I j III ^ttimumM Cy-^1 FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES IK THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY ALBERT GUNTHEIl, M.A,, M.D., PH.D.^ F.K.S., F.Z.S., ETC., ETC. VOLUME SEYEM^ LONDOX: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1868 5^,T. oi (5^.9- CATALOGUE OF THE PHYSOSTOMI CONTAINING THE FAMILIES HETEROPYGn, CYPRINID^, GONORHYNCHIDiE, HYODONTID^, OSTEOGLOSSID^, CLUPEID^, CHIROCENTRID^, ALEPOCEPHALID^, NOTQPTERID^, HALOSAURIDvE, IN IHE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY DR. ALBERT GUNTHER. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1868. phinted by taylob and francis, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PKEFACE. Dr. GtJNTHEK observes, — " This volume contains the Cyprinoid and Clupeoid Fishes and several other small families formerly asso- ciated with them, but already more or less distinctly separated by Valenciennes " The number of species treated of in this volume amounts to 1281 ; many (407) are so imperfectly known that it appeared to be sufiScient to mention them by name only. Cuvier and Valenciennes enumerated 673 species in the corresponding parts of the •' Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,' 318 of this number being either nominal or very imperfectly described species. " Most of the Collections whence the specimens described in this volume have been obtained are mentioned in the preceding volumes, BO that I have to refer to the following only : — ** 1. The typical specimens of East-Indian Cyprinoids and Clu- peoids described by Dr. Bleeker. " 2. A Collection of species from the Dutch East-Indian posses- sions and Holland, formerly in the Museum of the late Dr. van Lidth de Jeude ; purchased of Mr. Damon. " 3. A Collection from the Cossye and Morar rivers, presented by Lieut. R. C. Beavan, F.Z.S. " 4. A Collection from Cachar and Northern India, presented by Lieut.-Col. Playfair, F.Z.S. " 5. Several Collections from the Madras Presidency, obtained of Surgeon F. Day, F.Z.S. " 6. A small Collection from Angola, presented by Dr. Welwitsch. " 7. A Collection from Western Africa, presented by E. B. N. "Walker, Esq. '*8. A large Collection of the Freshwater Fishes of Central Europe, presented by Prof. v. Siebold, For.M.E.S. VI PREFACE. " 9. A Collection of Bavarian Freshwater Fishes made by Dr. Gemminger. " 10. A Collection from the rivers of Dalmatia and Montenegro, obtained of the Milan Museum. " 11. A Collection of Portuguese Freshwater Fishes, presented by Dr. B. du Bocage, Director of the Lisbon Museum. " 12. A Collection of typical examples of North American species described by E. Cope, Esq. " 13. A Collection of Mexican Freshwater Fishes, purchased of M. Bcaicard." JOHN EDWABD GBAY. British Museum Nov. 1, 1867. SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order IV. PHYSOSTOMI (cont{7ined). Fara. 10. Heteropygii. 1, Amblyopsis, Dekay. Pape 1. spelaeus, Dekay 2 2. Chologaster, Agassiz 2 I. cornutus, Agassiz 2 Fam. 17, CYPErNiD^. First G roup. Catostomina. 1. Catostomus, Lesuexir 12 1. liudsoniiis, Les 13 2. griseus, Givard 14 3. latipinnis, Baird et Gir. 14 4. guzmaniensis, Gir 15 5. ■^\iihQ]\is, £aird et Gir. . \h 6. teres, Mitch 15 labiatus, Ayres 16 7. aureolus, Lesueur .... IG 8. occidentalis, Ayres .... 17 9. bernardini, Gir. 17 10. nigricans, Les 17 II. duquesnii, Les 18, 483 12. macrolepidotus, Les. . . 18 13. congestus, Baird et Gir. liJ 14. fasciatus, Les 19 liavdeni, Gir 19 15. carpio, C. et V. 20 16. macrocbilus, Gir 20 longirostruni, Les 12 oneida, Dekay 12 albidiis, Gir 12 inaignis, Baird et Gir. . 12 clarkii,. Baird et Gir. . . 12 generosus, Gir 12 lactarius, Gir 12 sucklii, Gir 12 texanus, Abbott 12 chloropteron, Abb 12 rostratus, Tiles ] 2 2. Moxostoma, Ayassiz 20 1. oblongum, Mitch 21 2. tenuc, Ay ass 21 Page sucetta, Lacep 20 auisurus, Rafin. et Ayass. 20 kennerlii, Gir 21 3. Sclerognathus, Gthr 22 1. urus, Ayass 22 2. meridioualis, Gthr. . .'. . 23 3. elongatus, Les 23 4. asiatieus, Blkr 23 5. cyprinella, C. et V. .... 24 bubalus, Ayass 24 ranchii, Ayass 24 stolleyi, Ayass 24 tumidus, Baird et Gir. . 22 damalis, Gir 22 4. Carpiodes, Ayassiz 24 1. cj-prinus, C. et V. .... 24 Second Group. Cyprixina. 5. Cyprinus, auct 2.5 1. cai-pio, L •. . . 25 2. fossicbla, liichards 28 3. nancar, H. B 25 0. Carassius, Kilsson 29 1. vulgaris, Kilss 29 2. bucepbalus, Heck 31 aiu'atus, L 32 7. Catla, C. et V. 34 1, buchanaui, C. et V..... 34 8. Cirrbina, Cnv 35 1. mrigala, Ham. Buck. . . 35 2. lescbenaultii, C. et V.. . 30 3. cbinensis, Gtltr 36 4. anisura, M'Clell 37 5. diocbvlus, M'CleU 37 plumbea, C. et J". .... 35 rubro-punctatu.s, Jrrd. . 35 affinis, Jerd. 35 Icawrus, iSykes 35 bata, Hnn. Bach 35 boofgut, Sykes 35 bobree, Si/kcs 35 9. Dangibi, GtJir 37 1. occHata, Heckel 'AT 2. tseniata, Gthr 38 VIU SYSXEMAXIC IXDKX. Page 3. cuvieri, C.dV. 38 4. kiililii, C. etV. 39 5. sunuitrana, Blkr 39 G. festiva, Jleck 39 berdniorci, Bh/th 37 10, Osteochiliis, Gthr 40 1. melanopleurus, JBlkr. . . 41 2. borneensis, jy/A-r 41 3. hasseltii, C. et V. 41 4. kappenii, JBlkr 42 6. kuhlii, Blkr. . 42 G. schlegelii; BIkr 42 7. waandersii, Blkr. .... 43 8. microceptialus, Blkr. . . 43 9. brachvnotopterus, Blkr. 43 10. vittatiis, C. et V. 44 11. tiiporus, Blkr 44 12. kahajanensis, Blkr 44 13. oligolepis, Blkr 45 14. spilui-us, Blkr 45 ceplialus, C. et V. .... 40 lipoclieilus, C. et V.. . , . 40 cyanopareius, Heck. . . 40 11. Labeo, Cuv 45 1. niloticus, Forsk 47 2. coubie, JRiipp ' 48 3. senegaiensis, C. et V, , , 49 4. forskalii, Riipp 50 5. biachypoma, Gthr 50 6. mesops, Gthr 61 7. nandina, Ilam. Buch. . . 61 8. macronotus, JM'CW/. .. 52 9. chrysophekadion, Blkr. . 52 10. finibriatus, Block 53 11. leschenaultii, C. et V... 63 12. calbasu, Ham. Buch . . 64 13. porcellus, Heck 54 14. rohita, Ham. Buch. 55, 483 duvaucelii, C. et V.. . . . 55 15. ronxii, C ct V. 55 16. kontius, Jcrdon 55 17. luorala, Havi. Buch. . . 56 18. erythropterus,r.//tf6'A'. . . 6(j 19. diploslomiis, Ileck 57 20. riciiorhynchus, M'Clell. 57 21. falcatiis, Gray 58 22. pangusia, Ham. Buch. . 58 23. pleurotnenia, Blkr 58 24. dussumieri, C. et V. . . 59 gonius, Ham. Buch. . . 59 25 chalybeatus, C. et V. . . 60 liiicatus, C. et V. .... GO 26. iiiiciolepidotus, C. ct V. 60 27. cui'sa, Ham. Buch GO selti, C.ctV. 45 breviceps. C. ct V. .... 45 pausio; Ham. Buck. . . 45 P»ge joalius, Ham. Buch. . . 45 (Rolnta)reYnauldi,Ce?Z 70 4. Aariabilis, Heck 71 notatus, JBlyth 68 stenorliynclius, Jerdon , 68 16. Crossochilus, r. Hass 71 1. latins. Ham. Buch 71 2. gobama, Ham. Buch. . . 72 3. rostratus, Gthr 72 4. barbatulus. Heck 72 5. oblongus, C. et V. 73 6. cobitis, Blkr 73 7. \&VL^n,Blkr 74 8. sada, Ham. Buch 74 9. reba, Ham. Buch 74 mosario, Ham. Buch. . , 71 lOrt. Gymnostonius, Hcckel . . 75 1. hicoloY, 31 'Ck'll 76 2. gangeticus, C. et V. .... 7<) 3. seuiivelatus, C. ct V, .... 7G SYSTEMATIC 1M>KX. IX Paste 4. duvaucelli, C. ct V. .... 7(5 5. fiiliinge(>, Si/kcs 7(') G. miiUya, 'Si/lrs 7t) 7. wattauali, >Si/kcs 7() 17. Epalzeorhynclius, JBfkr. . . 70 1. callopterus, U/kr 70 18. Capoeta, C. ct V. 77 1. damascina, C. cf. V. .... 77 peregiinonim, Jlcck 7U 2. fratercula, Heck 79 niger, IIccJc 79 3. amir, Heck 79 4. unibla, Hcok 79 5. trutta, Ilcck 80 G. gracilis, Keysoi SO 7. tinea, Hccfc 80 8. lieratensis, Keyserl 80 9. micracautlius, Gthr 81 10. syriaca, C. et V. 81 11. dmonii, C. c'^ F. 81 12. aculeata, C.ctV. S2 13. microlepis, Jlcck 82 capoeta, GiUdcnst 77 labeo, Pallas 77 saadii, Heck 77 19. Barbus, Gthr 82 1. subquiiicunciatus, Gthr. . . 8G 2. esocinus, Heck 8G 3. xanthopterus, Hock 80 4. sclieich, Heck 87 mystaceus. Heck 87 5. barbulus. Heck 87 6. kersiu, Heck 87 7. rajauorum. Heck 88 8. plebejus; Val 88 fucini, Costa 88 9. vulgaris, Fle?n 88 mayori, C. ct V. 00 10. lacerta, Heck 90 11. sciucus, Heck 90 12. lougiceps, C. ct V. 91 13. chalybeatus, Pall. ...... 91 14. bocagii, Steindachncr. ... 92 15. callensis, C. et V. 92 pectoralis, Heck 03 16. comiza, Sfeuidachiier. . . . 93 17. peniiciosus, Heck 93 18. sclateri, Gthr 93 19. serra, Ptrs 94 20. graellsii, Steindachner . . 94 21. caniuus, Cuv 95 22. peteuyi, Heck 95 23. burcbelli, Smith 90 24. spilopbolis, M'Clell. 96 25. beavani, Gthr 90 20. clavatus, M' Clell. 97 27. paradoxus, Gthr 97 rase 28. f|iia(.lriiiuiculatii,s, Piipp. . 98 20. cajieiisis, Smith 98 30. .seliviincnsis, ('. et V. 99 .".1. allinis, liiipp 90 32. surkis, lli'ipp 99 33. olongatiis, liUpp 99 .'U. iutenuedius, Piipp 100 .")5. gorguavi, Itiipji 100 3(). uiarequensis. Smith .... 100 37. welwitscbii, Gtltr 101 38. gibbosus, Peters 101 39. pakidiuosus, Peters 102 40. gurueyi, Gthr 102 41. iui>rmis, Peters 103 42. unitfcniatus, Gtlir 103 43. argeuteus, Gthr 103 44. byuni, Forsk 104 45. nedgia, Riipp 104 46. zainbezensis, Peters .... 105 47. perince, Riipp 105 4j^. triniaculatus, Peters .... 106 40. gobionoides, C et V.. . . . 100 vuliieratus, C'aMchi 100 50. Icessleri, Stei/uhichner. ... 107 51. labecula, C. et T. 107 52. caiidimaculn, Gthr 107 53. fasciolatus, Gthr 108 54. tvispiliLs, Plkr 108 483 55. grypus, Heck 109 5(). kotscliyi, Heck 109 57. canis, C. et V. 109 58. beddoniii, Gthr 110 59. euoplus, Plkr 110 00. armatus, C. et V. Ill 01. repasson, Plkr Ill 02. macularius, Blyth 112 03. scbwanefeldi, Plkr 112 64. iinniaculatus, M' Clell. . . 113 ()5. cbrysopoma, C. etV..... 113 00. pinuauratus, Day 114 07. spilnrus, Gthr 114 08. laoensis, Gthr 115 60. balleroides, C. et V. .... 115 70. sarana, Ham. Bvch 115 71. rubiipinuis, C. et V. .... 110 caudimargiiiatus, Blyth. . 116 71rt. coUiugwoodii, Gthr. .. 483 72. brainoides, C. et V. .... 117 bypselonotus, C.ct V. . . 117 73. erytbropterus, Plkr 118 74. javanicus, Blkr 118 75. alt us, Gthr 119 70. gonionotus, Blkr 110 77. liugueuini, Blkr 120 78. pleurotoenia, Blkr 120 70. obtusirostris, C. et V. . . 121 80. rus^iellii; Gthr 121 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 81. polydori, C. ct V. 122 82. platysoma, Mkr 122 83. fasciatus, ^/Ar 122 84. maculatus, C. et V, . . . . 12-3 8.5. microps, Gihr 124 86. goniosoma, £lkr 124 87. tetrazona, B/kr 124 88. lateristrig-a, C.etV. 125 89. amblyrliynclius, Blkr. . . 126 90. micropogon, C. et V. . . 126 91. conirostris, Gthr 127 92. dubius, Dai/ 127 93. cliilinoides, M'Clcll. . . 127 94. deauratus, C. et V. 128 95. carnaticus, Jerdoti .... 128 96. spinulosus, 3I'CleU 128 97. gobioformis, Kner .... 129 98. hexastichus, M'Clell. . . 129 99. soro, C. et V. 130 100. mosal, Hian. Bueli 130 putitora, Ham. B)ich. . . 131 101. macroceplialus, i)/' ClcU. 131 102. macrolepis, Ileck 131 103. tambra, C.etV. 132 104. douronensis, C. et V. 132, 484 105. longispinis, Gthr 132 106. tambroides, Blkr 133 107. arulius, Jerclon 133 108. camptacantbus, Blkr. . . 134 109. radiatus, Ptr^ 134 110. schlegelii, Gthr 135 111. cetopsis, Kner 135 112. kolus, Sykes ... 136 113. homogenes, Gthr 136 114. homozonus, Gthr 137 115. aphya, Gthr 137 116. siaja, Blkr 137 117. deventeri, Blkr 138 118. heteronema, Blkr 138 119. bampal, i^/Zv?- 139 120. ampaiong, Blkr 139 121. semifasciolatus,6*; 274 miegii, Steind 274 6. polylepis, Stcind 274 wilkouuuii, Steind 275 7. plioxinus, Heck , 275 labeo, 2'all 272 rhodanensis, Blanchard, , 272 G4. Ortliodou, Gir 275 1. microlepidotus, Ayres .. . 275 05. Acrocbilus, Ayass 276 1. alutaceus, Ayass, et Pick. 276 Ninth Group. IIhodeina. GO. Acliilognathus, Blkr 276 1. bimantegus, Gthr. 277 2. limbatus, 8chl 277 3. intermedins, Schl 278 4. melanogaster, Blkr 278 5. imberbis, Glhr 278 G. rbombeus, >Sc/(/ 279 07. libodt'us, Ayass 279 1. amarus, Bi. 279 2. sinensis, Gthr 280 3. ocellatus, Kner 280 SYSIEMAXIC IKDEX. 2CV Page 68. Pseudoperilampus, Blkr. 280 1. typus, Blkr 281 Tenth Group. Danionina. G9. Danio, Gthr 281 1. dangila, H. B 282 2. lineolatus, Bh/th 282 3. micronema, Blkr 282 4. albm-nus, Heck 283 5. malabaricus, Jcrdon .... 283 0. nilgherriensis, Day .... 283 7. canareusis, Jerdon 284 8. devario, H.B 284 ostreogTaphus, M^Clell.. i 281 chrysops, C. et V. 281 affinis, Bhjth 281 macropodus, Jerdon .... 281 70. Pteropsarion, Gthr 284 1. bakeii, Day 284 2. aequipinnatus, ikPCM. . . 285 canarensis, Jerdon 284 71. Aspidoparia, Heck 285 1. sardina, Heck 285 2. morar, H.B 285 3. jaya, H.B 286 margarodes, If'Clell. .... 286 elingtdatus, M^Clell. 285 72. Barillas, Gthr 286 1. tUeo, H.B 287 hvsic}iia]is,M' Clell 287 2. radiolatus, Gthr 287 3. be'ndelisis, Buck 288 4. cocsa, H.B 288 dualis, Jerdon .......* 289 6. albm-nus, Gthr.^ 289 6. morarensis, Gthr 290 7. bicirratus, M'ClclL .... 290 8. bama, H. B 290 0. barila, H.B 291 10. gatensis, C. ct V. 291 11. rugosus, Day 291 12. rerio, H. B 292 13. zambezensis, Ptrs 292 14. sardella, Gthr 292 15. niloticus, DcJoauhi^, . . . 293 tbebensis, De Joannis . , 293 bibie, De Joannis 293 gille, Val 293 bisarre, Val 293 cir, Val. 293 vagra, H.B 28G hoalius, H.B 280 borelio, H.B 280 solio, H.B 28G piscatovius, M'Cldl 280 chapalio, H.B 280 Page 73. Bola, Gthr. ..;..... i ., . 293 1. goha, H.B 293 salmoides, Blyth . , j . . . 294 74. Schacra, Gthr 294 1. cirrbata, M'Clell 294 75. Opsariichthys, Blkr 295 1. uncirostr:"s, Schley 295 2. sieboldii, Schl. 295 3. temminckii, Schl 295 4. pacbycephalus, Gthr. . . 296 5. platypus, Schl 296 76. Squaliobarbus, Gthr 296 1. cunicidus, Itich 297 T7. Ocbetobius, Gthr 298 1. elongatus, Ktur 298 Eleventh Group. Hypoph- thalmichthyinA. 