the head 4^ to 44. The diameter of the
eye is one-fourth of the latter, and equals the interorbital space. The
ventral spine is feeble. Coloration uniform.
Molucca and Ja])anese Seas.
3. Sillago maculata.
Sillago macidata, Quoj/ ^- (jaim. Voi/. Freijc. Zool. p. 261. pi. 5.3. f. 2 ;
Cm: i^- Val. iii. p. 411 ; Blecker, Perc. p. 02, and Bali, iii. p. 101.
bassensis, Cuv. Hf Val. iii. p. 412*; Qitoij i<) Gaim. Voij. Astrol.
PoUs. p. 072. pi. 1. f. 2.
r>. 11 I ^. A. Jy. L. lat. 70. L. transv. ^
The height of the body is 5^ in th»^ total length, the length of the
head four times ; the space between the eyes is one-half the length
of the snout. The ventral spine feeble. On each side seven or eight
blackish l)lotches and a yellow longitudinal band ; the second dorsal
dotted with, blackish.
Coasts of South -eastern Australia; East Indian xVrchipelago.
«-c. Adult : very bad state ; have been in chloride of zinc. Sydney.
From the Haslar Collection.
d, e. AdiJt : very bad state ; have been in chloride of zinc. Sydney.
From the Haslar Collection.
4. Sillagro TJimctata.
Cui: ^ Val. iii. p. 413; Quoij >.y Gaim. Vuy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 071
pi. 1. f. 1.
D. 12 U. A. -1. L. lat. 170. L. transv. 35. Caec. pylor. 4.
I -ib 22 ^ •'
The height of the body is eight times in the total length, the length
of the head 4|. Body with numerous black dots above the lateral
line ; fins immaculate.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult : skin : not good state. Hobson's Bay, Port Phillip.
b. Many young specimens in a bad state. South Australia.
c. Young. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.
5. Sillago ciliata.
Cuv. (§• Val. iii. p. 415 ; Cuo. Rcyne Anivi. III. Poiss. pi. 13. f. 2.
D. 11 I y^. A. ^. L. lat. 63. L. transv. 5/12.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the
head nearly four times ; the space between the eyes is 2\ in the length
of the snout. The ventral spine feeble. Silvery, with a yellowish
* Cuvier (/. c.) states tlio number of the anal fin as ^^^ ; the figure in the Vcz/ntjc
de V Astrolabe shows twenty-one rays.
246 TEACHINIDiE.
longitudinal streak ; the first dorsal marbled with blackish, the
second with four or five series of oblong spots.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult female. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Lieut. A.
J. Smith.
b. Large specimen. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
c. Adult : skin. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould.
d. Adult : stuffed. Capo York. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.'
Native name Koopooroo.
e. Adult : skin. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
/. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Adult : bad state Old Collection.
Air-bladder spindle-shaped, extending between the muscles of the
tan.
6. Sillago macrolepis.
Sleeker, Bali, iii. p. 166.
D. 11 I ^. A.^. L. lat. 50-D5. L. transv. 4/?
The height of the body is 6-61 in the total length, the length of
the head 4-4f ; the diameter of the eye is 2| in the latter, and
twice the interorbital space. Ventral spine feeble. Coloration
uniform. (BleeJc.)
Seas of Batavia and Bali.
7, Sillago chondropus.
Sleeker, Perc. p. 61, and Bali, iii. p. 164.
D. 11 1 ^. A. i. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 5/11.
The height of the body is 7| in the total length, the length of the
head nearly five times. The space between the eyes is one-half the
length of the snout. The ventral spine curved, very thick, flexible.
Coloration uniform.
Molucca Sea.
a. Adult. Molucca.
8. Sillago domina.
Cuv. (§• Val. iii. p. 415. pi. 69 ; Bef/ne Anim. III. pi. 13. f. 1 ; Cantor,
C'atal. p. 2L
D.9|^. A.i. L. lat. 86.
The second dorsal spine very long, sometimes reaching to the root
of the caudal ; the ventral spine feeble. The space between the eyes
is 2| in the length of the snout. Coloration uniform brownish.
Bay of Bengal ; East Indian Archipelago.
a. Adult : stufibd. Ganges, at Calcutta. From Mr. Warwick's Col-
lection.
b. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Bay of Bengal. Presented by
the Zoological Society.
lU. ELKdlN'US. 247
c. Half-grown. Bay of IJengal. rivseiiU'dby the Zoological Society.
d. Adult. India. Presented by G. K. Waterhousc, Es(j.
e-(j. 7\.dult : stuffed. India. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
10. ELEGINUS*.
Eleginus, Cuv. S,- Val. v. p. 158.
Body elongate, somewhat cylindrical ; cleft of the mouth small,
with the u^jper jaw rather longer ; eye lateral. Scales rather small,
minutely ciliated. Two dorsals, the tirst with eight or nine si^incs ;
ventrals jugular ; the lower pectoral rays branched. Yillitbrm teeth
in the jaws, none on the palate. Operculum without spine, prne-
opcrculum entire. Six branchiostegals ; psoudubranchiuD. Air-
bladder none ; jiyloric appendages in small number.
Falkland Islands ; coast of Chile ; Port Jackson.
1. Eleg^us maclovinus.
Eleginus macloTinus, Cur. is; Va/. v. p. 15S. pi. 115 (not good) ; Less.
Voy. Coq. Zoo!, ii. p. 202. pi. 17 (Allieriiianiacloviaua) (had); G• 5^,- A. 26-28. L. lat. 100. Cjec. pylor. 4.
28-S9 '■ •'
Vontrals thick, a little before the pectorals. Brownish, witli two
rows of round whitish spots on each side ; a black spot at the root
of the upper caudal lobe, disappearing with age ; the anterior part
of the dorsal blackish.
Coast of Chile.
«. Fine specimen. Chile. From Mr, Bridge's Collection.
3. Pinguipes fasciatus.
Jcnyns, I. c. p. 20. pi. 5.
D. .^. A. 25.
V^entrals thick, exactly thoracic. The height of the ])ody is 5^ in
tlie total Unigth. Back In-own ; on the sides are twelve dark cross-
bars, the alternate ones broader than the others. {Jen.)
Coast of Northern Patagonia.
17. LATILUS.
Latilus, Cuv. ^~ VttJ. v. p. ^68.
Body rather elongate, slightly compressed ; cleft of the moiitii
horizontal, with the jaws equal; eye lateral. Scales small, finely
ciliated. One continuous dorsal, with four to eight spines ; ventrals
thoracic, or somewhat in advance of the pectorals ; the lower pectoral
rays branched. Villiform teeth in the jaws, with canines ; none on
the palate. Operculum without spine ; prieoperculum denticulated.
Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchia). Air-bladder simple ; pyloric
api)endages in small number.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; East Pacific ; coast of Brazil.
1. Latilus argentatus.
Coryphpena sima, Bl. Scfui. p. 2!)G.
? Coryplia;na sinensis, Lucrp. iii. pp. 176, 209.
ijatiliis argentatus, Cuv. Sf Vul. v. p. 369, ix. p. 495; Favn. Japon.
Poiss. p. 63. pi. 28. f. 2 (not good) ; Bleek. Verh, Butav. Genootsch.
xxvi. p. 85.
D. -^. A.-^. L. lat. GO-65.
The height of the body ecpials the length of the head, and is 4J in
the totid. Caudalis rounded ; the spinous portion of the dorsal lower
* 17. LATILUS, 253
than the soft. Praeoperculum verj^ finely serrated. Coloration uni-
form rose-coloured.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
a. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J, Richardson.
b. Adult; stuffed.
2. Latilus clirysops.
Cm: ^ Val ix. p. 496.
B. 6. D. 1-. A. 22. L. lat. 120.
24
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 4|. Caudalis emarginate ; the spinous portion of the dorsal
lower than the soft. Prasoperculum with the posterior limb denti-
culated, lied, marbled with yellow ; a yellow band below the eye.
Coast of Brazil ; Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult : stuffed. "West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
3. Latilus doliatus.
Cm. 8f Val. v. p. 371. pi. 130.
D. ^, A.^. L. lat. 115. Csec. pylor. 1.
10 12 ^ •'
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head five times. Caudalis emarginate ; the spinous portion of the
dorsal lower than the soft. Praeoperculum finely serrated. Silvery,
with from fifteen to eighteen brownish-yellow cross-bands.
He de France.
a. Adult : stuffed. lie de France.
4. Latilus jugularis.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 500. pi. 279; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 50 ; Gay,
Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 203.
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 80, Cibc. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is 5i in the total length, the length of the
head four times. CaudaUs truncated. The posterior limb of the
praeoperculum with small spinous teeth. Brownish, marbled with
darker.
Coast of Valparaiso.
There is no larger tooth at the posterior extremity of the inter-
maxillary in this species.
a. Adult. Chile. From Mr. Bridge's Collection.
5. Latilus princeps.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 52. pi. 11.
26 26
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4|
254 TBACHINID^.
in the total, Caudalis emarginatc ; the spinous portion of the dorsal
lower than the soft ; the posterior limb of the prsDoperculura finely
dcnticiilated. Uniform brownish. {Jen.)
Chatham Island (Galapagos Archipelago).
Fourth Group. PSEUDOCHROMIDES.
Pseudochromidae, pt., Milll. ^ Trosch. Ilor. IcMlnjol. iii. p. 22.
Eyes more or less lateral. Head not cuii'assed. Lateral line
interrupted, or not continued to the caudal.
S>/nopsis of the Genera,
Cleft of the mouth large ; the upper maxillary produced
backwards 18. Opistiiognatiius.
Lateral line interrupted; vomerine and palatine teeth ... 19. P.seudochromis.
Lateral line interrupted ; teeth on the vomer, none on the
palatine bones; dorsal spines in small number 20. Ciciilops.
Lateral line interrupted ; dorsal, anal and ventral spines
none 21. Pskudoplesiops.
Lateral line interrupted, the posterior portion continued
to the caudal; palate smooth 22. Notothenia.
Scales none 2.3. Farpagifer.
18. OPISTHOGNATHUS.
Opisthognathus, Cuv. Rbgne Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 495.
Body rather elongate, rounded anteriorly, slightly compressed
posteriorly ; the upper profile of the snout parabolic ; cleft of the
mouth large, the upper maxillary prodiwed backwards ; eye lateral,
large. Scales small, not ciliated. Lateral line not continued lo the
caudal. One dorsal, Avith the unarticulated rays flexible ; ventrals
jugular ; the lower pectoral rays branched. In both the jaws fine
cardiform teeth; palate smooth. Oporcles not armed. Six bran -
chiostegals ; the gill-membranes joined together inferiorly ; pseudo-
brancliia;. Air-bladder small ; pyloric appendages none.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas ; coast of Brazil.
1. Opisthognathus nigi'omarginatus.
Opisthognathus nigromarginatu.s, liiipp. Ail. Fuche, p. 1 14. taf. 28. f. 4.
— ^ sonneratii, Cuv. Hx-ync Anini. (without descr.) ; Cuv. 4" Vid. xi.
p. 498.
cuvieri, Valcnc. in Cuv. lik/ne Aiihn. Ill Pniss. pi. 78. fig. 3, but
not in Cuv. ^ Val. Hist. Nat. Pom. xi., where the same author de-
scribes a very different species witii the same name !
D. 24. A. 15.
The upper maxillary prolonged nearly to the pectoral. Scales
exceedingly small. The heip-T^t of the body is .six timos in the total
18. OPISTnOGNATHTTS. 255
length, the length of the head 3^ ; the distance between the eyes is
one-half of their diameter. Yellowish, marbled with brown ; max-
illaries with a black inferior margin. A black ovate spot between
the fourth and eighth dorsal rays.
Red Sea ; coast of Pondicherry.
2. Opisthognathus megastoma.
D. 27. A. 18.
The upper maxillary is very long, and reaches to, or slightly beyond,
the base of the pectoral fin. Scales exceedingly small. The height of
the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-
third. The distance between the eyes is one-fifth of their diameter.
An ovate black spot between the seventh and tenth dorsal rays.
Gulf of Mexico.
a. Adult. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection,
b. Adult. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.
Description. — This species is very closely allied to 0. nigromargi-
natus, from which, however, it may be readily distinguished by the
characters in the diagnosis. The greatest depth of the. body is below
the origin of the dorsal, where it is contained five times in the total.
The head is very large and thick, its length being one-third of the
total. The occiput and the nape of the neck are broad, the space
between the eyes very narrow, and the snout short and obtuse. The
cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique and exceedingly wide, its angle
being placed behind the posterior margin of the orbit. The inter-
maxillary is elongate, and reaches as far backwards as the cleft of
the mouth. The maxillary is prolonged into a dilated, flexible,
sabre-shaped appendage, which extends to, or slightly beyond, the
base of the ventral ; its upper margin is fixed to the mandiljula by a
wide membrane, which has a large ovate opening. An additional
and moveable bone, attached to the maxillary, supports the mem-
brane above the opening. The eye is very large, 3^ in the length
of the head, and slightly directed upwards. The nostrils are small,
without appendage. The margin of the praioperculura is rounded,
and partly covered by the overlapping maxillary. A rather feeble
opercular spine is hidden by the skin, and the extremity of the sub-
operculum extends beyond this spine. The gUl-opening is wide, but
does not extend on the upper side of the pra^operculum ; the branchial
membranes of both sides are slightly joined on the throat.
The dorsal fin begins above the extremity of the operculum, and
is of nearly equal height in all its length. The imarticulated rays
pass insensibly into the articulated ones ; all are flexible. The di-
stance between the dorsal and caudal fins is equal to the height of
the tail below the end of the dorsal. The caudal is slightly rounded,
one-seventh of the total leng-th. The origin of the anal falls ver-
tically below the twelfth dorsal ray, and its end opposite to that of
the • dorsal ; it equals tha^ fin in height. The pectoral is short,
rounded, about one-eighth of the total length, and docs not extend
256 TRACniNlD.E.
to the origin of the aual. The ventrals are jugukir, pointed, and
composed of one spine and five rays.
The scales are exceedingly small, and nearly entirely hidden in
the pouches of the cutis. The lateral line is straight, very near the
dorsal line, and lost below the posterior half of the dorsal fin.
The teeth in both the jaws are vridely set, of moderate size, and
form a single series.
The ground-colour is now yellowish-white, dotted and sprinkled
with brown. There is an ovate black spot between the seventh and
tenth dorsal rays. The interior surface of the maxillary is marked
with two black bands, which, at the posterior extremity of the bone,
pass on to the membrane in a strong curvatm'e. There is a third
band at the outside of the membrane, running from the opening to
the middle of the mandibula.
inches, lines.
Total length 6 6
Height of the body 1 3
Length of the head 2 1
Diameter of the eye 0 7
Distance between the eyes 0 Ig
Greatest height of the dorsal and anal .... 0 9,|
Length of the caudal 0 11
of the pectoral 0 10
3. Opisthognathus cuvieri.
Cuv. (§• Val. xi. p. 504. pi. 343.
D. 28. A. 18. L. lat. 70.
The upper maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the pos-
terior margin of the orbit. Scales small. The diameter of the eye
is 3| in the length of the head. A black ovate spot between the
fourth and eighth dorsal spines.
Coast of Bahia.
4. Opisthognathus solorensis.
Bleeker, Solor, p. 81
D. 25. A. 16. L. lat. 65.
The upper maxillary reaches to the angle of the praeopei-culum.
Scales small. The height of the body is 0| in the total length, the
length of the head 4|^. The dorsal fin with two black spots an-
teriorly. (-BZ.)
Sea of Lawajong (Island of Solor).
5. Opisthognathus rosenbergii.
Bleeker, Nias, p. 220.
D. 24. A. 15.
The upper maxillary does not reach to the angle of the pra^opor-
culum. Scales .small. No black spot on the dorsal. (HI.)
Sea of Nias.
19. PSEUDOCHROMIS. 257
19. PSEUDOCHROMIS.
Pseudochromis, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 8.
Head and body rather comi)ressed, more or less elongate ; cleft of
the month slightly obliqne, A^th the lower jaw longest ; eye lateral.
Scales of moderate size, cihated ; lateral line interrupted. One
dorsal, with a few spines anteriorly ; ventrals thoracic ; the lower
pectoral rays branched. Jaws with cardiform teeth, anteriorly with
canines ; vomer and palatine bones toothed. Prajoperciilum entire.
Six branchiostegals ; the gill-membranes joined inferiorly ; pseudo-
branchiae and air-bladder present ; pyloric appendages none.
Red Sea ; East Indian Archipelago.
1. Pseudochromis olivaceus.
Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 8. tab. 2. fig. 3.
D.l A. A V.1/5.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 4|. Dorsal and anal produced posteriorly and pohited ;
caudal truncated ; most of the dorsal rays not branched. Olive-green,
with some scattered blue spots ; operculum with a black spot poste-
riorly. {Rupp.)
Red Sea.
2. Pseudochromis fascus.
Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 23. tab. 4. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Natuurk.
Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 708, and ix. p. 09.
B.6. -D.^^. A.^. V.1/5. L.lat.40.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
foiu-th of the total. The length of the snout is less than that of the
diameter of the eye, and equals the width of the interorbital space.
Caudal rounded. Four series of scales on the check. Brown : the
posterior half of the dorsal fin and the anal with blue longitudinal
streaks ; base of the pectoral black.
East Indian Archipelago.
3. Pseudochromis xanthocMr.
Sleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr, Nederl. Ind. viii. p. 443.
B. 6. D. ^. A. l^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body equals the Icngih of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total. The snout is much shorter than the diameter of
the eye. The maxiUary reaches to below the anterior part of the
eye. Brownish, with a dark streak along each series of scales ; the
upper part of the dorsal and the anal yellow, with blue longitudinal
lines ; pectorals yellow at the base. {Bl.)
Sea of Manado.
VOL. II.
258 TEACHINID^.
4. Pseudochromis adnstus.
Miill. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 23. tab. 4. fig. 3.
B.6. D.|. A.^. V.1/5.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total. The length of the snout is equal to that of the dia-
meter of the eye, and more than the width of the interorbital space.
Most of the dorsal rays are branched. Dark brown ; sides yellowish.
Philippine Islands.
5. Pseudochromis flavivertex.
Rupp. N. W. Fische, p. 9. taf. 2. fig. 4.
D. |. A. l^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 45. Vert. 10/15.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4|^ in
the total. Dorsal and anal fins not produced posteriorly ; caudal
truncated, with the angles pointed ; most of the dorsal rays not
branched. Violet, with a yeUow stripe along the upper part of the
head and back ; dorsal yellow.
Ked Sea.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
h. Adidt. Red Sea.
6. Pseudochromis tapeinosoma.
Bleeker, Amboina, iii. p. 115.
B, 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 30.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 4^. The snout is shorter than the eye ; the maxillary
reaches to below the middle of the eye. Caudal rounded. Brown. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
PseudocJiromis cyanotcenia, Bleeker, Booroo, ii. p. 72, is closely
aUicd to this species ; it is said to have eight or nine oblique blue
bands on the body.
7. Pseudochromis polyacanthus.
Bleeker, Ternate, vii. p. 375.
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is 4i-43 in the total length, the length of the
head '3^, The maxillarj' reaches behind the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye. The second anal spine is the longest. Greenish-
brown, reticulated with brown ; operculum with a dark spot. (Bl.)
Sea of Ternate.
20. CICHLOPS*
Cichlops, 3fuU. fy Trosch. Ilor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 24.
Head and body rather compressed, more or less elongate ; cleft of
the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw longest ; eye lateral. Scales
• 1. Cichlops trispilos, Blocker, Gilolo, ii. p. 110. —Sen of Gilolo.
20. cicHLOPs. 259
)f moderate size, ciliated ; lateral line interrupted. One dorsal, with
a few spines anteriorly ; vcntrak inserted before or below the pec-
torals ; the lower pectoral rays branched. Jaws with cardiform
teeth, anteriorly ^\'ith canines ; vomer toothed, palatine bones tooth-
less. Pracoperculum entire. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchise
and air-bladder present ; pyloric appendages none.
East Indian Archipelago.
J . Cichlops cyclophthalmus.
Miill. Sf Trosch. I. c. tab. 4. fig. 1.
B.6. D.|. A.I. V.1/5.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head five times. The diameter of the eye is rather less than the
length of the snout, but equal to the width of the interorbital space.
Seven series of scales on the cheek. The dorsal begins above the
base of the pectoral ; the ventral is inserted somewhat before the
pectoral. Brown : each scale with a darker spot ; dorsal dotted with
black.
Sunda Sea.
2. CicMops melanotaenia.
Bleeher, Celebes, iii. p. 765.
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head five times; the snout is shorter than the eye. The
dorsal begins before the base of the pectoral. Brownish-red, with
ten black longitudinal streaks : fins red ; dorsal anteriorly dotted
with brown, posteriorly with small longitudinal stripes ; base of the
pectoral with a black spot superiorly. {Bl.)
Sea of Macassar.
3. Cichlops spiloptenis.
Bleeker, Celebes, iv. p. 168. ■
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/5. L. lat. 60.
25 14 '
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the lengtli of tho
head 4^. The length of the snout equals that of the eye. The
dorsal begins before the vertical from the base of the pectoral, bolow
which the ventral is inserted. Brown : dorsal anteriorly with small,
posteriorly with oblong blue spots ; base of the pector.d Avith a brown
spot superiorly. {Bl.)
Sea of Macassar.
Cichlops hellmuthii, Bleeker, Sumbawa, p. 329, with a rather more
varied coloration, and CicMops japonicxis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1859, p. 147, are closely allied to this species.
s2
260 TRACniNlD^.
21. PSEUDOPLESIOPS.
Pseudoplesiops, Blecker, Goram, p. 215.
dead and body rather compressed, oblong ; jaws eqnal anteriorly ;
eye lateral. Scales of moderate size, cycloid ; lateral line intcriiipted.
One dorsal, mthout spines ; ventrals jugular, without spine. Jaws
and vomer with a band of teeth, the former with canines ; palatine
bones toothless. Pra3operculum entire. Six bran chiostegals; pseudo-
branchiiiD present.
East Indian Archipelago.
1. Pseudoplesiops typus.
JSleeke)', Goram, p. 217.
B. 6. D. 25. A. 16. V. 5. L. lat. 36.
The height of the body is 3g in the total length (without caudal).
The upper maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye. Four
series of scales on the check. The two outer rays of the ventral
elongate and filiform. Yellowish. {Bl.)
Sea of Goram.
22. NOTOTHENIA*.
Notothenia, Richards. Voy. Ereh. % Terr. Fishes, p. 5.
Body more or less elongate, slightly compressed posteriorly, rounded
anteriorly, with the head depressed; cleft of the mouth slightly
oblique, with the lower jaw longest; eye directed upwards. Scales
rather small, ciliated ; lateral line interrupted. Two dorsals, thb
first separated from the second by a very deep notch, with the spines
flexible (in one species stiff) ; ventrals jugular ; the lower pectoral
rays branched. In both the jaws cardiform or villiform teeth ; pa-
late smooth. Operculum with two obtuse points ; pra}operculum
entire. Six branchiostegals ; the gill-membranes joined infcriorly ;
pseudobranchiae. Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in smaU
number.
Antarctic Seas ; Falkland, Auckland, and Kerguelen's Islands.
New Zf^aland. — Antipodes of Cottus.
1. Notothenia tessellata.
Richards. Voy. Ereb. q Terr. Fishes, p. 19. pi. 12. f. 2, 3.
D. 6 I 33-34. A. 33. L. lat. 66-70.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total, the height of
the body one-sixth. The upper surface of the hca>d covered vrith
* I. Nolotlieiiia plioc.T, Richards. I. c. p. 8. — Aniaretic Glacinl Ocean.
2. GacUis niagollaiiiciis, {Foisf.) Bl. Schn. p. 10; Notothenia raagcllanicn,
Richards. I. r. p. 9. — Terra del Fuego.
22. NOTOTHENIA. 201
scales nearly to the nostrils. Brown, with broad and rather irregular
vertical bars ; the second dorsal and the caudal brown-spotted.
Falkland Islands.
a. Adult. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E.')
Wright, Esq.
h. Adult. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E.
Wright, Esq. I Types of the
c. Half-grown. Falkland Islands. Presented by f species.
W. E. Wright, Esq.
d. Half-grown. Falkland Islands. Presented by
W. E. Wright, Esq.
e. f. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
2. Notothenia cyaneobrancha.
Richards. Voij. Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 7. pi. 4.
D. 5 I 35. A. 31-33. X. lat. 66. C«c. pylor. 4 (5?).
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the
head 4| . The upper surface of the head scaleless. Uniform brownish ;
the vertical fins blackish; the gill-membrane with the margin coloured.
Kerguelen's Land.
a. Adult. Kerguelen's Land. Presented by the Lords of the Ad-
miralty.— Type of the species.
b. Adult: bad state. Kerguelen's Land. From the Haslar Collection.
c. d. Adult. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
3. Notothenia coriiceps.
Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 5. pi. 3. f. 1, 2.
D. 5 I 35. A. 28. L. lat. 54. Ca5c. pylor. 5.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
nead four times. The posterior limb of the prseoperculum oblique.
Brown: an oblique blackish-brown strijDe between the eye and the
angle of the prseoperculum.
Coasts of Kerguelen's Land and of the Auckland Islands.
a. Adult. Kerguelen's Land. Presented by the Lords of the Ad-
miralty.— Type of the species.
b. Adult : bad state.
4. Notothenia comucola.
Notothenia comucola, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ 'Terr. Fishes, p. 8. pi. 8.
f. 4, 5 (bad), p. 18. pi. 11. f. 3, 4.
marginata, Richards. I. c. p. 18. pi. 12. f. 1, 2.
D. 5 I 31-33. A. 27-29. L. lat. 52.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. Brownish, marbled with darker ; an oblique light
262 TRACHINID.'E.
band, edged with dark brown, from below the eye to the lower limb
of the pra^operculum.
Cape Horn and Falkland Islands ; New Zealand.
a. Falkland Islands. PresentedbjW. E.Wright, Esq. ] rp^ « , ,
b. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E.Wright, Esq. I ^^^^ ?^ ^^®
c. Falkland Islands. PresentedbyW. E.Wright, Esq. J ^V^^^^^s-
d. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E. Wright, Esq. — Type of
N. marginata.
e. New Zealand. Presented by Dr. Eichardson.
/. Port Louis. From the Haslar Collection.
5. Notothenia virgata.
Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 18, pi, 11. f. 6, 6.
D. 6 I 32. A. 29. L. lat. 52.
The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head 3|. The upper surface of the head naked. Brownish,
speckled with darker : a broad yellowish lateral band ; a narrow
band of the same colour on the back, along the base of the dorsal ;
an oblique, yellowish, brown-edged streak on the cheek.
Falldand Islands.
a. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E. Wright, Esq. — Type of the
species.
6. Notothenia purpuriceps.
Richards. I. c. p. 7. pi. 2. f. 3, 4.
D. 4 1 35. A. 31. L. lat. 52. Cjbc. pylor. 5. Vert. 15/37.
The height of the body is nearly five times in the total length,
the length of the head 3|. The upper parts of the skull and the
lower portion of the cheek scaleless. Brownish ; no streak on the
cheek. (Rich.)
Kerguelen's Land.
7. Notothenia sima.
Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fishes, p. 19. pi. 77. f. 1, 2.
D. 6 I 28. A. 28. L. lat. 45.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The upper surface of the head covered Math
irregular scales nearly to the nostrils. Brown, with six irregular
vertical bars.
Falkland Islands.
a. Adult. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E, ^
Wright, Esq. I Types of the
I). Adult. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E. ( species.
Wright, Esq. J
c. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
23. HARPAOIFEB. 263
8. Notothenia macrocephalus.
D. 5 I 30-31. A. 21. L. lat. 58.
The upper surface of the head broad and flat ; the width of the
interorbital space is contained twice and three-fourths in the length
of the head. Lateral line interrupted below the third dorsal ray
before the last.
Falkland Islands.
a. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Falkland Islands. Purchased of
Mr. Jamrach.
9. Notothenia rossii.
Notothenia (?)rossii, Richards. I. c. p. 9. pi. 5. f. 1, 2.
I>.7|f,. A.i. L. lat. 62.
The spines of the fins not flexible and very short. The length of
the head is one-foiirth of the total. (Bieh.)
Hah. ?
23. HARPAGIFER.
Harpagifer, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fishes, p. IT.
Habit cottoid. Scales none; lateral line not continued to the
caudal. Two dorsals, the first with three or four flexible spines ;
ventrals jugular; the lower pectoral rays branched. In both the
jaws vUliform teeth ; palate smooth. Operculum and suboperculum
with very long spines. Six branchiostegals ; the gLll-membranes
attached to the isthmus between ; psoudobranchise. Air-bladder
none ; pyloric appendages in small number.
Coasts of Cape Horn and of the Falkland Islands. — Antipodes of
Cottm.
1. Harpagifer hispinis.
Callionymus bisprnis, Forster.
Batrachus bispinis, Bl. Schn. p. 45.
Harpagifer bispinis, Richards. /. c, p. 11. pi. 7, f. 1-3, p. 19. pi. 12.
f. 8, 9.
palliolatus, Richards. I. c. p. 20. pi. 12. f. 5-7.
D. 3-4 I 24. A. 18. Ca^c. pylor. 3. Vert. 11/18.
Operculum with a very long antler- like spine above, directed up-
wards ; suboperculum with a smaller spine directed backwards.
Male with-tentacles above the eye, and with the margin of the pra6-
operculum fringed. Reddish-oUve, with very large brown blotches,
more or less confluent.
Cape Horn ; Falkland Islands.
a-g. Fine specimens. Falkland Islands. Presented^
by W. E. Wright, E«q.
7i. Fine specimen. Falkland Islands. Presented by I Types of the
W. E. "Wright, Esq. [ species.
i. Adult male. Falkland Islands. Presented by
W. E. Wright, Esq.
264 TRACHINID^:.
Tc. Adtilt female : skeleton. FalMand Islands. Presented by W.
E. Wright, Esq.
I. Adult female. Falkland Islands. Presented by W. E. Wright,
Esq. — Type of Harpagifer paUiolahis.
m, n. Half-grown : bad state. Falkland Islands. From the Haslar
Collection.
o-t. Adult and half-grown : bad state. Cape Horn.
u. Intestines of specimen k.
I may add to the notes on the anatomy of this fish given by Sir
J. Eichardson (I. c. p. 12), that the ovaria are separated, of moderate
size, bean-like. The urine-bladder is deeply forked. That natu-
ralist states twenty-four caudal vertebrae, whilst I find only eighteen.
Appendix to the TracliinidsB.
HETEROSTICHUS.
Heterostichus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 143, and
U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 86.
The following is the description given by Girard. The place svhich
the fish Avill take in the system is not yet sufficiently clear ; probably
it is the type of a separate family
" First dorsal fin very long, the first five anterior rays of which
constitute an apparently distinct fin. Anal very long, provided an-
teriorly with but few spines. Dorsal and anal extending to near the
caudal. Body very compressed and flattened posteriorly. Caudal
slender. Ventrals situated in advance of the pectorals. Lower jaw
longest ; mouth moderate. Canine teeth in the jaws, viUiform teeth
on the vomer and the palatines. Scales \otj small. Lateral line
arched above the pectorals. Six branchial rays. Opercular appa-
ratus without either spines or denticulations."
San Diego (California).
1. Heterostichus rostratus.
Girard, I. c. pi. 13.
D.i. A. 3^. V.1/3.
The head is rather small and conical. The nose is very much de-
pressed and concave. The greatest depth, measured above the pec-
torals, is contained five times in the entire length ; the least depth
is about a fourth or a fifth of the greatest. The head forms a little
less than a fourth of the length. Lower jaw much the longer. The
horizontal diameter of the eye is 7| in the length of the side of the
head. The first five rays constitute an apparently distinct fin, sub-
triangular in shape and much higher than the portion which follows,
and which, upon its anterior half, is higher than upon its posterior
half. The soft dorsal is short, but high, and in perfect continuity \vith
i lie spinous ono. The caudal is slender and forked ; the ventrals are
Puite small and slender. Yellowish-broMTi, marbled with darker.
San Diego
SCI^NIDiE. 265
Fam. 12. SCI^ENIDiE.
Scirenoidei, pt., Cin\ Rh/ne A/mn. ; Cuv. Sf Veil, v. p. 1 ; Millie)-, Berl.
Ahhandl. 1844, p. 201.
Sciasmd.'B, pt., Oicen, Led. Comp. Annt. Vert. i. p. 49; Richardson,
Ichlliyol.
Body compressed and rather elongate, covered with ctenoid scales.
Lateral line continuous, and often continued on the tail. Mouth in
front of the snout. Eye lateral, of moderate size. Seven branchio-
stegals. Teeth in \'il]iform bands, with canines in some of the
genera ; no molars or trenchant teeth in the jaw's ; no teeth on the
palate. Cheek not cuirassed ; the opercles not, or feebly, armed.
Two dorsal fins, the soft much more developed than the spinous or the
anal ; the spines of the first dorsal generally feeble and elevated ;
the anal fin with two spines. All the rays of the pectorals branched ;
ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays. The bones of
the head with the muciferous system very developed. Stomach
csecal ; pyloric appendages in small or moderate number. Air-
bladder* with branching or very elongate appendages, sometimes
absent. Pseudobranchiae sometimes hidden.
Mostly inhabitants of the seas of the temperate and tropical re-
gions ; a few inhabiting the fresh waters of America, Africa, and the
East Indies, Not to be found in Australia.
Synopsis of the Oenera.
A. Lower jaw with barbels.
Chin with many small barbels. Pharyngeal teeth pavement-
like 2. POGONIAS.
Chin with several minute barbels. Pharyngeal teeth conical '
and pointed 3. Micropogon.
One single barbel 4. Umbrina.
Two barbels. The pectoral and caudal fins very elongate... 13. Lonchurus.
B. Barbels none.
The lower jaw longest ; no large canines ; air-bladder simple. 1 . Larimus.
Dorsal and caudal fins covered with scales ; the first dorsal
very elevated ; anal spmes feeble 5. Eques.
Dorsal and caudal fins covered with scales ; anal spines
strong 6. PACiiYURas.
* Air-bladder simple in Larimus and Eques.
266 SCI^NIDJE.
The upper jaw overlapping the lower, or both the jaws
equal ; dorsal not scaly ; no large canines ; the space
between the eyes moderately broad and slightly con-
vex. Anal spines rather feeble, more or less indi-
stinct 7. SCI/ENA.
The upper jaw overlapping the lower, or both the jaws
equal; dorsal not scaly; no large canines ; the space
between the eyes moderately broad and slightly con-
vex. Anal spines strong 8. Corvina.
The lower jaw longest ; generally large conical canines ; air-
bladder with two elongated horns 9. Otolithus.
The lower jaw longest; large arrow-shaped canines; air-
bladder with two elongated horns 10. Ancylodon.
The space between the eyes very broad and very convex ;
eye small ; cleft of the mouth very wide and oblique... 11. Colliciithys.
Eye small ; limbs of the prasoperculum with a scaleless
space 12. Nebris.
1. LARIMUS.
Larimus, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 145,
Corvina, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 139.
Body oblong ; muzzle shorter than the eye, with the cleft of the
mouth oblique, and the lower jaw longer than the upper. No large
canines. No barbel. Dorsal fin not scaly, Pseudobranchia; ; the
air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic, entering the rivers.
1. Larimus auritus.
Cuv. .§• Val viii. p. 501.
D. 11 1 ^. A. |. L. lat. 50. L. transv. ^^. Vert. 11/15.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in
the total. The diameter of the eye is nearly one-fourth of the length
of the head, and equals the interspace between the eyes, but is
rather longer than the snout. Lower jaw slightly prominent ; the
upper maxillary docs not reach to below the middle of the eye. The
spinous dorsal is one -fourth higher than the soft ; caudal fin slightly
notched ; the pectoral is pointed and rather elongate, and reaches to
the level of the vent. Coloration nearly uniform, with more or less
distinct longitudinal bands along each series of scales. A black spot
on a part of the opercular membrane, filling a deep notch of that
bone. Dorsal fins grey, *vith a series of small blackish spots along
the base ; the other fins minutely dotted with black.
Coast of Gorea ; Iliver Niger.
a. Fine specimen. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
h. Adult. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
1. LAKIMTTS. 267
c. Half-grown. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
d. Adult : skeleton, lliver Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Pseudobranchise well developed. Air-bladder simple.
Sheleton. — The maxillary bone gradually widens from the base to
its extremity, which is not very broad. The intermaxillary is rather
slender, tapering to a very fine point, and is armed in aU its length
with a narrow band of fine villiform teeth, and with an outer series
of more distant and very small teeth ; its posterior processes extend
backwards to the level of the anterior margin of the eye, being one-
third only of the length of the bone ; there is, besides, a flat trian-
gular process nearly in the middle of its posterior margin. The mu-
ciferous channel of the mandibulary is not very deep, and divided
into four cavities by three feeble bony cross-bars. The tympanic
and pterygoid bones have a more solid osseous centre, and the rest
exceedingly thin and fragile. The anterior portion of the vomer is
triangular, excavated, with rather projecting anterior edges ; the
posterior is very feeble, tapering to a long, fine point.
The bony ridges and crests at the upper surface of the skull are
peciiliarly arranged. The occipital crest is very elevated above the sur-
face of the skull, and its horizontal portion is rather higher than the
vertical ; it does not extend beyond the suprascapula. There is no
central cavity, but aU the cavities are arranged in pairs. The first
pair occupies the anterior portion of the frontal bones ; the second is
situated more in the centre of the distance between the eyes, and
occupies the middle of the frontals ; the third and fourth are elon-
gated, and placed more outwards, the latter immediately above the
upper posterior angle of the eye. There is a wide space between the
cavities of the third pair and the occipital crest, anoccupied by mu-
ciferous channels. The third and fourth pair are continued into the
channels of the infraorbital bones and of the suprascapula. The
praeorbital is narrow, about three times as long as broad, and has
four or five grooves. The turbinal bone is transformed into a half-
channel of moderate length. There are four grooves between the
ridges of the praeoperculum ; they are wide, not deep, and separated
from one another by narrow bony cross-bars. Only the angle of the
bone is distinctly serrated, the inferior limb exhibiting some obsolete
denticulations ; the posterior is entirely smooth. The operculum has
a deep angular notch, and no prominent spines, nor a ridge on its
interior surface ; the suboperculum is slightly notched before the
base of the pectoral fin ; the suprascapula is entire.
The lower part of the skull is very much swollen, globular, with
a narrow groove along the medial line.
The glossohyalis styliform, and rather broader anteriorly; the uro-
hyal is an elongate triangular plate, with a groove along its inferior
margin. The pubic bones have no posterior process, and are diver-
gent anteriorly.
There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertehrce, the
length of the former portion of the column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-26. The first intcrhaemal spine is rather strong, and
equals the length of the second vertebra to the sixth.
268 SCIJENID^.
2, Larimus breviceps.
Cm: ^ Val v. p. 14(3. pi. 111.
D. 9-10 1 2-5^. K.J. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 15. Csec. pylor. 11.
Yert. 10/15.
The height of the body is contained 3|-3| in the total length, the
length of the head 4^ times. The snout is equal to the ^v^dth of the
orbit ; the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. All the teeth
villiform. The spinous dorsal is one-fourth higher than the soft ;
caudahs rhomboidal ; the second anal spine nearly as long as tlie
first ray. Back with narrow oblique streaks directed forwards,
lateral bands more horizontal. The first dorsal blackish, with a tri-
angular white spot before the base of each spine.
Brazil ; S. Domingo.
a. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
h. Fine specimen. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
c. Adult male : skeleton. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
Sheleton. — The maxillary gradually widens from the base to its
extremity, which is rather broad and obliquely truncated. The in-
termaxillary tapers to a point, and is armed with a very narrow
band of minute teeth ; its posterior processes extend backwards to
the level of the anterior margin of the eye, being one-third of the
length of the bone ; there is a flat, low prominence in the middle of
its posterior margin. The muciferous channel of the mandibula is
rather deep, not divided by bony cross-bars, traces of which are
scarcely \dsible. The anterior part of the vomer is excavated.
The bony ridges and crests on the iipper surface of the skull are
somewhat differently arranged from those of Larimus auritus. The
occipital crest is not very elevated above the surface of the skuU, and
its horizontal portion is lower than its vertical ; anteriorly it di-
verges into two ridges, forming two sides of a central cavity, which
is elongate, quadrangular, with the anterior side half as long as
the posterior. The other cavities are symmetrically arranged in
pairs : the first corresponds to the turbinal bones, the second to the
anterior portion of the frontal bones, and is situated between the
upper anterior margin of the orbit and the anterior side of the central
cavity ; the third is large, and situated between the upper posterior
margin of the orbit and the posterior side of the central cavity ; the
fourth is placed behind the orbit. There are several others which
are less distinct, between the occipital crest and the scapula. The
prffiorbital is rather narrow, not quite three times as long as broad,
and has two series of grooves ; the remainder of the infraorbital ring
and the pra^ojierculum are transformed into a half-channel, that of
the latter being divided into four cavities by narrow, feel)lc cross-
bars. The inferior ])ncopercular limb is distinctly serrated, tlie pos-
terior smooth. The other opercles are exceedingly thin and flexible ;
the operculum terminates posteriorly in two points, to each of
which corresponds a feeble ridge on the interior surface of the bone.
The scapula has the posterior margin fringed. Each pubic bone is
2. POGONiAS. 269
formed by three lamellae ; tlicy have no posterior process, and arc
divergent anteriorly.
The lower portion of the skull is globular, depressed, with a groove
along the medial line. There are ten abdominal and fifteen caudal
vertebrce, the length of the foimer portion of the vertebral colimin
being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-8. The three anterior vertebraj
have a longitudinal groove, formed by a pair of prominent ridges ;
the fourth is provided with a protuberance for the attachment of the
air-bladder. The first interha;mal spine is strong, and its length
equals that of the second vertebra to the ninth.
3. Larimus fasciatus.
Holbr. Jchth. S. Carol, p. 153. pi. 22. f. 1.
D. 10 I ^. A. |. Caec. pylor. 12.
The height of the body is 3|- in the total length, the length of
the head four times. The snout is shorter than the eye ; the lower
jaw projects beyond the upper. All the teeth vUliform. Caudalis
rounded ; the second anal spine shorter than the first ray. Seven
dusky vertical cross-bands descend from the back. (Holbr. )
Fresh waters of South Carolina.
4. Larimus dentex.
Corvina deutex, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 139. pi. 109.
^■^^\jh\- A.f Caec. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 3^ ; the cUameter of the eye is 3| in the latter. The lower jaw
scarcely longer than the upper ; an external series of pointed teeth
in both the jaws, and one or two canine-Hke in the lower. Prae-
operculum minutely erenulated. Caudalis truncated ; the second
anal spine three-quarters the length of the first ray, but rather
feeble. The scales with specks, formed by minute brown dots.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Half-growTi : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
d. Fine specimen. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
e. ? Adult : very bad state ; has been in chloride of zinc. South
America. From Mr. Bridge's Collection.
2. POGONIAS.
Pogonias, Cuv. JR^gne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 196.
Body oblong ; muzzle convex, with the upper jaw overlapping the
lower. Pharyngeal teeth pavement-like. Mandibula with many
barbels. Two dorsals, the first with ten stout spines ; the anal fin
270 SCIMSID^.
with two, one of which is very strong. Scales moderate. Air-bladder
with appendages. Pyloric caeca in small number.
Atlantic coasts of North America.
1. Fogonias chromis.
Labnis cromis, Z. Si/st. Nat. p. 479; Schoepff, Schrift. Naturf. Freunde
BerL viii. p. 158 ; Jmsieu, Mem. Acad. Sc. 1723, p. 207. pi. 11
(pharyngeal teeth).
Scieena chromis, Bl. Schn. p. 82 ; Lac4p. iv: p. 314.
Pogonathus courbLna, Lacep. v. p. 121.
Scisena gigas, Mitch. Tram. Lit. if Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 412. pi. 5.
f. 10.
fusca, Mitch. I. c. p. 409.
Pogonias chromis, Cfuv. Hf Vol. v. p. 206 ; Dekay, New York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 80 ; Holbr. Ichth. 8. Carol p. 112. pi. 16. f. 2 (fins not
good) ; Cuv. E^gne Anim. Bl. Poiss. pi. 29. f. 1.
D. 10|i A.|-. L. lat. 43. L. transv.:^. Csec. pylor. 8.
Vert. 10/14.
Caudalis truncated ; the length of the pectoral about one-fourth
of the total. Mandibula with about twenty barbels. Uniform
brownish-grey ; axil with a black spot.
Coasts of North America from New York to Cape Florida, and
probably more towards the south.
a. Stxiffed : 37 inches long and 10| high. North America. Pre-
sented by Edward Doubleday, Esq.
h. Adult akin. Pontchartrain Lake. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Pharyngeal teeth of specimen a.
2. Fogonias fasciatus.
Pogonias fasciatus, Lacep. iy. p. 137 ; Cuv. Sr Vol. v. p. 210. pi. 118 ;
Wilson, Encycl. Brit. Ichth. p. 176. pi. 296. f. 13 ; Bekay, New
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 81. pi. 14. f. 40: JETolbr. Ichth. S. Carol.
p. 118. pi. 16. f. 1.
Labrus grunniens, Mitch. Tram. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 405.
pi. 3. f. 3.
D. 10I4. A.y. Ca)c. pylor. 6.
CaudaHs truncated ; the length of the pectoral about one-fifth of
the total. Mandibula with about twenty barbels. Body with four
dusky cross-bands on each side.
American coasts from Rhode Island to Cape Florida.
3. MICROFOQON.
Micropogon, Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 213.
Body oblong ; muzzle convex, with the upper jaw overlapping the
lower ; mandibula with several minute barbels. Pharyngeal teeth
pointed, conical. Two dorsals, the first with ten slender spines, the
3. MICBOPOGON. 271
anal with two, one of which is moderately strong. Scales moderate,
ctenoid. Pseudobranchiae ; the air-bladder with elongate horns.
Pyloric appendages in small number.
Atlantic coasts of the New "World, entering fresh waters. Chile ?
1. Micropogon undulatus.
Catesby, Carol, ii. p, 3. tab. 3. f. 1.
Perca imdulata, L. Syst. Nat. p. 4^ ; Bl. Schn. p. 87.
Scisena croker, Lacep. iv. pp. 309, 314, 316.
opercularis, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. .S47.
Micropogon undulatus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 219; Dekay, Neto York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 84 ; Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 145. pi. 21. f. 1.
lineatus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 215. pi. 119; ? Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool.
ii. p. 193.
argenteus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 218.
D. 10 1 ^. A. |. L. lat. 55. L. transv. ^. Caec. pylor. 8-9.
Vert. 10/15.
The upper jaw convex, overlapping the lower ; the upper max-
Ulary reaches a little behind the anterior margin of the eye ; prae-
operculum denticulated, with two rather strong spLaous teeth at the
angle. Caudahs trimcated ; the second anal spine moderately strong,
one-third the length of the head. Dorsal fins greyish, with or
without spots ; a black spot above the axil ; body with more or less
oblique streaks.
Atlantic coasts of the New "World, entering fresh waters.
The structure of the air-bladder is known : cfr. Cuv. Sf Val. v.
p. 216, and Siebold licate transverse bones into three largo
cavities and several small ones near the symphysis. The hypotym-
panic is joined to the prcetympanic by a narrow strip of cartila-
ginous tissue, the other tympanic bones being joined together by
more or less distinct sutures. The mesotympanio is very small
and narrow, without foramen. There is a small cav-itj', closed bj' a
membrane only, between the ^jroe- and epitympanic, and the latter
exhibits immediately behind that cavity a slightly curved ridge, sur-
rounding one-half of a rather wide foramen, Tlie jiterygoid is tri-
angular, and extends to the mandibulary joint ; it touches the ento-
pterygoid by one of its angles, without forming a ILnear suture with
it. The entopterygoid is formed by a moderately strong osseous
strip along the suture with the palatine bone, all the rest being thin
and fragile, Uke the adjacent part of the pra^tympanic. Tho pala-
tine bone has ar triangular shape, and has one of its sides free.
The upper sm-face of the skull is entirely occupied by deep and
wide cavities, separated from one another by more or less thin bony
bars. The occipital crest is formed as in Sctoina amazonka, but
there are no cavities in the supraoccipital ; the cavities, too, have a
more or less different form. The occipital crest bifurcates, and emits
two bars, to form the central and largest ca^'ity : this cavity is
elongate, quadrangular, with two pairs of sides, with a posterior
acute angle and a very obtuse one in front, and ^dth the lateral
ones slightly exceeding a right angle : the posterior pair of the sides
is at least three times as long as the anterior. There are five other
cavities besides, on each lateral half of the upper surface of the skull
(several small ones not included which are situated on, or near, the
suprascapula) : —
1. A pentagonal cavity between the central cavity and the upper
margin of the orbit.
2. A pentagonal ca\'ity between the former and the posterior in-
fraorbital bone : there is another small one attached to it, interme-
diate between the prasopercular channel and the frontal cavities.
3. An oblong, (juadi'angular ca\dty between the central ca%nty and
the turbinal bone.
4. An irregularly half-cylindrical cavity, formed by the turbinal
bone.
5. An incomplete cavity, situated at the side of the occipital crest,
and behind the cavity described under no. 1.
The infraorbital arch is composed of six broad, thin bones, with
a stronger orbital ridge, from which radiate other transverse bars,
di\'iding the infraorbital channel into as many cavities. This chan-
nel has the same relation to other parts of the muciferous system as
in Scimia amazonica. The first and second infraorbitals apparently
form one single bone with five or six cavities ; the third has two
transverse bars, the posterioi' ones severally one. The structure of the
pneopcrcidar channel is the same as in the other species mentioned,
but two of the bars are j-alher strong, and terminate in two promi-
4. uMinuNA. 27'i
nent spines at the angle of the ])ra)opcrc\ihim. There are about nine
spinous teeth along the posterior limb, gradually becoming .sniullcr
at the upper part of the margin. Tho operculum has a very deej)
and semicircular notch posteriorly, between two points, the ujjper of
which is obtuse ; the lower is slightly prominent, and forms the
termination of a slight crest at the interior side of the operculum.
The inter- and subopercxdum are elongate.
The suprascapula has several thm bony bars, forming four or five
more or less regular cavities ; a i)art of its posterior margin is in-
distinctly denticulated. The other bones of tho humeral arch do not
differ from those of Scia^na umazonica.
The base of the skull is very much swollen and globular, as in
the other Scicenldoe.
Tliere are ten abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebra', the length
of the former portion of the column being to that of the caudal as
] 1 : 20. The first four vertebra) are much more voluminous than
the following ; the fifth has a pair of prominent longitudinal ridges,
with deep lateral grooves (at the abdominal surface); the abdominal
surface of the sixth is concave ; the haemal spines form a closed arch
from the seventh vertebra. The ribs of the third, fourth, and Jifth
are broader than the others. Epipleurals well developed. The first
interhajmal is of moderate strength, composed of three ridges, as long
as the first eight vertebra) together, and attached to the ha^mals of
the eleventh and twelfth vertebra?.
The dentition is formed by villiform bands, and there is an outer
series of rather longer teeth in the upper jaw. The teeth of the
lower pharj-ngoal bones are partly cardiforra, those of the upper
partly villiform, partly conical molars.
2. Micropogon trifilis.
Milll. ^ Trosch. in Schomh. Riis. Brit. Guyana, iii. p. 622.
D. 10 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 50.
Only three minute barbels under the chin. Snout swollen, with-
out any pores or lobes ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the
length of the head, and one-half larger than the interspace between
the eyes. Caudalis rhomboidal ; the second anal spine nearly as
long as the first soft ray. {M. 4' T.)
Coast of Guiana.
4. UMBRINA*.
Umbrina, Car. liegne Anim. ; Ckv. S,- J^al. v. p. 171.
Body oblong ; muzzle convex, with the upper jaw overlapjting the
lower ; a short barbel under the mandibular symphysis. Two dor-
sals, the first with nine or ten flexible spines ; the ana], fin with one
* 1. Umbrina unclulata, Girard, Proc. Acad. Naf. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 148, and
U. S. Faaf. R. B. Exped. FMes, p. 101.— California.
2. — phalfBna, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. \85S, p. 107.— Texas.
VOL, II. T
274 RCIMKLDJE.
or two. Scales moderate; pscudsbranchiae. The air-bladder with*
or without appendages or absentf. Pyloric caeca in small number.
Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Indian Seas ; rivers of North and
South America
1. Umbrina cirrhosa.
Glaucus, Bellon. i. p. 103. fig. in p. 105; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 390.
Chromis, Bellon. i. p\ 106. fig. in p. 107 ; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 224.
Umbra, JRondel. i. lib. v, p. 132 ; Gesner, Aquat, p. 1030 ; Willughby,
iv. p. 299. tab. S. 21.
Coracinus, Salviani, p. 117. f. 34 ; Aldrov. i. p. 72,
Sciaena, sp. V, Artedi, Synon. p. 65, Ge7i. p. 38 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 212.
cirrhosa, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 481 ; BL tab. 300.
Johnius cinhosu.s, Bl. ScJt7i. p. 76.
Perca umbra, Lacep. iii. p. 16 ; Risso, Ichth. Nizza, p. 297.
Chilodipterus cyanopterus, Lac6p. iii. p. 546. pi. 6. f. 3.
Coracinus hoops. Fall. Zoogr. iii. p. 259.
Umbrina cirrhosa, Cuv. Rkgne Anini. ; Bisso, Hist. Nat. iii. p. 409 ;
Bonap. Faun. Ital. p. .pi. . f . 3 ; White, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 15.
vulgaris, Cuv. Sr Val. v. p. 171 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 109 ;
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. Zool. p. 383. pi. 3. f. 2 ; Cuv.
Beyne Anirn. III. Poiss. pi. 28. f. 3.
Scisena cestreus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 62.
Skeleton : Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. iv. p. 178. tab. K (Scisena cirrhosa).
jy 10 1 2YT3. A. y. L. lat, 65. L. transv. 28. Case, pylor. 10.
Vert. 11/14.
Barbel very short. The height of the body equals the length of
the head, and is one-fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head. Prseoperculum rectangular,
with the posterior limb denticulated (in young individuals) ; supra-
scapula serrated. Caudalis truncated; the ventral fins a little longer
than the pectorals. Narrow, oblique, black-edged streaks descend-
ing forwards from the back ; the extremity of the operculum black ;
the first dorsal and caudal fins blackish.
Mediterranean; (coast of England?;) Cape Seas.
a. Young : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
b. 27 inches long : stuffed. Algoa Bay. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.
c. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
2, Umbrina canariensis.
VcUenc. in Webb 8f Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Bes Canar. Ichth. p. 24.
D.10|^. A.f L. lat. 45.
Barbel verj'- short. The height of the body is nearly equal to the
length of the head, and 4| in the total. The diameter of the eye
equals the extent of the snout, and is one-third of the length of the
head. Praioperculum serrated, with stronger denticulations at the
angle. Caudalis truncated ; the second anal spine strong. Brownish -
* In Indian species.
t Without appendages or absent : in American species.
4. UMBurxA. 275
green, with fifteen or twenty oblique bluish streaks on each side ;
fins brownish. ( Veil.)
Canaries.
3. Umbrina ronchus.
? Valeftc. in Webb ^ Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Ues Canar. Ichth. p. 24.
D. 10 1 „„ J ^ , . A. I-. L. lat. 60. L. transv. I.
I 29 (25 Val.) 7 15
Barbel very short. The height of the body is 3| in the total
length, the length of the head four times ; the diameter of the eye
is 4^ in the length of the head. Praeoperculum rectangular, with
stronger denticulations at the angle ; suprascapula serrated. Cau-
dalis truncated ; the ventral and pectoral fins equal in length ; the
second anal spine strong, its length being 2| in that of the head.
Uniform brown, golden -shining.
Sea of Madeira.
«. Fine specimen (16 inches long). Madeira. Presented by the Rev.
E. T. Lowe.
4. Umbrina alburnus.
Albm-nus americanus, Catesb. Hist. Nut. Carol, ii. p. 12. pi. 12. f. 2.
Perea albunuis, L. Si/st. Nat. p. 482; Bl. Sckn. p. 87; Schuepff in
Schrift. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, viii. p. 102.
Centropomus alburnus, Lacep. iv. pp. 249, 257, 204.
Sciaena alburnus, Gronoi\ Syst. ed. Gray, p. 51 *.
Umbrina alburnus, Holbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 1.36. pi. 20. f. 2.
D-10|.^6- ^^-i- Ccec. pylor. 7.
Barbel short, not half the width of the eye. The height of the
body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head 4^ ; the dia-
meter of the eye is 7^ in the length of the head, and 2| in that of
the snout. Praeoperculum Avithout distinct denticulations ; supra--
scapula serrated. The third dorsal spine shorter than the head.
Caudahs obliquely truncated ; tlie anal spine very feeble. Seven
oblique dusky bands descend from the back to below the lateral line ;
they are sometimes interrupted and appear as irregular hlotclus.
Fins more or less translucent. No air-bladder.
Shores of the United States, south of Cape Hatteras.
a. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
5. Umbrina nebulosa.
Sciaena nebulosa, 3Iitch. Trans. Lit. iy Pliil. Soc. Neio York, i. 1815,
p. 408. pi. 3. f. 5.
Umbrina alburnus, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 180 ; Dehay, New York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 78. pi. 7. f. 20; Baird, Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 301.
D. 10 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 98. L. transv. -i. C^c. pylor. 9.
Vert. 11/14.
Barbel short, not half the Avidth of the eye. The height of tlx-
* " Maxilla inferior imberbis;' probably coijied from Liiiut-.
276 sciMSJDM,
body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head 41 ; the dia-
meter of the eye is 7^ in the length of the head, and 2L in that of
the snout. Prajoperculum -with the posterior limb nearly vertical,
and furnished with distinct, nearly equal denticulations. Suprasca-
pula serrated. The third dorsal spine very elongate, in some indivi-
duals equal to the length of the head, in others one-third of the
total length. Caudalis obliquely truncated ; the anal spine very
feeble. An oblique dark band from the nape to the side of the body,
directed backwards ; three oblique dark bands from the back to the
side, directed forwards ; a dark longitudinal band along the middle
of the tail ; all the fins more or less blackish. Pseudobranchiae. No
air-bladder.
Shores of the United States, north of Cape Hatteras.
a. Adult. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
b. Half-grown. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt,
c. Adult. N. America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
d. Adult. N. America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
6. Umbrina arenata.
Ckw. ^ Vul. v. p. 190 ; Jemjns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 44.
D.10|,-i^- A.^. L.lat. 73-78.
Barbel short. The height of the body is 4| or 5 in the total
length, the length of the head 3|^ or 4 ; the diameter of the eye
is seven to ten times in the length of the head. In the upper jaw
an external series of larger teeth. Denticulations of pra^operculum
inconspicuous. The third dorsal spine three-fifths of the length of
the head ; caudalis with an oblique notch ; the anal spine feeble.
All the parts with minute brown dots.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Adult. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adult: skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parncll's Collection.
7. Umbrina littoralis.
Holhr. Iclithyol. S. Carol, p. 142. pi. 20. f. 1.
D. 10|^. A. j. Ceec. pylor. 10.
Barbel short, not half the width of the eye. The height of the
body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the dia-
meter of the eye is 7^ in the length of the head, and 2j in that of
the snout. No larger teeth in the external row of the upper jaw.
The third dorsal spine shorter tlian the head ; the anal spine very
feeble. Silvery-white, immaculate. No air-bladder.
Coast of South Carolina.
4. UJIBRINA. 277
8. Umbrina broussonnetii.
? I'etoto, Htmiboldt, Ohscrr. Zool. ii. p. 189.
Umbriua broussonnetii, Cuv. ^- Val. v. p. 187.
coroides, Cuv. i^- Vul. I. c. pi. 117.
D- 10 1 55^. A. A. L.lat.48. L. transv. ±.
Barbel very short. The height of the body is 3| in the total
length, the length of the head four times. The diameter of the eye
is 4 L in the length of the head and A\ "^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^'^^ snout. The
upper maxillary reaches to the anterior margin of the orbit. . Pra;-
operculum with distinct denticulations, those of the angle not much
larger. The ftrst dorsal not elevated ; caudalis truncated ; the
second anal spine thick, one-third of the length of the head. The
first dorsal blackish ; body with nine dark cross-bands.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
b-d. Adult and half-growai : skins. .Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell'ss
Collection.
e. Half-groAvn : skin. .Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/, -10|i. A.i.
Barbel short, not half the width of the eye. The height of the
body is about one-fifth of the total length, the diameter of the eye
about one-seventh of the length of the head. The upper jaw with
an external row of larger teeth. Procoperculuin very (hstinctly den-
ticulated. The third dorsal spine shorter than the head ; the anal
spine very feeble. Uniform brownish.
Martinique.
10. Umbrina gracilis.
Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 189.
D. 10 I ^. A. \. L. lat. 75.
Barbel short. The height of the body less than one-fourth of the
total length. Caudal slightly emarginate, with uneqiial lobes. Colo-
ration uniform. {Cuv.)
Brazil.
11. Umbrina ophicephalus.
Jenym, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 45, cop. by Oay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii.
p. 189, All. Ictiol. lam. 3 bis, f. 1».
D.12|i. A.f
Barbel veiy short. The height of the body is one-sixth of the
* This figure ai)pear8 lo be \ery bad, not only not agreeing \\itli the descrip-
tions qviotcd, but even omitting characters, as the anal spine, &c.
27S SCI.TiNIDJK.
total length, the length of the head one-fifth. Dorsal line nearly
straight. The snout is very blunt, as long as the diameter of the
eye, one-fifth the length of the head. Prscoperoulum very ohsolctely
denticulated. The anal spine very slender, and about half the length
of the first ray. Coloration iiniform.
Coquimbo, Chile.
12. Umbrina dussumieri.
Cm: <5- I'd/, ix. p. 481 ; Bleckcr, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Scuen. p. 19.
D. lU I ^. A. 2/7. L. lat. 51 . L. transv. ^.
The height of the body is 34 in the total length, the length of the
head 8| ; the diameter of the eye is 4= in the length of the head,
and much shorter than the snout ; the upper maxillary reaches to
below the centre of the orbit. Pra^operculum rounded, Avithout
visible denticulations ; the second anal spine moderate, its length
being 3i in that of the head. Coloration uniform (in spirits) ; the
first dorsal greyish.
East Indies.
a. Half-grown. Sine ])atriu.
13. Umbrina amblycephalus.
Blvcker, Aniboiiia, vi. p. 412.
D. 10 1 ^'. A. I-. L. lat. 53.
I 24 7
Barbel shorter than the eye. The height of the body is nearly
equal to the length of the head, and 44 in the total. The diameter
of the eye is nearly one-third of the length of the head. The upper
maxillary reaches to below the posterior half of the eye ; the upper
jaw with an ext(!rnal series of larger teeth. Prajoperculum rounded,
distinctly denticulated. Caudalis with an obli(|ue notch ; the second
anal spine thick, shorter than the first ray. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
14. Umbrina russellii.
JlusseU, pi. 118 (not finished figure).
Umbrina russoUi, Cuv. c^- Val. v. p. 178; ? Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 226;
Cunt. Catal. p. 71.
kuhlii, Cin\^- Val. v. p. 179; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. (Jrenootsch.
xxiii. Scicen. p. 19.
Jjarbel elongate, reaching to the angle of the mouth ; shorter in
young individuals. The height of the body is 3| in the total length,
the length of the head 4^^. The snout e(juals in length the diameter
of the eye, which is one-fourtli of tlie lengtli of the head. Caudalis
rhomboidal ; the- second anal spine; four-fifths of the length of the
first ray. Silvery greyish-green : from the vertex, between the eyes,
a blackish banli(piely backwards over th(> temple. t(>rmi-
5. icuuEs. 271'
nating- on the opercle in u large steel-blue sput ; nape with a broader
black band running obli([U('ly downwards to the origin of the lateral
line ; the first dorsal blackish. Adult paler, with the bands incon-
spicuous, but with oblique streaks on the back.
Vizagapatain. Indian Seas. Chiiui Seas ?
(i-c. Half-grown: sldns. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
15. Umbrina macroptera.
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 12.
D. 10|^. A.|. L. lat. 48.
Barbel not half as long as the width of the orbit. The height of
the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and about 4| in
the total ; the diameter of the eye is 4 to 4| ih the length of the
head. I'raeoperculum rounded, distinctly denticulated. The pectoral
fins longer than the ventrals ; caudalis rhomboidal. Crey, densely
covei'ed with minute black dots.
Sea of Priaman (Sumatra).
5. EQUES.
Eques, Bl. Schn. p. 105 ; Cav. i^ Val. v. p. 163.
Body oblong, Avith the nape and the first dorsal elevated ; the
upper jaw overlapping the lower ; eye moderate. Two doi-sals : the
first very elevated, with the number of spines variable (10-16), the
anal spines feeble ; the second dorsal very long, and covered with
thin scales, like the caudal. Scales moderate. Air-bladder without
appendages. Pyloric ca3ca in small uiimber. Pseudobrancliiae.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. Eques lauceolatus.
Edwards, pi. 210 (fig. media), cop. by Diihamel, Peches, ii. pi. 7. f. 9 ;
Parra, pi. 2. f. 2.
Chiiitodon lauceolatus, L. Gm. p. 1254.
Eques americauus, Bl. taf. 347. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 105.
balteatus, Ciw. 4" Val. v. p. 105 ; Ciw. Rhgne Anim. III. Puiss.
pi. 29. f. 2.
Scisena edwardi, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 53.
lanceolatus, Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares de FAiner. du Sttd, p. 10.
D. 16 I ^. A. ■^. L. lat. 60. Cjec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/15.
The first dorsal as high as the body below. Greyish-yellow, with
three broad blackish-brown bands, edged with whitish : the first,
vertical, from the crown through the eye to the angle of the mouth ;
the second, slightly arched, from the nape over the opercle to the base
of the ventral ; the third, curved, from the top of the first dorsal,
along the middle of the side of the body to the root of the caudal fin .
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. America.
280 SCl^NlD.E.
b. Adiilt, America.
c. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. ruixlui>ied of Mr. Scrivener. .
d. Half-grown.
e. Adult: skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
/. Intestines of siiccimen t.
The air-bladder iy oblong, with rather tliin membranes, without
any appendages or contractions ; in front it is obtxise, rounded, taper-
ing to a point beliind. The peritoiunim forms a similar sac round the
intestines, as in Scitena hicida, with a very linn stioictui'e, so that it
is not easily torn ; Imt there are no air-vessels between the laminae
forming this sac.
The slceleton differs in several points from that of other Sv'uvnlda'.
The occipital crest is very elevated, and the liorizontal portion of it
is much wider than tlie vertical; it is continued nearly) to the anterior
extremity of tlie frontal bones, there being no single central cavity,
but on each side of the crest three grooves, separated from one another
by broad bony bridges. The anterior part of the infraorbital arcli is
broad, and has two rows of grooves. The arrangement of the re-
mainder of tlie muciferous channels is tlie same us in Sciana ama-
zonka. The upper maxillar) gradually widens posteriorly, but it
is not very broad at its extremity. The teeth form broad villiform
bands, without larger ones. The lower part of the skull globular ;
the occi])ital without cavities at the base of the crest. Urohyal short,
higli, and triangular. Clavicula with an anterior hook-like i)rocess.
Ten abdominal and fifteen caudal vcrlcbro', tlui caudal portion being
nearly twice as long as tlie alxhjminal. All the vertebra^ are very
compressed. It is a remarka1)le peculiarity of these fishes, observed
also by Cuvier, that all the iiiterneural si)iues of the spinous dorsal
are fixed between the neurals of the second and third vertel»nv.
Cuvier, who examined the skeleton oi' Erjucs jmnctal as, found them
between the third and fouilh. Nevertheless, these neural spines are
not much stronger than the following. Two of the interneurals of
the soft dorsal fin are always attached to one neural ; and one or two,
and postenorly even more, are intermediate, without being connected
with any of the neurals. The first interha-mal is of moderate strtmgth,
equal in lengtli to that of the third to eighth \crtebra^, and attached
to the ha)mals of the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth.
2. Eques aciiminatus.
Seba, in. pi. 2(). f. .'!.'».
nrainniistcs aciuniiiatu.s, />/. i>'c/ut. jk 184,
Eqiies lincalns, Cur. i)- Val. v. p. 1(!1).
ucuniinatus, Caatcln. Aiiim. iidhc. oh rarcs de I' Ani6r. chi Sixi,
p. 10.
^^■^^\^o- A-f Vert. 11/14.
With six or .seven straight longitudinal bands.
Atlantic .shoies of Tropical America.
a. Adidf. Ctib.i. Im'oiu the Colh'ction of the Zoological Society.
0. PACHYURTTS. 281
3. Eques punctatus.
Farrd, pi. 2. f. 1.
Eques puuctatus, JUL Sch/i. p. 100. pi. 3, f. 2 (cop.) ; Cue. Sf Val. v.
p. 1G7. pi. 110.
D. 11 1 5^. A. |-. Ca5c. pylor. 7*. Vert, 11/14.
Tlio first dorsal as high as tlie body below. Brown : sides of the
head with two vertical bands ; sides of the body with curved bands,
running from the back to the root of the caudal fin. The vertical
fins with bluish- white spots.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
6. Adult: stufi'ed. Caribbean Sea. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
c. Adixlt : stufted. Caribbean Sea. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
d. Adult: stuffed.
e-ff. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's C'oUection.
6. PACHYURUS,
I'achyurus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 123.
Lepipterus, Cm. ^- Val. v. p. 151.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the jaws nearly equal in front ; eye
moderate. Two dorsals, the first with ten spines ; one of the anal
spines strong. The second dorsal and caudal fins densely covered with
scales. AH the teeth villiform. Proeoperculum distinctly denticu-
lated. Scales moderate, or rather small. Aii'-bladder ? Pseudo-
branchia) (P. scJiombimjJcii).
South America.
1. Pachyurus squamipinnis.
I'achyurus squaniipennis, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 123. tab. 71.
D. 10 I 30. A. |. V. 1/5. L. lat. 9G.
The second dorsal and caudal fins densely covered with small
scales to their extremity. Caudalis rounded ; the second anal spine
very thick and strong, its length being 2f in that of the head ; the head
is one-fourth of the total length ; the diameter of the eye one-seventh
of the length of the head ; the first dorsal spotted with brown.
Atlantic Ocean.
a. Nineteen inches long : etuflfed : not good state.
2. Pachyurus francisci.
Lepipterus francisci, Cuv. S,- Val. v. p. 152. pi. 113.
D. 10 I i . A. f V. 1/5.
Caudalis loundcd ; the second anal spine very thick and strong,
* Cuvier gives as a cliai-acter of the genus, foiu- pyloric appendages (p. 166),
but \n the description of this species (p. 168) he says tliat he has found seven.
282 sci^Niu.n.
its length being 2| in that of the head. The length of the head is
one-fourth of the total, the height of the body one-sixth. The dor-
sal fins with browii spots.
River St. Francjois (Brazil).
3. Pachyurus schomburgkii.
D. 10 I ^. A. y. L. lat. 85. L. transv. 9/20.
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-fourth of the
latter. The second dorsal covered with scales for three-cjuarters of
its height, the caudal densely scaly. The second anal s])ine of mode-
rate strength, shorter than the rays, one-third of the length of the
head. Body and the second dorsal with blackish sjjots.
Rivers of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. River Capin (Para). Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
h. Young. Caripe Para. Presented by J. R. Smith, Esq.
Description. — The body is slightly compressed and somewhat
elongate, its greatest height being above the base of the ventral
fins, and contained 4| in the total length. The head is conical,
elongate, vtdth the snout produced and somewhat pointed. The space
between the eyes is sKghtly convex, and as wide as the diameter of
the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head, and 1^ in
that of the snout. The snout has a pecuHar conical appearanc^, from
the praeorbital being swollen and so enlarged, that the maxillaiy and
intermaxillary are entirely hidden. The upper jaw is sHghtly longer
than the lower, which projects neither on the sides nor in front, so
that the mouth itself is situated at the under surface of the skull ;
the cleft of the mouth is rather small, and the posterior extremity of
the maxillary is at some distance from the level of the anterior
margin of the eye. Transparent scales, larger than those of the
body, cover the praeorbital, the cheek, and the praeopercidum, and
extend on the upper surface of the skull before the nostrils. The
nostrils are situated before the middle of the eye ; they are close
together, and nearly of equal size ; the aperture of the posterior is
partly covered by a small membranaceous lobule. The eye is much
longer than high, elliptical, which, together with the transparent and
swollen praeorbital, gives a very peculiar physiognomy to this fish ;
it is rather nearer the top of the snout than the end of the operculum.
The praioperculum is armed with spinous teeth of moderate size
throughout ; the posterior limb descends obliquely backwards, and
is shorter than the inferior; the angle is rounded. Operculum
without spine, and covered with scales smaller than those of the
prajoperculum.
The first dorsal begins above the root of the pectoral with a minute
spine, and terminates above the extremity of that fin, where it is con-
tinued into the soft dorsal ; and according to Cuvier's distinction
between the single and double dorsal, this fish, Hke many other true
Scimiidw, would belong rather io J'risfi^ioiiia, thau to his grou]) with
0, PACHYUKUS. 283
two dorsals. The second spine of the dorsal fin is shorter than the
two following, Avhich arc the longest, and three-fifths of the height of
the body. The following spines decrease in length to the tenth, which
is one-third of the longest. All the spines are very slender and flexible.
The soft dorsal gradually becomes lower behind, and has a straight
upper margin ; the length of its base is 3| in the total length ; it
is much lower than the spinous portion, and covered with scales for
three-quarters of its height. The distance between the dorsal and
caudal fins about equals the height of the tail below the end of the
former. The middle rays of the caudalis are prolonged, the upper lobe
being more angular, the lower more rounded ; all the fin is thickly
enveloped by scales. The base of the anal fin is situated vertically
below the third quarter of the soft dorsal ; the first spine is very
small ; the second of moderate strength, shorter than the first ray,
and one-tliii'd of the length of the head. The soft portion is lower
than the second dorsal, and \vithout any scales. The pectoral is
pointed, and its length one-sixth of the total ; the ventral is in-
serted behind the pectoral, and rather shorter, its length being 6| in
the total. The spine is moderate, compressed, flexible at the tip, and
two-thirds of the length of the first ray. The first ray is produced
into a short filament, but is distant from the vent.
The scales are rather small, somewhat higher than long, and very
finely cihated ; one of the largest covers one-fifth of the eye. The
lateral line is slightly curved, and not continued on the caudal fin.
The teeth are minute and scarcely perceptible in the upper jaw ;
in the lower they form a fine \'illiform band.
inches, lines.
Total length 9 4
Height of the body 2 1
Length of the head 2 5
Longitudinal diameter of the eye 0 7^
Vertical diameter of the eye 0 5|
Length of the third dorsal spine 1 3|
Length of the second dorsal ray 1 0
of the caudal fin 1 8
of the second anal spine 0 9
of the first anal ray 0 11
of the pectoral 1 7
of the ventral 1 5
of the base of the spinous dorsal . . 1 6
of the base of the soft dorsal .... 2 9
of a large scale 0 2
Height of a large scale <» 2^
284 SCIyTSNIU-K.
7. SCI-ENA*.
Scisena, sp., (Artech) Cicv. Rhjne Anini. ; Cue. S^- VaJ- v. p. 28.
Johnius, Bl. Schn. p. 74; Cuv. .§' Val. v. p. 115.
Leiostomus, Cuv, ^ Val, v. p. 140.
Homoprion. Holhr. Ichth, S. Carol, p. 108.
Body oblong ; eye of moderate size ; the space betwceir the eyes
moderately broad and slightly convex ; muzzle convex, with the
upper jaw overlapping the lower or with the jaWs equal in length,
and with the cleft of the mouth horizontal, or slightly oblique. The
outer series of the jaws generally contains larger teeth ; never lai'ge
canines. No barbel. The second spine of the anal more or less
indistinct. Pseudobranchiae ; aii'-bladder with appendages. Pyloric
appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic ; East Indian Seas ; coast of California ;
fresh waters of North and South America.
1 . Scisena amazonica.
Johnius amazonieus, Castelnau, Anim. noiiv. ou rnres de TAindr. dii
Sud, Pom. p. 12. pi. 4. f. 1.
D. lol -I-. A. |. L. lat. lOOf. L. transv. ^. Vert. 12/13,
I 33-34 6 20 '
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter.
The snout is slightly convex, with the jaws nearly equal in front,
and 1^ as long as the eye. The upper maxillary reaches to the level
of the posterior margin of the orbit. The praeoperculum has the
angle produced behind and very indistinctly denticulated ; operculum
with two points. Caudalis rhomboidal ; the second anal spine rather
feeble, its length being 4| in that of the head. Dorsal and caudal
fins with blackish margins ; axil blackish.
Rivers of Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b. Fine specimen. River Capin (Para). Purchased of Mr, Stevens.
c. Adult: skeleton. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Half-groAvn. Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens,
e. Adidt, From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
Sl-eleton. — Three portions may be distinguished in the maxillary
bone : the basal portion, with a superior articular ca\dty for the pro-
* 1. Corvina? albiflora, Rich. Ichth. Chin. p. 226. — China.
2. Johnius resplendens, Hombr. 8f Jacq. Poiss. Voy. Pole Sud, p. 45. pi. 5,
f. l.—Hab. ?
3. Scirena (?) rubella, Natur. Libr. Fishes of Guiana, "li. p. 133. — Rivers of
Guiana.
4. Corvina grunnicns, Natur. Libr. Fishes of Guiana, ii. p. 13G. pi. 2. —
Essequibo.
f). Scia;na crocea, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 224. — Chinese Seas. — The epe-
cimen, mentioned by Sir J. Richardson as in the British Museum, is
not to be found in that collection,
t The scales of the lateral line being much larger than the others, this num-
ber gives that of the transverse rows above and below the lateral line.
