ae se ee = vee 5 Bs, a - a A a < ee ee ‘ se a ba é A —_ et Be) Ree By Warren Upnam. > Gaia EL Kern a ‘ >. tee NaS Pps ss Be is iW, Ky 4 eo EAN x ae : GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA. _ N. H. Wincaet, State GEroLoeist. = # * CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA 5 - ; mt : 4 a } 7 INCLUDING ITS ‘\ < PHA NOGAMOUS AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, ‘ f INDIGENOUS, NATURALIZED, AND ADVENTIVE. . By Warren UpnHam. a ~ . MINNEAPOLIs : JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON. 1884. art VI of the Annual Report of Progress for the Year 1883. ee NHOVE UW, THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. ~ The following catalogue of the plants of Minnesota is presented as a report of progress in this department of the geological and natural history survey of the state. It includes not only the observations of the state geologist and his assistants upon this survey, but also those of earlier botanic collectors and explorers, enumerating all the species that are known to have been found in ‘Minnesota by all observers up to the present time. Grateful men- tion of the various sources, in chronologic order, from which this list is largely a compilation, is therefore 1ts most appropriate pre- face. - Hennepin, Carver, Pike, and other early explorers of this state, occasionally refer to some of its forest trees, wild fruits and berries, and plants used for food or medicine by the Indians. Carver, who traveled to the upper part of the Minnesota river in 1767, wrote of the region through which it flows:—‘ Wild rice grows here in great abundance; and every part is filled with trees bending under their loads of fruits, such as plums, grapes, and apples; the meadows are eovered with hops, and many sorts of vegetables; whilst the ground is stored with useful roots, with angelica, spikenard, and ground- - nuts.” On the uplands bordering the river he saw “such amazing quantities of maples, that they would produce sugar sufficient for any number of inhabitants.” The first published list of plants, so far as known to the writer, that includes species found in Minnesota, is in the American Jour- nal of Science, vol. iv, 1822, pages 56 to 69, entitled “Notice of the Plants collected by Professor D. B. Douglass, of West Point, in the expedition under Governour Cass, during the summer of 1820, around the Great Lakes and the upper waters of the Mississippi: the arrangement and description, with illustrative remarks, being furnished by Dr. John Torrey.” This includes 115 species, 26 of which were from Minnesota. The appendix of Keating’s Narrative of Major Long’s Expedition in the year 1823, along the Minnesota river and the Red river of = W ee A “i Spee ad x 6 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. the North to lake Winnipeg, and thence by the lake of the Woods and Rainy lake to lake Superior, contains in pages 105 to 123, “a Catalogue of Plants collected in the North-western Territory by Mr. Thomas Say”, who accompanied this expedition. These plants were determined and the catalogue prepared for publication by Lewis D. de Schweinitz, excepting the first five species which were by Nuttall. The flowering plants and ferns in this list include 124 species, 30 of which are referred definitely to Minnesota. Both the foregoing lists are arranged according to the Linnzan system. In Schooleraft’s Narrative of an Expedition through the upper Mississippi to Itasca lake, in 1832, pages 160 to 165 are entitled “Localities of Plants collected.in the Northwestern Expeditions of 1831 and 1832; by Douglass Houghton, M. D., Surgeon to the Ex- peditions.” The genera in this list are arranged alphabetically, and include 247 species, 115 of which are referred to this state. Nicollet’s report, describing the basin of the upper Mississippi river, from explorations during the years 1836 to 1839, contains in pages 143 to 165, a “Catalogue of plants collected by Mr. Charles Geyer, under the direction of Mr. J. N. Nicollet, during his explo- ration of the region between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers: by Professor John Torrey, M. D.” Of the 446 species in this cata- logue, about 60 were collected in Minnesota, most of the others being from Dakota. Owen’s geological report presents in its appendix, in pages 606 to 622, a “Systematic Catalogue of Plants of Wisconsin and Minne- sota, by C. C. Parry, M. D., made in connexion with the Geological Survey of the Northwest, during the season of 1848.” The author states that ‘the number vf plants comprised in this list is seven hundred and twenty-seven, included in one hundred and six natural orders.” Many of them are particularly mentioned as occurring in this state, and often interesting descriptive notes are added, some of which are quoted in the following pages. The next contribution to our knowledge of the flora of the state is by Mr. Thomas Clark, on the ‘Botany of the Northeastern Geological District of Minnesota”, forming pages 73 to 82 of the report of the state geologist, Aug. H. Hanchett, M. D., in 1865. About a hundred species are here enumerated. Some thirty of them, however, only occur in cultivation, being mostly the com~ mon grains and garden vegetables, noted to show the agricultural capability of the region. The other species of this list include chiefly the most important forest trees, and such shrubby and herbaceous plants as seemed of special interest because of their fruit or medi- STATE GEOLOGIST. t cinal qualities, accompanied with remarks respecting the size of the trees, and the abundance and geographical limits of the native species. The most valuable of all the publications concerning the botany of Minnesota, and the only attempt, before the present, to give a complete list, so far as known, of our flora, was ‘“‘a Catalogue of the Plants of Minnesota, by I. A. Lapham, LL. D., of Milwaukee, Wis.”, which he prepared in 1865. Kight years later, soon after the initiation of the present survey of the state, he generously sent this manuscript to professor Winchell, as state geologist.. It was published in the report of the State Horticultural Society for 1875. ‘In the preface, Dr. Lapham states that he had consulted the lists of plants already enumerated from Douglass to Parry; but that his catalogue, nevertheless, rests chiefly upon his “own observations and collections made during several excursions into the State; one of which, in the spring of 1857, was extended to the waters of the Red River of the North.” Dr. Lapham refers to his additional sources of information, as follows:——‘‘In 1858 Mr: Robert Kennicott made collections of plants and animals in the Red River country which are preserved by the Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois. Mr. Charles A. Hubbard collected expressly for me a large number of plants, including mosses and lichens, while on a tour from Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg and Pembina, as well as while on his return by way of St. Paul. In 1861 Mr. T. J. Hale, while prosecuting geological investigations along the Mississippi river in connection with the Wisconsin State survey, made some collections of plants in Minnesota, a list of which he has kindly furnished to me. Several species are introduced upon his authority.” The flowering plants and vascular cryptogams in this catalogue comprise 896 species, besides which it also enumerates 55 species of mosses, liverworts and lichens found in Minnesota. It is without ~ notes, in respect to the part of the state where plants of limited range occur, and does not indicate whether the species are common or rare. Mr. George M. Dawson’s report to the British North American Boundary Commission, on the Geology and Resources of the region in the vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, published in 1875, contains in pages 351 to 379, a list of plants collected in this survey during the summers of 1873 and 1874, with notes of their localities and dates of collection, stating whether they were found in flower or in other stages of growth. This enumerates 636 phenogams and 8 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. vascular eryptogams, of which 289 were collected on the northern border of Minnesota, from the lake of the Woods to the Red river. Twenty-three species of mosses and lichens were also collected on this part of the international boundary. The rushes, sedges and grasses of this list were determined by Prof. John Macoun; by whom, as also by Mr. Dawson, some additional notes respecting their identifications of species and more recent collections in the same region and thence eastward to lake Superior, have been kindly furnished. Another collection of plants, numbering about 300 species, was” made on the same survey, along its extent from the Red river to the Rocky mountains, in connection with the U. 8. Northern Boundary Commission, by Dr. Elliott Coues, who submitted them to. Prof. J. W. Chickering for determination and report. With these were also incorporated the species of Mr. Dawson’s list (ex- cepting mosses and lichens), so far as they were not included in Dr. Coues’ collection, making a catalogue of 692 species, besides several varieties; which was published in 1878 in the Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, vol. iv, pages 801 to 830. Ninety- six species are stated to have been found at Pembina, situated on the Red river, adjoining Minnesota. A few species of Carex, collected by Sir John Richardson at Rainy lake and the lake of the Woods, and determined by Dr. Francis Boott, are included in the botanical appendix of Richard- son’s Arctic Hxpedition in Search of Sir John Franklin; which also gives much valuable information as to the geographic limits northward of many of our plants. A list of the ferns of Minnesota, collected by Miss E. W. Cathcart, comprising thirty species and three varieties, was publish- ed in 1877 in the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. i, pages 303 and 304. This list includes two especial- ly interesting species, the very rare Phegopteris calcarea, Fée, and W oodsia scopulina, Eaton, which here reaches its eastern limit. The Report of the Minnesota Horticultural Society for 1884 con- tains, in pages 83 to 116, a valuable paper by Miss Sara Manning, un “The Wild Flowers of the Lake Pepin Valley”, including a’ catalogue of 504 species. In the same report, on pages 361 to 367, are ‘Notes on the Flora of western Dakota and eastern Montana adjacent to the Northern Pacific railroad,” by John B. Leiberg, in maior: are frequent inci- dental references to Minnesota. In the annual reports of the present Geological and Natural Hist- STATE GEOLOGIST. 9 ory Survey of Minnesota, notices of the botany of portions of the state have been published as follows:— In the first annual report, for the year 1872, a “List of Plants, mostly herbaceous, in the neighborhood of St. Anthony, Minne- sota; principally found on the University Grounds. 