78. Hypopbthalmichthys, .5/. 298 1. molitiix, C.etV. 298 2. nobilis, Gray §99 Twelfth Group. Abbamii>inA. 79. Abramis, Cm 299 1. brama, L 300 2. ballerus, L 302 3. sapa, Pall. 302 4. vimba, L 303 teneUus, Nord7n, 304 persa, Pall 304 6. elongatus, Agass 304 6. microlepis, Dc Fil 305 7. americanus, L 305 8. occidentalis, B.et G. . . . 305 9. leptosomus, Gir 306 10. bhcca, Bl 306 11. bipunctatus, Bl 307 12. fasciatus, Nordm 308 13. cajruleus, Heck 308 14. lateralis, Gir 309 15. balteatus, Bich 309 16. oligaspis, Cope 309 dilectus, Gir 310 umbratilis, Gir 310 amabilis, Gir 310 megalops, Gir 310 socius, Gir 310 lepidiilus, Gir 310 gibbosus, Pall 299 pai-vulus, C. et V. 299 frivaldszkyi, Heck 299 seco, Gir 299 lucidus, Gir 299 compressus, Bajin 300 obesus, Storcr 300 80. Aspius, Ayass 310 1. rapax, Leske 310 XTl SYSTEMATIC IXBKX, Page 2. vorax, Hecli. „ .'Ill 3. spilums, Gthr 311 81. Alburnus, Gthr 312 1. lucidus, Heck, et Kner . . 312 mirandella, Blanch 313 2. alburuellus, Martens 313 fracchia, Heck 314 3. scoranza, Heck 314 4. chalcoides, Giihlemt. . . 314 5. eichwaldi, DeFil 31o 6. scoranzoides, Heck 315 7. mento, TerUj 315 8. caudimaciila, Heck 316 9. pallidus, Heck 316 10. sellal, Heck 316 hebes, Heck 317 microlepis, Heck 317 11. capito, Heck 317 12. iblis, ^ecA; 317 13. scheitan, Heck 317 14. megacephalus, Heck. . . 318 15. mossulensis, Heck 318 cordilla, Savi 312 albuloides, C. etV. 312 dorige, Be Fil 312 tarichi, GiUdenst 312 Tulturiiis, Costa 312 82. Leucaspius, Heck 318 1. delineatus, Heck 319 83. Rasborichthys, Blkr 319 1. helfrichii, ^//cr 319 84. Elopichthys, JBlkr 320 1. bambiisa, Richards 320 85. Pelotroplius, Gthr 320 1. naicrolepis, Gthr 820 2. microceplialus, GtJir 321 86. Acanthobrama, Heck. . . 322 1. arrhada, Hecli 322 2. mamiid, Heck 322 3. centisquama, Heck 322 87. Osteobrama, Heck 322 1. cotio, HB 323 2. rapax, Gthr 323 3. alfrediana, C. et V. .... 324 4. ogilbii, Sykes ..." 324 5. microleiiji, Blijth 325 88. Chanodichtliys, Blkr 325 1. mongolicus, Basil. 325 2. macrops, Gthr 326 3. terminalis, JRich 326 4. bramula, C. et V. -326 5. pekinensis, Basil. ..#... 327 G. Icucisculus, Basil 327 rhomboidalis, C. et 7'. . . 325 mantscliuriciis, Basil. . . 325 pekinensis, Basil 325 exiguus, Basil. 325 Page 89. Smiliog-astor, Blkr 327 1. belangerii, C.etV. 338 90. Culter, Blkr 328 1. yecnvviCQ-^s, Richards. .. 328 albui-nus, Kner 329 2. brevicauda, Gthr 329 acLitus, Rich 329 machferioides, Rich 330 erytbropterus, Basil. .... 328 mongolicus, Basil. 328 91. Pelecus, Agass 330 1. cultratus, L 330 92. Eustira, Gthr 331 1. ceylonensis, Gthr 331 93. Chela, ^.i? 331 1. gora, H.B 332 2. bacaila, H.B 332 3. clupeoides, Bloch 333 4. plmlo, -ff. i? 334 5. uovacula, Val 334 6. diffusa, Jerdon 334 7. argentea, Daif 334 8. laubuca, H.B 335 9. acinaces, C.et V. 335 10. anomalurus, Van Hass. . . 335 11. hypoplithalmus, ^//c?-. .. 336 12. siamensis, Gthr 336 13. megalolepis, Gthr 337 14. paralaubuca, Gthr 337 15. sardinella, C. ctV. 338 16. macrochir, C.etV. 338 cultellus, C.etV. ...... 331 scalpellus, C. et V 331 owenii, Sykes 331 jora, Sykes 331 teekanee, Sykes 331 alkootee, Sykes 331 affinis, Jerdon 331 dancena, H.B 331 Versem, M'Clell. 331 fulvescens, Blyth 331 94. Pseudolaubuca, Blkr 339 1. sinensis, Blkr 339 95. Cachius, Gthr 339 1. ai^&v, H.B 339 Thirteentli Group. HOMALOPTERINA. 36. Homaloptera, Va7i Hass. . . 340 1. maculata, Gray 340 2. brucei. Gray 340 3. pavonina, C. et V. 341 ocellata, C.etV. 341 salusur, Blkr 341 4. gymnogaster, Blkr 341 5. zollingeri, Blkr 342 6. ophiolepis, Blkr 342 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 7. wassinkii, Blkr 342 8. lineolata, C.etV. 343 biliueata, Bh/th 340 piisilla, Val ' 340 97. PsiIorhynchus,iIf'CM. .. 343 l.sucatio, H.B 343 2. balitora, H.B 343 Fourteenth Group. COBITIDINA. 98. Misgurnus, Lacep 344 l.fossilis,Z 344 2. anguillicaudatus, Cantor . 345 3. dichachrous, Blkr 34G 4. polyuema, Blkr 340 5. lateralis, Gthr 340 barbatuloides, Blkr 344 99. Nemachilus, Van Hass. . . 347 1. pavonaceus, M '01611. .... 348 longipinuis, Peters 348 2. semizonatus, ^/j///* 348 3. rubidipinuis, Bh/th 348 4. urophthalmus, Gthr 348 5. botia, H.B 349 G, fasciatus,A'«7/7e< VanHass. 349 7. moDtauus, M'Clcll. 350 8. beavani, Gthr * 350 9. rupecola, M'Clell. 351 10. subfuscus, M'Clell. 351 11. nudus, Blkr 351 12. deuisonii, Daij 352 13. notostigraa, Blkr 352 14. triangularis, Day 352 15. tigi-is, Heck 353 16. semiarmatus, Day 353 17. striatus, Daif 353 18. savona, H.B 354 19. barbatulus, L 354 20. galilaeus, Gthr 355 21. pantbera, Heck. ' 355 22. melapterurus, C. et V. . . 356 23. niannoratus, Heck 356 24. ladacensis, Gthr 356 25. microps, Steindachn 357 26. tenuicauda, Steind 357 27. spilopterus, C.et V. 358 28. butanensis,iH'CM. 358 29. monoceros, 3/' CleU. .... 358 30. insignis, Heck 359 31. argyrogi-amma, Heck, . . 3§9 32. frenatus, Heck 359 33. stolickffi, Steind. 360 34. griffithii, Gthr 360 35. turio, H.B . 860 36. corica, H.B 361 37. guentheri,,i>oy 361 guttatus,J/'C7tV/ 361 VOL. VII. Page pboxochilus, M'Clell. .... 361 persa, Heck 347 rubripinnis, Jerdon 347 mysorensis, Jerdon 347 montanus, Jerdon 347 camaticus, Jerdon 347 scaturiginus, Bitch 347 zonatus, .W Clell. 347 chlorosoma, A/' Clell 347 zonalternans, Blyth .... 347 cincticaudus, Blyth .... 347 zebratus, Casteln 347 punetifer, Casteln 347 rupelli, Sykes 347 niooreh, Sykes 347 nierga, Krynicki 347 100. Cobitis, Artedi 362 1. taenia, L 362 aurata, De Fil 363 2. guntea, H.B 363 3. gongota, H.B 363 linea, Heck 362 berdmorei, Blyth 362 micropogon, Blyth 362 101. Lepidocephalichtbys,^tt;-. 364 1. basseltii, C. et V. 364 2. thermalis, C. et T\ 364 3. balgara, H.B 365 102. Acanthopsis, Van Hass. . . 365 1. chcerorbynchus, 5/^/'. .. 365 2. dialyzona, Van Hass 366 103. Eotia, Graij 366 1. dario,-ff: A 366 2. almorhse, Graij 367 3. rostrata, Gthr 367 4. macracantlius, Blkr 368 5. modesta, Blkr 368 6. curta, Schley 368 7. m'clellandii, Blkr 368 nebulosa, Blyth 366 bistrlonica, Blyth 366 berdmorei, Bli/th 366 i04. Oreonectes, Gthr 369 1. platycephalus, Gthr. . . . 369 105. Lepidocephalus, Blkr. . . 369 1. macrochir, Blkr 370 106. Acanthophthalmus, Blkr. 370 1. Y>an-^i&,H.B 370 2. kuhlii, C.etV. 371 107. Apua, Blyth 371 1. iusca, Bli/th 371 Aperioptus pictorius, Bich. . . 371 Appendiv to Cyprinidce. KNKRIIDiE. Ivneria, SteindachiU-r .... iit i 1. angolensis, Steind. 37? 2. spckii, Gthr 872 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Fam. 18. Gonorhyxchid-'e. 1. r4onorliynchiis, Oronov 373 1. gi'eyi, Itichards 373 Fain. 19. 1Iyot)Oxtii),=f;. 1. Ilyodon, Les 375 1. tergisus, Les 375 Faill. 20. OSTEOGLOSSID^. 1. Osteoglossum, VamJclU .... 377 1. bicirrliosum, Vand 378 2. formosum, Midi, et Sc/d. . . 378 3. leicharclti, Gflir 378 2. Arapaima, Midi. 379 1. gigas, Ct(v 379 3. Heterotis, Mroib 379 1. niloticus, Ehrenh 380 Fam. 21. Clxjpeid^. First Group. Exgraulina. 1. Cetengraulis, Gthr 383 1. edentuliLs, Cuv 383 2. mysticetus, Gthr 383 brevis, Pocij 383 2. Engraulis, C. ct V. 384 1. macrolepidotus, Kner et Stcind 385 2. encrasicholus, L 385 3. ringens, Jenyns 386 japonicus, ScJd. 387 nanus, Girard 387 4. zoUingeri, Blkr 387 5. cncrasicholoides, Blkr. . . 387 (). productus, I'oey 388 7. commersonianus, Laccp . . 388 8. tri, imr 389 9. brownii, Gm 389 10. japonica, Houttvyn .... 390 ll.russellii,iy/Av 390 12. perfasciatus, Poey 391 1.3. mitchilli, C. f< V. 391 14. delicatissimus, Gir 391 15. heterolobus, BUpp 392 10. brevirostris, Gthr 392 17. poeyi, Kner et Steind. .... 392 18. surinamensis, Blkr 393 19. boelama, Forsh 393 20. rliinorhynchus, Blkr 394 21. polynemoides, Gthr 394 22. spiuifer, C.ctV. 394 23. conipressus, Girard .... 395 24. malabaricus, BJ 395 25. bamiltonii, Grmi 395 20. mvstacoides, Blkr 390 27. piirava, 11. B 397 28. mvstax, Bl Schn 397 Page 29. setirostris, Brouss 397 m. atherinoides, L 398 31. grossideus, Ct(o 399 32. batesii, Gthr 399 3:}. crocodilus, Blkr 399 34. melanochir, Blkr 400 35. taty, C. et V. 400 30. telaru, H. B 401 37. breviceps, Ca)it 401 3. Coilia, Gray 402 1. lamcarati, M. B 402 2. quadrifilis, Gthr 403 3. dussumieri, C. et V. .... 403 4. borneensis, Blkr 403 5. quadragesinialis, C. et 7'. 404 6. clupeoides, Lacep 404 7. lindmani, Blkr 405 8. grayi, Rich 405 9. nasus, Schl 405 10. macrognathus, Blkr 400 reynaldi, C. ct V. 402 cantoris, Blkr 402 Second Group. CiiAxoiissiNA. 4. Chatoessus, C. ci V. 400 1. nasus, Bl 407 2. erebi, Gthr 407 3. punctatus, Schl J8 4. petenensis, Gthr 408 5. mexicanus, Gtlir 400 0. niaculatus. Rich 409 7. cepediaims, Les 409 8. cortius, H.B 410 9. cbanpole, H. B 410 10. cbacunda, H.B 411 kome, Russ 400 osbeckii, C. et V. 406 chrysopterus, Rich 400 manmina^ H. B 400 tampo, C.etV. 400 Third Group. C l r p e i n a. 5. Clupea, Cuv 412 1. harengus, L 415 2. niirabilis, Girard 418 3. pontica, Eichwald 418 4. caspia, Eichwald 418 5. sprattus, L 419 0. aurita, C.ctV. 420 7. ancliovia, C. et V. 421 8. granigera, C. et V. 421 9. macroplithalma, Ranz. . . 421 10. humeralis, C. et V 422 11. latula, C. etV. 422 12. argvrotrenia, Blkr 423 13. bracliysoma, Blkr 423 14. perforata, Cant 424 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XIX Page 15. albella, C. et V. 424 ](). sirni, Forsk 425 17. clupeoides, Blkr 42-> 18. tembang, JBlkr 42(5 1 9. atricauda, Gthr 42() 20. inoluccensis, Blkr. ...... 427 21. fimbriata, C. et V. 427 22. longiceps, C. et V. 428 23. nyniphaia, Rich 428 isingleena, Rich 429 24. dispilonotus, Llkr 429 2-). jussieui, Lacep 4-30 20, nielaiiosticta, Schl. 4-30 27. lemuru, Blkr 430 28. hypselosoma, Blkr 431 2i). novje hollandite, C. et V. 431 30. thrissa, Osheck 432 31. libertatis, Gthr 433 32. alosa, L 433 33. finta, Cttv 43o 34. menhaden, Mitch 430 35. aurea, Agass 4.)7 36. pectinata, Jen 437 37. dorsalis, C. et V. 438 38. uiattowacca, Mitch 438 venosa, C. etV. 439 39. pilchardus, Walh 439 40. maderensis, Loroe 440 41. senegalensis, Benn 441 42. apicalis, Midi, et Tr 441 bishopi, Midi, et Tr 442 43. pseudohispanica, Poey . . 442 44. arcuata, Jenyns 442 45. maculata, C. et V. 443 46. notacanthus, Gthr 443 47. sagax, Jenyns 443 48. indica, Gray 444 49. palasah, C.etV. 445 50. ilisha, H. B 445 51. reevesii, Rich 446 52. toli, C.etV. 447 53. chapra. Gray 447 54. jnacrura, K. et v. H. .... 448 65. platygaster, Gthr 448 56. scombrina, C. et V. .... 448 57. melanura, C. et V. 449 58. venenosa, C. et V. 449 59. lile, C.etV. 450 60. kowal, Ri(pp 450 61. ziuiasi, Blkr 451 lineolata, C. et V. 412 sueurii, C. et V. 412 tyrannus, Latrohc 412 chrysochloris, Raf. 412 laticosta, Lowe 412 immaculata, ^CT??! 412 cultriventris, Korchn 412 delicatula, Nordm 412 (Sard.) lineolata, C. et V. 412 schrammi, Blkr 412 flos-maris, Rich 412 punctata, Ritpp 412 quadrimaculata, Riipp. . . 413 abbreviata, C. et V. 413 obtusirostris, C. et V.. . . . 41 3 Cferulea, C. et V. 413 argyi'ochloris, C. etV.. . . . 413 mauritiana, Benn 413 oralis, Benn 413 teres, C.etV. 413 spilurus, Gtiich 41.3 inermis, Basileicsky .... 413 faseiata, C. et V. 413 fuegensis, Jenyns 413 jaguana, Poey 413 striata, C.etV. 413 6. Clupeoides, Blkr 451 1. hypselosoma, Blkr 451 2. borneensis, Blkr 452 3. pseudopterus, Blkr 452 gubomi, Gray 452 7. Pellonula, Gthr 452 1. vorax. Gthr 452 8. Clupeichthys, Blkr 453 1. goniognathus, Blkr 453 9. Pellona, C- et V. 454 1. flavipinnis, Val. . . » 454 2. africana, Bl. 455 3. ditchoa, C.etV 455 4. hoevenii, Blkr 455 5. motius, H. B 456 6. brachysoma, Blkr 456 7. elongata, Benn 456 8. dussumieri, C. et V. .... 457 9. xanthoptera, Blkr 457 10. macrogaster, Blkr 458 11. novacula, Blkr 458 12. leschenaultii, C. et V. .. 459 13. pristigastroides, Blkr. . . 459 14. amblyuroptera, Blkr .. . 459 melastoma, Bl. Schn. . . 454 ditchela, C.etV. 454 micropus, C. et V. 454 filigera, C.etV. 454 motius, C. et V. 454 TO. Pristigaster, Cuv 460 1. tartoor, C.etV. 460 2. macrognathus, Blkr 461 3. macrops, Gthr 461 4. dovii, Gthr 461 5. mucronatus, Lnc 462 6. russellianus, Gray 462 7. cayanus, Cuv. ........ 463 chinensis, Basil 460 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 11. Chirocentrodon, Gthr. . . 4G;i 1. taeniatus, Gthr 4G3 Fourth Group. Dussumieriina. 12. Spratelloides, Blkr 4G4 1. delicatulus, lie/tn 464 2. alburnus, K. et St 404 u. gracilia, Schley 4G;5 lamprotsenia, Gosse .... 465 13. Dussumieria, C. et V. . . . . 460 1 . acuta, C. et V. 460 2. elopsoides, Blkr 400 14. Etrumeus, Blkr 407 1. micropus, Schley 407 2. tSres, Bekay 407 Fifth Group. Albulina. 15. Albula, Gronov 408 1. conorhynchus,^/.eiophaeysgodon, p. 261. Intermaxillaries not protractile 58. Mtxophaeodon, p. 262. CYPBIXlDiE. V Body scaleless or with rudimentary, non -imbricate scalea. Pharyngeal teeth in a single series 59. Paeai'uoxixus, p. 203. Body scaleless. Pharyngeal teeth in a double scries. GO. Meda, p. 263. b. Margin of the lower jaw not trenchant ; barbels present, sinall. Pharyngeal teeth in a single series 61. Tikca, p. 264. Pharyngeal toeth in a double series 62. Leucosomus, p. 266. c. Margin of the lower jaw trenchant. Upper and lower simple caudal rays not increased in number. 