7. SCIyliNA. 285
cesses of the intermaxillary, and a posterior for the articulation with
the vomer ; the middle portion, flat and narrow, widening where it
passes into the extremitj^ of the bone ; this latter portion is extremely
broad> three times broader than the middle one ; at its inside it has
a ridge along each of the margins. The entii'e bone has a very solid
structure, and there are no vestiges of its having been separated into
two bones. The intermcuviUary is strong, but narrow ; its posterior
processes extend backwards to the level of the anterior margin of
the eye, being only one-half the length of the bone ; there is a
flat triangular process posteriorly. The mandihulary has a high,
sharp ridge at its outer side, running from the joint to the sym-
physis, and forming with the lower margin of the bone a deep chan-
nel : there are vestiges of four feeble ridges crossing the channel,
and extending from the longitudinal ridge to the lower margin.
These ridges are much more developed in other fishes vrith mucous
cavities on the skull, and di\ade the mandibulary channel into as
many ca\ities.
The single parts of the tympanic bones may be well distinguished
from one another: the hypotympanic is joined to the praetympanic
by a narrow strip of cartilaginous tissue ; all the other parts form
together true sutures. The mesotympanic Is the narrowest, and
distinguished by a wide foramen. There is a cavity, closed by a mem-
brane only, between the pra;- and epitympanic ; the former is exceed-
ingly thin at its upper marginal j)art. The pterygoid is thin, nar-
row, extending nearly to the mandibulary joint ; the entopterygcdd is
composed of a moderately strong ossified strip along its suture with
the palatine and pterygoid bones, all the rest being exceedingly thin,
like the corresponding part of the praetympanic. The palatine bone
is more solid, quadrangular, with two of its sides free.
The anterior part of the vomer is thick, and furnished with two
joints on each side, one for the palatine and the other for the max-
illary : there is a projecting flat process in front, separating the
maxillaries from each other. The palatal surface of the vomer is
slightly concave, and broadest between the joints for the palatines.
The posterior part of the vomer is finely tapering. The upper sur-
face of the skull is entirely occupied by that superstructure of bony
ridges and crests, by which the mucous cavities of the Scisenoids are
supported and formed. The occipital crest is raised from above the
foramen occipitale magnum, and separated into a posterior and su-
perior portion by a narrow transversal ridge-, which arises from the
occiput on the same level with the upper surface of the skull ; the
posterior portion is nearly twice as wide as the superior. There is,
on each side of the base of this portion, a horizontal, elongated, eDip-
tical foramen in the supraoccipital, absent in many Acanthopterygii^
and vertical in others. The superior portion extends a little on
the frontal bones, and bifurcating emits two bars to form the middle
and largest cavity. This cavity occupies the middle of the upper
surface of the skull, and is elongate, quadrangular, with two pairs of
sides, with a posterior and anterior acute angle, and wjth a pair of
obtuse ones on the sides. The posterior pair of sides is much longer
286 sciJENiD.ii:.
than the nnterior; consequently the posterior angle is mueh more
acute than the opposite. There are five other cavities besides, on
each lateral halt* of tlie upper surface of the skull, three of which
are complete by bony ridges. These are situated as follows : —
1. A pentagonal cavity between the central ca\nty and the upper
margin of the orbit.
2. A pentagonal cavity on the temple, between the former and the
posterior infraorbital bone.
3. A triangular cavity between the anterior part of the central
cavity and the upper anterior angle of the orbit, with its smallest
side in front, and an acute angle posteriorly.
4. There is, in front of the latter, another incomplete cavity, the
bottom of which is formed by the turbinal bono.
5. The other incomplete cavity is situated on the side of the occi-
^pital crest, behind the cavity no. 1.
All these cavities are in open communication with one another, the
bai-s extending from one point to the other like arches of a bridge.
The lower part of the skuU is veiy much swollen, globular ; this
is not an enlargement of the capsule of the brain, but it contabis the
large otolithes which are observed in the fishes of this family.
The infraorbital arch is formed by six bones ; they are all broad,
very thin, with a stronger orbital ridge, from which radiate other
transverse bars, di\-iding the infraorbital channel into as many
cavities. This channel communicates anteriorly with the foremost
cavity of the upper surface of the skull (4), posteriorly vnth the
pentagonal cavity described (2). The first and second infraorbital
bones form one straight continuous margin, rectangular to that of
the third. The third has two transverse bars, the fourth, fifth and
sixth severally one, and the ridge of the sixth fonns one side of the
pentagonal cavity (2). The limbs of the 2^)'(foiycrci(lum are likewise
transformed into a muciferous channel by the elevated interior ridge.
This channel passes below into that of the mandibula, and above
into the pentagonal cavity, and is itself divided into five grooves.
The margin of the pra^operculum is very thin, and there are visible
about five verj- fine spines at its angle, which is rounded. The 02^er-
culum is triangular, the iipper side; sliglitly convex, the lower con-
cave ; near its upper side and on the interior surface it has a bifur-
cating crest, each part of the fork terminating in a flat obtuse point ;
the lower point is the longer, and separated from the upper by a small
notch. The inter- and mhopercuhnn are elongate, elliptical.
The f/hssohyal is triangular, rather short, broadest anteriorly ; the
epi-, cerato- and hasi-hyal l)ones are united to one bone, bearing the
branchiostegals, which, seven in number, are all narrow, sword-
shaped, the first thin, rib-like. The nrohyal is a thin plate,
strengthened by two longitudinal ridges on each side.
The bones of the humeral arch are thin and flexible ; there are. on
the svprasmpula, some very delicate ridges, forming a (piadrangular
groove, by which thi^ muciferous channels of the skull arc continued
into that of the lateral line. The other bones of the humeral arch
are formed as usually, except the chiriaih.i. which has a prominent
SCIiENA. 287
process, bent forwards and upwards, near its base. Tbepw?>/c bones
have two ridges at the lower side and no posterior process.
It will be e\'ident, from the description given, that the arrange-
ment of the system of the miiciferous channels is the same as in
several Percid(n (Acenna ceriiua, Percanna dernidoffii, tfec.), or, in fact,
as it is present, in a rudimentarj^ state, in aU the Acanthopteryrjii, and
that it does not afford, of itself, a character by which the Scicenidce
may be distinguished from other fishes.
There are twelve abdominal and thirteen caudal vertebrce, the
length of the former portion of the column being to that of the caii^
dal as 12: 17. The thii'd and fourth vertebne are furnished infe-
riorly with a pair of ridges, to which the air-bladder is fixed ; each
abdominal vertebra has a pair of ribs. The neural spines of the first
six vertebrae are broad, compressed, and strong ; the corresponding
intemeurals, or those of the spinous dorsal, are very broad, some-
times confluent, but exceedingly thin. The first interhsemal is long,
slender, equal to the length of the first eight vertebrae, and attached
to the thirteenth vertebra.
There is an outer series of larger teeth in the upper jaw, and
within it a very narrow band of villiform teeth ; in the lower jaw the
stronger teeth are mixed with those of the narrow villiform band ;
and several on the sides are rather stronger than those in front of
the upper jaw. The teeth of the upper pharyngeal bones are arranged
in several roundish patches, and are card-like for the greater part.
The inferior teeth form a narrow, long, villiform band.
2. Sciaena crouvina.
Johnius crouvina, Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares de VAmer. du Sud,
Poiss. p. 11. pi. 5. f. 1.
D. 9 ^. A. "I (in the figure ; y in the description).
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head Sj. The snout is not obtuse, with the jaws equal (see
figure quoted). The dorsal fins are united by a membrane, one-third
as high as the soft dorsal ; caudaHs rounded ; the second anal spine
very short, equal to, or even shorter than, the width of the orbit (see
fig.). Axil with a deep black blotch. (Cast.)
Rio Crixas, Ara^ay.
3. Scisena aurata.
Johnius auratus, Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares Ue FAm^r. du Sud,
Poiss. p. 12. pi. 4. f. 2.
D q|± A -^
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and 4|
in the total. The snout is convex, with the upper jaw slightly
overlapping the lower; operculum with one distinct point only.
Caudalis pointed ; the anal spine thick, its length being 2^ in that
of the head. Coloration uniform. (Cast )
TJcayala.
288 scrj?NiDJ?.
4. Sciaena obliqua.
Mugil obliqnus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^- Pliil. Soc. New York, i. p. 405.
Sciaeiia multifasciata, Lesueur, Mem. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. ii. p. 225.
Leiostomus hunieralis, Cur. cS- Val. v. p. 141. pi. 110.
obliquiis, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fiahes, p. 09. pi. 00. f. 195 ;
Jlolbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 104 (pi. 24. f. 1, quoted in the text, can-
not be referred to this species).
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3^. The upper jaw convex, overlapping the lower ; all the
teeth small, ^olliform ; pracoperculum finely denticulated. Caudalis
emarginate; the second anal spine feeble, one-third the length of
the first ray. A black round blotch above the axil ; back with more
or less distinct obli(iue bands, directed forwards.
Fresh waters of the United States.
a-c. Adult : very bad state ; have been in chloride of zinc.
North America. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.
5. Scisena xanthurus.
Leiostomus xanthurus, Lacep. iv. p. 439. pi. 10. f. 1 ; (Juv. 8j Val. v.
p. 142 ; Dekay, Neto York Fauna, Fishes, p. 70.
Ilomoprion xanthurus, Ifolbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 170. pi. 24. f. 2
(the description does not agree either with the figure or witli the
species).
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head 3|. The upper jaw convex, overla])ping the lower; all the
teeth small, villiform ; prscopercuhim finely denticulated. Caudalis
emarginate ; the second anal spine feebk;, one-third the length of
the fii"st ray. Coloration uniform.
Unit- .States; West Indies.
a. Adult : skin. New York. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
0. Scisena lineata.
Leiostomus lineatus, Ai/res, Proc. Cal Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 25 ;
Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1850, p. 135, iind U. S. Pacif.
R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 99 (pi. 22 B. f. 1-4?*).
T). 13 I 22. A. ^.
The length of the head constitutes a little less than one-fourth of
the total. The snout is rounded and projects beyond the lower jaw,
* It is much to be regretted Miat the arrangement of the phitcs, willi which
Girard has ilhistratert his species, lias not been executed without confusion. In
the present case, pi. 22 C. is quoted on p. !•'.), jil. 22 B. on p. 3,S(;, whilst no repre-
sentation at all of this fish is to be found in volume x., which contains the de-
scription.
V. SCIiENA. 289
the cleft of the mouth being nearly horizontal. Praeoperciilum
finely denticulated. Caudal subcrescentic posteriorly ; the second
anal spine small. Greyish-bro^-n, with oblique waving lines of
umber- bro"wii. (6riV.)
Sau Fi'anciseo,
7. SciaBiia adusta.
Sciaena (Corvina) adusta, Aijuss. Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 126. tab. 70 ;
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 42.
D. 10 1 ^. A. |. L. lat. 55.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total, the height of
the body rather less. The snout convex, -with the upper jaw over-
lapping the lower ; the upper lip with a small lobule on each side ;
no larger teeth in the outer series. Praeoperculum with stronger
denticulations at the angle. Caudalis convex ; the second anal spine
rather thick, one-half the length of the first ray. Dark brownish-
grey, with oblique streaks on the back ; all the fins blackish.
Maldonado Bay. Monte Video.
a. Half-grown. S. America. Presented by Lord Stuart.
h. Half-grown. S. America. Presented by Lord Stua,rt.
If these specimens, which are rather discoloured, reaUy belong to
the above species, they ought to be transferred to Cuvier's genus
Leiostomus, ha\ing the teeth of the outer series scarcely difFering in
size from the remainder.
8. Sciaena ocellata.
Perca ocellata, L. Si/sf. Nat. p. 483 ; S/taw, Zool. iv. p. 550.
Centropomus ocellatus, Lacep. iv. pp. 257, 279.
Lutjanus triangulum, Laccp. iv. pp. 181, 217, iii. pi. 24. f. 3.
Sciajua iniberbis, Mitch. Traits. Lit. 8f Phil. Sac. New York, i. p. 411.
Corvina ocellata, Cm: i^- Val. v. p. 134. pi. 108 ; Dekaij, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 75. pi. 21. f. 61 ; Ilolbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 149.
pi. 21. f. 2.
D. 10-11 1 ^g. A. ^. Cffic. pylor. 7-8. Vert. 11/14.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. The upper jaw overlapping the lower ; in each of
the jaws an external series of larger teeth, those of the mandibulary
stronger. Prffioperculum and suprascapula distinctly crenulated. Cau-
dalis truncated ; the second anal spine two-thirds of the length of the
first ray. One or two round black spots at the root of the caudal fin.
Fresh waters of the United States.
a, h. Adult : skins. America. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
9. Scisena lanceolata.
Ilomoprion lanceolatus, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 168. pi. 23. f. 1.
D.ll|l A.f
Praeoperculum with large radiating spines at the angle. Thti
VOL. II. V
290 SCI^NID^.
snout is convex, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower, and
equals the width of the eye, the diameter of which is 4| in the
length of the head. Upper jaw with an external series of larger,
pointed teeth. Caudalis pointed ; the second anal spine stout.
Coloration uniform, very light ; a row of dark spots near the root of
each spine and ray of the dorsal fins. (Holbr.)
Port Iloyal Sound (S. Carolina).
10. Scisena senegalensis.
Corvina senegalla, Cuv. Sf Val. v. .p. 132.
D. 10|i. A.}. Caec. pylor. 4.
The upper jaw overlapping the lower ; in hoth the jaws an ex-
ternal series of larger teeth. Praeoperculum scarcely crenulated.
Caudalis rhomboidal. Body uniform ; dorsal fins with three series
of black spots. {Cuv.)
Senegal.
11. Sciseua diacanthus.
Lutjanus diacanthus, Lacep. iv. pp. 195, 244.
Russell, ii. pi. 115, 116.
Bola chaptis, Buck. Ham. p. 77. pi. 10. f. 25.
Johnius cataleus, Cuv. Reyne Atmn. ; Cuv, 8f Val. v. p. 128.
chaptis, Cuv. ff Val. v. p. 130.
Corvina catalea, Belanc/cr, Voy. hid. Orient. Zool. p. 360 ; Richards.
Ichth. Chin. p. 226 ; Bleck. Verhand. Bat. Oen. xxiii. Sciccn. p. 18.
Johnius platycephalus, {Kuhl ^ Van Hasselt) Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 132.
Scisena maculata, Gray, hid. Zool. ii. pi. 89. f. 1 (young).
Johnius diacanthus, Cant. Catal. p. 67 ; Bleek. Java, iv. p. 326.
valenciennii, Eydoux ^ Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 159.
pi. 1. f. 2.
^•loU-^3- A.f L.lat.55.
The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and
about 4 to 4| in the total. The snout is moderately convex, with
the upper jaw overlapping the lower, longer than the eye, the dia-
meter of which is 4i to 61- in the length of the head. The upper
maxillarj' reaches a little behiiid the posterior margin of the orbit.
An outer series of larger teeth in the upper juw. Prreoperculum
rounded, distinctly denticulated. The pectoral fins are hmger than
the ventrals ; caudalis pointed ; the second anal spine about one-
third of the length of the head. Coloration of body uniform, in
young individuals spotted with brown; the dorsal and caudal fins
with round brown spots ; the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins black in
young individuals
All the Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h. Adult: stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11. Ueevcs, Esq.
c. Half-growTi : stufled. China. PrescMited by J. R. Peeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown : stufled. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
7. SCIiKNA. 291
e. Adult: Kkiii. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
/, })erculum distinctly denticulated. CaudaKs rhom-
boidal. Back with five broAvn or black cross-bftrs, sometimes in-
terrupted and forming dark irregular blotr-hes
Tranquebar; PondicheiTy; Malabar.
The fish described by Cantor (Cata?. p. 08) as J.maculatus? var.,
appears to be an entirely different species, near Curvhia alhlda. The
British Museum possesses a skin of a young specimen from Dr. Can-
tor's Collection, but I am unable to decide the question from this
specimen alone
13. Sciaena macrophtlialmus.
Otolithus macrophthahuus, Blecker, Java, i. \i. IM), and Verhatid. Batav.
Genootuch. xxiii. Scucn. p. W.
D. 10 1 j^,. A. y. L. lat. 50-55.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, and equals the
length of the head ; the snout i« obtuse, and equals the diameter of
the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Two small
canine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower. Pra)operculun)
denticulated in young individuals. CaudalLs truncated ; coloration
uniform. (Bl.)
Seas of Batavia, Bantam, Samarang, and Pasuruan.
14. ScisBiia aquila.
2Klaiva, Aristot. Hist. Anim. viii. cap. 19.
Umbra, Salvian. fol. 115 wj liellon. pp- 117 & 111).
? Latus, Peis-rei, R(mdel. p. 135.
Maigre, Poisson royal, Duham. Pecliea, ii. sect. 0, ]). 137. pi. 1. f. 3.
Cheilodipterus aquila, Lacep. v. p. 085.
Labi'us hololepidotus, Lacep. iii. p. 517. pi. 21. f. 2.
Sciajna umbra, Cuv. Mem. Mus. i.p. 1, and Rcijne Anim.; Bonap. Faun.
Ital. Pesci, pi. . f. 1.
Perca vanloo, Risso, IcJdh. Nice, edit. 1. p. 298. pi. 9. f. 30.
Sciaena aquila, Risso, I. c. tjdit. 2. iii. p. 411; Cur. Si- Val.v. p. 28.
pi. 100; Neill in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1820, p. 135 ; mem. Brit.
Anim. p. 213 ; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 40 ; Yurrell, Brit.
Fishes, yt. 104; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss.^\.27.i. l(not 'Rosenthal).
V 2
292 sci-enid-t:.
Scisena hololopidota, Cur. ^ Val. v. p. 5.'5 ; Qtioy S,- Gaim. Voy. Astrol.
Poiss. p. 097. pi. 12. f. 1.
capensis, Smith, III. S. Afr. Fishes, pi, 15,
D. 10 1 ~. A. y, L, lat, 53, L. transv. ij. Caec. pylor, 10.
Vert. 11/13.
The length of the head forms one-fourth of the total, the greatest
depth of the body one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of
the length of the head, and one-half of that of the snout. The
denticulations of the pra3operculum become obsolete "\\dth age ; oper-
culum and suboperculum not notched at their lower margins. Cau-
dal fin nearly truncated.
Mediterranean ; British Channel ; Frith of Forth ; Cape Seas.
a. 5 feet 1 inch long : stuffed. English coast.
h. 4 feet 4 inches long and 11 inches high. English coast. — Snout
deformed.
c. Large specimen : stuffed.
d. Large specimen: stuffed. Brixham. From Dr. Parn ell's Collection.
e. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Yarroll's Collection.
/. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieutenant H, F.
Si)ence, K.N.
(/, h. Fine specimens. Lisbon. Pi'esented by the llev, R, T, Lowe.
i. Adult, Algoa Bay, — (Sckena hololepidofa.)
15. Sciaena sina.
Johnius sina, Cm: ($" Vnl. v. p. 122.
Connna sina, Belany. Voy. Indes Orient. Zool. p. .'559 ; Faun. Japon.
Pom. p. 58. pi. 24. f. 2 Oiotgood); Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genuotsch.
xxvi. p. 82.
The height of the body is 4 or 4| in the total length, and eqiials
that of the head ; the diameter of the eye is 3 or 3^^ in the latter ;
the snout is obtuse, convex, shorter than the diameter of the eye,
with the upper jaw rather longer than the lower. The upper max-
illary reaches to below the posterior half of the orbit ; the upper jaw
is araied with an external series of larger teeth. Prasoperculum
rounded, with very distinct spinous teeth. The pectoral fins longer
than the ventrals ; caudalis pointed ; the second anal spine one-third
or one-fourth of the length of the head. Above greyish-green, with
a dark blotch behind the operculum.
Pondicherrj' ; coast of Malabar ; Japanese Sea.
16. Sciaena dussumieri.
Corvina dussumieri, Cuv. 8f Vul. v. p. llOj Rcyne Anim. HI. Poiss.
pi. 28. f. 2.
Joniiius dussumieri, Ca?tt. Catal. p. G4.
D. 10l-V„. A. 4. Vert. 10/14.
I 28-29 7 '
The height of the body is b\ in the total length, the length of the
7. sci.ENA. 293
head 4|. The snout is convex, mth the uj^per jaw overlapping the
lower, and equal to the diameter of the eye, v^hjch is one-fourth of
the length of the head. Prasoperculum slightly denticulated. Cau-
dalis convex ; the second anal sj)ine one-half the length of the first
ray. Coloration uniform ; the vertical fins wdth blackish margins.
Coast of Malabar ; Sea of Pinang ; Malayan Peninsula ; Singapore ;
Chinese Sea.
«. Young: not good state. China.
b. Half-grovra : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
17. Scisena trachycephalus. -
Corvina tracliycephalus, Blvekvr, Borneo, ii. p. 2G9, and Borneo, iv.
p. 200.
D. 8 I -^. A. I-. L. lat. 60.
I 24-27 7
The height of the body is 5^-6 times in the total length, the
length of the head 4|-4|. The snout is obtuse, convex, with the
upper jaw overlapping the lower, rather longer than the diameter of
the eye, which is 4^-5 times in the length of the head ; the cleft of
the mouth horizontal ; the upper maxillaiy reaching to below the
middle of the orbit. Prasoperculum rounded, with spinous teeth.
The first ventral ray produced into a short filament ; the second anal
spine one-third of the length of the head ; caudalis pointed. Above
greyish ; the first dorsal minutely dotted with blackish. {Bl.)
Rivers of Bandjerraassing (Borneo).
18. Sciaena hypostoma.
Corvina hypostoma, Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 5.
T>- 9-10 131^2- A-f I^- lat. 45.
The height of the body is 4^ to 4| in the total length, the length
of the head five times ; the diameter of the eye is 4-4| in the latter.
The snout is obtuse, as long as the diameter of the eye, with the
upper jaw overlapping the lower. The upper maxillary reaches to
below the middle of the orbit ; the upper jaw with an outer series
of larger teeth. Praeoperculum rounded, distinctly denticulated.
The pectoral fins somewhat longer than the ventrals ; caudalis sub-
rhomboidal ; the second anal spine one-third of the height of the
body. Colorati-on uniform. {Bl.)
Sea of Padang (Sumatra).
19. Scisena goldmauni.
Corvina goldmauni, Bleeker, Batjan, i. p. 371.
D. 9 I 31. A.|. L. lat. 47.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 4g ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the latter. The snout is
294 sci^NiD^.
obtuse, shorter than the eye, with the upper jaw slightly overlapping
the lower. The upper maxillary reaches to below the posterior half
of the orbits ; the upper jaw armed with an outer series of larger
teeth. Praioperculum rounded, denticulated, with several larger
spinous teeth at the angle. CaudaHs pointed ; pectoral and ventral
fins nearly equal in length ; the second anal spine 2^ in the length
of the head. Above greenish, with a darker blotch above the opercle ;
the spinous dorsal edged with brown. (Bl.)
Batjan.
20. Sciaena microdon.
Otolithua microdon, Sleeker, Java, i. p. 99, and Verhand. Batav. Oe-
nootsch. xxii. Madura, p. 10, xxiii. Scicen. p. 16.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length,. the length
of the head one- fourth. The snout is longer than the diameter of the
eye, which is one-sixth of the length of the head ; jaws equal in
leng-th ; small canines in the upper jaw, none in the lower ; prae-
operculum Avith distinct denticulations. Cfiudalis pointed ; the second
anal spine half as long as the first ray. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)
Seas of Batavia, Sam^jirang, and Surabaja.
21. Scaeina vogleri.
Otolithus vogleri, Bleeker, Tydftchr. Ncderl. Indie, iv. p. 253.
1>-10|^,. A.± L.lat.40.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is 4| in the length of the
head. Snout obtuse, with the upper jaw projecting and convex, longer
than the diameter of the eye. The upper maxiUary readies to below
the middle of the orbit ; intermaxillary with an outer series of larger
teeth, without distinct canines ; canines in the lower jaw none. Pra)-
operculum distinctly denticulated. Caudalis pointed ; the second
anal spine half as long as the first ray. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)
Sea of Sumatra.
22. Sciaena borneensis.
Otolithus borneensis, Bleeker, Borneo, ii. p. 268.
D. 10|^. A.f L. lat. 40.
The length of the head is nearly equal to the height of the body,
and one-fourth of the total length. The snout is obtuse, convex, with
the jaws equal, as long as the diameter of the eye, and 3i in the
length of the head. Upper jaw with four canine teeth of moderate
size, the lower jaw witheut canines, rjicoperculura denticulated at
the infcrioi' limb as w(^Il as at the posterior. (B!.)
Bivers of Bandjcrmassing (Borneo).
7. sci.ENA. 295
23. Scisena bvevidorsalis.
T). lOjf^. A.^. L. lat. 47.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total. The snout is short, obtuse, shorter than
the width of the eye, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower, and
with the cleft of the mouth very oblique. The ujjpcr maxillary
reaches a Uttle behind the vertical from the centre of the orbit. The
diameter of the eye is 3~ in the length of the head, and much shorter
than the interspace between the eyes. The prajoperculum is rounded
and denticulated throughout: the suprascapula is very large, and
would entirely cover the eye ; its margin is furnished with flexible
setiform teeth. Caudalis elongate, pointed ; the second anal spine
2|- in the length of the head. The outer row of intermaxillary teeth
contains scarcely any larger ones. Pseudobranchia).
a. Not good state. East Indies ? From the Haslar Collection.
This species may be readily distinguished by the small number of
the dorsal rays. At present, I know of no better place for it, although
its physiognomy is not that of a Scicena.
inches, lines.
Total ^ngth 5 6
Height of the body 1 5
Length of the head 1 4
Diameter of the eye 0 4|
Interspace between the eyes 0 5|
Length of the third dorsal spine 0 10
of the second dorsal ray 0 9
of the second anal spine 0 6
of the first anal ray 0 8
24. Scseina deliciosa.
Corvina deliciosa, Tschudi, Faun, Per. Ichthyol. p. 8.
D.lOl^. A. A.
The height of the body is to the total length as 1 : 4*7 ; the cleft
of the mouth extends to below the middle of the eye. The angle of
the prffiopcrculura rounded, denticulated ; the siiperior ma '-gin of the
opercidum serrated. The lateral line is continued on the caudal fin ;
the third dorsal spine is the longest ; caudal truncate^l ; the length
of the second anal spine is less than one-half of that of the first ray ;
fins scaly. Coloration uniform. (Tsch.)
^ Coast of Peru.
25. Sciaena minor.
Corvina minor, Tschudi, I. c. p. 9.
D. 13 I 20. A.^.
The height of the body is 3 i^ in the total length ; the cleft of the
296 Hci.vrswM.
mouth extends to below the middle of the eye. The angle of the
prseoperculum with a somewhat strong spine, pointing downwards ;
neck with an acute edge. The third dorsal spine is the longest, and
higher than the soft fin ; the second of the anal fin is rather stout,
and half the length of the first ray ; caudal truncated ; the pec-
toral reaches to the vertical from the fourth dorsal ray. Silvei-y,
with some blackish dots during life. (Tsch.)
Coast of Peru.
8. CORVINA*.
Corvina, Ciiv. R^gne Anini. ; Cuv. Sf Val. v. p. 81.
Body oblong ; muzzle convex, ^vith the upper jaw overlapping the
lower, and with the cleft of the mouth more or less horizontal. The
outer series of the jaws generally contains larger teeth ; never large
canines. No barbel. The second spine of the anal strong or very
strong ; dorsal fin transparent. Pseudobranch'iae. The air-bladder
with appendages. Pyloric appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; tropical parts of the Atlantic ; fresh waters of the
United States. East Indian Seas, several species entering the rivers.
1. Corvina nigra.
Tinea marina, Belluii. i. p. 111. fig. iu p. 113; Gesner, Paralip. p. 14.
Coracinus subniger, Rondel, v. p. 126. fig. 2.
Corvo di fortiera, Sttlrum. fol. 117rt; Willuqhby, p. 300. tab. S. 20.
Coraciniis niger, Salvinn. fol. 118 6.
Sciaeiia, sp. 2, Artedi, Synon. p. 65, and Genera, p. 39.
umbra, L. Syst. Nat. p. 480; L. Gm. p. 1298 ; Rit^.w, IchtJi. Nice,
p. 295.
nigra, Bl. vi. p. 35. taf. 297.
Johnius niger, Bl. Schti. p. 76.
Sciuena umbra, Rosenth. Ichthyol. Taf. tab. 17. f. 1
Coracinus chalcis. Pull. Zoogr. iii. p. 25(5.
* 1. Corvina cplebica, Bleeker, Celebes, v. p. 244.— Mat-assar.
2. dorsal is, Peters, Wiegm. Arch. 185.'), p. 242. — Mozanibiqur.
3. clavigora, Cuv. tf Val. v. p. 101.— Sonogai. (Tho swelling of tlie
spine of tlie second dorsal may be accidental in the individual.)
4. Corvina biloba, Ch». i|- Val. v. p. 112. — Hah.'!
5. Sparus argcnteus, Hoiiffui/v. Act. Haarl. xx. 2. p. 320 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 28,
85, 91. — Corvi?ia argeniata, Cuv.^~ Val. v. p. 114.
6. Corvina grypola, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 225. — Canton.
7. Amblodon neglcctus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 167.—
Texas.
Corvina oxyptcra, Dekaij, New York Fuitna, Fishes, p. 77. pi. 30. f. 'JG, pro-
bably belongs to Avthias, as I ha^- staled above. Willi the slightest
knowledge of fislies the author woulil have been enabltnl to perceive, that
a fish with vomerine teeth, and with a single scaly dorsal fin, cannot be
referred to O-rritia. The figure is bad, and does not agree with the
description, showing twelve siiiiies. whii.^l ten are slated in the desciip-
• ion, &c. &c.
8, COR VINA. 297
Corvina nigra, Ciw. !^ Val. v. p. 86 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. p. .pi. . f. 2 ;
Nordm. in Detnid. Vvi/. Rms. Merid. iii. p. 382. pi. 3. L 1 ; Cuv.
Reyne Anim. 111. Pinss. pi. 28. f. 1.
canariensis, Cut: ^ Val. v. p. 93 (young),
I>- 10 I ^- A. ^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 30. Cffic. pylor. 8.
I 25 0-8 1 •'
Vert. 11/14.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye equals the length of the
snout, and is one-fourth of the length of the head, the upper jaw
overlapping the lower. The band of the maxillary teeth with an
outer row of stronger ones. Praeoperculum scarcely denticulated ;
suprascapula and coracoid entire. The ventral fins longer than the
pectorals. The second anal spine very strong, but one-third shorter
than the first ray. Caudalis truncated. Blackish-brown ; ventral
and anal fins deep black.
Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.
a. Young. Dalmatia. 1 a i a /-, • • •
lAr i,ji.i }■ Anal . . (Jorvma canarxensis.
0. Young : bad state. J 6
2. Corvina nigrita.
Cm: ^ Val. v. p. 103.
D. 10 I ^. A. 1. C£ec. pylor. 8.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 3| in
the total. The upper jaw overlapping the lower. The band of the
maxillary teeth with an outer row of somewhat stronger ones. Prae-
operculum finely denticulated. The second anal spine very strong.
Caudalis rhomboidal. Above brownish ; the first dorsal brown,
black-edged, with one longitudinal series of blackish spots, and the
second with two.
Senegal.
3. Corvina oscnla.
Sciaena oscula, Lesueur, Journ, Acad. Nat. S6. Philad. 1822, ii. p. 252.
pi. 13.
grisea, Lesfueur, I. c. p. 254.
Corvina oscula, Cuv. <§• Val. v. p. 98 ; Kirtland, Bost. Journ. iii. p. 350,
pi. 6. f. 3, and Ohio Report, p. 193; Dekay, New York Faun. Fishes,
p. 73. pi. 21. f. 63.
Amblodon grunniens, (Raf.) Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes,
p. 96. pi. 23.
D. 10 I ^^. A. |. L. lat. 50-55. L. transv. 1^. CiEC. pylor. 7.
The height of the body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times. The snout is obtuse, convex, with the upper jaw
overlapping the lower, and equals the interspace between the eyes.
The diameter of the eye is much smaller, and 5| in the length of the
head. The upper maxillary with an outer series of larger teeth.
298 SCIiENID^.
Pneoperculum rounded, with distinct spinous teeth posteriorly and
Lnferiorly ; suprascapula and coracoid entire. The doreal spines
strong, the first half as thick as the second of the anal. Caudalls
irregularly truncated ; the secoiid anal spine strong, one-tlurd shorter
than the first ray. Pectoral pointed, longer than the ventral. Colo-
ration imiform.
Fresh waters of the United States.
a. Adult : skin. Ohio Canal, near Portsmouth, United States.
From Dr. Parncll's Collection.
b. Adult: skin. Pontchartrain Lake. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
4. Corvina richardsonii
Cur. ^ Vul. V. p. 100 ; Ilic/utrds. Faun. Bar. ^bncr, Finhcs, p. G4. pi. 77;
Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 76. pi. 20. f. 55 (bad copy).
D. 9 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 53-54. L. transv. ^.
The curve from the snout to the dorsal fin is qiuidrantal and
abrupt, the head and shoulders being very prominent. The height
of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head 3i. The
jaws are c(pial in front, and the snout is twice as long as the- dia-
meter of the eye. The upper maxillary with an' outer row of larger
teeth. The whole free edge of the proeoi)ercuhmi, that of the inter-
operculum and of the suboperculum anteriorly, finely denticulated.
The pectorals pointed, and considerably longer than the vcntrals.
There is no fii'st short anal spine (?) ; the only one present is strong,
and one-third shorter than the first ray. Caudalis truncated.
Greenish-grey, with darker bands across the back. (Rich.)
Lake Huron.
5. Corvina saturnus.
Amblodon satm-nus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. It. B. Exped. Fislies, p. 98.
D.10|± A.f
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Snout thick and roimded. The pectorals
do not reach so far backwards as the ventrals, wliich do not extend
to the vent ; caudal fin tnmcated ; the second anal spine very stout,
and nearly as long as the second soft ray. Purplish-brown, each
scale ^vitlL a dark(^r centre ; an opercular patch ; fins rather dark.
{Gir.)
San Diego (CaUfoniia).
* Cuvier as well as Richardson state 18 soft rays for the soft dorsal fin, a num-
ber quite unusual in these fishes. In faet, in the only specimen known, tlu^ fin is
prolonged int-lM-I^8- A.f L. lat. 50.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
8. CORVINA. 303
and is 4^ in the total ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
length of the head. The snout is convex, and equal to the width
of the orbit, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower. The ex-
ternal series of teeth of the upper jaw is but little larger than the
internal ; the ^'illiform band of the lower jaw is broader than that of
the upper. Pi-seopcrculum scarcely crenulated, with a vertical pos-
terior limb. Caudalis convex or rhomboidal ; the second anal spine
very thick, two-thirds of the length of the first ray. The upper
half of the spiny dorsal, from the second to the seventh spine, black ;
the soft dorsal with four equidistant, large, oblique, black spots ; the
marginal half of the caudal, anal and ventral fins blackish.
Coast of Malabar ; Sea and rivers of Tranqucbar and Pondicheny ;
Sea of Pinang.
a. Half-grown: skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
10. Corvina plagiostoma.
Bleeker, Java, i. p. 100, and Vcrliand. Batav. Gcnootsch, xxii. Madura,
*. p. 10, xxiii. Scieen. p. 17.
D-lO^s- ^-f L.lat.55.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4^
in the total. The snout obtuse, with the jaws equal, shorter than
the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head.
Cleft of mouth very oblique. Prajoperculum slightly denticulated. The
pectoral and ventral fins nearly equal in length ; the caudal pointed ;
the second anal spine strong, one- half of the length of the head.
Greyish above ; the spinous dorsal brown, the soft dorsal and the
caudal fins minutely dotted with bro^\Ti, the other fins yellowish. i^Bl.)
Sea of Madura.
17. Corvina belangerii.
Corvina belangeri, Ctiv. 4* Val. v. p. 120, cop. in Bdanger, p. 358.
? Corvina kuhlii, Cuv. 4" Vol. v. p. 121 j Bkeker, Verhand. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. xxiii. Scieen. p. 18.
Johnius belangeri, Cant. Catal. p. 65.
? Corvina sampitensis, Bleeker, Borneo, vi. p. 421.
D-9-10|i5^- ^-f L-lat.48.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The snout is convex, wdth the upper jaw over-
lapping the lower, and shorter than the eye, the diameter of which
is 3|- in the length of the head. An external series of larger teeth
in the upper jaw. Caudalis rhomboidal ; the length of the second
anal spine is two-thirds or four-fifths of that of the first ray. Back
and fins pale browTiish ; the marginal half of the caudal, anal and
ventral fins blackish.
Coast of Malabar ; Seas of Pinang, Malayan Peninsula, and Sin-
gapore. Borneo (?).
a, b. Half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
304 SCliKNIDiE.
18. Corvina lobata.
Corvina lobata, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 122. pi. 107.
D. 9-10 I 5^. A.f Caec. pylor. 8.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4Hn
the total. Snout convex, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower,
and with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal. Denticulations of
prseopercidum not visible. Caudalis rhomboidal. The first ventral
ray prolonged into a filament ; the length of the second anal spine
24 in that of the head. Back with five dark cross-bands, fins Avith
blackish margins. (Cuv.)
Coast of Malabar. ,
19. Corvina semiluctuosa.
Cuv. (§• Val. V. p. 97. pi. lOG.
D. 10 I 31. A.}.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 3^ in the total (in mature specimens). The upper jaw convex,
overlapping the lower. Praooperculum scarcely crenulated. The
dorsal fins united, with the notch between not very deep ; the caudal
rounded ; the second anal spine strong, but one-fourth shorter than
the first ray ; the first ray of the ventral fin prolonged, filiform.
Greyish-green, with many brown oblique streaks, directed forwards ;
all the fins brownish-black.
Goa ; Pondicherry ; China.
a. Young. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
20. Corvina albida.
Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 93, cop. in Belanger, Voy. hid. Orient. Zool. p. .3.55.
D. 10 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 75. L. transv. ^.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and 4^ in the total. The snout is rather obtuse, convex, with the
Jaws equal in front, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is
one-seventh of the length of the head ; in both the jaws an outer
series of larger teeth. Praeoperculum scarcely denticulated, more
distinctly in young individuals; suprascapula crenulated, coracoid
entire. The ventral and pectoral fiiis nearly equal in length ; the
second anal spine strong, one-fifth shorter than the first ray. Cau-
dalis pointed. Coloration uniform, with ah indistinct streak along
the centre of each scale.
Coast of Malabar ; Chinese Sea.
a. Large specimen : st ified.
h. Adiilt : stuff'ed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves^Esq.
r. Young. India.
9. 0T0LITHU6. 3U5
21, Corvina jubata.
Bleeker, Borneo, viii. p. IGO.
D-10|.^3- A-ri- L.lat.50.
The body is not quite so high as the head is long, the length of
which is one-foui'th of the total. The snout is convex, obtuse, with
the upper jaw longest, shorter than the diameter of the eye, which
is 3|-3| in the length of the head. An outer series of larger teeth
in the maxillary bone. Prae , sub- and interoperculura distinctly
denticulated. Scales smooth, entirfe, except those of the crown and
neck, which are provided with prominent bunches of setiform teeth.
Caudalis pointed ; the second anal spine thick, but only one-half the
length of the first ray, or one-fourth of the length of the head.
Coloration uniform. {Bl.)
Rivers of Bandjermassing (Borneo).
22. Corvina fasciata.
Cheilotrema fasciatum, Tsclmdi, Faun. Per. Ichthyol. p. 1.3. tab. 1.
D.10|i^. A.f
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is 1 j in the extent of the
snout. Pra3operculum wdth the angle rounded, with the posterior
margin nearly vertical, and with some slight denticulations inferiorly.
An outer series of larger teeth. Caudal subtruncated ; the length of
the second anal spine is two-thirds of that of the first ray. Silvery,
with indistinct cross-bands. (Tsch.)
Caleta of Chancay, between Callao and Huacho. The typical spe-
cimen is in the Berhn Museum.
9. OTOLITHUS*.
Otolithus, Cui\ Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 4" V'al. v. p. 59.
Body oblong ; muzzle obtuse or slightly pointed, with the lower
jaw longer. Two dorsals, the first with nine or ten feeble spines ;
anal fin with small spines. Conical canine teeth more or less distinct,
* 1. Otolithus versicolor, Cuv. ^ Vol. v. 64, from Bussell, pi. 109 ; Cant'
Catal. p. 61. — East Indies t-
2. virescens, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 72. — Surinam.
3. aureus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 224. — Canton.
4. reevesii, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 224. — Canton.
5. nebulosus, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 79. — America?
6. tridentifer, Richards. I. c. p. 225.— China Seas.
7. Jolmius aneus, .B/. vii. p.l35. taf.357; Corvina anei, Cuv. SfVal. v. p. 131.
— Tranquebar.
t A single skin of a young specimen, from Dr. Cantor's Collection, is in the
British Museum, but it does not present peculiarities by which the species may
be properly distinguished.
VOL. II. X
306 sci^j>fiD^;.
either in both the jaws, or in the upper alone, rraeopcrenhim den-
ticulated or crenulate. Scales of moderate size or small. Air-bladder
in some with a horn-like process on each side, directed forwards, in
others with numerous lateral appendages. Pyloric a})pendages iu
small number.
Inhabitants of the tropical seas ; some eritering fresh waters.
1. Otolithus aequidens.
Chv. ^- Veil. V, p. GG ; Smith, IU. Zool. S. Afr. Pisces, pi. 13 (too slender).
D.10|'± A.|.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Lower jaw longest ; teetli in both the jaws
in broad card-like bands ; the upper maxillary reaches neaily to the
posterior margin of the orbit. Praioperculum scarcely denticulated,
with the angle rounded and rather projecting. Caudal fin cmarginate.
Cape Seas.
a, b. Large specimens : stuffed.
2. Otolithus senegalensis.
Cuv. 4" Val. ix. p. 470.
1). 10 I ^. A. y. L. lat. 45-50. Caoc. pylor. 0.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is onc^-sixth of the
latter. Canine teeth of moderate size. The caudal fin is elongate,
pointed, and equals the pectoral in length. Greenish, Avith narrow
oblique streaks or with indistinct spots. (Val.)
Coast of Gorea.
3. Otolithus carolinensis.
Otolithus carolinensis, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 475; /)ckai/,Ncw Yurh Fauna,
Fishes, p. 72 ; Ilolhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. li'.:?. pi'. 19. f. 2.
Cestreiis carolinensis, (rrutatc. Syst. eil. Ofay, p. 49.
The height of the body is nearly one-fifth of jthe total length, the
length of the head two-sevenths. No canines in the lower jaw,
those of the upper moderate. The upper maxillary does not reach
to the posterior margin of tlie orltit. Pneoperculum scarcely denti-
culated, with the angle rounded and projecting, (/'audal nearly
tiTincated. Back and sides, dorsal and caudal fins spotted ; anal
blackish . Pseudobranchiae.
(t. Adult. New York.
h, c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
,? Fine specimen. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.
— A. ^ ; pectoral shorter than the distance between the eye and
the imint of the onercidimi.
9. OTOIITHUS. ,307
e, f. Adult : skins. Pontchartrain Lake. From Dr. Pamell's Col-
lection.
Q. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
4. Otolithus regalis.
Labrus squeteague, Mitch. Tram. Lit. SfPhil. Soc. New York, i. p. 39G.
pi. 2. f. G.
Jonnius regalis, JSl. Schn. p. 76 ; Holhr. IchtJiyol. S. Carol, p. 127.
pi. 18. f. 1.
Schoepff, Schrift. Naturforsch. Freiinde Berl. viii. p 160.
Otolithus regalis, Cuii. Sf Val. v. p. 07 ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer.
Fishes, p. 68; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 71. pi. 8. f. 24;
Baird, Ninth Smithsoti, Report, p. 329.
D. 9|^. A. -^. L. lat. 60-65. Ckc. pylor. 4. Vert. 14/11.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is 4^
in the total. No canines in the lower jaw, those of the upper strong.
Praeoperculum with small denticulations. The vertical fins covered
Avith scales on a great part of their length. Back with darker oblique
streaks, following the transverse series of scales.
Fresh waters of N. America ; Martinique,
5. Otolithus analis.
Otolithus analis, Jcnyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 104.
peruaniis, Tschudi, Faun. Per. Ichthyol. p. 10.
The height of the body is 4|- in the total length ; the diameter of
the eye li in the length of the snout. The cleft of the mouth ex-
tends to below the middle of the eye. No canines in the lower juvv,
those of the upper strong ; praeoperculum smooth and with the angle
rounded. Coloration Ainiform.
Coast of Peru,
6, Otolithus dnunmondii.
Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 70.
D. 9 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 66.
The height of the body is little more than one-sixth of the total
length, excluding the caudal. The length of the head is exactly
one-fourth of the whole length, including the caudal. The lower
jaw projecting beyond the upper; no canines in the lower jaw, those
of the upper moderately long. CaudaHs rounded ; the anal spine
slender, and not above one-third of the height of the soft ray which
succeeds it. Many small, roundish, blackish -brown spots on the
back, above the lateral line, and on the second dorsal and caudal
fins, (Rich.)
New Orleans.
308 SCI.KNID.K.
7. Otolithus thalassinus,
P Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. V.i2. pi. 18. f. 2.
D. 9 I -. A. -^. L. lat. 73. Cacc. pylor. 4.
The height of the bod)'- is 5^ in the total length, the length of the
head 34 ; the diameter of the eye is 6^ in the latter ; the upper jaw
reaches to the posterior margin of the orbit. The lateral line very
shghtly bent downwards in the middle of its length. The lower jaw
is the longer ; iiraeopercuhim with the angle rounded and projecting,
scarcely denticulated. Caudal fin truncated. Above dusky, sides
and belly yellowish, fins immaculate. Pseudobranchiae.
Sea of Charleston Bar ; Gulf of Mexico.
a. Fine specimen. Gulf of Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.
y. Ocolithus leiarchus,
CVr. Si- Val. v. p. 78.
I^-^I^I^- ^^-n- L- lat. 120..
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-eighth of the latter.
No canines in the lower jaw, those of the upper moderate. The upper
maxillary reaches nearly to the posterior margin of the orbit ; lower
jaw very projecting. Prseopcrculum scarcely denticulated, with the
angle rounded and projecting. P,seudobranchiic. Caudal fin trun-
cated. Coloration uniform.
South America.
a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Par zudaki.
h. Fine specimen. 8. America.
0. Adult: stuffed.
9. Otolithus nothus.
Holbr. Iclith. S. Carol, p. 134. pi. 19. f. 1.
D. 10 I -^,. A. |. L. lat. 60. Caec. pylor. 4.
I 24-25 9 t.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head 3-i. The snout is somewhat pointed, with the lower jaw pro-
minent, but rather short, a little longer than the diameter of the eye,
which is one-fifth of the length of the head. The upper maxillary
reaches to ])elow the middle of the orbit. The lateral line strongly
curved downwards, below the notch of the dorsal fin. Pra;oper-
culum with the angle rounded and projecting, not denticulated. Cau-
dal fin with an oblique notch. Coloration uniform, back with indi-
stinct oblique streaks.
Coast of S. Carolina ; Caribbean Sea.
a, h. Adult: skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Paniell's Collection.
Although Holbrook gives twenty-eight rays for the dorsal fin, I
9. OTOtlTHUS. 309
do not hesitate to refer our specimens to this species, the general
form of all the parts being exactly the same,
10. Otolithus cayennensis.
Lutjanus cayennensis, Lacep. iv. pp. 196, 245.
Cheilodipterus akoupa, Lacep. iii. p. 546.
Otolithus toeroe, Ouv. ^ Val. v. p. 72. pi. 103, ix. p. 478.
D. 10-11 1 jgi^„. A, |. Caec. pylor. 4. Vert. 14/11.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. No canines in the lower jaw, those of the upper
of moderate size. CaudaUs pointed ; the second anal spine not one-
half the length of the first ray. The upper maxillary reaching to the
posterior margin of the orbit. Pseudobranchise none.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America ; Lake of Maracaibo.
a, h. Adidt. West Indies.
11. Otolithus guatucupa.
Guatucupa, Marcyr. p. 177.
Otolithus guatucupa, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 75. pi. 104; Jenyns, Zool
Beagle, Fishes, p. 41.
1^-10 I Tsi- ^-T- Caec. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is contained 4| in the total length, the
length of the head 3| ; .the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
latter. Snout pointed, much longer than the diameter of the eye,
with the lower jaw projecting ; canines in the upper jaw only, of
moderate size. The margin of the praeoperculum with a few indi-
stinct strise and obsolete denticulations. Caudalis truncated. Above
greenish ; sides silvery, with brownish cross-streaks, descending ob-
liquely from the back towards the front.
Atlantic coasts of South America ; Maldonado Bay, Rio Plata,
12. Otolithus ruber.
Johnius ruber, Bl. Schn. p. 75. pi, 17 (coloration bad).
Otolithus ruber, Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 60. pi. 102 ; Cant. Catal. p. 59.
D. 10 1 5^. \. |. L. lat. 60. Cffic. pylor. 4.
The height of the body is 4^ to 4| in the total length, the length
of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter.
Canines of both the jaws strong ; prseoperculum indistinctly denti-
culated. Caudal fin pointed, but becoming more rounded with age.
Coloration uniform.
Coasts of Coromand*^!, Malabar, and Malayan Peninsula.
a. Adult : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
b. AdiJt: stuffed. Kurrachee. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintwcit.
:{|0 sciiENiu^.
L3. Otolithus argenteus.
OtulithuH ar^ciiteiis, (Kuhl df v. Haas.) Cue. i^ Val. v. p. 02 ; Riehimh.
Ichth. China, p. '2'2o ; Bleek. Verhand. linhii-. (lenuotsch. xxiii. p. 15.
? Sciaiiia japoiiica, Faun. Japan, p. 58. pi. 24. f. 1 (bad).
1). 10 I --L.. A. y. L. lat. 70. Caec. pylor. 6.
The height of the body is 5^ in the total length, the length of the
head 4.4 ; the diameter of the eye is (5 3 in tlie latter. Canines in
both the jaws very strong. Prtcoperculum with very small donti-
• culations ; fins not covered with scales, except a narrow continuation
of the lateral line on the caudal tin. Anal spine very feeble, one-
third of the length of the first ray. Caudal pointed. Coloration
uniform. Pseudobranchia;.
Chinese, Javanese, and Ceylonesc Seas ; coast of Malabar.
a. Half-grown. China.
b. Adult : stuffed : not good state. China, rrcsented by J. K.
Iteeves, Esq.
c. Adult : skin : not good state. Ceylon. Presented liy E. F.
Kelaart, M.D.
d. Large specimen : stuffed. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
e. ? Adult : skin : not good state. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
14. Otolithus maculatus.
Otolithus maculatus, (Kuhl^- v. Hu.hs.) Cuv. i$- Val. v. p. 04; Ca?itor,
Catal. p. (52 ; Cuv. Ithjne Anim. III. Pom. pi. 27. f. 2 ; Blcck. Verh.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Sciccn. p. 15.
■ D.IO ±. A.^.
The height of the body is 5^ in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is a little more than one-sixth of
the latter. Canines in both the jaws strong ; the lower jaw projects
considerably beyond the upper. Caudal fin nearly rounded in the
adult. Back and upper part of the sides with brownish spots, the
scales of each spot edged with black ; fins minutely dotted with brown ;
single, large, irregular black spots scattered ovei' the caudal fin.
Seas and estuaries of Pinang, Malayan Peninsula, Singapore, and
Batavia.
a. Adult: skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
15. Otolithus bispinosus.
Cue. ^ Val. v. p. 05.
Praeoperculum witii two spines at the angle, besides the usual
denticulations. Caudalis veiy elongate ajid poijited. Colonitiou uni
form. {Cav.)
Rangoon.
rt. Young,
10. ANCYLODON. 311
16. Otolithus microlepidotus.
Cuv. 4- Val. V. p. 79.
D. 91-!-. A.^. L. lat. 160.
Tho scales covering the operculum twice as large as the others ;
the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. Caudalis rounded ; the
second doi'sal and anal tins thickly covered with small scales. {Cuv.)
Suiinam (Berlin Museum).
17. Otolithus lateoides.
Bleeker, Jana, i. p. 98, and Verli. Batav. Gen. xxiii. Scicsn. p. IG.
I^-10|,-^. A.^^. L. lat. 100.
The height of the body is rather less than one-fifth of the total
length, the length of the head two-ninths. The snout is not ob-
tuse, and nearly equals in length the diameter of the eye, which is
one-sLxth of the length of the head ; the lower jaw longest ; canines
in both the jaws, of moderate size. Prajoperculum scarcely denticu-
lated. The caudal fin elongate, pointed. Coloration uniform : the
dorsal fins spotted with brown ; the spots of the second dorsal ar-
ranged in two longitudinal series. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
This species is now referred by Bleeker himself to Otolithus ar-
genteus (Natuiu-k. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1858, xv. p. 375), in which
opinion I cannot conciu', because the latter species appears to have
larger scales.
10. ANCYLODON.
Ancylodon, Cuv. fy Val. v. p. 80.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the lower jaw projecting and the cleft
of the mouth oblique. Two dorsals, scarcely united or entirely sepa-
rated ; the first with seven or nine feeble spines ; anal spines- feeble.
Very long canine teeth, arrow-shaped or lanceolate. Prajoperculum
crenulated. Scales small. Air-bladder with a horn-like process on
each side, directed forwards. Pyloric appendages in small number,
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. Ancylodon jaculidens.
Lonchurus ancylodon, Bl. Sclm. p. 102. pi. 25.
Ancylodon jaculidens, Cuv. 6r Val. v. p. 81.
l^-9|iii- ^-g-io- Ctec. pylor. 3-4. Vert. 15/14.
Lower jaw very prominent. Caudalis pointed. Back greyish ;
bides silvery, with indistinct darker oblique cross-etreaks.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Fine specimen, Surinam.
h. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
31 2 sci^NiD-a:.
c. Adult : skeleton. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schom-
burgk.
d-h. Adult and half-grown. "West Indies.
L Adult : stuffed : not good state.
k. Intestines of specimen c.
The air-bladder is oblong, tapering to a long filiform point behind ;
anteriorly it terminates in two slender horns, the length of which is
one-eleventh only of the entire length of the bladder. It is attached
to a prominence of the third vertebra.
2. Ancylodou parvipinnis.
Cuv. ^ Val. V. p. 84. pi. 105.
D. 7 1 ^. A. ^. Csec. pylor. 4. Vert. 10/14.
The lower jaw very prominent. The two dorsals separated from
each other by an interspace equal to the length of the first ; the
first dorsal much lower than the second. Oaudalis truncated, or
slightly roimded. Coloration uniform. {Ctw.)
Cayenne.
11. COLLICHTHYS.
Scisena, sp., Cuv. ^ Val. v. p. 55 ; Ricliards. Ichth. Voy. Sulph. p. 87.
Otolithus, sp., Cantor, Catal. p. 57.
Body elongated ; head very broad, with the upper part very con-
vex ; muzzle wide, very oblique ; eye small. No large canines ; no
barbel. The second dorsal vciy elongate ; caudal pointed. The
second spine of the anal feeble. Pseudobranchia) none. Air-bladder
with a horn-like process on each side, or with many appendages,
anastomosing with one another ; number of the pyloric appendages
moderate.
East Indian Seas.
1 . Collichthys lucida.
Sci£ena lucida, Richards. Ichth. Voy. Sidph. p. 87. pi. 44. f. 3, 4.
D. 9 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 75. L. transv. JJ. Ca)c. pylor. 13.
Vert. 1 1/18.
The height of the body is 4^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-fifth of the
length of the head, and e(]uals tlu^ length of the snout ; the upper
maxillary reaches to behind the level of the posterior margin of the
orbit. The dcnticulations of the praioperculum feeble and flexible ;
operculum and subo])('rculum not notched at their lower margins.
Caudal fiji elongate, pointed.
Chinese Sea.
a. Fine specimen. China. J'resented by J. 11. lleeves, Esq.
h. Adult. China. Presented by Sir John Ricliaidson.
c. Adult. China. Presented by Sir .Inlni Hidiardson.
11. COLLICHTHYS. 313
d. Adult : skin ; bad state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Half-grown. China.
/. Young. China.
g. Half-grown. China. From Dr. Cantor's CoUeetion.
h. Young. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
i. Half-grown. China. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
]c. Half-grown. Chusan, Presented by the East India Company.
l~n. Half-grown and yoimg. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse,
Esq.
o-q. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Adult female : skeleton : not good state.
s. Air-bladder of specimen r.
Anatomy. — The intestinal tractus does not show any peculiarity.
The stomach is a long caecal sac, with thirteen appendages at the py-
loric opening ; the intestines form a flexure behind, and another more
anteriorly ; the liver has a longer lobe on the left side, and a shorter
one on the right. The ovaria are elongate, cuneiform, united at their
posterior extremity, and contain a very great number of small ova.
The air-bladder (6) has an exceedingly delicate and complicated
structure: its body is elongate, cuneiform, rather depressed, with
pointed posterior extremity ; the membrane is thick and stiflF. At
the anterior extremity of the dorsal side, a cordiform impression is
visible, corresponding to a cartilaginous heart-shaped plate of the
third and fourth vertebrae; to this plate the air-bladder is firmly
attached. The air-bladder emits on each side twenty-five cuneiform
appendages, contracted at their base, and tapering at the other end;
the anterior ones are directed towards the front, but the lateral ones
assume a more posterior direction the nearer they are to the posterior
extremity of the air-bladder, where they have the appearance of
the Cauda equina of the spiual chord. All these appendages or air-
vessels soon bifurcate in a dorsal and in a ventral stem ; these stems
bifurcate again and again, and either terminate after the first or
second bifurcation, or are so far prolonged as to reach the median
line of the ventral and dorsal side, anastomosing with the branches
of the other side. All these branches are now enveloped in laminae
of the peritoneum, forming a dorsal and a ventral sac of a beautiful
appearance, which is caused by the regular arrangement of the air-
vessels.
Before describing the detailed relation of these sacs to the different
laminae of the peritoneum, I shall give a short vieAv of their situa-
tion. The dorsal sac is situated between the air-bladder and the
roof of the abdominal cavity ; it is attached to the sides of tlie air-
bladder only, and has no connexion at aU with the vertebral column ;
it is very thick, and formed by two laminae of the peritoneum, by a
thick intermediate stratum of cellular tissue, and by air-vessels.
The ventral sac receives in its cavity aU the abdominal intestines
— intestinal tractus, liver, ovaria ; and we have here the remarkable
fact of an air-hladder not onJi/ oaupylnc/ the dor.sal part of the abdo-
minal cavity, but coveriny all its interior surface by a system of air-
ai4
scraiNiD^.
vessels. This ventral sac lies free round the intestines, and is fixed
by a peritoneal fold along the medial line of the abdomen.
The way in which the peritoneum forms the base of the dorsal and
ventral system of air-vessels is the following, and will be illustrated
by the accompanying schematic sketch, giving a view of a cut, made
on the level of the posterior third
of the stomach.
We may distinguish a parietal
and a visceral part of the perito-
neum, each being separated into
two lamlnce, an external and an
internaL
1 . Peritoneum parietale.
a. The external lamina (epp)
merely covers the inside of the ab-
dominal cavity and the kidneys,
which are situated outside the
peritoneal sac ; it is shining sil-
very, soft, and very easily torn ;
in the median line of the ventral
side it turns inside, forming a fold
of stronger structure, by which
the ventral sac of the system of
air-vessels is fixed, and which passes,
b, into the internal lamina of the peritoneum parietale (ip p). This
part of the peritoneum has, Uke all the following, the stinicture and
firmness of a common serous membrane. It forms the outer part
of the ventral and dorsal sacs, being uninterrupted, and nowhere
pierced by aii'-vessels.
2. Peritoneum viscerale.
a. The lamina interna (ip v) covers all the abdominal intestines,
stomach (s), liver (I), &c., fixing them to one another by folds, as usual,
and surrounding the air-bla"dder on all sides. Now, enveloping each of
the appendages, and following them to their first bifurcation, it passes,
b, into the lamina externa of the peritoneum viscerale (ep v) :
one part forms the inner side of the ventral sac, the other that of the
dorsal. Thus the visceral peritoneum is pierced by as many lioles as
there arc appendages of the air-bladder. Where the immediate con-
nexion between the visceral and the parietal peritoneum is, 1 could not
find ; but the principal point which I wish to show is, that both
the ventral and dorsal sacs are formed by a lamina of the visceral
and by another of the parietal peritoneum. The air-vessels are im-
bedded between these laminae — the dorsal vessels (d v) as well as the
ventral (v v) — in a stratum of cellular tissue, which on the dorsal side
is so thick, that it might be taken for a part of the air-bladder itself,
whilst in fact the small vessels only are in immediate contact with
the airrbladder. The ventral sac shows the same structure, but the
stratum of cellular tissue is thinner. Whilst the dorsal sac is situated
immediately on the back of the air-bladder, the ventral receives the
intestines in its cavity.
Skeleton. — Owing to the bad condition of the skeleton, it is impos-
11. COLLICHTHTS. 315
sible to give a full description of it. Many bones are so thin, that they
are more Hke membranes ; and great portions of them, as for instance
of the frontal bones forming the roof of the skull, are reaUy replaced
by membranes. As in all true Scicenidce, the body of the skull is fur-
nished by a superstructure of bony plates and bars, which, arranged
with architectonic symmetry, support the skin which covers the
whole, and form deep and regular cavities. I need not describe the
single cavities in this species, as they are very similar to those of
Collkhthys pama, figured by Cuvier*. The intermaxillary is elon-
gate, lanceolate, without any prominent posterior process ; the max-
illary has a round open space, not ossified in its posterior half. The
vomer is situated more posteriorly than in those fishes which have
this bone armed with teeth ; it does not project into the cavity of
the mouth, but is excavated, — a form, which, for systematical ar-
rangement, is much more important than the absence or presence of
vomerine teeth : a vomer with this structure is never armed with
teeth. The palatine bones are thin, short and broad, and have a
very delicate free margin. . The lower part of the brain-capsule is
remarkably large and globular.
There are eleven abdominal and eighteen caudal vertebrae, the
length of the former portion of the column being to that of the latter
as 1 : 1-75. The third vertebra is furnished interiorly with a pair of
porous processes, forming together a broad knob, to which the air-
bladder is fixed. The interhaemal for the anal spines is slender,
feeble, and suspended at the haemal of the twelfth vertebra.
2. Collichthys biaurita.
Utolithus biauritus, Cantor, Cutul. Malay. Fislies, p. 57 ; Bleek. Act.
Soc. Sc. Lulo-Nederl. iii. Borneo, p. 3.
I 27-32 7
The height of the body is 65 in the total length, the length of the
head 4^-4-i- ; the diameter of the eye is only one-eighth of the length
of the head. The upper jaw convex, overlapping the lower ; in both
the jaws are larger teeth in the outer row, but canine-like teeth are
distinct in the upper only. Opercular region with two skinny lobes,
the lower of which envelopes the two bony points of the opercle. The
posterior limb of the prajopercixlum very indistinctly crenulated.
Caudal very elongate and pointed, with the middle rays very broad •
the second anal spine scarcely one-half the length of the ti^st ray.
Coloration uniform ; in adult specimens a deep-black spot in the
axil, in younger ones a bluish-black spot on the upper half of the
operculum.
Seas of Chusan, Pinangj Malayan Peninsula, Singapore, and
Borneo ; Tenasserim coast.
a, h. Two large spccunens : stuffbd : not good state. From the Col-
lection of the Zoological Society.
* Cuv. 4" Vol. V. pi. HO. figs. -^ & 4,
316 sci^ariD^.
c. AdiUt: stuiFed.
d. Three feet long : stuffed. Sea of Pinang.
e. Three feet long : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr, E. Blyth's Col-
lection.
/. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
g^ h. Young : skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
3. Collichthys pama.
Bola pama, JBuch. Sam. Gmitj. Fishes, pp. 79, 368. pi. 32. f. 26.
Scisena pama, Guv. 8f Val. v. p. 55. pi. 101 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen.
XXV. p. 92.
I>- 10 1 7^^. A. 4. L. lat. 70. Vert. 24. Csec. pylor. 9.
I 40-43 7
The height of the body is 5-5^ in the total length, the length of
the head 4|— 4| ; the diameter of the eye is one-eighth of the latter,
or one-half the length of the snout ; the upper maxillary reaches to
behind the posterior margin of the orbit. CaudaHs elongate, pointed.
Operndar region with two skinny lobes.
Bay of Bengal, entering rivers.
a. Adult. Calcutta. Presented by G. R. Watcrhouse, Esq.
h. Half-grown. Calcutta. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed : not good state. Bay of Bengal. From the Col-
lection of the Zoological Society.
d, e. Adult : stuffed. India.
f-h. Young, India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
i. Adult : stuffed : not good state. East Indies. From the Col-
lection of the East India Company.
12. NEBRIS.
Nebris, Cuv. 8f Val. v. p. 149.
Body oblong ; muzzle with the lower jaw prominent ; eye small.
Two dorsals, the first with eight feeble spines ; the anal with two
thin spines. All the teeth villiform. Praeoperculum with a scaleless,
striated membrane behind. Scales small. Air-bladder with two
very long horns. Pseudobranchiae ? *
Surinam.
1. Nebris microps.
Cuv. 8f Vol. v. p. 149. pi. 112.
D. 8 I ^. A. |-. L. lat. 85. L. ti-ansv. 30.
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the
head four times ; the diameter of the eye is one-tenth of the latter.
The snout is obtuse, not very short, with the lower jaw projecting
* We may infer, from the other Scianidce which arc tlie closest allied to Nebris,
that the ))seudobranchiai? are absent.
13. LONCHURUS. 317
beyond the upper ; the upper maxillary reaches to the posterior
margin of the orbit. All the teeth viUiform. Praeoperciilum with
a scalelcss, flexible membrane behind, striated and minutely denti-
culated. Fins partly covered with thin scales ; the anal spine feeble ;
caudalis pointed. Coloration uniform. (Cuv.)
Surinam.
13. LONCHURUS.
Loncliurus, sp., JBloch, Schneid. p. 102.
Lonchuriis, Vuv. S,- Val. v. p. 192.
Body elongate ; muzzle obtuse, with the upper jaw overlapping
the lower ; eye small ; mandibula with two barbels. Two dorsals,
the first with ten or eleven feeble spines, the anal with two ; the
pectoral and caudal fins very elongate. Scales moderate. Pseudo-
branchiae none ; air-bladder with several long horns ; pyloric append-
ages in small niimber.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
1. Lonchurus lanceolatus.
Perca lanceolata, Block in Nov. Act. Soc. Sc. Copenh. iii. p. 383.
Lonchurus baibatus, HI. tab. 360 ; Bl. Schn. p. 102 ; Cuv. ^ Val. v.
p. 193.
D. III3I. A.|. L. lat. 70.
The pectoral fin elongate, reaching far behind the vent ; caudal
very long and pointed ; ventral elongate. {Bl.)
Surinam.
The descriptions given by the authors above referred to appear to
me to have been made from a mutilated specimen of the fish, which
in my opinion is the Lonchurus depressus of Schneider.
2. Lonchurus depressus.
Block, Schneid. p. 102.
D. 10 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^. Csec. pylor. 4.
Vert. 10/19.
The upper ray of the pectoral fin very elongate, filiform, and
reaching nearly to the root of the caudal fin; caudal elongate and ter-
minating in a point ; the first ray of tne ventral elongate, filiform,
and reaching to the root of the anal fin. Fins blackish ; pectoral and
caudal fins black.
a. Adult. West Indies.
6. Adult. West Indies.
c. Adult female : skeleton. West Indies.
d. Half-grown. West Indies.
Pseudobranchiae none. The form of the air-bladder is very pecu-
liar : we may distinguish in it a body and five horns. The body is short.
318 SCI^NID^.
heart-shuped, and occupies a place beneath the third and fourth
vertebrae only ; its point is continued into the middle honi, which in
a fish 9 inches long has a diameter of only half a line near its origin ;
it runs along the vertebral line of the abdominal cavity, and tapering
to a fine point, terminates at the posterior extremity of the ab-
domen. Each of the anterior parts of the heart-shaped body is
divided into two horns, the posterior of which is turned backwards,
long, and forms a tube similar to the median, biit with the lumen
only half as wide ; it nans along the side of the latter, in a parallel
direction, and terminates in a fine point before reaching the extre-
mity of the abdomen. The anterior horn is very short, directed for-
wards and outwards, and nearly as thick as the median.
The body of the air*- bladder is attached to the fourth vertebra,
and the nearest parts of the abdomen, by such a firm and dense
cellular tissue, of a white colour, that it can scarcely be distinguished
from the membrane of the air-bladder. At some distance from the
vertebra it becomes gradually thinner, and is lost in the parietal part
of the peritoneum. The membrane of the air-bladder itself is firm,
thick, and of a shining white colour, except in the anterior notch of
the heart-shaped body, opposite a process arising from the thii'd
vertebra. This process forms an arched plate, open at its posterior
side, which is directed towards the notch of the air.-bladder ; at the
side which is directed towards the belly, it is covered by a thick white
membrane, forming a sort of cupola, but with the hinder side open.
This ciipola fits exactly into the notch of the air-bladder, which is
here closed by a very thin membrane only. There is a string round
the cupola from one anterior horn to the other, to fasten the air-
bladder to the process.
The skeleton is not in a good state of preservation. The foUowijig
peculiarities may be observed : — The upper surface of the skull is
rather flat on its posterior half, the occipital crest not extending on
the crown. The muciferous cavities are well developed, but not very
deep ; there is a large elongate central cavity, and six or seven pairs
of smaller ones besides. The orbit is smaller than in any of the
preceding fishes ; the infraorbital arch is broad, and produced back-
wards towards the angle of the prffioperculum. The anterior half of
the maxillary bone is styliform, the posterior very broad : the inter-
maxillary resembles the maxillary, but is shorter and much more
slender ; its posterior processes are unusually broad, as in Micro-
pogon. The Vomer is concave, tapering posteriorly. The glossohyal
styliform.
There are ten abdominal and nineteen caudal veriehra>, the length
of the foiTucr portion of the column being to that of the caudal "s
1 : 2-8.
No molar teeth on the pharyngeal bones ; several scarcely longer
teeth in the outer series of the maxillary bone.
POLYNEMID^. 319
Fam. 13. FOLYNEMID^.
Pei'coidci, pt., Cur. Jih/tie Anim. and Ckv. H,- VaJ. Hist. Nat. dcs Poiss.
iii. p. 302 ; 3Iii/Irr, Bert. Ahhandl 1844, p. 201.
Poh'iiemidse, pt., Richards.
Body compressed and oblong, covered with scales, feebly ciliated
or without serratiu'c. Lateral line continuous, continued on the tail.
Mouth at the lower side of the snout, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral,
large. Seven branchiostegals ; psoudoljranchia?. Villifonn teeth in
the jaws and on the palate. Two separate dorsals, — the second, the
caudal, and the anal fin more or less covered* with minute scales.
Several JiJiform a^^pcndages hehw the pectoyrd fin, entirchj free and
articulated. Ventrals thoracic, Avith one spine and five rajs. The
bones of the head with the muciferous system well developed. Air-
bladder varying in form and structure, and sometimes wanting.
Tropical regions of the Atlantic ; East Indian Seas, to the Pacific.
EnterLus: rivers.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Vomerine teeth ; the anal equals the soft dorsal 1 . Polynemus.
The anal much longer tliau the soft dorsal 2. Pentanemus
No vomerine teeth ; the anal equals the soft dorsal 3. Galeoides
1. POLYNEMUS*.
PoljTiemus, L. S;/st. Nat. i. p. 521.
Polynemus, sp., Cm: 8f Vul. iii. p. 362.
Two separate dorsals, the first with seven or eight spines ; all the
spines feeble ; the soft dorsal and the anal fin nearly equal. In both
jaws, on the vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones, bands of villi-
fonn teeth. Prteoperculum serrated. Scales moderate or rather
small. Pyloric appendages Sometimes in immense number. Air-
bladder of variable sti-ucture and size, if present.
East Indian Seas and South Sea. Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
Entering rivers.
* 1. Polynemus microstoma, BkcJccr, Celeb, i. p. 217.— Sea of Bulucomba.
2. diagrammicus, Bleekcr, Perc. p. GO.— Batavia.
320 I'OLYNEMID.1!.
1. Polynemus multifilis.
Polynemus multifilis, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 29, and Bydrage
tot de dicrktinde, 1851, p. 12, cimi tab.
quatuordecimfilis, Pel, Bydrage tot ae dierkunde, 1851, p. i).
polydactylus, Blecker, Borneo, vi. p. 417.
D. 7-8 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 100.
Fourteen pectoral appendages, the upper of which are more than
twice the length of the body.
Rivers and South coast of Borneo.
2. Polynemus octonemus.
Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 167.
Eight free pectoral appendages, the tij) of the longest of which
extends beyond the origin of the anal fin. (Gir.)
Texas.
3. Polynemus paradiseus.
Edwards, Av. p. 208. t. 208; ItusseU,^ ii. f. 185.
Polynemus paradiseus, L. Sysi. Nat. i. p. 1401 [not Block j.
Polynemus, no. 398, Gronoii. Zoophyl.
risua, aureus ?, toposui ?*, Biich. Ham. Gang. Fishes, p. 228.
longifilis, Cue. ^ Val. iii. p. 365, vii. p. 512 ; Bleeker, Borneo, ii.
p. 268, and Borneo, vi. p. 418.
D. 7 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 67. L. transv. 6/14. Caec. pylor. 10.
Vert. 10/15.
Seven free pectoral appendages, the upper of which are exceedingly
long, much longer than the body. The length of the upper raax-
illaiy is 2^ in that of the head. Ventrals yeUow.
East Indian Seas, entering rivers.
a. Adult. India.
6. Adult. India.
c. Adult female. India.
d-g. Half-grown. India. From the Haslar Collection.
h-Tc. Half- grown. India. Presented by G. II. Waterhouse, Esq.
I. Half-grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit.
m. Half-grown : stuffed : bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection
of the East India Company.
n. Half-grown. Ganges. Presented by the Zoological Society.
0. Half-grown. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
p. Fine specimen. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
q. Adult : stuffed : bad state.
Air-bladder none.
1. POI.YNEMUS. 321
4. Polynemus macronemus.
Bleeker, Borneo, vi. p. 419.
D. 8 U. A. ^. L. lat. 65.
I 10 12
Seven free pectoral appendages, the upper of whicli arc much
longer than the body. The length of the upper maxillary is 1 1-2 in
that of the head. Ventrals black.
Coasts and rivers of Borneo.
5. Polynemus melanochir.
? Polynemus melanochir, Cm\ ^- Val. vii. p. 513.
Polynemus melanochir, Bleeker, Pei-c. p. 60.
D. 8 U. A. ^. L. lat. 35-40.
I 12 14
Seven pectoral appendages, reaching to the caudal. Fins ^vith
blackish dots ; the spinous dorsal and the pectorals blackish. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
6. Polynemus heptadactylus.
Chv. ^ Val. iii. p. 390 : Bleeker; Perc. p. 00 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 34.
D. 7 I -L. A. ^. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 5/12. Ca^c. pylor. 4.
Seven pectoral appendages of moderate length. The distance be-
tween the root of the ventral and the origin of the anal is equal to,
or rather more than, that between the posterior nostril and the bony
point of the operculum. Pectorals black.
East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
h. Young : very bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
d. Half-grown. Kurrachee. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit.
e. Half- grown. Moluccas. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
Air-bladder none.
7. Polynemus plumieri.
Marcgrave, p. 176.
PohTiemus paradiseus, Blorh, taf. 402 ; Bl. Schn. p. 18.
Polydactylua plumieri, Laeep. v. pi. 14. f. 3.
Polynemus americanus, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 393.
T). 8 U. A. -^. L. lat. 57-60. L. transv. 6/10.
I 12 12-13 '
Cjbc. pylor. ca 13. Vert. 10/14.
Seven pectoral appendages of moderate length. The distance be-
tween the root of the ventral and the origin of the anal is less than
that between the posterior nostril and the bonj^ point of the oper-
VOL. II. Y
322 POLYNEMID^,
ciilum. The villiform tcetn of the palatine and pterygoid bones form
a broad band. Pectoral black.
Caribbean Sea.
a. Adult. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection,
b. Adult male : skeleton. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Col-
lection.
c. Half-grown. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
d-i. Adult and half-grown: sldns. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamcll's
Collection.
l\ Young. West Indies.
I, m. Half-grown. South America. From Mr. Brandt's Collection.
n. Adult. Sine patria. From the Haslar Collection.
Air-bladder simple.
Skeleton. — The bones of the skull are thin and frail, with the
system of the muciferous channels moderately developed. There are
five crests on the upper surface of the crown : the occipital crest, not
extending beyond the occipital bone, triangular and moderately ele-
vated ; the lateral pair, diverging from the middle of the interorbital
space towards the interior process of the suprascapula ; the outer pair,
running from the posterior angle of the orbit towards the exterior
process of the suprascapula. The anterior part of the principal
frontal bones is provided with several openings, leading into mu-
ciferous channels in the interior of the bones. The infraorbital ring
contains scarcely any ossifications. The maxillary is styliforra in
its basal half, and gradually widens posteriorly ; the intermaxillary
is as long as the maxillary, slender, styliform, with a narrow band
of minute teeth, and with the posterior processes ascending in an
oblique outward direction. The mandibula is feeble, with a wide
cleft between the dentary and articulary bones. The head of the
vomer is slightly swollen, toothed. The prajoperciilum is narrow,
with a short inferior limb, and with the muciferous channel rudi-
mentary ; it is armed with a small flat spine at the angle, and vnth.
a distinct serrature along its posterior margin. The operculum, is
triangular, with a slight ridge on its inner sui-face.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertehrce ; their apo-
pnyses are feeble ; the first interneural of each of the dorsal fins is
slightly compressed.