1869—1872. By Professor E. H. Twining.” This includes 230 species. In the report for 1873, lists of the trees and shrubs of the Big Woods, and of Big Stone lake, by Prof. Winchell. In the report for 1874, lists of the trees and shrubs of Freeborn and Mower counties, by Prof. Winchell. In the report for 1875, the trees and shrubs of Fillmore county, by Prof. Winchell; and of Olmsted, Dodge and Steele counties, by Prof. M. W. Harrington. In the report for 1876, the trees and shrubs of Houston and Hennepin counties, by Prof. Winchell. In the report for 1877, the trees and shrubs of Ramsey county, by Prof. Winchell; and of Rice county, by Prof. L. B. Sperry. In the report for 1878, pages 35 to 46, “The Plants of the North Shore of Lake Superior. By B. Juni.” This is a list, with numer- ous notes of localities and relative abundance, and occasional descriptive remarks, of 218 species collected by Mr. Juni, in the summer of that year, in connection with the party there engaged in geological exploration; with 58 additional species, collected in the vicinity of the University, at Minneapolis, including 25 species of Carex, while 23 others of this genus are in the list preceding. In the report for 1879, pages 138 to 149, another list of “Plants of the North Shore of Lake Superior, collected by T. 5. Roberts”, in connection with the geological survey in that year, from July 26 to Sept. 2; including 220 species, with frequent notes of locality, relative abundance, and other description; 100 of these species being in addition to Mr. Juni’s list. And, in the report for 1880, pages 201 to 216, lists of 76 species of forest trees, 31 shrubs, and 259 herbaceous plants, id@ntified by Mr. O. E. Garrison in the region of the head-waters of the Crow Wing river, the White Earth reservation, Itasca lake, and the upper Mississippi, during an exploration in the summer of that year for the Forestry Department of the United States Census. Besides these publications, very important contributions of notes and specimens have been received from botanists throughout the state. Mr. John B. Leiberg, of Mankato, supplied a list of about 750 species, collected in 1882, mostly in Blue Earth county, but 10 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. including also a considerable number from the southwest part of the state. Many specimens collected in Blue Earth county, and others from Dakota and Montana, have been donated by Mr. Lei- berg to the State Museum. A list of about 500 species, observed chiefly in the vicinity of Minneapolis by the Young Naturalists’ Club, was communicated by Mr. Thomas 8. Roberts, by whom nearly all these species were determined, others being by Clarence L. Herrick, F. 8. Griswold, and R. S. Williams. I am also indebted to Mr. Roberts for much further assistance in the preparation of the following catalogue. Manuscript lists, to which references are frequently made in stating the geographic range of species or local- ities of rare or local plants, were received from Mr. George B. Aiton, of Owatonna; Miss France E. Babbitt, of Little Falls; Miss F. §. Beane, of Faribault; Mrs. C. H. Bennett, of Pipestone City; Mrs. A. C. Blaisdell, of Saint Cloud; Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Blake, of Can- non River Falls; Miss Eloise Butler, of Minneapolis; Rev. E. V. Campbell, of Saint Cloud; Mrs. M. C. Carter, of Hesper, lowa; Miss E. W. Catheart, of Washington, D. C.; Prof. L. W. Chaney, Jr., of Northfield; Mr. R. I. Cratty, of Armstrong’s Grove, Iowa; Miss Phebe A. Field, of Stillwater; Mr. Lewis Foote, of Worthington; Mr. O. E. Garrison, of Saint Cloud; Prof. C. J. Gedge, of Moorhead; Mr. H. F. Gibson, of Wabasha; Mr, W. H. Hatch, of Rock Island, Illinois; Dr. V. Havard, surgeon at Fort Pembina, Dakota; Mr. C. L. Herrick, of Minneapolis; Prof. John M. Holzinger, of Winona; Mr. B. Juni, of New Ulm; Mr. J. C. Kassube, of Minneapolis; Dr. and Mrs. H. C. Leonard, of Fergus Falls; Miss Sara Manning, of Lake City; Rev. John Pemberton, of Saint Paul; Mrs. J. W. Ray, of Lake City; Dr. J. H. Sandberg, of Red Wing; Rev. John Scott, of Emerson, Manitoba; Rev. H. M. Simmons, of Min- neapolis; Mrs. E. H. Terry, of Saint Paul; and Prof. N. H. Win- chell, of Minneapolis. Many observations in respect to the relative abundance and geographic range of species have been also noted by the writer during explorations for this survey. Though not within the province of this catalogue, it seems desir- able to mention here the lists of 775 species of Fungi, by Dr. A. E. Johnson, of Minneapolis, in the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. i. These were nearly all collected by Dr. Johnson within the limits of Hennepin, Ramsey, Wright and Anoka counties. The fifth annual report of this survey, for the year 1876, contains the same, but with the notes somewhat abbreviated, to the number of 558 species, the extent to which the work had been car- ried at the date of that report. Dr. Johnson has also given much STATE GEOLOGIST. 11 attention to the study of the fresh-water alge, determining a large number of species. Another successful student of fresh-water alge, especially of the Desmids, is Miss Eloise Butler, of Minneapolis. An article respect- ing these microscopic plants, by Mr. Francis Wolle, in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club for February, 1883 (vol. x, pages 13 to 21), enumerates eighteen species new to the United States, collected by Miss Butler in the vicinity of Minneapolis, including eight forms (three species and five varieties) new to science. CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. In considering the botany of any district, its geographic position, elevation and contour, the climate, and the diverse rocks and soils which it presents, need to be briefly stated, since these cireumstan- ces control the development of the flora. Minnesota lies in the middle of the North American continent, almost midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and between . the gulf of Mexico and the Arctic ocean, being distant a thousand miles or more from each of these grand bodies of water. The extent of the state from south to north is 380 miles, and its average width about 220 miles. It lies between 43° 30’ and 49° north latitude, and between 90° and 97° west longitude. Its area is 84,286 square miles. _ The topographic features of Minnesota may be briefly summed up for its western three-quarters, as being a moderately undulating, , sometimes nearly flat, but occasionally hilly expanse, gradually descending from the Coteau des Prairies and from the Leaf hills, respectively about 2000 and 1700 feet above the sea, to half that hight, or from 1000 to 800 feet, in the long flat basin of the Red river valley, and to the same hight along the valley of the Missis- sippi from Saint Cloud to Minneapolis. The only exceptions to this moderately undulating or rolling and rarely hilly contour, are the southeast part of the state where the Mississippi river and its tributaries are enclosed by bluffs from 200 to 600 feet high, and the northwest shore of lake Superior and the part of the state lying north of this lake and east of Vermilion lake. A very bold rocky highland rises 400 to 800 feet above lake Superior, within from one to five miles back from its shore-line, all along the distance of 150 miles from Duluth to Pigeon point, the most eastern extremity of Minnesota; while farther north are many hill-ranges, 200 to 500 feet higher, mostly trending from northeast to southwest or from east to west. 12 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. Lake Superior is 602 feet above the sea. The shore of this lake — is the lowest land in Minnesota, while its highest land is the Mesabi range, which, south of Vermilion lake and eastward, is found by Prof. Winchell to exceed 2000 feet above sea-level. Itasca lake, the head of the Mississippi, is about 1500 feet above the sea; and this river at the southeast corner of Minnesota, 620 feet. Professor Winchell estimates the average elevation of the entire state to be approximately 1275 feet above the sea. Climate is the most important of the factors by which a flora is modified, and this depends chiefly on geographic position, elevation and contour, if a sufficiently large area is taken into account. The warmest days of summer in Minnesota have a temperature of about 90° Fahrenheit, but such days are rare; and the greatest cold of winter is —— 30° or sometimes — 40°. The annual precipitation of © moisture as rain and snow is from 25 to 30 inches. Itis distributed somewhat equally throughout the year; damaging droughts or ex- cessive rains seldom occur. In winter the snow in the south half of the state is commonly about a foot deep during two or three months; but farther north it attains an average depth of two or three feet. The soil throughout the greater part of Minnesota consists of glacial drift, a mixture of clay, sand, gravel and boulders, clay being the principal ingredient, and boulders being usually infrequent. This deposit has been gathered from diverse formations of granite and gneiss, sandstone, limestone, and shales. Enriched at the sur- face by the decay of vegetation through centuries, the black soil on areas of the glacial drift has ordinarily a depth of one or two feet, and is very fertile. Other varieties of soil are found in tracts of gravel and sand, also generally quite fertile, which in many places border the large rivers and spread widely upon the region drained by the St. Croix and Crow Wing rivers and the upper Mis- sissippi; in the lower alluvial bottomlands, which are mostly over- flowed by the highest water of spring; on the cliffs of sandstone and limestone which border the rivers in the southeast part of the state; and on the hills of granite and crystalline schists north of lake Superior. Each peculiarity of soil affords a congenial location for plants which are absent or can not thrive elsewhere. ForEST AND PRAIRIE. The most important and conspicuous contrast presented by the vegetation covering different parts of Minnesota, is its division in forest and prairie. Forest covers the northeastern two-thirds of STATE GEQLOGIST. 13 the state, approximately; while about one-third, lying at the south and southwest, and reaching in the Red river valley to the inter- national boundary, as also the part of this valley farther north to lake Winnipeg, is prairie. The line dividing these areas, having _ an almost wholly timbered region on its northeast side, and a re- gion on its southwest side that is chiefly grassland, without trees or shrubs, excepting in narrow belts along the larger streams and oceasional groves beside lakes, runs as follows. Entering the state from the north about fifteen miles east of Emerson and St. Vincent, it extends south-southeastward to Red Lake Falls, thirty- six miles east of Grand Forks; thence southeast and south, to the east end of Maple lake; thence southwesterly along this lake, and from it south to the Sand Hill river; thence southeasterly to the White Earth Agency; thence southerly, by Detroit and Pelican Rapids, to Fergus Falls, which is situated half-way from the north to the south line of the state; thence southeasterly, in a less direct and regular course, through Douglas, Stearns, Meeker, McLeod and Sibley counties, to the Minnesota river, and along that stream to Mankato and South Bend; thence easterly by Janesville, Water- ville and Morristown, to Faribault; thence northerly, turning back- ward, to iisxieapolis and Anoka, the loop thus formed, enclosing Wright, Carver, Scott, Le Sueur, and parts of adjacent counties, being the boundary of the area well known as the Big Woods; thence easterly, passing through Ramsey and Washington counties to Stillwater and Hudson, where it enters Wisconsin. The Big Woods are principally made up of the following species of trees, arranged by Prof. Winchell in the estimated order of their abundance: white or American elm, basswood, sugar maple, black and bur oaks, butternut, slippery or red elm, soft or silver maple, bitternut, white and black ash, iron-wood, wild plum, June-berry, American crab-apple, common.poplar or aspen, large-toothed pop- lar, tamarack (in swamps), box-elder, black cherry, cottonwood (beside rivers and lakes), water beech, willows, hackberry, paper or canoe birch, yellow birch, white oak, and red cedar. Farther north- ward white, red and jack pines, black and white spruce, balsam fir and arbor-vitz are conspicuous in the forest, intermingled with deciduous trees. [ts shrubs include prickly ash, smooth sumach, frost grape, Virginian creeper, climbing bitter-sweet, red and black raspberries, choke-berry, prickly and smooth gooseberries, black currant, and species of cornel, wolfberry, honeysuckle, elder, vibur- num, and hazel-nut. 14 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. The most abundant species of grass found upon the prairies of southwestern Minnesota, are as follows: beard-grass ‘Andropogon — furcatus, Muhl.), commonly here called “‘blue-joint,’ Indian grass (Chrysopogon nutans, Benth.), muskit-grass (Bouteloua racemosa, ~ Lagasca), and porcupine grass (Stipa spartea, Trin.), common on land neither very dry nor very moist; another species of beard-grass (Andropogon scoparius, Michx.), and a second muskit-grass (Boute- — loua hirsuta, Lagasca), common on dry swells; the fresh-water cord-grass (Spartina cynosuroides, Willd.), in sloughs, making the principal mass of their hay; and rice cut-grass (Leersia oryzoides, Swartz), with the last. The prairies also bear a great variety of flowers, including numerous species of aster, golden-rod, sunflower, blazing-star or button snakeroot, and prairie clover, and the rose, lily, harebell, phlox, gerardia, fringed gentian, and many others. Sometimes the view across miles of the prairie’is made yellow and purple by the multitude of sunflowers, blazing-stars, and gerardias. LIMITS OF SPECIES. Gradual changes in the flora are observable in crossing the con- tinent either from east to west or from north to south. Many species disappear as the traveler advances, while others, not before present, are met with. A large majority of the plants in the Pacific states are not found east of the Mississippi; and such limitation prevails almost without exceptions between the arctic and tropical zones. The central position of Minnesota therefore makes this a most interesting field for the notation of the limits of species. Among our forest trees, the white and red pine, arbor-vite (“white