03. ClIONDROSTOMA, p. 272. Upper and lower simple caudal rays very numerous. Pharyngeal bones with the upper limb very broad and concave, separated by a deep notch from the dentigcrous portion 04. Orthodox, p. 275. Upper and lower simple caudal rays very numerous. Pharyngeal bones without a greatly dilated portion 65. Acrochilus, p. 276. C. Anal fin of moderate length, extending forwards to below the dorsal. Lateral line, if complete, running in, or nearly in, the middle of the tail. Pharyngeal teeth in a single series. Rhodeina. Lateral line complete 66. Achilognathus, p. 270. Lateral line incomplete. Scales of moderate size. 67. Rhodeus, p. 279. Lateral line incomplete. Scales small, 68. Pseudoperilajipcs, p. 280. D. Anal fin of moderate length or elongate. Lateral line running along the lower half of the tail. Abdomen not trenchant. Dantonina. 1 . Dorsal fin with nine or vnore branched rays, the posterior being opposite to the anal fin. Mouth narrow 69. Danio, p. 281. Mouth wide 70. Pteropsarion, p. 284. 2. Dorsal fin with less than nine branched rays, inserted behind the ventrah. Mouth inferior, narrow. Pharyngeal teeth in tliree series. Suborbitals broad. 71. ASPIDOPARIA, p. 285. Mouth anterior, wide. Pharyngeal teeth in three series. Suborbitals broad. 72. Barilius, p. 286. Mouth very wide. Pharyngeal teeth in two series. Suborbitals broad. 73. BoLA, p. 293. Mouth of moderate width. Pharyngeal teeth in two series. SuLorbitals not dilated 74. Schacra, p. 294. 3* Dorsal fin with nine (ten) or less than nine branched rays, opposite to the ventrals; anal fin not extending forwards to below the dorsal. Mouth extending to or to below the orbit ; barbels none. 75. Opsariiciitiiys, p. 295. Mouth not extending to the orbit ; barbels two. 76. Squaliobabbus, p. 296. Mouth not extending to the orbit ; barbels none. 77. OcHETOBius. n. 298. 10 CTPRINIDiE. E. Anal fin elongate. Lateral line ninning nearly along the middle of the tail. Ahdomen not trenchant. No dorsal spine. Hypophthalmichthttn'a. Pharyngeal teeth in a single series 78. HYPornTiiALMiCHTHTS, p. 298. F. Anal fin elongate. Abdomen, or part of abdomen, compressed. Abramidina. 1. Pectoral fins of moderate length. a. Iso dorsal spine. Pharyngeal teeth in a double or single series. Gill-rakers rather short. The attachment of the gill-membrane to the isthmus takes place at some distance behind the vertical from the orbit. Lateral line complete 79. Abra.mis, p. 299. Gill-rakers short and widely set. The attachment of the gill-membrane to the isthmus takes place below the hind margin of the orbit. Lateral line complete. 80. Asi-ics, p. 310. Gill-rakers slender, lanceolate, closely set. Lateral line complete. 81. Alburnus, p. 312. Lateral line incomplete 82. Leucaspius, p. 318. b. No dorsal spine. Pharyngeal teeth in a triple series. Mouth not extending to below the eye. Suborbitals narrow. 83. Rasborichthys, p. 319. Mouth extending to below the eye. Suborbitals narrow. 84. Elopichtuys, p. 320. (Suborbitals broad 85. Pelotropiius, p. 320.) c. A dorsal spine. Pharyngeal teeth in a single series. Scales small 86. AcA^fTH0BRAMA, p. 322. d. A dorsal spine. Pharyngeal teeth i i a triple series. aa. Dorsal spine smooth. Scales small. Air-bladder bipartite 87. Osteobrama, p. 322. Scales of moderate size. Air-bladder tripartite. 88. Chanodichthys, p. 325. bb. Dorsal spine serrated. Scales small 89. Sjiiliogaster, p. 327. 2. Pectoral fins unusually long. a. A dorsal spine. Dorsal spine smooth 90. Culter, p. 328. b. No dorsal spine. Dorsal fin above anal. Lateral line abruptly bent downwards. Pharyngeal teeth in a double series. Yentrals well developed. 01. Pelecus, p. 330. Dorsal fin above anal. Lateral line abruptly bent downwards. Pharyngeal teeth in a triple series. Yentrals well developed. 92. Ei-STiRA, p. 331. Dorsal fin above anal. Lateral line gradually bent downwards. Not less than seven ventral rays 93. Chela, p. 331. Dorsal fin entirely in advance of anal. Lateral line gradually bent downwards. 94. Pseudolaubuca, p. 339. "Ventral fin filiform, with less than seven rays. 95. Cachius, p. 339. CTPRINTD^. 11 III. Pectoral and ventral fins horizontal, the former with the outer rays simple. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former opposite to ventrals. Barbels six (or none). Air-bladder absent, Hojialopierina. Barbels six 9G. IIomaloptera, p. 340. Barbels^none 97. Psiloriiy.nciius, p. 343. IV. Mouth surrounded by six or more barbels. Anal fin short. Scales small, rudimentary or absent. Air-bladder partly or entirely enclosed in a bony capsule. Cobitidina. A. Dorsal fin opposite to ventrals. 1. Ko erectile suborbital spine. Barbels ten or twelve 98. Misgurncs, p. 344. Barbels six 99. Nemaciiilus, p. 347.. 2. An erectile suborbital spine. Spine below the eye ; caudal not emarginate ; barbels six. 100. COB'TIS, p. Spine below the eye ; caudal not emarginate ; barbels eight. 101. Lepidocephalichthys, p. 364. Spine in advance of the eye 102. Acanthopsis, p. 365. Spine below the eye ; caudal forked 103. Botia, p. 366. B. Dorsal fin at some distance behind the ventrals. 1. No erectile suborbital sjnne. Barbels six 104. Oreonectes, p. 369. 2. An .red He suborbital spine. Ventral fins. Barbels six, four being at the extremity of the snout. 105. Lepidocepiialus, p. 369. Ventral fins. Barbels six, two beins at the extremity of the snout. 106. AcANTnOPHTIlALMUS, p. 370. Ventral fins none 107. Apua, p. 371. Aperioptus pictorius, p. 371. Appendix to Cypeinid.e Kxeria, p. 371. 12 crTuiniujtt. First Group. CATOSTOMINA. Phaiyngeal teeth in a single series, exceedingly numerous and closely set. Dorsal fin elongate, opposite to ventrals ; anal short or of moderate length. Barbels none. North America and North-eastern Asia. 1. CATOSTOMUS*. Catostomus, sp., Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. 1817, p. 88 ; Cuv. <^ Veil. xvii. p. 418. , sp., et Rhytidostomus, sp., Heckelf in Ritssegger' s Reisen, i. p. 1022. Ptjchostomus, Hylomyzon et Catostomus, Agassiz, in Amer. Journ, Sc. 8f Arts, xix. ] 855, pp. 88-92. Minomus, Acomus, &c., Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 173. Scales of small, moderate, or large size. Lateral line present, running along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin of moderate ex- tent, with not more than about seventeen rays, ojiposite to the ven- trals, without spine. Anal fin very short but deep. Fins of the males generally more produced than those of the females, and frequently with homy tubercles. Mouth inferior, with the lips more or less thickened and papillose, the lower frequently bilobed. Barbels * 1. Catostomus longirostrum, Lesueur, I. c. p. 102. — State of Vermont. — Snout long; eyes large; scales very small. D. 12(?13). Five inches long. 2. oneida, Bekay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 198. — Lake Oneida. — D. 15. Scales large. 3. Ptychostomus albidiis, Girard, in U. Sf. 8f Mex. Bound. Survey, Ichthyol. p. 36, pi. 19. figs. 6-8. — Rio San Juan, New Leon. — Scales rather small. 4. Catostomus insignis, Baird S( Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc, Philad. 1854, p. 28; Minomus insignis, Girard, in U. St. cf- Mex. Bound. Survey, Ichthyol. p. 37, pi. 21. figs. 1-4.— Eio San Pedro, Tributary of Eio Gila.— D. 13. L. lat. 60. 6. clarkii, Baird 8f Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 27; Minomus clarkii, Girard, in U. St. Sf Mex. Bound. Survey, Ichthyol. p. 38. pi. 22. figs. 5-8.— Rio Santa Cruz.— D. 13-14 (12 in figure). L. lat. 68-70. 6. (Acomus) generosus, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 174; or in U. St. Pac. B. R. Exped. Fish. p. 221.— Cottonwood Creek, Utah. — Scales very small. 7. (Acomus) lactarius, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 174 ; U. S. Pac. R. R. Exped. Fish, p. 223, pi. 60.— Upper Missouri. 8. ■ sucklii, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1856, p. 175 ; U. 8. Pac. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 226, pi. 51.— Milk River, Upper Missouri.— D. 14. Scales large. 9. texanus, Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 473.— Colorado and New Rivers. — D. 15. " Scales of medium .size." 10. chloropteron, Abbott, I. c. — Kansas. — D. 13. 11. Cyprinus rostratus. Tiles. Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Pctcrsb. iv. 1813, p. 454, tab. 15. figs. 1-2; or in Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 307; Catostomus tilesii, Cuv. ^- Val. xvii. p. 469. — Eastern Siberia. — Scales small ; snout much produced, the eye being behind the middle of the length of the head. Lower lip tJlDh«d- 1. CAT0ST0MU3. 13 none. Gill-rakers well 'developed, soft, the upper lanceolate, the lower quite membranaceous, low folds crossing the bone. Pseudo- bi'anchiae. Pharyngeal bones sickle-shaped, armed with a comb- like series of numerous compressed teeth, the teeth becoming larger and broader towards the lower end of the series. North America ; Eastern Siberia. The skeleton of Catostomus has beer well described by Valen- ciennes (x\di. p. 433). It is distinguished by the comparative want of solidity, certain bones consisting merely of a network of osseous matter. There is a large and broad fontaneUe on the upper surface of the head, separating the parietal bones and leading direct into the cerebral cavity. The occipital process is, below the anterior vertebra}, enlarged into a bladder-like swelling, which is not solid, but consists of a delicate osseous network only. The prefrontal is advanced to the anterior part of the orbit. The jaw-bones are very feeble, the intermaxillary being reduced to a thin lamella, which does not descend to the middle of the maxiUaiy. The anterior part of the mandible is horizontal, thin, and slightly dilated. The apo- physes of the four anterior vertebrae are very strong and long. Number of vertebra in Catostomits teres 29 abdominal, 18 caudal ; in Catostomus carpio 27 abominal, 14 caudal. 1. Catostomus hudsonius. Cyprinus catostomus, Forster, Philos. Trans. Ixiii. 1773, p. 155, tab. 6. Catostomus hudsonius, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. p. 107 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xvii. p. 459. forsterianus, Richards. Frankl. Journ. p. 720, and Faun, Bor.- Arner. Pise. p. 116; Cuv. ^ Val. xvii. p. 463. aurora, Agass. Lake Super, p. 300, pi. 2. figs. 3-4. D. 12-13. A. 8-9. L. lat. 100-110. L. transv. 15/23. The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head, which is contained from four times and two-thirds to five times in the total length (without caudal). Lips very thick, papillose, the lower deeply bilobate. Eye small, behind the middle of the length of the head, the snout being much produced. Suborbital very narrow. There are twelve or thirteen longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Scales on the fore part of the trunk conspicuously smaller than those on the tail. Pectoral fin not extending to the ver^eal from the origin of the dorsal, which is nearer to the root of the caudal than to the end of the snout. Subarctic regions of North America. a. Adult, in bad state, has been in chloride of zinc. Old collection. Probably one of the typical specimens examined by Forster. h. Young. Fort Halket. Presented by B. R. Eoss, Esq. c. Adult : stuff"ed. Albany River. Presented by Sir J. Richardson as Ca tostomus forsterianiis . 14 CrPEINID^. cl-e. Adult : stuffed. Albany River. f-g. Half-grown : stuffed. Arctic regions. Collected by J. llae, Esq. Forster knew and described one species only, which subsequently received the name of hudsonius from Lesueur. As I know the species examined by Forster, I am enabled to state that Richardson and others erroneously applied that name to species with larger scales. Pennant (Arch. Zool. i. p. cxcii) was the first to confound a large- and a small-scaled species under the name given by Forster to the latter. Agassiz (Lake Superior, p. 357) speaks of Forster's " second variety," " upon consulting the original memoir or Forster." I am unable to find anything in this memoir which would indicate that Forster examined two varieties. 2. Catostomus griseus. Catostomus (Acomus) griseus, Giranl, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 174, and in U. S. Pac. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 222, pi. 49. figs. 5-9. D. 13?. A. 10?*. Scales small. The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-fourth. Lips papillose, thick, the lower bilobed. Eye small, a little behind the middle of the length of the head, the snout being much produced. Scales on the fore part of the trunk conspicuously smaller than those on the tail. Pectoral fin not extending to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, which is equidistant from the end of the snout and the root of the caudal. {Oirard.) Sweetwater fork of Platte River. 3. Catostomus latipinnis. Catostomus latipinnis, Baird 1^- Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1853, p. 388. Acomus latipinnis, Girard, I. c. 1856, p. 173, and U, St. ^ Mex, Bound. Survey, IchtJii/ol. p. 39, pi. 24. tigs. 1-6. This species is evidently closely allied to O. hudsonius, from which it ai')pears to differ in having longer pectoral fins. Probably the specimens examined were males, with. longer fins than the females have ; but none of the male specimens of the northern C. hudsonius have the pectoral fins so much developed as C. latipinnis. D. 14. A. 9. Scales very small. The height of the body is contained five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and two-thirds. Lips very thick, papillose, the lower deeply bilobate. Eye small, nearly in the middle of the length of the head, the snout being much produced. Suborbital very narrow. Pectoral * According to the letterpress ; the artist employed toillastrate Mr. Girard's notes on these fishes appears to have counted differently. 