8. Polynemus oligodon.
D. 8 I -. A. 4- L- lilt. 70. L. transv. 7/14.
I 13 16
Seven pectoral appendages of moderate length. The distance be-
tween the root of the ventral and the origin of the anal is less than
that between the posterior nostril and the point of the operculum.
The \-illiform teeth of the palatine and pterj-goid bones form a narrow
band. Pectoral and top of the first dorsal black.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
«. Adult. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
b. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParncU's Collection.
1. I'oLYNiaius. 32;>
Description. — This is a third species of American PuJijnchiuhv, owe
of which only was helicved to occur in the tropieal parts of the
Athxntio. It is generically different from Pentanemvs quinquariva,
and may be readily distinguished from Polynemus jilumieri by th(^
greater number of anal rays and by the narrow bands of the teeth on
the palate.
The fish is moderately elongate ; its greatest height is between
the second dorsal and the anal, and one-fourth of the total length ;
the tail is compressed and rather elevated, its height, above the end
of the anal, being 7| in the total length. The head is much longer
than high ; its length is 4| in the total ; its width between the eyes
is nearly one-fourth of its length. The snout is produced, obtusely
conical, and as long as the diameter of the eye, which is -1| in the
length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is situated at the infcrioi'
side of the head, as usual ; it is wide, the upper maxillary reaching
far behind the orbit, and its length being 2^ in that of the head.
The posterior margin of the pra^operculum is armed with a fine
scrrature, and with a distinct spine above the angle, which forms a
produced, rounded, membranaceous lobe. The posterior extremity
of the opercular apparatus is mem])ranaceous, rounded, and formed
by the operculum and subopcrculum .
The origin of the ^Ynidorscd is in the vertical from the ninth ,'«;ilr
of the lateral line, or from the middle of the interspace between the
root of the pectoral and ventral fins. The first s]une is minute ; the
second is the strongest, all the others being fiexible ; the third is the
longest, I5 in the length of the head ; the fourth is longer than th(>
second, and the following rapidly decrease in length. A series of
small scales ascends behind each spine nearly to the top. The di-
stance between the two dorsals equals the length of the base of tlic
second, which is entirely covered with scales, and has the upper edge
emarginate ; the first and second rays are the longest, rather higher
than the spinous dorsal, and more than three times as long as the
posterior rays. The distance between this fin and the caudal is Sj
in the total length. The caudal fin is entirely covered with scales,
deeply forked, with the lobes pointed, the upper of A\'hich is ratlier
longer, and 3^ in the total length. The distance between the caudal
andemaZ fins is rather less than that between the caudal and dorsal, as
the extremity of the anal falls behind that of the dorsal, and in the
vertical from the 52nd scale of the latei-al line. Its origin corre-
sponds to that of the dorsal ; it is entirely covered with scales, and
has the lower edge emarginate; the first two spines are very small ; the
third is nearly one-half the length of the first ray; the first and second
rays are the longest, and three times as long as the fourteenth. The
length of the pectoral is one-sixth of the total ; its basal half is
covered with minute transparent scales. The free pectoral appendages
aix rather feeble, and the uppermost is the longest, reaching nearly to
the tip of the pectoral. The root of the ventral falls l)ehind the mid-
dle of the pectoral, in a vertical from the 1 2th scale of the latei'al line ;
it is short, one-eighth of the total length, and reacliessliglilly beyond
the vent : its s])ine is about oue-li:di' the length of Ili<' adj.iccnt vi\y
324
POLYNEMID^.
The scales are rather small, scarcely higher than long, and have
the posterior margin minutely ciliated. The lateral line is straight,
and bifurcates at the root of the tail, each branch tei-minating at
some distance from the median line of the caudal fin.
The teeth are minute and villiform ; those of the vomer form a
narrow transverse band ; the band on the palatine bones is narrow,
cuneiform.
The body is uniform silvery, with shining streaks along the longi-
tudinal series of scales. The fins are more or less minutely dotted
with black, the spinous dorsal and the pectoral fins becoming blackish
towards their margin ; the margins of the anal and ventral fins are
white.
inches, lines.
Total length 7 7
Height of the body 1 10
Length of the head 1 7
Height of the tail (above the end of the anal) 1 0
Diameter of the eye 0 4^
Distance between the eyes 0 5
between the dorsal and caudal fins 1 5
Length of the maxillarj' 0 8
of the second dorsal spine 1 0
of the third dorsal spine 1 2|
of the second dorsal ray 1 4
of the twelfth dorsal ray 0 5
of the upper caudal lobe 2 2
of the second anal ray 1 3
of the pectoral 1 3
ot the ventral 0 11
of a scale 0 1^
Height of a scale 0 2
9. Polynemus multiradiatus.
D. 8 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 58.
Seven free pectoral appendages of moderate length. Praeopcrculum
minutely serrated, without conspicuous spine above the angle. Snout
short. The lateral line forked, from the root of the caudal. Caudal
forked. The spinous dorsal blackish ; the other vertical fins sparingly,
the pectoral densely dotted with black.
Chinese Sea.
a. Stuffed. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
The characters given above appear to be fully sufficient to distin-
guish this species from any other at present knowTi ; but I refrain
from giving a full description, as the specimen is not in very good
condition, some parts being deformed by stuffing. The longest pec-
toral appendage reaches nearly to the origin of the anal. The spe-
cimen is 8 inches long.
1. rOLTNEMUS. , 325
10. Polynemus hexanemus.
Cuv. S)- Val. iii. p. 389 ; ? Sleeker, Perc. p. 59 ; Cantor, Catal p. 83.
I 12 U
Six pectoral appendages, some of Avhich reach to the caudal fin.
The length of the caudal lobes is more than one-.third of the total.
{Cuv. 4-'^ Cant.)
East Indian Seas.
a. Skin of a young specimen. Malayan Peninsula. From ])r.
Cantor's Collection.
11. Polsmemus xanthonemus.
Pohiiemus xanthonemus, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 517 ; Iiicha?-(ls. Ichth.
Cliiii. p. 219.
y PolTOemus approximans, Lay (^- Benn. in Beech. Voy. Zirul. Fishes,
p. 57.
D. 8 ^. A. ^. Caec. pylor. 12.
Six pectoral appendages, reaching beyond the tip of the vcntrala.
The length of the caudal lobes is one-fifth of the total. Coloration
unifonn ; fins edged with black. {Val.)
Coast of Coromandel.
Air-bladder none.
12. Poljrnemus sexfilis.
• Cuv. fy Val vii. p. 515.
1). 8 I -. A. -.
I 13 12
Six pectoral appendages. The margins of the dorsal and anal fins
emarginate. No black spot on the shoulder ; tii)s of the dorsal and
pectoral fins black. ( Val )
lie de Prance.
Air-bladder none ; pyloric appendages in great number.
13. Polynemus knru.
Bleeker, TeDiate, ii. p. 600.
D. 8 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 60.
Six pectoral appendages, the uppermost of which reaches to tht
vent. Pra^opercuium with a small spine above the angle. The
second dorsal and the anal emarginate ; the upper caudal lobe 3^ in
the total length. Yellowish, with about eighteen brown longitudinal
stripes. {Bl.)
Sea of Tcrnate.
Air-bladder largo.
;<2() , I'oLVNKXlili.i:.
14. Polynemiis sextarius.
liloch, Si/st. p. 18. t. 4 ; Cuv. ^- Vol. iii. p. .'388. vii. p. TyU ; lilcekvi;
Perc. p. 59 ; Cant. Catal p. 82.
I^-^lliV^- '^-Ti^- [L-lat.45?5?../..]
Six pectoral appendages, reaching to, or slightly beyond the tij)
of the ventral ; lobes of the caudal one-fifth of the total length. A
black spot on the shoulder : pectorals sometimes black.
East Indian Seas.
Air-bladder excessively small, pointed at both extremities, of the
shape and size of a grain of oats.
a. Young: skin: not good state. Malayan I'eninsula. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection,
15. Polynemus pfeifFerae.
lileeker. Sunuitrii, ii. p. 249.
D. 8U. A.^. ].. lat. 48.
Six pectoral appendages, some of which reach to the anal. The
height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of the head
five times; the length of the u])per maxillary is 1| in that of the
head. Pra^opcrculum vnih. a small spine above the angle. The length
of the caudal lobes is J3| in the total. Fins yellow, minutely dotted
with black ; the black colour predominant on the pectoral, ventral,
anal and caudal fins. (BL)
Sea of Priaman (Sumatra ).
Air-l)ladder largo.
IG. Polynemus iiidicus.
Rttsacl/, t. 184.
Polynemus indicus, Shaiv, Zool. v. pt. i. p. loo ; Bleeker, Java, p. 427 ;
Cuiit. Cutal. p. 29.
fsele, Buck. Ham. Ganij. Fish. pp. 226. 381 ; M'Clrll. Journ. A.s.
iSoc.viii. 1839, p. 203 cum tab.', and Cafe. Jonrti. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 450,
iii. pp. 179, 181. pi. G ; Cant. Pruc. Zool. Sac. vii. 1839, p. 115.
uronenms, Cuv. df Vol. iii. p. 385 ; lilnkcr, Pcrc. p. 58.
ploteu.s, plebojus, liueatus, ct gelatiiiosiis, M'ClcU. Culc. Journ.
Nat. Hist. ii. p. 450, iii. p. 179, &c.
1). 8i —. A. ~. L. lat. Go. L. transv. 7/13.
Five pectojal appendages, some of which reach beyond the tip of
the ventral ; caudal lobes sometimes ])roduced into filaments ; the
third dorsal spine filamentous. The distance between the root of
the ventrals an.
Three pectoral appendages of moderate length.
Sea of Batavia.
2. PENTANEMUS.
Peutanemus, Artedi in Sebce TJiesaui , iii. p. 74.
Vertical fins partly naked. Two separate dorsals, the first with
eight spines ; all the spines feeble : the anal much h)nger than the
soft dorsal In both jaws, on the palatine and pterygoid bones,
bands of villiform teeth ; none on the vomer. Scales moderate,
ciliated. Pra^operculum entire. Pyloric appendages in moderate
number. Air-bladder present.
West coast of Africa ; Caribbean Sea.
Strange as it may appear, this genus and species may be consi-
dered as a new discovery, although they represent the first Poli/-
tiemidce known. Artedi, Seba, Gronow, and Linne were acquainted
with the fish : the first founded the genus Peutanemus (afterwards
altered into Polynemus) on it, the second gave a very good figtire, the
third an excellent description, and Liniie introduced it into the
system Avith the other species then knoA\ai ; but all this was consi-
dered of little value by Cuvier, who doubted their accuracy, and
tlu)ught the fish to be merely a defoi'med representation of Poh/nemus
paradlseus. liennctt first again recognized the original fish of Artedi,
whilst Pel, superficially, only consulted the literature and desciibed
the si)ecies as new. The centre of its habitat nmst be considered to be
the African part of the Atlantic, although it appears to range as far
as the West Indies, lilce many other fishes. All the naturalists
alcove mentioned correctly state the Atlantic as its native sea.
2. i>p;ntanemus. 'A3\
1. Pentanemus quinquarius.
IVntaneinus, Artedi, I. c. pi. 27. f. 2.
Polynemus, Groiinv. Mus. Ichthyol. i. no. 74. p. 31.
quinquarius, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 521; Gronov. Si/st. ed. (rntij, p. 17(5
artedii, Bcnn. Proc. Zool. Soc. i. p. 14(j.
macrouemus, Pel, Bydrage tot de dierk. 1851, p. 9.
D. 8|-. A. 4. L. lat. 7.3. L. transv. 6/17. Ca3c. pylor. 7?
Vert. 9/15.
Five free pectoral appendages, twice as long as the body.
West coas^ of Africa ; Caribbean feca.
a. Adult. River Niger. From Mr. Fiuser's Collection.
b. Adult. Ashantee.
c. Adult. Africa.
(/. Adult female: skeleton. Africa. Presented by the Zoological
Society.
e. Adult. Africa. Presented by the Zoological Society.
/, g. Half-grown. Africa. From the Haslar tlollection.
h, i. Half- grown. Africa
I:. Half-grown. Africa.
/. Half- grown. Cuba. Pi-esented by the Zoological Society.
I found the stomach filled with small entomostraca.
Skeleton. — The system of the mucifcrous channels of the bones of
the skull is well developed, the channels themselves being very open,
and. closed by bony plates at a few parts only. The upper surface
of the skull is provided mth three lopgitudinal channels, a median
one and one on each side, running from the turbinal bone, which is
short, triangular, and hoUow, above the orbit and the temjioral
region to the scapula ; all the three channels show a series of
large open foramina. The occi])ital crest and another lateral one
are moderately elevated and very thin, whilst the entire outer crest
is transformed into a part of the lateral channel. The cleft of
the mouth Ijcing very wide, the jaw-bones are relatively much
elongate : the maxillary is styliform in its basal third, and gradually
widens in its other two thirds ; the intermaxillary is as long as the
maxillary, slender, styhfonn, with a very narrow band of minute
teeth and with the posterior processes very short. The mandibula
is feeble, toothed like the intermaxillary, and with a wide cleft
between the dentary and articidary bones. The head of the vomer
has anteriorly two prominent ridges, meeting at a rather obtuse
angle, behind which is a deep groove ; it is perfectly toothless, like
the palatine bone, which is very short, one-fourth only of the length
of the pterygoid. The prscoperciilum is narrow, scmihinatc, with a
very distinct mucifcrous channel ; the operculum ti-iangular, with a
slight ridge on its inner surface. The basal portion of th(> brain-
tapside is slightly swollen on each side of thobasisplienoid. showing a
triangular im]n-ession be l ween the two swellings. Tin; glossohyal
is small, sfylilbrm, \hv ceratohyal olongalc. T/ir snuj) /xi/oraJ
a/>j>ciiilar/(s an jantr'f la iJh jiosli nor ii"iri/ui of flu i-ai/ms, wbirli is
332 POLTNEMID.^
rather wide, and fastcncxl by a broad suture to a process of the hu-
merus ; the tsvo processes of each of the humeral bones are firmly
attached to each other. The two pubic bones do not leave a free
space between them, and each is formed of three lamella), the in-
terior of which is the broadest.
There arc nine abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrrp, the lenp;th
of the former portion of the A'crtebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 2. All the neural, haemal, interneural and interhtcmal
spines are verj^ feeble, except the first interneural of each of the dor-
sal fins, which is transformed into a rather broad bony plate.
3. GALEOIDES.
Polynemus, sp., Block, Schneider, Cur. 8f J^al.
Two separate dorsals, the first with eight spines ; all the spines
feeble : the soft dorsal and the anal nearly equal. In both jaws, and
on the i)alutine bones, bands of villiform teeth ; none on the vomer
or pterygoids. -Praioperculum serrated. Scales moderate. [Air-
bladder simple, large.]
West coast of Africa.
1. Galeoides Polydactylies.
Polynemus polydactylus, Vahl in Skrir. Nattirh. Sclsk. iv. p. 158;
Bl. Schn. p. 19.
dekadactylus, Block, taf. 401 ; Bl. Schn. p. 19 ; Cuv. ^- Val. iii. p. 892.
enneadactylus, Cue. 4* Val. iii. p. 392, vii. p. 518.
D. 8 1 3^. A. l^. L. lat. 47-48. L. transv. 5/9. Vert. 10/14.
Nine or ten pectoral appendages of inconsiderable length.
Western coasts of Africa.
Air-bladder veiy large.
* Specimens with nine appendages.
a. Adidt. Africa.
b. Adult: bad state. Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult : skeleton. Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
d. e. Half-grown : very bad state. Africa. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
** Specimen with ten appendages.
/. Adult, River Niger. From Mr. Frascr's Collection.
Skeleton. — The system of the muciferous channels of the bones of
the skull is moderately developed, those on the upper surface of the
skull being the widest. Each frontal bone has two tubes, slightly
divergent, and radiating from the anterior extremity of the suju-a-
occipital ; there is an o[)en groove in the middle. The crests arc
moderately elevated, the outer one forming merely a promint^nt ridge.
The cleft of the moiith is not very wid(\ niid therefore" tho jn\v-))ones
3. GALEOIDES. 333
are much less elongate than in Pentanemus : the maxillary is styli-
form, and widens very slightly at its posterior extremity ; the inter-
maxillary is very feeble, with a slight posterior prominence and
with stout processes, and, Hke the mandibula, it is furnished with a
narrow villiform band of teeth ; the mandibula has a cleft between
the articulary and dentary bones. The vomer is perfectly toothless ;
its head has anteriorly two ridges, meeting at a rather obtuse angle,
behind which is a shallow groove. The length of the palatine bone
is about one-third of the pterygoid ; its outer margin is armed with
a narrow band of viUiform teeth. The bottom of the orbit is nearly
entirely bony. The praeoperculum is rather narrow, nearly straight
in a vertical direction, without a distinct inferior limb ; its inner ridge
is very low, not prominent, the muciferous channel rudimentary, and
the free margin striated, the striae terminating in a fine serrature.
The operculum is triangular, with a slight ridge on its inner surface;
the suboperculum is at least twice as large as the interoperculum,
and very finely striated. The basal portion of the brain-capsule is
neither swoUen nor compressed, and the basisphenoid shows only
some pores. The glossohyal is small, styliform ; the ceratohyal
moderately elongate. The pectoral appendages are joined to the
lower extremity of the radius, which is not particularly w^'d^ ; the
openings between the radius and humerus are rather smaU. The
two pubic bones do not leave a free space between them, and each
is formed by three lamellae, the upper of which is very narrow.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebra;, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1*6. All the neural, haemal, intemeural and interhaemal
spines are feeble, except the first interneural of each of the dorsal
fins, which is transformed into a bony plate, and the first interhaemal,
which has a slight anterior ridge.
;t.'M hi'iivk.i:niii !•;
Faui. II. SPHYILKNIl) K.
I'lircdidt'i, pi,., Ciir. lui/iir .iiiini.\ Cur. t\ In/. Hist. Nnf. dr.s I'oitis.
iii. u. 'Mh; Mitll. Kr'rl. Ahhnmtl. IHIl, p. L'OI.
Ponrulm, ))(., Oircii, Lrrl.oii Coiiipdi: Aiuit. p. '!'.>.
Splivrn'iioitli'i, .tt/iiss. luc/icrc/irs t'oiss. Fonh. v. J). 08.
Spliyn»'iiitlu% ISIcckir, Jlj/driit/f to/ iit(\ Hiibcyliiidfical, ('(tvrl'cd vvilli himiiII cycloid Ncalcs ;
liitdiul \\\w coiilimioiiH. (M(^(l oC jlio nioiilli wide, iiniicd willi hIioii^
tooth. Kyci liit(»nil, of iiiodcridc hJ/c. Seven bnincliio.slc^ids ;
psoudobnincliiu) mid iiir-bliuldcr present. 'I'wo doiMid liu.s, reniole
from ouch othor ; uind niiniliir to the w^cond doiHid ; mntra/K n/xlo-
viiiKtf, coin]»OHed of oik* spine nnd live niyH.
(!iirnivoii>nH li.shes, inhiiliitiri}^- the H(>ii.s oI' tli<' teinpeiate nnd tin-
pieid i'e;j;ionH. One {<»*iuim only.
1. SPHYRiENA*.
Spliyiwna, .//•('(■(//, ^V"""- P- "-; ''"''• /»''V"' •/'"'/"■ ; <'i\cal and temi)ciate seas.
I . Sphyraona vulgaris.
S0Ooaiwi, Jri.s/dt. ix. cap. 2; ./•;//((//, i. cap. .'5.".; .t//irii. vii. ; Op/iiiui,
lib. i. ii. i"v iii.
Siiilis, I'/iii. .\x.\ii. Clip. II ; Sa/rian. p. (ii).
Sphyiwiia, lioui/c/. \iii. cap. 1; (itsiirt; \>. HHL> ; Wit/iKih/nj, p. LT-"? ;
Jr/nli, Si/non. p. I 12.
Sphvneiia .s". Siulis, iS,i/riiiii.\h 70; .i/i/ror. i. cup. 21. p. 102; Ji»is/i»i,
lib. i. tit. 2. cup. I. art. l<». lab. |H. f. I ; h'ln/. \h HI.
Esox Hpiivriemi, //. (tin. \>. 1;?H1).
SplivniMui .spbyneiia, HI. laf. ;5Hi); /)'/. Sr/ui. y. 100; /x'isso, Lhth.
NIci; p. ;>.'{2"; M.
.^pot, Ldct^p. v. pp. ;{2(!, .'V28; lioiuip. Fmni. ltd/. /V.sc;', cum (1^,
(juv.).
becuna, Ldtrp. v. pp. .'527. ;!20. yl it. f. •". : ( 'dr. \ I 'dt. in. [.. :! 10.
vii. p. r>07 (pavl.V
« I. SpbyrivMin obinonwis, Ifichan/s. Irhth. Chin. \\ 2001.- Chinese Sen
•J. iiinnirt, Kiipp. Nciif U'ir/i>/t/r l''i!. !tS, Red Sen.
1. spnYR^:NA. ,S35
Esox becuna, Shaw, Zoul. v. p. 112.
Sphyraena vulgaris, C'uv. ^ Veil. iii. p. 327 ; Cuv. Rhjne Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 18. fig. 1.
vind((nsis, Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 3.39.
guachancho, Ouv. ^ Val. iii. p. 342.
borealis, Dekai/, Netc York Fatma, Fishes, p. 39. pi. GO. f. 19G.
D. 5 I -i. A. -J-. L. lat. 150. L. transv. 25-30. Vert. 24.
The height of the body is nine or ten times in the total length,
the length of the head '6^ ; the diameter of the eye is one-eighth of
the length of the head. Operculum with a single point, lower jaw
with a long fleshy appendage anteriorly. The length of tlic pectoral
is one-twelfth of the total, and nearly equal to that of the ventrals ;
the spine of tlic latter is not much shorter than the rays. The
origin of the first dorsal is far behind the extremity of the pectorals,
and somewhat before th3 vertical from the root of the ventrals, in
the middle of the length of the fiiSh, the caudal not includ(;d. The
interspace between the two dorsals is equal to one-sixth of the total
length. Above uniform greenish lead-coloured, beneath silvc^ry ;
the colour of the back sometimes emits cross-bars intersecting tlie
lateral line. Young individuals brown -spotted.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic.
a. Large specimen. Europe. Presented by the Zoological Society.
h. Large specimen. ^Europe.
c, d. Adult. Europe. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Adult. Europe. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adult. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe. — =:S][>hij-
Tcuna viridensis.
g. Half-grown. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
2. Sphyraena novae Hollandiae.
D. 5 I j-. A. -j^. L. lat. 135.
The height of the body is nearly one-eleventh of the total length,
the length of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-
seventh of the latter. Operculum rounded post(!riorly. The length
of the pectoral is one-twelfth of the total and more than that of the
ventral ; the spine of the latter is not much shoi'ter than the rays.
The origin of the first dorsal is behind the vertical from the root of
the ventral, before the middle of the length of the fish, the caudal
not included. The interspace between the two dorsals is equal to
one-fourth of the total length. Colour above greenish, beneath
silvery.
Coast of New Holland.
a. Skin. Hobson's Bay, Port Phillip. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lection.
This species is very slender, the greatest height in the middle of
its body being one-eleventh of the total length. Tlie snout is vcsry
produced, one-half the length of the head ; the maxillary terminates
336 SPHYR^NID.E.
at a considerable distance from the eye. There are two pairs of fangs
in the upper jaw, the posterior being the strongest ; the anterior
part of the palatines is armed with five strong teeth ; the teeth in
the mandibula are widely set, very feeble anteriorly, and becoming
gradually stronger in the middle of the jaw. The limbs of the prae-
operculum meet at an obtuse angle. The pectoral is rather short,
one-twelfth of the total length, and not extending on to the ventral.
The first dorsal commences behind the vertical from the root of the
ventral ; the second is nearer to the caudal than to the spinous dor-
sal ; the anal is opposite to the second dorsal.
inches, lines.
Total length 10 0
Height of the body 1 (J
Length of the head 4 0
Diameter of the eye 0 7
Length of the pectoral 1 4
Distance between the two dorsals 4 0
3. SphyraBna picuda.
Picuda, Parra, p. 90. lam. 35. f. 2.
Bt5cmie, Rochefort, Hist, des Ant. p. 181. f. 5.
Parricoota, Dampier, Voy. Campcachy Bay, p. 71.
Barracuda, Shane, Ilist. Nat. Jamaic. ii. p. 185. pi. 347. f. 3 ; Catesby,
ii. pi. 1. f. 1.
Sphyi-fena picuda, Bl. Schn. p. 110. t. 29. f. 1.
Esox barracuda, S/iaw, Zool. v. p. 105.
SphjTaen a barracuda, Cuv. SfVal. iii. p. 343. pi. 66; Owen, Catal. p. 53 j
Agass. Rech. Poiss. Foss. v. pi. F. p. 94.
B. 5 ||. A. J. L. lat. 83. L. transv. 9/15. Vert. 12/12.
The height of the body is contained more than seven times in the
total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is
one-eighth of the length of the head. Lower jaw with a fleshy
appendage of moderate length, and mth sixteen to twenty teotli.
The length of the pectoral fins is one-eleventh of the total ; the first
dorsal and the ventral fins commence on the level of the point of the
poctoraLs, far before the middle of the body ; the interspace between
the two dorsals is equal to one-fifth of the total length. Above uni-
form greenish lead-coloured, beneath silvery ; sometimes with several
large brownish-black blotches on the side.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
a. Adult. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
b. Young. S. Domingo. From Mr. Cuming's Ct)llcction.
c. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of ]\[r. Brandt.
d. Very large specimen : skin. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
e-g. Adult, half-grown, and young : sldns. Jamaica. From Dr.
Parncll's Collection.
h. Young : bad state. W. Indies. Purchased of Mr, Scrivener.
T. Adult. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
1. SPHYR^NA. 337
4. Sphyraena jello.
Tellow, Russell, pi. 174.
Sphyrjena jello, Cuv. ^ Val. vi. p. 349; JBManr/er, Voy. Zool. p. 340.
pi. 1. f. 'l (not good) ; Rdppill, N. Wirb. Fische, p. 98 ; Bleekcr,
Perc. p. 56; Cantor, Catal. Tp, 24; Sleeker, Batjan, p. 369, and
Sphyrcen. p. 12.
D. 5 1 1. A. I L. lat. 125. L. transv. 35. Vert. 12/12.
The height of the body is contained nine times in the total length,
the length of the head 3|-4 ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of
the latLor. Operculum with two points. Lower jaw with a fleshy
appendage in front, of moderate length. The first dorsal fin and the
ventrals commence on the level of the extremity of the pectorals.
Above greenish lead-coloured, forming on the upper part of the sides
a festooned band, with eight bars intersecting the lateral line ; be-
neath silvery ; fins yellowish.
lied Sea ; Cape of Good Hope ; Bay of Bengal ; Beas of Pinang,
Java, and Amboyna.
a. Young. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection,
h. Young : bad state. China. Presented by Captain Sir E.
Belcher, C.B.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. lleeves. Esq.
d. Half-grown : stuffed. Presented by the East India Company.
e. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's CoUection. .
/, g. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East
India Company.
h. Young: skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
J. Adult: stuffed.
5. Sphyraena forsteri.
Cuv. fy Val. iii. p. 353, vii. p. 509 ; Bleeher, Java, ii. p. 424, and Sphy-
rcen. p. 13.
D. 5 I i.. A. -i. L. lat. 110. L. transv. 30.
The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length, the length
of the head nearly one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is 4| or five
times in the latter. The upper maxillary bone reaches to the an-
terior edge of the orbit. Operculum with a single flexible point.
Lower jaw with a conical tubercle in front, and with about 19
stronger posterior teeth. The length of the pectorrl fins is about
one-eleventh of the total, and more than that of the ventrals. The
root of the ventral fuis falls below the posterior half of the pectorals.
The first dorsal fin commences just above the extremity of the
pectoral, but behind the root of the ventral. Above uniform green-
ish, beneath silvery ; the dorsal and caudal fins violet, the others
yellowish.
Seas of Batavia, Calcutta, New Guinea, and Otaheite.
n. Adult: stuff"od. Calcutta. Presontod by E. Blyth, Kscj.
VOL. n. >'
338 SPHYR.ENID.E.
0. Sphyraena japonica.
Cuv. Sf Val. iii. p. 354 ; Faun. Japon. p. So ; lileeker, Niettwe Nalcz.
Ichthyol. Japan, p. 67. taf. 3. f. 2.
D. si-l-. A. 9-10. L. lat. 110.
The height of the body is 8i-9 in the total length, the length of
the head 3|— 3| ; the diameter of the eye is 5|-5| in the latter. The
upper maxillary reaches to, or nearly to the anterior margin of the
eye. Pra:operciilum with a rounded angle. The origin of the first
dorsal and of the ventrals falls behind the extremity of the pectorals.
Above bluish-green, beneath silvery; fins yello\\dsh, transparent;
caudal darker-edged behind.
Sea of Japan.
7. Sphyraena argentea.
Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. PJn/ad. 1854, p. 144, and U. S. Pacif\
R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 39. pi. 14.
D. 5 I i. A. 10.
The length of the head is a little more than the fourth part of the
total. The upper maxillary bone is far from reaching the level of
the eye ; opercles scaly . The first dorsal commences at some distance
behind the extremity of the pectoral, and somewhat before the ver-
tical from the root of the ventral. Above bluish-black, beneath
silvery; lateral lino black ; fins yellowish. (Grirard.)
San Diego (California).
8. Sphyraena commersonii.
Renard, Pom. i t. 40. f. 202 ; Vale/dipt, Lid. iii. p. 3G9. f. 70.
SpIijToena commersonii, Cuv. 6|- Val. iii.'p. 352 ; Blceker, Perc, p. 55,
Java, p. 425, and Sphyraii. p. 15.
D. 5 1|. A. i-. L. lat. 80-90.
The height of the body is 8|-9] in the total length, the length of
the head 3#-4 ; the diameter of the eye is about one-fifth of the
length of the head ; the posterior end of the maxillary bone reaches
to tlie anterior edge of the orbit. Operculum with a single flexible
point. Lower jaAV with a conical tubercle in front, and about 15 to
1 8 longer posterior teeth. The length of the pectoral fins is one-tenth
or onc-clevcnth of the total, and more than that of the ventrals. The
first dorsal fin commences just a])ove the point of the i)Cctorals, but
])ehind the insertion of the ventrals. Above uniform bluish-green,
beneath silvery ; dorsal, caudal and anal fins \-iolet.
Javanese Sea ; Molucca Sea. Hindostan.
!». Sphyraena nigripinnis.
S(/di'(/. Fdini. .hipiiit. p. 34. pi. 13. f. 1.
D.6|i. A.I.
The lu'ight of the body is contained eight times in llic total length,
1. SPHYRiENA, 389
the length of the head 4|. Eye small ; its diameter forms about one-
ninth of the length of the head. Operculum with a single feeble
point ; praeopcrculvmi rounded. Lower jaw with an obtuse conical
prominence in front. The length of the pectoral fins is only one-
eleventh of the total, and rather more than that of the ventrals.
The fij'st dorsal commences just above the point of the pectoral, but
a little behind the root of the ventrals. The interspace between the
two dorsals is equal to one-fourth of the total length. Above bluish-
green, beneath silvery ; all the fins black. (Schler/.)
Japanese Sea.
a. Young : stuffed : bad state.
10. Sphyrsena dussumieri.
Ciw. ^ Vul. vii. p. 508.
D. 5 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 95. L. transv. 10/16.
The height of the body is contained 7^ in the total length, the
length of the head 3|^. Operculum with two points ; praeoperculum
rounded. Lower jaw with a short fleshy appendage, and with about
22 teeth on each side. The first dorsal and the ventral fins commence
on the level of the extremity of the pectorals, far before the middle of
the body. The interspace between the two dorsals is 4| in the total
length. Above blaclcish-blue, beneath silvery ; dorsal, anal and
caudal fins black, with white tips.
Indian Ocean ; He de France. ,
a. Large specimen: stuflfed. Indian Ocean. Presented by T. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
11. Sphyraena obtusata.
Renard, Poiss. i. 40, 202 ; Valentyn, Ind. iii. p. 369. uo. 70.
? Sphyrfena chinensis, Lamp. v. p. 321. t. 10. f. 2.
Sphyrsena obtusata, Cuv. Sf Vol. vi. p. 360 ; Blecker, Perc. p. 56, Sphy-
rcen. p. 17, and Batjan, p. 364 ; Cant. Catal. p. 24 ; Faun. Japan,
p. 33. pi. 13. f. 2 (bad).
D. 5 I -i-. A. -i-. L. lat. 90.
The height of the body is contained seven or eight times in the
total length, the length of the head 3^ ; the diameter of the eye is
more than one-fifth of the length of the head. Opercles scaly.
Lower jaw without or with a very slight fleshy appendage in front.
The first dorsal and the ventral fins commence in the vertical from
the extremity of the pectorals. Pra)operculum not rounded, with
the angle slightly produced. Above uniform greenish lead- coloured,
beneath silvery ; fins yellowish.
Red Sea ; He de France ; Bay of Bengal ; Indian Ocean ; Molucca
Sea ; Port Jackson.
a, h. Adult. Australia. Presented by J. MacgilHvray, Esq.
c. Adult : skin. Port Jackson, New South Wales.
z2
340 SPHTR.ENIDJE.
d. Adult. Amboyna.
e. Half-grown. Amboyna. From the Collection of Madame Ida
Pfeiifer.
/. Half-grown: sldn. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
g. Young : bad state. India. From the Haslar Collection.
12. SphyrsBiia langsar.
Bleeker, Batjan, i. p. 367, and S^hyran. p. 19.
D. 5|g^^. A. 10-11. L. lat. 80.
The height of the body is contained nine times in the total length,
the length of the head 3|— 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth
of the latter ; the snout is nearly twice as long as the eye. Oper-
culum without spine ; praeoperciilum obliquely emarginate, with an
acute membranaceous angle. The upper maxillaiy bone does not
reach to the level of the eye ; lower jaw with a conical poiut, but
without appendage. The first dorsal fin commences just above the
extremity of the pectoral, but behind the root of the ventrals. The
distance between the first and second dorsalB is twice the length of
the latter. Above uniform greenish, beneath silvery ; fins scarcely
coloured. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia and Batjan.
13. Sphyraenq, brachygnathus.
Bleaker, Batjan, p. 368, and Sphyrtsn. p. 21.
D. 5 I -^. A. 10-11. L. lat. 85.
The height of the body is 9^ or 10 in the total length, the length
of the head 3|-3| ; the diameter of the eye is 4i in the latter ; the
snout is more than twice the diameter of the eye. Operculum without
spine ; praeoperculum obliquely emarginate, with an acute membra-
naceous angle. The upper maxillary bone does not reach to the level
of the' eye; lower jaw with a conical point, but without appendage.
The first dorsal fin commences behind the extremity of the pectoral ;
the distance between the first and second dorsals is more than twice
the length of the latter. Above greenish, beneath silvery ; fins
yellowish, caudal edged with darker. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia and Batjan.
14. SphyrsBna flavicauda.
Eilppell, N. W. Fmhe, p. 100. taf. 25. f. 3.
D. 5 I -^. A. 11. L. transv. 18-20.
The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head 3| ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of
the latter. Opercles scaleless ; praeoperculum rectangular. Lower
1. SPHYR^NA. 341
jaw with a short conical prominence in front. The first dorsal fin
commences just above the extremity of the pectoral, but beliind the
root of the ventrals. The interspace between the two dorsals is nearly
one-sixth of the total length. Above greenish, beneath silvery ;
lateral line brown, a brownish-yellow longitudinal streak beneath ;
fins scarcely coloured. {Rilpp.)
Red Sea.
15. Sphyraena agam.
Esox sphyraena, Forsk. p. 16.
Sphyraena agam, Riippdl, N. W. Fische, p. 99. taf. 25. f. 2.
D. 5 ||. A. 9. L. transv. 22.
The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head 3|. Eye rather small. Praeoperculum
rounded. The first dorsal commences just above the extremity of
the pectoral fin, but behind the root of the ventral. CaudaHs with
three notches. Above dark greenish, beneath silvery ; all the ver-
tical fins blackish, with whitish tips. (Riipp.)
Ked Sea.
342 TllICUIUKID^E.
Fam. 15. TRICHIURID^.
Scomberoidei, pt., Cuv., Midi., Owen.
Body elongate and compressod, naked or Mith minute scales ; eye
lateral ; cleft of the mouth wide, with several strong- teeth in the
jaws or on the palate. The spinous and the soft portions of the
dorsal and the anal elongate and many-rayed ; tail sometimes with
Unlets ; ventrals thoracic, sometimes rudimcntaiy or entirely absent.
No prominent papilla near the vent. Gill-opening wide ; seven
(eight) branchiostegals ; pseudobranchise ; an air-bladder ; pyloric
appendages in increased number. The abdominal and caudal portions
of the vertebral column composed of numerous vcrtebra\
Inhabitants of the seas between the tropics, extending on to those
of the temi')erate regions.
The structure of the head and of the dentition in these fishes
much resembles that of the Sphurcenidcp, whilst they approach the
Blenniidce in the structure of the vertical fins.
Synopsis of the Genera.
Ventrals none ; a dae;ger-shaped spine behind the vent 1 . ApirANorus.
Ventrals none or rudimentary ; caudal distinct ; a single
dorsal 2. Lepidopus.
Tail tapering, without distinct caudal 3. Trichiuuus.
Ventrals well developed ; finlets none 4. Epinnula.
Ventrals reduced to a single spine ; finlets none 5. Dichotus.
Two to six finlets ; palatine teeth G. Thvrsitks.
Six finlets ; no teeth on the palate 7. GKMPYLits.
1. APHANOPUS.
Aphanopus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18;3y, p. 79.
Body very elongate, band-like; cleft of the mouth very wide.
Two very long dorsals along all the back ; caudal well developed ;
no trace of ventrals ; anal spines numerous, very feeble ; a strong
dagger-shaped spine behind the vent. Scales none. Strong teeth
in the jaws, none on the palate. Extremity of the tail strongly de-
pressed. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder present. Byloric
appendages in moderate number.
Sea of Madeii'a.
1. APIIAKOPI'S. 1343
1. Aphanopus carbo.
Lowe, I. c.
D. 37-39 I 54. A. 45. Cooc. pylor. (i. Vert. 43/57.
Uniform black.
Sea of Madeira.
a. Tkirty-ninc inches lung. Madeira, rresentcd l)y the Ilev. K.
T. Lowe.
h. Skeleton of a large male specimen. Madeira. Presented by the
Rev. 11. T. Lowe.
The structure of the air-bladder cannot clearly be made out, owing
to the state of the internal parts. The membranes are very thick,
though soft, and the red glandular masses in the interior are well
developed. It emits a narrow conical process, anteiiorly and pos-
teriorly. The testicles are separate from each other. The perito-
neum, entirely black, is full of a Nematoid.
Skeleton. — The structure of the skull greatly resembles that of
Sphyrcena, but the bones are still more elongate, especially those
forming the portion before the orbit. The upper surface of the skull
is flat, \vith several longitudinal grooves and ridges ; the width of
the interorbital space is rather less than the vertical diameter of the
orbit. The crown of the head is provided with" a very feeble occi-
pital ridge, and with three others on each side, of moderate height.
The basal portion of the brain-capsule is neither rounded nor com-
pressed ; and the anterior part of the basisphenoid is very narrow,
styUform. The principal frontals diverge anteriorly to receive the
ethmoid, which is very narrow and elongate, and forms a part of the
upper surface of the skull. The prffifroutals are distinctly separated
from the principal frontal bones, and form the anterior portion of
the orbit. The vomer is hammer-like, and entirely destitute of
teeth ; the palatine bones are very long, straight, situated vertically.
The maxillary is well developed, and terminates in a broader portion,
to which the intermaxillary is joined. The latter projects con-
siderably beyond the snout, and is armed with a series of very strong,
flat, lancet-shaped teeth, which are inserted between the exterior
and interior lamellae of the bone : there is a long tooth at its fore-
most extremity ; then follow a pair of still longer ones ; ten teeth,
half the size of the longest, occupy the remainder of the bone ; they
are widely set ; and there is an immature tooth in every one of the
interspaces, destined to replace, at a futiu'e period, those which are
in function. The teeth of the mandibula are similar, fourteen in
number, but there are no longer fangs. The mandibula is long and
solid, with the free space between the dentary and articular bones
very narrow, and with a rudimentary muciferous channel at the
lower side.
The tm-binal bone is short. There is only one infraorbital bone —
the praeorbital; it is suspended on the prsefrontal, and has a flat
process in the middle of its length, which is directed forwards,
and covers only a small portion of the snout. The praeoperciduni
is subcrescentic, with a low ridge along its posterior limb, an
344 TRICHlUBlDiE.
widens into a flat lamella behind the ridge. The operculum is com-
paratively small, and tapers posteriorly to a very thin, fringed flap ;
the margin of the suboperculum is also fringed ; the interoperculum
oblong.
The glossohyal and the other bones of the branchial apparatus
are very elongate, the branchiostegals feeble and very slender.
The humeral arch is very simple, and the bones by which it is
formed are narrow and slender. The humeral is styhform, rib-like ;
the carpal bones are very small.
There are forty-three abdominal and fifty-seven caudal vertehroe,
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to
that of the caudal as 1 : 1"06. The vertebra? are of moderate length ;
the fourteenth vertebra to the thirty-first have a small curved pro-
cess at both extremities, in the median lino of the abdominal side.
The ribs are very feeble, without pleurapophyses. An interneural
and interhsemal spine correspond to each neural and haemal ; all are
slender and of moderate height.
2. LEPIDOPUS.
Lepidopus, Gmian, Hist. Poiss. p. 185 ; C'uv. Sr Val. viii. p. 218.
Body very elongate, band-like ; cleft of the mouth wide. One
single dorsal along the whole back ; caudal well developed. Ventrals
reduced to a pair of scales ; anal spines numerous, but minute, or
hidden beneath the skin. Scales none. Several strong teeth in the
jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones. No keel on the tail. Eight bran-
chiostegals. Air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages in increased
number.
Mediterranean. Eastern parts of the Atlantic.
1. Lepidopus candatus.
The Scabbard-fish.
? Serpent mariu, Leffuat, Voyage, ii. p. 40.
Lepidopus, Gonan, I.e. pi. l! f. 4 ; Boudich, Exe. p. 10. f. 1.
Trichiuriis candatus, JEuphrasen, Stockh. K. Vet. Acad. Nya Hand/.
1788, ix. p. 52. tab. 9. f. 2.
Lepidopus gouani, Bl. Schn. p. 239. tab. 53. f. 2 (very bad) ; Eisso,
Icfifh. Nice, p. 151, and Eur. Mcrid. iii. p. 290.
Triehiurua gladius, Holten, Kjobenh. Skrivt. Af. Nat. Selsk. v. p. 23.
tab. 2. f. 1.
ensiformis, VandelU.
VandeUius lusitanicus, Shaw, Zool, iv. p. 199.
Lepidopus lusitanicus, Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. p. 7. pi. 62.
Ziphotheca tetradens, Montagu, IVern. Mem. i. p. 82. tab. 2 & 3, ii.
p. 432.
Lepidopus peronii, Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 148. pi. 5. f. 18.
argenteus, Nat-do, Giurn. di Fis. Puv. vii. p. 227.
argyrous, Ouv. Begne Anim. ; Cm: Sf Val. viii. p. 223. pi. 223 ;
YarreJI, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 198; Lotve, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 181?
Gnichen. E.rph)r. Algir. Poiss. p. 59.
2. LEPiDOPus. 345
Lepidopus caudatus, IVJiite, Catal. Brit. Fishes, p. 32.
Skeleton : Agass. Recherch. Poiss. Foss. v. pi. 1).
D. 102-104. A. 24-25, Csec. pylor. 23. Vert. 41/71.
The height of the body is log in the total length ; the caudal
deeply forked. Anal spines in great number — minute, if visible.
Uniform silvery.
Mediterranean. Eastern shores of the Atlantic, from the Cape of
Good Hope to the south coast of England.
0. Fifty inches long : stuffed. English coast.
b. Young. English coast. From Montagu's Collection.
c. Adult. South Europe. Presented by R. B. Webb, Esq.
d. Adult. Atlantic.
e. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
/. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
g. Sixty-four inches long : stuffed.
h. Fifty-six inches long : stuffed.
i. Five feet long : skeleton.
Tc. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
1, m. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The skeleton of this species is very similar to that of
iphanopus, from which it differs in the following points : —
Two ridges running along the interorbital space converge pos-
teriorly and form an acute prominence at their meeting angle, where,
externally, the elevation of the neck is visible ; they are not continued
into an occipital crest.
There are two crests on each side of the occiput, converging an-
teriorly and forming a single crest.
The head of the vomer forms a semicircular plaie, slightly exca-
vated and entirely smooth. The margin of the palatine bone is pro-
vided with a series of minute teeth.
The middle part of the maxillary is much broader than its extre-
mity, whUst in Aphanopus the latter is the broader. The two long
teeth at the foremost extremity of the intermaxillary, which we
have described in Aphanoptis, are absent in this species, whilst the
two other pairs, situated further backwards, are the same ; the re-
mainder of the jaw is occupied by a series of about twenty much
smaller teeth. The mandibula has a fang in front, and about twenty
smaller ones on the side.
The praeoperculum is quite smooth, without ridge ; the operculum
is quadrangiilar, and has, like the.suboperculum, the posterior margin
fringed.
The epicoracoid is long and rib-like ; the ulna is distinguished by
its considerable width and by a rounded inferior margin. The pubic
bones are reduced to a styliforra bone.
There are forty-one abdominal and seventy-one* caudal vertebree,
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that
of the latter as 1:1-3. Several of the interneural spines are swollen
* Cuviei* says, p. 229, " II a cent onze vertebres, dont qiiarante-une abdominales
ct soi Xante caudales."
346 TEICHIURID-E.
to a globular bony mass, and arc probably diseased. None of the
vertebrae have the processes on the abdominal surface observed in
Aphanopus.
3. TRICHIUIIUS.
Trichiurus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 429 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Vol.
viii. p. 235.
Body very elongate, band-like ; tail tapering to a point ; cleft of
the mouth wide. One single dorsal along the whole back ; caudal
none ; ventrals reduced to a pair of scales, or entirely absent; ,anal
spines numerous, but minute, or hidden beneath the skin. Scales
none. Strong teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones, none
on the vomer. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder present. Py-
loric appendages in increased number.
Seas between the tropics, extending on to the temperate regions.
1. TricMurus lepturus.
The Hair-tail.
Seba, 33. 1.
Lepturus, Artedi, Spec. p. Ill ; L. Mm. Ad. Fried, i. p. 76. pi. 26. f. 2.
Tsichiurus lepturus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 429 ; Hoy, Linn. I'rans. xi,
p. 210; ?Bl. t. 158; Bl. Schn. p. 517; Cnv. Sf Val. viii. p. 237;
Yarrell, British Fishes, i. p. 204; Storer, Bost. Journ. iv. p. 181 ;
Casteln. Anitn. nouv. ou rares Am^r. Sud, p. 24 ; iJekay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 109. pi. 12. f. 35 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Rajnon de la
Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 105.
Gymnogaster, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 7. p. 53 ; Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 17 ;
Brown, Jamaica, p. 444. tab. 45. f. 4.
Enchelyopus, Klein, Miss. iv. p. 52. pi. 12. f. 7.
TrichiUrua argenteua, Sliato, Zool. iv. p. 90. pi. 12 ; Mitch. Trans. Lit.
Sf Phil. Sac. Netv York, i. p. 364.
D. 135. Cjec. pylor. 24. Vert. 39/120.
The diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the snout,
and equals the interorbital space, which Is flat. The lateral line de-
scends behind the pectca'al towards the belly in a strongly oblique
direction. No trace of ventral fins. Silveiy.
Atlantic.
a. Fine specimen. South America.
b-d. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
e. Adult : bad state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
/. Adult : skin, Jamaica. From Dr. Purncll's Collection.
g-k. Adult and half-grown : skins.
I, m. Half- grown. Old Collection.
n. Adult male : skeleton.
0. Intestines of specimen n.
Skeleton. — Cuvier mentions, as a remarkable peculiarity of the
skull of tliis species, that the occipital and parietal bones are conso-
lidated into a large, thick mass asit/ird as stone. This is not the case
in the skeleton which serves for the present description ; but I imii^inc
that the skull of Cuvicr's specimen shows a similar disease of the
3. TIUCHHTKUS. 347
bones to that we have observed in several of the neural and inter-
neural spines of LepidopvbS caudatus. The structure of the skull is
extremely similar to that in Aplianopus and Lepidopxis, but differs
from the latter in the following points : —
The two ridges on the interorbital space, which converge poste-
riorly and form an acute prominence in the middle of the crown of
the head, begin above the anterior part of the orbit, and meet at
an angle of about 30°.
The palatines are provided with a narrow band of villiform teeth.
The intermaxillai-y bones are armed with two pairs of strong fangs, the
anterior of which is situated at the foremost extremity of the bones ;
the lateral series are formed by about fifteen teeth in each of the jaws.
The praeorbital is membranaceous, striated, covering nearly the
whole space between the orbit and the jaw-bones. The operculum
and suboperculum have the posterior margin provided vdth long
flexible fringes.
The abdominal portion of the vertebral column is formed by thirty-
nine, the caudal by about one hundred and twenty vertebrae*. The
posterior vertebra3 can scarcely be distinguished from one another.
The ribs are excessively frail, filiform ; the haemal and neural spines
are slender, and an interhsemal and interneural correspond to every
one of them.
2. Tricliiurus savala.
Trichiurus savala, Cuv. Recinc Anim. ; Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 251. pi. 224;
Cant. Ann. SfMag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 15, and Catal. p. 115 ; Cuv. Rl'cjnc.
Anim. Ml. Poiss. pi. 68 ; Blcek. Makr. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. p. 41
armatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 9, and ///. Incl. Zuol. pi. f. 1 ;
Richards. Ichth. CJiina, p. 268.
D. 112-130.
The height of the body is 13 to 16 times in the total length, the
length of the head 6^ to 1\ ; the diameter of the eye is 3| in the
length of the snout, and equals the width of the interorbital space,
which is quite flat.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. — Type of
Trichiurus (unnatus.
Adult. China.
c. Adult: skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
d. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
3. Tricliiurus japonicus.
Trichiurus lepturus japonicus, Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 102. pi. 54.
japonicus, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 98.
D. 139.
The height of the body is 10 times in the total length, the length
* Cuvicr states sixf v Tertcbra; for the abdominal portion, and one hundred for
(lie caudal.
348 TEicHitjRiD-a;.
of the head 8|^ ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the length of the
snout. Silvery.
Sea of Japan.
4. TricMums mnticas.
Trichiurus muticus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 10 j Grif. Anim. Kingd.
Fishes, p. 349. pi. 6. f. 2.
intermedius, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 10 ; Richards. Ichth. CHina,
p. 268.
D. 150*.
The diameter of the eye is one-third the length of the snout, and
equals the interorbital space, which is convex. The lateral line
scarcely descends towards the belly, and runs anteriorly along the
middle of the body. Ventral fins indicated hy a pair of very small
scales.
Sea of China.
a, h. Half-grown. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
c. Fine specimen. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. China.
e. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. — Type of the
species.
/. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. — Named Tri-
chiurus acutirostris.
^.Half-grown. Chusan. Presented by the Hon. East India Com-
pany.
h. Adult. (Atlantic?)
i. Adult. From the Haslar Hospital.
k. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Hospital.
l-n. Half-grown : very bad state. From the Haslar Hospital.
0. Adult : not good state.
5. Trichiiirus haumela.
Willughhy, App. pi. 3. f. 3.
Clupea haumela, Forsk. p. 72 ; L. Gm. p. 1408.
Trichiurus lepturus, Lacep. ii. pi. 7. f. 1 (not Cuv.).
Russell, pi. 41.
Trichiurus haumela, lil. Schn. p. 518 ; Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 249 ; Ruj)p.
N. W. Fische, p. 41 ; Cant. Catal. p. 113 ; Bleek. Makr. Vcrh. Bat.
Gen. xxiv. p. 41.
D. 127-133.
The height of the body is 15 to 17 times in the total length, the
length of tlie head 6 to 7 times ; the diameter of the eye is 2^ in the
length of the snout. Silvery : back blackish.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a. Adult : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
b. Half- grown : not good state. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
* The rays on the extremity of the tail are scart'cly perceptible, but they are
included in the above number.
5. DiOROTxrs. 349
6. Trichiurus lajor.
Bleeker, Celebes, v. p. 248.
D. 128.
The height of the body is 16 times in the total length, the length
of the head 8 times ; the length of the snout is not quite twice the
diameter of the eye. Silvery. (BJeek.)
Sea of Manado.
4. EPINNULA.
Epinnula, Poey, Memor. Cub. p. 369.
Body rather elongate ; cleft of the mouth wide. The first dorsal
continuous, A\dth the spines of moderate strength, and extending on
to the second ; spuxious fins none ; ventrals weU developed. Scales
minute ; lateral lines two. Teeth of the jaws strong ; on the palatine
bones none. No keel on the tail. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder
present. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Caribbean Sea.
1. Epinnula magistralis.
Poei/, I. c. tab. 32. f. 3, 4.
D. 15 I ^. A.^. V. 1/5. Cffic. pylor. 10.
Ventral fins situated behind the pectorals. The upper maxillary
reaches to below the middle of the eye. Coloration uniform. {Poey.)
Havannah.
5. DICROTUS*.
Body rather elongate, compressed ; cleft of the mouth wide. The
first dorsal continuous, with the spines of moderate strength, and
extending on to the second ; finlets none. Ventral reduced to a long
crenulated spine. Praeoperculum with several spines at the angle.
Body naked. Several strong canines in the jaws ; minute teeth on
the vomer and the palatine bones. No keel on the tail. Seven
branchiostegals. Pseudobranchiae.
Hah. ?
1. Dicrotus annatus.
D. 18 I 18. A.^. V. 1.
The height of the body is 6 1 in the total length, the length of the
head 3i. The maxiUary reaches to below the anterior margin of the
eye ; praeoperculum with two spines at the angle ; operculum termi-
nating in two obtuse points, separated by a notch. The dorsal spines
are of moderate strength, and tubercular ; the second to the fifth
are the longest, and as high as the body ; the posterior ones gradually
decrease in length ; caudal forked ; anal spines short ; pectoral of
* SiKpoTOi, with two oars.
^50 TRICUIUUIDiE.
moderate length. Each ventral spine is inserted in advance of the
pectoral ; it is tubercular, very long, its length being equal to the
height of the bodj\ The vent is situated far backwards, aiul its distance
froTv the head is more than the length of the latter. Scales apparently
none ; lateral line bent downwards anteriorly. Uniform silvery.
a. The specimen is only 21 inches long, and apparently young ;
therefore several of the characters mentioned may be modified
in a mature state.
6. THYRSITES.
Thyrsites, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 19G.
Body rather elongate ; cleft of the mouth wide. The first dorsal con-
tinuous, with the spines of moderate strength, and extending on to the
second. Two to six spurious fins behind the dorsal and anal. The
greater portion of the body naked. Several strong teeth in the jaws ;
teeth on thepalatine bones. No keel on the tail. Seven branchiostegals.
Air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Seas between the tropics. Mediterranean.
1. Thyrsites atun.
Scomber atun, Euphrasen, Vctensk. Acad. Nya Handl. xii. Slockh. 1791,
p. 315.
Acinacee batarde, Bory St. Vine. Voy. i. pi. 4. f. 2.
Thvrsites atun, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p 190. pi. 219; Ciw. Rf'gne Ayiitn.
ill. Poiss. pi. 49. f. 1.
altivelis, Richards. Proc. Zool. Sac. 1839, p. 99.
? Thyrsites chilensis, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 204 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool.
ii. p. 22G.
D. 20 I ^ I YI. A. ^ I VI. Vert. 37.
Ventral with one spine and five rays. The height of the body is
contained eight times in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The lateral line descends abruptly below the pos-
terior part of the spinous dorsal. Coloration uniform.
Coasts of South Africa and Van Diemen's Land [and of Chile ?].
a. Thirty-five inches long : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope.
b. Adult : has been in chloride of zinc. Van Diemen's Land. From
the Haslar Collection. — Type of Thyrsites altlvelis, Kichards.,
which is said (I. c.) to differ from Th. atun " radiis corpus alti-
tudine a^quantibus." I find the longest ray considerably lower
than the body. I cannot find also seven spu)ious fins, as stated
by Sir J. Richardson, but six only.
2. Thyrsites lepidopoides.
Cuv. Sf Val viii. p. 205. y\. 220 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 158.
pi. 15 ; Gay, Hist. Chit. Zool. ii. p. 228."
D. nUlv A.fllV.
I 14 I 15 I
Ventral with oiu' spine and five rays. Th<> hoiglit of the body is
f). THYRSTTKS. 351
one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth.
The lateral line nearly straight. Coloration uniform.
Coast of Brazil.
3. Thyrsites pretiosus.
Ruvettus pretiosus, Cocco, Giorn. Sc. Lett. Sicil. xlii. p. 21, and Nuov.
Giorn. Lett. Pisa, fasc. Ixxiii. p. 32 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci,
cum tab.
Tetragonurus (?) simplex, Lotve, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1833,. p. 143.
Aplurus simplex, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 180.
Rovetus temminckii, Cantr. Joiirn. Acad. Sc. et Belles-Lettres de Brux.
18.35, X. pi. 1.
Thyi'sites acanthoderma, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 78.
Rovettus temminckii, Valenc* in Webb ^- Berthel. Poiss. p. 52. pi. 2.
Thyrsites scholaris, Poey, Memor. Cuba, p. 372. t. 32. f. 1, 2.
D. 14-15 I 16-18 I II. A. 16-18 | II. V. 1/5. C»c. pylor. 14.
Lateral line none. Skin with many bony dermal productions, each
terminating in several spines. Abdomen keeled. The height of the
body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-
foui'th. Uniform purplish -brown or violet-black.
Mediterranean ; Seas of Madeira and of the Canary Islands ;
Caribbean Sea.
a. Fifty-four inches long: stuffed. Fi'om the Collection of the
Zoological Society.
h. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
c. Adult : stuffed. Mediterranean. From the Senckenberg Museum.
I am well aware of the slight differences, which, from the accounts
quoted, would appear to exist between the fishes from the west and
east of the Atlantic, but I have fully convinced myself that they are
merely accidental in the individuals.
4. Thyrsites prometheus.
? Gempylus prometheus, Ciiv. 8f Val. viii. p. 213. pi. 222.
Prometheus atlanticus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 181, and Pi'oc.
Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 78.
Gempylus prometlieus, Webb 8f Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 51.
pi. lit.
D. 18 I 21 I II (III.). A. 16 I II. (III.).
The ventral is reduced to a small spine, and placed a Httle before
the pectoral. The height of the body is eight times in the total
length, the length of the head 4|. The lateral line descends in a
* " Ayant appris par M. Cantraine qu'il avait le projet de faire cette dedicace
a ce savant, je me suis fait un vrai plaisir de donner aussi a M. Temminck cette
nouvelle preuve de moii amitie en conservant ce nom sptcifique a ce poisson, ne
regardant pas la publication anterieure comme assez repandue pour faire autorite
sur cette matiere." — Va/cncicvvcs, I.e.
t Tliis figure differs from that of Cav. 8f Val. in representing a fish with a
relatively shorter head, and with two spurious fins above and beneath ; it agrees
better with our specimen.
352 TKICHIURID^.
strongly oblique lino below the anterior portion of the spinous dorsal.
Coloration uniform ; the spinous dorsal blackish.
Sea of Madeira (and of St. Helena ?).
a. Adult. Madeira, From the Rev. II. T. Lowe's CoDoction.
5. Thyrsites solandri.
Gempylus solandri, Cm: ^ Vul. viii. p. 215.
D. 18|-'g|TI. A. 1/18 I 11.
The ventral is reduced to a single spine. The height of the body
is 5 5 in the total length. Coloration uniform. {Cav.)
Coast of New Holland.
6. Thyrsites prometheoides.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboina, p. 42.
D.18|^|II. A.1|II.
The ventral is reduced to a single spine, below the base of the pec-
toral. The height of the body is 7?— 71 in the total length, the
length of the head four times. The lateral line bifurcates below the
fifth dorsal spine, the upper branch running near the dorsal jirofile,
and lost below the soft dorsal fin ; the inferior branch descends in a
curve to the middle of the side. Coloration uniform ; the spinous
dorsal with a black blotch anteriorly. (BL)
Sea of Amboyna.
7. GEMPYLUS.
Gempylus, Cuv. ri(lff with two dorsal fins, the
spinous portion l)eing s('])arate, and much less developed than tlx-
soft, liody oblong, without or with very small scales.
Five or six fiiilots ; scales equally covering the whole body ;
two sliglit ridges on each side of t ho tail 1 . Sco>f nEU
Six to nine fiiilets ; scales of the pectoral region fornn'ng
a corslet ; a keel on each side of the tail ; teeth rather
small ; vomerine and palatine teeth 2 Tiiynni's
Seven to nine finlets (six) ; scales of the pectoral rcigion
forniing a corslet ; a keel on each side of the tail ;
tectli of moderate strength ; palatine (eeth ."> Pef.am y>
Seven to nine finlets ; scales of the pect. Cvninv
Finlets none ; the first dorsal reducwl to a few free spines ;
a keel on eacli side of the tail .. (> Nauckatk,.'-
Finlcts none ; the first dorsal reduced to some free spines ;
ventrals thoracic ; caudal keel none 7, Elacatk.
The spinous dorsal modified into a sucking organ, situated
on the head 8. Kcjif.np^is.
Ventrals jugular {•. Ifyr'SirTEitA.
Second rjrovp : Nomeina. Scomhrida> with a distinct spinous por-
ti6n of the doi-sal fin, separated Irom, or continuous with the soft,
wdiich is the more dovfdoped. Body oblong, covered with cycloid
scales of moderat/; size.
Ventrals very long ; tail with many fijilets ; niuutli wide. 10. CrASTEiiocni.s.MA
Ventrals long ; mouth narrow 11. Nomkus.
Two dorsals ; ))ectoral longer than the ventral ; teeth
small; snout swollen 12. CuiiiCEi's.
Two dorsals ; pectoral longer than the ventral ; teeth mi-
nute ; snout subconical 13. NEi*To.Mr.Nijs.
Two dorsals ; )iectoral and ventral rather short ; teeth
minute 14. Pf,ATv.sTr,Tiirs
A single dorsal, witli the ]iosterior spines Innffcst 1."). DrTincMA
2 \ 2
356
SCOMBKID.E.
Tliinl group : Cyttina. Scomhrkhe with two distinct divisions of
the dorsal fin, the spinous less developed than the soft. Body ele-
vated, covered \\\i\\ very small or rudimentary scales or with bony
protuberances.
Bony plates along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ... 16. Zeus.
Base of the fins not armed 17. Cyttus.
Body with large, conical, bony protuberances 18. Okeosoma.
Fourth group : Stromateina. Scomhridm with one long dorsal fin
without distinct spinous division. Toothed processes extend into the
oesophagus.
Ventrals none in an ad alt state; body more or loss ele-
vated 19. Strom ATEUS.
Ventrals well developed ; body more or less oblong 20. Centrolopiius.
Fifth group : CoryphaBnina. Scombridce with one long doi-sal fin
without distinct spinous division. No teeth in the oesophagus.
Ventrals thoracic, 1/5. Dorsal many -rayed, beginning on
the occiput. Scales very small. Praeoperculum entire. 21. CoRYPn.ENA.
Ventrals thoracic, l/o. Dorsal beginning on the back.
Scales rather small. Praeoperculum entire 22. Brama.
Ventrals subjugular, \jb. Scales large, provided with a
hook ; praiopercuiar margin spmy 23. Taracte».
Ventrals jugular, four-rayed. Dorsal beginning on the
forehead. Scales of moderate size 24. Pteraclis.
Ventrals thoracic or subjugidar, 1/5. Scales minute.
PrtEopercular margin spiny 25. Schedopiiilu.s.
Ventrals slender, subjugular. Dorsal beginning on the
neck, composed of unarticulated widely-set spines.
Scales minute, granular 26. Diana.
Ventrals thoracic, rudimentary. Dorsal occupying the
posterior lialf of the back . . 27. Ausonia.
Ventrals thoracic, 1/5. Dorsal beginning on the back.
Scales none 28. Mene.
Ventrals many-rayed 29. Lampris.
First Group. SCOMBRINA.
Scomhridae with two dorsal fins, the spinous portion being .separate,
and much less developed than the soft. Body oblong, without or
with very small scales.
1. SCOMBER*.
Scomber, sp., Artcdi, Genera, p. .'50.
Scomber, Cut. Rh/nc Anini. ; Cuv. ^- V(d. viii. p. 6.
Body rather elongate ; cleft of the mouth wide. The first dorsal
* 1. Scomber delphinalis, {Comment.) C. 4' ^- viii. p. 53. — Madagascar.
2. japonici'.s, Huutt. Mem. Harl. xx. p. 331 ; C. cf V. viii. p. 54. —Japan.
3
1. SCOMBEE. 357
continuous, wdth feeble spines, separated from the second by an in-
terspace ; five or six spurious fins behind the dorsal and anal fins.
Scales very small and equally covering the body. Teeth small, in
the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Two slight ridges
on each side of the root of the caudal. Seven brancliiostegals. Air-
bladder simple, sometimes absent. Pyloric appendages in exceed-
ingly great number.
Inhabitants of nearly all the temperate and tropical seas ; not yet
found on the coasts of the temperate parts of South America.
1. Scomber scomber.
The Mackerel. Die Makreele.
"ZKufji^pos, Aristot. vi. c. 17, viii. c. 12 & 13, ix. c. 2; AHUan. xiv.
cap. 1 ; Athen. iii. 121, vii. 321 ; Oppian. Halieut. i. fol. 108, 109.
Scomber, Orid. Halieut. v. 94; Plin. ix. c. 15, xxxi. c. 8, xxxii. c. 11;
3Iartiul, iii. ep. 2, iv. ep. 86, xiii. ep. 1 ; Ruttdel. viii. c. 7. p. 234 ;
Salvian. f. 239. b. 241, 242 ; Gesner, fol. 57 ; Schonev. p. 66 ; Aldrov.
ii. c. 53. p. 270 ; Willughhy, p. 181. tab, M. 3 ; Ray, p. 58 ; IStrom,
Sondm. ii. p. 295.
Scomber, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 30 ; Species, p. 68.
scomber (scombrus), i. Si/st. i. p. 492; Briinn, p. 68; Bl. taf. 54;
Bl. Schn. p. 24; Lacep. iii. P. 24; Donov. Brit. Fishes, v. pi. 120;
Penn. Brit. Zuol. iii. p. 332. pi. 51 ; Pall. Zooyr. liosso-Asiat. iii.
p. 215; Bisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 170, and Ear. ller'id. iii. p. 412 ; 3far-
tem, Reise track Vcnedig, ii. p. 432 ; Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 6 ; Fries och
Ekstrom, Skand. Fisk.p. 128. tab. 29 ; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth,
p. 50 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 137 ; Car. Regtie Anim.
III. Poiss. pi. 45. f. 1; Nordm. t)i Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 391;
Owen, Osteolog. Catal. i. p. 61.
Scomber, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl, no. 304.
Pelamys, sp., Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. v. p. 12. no. 5. tab. 4. f. 1.
Didiamel, Peches, sect. vii. pi. 1. f . 1 ; Low, Fauna Oread, p. 218 ;
Cetti, Hist. Nat. Sard. iii. p. 190.
Scomber vernalis, Mitch. Trans. Lit. <^- Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 423 ;
Cuv. Sf Val. -viii. p. 48 ; Storer, Fish. 3Iassach. p. 41 ; Dekay, New
York Famia, Fishes, p. 101. pi. 12. f. 34 ; Richards. Faun. Bor.
Avier, Fishes, p. 80 (Scomber grex et vernalis).
Cordylus scombrus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, ^. 163.
D. 11 (-14) I ^ I V. A. 1 1 ^ I V. Vert. 14/17.
Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is 6| in the
total length, the length of the head 4| ; the diameter of the eye is
one-fifth of the latter. Back bluish, with about thirty wa\ing black
transverse streaks. Air-bladder none.
From the Mediterranean along all the coasts of Europe, crossing
the Atlantic, and found on the American coasts of the same latitudes.
a. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
h. Half-grown. Lisbon.
c, d. Fine specimens. English coast. Purchased.
3. Scomber auratus, Houtt.M6m.Harl. xx. p. 331 ; C.ScV. viii. p. S,'). — Japan .
4. cliego, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. So. i. ] Sf)?, p. 92. — I regj-et
that I have not had access to tliis journal.
b. punctatus, Couch, Rep. Pe?iz.Nat. Hist. Soc. 1848, pi. 3. f. 1, cop. bv
Ynrr. Brit. Fish. 3rd edit. ii. p. 207.— Cornish coast.
358 SCOMBRID^.
e. Adult : stuffed : bad state. Thames.
/. Adult female: skin. South Devon, From Mr. YarrcU's Collection.
(/, h. Adult : skins. English coast.
i. Adult: stuffed. Frith of Forth.
]c. Adult.
b. Adult: skin. Swan lliver. Voyage of H. M.S. Fly.
'", Young. Aniboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
3(50 SCOMBEIDiE.
5, Scomber loo.
C'uv. <^'' Val. viii. p. 52; lileek. Vcrh. But. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 35j
Xcss. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 166. pi. 33 ; [ ? Richards. Ann. i^- Mao.
Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 23.]
D. 9-10 I 11-12 1 V. A. 1 1 -i I V.
Scales small, very conspicuous. The height of the body is 4|-4^
in the total length, the length of the head 4|-4|. Above bluish-
green, beneath silvery; back with round blackish spots along the
base of the fins. Dorsal fins with a black margin.
From the Molucca Sea to PoljTiesia.
6. Scomber moluccensis.
Bleeker, Acta Soc. Scient. Indo-Nederl. i. Amboijiu, p. 40.
D.9|10|V. A.l|g3l^|V-VI.
Scales very small, conspicuous. The height of the body is 5-5^
in the total length, tnc length of the head 4|-4f . Above greenish,
with round greenish-violet spots, arranged in two or three longitu-
dinal series ; sides and belly silvery ; fins immaculate. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
This species is probably identical with Sc. loo..
7. Scomber chrysozonus.
Biippell, N. W. Fische, p. 37. tab. 11. f. 1.
I)-9|^|V. A.±|V.
Scales small, conspicuous. The height of the body is four times
in the total length, the length of the head .'U. Bhiish-green, vertex
spotted vdth black ; two metallic shining spots behind each eye, dis-
appearing after death. Back and sides with longitudinal stripes ; two
round blackish spots behind the pectoral ; a series of four or five
black spots along the base of the spinous dorsal. (RiipjJ.)
Eed Sea.
8. Scomber kanagurta
Kanagurta, Rnssdl, ii. p. 21. pi. 1.30.
Scomber kanagurta, Cuv. Rc(/hc Anim. ; liiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 93, and
N. W. Fische, p. 37; Cur. i^ Val. viii. p. 49; Bleckrr, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 35 ; Peters, Wiegni. Arch. 1856,
p. 245.
D.8-9|Jj|V. A.1|±|V. Vert.li.
Scales small. The height of the body is four times in the total
length, the length of the head 3;j. Above uniform greenish, on the
sides and the belly silvery. An air-bladder.
lied Sea; Indian Seas.
J. SCOMBER. 361
9. Scomber brachysoma.
Bleckei; Makr. p. 356.
D-10|^|V. A.1|1|V.
Scales small, conspicuous. The height of the body is a little more
than three times in the total length, the length of the head 3|.
Teeth of the jaws inconspicuous. Above greenish ; beneath silvery,
immaculate. {Bl.)
Sea of Bata\'ia.
10, Scomber colias.
The Spanish Mackerel.
? Colias, Plin. xxxii. c. 11 ; Bellon. p. 202 ; Rondel, p. 236; Salv. f. 242.
Colias rondeletii, Ray, Syn. p. 59.
Scomber colias, L. Gm. i. p. 1329 ; Bl. Schn. p. 22 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 39,
40; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 171, and Eur. Merul iii. p. 413; Ciiv.
Sf Val. viii. p. 39. pi. 209 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 100 ; Yarrell, Brit.
Fishes, i. p. 148 ; Storer, Fishes of Massach. p. 45 ; Dekay, New
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 104. pi. 11. f. 33 ; Lowe, Proraed. Zool. Soc.
1850, p. 248.
macidatus, Couch, May. Nat. Hist. v. p. 22. f. 8.
D. 7|3^|V. A. ^|^|V. Vert. 31.
Scales of the pectoral region conspicuously larger than the others.
Back with irregular reticulated dark lines ; sides with grejash spots.
An air-bladder.
Mediterranean ; South coasts of England and Ireland ; Atlantic
coasts of Europe and of the United States.
((. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the llev. II. T. Lowe.
11. Scomber microlepidotus.
Rilppell, N W. Fische, p. 38. taf. 11. f. 2; Cantor, Catal. p. 105.
D. 10 I 12 I V. A.i|V.
Scales minute, those of the pectoral region a little larger. The
height of the body is 4 ^ in the total length, and equals the length
of the head ; caudal fin small. Two or three series of indistinct
bro-wnish dots along the vertex and the back.
lied Sea ; Seas of Pinang and China.
((. Adult. China. Presented by J. E. Reeves, Esq.
h. Young : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
12. Scomber tapeinocephalus.
Bleeker, Japan, p. 407, and Verhand. Batav. Genoot^ch. xxvi. Japayi,
p. 97. pi. 7. f. 2.
D. ll|^|V-Vl. A. l|^|V-VI.
Scales small, conspicuous, those of the pectoral region larger than
iho others, The height of the body is seven times in the totnl length,
362 scoMi!uiD.>:.
the length of the head 4i. Teeth conspicuous. Back and sides with
greyish-\aolet spots and waving transverse streaks. An air-bladder.
{Bl.)
Sea of Japan.
2. THYNNUS*
Thynnus, Cuv. df Val. viii. p. 57.
Body oblong ; cleft of the mouth wide. The first dorsal continuous,
Avith the spines rather feeble or of moderate strength, extending on
to the second dorsal ; six to nine spurious fins behind the dorsal and
anal. Scales of the pectoral region forming a corslet. Teeth rather
small, present in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. A
longitudinal keel on each side of the tail. Seven branchiostegals.
Air-bladder simple, sometimes absent. Pyloric appendages in ex-
ceedingly great number.
Inhabitants of the open sea. and spread over all the tropical and
temperate regions.
1. Thynnus thynnus.
The Tunny. Der Tliunfiscli.
Qvvvost Aristot. ii. c. 13, iv. c. 10, v. c. 9-11, vi. c. 17, viii. c. 2. 12.
13. 15 19. 30, ix. c. 2; ^limi. ix. c. 42, xiii. c. 13. 10. 27, xv. e. 3.
5. 0; AtJien. vii. pp. 122, 301, 316, 319; Oppian. Hal. ii. p. 48.
Thuimus, Orui Hal. v. 98.
Thvuuus, rim. ix. c. 15; Strubo, Qeo(/r. iii. p. 145, v. p. 223 Sec, vii.
p\ 320 A, xii. p. 5451), xvii. p. 834.
Tliunnus sive Thyunu.s (Thinnus), Bcllon. p. 108; Gesner, pp. 957,
907, 1148; Wilhujhbi/, p. 170. pi. M. 1. f. 3; Itay,'^. 57; Schonec.
p. 75.
'O/jjcvi/of, Aiu-jn. i. c. 40 ; Oppian. i. c. 8, ii. p. 69; Athen. vii. pp. 301,
315.
Oicynus, Plin. xxxii. c 11 ; G'csnct; p. 902 ; Alilroc. iii. c. 18. p. 314;
Joiiston, t. 3. f. 4 ; Romlel. p. 249.
MeXai-Spv?, Athen. vii. p. 315.
MoUmdrys, Plin. ix. c. 15.
Scomber, no. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 31.
Scomber thynnus, L. Syst. i. p. 493; lil. tab. 55; Bl. Schn. p. 21;
Lacep. ii. p. 005 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 5 ; Fletninr/, Brit. Aiiivi.
p. 218 ; Martens, lieise nach Venediy, ii. p. 432 ; Risso, lehth. Nice,
p. 103.
Duhamel, ii. sect. 7. c. 2 ; Cetti, Star. Nat. di Sard. iii. p. 138, &c. ;
Leynat, Voyuye, p. 23.
Thynnus mediterraneus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 414.
vulgaris, Cuv. Sf Vdl. viii. p. 58. pi. 210 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes,
i. p. 150 ; Cuv. Reyne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 45. f. 2 ; Storer, Fishes
of Massach. p. 47, cop. by Dekuy, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 105.
* I. Thynnus atlanticus, IjCss. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 165. — Thynnus baltoatus,
Cuv. 4' Val. viii. p. 130. — Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
2. obesus, Lo7ee, Proc. Zool. Sor. 1839, p. 78, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii.
p. 4. — Sea of Madeira.
3. oricntalis, Trmm. cf Schley. Faim.Jajum. Poiss. p. 94. -Sea of Japiin.
4. — — sihi, Temm. c. 1860, p. 248.
? Auxis taso, (Cotnmers.) Cuv. i^- Val. viii. p. 146.
Auxis bisus, (Rajin.) Jlliite, Catal. Bnt. Fishes, p. 32.
tliymioides, Blecker, Ternate, v. p. 301.
D. 10-11 I 12 I VIII. A. 12-14 I VII. Vert. 39.
The height of the body is 4| (in yoimg individuals six times) in
the total length, and equals the length of the head. The pcctoial
reaches to the end of the first dorsal. Back blue, variegated with
darker — uniform in old age ; belly silvery.
Mediterranean ; tropical j^arts of the Atlantic ; East Indian
Archipelago.
a. Adult: skin. Jamaica. From Di*. Parnell's CoUection.
b. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
d. Adult : stuffed.