cedar’”’), yellow birch, black ash and sugar maple reach their western limit at the east side of the Red river valley. No tree of exclusively western range extends east into Minne- sota, and the only shrubs thus noted are Eleagnus argentea (silver- berry), Gnothera albicaulis and Amorpha microphylla; but about fifty herbaceous plants belonging to the flora of the western plains and the Rocky mountains, and not yet known to occur east of the Mississippi river, are found within our limits. These include spe- cies of Ranunculus, Aquilegia, Vesicaria, Linum, Astragalus, Oxy- tropis, Potentilla, Gaura, Peucedanum, Cymopterus, Gutierrezia, Apiopappus, Grindelia, Lepachys, Helianthus, Gaillardia, Senecio, Troximon, Plantaga, Pentstemon, Orthocarpus, Echinospermum, Collomia, Gentiana, Asclepias, Suada, Comandra, Euphorbia, Alli- um, Carex, Sporobolus, Aristida, Buchloe, Elymus, and Beck- manunia. “os oo eo beak STATE GEOLOGIST, 15 A group of species, most notably represented in the pine and heath families, including our three pines, black spruce, balsam fir, tamarack and arbor-vite, huckleberry, blueberry, cranberry, snow- berry, aromatic wintergreen or checkerberry, Labrador tea, and the clintonia and dwarf cornel, extends through the northeast part of the state to limits approximately coinciding with the Mississippi river, Red lake and the lake of the Woods. The northern limits of yellow birch, bur oak, sugar maple and basswood here coincide nearly with the international boundary. The red cedar, cottonwood, hornbeam, white, black and red oaks, butternut, bitter-nut or swamp hickory, hackberry, box-elder, frost grape and prickly ash reach their general northern limits in the north half of this state; but several of them, like many herbaceous species of similar range, continue somewhat farther northwestward into Manitoba. The shell-bark hickory, black walnut, red mul- berry and Kentucky coffee-tree attain their most northern range in the south half of the state. The accompanying map shows the portions of Minnesota re- spectively occupied by forest and prairie, and the approximate limits of many of our trees.* INTRODUCED PLANTS. About eight per cent. of the plants growing without cultivation in this state are introduced species, distinguished in the catalogue by being printed in Italics. Most of them are such as follow civilized man, and grow in his cultivated fields and gardens, in spite of all efforts to banish them. Among the most notable in- troduced weeds in this state may be mentioned mustard, cow-herb _ and cockle, specially troublesome in wheat-fields; shepherd’s purse, purslane, mallow, May-weed, burdock, mullein, pigweeds, tumble- weed, black bindweed, curled or yellow dock, sheep sorrel, hemp, barnyard-grass, and foxtail or pigeon-grass, frequently too plenti- ful in cultivated ground, about dwellings, by the road-side, or on pasture-land. The ox-eye daisy or white-weed, Canada thistle and cheat or chess are sparingly established, and may become very com- mon bad weeds here, as farther east. It shculd be added that, be- sides these immigrants, a considerable number of weeds native to this country are also common, including species of Lepidium, Iva, Ambrosia, Helianthus and Stachys. Up to the present time, only *Its method of delineation is similar to that of Dr. Robert Bell’s map, recently . published by the Geological Survey of Canada, showing the general northern limits of the principal forest trees of Canada. 16 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. : about half as many naturalized and adventive species are known in Minnesota as in the eastern states, the difference being due to the shorter time since the settlement of this state and the proportion- ately less numerous opportunities for them to gain a foot-hold here. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE CATALOGUE. Under each species is a statement whether it is abundant, com- mon, frequent, infrequent, or rare, and whether its geographic range - extends throughout the state or to limits which are indicated ap- proximately; or, when the observations are insufficient for such statement, the localities where the species has been noted are men- tioned, with the names of the observers. The arrangement of families, genera and species strictly follows the fifth edition of Gray’s Manual; and wherever asynonym replaces any name that occurs in the Manual, the latter also is given, en- closed by marks of parenthesis.* The popular names are mostly such as appear in Gray’s Manual and Wood’s Class-Book; but in afew instances other names, in general use in this state, and often specially significant, are inserted. Introduced species are distinguished from the indigenous, as before mentioned, by being Italicized. For the species of our flora that are not described in Gray’s Manual, which only included those found east of the Mississippi, descriptions are quoted from other authorities. The present work thus supplies, with Gray’s Wanual, the means of identifying all the flowering plants and ferns known to occur in Minnesota. Determinations of numerous difficult species, and notes con- cerning them, have been kindly supplied by Prof. Asa Gray, Mr. — Sereno Watson, Mr. William Boott, Dr. George Engelmann, Mr. M.S. Bebb, Rev. T. Morong, and other specialists; and I am in- — debted to Dr. George Vasey for the description of the new Aristida basiramea, Engelmann, posthumously published. * The sources of improved nomenclature have been Watson’s Bibliographical Index to North American Botany (Part I; Polypetalz : 1878); Gray’s Synoptical Flora of North America (Vol. Il, Part I; Gamopetalz after Composite : 1878); various papers by Professor Gray in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Bailey’s Catalogue of North American Carices (1884); Vasey’s Grasses of the United States (1883); Eaton’s Ferns of North America (1880); and notes in the American Naturalist, the Botanical Gazette, and the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. +Chiefly from Watson’s report on the Botany of King’s Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel; Porter and Coulter’s Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado; Rothrock’s report on the Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian; Torrey and Gray’s Flora of North America; and Gray’s Synoptical Flora. : pa ee ea Te Oe Ye Be ‘hal EF GEOLOGICAL _ AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY a, aca das Ee @ > . se Z ak eg ONE TCS eee a 8 oN AN a ee: oa wt Bean, a Jen sy tat aaeice cr |. f hee | 4 Waog 242 Jo 1947 Geologt. ~ of Minnesota “YSY UTBPUNOP! PUP a?7LA.1OQTY JO LUT, UTA NOG = se “PVP 09 F Uag sun ASSO.A) VTA “99.0)- aaj pop Hponyuey puv'Anroginy pey ! “qnuyem YoRTg jo ruiry usoyLION —K—X— | “ALOMII YALQ-TOYS Jo Pury UIDYIAON + api dog ureseg pue ‘jauaoe) JIRA (TE IUMOPUTLD RAT Joprage’y Jeo]-cayyeoT w9dagrauL\ oNeuLoay ; ‘Sol11ag Ubi) soTasagentg Jo VUULey UABY NOS Tene eeesooen E ‘ORIVUIL], JO PUTT ULIYINOG ew «ee ew “DoT OY M JO FULT UIIYJNOG —— em me , aly uresyegq pur sdnadg spelg ‘sour Jo (Ajoyeucxoidde) syruny UII]SIMYINOG “OL1TR4I] V1 SeeTe ps.rojooun ayy, “4se1o07 Aq poarvro0o. svaiy es “uoryeueydxry “WVYHdD NGOWUVM AT “SQOUHS INV SUAUML jedisurad ayy Jo autos Jo sqnuy eyeurxoadde pwe 4rdIVad INV LSAUOU LO SVSUV ONIMOHS avW ‘ t ! » lie i! sh rd “yur uP OF Sapir 2f:a[e9g eh S yf. IX le ‘LSIOO1OND ALVIS ‘VIAHONIM HN CATALOGUE. RAN UN CULACE A. CrowFroot FAmMILy. CLEMATIS, L. Vrirein’s-Bower. C. verticillaris, DC. Virgin’s- Bower. Shady rocks at the head of lake St. Croix, Parry; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona County, Holzinger. Rare. ~ C, Virginiana, L. Common Virgin’s-Bower. Common, or abundant, southward ; frequent northward ; at Beaver Bay and sum- mit of Black Point mountain north of lake Superior, Roberts. s ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. . WIND-FLOWER. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Pasque-flower (i. e. Easter- flower). Pulsatilla. ‘‘ Hartshorn-plant.’’ ‘‘ Headache-plant.’’ ‘‘ Gos- ling.’”’ ‘‘ Prairie Smoke.’’ “Crocus.” Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state. Its bruised leaves have a very pungent smell. This earliest flower of spring has received an unusual variety of pop- ular names. A. decapetala, L. (A. Caroliniana, Walt.) Carolina Anemone. _ Frequent in the south part of the state, asin Hennepin, Goodhue, Blue Earth and Pipestone counties; extending north to Saint Cloud, Campbell, Mrs. Blaisdell, and Appleton, Swift county, Miss Elwell. South. A, parviflora, Michx. Small-flowered Anemone. Minneapolis, Winchell ; upper Mississippi river, Garrison ; Red river valley, Gedge, North. A. multifida, DC. Many-cleft Anemone. Red Wind-flower. Dayton’s bluff, Saint Paul, and between Saint Paul and Fort Suelling, Miss Cath- cart; lake Superior to the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North. A. eylindrica, Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. Frequent throughout the state. A. Virginiana, L. Virginian Anemone. Common throughout the state. A. dichotoma, L. (A. Pennsylvanica, L.) Pennsylvanian Anemone. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. A. nemoroésa, L. — Wind-flower. Wood Anemone. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. 2F 18 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. A. Hepatica, L. (Hepatica triloba, Chaix.) Liver-leaf. Round-lobed Hepatica. Frequent southward, extending north at least to Duluth, Miss Cathcart, upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. A. acutiloba, Lawson. (H. acutiloba, DC.) Sharp-lobed Hepatica. Common southward, extending north to Duluth, Miss Cathcart, and Mille Laes county, Upham. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meapow-Rvue. T. anemonoides, Michx. Rue-Anemone. Often common southward, extending north to Stillwater, Miss Field, Anoka county, Juni, Stearns county, Campbell, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. Flowers nearly always purplish. (Abundant at Marine Mills, Washington county, often having more than one row of sepals and occasionally with all the stamens and pistils changed to sepals. Miss Field.) T. dioicum, L. Early Meadow-Rue. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. T. purpurascens, L. Purplish Meadow-Rue. Common, extending north at least to Morrison county, Upham, the St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and in the Red river valley to Pembina, Chickering. (Specimens collected by Prof.Gedge at Glyndon, Clay county, have the shining upper surface of the very large leaflets waxy, as if varnished, but the lower surface minutely pubescent or glabrous, not waxy.) T. Cornuti, L. Tall Meadow-Rue. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. RANUNCULUS, L. CrowFroot. BurrERcUP. R. aquatilis, L.:, var. stagnatilis, DC. (R. divaricatus, Gray’s Manual.) Stiff Water-Crowfoot. Ponds near Mankato, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Roberts, Herrick; Stearns county, Up- ham; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent. R, aquatilis, L, var. trichophyllus, Chaix. | Common White Water- Crowfoot. Frequent throughout the state. R. multifidus, Pursh. Yellow Water-Crowfoot. Common throughout the state. R. ambigens, Watson. (R. alismefolius, in Manual.) | Water Plantain Spearwort. Stearns county, Campbell. Infrequent. North. R. Flammula, L. Small Spearwort. Minneapolis, Roberts, Rare. ; R. Flammula, L., var. reptanms, Meyer. —_ Creeping Spearwort. Stillwater, Leonard; Minneapolis, Roberts; Anoka county and New Ulm, Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson. Frequent. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Sea-side Crowfoot. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting southeastward. Grand Por- tage, lake Superior, also at New Ulm (common), Juni; Little Rock, upper Minnesota river, Parry; Nicollet county, Aiton; Stearns county, and the Red river valley (com- mon), Upham; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Worthingtoo (common), Foote. >t. a4 STATE GEOLOGIST. 19 R. affinis, R. Br.* Rough-fruited Crowfoot. Lake of the Woods, Dawson. Northwest, R. affinis, R. Br., var. cardiophyllus, Gray.+ In the Red river valley at Pembina, Chickering. West. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Rhomboid-leaved Crowfoot. Dwart But- tercup. Frequent, or common, throughout the state, R. abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. R. abortivus, L., var. micranthus, Gray. _ Minneapolis, Winchell; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Infrequent. R. sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Frequent throughout the state ; reaching its northwestern limit at the lake of the Woods, Macoun. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Bristly Crowfoot. Common throughout the state. R. fascicularis, Mull. Karly Crowfoot. Frequent, or common, throughout the south half of the state; infrequent north- ward. R. repens, I. Creeping Crowfoot. Abundant throughout the state. R. repens, L., var. hispidus, Torr. & Gray.{ (R. hispidus, Michx.) Red river valley near Saint Vincent (in a swamp), Dawson; common from Manitoba westward, Macoun. R, bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercups. Northfield, Chaney; Minneapolis, Mrs. Terry. Rare. R. acris, L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercups. Infrequent, but noted at many places, as Lake City, Faribault, Northfield, Minne- apolis, Northern Pacific Junction, Carlton county, and on the upper Mississippi river. “Becoming common inthe eastern part of Manitoba,” 2facoun. *RANUNCULUS AFFINIS, R. Br, Radical leaves petioled, usually pedately multifid ; cauline oues subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes ; stem erect, few-flowered ; carpels with recurved beaks, in oblong cylindrical heads; more or less pebescent throughout. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, +R. AFFINIS, R. Br., var. CARDIOPHYLLUS, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent, radical leaves round-cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; flower 1inechin diameter. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. +RANUNCULUS REPENS, L., var. HIsPIpus, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, 1% to 2 feet high, branching and, with the petioles, very pilose with spreading hairs; leaves trifol- iate ; leaflets distinctly petiolulate, oval, acute, laciniate ; pedicels with the pubescence appressed ; flowers as large as in R. acris; calyx appressed ; carpels smooth, pointed with a very short style. Torrey and Gray’s Floraof N. A., vol. i, pp. 22 and 658. 20 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ISOPYRUM, L. IsOPYRUM. : I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. False Rue-Anemone. Frequent, or common, throughout the south half of the state; extending north at least to Fergus Falls, Leonard CALTHA, L. MarsH MARIGOLD. . palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. ‘‘Cowslip.”’ . Abundant, or common, throughout most of the state ; less frequent westward. COPTIS, Salish, GOLDTHREAD. C. trifolia, Salisb. Three-leaved Goldthread. Common northward; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, and Lake City (rare), Miss Manning. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. CoLUMBINE. A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. ‘‘ Honeysuckle.’’ Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Found, according to Miss Babbitt, with white flowers during several years in the south edge of the village of Little Falls, Morrison county, not associated at that local- ity with the usual type ; also some with flowers clear white, others cream-colored, and yet others of the ordinary kind, all growing together west of the Mississippi river, op- “) posite to Little Falls, and likewise near Fort Ripley, in the same county. : A. brevistyla, Hook.* Short-styled Columbine. In the Red river valley at Pembina, Chickering. West. 2 a ee! DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LiRKSPUR. D. exaltatum, Ait. Tall Larkspur. Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis- sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. D. tricorne, Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. _ St. Paul, Miss Cathcart; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Infrequent. South. x D. azureum, Michx. Azure Larkspur. Common southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippiriver, Garrison, and 3 Manitoba, Macoun. D. Consolida, L. Field Larkspur. Rarely adventive. Minneapolis, A. W. Jones. HYDRASTIS, L. ORANGE-ROOT. H. Canadensis, L. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon. Stearns county, Garrison, Rare. Southeast. *AQUILEGIA BREVISTYLA, Hook, Stems low, 6 to 8 inches high, spreading ; leaves : bi-t2ruate ; leaflets 3-lobed, crenate, 6 to 9 lines [twelfths of an inch] long, crenatures ovate, rotund ; flowerssmall, blue, about 6 lines long, including the spur ; sepals oblong, ovate; petals a little exceeding the stamens; spurs hooked at the tip; styles shorter, included. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. STATE GEOLOGIST. 21 ACT AA, L. BANEBERRY. A. spicata, L, var. rubra, Ait. Red Baneberry. Common through the wooded portions of the state. A. alba, Bigelow. White Baneberry. Common, with same extent as the last. Berries frequently borne on slender, green pedicels. NIGELLA, L. FENNEL-FLOWER. N. Damascena, L.* Fennel-flower. Escaped from cultivation, Mankato, Leiberg. MENISPERMACEA. MoonsEeEeD FaAmrtIny. MENISPERMUM, L. MoonsEsgp. M. Canadense, L. Canadian Moonseed. Frequent, often common, southward; extending north to Todd county and the northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham; also in the Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Havard. (Its long, slender, bitter, yellow root is used by the Sioux as a medi- eine, being called Pejuta zizi; and from this came the name Pejuta zizi, or Yellow Medicineriver. T.M. Young.) BERBERIDACE AL. BaRBERRY FAMILY. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. B. vulgaris, L. Common Barberry. Spontaneous in old fields, Mankato, Leiberg. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLuE Coos. C. thalictroides, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root. Common, or frequent, excepting northeastward. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-AprpLe. ManbDRAKE, P. peltatum, L. May-Apple, Mandrake. Common southeastward, extending north to Goodhue and Rice counties. NYMPHAACE. Warter-Lity Famtitry. BRASENTA, Schreber. W ATER-SHIELD. B. peltata, Pursh. Water-Shield. Rainy lake and lake of the Woods, Macoun; Pleasant lake, near Saint Cloud, *Nigella Damascena, L. Flowers bluish, rather large, surrounded and overtopped by a finely divided leafy involucre, like the other leaves ; succeeded by a smooth inflated 5-celled pod, in which the lining of the ceils separates from the outer part. Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. 22 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. Campbell; Benton county, Upham; shallow lakes near St. Croix river, Parry; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Minneapolis, Herrick; Excelsior, Mrs. Terry; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. NELUMBIUM, Juss. NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN. N. luteum, Willd. Yellow Nelumbo. Water Chinquapin. ‘‘ Rattle-box.” Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; lake Minnetonka (north end of Halsted’s bay), Roberts; Mendota, Mrs. Terry; Mississippi river at Red Wing. Sandberg, near Dres- bach, Winona county, Winchell, and at La Crosse, Swezey. Rare. NYMPHUEA, Tourn. Water-Nympo. Warter-Lity. N. odorata, Ait. Sweet-scented Water-Lily. Plentiful in lakes along the international boundary northwest of lake Superior, Winchell, Abundant throughout Quebec and Ontario and extending west ward to the lake of the Woods, Macoun. This species probably occurs also in central and southern Minnesota, in company withthe following. Mr. Leiberg reports the examinatien of a great number of Nymphea rootstalks, none of them bearing tubers, at Lake Crystal, Blue Earth county. N. odorata, Ait., var. minor, Sims. Smaller Sweet-scented Water- Lily. Turtle lake, Otter Tail county (flowers only one and a half inches broad), H. B. Ayres. Rare. N. tuberosa, Paine. Tuber-bearing White Water-Lily. The white lilies common or frequent in ponds or lakes throughout the state, except- ing near its west side, which have been called Nymphea odorata, are believed to be- long instead, for the most part, to this species. ‘Flowers large and delicately beauti- ful, fragrant.” (Wheeler and Smith.) ‘‘ This isreally the water-lily of the Great lakes, as the true N. odorata seems to be confined to the northern waters, both lakes and rivers.’’ (Macoun.) - NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOw Ponp-Lity. Sparrer-Dock. N. advena, Ait. Common Yellow Pond-Lily. Common throughout the state. N. luteum, Smith. Smaller Yellow Pond-Lily. In small lakes east offthe lake of the Woods, Macoun. N. pumilum, Smith. (N. lateum, Smith, var. pumilum, Gray.) Small Yellow Pond-Lily. Plentiful in Duluth harbor, Roberts; north shore of lake Superior, Agassiz; east shore of Rainy lake (rather rare), Macoun; Morrison county. Miss Babbitt. SARRACENIACEA. PircHER-PLANT FAMILY. SARRACENTIA, Tourn. SIDE-3ADDLE FLOWER. S. purpurea, L. Pitcher-Plant. Huntsman’s Cup. Common northward, extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, Winchell; rare farther southeast. STATE GEOLOGIST. 23 PAPAVERACEA. Poppy FAMILY. PAPAVER, L. Popry. P. somniferum, L. Common Poppy. Opium Poppy. Adventive in old gardens, Mankato, Leiberg. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Common, or abundant, throughout most of the state; less frequent westward, as at Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Pembina, Havard; rare north of lake Superior, Clark. FUMARIACE. Fumitory F amity. DICENTRA, Bork. DICENTRA. D. Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches. Common southward ; extending north at least to Stillwater, Anoka and Stearns counties, and Fergus Falls. D,. Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis, Twining; Faribault, Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. CORYDALIS, Vent. CorYDALIS. C. glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis. Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to Stearns and Benton counties, Upham, and to the falls of the St. Croix river, Parry, Miss Field. Cc. flavula, DC. Yellow Corydalis. Thomson, Duluth and Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; upper Mississippi river, Gar- rison; Red river valley, Gedge; Blue Earth county, Upham. C. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; lessfrequent southward, Cc. aurea, Willd., var. micrantha, Engelm. Martin county, Minnesota, and Emmet county, [owa (rare), Cratty. FUMARIA, L. FoUMITORY. FE’, officinalis, L. Common Fumitory. Adventive, Winona, Holzinger. CRUCIFERA. Mustarp F Amity. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CREsS, N. officinale, R. Br. True Water-Cress. Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; New Ulm, Juni; cold springs, Kasota, Leiberg; Tuttle’s creek, Minneapolis, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. 24 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Water-Cress. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; New Ulm, Juni; Pipestone county, Leiherg; lower Minnesota river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Water-Cress. Lapham. Winona county, Holzinger. South. N. palustre, DC. Marsh Cress. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. N. palustre, DC., var. hispidum, Fisch. & Mey. Redwood Falls, Pemberton. Perhaps the prevailing form of the speciesin this state. N. lacustre, Gray. —_ Lake Cress. Lapham. Southeast. N. Armoracia, Fries. Horse-radish. Adventive, Mankato, Leiberg; Northfield, Chaney. DENTARIA, L. ToorHwort. P&PPER-ROOT. D. diphylla, Michx, Two-leaved Pepper-rouot. Freeborn and Blue Earth counties, Upham; lake Superior, Whitney. East. D. laciniata, Muhl. Toothwort. Frequent southeastward ; extending northwest to Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart, Mar- tin couaty, Cratty, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. CARDAMINE, L. BirreR CREss. C,. rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. C. pratensis, L. Cuckoo Flower. Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton. North. Cc. hirsuta, L. Small Bitter Cress. Common through the north half of the state ; less frequent or rare southward. Glabrous specimens are sent by Mr. Cratty from Emmet county, lowa. “A peculiar form grows on the height of land west of Jake Superior, which seems to connect the species with the following variety,” Macoun. C. hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica, Gray. Lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Herrick; Martin county (in woods), Cratty, determin- ed by Watson. ARABIS, L. Rock CRgss. A. lyrata, L. Rock Cress. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending thus south to Red Wing (common), Sandberg, and Winona, Holzinger; wanting southwestward. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Rock Cress. Woods, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (plentiful), Cratty. South. A. hirsuta, Scop. Hairy Rock Cress. Frequent throughout the state. 3 STATE GEOLOGIST. 25 A. levigata, Poir. Smooth Rock Cress. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts; Isanti and Sherburne counties, Upham; Stearns county, Garrison; lake Su- perior, Whitney. _A. Canadensis, L. Sickle-pod. Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Mis- sissippi river, Garrison. A. perfoliata, Lam. Tower Mustard. Poplar river, lake Superior, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Stearns _ county, Campbell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. A. Drummondii, Gray. ©Drummond’s Tower Mustard. Frequent, often common, throughout the state. THELYPOD:UM, Endl. Rock CREss. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. (Arabis hesperidoides, Gray). Rock Cress. Northfield, Chaney. South. BARBAREA, R.Br. Winter Cress. B. vulgaris, R. Br., var. stricta, Regel. Winter Cress. Yeilow Rocket. Putin bay, lake Superior, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Roberts. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle MustTarp. E. cheiranthoides, L. Worm-seed Mustard. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. E. asperum, DC.* Prairie Rocket, Western Wall-flower. Abundant at Walhalla, Dakota, thirty miles west of the Red river, Scott; ‘‘a very prominent object on dry, gravelly soil throughout the prairie region’ of Manitoba, Macoun, and ranging thence south to Mexico; doubtless extending sparingly into the west edge of Minnesota; also found by Rev. J. Pemberton at Redwood Falls, and by Dr. Sandberg on the limestone bluff of Belle creek opposite to the mill in Vasa, Good- hue county, occurring (like Vesicaria Ludoviciana in the same county) far east from its general limit. E. parviflorum, Nutt.+ Small-flowered Prairie Rocket. Red river valley, Dawson, Scott; Minneapolis (beside railroad a mile southeast from the university : determined by Mr. Watson as this species ; having light yellow “petals but half longer than the (3 to 4lines long) sepals” ; yet much branched near the base, numerous stems of nearly equal hight (t to 1%4 feet) being thus sent up from a single root ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly entire; pods about 114 inches long, beaked with a stout style, erect on short pedicels), Upham. West. *ERYSIMUM ASPERUM, DC. Biennial, canescent with short appressed hairs : stems solitary and simple, rarely branched above, 1 to 3 feet high, or less : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly repand with short acute teeth, 1 to 3 inches long: sepals narrow, 4 to 6 lines long, strongly gibbous : petals 8 to 12 lines long, light yellow to deep orange or purple: pods 1 fu 4inches long, a line wide, beaked with a stout style, ascending on stout spreading pedicels 3 lines long. Brewer and Watson’s Botany of California. +See description of ERYSIMUM PARVIFLORUM, Nutt., on next page. 26 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. SISYMBRIUM, L. HepcGe MustTArp. S. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. A common or frequent weed through the south half of the state. S. Thaliana, Gay. Mouse-ear Cress. Minneapolis, Winchell, Miss Butler. Rare. S. canescens, Nutt. Tansy Mustard, Frequent. or common, throughout the state. S. eanescens, Nutt., var. brachyearpum, Torr. & Gray.* Red river valley, Dawson. North. BRASSICA, Tourn. MustTArpD. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock. Field Mustard, A common or frequent weed in grain-fields throughout the state ; so troublesome in the Red river valley and southwestward that farmers allowing it to go to seed are subjected to a penalty by law. B. alba, Gray. White Mustard. Lake City, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Stearns county, Garrison. Rare. B. nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. A common or frequent weed through the south half of the state. B. campestris, L.t vale. Common in fields in Manitobaand around Winnipeg, Macoun; doubtless also in the Red river valley in this state. DRABA, L. WaITLow-GRASs. D, arabisans, Michx. Whitlow-Grass. North shore of lake Superior, Juni. Infrequent. North. D. nemorosa, L., var. hebecarpa, Lindb. (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.) About Rainy lake, Drummond (Macoun), North. ERYSIMUM PARVIFLORUM, Nutt, (E. lanceolatum, Hook.) Canescently scabrous with an appressed 2-parted pubescence; stem low (about a foot high) and nearly simple; leaves remarkably narrow, all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire, densely clustered at the base of the stem ; siliques long, erect ; stigma emargin- ate ; flowers small, sulphur yellow; claws of the petals longer than the calyx. Distin- guished from E. cheiranthoides by its more pubescent leaves, [longer] siliques and larger flowers. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N.A. *SISYMBRIUM CANESCENS, Nutt., var. BRACHYCARPUM, Torr. & Gray. Lobes of the leaves somewhat acute, and, with the stem, furnished with minute stipitate glands ; petals rather longer than the calyx ; siliques scarcely attenuate at the base, somewhat longer than the pedicels. Torrey and Gray’: Flora of N. A. +Brassica campestris, L. Annual weed in cultivated fields and waste places; stem 1% to 3 feet high, with a few scattered, reversed hairs below; leaves somewhat fleshy and glaucons, lower lyrate-dentate, subciliate, 3to7 inches long, one-third as wide, the upper ones smaller, entire with rounded clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point ; raceme 1 to 2 feet long ; sepals erect, spreading ; corolla yellow, 4 to 5 lines in diameter; siliques 1% inches long, with the style % inch; seeds small, dark brown. Wood’s Class- Book. “py aes STATE GEOLOGIST. 27 D. nemorosa, L., var. leiocarpa, Lindb,* (D. lutea, Gilib. [DC.]) Stearns county, Campbell; near Glyndon, Gedge; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. North and west. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Whitlow-Grass. Frequent southward, extending north to Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell, and west to Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. D. Caroliniana, Walt., var. micrantha, Gray. Common in Iowa, 4rthur ; doubtless occurring also in Minnesota. D. verna, L. Whitlow-Grass. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. Rare. south. ALYSSUM, Tourn. ALYSSUM. A, calycinum, L. Alyssum. Minneapolis, Juni, Roberts; Lake City, Miss Manning; Nicollet county, Aiton. Infrequent. ; VESICARIA, Tourn. BLADDER-POD. VY. Ludoviciana, DC.+ Bladder- pod. Red river valley, Scott, determined by Watson; also, Mississippi river blufis, Red Wing, Sandberg. West. CAMELINA, Crantz. FatsE Fuax. C, sativa, Crantz. False Flax. Minneapolis, Juni; along railways, Blue Earth county (introduced in flax-seed), Lei- herg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; Red river valley, Dawson. Infrequent. ~SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. S. aquatica, L. Awlwort. Found in about three feet of water, on sandy bottom in Vermilion bay, on Eagle lake, Canadian Pacific railway, Manitoba, near Rainylake ; abundant both in flower and fruit, Sept 13, 1882, Fletcher, Macoun. This rare species probably also occurs, and should be looked for, in northern Minnesota. CAPSELLA, Vent SHEPHERD’s PuRSE. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. Shepherd’s Purse. A very abundant weed throughout the state. *DRABA NEMOROSA, L., var. LEIOCARPA, Lindb. Pubescent; stem branching, leafy, 6 to 15 inches high, very slender, sometimes branching fromthe base ; pubescence simple or forked; leaves oval, cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; flowers very small, yellow ; petals about twice as long as the calyx ; style none; silicles oblong-elliptical, rather obtuse, glabrous, about 4 lines long, one-third to one-half the length of the slender spreading pedicels. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. {VESICARIA LUDOVICIANA, DC. Canescent with a stellate pubescence ; stem 6 to 8 inches high, simple, or somewhat branched above; radical leaves spatulate, entire, obtuse, cauline linear: flowers golden yellow ; petals obovate ; style slender, longer than the ovary and nearly as long as the obovate, globose, hairy silicle. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. 28 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. THLASPYI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS. T, arvense,L. Field Pennycress. Mithridate Mustard. Lapham. Pembina, Havard. “Abundant on the Red river near the older set- tlements” [in Manitoba]; ‘‘not yet common as far south as the forty-ninth parallel, but rapidly spreading. A most noxious weed.”’ Dawson. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERWORT, PEPPERGRASS. L. Virginicum, L. Wild Peppergrass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northward. L. intermedium, Gray. Wild Peppergrass. : . Abundant (petals usually wanting) throughout the state. Both species are native weeds. CAKILE, Tourn. Sra-Rocket. C. Americana, Nutt. American Sea- Rocket. “Abundant onthe sandy south shore” of lake Superior, Whitney; at Thunder bay, Macoun; doubtless aiso on the shore of lake Superior in Minnesota. -CAPPARIDACE A). CAPER FAMILY. ' POLANISIA, Raf. = Ponanisra. P, graveolens, Raf. Heavy-scented Polanisia. Common through the south half of the state, extending north atleast to Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; probably also in the Red river valley, (Two varieties are com- mon at Minneapolis, one bearing yellowish, and the other pinkish flowers. Herrick.) CLEOME, L. CLEOME. SPIDER FLOWER. C, integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.* Cleome. Spider Flower. Mankato, Upham, Leiberg. An immigrant from the plains west of Minnesota. Southwest. VIOLACEA. VIoLET FAMILY. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; upper Mississippi river, Garrison extending south to Minneapolis, Griswold, and Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. . J *CLEOME, L. Sepals distinct or somewhat united. Stamens 6 or rarely 4. Torus minute. Pod linear or oblong, subsessile or stipitate. Annual herbs, or shrubs, with digitate or simple leaves and racemed or solitary flowers. Benth. & Hook. CLEOME INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray. Annual, somewhat glaucous, 2to3 feet high, widely branching ; leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate (the lowermost oblong), entire, submucronate ; racemes sometimes nearly 1 foot long; flowers large, showy, reddish purple, rarely white ; sepals united to the middle, persistent ; segments triangular- acuminate ; petals with very short claws; stamens equal; pods oblong-linear, com- pressed, much longer than the stipe, Porter and Coulter's Flora of Colorado, STATE GEOLOGIST. 29 V. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet. Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. South. V. primuleefolia, L. Primrose-leaved Violet. Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. South. V. blanda, Willd. Sweet White Violet. ~ Frequent throughout the state. V. renifolia, Gray.* Kidney-leaved Violet. Abundant in cedar swamps and mossy woods from northern New England through Canada and Manitoba to British Columbia, Macoun; doubtlessin northern Minnesota. V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Selkirk’s Violet. Great-spurred Violet. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. North. V. cucullata, Ait. Common Blue Violet. - Common, often abundant, throughout the state. V. cucullata, Ait., var. palmata, Gray. Hand-leaf Violet. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; Minneapolis, Herrick, Griswold; Worthington (com- mon), Foote. V. cucullata, Ait., var, cordata, Gray. Near Minneapolis, Mrs. Terry; Nicollet county, Aiton. V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Frequent southeastward ; extending north to Minneapolis, Roberts, Marine Mills, Washington county, Miss Field, and Anoka county, Juni; and northwest to Fergus Falls, Leonard. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. Larkspur Violet. Frequent, often common, through the south half of the state ; extending north to Morrison county, Upham, and along the Red river valley. V. pedata, L. Bird-foot Violet. Abundant, or common, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. _YV. eanina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Dog Violet. Frequent, but not common, throughout most of the state ; rare southward. V. striata, Ait. Pale Violet. Hennepin county, Herrick; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent. V. Canadensis, L. Canada Violet. Frequent northward, and found more rarely throughout the south half of the state; extending southwestto Martin county (very scarce), Cratty, and Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Flowers light pink. V. pubescens, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. V. pubescens, Ait., var. eriocarpa, Nutt. Frequent in the vicinity of Hesper, lowa, at the southern boundary of Minnesota, adjacent to Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter. V. tricolor, L. Pansy. -Heart’s Ease. Rarely adventive, Stearns county, Garrison. *VIOLA RENIFOLIA, Gray. Rootstock and flowers as in V. blanda, or somewhat larger ; leaves reniform (when fully grown usually two inches wide), on both sides, as also the petiole, villous-pubescent ; scape pubescent. Gray in Proc. Am, Acad. of Arts and Sciences, 1870. 