1. CATOSTOMUS. 15 fin extending beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal (in male specimens?) (Gir.) Rio San Pedro, tributary of the Rio Gila. 4. Catostomus gnzmamensis. Catostomus (Acomus) guzmaniensis, Gii-ard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 185t, p. 173, and in U. St. &■ Mex. Bowul. Surveij, Ich- thyol p. 39, pi. 23. figs. 6-10. D. 14. A. 9. Scales very small. Tho height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and contained four times and two-thirds in the total (with- out caudal). Lips very thick, papillose, the lower bilobed. Eye small, in the middle of the length of the head. The pectoral fin extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from the origin of the dorsal. Back and sides dark-coloured, with an.orange longitudinal band. {Qir^ Janos River, tributary of Lake Guzman, Chihuahua. 5. Catostomus plebejas. Catostomus plebejus, Baird 4" Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 28. Minomus plebejus, Girard, in U. St. 8f Mex. Bound. Survey, Ich- thxjol. p. 38, pi. 22. figs. 1-4. D. 11. A. 8. L. lat. ca 80. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, which is contained four times and two-thirds in the total (without caudal). Lower lip moderately bilobed. Eye of moderate size, a little behind the middle of the length of the head. Snout elongate. There are twenty-eight or thirty longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal and ventral fins. Origin of the dorsal fin nearly midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal. [Girard.) Rio Mimbres, tributary of Lake Guzman. 6. Catostomus teres. Cyprinus catostomus, Peck, Mem. Amer. Acad. ii. pt. 2. p. 55, pi. 2. fig. 4 (not Forster). ? Cyprinus commersonuii, Lacep. v. pp. 606, 610. Cyprinus teres, Mitch. Lit. Sf Phil. Trans. Netv York, i. p. 458 ?Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. 1817, p. 108. Catostomus communis, Besueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. 1817 p. 95; Cuv. S)- Val. xvii. p. 426; Dekay, New Fork Fauna, Fish p. 196, pi. 33. fig. 106 ; Kirtlund, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 265 pi. 19. fig 1. bostouiensis, Lesueur, I. e. p. 106 ; Cuv. <§- Val. xvii. p. 432 Storer, Report Ichtln/ol. Massach. p. 84, and Mem. Amer. Acad, V. 1«55, p. 290, pi. 22. fig. 3. Cyprinus (Catostomus) hudsonius, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Ainer. Pise. p. 112 (not synon.). ( ) reticiilatus, Richards. I. c. p. 303. Catostomus pallidus, Dekay, I. c. p. 200, pi. 33. fig. 104. 16 CYPRINIDa. Catostomus nigricans, Storer, Report Ichth. Massach. p. 86 .(not Lesueur). florealis, Baird. D. 14(-15). A. 8-9. L. lat. 59-70. L. transv. |?^'. ^ ■^ 13-14 Vert. 29/18. The height of the body is equal to, or somewhat more than, the length of the head, which is two-ninths or nearly one-fourth of the total (without caudal). Lips very thick, papillose, the lower deeply bilobate. Eye small, behind the middle of the length of the head (more so in old than in young examples) ; suborbital of moderate width, but narrower than the fleshy part of the cheek below it. There are eight or nine longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral. Scales on the fore part of trunk conspicuously smaller than those on the tail, frequently with the free margin more or less distinctly lobate. Northern parts of America. a-h. Young : skins. Ohio. From Dr. Parnell's Colleetion. c. Adult. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. d. Fine specimen. Massaehusets. Presented by Th.M core, Esq. e. Adult. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq. f-g. Adult. Memniack River, Massaehusets. Purchased of Mr. Wright.— L. lat. 65. h. Adult. Lake Bangely. Purchased of Mr. Wright. i-m. Large specimens. Montreal. Purchased of Mr. Wright. — L. lat. 60. n. Young. Montreal. Purchased of Mr. Wright. — L. lat. 65. 0. Skin, 23 inches long. Lake Huron. Presented by Sir J. Rich- ardson.— L. lat. 69. — Type of C. reticulatus. p-r. Adult : skins. Albany River. Presented by Sir J. Richardson as O. hudsonius. 8-u. Adult : stuffed. Arctic regions. Presented by J. Rae, Esq.' V. Adult : stuffed. Lake Madawaska, Lower Canada. — L. lat. 60. w. Adult : stuffed.— L. lat. 64. X. Skeleton of adult female. Montreal. Purchased of Mr. Wright. This appears to be the species described in Agassiz's ' Lake Supe- rior,' p. 358, as C.forsterianus '; the author of that description enters into details of characters common to aU species of Catostomus, but does not even mention the number of either scales or fin -rays. Catostomus lahiatus, Ayres, in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 32 ; Girard, in U. S. Pac. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 224, from Cali- fornia, is, according to the description, most closely allied to C. teres, 7. Catostomus aureolus. Catostomus aureolus, Lesueur, I. c. p. 95 ; Cuv, Sf Val. xvii. p. 439 ; Agass. Lake Super, p. 357. Ptychostomus aureolus, Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sc.SfArts, xix.1855, p.89. D. 14. A. 8-9. L. lat. 63. Form of the body similar to that of C. teres. Lower lip bilobed. 1. CATOSTOMrS. 17 Snout scarcely projecting beyond the mouth. Eye small. Scales on the fore part of the trunk equal in size to those on the tail. Lakes Erie and Superior. 8. Catostomus occidentalis. Castostomus occidentalis, Ayra, in Proc. Calif. Ac. Nat. Sc. i. 1854, p. liS ; Af/assiz, in Amer. Joi/rn. Sc. ^ Arts, xix. 1854, p. 94 ; Girard, in U. S. P. R. R. Exi)ed. Fish. p. 224. Closely allied to C. teres. D. 14. A. 8-9. L. lat. 70. L. transv. ^}?. 14-1.3 The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which is contained four times and three-fourths in the total (without caudal). Lips broad, slightly papillose, the lower deeply bilobate. Eye small, but little behind the middle of the length of the head ; suborbital narrow, much narrower than the fleshy part of the cheek below it. There are nine or ten longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral. Scales on the fore part of trunk much smaller than those on the tail. Origin of the dorsal fin a little nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal. California. a-6. Adult. San Francisco. Presented by W. O.Ayres, Esq., M.D. 9. Catostomus bemardini. Catostomus bemardini, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philadi 1850, p. 175, and in U. St. ^- Me.v. Bound. Survci/, Ichthyol. p. 40, pi. 23. figs. 1-5. This species is but little known, and very doubtful. D. 14. A. 9. Apparently closely allied to C. teres, but with the eye larger and in the middle of the length of the head (acpording to figure). Scales apparently of the same size af in C. teres, those on the fore part of the trunk being smaller than hose on the tail. The- height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Lips very thick, papillose, the lower deeply bilobate. (Gir.) San Bernardino, in an affluent of the river Huagui, Mexico. 10. Catostomus nigricans. Catostomus nigricans, Lesiieur, I. c. p. 102; Kirtland, Bost, Journ. Nat. Hist.x.^. 273, pi. 21. fig. 3. maculosus, Lesueur, I c. p. 103. fasciolaris, flexuosus, megastomus, xanthopus, Rajinesque. Exoglossum macropterum, Rqfinesqne. Hj'pentelium macropterum, Rqfinesqne. Catostomus planiceps, Cnv. 8,- Val. xvii. p. 450, pi. 516. IlYlomyzon nigricans, Agassiz, I. c. p. 90. D. 13. A. 8-9. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 6|-/9. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, VOL. VII. c 18 CTPRINTD.'E. and about two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Lips papillose, the lower much thicker than the upper, and slightly bilobed. Eye small, situated behind the middle of the length of the head, the snout being nuich produced ; suborbitals very narrow. There are five and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Scales on the fore part of the trunk equal in size to those on the tail. Back and sides marbled with irregular bhickisli-brown spots. Kivers Wabask, Ohio, &c, a. Skin, 9 inches long. Ohio Canal. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. 6. Adult. Youghioghany River, Pennsylvania. Purchased of 3^[r. Salvin. 11. Catostomus duquesnii. Catostomus Anqiiosmi, Los^nfur, I.e. p. 105; KiHlwid, Bost. Jonni. Xat. Hi^t. V. p. 2(?8, pi. 20. fig. 1, pi. 21. tig. 2. erytlu'urus, liajinrfqiic. Ptycliostomus duquesnii, Agas&iz, I. c. D. 15. A. 8-9. L. lat. 43. L. transv. Q,\ 8. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, which is one-fourth of the total (without caudal). Lips broad, cor- nigated, the lower slightly notched. Eye of moderate size, a little behind the middle of the length of the head ; suborbitals very narrow. There are four and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Scales on the fore part of the trunk but Uttle smaller than tliose on the tail. Upper margin of the dorsal fin nearly straight, its origin being a little nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal fin. United States (Ohio). a. Adult. Youghioghany River, Pennsylvania. Purchased of ilr. Salvin. 12. Catostomus macrolepidotns. Catostomus macrolepidotus, Le.^ueur, I. c. p. 94; Cin\ 8f T'«/. xvii. p. 447 ; Dehay, Nctc York Fauna, Fishes, p. 202, pi. 77. f. 242. Cvpriuus (Catostomus) sueurii, Jiichaids. Faun. Bor.-Anier. Pise. ■pp. 118, 308. Catostonuis aureolus, Dekaij, I. c. p. 201, pi. 42. f. 133 (not Lemctir). D. 15. A. 8-9. L. lat. 44-46. L. transv. Qi^lS. The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in tlie total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and a haU' or six times. Ujjper lip thin, lower much thicker not ])ilobid, both corrugated. Eye small, in the middle of the length of the head : suborbitals very narrow. There are four and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the venti^al fin. Scales on the fore part of the trunk smaller than those on the tail. Upper margin of the dorsal fin — shaped, the anterior rays being sometimes a little elongate. Air-bladder with three divisions. Northern parts of North America . 1. C.VTOSTOMT73. 19 a. Fine siDecimeu. Lake Erie. Purchased of Mr. Wright. b-c. Young : skins. Erie Canal. Erom ]\Ir. l/arnoH's Collection. d. Very young. United States. From Mr. Parneirs Collection. e. A.dult : stuffed. Pine Island Lake. Presented by Sir J. llich- ardson. — Type of G. sueurii. f. Nineteen inches long : stuffed. Albany River. Presented by Sir J. Richardson. f/-h. Adult : stuffed. North America. 13. Catostomus congestus. Catostomus congestus, Baird tSr Girard, I'roc. Ac. Kat, Sc. PhUad. 18o4, p. 27. Ptychostonuis congestus, Girard, in U. St. ^- Me.v. Bound, Survey, IcUhyol. p. 30, pi. 21. figs. 5-8. D. 13-14. A. 9. L. lat. 46. The height of the body is contained thrice and fourrfifths in the total length (without caud;il), the length of the head foxu' times and a half. Lower lip much thicker than the upper. Eye in the middle of the length of the head. Scales on the fore part of the trunk equal in size to those on the tail. {G\r.) Eio Salado, Texas. 14. Catostomus fasciatus. Catostomus fasciatus, (Lcsiwur) Cuv. tS'- J'«/. xvii. p. 449; Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat. Ifi.tt. v. p. 271, pi. 20. tig. 3. Ptychostomus (Catostomus) melauops, (^Rajinesque) Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sc. ^- Arts, ix. 1855, p. 89. D. 14-15. A. 8-9. L. lat. 45-48. L. transv. 6^/8. The height of the body is contained four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one- third. Lower lip thicker than the upper, not bilobed. Eye small, in the middle of the length of the head ; suborbitals broad, as broad as, or rather broader than, the Heshy portion of the cheek below. •There are five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Scales on the fore part of the trunk equal in size to those of the tail. Each scale with a very distinct brown spot at the base, the spots forming a continuous streak along each series of scales. Mississippi, Ohio. a-h. Skins, 10 and 7 inches long. Ohio Canal. From Dr. Parnell's Collection. Pti/chostomus hai/dcni, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 172, or in U. St^ Pac. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 220, pi. 49. figs. 1-4, is perhaps identical with this species ; however, this author does not mention the form of the suborbital bones. 20 CYPRINIDJ.. 15. Catostomus carpio. Catostomus carpio, Cuv. ^- Val. xvii. p. 4'>7, pi. 517. D. (17-)18. A. 8-9. L.lat. 43-45. L. transv. 