2. Auxis tapeinosoma.
Sleeker, Japan, p. 408, and Verhuiul. Butav. Genootsch, xxvi. Japan,
p..98. tab. 7. i 1.
D. 12 I -i I IX. A. :^ I VII.
The height of the body is 6| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^. The pectoral does not reach to the vertical from the end
of the first dorsal, and its length is 9 5 in the total. Back bluish, beUy
silveiy. (Bleel:)
Sea of Japan.
5. CYBIUM*
Cybium, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 164.
Body oblong or rather elongate ; cleft of the mouth wide. The
first dorsal continuous, with the spines rather feeble, and extending
on to the second. Generally seven or more spurious fins behind the
* 1 Cybium dupcoideura, (Brouss.) Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 178. — Norfolk Island.
2. mertensii, Cv.v. cj' Val. viii. p. 179 ; Cuv. Begne Anim. III. Pois.t.
pi 48. i. 3.— Hah.?
3. Scomber sinensis, Lacep. iii. p. 23. — Cybium cliinense, Cuv. 4~ Val. viii
p. 180; Foii}i.Jr/pon. Pnixs. p. 100. pi. .'t3. f. 1. - Chinese and Japanes«
Seas. 4
vnr TT '^ I
•MO
SCOMBBIDjE.
dorsal and anal. The greater portion of the body naked, or with
very small scales, »Avhich do not form a corslet. Teeth strong ; \dlli-
fonn teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. A longitudinal
keel on each side of the tail. Seven branchiostegals. Air-bladder
present.
Atlantic ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
1 . Cybium commersonii.
Scomber commevsouii, Larrp. ii. p. GOO. pi. 20. f. 1 ; Shaw, Zool. iv.
p. .589. pi. 85.
maculosus, Sliaiv, Nai. Misc. no. 982, and Zool. iv. p. 592.
BusseU, pi. 135.
C-\ bium commersonii, Cuv. Regno A)nm. : Rilpp. Atl. Fisclic, p. 94.
"taf. 25. f. 1 ; Cta: Sf Vd. viii. p. 105 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 41;
Richanh. Ichth. Chin. p. 208 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 108.
— — kouam, Bleck. Makr. p. 357.
D. 16|^|IX-X. A.^|IX-X.
Teeth triangular, strongly compressed, close together. The height
of the body is 5|-7 in the total length, the length of the head 4-5
times. Lateral lino curved under the fii'st finlet. Above bluish,
beneath silvery; back and sides with numerous oblong, vertical
brownish spots.
From the Eastern and Southern coasts of Africa, through all the
Indian Seas.
a. Adu.lt : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Four feet long : stuffed. Cape Seas. Purchased of Sir A. Smith.
2. Cybium lineolatum.
Renard, i. 7. 53.
Cybium lineolatum, Cuv. ^ Vul. viii. p. 170; Belanger, Voy. p. 366.
pi. 2. f. 1 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. x.\iv. p. 40; Cantor,
Catal. p. 110.
D. IG I IG I IX. A.:^|X.
The teeth are triang-ular, strongly compressed. The height of the
body is G^ in the total length, the length of the head five times.
Above blue, beneath silvery ; sides Avith numerous short, blackish,
longitudinal streaks.
East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
4. Cybium acervum, Cuv. cf- Val. viii. p. 180. — Caribbean Sea.
6. immaculatum, Cuv.Sf Val. viii. p. lUl. — Caribbean Sea.
6. solandri, Cuv. S; Val. viii. p. I'A—Ha/i.?
7. Apolcctus imniunis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Sue. i. 18111, p. 14(> ; .\po-
donlis imraiinis, Bcnn. I. c. p. 169. — West coast of A\ricn.
-.ill
/i. Cybium intermptum.
C"r. 4' J'^'il- viii. p. 172.
D. 16 -i- IX. A.-i, IX.
I '7 I '/I
Teeth rather conical ; hiteral line nearly straight, slightly waging
on the posterior third of the tail. The length of the liead is one-
.sixth of the total. On each side are three bands, formed by oblong
longitudinal spots. (Cuv.)
Coast of Pondicherry.
4. Cybium guttatum.
Valcnt. iii. f. 105.
Scomber truttatus, BI. Schn. p. 23. tab. •5.
EusscII, ii. p. 26. pi. 134.
Scomber leopardus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 591.
Cybiuiu guttatmn, Cur. i.^ Veil. viii. p. 173 ; Richards. Ichth. Chut.
p. 208; C'a/if. Catal. p. Ill; Blevkcr, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiv.
Makr. p. 38.
kuhlii, Cuv. >S' Val. viii. p. 178 (yoimg).
D. 10 I 19-20 I YIII-X. A. 21-22 | YII-VIII.
The teeth are triangular and compressed. The height of the body
is five times in the total length, and nearly equals the length of the
head. Above blue, beneath silvery ; back and sides with numerous
round blackish spots ; immature specimens sometimes uniform. The
first doi-sal black.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. China.
h, c. Half-grown. China.
(I. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. 11. Reeves, Esq.
e-f/. Half- grown. China.
h, i. Young. China.
Jc. Young. CTiina. Presf^ntcd by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
I, m. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Watcrhouse, Esq.,
as Pelomys atripmnis.
n. Half-grown. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
o-q. Adult and half-grown : skins. Malayan Peninsula. From
Dr. Cantor's Collection.
5. Cybium niphonium.
Cuv. i" ;
Bcinictt, llludiiH/ Voi/df/c, ii. p. 274.
Scomber, sp., Groiior. Zoopin//. no. 300 ; Kor/icutcr, Nor. Comm. Pe-
trop. ix. p. 404. t. 10. f. 4, '5.
Gasterosteus .antecessor, Daldorf, Skji'rf. Ned. Sclsk. Kjobinh. ii.
p. 1C3.
I)uh,imH, Pf'ches, ii. - rt. 4. pi. 4. f. 4, ])1. 0. f. 3.
Scomber ductor, 2)7. t. "J^; ]}I. ^Srlni. ]). 32; Hassdq. Iter, p. 330;
3Iitch. Trans. Ld. c^ 7%//. -SV)C. New York. i. p. 424.
koelreuteri, Ii!. Srlui. p. 570.
Centronotus conductor, Laccp. iii. p. 311 ; Eissn, Ichth. Nice, p. 428.
and I^ur. Mrrid. iii. p. 193; Coucli, Linn. J'rans. xiv. p. 82.
Naucrates ductor, Cuv. 8)- Val. viii. p. 312. pi. 232; Yarrcll^Brit.
Fi.shcs, i. p. 170; Guichcn. Explor. uih/rr. Poiss. p. (K).
novt'boraci'usi?, Cuv. ^S" Val. viii. p. 325.
indicus. Cur. Sf Val. viii. p. 32('> ; Cur. Pif/nr Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 54. f. 1 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. Poiss. p. 157. pi. 14; liicliardson,
Ichth. Chin. p. 209. '
koelreuteri, Cuv. %■ Val. viii. p. 327.
Thjnnus pompilus, Gronor. S>/st. ed. Gray, p. 123.
D. 3-0 I ^. A. ,-^. Caoc. pylor. 12-15. Vert. 10/10.
Jiluish, with five to seven dark vertical bars.
Nearly all the seas of the temperate and tropical regions.
a. Adult : .stuffed. Pol])erro.
b. A(hilt: stufi'cd. Falmouth, i resented by W. C. Cocks, Escp
c. Fine specimen, Madeira. Pro: onted by the Rev. ]{. T. Lowe.
d. Half-grown: stuffed: not good state. Cape Seas. From Sir A.
Smith's Collection.
e. Young. South Pacific. Voyage of tlic ' Hei'ald.'
f. Half-groA\Ti. N.W. coast of America. Presented by Lieut. Wood .
If. Advdt. Presented by T. Inglis, Ksf].
h. Adult. From ibe Il'aslar ('..ll.M|i<.ii.
■. .\dul1.
7. liLACATE. -JTo
k. Adult.
I. Adult.
m. Adult : skin. From Mr. Yarrcll's Collection.
n, 0. Half-grown : not good state.
p. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
q. Adult female: .skeleton. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
7. ELACATE.
Elacate, Cm: Rk/ne Anim. ; Cuv. <^- Val. viii. p. 328.
Body fusiform, covered with very small scales ; head depressed ;
cleft of the mouth moderately -svidc ; no keel on the tail ; the spinous
dorsal formed by eight free and small spines ; spurious lins nou(> ;
ventrals thoracic. ViUiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. Branchiostcgals seven ; air-bladder none. Pyloric
appendages dendritical.
Indian Seas. Tropical parts of the Atlantic ; Atlantic shoi-es of
the United States.
1. Elacate nigra.
Gasterosteus canadus, L. Si/sf. Nat. p. 491.
3Iarc(jr. p. 158.
Scomber niger, Bl. tab. 3.37 ; BI. Schn. p. 35.
Centronotus gardcnii, Laccp. iii. p. ."»57.
spinosus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. iS,- Phil. Sue. New York, i. p. 4U0.
pi. 3. f. U.
Pedda-mottab, Mifssell, ii. p. 39. pi. 153.
Elacate pondiceriana, Car. l^ Val. viii. p. 329 ; liiipp. N. IF. Fischr,
p. 43. taf. 12. f. 3.
motta, Cm: ^- Val. viii. p. 332; Blecker, Verhand. Batai: Ge-
noutscJi. xxiv. Mahr. p. 42.
malabavica, Cm: ^- Val. viii. p. 332 ; Cm: Rhjnc Anim. III. Pui.fs.
pi. 54. i: 2.
atlantica, Car. Sf Val. viii. p. 334. pi. 233 ; Dekatj, New York
Faioia, Fishes, p. 113. pi. 25. f. 77.
bivittala, Cm: S,- Val. viii. p. 338 ; Fami. Japoit. Poiss. p. 104.
pb 5G; liichards. Ichth. Chin. p. 209; Cantor, Catal. p. 110.
Canada, Holh: Ichth. S. Carol, p. 95. pi. 14. f. 1.
? Elacate falcipinnis, Gosse, Jamaica, p. 208.
Tbynnus canadensis, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 122.
D. 8 I 28-35. A. 25-27. Vert. 12/13.
The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length ; caudal
obliquely truncated, with the upper lobe longest, liack and the
ujiper half of the sides brownish- or bluish-black, with a light longi-
tudinal band from above the orbit to the root of the caudal.
Indian Seas. Tropical parts of the Atlantic, extending along the
shores of the United States.
a. Fine specimen. New Orleans. Purchased of ilr. Cuming.
h. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parncirs Collection,
r, d. Half-grown : skins. ^lalayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection .
f. .Vdult : not good state. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
376
SCOMBKIDiE.
/. Half-grown. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
(J. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
h. Two feet long : stuffed.
i. Three feet long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society,
/t. Half-grown : stuffed.
8. ECHENEIS.
Echeneis, Artedi, Genera, p. 14.
Body fusiform, covered with very small scales ; head depressed ;
the spinous dorsal modified into an adhesive disk, situated on the
head and neck ; cleft of the mouth moderately wide ; no keel on the
tail ; spurious fins none ; ventrals thoracic, Villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, the palatine bones, and generally on the tongue.
Branchiostegals seven ; air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages in
moderate number.
Inhabitants of nearly all the seas.
I. Echeneis clypeata.
YDampie)-, Voy. New IloUand, i. pi. 1. f. (>.
Echeneis clypeata, Gi'mth. Ann. Sf May. Nat. Hist. May 1860, p. 401.
D. 12 I 17. A. 20.
The length of the disk is 31 in the total, the width of the body
between the pectorals five times. Caudal subtruncaled ; the lower
jaw and the vomer anteriorly with a series of widely-set and stronger
teeth. The angle of the mouth is situated in the vertical from the
second lamina ; the length of the ventral is much less than the
distance between the root of the pectoral and the posterior margin
of the eye. Uniform brown.
Cape Seas.
a. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
h. Stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
Description. — This species is closely allied to E. albescens, from
which it not only differs in having a smaller number of laminae (which
I do not think very important), but also a shorter mouth and a
shorter ventral fin. The disk is elliptical, rather broader posteriorly
than anteriorly, and 1| as long as broad; its length is 3} in the
total, and it extends not quite so far backwards as the pectoral ; the
membranaceous margin is rather broad and depressed. The mouth
is broad and truncated ; its cleft extends laterally to the vertical
from the posterior nostril, or from the second lamina of the disk.
The jaws, the vomer, the palatine bones, and the tongue are armed
with bands of villiform teeth ; the lower jaw and the vomer have,
besides, an outer series of stronger teeth, which are rather widely
set. The eye is small.
The length of tlio head is 4| in the total, the widtli of tlie body
between the pectorals five times. 'J'he back bcliind the head is very
8. KCIIENEIS. 377
broad, gradually becoming shorter posteriorly; the body itself is
short, stout, and covered with minute scales.
The pectoral is rounded, scaly ; its length is one-seventh of the
total. The ventral is very short, only one-eleventh of the total length,
rounded posteriorly, inserted below the root of the pectoral, and
composed of one spine and five soft rays. The soft dorsal and anal
are opposite to each other, the latter being slightly the longer, and
placed very far backwards ; the distance between the soft dorsal and
the disk nearly equals the length of the latter. The caudal is sub-
truncated, with the angles rounded.
Although the specimens on which this species and E. albescens
have been founded, have a form of the caudal fin which is usually
observed in adult specimens of this genus, or in those approaching
the mature state, it would appear, from the notes of Dampier, that
they grow to a much larger size. The figure quoted has imdoubt-
cdly been taken from E. albescens or E. ch/peata, as is proved by the
form of the disk and the backward position of the soft dorsal and
anal fins ; but he says {^Voijatje round the World, i. p. 64) that
the '' excrescence on the head is about 7 or 8 inches long and 5 or
6 broad, and rising about | an inch high."
inches, lines.
Total length 5 6
Length of the head 1 3
Width of the body between the pectorals . . 1 1 ^
Length of the disk 1 9
Width of the disk 1 1
Diameter of the eye 0 \^
Distance between the disk and the soft dorsal 1 0
Length of the pectoral 0 9
of the ventral 0 5|
2. Echeneis albescens.
Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 272. pi. 120. f. 3.
D. 13 I 22. A. 22.
The length of the disk is 3| in the total, the width of the body
between the pectorals 5|. Caudal subtruncated ; mouth obtuse;
the lower jaw and the vomer anteriorly with a series of widely-set,
stronger teeth. The angle of the mouth is situated in the vertical
from the third lamina ; the length of the ventral equals the distance
between the root of the pectoral and the posterior margin of the eye.
Uniform greyish -brown.
Seas of China and Japan.
a. Six inches long. China. Presented by Sir J. Richarason.
3. Echeneis squalipeta.
Daldorf in Skrivt. of Naturhist. Selskab. ii. p. IT)? ; 7>V K^chti. p. 240.
Disk with seventeen lamina), extending n<>arly In the middle of
378 SCOMBRID^.
the back ; the height of the body is about one-fourtli of the total
length ; tongue rough ; the anal and dorsal tins continued to th(^
caudal. Colour grojnsh- brown. (Dald.)
Atlantic, between the tropics.
4. Echeneis brachjrptera.
Remora, Cateshy, Hist. Natw. South Carol, ii. p. 20. pi. 2(5.
Echeneis ?, Lour, Trans. Zool. Sue. ii. p. 191.
brachv-ptera, Loice, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 89, and Trans. Zool.
Soc. p. 17 ; Giint.h. Ann. S,- May. Nat. Hist. May 18G0, p. 399.
sexdecim-lameUata, Eydoxx et Gervais, Vot/. de la Favorite, v.
Zool. p. 77. pi. 31.
? Echeneis quatuordecim-lamellatus, Storer, Report Fishes Massach.
p. loo.
Ecneneis pallida, Ternm. ^ Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 271. pi. 120.
f. 2, 3.
nieuhofii, Bleeh. Sumatra, ii. p. 279.
D. (14) 15-16 (17) I 29-32. A. 25-27 (-30).
The length of the disk is 3| to 4 times in the total, the width of
the body between the pectorals G| to 7 times. Caudal truncated.
The upper jaw angular, both intermaxillaries forming a rather ob-
tuse angle together. Coloration uniform.
Sea of Madeira ; coasts of North America and of Brazil ; Japanese
and Chinese Seas ; Sea of Sumatra.
a. Adult, with sixteen lamina). China. From the Haslar Collection.
h, c. Half-grown, with fift;cen lamina;. Brazil. Presentee' by J. I'.
G. Smith, Esq.
5. Echeneia remora.
Echeneis, Ovid. Halient. v. 99; Plin. xxxii. cap. 1, ix. cap. 25; JElian.
i. cap. 36, ii. cap. 17; Wotton, De Differ, p. 149.
^'Exfvrih, Plutarch, Sympos. lib. ii. ; Oppian. ILdleut. i. p. 9.
Remora, Rondel, xv. c. 18. p. 436; Petiver, (iazophyl. tab. 44. f. 12.
Zuiger, Nicuhoff, Bras. Zee- en Lant-Reize, ii. p. 274. f. 07.
Remora iniperati, Willuylihy, Appendix, p. 5. tab. 9. f. 2.
Sucking-tish, Edwards, G'lcaninys, no. 210; Penn. Brit. Zool. edit. 4.
vol. iii. App. p. 524.
Echeneis remora, L. Syst. i. p. 440, and Amam. Acad. i. p. 320, and
3fus. Rcy. Ad. Fred. i. p. 75 ; Osheck, Voy. China, p. 94 ; Scho(pJ^\
Schrift. Gesellseh. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, viii. 3. p. 145 ; Bl. li.
p. 134. pi. 172; Bl. Sehn. p. 240; Laeep. iii. pp. 140, 147. pi. 9. f. 1;
Cuv. Rhpie Anini.; Blnntenb. Ahhdd. taf. 78; Risso, lehth. Nice,
p. 177, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 2(59; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 202. pi. 31;
Midler, Prodr. Faun. Dan. no. 3(51 ; jllifeh. Trans. Lit. c)- Phd.
Soc. New Yoi-k, i. p. 378; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 94; Richards.
Faun. Bar. yitner. p. 205 ; Fuber, Fische Islands, p. 1 15 ; Schley.
Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 271; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. ."){)9;
Lotce in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 16; Benn. Whnliny Voy. p. 271;
Jetiyns, Zool. Beac/le, Fishes, p. 142; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, .'Ird cdil.
i. p". 670; Giinth'. Ann. 8,- May. Nat. Hist. May IHOO, p. ;!90.
Echeneis, .sp., Klein, 3riss. iv. p. 51. no. 1; ^r'rontn: Zoophyl. y. 75.
no. 256, and .l/'/.s. lehtln/ol. i. no. .'53.
8. ECHENEIS. 379
Styris-fiskr, OUtfs. Heine (lurch Island, ii. p. 207.
Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 4. p. 50. pi. 4. f. 5.
Echeneis naucrates, Misso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 270.
jacobaea, Lowe, Proc. Zool. iSoc. 1839, p. 89, and Trans. Zool. Soc.
iii. p. 17.
pallida, Lotve, I. c, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 16 (not Schleg.).
remoroides, Blcek. Batoe, ii. p. 70.
parva, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 92.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Tafehi. t. 20. f. 1-8.
D. 17-18 (19) I 22-24. A. 25. Ca3c. pylor. 6. Vert. 12/15.
The length of the disk is 3^ in the total, the width of the body
between the pectorals 5|. Caudal subcrescentic ; dorsal and anal
fins not continued to the caudal. Mouth roimded. Colour brown.
Seas of the temperate and tropical regions.
a. Half-grown. Guernsey. Presented by Mrs. Mauger.
h, c. Young. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d-h. Young. Cape of Good Hope.
i. Adult : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
k: Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
/, m. Young. IncUa. Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
n. Adult. India. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
0. Adult. India.
p. Young. India.
q. Half-grown. India. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
r. Half-grown. India. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
s. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
t. Adult : not good state. N.W. coast of America. Presented by
Lieut. Wood.
u, V. Young. South Sea.
w. Young. South Sea. Museum Leach.
X. Young : not good state. Port Essington. From the Haslai-
Collection.
y. Young. Bass's Straits. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
2, a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
/3. Large specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
y. Large specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
S. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
€. Large specimen.
4', jj. Adult and half-grown.
e, I. Half-grown and young. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
K. Half-gi-own. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
\. Half-grown. Pm-chased of Mr. Stevens.
fx. Half-grown.
V, I. Half-grown.
o-s. Half- grown.
T-(p. Half-grown. Presented by .J. 13. Jukes, Esq
y^. Half-grown. From the Collection of the East India Company
'SaO SCOMBRID.E.
\p. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
w. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.
aa. Half-gro^^'n. Presented by Lord Orkney.
bb-ff. Half-grown and young.
gg-ii. Half-grown and young.
Iclc. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
II. Half-grown. Presented by Mrs. Mauger.
mm. Half-grown. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.
nn. Half-grown.
00, pp. Half-grown.
qq. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
rr. Young.
ss. Young.
tt, uu. Young.
vv-iv.v. Young.
yy. Young.
zz. Young. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.
Skele 'on. — The structure of the skeleton is distinguished by several
peculiarities. The upper part of the skull is very broad, flat, exca-
vated for the reception of the adhesive disk. The occipital is rounded,
without any crest ; the parietals are very small, and united with
the principal frontal bones ; the latter are provided with a low, de-
pressed, longitudinal crest, and extend nearly to the anterior extre-
mity of the snout ; the ethmoid is large, free, ovate, and situated
between the anterior part of the frontals. The praefrontals are
rather small, forming the anterior portion of the roof of the orbit ;
there is a roundish opening between the prsefrontal and the principal
frontal. The maxillary is much more slender than the intermax-
illary, and placed immediately before and below the turbinal bones ;
the latter are singularly elongate, and form the outer margin of the
snout : both are far remote from each other, converging anteriorly.
The vomer is exceedingly broad, with a shallow impression along its
middle. The dentary and articulary portions of the mandibula are
loosely joined together — the former extending far backwards, the
latter reaching nearly to the anterior extremity of the jaw ; the an-
gular portion is small ; the muciferous channel is rudimentarj'.
The praiorbital is triangular and very solid, the remainder of the
infraorbital ring slender.
The prajoperculum is small, and has the margin rounded, and a
very prominent and strong ridge along its inferior portion. The
operculum is rhombic, small, with two strong, not veiy prominent
ridges, radiating from its upper angle. The suboperciilum is crescent-
shaped, bent upwards behind the operculum ; the interoperculum is
small. The suprascapula is broad, forming a part of the upper sur-
face of the skull ; it is joined to the ridge of the frontal bone by a
slender horizontal process: the scapula is small and short. The
humeral is composed of two lamcUa), forming together a deep groove:
the coracoid appears to be absent. The pubic bones are broad, each
formed by a single bony plate, which is convex inferiorly, and pro-
8. ECHENHIS. 381
vided ^vith three low ridges ; they are attached to the middlf; of the
humerus by a short process ; another pair of processes are directed
forwards towards the symphysis of the humeral bones, to which,
however, they do not extend.
There are twelve abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-35. The vertebrae are rather slender and elongate ;
the neural spines short, and depressed backwards. The parapo-
physes of the abdominal vertebra; arc remarkably strong and long,
and, at the extremity of each, a rib and epipleural spine are sus-
pended ; — even the caudal vertebrae are provided vnih ejjipleurals.
The structure of the buckler is known, and it need only be mentioned
that each pair of the lameUse (dorsal spines) has a corresponding
interneural.
6. Echeneis osteochir.
Cin: Rcffne Anini., and edit. lU. Puiss. pi. 108. fig. 3 (bad).
Disk Avith nineteen lamina^. The rays of the pectoral compressed
and ossified. (Ciiv.)
Hah. ?
7. Echeneis scutata.
Giinth. Auii. 8f May. Nat. Hist. May 1860, p. 401. pi. 10. f. B.
D. 27 I 22. A. 21-23.
The length of the disk is 21 in the i,„tal, the width of the body
between the pectorals 54. Caudal truncated ; dorsal and anal fins
not continued to the caudal. Colour brown.
Indian Ocean.
a. Large specimen : stuffed. Ceylon. From Dr. Sibbald's Collection.
6. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
Description. — This species has the general habit of E. remora, but
may be readily distinguished from all the others by the extraordinary
size of the disk, which is elongate, subelliptical, obtusely roimded
anteriorly and posteriorly, and formed by twenty-seven pairs of la-
minae ; it extends backwards beyond the vertical from the tip of the
ventraLs, and its length is 2^ in the total. The spines with which
the single laminae are armed are less conspicuous than in the other
species, and do not off'er the same resistance to the touch. There
is a large posterior portion of the disk which is not provided with
laminae, but quite ;3mooth. The width of the disk, taken between
the extremities of the bony laminiB, is one -third of its length ; the
membranaceous margin is bent upwards.
The head and the body below the disk are depressed, and their
height is 9| in the total length, whilst the width between the pec-
torals is 5-| in it. The body between the disk and the vertical fins
is quadrangular, tapering posteriorly. The upper jaw is subtnin-
cated, and oveiTcached by the lower, which is much narrower ; both
are armed with a broad band of villiform teeth, and Avith an outer
382 SCOMBRI I ).K.
series of larger ones on the .sides ; the voraeriiK! ;iu(l ])alarine bones
have a continuous band of teeth, narrowest on thv vomer : the
tongue is luird, cartilaginous, and destitute of teeth.
The cleft of the mouth reaches only to the vertical from the nostril ;
the eye is small.
The pectoral is rounded and small, its length being one-ninth of
the total : the ventrals are slightly pointed, and, as in all the species
of the genus, composed of one spine, hidden in tlie skin, and four
soft rays ; they are inserted immediately behind the vertical from the
pectoral, which they equal in length ; they can be received in a
shallow groove on the abdomen. The distance between the dorsal
and the disk is 3| in the length of the latter ; the dorsal is low, and
enveloped in a thick membrane. The caudal is truncated when
stretched out. The anal is very similar to the dorsal, and its oiigin
and termination fall vertically below those of the latter.
The scales are minute, and can be perceived only by the aid of a
magnifier ; they are imbedded in pore-like cavities.
inches, lines.
Total length of the larger specimen .... 23 0
Total length of the smaller specimen .... 7 11
Height of the body 0 10
Width between the pectorals 1 5
Length of the head 2 0
of the disk 8 5
Breadth of the disk 1 2
Length of the pectoral and ventral 0 10|
Diameter of the eye 0 2f
8. Echeneis lineata.
Echenois liucata, Mchzics, Trans. Linn. Sac. i. 1701, p. 187. tab. 17. f. 1 ;
Bl. Schn. p. 240. tab. T);}. f. 1 ; Lacep. iii. pp. HO, Kw ; Shaw, Zool.
iv. p. 211 ; niinth. Ann. 8,- Mar/. Nat Hist. May b^OO, p. 398.
tropica, Enphrasen, Nija Ilandl. xii. 1791, p. 317.
D. 10 1 33. A. 33.
Body rather slender. T\\'o M^hitish streaks along each side.
Atlantic and Pacific, between the tropics.
9. Echeneis holbrookii.
Echeneis albicauda, pt., Dekay, Anc York Fauna, Fishes, p. 307 (not
Mitch.).
? Echeneis naucrates, Gwichen. Explor. A/i/er. Poiss. p. 111.
Echenois lineata, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 101. pi. 14. f. 2 (not Menz.).
holbrookii, Gunth. Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. iNlay 1800, p. 400.
D. 21 I 35. A. 33.
The length of the disk is 34 in the total, or twice tlie -n-idth of the
body between the pectorals. Mouth rounded, the lower jaw termi-
nating in a slightly pointed flaj). Brown : generally a black Ijand,
8. ECHENEIS. .383
edged with whitish, from the suout, through the eye, along the side
of the body and the tail.
Atlantic.
a. Twelve inches long. Jamaica. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
b, c. Twelve inches long: skins. Jar>^"ica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
Description. — This species is very similar to E. naucrates, with
which it may be easily confounded. The chief difTerence is in the
disk, which, although composed of fewer laminae, is relativelj' longer
when compared with the entire length of the fish. In the specimens
which have come under my observation, and also in those which have
served for Holbrook's description, the number of laminae has been
constantly found to be twenty-one — a number of very rare occur-
rence in E. 'naucrates. The disk is an elongate ovoid, broader pos-
teriorly than anteriorly, with the membranaceous margin depressed.
The mouth is rounded and much depressed, the lower jaw tenninating
in a soft and sUghtly pointed flap. The fold in which the maxillaiy
bone is received, reaches to the vertical drawn from the space be-
tween the nostrils and the eye. The jaws, the vomer and palatine
bones and the tongue are armed with broad bands of villiform teeth ;
the vomer, besides, has an anterior transverse series of rather stronger
teeth.
The length of the head is 5^ in the total, the width of the body
between the pectorals one-eighth. The body tapers posteriorly, and
the posterior part of the tail is rather slender and cylindiical. The
whole body is covered witb minute scales.
The pectoral is subtriangular, slightly pointed, one -eighth of the
total length : the ventral is inserted in the vertical from the pos-
terior part of the root of the pectoral ; it is composed of five rays
and one spine, hidden below the skin ; its length is one-tenth of the
total. The soft dorsal begins at a distance from the disk which is
rather more than the length of the head, and tcnninates shortly before
the caudal. The origin and the termination of the anal correspond
to those of the opposite fin. The caudal is truncated, or very shghtly
convex, in specimens 1 foot in length.
In specimens of this age — and they are apparently not yet ma-
ture— the dorsal and caudal fins have a jiarrow, the caudal a broad
upper and lower white margin.
inches, lines.
Total length 12 0
Length of the head 2 3
Width between the base of the pectorals . . 1 6 •
Length of the disk 3 2
Greatest width of the disk 1 1^
Distance between the soft dorsal and the disk 2 5
Diameter of the eye 0 5
Length of the pectoral 1 6
of the ventral 1 2
384 SCOMBBID-B.
1<). Echeneis naiicrates.
Echeneis s. Remora, Aldrovdiuli, iii. cap. 22. p. 3;^) ; Jonstou, Tlmu-
mutocjr. i. tit. 1. cap. 2. art. 4. tab. 4. f. 3, tab. 39. f. 8 ; 3Lirc. Half-grown: stuffed. From the Collection ofthe East India Company.
q-s. Half-gro%vn and young. Old Collection.
t. Half-gro^v^l. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
u. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
III. Suctorial disk with twenty-four laminae.
V, IV. Half-grown. Tenasserim. Presented by Dr. Packman.
X, y. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
z. Half-grown. Cliina. Presented by J. li. lleeves, Esq.
a. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. K. Ileeves, Esq.
/3. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
y. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
e. Young: bad state. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
^. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
jj. Adult : stuffed : bad state. Old Collection.
d. Adult : stuffed. Purchased of Mr. Argent.
t. Adult: stuffed. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
IV. Suctorial disk with twenty-five laminae.
K. Adult : stuffed. West Indies. Piu-chased of Mr. Scrivener.
\, ;t. Six inches long. New Guinea. Presented by Mrs. Stanley. —
The middle portion of the caudal considerably produced.
V. Young: skin. SeaofPinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
I. Adult : not good state. South Sea. From the Haslar CoUeetion.
o. Total length 4 inches : the produced part of the caudal 1| inch.
California. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
The structure of the skull and of the vertebral column is very
similar to that of E. remora ; the bones are a little more elongate,
and the prajfrontal forms the entire upper margin of the orbit ; the
foramen between the praefrontal and principal frontal is small. There
arc fourteen abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae, the length of
the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter
as 1 : 1-67. The caudal vertebrae are compressed and elongate.
386 sCOMBKID.i;.
<». HYPSIPTERA.
liody oblong, cumprcssed, apjKUVutly naked, but oovcrod with
oxtrcmoly miniitc scales ; snout obtuse ; cleft of the mouth of mode-
rate width. Opercles not armed. The first dorsal continuous, with
very feeble spines ; the second and the anal are much more develoi)ed ;
fiidets none ; anal sjnnos none ; ventrals jugular, composed of three
(u- four thread-like rays. Minute teeth in tlie j;i.ws. IJranchiostegals
seven; air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages in ^mall numb(>r.
Open sea.
1 . Hypsiptera argentea.
li. 7. U. <)-]0 j 50. A. 55. V. ;3-4.
Silvery ; back greyish-green ; fins transparent.
a, b. Open sea. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq
c.-g. Open sea. Presented by J. U. Godfrey, Esq.
Dcscri2)tlon. — The discovery of this genus is one of the most in-
teresting additions to our iehthyological knowledge, as, altliough
ha\ ing an entirely Scomberoid aspect, it deviates from this family in
having jugular ventral fins. By this character the fish may be
readily recognized, even if the specimens are young and several of
the characters mentioned should change ■with age.
The body is compressed and oblong, its greatest depth, below the
spinous dorsal, being contained four times and four-fifths in the total
length ; the head has the upper surface smooth and flat, and the
width of the intcrorbital space is nearly equal to the diameter of the
eye ; the length of the head is contained four times and one-third
in the total. The snout is rather short, ol)tuse, rounded, with the
upper jaw overlapping the lower. The cleft of the moiith is of mode-
rate width, the maxillary extending slightly beyond the vertical from
the centre of the eye. The jaws are armed with minute teeth, but
the vomer appears to be toothless. The eye is of moderate size,
situated immediately below the up])cr profile of the head, much
nearer to the snout than to the end of the operculum. Belly rounded.
The rays of the fins arc of an extremely delicate structure, so that it
is very difficidt to ascertain their number. The spinous dorsal com-
mences immediatcdy behind the vertical from the root of the jjectoral,
and is composed of six spines in the largest of the specimens, whilst
the spines arc in greater number, short, and filament-like in the
smaller ones. Caudal short, subtruncated. The anal commences
behind the origin of the dorsal, and, like the dorsal, it is rather low.
The pectorals are of moderate length, and situated high up the sides,
on a level with the iqjper half of the eye. The ventrals, although
jugular, are placed laterally, and composed of three long thread-like
rays, and thcjre is sometimes a short, inferior fourth. The lateral
line is not coiitinui'd on tbe tail.
lines.
'i\)tal length , 24
Ilc^'^ht of the body 5
LengttJ of the head 5},
of the ventral fin (j
i 1 . .\<)Mi:i:n. ;JS7
Second Group. NOMEINA.
Scomhrida= with a (listinet spinou.s })orti()n of tlio dorsal fin, sopa-
I'lited from, or continuous with, the soft, which is tlie mon.- dcvolo])ed.
J5ody oljlonj;, covered ^y\t\\ cycloid Sf;ale.s of niodor.'ite size.
!i'. GASTERCCHISIIA.
Gasterochisnia, llirluirds. Ann. ^- Mik/. Naf. JL'sf. xv. 1845. p. •}4(>.
and IcMii/oL Voij. Ereb. cV Terr. p. HO.
The body is ohlong-, compressed, covered with cj'cloid scales of
moderate si/.e ; deft of the mouth ivlde. Lateral line withont any
armature. The first dorsal -with seventeen spines ; tlic second and
the anal with the posterior raj's detached, forming- finlcts ; no sepa-
I'atc anal spines. The ventral is exceedingly- long and bi'oad, and
can he completehj coneealcd in a dec^) fissure on the cd)domen. Teeth
conical, small, forming single series in the jaws : teeth on the vomer
and the palatine bones.
Coast of New Zealand.
\. Gasterochisma melampus.
Richards. II. cc. pi, 37. f. ]-:3.
(?B.5.) D. 17|i,!VI. A.fJVL V. 1/5.
Ventrals black, one-thii'd of the total length. The maxillary
reaches somewhat bej'ond the vertical from the centre of the eye.
New Zealand.
a. Type of the species: bad state. Port Nicholson. Fi-om thr
Haslar Collection.
U. NOMEUS.
Nomeus, Cur. Rif)»o A/ii>n. ; Cur. ^y J 7//. ix. p. 242.
The body is oblong and rather compressed, covered with cycloid
scales of somewhat small size ; cleft of the woulh, narroiv. Lateral
line without any armature. The first dorsal continuous, Avith ten or
eleven spines ; the second and the aiual an; more developed, and have
no detached finlets ; no separate anal spines. The ventral is long
and broad, attached to the belly by a membrane, and can he received
in a fissure of the ahdnmen. Teeth small, forming single series ii;
the jaws ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. Pyloric ap-
pendages very numerous. Air-bladder present; branchiostegalssix.
Tropical jiarts of the Atlantic ; Indian Ocetin and Archi])elago.
1 . Nomeiis gronovii.
(lobius, sp., (iroiiar. Zoopht/I. ]>. s2. no. 2")^.
gronovii, (hii. j). 120.J.
Eleotris ninuritii, Rl. ScJuk p vifinu.-i, Luccp. ii. )). oT)tosus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^- Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 3Go.
pi. 1.7. 3.
Peprilus crj'ptosus, Cuv. Bbgne Anitn.
Rhombus cryptosus, Cuv. ^- Val. ix. p. 408.
Peprilus triacanthus, Storer, licp. Massach. p. ()0.
Rhombus triacanthus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 137. pi. 2(
f. 80.
D-.-&- A. A Vort.|i.
Scales small ; no trace of the ventrals whatever ; jjclvis with a
19. STROMATEUS. 399
prominent spine ; a series of large pores along the base of the dorsal.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 5|. The vertical fins not elevated. Coloration uniform.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Fine specimen. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.
h. Adult : skin. New York.
c. Adult : not good state. North America. Purchased of Mr.
Warwick.
5. Stromateus gardenii.
Cheetodorh alepidotiis, L. Syst. i. p. 460.
Sternoptyx gardonii, Bl. Schn. p. 494.
Stromateus longipinnis, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. Neiv York, i.
p. 366.
Rhombus longipinnis, Cuv. (^ Val. ix. p. 401. pi. 274; Dekay, New
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 136. pi. 75. f. 239.
argentipinnis, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 405.
Peprilus longipinnis, Cuv. Hkpie Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 63. f. 2.
D.-iiL. A. i^.
40-43 38-43
Scales rather small ; no trace of the ventrals whatever ; pelvis with
a small spine. The height of the body is 1§ in the total length, the
length of the head five times ; the dorsal, and especially the anal,
elevated anteriorly ; the base of the first soft dorsal ray falls verti-
cally above the root of the pectoral in immature specimens, and
immediately behind it in adult ones. Caudal lobes equal in length.
Coloration unifoi-m.
Atlantic coasts of tropical America.
a, h. Half-grown. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c. Half-grown. Lake Champlain. Purchased of Mr. Prank.
d, e. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Paniell's
Collection.
/. Adult : bad state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
g. Adult : had state.
Rhombus crenulatus (Cuv. &Val. ix. p. 410. pi. 275, and Cuv. Ilegne
Anim. lU. Poiss. pi. 64. f. 3) may prove to be merely the young
state of Stromateus gardenii.
6. Stromateus atous.
Atookoia, Russell, i. p. 33. f. 44.
Stromateus sinensis, Fuphras. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. Stockh. ix.
p. 49. t. 9 ; Bl. Schn. p. 492 ; Cant. Catal. p. 140.
atous, Cue. ^ Val. ix. p. 389 ; Richards. Ichth. Cliin. p. 273.
albus, Cut: ^ Val. ix. p. 388 ; Cant. Ann. i^ 3faf/. Nat. Hist. ix.
p. 15.
Candidas, Bleek. Ichth. M. O. Jav. p. 9 (not Cuv. S^ Val.).
Stromateoides atokoia, Bleek. Makr. p. 369, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
Makr. p. 76.
B. 5. D. 48-50. A. 39-40.
Scales very small. Ventrals none. The height of the body is 1|-
400 SCOMBRIDiJ:.
1| in the total length, the length of the head 4i-54 ; dorsal and
anal fins not produced, with the spines hidden and cartilaginous ;
caudal lobes equal in length ; lateral line not keeled. Greyish, ge-
nerally minutely dotted with brown.
East Indian Seas.
7. Stromateus cinereus.
Russell, i. p. 34. f. 45 (jnv.).
Stromateus cinereus, Bl. xii. p. 90. t. 420 (middle age) ; lil. ScJui.
p. 491 ; S/uiw, Zuol. iv. p. 109 ; Cant. Catal. p. 14:j.
griseus, Cm: fy Val. ix. p. .395.
Stromateoides cinereus, Blcek. 3Iakr. p. 3G8, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
3Iakr. p. 75.
B.7. D. 7-8 1 3-^. A. 5 1 3-4.
Scales very small. Vcntrals none. The height of the body is
one-half of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. Dorsal
and anal spines truncated and trenchant, more conspicuous in imma-
ture specimens than in adult ones ; dorsal and anal fins produced
anteriorly. The lobe of the dorsal equals the length of the pecto-
rals, which are 2| in the total. The upper caudal lobe is only one-
half of the lower, which equals the length of the body, the caudal
not included. The length of the anal lobe is equal to, or shorter
than, the lower one of the caudal. Lateral line not keeled. Greyish :
sides of the head and the vertical fins minutely dotted with black.
East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
8. Stromateus argenteus.
Stromateus argenteus, Bl. xii. p. 92. tab. 421 ; Shaw, Znol. iv. p. 110 ;
Cur. (^ Val. ix. p. 393 ; Cant. Catal. p. 142 ; Richards. Ichtlt. Clan.
p. 272.
Russell, pp. 31, 35. pi. 42.
Stromateus candidus, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 391 ; Bclanger, foy. p. 309.
pi. 2. f. 2.
securifer, Citr. ^ Val. ix. p. 394. pi. 273 (young) ; (ant. Ann.
(^ Ma(). Nat. Hist. ix. p. 15 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 273.
? Stromateus punctatissinius, Schleg. Faun. Japan. I'oiss. p. 121. pi. (75.
B.C. D. 5-9 1 5^3. A.6|3-i^,. Vert. 15/21.
Scales very small. VentraLs none. The lieight of the body is
one-half of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. Dorsal
and anal si)ines truncated and trenchant, more c()nsi)icuous in imma-
ture; specimens than in adult ones ; dorsal and anal fins produced
anteriorly. The base of the first soft dorsal ray falls vertically at
some distance behind the base of the pectoral; the length of the
anal lobe exceeds slightly that of the dorsal, and ecpials in Icngtli
the pectoni, which, as well as the caudal lobes, is one-tliird of the
]\K STROMATi:rs. 401
total length. Lateral line not keeled. Silvcr}--^!^}-, minutely dotted
with black.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. China.
b. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. d. Adult, Amoy (China).
e, f. Young. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
(/.' Adult : bad state. Irom the Collection of the Zoological Society.
/;. Half- grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
/. Half-grown : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
k, I. Half-grown. Presented by Sir J. llichardson.
m. Half-g•ro^vn : dried. [? West India Islands.] Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener.
n. Half-grown.
0. Skeleton. Purchased.
I refer a sheJeton, not in a good state of preservation, which has
been purchased with the name of Stromatcus macroptenis, to this
species. The occipital crest is well developed, and extends on to the
front part of the snout ; the lateral crests are much lower and
shorter ; the upper part of the orbit is swollen and rugose. There
are fifteen abdominal and twenty-one caudal verteh'va?.^' , the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1:1-5; the vertebrae are compressed in their longitudinal
diameter. The htcmal spines are stronger and longer than the
neurals, and the anterior ones compressed, so as to be in immediate
contact with one another. The interhsemals and the interneurals do
not leave an interspace between the single spines, and are highest on
the middle of the body. The first interhojnuil is strong and long,
directed obliquely backwards, and forke^l at its upper extremity, the
fork embracing the four anterior ha^mals. The ulna is very ])road ;
the pubie bones are confounded into a single sa})ro-shaped bone,
extending from the symphysis of the humeral bones nearly to the
lower extremity of the first interhoemal.
9. Stromateus niger.
Renard, i. pi. 5. f. 38 ; EiisseU, i. p. 32. pi. 43.
Stromateus niger, Block, xii. p. 93. taf. 422 ; Bl. Schn. p. 492. tab. 93 ;
Shaio, Zool. iv. p. Ill; Cur. ^- Val. ix. p. 385 ; Caid. Ann. i■ Veil. ix. p. S.jO,
Body rather compressed, more or less oblong, covered with very
small scales ; the cleft of tlie mouth of moderate wadth, A single
long dorsal, without distinct spinous division ; anal scaly, like the
dorsal, anteriorly with three feeble spines. A single series of minute
teeth in the jaws ; palate and tongue smooth. The epibranchial
bone of the fourth arch with long toothed processes. Seven bran-
chiostegals j pseudobranchia) present ; air-bladder small. Pyloric
appendages in moderate number.
Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic, north-
wards to the British coast.
1. Centrolophas britannicus.
Gthr. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860, July, p. 40.
B. 7. D. 45. A. 30.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth. The maxillary reaches to below the anterior
margin of the eye. The length of the dorsal fin is 1| in the total,
that of the anal Sj. Scales exceedingly small. Uniform brovna.
Sea off Polperro.
a. Adult: stuffed. Polperro.
Description of the specimen. — ^This species differs greatly from Cen-
trohpJius pompUus in the form and number of the fin-rays. The
upper profile descends from the dorsal fin in a scarcely stronger
curvature than that in which the lower one ascends. The greatest
depth of the body is below the second quarter of the dorsal fin, and
one-fifth of the total length ; the length of the head is one-sixth of
the total. The snout is short, obtuse, and appears to be scarcely
longer than the character of the eye, which is situated at a distance
from the extremity of the operculum twice greater than that from
the end of the snout. The jaws are armed Avith a series of minute
teeth. The rays of all the tins are much more slender and shorter
than in C pomj^ihis. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from
the base of the ventrals, and its distance from the occiput cijuals
20. CENTROLOPHUS. 403
that from the ^ij^l ; the rays are very feeble, low, and the fin is
not elevated on its anterior third, as in C. pompilus. The point
where the spines pass into rays cannot be distinguished. The fin is
scaly. The caudal fin is forked, and its length one- sixth of the total.
The anal fin commences vertically below the nineteenth dorsal ray,
and terminates opposite to the end of the dorsal fin ; it is low, like
the dorsal, anteriorly not elevated, scaly ; the length of its base is
3^ in the total. Pectorals smaU, -with an elongate triangular lobe
of the humeral above. The root of the ventrals falls vertically im-
mediately behind that of tlie pectoral ; they are very small.
Scales exceedingly small. The lateral line makes a short cm-ve
above the pectoral, and runs from thence along the middle of the body.
Colour imiform brown.
inches, luies.
Total length 19 0
Height of the body 3 10
Length of the head 3 0
Width between the orbits 1 1
Length of the dorsal fin 10 3
Distance of the dorsal fin from the extre-
mity of the snout 4 2
Length of the caudal fin 3 2
Lenc-th of the anal fin 5 9
2. Centrolophus pompilus.
The Black-fish.
Pompilus,^ iZopjfM viii. cap. 14. p. 250; Gcsn. Aqvat. iv. p. 753;
Aldrov. iii. c. 19. p. 325 ; Jonsto)i, i. lib. i. tit. i. cap. 2. art. 2. tab. 3.
f. 5 ; -Rrt//, Si/n. p. 101.
Pompilus rondeletii, Will p. 215. tab. 0. 1. f. G ; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1839, p. 81, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 7.
PCorj'phfena pompilus, L. Si/st. i. p. 447; (Bl. ScIin. p. 296; LacSp.
iii. p. 198; Eisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 180).
Black-fish, Jac/o in Jiorlase, Nut. Hist, of Coniiv. p. 271. pi. 26. f. 8,
Black RulTe, Perm. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 228.
Merle, Diiham. Peches, ii. sect. iv. p. 37. pi. 6. f. 2.
Perca nigi*a, L. Gm. i. p. 1321.
Holocentnis niger, Lacep. iv. pp. 330, 357.
Centi-olophua niger, Lacep. iv. pp. 441, 442. pi. 10. f. 2.
pompilus, Ciw. 8)- Val. ix. p. 334. pi. 269, cop. by Yarrcll, Brit.
Fishes, 3 edit. i. p. 247 ; Car. Rhjne Anim. PI. Poiss. pi. 65. f. 2 ;
Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. cum fig. ; Gnichen. Explor< Alyer. Poiss.
p. (53.
Acentrolophus maculosus, Nardo, Prodr. Ichth. Adr. sp. 02.
Centi'olophus morio, Cue. ^" Val. ix. p. 342.
Hparis, Risso, Eur. Ilcrid. iii. p. 337 ; Cm: & Val. ix. p. 345.
B. 7. D. 39-41. A. 23-25. Caec. pylor. 9. Vert. 11/14.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The maxillary reaches to below the anterior
margin of the eye The length of the dorsal fin is 2^ in the total,
2 1) 2
404 SCUMIilUD.l-;.
that of the anal 3^. Scales very small. Uuit'onu l)laeidsli, or willi
irregular light spots.
Mediterranean ; coasts of France and south coast of England,
a. Adult.
h. Half-grown. From the Haslar (Jolleetion.
3, Centrolophus ovalis.
Centroloplms ovalis, Cur. ^- J^fd. ix. p. •34(5.
Leivus hennettii, Lowe, Pioc. Cididh. Zixi/. S'oc. 18;)-"{, i. \). l4-"», nnd
Triai.s. Ctunbr. riiilos. Soc. vi. p. 190. lab. o, and Tra/t-s. Zoo/. S<>c.
ii. p. 179.
Ponipilus bennettii, Loice, Proc. Zool. «S'of. 18o9, p. 82, and Trans. Zool.
Soc. iii. p. 8.
Crius bennettii, Valcnc. in Webb S^ Ihrtliel. Ih-s Canar. i'o/.s.v. p. 4-'>.
13. 7. D. jEla- ^-lirSi- ^- ^'^^- ""''• '"^- ^'^''■^- 2'^- ^'*^^- W^^"''- ^'■
The height of the body is onc-thii'd of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. C-audal emarginate. Brownish (in spirits).
Sea off Xizza; Seas of Madeira and the Canary Ishinds.
a, b. Fine specimens. Madeira. Presented by the Itev. IL T. Lowe.
The differences of Centrolophus crassus, Cuv. & Val. ix. p. IMS, are
not yet sufficiently pointed out.
Fifth Group. CORYPH^NINA.
Scomhridiii will' one long dorsal fin witliuut distinct .s])inous di-
vision. No tcetli in the oesophagus.
21. CORYPH-ENA*.
Coryphcicna, (Aricdi) Cut: ^ Val. ix. p. 2G8.
Lampugus, Cuv. <^ Val. ix. p. 317.
Body compressed, rafher elongate ; adult specimens ^\nth an ele-
vated crest on the skidJ ; cleft of the mouth wide. A single doi-sul,
» 1. Guaracapemn, Marcf/r. p. KJO; Coryphoena marcgravii, C. if V. ix. p.301.
— Tropical pads pf the Atlantic.
2. Coryplia-nasucrii, G. 4' V. ix. p. 3U2 ; Coryphaina globiccps, Dckui/, New
York Fauna, Fishes, p. 1^2. pi. 10. f. 29. — Atlantic coasts of the United
States.
3. RcnarO., ii. IG, 7ti ; Corypli.'una vlamingii, C. ^ V. ix. p. 31;").-- East Indies.
4. Corypliauia fasciolata, I'ull. Sjncil.y\ii.iah.'6.L2; Lampugus fasciolatus,
Cuv. iSj- Val. ix. p. 328. — Aniboyna.
5. nortoniana, ifvK;e, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 80, and Tratis. Zool. Soc.
.iii. p. (5. — Sea of Madeira.
G. azurea, Less. Voi/. Di'pcrrcji, Zool. ii. p. 153; Coryiilia;na lessonii.
Cuv. tj- Val. ix. p. 307. — Tropical parts of the Atlantic.
7. socialis, Bennett, Whaling Voi/aye, ii. p. 274.— Tropical parts of tlie
Pacific.
.'J!, coRYPn.>:N\. 405
extending from the occiput nearly to tlic caudal, which is deeply
forked ; no distinct dorsal and anal si)incs ; the ventrals arc well
developed, and can be partly received in a groove on the abdomen.
Scales very small. Cardifcn-m teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and
the pidatine bones ; a patch of Ailliform teeth on the tongue,
liranchiostcgals seven ; ])seudol)ranchia^ and air-bladder absent.
Pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous.
Inhabitants of the high seas of the teni])erate and tropical regions.
In the last part of the Ifisioirc Naturelle des Poissons, prepared by
Cu\'ier himself, an incomplete note by some author, o:' a rough sketch
by a traveller, a ditferent locality, a slight modification of an organ,
at^cidental in an individual specimen, or dependent on age, have been
deemed sufhcient reasons by him for the creation of a number of
species, the names of which will be a heavy encimibrance to the
synonj-my for a long time to come. This tendency in the later years
of Cuvier appears to culminate in his treatment of Conjpha'aa. He
declared himself to be rather uncertain as to the importance of the
different relative height of the crest on the neck, and acknowledges
the possibility of the existence of sexual differences (pp. 31 1 & 314) ;
but he did not notice the remarkable circumstance that all his spe-
cimens with a high crest and an elevated dorsal fin {Corjipluvna)
were of large size, whilst his genus Lamjntgus was composed of fishes
not exceechng 2 feet in length ! I have no doubl , from comparison
not onlj^ of the specimens in this collection, but of many others, that
the crest and the anterior part of the dorsal fin become gi'adually
higher with age, and that Lcmipiu/us is the immature state of Coi't/-
■phcrna. Whether there is also a slight difference between the sexes
in this res^icct, I am not able to decide.
The single species of Corifphcena are difficult to distinguish. If
the coloration really were of great specific value, those who examine
preserved specimens cannot avail themselves of it. We depend, there-
fore, entirely on the relative height of the body and on the number
of the fin-rays, which, in spite of its being considerable, appears to
be very constant in the different species. We are enabled, by these
characters, to circumscribe several very distinct forms. Cuvier has
not acknowledged the identity of the Atlantic and Indian Cot'i/jJueme
(althougli he has done so in other genera), and yet he coidd not
point out their differences. In a family like the Scoi.ihridc, which
is nearly entirely composed of fishes inhabiting the high seas, and
endowed with a wonderful power of swimming, it is of no conse-
quence whether the same species he found in the Atlantic, in the
Indian Ocean, and in the Pacific.
1 . Coryphgena hippurus.
A. Doubtful synonymy.
Kopv(Paiva, Aristot. lib. v. e. 10.
"Imvovpn^, Arinfof. lib. viii. c. 15: Athcn. lib. vii. \. o04 ; Opplaii. \.
184, iii. 18(5, iv. 404.
ITippmuM, (hii/ola, Lacep. iv. p. 110; SJiaw, Zoo/, iv. p. 424.
niger, Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 98.
? CUiTctodon, sp., Coueh. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 78.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf e/n. taf. 12. f. 1.
^■WT^- ^-l- I- Int.- 80 -95. L. transv. 13/23. Cirr. prior. 5.
Thf great''sf bciglit oi tbo body is below the oiigi)i o| ihe dorsal.
22. nRAMA. 409
and one-third of the total length ; the eye is situated in the centre
of the head; the pectorals reach to the middle of the anal fin.
Coloration uniform.
Mediterranean ; English coasts ; Cape Seas.
a. Adult : stuftcd. Cape Seas.
h. Half-grown : stuffed. Madeira. From the Collection of the Rev.
11. T. Lowe.
c. Adult : stuffed. Mediterranean.
(/, e. Adult : stuffed. English coast.
/. Adult: stiifTcd. Berwick-on-Tweed. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
(J. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
h. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
It is impossible to discover specific differences between Brama rali
and Brama chilensis (Gay, Chile, Feces, p. 218) in the accounts given.
A rcmarlvable instance of the careless manner in which Valenciennes
used to treat ichthyological subjects may be found in Cuv. Regne
Anhn. III. Poiss. pi. 44. f. 1, where the very same fish, which he had
received from Gay, is marked and figured as Brama avstralis, and
described as " asscz semblable a celle des mers du Pole Arctique "
(viz. Brama rali).
2. Brama dussumieri.
Cuv. ^ Vul vii. p. 294.
D.i-. A.-'-.
29 21-25
The greatest height of the body is below the middle of the back,
and one-half of the length (without caudal fin}; the eye is situated
near the upper outline of the head. Uniform silvery,
Indian Ocean (85° E. long., 0°lat.).
a. Young. Cnlna Sea. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
Have young specimens of Brama rail the body more elevated, and
the eye nearer to the upper pi'ofil-> of the head, than mature ones?
3. Bra.ma orcini.
Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 295.
2/ 24
The greatest height of the body is before the middle of the back,
and Ig in the length (-without caudal); the eye is situated above
the middle of the head. Uniform silvery.
Indian Ocean (0°lat., 85° E. long.).
a-c. Lat. 1°N., long. 19° W. Young: taken from the stomach of
a dolphin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
>. ?
25. scnEDOPiiiL'JS 411
anal fin stronger than the others. Head md body silvery- white ;
the tirst dorsal and the anal deep violet-blue, with short gold and
green iridescent stripes between the rays.
Sea of Madeira.
a. Old Collection, as Coryphcena velifera.
Lov^e has observed in jfresh examples, that the hindmost part of
the dorsal fin is detached from the rest, and that the ventral fins are
composed of six rays. Unfortunately, both those parts, being of an
extremely delicate structure, are nearly entirely destroyed in the
specimen in the British Museum Collection.
2. Pteraclis ocellatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 303. pi. 271 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 66. f. 2.
B. 7. D. 45-46. A. 42. V. 4. L. lat. 50-54. L. transv. 17.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. Silveiy ; the dorsal fin with a blue spot at the top.
Canal of Mozambique.
3. Pteraclis carolinus.
Cuv. 4- Val ix. p. 308.
D. *2. A. 44. C£ec. pylor. 6.
Silvery. {Cuv.)
Coast of Carolina.
4. Pteraclis velifer.
Pteraclis, sp., Gronov. I. c. tab. 11. f. 1.
Coryphtena velifera. Pull. Spicil. viii. p. 19. tab. 3. f j
Pteraclis velifera, lil. Schn. p. 143. tab. 35 (not g^od)!
Oligopodus veliferus, Lacep. ii, pp. 511, 512.
Pteraclis guttatus, Ctiv. 8,- Val. ix. p. 370.
pinnata, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 170.
B. 7. D. 55. A. 51.
Silvery ; the vertical fins brown, with whitish spots. {Pall.)
Indian Ocean.
25. SCHEDOPHILUS.
Schedophilus, Cocco in Giorn. Innom. Mess. Ann. iii.
Criiis, sp., Valenc. in Webb ^ Berthel. lies Canur. Poiss. p. 45.
Body compressed, oblong, covered with minute scales ; cleft of the
mouth of moderate width, with the jaws equal ; eye moderate ; praj-
opercular margin spiny. One dorsal, commencing behind the nape
of the neck, formed by flexible spines and branched rays, extending
nearly along the whole back ; anal similar to the dorsal, but much
shorter. Ventrals thoracic (subjugular in Scli. macuJaUi^), formed by
one spine and five rays. A series of small teeth in the jaws ; palate
smooth, Branchiostcgals seven ; pseudobranchia} ; air-bladder (?).
Mediterranean, and the neighbouring parts of tlif Atlantic ;
Chin esc Sea.
412 SCOMnKTD.T..
1 . Scliedophilus berthelotii.
Crius* berthelotii, Vdlenc. in Wchh ^- BcrtJni. lies Canar. Pom. p. 45.
pi. 0. f. 1.
D. 38. A. 25. Cfcc. pylor. G.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. (Jrecnish ;
fins brownish.
Canary Islands.
a. Half-gro^^^l : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
2. Schedophilus maculatus.
D.^: A.^. V.1/5.
The height of the body is contained three times and tlircc-seveiitlis
in the total length. The root of the ventral falls vertically before
that of the pectoral. Bodj' and tail sj)otted with brown ; four spots
on the base of the dorsal fin, three on that of the anal, two on that
of the caudal brownish-black.
Sea of China.
a. Young, China Sea. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
The anterior nine dorsal rays and three of the anal fin are de-
cidedlj' spinous, but I doubt whether this character is preserved in
a mature state of the fish. The whole margin of the i>ra}operculum
is aiTned with spines. The ventrals are inserted before the pecto-
rals, subjugular.
Total length 24 lines.
Height of the body 7 „
3. Schedophilus medusophagns.
Centrolophiis medusophagus, Cocco in (>'iorn, Inmnn. 3Tc.is. Ann. iii.
no. 7. p. 57.
Schedophilus medusophagus, Cocco, I. c. : Bonap. Fmoi. Itr;v-
opercidar spines
413
20. DIANA.
JMcana, liisso, Eur. MeriiJ. iii. p. 2(57.
Astrodernius, {Buiu-Hi) Cm: 4" J'«/- ix- P- '^52.
]}ody compressed, oblonj?, co^■ercd with minute granular scales ;
cleft of the mouth very narrow ; head with a high interparietal crest.
A single dorsal, which, like the anal, is composed of unarticulated,
ticxible, widely-set spines ; vcntrals slender, elougate. A single
series of minute teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the palatine bones and
on tlie tongue. Eranchiostegals five ; air-bladder none ? Pyloric
appendages in small number ; intestines with many circumvolutions.
Mediterranean.
1. Diana semilunata.
Diana semilunata, liisso, I. c. tab. 7. f. 4.
Astrodernius cor^-iDlucnoides, (BoitcUi) Cue. 8,- Val. ix. p. 353. pi. 270
(bad); Loin; Pror. Zoo!. Soc. \XAQ, p. 37, and Trans. Zoul. Sue. iii.p.7.
Diana vabau-ienncsii, Cairo, (iinni. iS'c. Lett. Art. Sic. F. l'^3. cum tig.
Astrodeiniii plunibcum, Lowe, I'roc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 83.
^Vsti'odennus elegans, Boiiap. Faun. Hal. Pesc. cum tig.
B. 5. D. 22-23. A. 18. V. 2/5. Ca;c. pylor. 5.
Palate Avith two membranaceous folds, one behind the intermax-
illary teeth, and the other across the vomer. Ventral spines ser-
rated. Silvery, with blackish spots ; dorsal and anal fins bluish-
black, the other fins reddish-yellow.
Mediterranean ; Sea of Madeira.
The description and figure of Astrodernius elerjans, given by Bo-
naparte, agree so closely with the cliaracters attributed to Astroderma
'phmibcum by Mr. Lowe, that I do not hesitate to consider both as
identical. Bonaparte says, that the figure given by Cuvier is merely
a bad representation of the same fish. There is, however, one dis-
crepancy between Lowe's and Bonaparte's accounts : the individual
examined by the former, and four inches long, had the ventral spine
feeble and not serrated, whilst a serrature is distinct in Bonaparte's
and Cuvier's specimens, which measured from seven to fifteen inches
in length. Whether this is really a specific difference I cannot say.
27. AUSONIA.
Ausonia, Pisso, Pur. Mcrid. iii. p. 341.
Proctostegus, Nardo.
Body oblong, much compressed and attenuated towards the tail,
encrusted with patches of minute, soft, deciduous, branny scales ;
cleft of the mouth small, narrow. One dorsal, occupying the jios-
terior half of the back, composed of unarticulated rays, and with a
single detached spine in front ; caudal forked ; vcntrals thoracic, ru-
dimentary ; vent immediately behind, and closed by, the vcntrals.
Teeth in a single row, minute, finely pectinate ; a longitudinal keel
on each side of the tail, liranchiostegals five ; air-bladder large ;
pyloric appendages five.
Mediterranean; Sea of Madeira.
414 SCOJffBKIDJE.
1. Ausonia cuvieri.
Ausonia cuvieri, Hisso, I. c. p. 342. fig. 28 ; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1843, p. 84.
Luvarus imperialis, (Hqfinesqiie) Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 412.
Proctostej^ua pvoctostegus, Nardu, Prodromus Observ. et Disq., Adriat.
Ichth. in tyiar. Phys. Chem, et Hist. Nat. Ticini, 1827, vol. i.
pp. 18 & 42.
prototypus, Nardo, Mem. " De Prociostego/^ Pcdavii, 1827 (with
a good figure).
D. 1 I 13. A. 1 I 14. V. 1 or 1/4,
The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the
total length.
Mediterranean ; Sea of Madeira.
This species is extremely scarce, and very little known. There are,
moreover, several important discrepancies between the descriptions,
and it is not yet evident whether they have originated in imperfect
means of observation, or whether they depend on different states of
age, or whether we have hitherto confounded different species. I
think it my duty, therefore, to give in fuU the account, for which 1
am indebted to the Kev. R. T. Lowe, and which he had taken fi-om
a fresh and perfect individual ; this specimen, deposited in the former
Museum of the Zoological Society, appears to have been lost.
" The whole body is smooth and naked, with the exception of irre-
gular patches here and there (most plentifully on the head and back)
of a skinny, crape-Hke coat or covering of minute, rough, branny
scales, like a crust of half-congealed snow, and easily rubbing off.
This has once evidently covered the whole fish, the nakedness being
the result of either natural wear or injury. The mouth is singularly
SDfiall, and as it were subtubiilar, yet quite short, and not protractile.
Maxillarj^ very broad and short. Teeth in a single row in both jaws,
pectinate, and excessively fine and minute, but pcrfectJn distinct.
Palatines with a rough, narrow band ; tongue smooth ; oesophagus
verrucose, and furnished besides with largo soft papilkic.
" Close before the dorsal fin is a rather short spine seated in a groove,
in which, when reclined, it lies quite concealed ; it is webbed behind
in its axil, but perfectly free from the dorsal fin ; the first two rays
are decidedly spinous, the next five or six somewhat homy and sub-
pungent, and the rest feebly branched, much as in Lampris
The ventral fins are reduced to two short, bony, triangular-prismatic
spines (one inch long), placed close to each other on the ventral
keel, under the fore-axil of the pectoral fins, at the fore-edge of the
vent, which, when rechned, they cover and conceal, closing over it
like a pair of folding-doors. I could not discover the least trace or
rudiment of other rays.
"The colour is a uniform iridescent pale steel or lead, reflecting rosy,
lilac or purple tints towards the back ; silvery towards tlie belly and
about the head. The dorsal and anal fins have the membrane black
and the rays vermilion ; pectoral and caudal fins wliolly bright ver-
milion ; ventrals flesh-coloured, the spine in front of the dorsal and
anal fins whitish. The patches of the crust of the body are of a pale
29. LAMPRIS, 415
])ink or dirty-white tint. Inside of the mouth purplish or dark mul-
berry-red."
inches, lines.
Total lenp:th 35 4^
Length of the head 7 Ij
Diameter of the eye 1 0
Height of the body 10 3
Thickness of the body 3 1^
Length of the pectoral fin 7 6
of the ventral fin 1 0
2S. MENE.
Meue, Lan-p. v. p. 479 ; Cia\ ^ Val. x. p. 103.
Body much compressed, with prominent and trenchant abdomen,
naked ; mouth very protractile ; teeth in the jaws villiform, none on
the palate. A single long dorsal, -without distinct spinous portion ;
anal without spines, and with the rays enveloped in the skin, their
free extremities being very broad ; ventrals with one spine and five
soft rays. Branchiostegals seven ; air-bladder large, bifurcate pos-
teriorly. Pyloric appendages in increased number.
East Indian Seas.
1. Mene maculata.
Zeus maculatus, BL Schn. p. 95. pi. 22.
Mene anna Carolina, Lacep. v. pp. 479, 480. pi. 14. f. 2
Russell, i. p. 47. pi. 60.
Mene maculata, Cin\ Sf Val. x. p. 104. pi. 285 ; laim. Jtijwn. Poiss.
p. 127. pi. 67. f. 8; Richards. IchtJt. Chin. p. 276; Cant. Catal. p. 154;
Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 80 ; Ciiv. Rv.
Body generally compressed, oblong- or elevated, covered with small
scales or naked ; eye lateral. Dentition variable. The infraorbital
bones do not articulate with the pra^operculum. The spinous dorsal
less developed than the soft or' than the anal, either continuous ^\ ith.
or sej)arated from, the soft portion, sometimes I'vidimcntaryt. The.
posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins sometimes semidetached.
Ventrals thoracic, sometimes rudimentary or entirely absent. No
prominent papilla near the vent. Gill-opening wide ; generally seven
branchiostegals and pseiidobranchia)J ; air-bladder present ; pyloric
appendages generally in great number §. Vertebrae 10 '14.
Inhabitants of the seas of the temperate and tropical regions, many
of the species having a very wide range.
This fanfily forms a very natural division, widely ditl'ering from
the Scomhridce in the structure of the vertebral column, which is
composed of ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebi-ae. The only
exception is found in the genera Chorhiemus and Temnodon, where
the number of the vertebra) is increased by one or two : but a com-
parison with Lichia shows that their natural position is by the side
of this genus. Several authors have also distinguished a family of
Carangidce ; but if they have defined it at all, they have applied
characters very different from those given above, and have not paid
attention to the structure of the skeleton.
I divide this family into two groups : —
The soft dorsal and anal of nearly equal extent . . A. Carangina.
One dorsal fin only, much shorter than the anal . . B. Kurtina,
Si/noiJfiis of the Gtuem.
First rfrovp : Carangina.
a. Two anal spines remote from the soft jiortioii.
* Lateral line with plate4ike shields, each of which is
generally armed with a spine.
Lateral line entirely shielded 1 . TRAcnURU-s.
t A single sliort dorsal in the second group.
\ Absent in Lichia and Trarhynnfus.
I In small number in Eqim/a and Lacforixs.
VOL. II. - K
418 CARANGID^.
Lateral line partly sirioolh ; praeoperculum dent icu-
l*lt«d 2. CARA^JOICIITriYS.
Lateral line partly smooth ; praffoperculum entire... 3. Cauanx.
** Lateral line smooth. The spines of the first dorsal
connected by a membrane.
Body and praorbital very elevated ; the spinous dor-
sal and the anal spines sometimes rudimentary ... 4. Arovreiosus.
Prffiorbital of moderate height ; abdomen trenchant. 5. Micropteryx.
Praorbital of moderate height ; abdomen rounded ;
teeth villiform ; prifoperculum entire ; finlets none. 0. Seriola.
Prseorbital of moderate lieight ; praeoperculum den-
ticulated ; cleft of the mouth moderately wide ;
teeth of the jaws in a single series, rather snaall ... 7. SERroLELLA
A finlet behind the dorsal and anal fins 8. Seriolichthv.s.
Cleft of the mouth narrow ; tcetli of the jaws in villi-
form bands; pncoperculum armed at the angle. . . 0. Natcleiuts.
Body naked ; cleft of the mouth wide ; praeopercu-
lum serrated ; finlets none 10. Portm.meus.
Jaws with a series of strong teeth 11. Temnodon.
*** The spinous dorsal formed by isolat20 ; Oppian, Halieitf. i. ]). 5.
Saunis, Salrian. fol. 70.
Lacertiis s. Trachurus, Bellxni. p. 1.33 ; Gesncr, pp. 407, 552.
Trachurus, Rondel, viii. c. G. p. 233 ; ScJionev. p. 75 ; Aldrov. ii. c. 52.
p. 208; Jondo)), i. tit. 3. cap. 3. art. 1. tab. 21. f. 8; Willughby,
p. 290. tab. S. 22 ; Raif, p. 92.
Scomber, no. 3, Artcdi, Genera, p. 31.
-. trachurus, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 494 ; Bl. taf 56 ; Bl. Schn. p. 27 ;
Pa/L Zoogr. Ross. iii. p. 218; Donor. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 3.
sp., Gronor. Zoophyl. no. 308, and Mus. Ichth. i. p. 34. no. 80 ;
Duhamel, Peches, ii. sect. 7. p. 189 ; Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 237.
pi. 51.
Caranx trachurus, Lacep. iii. p. 03 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 173, and
Etir. Mcrid. iii. p. 421 ; Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 11. pi. 246; Parn. Fishes
Frith of Forth, p. 57 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 175; Gai/, Hist.
Chile, Zool. ii. p. 23-3 ; Ciw. Rk/ne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 57. f. 1 ;
Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 273, and Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi.
p. 25; Nordm. in Demid. Vog. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 393; Guichen.
Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 61.
Caranxomorus, Lacep. iii. pi. 11. f. 1 (according to Cuv.).
Caranx amia, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 174.
Seriola pictui'ata, Bowd. Exc. p. 123. f. 27 (v«ry bad).
Trachurus europffius, Gronor. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 125.
Caranx trachurus iaponicus, Schleq. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 109. pi. 59.
f. 1.
Selar japonicus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, pi. 8. f. 1.
Caranx symmetricus, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. iSc. i. 1855, p. 62.
Trachurus symmetricus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Fxped. Fishes,
p. 107.
Caranx cuvieri, Lowe. Trans. Zool. Sor. ii. ]>. 183.
2 i: 2
420 CARAXGID.K.
Ciiranx dccliin^, Jonipis, Zool. Bea(/h', Fislicx, p. 68. pi. 14.
Trachimis trafhiirus, Ca.stchi. Aiii)ii. notir. on rares, Poiss. p. 23.
^- ^ I 3-T^v '^- - I ^- ^- ^''t- 70-99. Cjcc. pylor. 1 2-20.
Vert. 10/14.
The height of the l)o(ly is 4| to 5^ in tho total len<^th, tlio length
of the head 4|. Tlie snout is longer than the diameter of the eye ;
the upper maxillary reaches to, or slightly heyond, the vertical from
the anterior margin of the eye. A black blotch on the posterioi-
margin of the ojjcrculnm.
From the coasts of the temperate parts of Europe, along the coasts
of Afiica, round the Cape of Good Hope, into the East Indian Seas, to
the coasts of New Zealand and West America.
((. Fine specimen. English Coast. Purchased.
h. Half- gro wn : skin. English Coast. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
c, d. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.
e. Adult. South Wales. Pi'escnted by J. Stokes, Esq.
f. Adult: stuffed. Weymouth. Presented by Lieut. H. F. Spence,
ll.N.
//, A. Young. Devonshire. Mus. Leach.
/. Adult: siufl'ed. Mediterranean.
/'. Half-grown. Mediterranean.
I. Young. South Europe. Presented by R. E. Webb, P]sq.
m. Young : not good state. Sicilj'. Presented by W. Swainson, Escj.
n. Half-grown. Dalmatia.
0. Very fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
I). Half-grown. Lisbon.
q. Adult. Mad'^ira. Presented l)y the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
r. Half- grown. Cape of Good Hope. From the Haslar Ctjllection.
s. Half-grown. Australia. From Mr. jMacgillivray's Collection.
t. Half-grown : skin. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection
V. Half- grown : skin. Austraha. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
('. Half-growni. Australia. Presented bj- the Earl of Derby.
w. Half-grown. Port Jackson. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
D. H I — . A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 75. —Caranx declivis, Jen,
.'(■. Young. New Zealand. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
y. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
z. Adult : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
a. Half- grown. Presented by Dr. Johnston.
/3. Adult.
y. Adult: skin. From Gronov's Collection.
a. Adult: .stuffed.
f. Young. Fiom the Haslar Collection.
i^, T], Adult : skins.
II. Half-grown: .skeleton. Port Jackson. From Mr. Macgillivray's
Collection.
1. Adult: skeleton. Purchased.
Skeleton. — There are two skeletons in the British Museum, one
from a British, the other from an Australian specimen ; they are
identical in every pointy and ])rove the correctness of my o])iniou of
2. CAKANOICllI UYS. 421
the specific unity of Caraii.v trachurus. There are several strong
crests on the upper sui-face of tlie skull : the occipital crest occupies
all the length of the skull, from the anterior extremity of the frontal
bones to the occipital joint ; a pair of lower crests on each side of
the crown, the interior proceeding from the superciliary margin, the
exterior from the posterior angle of the orbit. The jiraefrontals are
small, and situated in a depression before the orbit. The basal por-
tion of the brain-capsule is neither compressed nor swollen. The
maxillary becomes gradually wider behind, and has a narrow sup-
plcmentar}' bone which occupies its whole superior margin. The
maxillaiy is slender, with a triangular prominence behind, and with
the posterior processes rather short. The mandibula has a rudi-
mentaiy nuiciferous channel, with four pores leading into it ; there
is a wide free space between the dentary and articular bones. The
prteoperculum is rounded, vnth the space between the edge and the
fiat interior lidge very wide ; many irregular pores indicate the pre-
sence of a rudimentary channel in its interior ; the lower limb is
shorter than the posterior. The operculum is nearly twice as high
as wide, and has a small notch posteriorly and another superiorly.
The intcro{)erculum is larger than the suboperculum.
The turbinal bones are compressed tubes of moderate length ; the
praeorbital is i-ather narrow, widest anteriorly ; the remainder of the
infraorbital ring is narrow, but widening behind.
The suprascapula and scapula are feeble ; the humerus, with the
bones of the fore-arm, forms a deep groove, the bottom of which is
nearly completely bony ; the radius has a wide ovate foramen. Tho
coracoid is broad, tapering inferiorly. Each of the pubic bones is
formed by three narrow lamellae, and terminates posteiiorly in a
short and slender process.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vcrtehrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-7. Each vertebra has a deep lateral impression. Tho
neural and haemal spines are moderately long and strong, and inclined
backwards ; the interneurals and interhaemals are feeble. The haemal
of the first caudal vertebra and the first interhaemal are united to
one strong bone, forming the base for the anal spines ; it is very
slightly curved anteriorly. The ribs are of moderate strength, and
have slender epipleural spines.
2. CARANGICHTHYS.
Carangichthys, Sleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 7G0.
Body compressed, elevated, covered with veiy small scales; the
posterior portion of the lateral line furnished Avith plates, each of
which is armed with a hook. Prceoperculum denticulated.- Cleft of
the mouth moderate ; snout short, convex. Two dorsals, the first
with eight spines and with an anterior horizontal spine, directed
forwards. Two anal spines, separated from the soft portion ; finlets
none. Teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, the palatines, and on the
tongue. Seven branchiostcgals.
Sea of Celebes.
■i2'J. f AUANGID^K.
I . Carangichthys typus.
B/eeker, I. r.
1). 8 I ^. A. 2 I ^. J., lat. 22.