30 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CISTACEA, Rock-RosE FAMILY. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE. H. Canadense, Michx. Frost-weed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting near its west side and far northward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fort Fran- eis, Rainy river, Macoun. HUDSONIA, L. Hupsontia, H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. Fifteen-mile point, Rainy lake, and Hungry Hall, entrance to the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Minnesota point, near Duluth, and on sand dunes in Anoka county, Roberts; on sand hills in section 21, Orrock, Sherburne county (plentiful, with ‘short- peduncled flowers and narrow leaves), Upham; near Rockford, Wright county, Hateh; barren ridges of the St. Croix, Parry; Castle Rock, Dakota county, Geyer; White Rock, Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Local. LECHEA, L. PINWEED. L. minor, Walt. Small Pinweed. Sturgeon lake (near the international boundary east of Rainy lake), Macoun; up- per Mississippi, Houghton; St. Croix river, Parry; Steele county, Upham. DROSERACE. SUNDEW FAMILY. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW. D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew. Common, or frequent, northward ; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts. D. intermedia, Drev. and Hayne, var. Americana, DC. (D. longifolia, in Manual.) Long-leaved Sundew. Similar in range with the last, but less frequent. North shore of Jake Suparior at Little Marais, Juni; between the lake of the Woods and Red river (common), Dawson; extending south to sections 17 and 19, Ham Lake, Anoka county (with the leaves scat- tered along the stem or caudex), Roberts. D. linearis, Goldie. Slender Sundew. Lake Superior to Roseau river, Burgess, Macoun; extending south to Hennepin county (frequent), Roberts. HYPERICACEA. Sr. JoHn’s-wort FAMILY. HYPERICUM, L. Sr. JoHN’S-WORT. H. pyramidatum, Ait. Great St. John’s: wort. Rare or local northward, but frequent southward ; extending nor th to Todd county, Upham, the upper Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, Parry, and northwest to the plains of the Saskatchewan, Bourgeau, Macoun. [H. Kalmianum, L., probably occurs on the north shore of lake Superior in this state.] STATE GEOLOGIST. 3 H, proliticum, L. Shrubby St. John’s-wort, Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Southeast. H. ellipticum, Hook. St. John’s-wort. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. {Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.} Infrequent, North. |H. perforatum, I., may be expectea as a weed southeastward, | H. corymbosum, Muhl. St. John’s-wort. Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hesper, Iowa, adjacent to the south line of Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter. Rare. H. mutilum, L. Slender St. John’s-wort, Throughout the state ; common northward, less frequent southward. H. mutilum, L., var. gymnanthum, Gray. Minneapolis, Roberts. H. Canadense, L. Canadian St. John’s-wort. St. Croix river, Parry; Stearns county, Campbell; Sibley county, Leonard; Martin county (rare), Cratty. H. Canadense, L., var. major, Gray. Lake Superior, Robbins, and in Iowa, Arthur; doubtless also in Minnesota. ELODES, Adans. Marsh Sr. JOHN’s- WORT. E. Virginica, Nutt. Marsh St. John’s-wort. Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southward. CARYOPHYLLACEA, Pink FAmiIty. SAPONARTIA, L. SoaAPWoRt. S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Lake City, Miss Manning; Wabasha, Gibson. S. Vaccaria, L.(Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.) Cow- Herb. Seldom plentiful, but reported at many places throughout the state. Mr. Leiberg writes: ‘This is becoming a common weed in the grain-fields of Blue Earth county, where the farmers call it ‘cockle’, and complain very much of it. It will doubtless be- come as plentiful as the true cockle (Lychnis Githago). Most of the seeds are just small enough to pass through a wheat-screen, and they can thus be separated; but, as the largest seeds will be left in whenever the grain is cieaned, the result will be that in time, through this process of selection, the seeds can no more be cleaned out of the wheat than true cockle.” SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION. S. stellata, Ait. Starry Campion. Common through the south part of the state ; extending north at least to Minne- apolis, Herrick, and Redwood Falls, Miss Butler. S. nivea, DC. = Campion. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Hesper, Iowa, ad- joining Houston county, Mrs. Carter. Rare. Southeast, S. Virginica, L. Fire Pink. Catchfly. Nicollet county, Leiberg. Rare. Southeast. 32 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. antirrhina, L. Sleepy Catchfly. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Frequent throughout the state. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Lycunts. COcKLE. L. vespertina, Sibth. Evening Lychnis. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube, Moulton. Rare. L. Githago, Lam. Corn Cockle. A common weed in wheat-fields throughout the state. ARENARIA, L, SANDWORT. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort, Northfield, Chaney. Rare. : A. Michauxii, Hook. (A. stricta, Michx.) Strict Sandwort. Rooting on detached rocks, head of lake St. Croix, Parry; lake of the Woods, Macoun. Rare. A. lateriflora, L. Showy Sandwort. Frequent throughout the state. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT. S. media, Smith. Common Chickweed. Frequent throughout the state. S. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Common throughout the state. S. longipes, Goldie. Long-stalked Stitchwort. Minneapolis, Griswold, Kassube; Anoka county and Duluth, Juni. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer. | North. S. crassifolia, Ebrh. Starwort. Cannon Falls, Goodhue county, Blake, Sandberg; Minneapolis (plentiful in ditches in swamps), Roberts, Upham; and northward. S. borealis, Bigelow. Northern Stitchwort. Starwort. Common, or frequent, in the north half of the state. {The var. alpestris, Gray, has been found on the north side of lake Superior, at Pie island, by Macoun.} CERASTIUM, L. Movusk-EAR CHICKWEED. C. viscosum, L. (C. vulgatum, L., in Manual.) Mouse-ear Chickweed. Winona county, Holzinger ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Lake Superior, Whitney.] Infrequent. C. vulgatum, L. (C. viscosum, L., in Manual.) Large Mouse-ear Chickweed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps westward. Cc. nutans, Raf. Nodding Mouse-ear Chickweed. Frequent, or common,throughout the state, excepting southwestward. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Winona county, Holzinger; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Rare. Southeast, i‘ 9” STATE GEOLOGIST. - oOo C. arvense, I. Field Chickweed. Frequent, or common, through the north half of the state and southwestward ; rare southeastward. SAGINA, L. PeARLWORT. S. nodosa, E. Meyer. Pearl wort. North shore of lake Superior, doubtless in Minnesota ; Isle Royale, Whitney; island of St. Ignace, Macoun. PARONYCHIEA. WHITLOW-worT FAMILY. ANYCHIA, Michx, WuHirLow-wort. NaILworr. A. dichotoma, Michx. Forked Chickweed. Whitlow-wort. Lapham, Infrequent. FICOIDE#. Ick Pruantr FAmIty. MOLLUGO, L. INDIAN-CHICK WEED. M. verticillata, L. C.arp:t-weed. Common, or frequent, southward. Exposed rocks and sanily fields, St. Croix river, Parry; abundant in Hennepin county on sandy river-banks, appearing indigenous, Roberts. PORTULACACEA. Purstane FAmMILy. PORTULACA, Tourr. PurRsLane. P. oleracea. L. Common Purslane. ‘‘Pusley.” A very common garden weed. P, retusa, Engelm.* Western Purslane. Upper Minnesota river, Parry; Yellow Medicine county, Upham; upper Missis- Sippi river, Garrison, (Surely indigenous ; yet possibly to be referred to the foregoing species.) West. TALINUM, Adans. TALINUM. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Talinum. Rare, occurring only on ledges of rock (trap, syenite, granite and quartzite); absent far northward. Taylor’s Falls(of St. Croix river), Houghton, Miss Field; Duluth, Miss Catheart; Watab, Benton county, and at numerous places in Stearns and Morrison counties, Upham; upper Minnesota river, Parry; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler; ** plen- tiful on most of the ledges in Rock and Pipestone counties (a handsome little plant, extremely easy of cultivation),” Leiberg. * PORTULACA RETUSA, Engelm. Like P. oleracea, L., but greener, and the stem more ascending, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter; leaves usually smaller than the common species; sepals obtuse, broadly carinate-winged; petals yellow ; stigmas 3 or 4; capsule 2'4 to 3 lines long, broader in proportion ; seeds more strongly tuberculate than in P, oleracea. Brewer and Watson's Botany of California. 3F ot TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CLAYTONTIA, L. Sprinc-BEavty. C. Virginica, L. Narrow-leaved Spring-Beauty. Throughout the state, but rare in most portions ; frequent, or common, southeast- ward. E c. Caroliniana, Michs. Wide-leaved Spring- Beauty. Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Southeast. MALVACE. Mattow Famity. MALVA, L, Matiow. M. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow. Common southward, and as far north as Morrison and Todd counties, Upham; but not yet common westward. M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow. Fort Francis, Rainy river, Macoun; Minneapolis, Herrick; Goodhue county, Sand- berg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. _M. crispa, L. Curled Mallow. Adventive, Lake City, Miss Manning. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE. C, triangulata, Gray, Callirrhoe. Lapham. South. NAP AKA, Clayt. GiADE MaLiow. N. dioica, L. Glade Mallow. Lapham. Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. Southeast. MALVASTRUM, Gray. FatsE Matiow. M. coccineum, Gray. Prairie Mallow. Minnesota, Gray’s Manual. West. Its eastern limit scarcely reaches into this state, ABUTILON, Tourn. InptaN MaLiow. A, Aricenne, Gertn, Velvet-Leaf. Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey, Wabasha and Blue Earth counties, Infrequent. HIBISCUS, L. Rosr-Mabtow. H. militaris, Cav. Halberd-leaved Rose- Mallow. Banks of the Mississippi river between Saint Paul and Mendota (abundant), Mys. Terry. South, H. Trionum, L. Bladdev WNetmia. Flower of an Hour. Adventive, Minneapolis, Kassube, Upham; Goodhue county, Sandberg ; Martin county, Gedye. [This * kas become abundant in many parts” of Nebraska, Auyhey.] STATE GEOLOGIST. oD TILIACEK A. LinpEN FamiIty. TILIA, L. LINDEN. Basswoop. T. Americana, L. Basswood. Bass. Linden. Lime Tree. Whitewood. Very abundant in the Big Woods, and generally common throughout the state ; not found near the Minnesota shore of lake Superior, but frequent north of this lake, on maple ridges 400 feet and more aboveit, attaining a hight of 70 feet and diameter of 20 inches, Clark ; also, not found in Rock county, but very plentiful at Bear lakes in Mur- ray county, Upham; extending north to Basswood lake on the international boundary, Winchell. {The northern limit of this species is found just south of Thunder bay, from which it nearly follows the international boundaryto the lake of the Woods. It extends farther north in Manitoba, nearly tolake Winnipeg, and northwest to Fort Ellice. Dr. Robert Bell.) (The leaves of this and many other species of trees, in their first few years of growth from the seed, are often remarkably large. The following measurements were made in Todd county, September 16th : leaf of basswood, blade, 14% inches long and 12 inches wide, borne ona petiole 3 incheslong ; of large-toothed aspen, blade, 10 by 7%, and peti- ole, 4inches; of balsam poplar, blade, 11 by 7, and petiole, 2 inches ; and of elm, blade, 9 by 6 inches, with petiole only a half inch long.) “ Basswood lumber is much used in cabinet work for boxes, shelves, etc., whenever a wood is desired which is soft and easily worked, and, at the same time, tough and not liable to split.” It decays more quickly than most kinds of lumber, when exposed to the weather, unlessit is thoroughly painted ; but issufficiently durable, if kept dry. LINACE. Fuax FamIty. LINUM, L. Fruax. L. perenne, L.