6i/8^. Vert. 27/14. The height of the body is contained three times and a quarter or three times and one-third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times or four times and one-third. Lower lip much thicker than the upper, slightly bilobate, both corrugated. Eye small, in the middle of the length of the head ; suborbitals narrow. There are four and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Scales on the fore part of the trunk smaller than those on the tail. Upper margin of the dorsal fin convex ; dorsal fin sometimes conspicuously elevated, the four or five anterior branched rays being as long as the base of the fin ; its origin is nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal. Air-bladder with three divisions. Pharyngeal teeth as in the other species. Lakes Ontario and Erie, Canada. a. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt. b-c, d-f. Adult. Montreal. Purchased of Mr. Wright. g. Fine specimen. Lake Erie. Purchased of Mr. Wriglit. Ji. Adult male : skeleton. Montreal. Purchased of Mr. Wright. 1(3. Catostomus macrochilus. Catostomus macrocliilus, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18oG, p. 175 ; or in U. S. Pac. E. R. Rvpcd. Fish. p. 225. D. 17. A. 9. Scales of moderate size. " The head constitutes the fifth of the total length ; the horizontal diameter of the eye is contained nearly six times in the length of the side of the head. The head itself is sub()uadrangularly i:)yramidal, truncated anteriorly, with the upper edge of the snout projecting. The anterior margin of the dorsal is a little nearer the end of the snout than the insertion of the caudal fin. Its upper margin is concave. The anal is well developed ; for its tip extends beyond the base of the caudal. The ventrals are inserted opposite the middle of the dorsal. The pectorals are large and long." {Girard.) Astoria, Oregon. 2. MOXOSTOMA*. Catostomus, sp., Lcsiteur, Cuv. ^ 7 «/. Moxostoma, (Piijiiic^qiie) A(/assiz, in Amer. Jortrn. Sc. Arts, xix. 1855, p. 84. Scales of moderate size ; lateral line none. Fins, mouth, gills, * 1. Cvprinus sucetta, Laccp. v. pp. 600, filO ; Catostomus succtta, Lcsncur, I.e. p. 109; Catostomus suceti, C. S( F. xvii. p. 4(10; Moxostoma sucetta, Af/fnifi:. - Southern States of Nortli America. 2. CatoslQuuis (Moxostoma) anisurus, Ri^/fncsqur ^- ADOsai:.- United States. 2. MOXOSTOMA. 21 and pharyngeal teeth identical with those of Vacostomus in all essen- tial points. United States. 1 . Moxostoma oblongum. Cj-prinus oblongus, Mitchell, Lit. i^- Phil. Trans. Nciv York, i. p. 450. Catostoiuus oblongus, Lesneur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1817, i. p. 108 (not Cuv. 8) Val). PCatostomus gibbosus, Lesueur, I. c. p. 02 (D. 17). Catostomus vittatus, Lesueur, I. c. p. 104 (young). tuberculatus, Lesueur, I. c. p. 93 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xvii. p. 444 ; Dekay, New York Faun. Fish. p. 199, pi. 31. fig. 97 (male) ; Storer, Report Ichth. Mass. p. 85. Labeo elegans, Dekay, I. c. p. 102, pi. 31. tig. 100. oblongus, Dekay, I. c. p. 103, pi. 42. fig. L36. gibbosus, Dekay, I. c. p. 104, pi. 32. fig. 101. esopus, Dekay, I. c. p. 105. Catostomus gibbosus, Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. 1855, v. p. 291, pi. 92. fig. 4. Moxostoma oblongum, Ayassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. <§• Arts, 1855, xix. p. 86. D. 15. A. 9. L. lat. 44-47. L. transv. 21. The height of the body is contained three times and one-third iu the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-third. Lips corrugated, the upper narrow, the lower rather broad and bUobate. Eye very small, in the middle of the length of the head ; suborbital of moderate width, narrower than the fleshy portion of the cheek below it. Scales on the fore part of the trunk smaller than those of the tail. Coloration uniform. United States. a. Adult. Charles River, Massachussets. Presented by Th. Moore, Esq. b-c.. Adult, in bad state. North America. Purchased of Mr. War- wick. d. Adult. North America. Catostomus oblongus, Cuv. & Val. x\ii. p. 441, is perhaps a distinct species, as it is said to have only thirty-five transverse series of scales. 2. Moxostoma tenue. Moxostoma tenue, Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sc. 8)- Arts, xix. 1855, p. 88 (name only). claviformis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 171 ; V. St. Pac. R. R. Fxped. Fish. p. 219, pi. 48. figs. 5-9. D. 13. A. 9. 'L. lat. 45. L. transv. 17. The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (with- (Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 209, pi. 20. f. 2, appears to have figured some species with a lateral line.) 3. Moxostoma kennerlii, ? = M. victorite, ?==M. campbeUi, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 185(5, p. 171, and U. St. Sf Mex. Boimd. Survey^ Ichthyol. p. 34, pi. 20.— Texas. 22 CTPRINID^, out caudal), the length of the heaS two-ninths. Lips corrugated, the upper narrow, the lower rather broad and bilobate. Eye very small, situated a little nearer to the end of the snout than to that of the opercle ; suborbital narrow. Scales on the fore part of the trunk smaller than those of the taU. Pharyngeal teeth with slender base and broader much compressed crown, the upper margin being oblique and terminating in an unci- nate projection. United States. a. Half-grown. Mobile. Presented by Th. Moore, Esq. 3. SCLEROGNATHUS *. Catostomus, sp., Lesiienr. Sclerognathus, sp., Cuv. 8f Val. xvii. p. 472; Bubalichthys, Ichthyobus et Cycleptus, Rqfinesqiie 8f Agassiz, in Amer. Journ. Sc. ^- Arts., xix. 1855, pp. 77-82 f. Scales of moderate or rather large size. Lateral line running along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin much elongate, with about thirty or more I'ays, none of Avhich are spinous. Anal fin short (see Scl. asintkus). Mouth small, inferior or terminal, with the lips more or less thickened. Barbels none. Gill-rakers long, stiff in the upper two-thirds of the first branchial arch, modified into low membra- naceous transverse folds in the lower third. Pseudobranchioe. Phai'yngeal bones sickle-shaped, armed with a comb-like series of numerous compressed teeth, increasing in size downwards. Temperate and subtropical parts of North America ; North China. Two types may be distinguished in this genus : — «. Mouth inferior : BuhalicJitliys, p. 22. /3. Mouth .terminal : Sclcrof/iiathus, ■p. 24:. a. BuhalicJithijs. 1. Sclerognathus urns. Catostomus bubalus, Kirtland, Host. Jottrn. Naf. Hist. v. p. 2G6, pi. 19. fig- 2- Carpiodes urus, Ayasmz, in Amer. Journ. Sc. Sf- Arts, xvii. 1854, p. 355. taurus, Aijasxiz, I. c. ? vitulus, Af/assiz, I. c. p. 350. * 1. Carpiodes tumidus, Baird S( Girard, Proc. Ac. Naf. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 2S ; lotiobus tumidus, Girard, in U. S. cf Mcx. Bound. Survey, Ichfhi/ul. p. ;>4, pi. 19. figs. 1-4, — Fort Brown, Texas. Mouth inferior. 2. - — damalis, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18.56, p. 218, pi. 48. figs. 1-4. — Milk River, Upper Missouri. Mouth inferior. t Agassiz has publislied a paper on these fishes, in which ho refers his tri- vial generic distinotions to Rafinesquian genera. If any evidence had been wanting to prove tlie miserable character of the publication of Rafinesque on the Fi.slics of tlie Ohio, this paper would amj)ly supply' it. And yet the labours of a. Cuvier or a Valenciennes are to be superseded by it ! A careful examination and di.=tinction of the species of Cafosfomi is still much wanted, as the specific characters offered in Agassiz's paper are quite insufficient. 3. SCLEEOGNATHUS. 23 Bubalichthys urus, taurus et vitulus, Agassiz, I. c. xix. 1855, p. 77. niger, bubalus et bouasus, Agassiz, I. c. D. 28-29. A. 10. L. lat. 35-38. L. transv. 71/8^. Mouth inferior ; the pharyngeal teeth increase in size downwards, the lowest being lamelliform, of rather small size. The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length (without caudal). Anterior dorsal rays of moderate length. United States. a. Young : skin. Ohio. Purchased of Dr. Parnell. A fine specimen from Burlington, Iowa, is in the Liverpool Museum. 2. Sclerognathus meridionalis. Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. 18G8 (not yet published). D. 29-30. A. 10. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 7|/7a. Mouth small, inferior, slightly corrugated . The height of the body is contained thrice and one-thii-d or thrice and one-fourth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times or four times and a half; head not much longer than high. Eye rather small, one-fifth of the length of the head, and two-thirds of that of the snout ; suborbitals narrow. The anterior dorsal rays are not much produced, being shorter than the head. Caudal fin forked. The origin of the ventral fin is verticallj^ below the fourth dorsal ray. Pectoral fin not extending to ventral. There are five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral. Coloration uniform. Pharyngeal teeth verj^ numerous and small, increasing somewhat in size downwards. Rio Usumacinta (Guatemala). a-d. From 9 to 10 inches long. From Mr. Salvin's Collection. 3. Sclerognathus elongatus. Catostomus elongatus, Lesiieur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. i. p. 103 ; Kh-t- land, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 267, pi. 19. fig. 3. Cycleptus, {Rafinesque) Agassiz, I. c. p. 82. D. 35. A. 8. Scales large. Mouth inferior ; pharyngeal teeth of moderate size, increasing in size downwards. The height of the body is about one- foiu'th of the total length (without caudal). Anterior dorsal rays and caudal lobes prolonged. Mississippi and tributaries. 4. Sclerognathus asiaticus. Carpiodes asiaticus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. I>ierk. ii. 1864, p. 19. D. 52. A. 13. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 12/?. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal). Suborbitals narrow. Caudal fin deeply forked. (BleeJc.) Northern China. 24 CrPRINID^, It is evident from Bleeker's description of the pharyngeal bones that this is not a Oarpiodes ; pro|)ably it may prove to be the type of another subgeneric section. /3. Schrognathus. 5, Sclerognathus C3rpriiiella. Cuv. ^ Vol. xvii. p. 477, pi. 518. D. 33. A. 11. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 10/7. Mouth terminal ; the pharyngeal teeth increase in size down- wards, but even the largest are of small size. The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the total length (with- out caudal). Anterior dorsal rays of moderate length. {Vol.) Lake Pontchartrain. Agassiz distinguishes an Ichthyobus huhalus (a Rafinesquian name), an Ichthyobus ranchii and stolleyi, Amer. Journ. So. & Arts, xix. 1855, p. 81. If these be distinct species, no one will be able to recognize them from the notes published. 4. CARPIODES. Catostomus, sp., Lesueiir. Sclerognathus, sp., Cuv. Sf Veil. Carpiodes, (liq/ine.sque) Agassiz, in Amer. Journ. Sc. <§- Arts, xix. 185-5, p. 74. Distinguished from Sclerognathus by its very thin, compressed pharyngeal bones, which are armed with a comb-like series of nearly equally minute compressed teeth. United States. 1. Carpiodes cyprinus. Catostomus cyprinus, Lesuetir, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. 1817, Sp. 91, 110; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, p. 133. eo cyprinus, {Cuv.) Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 194, pi. 77. fig. 243. Sclerognathus cyprinus, Cuv. 8f Val. xvii. p. 474 j KirtUind, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 275, pi. 22. fig. 2. Carpiodes vacca, Agass. in Amer. Journ. Sc. Sc Arts. xvii. 1854, p. 35G. velifer, (Rajinesque) Agass. I. c. xix. 1855, p. 76. thompsoni, Agass. I. c. ? Carpiodes bison, Agass, I. c, xvii. 1854, p. 356, D. 27-32. A. 9. L. lat. 35-40. L. transv. 8/9i. Mouth inferior. The height of the body is more than one- third of the total length (without caudal). Anterior dorsal rays some- times much elongate *. There are five and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. United States. a. Fine specimen. PrcKented by Max., Prince of Neuwied. * It cannot he prceunipcl that all individuals are provided with miich-elongato anterior, dorsal rays at all season.^, at every age, and of each sex. 5. CYPRINUS. 25 Second Group. CYPRININA. Anal fin very short, with not more than five or six, exception- ally seven, branched rays. Dorsal fin opposite ventrals. Abdomen not compressed. Lateral line running along the median line of the tail. Mouth frequently with barbels, never more than four in number. Pharyngeal teeth generally in a triple sefries in the Old World genera, in a double or single series in the North American forms, which are smaU and feebly developed. Air- bladder present, without osseous covering. 5. CYPRINUS*. Cyprinus, sp., Artedi, Ctiv. Meyne Anim. Cypi'inus, Kilsson. Scales large. Dorsal fin long, with a more or less strong, ser- rated osseous ray ; anal short. Snout rounded, obtuse ; mouth an- terior, rather narrow. Pharyngeal teeth 3.1. 1 — 1 .1.3, molar- like. Barbels four. Temperate parts of Europe and Asia. The comuion species is domesticated, and has degenerated into many varieties. 1. Cyprinus carpio. The Carp. Karpfen. T^a cai-pe. Kvnpivos, Aristot. Hist. An. iv. c. 8 ; ii. c. 13 ; vi. c. 14 ; viii. c. 20. Cyprinus, Honclel. De Pise. Lacustr. p. 150; Salvian. Fish. 92; Bcllcni. De Aquat. p. 273 ; Gcsner, De Aquat. p. 309 ; Aldroraud. De Pise. p. 637 ; Marsil. Damib. Pan.