The teeth in both the jaws are in a band, with an outer series
of larger teeth. The height of the body is one-third, the length of
the head one-fourth of the total length. The snout is equal in length
to the diameter of the eye, the upper maxillary reaching to below
the middle of the eye ; the jaws are ccpial anteriorly. Breast scale-
less. The lateral line is slightly curved, the straight portion be-
ginning below the middle of the soft dorsal. The second dorstd
and anal nearly as elevated as the body, pointed. Opercular spot
indistinct. {Bl.)
Sea of Celebes.
'6. CARANX*
Ciiranx, Olistus, Scyi'is, Blepharis, Gallichthys, et Hynnis, Ctw.Sf Val.
ix. p. 28, &c.
Megalaspis, Decapterus, Selar, Caranx, Carangoides, Leioglossus,
IJraspis, Selaroides (Leptaspis), et Gnathanodon, Sleeker, Nahiurk.
Tythchr. 1855, v. p. 417.
Caranx et Carangus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Plulad. 1858, p. 168.
Body more or less compressed, sometimes subcylindrical ; cleft of
the mouth moderate. The first dorsal continuous, generally "wdth
* 1. Caranx microchii*. Ciiv. ^ Val. ix. p. u'J. — Sunda Sea.
2. para, Cun. ^- Val. ix. p. 58. — Caranx cambon, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. GO. —
Caranx peronii, Jileek. Faun. Midd. en Oosf-Jaca (not Cuv. ^~ Val.).-
Selar j)ara, Blcek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 50. — East Indian Seas.
'S. fasciatus, Cuv. ^" Val. ix. p. 70. — Gulf of Mexico.
4. Seinr megalaspis, Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 502. — Sea of PriamaD,
5. Caranx solea, Cuv. cf Val. ix. p. BG.^Brazil.
6. bartholomsei, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 100. — St. Bartholomew's Island.
7. mentalis, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. df Val. ix. p. 124. — Red Sea.
8. title, Cud. cf- Val. ix. p. 124. — Pondicherry.
9. tapeinosoma, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i. Ainhoina, p. 44.—
Sea of Aniboyna.
10. janthinospilos, Blcek. I.e. p. 45. — Sea of ibnboyna.
H. peruanus, Tachudi, Faun. Peruan. Ichtki/ol. \). 19. — Coast of Peru.
Description apparently faulty.
12. cancroides, liichurda. Iclith. Chin. p. 274. — Canton.
13. bixanthopterus, Rufpf. N. W. Fische, p. 49. taf. 14. f. 2. — Red Sea.
14. Scomber heberi, Benv. Fishes of Ceylon, no. 26 ; Cuv. ^' Val. ix. p. 119. —
Coast of Ceylon.
15. Tracliurus boofjs, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Route, FisJtes, p. 108. — Coast
of California. In the description of this species, an account of (he teeth
has been entirely omitted ! The autlior adopts the genus Trachurus, and
" distinguishes it from Caranx proper by tlie striictiu'c of its lateral
line, wluch is composed of vertical scale-like scutelhc throughout its
whole length." The second species of the genus 'so defined, has "the
armature, peculiar to this genus, commencing opposite the anterior
margin of the second dorsal fin." (!)
JO. Caranx cestus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 274. — Sea of China.
17. margarita, Richards. I. c. p. 27t5. — Sea of China.
18. coeruleopinnatus, Cuv. lit of the body is more than one-fourth of the total length.
(Id. Teeth on the palate (^Caranyoidcs, pt., Svhir, pt., anil Lcioi/lossiis,
Bleek. ), p. 4'iL>.
20. C. lioglossufl. 28. C. plagiotiiRnia. 35. ('. equiila.
21. C. ascensionis. 29. (!. .senegallus. 86. i'. lieniigvmnostethus,
22. C. djeddaba. 30. C. ire. 37. C. bajad."
23. C. calla. 31, C. pi'ieu.stus. 38. C. fnlvoguttatiH.
24. C. niacruvus. 32. C. stellalns. .'59. C ferdaii.
25. C. xanthurus. 33. C. malabarieu.s. 40. C. broeknieycri.
26. C. inalam. 34. C. talaniparoides. 41. C. chilensis.
27. C. brevis. 42. ('. georgianus.
bb. Teeth on the palate none (Selaroides, Uraspis, et Gnatltunudoiif
Bleek.), p. 440.
43. (.'. hptolepis. 46. C. bicolor. 48. C. iiras])is.
44. C. dentex. 47. C. helvolus. 49. (!. specioHiis.
45. C. ambljriiynchus. 50. C. riip|i('llii.
b. The teeth in tin; upper jaw form a villifonn band, witli an outer .strie.s
of stronger ones ; those of the lower in a single series iCaranx, Blefk.),
p. 445.
51. C. fusiis. 54. C. jarra. 57. C. sansun.
52. C. chrysos. 55. C. cynodon. 58. C. carangus.
53. C. melampygos. 56. C. lepturus. 59. C. hippos.
2. One or several of the rays of the anal and dorsal fins elongate (Curu/ij;
pt., et Olisfus, Cuv. ; Cdranr/otdes, pt., Bleek.), p. 450.
00. C. atropus. 62. C. oblongus. 64. C. dinema.
()1. C. ophthalmotfenia. 63. C. chrysophryoides. «)5. C annatus.
B. The first dorsal very little developed, or disappearing with Jige ( Jilcpliarts,
Sci/ris, (iallichihys, et Hynnu, Cuv. ; Carmufoides, pt., Bleek.), p. 454.
(»6. C. ciliaris. 68. C. alexandrinus. 69. C. gallus.
(i7. C. sutor. 70. C. goreeusis.
I. The soft dorsal and anal with rays detac-hed from the rest of tlif tin.
A. With eight or nine rays di;ta(-hed.
1 . Caranx rottleri.
PSiJomber cordyla, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 4^3; L. (hn. p. 1.332 ; hi. Schn.
p. 23.
Scomber rottleri, HI. x, p. 40. tab. 346 ; BL Schn. p. 25 ; S/iair, Zoo/.
iv. p. 598.
missc/l, ii. p. 33. pi. 143.
? Scomber gu.ara, Lnc^p. ii. p. 604.
Caran.> rotthjri, Riipp. Afl. Fisrhe, p. 102, and N. IV. Fisc/ir, p. 48 ;
Cur. ^- Ffd. ix. p. 29 ; Riipp. N. W. I'Xsche, jip. 48, 52 ; Richards.
Ichlh. China, p. 273 ; Cant. Catal. p. 124.
Megala.spis rottleri, Bleeker, Vrrh. Rat. (Jen. xxiv. Makr. p. 49.
D. 8 I y^ I VIII.-IX. A. 2 1 1 1 VITI. Vert. 10/14.
The lateral lino makes a short and strong bend above the. root of
the pectoral, all the rest being straight, and armed with high plates.
.^. CARVNX. 425
The height of the body is 4| in the total length ; the upper pro tile
of the head descends gradually to the end of the snout ; the upi)er
maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye. Operculum with
a black spot.
From the Red Sea through all the Indian Seas.
fl. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. E. Reeves, Esq.
b. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
c, d. Young. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jcrdou, Esq.
e. Half-growTT : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
f. Half-gTown. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
(/. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
h. Half-grown : not good state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
i, Jl. Young. India.
B. A single posterior ray of the dorsal and unal fins Is detached.
2. Caranx macrosoma.
Deeaptevus macrosoma, lilcck. Natunrk. Ti/dsr/ir. Ncilcrl. Itul. i. 1851,
p. 358, and Verliand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 87.
The teeth of the upper jaw are not perceptible, those of the lower
in a single seri''s ; vomerine and palatine teeth. The height of the
body is 7-6| in the total length, the length of the head 4^-4^.
The snout is longer than the eye, the maxillary not reaching to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit ; the lower jaw is
scarcely longer than the upper. Breast scaly ; the lateral line very
slightly bent. Opercular spot black. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
3. Caranx muroadsi.
Caranx muroadsi, 2c»itn. ^ Schlct/. Fouii. Jupon. Polns. p. 108. pi. 5?^.
f. 1.
Dccapterus muroadsi, lilcck. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi. Japan, p. 101.
H Decapterus lajang, Blceker, Ternate, v. p. 302.
D. 8 1^1 1. A. 2 I ^^ 1 1. L. lat. 28.
The teeth in the jaws are minute, and form a single scries ; teeth
on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of
the body is (U in the total length, the length of the head 4|. The
snoiit is about equal in length to the diameter of the eye, and has
the lower jaw a little longer than the upj)er ; the maxillarj- reaches
to, or scarcely to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Breast scaly ; the lateral line is verj' slightly bent, and becomes
straight below the tenth dorsal ray. Opercular spot blackish ; tgp
of the soft dorsal brown.
Seas of Japan (and Ternate ?).
DcaqUcru^ lajoivj, Block. , appears lo he very closely libed to D.
42G CAKAXGIU.K.
muroadsi, the vomer of the former being provided with a longitudinal
strip of minute teeth, besides the transverse band, which alone is
present in the Japanese species.
4. Caranx macarellus.
? Curvata pinima, 3Iarc(/r. p. I'jO*.
Caranx macarellu Cuv. i^~ Vul. ix. p. 40.
D. 8 I i- 1 1 A. 2 I i; 1 1. L. lat. 25.
The height of the body is 6| in the total length, the length of the
head 5|. The lateral line is nearly straight, covered anteriorly with
a scries of round scales, posteriorly with twenty-five small plates.
Opercular spot small. {Cuv.)
Pyloric appendages numerous.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
5. Caranx punctatus.
Scomber hippos, Mitch. Trans. Lit. df Phil. Soc. New York, i. pi. 5.
f. 5, cop. by Uekca/, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 122. pi. 73. f. 2.'i3
(bad).
Caranx punctatus, Af/ass. Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 108. tab. 50 a. f. 2 ;
Cue. i^- Val. ix. p. ."38.
h Caranx suareus, (Pisso) Can. l^ Vul. ix. p. o;J.
D. 8 U 1 1. A. 2 U i I. L. lat. 40.
The teeth of the jaws arc minute, and form a single series ; teeth
on the vomer and the palatine bones, none on the tongue. The
height of the body is six times in the total length, the length of tlie
head 4^. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is a little bent downwards,
and becomes straight in the vertical from the eighth dorsal si)ine ;
the anterior portion is covered with fifty rather small scales, the
posterior with forty-six well-developed plates ; there is a series of
twelve very distinct pores, visible along the anterior part of the
lateral line. The snout has the jaws of e(jual length ; it is pointed,
and longer than the diameter of the eye, which equals the width
between the orbits ; the upper maxillary reaches nearly to the ver-
tical from the anterior margin of the eye. Opercular spot indistinct.
From the West Indies to New York. (Mediterranean ?)
a. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
The fish called Caranx jninctatinf by Cuvier, is the same to which
this name had been given by M. Agassiz in 1829.
0. Caranx scombrinus.
Valenc. Voy. Venus, IrlUhyol. p. 3.'>2. pi. 7. i". 1.
D. 9 1^1 1. A. 2 I 23 I T. L. lat. 42.
The height of the body is six times in the total length, the li'iigth
* 'J'liis is <|iiolcd l\v M. Agassiz to ('iritH.v pumfd' n.
3. CAEANX. 427
of the head 4^. Eye. large, its diameter being equal in length to
the snout, or 3g in the length of the head. The lateral line is very
slightly bent. {Val.)
Galapagos Islands.
7. Caranx jacobaBus.
Ciw. ^- Val ix. p. 42.
D. 8 I ^ 1 1. A. 2 I ^ 1 1. L. lat. 23-24.
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of the
head 4^. Teeth imperceptible. The lateral line is nearly straight,
covered anteriorly ^dth a series of round scales, posteriorly with
twenty-three or twenty-four plates. {Cuv.)
Cape Verde Islands.
8. Caranx kurra.
P Kurra wodagawah, Russell, ii. p. 30. pi. 131).
? Caranx russellii, Riipp. All. Fische, p. 99.
? Caranx kurra, Cur. ^- Val. ix. p. 44.
Decapterus kiu-ra, Bhrker, Verh. Rat. Gen. xxix. Makr. p. 50, and
Natuurk. Ti/dschr. Nederl. Itid. 1851, i. p. 358.
I>-8|i5Tjl- A-^liiell- L. lat. 35-40.
The teeth of the jaws are minute, and form a single series ; teeth
on the vomer and the palatine bones, none on the tongue. The
height of the body is contained five times or five times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times. Breast scaly ;
the lateral line is a little bent do'svnwards, and the plates become
distinct below the middle of the soft dorsal. The snout is longer
than the eye, and has the lower jaw longer than the ujjper ; the
maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Opercular spot distinct.
Sea df Batavia. (Red Sea? Coast of Coromandel ?)
a. Half-grown: not good state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr
Frank.
9. Caranx kurroides.
Decapterus km-roides, Bleeke)-, Amhoina, vi. p. 420.
D. 8|^|l. A. 2 1^1 L L. lat. 30.
The teeth in the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones and the tongue. The height of the body is 5| in
the total length, the length of the head 4\. The snout is equal in
length tw the diameter of the eye, and has the lower jaw a little
longer than the upper ; the maxillaiy reaches to the vertical from
the anterior margin of the eye. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is
very slightly bent, and becomes straight somewhat before the ver-
tical from the middle of the soft dorsal. Opercular spot and axil
black. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
4'2>i ( A!! \.\(.||l.!;.
I<». Caranx kiliche.
t'uv. ^- I'di. ix. p. 4.'5.
1). 8|^|I. A. 2|i|T. L. lut. 30.
The height of the body is contiiincd five times und a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. The lateral Hue is
nearly straight, covered anteriorly with conspicimiis round scales,
posteriorly with thirty plates. Opercular spot very tUstinct. {Cvv.)
Coast of I'ondichcrry.
11. Caranx maruadsi.
r" Caranx sanctic llclcnre, Car. cV Val. ix. p. 37.
Caranx maruadsi, I'viidii. i)- Schln/. Fuiiii. Japan. Poixs. j). 100.
pL 58. 1". '2.
Ijecapterus maruadsi, lilvekir, Verh. Bat. (ioi. xxvi, Japan p. 100.
D-8|.ij|L A.2|1|T. L. lat. 31-33.
The teeth in the jaws arc minute, and form a single sciies ; t<'cth
on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongiie. The height of
the body is contained five times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head five times. The snout is somewhat longer than
the eye, tlie lower jaAV a little longer than the upper ; the maxillary
reaches nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Breast scaly ; the lateral line is slightly bent, and be<-onies straight
below the middle of the .second dorsal. Opercular spot black ; tuj) of
the soft dorsal M'hite
Seas of' Japan and China. ■-
a. Adult: stuffed. China. Presented by J. II. Reeves. Esq.
Caranx phnnlatus, Eyd. ^t Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool.i. p. IfJo. pi. 3.
f. 1, from the Sandwich Islands, ajjpears to be diH'erent from C. ma-
rnachi, if the backward position of the dorsal fin is a trulj- natiii'ul
character.
12. Caranx rhonchus.
Caranx rhonchus, (ieoffr. Dcscr. IJf/. I'uiss. pi. 24. f. 1, 2; Car.^- I'al.
ix. p. ^n ; fixivhen. Explor. Al(/c>: Pom. p. 02.
1). <^ I .^ 1 1. A. 2 I ^ 1 1. L. lat. 20.
The teeth in the jaws form nairow bands. The height of the
body efjuals the length of the head, and is canlaincd four times and
a half in the total. Tin- curved portion of the lateral line is nearly
paralk'l to the profile of the back, and covered with small scales.
The snout has the jaws of equal length, and is pointed ; the upper
maxillary reaches ncuirly to the vertical from the anteiioi- margin of
the eye. Opercular s])ot .small ; the second dorsal with a black
}>lotih at the toj).
Coftsts ol' North \lni:i (rom A Icxiuidi ki Io Uic coasl of(n)rea.
:i. c.vuAXx. 420
IT. None of the rays detached.
1. None of the ray.s elongate.
a. Tlie teeth in the jaws are small and of equal .size (if prcst'nt).
J. The height of the body is one-fourth, or less than one-fourth of
the total leug-th. Teeth on the palate.
13. Caranx crumenophthalmus.
fSooniber frumenophthalnms, HI. taf •34-").
balautiophtlialnius, Bl. Srltn. p. 21).
plumieri, Bl. taf .■>44 (very bad) ; Bl. IScIni. p. .'iO.
Caraii-c crumenophthalmus, Ldcep. iv. p. 107; Car. cV J 7//. ix. p. 02.
daubeuloiiii, Lacop. iii. pp. 59, 71.
plumieri. Cur. Sf J'al. ix. p. 05 ; GHiclwn. Puiss. in Rainim dcui
Siif/ra, Hi.sl. Cuba, p. 110.
macrophtlialmus, Ai/as.'^. S^v't, Pise. Bras. p. 107. tab. 5(5 «. f. 1.
mauritiaiius, (iiioy f)- Gaiiti. V<>>/. Fro/c. Zool. p. o5!); Cur. ^■
Viil. ix. p. 00. "^
niacrophlhalmus, liiqrp. ^Ltl.Fisclu; p. 97. laf 25. f. 4 (notAt/as.s. ).
I). 8 I ^. A. 2 I ;^^. L. lat. ;30*. Vert. 10/14.
The teeth of the iippei- jaw form an exceedingly narrow viUiforni
band, those of the lower are in a single series ; teeth on tlic vomer,
the palatines and the tongue. The height of the body is 4| to 4| in
the total length, the length of the head 3|, that of the ])ectoral four
times. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is scarcely bent, the scales
becoming gradually plate-like somewhat before the middle of the
sec(jnd dorsal. The eye is large, the length of its diameter being 3J
in that of the bead, and much more than the width between the
eyes. The lower jaw is rather longer than the upper, and the max-
illary reaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye ; the length of the snout equals the diameter of the eye. Oper-
cular spot moi'o or less distinct.
West Africa ; Atlantic coasts of Tropical America ; Red Sea ;
Indian Ocean ; Polynesia.
a. Atlantic specimens.
a, h. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
c. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
d, e. Young. ^S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming as Cnrnn.v
macrophtha Imus.
f~k. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.
/, Young. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.
m, n. Young. Congo Expedition.
0. Half-grown. Niger Expedition. From Mr, Eraser's Collection.
p. Young. West Africa. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
q, r. Young. Gulf of Guinea.
/3. Pacific specimens.
s, t. Young. Pearl Islands. Presented by Mr. Stutchbury.
* Tliis number indicates merely the plates.
4.'30 carangip.t:.
;'. Young. Pearl Islands. I'rdsented by Mr. Stutchbury.
V. Half-groM'n : stuffed. Aneiteum (New Hebrides). From Mr.
Maogillivray's Collection.
IV. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
,v, y. Adult and young. Named Scomber dhnidiatus (cfr. Cuv. & Val.
ix. p. 01).
z, a. Half-gi'own. '^'rom the Collection of the Zoological Society.
14. Caranx blochii.
Scomber ruber, liloch, taf. 342 ; Bl. Sclm. p. 29.
Caranx blochii, Cuv. ^- Val. ix. p. G9 ; Guichen. Pom. in Ramon de la
Saf/ra, Hist. Cuba, p. 111.
D.8|l A.2|i^. L.lat.24.
The teeth in both the jaws are minute, viUiform, arranged in
bands. The height of the body is 3| to 4 in the total length, the
length of the head 4^, the length of the pectoral 3|. The lateral line
is slightly bent, and becomes straight below the anterior quarter of the
dorsal fin. The plates arc moderate, distinct from below the middle
of the soft dorsal. The lower jaw is slightly prominent ; the upper
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. Opercular spot none.
Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a. Twenty-three inches long : skin. West Indies. From Dr.
Parnell's Collection.
b-d. Adult: skins. West Indies. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
e. Young, West Inches. From M. Salle's Collection.
/. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
1 5. Caranx hasseltii.
? Caranx affhiis, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 49. t. 14. f. 1.
Selar hasseltii, Bleek. Makr. p. 309, and Verhand. Batav. Gatnotsch.
xxiv. Makr. p. 53 (not sjTion.),
D. 7|^. A. 2 I 21. L. lat. 45.
The teeth in both the jaws are minute and viUiform, arranged in a
narrovj band above, in a single series below ; teeth on the vomer, the
palatines and the tongue. The height of the body is 4^-4| in the
total length, and equal to the length of the head ; the length of the
pectoral is 3| in the total. The lateral line is very slightly bent,
and becomes straight below the anterior quarter of the dorsal fin.
The plates are well developed, and become distinct from beloAV the
eleventh dorsal ray. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper ; the
upper maxillaiy reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orl)it. Opercular spot very distinct.
Sunda and Molucca Seas: (Red Sea?).
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Adult. ^Moluccas,
r. Young : injured.
3. CARANX. 431
16. Caranx torvus.
Caranx torviis, Jenyns, Zool. Beuxjlc, Fishes, p. 69. pi. 15.
Selar torviis, Bleeker, Verhatid. JJatav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 51.
D. 8 1 ;i. A. 2 U. L. lat. 35-36.
I 20 I a?
The teeth of the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
4^ to 4| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the diameter
of the eye is 2|-2| in the latter. The npper maxillary reaches
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; the lower
jaw extends beyond the upper. The lateral line is scarcely bent,
covered anteriorly with smooth, small, but conspicuous scales, pos-
teriorly with keeled and well -developed plates. Opercular spot none.
Seas of Otaheiti and Batavia.
17. Caranx gymnostethoides.
Carangoides gymnostethoides, Block. ATakr, p. 364, and Verhatid. Ba-
tav. Genootsch. xxiv. 3Iakr. p. 61.
D. 8 I ^. A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 25.
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the
body equals the length of the head, and is one-fourth of the total ;
the snout is much longer than the eye, with the jaws equal, and the
maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Breast naked ; the lateral line is slightly bent, and be-
comes straight below the second third of the soft dorsal. Opercular
spot indistinct. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
18. Caranx novae Gninese.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 63.
D. 8 I i. A. 2 II-. L. lat. 25-27.
The teeth in the jaws stand m a single series (?). The height of
the body is nearly one-fifth of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth ; the length of the diameter of the oye is less than
one-third of that of the head. The lateral line is very slightly bent,
and becomes straight below the anterior third of the soft dorsal. The
plates are well developed. The maxillary reaches beyond the ver-
tical from the anterior margin of the eye. Opercular spot none. ( Cuv.)
Coast of New Guinea.
19. Caranx boops.
Caranx boops, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 46.
Selar boops, Bleeker, Verhand. Batov. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 51.
D. 8 I -i-. A. 2 I -i-. L. lat. 45-48.
I 24-25 I 20-21
The teeth in the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body
4;{:^ f;\i{ \N(iiii.i:.
('(pials tho I('ii;;lli of tlic lictul, uiid is oiic-fuiirtli dI llic Intnl. Tlic
snout is |)oiiit(:(l, and lius ihv, l(j\\(!r jaw loii^iT lliuii lln' iipju'r, l!i •
maxillary reachiiif^' beyond tho voi'tical from (lie anterior marj^in of
ilie ey((. Breast sealy ; tlic lateral line is st n)ii;;ly hciit ;iii(eiiorly.
and becomes straight liefoi'e the sccniid dnr.^.il I'ni ; the plati-. itic
larfj;e, the heij^ht of (lie lar^^t'st Ijcin}; (Hie-fdurlli ((l'tli;it, nf tlic body.
()j)(!rcnhir s])ot dusky.
Seas of iJatavia, Aniboyna, and Vaiiicolo.
(i. 'V\u' hcifj^hl of tlif bo. '.'A\7, iuid J'cr/iiiiuf. llulnr.
(JfiiootHtli. \\\\. M(i/,r. \). 70.
1). 8|.^. A. 1>|;^. L. lat. 25.
The teetli in the jaws arc inc()nsi)ieuous, and form a single sonos ;
teeth on the vomer and th(! palatines, ncme on the tongue. Tlu; first
ray of tlu^ soft dorsal and anal is ])rodueed and filifoi'm. The height
of tho body is 2i^-^} in tlu! total length, the h'ngth of the head four
times. Tho lower jaw is longer than tlu; upjK^r ; the maxillary reaches
to below tlie middl(! of the (!ye. IJreast naked ; tlie Interal line is
strongly bent, and be(-onies straight l)efore the vertical fr(»m the middle
of the dorsal fin. ('audal with tlu* ])osterior margin black. {/!/.)
Sea of JJatavia ; western coast of Siimiit ra.
21 . Caranx ascensionis.
? Scomber aflcensiouifl, Oshcrlc.
Scond)ev asc(!nsi()iiia, J'^ira'rr ; HI. Sclni. p. .'{"i ; luirst. Ihsir. Anlni.
cm: Tylrhtciist. ]). 412.
Caranx ascensionis, Cur. ».V /W. ix. j). 102. ]il. 21!).
D.8|l. A.2|,V L.lat.W.
Teeth of the jaws ? Teeth on the vomer, the j)alatines, and on
the tongue. A thick, adipose ])osterior eyelid. The neck is very
elevated, and the profih^ between the eyes concave. The height of
the body is contained 2| times in the total haigtli, the length of th(*
head nearly four tinu^s. The latej-al liTie is modeiately bc^it. and
becoratis straight l)elow the third or fourth dorsal ray. Miown. {('nv.)
Island of Ascension.
22. Caranx djeddaba.
Scomber djcddabfi, Forsk. p. 50.
Caranx djeddaba, Itiipp. Atl. Finrhc, p. i»7. j)l. 25. f. .'{ ; Ciiv. -8|.iTV6- A.2|.^^. L. lat. r>r,-58.
The teeth in the jaws Ibrm a single series. The height of tli<'
3. CARANX. 433
body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head nearly five
times. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is strongly curved anteriorly,
and becomes straight in the vertical from the third dorsal ray ; the
plates are weU developed, and occupy the whole of the straight
portion of the lateral line. The lower jaw extends very slightly
beyond the upper, and the maxiUary reaches beyond the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The upper and lower profiles
are nearly equally convex. Opercular spot and anterior dorsal
blackish.
Red Sea ; coast of Pondicherry ; sea of Pinang.
There can be only one objection against uniting C. vari, Cuv., with
C djeddaha, Forsk. Cuvier says (p. 52), — " La description de
Forskal s'y rapporte assez bien, excepte ce qui est dit d'une serie
unique de dents pointues," from which it would appear that Cuvier
has found the teeth arranged in a band in C. vari. But he leads
us to infer the same of C. calla, which is nearly allied to G. vari,
and, according to my examination, reaUy has the teeth in a single
series.
a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
23. Caraux calla.
Cuv. (^ Val. ix. p. 49.
I)- 8 1. 53^4- ^-^ll^- L.lat.42.
The teeth in the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is 3^
in the total length, the length of the head five times. Breast scaly ;
the lateral line is strongly curved anteriorly, and becomes straight
in the vertical from the third or fifth dorsal ray ; the plates are very
well developed, and occupy the whole straight portion of the lateral
line. The lower jaw extends very slightly beyond the upper, and the
maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The lower profile is more convex than the upper. Oper-
cular spot distinct.
Red Sea ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a. Fine specimen. Purchased.
h. Young ; not good state. Simiatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Adult : not good state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Half-grown. China.
/. Half-grown. China.
g. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
h. Half-grown. China.
i-n. Young. China.
0. Fine specimen. Amoy (China).
p. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
VOL. II. 2 F
434 CAKANGID^.
24. Caranz macnirus.
Selar macrurus, BleeJc. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch, xxiv. Makr. p. 52,
and Java, iii. p. 359.
D. 8 1 -i-. A. 2 1 -i-. L. lat. 60.
I 24-27 I 20-22
The teeth of the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
nearly four times in the total length, the length of the head 5|.
The snout is pointed, with the lower jaw prominent; the upper
maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The lateral Kne is strongly bent anteriorly, and becomes
straight below the origin of the second dorsal ; the plates are weU
developed ; breast scaly. Opercular spot indistinct ; the second
dorsal and the caudal with black margins. (Bleelc.)
Sea of Batavia.
25, Caranx xanthurus.
Caranx xanthurus, (Kuhl ^ van Hass.) Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 55.
mate, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 54 ; Cant. Catal. p. 125.
Selar kuhlii, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv- Makr. p. 54, and
Java, iii. p. 3G0.
D. 8 I ^. A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 40.
The teeth in the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones and the tongue. The height of the body is 3| in
the total length, the length of the head 4g. Breast scaly ; the
lateral line is moderately bent anteriorly, and becomes straight in
the vertical from the sixth dorsal ray ; the plates are well developed.
The lower jaw is rather longer than the upper, and the maxillary
reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The
upper and lower profiles nearly equally convex Opercular spot
distinct.
From the Seychelles to the coast of New Guinea.
a-d. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Half-grown: very bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C.
Jerdon, Esq.
/. Half-grown: skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
26. Caranx malam.
Selar malam, Bleeker, Java, iii. p. 362, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxiv. Makr. p. 55.
D- 8-9 1 23^- A.2|^. L. lat. 50-56.
The teeth of the jaws form a single scries ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
3|-3^ in the total length, the length of the head 4 J-4|. Tlie jaws
are equal in length, the maxillary reaching beyond the vertical from
3. CARANX. 435
the anterior margin of the eye. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is
strongly hent anteriorly, and becomes straight below the origin of
the second dorsal. Opercular spot and the first dorsal black. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
27. Caranx brevis.
Selar brevis, Sleeker, Java, iii. p. 361, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxiv. Makr, p. 54.
D.8|^. A.2|i. L.lat.40.
The teeth of the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones and the tongue. The height of the body is three
times in the total length, the length of the head 4^. The snout is
pointed, with the lower jaw prominent ; the upper maxillary reaches
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The upper
and lower profiles are equally convex. Belly compressed ; breast scaly.
Ihe lateral line is strongly bent anteriorly, and becomes straight
below the origin of the second dorsal. Opercular spot black. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
28. Caranx plagiotsenia.
Carangoides plagiotsenia, BleeTc. Act. Soe. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii. Amboina,
p. 59.
D, 8 I -i-. A. 2 I -. L. lat. 40.
I 22-23 I 19
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; minute teeth on
the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the
body is 2| to three times in the total length, the length of the head
41 to 4^ ; the snout is obtuse, shorter than the eye, the diameter of
which is 2|— 2| in the length of the head. The lower jaw is longer
than the upper, and the maxillary does not reach to the vertical from
the centre of the eye. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is slightly bent,
and becomes straight below the posterior half of the dorsal fin ; the
plates are rather small. Body with six indistinct cross-bands, de-
scending forwards ; another band through the eye. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
29. Caranx senegallus.
Cuv. ^ Val ix. p. 78.
D-7|^. A. 2 I ^3. L. lat. 40-43.
The teeth in the jaws form villiform bands. The height of the
body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head five times.
Dorsal and anal fins elevated and pointed anteriorly. Breast naked ;
the lateral line is strongly bent anteriorly, and becomes straight
below the origin of the soft doi-sal ; the plates are well developed.
Opercular spot none. {Cuv.)
Mouth of the Senegal.
2f2
t36 CAKANGIDJE.
30 Caranx ire.
Cuv. ^- Val. ix. p. 57.
D. 8 I ^. A. 2 1 i^. L. hit. 30-34.
The teeth in both the jaws are in a narrow \'inif'orm band. The
height of the hody is 3^-31 in tlic total k'ngth, the hmgtli of the
head 4-4|, the length of the pectoral 4J-.5. Tlic lateral line is
slightly hcnt, and becomes straight below the anterior (juarter of the
dorsal ; its plates are moderate. Opercular spot none ; the second
dorsal with a large black blotch on the top.
Coast of Pondicherry ; Sea of Madras.
a. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Es(|.
b. Half-grown.
31. Caranx praeustus,
Caranx proeustus, Bennett, Life of Rh.
\F/[ld. Sf Soul.)
Sandwich Islands.
33. Caranx malabaricus.
Scomber malabaricus, Bl. Schn. p. .'H.
Rm^sell, p. 37. pi. 150.
Caranx cajrulco-pinnatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 100, and N. W. Fische,
p. 47. tiif. 13, r. 2 (ii,.( C>ir.).
3. CARANX. 437
Caranx malabaricua, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 121 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin.
p. 275 ; Cant. Catal. p. 128.
Carangoides talamparab, Sleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Mahr. p. 64.
D. 8 I -L-. A. 2 U. L. lat. 25^0.
I 21-22 I I?
The teeth in both the jaws are minute, villifoi-m, arranged in
bands; teeth mi the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue.
The height of ihe body is 2\ to 2| in the total length, the length of
the head Sj to 4 times. The snout is obtuse, equal to, or rather
longer than the diameter of the eye, with the lower jaw longer
than the upper ; the maxillary reaches to, or very slightly beyond,
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The prseorbital
above the angle of the mouth is lower than the orbit. Breast naked ;
the lateral line is moderately bent, and becomes straight behind
the middle of the second dorsal ; the plates are little developed. Fins
pointed, without filiform ray. Opercular spot brown ; the dorsal and
anal fins with a brown margin, ventrals and anal whitish.
From the Red Sea, thi'ough all the East Indian Seaa, to the coast
of Australia.
Cantor describes the teeth as velvety, but those on each side of the
symphysis of the jaws as a little longer than the rest, which we do
not observe m the following specimens.
a. Advdt. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
h. Adult: skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
c. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr, Frank.
d. Adult. China.
e. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
/. Adult. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
g. Adult.
34. Caranx talamparoides.
Carangoides talamparoides (!) *, Sleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 679.
D. 7-8|^. A. 2|i. L. lat. 25-30.
The teeth in both the jaws are in villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the
body is 2|-2|^ in the total length, the length of the head 3^-3^ ;
the upper profile is slightly concave before the eyes. The snout is
scarcely longer than the diameter of the eye, and has the upper jaw
rather shorter than the lower ; the maxillary reaches to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The prasorbital, above the angle
of the mouth, is a little lower than the orbit. Breast naked ; the
lateral line is moderately bent, and becomes straight behind the middle
of the second dorsal; the plates are small. Opercular spot brown.
Seas of Sibogha (Sumatra) and Ceylon.
This species appears scarcely to differ from Caranx malabaricus.
a. Adult : skin, Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.
* May Dr. Bleeker be reminded of that "iioii Botanicus, sed Botanitoidef.
Linnc, Critic. Botan. p. '6^^.
438 CAEANGIDJE.
35. Caranx equula.
Caranx equula, Temm. 8f Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 111. pi. 60. f. 1.
Selai' equula, Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv. p. 14.
Carangoides equula, Bleeker, I. c. xxvi. Japan, p. 102.
D. 8 I i. A. 2 1 i. L. lat. 25-30.
The teeth in the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the vomer,
the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
2| in the total length, the length of the head 3| ; the snout is rather
shorter than the eye ; the upper profile much more convex than the
lower. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is moderately bent, and be-
comes straight below the posterior third of tile dorsal fin ; the plates
are rather small. Coloration uniform.
Sea of Japan.
36. Caranx hemigymnostethus.
Carangoides hemigymnostethus, Bleek. 3Iakr. p. 364, aud Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 61.
D. 8 I ^. A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 25.
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the
body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 43-5
times. The snout is obtuse, with the jaws equal, and the maxillary
reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The
inferior part of the breast scaleless ; the lateral line is scarcely bent.
Caudal edged with black. {Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
37. Caranx bajad.
Scomber bajad, Forsk. p. 55.
Caranx bajad, Ritpp. Atl. Fische, p. 98. taf. 26. f, 5.
fidvogu'ttatus. Cm. 8)- Val. ix. p. 75 (not R'dpp.).
? Caranx gymnoStethus, Cuv. i^- Val. ix. p. 73.
Carangoides fulvoguttatus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 178,
and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 89.
D. 8 I _!_. A. 2 I — !- . L. lat. 15.
I 28-29 I 24-25
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the
body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times.
The jaws are equal in front, and the maxillary does not reach to the
vertical from the anterio'^ margin of the eye. Breast naked ; the
lateral line is slightly bent, and becomes straight below tha middle
of the soft dorsal ; the plates are little developed. Opercular spot
none.
Bed Sea ; Sea of Batavia.
B,uppell, who examined specimens from the Red Sea, hiiS foUnd
numerous pyloric appendages, but no air-bladder.
3. CAHAJJX. 439
38. Caranx fulvoguttatus.
Scomber fulvoguttatus, Forsk. p. 56.
Caranx fulvoguttatus, Eiipp. Atl Fische, p. 100. taf. 25. f. 7.
auroguttatus, (Fhrcnb.) Cuv- 8,- Vul. ix. p. 71.
^ ^-^.l^^ A. 2 1,-^3. L.lat.l5.
The teeth in the jaws form villiform bands. The height of the
body is 3^ in the total length, the length of the head four times ; eye
shorter than the snout. The maxillary reaches to the vertical from
the anterior margin of the eye. A naked space on the breast ; the
lateral line is slightly bent, and becomes straight below the middle of
the soft dorsal. The plates are strongly keeled. Opercular spot none.
Ked Sea.
39. Caranx ferdau.
Scomber ferdau, Forsk. p. 55.
Caranx ferdau, Rilpp. Atl. Fische, p. 99. taf. 25. f. 6 ; Cuv. 8f Val. ix.
p. 56.
D. 7 1 23. A. 2 I 20.
The teeth of the jaws are arranged in bands. The height of the
body is 3| in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the eye is
rather large, the diameter being equal in length to the snout. The
lower jaw extends beyond the upper, and the maxillary beyond the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The lateral line is
parallel to the dorsal profile, and becomes straight behind the middle
of the second dorsal ; the plates are little developed, and in small
number. Five blackish transverse spots on the side of the body.
Red Sea.
40. Caranx broekmeyeri.
Selar broekmeyeri, Bheker, Java, iii. p. 398.
D-8|i- A.2IJ3. L.lat.35.
The teeth in the jaws form single series ; teeth on the vomer, the
palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is 3| in
the total length, the length of the head 4|. The upper jaw is
shorter than the lower, and the maxillary reaches beyond the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The dorsal profile is more
convex than the lower ; the belly compressed behind the ventrals.
Breast scaly ; the lateral line is moderately bent, and becomes
straight below the second quarter of the soft dorsal. Opercular
spot brown ; ten indistinct transverse spots along the side of the back ;
dorsal and anal fins white at the top. {Bl.)
Brackish waters of Eastern Java.
41. Caranx cMlensis.
Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 235, IctioL.Atl lam. 6. f. 2.
D. 8|^. A. 2 I 22. L. lat. 30?
The teeth of the jaws form a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
440
CAEANGID^.
the palatine bones (and on the tongue). The height of the body is
3f in the total length, the length of the head four times. [The max-
illary does not reach to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye ?] Breast scaly ; the lateral line is moderately bent anteriorly,
and becomes straight behind the anterior tliird of the first dorsal ;
the plates are moderately developed, and do not occupy the whole
of the straight portion of the lateral line. Opercular spot black ;
body unifonn. {Gay.)
Juan Feraandez.
42. Caranx georgianus.
Caranx platessa, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 84.
georgianus, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 85 ; Jenyns, Zuol. Beayle, Fishes,
p. 71 ; Richards. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 27, and IcJith.
Voij. Ereb. 8f Terr. p. 135. pi. 58. f. 1-3 (not good : tlie lower pro-
file too convex).
.^•8|^. A.2|^-^^. L.lat. 20-25.
The teeth in both the jaws are very small, arranged in a double
or single series in both the jaws ; teeth on the vomer, the palatine
bones, and on the tongue. The height of the body is ^-^ in the
total length, the length of the head 4-4|. Upper jaw a little the
longer. The maxillary- reaches not quite to beneath the anterior
margin of the orbit. Breast scaly ; the lateral line follows the cur-
vature of the back, and becomes straight below the middle of the
soft dorsal ; the plates are little developed. Opercular spot black ;
top of the spinous dorsal blackish.
Coasts of New Holland and New Zealand; Norfolk and Raoul
Islands.
The teeth stand originally in two series in both the jaws, but the
interior may be lost in the upper or in the lower jaw, or in both,
a. Adult. Raoul Island. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.
h. Half-grown: not good state. N.W. Australia. Presented by
Sir J. Richardson.
c-e. Adult : skins. Swan River.
f-h. Adult and half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
i-l. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.
This species is closely allied to C. dentex, from which it differs by
the presence of teeth on the palate.
hb. Teeth on the palate none.
43. Caranx leptolepis.
Caranx leptolepis et mertensii. Cur. lij- Val. ix. pp. G3, 64.
leptolepis. Cant. Catul. p. 127.
Leptaspis leptolepis, Bleek. Vcrh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 71.
Selaroides leptolepis, Bleek, I.e. p. 87.
D. 8 I -Vfi. A. 2 I .-V- L. lat. 25-30.
I 24-20 I 20-23
Teeth of the tongue and lower jaw minute, absent in the upper,
3. CAUANX. 441
on the vomer and the palatine bones. The height of the body is
3|-4 times in the total length, the length of the head 4|-4|. The
jaws are equal anteriorly, and the maxillary reaches to, or nearly to,
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Breast scaly ; the
lateral line is moderately bent, and becomes straight below the middle
of the soft dorsal ; the plates are little -6|^. A.^. L.lat.36.
The first dorsal fin small ; anal spines none. Teeth in both the
jaws in a single series, without canines ; vomerine, palatine, and
lingual teeth none. The height of the body is 3^ in the total length,
the length of the head 3|. Breast naked ; the lateral line is slightly
bent, and the straight portion begins somewhat before the vertical
from the middle of the dorsal. The plates are well developed, and
occupy the whole of the straight portion of the lateral line. The
444 CAEANQID-a!.
lower jaw is rather longer than the upper, and the maxillaiy reaches
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye ; eye large,
its diameter being 4| in the length of the head. Opercular spot
none; palate and tongue covered with a thick white membrane,
posteriorly black.
Atlantic ? Red Sea.
a. Thirteen inches long. From Forster's Collection. — Type of the
species.
48. Caranx uraspis.
Uraspis carangoides, Bleek. Amboina, vi. p. 418.
D.8|i. A.2|^. L.lat.32.
The teeth are arranged in two series in each of the jaws ; none
on the vomer, the palatines, or on the tongue. The height of the
body is 2| in the total length, the length of the head four times.
The snout is obtuse, and has the lower jaw rather longer than the
upper ; the maxillary reaches to below the centre of the eye. Breast
naked ; the lateral line is moderately bent, and becomes straight
below the middle of the soft dorsal ; the plates are small. The first
anal spine rudimentary. Body with five broad dark cross-bands ;
palate black ; the spinous dorsal black, the soft and the anal white
at the top. {Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
49. Caranx speciosus.
Scomber speciosus, Forsk. p. 54; L. Gm. p. 1332; Share, Zool. iv. p.G03.
Caranx speciosus, Lacep. iii. p. 72. pi. 1. f. 1.
Ttussell, ii. p. 36. pi. 149.
Caranx speciosus, Cuv. i^ Val. ix. p. 130 ; Cant Catal p. 133 ; Peters,
Wieym. Arch. 1855, p. 245 (not JRiipp.).
petaurista, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. pi. 23. f. 1 (not Rlipp.).
Gnathanodon speciosus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 72.
Caranx poloosoo, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. Ichth. pi. 58. f. 4, 5.
I)-7|TiVo- A- 2 1 71^6- L.lat.l5.
Teeth none, or nearly imperceptible. The height of the body is
one-third of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth ;
.jreast scaly ; the lateral line is bent, and becomes straight below
the anterior third of the soft dorsal ; the plates are small. The
lower jaw is rather shorter than the upper; the upper maxillary
reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. SUvery,
with six brown vertical bars, and with six narrower stripes between ;
the first bar through the eye. Adult specimens uniform.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to the coast of
New Holland.
a. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
b. Thirty-three inches long : stufted. Madras. Presented by T.
C. Jerdon, Esq.
c. Half-grown. Philippine Islands.
3, CAEANX. 445
d. Half-grown. Borneo.
e. Half- grown. Suuda Sea.
f-h. Half-grown and young: skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.
i. Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.
Caranx speciosus, Riipp., appears to be a different species. He
describes it {Atl. FiscJic, p. 96) as having the same forms as C.petau-
rista, Riipp., which, as may be seen from the figure, decidedly is not
C. petaui'isia, Geoft'r., or C. speciosus, Lacep., Cuv.
50. Caranx ruppellii.
Caranx petaurista, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 95. pi. 25. f. 2 (not Geoffr.).
D.6|^. A.2|±.
Teeth none. The height of the body is conL 'ned three times
in the total length, the length of the head five times and two-thirds.
The snout is obtuse, and the upper maxillarj'' reaches to, or beyond,
the vertical from the centre of the eye. The lateral line is bent
anteriorly, and becomes straight below the middle of the soft dorsal.
The plates are small ; anal spines little developed. Coloration uni-
form ; snout mth some reddish dots. {Riipp.)
E/xi Sea.
b. The teeth in the upper jaw form a villiform band, with an outer series
of stronger ones; those of the lower in a single series.
51. Caranx fusus.
Geoffr. Descript. Egypte, pi. 24. f. .3 ; Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 52.
D. 8 U. A. 2 I i-. L. lat. 45.
I 24 {20
The teeth of the jaws form a band, with an outer series of stronger
ones. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length.
The lateral line is moderately bent anteriorly, and becomes straight
below the origin of the soft dorsal. The lower jaw is rather longer
than the upper. Opercular spot present.
Coast of Alexandria,
52. Caranx chrysos.
Scomber chrysos, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 424.
Caranx chrysos, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 121. pi. 27. f. 85 ;
Baird, Nitith Sniithson. Rejmrt, p. 336 (not Cuv. ^ Val.).
hippos, Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 88. pi. 12. f. 2.
pisquetus, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 97 ; Castehi. Anini. nouv. ou rares,
p. 22; Guichen. Poiss. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 111.
pi. 3. f. 2.
Trachurus squamosus, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 125.
^■^\k A..2|l. L. lat. 45.
The teeth in the upper jaw are in a villiform band, the outer scries
446 CARANGID-B.
of which contains larger ones ; teeth of the lower jaw in a single
series. The height of the body is 3^-3| in the total length ; the
length of the head 4i, and nearly equal to that of the pectoral. The
lateral line is bent downwards below the origin of the second dorsal ;
its plates are well developed along all the straight portion. Jaws
equal in length anteriorly; the upper maxillary reaches beyond
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. A black spot on the
operculum.
Atlantic coasts of temperate America to the West Indies.
a. Adult, N. America. From Mr. "Warwick's Collection.
b-d. Adult : not good state, N. America. From Mr. Warwick's
Collection.
e. Half-grown. S. America, Presented by Sir K, Schomburgk.
/, Adult,
g. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
53. Caranx melampygus.
? Russell, ii. pi. 145.
Caranx melampygus, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 116 ; Bleek. Gilolo, p. 58.
D. 8|^. A. 2|^. L. lat. 36.
The teeth of the upper jaw form a band, with an outer series of
larger ones ; those of the lower are in a single series ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatines, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
3| in the total length, the length of the head 4^--4| ; the pectoral
reaches to the eighth anal ray. The width of the interocular space
is rather less than that of the orbit. Breast scaly; the lateral line is
bent anteriorly, and becomes straight in the vertical from the fifth
dorsal ray; the plates are well developed. The lower jaw is sHghtly
longer than the upper, and the maxillary does not reach to the ver-
tical from the centre of the eye. Opercular spot small ; the dorsal
and anal fins blackish anteriorly.
From He de France to Polynesia.
a. Fine specimen. Guadalcana. From the Museum of Economic
Geology.
b. Foung. Tonga Islands, From the Haslar Collection.
c. Young, Wanderer Bay. From the Museum of Economic Geology,
54. Caranx jarra
trah, H
Duv. Sf
Makr. p. 58.
Yarradanree parah, Rmsell, ii. p. 35. pi. 147.
Caranx jarra, Ckv. ^ Val. ix. p. 109; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
^■^\k' A-^lii- I^. lat. 36.
The teeth of the upper jaw form a band, with an outer series of
larger ones ; those of the lower are in a single series ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatines, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
34 in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the pectorals are
3. CAEANX. 447
much longer than the head. Breast naked. The lateral line is bent
and waving anteriorly, becoming straight in the vertical from the
fifth dorsal ray. The lower jaw is longer than the upper, and the
maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye.
Seas of Sumatra and Amboyna ; coast of Coromandel.
a. Half -grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
55. Caranx cynodon.
Bleeker, Mahr. p. 362, and Verhatid. JBatav. Gen. xxiv. 3Iakr. p. 57.
B.S\j-,
A. 2 I -^. L. lat. 34-38.
The teeth in the upper jaw are in a vjlliform band, the outer series
of which contains larger ones ; teeth of the lower jaw in a single
series, with canines anteriorly. Teeth on the vomer, the palatines,
and on the tongue. The height of the body equals the length of the
head, and is one-fourth of the total. The lower jaw prominent, the
maxillary reaching beyond the vertical from the middle of the eye.
Breast scaly ; the lateral line becomes straight behind the origin of
the soft dorsal, and has the plates well developed. Opercular spot
and axil black ; caudal with the posterior margin black. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
56. Caranx lepturus.
? Caranx lepturus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 106. tab. 56 b. f. 2.
D-S|^- ^-2 1 75^9- L- lat. 35.
The teeth of the upper jaw form a villiform band, with an outer
series of stronger ones ; those of the lower are in a single series ;
teeth on the vomer, the palatines, and on the tongue. The height
of the body is 2| in the total length, and the length of the head
four times. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is bent anteriorly, the
width of the arch being contained 1| in the length of the straight
portion ; the latter begins in the vertical from the fifth dorsal ray.
The plates are moderately developed and distinct along all the straight
portion of the lateral line. The lower jaw projects very little beyond
the upper, and the maxillary does not reach to the vertical from
the centre of the eye. Opercular spot none.
? Atlantic.
a-i. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
Tc. Young. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
I. Twenty-seven inches long : stuffed.
57. Caranx sansun.
Scomber sansun, Forsk. p. 56.
Russell, ii. p. 33. pi. 144.
Caranx sansun, Rilpp. All. Fische, p. 101, and N. W. Fische, p. 48.
taf. 13. f. 3.
D.8|i^- A. 2 I ^.L. lat. 30.
The teeth of the upper jaw form a 'V'illiform band, with an outer
448 CAHANQIDJS.
series of stronger ones ; those of the lower arc in a single series.
The height of the body is 3-3| in the total length. Breast scaly ;
the lateral lino is bent anteriorly, the width of the arch being equal,
or nearly equal, to the length of the straight purtion ; the latter
begins in the vertical from the seventh dorsal ray. The plates are
very well developed and distinct from the beginning of the straight
portion. The lower jaw is longer than the upper, and the maxillary
reaches beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye. Opercular
spot none.
Red Sea ; Mauritius ; coast of Coromandel.
a. Half-grown. Mauritius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
b. Twenty inches long : stuffed. India. From the Collection of the
East India Company.
58. Caranx carang^s.
Scomber, sp., Gronor. Znophi/l. no. 307.
Scomber carangus, Block, taf. 340 ; Bl. Schn. p. 28 ; Bennett, Wlialing
Voyage, ii, p. 282 (Caranx antilliarum).
Ekalah para, Jiussell, ii. p. 35. pi. 146.
? Caranx latus, Agass. Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 105. tab. 56 6. f. 1.
Caranx carangus, Cuv. i^- Val. ix. p. 91 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss.
pi. 57. f. 2; Guichen. Poifs. in Ramon dc la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 111.
chrysos, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 98 (not Mitch.).
ekala, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 117 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxiv. Makr. p. 59.
xanthopygus, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 109 ; Bleek. Sutnbawa.
lessonii, Bleek. Faun. Midd. en Oost-Java (not Cuv. Sf Val.).
richardi, Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 94. pi. 13, lower figure.
Trachurus cordyla, Gronov. Sgst. ed. Gray, p. 124.
D.Slii-,. A. 21^3. L.lat. 30-33.
The teeth of the upper jaw form a villiform band, with an outer
series of stronger ones; those of the lower form a single series, inter-
mixed with larger teeth. The height of the body is three times,
the length of the head four times, and that of the pectoral 3| in the
total length. Breast naked. The lateral line is bent, the width of the
arch being 1^ or 1| in the length of the straight portion ; the latter
begins abruptly in the vertical from the sixth dorsal ray. The plates
are well developed and distinct along all the straight portion of the
lateral line. The lower jaw is rather longer than the upper ; the
upper maxillary reaches behind the vertical from the centre of the
eye. Opercular spot generally distinct.
From the west coast of Africa to the Atlantic coasts of tropical
America ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
A. Atlantic specimens.
a. Fine specimen. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.
b, c. Young. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
d. Young. West Indies.
e. Younc;: skin. Frori Gronow's Collection.
3. CAiiAxx. 449
B. Indian specimens.
f. Half-grown. India.
y, h. Young. Madi'as. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
i. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank as C. eJcala.
k. Half- grown. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
l-n. Half-grown. Old Collection.
0. Half-gro-mi : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
p. Half-gro^vTi. From the Haslar Collection.
q-s. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
59. Caranx hippos.
Guara tereba, Marc(/r. p. 172 ; Seba, iii. 27. 3.
Scomber hippos, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 494 (not Mitch.); BL Scfui. p. 28;
Furst. Descr. Anim. cur. Licht. p. 199.
kleinii, Bl. taf. 347. f. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 30.
Russell, ii. pi. 148.
Caranx fallax, Cur. 8,- Vul. ix. p. 95 ; Custeln. Anim. nouv. ou rares,
Poiss. p. 22 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Ramon cle la Sat/ra, Hist. Cuba,
p. 111.
sem, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 105.
forsteri, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 107 ; Cant. Cafal. p. 127 ; Bkek. Ver-
lumd. Bntav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 57, and Natuurk. Tydsckr.
Nederl. Ind. 1852, iii. p. 164.
sexfasciatus, Quoy <^- Gaim. Voy. Freyc. p. 358. pi. 65. f. 4 ; Ct(v.
8f Vul. ix. p. liO (young).
? Caranx peronii, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 112.
Caranx lessonii, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 113 {not Bleek.):, Less, Voy. Coq.
Zool. Poiss. p. 155. pi. 31. f. 1.
belengerii, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 116.
defensor, Dekay, New York Famut, Fishes, p. 120. pi. 24. f. 72 ;
Holbr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 85. pi. 12. f. 1 (eye too small).
flavo-cffiruleus, Schley. Faun. Japon. p. 110. pi. 59. f. 2.
paraspistes, Richards. Ichth. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. p. 136. pi. 58,
f. 6, 7.
^•^-SIt^.- A.2|j^^. L.lat. 30-36.
The teeth of the upper jaw form a villiform band, with an outer
series of stronger ones ; those of the lower form a single series, inter-
mixed with larger teeth. The height of the body is 3i in the total
length, the length of the head four times, and the length of the pec-
toral 3|. Breast scaly ; the lateral line is strongly bent, the width
of the arch being 1|-1| in the length of the straight portion; the
latter begins abruptly in the vertical from the third dorsal ray. The
plates are very well developed and distinct along all the straight
portion of the lateral line. The lower jaw is rather longer than the
upper; the maxillaiy reaches somewhat behind the vertical from
the centre of the eye. Opercular spot none, or very indistinct ; top
of the second dorsal blackish,
Atlantic coasts of temperate and tropical America ; all the East
Indian Seas, into the Pacific, and the shores of Australia.
VOL. II. 2 G
450 CARANOID^.
A. Atlantic specimens.
a. Half-grown. St. Vincent. Presented by the Lords of the Ad-
miralty.
b~f. Half-grown and young : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
g. Adult. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
Ji. Pine specimen. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
i. Adult : skin. W. Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
k. Young.
B. Australian and Indian specimens.
I. Half-grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
??n. Half-grown: skin: not good state. Port Natal. From Sir A.
Smith's Collection.
n. Half-grown. China.
0. Adult. China (Caranx JIavo-cceruleus).
p. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves, Esq.
q. Fine specimen. Amoy (China).
r. Adult. Tanna. From the Museum of Economic Geology.
s. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
t, u. Half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
V. Eighteen inches long: stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by
the Earl of Derby. — Type of Caranoc paraspistes.
w, cc. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
2. One or several of the rays of the doisgal and anal fins elongate.
60. Caranx atropus.
Brama atvopus, Bl. Sclm. p. 98. t. 23.
Russell, ii. p. 38. pi. 152.
Caranx nigripes, Cuv. &■ Val. ix. p. 122 5 Richards, Ichth. Chin. p. 275;
Cantor, Catal. p. 129.
Olistus atropus, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 141.
Carangoides atropus, Block. Makr. p. 3GG, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
Makr. p. G6.
Caranx atropus, Cantor, Catal. p. 130.
D. 8 I ^. A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 35. Vert. 10/14.
The first dorsal ray not produced ; males generally with several
of the middle dorsal rays elongate and filiform. The teeth in both
the jaws are minute, \'illiform, arranged in bands. The height of
the body is 2g in the total length ; the length of the head 4|, equal
to that of the pectoral and ventral fins. The space between the
pectoral, ventral, and eye naked. The lateral line is strongly bent,
and becomes straight below the anterior quarter of the soft dorsal.
There are thirty-five plates of moderate size along the straight por-
tion. The cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the lower jaw pro-
'3. CAKANX. -iOl
mment ; the upper maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the
anterior margin of the orbit. No spot on the operculum ; ventrals
deep black, with the base and the outer margin white.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. China.
6. Adult. China.
c. Adult : skeleton. China. Presented by J. E.. Reeves, Esq.
d. Adult : stuffed. Chma. Presented by J. P. Peeves, Esq.
e. f. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
g, h. Adult and half-grown : skias. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Can-
tor's Collection,
i-m. Adult. Sand Heads. Presented by G. P. Waterhouse, Esq.
n, 0. Half- grown.
p. Yoimg, India. Presented by G. P. Waterhouse, Esq.
q, r. Half-grown. East Indies. From'Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Skeleton. — The skull is distinguished by a very high crest, begin-
ning from the anterior extremity of the frontal bones. The max-
illary becomes gradually Avider posteriorly ; the intermaxillary has
the posterior processes rather short, and a shght prominence on its
posterior edge ; the muciferous channels of the mandibula and of
the prneoperculum are rudimentary. The posterior pra^opercular
limb is nearly three times as long as the inferior, and also the oper-
culum, the hiunerus, and the ulna are very elongate in the vertical
direction ; the coracoid is feeble, rib-like. Each of the pubic bones
is composed of three narrow lamellae. There are ten abdominal and
fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length of the former portion of the
vertebral column being to that of the latter as T : 1'8. The anterior
vertebrae are compressed in their longitudinal diameter. The neural
and haemal sj)ines are erect and strong, especially the haemal of the
first caudal vertebra, which, together with the first interhaemal,
forms a veiy solid base for the two anal spines ; this interhaenaal is
widened inferiorly into a broad triangular plate. There are three
spurious interneuraLs immediately behind the occipital crest. The
interhaemals and interneurals are dilated and transparent; two are
always united to one neural or haemal. The ribs are very slender
and j)rovided with exceedingly feeble epipleurals.
61. Caranx oplithalmotsenia.
Carangoides ophthalmotsenia, B/eek. A^nhoina Sf Ceram, p. 270.
D. 8|i. A. 2|^. L. lat. 35.
The first dorsal ray is produced ; the anal half as high as the body.
The teeth in both the jaws are arranged in villiform bands ; teeth
on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height
of the body is 2|-2^ in the total length, the length of the head four
times. The snout is scarcely longer than the eye, and has the lower
jaw longest ; the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Breast naked; the lateral line is moderately
2g 2
452 CARANGID.I-:,
bent, and becomes straight below the second third of the soft dorsal ;
the plates are small. A brown band from the eye to the back. (Bl.)
Sea of Amboyna.
62. Caranx oblongus.
Caranx ohlongiis, Cut: Sf Val. ix. p. 128; Ciud. Catal. p. 132.
Carangoides oblongus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 62.
D. 8|^. A. 2|,-^g. L.lat. 36-40.
The first ray of the dorsal elongate and filiform ; the anal much
lower than the body. The teeth in both the jaws form \41hform
bands ; teeth on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue.
The height of the body is 2|-3l in the total length, the length of
the head 4|-5|. The snout is equal in length to the diameter of
the eye, ox- very little longer. The upper maxillary reaches to below
the ce.itre of the eye. Breast naked ; the lateral line is moderately
beni, and becomes straight below the second fifth of the soft dorsal ;
the 'plates are well developed. Ventrals yellowish.
East Indian Archipelago ; Polynesia.
a. Half-grown : skin, Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
63. CaraDx chrysophryoides.
? Caranx chrysophrys, Cur. 8f Val. ix. p. 77. pi. 247.
Carangoides chrysophryoides, Bleeker, Makr. p. 366,. and Verhand.
Batuv. Genootsch. xxiv. Mnhr. p. 63.
D. 8|^. A. 2|-/g. L.lat. 20-25.
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The first ray of the
dorsal and anal fins is sometimes produced and filiform. The height
of the body is 2| to 3 times in tlae total length, the length of the
head 4-4i The snout is longer than the eye, and the maxillary
reaches to, or somewhat beyond, the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Breast naked ; the lateral line is parallel to the upper
profile, and becomes straight below the posterior third of the soft
doi^^al. Opercular spot black. {B}.)
Sea of Batavia. (Seychelles ?)
64. Caranx dinema.
Carangoides dinema, Bk'cker, 3Iakr. p. 367, and Verhand. Bulav.
Genodtsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 63.
D. 8 I ^. A. 2 1 3^. L. lat. 25.
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The first ray of the
dorsal and anal fins is very elongate and filiform. Tlic height of
the body is three times in the total length, the length of the head 4|.
3. CAEANX. 453
The upper jaw is somewhat longer than the lower, and the maxillary
reaches to below the middle of the eye. Brea.st naked ; the lateral
line is moderately bent, and becomes straight behind the vertical
from the middle of the soft dorsal. Opercular spot none. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.
65. Caraux anuatus.
Sciaena armata, Forsk. p. 53 ; Gm. L. p. 1306.
Mussett, pi. 151. p. 38 (young).
Citula plumbea, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. Poiss. p. 361.
cuiaria, Riqtp. Atl. Fische, p. 102. taf. 25. f. 8.
armata, Rupp. Atl. Fische, p. 103, and N. W Fische, p. 50.
Ca^anx citula, Cut: Sf Val. ix. p. 126.
— — armatas, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 127 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 131.
ciliaris, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 129 (young) ; Faun, Jupon. Poiss.
p. 112 ; JRichards. Ichih, Chin. p. 276.
-» — cLrrhosus, (Ehrenh.) Cuv. (^ Val. pi. 250.
Olistus malabaricus, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 137. pi. 251; Cuv, Meyne
Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 58. f. 1.
riippeUii, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 144.
Carangoides citula, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 65.
D-7-8|,-^. A.2|^^. L.lat.20.
The teeth form viUiform bands in both the jaws ; teeth on the
vomer, palatines, and on the tongue. The first ray of the dorsal and
anal fins, and in males generally some of the middle rays, exceedingly
elongate and filiform. The height of the body is twice or thrice in
the total length, the length of the head' 3^ to 5 times. The snout
is obtuse, equal in length to the diameter of the eye, and has the
lower jaw longest ; the maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from
the anterior margin of the eye. Breast naked ; the lateral line is
moderately bent, and becomes straight below the posterior half of
the second dorsal. The plates are little developed. Opercular spot
broAvn, indistinct in immature specimens, which have the body
banded ; the first ray of the dorsal and anal fins generally black ;
ventrals blackish.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to the coast cJ
New Guinea.
a. Large specimen, with the dorsal rays elongate.
h,c. Half-grown: skins. Sea of Pinahg. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
d. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank as Citula oblonga.
f. Adult. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Half-grown. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
i. Adult. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Tc. Half-grown. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
I. Half-gi-own. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
m. Half-gi'own. China.
454 CAEANGID^.
B. The spinous dorsal very little developed, or disappeariivj with age,
66. Caranx ciliaris.
Zeus ciUaris, 5Zoc/t, vi. p. 29. taf. 191 ; L. Gm. p. 1288 ; M. Schn. p. 94 ;
Sliaw, Zool iv. p. 283 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 570, 573._ _
Scomber ftlamentosus, Mungo Park, Linn. Trans, iii. p. 36 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 34.
Blepharis indicus, Cuv. (^ Val. ix. p. 154 ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 113.
pi. 60. f. 2 ; Cuv. Eigne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 58. f. 3 ; Richards.
Ichth. aiin. p. 271.
fasciatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 129. taf. 33. f. 2 (not Richards.).
Carangoides blepharis, Sleeker, Verh, Bat. Gm. xxiv. Makr. p. 67.
D. 6 I i A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 15.
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The height of the
body is 1|-1| in the total length, the length, of the head 3|. The
first dorsal little developed, with the spines short and rudimentary ;
the anterior rays of the second dorsal and anal exceedingly elongate
and .filiform. The lower jaw is longer than the upper, and the max-
Qlary reaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. The width of the opercle is one-half its height. The lateral
line is bent anteriorly, and becomes straight below the middle of the
soft dorsal ; the plates are very little developed. Opercular spot and
the membrane between the first five dorsal rays black. Body with
six subvertical blackish bands, becoming less distinct with age.
Pyloric appendages very numerous.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. "Ptirchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. India. Presented by W. Masters, Esq.
c. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
d. Adult.
e. Adult : bad state.
/. Adult. From the Haslar CoUectibn.
67. Caranx sntor.
? Blepharis sutor, Cuv. i^ Val. ix. p. 161 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Ramoh
de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 114.
Blepharis major, Cuv. §• Val. ix. p. 163.
Zeus crinitus, Akerly, Amer. Journ. Sc. xi. p. 144, with plate.
Blepharis crinitus, Dekay, New York Fatma, Fishes, p. 123. pi. 25. f. 76.
D. 6 1 3^. A. 2 I ^. L. lat. 12.
The teeth in both the jaws form villifonn bands; teeth on the
vomer, the palatines, and on the tongue. The height of the body is
1 1 in the total length, the length of the head 3|. The first dorsal
is little developed, wdth the spines short and rudimentary-; the an-
terior rays of the second dorsal and anal exceedingly long and fili-
form. The lower jaw is longer than the upper, and the maxillary
roaches beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
3. CABANX. 455
The width of the opercle is one-third of its height. The lateral line is
bent anteriorly, and becomes straight in the vertical from the middle
of the soft dorsal ; the plates are very little developed. Opercular
spot indistinct ; the membrane between the anterior dorsal rays
blackish.
Caribbean Sea, spreading to the coasts of New York.
a. Fine specimen. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
6, c. Young. South America. Presented by Sir W. Hooker. — The
first dorsal fin is very distinct, with the middle spines longest ;
the anterior ray of the dorsal and anal fins and the outer one
of the ventral are exceedingly long and filiform, ornamented
with brown rings ; an indistinct brown band through the eye.
68. Caranx alexandrinus.
Geoffr. Deser. Eg. Poiss. pi. 22. f. 2.
Scyris alexandrina, Cuv. 4* Val. ix. p. 152.
Gallichthys egyptiacus, (Ehrenb.) Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 176 ; Cuv. R^gne
Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 59. f. 1.
D.5|^. A.^. L.lat.3-4.
The first dorsal not developed, distinctly visible in immature spe-
cimens ; the ventrals and the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal
fins very elongate, filiform. Dentition probably as in C. gallus.
The height of the body is 1| in the total length, the length of the
head 3| ; the height of the praeorbital is much more than the length
of the diameter of the eye. The origia of the soft dorsal is the
highest point of the back, from which the upper profile rapidly de-
scends, being convex on the nape of the neck. Lower jaw promi-
nent. The lateral line is strongly curved anteriorly, and becomes
straight below the middle of the dorsal ; the plates' are exceedingly
small. Scales none. Uniform silvery (immature specimens " with
more or less distinct vertical bands) ; the filiform rays black.
North coast of Egypt * coast of West Africa.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Ashantee. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Young. Congo Expedition,
69. Caranx gallus.
Meer-hsen, Nieuhof, Zee- en Lant-Reize, i. p. 270, cum fig.
Talent, iii. p. 465. f. 376 ; JRenard, ii. 26. 128 ; Ruysch, Theatr. Anim. 1.
9. 7; Seba, iii. 26. 34; Willughbij, Append, tab. 7. f. 1.
Zeus, sp. no. 2, ^rtedi, Genera, p. 50 (not synon.).
gallus, L. Syst. i. p. 454; Block, taf. 192. f. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 94.
sp., Gronov. Mus. i. no. 108.
Russell, i. p. 45. pi. 57, p. 46. pi. 38.
Gallus virescens, Lacip. iv. pp. 583, 584.
Gallichthys major, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 168. pi. 254 ; Richards. Ichth.
Chin. p. 271 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 136.
chevola, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 175.
456 CARANGID^.
Scpis indica, Riipp. Atl. Fischo, p. 128. taf. 33. f. 1 ; Cuv. 8f Val. ix.
p. 145. pi. 252 ; Rup2h N. fV. Fische, p. 51 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin.
p. 276 ; Cantor, Catul. p. 134 ; Reym; Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 58. f. 2.
Carangoides gallichthys, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 68.
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. L. lat. 8. Vert. 10/14.
The first dorsal not developed, and in old specimens entirely absent ;
the vcntrals and the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins, very
elongate, filiform. The teeth in both the jaws form viUiform bands ;
teeth on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. The
height of the body is 1| to 2^ in the total length ; the height of the
prteorbital is much more thari the length of the diameter of the
eye. The origin of the soft dorsal is the highest point of the back,
from which the upper profile rajjidly descends, being strongly con-
vex on the nape of the neck. Lower jaw prominent. The lateral
line is strongly curved anteri^orly, and becomes straight below the
middle of the dorsal ; the plates are very little developed. Scales
none. Uniform silvery ; immature specimens with vertical bands.
Pyloric appendages numerous.
From the Eed Sea, through all the Indian Seas.
a. Twenty-three inches long: skin. Malayan Peninsula. From
Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h, c. Half-grown ; skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
d. Adult. Java.
e. Adult : stufied : bad state. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves,
Esq.
/. Half-grown, China.
g. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
h. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
Skeleton. — The skull is distinguished by its singularly oblique
form,' the bones having the appearance as if they were dislocated in
the direction from the occiput towards the mandibula. In other
respects, there is no essential difference from the typical forms of
Caranx. The skull is compressed and elevated ; the occipital crest
is exceedingly high, and extends from the anterior extremity of the
frontal bones to the occipital joint, above which it is highest and
rounded. The lateral crests are rather low. The maxillary becomes
gradually wider posteriorly, and has a narrow supplementary bone
along its upper edge. The intermaxillary has a flat prominence
behind, and its posterior processes arc nearly as long as the bone
itself. The mandibu a is rather short and elevated, with a rudi-
mentary muciferous channel ; there is a small free space between
the dentary and the articular bone. The axes of the pra:^opercular
limbs form a veiy ()])tuse angle ; the interior ridge is flat and de-
pressed, and the portion of the bone which is situated between the
ridge and the margin is rather narrow and very thin. The width
of the operculum is one-half its height ; it has a slight notch pos-
teriorly, and another superiorly. The interoperculum is much longer
4. ARGYBEIOSUS. 457
than the suboperculum. The tiirbinal bones are elongate tubes.
The bones of the infraorbital ring are very thin, membranaceous ;
the prseorbital is oblong, its longest diameter being in the direction
from the orbit to the jaw-bones. The suprascapula is fixed to the
skull by two styliform processes ; the scapula is narrow ; the lower
part of the humerus and the ulna are very long, with an open slit
between them. Each pubic bone is composed of three narrow la-
mellae.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebra;, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1:2-1. The four anterior vertebrae are much compressed
in their longitudinal diameter, and Cuvier has overlooked the first,
stating only nine abdominal vertebrae. The neurals and haemals are
strong and more or less erect, especially those of the caudal portion.
The intemeurals and interhaemals are well developed. The first in-
terhaemal is exceedingly long, extending upwards to the base of the
haemal, to which it is joined ; inferiorly, it has a flat triangular pro-
minence, pointing forwards.
It is quite evident, from an examination of the skeleton, that this
species is a true Caranx. The bones which form the base of the
spinous dorsal are very close together, and consequently the spinous
rays cannot be so well developed as in the other species. They are,
however, present, and the specimen described exhibits distinctly six
small dorsal spines.
70. Caranx goreensis.
Hyimis goreensis, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 195. pi. 257.
B. 8. D. ^. A. 3^. L. lat. 12. C«c. pylor. 25-30.
Vert. 10/16 {Cuv.).
The teeth in both the jaws form villiform bands ; teeth on the
vomer and the palatine bones. The first dorsal has entirely dis-
appeared ; none of the rays elongate. The height of the body is 2|,
the length of the head four times in the total. The snout is elevated,
rather obtuse, with the lower jaw longest. The lateral line is bent,
and becomes straight below the middle of the soft dorsal ; plates small
and few in number. Silvery : axil black. ( Cuv.)
Coast of Gorea.
4. ARGYBEIOSUS.
Argyreiosus, Lac6p. iv. p. 566.
Argyreiosus et Vomer, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. pp. 177, 189.
Body much compressed and elevated ; cleft of the mouth moderate.
Praeorbital very high. The first dcsal continuous, sometimes rudi-
mentary, the second dorsal and anal more developed ; anal spines
none, or separated from the soft fin by an interspace. Scales none,
or very rudimentary ; lateral Line with an anterior curve and with a
posterior straight portion, without any plate-like scales. Dentition
458 CAKANGID^.
feeble ; teeth on tne vomer and the palatine bones. Seven branchio-
stegals ; air-bladder simple, bifurcate posteriorly. Pyloric append-
ages in great number.
Coasts of tropical and temperate America.
1. Argyreiosus vomer.
Awah-kattoe-jahwe, Laet, Incl. Occid. p. 574.
Abacatiiia, Marcgr. p. 161. fig. p. 145.
Petiver, Oazopkyl. i. pi. 69. f. 3.
Lune, Dutertre, Hist. Antilles, p. 215, p. 209. fig.
Zeiis vomer, L. 3fiis. Ad. Fred. pi. 31. f. 9, and Si/st. i. p. 454 ; Bl.
taf. 193 ; Bl. Schti. p. 95 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 129.
Argyreiosjw vomer, Lacep. iv. pp. 566, 567 ; Ayass. Spix, Pise. Bras.
p. 109. tab. 58 ; Cui\ ^- Val. ix. p. 177. pi. 255 ; Cuv. mgne Anhn.
Ill.Poiss. pi. 59. f. 2; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes,^. 124. pi. 75.
f. 238; Casteln. Anim. nouv. Poiss. p. 23.
Zeus niger, Bl. Sclm. p. 98.
Selene argentea, Lacep. iv. pp. 560^ 562. pi. 9. f. 2.
Zeus capillaris, Mitch. Trans. Lit. % Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 383.
pi. 2. f. 2.
rostratus, Mitch. I. c. p. 384. pi. 2. f. 1.
Argyreiosus capUlaris, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 125. pi. 27.
f.'82.
spixii, Casteln. I. c.
Skeleton : Owen, Osteolog. Catal. i. p. 64.
D. 8 I ^. A. 0-2 I ^. y. 1/5. Vert. 10/14*.
The second and third dorsal spines, the anterior dorsal and anal
rays, and the ventrals more or less elongate and filiform. The con-
vexity of the back very much stronger than that of the belly. The
distance between the roots of the pectoral and ventral fins is con-
tained twice and a half in the height of the body. Uniform silvery ;
the prolonged fin-rays blackish.
Atlantic coasts of temperate and tropical America.
a. Fine specimen. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
6. Adult. Texas. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
c, d. Half-grown. Texas. Purchased of ilr. Brandt.
e. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Su' W. Holmes.
/. Adult : stuffed. Bahia.
g-i. Adult : skins. West Indies. From Dr. Parncll's Collection.
k. Half-grown : skirt.
I. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
m. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
n, 0. Half-grown. Old Collection.
p. Half- grown. From the Haslar Collection.
q. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Young.
s. Adult : skeleton. Texas. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
Young ? an spec. nov. ? None of the spines or rays of the fins
are elongate ; the convexity of the belly is very much stronger than
* Vert. 10/13 Cuv.
4. AEGYEEIOSUS. 459
that of the back, A blackish spot on the straight portion of the
lateral line.
a, b. 1^ inch long.
c. One inch long.
The skeleton is so extremely similar to that of Caranx gallus, that
we should not hesitate to unite both fishes in one and the same genus,
if the priacipal character of Caranx, the shielded lateral line, were
not lost by so doing. The pubic bones are very small in this species ;
the second interhasmal is united with the first, and the third and the
foui'th have flat processes anteriorly, by which they are joined to the
preceding spines.
2. Arg3rreiosus setipiMnis.
Silver-fish, Funnel, Dampier^s Voy. p. 8. i. 8.
Rhoniboida, Broivn,^aniaica, p. 455.
Poisson lune, Desmarchais, Voy. ii. p. 23 ; Barbot, Collect, of Voy.
pi. F. f. 128.
Zeus setapinnis, Mitch. Trans. Lit. 8f Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 384.
pi. 1. f. 9. ..
V&mer brownii, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Agass. Spix, Pise, Bras. p. 110.
tab. 57 ; Cuv. 8; Val. ix. p. 189. pi. 256 ; Cuv. Bhqne Anim. HI. Poiss.
pi. 59. f. 3 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 127. pi. 25. f. 78 ;
Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 116.
Skeleton : Agass. Poiss. Foss. v. p. 17. pi. A.
I>-8|iI^- ^-J^- ^-l/S- Vert. 10/14.
The spinous dorsad and the ventrals short, little developed ; the soft
dorsal and the anal not elongate. The height of the body is 1|— 2^
in the total length. The highest point of the upper profide is above
the eye. Uniform silvery.
Pyloric appendages very numerous.
Atlantic ; coast of Peru.
A. The height of the body is more than one-half the total length ;
D. 8 I ^. A. j^. Perhaps a species.
a. Fine specimen. Pernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
b. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
c. d. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
e, f. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
g-i. Young : skins. Jamaica.
k. Adult : skin. West Indies.
I. Adult : stufied. Bahia.
m. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
n. Young : very bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
0. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
B. The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length ;
D. 8 I ^. A. ^. Perhaps a species.
a. Adult. St. Vmcent. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
460 CABANGID^.
h. Adult : skin. "West Indies.
c. Fine specimen.
d. Adult: skeleton.