-Mys. p. 57, tab. 19 ; Granov. Zoophyl. no. 330; Klein, Miss. v. p. 59. no. 1. Carp, Wilhigh. Hist. Pise. p. 245, tat Q 1. f. 2 ; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 309, pi. 70, and edit. 1812, iii. p. 467, pi. 81 ; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 4. * Dr. Bleeker, Atl. Ichthyol. iii. p. 73, says, " I'espece typique du genre Cyprinus, Art., etant un Lcucisais, on ne pent appliquer le nom de Cyprinus a un genre tout different." As if Artedi had ever had the intention of expressing the idea of a generic type by placing it first in the series of species ! The least acquaintance with his works shows the contrary : thus he places C. rutilus as first species in the ' Genera,' C. idus in the ' Species ' and, finally, C. carpio in the ' Synonymy.' Further, he was too well acquainted with the preceding literature not to know that the name Cyprinus belonged originally to the Carp alone ; and thence he transferred it to other .species which he nssociated with the Carp. To him, all his species of Cyprinus were equivalents; and tho.se fanciful and some- times convenient modern ideas of tvpical species are entirely absent from his sy.stem. How can it be supposed, for instance, that he regarded the Sawfish as the type of his genu? Squalus ? Doub/ful species: — 1. Cyprinus nancar, Bucii. Ham. F sh. Ganges, p. 299. — Found in the sjnall rivers of the Goraklipur district. 26 CTPEINIDJE. Cyprinus nobilis, Schoiiev. p. 32. Cyprinus, Artedi, Syncni. p. 3. no. 1 ; Gener. p. 4. nn. 8 ; Spec. p. 25. no, 13. Cyprinus carpio, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 625 ; Leslie, Ichthyologice Lip- .siensis Specimen, Lips. 1774, p. 22 ; £1. Fische Dewtschl. i. p. 92, taf. 1(5; Bl. Schn. p. 447; Lacep. v. p. 504; Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.- .4s. hi. p. 289 ; Zf/;pc/i/«, i?e«.se, i. pi. 23; Ji'm/Zw/e/-, tab. 9; Ttirton, Brit. Faun. p. 107; Donov. Brit. Fish. \. pi.' 110; Flem. Brit. Jti. p. 185 ; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. iv. p. 284 ; Bonaparte, Fatm. Ital. Peso. ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. i. p. 305, and 2nd edit. i. p. 349, and 3rd edit. p. 354 ; Selys-Longchamps, Faun. Beige, p. 195 ; Kroger, IJanm. Fisk. iii. p. 290 ; Cur. ^- Vol. xvi. p. 23 ; JVoi-d- niann, in Demid. Voy. Buss. 3ferid. iii. p. 47G; Giinth. Fische Neckar's, p. 35 ; Heckel ^ Kner, Siissivasserf. p. 54 ; Siebold, Siiss- u-asserf. p. 84; Jeittelcs, Verh. zovl.-bot. Gesells'ch. Wien, 1862, p. 293, and Fische d. March, p. 21 ; Cancstrini, Prosp. Crit. Pesc. d^Acq. doke dLud., in Arch. Zoul. Anat. 18GG, p. 04; Blanchard, Poiss. France, p. 322. Cyprinus cirrosus, Schafcr, Epist. de Stud. Ichthyol. p. 18. figs. 1-3. C'arpe, Duhamel, Pech. ii. sect. 3. p. 509, pi. 16. tig. 1 ; Jurine, Poiss. Lent. p. 204, pi. 9. Carpio vulgaris, Papp, Bodensee-Fische, p. 5. Varieties of the integuments. Cyprinus macrolepidotus, JTurtm. Hclvet. Ichthyol. p. 183 ; Meidinger, Pise. Austr. taf. 41. Cyprinus nudus, Bloch, Fische Dcutschl. iii. p. 178 (Leder-Karpfen). coriaceus, Lacep. v. p. 528. Cyprinus, Marsil. Danub. Pan.-Mys. tab. 20 ; Klein, Pise. Miss. v. 'p. 59. no. 2 ; Lcske, Ichthyol. Lips. p. 23. no. 2 /3. Eex cvprinorum, Kramer, Flench, p. 390. no. 1/3; Bluch, Fische Deutschl. iii. pp. 131 & 178. Cyprinus cirrosus, Sclurffer, I. c. Spiegel-Karpfen, Bl. Fische Deutschl. i. p. 107, taf. 17. Cyprinus specularis, Lacep, v. p. 528 ; Grohov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 178. Varieties of form. Cyprinus regina, Bonap. Faicn. Ital. Pesc. c. fig. ; Sclys-Longchamps, I. c. ; Ctcv. i.y T'al. xvi. p. 63 ; Ilcek. l^- Kner, Siissicassci^sche, p. 62. hungaricus, Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 222, taf. 19. fig. 1 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. 3Icrid. iii. p. 477 ; Heck. 4'" Kner, Siissvasserjische, p. 60; C'uv. ^- Val. xvi. p. 65; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1^59, xxxii. pt. 1. p. 523; Jcittclles, Fische der March, p. 21. elatus, Bonap. I. c. ; Selys-Longchamps, I. c. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xvi. p. 62. nordmannii, Cuv. ^- Val. xvi. p. 66, pi. 456. acuiniuatus, Heckel 8f Kner, Siissn-asscr/i>'che, p. 58 ; Jeitteles, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Geselhch. Wien, 1862, p'. 294. bithynicus, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 372. Monstrosities. Steindachner, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Geselhch. Wien, 1863, p. 485, tab. 12. 5. CYPRINUS. 27 Eastern specimens. Cyrinua rubro-fuscus, Lacep. v. p. 530, pi. 16. fig, 1 ; Ctw. 8,- Vol. xvi. p. 74; Hichards. Ichth. Chin. p. 288. nigroauratus, Lacep. v. p. 547, pi. 16. fig. 2 ; Cuv. <§• Val. xvi. p. 73; Richards. I. c. p. 290. viridi-violaceus, Lacep. v. p. 547, pi. 16. fig. 3 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xvi. p. 75 ; Richards, I. c. p. 288. flavipinnis {Kithl 8f v. Ifass.), Cuv. ^ Val. xvi. p. 71 ; Sleek. Nut. Tydschr. Ned. Lml. xiii. p. 345, and Cyprin. Prodr. p. 252. vittatus, Cuv. 8)- Val. xvi. p. 72. atrovirens, Richards. I. c. p. 287. flammans, Richards. I. c. p. 288. acuminatus, Richards. I. c. p. 289. sculponeatus, Richards. I. c. p. 290. haematopterus, Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 189, pi. 96. . melanotus, Schley. !. c. p. 190, pi. 97. fig. 1 (specimen badly fed) ; Bleck. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. viii. Japan, vi. p. 94. conirostris, Schley. I. c. p. 191, pi. 97. fig. 2. chinensis, BasUctvsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. x. 1855, p. 227, tab. 2. fig. 3. obesus, BasilewsJcy, I. c. p. 228, tab. 1. fig. 2. Carpio flavipinna, Bleek. Atl. Lchthyol. Ctjprin. p. 74, tab. 7. fig. 8. Variety with the fins much prolonged. Cj'prinus hybiscoides, Richards. I. c. p. 289. ^- iT^y ^-T- P- 1^- ^' 0 (^' 7)- L- lat. 35-39. L. transv. 5/5. Yert. 20-21/16-17. Two barbels on each, side of the upper jaw. Dgrsal and anal fins with a strong ray which is serrated behind^ caudal deeply emarginate. Domesticated and consequently with numerous varieties ; the depth of the body, the relative length of the head, the size and , arrangement of the scales, and the length of the fins are principally subject to variation. On a hybrid between this species and Garassius vulgaris, see the latter species. The Carp is a native of the temperate parts of Asia, especially of China, whence it was introduced to Europe, Java, and America. a. European specimens. a. Three feat long : stuflfed. Surrey. Presentod by E. Jesse, Esq. (Weight 22 pounds.) b. Two feet long: stuifed. Gloucestershire. (Weight 6 pounds.) c. Fine large specimen. Tredegar Park (Monmouthshire). Pre- sented by the Rev. Aug. Morgan. d~f. Adult : stuffed. England. g. Half-grown : skin. Holland. From Gronow's Collection. k-i. Half-grown : skins. Holland. From Gronow's Collection {rex cyprinorum). k. Adult. Holland. From Dr. Blocker's Collection. 28 CTPEINID^. I. Adult. Neusiedler-See. Presented by Professor v. Siebold (C?/j7r. carplo, var. liungaricus). vi-n. Young. Switzerland. From Professor L. Agassiz's Collec- tion. (Spiegel-Karpfen.) 0. Young, in very bad state. Lake Apollonia. Presented by H. Poole, Esq. Type of C. bithynlcus (Richards.). p-q. Large fine specimens. Lake of Derkos. Prom Mr. Millingen's Collection. r. Skeleton, 3 feet long. Estcourt, Gloucestershire. Presented by E. Bucknall, Esq. s. AdiJt: skeleton. England. From the Collection of Mr. E. Gerrard, jun. t. Skull of a very large specimen. Holland. Purchased of Mr. Damon. u. Adult: skeleton. Holland. Purchased of Mr. Damon. V. Adult ; skeleton. Lake of Derkos. From Mr. Millingen's Col- lection. Vert. 21/17. /3. Asiatic specimens. a b. Half-grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. c. HaK-grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. (/, e-g. Adult and half- grown. Amoy. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection. h, i-k. Adult and half-grown. Formosa. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection. 1. Adult. Japan. (C hce.matopterus.) m. Half-grown. Japan. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection as C. mela- notiis. n, 0. Half-grown. Java. (^C.Jloripinna.) p. Adult : skeleton. Amoy. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection. 2. Cyprinus fossicola. Cyprinus (?) fossicola, (^Gray) Richards. Ichthyol. Chin. p. 291. D. _L_. A. 2-. L. lat. 32-33. L. transv. \ Two barbels on each side of the upper jaw. Dorsal and anal fins with a strong ray, which is serrated behind ; caudal deeply emar- ginate. Body elevated, short, its depth being considerably more than the length of the head, which is one-third of the total (without caudal). China. a. Half- grown. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. h-c. Adult. From the Haslar Collection. d. Adult : skin. China. Purchased of Mr, Warwick. I am not certain whether this is really a distinct species ; how- ever, our thi'ee specimens agree very well with one another, and with Reeves's figure. The chief character of this form is the large size of the scales between the lateral line and the origin of G. CARASSIUS, 29 the dorsal fin. Cyprinus carpio has always at least five fully deve- loped longitudinal series on this part of the hody, whilst C. fossicola has four only. 6. CARASSIUS. Carassius, Nilsson, Prodr. This genus differs from Cypnnus in being without barbels ; its pharyngeal teeth are compressed in a single series, 4 4. Temperate Asia and Europe. Domesticated and degenerated into numerous varieties. 1. Carassius vulgaris. Crucian Carp. Die Karausche. Riida (Sweden) . Karass, Gesner, De Aquat. p. 818, and Paralipom. p. 16. Carassius, Will. Hid. Pise. p. 245). Mamil. Dannb. Pan. -My s. iv. tab. 14. Cyprinus, sp., Artcdi, Genera, p. 4. no. 7 ; Synon. p. 5. no. 5 ; and Specie's, p. 29. no. 15; Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 59. no. 4, tab. 11. fig. 1 ; Grmiov. Zoophyl. no. 343. Cyprinus carassius, L. iSyst. Nat. p. 526; Le^ike, Ichthyologio' Lip- siensis Specimen, 1774, p. 78 ; Bl. Fische Devtsehl. i. p. 96, taf. 11 ; Bl. Schn. p. 4'>8 ; Lacep. v. p. 549 ; Meidinyer, Fische, tab. 27 ; I'all. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 297 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 108 ; Fries och EhUr. Skand. Fisk. p. 140, tab. .31 ; Ekstr. Fische Morko, p. 58 ; Ctiv. 8,- Val. xvi. p. 82, pi. 459 (not good) ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 402 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. i. p. 355, and 3rd edit. ii. p. 364 ; Kihs. Skand. Fauoi. fv. p. 290 ; Sclys-Lonychamps^ Faune Belye, p. 200 ; Kroyer, Danm. Fisk. iii. p. 293 ; Giinther, Fische Neekar s, p. 38; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 179. Crucian,. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 319, pi. 72; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. i. edit. i. p. 311; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p 26, pi. 184. Carassius vulgaris, (Nilsson) Nordmann, in Demid. Vvy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 479 ; Heckel ^ Kner, Siisswasserjische, p. 67 ; Dybowski, Cypr. Livl. p. 41, tab. 2; Jeitteles, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, p. 295 ; Siehold, Siisswasserjische, p. 98 ; Jdckel, Ab- handl. zool. -miner. Ver. JRegensb. 1864, p. 22; Canestrini, Arch, Zool. Anat. etc. 1866, p. 66. Cyprinopsis carassius, Blanchard, Poiss. France, p. 336. Variety (Prussian Carp). Cyprinus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. v. tab. 11. fig. 2. C}'pnnus gibelio, Bloch, Fische Deutschl. i. p. 71, taf. 12 ; Bl. Schn. p. 438 ; Lacep. v. p. 64 ; Fkstrom, Fische v. Morko, p. 64 ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 185 ; Jenyns, Man. p. 402 ; Ciw. 8f Val. xvi. p. 90 ; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. i. p. 358; 3rd edit. ii. p. 368; Nord- mann, I. c. ; Koch, Faun. Ratisbon. p. 32 ; Sclys-Lonychatnps, Faun. Beige, p. 199 ; Heckel Sr Kner, Siisstvasser/ische, p. 70 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, xxxii. pt. 1. p. 526 ; Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 31, tab. 185. amarus, Koch, Faun. Ratisbon. p. 39. carassius, var., Fkstrom, Okenslsis 1840, p. 145. Carassius humilis, Heckel, IVieti. Ann. ii. p. 156, taf. 9. fig. 4 m. Cyprinus moles, Agass. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Neuchatel, i. 18.%, p. 37 ; Car. (§• Val. xvi. p. 89 ; Selys-Longchamps, I. c. p. 200 ; Heckel 8f Kner, I. c. p. 71. 30 CYPRINID^i:. Cyprinus carassius, yar. B, Fries ocL Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 142, tab. 32 (C gibelio). Carassius oblongus, Heckel 8f Kner, I. c. p. 73 ; Dyhowski, Cypiin. Livl. p. 50, taf. 3 ; Jeitteles, Fische der March, p. 25. gibelio, Jeitteles, Verhandl. zooL-bot. Gesellsck. Wien, 18G2, p. 295, and Fische der March, p. 24. moles, Jeitteles, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 18G2, p. 295. Cypriuopsis gibelio, lilanchard, Poiss. France, p. 340. D. -V«. A. i- . P. 13-14. L. lat. 31-35. L. transv. t?. 15— lo 5-0 5-0 Vert. 19/13. Dorsal and anal fins with the stiff ray rather feeble and fin Ay serrated ; caudal emarginate. This species also is domesticated, and varies much, especially with regard to the depth of the body, which, normally, is one-tl ird or two -fifths only of the total length, but frequently much less, particularly in localities with a scanty supply of food. Central and Northern Europe ; Italy ; Siberia. a. Adult. England. From Yarrell's Collection. b, c. Adult : stuffed. England. d-f. Adult: skins. England. g. Adult : skin. Holland. From Gronow's Collection. h. Adult. Holland. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. i-Jc. Adult. Neckar, near Heilbronn. From the Stuttgart Museum, as C. moles. l-m. Large specimens. Danube, near Ulm. From the Stuttgart Museum, as O. moles. n. Adult. Danube, near Ulm. From the Stuttgart Museum, as Carassius vul(/aris. 0. Adult. Chiem Lake. Presented by Professor von Siebold. p. Adult. Switzerland. From Professor L. Agassiz's Collection. q-r. Adult. Fresh Haff. Presented by Professor von Siebold. s. Adult. Presented by Professor von Siebold. t. Adult. Gefle, Sweden. From Mr. Wheelwright's Collection. u-w. Adult. Gestrickland, Sweden. From Mr. Wheelwright's Collection. x-z. Young. Lake Wenern. a. Adult : skeleton. Holland. Purchased of Mr. Damon. /3. Adult: skeleton. Wiirtemberg. From Dr. A. Giinther's Col- lection. Var. gibelio. a-j3. Adult and half-grown : skins. England. y. Several young specimens. Oldham. Pres. by D. Dyson, Esq. S. Several half-grown specimens. Braunsberg, Eastern Prussia. Presented by Professor von Siebold. Var. oblongiis. (. Half-grown. Norway. Prefsented by P. S. Godman, Esq. 5-r;. Young. Baltic. Presented by Max., Prince of Neuwied. 6. CARASSIUS. 31 0. Several half-grown specimens. Munich. Presented by Professor von Siebold. 1. Half- grown. Braunsberg, Eastern Prussia. Presented by Pro- fessor von Siebold. K-r. Adult. Olmiitz. From Herr Jeitteles's Collection. Var. humilis. ^-0. Young. Sicily. Hybrid between Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinus carassius. {Carpin, Heck.) Cyprinus, sp., Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 59. no. 3. Cyprinus kollarii, Heckel, Ann. IFien. Mus. i. 1835, p. 223, taf. 19. fig. 2 ; Nordmann in Demidoff, Voi/. Huss. MMd. iii. 1840, p. 478, pi. 21. fig. 1 ; Cuv. (§• Val. xVi. p. 76, pi. 458. striatus, Hollandre, Fuvne de la Moselle^ p. 242 ; Selys-Long- champs, Faune Beige, p. 198, pi. 9. Carpio kollarii, Heekel i^~ Kner, Silsswasserf. p. 64 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, xxxii. pt. 1. p. 523 ; Di/boivski, Cyprin. Liv- lands, p. 65, taf. 5*; Siebold, Silsswasserf. p. 91. D. ~. A. |. L. lat. 35-38. L. transv. g. Vert. 35. This hybrid resembles the Carp in having four barbels, which, however, are much less developed and smaller. The pharyngeal teeth generally in two series (4 . 1 — 1 . 4) ; sometimes the inner tooth is absent, or another tooth indicates the third series of the Carp. The serrated ray of the dorsal and anal fins varies in strength, being sometimes very feeble. This hybrid appears to occur everywhere where the Common and Crucian Carps are kept in a domesticated or semidomesticated state. a. Fine specimen, 16 inches long. Norwich. Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq. h. Adult. HoUand. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. c. Adult. Brunswick. Presented by Professor von Siebold. d. Adult. Schwandorf near Ratisbon. Presented by Professor von Siebold.- — (Hybrid between O. rex cyprinorum and C ca- rassius.) 2. Carassius bucephalus. Carassius bucephalus, Heckel, Ann. Wien. 3fus. ii. p. 157. D. 3/16. A. 3/5. P. 14. V. 9. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 8/5. Very similar to C. carassius, but with more series of scales above the lateral line. Warm springs near Salonik in Macedonia. * Dybowski appears to have been the first who proved the hybrid origin of this fish. 32 cyprinid.tK. 3. Carassius auratus. Ch'iginal variety. ?(^ypriniis lineatus, Cui\ Sf Val. xvi. p. 96*. Cyprinus langsdorHi, Ctiv. 8f Val. xvi. p. 99. gibelioides, Cantor, Ann. i^ May. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 485 ; Richards. Ichthyol. Chin. p. 292. Carassius langsdorfii, Schhy. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 192, pi. 98. fig. 1. biirgeri, Schlcf/. I. c. p. 194. tig. 2 ;■ Richards. I. c. p. 292 ; Rleck. Act. Sac. Sc. Indu-Ncerl. viii. Japan, vi. p. 9G. ciivieri, Sch/cf/. I. c. fig. 3 ; Richards. I. c. grandoculis,»S'c/se(jc[fr'' s Beisen, i. p. 1025. — Philip- pme T.slunds. — D. 20. L. lat. .'>.">. 10. OSTEOCHILUS. 41 much longer than the eye, which occupies the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-fourth or four times. Body with numerous small silvery spots iiTcgularly scattered ; a large black transverse blotch on the midJle of the side of the abdomen. Sumatra, Borneo ; Siam. a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 6. Half-grown. Siam. From M, Mouhot's Collection. 2. Osteochilus bomeensis. Rohita bomeensis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Ind.-Neerl. ii. Borneo, x. p. 17; or Prodr. Cypr. n. p. 1G4 ; or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. 63, tab. 8. fig. 5. B. 20. A. 7. L. lat. 47. L. transv. 8/9. Six and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. Snout with five pores in front, that in the centre being the largest. Barbels at least as long as the eye, which occupies the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths, A large blackish spot on the root of the caudal fin. Borneo. a. Type of the species, 3 inches long. Pontianak. From Dr. Blee- ker's Collection. 3. Osteochilus hasseltii. Rohita hasseltii, Cuv. ^ Val. xvi. p. 274 ; Bleek. Not. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. v. p. 450 ; or Prodr. Cypr. p. 171 ; or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. G5, tab. 14. fig. 1. leiorhynchos, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii. Midd. Oost-Java, p. 19. artedii, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. i. p. 434. D. 18-19. A. 7. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 5t?. o Four longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. Snout without pores. The upper barbels are about cue- third the size of the lower ones, which are longer than the eye. Eye nearer to the end of the snout than to that of the operculum. The height 01 the body is contained from twice and two-thirds to thrice in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half, or in large examples five times and a half. Young and half-grown examples nearly always, adult sometimes, with about six series of brown spots on the tail, one spot being on every scale. A round black spot on the middle of the root of the caudal fin, disappearing in old examples. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. a, h, c-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. East-Indian archipelago. 42 CYPKINID^. 4. OsteocMlus kappenii. Rohita kappenii, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Tmh-Ncerl. ii. Borneo, x. p. 19 ; or Prodr. Cypr. p. 167 ; or Atl, Ichthijol. Cypr. p. 04, tab. 12. tig. 1. D. 18. A. 7. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 5i/6i. Four longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout -without pores. The upper barbels onlj- half as long as the lower, which are as long as the eye. Eye in the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-fourth. A large black blotch on the root of the caudal fin. Borneo. a. Tyije of the species, 5 inches long. Pontianak. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 5. Osteochilus kuhlii. Rohita kuhlii, Bleek. Prodr. Cypr. p. 177 ; or Atl. Ichthyol. Ci/pr. p. 08, tab. 12. fig. 3. D. 17. A. 8. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 4i/5. Three longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout without pores. The upper barbels are one- third the -size of the lower, which iixe longer than the orbit. Eye somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to that of the operclo. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. A lai'ge blackish spot on the end of the tail. Sumatra. a. Type of the species, 6 inches long. Palembang. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 0. OsteocMlus schlegelii. RoMta schlegelii, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. ii. p. 42.3, & ix. p. 420; Prodr. Cypr. p. 109 ; or Atl. Ic-hthyol. Cypr. p. 05, tab. 15. tig. 3. D. 16. A. 7. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6^/74. Five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout without pores. Barbels not well developed, shorter than the eye, which is in, oi* in young examples before, the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is con- tained twice and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-fburth. Frequently an indistinct very large blackish blotch anteriorly on the dorsal fin. Sumatra and Borneo ; Siam. a. One of the tj'pical specimens. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. h. Half-grown. Borneo. From the Leyden Museum. c. Half-grown. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach. 10. OSTEOCHILUS. 43 7. OsteocMlus waandersii. Rohita waandersi, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. iii. p. 733 ; or Prodr. Cijpr. p. 166 ; or Atl. Ichthtjol. Cypr. p. 63, tab. 9. fig. 2. D. 15. A. 7. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 6|/7. Four and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout without pores. Barbels moderately developed, the lower as long as the eye, which occupies the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fifth in the total length (without caudal), the leng^ of the head four times and one-fourth. A black band, as broad as a scale, rixns along the lateral line to the end of the middle caudal rays. Banka. a. Tj-pe of the species, 8 inches long. Toboali. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 8. Osteochilus microcephalus. ?? Rohita microcephalus, Cuv. Sf Val. xvi. p. 275. Rohita microcephalus, Bleck. Prodr. Cypr. p. 173; or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. 66, tab. 11. fig. 1. Most closely allied to 0. waandersii. D. 14. A. 7. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5i/6. Four and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout without pores. The upper barbels are half the size of the lower, which are longer than the eye. Eye nearly equidistant from the end of the snout and opercle. * The height of the body is contained thrice or thrice and one-fouith in the total length (without caudal), tlie length of the head four times and one-third or four times and a half. A blackish band runs along the lateral line. Java and Sumatra. a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 9. Osteochilus brachynotoptems. Rohita hrachynotopterus, Bleek. Nat. 'J'yd.schr. Ned. Ind. ix. p. 266, or Prodr. Cypr. L p. 122 ; or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. 67, tab. 8. fig. 6. D. 13. A. 7. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5|/6. Four longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout without pores. The upper barbels are onr - third the size of the lower, which are longer than the eye. The eye occupies the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-fifth. A narrow dark band runs along the lateral line, but disappears in preserved specimens Sumatra. a. Type of the species, 3| inches long. Lahat. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 44 CYPRINIDJE. 10. Osteochilus vittatus. Rohita vittata, Cuv. §• Vol. xvi. p. 267 ; Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. V. p. 451; or Prodr. Cypr. p. 178} or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. 68, tab. 12. fig. 2. erythrura, Cuv. ^ Vol. xvi. p. 268; Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. V. p. 452. enneaporus, Bleek. I. c. iii. p. 596 ; or Prodr. Cypr. p. 184 ; or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. 70, tab. 11. fig. 2. D. 15. A. 8. L. lat. 35-36. L. transv. 5|/6. Four longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout with pores or tubercles in front, the three largest being placed in a transverse series (• . •), and the central being the largest; there are sometimes other smaller pores sur- rounding the larger ones. Barbels moderately developed, about as long as the eye, which occupies nearly the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained thrice and one- fourth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times. Generally a dark band along the lateral Hne. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. a. Adult. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. h. Type of B. enneaporos, 9 inches long. Padang. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 11. Osteochilus tripoms. Rohita triporus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. iii. p. 598 ; or Prodr. Cypr. p. 182; or Atl. Ichthtjol. Cypr. p. 70, tab. 11. fig. 3. D. 14-15. A. 7. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5|/6|. Four longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Snout with three pores in front, situated in a transverse line, the middle being the largest. The upper barbels are one- third the size of the lower, which are as long as the eye. Eye nearly in the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fifth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and a half. Sumatra and Borneo. a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection. 12. Osteochilus kahajanensis. Rohita kahajanensis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. ii. Borneo, x. p. 18; or Prodr. Cypr. p. 180; or Atl. Ichthyol. Cypr. p. 69, tab. 8. fig.l. D. 18. A. 7. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 51/7. Four longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. A large pore on each side in front of the snout. The upper barbels are only half the size of the lower, which are as long as the eye. Eye occupying the middle of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fifth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and a 11. I-ABKO. 45 half. A blacldsh spot behind the upper end of the gill-opening; a large blackish blotch on the end of the tail. Borneo and Sumatra. a. Type of the species. From Dr. Bleekcr's Collection. 13. Osteochiliis oligolepis. Rohita oligolepis, Ji/cck. Nat. Ti/'hchr. Ned. Ltd. v. p. 101; or Prod r. C'l/pr. p. 185 ; or Atl. Ichthijol. Ci/pr. p. 71, tab. 8. fig. 7. D. 14. A. 7. L. lat. 28-30. L. transv. 4^/5|. Snout with numerons pores. Barbels well developed, longer than the eye, which is in the middle of the length of the liead. The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fifth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-third. A blackish spot on the middle of the end of the tail. Banka. a. One of the typical specimens, in bad state. Marawang. From Dr. Bleekcr's Collection 14. Osteochiliis spilurus. Dangila spilurus, lilccL-. Nat. Tydschr. Xed. Lid. i. p. 272 ; or Prodr. i'ypr. p. 200; or Atl. Ichthijol. Cypr. p. 48, tab. 15. fig. 1. D. 13. A. 7. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 4|/4|. The lower barbels are much longer than the upper or than the eye*. Lower lip distinct ; snout with some pores anteriorly. The origin of the dorsal fin is opposite the ninth scale of the lateral line. There are three longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-third. A round blackish spot on the end of the lateral line. Borneo. «. Type of the species, 3 inches long, in bad state. Bandjermassing. From Dr. Bleekcr's Collection. 11. LABEOt. Labeo, Cuv. Rbgne Anim. ; Ilcckcl in Russegger's Pcisen, ii. 3. p. 294. * This is erroneously represented in the figure quoted, f 1. Labeo selti, C cf ■ J"", xvi. p. ."M."). — Senegal. 2. Cirri lina breviceps, C. S( V. xvi. p. 293. — Bantam River. Cir. Bkc/cer, Atl. Ichthyol. Cifpr. p. .")4. 3. Cjprinus pausio. Ham. Bach. FIrJi. Gang. pp. .317, 389; M^ClcU. Ind. C'/pr. tab. 42. fig. 4 (cop. from Hamilton's MS.). — River Kosi. 4. — ^ joalius, //«/«. B>u/i. I c. pp. 316, 389 ; M-CkU. I. c. p. 3:^7.— Ben- gal.— According to the unpublished figure, D. 1.3 ; scales small, .■"t. Rohita rcynauldi, C. ^' V. xvi. p. 247, pi. 474. — Rangeon. — D. IS. I., lat. 44. ('• rostcllatus, C. &,• V. xvi. p. 256.— Irawaddy D. 2(>. 46 CYPRINIK^. Rohita, sp., et Labeo. sp. Cuv. lij- Val.* Tylognathus, sp., Ilechel. Hypselobarbus, sp., Tanibra, Labeo, Diplocbeilus, Diplocbeilichthya, Rohita, sp., Lobocheilus, sp., Tylognathus, sp., Rohitichthys, et Morulius, Blceler * Scales of moderate or small size. Dorsal fin Avitliout osseous ray, vrith more than nine -branched rays, commencing somewhat in ad- vance of the ventrals. Snout obtusely rounded, the skin of the maxil- lary I'cgion being more or less thickened, forming a projection beyond the mouth. Mouth transverse, inferior, with the lips thickened, each or one of them being provided with an inner transverse fold, which is covered with a deciduous horny substance forming a sharp edge, which, however, does not rest upon the bone as base, but is soft and moveable. Bai'bels veiy small, two or four, the maxiLary barbels more or less hidden in a groove behind the angle of the mouth. Anal scales not enlarged. Anal fin very short. Pharyngeal teeth uncinate. 5.4. 2 — 2 .4.5. Snout generally more or less covered with hollow tubercles. Presh waters of tropical Africa and of the East Indies. The slceleton oi Labeo resembles much that of Barbus ; every part of it is solid; and well ossified. Occipital crest prominent, firmly united with the neural spines of the anterior vertebra3, and streng- thened on each side by a lower lateral crest. A series of irregular broad interneural elements runs from the occipital crest to the origin of the dorsal fin, giving much strength to this part of the vertebral column. The lower apophyses for the attachment of the air-bladder and ossicula auditus are very strong, and have their base dilated and honeycombed. The mandible is feeble, styliform, with its anterior 7. Labeo diissumieri, C. 4" V.xvi.p. 350 (Rohita valenciennesi, TJ/At.). — Calcutta. — D. 1-5. L. lat. 42. To be compared with L. rohita. 8. reynauldi, C. Sc V. xvi. p 8,51 .— Eangoon.— D. 16. L. lat. 40. 9. fimbriatus, C. 4' V. xvi. p. 353 (Rohita bengalensis, Blkr.). — Een gal. — D. 15. L. lat. 41. To be compared with L. rohita. 10. Cyprinus abraniioides, SyJces, I. c. p. 353, tab. 61. fig. 2 ;, Hypselobarbus (Tambra) abramioides, Blkr. Prodr. Ci/pr. p. 275 (name only). — Dek- kan. — D. 20. The height of the body is contained twice and one-third in the total length (without caudal) ; it is said to be without barbels. 11 Cypriiuis angra, ffam. Buck. Fi^k. Gang. p. 331 ; Cyprinus (Bangana) Iiainiltonii, Gray, Ind. Zool. ; ? Grobio ancra, M'Clell. Ind. Cypr. p. 354. — Brahmaputra. — Scales of moderate size. — D. 13. A black band along the middle of the side. 12. Gobio angroidcs, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. Lit. 6f Sc. xv. 1849, p. 307. — Peninsula of India.— D. 13. L. lat. 44. 13. Lpuciscus molitorella, C. ^ V. xvii. p. 359 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 295. — China. — Known from drawings only. D probably 15, large, elovated. A blue blotch above the pectoral fin. * To give an idea on what characters these so-called genera are founded, we may mention that, for instance, Valenciennes distinguishes Labeo from Rohita by entire (not fringed) lips, but subsequently describes an entire series of species of Labeo with fringed lips. Probably sevei-al species are described by liim under different names, once as Labeo. and again as Rohita. Bleeker cannot have ex- amined L. niloticK.s (the type of Labeo, Cuv. !), or he would have found it agree- ing better with Moruliri.t (Blkr.) than with Labeo (Blkr.)&c. 11. LAUKO. 47 portion rectangularly bent inwards towards the symphysis. Number of vertebra) in L. niloticus 2G abdominal and 15 caudal ; in L. fors- Z:«Za 2.'i abdominal and 10 candal. The inward-directed ridgos of the humoral arch arc much dilated, rendering the pharyngeal pas- sage very narro-w. Si/nopsis of the S2Jecies. A. L. lat. less tlian oO. 1. African species. a. More than tliirtoon dorsal rays, p. 47. b. Thirteen dorsal rays, p. 50. 2. Indian species. a. More than tliirteen dorsal rays, p. 51. h. Tlurteen dorsal rays, p. 57. B. L. lat. more than 50, p. 59. A. L. hit. less than 50. 1. African, species. a. More than thirteen dorsal rays. 1. Labeo niloticus. ? Cyprimis rufesceus, Hasselq. Jieisc nach Palfpst. 1702, p. 435. Cypriuus niloticus, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 71. no. 104 ; Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 9. fig. 2 (not good), Labeo niloticus, Cuv. Hctjne Anim. Chrondrostoma dembensis, Cuv. 4'" Val. xvii. p. 398 (not Jilipp.). Labeo A'ulgaris. Heckcl, in Russegyc/s Heisen, ii. 3. p. 303, taf. 20. tig 3. D. 16-lt>. A. 8. L. lat. 40-43. L. transv. g. Vert. 26/15. Mouth rather broad. Lips thin, fringed, with an inner fold in their entire circumference, more distinct on the upper lij) than on the lower. Snout obtuse, moderately projecting, with a very indis- tinct lobe on each side ; maxillary barbie minute, hidden in a lateral groove. Eye of moderate size, not much smaller thah a scale, situated before or, in old examples, in the middle of the length of the head. Therearcfour or five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. Upper margin of the dorsal fin concave, the third and fourth rays being the longest. Body, and especially the tail, compressed, oblong, its depth being contained thrice and two-thirds or four times in the total length (without caudal). Colo- ration uniform. Nile. o, b, c, d, e, f, g. Many adult, half-grown, and young specimens. Lower Nile. h. Fine specimen, 21 inches long. Chartoum. From Mr. Pethe- rick's Collection. 48 CYPRTXIB.T.. i-I. Youn.;?. Cliartonin. From Mr. Pctlieriek's Collection. m. Hiilt'-grown. Oondukoro. IVoiii Mr. Pethcrick's Collection. n. Adult : stuffed. 0, p. Skelotoubi. ].ower Xile. I have but little doubt that the description given by Hasselquist of his Ciijirintis ri(f('?ceii>i was taken from a young example of tliis sp(>cies, and, consequently, that it shoidd bear the name of Labeo ri(f('sccm. However, the di-scription is very incomplete and not free from errors. No locality is named ; but as most of the other IVeshwatei- fishes are Xilotic species, it is almost certain that C. nif.s rjt^ n]<'> ])elongs to that fauna, and not to that of Palestine, as groundlessly stated by Hcckel and copied by l)leel', Jfi))i(dsLcr. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 18o2, p. GS3. .P Labf 0 altivelis, Pliers, I. c. D. 14-10. A. .S. I,, lat. 3.5- :}7. L. transv. 0^/0. Mouth (-f moderate width. Lips moderately thick, with a distinct inner fold in their entire circumference ; lower lip sometimes indis- tinctly fringed. Snout rather produced, obtuse in front, moderately projecting beyond tlic lower jaw, with a distinct lobe on each side ; maxillary Ijarbel very small, hidden in a deep lateral groove. Eye ratlier small, as large as a scale in middle-sizc;d specimens, though comparatively smaller in large ones ; // /.s situated behind the middle of the leiv/ih of tJic head in adidt exanqjha, and /;/ tJie middle in yountjer onex. There arc four or five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral hn. Upper margin of the dorsal fin convex, the middle rays being the longest, and certain (male?) specimens having this fin considerably elevated. Body, and especially the tail, com])res.sed and elevated, the greatest depth of the liody Iteing contained tlirice and one-third or thrice and one- fourth in the total (without caudal). Coloration uniform. iSnout of certain specimens with small coneavc tubercles. Nile ; Ivist Africa. (t. Sixteen inches hmtr : stuffed. Nile. 11. LABEO. 49 h i. Five to seven inches long. Chartoum. From Mr. Petherick's Collection. Ic. Nino inches long. Goiulokoro. From Mr. Petherick's Collection. I. Eight inches long. Lower Nile. Purr-hased of Dr. liiippell. m-o. From fom-teen to eighteen inches long : skins. River Shire. Presented by Dr. Kirk. p. Six inches long : skin. River Shire. Presented by Dr. Kirk. q. Young. River Rovuma. Presented by Dr. Kirk. This species is mnch scarcer than the true L. niloticus, and belongs rather to the fauna of the Upper Nile than to that of the Lower. Riippell was the first to distinguish it, whilst Valenciennes evidently confounded it with L. niloticus, from which it is distinguished by the more backward position of the eyes, tlie thicker lips, deeper and shorter body, convex and sometimes elevated dorsal fin, &c. The figure and description published by Valenciennes are evidently taken from L. roiibie, whilst that given by Geufiroy St. Hilaire represents the tide L. niloticus. The latter name must, of course, be retained for the common species, with which alone,, probably, Forstal was acquainted. The series of examples before mc, from the Nile as well as from the Zambezi, enables me to identify Peters's L. congoro with that distinguished by Riippell ; and most probably als'^ his L. ultivelis belongs to the same species. L. niloticus and L. coubie are, however, very closely allied to each other; and there is a specimen in the Br'tish Museum vhich tinites characters of both species, having thin lips, L. lat. 42, large eye, convey dorsal fin with 15 rays, long body, and an elevated tail. It is evidently identical with four examples described as a distinct species, Laheo horie, by Heckel in Russegger's Reisen, ii. 3. p. 304, taf. 21. fig. 1. I am inclined to regard this as a hi/brid between L. niloticus and L. couhie. a. Eighteen inches long. Chartoum. From Mr. Petherick's Col- lection. 3. Lateo senegalensis. Labeo senegalensis, Cuv. 8f- Val. xvi. p. .346, pi. 486. Kohitichthys senegalensis, Bleeh. Atl. IcJithyol. Cypr. p. 25 (nann only). D. 14. A. 8. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 11. Snout thick, obtuse, without lateral lobe ; lips fringed. Eye rather small, situated before the middle of the length of the head. Body oblong. Upper margin of the dorsal fin not convex. ( Val.) West Africa. ? a. Young. Cabo negro (Angola). Presented by Dr. Welwitsch. . Vni,. VTT. 60 CYPRINID^. b. Thirteen dorsal rays, 4. Labeo forskalii. CyprinusTiiloticus, var. B, Forskid, Dcscript. Anim. p. 71. no. 1046. Labeo forskallii, R'dpp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 18, tab. 3. f. 1; Cuv.