C. The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length ;
^' ^ I 2^2- ^- ii^- Perhaps a species.
a-c. Adult : bad state. Pacific ? From the Haslar CoUection.
d. Adult : skeleton. Pacific ? From the Haslar Collection.
5. MICROPTERYX.
Seriola, sp., Cuv. JR^gne Anim.
Micropteryx, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 104.
Chloroscombrus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 168.
Body much compressed, with the abdomen prominent and tren-
chant, covered with small scales ; lateral line not armed or shielded ;
prseopercidar margin entire. Cleft of the mouth rather small ;
prseorbital of moderate width. The first dorsal continuous, with
seven feeble spines ; the second dorsal and anal more developed,
without detached finlets ; two anal spines, rather remote from the
remainder of the fin. Dentition feeble ; teeth on the vomer arid the
palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder simple, bifur-
cate posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Atlantic ; Indian Ocean.
1. Micropteryx chrysums.
P Renard, i. tab. 6. f. 43 ; Valent. no. 43.
Scomber chrysurus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 494 ; Bl. Schn. p. 33.
chloris, Block, taf. 339 ; Bl. Schn. p. 27.
Micropteryx cosmopolita, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 104. tab. 59.
Seriola cosmopolita, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 219. pi. 259 ; Dekay, New
York Fau7ia, Fishes, p. 129 ; Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol, p. 77. pi. 11.
f. 1 ; Guichen. Poiss. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 117.
Scomber latus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 127.
Chloroscombrus cosmopolita, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phikid.
1858, p. 168. _ S^rZrU OUr^ }*<^. J't^.Jt^.i'.i, - -^-
canbbseus, Girard, I. c.
D. 7 I ^-5^5-^. A.2|^-^^g. Caec. pylor. 10-15. Vert. 10/14.
Scales small, but very distinct. The height of the body is 3-3^
in the total length, the length of the head 5g. The snout is obtuse,
and equal in length to, or rather shorter than the diameter of the
eye ; the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Abdomen much compressed, trenchant ; the ventrals
small. Coloration uniform ; a blackish, squarish blotch on the back
of the tail ; ventrals white.
West coast of Africa ; Atlantic coasts of temperate and tropical
America , coast of Pondicherry.
a. Fine specimen. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
h. Half- grown. Ashantee. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
5. MICBOPTEEYX. 461
c. Half-grown. Lake Champlain. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
e. Half-grown. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
/. Adult. Cuba. Presented by the Zoological Society.
g, h. Half-grown. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
?"-m. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
n, 0. Half-grown : skins. West Indies.
p. Adult : not good state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki
q, r. Half-grown. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart.
s. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
t. Half-grown, Presented by the Zoological Society.
u, V. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
w. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
x,y. Adult: bad state. Old Collection.
z. Adixlt.
a. Half-grown: skeleton. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Eraser's
Collection.
Sheleton. — The skull is rather compressed, and its upper suiface
is provided with five crests, the middle of which is strong, elevated,
with the upper angle roiinded, extending to the anterior extremity
of the frontal bones. The jaw-bones are rather feeble and trans-
parent. The praeoperculum has the interior ridge scarcely promi-
nent, and the muciferous channel appears to be very rudimentary ;
its inferior limb is shorter than the posterior, and the angle is
roimded. The operculum is somewhat narrow, with a slight pos-
terior notch ; the sub- and interoperculum are obliquely directed
upwards, and the latter is crescentic. The cavity formed by the
humerus and the radius is .oblong, quadrangular, the edges of the
two bones running in a parallel direction ; there is an ovate foramen
near the symphysis of the humeral bones. The pubic bones are
little developed and styliform.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being one-half of that
of the latter. The neural and haemal spines are strong, and the
three anterior hsemals have an interior channel, and are sometimes
united by bony cross-bars, like the processes of the ribs of birds.
Each of the five posterior abdominal vertebrae has a pair of inferior
apophyses at its anterior extremity, and another at its posterior ; the
apophyses of one side converge and are anchylosed together. The
ribs are slender, styliform. The intemeurals and interhaemals are
dilated and transparent. The first interhaemal is exceedingly strong,
firmly joined to the haemal of the first caudal vertebra, somewhat
concave anteriorly, and terminating in a dilated portion with an an-
terior and a posterior process ; this bone forms the base for the two
anal spines. The interhaemals of the first five anal rays als© rest
upon the first haemal ; the second haemal supports only two inter-
haemals, the third three, the fourth again two, the fifth again three,
&c. The base of the interhaemals, to which the anal rays are joined, is
swollen, and emits a small oblique process for each of the anal rays.
4(JiJ CAIUNGID-E.
6. SERIOLA*.
Seriola, pt., Cuv. Ret/ne Aniin. ; Cui: ^ Val ix. p. 200.
Body oblong, slightly compressed, with the abdomeu rounded,
covered with small or rudimentary scales ; cleft of the mouth mode-
rate or rather T\dde. The first dorsal continuous, with the spines
.rather feeble ; the second and the anal much more developed, without
detached finlets. Generally a pair of spines before the anal, remote
from the remainder of the fin. Lateral line not armed. Praoper-
ciilum not denticulated. The teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and
the palatine bones form villiform bands. Branchiostegals seven;
air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages in great number.
Inhabitants of nearly all the temperate and tropical seas.
1. Seriola dumerilii.
Caranx dumerilii, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 175.
Seriola dumerilii, Risso, Eur. Mcrid. iii. p. 424 ; Cuv. 8f Val. ix.
p. 201. pi. 258 ; Cuv. R^gne Amm. III. Poiss. pi. 56. f. 1 ; Guichen.
Explor. Ak/e'r. Poiss. p. 62 ; Webh 8f Berthel. Res Canar. Poiss. p. 57.
Seriola purpurascens, S. auro-vittata, et S. quinque-radiata, Richards.
Ichth. adn. p. 271 (not Schler/.).
purpm-ascens, ScMeg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 113. pi. 61 ; Bleek.
Verlumd. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi. Japan, p. 103.
D. 7 1 _1_. A. 2 I ^. CfEc. pylor. 50-60. Vert. 10/14.
Scales very small. The height of the body is 3|-3|^ in the total
length, the length of the head four times. The snout is subconical,
of moderate extent, and 1| the length of the diameter of the eye ;
tlie maxillary reaches nearly to the vertical from the centre of the
eye. Abdomen c^-oad, not compressed ; the ventrals ai'e of moderate
length, one-half the distance between their base and that of the anal.
Mediterranean ; Seas of Japan and China.
a. European variety. Coloration uniform ; back bluish, belly sil-
very.
a. Fine specimen, Mediterranean.
ft. Japanese variety. Coloration uniform ; back purpHsh, belly
silvery.
h. Fine specimen. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
Schlcgel states that the spinous dorsal commences in a vertical
dra-\vn from the base of the pectoral in Seriola dumerilii, whil«t in
S. purpurascens its origin is situated in a vertical from behind the
base of the pectoral. I have found the position of this fin exactly
the same in Mediterranean specimens as in Chinese, namely behind
the vertical from the base of the pectoral.
* 1. Seriola boscii, Cuv. 8f Val ix. p. 209.— Coast of Carolina.
2. succincta, Cuv. 8( Val. ix. p. 218. — Atlantic.
6. SERIOLA. 463
2. Seriola lalandii.
The Yellow-tail (St. Helena).
Seriola lalandii, Cuv. ^ Veil. ix. p. 208.
aureo-vittata, Schleff. Faun. Jupon. Poiss. p. 115. pi. 62. f. 1 (not
good).
D. 7|_L_. A. 0-2 1 -^.
I 32-34 I 20-21
Scales very small. The height of the body is 4^-4| in the total
length, the length of the head 4J— 4|. The snout is elongate, conical,
twice the length of the diameter of the eye. Abdomen broad, not
compressed ; the ventrals are of moderate length, their length being
2| in the distance between their base and that of the anal. The
maxillary reaches somewhat beyond the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Coloration imiform.
From the coast of Brazil across the Atlantic to the Cape of Good
Hope ; Japanese Sea.
a. Forty-one inches long : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A.
Smith's Collection.
b. Adult : stuffed. Cape Seas. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.
c. Half-grown : stuffed. St. Helena {Yellouu-tail). Presented by
General Hardwicke.
d. Half- grown : stuffed.
e. Thirty-seven inches long : stuffed,
/. Forty-four inches long : stuffed.
Seriola duhia, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, vii. p. 81, and Trans.
Zool. Soc. iii. p. 5, is certainly distinct from S. dumeriUi, but it may
prove to be identical with S. lalandii. In order to decide this ques-
tion, it will be necessary to compare the following notes, which the
Rev. R. T. Lowe has communicated to me, with specimens of S. la-
landii preserved in spirits : —
" The length of the single specimen, which had been taken at
Madeira, was 29| inches. The thickness of the body is one-half of its
height ; the length of the head is contained four times and a half in
the total ; the height of the head at the nape is twelve-thirteenths of
its length. The gape of the mouth reaches to the anterior margin
of the eye, and the lower jaw is rather shorter than the upper.
There is a rough tongue-shaped patch down the middle of the tongue,
whilst rough spots may be obsen^ed on the rest of its surface. Oper-
culum smooth, prseoperculum striate. The length of the pectoral ffn
is contained eight times and three-sevenths in the total, that of the
first dorsal eleven times and a fourth. The ventral fins are inserted
exactly beneath the pectoral. The second dorsal is four times as
high anteriorly as the first, the length of the fii-st soft ray being
more than half the height of the body. The anal fin conimences
before the middle of the second dorsal ; the length of the caudal is
contained five times and four-elevenths in the total.
There is a sufiiciently distinct keel on the tail. Dusky steel-coloured,
dark brownish on the back ; no trace of a browoi band from the eye
to the operculum ; the first dorsal fin mottled blue and black ; the
464 CAR.VNGID^.
second dorsal, anal and caudal fins almost black ; ventrals mottled
blue, white and black."
3. Seriola qninqueradiata.
Schleg. Faun. Japon. Puiss. p. 115. pi. 62. f. 2.
Scales very small. The height of the body is 4i in the total
length. The snout is elongate, conical. Abdomen bi'oad, rounded ;
the ventrals are of moderate length, their length being 2| in the
distance between their base and the origin of the anal. Coloration
uniform. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
4. Seriola bonariensis.
? Seriola rivoliana, Cuv. (Sr Val. ix. p. 207.
Seriola bonariensis, Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 211.
D-7|4. A.2|l.
Scales small. The height of the body is 85 in the total length,
the length of the head four times. The snout is of moderate extent,
1| the diameter of the eye, and subconical ; the maxillary does not
reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Back, neck and
abdomen slightly compressed ; the ventrals are of moderate length,
and reach to the vent ; the soft dorsal is anteriorly half as high as
the body. Coloration uniform ; an oblique black band from the nape
of the neck through the eye to the prteorbital.
Coast of Brazil. (Mediterranean ?)
a. Fine specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h. Young.
5. Seriola falcata.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 210.
l)-7|i- A.2|±.
Scales small. The height of the body is rather more than the
length of the head, and one-fourth of the total. The snout is of
moderate extent, conical, and 1| as long as the diameter of the eye.
Abdomen broad, not compressed ; the soft doi^sal and anal pointed
anteriorly and elevated ; ventrals of moderate length. The max-
illary reaches somewhat beyond the vertical from the anterior mai'gin
of the eye. Coloration uniform.
Atlantic coasts of tropical America.
a. Adult : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
6. Seriola fasciata.
Scomber fasciatus, Bl. taf. 341 ; Bl. Schn. p. 29.
Sjriola fasciata, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 211.
D.7|5^. A.2|^-^,.
Dorsal and anal fins not elevated. Body with sixteen narrow and
6. SEBIOLA. 465
somewhat irregular brown'eross-bands, arranged in pairs ; those be-
tween the soft dorsal and anal extend on to these fins, forming five
spots on the former and three on the latter ; a blackish band between
the eyes ; ventrals black.
'Coast of Carolina'.
7. Seriola zonata.
Scomber zonatus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 427,
pi. 4. f. 3.
Seriola zonata, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 213; Dekay, New York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 128. pi. 9. f. 20 ; Holbr. Ich'.h. S. Carol, p. 73. pi. 10. f. 1.
leiarchus, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 213.
D-7|.^e. A.0-2|-^-L-„-
Scales very small. The height of the body is 3|-4 times in the
total length, the length of the head 3| ; the snout is rather elongate,
conical, 2| the diameter of the eye ; the maxillary reaches to
below the centre of the orbit. Abdomen broad, rounded ; the ven-
trals are of moderate length, occupying rather more than one-half
of the distance between their base and the origin of the anal. An
oblique black band from the spinous dorsal to the eye. Body gene-
rally with six distinct black cross-bands, which extend on to the
dorsal and anal fins, and form three black spots on the former and
two on the latter.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.
a. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
b. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
c. d. Half -grown. North America. Pixrchased of Mr. Warwick. —
All have been in chloride of zinc.
Seriola carolinensts (Holbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 70. pi. 10. f. 2),
\-athout cross-bands, and with twenty-two soft rays of the anal fin,
appears to be merely a variety of S. zonata.
8. Seriola tapeinometopon.
Sleeker, Solor, p. 80.
B.7. D.7|i5. A.2|±.
Scales very small. The height of the body is 3^ in the total
length, the length of the head 3| ; the snout is pointed, and the
maxillary reaches to below the pupil. An oblique blackish band
from the spinous dorsal to the eye ; body with five or six brQwnish
cross-bands ; dorsal and anal fins with a yellow margin. (Bl.)
Sea of Lawajong (Solor).
9. Seriola nigro-fasciata.
Nomeus nigro-fasciatus, Jlupp. Atl. Fische, p. 82. taf. 24. f. 2.
Seriola binotata, Cuv. ^- Val. ix. p. 215 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 137.
VOL. II. 2 H
466 CARAKGID^.
Seriola riippellii, Cuv. Sf Val. ix. p. 216 ; Sleeker, Verhand. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. xxiv. Makr. p. 73.
nigro-fasciata, Rilpp. N. W. Fische, p. 51,
B.7. D. 5-6 1 5^3. A.^^. C*c.pylor.7.
Scales exceedingly small, rudimentary. The height of the hody
is 3| in the total length, the length of the head four times. The
snout is obtuse, and equal in length to, or rather shorter than, the
diameter of the eye. Abdomen broad, not compressed ; the ventrals
nearly as long as the head. The maxillary reaches to the vertical
from the centre of the eye. Back crossed by six broad brown bands ;
ventrals, top of the dorsal and anal black.
Ked Sea ; East Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Louisiade Archi-
pelago.
a. Adult : stuffed. Eed Sea. J'rom Dr. Eiippell's Collection.
h, c. Half-grown and young : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.
d. Young. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half- grown : not good state. Amboyna. Purchasedof Mr. Frank.
g. Adult: stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago (30 fathoms). Voyage
of the ' Kattlesnake-'
10. Seriola intermedia.
Schleg, Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 116.
I>-7|^. A.l|l
Scales exceedingly small. The length of the ventrals is one-half
the distance between their base and the origin of the anal. Back
with four or five brownish bands descending obliquely forwards.
{Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
11. Seriola dussumieri.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 217.
D.5|^. A.2|±
Body with seven vertical bands, the fourth, fifth and sixth ex-
tending on the soft dorsal, and the two latter on the anal ; each lobe
of the caudal with a blackish spot. Ventrals long. Perhaps founded
on young specimens. (Cttv.)
Gulf of Bengal.
12. Seriola gigas.
D-8U-4- A.2|l.
Scales small. The height of the body is 4^ in the total length,
and equal to the length of the head ; the snout is of moderate ex-
tent, twice the diameter of the eye, and subcorneal. The maxillary
reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The
7. SEEIOLELLA. 467
ventrals are longer than the pectorals, but do not extend to the vent.
The soft dorsal and anal are anteriorly elevated, their height being
more than one-half of that of the body. Coloration uniform ; sides
sometimes dotted with brown.
Coasts of Australia.
a, h. Four feet long : stuffed. Houtman's Abrolhos.
c. Half-grown ; stuffed. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
Description. — The body is rather elongate, its greatest depth being
4A in the total length ; the length of the head equals the depth of
the body. The snout is moderately long, twice, or in large speci-
mens 2| the diameter of the eye. The maxillary is very broad pos-
teriorly, its width being increased by a supplementary bone situated
on its upper margin. The teeth form broad villiform bands ; the
hand on the vomer is irregularly quadrangular ( \j ) ^ tli'^^ ^^ ^^^
palatine bones is very broad, elliptical. The praiopereulum has the
angle rounded, and the lower limb half as long as the posterior ; both
meet at a rather obtuse angle. The dorsal spines are stoutish ; the
fifth is the longest, its length being 4|-5.^ in that of the head. The
soft dorsal and the anal are somewhat elevated anteriorly, and the
posterior ray of both fins is rather longer than the preceding ones
(in large specimens). The anal spines are feeble. The caudal is
deeply forked. The ventral is longer than the pectoral, pointed, and
inserted below the posterior part of the root of the pectoral.
The scales are small ; the lateral Hne is irregularly waving, and
has posteriorly a slight keel.
inches, lines.
Total length 48 0
Height of the body 10 0
Length of the head 10 0
Diameter of the eye 1 6
7. SERIOLELLA.
Seriolella, Guichen. in Gay, Fauna Chikna, Feces, p. 238.
Body oblong, compressed ; cleft of the mouth moderate. The first
dorsal continuous, with the spines rather feeble ; the second and the
anal much more developed, without separate- finlets ; two spines
before the anal, remote from the remainder of the fin. Body covered
with small scales; the lateral line not armed. The teeth in the
jaws of moderate size, forming a single series ; teeth on the vomer,
none on the palatine bones. Prceoperculum denticulated. Branchi<;-
stegals six.
Coasts of Chile.
1. Seriolella porosa.
Guichen. I. c. p. 239, Atlas Idiol. lam. 7. f. 2.
B.6. D.8|± K.2\±.
Scales small. The height of the body is 4| in th' total Icngtli,
'J. 11 )i
468 CARANGIDiE.
and nearly equal to the length of the head ; the snout is rather ob-
tuse, and the maxillary reaches to below the anterior margin of the
orbit. Pra^operculum with the angle rounded and produced back-
wards, shghtly denticulated. Caudal forked. Coloration uniform.
(6rm'c7i.)
Valparaiso.
2. Seriolella violacea.
Gutchen. I. c. p. 241. lam. 7. f. 1.
D. 8 1 ^. A. 2 I ^ (according to the figure).
Scales small. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total
length ; the snout is obtuse, and the maxillary reaches to below the
anterior portion of the orbit. Prseoperculum with the angle rounded,
not produced backwards, denticulated. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Coloration uniform. (Gfuich.)
Valparaiso.
3. Seriolella cserulea.
Gutchen. I. c. p. 242.
D. 10 I ?
Scales minute. The height of the body is one-third of the total
length; caudal emarginate. Coloration uniform. (Gtdch.)
Island of Juan Fernandez.
8. SERIOLICHTHYS.
Seriolichthys, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1854, vi. p. 195.
Body oblong, compressed, with the abdomen rounded, covered with
small cycloid scales. Cleft of the mouth moderate. The first dorsal
continuous ; the second and the anal much more developed, ivith a
detached Jtnlet posteriorly ; a pair of spines before the anal, rather
remote from the remainder of the fin. Lateral line not armed ; prae-
opei'culum sHghtly crenulated. The teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and the palatine bones form viUiform bands. Brancliiostegals seven.
East Indian Archipelago ; Poljiiesia.
1. Seriolichthys bipinnulatus.
The Yellow-tail, (Bennett).
Seriola bipinnulata, Quoy 6r Gairn. Voy. Uran. Zool. i. p. .363. pi. 61. f. 3 ;
Our. Rhjne Anim. HI. Poiss. p. 130 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes,
p. 72.
Elagatis bipinnulatus, Benn. Whaling Voyage, ii. p. 283.
Seriolichthys bipinnulatus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vi.
p. 196.
B.7. D.6|1|I. A.2|±|L
Each finlct is composed of two rays. The height of the body is
five times in the total length, the length of the head 4| ; the upper
9. NAUCLERUS. 469
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. Body with two blue longitudinal bands.
Sea of Batavia ; Amboyna ; Keeling Islands ; New Guinea.
a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
9. NAUCLERUS.
Nauclerua, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 247.
Body oblong, compressed, covered with very small scales ; cleft of
the mouth narrow. The first dorsal continuous, with three to five
short spines ; the second dorsal and the anal are much more developed,
without separate finlets ; two spines before the anal, rather remote
from the remainder of the fin. The lateral Kne is not armed. The
teeth in the jaws form villiform hands, "H^th some stronger ones an-
teriorly ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. A more or less
distinct spine at the angle of the pr(xope7Xulwn. Branehiostegals
seven ; air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages numerous.
Small fishes, inhabiting the high seas between the tropics in both
hemispheres. The species are little known.
1. Nauclerus compressus.
Cm. Sf Val. ix. p. 249. pi. 263.
B.7. D.5|^. A.2|^.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total ; the width of the interocular space equals that of
the eye. Prseoperculum with a strong spine at the angle, and with
a smaller one above and below. The height of the spinous dorsal is
one-ninth of that of the body ; the ventrals do not extend to the
vent. Body with seven blackish cross-bands, disappearing on the
belly ; the fourth, fifth and sixth extend on the soft dorsal, and the
two latter on the anal, forming spots ; each caudal lobe with a
blackish spot ; ventrals black. (Cwv.)
Molucca Sea.
2. Nauclerus abbreviatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 251 ; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1840, p. 36, and Tram.
Zool. Soc. iii. p. 3.
D. 4 I -. A. 2 I -.
• 1 25 I 15
Praeoperculum with four spines ; suprascapula with a strong.spine.
The height of the spinous dorsal is one-ninth of that of the body.
Body with seven blackish cross-bands, disappearing on the belly;
the fourth, fifth and sixth extend on the soft dorsal, and the two
latter on the anal, forming spots ; ventrals black.
Atlantic.
a-d. North Atlantic. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
470 CAIUNGIDiK.
3. Nauclerus brachycentrus.
Cuv. 8f Veil. ix. p. 252.
The height of the spinous dorsal is one-fifteenth only of that of
the body. Prasoperciilum with a single very short spine at the
angle. Body mth seven blackish cross-bands, disappearing on the
belly ; caudal with a band. (Cuv.)
Indian Ocean or Molucca Sea.
4. Nauclerus triacanthus.
Cuv. ^ Val ix. p. 253.
»-3|^.. A.2|l.
Proeoperculum -wdth a very short spine at the angle ; the bands on
the back disappear on the sides ; caudal with two deep-black spots.
{Cuv.)
Atlantic.
5. Nauclerus annularis.
Cuv. <^- Val. ix. p. 254.
Body with six black cross-bands encircling the beUy, and united
with those of the other side ; caudal with a small blackish spot. {Cuv.)
Atlantic between St. Helena and the Cape. (Gulf of Bengal.)
6. Nauclerus leucurus.
Cuv. <^ Val. ix. p. 255.
D.5|±. A.2|±.
The body is higher than in N. comprcssus. Bauds of the body
narrow ; caudal without any spot. {Cuv.)
Atlantic between St. Helena and the Cape.
10. POETHMEUS.
Porthmeus, Cuv. 8f Val, ix. p. 255.
Body oblong, compressed, naked ; cleft of tlie mouth wide, with
the lower jaw prominent. The two dorsals continuous at the base,
and separated by a notch ; no separate finlets ; anal fin witli three
spines, the two anterior ones rather separate. Lateral line Axithout
any armature. Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the pala-
tine bones. Prasoperculum serrated. Branchiostegals seven; air-
bladder present. Pyloric appendages numerous.
A genus but little known. From the Indian Ocean and the Cai)o
of Good Hope.
11. CHORINEMUS. 471
1. Porthmeus argenteus.
Cuv. 4- Val. ix. p. 256. pi. 264.
A ciliated crest above the orbit. The height of the body is one-
fourth of the total length, the length of the head one-third. Snout
very pointed. Body with blackish vertical bands. (Cuv.)
Indian Ocean ; Cape of Good Hope.
11. CHORINEMUS*.
Scomberoidea, Lacep.
Chorinemus, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 367.
Body compressed, oblong ; cleft of the mouth moderate or wide.
Dermal productions small, lanceolate, hidden in the skin. Two dor-
sals : the first formed by free spines in small number ; the posterior
rays of the second dorsal and of the anal fin detached or semi-
detached, penicillated. Two anal spines, separated from the soft
portion. Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. Bran chiostegals seven (eight); pseudobranchise present; air-
bladder bifurcate posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in great number.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
1. Chorinemiis lysan.
? Dampier, Voy. New Holland, i. pi. 3. f. 5. p. 162.
Scomber lysan, Forsk. no. 67. pi. 54.
forsteri, Bl. Schn. p. 26.
Scomberoides commersonianus, Lacep. ii. pi. 20. f. 3.
Russell, ii. p. 31. pi. 141.
Scomber niadagascariensis, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 590. pi. 85; Bennett,
Life o/BaJtes, p. 689.
Lichia lysan, Biipp. Atl. Fische, p. 91.
Chorinemus commersonianus, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 370; Bleek. Verh.
Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 44.
lyzan, Cuv. 4' Val. viii. p. 887 ; R'dppell, N. W. Fische, p. 44 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 118.
? Chorinemus farkharii, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 388.
Chorinemus aculeatus, Cuv. 8^ Val. viii. p. 384 (not Bloch).
forsteri, Richards. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 24.
B.8. D.TI^L. A.2|i. Vert. 15.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 5|. The upper maxillary is very slightly widened and
rounded posteriorly, and reaches far beyond the vertical from the
posterior margin of the eye. The length of the intermaxillary is
* 1. Chorinemus exoletus, (Ehrenb.) C ,v. ^ Val. viii. p. ?79. — Red Sea.
2. lanceolatus, Crirard, Free. Ac. Nat. So. Philad. 1858, p. 168. — Texas.
3. tol, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 43 (not Cuv.). — Batavia.
4. leucophthalmus, Bichards. Ichfh. China, p. 269. — Canton.
5. delicatulus, Richards. I. c. — Chinese Seas.
472
CARANGID^.
more than one-half that of the head ; the snout is obtuse, and about
as long as the diameter of the eye. A series of six or eight large
round brown spots above the lateral line.
From the Red Sea to the N.W. coast of Australia.
?a. Half-grown: not good state. N.W.Australia. From the Haslar
Collection.
b. Adult : stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.
c. Young. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Young : stuffed. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., as
Chorinemus aeuleatus.
f-i. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Malayan Peninsula.
From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
l\ Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
I. Thirty inches long : stuffed : not good state.
m. Thirty-five inches long: stuffed. From the Collection of the
East India Company,
n. Half-grown : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
The air-bladder extends far backwards on each side of the haemal
spines.
Sl-eleton. — There are several strong crests on the upper part of
the skuU : the occipital crest is continued on to the anterior extre-
mity of the frontal bones ; the lateral crests are moderately elevated,
and proceed from the superciKaiy margin. The basal portion of the
brain-capsule is slightly compressed. The head of the vomer is flat
and ovate, with a patch of minute villiform teeth. The palatine
and pterygoid bones are provided with bands of similar teeth. The
maxillary and mtcrmaxillarj' are elongate and narrow; the latter
has the posterior processes very short. The mandibula is rather
low, smooth, without ridges or a muciferous channel. The pras-
operculum has two very low ridges ; its inferior limb is exceedingly
short. The operculum is higher than wide, irregularly quadrangiilar.
The suboperculum is longer than the intcroperculum. The supra-
scapula is suspended to the skull Ijy two strong processes ; the sca-
pula is oblong. The humenis forms a deep cavity with the ulna ;
there is a wide slit between both bones ; the radius has a round
foramen. The pubic bones are rather small ; each is composed of
four lamellae.
There are ten abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1:1-8. Each of the vertebra:; has a deep lateral impression.
The neural and haemal spines are rather strong, those of the abdo-
minal vertebrte being laterally compressed. There are four spurious
intcrneural spines, each of which has an acute point directed for-
wards ; the posterior is the strongest, and its point can be observed
externally ; the other interneurals are rather feeble. The first inter-
haemal is exceedingly strong, its lower half being bent forwards ;
the oth(^r interhaemals are dilated and transparent. The ribs arc
well developed and rather stout.
11. CHORINEMUS. 473
2. Chorinemus tala.
PTala-parah, Mussell, ii. pi. 140.
Chorinemus tala, Cuv. Sf Vol. viii. p. 377.
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the
length of the head 5|. The upper maxillary is somewhat widened
posteriorly and triangular ; it reaches to the vertical from the pos-
terior margin of the eye. The snout is obtuse, and about as long as
the diameter of the eye. An indistinct series of spots along the side.
(Cuv.)
Coast of Malabar.
3. Chorinemus toloo.
Toloo parah, Russell, ii. p. 29. pi. 137.
Lichia toloo-parah, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 91.
Chorinemus toloo, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 377 ; ? Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen.
xxiv. Makr. p. 45.
D.7|3^.. A.2|l
The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length
of the head 5|. The upper maxiUary does not reach to the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye. The snout is obtuse, and about
as long as the diameter of the eye. A series of more or less distinct
greyish spots along the side of the body ; the top of the dorsal and
anal fins and the lobes of the caudal blackish.
From the Red Sea to the East Indies.
4. Chorinemus tol.
Tol Parah, Riissell, ii. p. 29. pi. 138 (bad).
Chorinemus tol, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 385 (not Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen.
xxiv. Makr. p. 43, or Cant.).
D.7|^. A.2|±
The height of the body is 5| in the total length, the length of
the head six times. The upper maxillary reaches to below the anterior
manjin of the eye. A series of darker spots on the sides ; a bluish
streak above the operculum ; top of the dorsal black, of the caudal
blackish. (Cuv.)
East Indian Seas.
5. Chorinemus sancti Petri.
? Conings-visch, Nieuhof, Bras. Zee- en Lant-Reize, p. 269.
Renard, Poiss. Mol. i. 15. 80; Valent. iii. p. 351. f. 11.
Scomber, sp., Gronov. Zoopkyl. no. 305.
Chorinemus sancti Petri, Cuv. 8j- Val. viii. p. 379. pi. 236 ; Bleek. Verh.
Bat. Gen. xxiv. 3Iakr. p. 45 ; Peters, Wiei/m. Areh. 1855, p. 245.
moadetta, Cuv. Sj Val. viii. p. 382; Riipp. N. IF. Fische, p. 45.
mauritianus, Cuv. Sf TV//, viii. p. 382.
474 CABANGID^
Chorinemus tol, Cantor, Catal. p. 119 (not Cuv.).
Thynnus moluccensis, Gronov. Sj/st. ed. Gray, p. 121.
^•7|,-5^. A.2|^^. Vert. 10/16.
The height of the hody is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The upper maxillary is triangular and
flat posteriorly, and reaches beyond the vertical from the centre of
the eye. The length of the intermaxillary is contained one and
two-third times or twice in that of the head. The snout, in mature
fishes, is nearly twice as long as the diameter of the eye. A series
of rounded, indistinct blackish spots above the lateral line, some-
times a second row beneath, sometimes both absent. An indistinct
blackish streak from above the eye to the shoulder. Top of the
dorsal black.
From the eastern shores of Africa through all the East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
h. Adult : skin. Ceylon. CoUected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
c. HaLf-growTi. China. Presented by the Honourable East India
Company.
d. Half-gro^^^l. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank as CJiori-
nemus tol.
e-g. Half-grown : skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
h. Half-grovm.
■i. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
k. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
I. Adult: skeleton. Moluccas.
The air-bladder extends far backwards on each side of the haemal
spines.
The skeleton is very similar to that of C%. lysan, and difiers from it
in the following points : — The snout is more produced, and the max-
illary does not reach so far backwards ; the lateral crests on the upper
part of the skull are little developed ; the praioperculum has the
lower limb not much shorter than the posterior. There are ten ab-
dominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae, the length of the former por-
tion of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1*9.
6. Chorinemus orientalis.
Chorinemus orientalis, Tcmm. i^ Schley. Faun, Japon. Poiss. p. 106.
pi. 57. f. 1.
? Scomber aculeatus, Block, taf. 336.
D.7|^. A.2|l.
The height of the body is 4g in the total length, the length of the
head five times. The teeth of the outer series of the mandibula are
stronger, curved, bent outwards. The snout is about twice as long
as the diameter of the eye. Coloration uniform ; the top of the dor-
sal blackish. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
11. CHOIUNEMUS. 475
7. Chorinemus occidentalis.
Brown, Jamaica, p. 452. pi. 46. f. 2 ; Parra, pi. 12. f. 2.
Gasterosteus occidentalis, L. Si/st. i. p. 490.
Centronotus argenteus, Lacep. iii. p. 316.
Lichia quiebra, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 365.
Chorinemus saltans, Cuv. 8f Vul. viii. p. 393.
quiebra, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 396.
The height of the body is 4-4| in the total length, the length of
the head 5| ; the upper maxillary is veiy narrow posteriorly, and
reaches to, or nearly to, the vertical from the posterior rim of the
orbit. The length of the intermaxillary is one-half that of the
head. The snout is little longer than the diameter of the eye. The
infraorbital, situated above the maxillary, is generally narrower than
the bone next above it*; none of these bones reach to the anterior
praeopercular ridge. Coloration uniform.
Atlantic shores of tropical America.
a-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's
Collection.
{, Tc. Fine specimens. S. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
I. Adidt : skin in spirits. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richard-
son, Esq.
m. Half-grown. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
n. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
o,p. Adult: stuiFed. Bahia.
q. Adult. Old Collection.
r. Adult.
s. Half- grown.
t. Adult stuffed.
II. Half -grown : stuffed.
8. Chorinemus guaribira.
Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 393.
I>-4U- A.2li
The height of the body is 4| in the total length, the length of
the head 5|. The upper maxillary is very narrow posteriorly, and
reaches beyond the vertical from the posterior rim of the orbit.
The snout is little longer than the diameter of the eye. The infra-
orbital bones reach to the anteiior praeopercular ridge, cuirassing
the cheek. Coloration uniform.
Coast of Brazil.
9. Chorinemus saliens.
Scomber saliens, Bl. taf. 335 ; Bl. Schn. p. 25.
Scomberoides saltator, Lacep. ii. pi. 19. f. 2.
* In some of the spetiiiiens it is broader, as in Ch. salicnb.
476 CARANGID-E,
Chorinemus saliens, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 389.
palometa, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 225. pi. 260 ; Cm\ li^c/ne Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 50. f. 8 ; Storer, Report, p. 57 ; Dekuy, New York Fauna,
Fishes, p. 130. pi. 26. f. 81 ; Ihiird, Ninth Smithson. Report, p. 3.37;
Webb ^- Berthel. Hid. Nat. lies Canar. Ichthyol. p. 58. pi. 26. f. 2 ;
ILAbr. Ichthyol. S. Carol, p. 62. pi. 9. f. 2 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool.
ii. p. 244 ; Lowe in Tram. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 183 ; Nordm. in Demid.
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 394 ; Guichen. Explor. Alyer. Poiss, p. 63 ;
TFebb Sf Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 58. pi. 13. f. 2.
D. 8 I -!—.. A. 1-2 I -^. L. lat. 90-100. L. transv. ^.
24-20 I 20-28 19
Vert. 12/14.
The maxillary reaches to, or nearly to, the vortical from the pos-
terior margin of the eye. Praioperculum Avith a notch above the
angle, and with slight denticulations along the lower Hmb. Dorsal
spines very feeble. Coloration uniform.
Inhabits nearly all the seas of the tropical and temperate regions.
a. Adult. Lanzarote. Presented by the; Rev. R. T. Lowe.
b. Half-grown. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
c. Adult. South America.
d. Half-grown. Cape Seas.
e. Half-grown : not good state. Molucca Sea.
/. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
g. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h-h. Young. AustraUa. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
1. Twenty-five inches long : stuffed. Swan River.
m. Half-grown. Port Jackson. Presented by the Lords of the
Admiralty.
n. Adult.
0. Adult.
p. Adult: stuffed.
q. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
r. Half-grown : not good state.
14. TRACHYNOTUS*.
Trachinotna, {Lac6p.) Cuv. Sf Val viii> p. 398.
Body compressed, more or less elevated, covered with very small
scales ; cleft of the mouth rather small, with the muzzle above swollen,
obtuse. Opercles entire. Two dorsals : the first composed of free
spines in small number, and with an anterior horizontal spine di-
rected forwards. Two anal spines, separated from the soft portion.
No finlets. Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer iind the palatine
bones, generally lost with age Seven brancbiostegals ; pseudobran-
chise none; air-bladder bifurcate posteriorly. Pyloric appendages
in considerable or moderate number.
Atlantic, between Africa and America ; Indian Seas.
* I. Trachinotus marginatus, Cuv. H^ Val. viii. p. 411. — Montevideo.
2. paytensi?, Cuv. &( V(d. viii. p. 438. — Port do Piiitn.
14. TRACHYNOTtJfl. 481
1. Trachynotus ovatus
Gasterosteus ovatus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 400.
Centronotus ovalis, Lac6p. iii. pp. 309, 31G.
A, Synonyyny of the Atlantic specimens.
Cluetodon rhomboides, liloch, taf. 209.
Acanthinioii rhomboides, Lac6p. iv. p. 500.
Spinous Dory, 3Iitch. Trans. Lit. df Phil. Soc. Netv York, i. pi. (5. f. 10.
Trachinotus rhomboides, Ciiv. 8f Val. viii. p. 407 ; Guichcn. Poiss. in
Ramon do la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 108.
fuscus, Cuv. 4* Val. viii. p. 410.
teraia, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 418.
spinosus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 117. pi. 19. f. 53
(bad).
Lichia spinosa, Baird, Ninth Smithson. RepoH, p. 336.
Doliodon spinosus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, 1858, p. 1G8.
B. Synonymy of the Indian specimens,
Valent. iii. p. 386. f. 118 ; ilenard, i. 27. 151.
Scomber falcatus, Forsk. p. 57;
Ca3siomorus blochii, Lacep. iii. p. 95. pi. 3. f. 2.
Tracliinotus falcatus, Lacep. iii. p. 79; Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 89; Cue.
iSf Val. viii. p. 4.'J0.
Mookalee-parah, Russell, ii. p. 39. pi. 154.
Tra(;hinotus mookalee, Cur. ^ Val. viii. p. 423 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 120 ;
lilecker, Verhand. Batav. Genootseh. xxiv. Makr. p. 48.
blochii, Cut\ 8f Val. viii. p. 425.
affinis, Cuv. i^ Val. viii. p. 428.
faUnger, Ctiv. i^ Val. viii. p. 428.
drepanis, Cuv. i^ Val. viii. p. 429.
auratus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 270.
The height of the body is 2-2g in the total length, the length of
the head 5-5|, one of the caudal lobes 3^-4 times. The anterior
rays of the dorsal and anal more or less produced. Coloration uni-
form ; the dorsal, caudal, and anal lobes blackish or black.
Atlantic coasts of tropical and temperate America, crossing the
ocean to the west coast of Africa ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago to
the coast of AustraKa.
This species belongs to those uarangidce which inhabit the seas
of both hemispheres. The British Museum possesses specimens from
the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, in which not the slightest differ-
ence can be detected. The specimens differ in the length of the lobes
of the fins, and in the height of the body, chiefly according tq their
age. Old specimens gradually lose the teeth*, and the anterior pro-
file of the snout is entirely vertical, whilst it inclines slightly back-
wards in immature fish. I suppose that the other species of 2Va-
chyiiiotus undergo similar changes.
* See Cantor, Cat id. p. 121, and lilecker, Verhand. Batav. Genootseh. xxiv.
Makr. p. 48.
VOL. II, 2 I
482. CAKANGID^.
A. American specimens.
I. Jaws toothless.
a. Very fine specimen : 12 inches long and 6 high. St. Domingo.
Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
II. Jaws toothed, and the length of a caudal lobe 3| in the
total : Trachynotus rhomboides, Cuv.
b. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
c-f. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.
III. Jaws toothed, and the length of a caudal lobe one-fourth
of the total: Trachynofus fuscus, Cuv.
g. Half-grown : skin. West Indies.
h. Half-grown. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
B. IruUan specimens.
I. Jaws toothless.
i. Adult : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
I: Sixteen inches long. Ceylon. Collected by E. F. Kelaart, M.D.
I. Adult: stuffed.
II. Jaws toothed, with the dorsal and anal lobes reaching to
the middle of the caudal : Tracliynotus falciger, Cuv.
m, n. Adult. Old Collection.
0. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
III. Jaws toothed, with the dorsal and anal lobes reaching to
the root of the caudal : Trachynotus falcaius, Cuv.
p. Fine specimen. Red Sea.
q. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
IV. Jaws toothed ; the dorsal and anal lobes reaching to, or
beyond, the middle of the fins : Tracliynotus mookalee, Cuv.
r. Half-grown. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
s. Half-grown. Pinang. Presented by General Hardwieke.
t. Half-grown : skin. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
V. Jaws toothed ; the dorsal and anal lobes not reaching to the
middle of the fijis : Tracliynotus ajjinis, Cuv.
u, V. Half-grown. China.
lu. Half-grown.
X. Young : skill. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
C. Australian specimens. The palatine teeth fomung a long strip ;
the dorsal and anal lobes reach nearlv to the end of the fins.
y. Half -grown. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Dring.
14. TRACHYNOTUS. 483
2. Trachynotus goreensis.
Trachinotus goreensis, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 419.
? Trachinotus maxillosus, Cuv. Sf Val. nii. p. 420 (adult ?).
D. 6 I -^ . A. 2 ! -.
I 19-22 I 18
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 4|, one of the caudal lobes four titles. The snout is obliquely
truncated ; the upper maxillary reaches nearly to below the centre
of the eye. The anterior rays of the dorsal and anal extend beyond
the middle of the fins, if laid backwards. The dorsal, caudal, and
anal lobes black.
"West coast of Africa ; Caribbean Sea.
a. Half-grown. Mger Expedition. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.
h. Half-grown : 3kin. Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
c. Half-grovn : skin. West Indies.
3. Trachynotus glaucus.
Chsetodon glaucus, Bl. taf. 210.
Acanthinion glaucimi, Laccp. iv. p. 600.
Trachinotus glaucus, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 400; Guichen. Poiss. in
Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 107.
D. 6 I ^. A. 2 1 3^. C®c. pylor. 13. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is nearly three times in the total length,
the length of the head 5^, one of the caudal lobes three times. The
anterior rays of the dorsal and anal reach to or beyond the middle
of the caudal fin, if laid backwards (shorter in immature specimens).
Silvery, mth four blackish vertical streaks on the side of the back.
Atlantic shores of tropical America.
a. Adult. Antilles. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
h. Half-grown. Rio de Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.
c. Adult : stuffed. South America.
d. Adult : stufied. West Indies.
e. Adult : skin, Jamaica. From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
/. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
g. Large specimen. Old Collection, as Scomber macropterus.
h. Half-grown : bleached. Old Collection, as Oasterosteus ovatus, L.
4. Trachynotus mjrrias.
Cuv. 4' Val. viii, p. 421.
^-^\h' A.2|±
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head five, one of the caudal lobes four times The upper profile of
the head forms a quarter of a cii'cle. The dorsal and anal lobes reach
beyond the base of the caudal, if laid backwards. A series of five
blackish spots along the lateral line. (Cuv.)
West coast of Africa.
2 I 2
484 CARANGID.E.
5. Trachynotus pampanus.
Trachinotiis pampanus, Cur. Sf Val. \\n. p. 415. pi. 237.
ari?enteus, Cm\ Sf Val. viii. p. 413, cop. by Dckay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 110.
cupreu.s. Cur. Sf Val. viii. p. 414.
Licliia Carolina, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 114. pi. 10. f. 30.
Bothrolremus pampanus, Holhr. Ichth. S. Carol p. 81. pi. 11. f. 2.
Doliodon carolinus, Gi)-ard, P)'oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 1G8.
^■^^Idr,- ^'^\^.- Ceec. pylor. 12-14.
The height of the body is contained two and two-thirds to three
times in the total length, the length of the head five times and one-
third, one of the caudal lobes four times. The anterior rays of the
dorsal and anal reach to the middle of the fin, if laid backwards.
Coloration uniform.
Atlantic coasts of America.
a, b. Adult : skins, Jamaica. From Dr. PameU's Collection.
c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Trachynotus baillonii
Russell, ii. pi. 142.
Cajsiomorus bailloni, Lacep. iii. p. 93. pi. 3. f. 1.
quadripunctatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 90. pi. 24. f. 1.
Trachinotus bailloni, Cuv. 4" Val. viii. p. 4^1 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen.
xxiv. Makr. p. 46.
quadripunctatus, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 434 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 122.
russelii, Cui\ Sf Val. viii. p. 436.
D-6|f,. A.2|l.
The height of the body is Sj in the total length, the length of the
head five times, one of the caudal lobes 3|. The anterior rays of
the dorsal reach beyond the middle of the fin, if laid backwards ; the
anterior rays of the anal reach to, or somewhat beyond the end of
the anal. A series of three or five black dots along the lateral line,
which is nearly straight. Dorsal, caudal, and anal lobes black.
Indian Ocean.
a. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Fine specimen. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
c. Adult : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection,
d. Fine specimen. Tanna. From the Museum of Economic Geology.
e. HaLf-gTown : bad state. Old Collection.
7. Trach3riiotu3 oblongus.
Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 437.
D-G|i. A.2|±.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length, the length of the
head five times, one of the caudal lobes 4^. The anterior rays of
15, PAMMELAS. 485
the dorsal and anal reach to, or somewhat beyond, the middle of the
tins. Dorsal, caudal, and anal lobes blackish ; sometimes a series
of indistinct blackish dots along the lateral line, which is nearly
straight.
Seas of PondiJnerry, J ava, and Sumatra.
a. Sumatra.
8. Trachynotus cayennensis.
Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 417,
J).5|^, A.2|l.
The spines of the dorsal and anal not short. The height of the
body is about one-third of the total length. {Cuv.)
Cayenne.
9. Trachynotus melo.
Trachinotua melo, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 270.
None of the dorsal rays produced. The height of the body is 2|
in the total length. Coloration uniform,
Chmese and Japanese Seas.
15. PAMMELAS.
Palinurus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 118.
Body compressed, oblong, cc veered with small cycloid scales ; cleft
of the mouth of moderate wddth, with the muzzle above swollen,
obtuse. Prse-, inter-, and suboperculum distinctly serrated. Two
dorsal fins : the first composed of seven short and free spines ; anal
with three spines, the first two short, imbedded in the flesh. Finlets
none. Teeth of the jaws in a single series ; palate smooth*. Bran-
chiostegals seven.
Coast of New York.
1. Pammelas perciformis.
The Rudder-fish, Mitch. Trans. Lit. iir Phil, Soc. New York, i, pi. 10.
f. 7 (without description).
Coryphaena perciformis, Mitch. Amer. Month. Mag. ii. p. 244.
Trachinotus argenteus, Storer, Mass. Report, p. 55.
Palinurus perciformis, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 118. pi. £4.
f. 75,
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Bright
bronze -black, {Dekay.)
Coast of New York,
* " No teeth in the pharynx," Dekay.
486 CAEANGID^.
16. PAROPSIS.
Paropsi8, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 65.
The body is compressed, elevated, covered with very minute teeth ;
rhe lateral line mthout any armature ; the cleft of the mouth wide.
The spuious dorsal is formed by five short isolated spines ; the soft
and the anal are much more developed, without detached finlets ; two
anal spines, separated from the remainder of the fin. Ventrals none.
Single series of teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer, the palatine
bones, and on the tongue. Branchiostegals ten.
East coast of South America.
1. Faropsis signaia.
Jenyns, I. c, p. 66. pi. 13.
B.IO. D.5|^. A.2|^.
The maxillary reaches to a vertical from the posterior part of the
orbit. Uniform silvery ; a black patch on the gill-cover, and another
under the pectoral fin. (Jen.)
Northern coast of Patagonia.
17. PSETTUS.
Psettus, (Co)n7ne7-s.) Cuv. §• Val. vii. p. 240.
Body much compressed and elevated ; snout rathej- short. One
dorsal, entirely covered with scales, with seven or eight spines ; the
anal with three ; ventrals very small, rudimentary, with a very
short spine and some rays. Teeth villiform ; no teeth on the palate.
Scales small. Six branchiostegals ; air-bladder bifurcate posteriorly ;
pyloric appendages in increased number.
West coast of Africa ; all the Indian Seas from the eastern coasts
of Afiica to Australia and Polpiesia.
1. Pseitus seb£8.
Seba, in. 26. 21.
Chfetodon rhoiuljeus, Bl. Schn. p. 235.
Psettus sebaj, #!». 8f Val \\\. p. 241. pi. 1S3.
Gasterosteus rhonibeus, Forst. Descript. Anim. air. Lichtenst. p. 7.
D. ^^ A. ^. L. lat. 55. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is a little more than its length (without
fins) ; the diameter of the eye is contained twice and one-third in
the length of the head. Uniform gUvery.
Coasts of West Africa.
a. Fine specimen. River Niger. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.
b. Fine specimen. India (?).
e. Adidt : skeleton, (jold Coast.
d. Adult: bad state. Coast of Africa. From the Haslar Collection.
17. psETTus. 487
e. Adult. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
/. Adult : stuiFed. Old Collection.
Skeleton. — The skull is slightly compressed and rather short; a'
very high, triangiilar occipital crest extends from "^he occipital joint
to the anterior extremity of the frontal bones ; there cU'e two ridges on
each side of this crest, the interior proceeding froin the anterior angle
of the orbit, the exterior trom the superciliary margin. The max-
illary becomes gradually broader posteriorly ; the intermaxillary has
the posterior processes of moderate length ; the mandibula with a
rudimentary muciferous channel. The praeoperculum has the lower
Hmb shorter than the posterior ; both meet at a right angle, which,
however, is rounded ; its interior ridge is slightly raised above the
level of the bone, and there is a rudimentary muciferous channel
behind it. The operculum is twice as high as wide, with a notch
superiorly and another posteriorly ; the sub- and interoperculum are
nearly of equal length. The infraorbital ring is very narrow, the
praeorbital somewhat wider. The suprascapula is suspended to the
skull by two processes ; the scapula is oblong ; the humerus, with the
ulna, forms a spacious cavity for the pectoral muscles ; there is a
wide free space between the two bones. The pubic bones are slender
and narrow, similar to those in lAcJiia.
There are ten abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-9. The abdominal vertebrae are very compressed in
their longitudinal diameter, especially the anterior ones. The neural
spines are strong, erect; those of the abdominal vertebrae are close
together, and being dilated, they leave scarcely any interspace be-
tween them. There are three si)urious interneural spines, each of
which is provided superiorly with a point directed forwards. The
interneurals are closely fixed together, and form, as it were, one un-
interrupted solid plate. The haemals are strong, and the anterior
ones very elongate ; the first is firmly joined to its interha^mal, both
forming an exceedingly strong bone, which is longer than the whole
vertebral column ; its inferior part is dilated, and provided with two
ridges, radiating from the base of the first anal spine. Although we
have observed the same structure in aU the preceding Carangidce, I
know no other instance in which those bones are developed to an
equal extout. The second, third, fourth and fifth haemal spines are
dilated into transparent lamellae closing the interspaces between the
spines. The interhaemals are joined together like the interneurals.
2. Psettus argenteus.
Chaetodon argenteus, L. Amccn. Acad. iv. p. 249 : Bl. Schn. p. 230.
Scomber rhombeus, Forsk. p. 58.
Centrogaster rhombeus, L. Gm. p. ISbS.
Acantbopus argenteus, Lacep. iv. pp. 558, 559.
Centropodus rliomboidalis, Laccj). iii. pp. 30.3-305
Russell, pi. 59.
Psettus rhombeus, Chiv. ^' Val. a ii. p. 245 ; Cuv. lleqne Anim. Ill Poiss.
488 CAEANGID-S:.
pi. 42. f. 2 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcetod. p. 29 ;
Pei.vs, JViegm. Arch. 1855, p. 247.
Monodactylus rhombeus, Cant. Catal. p. 172.
Psettus argenteus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ Te)-r. Fishes, p. 57. pi. 35.
f. 1-3.
D. J. A. ^. L. lat. 75. Vert. 9/14.
The height of the body is Ig in its length (without fins) ; the
diameter of the eye is nearly one-third the length of the head.
Silvery : a blackish ocular band, indistinct in mature specimens.
From the Red Sea, through all the Indian Seas, to the coasts of
Australia and Polynesia.
a. Half-grown. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c, d. Skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e. Half-grown. Ceylon. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
/. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g. Half-grown. Australia.
h. Adult : skin. Australia.
i. Adult. From the Museum of Economic Geology.
Tc. Half- grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
I. Adult. From the Haslar Collection,
The skeleton is very similar to that of the preceding species, but
less compressed and elevated ; it differs chiefly in the following points :
the interior of the lateral ridges on the upper surface of the skull is
scarcel_; visible ; the mandibula is very low. I do not find oiore than
nine abdominal vertebrae, one of the anterior ones not being developed,
apparently owing to the short longitudinal diameter of this portion ;
its length is to that of the caudal portion as 1 : 2-1. The posterior
intemeurals and interhsemals are feeble, and leave free spaces between
them. The first haemal anil interhacmal are also united to a strong
bone, but it is much shorter than the vertebral column ; it is infe-
riorly dilated into a triangular plate with a slight ridge. The ribs
are of moderate strength and length.
3. Psettus falciformis.
Monodactylus falciformis, Lac^p. iii. pp. 131, 132, 133.
Psettus commersonii, Cu>\ Hf Val. vii. p. 250.
D. i-. A. ^.
29 29
Scales very small. The ht'ght of the body is If in its length
(without fins) ; the diameter of the eye is 2i in the length of the
head. Silvery.
Red Sea ; Sea of Vanicolo ; Chinese Sea.
a. Adult : bad state. Red Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult : stuff'cd.
c. Adult : skin.
d. Adult : skin. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.
18. PLATAX. 489
18. PLATAX*.
PUt&x, Cm. Hf Val. vii. p. 213.
Body much compressed and elevated; snout very short. One
dorsal, with the spinous portionnearly entirely hidden, and generally
formed by five (3-7) spines ; th e anal with three ; ventrals well de-
veloped, with one spine and five rays. Teeth setiform, with an ex-
ternal series of rather larger ones, notched at the top ; no teeth on
the palate. Scales of moderate size, or rather smaU. Six branchio-
stegals ; air-bladder simple.
All the Indian Seas.
The fishes which compose this genus appear to be subject to con-
siderable change in the form of the fins, and in colour, according to
age ; and therefore the following species can scarcely be considered
as good ones : even Bleeker, who has collected these fishes in their
native seas, acknowledges the diflSculty of distinguishing tnem with-
out examining a large nximber of specimens. Of the fourteen species
established or adopted by Cuvier, at least one half are merely nominal
ones, — a not uncommon occurrence in his great work. Platax scu-
laris belongs to the Pharyngognathi, as does likewise Plataxoides,
Casteln.
1. Platax vespertilio.
Valent no. 62; Renard, pi. 24. f. 129; Seha, iii. 25. 15
Chaetodon vespertilio, Bl. tab. 199. f. 2 ; L. Gm. p. 1257 ; Bl Schn.
p. 228 ; Shaw, Zool. Iv. p. 344 ; Bennett, Ceylon Fishes, pi. 6.
? Chfetodon pinnatus, L. Mus. Ad. Frid. pi. 33. f. 6 ; i. Gm. p. 1241.
Platax vespertilio, Cuv. Mhgne Anim. ; Riipp. Atl.ja. 143, and N. W.
Fische, p. 33 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 166 ; Peters in TViegm. Arch. 1855,
p. 247.
gaimardi, Cttv. 8f Val. vii. p. 216.
guttulatus, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 227. pi. 186 (young),
albipunctatus, Riipp. Atl. Ftsche, p. 69. t. 18. f. 4 (young).
blochii, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 222 ; Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii.
Chatod. p. 27.
ehxenbergii, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 221 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 33 ;
Richards. I. c. p. 245 ; Cuv. Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 42. f. 1.
I>-3-rF7- A- 2-6^8- L-lat.64.
The height of the body is more than its length (without fins) ;
snout entirely obtuse, not prominent. Dorsal and anal fins elevated ;
the ventrals extending nearly to the middle of the anal fin. Ventrals
black ; a brown ocular band, reticulated with black.
From the eastern coasts of Africa, through all the East Indian
Seas.
a. Five inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
1. Platax punctulatufl, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 228. pi. 186. — Timor.
2. gambret, Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chmtod. p. 29,
and Java, i. p. 105. — Seas of Batavia and Madura.
Platax ocellatus, Cuv. (^ Val., Cant., is identical with Ohaetodon oliga-
canthus, Bleek. p. 34.
»
490 CAHAi^GIDJ';.
6. Four inches long. From the Haslar (Jollection.
c. Four inches long : skin.
d. Young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Half-grown. Singapore. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
/. Young. Singapore.
(/. Young. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h-l. Adult, half-grown, and young : skihs. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
m. iToung. Philippines. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
n. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
o-r. Half- grown and young : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection (Platax yuttuhtus).
2. Platax orbicularis,
Chsetodon orbicularis, Forsk. p. 69.
pentacanthus, Lacep. iv. p. 454. pi. 9. f. 2.
Platax orbicularis, Cuv. \ Vul. vii. p. 232 ; RiipiJ. All. p. G7. 1. 18. 1". 3 ;
Bleeker, Sumatra, iv. p. 81.
pentacanthus, Cuv. df Val. vii. p. 235.
D. ±±. A. J-. L. lat. 55-60.
36-37 26-27
The height of the body is less than its length (without fins) ; the
snout is prominent, the praeorbital a Httle narrower than the orbit.
The dorsal and ami fins moderately elevated, rounded : the ventrals
do not reach to the anal ; they are black at the base and at the ex-
tremity. A more or less distinct ocular band.
Red Sea ; East Indian Archipelago : N.W. coast of Australia.
Probably founded on old S2)ecimens of Platax vespertilio.
a. Eighteen inches long : stuffed. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's
Collection.
h. Twelve inches long : stuflTed.
3. Platax boersii.
Bleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 758.
D.A A.i L. lat. 45.
The height of the body is more than its length (without fins) ; the
snout is not prominent, the praeorbital more than twice as low as the
orbit (above the angle of the mouth) ; the dorsal, anal, and ventrals
are much produced, the latter reaching to the caudal fin. An ocular
band ; ventrals black, caudal yellow-edged. {Bl.)
Sea of Macassar.
4. Platax raynaldi.
Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 219.
D.-^. A. -^.
3iJ-33 23-21
The height of the body is one-fifth less than the total length
snout entirely obtuse, not promiu'-nt. Dorsal and inal fins clc-
18. PLATA.X. 491
vated ; the ventrals extending nearly to the middle of the anal fin.
A blackish band through the eye and another over the shoulder ;
dorsal, anal, and ventral fins blackish. (Cuv.)
Coasts of Ceylon and Pondicherry.
5. Flatax xanthopus.
Bkeker, Verhand. Balav. f^^vootsch. xxiii. Chc equal.
19. ZANCLTJS. 493
praeoperculum without spine. Scales minute, rough. Air-bladder
present ; branchiostegals four. Pyloric appendages in increased
number.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Polynesia.
1. Zanclus comutus.
Renard, i. 13. 76, ii. 9. 44, ii. 16. 75 ; Ruysch, tab. 1. f. 3 ; Valent iii.
f. 168.456; Seba,\n 'Zb. 6.
Chfetodon, Artedi, Sytioii. p. 79.
Tetragonopterus, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. tab. 12. f. 2 & 3.
Chaetodon comutus, L. Syst. p. 461 ; Bl. tai. 200. f. 2 ; Bl. Schr, p. 221 :
Lacep. iv. p. 473. pi. 2. f. 1.
Zanclus cornutus, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 102. pi. 177 ; Bleeker, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. Chcelod. p. 22.
Gonopterus moerens, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 77.
Skeleton : Rosenthal, Ichthyot. Tafeln, tab. 13. f. 3 . Agass. Reclierch.
Poiss. Foss. iv. tab. G.
B. 4. D. ^. A. ^. C»c. pylor. 14. Vert. 9/13.
A pointed horn above each orbit (in adult specimens). The third
dorsal spine exceedingly elongate, filiform. Two broad black cross-
bands from the dorsal fin to the belly ; caudal black, with the poste-
rior margiL. white, crescent-shaped.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Polynesia.
a. Very fine specimen. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
h. Half-grown. Amboyna. From Mr. Frank's Collection.
c. Half-grown. Coram. From Madame Ida Pfeiifer's Collection.
d. Half-grown : stuffed. Sandwich Islands.
e. Adult : not good state.
/. Adult : not good state.
g. Adult.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
i, Tc. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection,
I. Half-grown. F^om the Haslar Collection.
m. Adult. Old Collection.
n. Adult : discoloured. Old Collection.
0. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
p. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
The skeleton has been described and figured by several authors ;
the anterior and posterior portions of its vertebral column are so
shortened in their longitudinal diameter, that, at both extremities,
one vertebra has not been developed.
2. Zanclus canescens.
Seba, iii. 25. 7.
Chaetodon canescens, Artedi, Spec. p. 93 ; L, Syst. Nat. i, p. 460 : Bl.
Schn. p. 219.
Zanclus centrognathus, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 528.
39 • 31
No horn on the forehead ; praeorbital with a strong spine above
494 CA"RANGID^,.
the angle of the mouth. The third dorsal spine e::iceedingly elongate,
filiform. Silvery ; back and posterior part of the body and a ver-
tical band through the eye greyish.
Sea of Vanicolo ; also found in the stomach of a CorypTuena caught
in 1° N. L., 75° E. Long., Paris Mend.
20. PSENES*
Psenes, Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 259.
Body compressed, elevated, covered vnth rather small cycloid
scales ; cleft of the mouth narrow, with the muzzle above swollen,
truncated and short. Two dorsals : the first continuous : the second
and the anal are much more developed, without finlets ; three (two)
anal spines, joined to the soft portion. A series of small teeth in the
jaws, none on the palate. Six (seven) branchiostegals ; air-bladder
bifurcate posteriorly.
East Indian and Australian Seas.
1. Psenes cyanophrys.
Ctiv. Sr Val. ix. p. 260. pi. 265.
B.6. D.9|i. A.|.
The height of the body is 2^ in the total length, the length of the
head four times. Snout truncated, short, equal in length to the dia-
meter of the eye which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The
lower jaw extends slightly beyond the upper. The soft dorsal and
anal covered with small scales. Reddish-brownn, with a blue streak on
the side of the head, above the eye, anteriorly convergent with that
of the other side. {Cuv.)
Coaot of New Ireland.
2. Psenes javanicus.
Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 264 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 74, and
Act. Soc. Tndo-Neilerl. ii. Amhoina, p. Gl.
B.6. D.9-10|^,. A.^g. L.lat.55.
The height of the body is 2| to 3 times in the total length, the
length of tlie head 4—4^. Snout tnmcated, and much shorter than
the diameter of the eye, which is 2| to 3 times in the length of the
head. The maxillary reaches to below the anterior half of the eye.
Angle of the praooperculum very slightly denticulated. Greenish
above ; back and sides with numerous brown longitudinal streaks ;
dorsal, anal, and ventral fins browTi.
Seas of Java and Ambojoia.
a, h. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
* 1. Psenes auratus, Ciiv. &( Val. ix. p. 2G4. — Gulf of Bengal.
21. CAPROS. 495
3, Psenes leucurus.
? Cuv. ^ Vol. ix p. 265 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle^ Fishes, p. 73.
D.10|^. A.^^.'
The height of the body is 2| in the total length. Fins black or
dusky ; caudal whitish.
Indian Ocean; Port Jackson; Pacific, in Lat. 17° 12' S., Long.
36° 33' W.
a-c. One inch to 1| inch lojjg.
d. One inch long. Presented by the College of Surgeons.
e. Two inches long. (Gulf of Guinea ?)
/. One inch and a half long. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
g, h. One inch long. Presented by J.. B. Godfrey, Esq.
4. Psenes guamensis.
Cuv. ^ Val. ix. p. 266.
D-9|4 A- 1-
The heiglit of the body is 2\ in the total length. Reddish, with
darker longitudinal streaks. {Cuv.)
Sea of Guam.
5. Psenes anomalns.
Trachinotus anomalus, Temm. 8;- Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 107.
pi. 57. f. 2.
Psenes anomalus, Bleeker, Japan, p. 409, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxvi.
Japan, p. 104.
B. 7. D. 6 I 29. A. 3 | 26. L. lat. 55.
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 4-4^. The snout is truncated, and much shorter
than the diameter of the eye, which is one -third the length of the
head. The spinous dorsal is very low. Coloration uniform ; a large
violaceous spot on the shoulder.
Sea of Japan.
21. CAPROS.
Capros, Lacep, iv. p. 590 ; Cuv. R}>gne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 29.
Body compressed and elevated ; mouth very protractile. Scales
rather small, spiny. Two contiguous dorsals, the first with nine
spines, the anal with three. No bony plates along the base of the
dorsal and anal fins. Ventral fins composed of one spine and five
rays. Minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, none on the
palatine bones. Branchiostegals five; air-bladder large. Pyloric
appendages in small number.
Mediterranean ; south coast of England.
1. Capros aper.
The Boar-fish.
Aper, Rondel, v. cap. 27. p. 101 ; Aldrov. iii. cap. 12. p. 297; Jonston, i.
tit, i. cap. i. art. 4 ; Willuyhby, p. 296. tab, .T. 4. f, 4 ; Bay, p. 99,
496 CARANGIDiE.
Zens, sp. 3, Artedi, Genera, p. 50.
aper, L. Syst. i. p. 455 ; Bl. Schn. p. 96.
Perca pusilla, Brunn. Ichth. Mass. p. 62 ; Bl. Schn. p. 88 ; Shaw, Zool.
iv. p. 550.
Drminich, Lacep. iv. pp. 412, 413.
Capros aper, Lacep. iv. p. 591 ; Ri^so, Eur. Merid. iv. p. 380 ; Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 114; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 190; Cuv. ^ Val.
X. p. 30. pi. 281 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 65 ; Cuv. B^yne
Anim. Bl. Poiss. pi. 60. f. 2; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 183;
Andrews, in Natur. Hist. Review, 1858, p. 188.
Zeus childrenii, Bowd. Excurs. Madeira, p. 124.
D. 9 I 23-24. A. 3 | 23. V. 1/5. C«c. pylor. 2. Vert. 10/12-13.
The upper and lower profiles of the snout concave. Scales small ;
spines of the dorsal and ventral fins strong. Uniform brownish-red.
Mediterranean ; occasionally taken on the south coast of England
and Ireland (Ventry Harbour; Dingle Bay).
a. Half-grown. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult. Dalmatia.
c. Adult. Madeira. From the Haslar Collection.
d. Adult. Brighton. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
e. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H.F. Soence, R.N.
/. A dult : stuffed. Weymouth Bay.
g-Jc. Adult : dried. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
I. Adult : dried.
m, n. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
0. Adult : skeleton. Madeira. From the Haslar (JoUection.
STceleton. — The bones of the skull have the outer surface very
rough, finely striated, and porous. There is a very strong, elevated
triangular crest on the crown of the head. Immediately before this
crest, and between the frontal bones, is a wide cleft to receive the
processes of the intermaxillaries, which are exceedingly long, and
penetrate into the interior of the cavity of the skuU. The supra-
occipital is very thin on the sides of the crest, and, this part being
easily broken, the skuU appears to be provided mth two foramina.
There is another round cavity on each side of the posterior part of the
skull. The turbinal bones appear to be united, forming a kind of
roof, below which the processes of the intermaxillaries move The
maxillary is narrow, not dilated at the extremity ; the intemiax-
niary has the lateral portion little developed, but the posterior pro-
cesses exceedingly long. The mandibula is rather long, slightly
curved, and is highest in its middle ; there is no free space between
the dentary and articulary bones. The infraorbital ring is composed
of three pieces : the pra)orbital, which is quadrangular ; a middle
piece, of a more oblong form ; and a posterior one, wliich is narrow,
curved, and joined to the pra^operculum, without extending to the
upper posterior angle of the orbit. The prajoperculum has the
leaver limb rather shorter than the posterior ; both meet at an obtuse
angle. The operculum is very small and narrow ; the interoper-
culum is exceedingly narrow and styliform ; the subopcrculum
22. ANTIGOlflA. 497
firmly attached to the opercle. The siiprascapula is anchylosed to
the bones of the skiill ; the upper and lower portions of the humerus
axe dilated, and there is a very narrow cleft between the radius and
humerus ; the former does not extend so far downwards as the hu-
merus. The coracoid is much stronger than the ribs, and composed
of two bones. The pubic bones are well developed, and do not leave
a free space between them ; each is composed of three lamellae, the
inferior of which is the broadest, having the edge swollen.
There axe ten abdominal and twelve or thirteen caudal vertebrce,
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to
that of the latter as 1 : 1-33. All the vertebrae are very short, with
the neural and haemal spines of moderate strength ; the haemal of
the first caudal vertebra, however, is much stronger than the others.
The intemeurals of the spinous dorsal fin are dUated and provided
with prominent ridges, whilst those of the soft dorsal are very feeble;
the first intemeural bears two dorsal spines, and has a pointed pro-
cess anteriorly, which extends on to the occipital crest. The inter-
haemal of the anal spines is straight, and dilated at its extremity ; it
is firmly attached to the first haemal, which also supports the inter-
haemals of the first three anal rays. The arrangement of the other
interhaemals is the same as in Micropteryx chrysurus.
22. ANTiaONIA.
Autigonia, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 85.
Caprophonus, MiilL ^ Troscl Hor(e Ichthyol. iii. p. 28.
Body very compressed and elevated, coverea with rather small
spiny scales ; mouth little protiactile. Dorsal fin continuous, with
eight spines ; three anal spines, remote from the soft portion. Ven-
tral tins composed of one spine and five rays. Very small teeth in
the jaws. Branchiostegals five (seven).
Seas of Barbadoes and Madeira.
1. Antigonia capros.
Antigonia capros, Lowe, I. c. (jun.).
Caprophonus aiu-ora, MilU. ^ Trosch. I. c. taf. 5. f. 1 (adult).
B. 5 (Miill. Sf Trosch.), 7 (Lowe). J). ^. A. 3 | 32-33. V. 1/5.
The height of the body is five-sixths of the total length. The
ventral spine very strong, and striated. Red.
Seas of Madeira and Barbadoes.
23. EaUULA*.
Equida, Ciiv. "teffne Anim. ; Cuv, <§• Val. x. p. 60.
Body more or less compressed, elevated or oblong, covered with
* 1. Bindoo-karah, Russell, i. pi. 64. — Equula bindua, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 78;
Cantor, Catai. p. 148. — East Indian Seas.
a. Half-giown: skin: bad state. Sea of Pin an g. From Dr Cantors
Collection. [2-
VOL. II. 2 k
498 CAEANaiD^.
small, deciduous, cycloid scales. Mouth very protractile. Minute
teeth in the jaws; none on the palate. One dorsal: formula of the
fins — D. -j^^j^. A. ^. V. 1/5. The lower praeopercular margin ser-
rated. Branchiostegals five (four) ; pseudobranchiije present ; air-
bladder large, terminating posteriorly in two short horns. Pyloric
appendages in small number.
East Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
1. Equula fasciata.
Karah, Russell, i. p. 51. pi. 66.
Clupea fasciata, Lacep. v. p. 463.
Equula filigera, longispinis, carah, et fasciata, Cuv. Sf Val. x. pp. 92-
97. pi. 284.
filigera, Cuv. Mem. Mus. i. p. 402. pi. 23. f. 1; Cantor, Catal.
p. 150 ; Bleeker, Timor, i. p. 165, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr.
p. 79.
setigera, Ar/ass. Recherch. Poiss. Foss. v. p. 24. tab. L. (skeleton,
from America !).
D. :^. A. ^. Cffic. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/13.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. A pair of small spines above the anterior margin
of the orbit ; the cavity on the head is subquadrangular, and 2| times
as long as broad. The lower praeopercular margin is very indistinctly
serrated, and its length is 1| in that of the mandibula; the mandi-
bula is concave, and ascends at an angle of about 40°. The second
spine of the dorsal fiu, and sometimes of the anal, is very elongate,
often as high as the body. Scales very small. Body mth irregular
vertical blackish streaks.
Red Sea ; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
h. Adult : skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
c. Adult. Philippine Islands.
2. Equula edentula.
Scomber flavescena, &c., Seha, iii. p. 75. tab. 27. f. 4.
edentulus. Block, taf. 428 (bad) ; Bl. Schn. p. 36.
Lf'io"'nathus argenteus, Lacep. iv. pp. 448, 449.
(Cumaii-karah, Russell, i. p. 50. pi. 63.
Equula ensifera, Cuv. i^ Val. x. p. 66 ; Bkek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
Makr. p. 80.
coma, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 76.
? Equula serrulifera, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ?f Terr. Ichthyol. p. 137.
pi. 59. f. 12-14 (fig. restored).
B.5. D.j3?^5. A.^ Cooc. pylor. 2.
The height of the body is 2-2^ in the total length, the length of
2. Equula brevirostris, Cuv. 4' Val. \. p. 83.— Coast of Malabar.
3. bloehii, Cuv. # Val. x. p. 84.— Coast of Malabar.
4. cracilis, Bleeker, Cclefics, v. p. 249. — Sea of Manado.
23. EQUULA. 4'J9
the head -1-4^ ; the upper profile is angular, A pair of small spines
above the anterior margin of the orbit ; the cavity on the head is
subquadrangular, much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, its width
between the spines being 1| in its length. The lower prceopercular
margin is serrated, and its length is If in that of the mandibula.
The mandibula is very concave, and ascends at an angle of about 45°.
The length of the second dorsal spine is three-quarters of that of
the head. Scales very small, but conspicuous. The spinous dorsal
without black ; base of the pectoral brownish.
Red Sea ; East Indian (and Australian) Seas.
a. Adult. Red Sea.
h. Half-grown. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
c. Half- grown: bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon,
Esq.
d. Adult : bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit.
c. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half- grown. India. Presented by G. R. Watcrhouse, Esq.
(f-i. ? Half-grown : half-destroyed. Aixstralia. Presented by Sir J.
Richardson.- — Types of Eqmda serrulifera.
h. Adult.
1, m. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
71. Large specimen : skin. From Gronow's CoUeetion.
3. Equula cabaUa.
Scomber equula, Forsh. p. 58; Bl. Schn. p. 3G; SJiaw, Zool. iv. p. 596.
Centrogaster equula, L. (??«. p. 1337.
Ceesio equulus, Luccp. iii. pp. 85, 90.
Russell, pi. 62.
Equula caballa, Cuv. i>c Val. x. p. 73 ; Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 51 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 146.
B.5. D.± A.±.
The height of the body is twice in the total length, the length of
the head 3|. A pair of small spines above the anterior margin of
the orbit. The lower pi-seopercular margin is finely serrated ; the
mandibida very concave. The length of the second dorsal spine
equals that of the head. Scales very conspicuous. The spinous
dorsal without black ; axil blackish.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
I should not hesitate to consiaer this species as identical with E,
edentida or fj. dv^sumieri, H it were not for the greater length of
the head, expressly stated by Valenciennes. Stjll more doubtful is
the species described by Cantor as Equida caballa ; he says, that
the length of the nead is contained 3| in the total, but he takes
the latter from the snout only to the centre of the caudal margin.
The other character, taken by Dr. Cantor from the relative length
of the anal spines, is not of much value. The following specimen,
2k2
500 C.VRAXGID^.
from Dr. Cantor's Collection, does not admit of a minute exami-
nation : —
a. Adult: skin: not good state. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.
4. Equula dussumieri.
Cuv. 8f Val. X. p. 77. pi. 283 ; Cuv. Rhyne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 62.
f. 1 (bad).
D ^ A 1
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head four times. A. pair of small spines above the anterior margin
of the orbit ; the cavity on the head is triangular, and not quite
twice so long as broad. The lower praeopcrcular margin is minutely
serrated, and its length is 1| in that of the mandibula. The man-
dibula is very slightly concave, and ascends at an angle of about 40°.
The length of the second dorsal spine is two-thirds of that of the
head. Scales small, but very conspicuous. The spinous dorsal
without black ; base of the pectoral black.
East Indian Seas.
a. Fine specimen. From the Collection pf the Zoological Society.
h. Half-grown : bad state. Borneo, Presented by Capt. Sir E.
Belcher, C.B.
5. Equula gerreoides.
Blceker, Makreel. p. 371, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr.
p. 81.
B.5. D.^. A.^.
The height of the body is 2|-3 times in the total length, the
length of the head four times. The upper profile is rounded, that
of the mandibula very concave. The lower praeopercular margin
denticulated. Scales very small, but conspicuous. The height of
the second dorsal spine is 2|-3 times in that of the body. The spi-
nous dorsal without black ; back with irregular dark spots. {Bl.)
Sea of Bata\ia.
6. Equula nuchalis.
Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 126. pi. 67. f. 1.
The height of the body is 2 1 in the total length, the length of the
head four times. A pair of xcry small spines above the anterior
margin of the orbit ; the cavity on the head is triangular, and twice
as long as broad. The lower praeopercular margin is finely serrated,
and its length is li in that of the mandibula ; the mandibula is
slightly concave, and ascends at an angle of about 45°. The length
of the second dorsal spine is two-thirds of that of the head. Scales
23. EQTJULA. 501
exceedingly small, A black blotch on the spinous dorsal, and a
blackish transverse spot on the nape of the neck.
Seas of China and Japan.
a, h. Adult. China.
c. Half-grown. China.
d. Half-grown : very bad state. China. Presented by J. E. Reeves,
Esq.
e. Half-grown. China.
/. Young. China.
(/. Young. Amoy (China). Purchased.
7. Equula bindoides.
Sleeker, Makreel. d. 372, and Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiv. Makr.
p. 83.
B.4, D.i K.^,
The height of the body is 2^-2| in the total length, the length
of the head 4|. A pair of spines above the anterior margin of the
orbit; the lower praeopercular limb serrated. The inferior profile
is more convex than the superior. Scales very small, but conspi-
cuous ; the lateral line terminates on the tail. The height of the
second dorsal spine is one-third of that of the body. The spinous
dorsal with an orange-coloured, brown-edged spot at the top ; back
with irregular dark spots.
East Indian Archipelago.
a, b. Adult : bad state. Borneo. Purchased of Mr, Frank.
c. Half-grown : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Franlc.
d, Yoiing. Singapore.
8. Equula splendeus.
Goomorah karah, Riissell, i, p, 48, pi, 61.
Equula splendens, Cuv. Bkgne Anim. ; Cantor^ Catal. p, 149,
gomorah, Cuv. (^ Val. x. p, 80 ; R'nppell, N. W. Fische, p, 51 ;
Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxir. Makr. p. 82,
caballa, Bleek. Oost-Java (not Cuv. 8f Vol.).
D. ^. A. ^. Vert. 10 14.
15 14
The height of the body is 2|-2|^ in the total length, the length
of the head four times. The upper profile is much more convex
than the lower. A pair of small spines above the anterior margin
of the orbit ; the cavity on the head is about tAvice as long as broad.
The lower praeopercular margin is finely serrated, and its length is
I5 in that of the mandibula ; the mandibula is slightlj' concave, and
ascends at an angle of about 35°. The length of the second dorsal
spine is three-quarters of that of the head. Scales small. A black
blotch on the spinous dorsal.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown ; skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
502 caeangida:.
b. Adult. AmbojTia. Purchased of ^fr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
(f. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Half-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.P
/. Hnlf-grown. China Seas. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.li.
9, Equula daura.
Diieer knrah, Russell, i. p. 51. pi. Go.
Equula daiu'a, Cxr. Rbi/ite Aitim. ; Cantor, Catal. p. 150.
dacor, C>rsal
23. EQTTULA. 503
spine is equal to, or shorter than, one-half the height of the body.
The spinous dorsal without black ; back with irregular dark spots.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult : bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
h. Half-grown : bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c. Half -grown.
12. Equula leuciscus.
Ti ^ A ^
"■ 16- ^- u-
The height of the body is three times in the total length, the
length of the head 4A. No spines above the orbit. The mandibula
is straight, the lower prteopercular margin very indistinctly serrated.
Scales small and deciduous. The second dorsal spme is filiform,
higher than the body. The spinous dorsal without black ; back in-
distinctly dotted with brown.
Sea of Amboyna
a. Fine specimen. Ambo}'na. Purchased of Mr. Frank
Description of the specimen. — The body is rather oblong, its greatest
depth being one-third of the total length ; the upper profile is some-
what more convex than the lower. The length of the head is 4^ in
the total ; the snout is somewhat produced, obtusely conical, and
equal in length to the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the
length of the. head. The upper and lower profiles of the snout arc
straight, the latter being more oblique. There are no spines above
the eye. The width of the interorbital space equals the length of
the eye. The groove between the orbits is broadest anteriorly, and
becomes narrower posteriorly; it is 1| as long as wide. The angle
of the pnpoperculum is somewhat obtuse, the lower limb having an
oblique direction.
The dorsal fin begins immediately behind the vertical from the
base of the ventrals ; the second spine is very long, filifoi'm, and
extends beyond the middle of the soft portion ; the third S2)ine also is
elongate, but only one-half the length of the preceding. The cau-
dal is forked, and its length is one-fifth of the total. The anal
commences vertically below the eighth dorsal spine ; its second spine
is flexible, and less than one-half the length of the second of the
dorsal. The pectoral is short, obtusely pointed ; its length is one-
eighth of the total. The ventral is inserted behind the pectoral, and
is composed of a rather stout spine and five rays ; its length is con-
tained ten times and a half in the total.
The scales are small, cycloid, and deciduous. The lateral line is
slightly curved, and continued to the caudal fin.
Silvery : back dotted with brownish ; the upper jaw is brown ;
the axil of the pectoral minutely dotted with black.
inches, liiips.
Total length 5 3 "
Height of the body 1 U
Length of the head 1 1
50. CABANGIB^.
inches, lines.
Diameter of the eye 0 4^
Length of the caudal 1 0
of the pectoral 0 8
of the ventral 0 6
13. Equula rivulata.
tSchhy. Fmm. Japan. Poiss. p. 126. pi. 67. f. 2; ? Richards. Ichthyol.
Cliina, p. 276.
Db- A.i.
The height of the body is contained three times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and one-fifth. The dorsal fin is
low, and the length of the second spine is 3| in the height of the
body. Back with numerous blackish streaks, descending obliquely
backwards; dorsal fin without black. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
14. Equula insidiatriz.
Zeus insidiator, Bl. tab. 192. f. 2, 3; i. Gm. p. 1221 ; Bl. Schn. p. 95;
Shatv, ZooL iv. p. 284. pi. 41 ; Lacep. iv. pp. 572, 574.
Equula insidiatri.x, Cm: 4" ^al. x. p. 98 ; Cant. Catal. p. 151 ; Bleek.
Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. Makr. p. 84.
The height of the body is 2| in the total length, the length of the
head 4|. No spines above the orbit. The cavity on the head is
triangular, and 2| as long as broad. The loAver prajopercular mar-
gin is minutely serrated ; the mandibula ascends in a vertical line.
The lateral line extends nearly to the tail. Scales exceedingly small.
Back with rather irregular vertical blackish streaks, generally in-
terrupted and forming spots.
East Indian Seas, entering fresh waters.
a-d. Adidt. Sumatra. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c, f. Adult : skins : bad state. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.
(J. Young, China.
X. Adult.
t. Half-groWn; bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
15. Equula interrupta.
Chanda ruconius, Buch, Ham. Gamj. Fishes, pp. 100, 371. pi. 12.
f. 35 (uiouth faulty).
Equula interrupta, Cur. <§• Val. x. p. 102 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
Makr. p. 85.
ruconius, Cuv. <§• Val. x. p. 79.
D - A -
The height of the body is one-half the total length, the length of
23. EQIULA. 505
the head is contained 4|^ times in it. No spines above the orbit ;
the cavity on the head is triangular, and 2| as long as broad. The
lower prteoperciilar margin is minutely serrated ; the mandibula
ascends in a vertical line. Scales rather small; the lateral line
terminates below the origin of the soft dorsal. Back with some-
what irregular vertical blackish streaks, generally internipted and
fomiing spots.
East Indian Seas ; N.W. coast of Australia.
a. Adult : injured. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown. Singapore.
c. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
d. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
e. Half-grown. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
/. Half-grown • bad state. Port Essington. From the Haslar Col-
lection.
(J. Half- grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
16, Equula paxviceps.
Cut: (5- Val. X. p. 87.
D.-?-. A.i-.
15 14
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The mandibula is straight, not concave ;
spines above the orbit inconspicuous. The height of the second
dorsal spine is one-third of that of the body. Coloration uniform.
(Val)
Sea of lie de France.
The following species deviates in several respects from the others
of this genus : —
17. Equula longimanus.
Cantor, Catal. Mai. Fishes^ p. 152.
B.5. D.l. A.±
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, measm-ed
to the centre of the posterior margin of the caudal ; the length of
the head is 3^ in that distance. No spines above the anterior part
of the orbit ; prseopercular margins smooth. Scales large, diapha-
nous, deciduous, so that the body appears to be naked. The second
dorsal spine is one-third of the third, the length of uhich slightly
exceeds one-half of the height of the body. The second anal spine
is three-quarters of the second spine of the dorsal, but much broader,
sabre-like. The pectorals are very elongated and falcated, extending
as far back as the posteiior third of the dorsal fin. A large, rounded,
bluish-black spot on the anterior part of the side.
Sea of Malayan Peninsula and Islands.
rt. Skin. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Type of the species.
506 CAEANQID^.
24. GAZZA.
Equula, sp., Cuv. Sf Val x. p. 88,
Gazza, JRiijjp. N. W. Fische, p. 4.
Body more or less compiiessed, elevated or oblong, covered with
very small cycloid scales. Mouth very protractUe. Teeth in the
jaws of moderate size, and a pair of canines in the upper ; none on
the palate. One dorsal : formula of the fins — D. ^^^. A. ^. V. 1/5.
The lower prajopercular margin serrated. Branchiostcgals five ;
pseudobranchiae present.
East Indian Seas ; Polj-nesia.
1. Gazza minuta.
Scomber minutus, Bl tab. 429. f. 2 : Bl. Schn. p. 86.
Equula minuta, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 88.
dentex, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 91 ; Peters, Wieym. Arch. 1865, p. 247.
Gazza minuta, Bleek. Simiatra, ii. p. 259, and Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv.
Makr. p. 85.
B.5. D.^. A.
3
The height of the body is 2^-2^ in the total length, the lengtli of
the head 3|-4|. Canine teeth of moderate size. The height of the
second dorsal spine is contained 2f times in that of the body ; it
nearly equals in length the second anal spine, which is, however,
much stronger. Axil black ; the spinous dorsal brownish anteriorly.
East Indian Seas.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown : not good state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
c. d. Adult and half-grown. Ceylon. From the Collection of
Messrs. von Schlagintweit.
2. Gazza equulaeformis.
Eiippell, N. W. Fische, p. 4. tab. ]. f. 3 ; Bleeker, /Sumatra, ii. p. 201 ;
Cantor, Catal. p. 153.
B. 5. D.^. A.^-.
10 14
The heiglit of the body is 2|-2| in the total length, the length of
the head 3| to 4 times. Canine teeth large. The second spine of
the dorsal is one-half the height of the body ; the second of the anal
is stronger, and one-third of that height. Axil brown.
Red Sea ; East Indian Seas.
rt-c. Half- grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
d-f. Half-grown : skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantoi-'s
Collection.
;3. Gazza argentaria.
Zeus argentarius, (Forst.) lil. Schn. p. !)(> ; Furst. Discript. Aniiii. rur.
LMnst. p. 288.
25. LACTAKnjs. 507
Gazza tapeinosoma, Sleeker, Sumatra, ii, p, 260.
B.5. D.l A.I.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Canine teeth of moderate size. The second
dorsal spine is slender, and one-half the height of the body ; the
second of the anal is stronger, and its height is 21-21 in that of the
body.
Seas of Sumatra and Tanna.
a. Adult. Tanna. Cook's Voyage. — Type of the species ; after-
wards called S/)ams scomhroldes.
b. Adult. Tanna. Cook's Voyage. — Type of the species ; after-
wards called Chromis scombroides.
25. LACTARIUS.
Lactai'ius, Cm: Sf Val. ix. p. 237.
Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales of moderate
size ; cleft of the mouth wide, oblique, with the lower jaw promi-
nent. Teeth in the jaws small, with one or two pairs of stronr/
canines ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. Praeopercular
margin entire. The first dorsal with seven or eight feeble spines,
continuous ; the second and the anal are more developed, scaly,
without detached finlets. Three anal spines, continuous with the
fin. Lateral line not armed. Head with muciferous cavities.
Branchiostegals seven ; air-bladder bifurcate anteriorly and pos-
teriorly, the posterior branches being united together behind the
haemal spine. Pyloric appendages in small number.
East Indian Seas.
This genus approaches the family of Scicpniacp; and especially the
genus OtoUthus, by several chai'acters, namely, by the structure of
the mouth and of the air-bladder, by the muciferous cavities of the
skull, and by the anal spines, which are continuous with the soft fin.
We have referred the genus Scombrops to the family of Percidce
(vol. i. p. 249) ; but if its affinities should be considered to be nearer
to the Scombridce, it would be best placed beside Lactarius.
1. Lactarius delicatulus.
Scomber lactarius, £1. Schn. p. 31.
Ricssell, pi. 108.
Seriola lactaria, Cuv. Reyne Anim.
Lactarius delicatidus, Ciu: 4" Val. ix. p. 238. pi. 2G1 ; Richards. Ichth.
China, p. 272 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 138 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gcnootsch.
xxiv. Makr. p. 74.
B. 7. D. 7-8|^-^,. K.^^. L.lat. 74. C^c. pylor. f5.
Vert. 10/14.
The cleft of the mouth is very oblique and the lower jaw very
prominent. Pnuorbital much narrower than the maxillary. The
508 CABANGID^.
interocular space is convex, and equal in width to the orbit. Colo-
ration uniform ; sometimes with a black opercular spot.
East Indian Seas.
a. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
b. Half-grown : skin : bad state. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.
c. Half-grown : bad state. Sumatra.
d. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
e. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
Second Group. KURTINA.
One dorsal fin only, much shorter than the anal.
26. PEMPHERIS.
Pempheris, Cue. 9- Val. vii. p. 290.
Body compressed, oblong ; eye large ; cleft of the mouth obli(jue,
with the lower jaw prominent ; snout very short. One short dorsal
with the formula 6 9, not scaly. Anal elongate, scaly, with three
spines. Scales of moderate size, or rather small. Villiform teeth
in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Seven branchio-
stegals ; air-bladder divided into an anterior and posterior portion.
Pyloric appendages in moderate number.
Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; tropical parts of the Pacific.
1. Pempheris compressus.
Sparus compressus, White, Journ. Voy. N, S. Wales, App. p. 207.
pi. .f.2.
D.A. A.^. L.lat.68.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; caudalis
t;marginato. Coloration uniform.
Australian Seas.
a. Adult : skin. Swan River. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
h, c. Adult and half-grown : skins. Port Jackson. Purchased of
J. Gould, Esq.
d. HaK-gro%vn : skin. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Wai'wick.
e-h. Adult and half-grown : ^»ad state. From the Haslar Collection.
2. Pempheris otaitensis.
? Pempheris oualensis, Cur. Sf Val. vii. p. 299; Less. Voy. Coq. Zvul.
Poiss. p. 108; Bkeker, Banda, i. p. 242.
Pemplieris otaitensis, Ctiv. (if- Val. vii. p. ;504. pi. 191 ; Less. I. c. p. 107.
D.e/9. A.^. L.lat. 55-65. C^ec. pylor.'6-7. Vert. 10/14.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; caudal
26. PEMPHERIS. 509
emarginate. Reddish-brown : the dorsal anteriorly blackish-brown ;
axil and base of the pectorals black ; the anal inferiorly, the caudal
superiorly and inferiorlj'^ edged with brown.
East Indian Archipelago and Polynesia.
a. Adult. (China ?) Presented by Sir J. llichardson.
h. Half-grown. Ambojoia. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
c. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
e. Half-grown: skeleton: bad state. Amboyna. Purchased of
Mr. Frank as Pempheris 7noIucca.
The skeleton is distinguished by a high but feeble occipital crest,
and by the very dilated radius and ulna. There are ten abdo-
minal and fourteen caudal vertebra?, the length of the former portion
of the vertebral column being to that of the latter as 1 : 2-5. The
abdominal vertebrae are very short, whilst those of the caudal portion
gradually become longer posteriorly.
3. Pempheris mangula.
Mangula kutti, Ricssell, ii. pi. 114.
Pempheris mangula, Ciw. Sf Val. vii. p. 304 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.
Getiootsch, xxiii. Chtstod. p. 30.
Aanicolensis, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 305.
nesogallica, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 306.
D. P-. A. -2- . L. lat. 45.
9-10 38-40
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; caudal
emarginate. Violet-browii, minutely dotted with brown ; the dorsal
anteriorly black, the anal and caudal black-edged ; pectoral without
a black spot at the base.
Indian Ocean and Ai'chipelago ; Sea of Vanicolo.
4. Pempheris molucca.
Renard, i. 15. 85 ; Valent. iii. p. 360. f. 46.
Cm'tus macrolepidotus, Bl. Schn. p. 164.
Pempheris molucca, Cuv. 8f Val. vii. p. 306 ; Faun. Japon. Potss. p. 85.
pi. 44. f. 3 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 244 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 175 ;
Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 44. f. 2.
malaban'ca, Cuv. 8f Val, vii. p. 308.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Violet-
brown above, silvery beneath ; fins rose-coloured, sometimes brown-
ish ; axil and base of the pectoral whitish.
East Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Seas.
a, b. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c. Half-grown: skin. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
d. Half-gro-svu. Moluccas.
510 CABANGID^.
5. Pempheris schwenMi.
Bleeker, Batoe, p. 314.
D.f A.|. L.lat.35.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; caudal
scarcely emarginate. Brownish : the dorsal with the top black, caudal
with brownish margins ; the anal with a black band along all the
base. {Bl.)
Sea of Batu.
6. Pempheris mexicana.
Cuv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 308.
D.-. A.^. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 16.
Reddish-brown, with yellowish fins. {Cuv.)
Sea of Acapulco.
27. KURTUS.
Kurtus, Block, Ami. Fische, ii. p. 121 ; Cuv. 4* Val. ix. p. 419.
Body compressed, oblong, covered with exceedingly small scales ;
cleft of the mouth wide, oblique, with the lower jaw prominent.
Praeoperculum denticulated. A single dorsal, much shorter than the
anal, and with the spines rudimentary ; anal with two spines, joined
to the soft poi-tion ; ventrals well developed, between them a hori-
zontal, backwards-directed spine. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on
the vomer and the palatine bones. Branchiostegals seven ; pseudo-
branchiae none ; air-bladder present, enclosed by the ribs, which are
dilated, convex, forming rings with each other.
East Indian Seas.
1. Kurtus indicus.
Kurtus indicus, Bl. tab. 169 ; L. Gin. p. 1184 ; Shatc, Zool. iv. p. 185.
pi. 25 ; Bl. Schn. p. 163 ; Bleeker, Verhand. Batar. Genootsch. xxiv.
MaJcr. p. 78.
blochii, Lac^. ii. pp. 516, 517 ; Cuv. 8f Val. ix. p. 421. pi. 277 ;
Cuv. R^gne Anim. Ill Poiss. pi. 64. f. 2.
Bussell, p. "37. pi. 48.
Kiui^is comutus, Cuv. Sr Val. ix. p. 426. pi. 277 ; Cuv. Bigne Anim.
m. Poiss. pi. 64. f. 1.
Cyrtus indicus, Cantor, Catal. p. 146.
B.7, D.^^ A.jiH_. Vert. 8/15.
The height of the body is 3| in the total length ; praeoperculum
with three or four spines at the angle. The lateral line terminates
below the dorsal spines ; male with a cartilaginous appendix before
the dorsal tin. Silvery ; a black spot near the dorsal appendix.
East Indian Seas.
a. Adult. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
6, c. Adult: skins. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
d, e. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
/. Half-grown. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection-
XIPHIIDJi. 511
Fam. 18. XIPHIIDiE.
Sword-fishes.
Scomberoidei, pt., Cnner, Miillvr, Owen, Richardson.
Xipliioidei, Affass. Rccherchcs Puiss. Foss. v. p. 89.
Body elongate, compressed," naked, or covered M-ith rudimentary
dermal productions. Teeth none, or rudimentary. The ujjper jaw
(ethmoid, vomer, and incennaxillaries) much produced, sword-shaped.
One or two dorsal fins, without a distinctly spinous portion. Ven-
trals absent, or rudimentary and thoracic. Seven branchiostegals ;
pseudobrancliioe and air-bladder present. Vyloric appendages in
great number. Ycrtebrse ^-^—^
2tlediterranean ; open seas between or near the tropics.
Si/nojysls of the Genera.
Ventral fins nonc^ 1. Xiphias
Ventral fins present 2. Histiopuouits
1. XIPHIAS.
Xiphias, Artedi, Genera, p. 29.
Xiphias and Machtera, Cnvier.
Body rather compressed and elongate ; the upper jaw much pro-
duced, sword-shaped, extending far over the lower jaw, Tavo dor-
sals (one in young specimens) ; no spurious fins ; no ventrals ; anal
spines not developed. Scales none, or rudimentaiy ; skin of immatiu'e
specimeub w:ith rough granulations. Teeth neither in the jaws nor
on the palate. Seven branchiostegals ; air-bladder present. Py-
loric appendages exceedingly numerous.
Mediterranean ; Atlantic.
1. Xiphias gladius.
The Sword-fish.
Si(f>iai,Arisfot. ii. c. 13, 15 viii. c. 19; Athen. vii. 314; ^lian. ix. c. 40,
xiv. c. 23 ; Oppian. i. 8, ii. 48.
Xiphias, Oriel. Hal. v. 67 ; Plin. xxxii. c. 2. 11 ; Rondel, viii. c. 15.
p. 251 ; Bdlon. p. 109 ; Gesner, p. 1049 ; Wilhu/hby, p. 161. tab.
L. 27. f. 2 ; Raij, p. 52 : Artedi, Genera, p. 30.
Gladius, Plin. ix. c. 15 ; Sale. f. 120, 127; Aldror. iii. c. 21. p. 332 ;
Gesner, p. 379 ; Schonev. p. 35 ; Olearius, Gottorff. Kunst-Ka7nmer,
pp. 2, 37. tab. 23. f. 3 (faulty).
Xiphias gladius, L. Syst i. p. 4:32 ; Bl. taf. 76 ; Bl. Schn. p. 93 ; Fle-
minrf, Brit. Anini. p. 220; Risso, Ichthi/ol. Nice, p. 99, and Fur.
Merid. iii. p. 208; Cvr. S,- Val. viii. p. 255. pi. 225, 226; Storer,
512 xiPHnn^.
Meport, p. 51 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 164 ; Farn. Fishes Frith
of Forth, -p. 55; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 50. f. 1, pi. 51. f. 2,
pi. 53. f. 2 ; Demid. Voy. Muss. Mend. iii. p. 393 ; Guichen. Explor.
Alger. Poiss. p. 60 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. Ill ; Lowe,
Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 5.
Cetti, Hist. Sard. iii. pp. 93, 94, 145 ; Duham. ix. p. 334 ; Hannmis
in Fiphem. Nat. Cur. dec. ii. ann. 7. obs. 107, and Hartm. ibid.
dec. iii. ann. 2.
Sicilian Sword-fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 216. pi, 30; Snox in
Edinh. Journ. Nat. ^ Geol. Sc. ii. p. 427.
Xiphias rondeletii, Leach in Wern. Mem. ii. 58. pi. 2. f. 1, and Zool.
Misc. i. p. 62. pi. 27.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. t. 21 ; Cuv. 8f Val ix. pi. 231.
D. ^. A. 17. Vert. 14/12.
The sword-shaped upper jaw mucti depressed and flat. Dorsal fin
elevated in immature specimens ; in old specimens the middle part
of the dorsal and anal fins becomes very low or disappears, so that
there are two fins on the back and behind the vent.
European Seas ; Western and Northern coasts of Africa ; found
also on the other side of the Atlantic.
a. Seven feet long : stuffed. Margate.
h. Half-grown: stuffed.
c. Upper jaw of a large specimen.
d. Six inches long : not good state. Caught in Long. W. 22°, Lat.
N. 2°. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
2. Xiphias veliier.
? Makaira nigricans, Lacep. iv. pp. 688, 689. pi. 13. f. 3 ; Cuv. ^ Val.
viu. p. 287.
? Xiphias makaira, SJiaw, Zool. iv. p. 104.
Histiophorus gracilirostris, Cuv. Sr Val. viii. p. 308.
Machsera v^liiera, Cuv. Noiiv. Ann. 3Ius. Hist. Nat. 1832, p. 43. pi. 3 ;
Cuv. Bkgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 52. f. 1.
D. 45 I 7. A. 12 I 7.
The dorsal is much higher than the body. The produced part of
the upper jaw is slender, rather depressed. Dermal productions
lanceolate. Dorsal mth series of round black spots between the
spines.
Atlantic.
2. HISTIOPHORUS*.
Istiophorus, Lac^. iii. p. 374.
Notistium, Herm. Observ. Zool. p. 305.
Tetrapturus, {Rajinesque) Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 280.
Histiophorus, Cuv. 8f Vol. viii. p. 291.
Body rather compressed and elongate j the upper jaw much pro-
* 1. Histiophorus ancipitirostris, Cuv. cf Val. viii. p. 309.
2. Tetrapturus georgii, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 3G, and Trans. Zool.
Soc. iii. 1849.— Madeira.
2. HISTIOPHOK0S. 513
duced, conical, extending far over the lower. Two dorsals and two
anals, the anterior of which are much longer than the posterior, and
formed by spinous and soft rays ; no spurious fins. Ventrals reduced
to a single or to two or three spines. Scales none ; sometimes rudi-
mentary dermal productions. Small teeth in the jaws and on the
palatine bones ; none on the vomer. Seven branchiostegals ; air-
bladder present. Pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous.
Seas between the tropics ; one species from the Mediterranean.
1. Histiophorus belone.
Tetraptm'us belone, {Rajinesque) Cuv. Sf- Val. viii. p. 280. pi. 227 ;
Cuv. Rhgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 51. f. 1 ; Oweti, Osteol. Catal. p. 02 ;
Agass. IteehercJies Poiss. Foss. v. p. 89. tab. E. (skeleton).
1). 43|6. A. 15 I 7. V. 1. Vert.||.
Dorsal fin not higher than the body. The height of the body is
one-half the length of the head, and one-eighth of the total. The
upper jaw is styliform, rounded above and rather flattened beneath ;
its length, from the nostrils, is one-half the length of the head.
Coloration uniform.
Mediterranean.
2. Histiophorus herschelii.
? Tetrapturus indicus, Cuv. «y Val. viii. p. 286.
Teti-apturus herschelii, Grmj, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. p. 313. pi. 10.
D. 42 1 7. A. 12 I 6. V. 1.
The greater portion of the dorsal fin much lower than the body.
The height of the body is more than one-half the length of the head,
and one-seventh of the total. The upper jaw is rather depressed,
rounded superiorly and inferiorly ; its length, from the nostiils, is
nearly three-quarters the length of the head. Dermal productions
numerous, bifurcate, hidden in the skin.
Table Bay.
a. Eleven feet long : stuffed. Table Bay. Purchased of Mr. Smuts.
— Type of the species.
h. Head, 37 inches long.
e. Anterior portion of the skull of a specimen of the same size.
3. Histiophorus gladius.
Nieuhoff, Embassy to Cliina, p. 237 ; Marcqr. p. 171 ; Willuqhbif,
App. pi. 5. f. 9: Valent. iii. p. 509. f. 125 ;' Renard, i. t. 34. f.' 182,
ii. t. 54. f. 233.
Scomber gladius, lirotiss. Mhn. Acad. Sc. 1786, p. 454. pi. 10 j £1.
taf. 345 (bad).
Xiphias velifer, Bl. Schn. p. 93.
Istiophorus gladius, Laccj). iii. pp. 374, 375.
Xiphias ensis, Lacip. ii. p. 296.
Notistium, Hermann, Ohscrr. Zool. p. 305.
VOL. II. 2 1
514 xrPHiiD^.
XipLias platypteniS; Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 101.
Ilistiophorus indicus, Cuv. <^ Val. viii. p. 293. pi. 229 j Ouv. Eigne
Anim. lU. Poiss. pi. 53. f. 1.
americanus, Cuv. Sr Val. viii. p. 303 ; Guicheru Poiss. in Ramon
de la Sagra, Hist, Cuba, p. 105.
D. 42-50 I 7. A. 10 I 7. V. 2. Vert. 14/10.
Tho upper profile of the head descending in a straight line. Dorsal •
fin much higher than the body. The height of the body is one-
seventh or one-eighth of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. The produced part of the upper jaw is conical, and longer
than the remainder of the head. Dermal productions lanceolate.
The membrane of the dorsal fin with numerous small spots.
Seas between, or near, the tropics.
a. Eight feet long : stuffed. Indian Ocean. — Type of tho species.
6. Seven feet long : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope.
c. Dorsal fin. N. S. Wales (?). Presented by Dr. G. Bennett.
d. Snout : dried.
4. Histiophorus orientalis.
Temm. 6f Schleg. Faun, Japan. Poiss. p. 103. pi. 55.
D. 44 1 6. A. 10 I 6. V. 1.
The upper profile of tho head and of the neck strongly curved.
Dorsal fin much higher than the body, the membrane spotted with
bluish. (Schleg.)
Sea of Japan.
5. Histiophorus immaculatus.
R'dppdl, Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 110, and Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 71.
pi. 15, and N. W. Fische, p. 42. tat 11. f. 8.
D. 47 I 7. A. 10 I 7. V. 3.
Tho dorsal fin is much higher than the body. The height of the
body is one-tenth of the total length, the length of the head about
one-third. Dermal productions lanceolate. Coloration uniform ;
dorsal blackish, immaculate, (iiiipp.)
Red Sea.
6. Histiophorus pulchellus.
Ouv. 8f Vol. viu. p. 805. pi. 230.
D. 48 I 8. A. 20 I 8*. V. 2.
The dorsal fin is much higher than tho body. Prscoperculum with
a triangiilai spine at tho angle. Head as long as tho body, without
caudal fin ; the sword-shaped jaw slightly compressed. Doi-sal fin
with large irregular black spots.
Cup en France. {Cuv.)
* Is not thi" a misprint for A. 10 | 8?
ADDENDA.
Page 11. Chaetodon modestus.
D ^i- A ^
21-23" 16-19*
Tho black spot on the dorsal fin is white-edged, and the cross-
bands appear to be yellow rather than brown.
t, Tc. Adult and half-grown. Amoy (China). Purchased.
Page 18. Chaetodon octofasciatns.
d. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Page 22. Chsetodon praetextatus.
a-d. Adult : skins. Sea of Pinang. From the Collection of the
East India Company. — Types of the species.
Page 23. Chaetodon vittatus.
Add to the synonymy : —
Chsetodon vittatus, Beechey, Voy. Zool. p. 01. pi. 17. f. 3.
Page 27. Chaetodon punctato-fasciatus.
I consider three specimens from the New Hebrides as a variety of
this species ; some only of the scales of the sides are provided with
a dark central spot ; the spots are rather arranged in bands, five in
number, obliquely descending from the soft dorsal towards the belly ;
the interspaces between these bands are nearly immaculate.
a-c. Stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
P&ge 29. Chaetodon aureus.
Described by Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. Japan, p. 15.
Page 30. Chaetodon xanthurus.
c. Adult: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivi-ay's Collection.
2l2
51 G ADDENDA.
Page 34. Chaetodon oligacanthus.
This species has been ah-eady described as PJatax ocellatus, Cuv.
& Val. vii. p. 229, and Cant. Catal. p. 170. The name given by Dr.
Bleeker, however, may be preserved, as that of Ch. ocellatus has been
applied to two or three different species. The numbers vary some-
what : — D. — 1^. A. -~-q' The posterior part of the ventraLs is
deep black. The four anterior bands are reddish, with black margins.
g-m. Adult and half-grown: skins. Malayan Peninsula. From
Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Page 39.
5. Chelmo truncatus.
Chaetodon truncatus, Kner in Sitzungshericlde der Acad. Wiss. Wieii,
xxxiv. p. 442. taf. 2.
D. ii. A. ^. L. lat. 43-44.
20 21
The length of the snout is not quite one-half that of the head ;
dorsal and anal fins angular, truncated posteriorly. Silvery, with
five black transverse bands, between which are others of a greyish
colour. {Kner.)
Sydney,
Page 40. Heniochus macrolepidotus.
r-w. Adult, half- grown, and young: skins. Malayan Peninsula.
From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
X. Half- grown : not good state : stuffed. From the Collection of
the East India Company.
y. Half-grown. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Page 43. Holacanthus annularis.
h'. Adult: stuffed. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
Page 46. Holacanthus leucopleura.
c, d. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgilli^Tay's Col-
lection.
Page 46. Holacanthus ciliaris, and Page 47. Holacanthus
lepidolepis,
which have been placed by mistake under the species in which the
body is ornamented hy several cross-bands, ouglit to be transferred to
those which have t?ie body uniform or bicoloured, or merely spotted,
p. 49.
Page 48. Holacanthus bispinosus.
a,b. Adult: stuffed. Aneiteum. From ^Ir. Macgillivray's Col-
lection.
c. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank
ADDENDA. 517
Page 50. Holacanthus bicolor.
h, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Franii.
Page 51. Add a new sjDecies : —
23 a. Holacantlms cyanotis.
? Holacanthus luteolus, {Parhins,) Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 198 (see p. 42).
D.||. A.:^. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6 23.
The praeopercular spine is smooth, and reaches to the base of the
pectoral ; the dorsal and iinal fins are subangiilar posteriorly.
Yellow : the vertical fins and the orbit with a very fine blue edge ;
operculum with a blue vertical band posteriorly.
«. Stufied. Aneiteum (New Hebrides). From Mr. MacgiHivray's
Collection.
Description of the specimen. — The form of the body is ovate, its
greatest depth (behind the base of the pectoral) being two and two-
fifth times, in the total length. The head is small, nearly as high as
long, its length being contained four times and one-third in the total.
The interorbital space is flat, and its width is somewhat more than the
diameter of the eye. Snout short, obtuse, rather longer than the
eye. Praeorbital denticulated. The praeopercular spine is smooth,
slightly compressed and curved, reaching to the base of the pectoral ;
both limbs of the praeoperculum are provided with coarse denticiila-
tions. The dorsal fin commences above the opercle, and has rather
slender spines ; it is nearly entirely scaly, like the other vertical fins ;
the soft dorsal and anal are subangular posteriorly and of moderate
height. Caudal rounded. Anal spines rather stronger than those
of the dorsal fin ; the third is the longest. The scales are not inter-
mixed with small ones. Coloiir as stated above ; it has very little
changed, as appears from a note, taken by the collector from the
living fish. Its native names are said to be " Jhia" and " Gopdch-
gopoch."
lines.
Total length 48
Height of the body 20
Length of the head 11
Page 56. Pomacanthus paru.
There is a figure of the skeleton in Agass. Kech. Poiss. Foss. iv.
p. 240. tab. G. (Pomacanthus arcuatus).
I . Skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society (P. balteattis).
a. Very young specimen. Island of Cardova. Presented by J. U.
Skinner, Esq. — This specimen belongs to che variety P. arcuatus ;
the yellow bands, however, terminate in blue, and there is al-
ways another bluish band between two yellow ones.
518 ADDENDA.
Page 58. Scatophagus argns.
Several of the specimens exhibit the fourth dorsal spine so short,
that its length is one-third of the height of the body, and I begin to
doubt whether Sc. ornatus is really a distinct species.
€. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
^. Young. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagint-
weit.
T). Young. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India Com-
pany.
6, I. Yonng. Amoy (China). Purchased.
K. Young. From the Collection of the East India Company.
X-^. Half-grown and young : sMns. From the Collection of the
East India Company.
There is a figure of the skeleton in Agass. Rech. Poiss. Foss. iv.
p. 230. tab. H.
Page 62. Ephippus orbis.
e. Adult. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
d-f. Half-grown and young : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.
Cantor's Collection.
Page 62. Drepane punctata.
This species has bebn figured by Dampier, Voy. New Holland, ii.
pi. 4.
A. Uniform specimens.
I. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.
m. Half-grown : skin. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
ri-q. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
B. With vertical series of brown specks.
r. Seventeen inches long : skin. East Indies. From the Collection
of the East India Company.
s. Adult : skin. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
t. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the East India Company.
u, V. Half-grown. Singapore. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Page 64. Scorpis seqnipinnis.
/, g. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. —
The pseudobranchiae are present in the genus Scorpis ; and this
species has teeth on the pterygoid bones.
Page 65. Atypus strigatus.
/, g. Fine specimens. Erumanga. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
ADDENDA. 519
Page 67. Toxotes jaculator.
i. Large specimen. Dukhun, From Colonel Sykes's C(jlleetion.
k. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East India
Company.
ir-n. Adult and half-grown: skins. Malayan Peninsula. From
Dr. Cantor's Collection.
o,j). Young. North Australian Expedition. Presented by Dr. J.
R. Elsey.
q. Adult: skin. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
Page 72.
3 a. CirrMtes rivulatus.
Valenc. in Voy. Vhms, Poiss. p. 309. pi. .3. fig. 1.
D. f?. A. I. L. lat. 45.
11 o
Seven simple pectoral rays. Greenish-olive, with lighter spots
edged with blue ; four brownish-olive, blue-edged bands on the side
of the head, two on the base of the pectoral ; caudal with reticulated
blue lines. ( Val.)
Galapagos Islands.
Page 83. Chilodactylus zonatus.
/. Fine specimen. Amoy (China).
g. Fine specimen. Amoy (China).
Page 85. Chilodactylus gibbosus.
/. Adult. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
Page 97. Sebastes pachycephalus.
Add to the synonymy : —
Bleek. Ad. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii. p. 13. tab. 1. fig. 1.
Page 99. Sebastes dactylopterus.
d. Fine specimen. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
e. Fourteen inches long. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T.
Lowe.
/. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
g. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
h. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
i. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
k. Half-grown. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
The length of the third dorsal spine is one-half or two-fifths of
that of the head.
Page 103. Sebastes kulilii.
f-h. Fine specimens. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
520 ADDENDA.
Page 105, Sebastes marmoratus.
Specimen b. is now formed into a skeleton.
d. Fine specimen. Amoy (China).
e. Fine specimen : haK-grown. Amoy (China).
Page 109. Scorpaena scrofa.
y. Adult. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
d. Twenty inches long. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T.
Lowe. — This specimen differs from the others in having the third
dorsal spine elongate, much longer than the second and fourth,
one-half the length of the head. In aU the other specimens,
except specimen a, that spine is shorter ; and a portion of tlje
diagnosis, therefore, must be altered : " the length of the third
dorsal spine is one-third or one-half of that of the head." The
soft dorsal fin is composed of nine or ten rays.
e. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
Page 110. Scorpaena ustulata.
Add to the synonymy : —
Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 2.
Page 112. Scorpaena omenta.
Add to the synonymy : —
Scorpaena militaris, Richards. Trans. Zool, Soc. iii. p. 90.
Page 115. Scorpaena picta.
d. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
This specimen, although apparently otherwise not different from
the others, presents a long filament above each eye, as has been
observed by Dr. Cantor, Catal. p. 41.
Page 123. Pterois volitans.
u. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
Page 124. Pterois kodipungi.
Add to the synonymy : —
Pterois niles, Cantor, Catal. p. 42 (not sjTion.).
d-f. Adult and half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. — Types of Li*.
Canto I "s description.
Page 125. Pterois nules.
Pterois miles of Cantor is not synonymous with Pt. miles oi Bennett,
or Ft. muricatn of Cuvier.
The species is distinguished by a broad band of erect spines along
ADDENDA. 521
the infraorbital bones. The rays of the soft portions of the vertical
fins are dotted with brown ; a series of white dots along the lateral
line. D. 12 I y^^ "^^^ species is verj^ well described by Cuvier.
a. Fifteen inches long : stufted. Aneiteum (New Hebrides). From
Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
Page 128. Centropogon australis.
d. Fine half-grown specimen. Erumanga. Purchased of Mr.
Cuming.
Page 136. Tetraroge echinata.
a. Type of the species. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
Page 139. Prosopodasys trachinoides.
c, d. Skins : Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e. Adult. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Page 145. Synancidinm horridum.
0. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the East India Company
D.2|f
Page 148. Micropus unipinna.
c, d. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.' — Ventrals scarcely
perceptible.
Page 148. Minous monodactylus.
p, q. Adult and half-grown : skins. Malayan Peninsula. From
Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Page 151. Pelor japonicum.
(/. Half-grown : injured. Amoy (China).
Page 157. Cottus gobio.
V. Adult: skin. Cuneo. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
Page 159. Cottus scorpius.
Add to the synonymy : —
Manlike, Stroern, Sondvior, i. p. 296.
Page 161. Cottus grcenlandicus.
d'. Adult : stuffed. Montrose. Presented by W. Beattie, Esq. —
(Cfr. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1860.)
On its occurrence un the Irish coast, see M'Coy, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1841, vi. p. 403.
522 ADDENDA.
Page 167. Add a new species : —
21a. Cottus criniger.
D. 9/16. A. 14. V. 1/3.
Two spines above the snout. Crown of the head smooth, with
many hair-liko tentacles. Pracoperculum with a short bifurcate
spine posteriorly. Teeth on the vomer, none on the palatine bones.
The lower margin of the prseoperciiliim, the base of the dorsal fins,
and the anterior half of the lateral line with many hair-like ten-
tacles. Brownish, spotted with darker.
Coast of California.
a-c. Monterey.
Description. — The greatest height of the body, above the root of
the pectoral fin, is contained four times and three-fourths in the
total length, its greatest width above the pectoral six times. The
tail is compressed, and its height before the caudal is one-thirteenth
of the total length. The head resembles in form more that of a
Triyla than of a Cottus ; it is about as high as broad ; its length is
contained four times and a fourth in the total. The snout is high,
somewhat short, with the upper profile straight, and abruptly de-
scending. The upper jaw is a little longer than the lower ; the cleft
of the mouth is of moderate width, and the maxillary does not extend
to the vertical from the centre of the eye ; there is a pair of smaU
spines above the snout. The eye is lateral, but situated immediately
below the upper profile of the head ; its diameter is contained three
times and a half in the length of the head ; the interorbital space is
very slightly concave, and its width is much less than that of the
eye. The crown of the head and the occiput are flat, without any
protuberances, bat with many short hair-Uke tentacles. The pro;-
operculum is armed posteriorly with a short bifui'catc 8])ine ; no
other spines are visible. Branchiostcgals six ; giU-membrane con-
tinuous under the throat.
The first dorsal commences above the extremity of the operculum,
is rather low, and not continuous with the soft ; the length of its
base equals its distance from the anteiior margin of the orbit. The
second dorsal fin is somewhat higher than the first. The caudal has
the posterior margin convex, and its length is contained five times
and a half in the total. The anal fin commences in the vertical
from the fourth dorsal ray, and terminates before the soft dorsal fin ;
it is lower than the latter. The pectoral is composed of fifteen
simple rays, and extends beyond the origin of the anal, which is
somewhat nearer to the root of the caudal than to the extremity of
the snout. The ventral reaches to the origin of the anal ; its spine
is enveloped in the same membrane with the first ray ; the middle
ray is somewhat the longest.
The lateral line is continued to the caudal, and composed of small
tubes. A series of short hair-liko tentacles occupies the anterior half,
another series the bases of the dorsal fins. The skin of the other
parts is perfectly smooth.
ADDENDA. 523
The ground-colour is yellowish-brown, with irregiilar dark-brown
spots and dots ; the lower- side of the tail with white dots. The
vertical fins and the pectorals with brown dots, arranged in series.
lines.
Total length 38
Height of the body 8
Smallest height of the tail 3
Greatest width of the body 6|
Length of the head 9
Diameter of the eye 2|
Length of the caudal fin 7
of the pectoral fin 10
Page 168. Cottus tricuspis.
Add to the synonymy : —
Phobetor tricuspis, Gaimard, Voy. Scandin. pi. 4. fig. 1.
Page 170. Centridermichtliys asper.
a. Type of the species. Columbia River. Prom the Haslar Col-
lection.
Page 171. Centridermichthys parvus.
This species is very closely allied to C. asper.
a. Adult. Fraser's River. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.— D. 8 ] 21.
A. 18.
Page 171. CentridermicMhys maculosus.
i-t. Young. Vancouver Island. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper. —
Palatine teeth and tentacles scarcely perceptible.
Page 172. Centridermiclithys armatus.
d. Fine specimen. Vancouver Island. Voyageof H.M.S. Plumper. —
D. 8 1 19. A. 18.
Page 172. Icelus hamatns.
Figured by Gaimard, Voy, Scandin. pi. 1. f. 2.
Page 173. Triglops pingelii.
Fisrured by Gaimard, Voy. Scandin. pi. 1. f. 1.
Page 17G. Polycaulus elongatus.
n. Fine specimen. \moy (China).
524 ADDENDA.
Page 182. Platycephalns japonicus.
n-p. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
Page 191. Hoplichthys langsdorffii
Add to the synonymy : —
Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. j-Nederl. iii. Japan, p. 11.
s. Dried specimen. Japan.
Page 201. Trigla lineata,
r. Adult: not good state. Lanzarote. Presented by the Ucv.
R. T. Lowe.
Page 205. Trigla polyommata.
d. Adult. North Australia. Purchased of Dr. Bowerbank. —
D. 8 I 11. A. IS.
Page 205. Trigla gurnardus.
The observations of Parnell on the identity of T. (jumardus and
T. cuculus have been confirmed by Thompson, in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1839, ii. p. 413.
Page 214. Agonus spinosissimus.
Figured by Gaimard, Voy. Scandin. pi. 5. f. 2.
Page 215. Agonus decagonus.
Figured by (^aimard, Voy. Scandin. pi. 5. f. 1.
Page 216. Add a new species : —
2. Aspidophoroides iuermis.
D. 5. A. 5. C. 10. P. 10. V. 2. L. lat. 41.
No spines above the snout. Body moderately long. Black, ob-
scurely marbled with bi'ownish.
a. Fine specimen. Vancouver Island. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.
Description of the specimen,. — The body is prismatic, octahedral
before the dorsal fin, liexahedral behind it, a keel running along each
series of shields. The anterior part of the body is much broader than
high, and the back, between the head and the dorsal, is concave ; its
greatest depth, at the root of the pectoral, is one-foiirteenth of the
total length, its greatest width one-ninth, the length of the head
one-fifth. The head is flat, depressed, triangular ; the interorbitul
space grooved, and rather narrower than the orbit. The length of
ADDENDA. 525
the eye is one-fifth of that of the head, and less than that of the
snout. There are no spines above the snout ; the lower jaw projects
beyond the upper ; the maxillary does not extend to the anterior
margin of the orbit. The jaws, the vomer and the palatine bones
are armed with minute teeth ; there is a series of four pores along
the infraorbital bones. The gill-membranes are continuous under
the throat, and each of them has six branchiostegals.
The breast is shielded by about sixteen hexagonal plates; that which
forms the base for the ventral fins is not much larger than the others.
The pectorals are rounded, shorter than the head, and composed of
ten simple rays ; the ventrals are situated entirely at the lower part
of the body, immediately behind the vertical from the root of the
pectoral ; they are small, and I cannot find a distinct spine. The
dorsal fin is triangular, higher than the body, situated behind the
middle of the total length ; its origin corresponds to the twentieth
scale of the lateral Une. The caudal fin is rounded, of moderate
length, composed of ten simple rays. The anal is similar to the
dorsal in form, and its origin faUs immediately before the vertical
from the first dorsal ray.
The body and tail are shielded by as many series of plates as there
are longitudinal ridges, namely, the former by eight, and the latter
by six.
The vent is situated in the middle, between the ventral fins.
The groimd-colour is black, obscurely marbled with greyish and
brownish ; dorsal fin greyish, marbled with black ; pectoral and
caudal black, with a greyish band across the middle ; anal yellowish,
with a black dot behind each ray.
lines.
Total length 32|
Height of the body 2^
Greatest width of the body 3|
Length of the head 64
of the eye l|^
of the pectoral fin 4
Page 224. Cephalacanthus spinarella.
y. Half-grown. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
Z-/3. Half-grown. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
Page 239. Percis cylindrica.
Ti. Adult : stuffed. Aneiteum, From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection. —
This specimen differs somewhat from those formerly described.
It has fifty-eight transverse rows of scales, and the ventral fins
reach only to the third anal ray.
Page 244. Sillago sihama.
q. Half-grown. Amoy (China).
i)26 ADDKMVV.
Page 247. Eleginus maclovinus.
/*. Fourteen inches long. Falkland Islands. Purchased of Mr.
Jaiarach.
Page 271. Micropogon undulatus.
Add to the synonymy : —
Bodianus costatus, Mitch. Trans. Lit. Sf Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 417.
Micropogon costatus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 83. pi. 72.
f. 230 (cop. from Cuv. ^'Val.).
Page 281. PACHYURUS.
Not having access to a paper by Prof, lleinhardt, published in
' Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjo-
benhavn/ 1854, p. 108, 1 must content myself with quoting the abs-
tract given by Prof. Troschel in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 437 : —
" Reinhardt has proved the identity of Lepipterus, Cuv., with
Pachyurus, Agass. ; the latter name is the prior. His Lepipterus
corvina, and a new species, P. lundii, from the Rio das Velhas, in
Brazil, belong also to this genus. He considers Heckel's Scicena
squnmosissima as the type of a separate genus, near Pachyurus."
The latter species, described by Heckcl in ' Annalen des Wiener
Museums,' ii. 1840, p. 4-38, has the following formula, —
D. 10 1 1-. A. 1. L. lat. 85-90,
I 31 O
and is said to be distinguished by some of the scales being covered
with smaller scales. The caudal is densely scaly ; but nothing is
mentioned of the structure of the other fins.
Page 293. Sciaena dussumieri.
c. Half-grown, Amoy (China).
d. Young. Amoy (China).
Page 313. CoUichthys lucida.
t. Adult. Amoy (China).
u, V. Young. Amoy (China).
Page 327. Poljrnemus lineatus.
This name is preoccupied by M'Cleiland for a fish identical with
Polynemus indicus, and must therefore be altered into that of Poly-
nemus tcfniatiis.
Page 330. Polynemus tetradactylus.
r. Adult. Amoy (China)
ADDEXDA. 527
Page 350. Thyrsites atim.
In the note on this species, I have omitted to quote " Trans. Zool.
Soc. iii. p. 120," whore Sir J. Richardson is fully aware of the dif-
ferences which are to-be observed in Australian specimens : he con-
siders Th. altiveJts, with seven fmlets, as merely a variety of Th. atun.
The number of the pyloric appendages is seven.
Page 359. Scomber pneumatophorus.
e. Half-grown. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
Page 364. Thynnus pelamys.
On its occui'rence near Dublin, see M'Coy in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1841, vi. p. 403.
Page 371. Cybium guttatum.
r. Half-grown. Amoy. Purchased.
Page 508. PEMPHERIS.
Add as a doubtful species : —
Pempheris schomburgkii, Miill. ^ Trosch. in Schomh. Hist. Barb. p. 669.
CATALOGUE
FISHES.
Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.
{CONTINUED.)
Fam. 8. SQUAMIPINNES.
Squamipinnes, part., Cuv. Rkyne A7mn. ; Miiller, Berl. Abhandl. 1844,
p. 201 ; Owen, Led. on Coynparat. Anat. Vert. i. p. 49.
Chfetodontidse, part., Itkhanh. Ichthyol.
Body compressed and elevated, covered with scales, which are some-
times exceedingly finely ciliated, and sometimes smooth. Lateral line
continuous, not continued on the caudal fin. Mouth in front of the
snout, generally small, with lateral cleft. Eye lateral, of moderate
size. Six or seven branchiostegals. Dentition formed by viUiform
or setiform bands, without canines or incisors ; some of the genera
with teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin formed hj a sjpinoii^ and soft
portion of nearly eqiuil development ; anal with three or four spines,
similarly developed as the soft dorsal, and both many-rayed. The
vertical fitis more or less densely covered ivith small scales ; the spinous
portions sometimes not scaly. The lower rays of the pectorals
branched ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays.
Stomach cascal ; pyloric appendages in moderate number ; intestines
generally wdth many convolutions. Air-bladder present, more or
less simple. Pseudobranchiic well developed.
Mostly carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas between the Tropics,
especially of the Indian region : a few entei'ing rivers or spreading
beyond the Tropics.
VOL. II. B
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Abacatuia, 458.
abbreviatus ( Nauclerus),
469.
abhortaiii (Chaetodon),28.
acadianus (Cottus), 143.
Acanthocottus, 155.
acanthorhynchus (Heme-
roccetes), 225.
Acentrolophus, 403.
acerviim (Cybium), 370.
acipenserinus, 212.
aculeatus (Cha'todon), 46.
aculeatus (Chorinemus),
471.
aculeatus (Scomber), 474.
aculeatus (Stromateus),
397.
acuminatus (Cha;todon),
39.
acuminatus (Eques), 280.
acuminatus(Grammistes),
280.
acuminatus (Heniochus),
39.
acuta (Sillago), 243.
adamsii (Minous), 148.
adriatica (Trigla), 201.
adusta (Sciajna), 289.
adustus (Pseudochromis),
258.
a3gyptiacu3 (Gallichthys),
455.
oeneus (Cottus), 155.
lequidens (Otolithus), 306.
jequipinnis (Scorpis), 64,
518.
affinis (Cai'anx), 430.
affinis (Cottus), 156.
affinis (Sphyr£ena), 334.
affinis (Thynnus), 363.
affinis (Trachynotus), 481.
affinis (Uranoscopus),227.
afra (Perca), 96.
africaua (Scorpsena), 96.
agam (Sphyrcena), 341.
Agnus, 229.
Agonus, 211, 216.
Agrammus, 94.
agrammus (Labrax), 94.
VOL. II.
Agriopus, 137.
akoupa (Cheilodipterus),
309.
alalonga (Orcyiaus), 306.
alalonga (Thynnus), 366.
alatunga (Scomber), 366.
alatus (Apistus), 131.
alatus (Polemius), 131.
albacora (Lichia), 479.
albacora (Thynnus), 365.
albescens (Echaneis), 377.
albicauda (Echeneis), 382,
384.
albida (Corvina), 304.
albiflora, 284.
albipunctatus (Platax),489
albo-fasciatus (Holocen-
trus), 104.
albo-fasciatus (Sebastes),
104.
alboguttatus (Agriopus),
139.
alburnus (Centi'opomus),
275.
alburnus (Perca), 275.
albiu-nus (Sciasna), 275.
alburnus (Umbrina), 275.
albus (Stromateus), 399.
Alepidosaurus, 353.
alepidotus (Chaetodon),
399.
alexandrina (Scyris), 455.
alexandrinus(Caranx),455
Alilonghi, 366.
alternans (Holacanthus),
53.
altivelis (Thyrsites), 350.
alvordii (Cottus), 158.
amazonica (Scisena), 284.
amazonicus(Johnius),284.
Amblodon, 296.
amblycephaloides (Apis-
tus;, 132.
amblycephalus (Cirrliites),
73.
amblycephalus (Teti-a-
roge), 133.
amblycephalu8(Umbrina)
278.
amblyrhynchus (Caranx),
441.
amboinensis (Pteroidich-
thys), 127.
americanus (Alburnus),
275.
americanus (Eques), 279.
americanus (Hemitripte-
rus), 143.
americanus (Histiopho-
rus), 514.
americanus (Polynemus),
321.
Amia, 367.
amia (Caranx), 419, 476.
amia (Lichia), 476.
amia (Scomber), 476.
Amphiprionichthys, 144.
analis (Caranx), 441.
analis (Centridermich-
thys), 171.
analis (Oligocottus), 171.
anaHs (OtoUthus), 307.
Ancicoti, 363.
ancipitirostris, 512.
Ancylodon, 311.
ancylodon (Lonchurus),
311.
Anema, 230.
aneus (Johnius), 305.
anna Carolina, 4l5.
annularis (Chaetodon), 42.
annularis (Holacanthus),
42, 516.
annxjaris (Nauclerus),
470.
anomalus (Psenes), 495.
anomalus (Trachynotus),
495.
anoplus (Agnus), 229.
anoplus (Uranoscopus),
229.
ansatus (Centridermich-
thys), 169.
antecessor (Gasterosteus),
374.
antennata (Pterois), 124.
antennata(Scorp£ena), 124.
Antigonia, 497.
2m
ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.
antonii (Chilodactylus),
82.
aper (Capros), 495.
aper (Zeus), 406.
Aphanopus, 342.
Aplu-itis, 242.
Apistus, 121, 130, 132,
139.
apistus (Amphiprionich-
thys), 144.
Aploaclis, 142.
aplodactylus (Scorp.Tna),
117.
Aplurus, .3.">1.
A])olectus, 370, 397.
approsiinans (Polyne-
iiius), 32.").
api'inus (Cirrhitos). 73.
aquila (Cheilodipterus),
291.
aquila (Scisena), 291.
Araneus, 233.
arancus (CallionjTnus),
226.
araneus (Trachinus), 235.
arcatus (Cirrhitos), 72.
arcuatus (Chsetodon), 55.
arcuatus (Holacanthus).
43.
arcuatus (Pomacanthus),
56.
arcnata (Umbrina), 276.
argcntaria (Gazza), 506.
argentarius (Zeus), 506.
argentata (Corvina), 296.
argentatus (Latilus), 252.
argentea (Hypsiptera),
386.
argentea (Selene), 458.
argentea (Sphyriena), 338.
argenteus (Ccntronotus),
475.
argenteus (Chsetodon),
487.
argenteus (Leiognathus),
498.
argenteus (Lepidopus),
344.
argenteus (Micropogon),
271.
argenteus (Otolithus),310.
argenteus (Porthmeus),
471.
argenteus (Psettus), '187.
argenteus (Sparus), 296.
argenteus (Stromateus).
397, 400.
argenteus (Trachynotus),
484, 485.
argenteus (Trichiurus),
346.
argenti-pinnis (Rhombus) ,
399.
argenti-vittatus, 366.
argus (Caeodoxus), 58.
argus (Chivtodon), 58.
argus (Ephippus), 58.
argus (Scatophagus) , 58,
518.
Argyreiosus, 457.
argyreus(Lepidopus) ,344.
argyi'oleuca (Corvina), 299
argvroleucus (Eodianus),
299.
argvrurus (Corvpha'ua),
406.
armata (Citula), 453.
arniata (Sci;T>na), 453.
armatus (Aspiclophorus) .
211.
armatus (Caranx),ifll53.
armatus (Ccntridemiicli-
thys), 171,523.
armatus (Dicrotus), 349.
armatus (Lcptoeottus),
171.
armatus (Trachinus), 234.
armatus (Trichiiu'us),.')47.
armillaris, 75.
artedii (Polynemus), 331.
Artedius, 174.
artlu'iticus (Cha;todoii),
4'.)1.
artliriticus (Platax), 491.
aruset, 45.
ascensionis (Caranx), 432.
ascensionis(Scoinber), 432
asfur, 45.
asiatica (Trigla), 329.
asper (Centridermich-
thys), 170, .")23.
asper (Cottopsis), 170.
asper (Cottus), 170.
asper (Hexagrammus), 91.
asper (MuUus), 196.
asper (Platycephalus), 190.
asper (Taractes). 410.
asper (Uranoscopus), 228.
aspera (Aploactis), 142.
aspcra (Lepidotrigla), 196.
aspera (Trigla), 196, 205.
asperella (Scorpiena),107.
asperrimus (Prosopoda-
sys), 140.
asi>ersus (Chilodactylus),
79.
Aspicottus, 155.
Aspidophoroides, 216.
Aspidophorus, 211, 216.
asteroblepa (Synanceia),
147.
Astrodermus, 413.
Atimostoma, 388.
atlantica (Elacate), 375.
atlanticus (Prometheus),
351.
atlanticus (Thynnus), 362.
atokoia (Stromateoides),
399.
atous (Stromateus), 399.
atratus (Chfetodon), 54.
atromaculatus (Chaeto-
don), 58.
atroi)us (Braraa), 450.
atropus (Carangoides),
450.
atropus (Caranx), 450.
atropus (Olistus), 4.50.
atim (Scomber), 3.)0.
atun (Thyrsitcs) , 350, 527.
Atypus, 64.
aurantiacum (Pelor), 151
avu'ata (Sciaina), 287.
aiu"atu9 (Johnius), 287.
auratus (Pscnes), 494.
auratus (Scomber), 3.37.
aiu'atus (Trachynotus),
481.
am'co-vittata (Seriola),
462, 463.
aureus (Chatodon), 29,
55, 51 5.
am'eus (Cirrhitichthys),
75.
aureus (Otolithus), 305.
aureus (Polynemus), 320.
aureus (Pomacanthus), 55.
auriculatus (Sebastes), 95.
auriga (Ch?ctodon),6, 7.
aurita (Scorpaena), 116.
am-itus (Larimus), 266.
auroguttatus (Caranx),
439.
aurora, 497-
Ausonia, 414.
australasicus (Scomber),
359.
australis (Apistus), 128.
australis (Erama), 409.
australis (Capros), 396.
australis (Centropogon),
128,521.
australis (Cottus), 128.
australis (Cyttus), 396.
australis (Echeiieis), .384.
australis (Zeus), .'J'.t.3.
austriacus (Cha;todon):23.
Auxis. 368.
axillaris (Eoreocottua),
155.
axillaris (Corvina), 302.
azorica (Coryphrena), 407.
azurcu (Coryphaena). 404.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
5:n
baillonii, 484.
bairdii(Cottus), 158.
bajad, 438.
balantioi:)ht]ialnms, 429.
balteatus (Eques), 279.
balteatus (Pomacanthiis),
55.
bandanensis (Scorpaena),
117.
banksii (Citula),441.
barbata (Scorpaena), 100,
120.
barbata (Tetraroge), 1.33.
barbatus (Ajiistus), 133.
barbatus (Lonchiirus) ,317
baronessa (Chaetodon),31.
larracuda (Sjjhyracna),
336.
bartholomsei (Caranx) ,422
bassensis (Plutjcephalus),
176.
bassensis (Sillago), 245.
batavianus (Platax), 491.
bataviensis (Platyceplia-
lus), 188.
becuna (Esox), 335.
becuna (Sphjraena), 334.
Becune, 336.
belengerii (Apistus), 132.
belengerii (Caranx), 449.
belengerii (Corvina), 303.
belengerii (J'^hnius), 303.
belone, 513
Bembras, 191.
bennetti (Chactodon), 12.
bennettii (Crius), 404.
bennettii (Leirus), 404.
bennettii (Pompilus), 404.
berbis, 502.
berthelotii (Crius), 412.
berthelotii (Scliedophilus),
412.
biaurita (Collichthys),
biaiiritus (Otolithus), 315.
bicapUlata (Scorpaena),
146.
bicapillata (Synanceia).
146.
bicarinatus (Thynnus),
366.
bicinctus ("Uranoscopus),
228.
bicirrata (Scorpaena), 146.
bieolor (Caranx), 442.
bicolor (Clisetodon), 50.
bieolor (Holacanthus), 50,
517.
bicomis (Centridermich-
thys), 172.
bicornis (Cottus), 172.
bifascialis (Chaetodon), 5.
bifascialis (Megaproto-
don), 5.
bifasciatus (Chaetodon),
39.
bilineatus (T]iynniis),366.
biloba (Corvina), 296.
bilobus (Blepsias), 153.
bilobus (Peropus), 153.
biraaculatus (Chaetodon),
bindoides, 501.
Bindoo-karah, 497.
bindus, 497.
binotata (Seriola), 465.
binotata (Tetraroge), 134.
binotatus (Ajiistus), 134.
binotopterus (Apistus),
140.
bioceUatus (Chaetodon), 9.
bipinnulata (Elagatis) ,468
bipinnulata (Seriola), 468.
bipinnidatus (Seriolich-
thys), 468.
birostratus (Prionotus),
196.
bison (Aspicottus), 164.
bispuiis (Batrachus), 263.
bispinis (Callionymus),
263.
bispinis (Harpagifer),263.
bispinosus (Holacanthus),
48, 516.
bispinos^.o (Otolithus),
310.
bisus (Auxis), 369.
bivittata (Elacate), 375.
bisanthoiDterus f Caranx),
422.
blackburni (Chaetodon),
32.
Black-fish, 403.
Black-Ruffe, 403.
Blepharis, 422.
blepharis, 454.
BlejJsias, 153.
blochii (Caranx),' 430.
blochii (Equula), 498.
blochii (Kiu'tus), 510.
blochii (Flatax), 489.
blochii (Trachynotus),481
blochii (Trigla), 207.
Boar-fish, 495.
bobossok (Flatycephalus),
180.
bodda;rtii (Acanthopus),
48.
boddtertii (Chaetodon), 48.
boersii, 490.
boieoides (Cottus), 159.
bonariensis (Seriola), '4()4.
bonaparte (Pelainys),368.
bonaparti (Cybium), 368.
Bonite, 364.
boops (Caranx), 431.
boops (Coracinus), 274.
boops (Selar), 431.
boops (Tracluirus), 422.
borboniensis (Flatycepha-
lus), 176.
borealis (Sphyrsena), 335.
Boreocottus, 1.55.
borneensis (Otolithus),
294.
borneensis (Scirena), 204.
boscii (Seriola), 462.
Bothrolaemus, 4.S4.
bougainvillii (Apistus),
132.
bougainvillii (Scatopha-
gus), 59.
bougainvillii (Sebastes),
104.
Bovichthys, 249.
Bovichtus, 249.
brachiata (Scorpaena), 146
brachio (Scorprena), 146.
brachio (Synanceia), 146.
brachycentrus (Naucle-
rus), 470.
brachydactylus (Chilodac-
tylus),81.
brachygnathus (Spliyrae-
na), 340.
brachyptera (Echeneis),
378.
brachyptera (Pteroi8),126.
brachypterus (Thynnus).
363.
brachysoma (Scomber),
361
Brama, 408.
brama ("Neptomenus), 390.
brandesii (Trigla), 198.
brasilianus (Percophis),
248.
brasilianus (Pinguipes),
251.
brasiliensis (Scorpa^ia),
112.
brasiliensis (Thynnus),
364..
breviceps (Larimus), 268.
breviceps (Synanceia), 1 75.
brevidorsalis (Sciajna),
295.
brevipinnis (Thynnus),
365.
brevirostre (Peristethus),
217.
brevirostris (Equula), 498,
502.
2m2
532
ALPHABETICAL rNDEX.
brevis (Caranx), 435.
brevis (Selar), 435.
britannicus (Centrolo-
phus), 4()2.
broekmeyeri(Caranx),439.
broekmeyeri (Selar), 439.
broussonnetii (Umbrina),
277.
brownii (Vomer), 459.
brunnich (Perca), 496.
bubalis (Aspicottus), 164.
bubalis (Cottus), 164.
biifo (Scorpsena), 113.
burgein(Lepidotrigla), 198
biirgcri (Trigla), 1U8.
burra (Scorpaena), 107.
biirrus (Sillago), 243.
bursinus (Eleginus), 247.
by noen sis( Scorpaena), 11 3.
oaballa (Cybium), 373.
caballa ( Equula), 499, 501 .
Cacodoxus, 56.
ca;rulea (Scriolella), 468.
casriileopinnatus (Car-
anx), 422, 436.
caTulcscens (Holacan-
thus), 45.
caeruleseens (Mendoso-
ma), 85.
ca?ruleus(IIolacanthus),.^4
calcar (Centronotus), 479.
calcar (Lichia), 479.
calcar (Scomber), 479.
calla (Caranx), 433.
Calycilepidotus, 174.
cambon, 422.
Canada (Elacate), 375.
canadensis (Thy nnus), 375
can ad us (Grasterosteus),
375.
canariensis (Corvina),297.
canariensi8(Umbrina),274
cancellata (Percis), 240.
cancroides (Caranx), 422.
Candidas (Stromatous),
399, 400.
cancsccns (Cli.Tt.odon),493
canesccns (ZuticIus), 41)3.
capen8e(Atimo9tonui),.'589
capensis (Cubiceps), 389.
capensis (Sciaena), 292.
capensis (Scomber), 359.
capensis (Scorpa-na), 96.
capensis (Sebastes), 96.
capensis (Trigla), 203.
cajjillaris (Argyroiosus),
458. _
capillaris (Zeus), 458.
capistratus (Chictodon),
12.
Caprophonus, 497.
Capros,396,495.
capros, 497.
CaraL^nthus, 147.
carah, 498.
Carangiehthys, 421 .
Carangidae, 417.
Carangina, 419.
Carangoides, 422.
carangoides (Leioglossus),
432.
carangoide8(TJra8pis),444.
Carangus, 422.
carangus (Caranx), 448.
carangus (Scomber), 448.
Caranx, 422.
carbo (Aphanopus), 343.
carbuncidus (Platyce-
phalus), 181.
cardinalis(Scorpn['na),l 10.
caribbajus (Chloroscom-
brus), 400.
carinata (Scorpaena), 130.
carinatus (Apistus), 130.
carmichaelis (Chilodacty-
lus), 81.
Carolina (Lichia), 484.
Carolina (Trigla), l'J2, 193.
carolinensis(Ce8treus),306
carolinensis (Otolithus),
306.
carolinensis (Seriola), 465.
carolinus (Doliodon), 484.
carolinus (Prionotus),l!)2.
carolinus (Pteraclis), 411.
carouna (Corvina), 302.
carponemus (Chilodacty-
lus), 78, 79.
carponemus (Sparus), 78.
carutta (Corvina), 302.
carutta ( Johnius), 302.
castaneola (Sparus), 408.
catalea (Corvina), 290.
cataleus (Johnius), 290.
cataphracta (Trigla), 217.
Cataphracti, 87, 90, 211.
cataphractiim (Periste-
thus), 217.
Catapliractus, 217-
cataphractus (Agonus),
211.
cataphractas (Aspidopho-
rus),211.
cataphractus (Cottu8),21 1.
caiidatus(Lepidopus),344.
caudatus(Trichiurii.s),344.
caudimaculata (Percis),
239.
caudovittatus (Holacan-
thus), 44.
caurinus (Sebastes), 97.
cavillone (Trigla), 196.
cayennensis (Lutjanus),
309.
cayennensis (OtoUthus),
309.
cayennensis (Trachyno-
tus), 485.
celebica (Corvina), 296.
celebicus (Plat_) cephalus),
189.
Centridermichthys, 169.
centrognathus, 493.
Centroiophus, 402.
Centropogon, 128.
centropomus (Podabrus),
152.
Cephalacantlius, 223.
Cephalinus, 137.
Ceratocottus, 155.
cervus (Synanceia), 109.
cestreus (Sciaena), 274.
cestus, 422.
chabroutera, 217.
chacca(Colliomorus), 177.
chacca (Platycephalus),
177.
Chanichthys, 249.
Chffitodon, 3.
Chaetodontidse, 1.
Chajtodontina, 2, 3.
chalcis (Coracinus), 296.
chaptis, 290.
chatareus (Cojus), 67.
Cheilodactylus, 78.
Cheilotrema, 305.
Chclmo, 35.
chevola, 455.
cliildrenii, 496.
chilensis (Brama), 409.
chilensis (Caranx), 439.
chilensis (Eleginus), 247-
chilensis (Esox), 2.32.
chilensis (Pclamys), 368.
chilensis (Pinguipes), 252.
chilensis (Scorpis), 64.
chilensis (Thyrsites), 350.
chilioprista (Scorpajna),
121.
Chilodactylus, 78.
chiloensis (Agonus), 216.
chiloensis(A8pidophornB),
216.
chinense (Cybium), 369.
chinensis(Sphyraena),334,
339.
Chirivita, 55.
Cliironemus, 76.
chirophtliahnus (Dacty-
loptcrus), 223.
Chiropsis, 91.
Chirus, 91.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
533
cUoris (Scomber), 460.
Chloroscombrus, 460.
chondropus (Sillago),246.
Clioridactylus, 151.
Chorinemus, 471.
Chorismodactylu8, 151.
chromis (Labrus), 270.
cliromis (Pogonias), 270.
chromis (Scia;na), 270.
chrysoeephalus (Hola-
canthus), 54.
clirysophryoides, 452.
chrysophrys (Caranx),452.
chrysops (Latilu8),253.
chrysos (Caranx), 445,448.
chrysos (Scomber), 445.
chrysostoma (Heniochus),
41.
chrysostomus (Henio-
chus), 41.
Chrysostromus. 397.
Chrysotosus, 415.
chrysozonus (Cheetodon),
34.
chrysozonus (Scomber),
360.
chrysurus (Coryphaena),
406.
chrysurus (Holacanthus),
54.
chrysurus (Micropteryx),
■ 460. ^
chrysurus (Scomber), 460.
Cichlops, 258.
ciliaria (Citula), 453.
ciliaris (Anthias), 86.
ciliaris (Caranx), 453, 454.
ciliaris (Chaetodon), 46.
ciliaris (Holacanthus), 46,
516.
ciliaris_(Latris), 86.
ciliaris '(Zeus), 454.
cUiata (Sillago), 245.
ciliatus(Epinephelu8), 99.
cincta (Pterois), 125.
cinctus (Cheilodactylus),
cinctus (Cirrhites), 73.
cinereus (Stromateoides),
400.
cinereus (Stromateus),
400.
cingulatus (Pomacan-
tiaus), 55.
Cirrhites, 71.
Cirrhitichthys, 73.
CirrhitidsB, 70.
cirrhosa (Perca), 120.
cirrhosa (Sciaena), 274.
cirrhosa (Scorpaena), 120.
cirrhosa (Umbrina), 274.
cirrhosus (Blepsias), 153.
cirrhosus (Caranx), 453.
cirrhosus (Johniiis), 274.
cirrhosus (Trachinus),
153.
cirrhosus (Uranoscopus),
230.
cirronasus (Platycepha-
lus), 186.
Citharsedua, 52.
citrineUu8(Chsetodon), 33.
citula, 453.
claviger, 167.
clavigera (Corvina), 296.
clavulatus (Platycepha-
lus), 176.
clupeoideum (Cybium),
369.
clypeata (Echeneis), 376.
Coccyx, 217.
Cocotropus, 136.
cognatus (Cottus), 157.
cognatus (Uranoscopus),
227.
coitor (Bola),301.
coitor (Corvina), 301.
colias (Enchelyopus), 242.
colias (Gradus), 242.
colias (Percis), 242.
colias (Scomber), 361.
collaris (Chsetoclon), 21.
CoUichthys, 312.
coluber (Qempylus), 353.
coma, 498.
commersonianus (Chori-
nemus), 471.
commersonianus (Scom-
beroides), 471.
commersonii (Cybium),
370.
commersonii (Psettus),
488.
commersonii (Scomber),
370.
commersonii (Sphyrsena),
338.
communis (Dactylopte-
rus), 222.
compressus (Nauclerus),
469.
compressus (Pempheris),
508.
compressus (Sparus), 508.
conchifer (Zeus), 395.
concinnus (Nemadacty-
lus), 85.
conductor (Centronotus),
374.
Conings-visch, 473.
constellatus ( Chiropsis),92
constellatus (Cliirus), 92.
Coracinus, 274.
Corax, 202.
corax (Trigla), 202.
cordyla (Scomber), 424.
cordyla (Trachurus), 448.
Cordylus, 357.
coretta (Thynnus), 363.
coriiceps (Notothenia),260
cornucola (Notothenia),
261.
cornutus (Ch£etodon),493.
comutus (Kurtus), 510.
cornutus (Trachinus),237.
cornutus (Zanclus), 493.
ooroides (Umbrina), 277.
Corororoca, 372.
Corvina, 266, 296.
corvina (Lepipterus), 626.
Corvu3, 202.
corvus (Trigla), 202.
Coryjihsena, 404.
Coryph.Tsnina, 404.
coryplisenoides (Astroder-
mus), 413.
Corystion, 108, 159.
Corythobatus, 136, 148
cosmopolita, 460.
costatus, 526.
Cottina, 89, 152.
cottoides (Apistus), 142.
cottoides (Perea), 142.
cottoides (Podabrus), 152.
cottoides (Prosopodasys),
Cottopsis, 169.
Cottus, 154.
coiu-bina (Pogonathus),
270.
crassus (Centrolophus),
404.
crenulatus (Rhombus),
399.
criniger (Cottus), 522.
crinitus (Blepharis), 454
crinitus (Zeus), 454.
crista-galli (Tetraroge),
134.
Crius, 411, 412.
crocea (Scisena), 284.
crocodilus (Platycepha-
lus), 176.
croker (Sciaena), 271.
croockewitii (Cybium),
372.
crouvina (Johniua), 287.
crouvina (Scisena), 287.
cruenta (Scorpaena), 112,
520.
cruentata (Perca), 71.
crumenophthalmus, 429.
cryptosus (Peprilus), 398
534
ALI'UABETICAL INDEX.
cryptosus (Iihonibus),398.
eryptosus (Stromatci.is),
y.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
535
Eleginiis 247.
elongata (Synanceia), 17;3.
clongatum (Anema), 230.
clongatus (Ophiodon), 94.
elongatus (Polycaulus),
175, 523.
elongatus (Uranoscopus),
230.
euieryana (Percis), 237.
enceladus (Chictodon), 36.
Eiiclielyopus, 34G.
endraclitensis (Platyce-
phalus), 177.
enneadactylus (Polyne-
niu8),332.
Enneapterygius, 132.
ensifera (Eqmda), 498.
ensiformis (Trichiurus),
344.
ensis (Xiphias), 513.
ephippium (Cliajtodon), 7.
Ephippus, 60.
Epicopus, 248.
Epiiinula, 349.
Eques, 279.
equisetis (Coryphsena),
407.
Equida, 497, 506.
equula (Carangoides),
438.
equula (Caranx), 438.
equula ( Centr ogaster ) , 499 .
equula(Scomber),499,502.
equida (Selar), 438.
equulfflformis, .506.
equulus (Ctesio), 499.
ergastulorum (Scorpaena),
112.
erosa (Synanceia), 146.
erosum (Synancidium),
146.
erytlirsea (ScorpEEiia), 116.
erythrsea (Sillago), 244.
erythrinus (Sparus), 95.
europseus (Aspidopho-
rus).211.
exoletus CChorinemus),
471.
exul (Apiates), 113.
faber (Chsetodon), 61.
faber (Epliippus), 60.
faber (Zeus), 393.
falcata (Seriola), 464.
falcatus (Caranx), 441.
falcatus (Chajtodon), 62.
falcatus (Scomber), 481.
falciformis (Monodacty-
lus), 488.
falciformis (Psettus), 488.
falciger (Tracliy notus) ,48 1
falcipinnis (Elacate), 375.
falcula (^ChiEtodon), 17.
falklaudicus (Eleginus),
247.
fallax (Caranx), 449.
farkharii, 471.
fasciata (Clupea), 498.
fasciata (Corvina), 305.
fasciata (Equula), 498.
fasciata (Piatola), 398.
fasciata (Seriola), 464.
fasciata (Trigla), 221.
fasciatum (Cheilotrema),
305.
fasciatos (Blepharis), 422,
454.
fasciatus (Caranx), 422.
fasciatus (Centridermich-
thys), 169.
fasciatus (CliEetodon), 24,
48.
fasciatus (Chilodactylus),
fasciatus (Cirrhites), 73.
fasciatus (Larimus), 269.
fasciatus (Pinguipe8),252.
fasciatus (Pogonias), 270.
fasciatus (Scatophagus),
60.
fasciatus (Scomber), 464.
fasciatus (Sebastes), 104.
fasciatus (Trachidermus),
169.
fasciolata (Coryphaina),
404. >
fasciolatus (Lampugus),
404.
ferdau (Caranx), 439.
ferdau (Scomber), 439.
fernandezianus (Mendo-
Boma), 85.
ferrugineus (Cottus), 156.
fiatola (Stromateus), 397,
401.
fiatoloides, 397.
fllamentosum (Pelor),149.
filamentosus (Pomacen-
trus), 6.
filamentosus (Scomber),
454.
filaris (Trigla), 210.
filibarbis (Uranoscopus),
229.
filigera (Equula), 498.
flava (Scorptena), 143.
flavescens (Chsetodon), 22.
flavicauda (SphyrsenaX
340.
flavissimus, 42.
flavivertex (Pseudoclu'o-
rais), 258.
flavo-brunneum (Cy-
bium), 373.
flavo-cseruleus (Caranx),
449.
flavo-niger (Holacanthus),
13.
flavus (Chjetodon), 24.
formosus (Cottus), 155.
formosus (Holacanthus),
47.
forsteri (Caranx), 449.
forsteri (Chorinemus),471.
forsteri (Cirrhites), 71.
forsteri (Grammistes), 71.
forsteri (Scomber), 471.
forsteri (Sphyra^na), 337.
forsteri (Uranoscopus),
230.
francisci (Lepipterus),
281.
francisci (Pachyurus),281.
franklinii (Cottus), 158.
frehmlii (Chgetodon), 16.
fremblii (Chsetodon), 16.
fucata (Scorpsena), 107.
fidvoguttatus (Caran-
goides), 438.
fulvoguttatus (Caranx),
438, 439.
fulvoguttatus (Scomber),
439.
furcrrea (Corvina), 302.
furcra^a (Perca), 302.
fusca (Echeneis), 384.
fusca (Scisena), 270.
fuscovirens (Apistus), 130.
fuscovirens (Centropo-
gon), 130
fuscus (Platycephalus),
176.
fuscus (Pseudochromis),
257.
fuscus (Trachynotus), 481.
msiformis (Phalangistes),
214.
fusus (Caranx), 445.
gaimardi (Platax), 489.
Galeoides, 332.
Gallichthys, 422.
gallichthys, 456.
gallus (Caranx), 455.
gallus (Zeus), 455.
gambret, 489.
gardenii (Centronotus),
375.
gardenii (Sternoptyx),399.
gardenii (Stromateus),399.
garnotii (Chsetodon), 7.
(jt^asterochisma, 387.
gayi (Epicopus), 248.
536
ALFHABETICAL INDEX.
gayi (Merlus), 248.
Gazza, 50G.
gclatiuosus (Polynemus),
Gcmpylus, 352.
geiiiserra (Pterois), 124.
geomctricus (Ilolacan-
thus), 52.
georgianus (Caranx), 440.
georgianus (Chironemus),
7G.
georgianus (Scorpis), 64.
georgii, 512.
germo (Scomber), 366.
gerreoides (Equula), 500.
gibbosa (Scorpaina), 119.
gibbosus (Chajtodon), 84.
gibbosus (Cliilodactylus),
84, 519.
gigas (Ephippus), 61.
gigas (Peristetlius), 219.
gigas (Scisena), 270.
gigas (Seriola), 4G6.
glaber (Cephalinus), 137.
gladius (Histiopliorus),
513.
gladius (Scomber), 513.
gladius (Trichiurus), 344.
gladius (Xipbias), 511.
glauca (Licbia), 477.
glaucum (Acanthiniou),
483.
Glaucus, 274.
glaucus (Caranx), 477.
glaucus (Cliretodon), 483.
glaucus (Gasterosteuc),
477.
glaucus (Scomber), 477.
glaucus (Tracliynotus),
483.
glaycos, 477, 478.
globiceps (Ccntridcrmicli-
thys), 171.
globiceps (Coryphrena),
404.
glob'ceps (Oligocottus),
171.
Glyptauchen, 121.
Gnatlianodon, 422.
gobio (Coitus), 150, 157,
1G8, 521.
goldmanni (CorTina),293.
goldmanui (Sciffina), 293.
gomarah, 501.
Gonopterus, 493.
Goomarah karab, .501.
goreensis (Caranx), 457.
gorecnsis (Epliippus), 61.
goreensis (Ilynnis), 457.
goreensis (Truchynotus),
483.
gouani (Lepidopus), 344.
gracilirostris, 512.
gi-acilis (Cbietodon), 20.
gracilis (Cottus), 157.
gracilis (Cubiceps), 389.
gracilis (Equula), 498.
gracilis (Seriola), 389.
gracilis (Umbrina), 277.
grandicornis (Scorpa^na),
114.
grandis (Cliilodactylus),
79.
grandispinis (Platyce-
pbalus), 180.
granidatus f^ Cephalinus),
138.
graphidopterus, 74.
gre\ (Scomber), 357, 359.
gi'isea (Sci.Tcna), 297.
griseus (Stromateus), 400.
gi'oenlandicus ( Aspidopbo-
roides), 216.
groenlandicus (Cottus),
161, 521.
gronovianua (Gobiomo-
rus), 387.
gronovii (Cliilodactylus),
81.
gi'onovii (Gobius), 387.
gronovii (Nomcus), 387.
grunniens (Amblodon),
297.
grunniens (Corvina), 284.
grunniens (Labrus), 270.
grypota (Corvina), 296.
guachancho (Spliyra;na),
3.35.
giiamensis (Psenes), 495.
guamensis (Scorpiena),
107.
Guaperva, 55.
guara, 424.
Guaracapcma, 404.
Guara tcreba, 449.
guaribira, 475.
Guarupucu, 373.
gaatucu)ia, 309.
gidosus (Centridermich-
thys), 170.
gidosus (Cottopsis), 170.
gunneri (Scomber), 41(5.
gurnardus (Trigla), 205,
524.
guttata (Scorpacna), 107.
guttatissimus(Chaitodon),
26.
guttatum (Cybium), 371,
527.
guttatus (Cbaitodon), 34.
guttiitus (('birojisis), 93.
guttatus (Cliirus), 93.
guttatus (Lampris), 416.
guttatus (Platyceplialus),
183.
guttatus (PteracTis), 411.
guttatus (Scomber), 371.
guttatus (Uranoscopus),
228.
guttatus (Zeus), 416.
guttulatus (Platax), 489.
Gymnogaster, 340.
gymnostethoides (Caran-
goides), 431.
gymnostethoides(Caranx),
431.
gymnostetlius (Caranx),
438.
haddaja, 45.
liadjan (Chajtodon), 28.
Hair-tail, 346.
hamata (Trigla), 217.
hamatus (Icelus), 172,
523.
hajjlodactyl us (Scorpocna),
117.
Harpagifer, 26.3.
Harpocbirus, 62.
hasseltii (Caranx), 430.
basseltii (Selar), 430.
liaumela, 348.
heberi, 422.
hecateia (Latris), 86.
hecatcius (Cheilodacty-
lus), 86.
hellmutliii (Cichlops),
259.
helvolus (Caranx), 443.
helvolus (Scomber), 443.
Hcmcrocoeles, 225.
hemigymnostethus (Ca-
rangoides), 438.
hemigymnostethus (Ca-
ranx), 4.38.
Hemilepidotus, 173.
hemUepidotus (Cottus),
173.
liemisticta (Trigla), 201.
Hemitripterus, 143.
Ilenioebus, 39.
heptacantlius (Cliilodi-
pterus), 479.
heptacanthus (Temno-
don), 480.
heptadactylus (Polyne-
mus), 321.
herschelii, 513.
irctcrolcpid;e, 90.
nclcrolcpidiiia, 88, 90.
llctcrosticiius, 264.
lictcrura (Plerois), 127.
licxacornis (Cotlus), 160.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
537
Hexagrammus, 91.
hexagrammus (Cliiru8),91
hexagrammus (Labrax),
91.
hexanemus (Polynemus),
hexophthalma (Percis),
239.
liippos (Caranx), 445.
hippos (Scomber), 426,
449.
Hippurus, 405, 406.
hippurus (Coryphiena),
405.
hirmido (Cottus), 166.
hirundo (Lciocottus),
166.
hirmido (Trigla), 202.
hispidus (Agriopus), 139.
hisjiidus (Cottus), 143.
Histiophorus, 512.
histrio (Scorptena), 115.
Holacantlms, 42.
holbrookii (Echeneis), 382.
hololcpidota (Sciajna),
"292.
hololepidotus (Labrus),
291.
Homalopomus, 232.
Homoprion, 284.
Hoplichthys, 190.
Hoploeottus, 152.
horrens (Prionotus), 195.
horrida (Scorpcena), 144.
horrida (Synanceia), 144.
horrid um (Synaucidiimi),
144, 521.
horrid us (Trachinus), 236.
Horse-Mackerel, 4l9.
humeralis (Chretodon), 19.
humeralis (Leiostomus),
288.
Hynnis, 422.
hypostoma (Corvina), 293.
hypostoma (Sciiena), 293.
hypselopterus (Apistus),
128.
Hypsinotus, 63.
HyjDsiptera, 386.
liyi-ax (Trigla), 202.
Icelus, 172.
Ikan Satan, 117.
Ilarches, 62
imberbis (Midlus), 200.
imberbis (Sci;cna), 289.
immaculata (Corypha;na),
406.
immaculata (Sarda), 408.
immaculatum (Cybium).
370
immaculatus (Histiopho-
rus), 514.
immacidatus (Lampugus),
406.
immunis(Apodontis),370.
immunis ( Apolectus), 370.
impcrator (Chaetodon), 52.
imperator (Holacanthus),
52.
imperialis (Luvarus), 414.
imperialis (Sebastes), 99.
imperialis (Zeus), 416.
indica (Scyris), 456.
indicus (Batrachus), 177.
indicus (Blepharis), 454.
indicus (Callionymus),
177.
indicus (Calliomorus),
177.
indicus (Cyrtus), 510.
indicus (Histiophorus),
514.
indicus (Kurtus), 510.
indicus (Naucrates), 374.
indicus (Polynemus), 326.
indicus (Tetraptiu-us),
513.
indicus (Trichopterus),81.
inerme (Anema), 230.
inermis (Acantliocottus),
171.
inermis (Aspidophoroi-
des), .524.
inermis (Scorpama), 107.
inermis (Sebastes), 97.
inermis (Uranoscoiius),
230.
inops (Platycephalus),
180.
insidiator (Cottus), 177.
insidiator(Platycephalu8),
177.
insidiator (Zeus), 504.
insidiatrix (Equula), 504.
intermedia (Seriola), 466.
intermedins (Cottus), 167.
intermedins (Tricliiiu-us),
348.
interrupta (Equula) 504.
intcrruptum (CyLium),
371.
ire (Caranx), 436.
Isabelita, 46.
isacanthus (Platycej)ha-
lus), 183.
israehtarum, 1.31.
Istiophorus, 512.
jacobaea (Echeneis), 379.
jacobfeus (Caranx), 427-
Jaculator, 36.
jaculator(Toxote8),67,519.
jaculatrix (Labrus), 67.
jaculatrix (Scia?na), 67.
jaculidens (Ancylodou),
311.
janesaba (Scomber), 359.
janthinospilos (Caranx),
422.
jaok (Cottus), 165.
japonica(Coryph8ena),406
japonica (Scirena), 310.
japonica (Sillago), 244.
japonica (Sphyr.cna), 338.
japonicum (Pelor), 151,
521.
japonicus (Bembras), 191.
japonicus (Cichlops), 259.
japonicus (Cottus), 214.
japonicus(Dacty lopterus) ,
japonicus(Platycephalu8),
181, 524.
japonicus(Prionotiis),196.
japonicus (Scomber), 356.
japonicus (Selar), 419.
j apon icus (Tricliiur us ) ,347
japonicus (Zeus), 394.
jarra (Caranx), 446.
javanicus (Psenes), 494.
jeUo (Sphyrsena), 337
Jellow, 337.
Johnius, 284.
jubata (Corvina), 305.
jugularis (Latilus), 253.
kanagurta (Scomber), 360.
Karfe, 95.
karraf (Cha^todon), 31.
Kathetostoma, 231.
kiliche, 428.
kleinii (Chastodon), 22.
kleinii (Scomber), 449.
kodipungi (Pterois), 124,
520.
koelreuteri (Naucrates),
374.
koelreuteri(Scomber), 374
koenigii (Scorpa^na), 126.
Komah-karah, 498.
konam (Cybium), 370.
kouripouia, 230.
kuhlii (Corvina), 303.
kuhlii (Cybium), 371.
kuhlii (Scorpa;na), 102.
kuliUi (Sebastes), 102, 519.
kuhlii (Selar), 434.
kulilii (Umbrina), 278.
kuinu (Trigla), 204.
Kurra, 427.
kurroides, 427.
Kurtina, 608.
538
AXPHABETICAL INDEX.
Kurtus, 510.
kuru (PoljnemuB), 325.
labiatus (Chastodon), 34.
labradoricus (Acantho-
cottus), 103.
labradoricus (Cottus),lG3.
Labrax, 91.
Lactarius, 507.
lactarius, 507.
ia;ve (Ditrema), 392. .
la-ve (Kathetostoma), 231.
Isevigatus (Agonus), 211.
laj\ngatu8(Platyceplialus),
179.
la;vis (Coitus), 156.
leevis (Uranoscopu8),231.
lagocephalus (Chirus), 92.
lagoceplialus (Labrax), 92.
lajang, 425.
lajor (Trichiurus), 349.
lalandii (Seriola), 403.
lamarckii (Holacanthus),
44.
Lampris, 415
Lampuge, 477.
Lampugus, 404.
lanceolata (Perca), 317.
lanceolata (Scirena), 289.
lanceolatus (Chatodon),
279.
lanceolatus (Chorinemus),
471.
lanceolatus (Eques), 279.
lanceolatus (Homoprion),
289.
lanceolatus (Lonchui-us),
317.
lanceolatus (Sciaena), 279.
langsar (Sphyrsena), 340.
langsdor ffii ( Hoplicbthys) ,
191, 524.
laniaria (Scorpana), 121.
Larimus, 260.
larvatus (Chajtodon), 31.
lastoviza (Trigla), 201.
lateoidcs (Otolithus), 311.
lateralis (Ai'tedius), 174.
lateraLis(Calycilepidotus),
174.
lateralis(Scorpa;nicbthys),
174.
laticeps (Peristethus), 219.
Latilus, 252.
latipinnis (Zaniolepis),95.
latovittatus (Tsenianotus),
130.
Latris, 86.
latus (Scomber), 460.
lauta (I^ampris), 416.
layardi (Cba;todon), 3.
leachianus(Thynnu8),364
leachii (Chsetodon), 6.
leachii ( Megaprotodon), 6.
lebeek (Urano9copu8),230.
leiarchus (Otolithus), 308.
leiarchus (Seriola), 405.
Leiocottus, 155.
Leioglossus, 422.
Leiostomus, 284.
Lemnisoma, 353.
leonina (Scorpa;na), 120.
leopard us (Scomber), 371.
lepidoIepis(Holacanthus),
47, 516.
lepidopoides (Thyrsites),
350.
Lepidopus, 344.
Lepidotrigla, 196.
Lepipterus, 281.
Leptaspis, 422.
Leptocottus, 169.
leptolepis (Caranx), 440.
leptolepis(Leptaspis),440.
leptolepis (Selaroides),440
Leptoscopus, 231.
Lepturus, 346.
lepturus (Caranx), 447.
lepturus (Trichiurus), 346,
348.
leschenaldi, 492.
lessonii(Caranx), 448,449.
lessonii (Corypha;na),404.
leuciscus (Equula), 503.
leucogaster (Apistus), 141.
leucogaster (Prosopoda-
sys), 141 .
leucophthalmus (Chorine-
mus), 471.
leucoplem-a (Holacan-
thus), 46, 516.
leucopoecilus (Agriopus),
137.
leucoprosopon (Apistus),
130.
leucoprosopon (Centropo-
gon), 130.
leucurus (Nauclerus),470.
leucurus (Psenes), 495.
Licliia, 476.
lineata (Cichla), 86.
lineata (Echeneis), 382.
lineata (Scia-na), 86, 288.
lineata (Trigla), 192, 200,
524.
lineatum (Mendosoma),
85.
lineatus (Cheilodactylus),
86.
lineatus (Cu cuius), 200.
lineatus (Eques), 280. ^
lineatus (Grystes), 93.
lineatu8(nolacanthus),45.
lineatu8(Leio8tomus),288.
lineatus (Micropogon),
271.
lineatus (Polynemus),326,
327, 329, 520.
lineatus (Prionotus), 192.
lineatus (Trachinus), 233,
235, 236.
lineolata (Equula), 502.
lincolata (Pelamys), 368.
lineolatum (Cybium),370.
lineolatus (Chaetodon),30
lioglossus (Caranx), 432.
liparis(Centrolophus),40.3
littoralis (Umbrina), 276.
lobata (Corvina), 304.
Lonchurus, 317.
longiceps (Platyccphalus),
176, 184.
longiceps (Sebastes), 10.5.
longifilis(Polynemus), 320
longimana (Drepanc), 62.
longimanus (Chffitodon),
62.
longimanus (Epliippus),
62.
longimanus (Equula), 505
longimanus (Harpochi-
rus), 62.
longipinnis (Brama), 410.
longipinnis(Pcprilus),399
longipinnis (Rhombus),
399.
longipinnis (Stromateus),
399.
longirostris (Chsetodon),
38.
longirostris (Chelmo), 38.
longispinis (Apistus), 134.
longispinis (Equula), 498.
longispinis (Tetraroge),
134.
loo (Scomber), 360.
loricatus (Phalangistes),
214.
lucerna (Trigla), 210.
liicida (Collichthys), 312,
526.
lucida (Scitena), 312.
luctuosus (Chaitodon), 33.
luna (Caranx), 441.
luna (Chrysotosus), 416.
luna (Lampris), 416.
luna (Zeus), 416.
lunaris (Chtetodon), 6.
lunata (Echeneis), 384.
lunatus (Cha;todon), 30.
lundii (Pachyurus), 526.
Lune, 458.
lunida (ChoetodonX 25.
ALPnABETICAL INDEX.
539
lunula (Pomacentrus), 25.
lunulata (Ptci-ois), 124.
lunulatus (Chajtodon), 3.
lusitanicus (Lepidopus),
344.
lusitanicus (Vandcllius),
344.
lutea (Scorpoena), 109.
lu^eolus, 42, 517.
lutescens (Poiuacanthus),
55.
LuTarus, 414.
Ljra, 217.
Ijra (Trigla), 208.
Ljsan, 471.
lyzan (Centronotus), 476.
macarellus (Caranx), 420.
Macha;ra, 511.
Mackerel, 357.
maclovinus (Eleginus),
247, 526.
macracantlius (Apistus),
133.
macracantlius (Dactylo-
pterus), 223.
macracantlius (Tetraroge),
133.
macrocepbalus (Gonoce-
phalus), 222.
macroceplialus (Notothe-
nia), 263.
macrolepidotus (Chseto-
don), 39.
macrolepidotus (Diplireu-
tes), 39.
macrolepidotus (Ilcnio-
chus), 39, 516.
macrolepidotus (Kiu-tus),
509.
macrolepis (Platyceplia-
lus), 188.
macrolepis (Sillago), 240.
macronemus(Polynemus),
321, 331.
macronotus (Scatoplia-
gus), 58.
macroplithalmus(Caranx),
429.
macrophtlialmus (Otoli-
thus), 291.
macrophthalmus(Scia;na),
291.
macroptcra (Cichla), 78.
macroptera (Scia^na), 78.
niacroptera (Umbrina),
279.
macropterus (Cliilodacty-
lus), 78.
macropterus (Scomber),
483.
macropterus (Thynnus),
365.
macropygus (Leptosco-
pus),"232.
macropvgus (Uranosco-
pu8),"232.
macrosoma (Caranx), 425.
macrosoma (Decapterus),
425.
macrurus (Caranx), 434.
niacrurus (Selar), 434.
maculata (Corvina), 291.
maculata (Mene), 415.
•naculata (Percis), 237.
macidata (Sciaena), 290,
291.
maculata (Sillago), 245.
maculatum (Cybiuni),372.
maeulatum (Pelor), 150.
maculatiis (Cii-rbites), 74.
maculatus (Cirrhiticli-
thys), 74.
macidatus (Jobnius), 291.
maculatus( Micropus) , 1 47.
maculatus(Otolit]ius),3 1 0.
maculatus (Nomeus), 388.
maculatus (Sargus), 58.
maculatus ( Schedopbil us),
412.
maculatus (Scomber), 361,
372.
macidatus (Sebastes), 96,
101.
maculatus (Stromateus),
398.
maculatus (Uranoscopus),
230.
maculatus (Zeus), 415.
macidosus (Acentrolo-
pbus), 403.
maculosus (Centriderm-
iclitbys), 171, 523.
macidosus(Cluctodon), 45.
maculosus (Cliironemus),
78.
maculosus (Cirrliites), 74.
macidosus (Holacantlius),
45.
maculosus (Nomeus), 388.
maculosus (Oligocottus),
171.
macidosus (Scomber), 370.
maculosus (Tbrepterius),
78.
madagascariensis(Cottus),
177.
madagascariensis (Scom-
ber), 471.
maderensis (Sebast«s), 102.
madurensis (Scorpa;iia),
102.
magellanica (Nototbenia),
200.
magellanicus(Gadus),200.
magistralis (Epinnida),
349.
malie (Scorpana), 122.
Maigi-e, 291.
major (Blepharis), 454.
major (Gallicbtbys), 455.
major (Trachinus), 233.
Makaira, 512.
Maki-eele, 357.
malabarica (Elacate), 375.
malabarica (Pemplieris),
509.
malabarica (Sciiiena), 243.
nialabarica(Scorp;vna),99.
malabarica (Sillago), 244.
malabaricus(Caranx), 436.
malabaricus(Olistus), 453.
malabaricus (Platycepha-
lus), 181.
malabaricus (Scomber),
436. .
malam (Caranx), 434.
malam (Selar}, 434.
malarmat (Peristedion),
217.
malayanus (Platycepba-
lus), 184.
mangula, 509.
marcgravii (Corypliocna),
404.
margarita (Caranx), 422.
marginalis (Clielnio), 30.
marginata (Nototbenia),
201.
marginatus(Ch3etodon),28
marginatus (Tracliinotu<;'> ,
480.
marina (Perca), 95.
marina (Tinea), 296.
niai'inus (Faber), 61.
marinus (Scorpius), 104.
marmorata (Pentaroge),
132.
marmoratus( Apistus), 132
marmoratus(Chironemus)
70.
marmoratus(Cottus), 155.
marmoratus (Hemitripte-
rus), 154.
marmoratus (Labrus), 74.
marmoratus (ScorpaBnicli-
tliys), 154.
marmoratus (Sebastes),
104, 520.
marmoratus (Uranosco-
pus), 226.
martinicensis (Umbrina),
277
540
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
maruadsi, 428.
massiliensis (Cottus), 108.
massiliensis (Scorpsena),
108.
mate (Caranx), 434.
mauritiana (Scorpsena),
107.
mau ritianus( Caranx),429.
mauiitianus (Chorine-
mus), 473.
mauritii (Eleotris), 387.
mauritii (Nomeus), 388.
maxillosufl (Trachynohis),
483.
mediterraneus (Scomber),
367.
mediterraneus (Thynnus),
362.
medusophagus, 412.
Meer-lisen, 455.
Megalaspis, 422.
megalaspis (Selar), 422.
megastoma (Opisthogna-
thus), 255.
melampuB (Gbsterochis-
ma), 387.
melampygus (Caranx),
446.
Melandrys, 362.
melanistion (Heniochus),
41.
melanochir (Polynemus),
321.
melanopB (Sebastes), 98.
melanopu8(Cha;todon),34
melanopu8(Ephippu8), 62.
melauosoma (Holacan-
thu8),'55.
melanospiloB (Holacan-
thus), 48,
melanOtfienia (Cichlops),
259.
melanotu8(Cli8etodon),*23.
melas (Apistus), 133.
melo, 485.
Mendosoma, 85.
Mene, 415.
mentalis (Caranx), 422.
meridionaUs (Cottus), 155.
Merle, 403.
Merlus, 248.
mertensii (Caranx), 440.
mertensii (Chsetodon), 3.
mertensii (Cottus), 154.
mertensii (Cybium), 369,
mesoleucus (Chsetodon),
82,54.
mesoleucus (Holacan-
thus), 54.
mesomelas (Chsetodon),
54.
mexicana (Pempheris),
510.
meyeri (Chsetodon), 13.
michochirus, 398.
microchir (Caranx), 422.
microchirus (Centrolo-
phus), 398.
microchirus (Stromateus),
398.
microdon(0tolithu8), 294.
microdon (Scisena), 294.
microlepidotus (Otoli-
thus), 311,
microlepidotu8( Scomber^,
361,
microlepis (Chaetodon),53
microlepis (Toxotes), 68.
Micropogon, 270.
microps (Nebris), 316.
micropterus(Caranx),443,
Micropteryx, 460.
Micropus, 147.
microstoma (Polynemus),
319.
microstomvi8(Cottu8), 156.
miles (Corvina), 300.
miles (Prionotus), 196.
miles (Pterois), 125, 520,
miles (Scorpsena), 125.
milesii (Aploactis), 142,
miliaria (Chaitodon), 31.
militaris (Scorpasna), 112,
niillepunctata(Perci8),241
Milvus. 207.
milvus (Trigla), 207.
minor (Corvina), 295.
minor (Scisena), 295,
Minoua, 148.
minous (Apistus), 148,
minuta (Equula), 506,
minuta (GJazza), 506,
minutus (Cottus), 156,
minutufl (Scomber), 506.
minutus (Sebasies), 106,
mitchilli (Cottus), 164.
mitratus (Chsetodon"), 16.
moadetta, 473.
modestus (Chsetodon), 10,
615.
moerens, 493.
mokheUa, 42.
mollis (Sthcnopus), 143.
molli8(Trichopleura), 143.
molucca(Pempheri8),509.
moluccense (Peristethus),
219.
moluccensis (Scomber),
360.
moluccensis (Thymius),
474.
monocero8(Honiochu8),4i
monodactyla (Scorpaena),
148.
Monodactylus, 488.
monodactylus (Chteto-
don), 81.
monodactylus (Chilodac-
tylus), 81.
.nonodactylus (Minous),
148,521.
monopterygium (Anema),
230.
monopterygius (Agonus),
216.
monopterygius (Aspido-
phoroides), 216.
monopterygius (Aspido-
phorus), 216.
monopterygius (Chirus),
92.
monopterygius (Cottus),
216.
monopterygius (Labrax),
92.
monopterygius (Urano-
Bcopus), 230.
mon8tro8a(Scorpaena),144
mookalee, 481.
morio( Centrolophus) ,403.
mossambica (Scorpaena),
107.
motta (Elacate), 375.
multibarbis (Chorismo-
dactylus), 151.
multibarbus (Choridacty-
lus), 151.
multicolor (Apistus), 134,
multifaeciata(Sciaena), 288
multifasciatuB (Scatopha-
gus), 60.
multiaii8(Polynemu3),320
multiradiatus (Polyne-
mus), 324.
muricata (Pterois), 125.
muroadsi, 425.
muticus (Trichiurus), 348.
myrias(Trachynotu8),483.
nalla-katchelee, 301.
Nauclerus, 469.
Naucratea, 374.
naucrates (Echeneis), 379,
382, 384.
Nautichthjs, 153.
Navarchus, 388.
navarchus (Holacanthus),
49.
neapolitana (Corypha;na),
408.
neapolitanu8(Lampugu8),
408.
Nebris, 316.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
541
nebulosa (Percis), 237.
nebulosa (Sciasna), 275.
nebulosa (Umbrina), 275.
nebulosus (Cliiropsis), 93.
nebulosus (Chirus), 03.
nebulosiis(Otolithus), 305.
nebulosus (Sebastes), 104.
nebulosus (Zeus), 31)5.
neglecta (Scorpa^na), 107.
neglecta (Scorpa^nopsis),
107.
neglectu8(Amblodon), 296
ncglectus (Platycephalus),
187.
Nemadactylus, 85.
nematoplithalmus (Platy-
cephalus), 184.
nematoplitbalmus (Sebas-
tes), 99.
Neptomenus, 389.
nesogallica (Pempheris),
509.
nesogallica (Scorpaena),
119.
nesogallica (Scorpa;no-
psis), 119.
nesogallicus (Chaetodon),
10.
nicobariensis (Chaatodon),
62.
nicobariensis (Holacan-
thus), 52.
nieuliofii (Echeneis), 378.
niger (Agonus), 215.
niger (Apistus), 141.
niger(Aspidophorus), 215.
niger (Centrolophus), 403.
niger (Coracinus), 29G.
niger (Holocentrus), 403.
niger (Jolinius), 296.
niger (Prosopodasys), I4l.
niger (Scomber), 375.
niger (Sparus), 408.
niger (Stromateus), 401.
niger (Zeus), 458.
nigra (Acarauna), 55.
nigra (Corvina), 296.
nigra (Elacate), 375.
nigra (Perca), 403.
nigra (Scisena), 296.
nigricans (Chilodactylus),
79.
nigricans (Makaira), 512.
nigripes (Caranx), 450.
nigripes (Clulodactylus),
82.
nigripinnis (Chffitodon),
32.
nigripinnis (Sphyrsena),
338.
nigrita (Corvina), 297.
nigro-fasciata (Seriola),
465.
nigro-fasciatus (Nomeus),
465.
nigromarginatus (Opis-
thognathus), 254.
niloticus (Polynemus),329
nijjhonium (Cybium),371
Nomeina, 386.
Nomeus, 387.
nortoniana (Coryphtena),
404.
norwegica (Perca), 95.
norwegicus ( Holocentrus),
95.
norwegicus (Sebastes), 95.
notluis (Otolithus), 308.
Notistium, 512, 513.
notospilotus (Artedius),
174.
Notothenia, 260.
npvicGuine£e(Caranx),431
novae Guineae (Scorpaena),
107, 115.
novae Hollandise (Sphy-
raena), 335.
noveboracensis (Naucra-
tes), 374.
nox, 51.
nuchalis (Equula), 500.
nuda (Pelamys), 368.
nycthemera (Percis), 242.
obesus (Thynnus), 362.
obliqua (Sciaena), 288.
obliquus (Leiostomus),
288.
obliquus (Mugil), 288.
oblonga (Equida), 502.
oblongus (Carangoides),
452.
oblongus (Caranx), 452.
oblongus (Trachynotus),
484.
obscura (Trigla), 210.
obscurum (Pelor), 150.
obtusata (Sphyraena), 339.
occidentaiis(Chorinemus),
475.
oeciden talis (Grasteros-
teus), 475.
occidentalis (Uranosco-
pus), 227.
ocellata (Corvina), 289.
ocellata (Perca), 2F9.
ocellata (^ Percis), 237.
ocellata (Sciaena), 289.
ocellatus (Acanthocottus),
15.5.
ocellatus (Centropomus),
289.
ocellatus (Chaetodon), 9,
10.
ocellatus (Platax),489,516.
ocellatus (Pteraclis), 411.
ocellicauda (Chaetodon),
29.
octodecim-spinosus (Coi-
tus), 163.
octofasciatus (Chaetodon),
17, 515.
octogrammus(Chirus), 92.
octogrammus(Labrax),92.
octo-lineatus (Cheetodon),
17.
octonemus (Polynemus),
320.
oculatus (Sebastes), 105.
ocido-fasciatus (Blepsias),
154.
oculo-fasciatus (Nautich-
thys), 154.
oligacanthus (Chaetodon),
34, 516.
Oligocottus, 169.
oligodou (Polynemus),
322.
Ohgopodus, 411.
Olistus, 422.
olivaceus (Pseudoclu"o-
mis), 257.
Opah, 416.
opercularis (Sciaena), 271.
ophicephalus (Umbrina),
277.
Ophiodon, 9.3.
ophthalmota-nia (Caran-
goides), 451.
ophihalmotaenia(Caranx),
451.
Opisthognathus, 254.
Ophchthys, 190,
Oplopoma, 93.
orbicularis (Chaetodon),
490.
orbiculaiis (Platax), 490.
orbis (Chaetodon), 62.
orbis (Ephippus), 62, 518.
orbis (Ilarches), 62.
orcini (Brama), 409.
Oreosoma, 396.
orientale(Peristethus) ,219
orientalis (Chorinemus),
474.
oriental is( Dacty lopterus) ,
222.
orientalis (Histiophorus),
514.
orientalis (Pelamys), 368.
orientalis (Thyniuis), 362.
ornatissimus (Chaetodon),
15.
542
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
oniatus (Chaetodon), 15.
oniatus (Scatoi)liagus), 59.
o-soula (Corvina), 297.
osc'ula (Sc'iaena), 297.
ostc'ocliir (Ecliftneis), 381.
otaitfln8is(reiiipheri8),508
Otolithus, 305.
oualensis(l'emplims),508
ovalia (Centrolophus),4(M
oralis (Cciitroiiotus), 481.
ovatus (Cnstfi-ostous), 481
ovatus (Trafhyiiotiis),481 .
oviformis (Chaetodon), (11.
o.xvceplialus (Chaetodon),
27.
oxycephalus (Cirrhite8),75
oxjcephalus (Cirrhitich-
thys), 7.-).
oxycephalus (Scorpacna),
120.
Oxycirrhites, 75.
oxyptora (Corvina), 290.
oxyrhy n ch us ( C'i rrl liticli-
thys.), 74.
pachycephalus (Sebastes),
97, 519.
pachypus (Cottus), IGl.
Pachyurns, 281, ,r)20.
pacifi(;us (Tiiynnus). 30G.
Pagetodes, 225.
pairatalis (Chaitodon), 58.
Palinurus, 485.
pallida (Eehoneis), 378,
379.
palliolatus (Harpagifcr),
2()3.
palmipcs (Trigla), 192.
palomcta, 47(5.
pama (Eola), 316.
pama (Collichthys), 316.
pama (Sciana), 316.
Panimelaa, 485.
pampaniis, 484.
panda (Scorpa-na), 117.
panduratus (Apistus),121.
panduratus (Glyptau-
chen), 121.
pandus (Sebastes), 117.
pantlierina (Oplopoma),
93.
pantherinus (Cirrhitcs),71
panthcrinus (Ophiodon),
93.
pantherinus (Sparua), 71.
papilio (Lepidotfigla),197
papilio (Pteraclis), 410.
papilio (Trigla), 197.
para, 422.
paradiscns (Polynemus),
320, 321.
parallelus (Ch;etodon), 3.
paras]Mstes, 449.
I'aropsis, 486.
parra; (Ch.a'todon), 46.
Parricoota, 336.
Paru, 55.
paru (Chastodon), 55.
paru (Pomacanthus), 55,
517.
paru (Stromaleus), 401.
parva (lu-hcncis), 379.
parvicejjs (Equula), 505.
Iiarvipinnis (Ancylodon),
parv^ls (Centridermich-
thys), 170, 523.
parvus (Cottopsis), 170.
passer (Ilolacantluis), 4Ct.
pairis(Acanthocottus), 1(;8
j)auciradiata( Trigla), 203.
paucispinis (Sebastes), 98.
paytensis (Tracliynotus),
480.
Pegador, 384.
pelagica ( Coryphaena),407
pelagica (Cychia), 407.
pelagicu8(Caranxoinorus),
407.
polagicus (Cyprinus), 95.
])ehigicus (Lampugus),4(K5
pelagicus (Scomber), 407,
416.
pelamides (Scomber), 365.
Pelamys, 3(57.
jielamys (Scomber), 365,
367.
pelamys (Thynnus), 3(54.
527.
Pelor, 149.
pelta (Clielmo), 38.
Pemphcris, 508, 527.
pentacantluis (Chaetodon ),
490.
pentacantluis (Platax),490
Pentancmus, 330.
Pentarogc, 132.
Peprilus, 397.
perciformis, 485.
I'ercis, 15(5, 237.
Percoidei, 225.
percoidcs (,Si'orprt'na),101.
])crcoides (Sebastes), 101.
I'ercophis, 248.
Poristcdion, 216.
Peristcthus, 216.
permutatus (Heniochus"*
39.
peronii (Caranx),422,449.
pcronii (Lcpidopus),344.
peronii (Noineus), 388.
peronii (Trigla), 198.
Pcropus, 153.
peruanus (Caranx), 422.
peruanus (Otolithus), 307.
peru vianus(Agi'iopus), 1 38
petaurista (Caranx), 444,
445.
Petoto, 277.
pfeiirerfe(Polynemus),32G
phala'na (Lepidotrigla),
197.
phalrena (Trigla), 197.
phala;na (Umbrina), 273.
Phalangistes, 21 1.
Phobetor, 154.
phoen! (Notothenia), 260.
picta (Scorpacna), 1 1 4, 520.
j)icturata (Seriola), 419.
pictus (Cha'todon), 24.
pictus (ChiropsisY 93.
pictus (Chirus), 93.
picuda (Sphyrajna), 336.
pilatus (Prionotus), 192.
Pilot, 374.
pingelii(Triglops),173,523
Pinguipedina, 251.
Pinguipes, 251.
pini (Trigla), 199.
pinnata (Pteraclis), 411
pinnatus (Chaetodon), 489.
pinnulatus (Caranx), 428.
pirapeda (Dactylopterus),
222.
pisquetus, 445.
pistilliger (Cottus), 167.
plagiometopon (Apistus),
139.
plagiostoma (Corvina),
303.
plagiot.Tnia (Carangoi-
dcs), 435.
plagiota^nia (Caranx), 435.
Platax, 489.
])latessa (Caranx), 440.
Platycephalus, 176.
platycephalus (Cottus),
154.
platyccphaluB (Johnius),
290.
platvpteru8(Xiphia8),514.
Platystethus, 391.
plcbcius (Choetodon), 5.
plebeius (Polynemus),
326, 329.
plcuracanthica (Trigla),
202.
jiloteus (Polynenrrus), 326.
plumbea (Citida), 4.")3.
plunibeum (Astroderma),
413.
plunibcus (Scomber), 479.
plumieri (Caranx), 429.
ALPnABKTICAL INDEX
54:3
plumieri (Polyd; stylus),
321.
plumieri (Scomber), 429.
plumieri (Scomberomo-
rus), 373.
plumieri (Scorpcena), 113,
114.
pneimiatophorus (Scom-
ber), 359, 527.
Podabrus, 152.
pceciloptera (Trigla), 203.
poecilopus (Cottus), 157.
Pogoiiias, 2G9.
polaris (Cottus), 155.
Polemius, 130.
poloosoo (Caranx), 444.
polyacanthocephalus ( Cot-
tus), 160.
polyacanthus (Pseuclo-
cliromis), 258.
Polycaulus, 175.
polycladiscus (Corvina),
301.
polydactylus (Galeoides),
332.
polydactylus (Polyne-
mus), 320, 332.
polylepis (Choctodon), 35.
polylepis (Scorptena), 106.
polylepis (Sebastes), JOG.
Polynemidse, 319.
Polynemus, 319.
polyodon (Platycephalus),
183.
polyommata (Trigla), 204,
524.
polyophtalma (Percis),
239.
polyprioii (Scorp£ena),115
Pomacanthus, 55.
Pompilus, 374, 403.
pomjjilus (Centrolophus),
403.
pompilus (Coryphaena),
403.
pompilus (Thynnus), 374.
poiidieeriana (Elacato),
375.
ponticus (Scomber), 367.
porcus (Scorpaena), 107.
Porocottus, 155.
porosa (Seriolella), 467.
porosus (Aphrites), 243.
porosus (Cottus), 161.
Portlimeys, 470.
prretextatus (Chsetodon),
22, 515.
prscustus (Carangoides),
430.
priEustus (Caranx), 436.
pretiosus (Ruvettus), 351.
pretiosiis (Thyi-sites), 351 .
princeps (Cha'todon), 27.
princeps (Latilus), 253.
principalis (Cha^todon), 3.
Prionotus, 191.
pristiger (Platycephalus),
189.
pristis (Platycephalus),
188.
Proctostegus, 419.
promctheoides(Th\Tsites),
352.
promethcus (Gemjiylus),
351.
prometheus (Thyrsites),
351.
Prosopodasys, 139.
prototypus, 414.
Psenes, 494.
Psettus, 486.
pseudannularis (Hola-
canthus), 43.
Pseudoclu'omides, 254.
Pseudoehromis, 257.
Pseudoplesiops, 260.
Pseudopterus, 124.
psyclu-olutes (Bovich-
thys), 250.
Ptcraclis, 410.
Pteroidichthys, 127.
PteroLs, 122.
Ptyonotus, 175.
pulchella (Percis), 240.
pulehellus ( Histiophorus),
514.
punctata (Drepane), 62,
518.
punctata (Percis), 238,
punctata (SiUago), 245.
punctata (Trigla), 193.
punctatissimus (Stroma-
teus), 400.
punctato-fasciatus (Chas-
todon), 27, 515.
piuictato-lineatus (Cha;-
todon), 27.
punctatus (Caranx), 426.
punctatus ( Cha'todon), 62.
punctatus (Cirrhites), 72.
punctatus (Ephippus), 62.
punctatus (Eques), 281.
punctatus (Harpochirus),
62.
punctatus (Platycepha-
lus), 180.
punctatus (Prionotus),
193.
punctatus (Scomber), 357.
punctulata (Coryphcena),
408.
punctulata (Percis), 238.
punctulatus (Lampugus),
408.
punctulatus (Platax), 489.
pungio (Zeus), 394.
purpurascens (Scatopha-
gus), 56.
purpurascens (Seriola),
462.
purpurea (Scorpn?na),143.
piu-piu-iceps (Notothenia),
262.
pusilla (Perca), 496.
pusillus (Aploactis), 142.
pusillus (Enneaptery-
gius), 132.
pusillus (Minous), 149.
pusillus (Pungitius), 224.
quadrangularis (Selene),
61.
quadratus (Zeus), 61.
quadricornis(Agonus),21 5
quadricornis (Aspidopho-
rus), 215.
quadricornis (Cliilodac-
tylus), 83.
quadricornis (Cottus ),166.
quadrifiHs (Polynemus),
329, 330.
quadrifilis (Porocottus),
155.
quadrimaculatus (Chaito-
don), 13.
quadripunctatus (Ciesio-
morus), 484.
quadripunctatus (Scom-
ber), 364.
quadripunctatus (Trachy-
notus), 484.
quatuordeeimfilis (Poly-
nemus), 320.
qu atuor decim - lamellatus,
378.
quiebra, 475.
quiescens (Uranidea), 158.
quinquarius (Pentane-
mus), 331.
quinquarius (Polynemus),
331.
quinquecinctus (Poma-
canthus), 56.
qmnque-radiata (Seriola),
462, 464.
quoyi (Platycephalus),180
radiaitt (rueruis), 122.
radiatus (Trachinus), 235.
rafllesii (Cha;todon), 27.
raii (Brama), 408.
rail (Sparus), 408.
rascasio (Scorpaina), 113.
544
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
rawakeneis (Scorpaena),
107.
raynaldi (Platax), 490.
reevesii (Otolithus), 305.
regale (Cybium), 372.
regalia (Johnius), 307.
regalis (Otolithus), 307.
regalis (Scomber), 372.
reinwardtii (Chaetodon),
23.
remora (Echeneis), 378.
remoroides (Echeneis),
379.
resimus (Chaetodon), 43.
resplendens (Johnius),
284.
reticulatua (Chastodon),
22.
rhinoceratus (Chasnich-
thys), 249.
rhombeua (Acanthopus),
487.
rhombeus (Centrogaster),
487.
rhombeus (Chaetodon),
486.
rhombeus (Qasterosteus),
486.
rhombeus (Monodacty-
lus), 488.
rhombeus (Psettus), 487.
rhombeus (Scomber), 487.
Rhomboida, 459.
rhomboidalis, 487.
rhomboides (Acanthini-
on), 481.
rhomboides (Chsetodon),
481.
rhomboides (Trachyno-
tus), 481.
Rhombus, 397.
rhonchus (Caranx), 428.
richardi (Caranx), 448.
richardsonii (Corvina),
298.
richardsonii (Coitus), 158.
richardsoni (Trachider-
mus), 170.
rieffeU (Peristethus), 219.
risua (Polynemus), 320.
rivoliana, 464.
rivulata (Equula), 504.
rivulatus (Cirrhites), 619.
robustus (Centropogon),
128.
fobustus (Obrttodon;, 18.
rocheanus (Thynnus),369.
rochei (Auxis), 369.
rochei (Scomber), 3G9.
rodpricensis (Platycepha-
lue), 187.
ronchus (Corvina), 299.
ronchus (Umbrina), 275.
roiidelctii (Seserinu9),398.
rondeletii (Xipliias), 512.
rosaceus (Sebastes), 98.
rosenbergii (Opisthogna-
thus), 256.
roseuj (Cyttus), 396.
roseus (Zeus), 396.
rossii (Notothenia), 263.
rostratus (Agonus), 214.
rostratus (Aspidophorus),
214.
rostratus (Chaetodon), 36.
rostratus (Chelmo), 36.
rostratus (Heterostichus),
264.
rostratus (Zeus), 458.
rottleri, 424.
Rovetus, 351.
rubeUa, 284.
ruber (Johnius), 309.
ruber (Otolithus), 309.
ruber (Scomber), 430.
ruber (Sebaste»), 98.
rubescens (Hyp8inotus),63
rubicunda (Synanceia),
150.
rubicunda (Trigla), l50.
rubripinnis (Apistus),
133.
rubripinnis (Tetraroge),
133.
rubro-punctata (Scor-
paena), 121.
ruconius, .504.
Rudder-fish, 485.
rufa (Scorpasna), 14.3.
riippellii (Caranx), 445.
riippeUii (Olistus), 453.
riippelHi (Seriola), 466.
russellii (Apistus), 148.
russellii (Caranx), 427.
russellii (Pterois), 124.
russellii (Trachynotus),
484.
russellii (Umbrina), 278.
Ruvettus, 351.
saba (Scomber), 359.
salieiis (Chorinemus), 475.
saliens (Scomber), 475.
salUah (Polynemus), 329.
saltans (Chorinemus),
475.
saltator (Scomber), 479.
saltator (Scomberoides),
475.
saltator (Temnodon), 479.
saltatrix (Gasterosteus),
479.
sampitensis (Corvina),
303.
sanctfe Helenae (Caranx),
428.
sancti Petri (Chorine-
mus), 473.
sanguineus (Holocentrus),
95.
sanguinolenta(Synanceia^,
146.
sansun (Caranx), 447.
sansun (Scomber), 447.
sara (Cybium), 373.
sarda (Pelamys), 367.
sarda (Scomber), 367.
sardus (Thynnus), 3(57.
Saturn us (Amblodon),298.
saturnus (Corvina). 298.
savala (Tricliiurus), 347.
Scabbard-fish, 344.
scaber (Cottus), 187.
scaber (Platycephalus),
187.
scaber (Uranoscopus),
226.
Scatophagus, 56.
Schedophilus, 411.
schlegeHi ( Agrammus), 94.
Bchlosseri (Scarus), 67.
scholaris (Thyrsites), 351.
Bchomburgkii (Piichyu-
rus;, 282.
schomburgkii (Pemphe-
ris), 527.
sohoneveldii (Cata-
phractus), 211.
schwenkii (Pempheris),
510.
Scifena, 284.
Scisenidae, 265.
Scieenoidei, 265.
Sclerogenidae, 87.
Scomber, 356.
scomber, 357.
Scomberoidei, 342, 354.
Scomberoides, 471.
Scombrida?, 354.
Scoinbrina, 356.
soonibrinus (Caranx), 426.
scombroides (Chromis),
507.
scombroides (Corypliaj-
na), 407.
scombroides (Sparus), 507.
Scombroids, 507.
Scorp:cna, 107.
Scorpcenichtliys, 107, 154.
Scorpa^nina, 88, 9.5.
Scorpajnopsis, 107.
Scorpidina, 2, 63.
scorpio (Cottus), 164.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
545
scorpioides (Cottus), 155.
Scorpis, 63.
Scorpius, 109.
scorpius (Cottus), 159,161,
163, 164, 521.
scrofa (Scorpsena), 108,
520.
scrofina (Scorpsena), 107-
scutata (Echeneis), 381.
Scyris, 422.
seb?e (Bodianus), 239.
sebse (Chsetodon), 27.
sebaj (Psettus), 486.
sebanus (Chaetodon), 6.
Sebastes, 95.
securifer (Stromateus),
400.
Selar, 422.
Selaroides, 422.
sele, 326.
selene (Chaetodon), 30.
sem, 449.
eemeion (Chaetodon), 7.
semicirculatus (Holacan-
thus), 53.
semifasciata (Percis), 242.
semilarvatus (Chaetodon),
30.
semiluctuosa (Corvina),
304.
semilunata (Diana), 413.
Benegalensi8 (Otolithus),
306.
senegalensis (SciaBna),290.
senegalla (Corvina), 290.
senegallus (Caranx), 435.
septentrionalis (Holacan-
thus), 52.
septentrionalis (Sebastes),
95.
Seriola, 460, 462.
Seriolella, 467.
Seriolichthys, 468.
serpens (Grempylus), 352.
serpens (Scomber), 352.
serratus (Johnius), 300.
serratiis (Platycephalus),
183.
serriUatus (Sebastes), 106.
serrulifera (Equula), 498.
Seserinus, 397.
setapinnis (Zeus), 459.
setifer (Chaetodon), 6.
setigera (Equida), 498.
setipinnis (Argyreiosus),
459.
sexdecim-lameUata, 378.
sexfasciata (Percis), 241.
sexfasciatus (Caranx), 449.
sexfasciatus (Chaetodon),
o5.
VOL. II.
sexfilis (Polynemus), 325.
sexradiatus (Polynemus),
222.
sexstriatus (Holacanthus),
49.
sextarius (Polynemus),
326.
sibi, 362.
siculus (Lampugus), 407.
signata, 486.
sihama (Atherina), 243.
sihama (Sillago), 243, 525.
siliamus (Platycephalus),
243.
SUlago, 243.
Silver-fish, 459.
sima (Coryphoena), 252.
sima (Notothenia), 262.
simplex (Aplurus), 351.
simplex (Tetragonurus),
351.
sina (Corvina), 292.
sina ( Jolmius), 292.
sina (Scisena), 292.
sinense (Pelor), 150.
sinensis (Coryphaena),
252.
sinensis (Scomber), 369.
sinensis (Sebastes), 104.
sinensis (Stromateu8),399.
skib, 479.
Skipjack, 479.
sloanei (Auxis), 365.
sociaUs (OoryphiEna), 404.
solandri (Cybium), 370.
solandri (Gempylus), 352.
solandri (Thyrsites), 352.
soldado, 300.
solea (Caranx), 422.
solorensis (Opisthogna-
thus), 256.
sonneratii (Opisthogna-
thus), 254.
spatula (Cottus), 177.
spatula (Platycephalus),
177.
speciosus (Caranx), 444.
speciosus (Gnathanodon),
444.
speciosus (Scomber), 444.
speculum (Chaetodon), 12.
spet (Sphyraena), 334.
sphynx (Lepidotrigla),
197.
sphynx (Trigla), 197.
Sphyrajna, 334.
sphyraina (Esox), 334, 341 .
Sphyraenidae, 334.
Sphyr£e;ioidei, 334.
spUopleura (Chtetodon),
12.
spilopterus (Cichlops),
259.
spinarella (Cephalacan-
thus), 224, 525.
spinifer (Agriopus), 138.
spinosa (Lichia), 481.
spinosa (Trigla), 204.
sjiinosissimus (Agonus),
214, 524.
spinosissimus (Aspido-
phorus), 214.
spinosus (Calycilepido-
tus), 174.
spinosus (Centronotus),
375.
spinosus (Doliodon), 481.
spinosus (Hemilepidotus),
174.
spinosus (Platycephalus),
190.
spinosus (Trachynotus),
481.
spixii (Argyreiosus), 458.
splendens (Equula), 501.
squalipeta (Echenei8),377.
Squamipinnes, 1.
squamipinnis (Pachy-
urus), 281.
squamosissima (Sciaena),
526.
squamosus (Trachurus),
445.
squamxdosus (Chaetodon),
46.
squeteague, 307.
stegophthalmus (Agonus),
214.
stellatus (Caranx), 436.
stelleri (Cottus), 169.
stelleri (Hexagrammus),
91.
stelleri (Myoxocephalus),
165.
stelleri (Trichodon), 251.
stellifer (Bodianus), 299.
stelUfera (Corvina), 299.
stercorarius (Piscis), 58.
Sthenopus, 143.
striatus (Chfetodon), 8, 60.
striatus (Holacanthus),
53.
strigangulus (Chaetodon),
4.
strigatus (Atypus),64, 518
strigatus (Chajtodon), 34.
strigatus (Prionotus), 192.
Stromateina, 397.
Stromateoides, 399, 400.
Stromateus, 397.
stromateus (Apolectus),
401.
2n
546
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
strongensis(Sebastcs), 105.
strongia (Scorpaena), 105.
Stront-visch, 58.
suareus (Caranx), 426.
subniger (Coracinus), 296.
saccincta, 462.
Sucking-fish, 378.
Sudis, 334.
suerii (Coryphsena), 404.
sulcatus (Navarchus), 389
sulphiireus (Uranosco-
pus), 228.
superciliosus (Aspidopho-
rus), 214.
superciliosus (Labrax),92.
suppositus (Platycepha-
lus), 187.
sutor (Blepharis), 454.
sutor (Caranx), 454.
Sword-fishes, 511.
sjmmetricus (Caranx),419
symmetricus (Trachurus),
419.
Synanceia, 144, 146, 175.
Synancidium, 144.
Tanianotus, 127.
tjcnianotus (Apistus), 134,
136.
ttenianotus (Tetraroge),
136.
tjeniata (Perca), 71.
taniatus (Polynemu8),526
tala, 473.
talamparah, 437.
talamparoides, 437.
tallii (Cha::todon), 11.
tankervillffi, 71.
tapeinoccphalus (Scom-
ber), 361.
tapeinometopon (Seriola),
465.
tapeinosoma (Auxis), 369.
tapeiDOSoma(Caranx),422
tapeinosoma (Gazza), 507.
tapeinosoma (Pseudochi-o-
mis), 258.
Taractes, 410.
tasmanius (Platyccpha-
lus), 179.
taso (Auxis), 364, 369.
tau-nigrum (Chastodon),
32.
Taurichthys, 39.
tcmniinckii (Kovetus),351
Temnodon, 479.
tcira, 492.
tentabunda(Trigla),221.
tentaculatus (Platycepha-
lus), 184.
tnraia, 481.
teria (Polynemus), 329.
tessellata(Notothenia),260
tetracanthus (Bodianus),
241.
tetracanthus (Cha;todon),
60.
tetracanthus(Labrus),240.
tetracanthus (Percis), 241.
tetracanthus (Scatopha-
gus), 60.
tetradactylus (Polyne-
mus), 329, 526.
tetradens (Ziphotheca),
344.
Tetragonopterus, 12.
Tetrapturus, 512.
Tetraroge, 132.
thalassinus (Otolithus),
308.
thompsonii (Ptyonotus),
175.
thomsonii(Triglopsis) ,175
Threpterius, 76.
Thunfisch, 362.
thunnina (Thynnus), 364.
Thunnus, 362.
thynnoides (Auxis), 369.
Thynnus, 362.
thynnus, 362.
Thyrsites, 350.
thyrsitoide8(Lemnisoma),
353.
tibicen (Holacanthus), 46.
tigrinum (Pelor), 151.
tilesii (Hemilepidotus),
173.
tille, 422.
timoriensis (Platycepha-
lus), 176.
toeroe (Otolithus), 309.
tol, 471, 473, 474.
toloo, 473.
toloo-parah, 473.
tonggol (Thynnus), 364.
toposui (Polynemus), 320.
torva (Coryphaina), 137.
torvus (Agriopus), 137.
torvus (Blennius), 137.
torvus (Caranx), 431,
torvus (Selar), 431.
Toxotes, 66.
Toxotina, 2.
Tracliidcrmus, 169.
Trachinidit, 225.
Trachinina, 232.
traclunoides(Api8tus), 139
trachinoides (Prosopoda-
sys), 139, 521.
Trachinotus, 480.
Trachinus, 233.
Truchui-us, 419.
trachurus (Caranx), 419.
trachurus (Cottus), 173.
trachurus (Hemilepido-
tus), 173.
trachurus (Scomber), 419.
trachurus (Trachurus),
419.
trachycephalus (Aploac-
tis), 149.
trachycephalus (Corvina),
293.
trachycephalus (Minous),
149.
trachycephalus (Sciaena),
293.
trachynis( Synanceia), 144.
Trachynotus, 480.
tranquebar (Aspidopho-
roides), 216.
triacanthus (Nauclerus),
470.
triacanthus (Peprilus),
398.
triacanthus (Khombus),
398.
triacanthus (Stromatcus).
398.
triacanthus (Ttenianotus),
128.
triangularis (Chsetodon),4
triangulum (Chaetodon),
31.
triangulum (Lutjanus),
289.
tribulus (Prionotus), 195.
trichipterus (Pteraclis),
410.
Trichiiu-idae, 342.
Trichiurus, 346.
Trichodon, 250.
trichodon(Trachinus),251
Trichoplem-a, 143.
Trichopterus, 81.
tricolor (Chtetodon), 49.
tricolor (Holacanthus), 49
tricuspis (Cottus), 168,
523.
tricuspis (Phobetor), 168.
tridactylus (Polynemus),
330.
tridentifer(Otolithus),305
tridigitatus (Polynemus),
199.
trifascialis (Chaitodon), 5
trifasciatus (Chaetodon),
23.
trifilis (Micropogon), 273.
Trigla, 196, 198.
Triglidx, 87.
Triglops, 173.
Triglopsis, 175.
ALl'U.MiKXlCAL INDEX.
-541
irilobus (Blepsias), [i')3
trimaeulatus (Holacan-
thus), 50.
triostcgus (Cha^todon), CI .
tripterygiiis (Cottus), 143.
trispilos (Cichlops), 258.
trispinosa (Corvina), 299.
tritor (Gybium), 372.
tropica (Echeneis), 382.
trowbridgii (Homalopo-
mus), 232.
triincatu3 (CliJEtodon),
516.
triuicatus (Chelmo), 51G.
tschudii (Cheilodactylus),
81.
tuberculatus (Platycepha-
liis), 186.
Tunny, 362.
typicus I Caracanthus),147
typus(Carangichtliys),422
typus (Oxycirrhitcs), 76.
typus (Pseudoplesiops),
260.
ulietensis (Cliastodon), 18,
Umbra, 274, 291.
umbra (Perca), 274.
umbra (Sciana), 291, 296,
Umbrina, 273.
uncinatus(Centridermieh-
thys), 172.
uncinatus (Cottus), 170,
172.
uncinatus (Icelus), 172.
undulata (Perca), 271.
imdulata (Umbrina), 273.
undulatus ( Aphritis), 243.
undulatus (Micropogon),
271,526.
unicolor (Agriopus), 137.
unicolor (Pelamys), 368.
unicolor (Thynnus), 368.
unifasciatus (Cha;todon),
21.
unimacidatus(Chaetodon),
11.
unipiima (Micropus),147,
521.
Uranidea, 158.
uranoscopa (Synanceia),
175.
Uranoscopidce, 225.
Uranoscopina, 225.
Uranoseopus, 226, 229,
230, 231.
Uraspis, 422.
ui'aspis (Caranx), 444.
uronemvis (Polynemus),
326.
urviilii (Aplu-itis), 242.
iislulata (Scorpaua), 1 10,
520.
vachellii (Sebastes), 95.
vachellii (Soserinus), 401.
vadigo (C'entronotus),476,
478.
vadigo (Lichia), 478.
vadigo (Temnodon), 478.
vagabundus (Chaitodon),
24, 25.
vagans (Thynnus), 365.
valenciennesii (Diana),
413.
valenciennii (Johnius).
290.
Vandellius, 344.
Vanessa (Lepidotrigla ), 1 97
Vanessa (Trigla), 197.
vanicolensis (Pempheris),
609.
vanloo (Perca), 291.
vari, 432.
variabilis (Acanthocottus) ,
161.
variabilis (Cottus), 161.
variabilis (Perca), 99.
variabilis (Sebastes), 98,
99.
variegatus (Bovichthys),
250.
variegatus (Cliiiodacty-
lus), 81.
Variletta, 365.
varius (Heniochus), 41.
varius (Taurichthys), 41.
velifer (Pteraclis), 411.
velif6r(Xiphias),512,513.
velifera (Corypha;na),41 1.
velifera (Macha;ra), 512.
veliferus (Oligopodus),
411.
ventralis (Cottus), 168.
ventricosus (Sebastes), 97.
vernalis (Scomber), 357.
verrucosa (Synanceia), 146
verrucosus (Agriopus),
138.
versicolor (Otolithus), 305
vespertilio, 489, 492.
villosus (Cottus), 155.
vinctus, 12.
violacea (Seriolella), 468.
vipera (Tracliiiuis), 235.
vii-escens (Chtitodon), 22.
virescens (G-allus), 455.
virescens (Otolithus), 305.
virgata (Corypha;na), 406.
virgata (Notothenia), 262.
virginianus (Acanthocot-
tus), 163.
virginianus (Scorpius),
163.
viridensis (Sphyraina),
335.
viridis (Tam-ichthys), 39.
viscosus (Cottus), 155.
vittata (Echeneis), 384.
vittatus (Chtetodon), 23,
515.
vittatus (Cirrliites), 72.
vittatus (Platycephalus),
176.
viviparus (Sebastes), 96.
vlamingii (Corypliiena),
404.
vogleri (Otolithus), 294.
vogleri (Scia;na), 294.
volitans (Dactylopterus),
221.
volitans (Crasterosteus),
122.
volitans(Pterois), 122,520.
volitans (Scorpaena), 122.
volitans (Trigla), 221.
Vomer, 457.
vomer (Ai'gyreiosus), 458.
vomer (Zeus), 458.
vorticosus (Cha3todon),49.
vrolikii (Holacanthus), 51
vulgaris (Auxis), 369.
vulgaris (Sphyrajna), 334.
vulgaris (Thynnus), 362.
vulgaris (Umbrina), 274.
wilsonii (Cottus), 155.
woora, l48.
xanthoeephalus (Chseto-
don), 33.
santhochir (Pseudoclu'o-
mis), 257.
xanthometopon (Holacan-
thus), 50.
xanthonemus (Polyne-
mus), 324.
xanthopus (Platax), 491.
xanthopygus (Caranx),
448.
xanthozon: (Percis), 240.
xanthurus (Caranx), 434.
xanthurus (Chaitodon), 29,
515.
xanthurus (Holacanthus),
51.
xanthurus (Homoprion),
288.
xanthurus (Leiostomuo).
288.
xanthm'us (Rhombus),
397.
xanthurus (Scia;na), 288.
548
ALPnADETIC.VL INDEX.
xanthui'us (Seserinus),397
Xiphias, 511.
Xiphiida;, 511.
Xiphioidei, 511.
X) sloplioi'us, 87.
Yellow-tail, 403.
v-graeum ( Uraiioscoi)Us).
Zanclus, 402.
Zaniodcrmis, 94.
Zaniolepis, 94.
zebra (Pterois), 126.
Zous, 393, 39G.
Ziphotlieca, 344.
zollingcri (Apistiis), 141.
zollingcri (Prosopodasvs).
141.
zoiiatu (Scriola). 4G5.
zonatus (C'hilodactylus).
82, 519.
zonatus (Ephippus), 60.
zonatus (Scomber), 465.
zoster (ChfftodonV 33.
Zuiger. '378.
r.ND OF THE SECOND VOLTTME.
I'RINTEU BY TAVJ-OR AND KK.\.\CIS,
UED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CATALOGUES
OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION
IN
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
I. VERTEBRATA.
List of Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,F.L.S. &c. 1843.
2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Cetacea. 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates.
Part 2. Seals. 12mo. 1850. Is. 6d., with Woodcuts.
Part 3. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Section I. (Ungulata furci<
peda). 12mo. 1852, with Plates of Genera, 12s.
This work contains the description of the genera and species,
and figures of the chief characters of the genera.
List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepanl, presented by B. II.
Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray
and G. R. Gray. 12mo. 1846. 2s.
Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J.
E. Gray, F.R.S., and G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1858. Is. 6d.
With Figures.
List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
12mo, 1855. 4s.
List of Birds. By G. xv. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S. &c.
Part 1. Raptorial. Edition 1, 1844; edition 2, 1848. 3s.
Part 2. Passeres. Sectiorrl. Fissirostres. 1848. 2s,
Part 3. Gallinac, Grallaj and Anseres. 1844. 2s. (Out of
print.)
Part 3. Section I. Ramphastida;. 1855. 6d.
Part 4. Columba;. 1856. Is. 9d.
List of British Bu-ds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 12mo. 1850. 4s.
List of the Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &e.
12mo. 1852. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Testudinata. 4to. 1855. £1 : 10s. With figure?
of all the new species, and of the skulls of the
different genera.
Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P. 3cc.
Part 1. Tortoises, Crocodiles and Amphisba:nians. 4. Is.
Part 2. Lizards. 1845. 3s. 6d.
Part 3, Snakes (Crotahdse, Viperidrc, HydridajandBoidsc).
12mo. 184y. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of Colubrinc Snakes, and Appendix to Part 1, P.y
Dr. Albert Guntiieh. 12mo. 1858. 4s.
Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 12ino, 1850. 2s. Gd. V/illi
Plates of the Skulls and Teeth.
Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. A. Guntiieu.
Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 8vo. 1853. (is. With Plates.
Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,F.L.S.,V.P.Z.S.
Part 1. Cartilaginous Fish. 12mo, 1851. 3s. With two
Plates.
These Catalogues of Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fish, contain
the characters of all the genera and species at present know n ;
the latter nre illustrated with figures of the genera.
Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. T. Gronow.
12mo. 1854. 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 12mo.
I85(i. 2s. AVith Plates.
Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 8vo. With many Plates.
Part 1. Apodes, &c. 185G. 10s.
List of British Fish ; with Synonyraa. Bv A.White, F.L.S. Sec.
12mo. 1851. 3s.
List of Osteological Specimens. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
and G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 12mo. 1847, 2s.
II. ANNULOSA.
Catalogue of Lcpidoptcra. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Part 1. Papilionidrc, with coloured figures of the new spe-
cies. 4to. 1852. £1 : 5s.
List of Lepidopterous Insects.
Parti. Papilionida;, &c. 12mo. 2nd edit. 1856. By G. R.
Gray, F.L.S.
Part 2. Erveinida:, &e. 12mo. 1847. 9d. By E. Double-
day, F.L.S.
Part 3. Appendix to Papilionida;, Erycinidfc, &c. 1848. 9c?.
List of Lepido])terous Insects, with descriptions of new sjiccics.
By Francis Walker, F.L.S.
P.'irt 1. Lepido])tera Ilcteroccra. 12mo. 1854. 4s.
Part 2. 18.54. 4s. G(/. Part 9. 1856. As.
Part 3. 1855. 3s. Part 10. 1857. 3*. Gd.
r^rt4. 1855. 3s. Part 11. 1857. lis. Gd.
Pftt L 5. 18.')5. 4s, P.irt 12. 185/. 3.y. Gd.
Pan (i. 1855. Xs. Gd. Part 13. 1858. '.is. Gd.
Part 7. 1856. 4s. Gd. Part 14, 1858. 4s. Gd.
Part 8. 1856. 3s. Gd. Part 15. 1858. 4s. Gd.
List of British Lepidoptcra ; with Synonyma. By J. F. Ste-
phens, r.L.S., ami 11. T. Stainton, M.E.S.
Part 1. 12mo. Ed. 2. 185G. 2s. Part 3. 1853. 9d.
Part 2. 1852. 2s. Part 4. 1854. 3s.
List of Hymeiiopterous Insects. Bv F. Walker, F.L.S.
Part 1. Chalcidida;. 12mo. 1846. Is. 6d.
Part 2. Additions to Chalcidida:. 1848. 2s.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 1. Andrenidse, &c. 12mo. 1853. Gs., with Plates.
Part 2. Apidfc. 1854. Gs., with Plates.
Part 3, Mutillidfc and Pompilidffi. 1855. Gs., with Plates.
Part 4. Crabronidse, &c. 1856. 6s., with Plates.
Part 5. Vespidffi. 1857- Gs., with Plates.
Part 6. Forraicidfe. 1858. Gs., with Plates.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 1. Apidse. 12mo. 1855. Gs.
Catalogue of British Formicidnc, Sphegida;, and Vespid;c. By
F. Smith, V.P.E.S.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidse. By Thomas Desvignes,
M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. Is. !W.
List of British Aculeate Hymenoptera ; with Synonyma, and the
description of some new species. By F.Smith. 1851. 2s.
Catalogue of Dipterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
Part 1. 12mo. 1848. Part 4. 1849. Gs.
3s. Gd. Part 5. Supplement I. 1854. 4s. Gd.
Part 2. 1849. 3s. Gd. Part 6. Supplement TI. 1854. 3s.
Parts. 1849. 3s. Part 7. SupplementlII.1855.3s.G(Z.
Catalogue of Homopterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
With Plates.
Part 1. 12mo. 1850. 3s. Gd. Pait 4. 1852. 4s.
Part 2. 1850. 5s. Supplement. 1858. 4s.
Part 3. 1851. 3s. Gd. with Plates.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
Parti. 12mo. 1852. 2s.Gd. Part 3. 1853. Is. Gd.
Part 2. 1853. 3s. Gd. Part 4. 1853. Is.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. Hagen.
Part 1. Termitina. 12mo. 1858. Gd.
Catalogue of Hispidaj. By J. S. Baly, M.E.S. 8vo. 1858. Gs.
With Plates.
Catalogue of Hemipterous Insects. By W. S.Dallas,F.L.S.&c.
WithPlates, Part 1. 12mo. 1851. 7s. Part 2. 1852. 4s.
Tlie Catalogues of Hymenopterous, Dipterous, Homopterqus
and Hemipterous Insects contain tlie description of the species in
the Museum which appeared to be undescribed.
Catalogue of British Bruchida:, Curculionidse, &c. By John
Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856.
Catalogue of Cassididic. By Professor Bgheman, 12mo.
1856. 3*.
Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects of Madeira, By T. V. Wol-
LASTON, F.L.S. 8vo. 1857. 3s.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects (with characters of new
species).
Part 1. Cetoniadao. 12mo. 1847- 1*. By A. Whitk,
F.L.S.
Part 2. Ilydrocanthari. 1347. Is. 3d. By A, White,
i'.L.S.
Part .3. Buprestidcc. 1848. Is. By A. White, F.L.S.
Part4. Cleridic. 1849. Is. 8d. By A. White, F.L.S.
Pai-t5. Cucujida;. 1851. Gd. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
P.irt G. Passalida;. 1852. Sd. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Piirt 7. Longicornia. By A. White, F.L.S. With Plates.
Parti. 1853. 2s.6d. Part 2. 1855. 3s. Gd.
Part 8. Cassididjc. By A. White. 185G. 3*.
ListofMyriapoda. By G.Newport, F.R.S. &c. 12mo. 1844. 4d.
Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Chilopoda. 12rao. 185C. Is. 9d.
List of British Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects ; with Synonyma.
By H. Denny. 12mo. Is.
List of Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White. 1847. 2s.
List of British Crustacea; with Synonyma. By A.White, F.L.S.
12mo. 1850. 25. Gd.
Catalogue of Entozoa; with Plates, By W. Baiud, M.D., F.L.S.
12rao. 1853. 2s.
Catalogue of British Worms. By G. Johnston, M.D. 8vo.
With Plates.
III. MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Collection of Mollusca, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
&c. 8vo. Part 1. 185G. 5s.
Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &o
Part 1. Cephalopoda Antepcdia. 12mo. 1849. 4s.
Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. Is.
Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Parti. Placuniada; and AnomiadiT. 12mo. 1850. 4d.
Part 2. BrachiopodaAncylopoda. 18.53.3s. Figuresof genera.
Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and
the descriptions of all the recent species at present known.
Catalogue of Phaneropneumona or Opcrculatcd Terrestrial Mol-
lusca. ByDr. Louis Pfeiffer and Dr. J.E.Gray. 1852.5s.
Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Deshayes.
Part 1. Vcnerida;, &c. 12mo. 1853. 3s.
Part 2. Pctricolidic. Gd.
5
List of British Mollusca and Shells; with Synonyma. By
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Acephala and Brachiopoda. 12mo. 1851. 3s. bd.
Catalof'ue of Pulmonata. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer and Dr.
J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. 12mo. 1856. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of Auriculidec, &c. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 12mo.
1857. Is. Od.
List of tho Shells of the Canaries, described by M. D'Ohbigny.
12mo. 1854. Is.
List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D'Orbigny. 12rao.
1854. Is.
List of the SheUs of South America, described by M. D'Or-
bigny. 12mo. 1854. 2*.
List of the MoUusca and Shells collected and described by
MM. Eydoux and Souleyet. 12mo. 1855. 8d.
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Car-
penter. 12mo. 1857. 8s.
List of MoUusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Volutidas. 12mo. 1858. 6d.
Nomenclature of MoUusca. By Dr. W. Baird, F.L.S. &c.
Part 1. CyclophoridtE. l2mo. 1851. Is. 6d.
IV. RADIATA.
Catalogue of Marine Poiyzoa. By G. Busk, F.R.S.
Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. 17s. With Plates.
Part 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates.
List of British Radiata; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s.
List of British Sponges j with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12rao. 1848. \0d.
Catalogue of the Recent Echinida. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Echinidairregularia, 12mo. Ss. 6i. witli Plates.
V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY.
List of the British Animals; with Synonyma and references to
figures.
Parti. RacUata. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. 4s.
Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. lOd.
Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1850. 4s.
Part 4. Crustacea. By A. White. 1850. 2s. 6d.
Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. Ed. 2.
1866. Is. M
Part 6. Ilymenoptera. By F. Smith. 1851. 2s.
Part 7. Mollusca Acephala and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E.
Gray. 1851. .3s. 6d.
Parts. Fish. By A. White. 1851. 3s.
Part 9. Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1852.
2s. 6d.
Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.
1852. 2s.
Part 11. Anopkira or Parasiticlnsects. By 11. Denny. Is.
Part 12. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.
1852. 9d.
Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.
1853. Is. 4d.
Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. White.
1853. 6d.
Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. White. 1853. Is.
Part 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton,
M.E.S. 1854. 3s.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera (Bees). By F. Smith. 1855.
6s.. with Plates.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae. By ThoMas Desvignes,
M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. Is. 9d.
Catalogue of British Bruchidse, Curculionidae, &c. By John
Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856.
N.B. — These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary's Office
in the British Museum j or through any Bookseller.
VI. Books illustrating or describing parts of
THE Zoological Collections.
The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Wood,
M.A., F.L.S. &c. New edition. 12mo. 1855.
Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of M.ijor-
General Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835.
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by Charles
Darwin, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844.
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.SS. Brebus and Terror. Edited
by Sir John Richardson, M.D.. F.B.S. &c., and Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1845.
British Museum — Historical and Descriptive. 12mo. 1855.
Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. Dallas,
F.L.S. &c. Post gvo. 1855.
Zoological Miscellany. By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
3 vols.
Spicilegia Zoologica. ByDr. J. E.Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830.
Zoological Miscellany. By Dr. J. E.GnAY,F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Knowslcv Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E.
Gkay," F.R.S. Folio. 1850.
A Monograph of the Macropodidse. By John Gould, F.R.S.
Folio. 1841-1844.
Mammals of Austraha. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1845.
Popular History of Mammalia. By A. White, F.L.S.
Popular History of Birds. By A. White, F.L.S.
Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by plates
by D. W. Mitchell, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-1849.
The Birds of Jamaica. By P. II. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P, H. GossE, F.R.S.
8vo. 1849.
Monograph of Ramphastida;. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.
Birds of Austraha. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.
Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan. By
Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846,
Fauna BoreaH- Americana. The Fish. By Sir John Richard-
son, M.D., F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates.
Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray.
F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835.
A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829.
The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833.
A Manual of British Coleoptcra. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S.
12mo. 1839.
Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo.
1851-1856.
Monographia Chalciditura. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 183.9.
Entomology of Australia. Part 1 . Phasmidse. By G. R. Gray,
F.L.S. 4to.
Synopsis of species of Phasmida;. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S, 8vo.
1835.
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doudleday,
F.L.S., and J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. Illustrated by W. C.
Hewitson. 4to.- 2 vols. 1846-1850.
Monographia Anoplurorum Britannia^, or British species of
Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny, F.L.S. 8vo. With
Plates.
8
Fauna Borcali-Americanft. The Insoeta. B}- W. Kikby, F.R.S.
4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates.
Insecta Madercnsia. By T. Vernon Woll/-8ton, M.A.,F.L.S.
4to. 18S4. With Plates.
Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britannia;. By W. E, Leach,
M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821.
A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripedia. By Charles Darwin,
F.R.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854.
Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W. Baird,
M.D., F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1850.
Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By
Maria Emma Gray. 5 vols. 8vo. 1850-1857.
A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leach,
M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852.
Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. Adams.
Svo. 1851.
Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-east Atlantic
and neighbouring Seas. By R. MacAnduew, F.R.S. Svo.
1850.
Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By John Phillips,
F.R.S. 4to. 1836.
A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By Searles V. Wood,
F.G.S. 4to. 1850.
A History of British Starfishes. By Edward Forbes, F.R.S.
8vo.'
A History of the British Zoophytes. By George Johnston,
M.D. Svo. 1838.— Ed. 2. Svo. 1847.
A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. By George
Johnston, M.D. Svo. 1842.
A Synopsis of the British Diatomacea;. By W. Smith, F.L.S.
Svo. 2 vols. 1854-1856. The Plates by T. West.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Series 1 and 2.
Transactions of the Entomological Society.
January 1859.
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