* Wild Flax, Prairie Flax. At Pembina, and thence westward, Chickering; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell, West. L sulcatum, Riddell. Wild Flax, Common from Minneapolis, Roberts, southward, and westward to the Red river valley, Upham; Pipestone quarry, Mrs, Bennett. L. rigidum, Pursh.+ Wild Flax. From Winona county, Winchell, Minneapolis, Twining, and Anoka county, Juni, westward to Pipestone county, Leiberg, and the Red river valley (common in Clay county), Upham. South and west. * LINUM PERENNE,L,. Perennial, glabrous; leaves scattered, linear, acute; flowers neatly opposite the leaves.and terminal; peduncles becoming elongated and nodding in fruit ; sepals oval with membranous margins, shorter than the globose capsule ; petals free, blue, retuse, 3 to 4 times exceeding the calyx; styles 5; capsule 5-celled, with bearded dissepiments. Stems '4 to3 feet high ; flowers large. May to September, Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. +LINUM RIGIDUM, Pursh. Dwarf; glaucous; styles united almost to the top. Gray’s Manual.—Stems 5 to 15 inches high, angled. much branghed ; branches strict, ascending ; leaves alternate, linear, pungently acute, rigid, with scabrous margins ; flowers panicled or corymbose ; pedicels thickened at the end, and forming an exterior cup-shaped calyculus ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, strongly 3-nerved. glandular spinulose-seabrous on the margins, longer than the globose capsule ; petals sulphur- yellow. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. 36 TWE: FTH ANNUAL REPORT. L. usitatissimum, UL. Common Flax. Sometimes adyentive in fields : Minneapolis ; Blue Earth county; Redwood Falls; a 8 Luverne. 2 Se - Be , = - See GERANIACEA. (GFERANIUM F'AMILy. 1 me : (4 GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. a G. maculatum, L. | Wild Cranesbill. ee Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; extending northwest — As to Clay county, Gedge, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and the mouth of Rainy a river, Macoun. ae G. Carolinianum, L. Carolina Cranesbill. a, Common, or frequent, throughout the state; most plentiful northward, ee ne G. Robertianum, L. — Herb Robert. yen Falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Fergus Falls, Leonard; extending west to the lake of a the Woods, Macoun. North. ERODIUM, L’Her., STORKSBILL. HERON’S-BILL. E cicutarium, L’Her. Storksbili. Heron’s-bill. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube, Roberts, Rare. An abundant weed in the Pacifie states and in some districts eastward. IMPATIENS, L. BaLsSaAM. JEWEL-WEED. TOUCH-ME-NOT, I. pallida, Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Throughout the state ; in many portions infrequent or rare ; common at New Ulm, Juni, and in Blue Earth county, Leibery; abundant in Martin county, Cratty, and on the south shore of Red iake, Miss Babbitt. I. fulva, Nutt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Common throughout the state. (‘At Beaver Bay a spotless variety, with less re- flected spur, was common and grew intermingled with the ordinary form, without show- ing any signs of intergradation,” Roberts.) OXALIS, L. W0o0D-SORREL. - OXALIS O. Acetosella, L. Common Wood-Sorre}. ae : Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Mdcoun; extending 4 northwest to the Saskatchewan, Richardson. North. O. violacea, L. Violet Wood-Sorrel. Common through the south half of the state to Pipestone county, Mrs. Beniett; extending north to the upper Missisippi river, Garrison, andin the Red river yalley at least to Clay county, Gedge. (Herrick reports, besides the type, a variety that bears white flowers, occurring quite frequently in the vicinity of Castle Rock, Dakota county ; and Miss Babbitt finds the same at Little Falls. Sueculent flower-bearing scapes, hot accompanied by leaves, are occasionally seen in September [Upham]. “The usual occurrence of a white, carrot-shaped root beneath the ordinary scaly bulb” of {this species is noticed by Roberts, in the American Naturalist for August, 1879. See also Am, Nat., voi. xvi, pp. 13-19.) O. corniculata, L., var. stricta, Say. (O. stricta, L ) Yellow Wood-Sor- rel. Ladies’ Scrrel. — Common throughout the state. STATE GEOLOGIST. a RUTACE A, Rue FamiIty. XANTHOXYLUM, Colden. Prickiy AsH. X. Americanum, Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. Very abundant southward; extending north to Pine,Aitkin, Cass and Polk counties. PTELEA, L. Saruppy TreForLt. Hop-TREE. P. trifoliata, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. Wafer Ash. Lapham. Southeast. ANACARDIACE A. CasHEW FAMILY. RHUS, L. SuMACH. R. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach. Limited to the east side of the state and the region from the upper Mississippi river northeastward, as follows : in Houston and Fillmore counties, rare ; in Winona county the most frequent species on the bluffs of the Mississippi (‘at Winona samples were seen eight inches in diameter”, Winchell), but rare farther west ; common in Ramsey and Hennepin counties, extending west into the Big Woods, and to Martin county, Cratfy; rare in Benton county ; common in Pine county and westward to Mille Lacs, Little Falls and lake Alex der, Morrison county ; at Fish-hook lake in southwestern Cass county, Garrison; and occasional n theastward, being reported by Clark at Sandy lake, Fonddu Lac, Grand Portage and Pigeon river. RR. glabra, L. Smooth Sumach. Common throughout the state, exzeptinz north of lake Sap2rior, where it is rare. RK, copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach. Houston county, near La Crescent, also in Winona county, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Saint Paul, Miss Catheart; Blue Earth county, Leibery; Worthington, Foote; Pipestone county, Mrs, Bennett. Rare. South. R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood. Observed, like the preceding, in Hvuston county, near la Crescent, and in Winona county, by Prof. Winchell; Hennepin county, Simmons; Anoka county, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. tare, R. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak, Common, often abundant, throughout the state. (Erect or decumbent, 1 to3 feet high ; not climbing, RK. Toxicodendron, L., var. radicans, Torr.* Climbing Poison Ivy. This variety (or species) occurs sparingly in the southeast part of the state. Mrs, Carter, Miss Manning. R. aromatica, Ait. Fragrant Sumach. Maligne river (near the international boundary east of Rainylake), Macoun. Rare. *RHUS TOXICODENDRON, L., var. RADICANS, Torr. (R.radicans, L.) Stems climb- ing by means of innumeravle radicating tendrils; leaflets 3, ovate, dark green, smooth and shining, entire, the lowest rarely angular; flowers greenish, racemed in axillary panicles ; berries dull white. A vigorous woody climber, ascending trees and other Objects 10 to 40 or 50 feet. The stem becomes 1 to 2 inches [or more] in thickness, covered with a greeni-li, scaly bark, and throws out all along its Jength myriads of tnread-like rootlets, which bind it firmly to its support. Wood's Class- Book. 38 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. VITACE. VinE Faminy. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE. V. Labrusea, L, Northern Fox-Grape. Occurs frequently, according to Clark, in the east part of the state, as far north- ward as southern Pine county, and rarely on the St. Louis river; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. V. wstivalis, Michx. Sammer Grape. Lapham. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Anoka county, J witi; Big Storie laa Winchell; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. South. V. cordifolia, Michx.* Winter or Frost Grape. Frequent in the south half of the state ; also in the Red river valley, near Emerson, Manitoba, Dawson. V. riparia, Mickx.t (V. cordifolia, Michx., var. riparia, Gray.) Winter or Frost Grape. Common throughout the state, excepting north of lake Superior. AMPELOBPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER. A. quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Five-leaf Ivy. Ameriean Ivy. ‘‘Woodbine.”’ Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; probably less frequent northeastward. ‘A very desirable climber, often cultivated ”’ RHAMNACEA. BucktTHorn FAMILY. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. R. alnifolia, L’Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Winchell, Kassube: beach of lake Superior, Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare southward ; common far northward. *VITIS CORDIFOLIA. Michx. Tall (or more rarely low), climbing high, trunks not rarely 6 to 9 inches in diameter; leaves middl¢-sized or small (2%4 to 3 or 4 inches in diameter), heart-shaped, mostly entire or very slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broad, shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining, more on the upper than on the lower side, the young ones sOdinetimes, and very rarely the old ones, with sho1t hair on the ribs below; berries small, in large, mostly loose bunches, black, without a bloom, maturing late in the fall, usually only with a single short and thick seed, marked by a prominent raphe.—— This grows more especially in fertile soil, and is common in river and creek bottoms. Engelmann, in Sixth An. Rep., Insects of Missouri; also in Bullettn of the Torrey Botanical Club. {+VITIS RIPARIA, Michx. Mostly a smaller plant than the last, but with larger (3 to 5inehes in diameter) and more or less incisely 3-lobed, glabrous, shining (or rarely when young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long and pointed, the teeth also more pointed than in V. cordifolia; berries usually larger than in the last, mostly with a bloom, in smaller and often more compact bunches, commonly 1-to 2-seeded ; seeds with a less prominent raphe.—— This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on river- banks ; the northern form has fewer and laryer berries in a bunch, and is easily distin- guished from V. cordifolia. The fruit ripens earlier than the former and is pleasanter. Engelmann, in Insects of Mo., and in Bull, Torr, Cl. eS STATE GEOLOGIST. of CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersky Tra. ReEpD-Roor. Cc. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root, Common throughout the state, excepting far northward ; especially abundant on sandy tracts in the region of the upper Mississippiriver. Though only asmalt shrub, one to three feet high, its root is a mass of guarled wood, sometimes six or eight inches in diameter, “a troublesome obstacle in first breaking the soil.’’ C. ovatus, Desf. (C. ovalis, Bigelow.) Red-root. Sandy ridges of the St. Croix, “‘seeming to take the place of the preceding species > and an indication of a more barren soil,” Parry; New Ulm,Juni. [Kaministiquia river (very abundant), Macoun. | Local. CELASTRACEA. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET. C. scandens, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax-work. Common through the south half of the state, extending north to the sources of the Mississippi, and to Polk county ; less frequent north to Emerson, Manitoba, Scot. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning-Bush. Waahoo. Frequent southward: extending north to Anoka county, Juni, Lake Elizabeth, Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry, and Clay county in the Red river valley, Gedge. E. Americanus, L, var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing £t:aw- berry Bush. Minneapolis, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rage. SAPINDACE AL. SOAPBERRY Brainy: STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-Nor. S. trifolia, L. American Bladder-Nut. Frequent southward ; extending north to Minnehaha falls, Roberts, and New Ulm, Juni. ACER, Tourn. MaPue. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Mo se-wood, Common northeastward, extending south to the upper Mississippi river and to southeastern Pine county ; rare and local farther south to lake Pepin, Miss Manning. A. spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple. Abundant north of lake Superior and along the international boundary; extending south to Mille Laes, Upham; rare and local farther southward on the Mississippi bluffs at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and in section 22, Richmond, Winona county, Winchell. A. saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Hard Maple. Common, often abundant, throughout the state, excepting near its west side. Not fouud close to the shore of lake Superior, but common two or three miles from it, 400 feet or more above the lake, attaining a hight of 75 feet, Clark. The northern limit of this tree, accerding to Bell, extends from the lower part of the valley of the Kaminis- tiquia river westward, a little to the north of the boundary line, to the lake of the Woods, where it turns south. The Chippewa Indians, who are yet the principal inhab- 40 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. itants of the wooded region north of the Northern Pacific railroad, make considerable maple sugar, their ordinary product in the region of lake Superior, according to Clark, being from 100 to 500 pounds for each lodge. A. saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black Sugar Maple. Houston county, Winchell; upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Mr. J.C. Arthur reports this variety common at Waterville, Le Sueur county, and believes it to be the prevailing form of the species at least through the south part of the state. A. dasyearpum, Ehrh. White orSilver Maple. River Maple. Soft Maple. Common southward, extending north to the upper Mississippi and the White Earth reservation, Garrison, More frequently cultivated for shade than the next, each of these species being often called soft maple. A. rubrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Common through the east part of the state ; extending west to Mud Portage oa the Dawson route (north of lake Superior), Macoun, the White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton; abundant in Winona county, Winchell. This and the two preceding species, especially the sugar maple, are valuable for furniture and cabi- net work, and are fine shade and ornamental trees, for which purpose they are exten- sively raised from the seed or transplanted from the woods. NEGUNDO, Mench. ASH-LEAVED Mapie. Box-ELper. N. aceroides, Mench. Box-Elder. Common through the south half of the state, extending thus north to Kanabee, Mille Lacs and Wadena counties ; less frequent farther north to the St. Louis river near Fond du Lac, Winchell, Kaministiquia river, Macoun, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison; also abundant throughout the Red river vailey and northwestward, reaching east to the lake of the Woods, Dawson. ‘Destined to be the shade tree of all the prairie cities’ of Manitoba (Macoun). Along the Minnesota river, it sometimes exceeds three feet in diameter (Winchell). Sugar and syrup are made from it at Big Stone lake. POLYGALACEA. Mitxwort Famtty. POLYGALA, Tourn. Mritkwort. PoLyGAna. P. sanguinea, L. Purple Milkwort. Frequent, or common, southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Polk county, Upham. P. eruciata, L. Milkwort. Margins of swampy lakes, St. Croix river, Parry ; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts ; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. P. verticillata, L. Milkwort. Frequent, or common, in the south and west portions of the state ; extending north to Minneapolis, Simmons, New Uln, Juni, and the Red river valley, Upham. P. Senega, L. Seneca Snakeroot. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Several tons of this medicinal root are dug and sold yearly by the Chippewa Indians in the region of Mille Lacs, the Crow Wing river and the White Earth reservation, the price which they receive for it, when dried, being from 35 to 50 cents per pound. P. polygama, Walt. Pink Polygala. sandy soil, St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; Saint Cloud, Garrison ; Anoka county and Brainerd, Upham; lake of the Woods, Dawson, STATE GEOLOGIST. 4] P. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Polygala. Faribault, Rice county, Miss Beane. |[Kaministiquia river. north of lake Superior, Macoun.| Rare. LEGUMINOS 4A. Puuse FAmILy. LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE. L. perennis, L. Wild Lupine. Perenniai Lupine. Common on light, sandy land from lake Pepin to the sources of the Mississippi riy- er; also, Fergus Falls, Leonard. Rarely found with white flowers. TRIFOLIUM,L. Crover. T. arvense, L. Rabbit-fovt or Stone Clover. Saint Cloud, Stearns county, Campbell. Rare. T. pratense, L. Red Clover. Frequently adventive throughout the state. T. repens, L. White Clover. Shamrock. Occurring like the last, already very abundant in many districts; also quite cer- tainly indigenous through the north half of the state, Clark, Upham. T. hybridum, L.* Alsike Clover. Adventive, but searcely established, Saint Cloud (sandy soil, on the grounds of the Normal School), Campbell. Rare. T. procumbens, L. Yellow Clover. Low Hop-Clover. Stearns county (both the type and the var. minus, Koch), Campbell; Saint Paul, Minneapolis and lake Minnetonka (sparingiy adventive), Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. MELILOTUS, Tourn. MeELILOT. Sweer Ciover. Hart’s CLOVER. M. officinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Stearns county, Gar- rison; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. MY. alba, Lam. White Melilot. Throughout the south half of the state. More frequent than the preceding. MEDICAGO, L. MEDICcK. M. sativa, L. Lwerne. Alfalfa. Escaped from cultivation, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Winchell. *Trifolium hybridum, L. Almost glabrous; leaflets obovate or oblong; stipules oblong, tips triangular; heads axiliary, peduncled, globose; pedicels elongate, at length reflexed ; flowers [whitish, rose-tinted] drooping; calyx-tube campanulate, gibbous ; teeth subulate, nearly equal, unaltered in fruit. Hooker’s Students’ Flora of the British Islands. (See Botanical Gazette, vol. vii, pp. 121 and 135.) 49 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. HOSACKTIA, Dougl. HOSACKIA. H. Purshiana, Benth.* Hosackia. Gravelly shore of Swan lake, section 7, Underwood, Redwood county (leaves about 34 inch long, very short-petioled, of three oblong acute leaflets, the lateral ones oblique in their lower half), Upham. Southwest. PSORALEA, L. PSORALBA. P. tenuiflora, Pursh. (P. floribunda, Nutt.) Psoralea. Cottonwood county, Holzinger, Southwest P. argophylla, Parsh. Silvery-leaved Psoralea. Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, (See note in American Naturalist, vol. xvii, p. 414.) P. esculenta, Push. Dakota Turnip. Pomme blanche. Pomme de Prairie. Pomme de Terre. Common southwestward ; extending east to the rising ground east of Ned river prairie, Dawson, the Roseau river, Scott, Morrison county, Upham, Minneapolis (rare, found close east of lake Calhoun), Griswold, Roberts, and Blue Earth county, Leiberg. “Pomme de Prairie of the French voyageurs; Tipsinah of the Sioux Indians. It oce- curs over a wide range of country between the Mississippi aud the Rocky Mountains, and is a characteristic plant of the Coteau des Prairies. The root, frequently attaining the size of a hen’s egg, is of a regular, cylindric, ovoid shape, consisting of a thick, leathery envelope, easily separating when fresh from its smooth internal part. The latter is of a friable texture, except towards the axis, where some ligneous fibrés are in- termixed. When dry, it acquires a sweetish taste, and is easily pulverized, affording a light, starchy flour, suitable for all the uses of the ordinary article. When growing its aspect is that of a Lupine. It selectsa dry, gravelly, but not barren soil.” Parry. The Dakota (Sioux) name of the river in western Minnesota, well known as the Pomme de Terre, refers to this plant. Riggs’ Dakota Dictionary, p. 171. DALEA, L. DALEA. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Dalea. Spirit lake, Lowa, Geyer; and doubtless in the adjoining portions of Minnesota. Southwest. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. P. violaceus, Michx. Purple Prairie Clover. Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton. * HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal; standard often remote from the rest, ovate or roundish; keel curved, obtuse or somewhat acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform, Pod linear, compressed or nearly terete, sessile, several-seeded, with partitions be- tween theseeds. Herbaceous or rarely woody, with pinnate 2- to many-foliolate leaves; stipules mostly minute and gland-like; flowers in axillary sessile or pedunculate um- bels, yellow, often becoming brownish. HOSACKIA PURSHIANA, Benth. Annual, usually a foot high or more, and more or less silky-villous : leaflets 1 to 5, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long ; stipules gland-like ; flowers small, yellow, on peduncles exceeding the leaves, bracteate with a single leaflet; calyx-teeth linear, much exceeding the tube, about equalling the corol- la; pod linear, straight, smooth, an Inch long, 5- to 7-seeded. Watson in Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian. STATE GEOLOGIST. 43 P. candidus, Michx. White Prairie Clover. Abundant, with same range as the last ; excepting that it is less common in the north part of the Red river valley, Upham. P. villosus, Nutt. Silky Prairie Clover. Common on sandy land, from lake Pepin, Miss Manniny, Goodhue county, Sandherg, and the barrens of the St. Croix river, Parry, to Minneapolis, Lac qui Parle, and Polk eounty, Upham. AMORPHA, L. FausE INDIGO. A. fruticosa, L. False Indigo. ‘‘ River Locust.”’ Common through the south half of the state, in the Red river valley, Upham, and to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. A. canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant. ‘‘ Shoe-strings.”’ Abundant, with the same range as the last. The common name alludes to its long tough roots, which are troublesome in plowing. A. microphylla, Pursh.* (A. nana, Nutt.) Dwarf False Indigo. Common from the Blue Earthriver, Parry, and Chippewa. Swift and Grant counties, Roberts, southwestward ; also common, or frequent, throughout the Red river valley, Upham. ROBINIA, L. LocusT-TREE. R. Pseudacacia, L. Common Locust-tree. False Acacia. Adventive, Minneapolis, Winchell. TEPHROSI[A, Pers. Hoary Pa. T. Virginiana, Pers. Goat’s Rue. Catgut. Lapham, Hart, Winona county, Winchell; at head of lake Pepin, Sandherg; Washington county, Juni. South. ASTRAGALUS, L. Mriux-Vertcu. A, caryocarpus, Ker. Ground Plum. Common, often abundant in all the prairie portion of the state ; extending north- east to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, ‘‘ When the pods, which are nearly solid, have reached the size of hazel-nuts, they prove a valuable addition to the list of early vegetables. Cooked like green peas, they make a pleasing dish, intermediate in taste and flavor between early peas and asparagus.” Arthur. A. Plattensis, Nutt., var. Temnesseensis, Gray. Ground Plum. Grant county, Roberts; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Southwest. A. Canadensis, L. Milk- Vetch. Common, or frequent, throughout the state; abundant in the Red river valley, Upham. *AMORPHA MICROPHYLLA, Pursh. Nearly smooth, dwarf; leaves with very short petioles, obtuse at both ends ; spikes short, solitary ; calyx nearly naked, pedicellate, teeth all very acuminate ; legumes 1-seeded. . . . . . From1to 2 feet high; flowers purple and fragrant. A very elegant little shrub. Pursh’s Fl. Amer., quoted by Ar- thur (Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. V.), who adds : ‘“‘ This compact little shrub is abundant on the dry prairies of northwestern Iowa. It flowers in May, and notin July and August asstated by Pursh. The leaflets are oblong, conspicuously punctate, and in 10—20 pairs.” 44 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. A. adsurgens, Pall.* Milk- Vetch. Red river valley, Scott, Macoun. West. A. hypogilottis, L.+ Milk- Vetch. Plains near Pembina, Douglas, Chickering, Havard. Red river prairle, Dawson. West. A. gracilis, Nutt. = Milk-Vetch. Minnesota, Watson. Southwest. A. Cooperi, Gray. Cooper’s Milk-Vetch. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. A. flexuosus, Doug].§ Milk- Vetch. Red river prairie, Douglas, Macoun, Dawson, Scott. West. OXYTROPIS, DC. OxyTROPIS. O, Lamberti, Pursh. Oxytropis. Frequent or common, westward ; extending east to Worthington (rare) Foote, Cot- tonwood county, Holzinger. Glenwood (common, with flowers bright rose-purple, changing later to blue), Upham, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry, Fergus Falls, Leonard, and the Red river valley, Douglas, Macoun. *ASTRAGALUS ADSURGENS, Pall. Perennial, cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate ; stems rather stout, 4 to 18 inches high, ascending or deeum- bent ; stipules scarious, mostly united at base ; leaflets 10 pairs, 6 to 9 lines long, nar- rowly or linear-oblong ; spike dense, at length oblong or cylindrical ; flowers purplish, medium sized, ascending ; calyx-tube rather long-campanulate, twice exceeding the setaceous teeth, subvillous with light or dark hairs; pod coriaceous, pubescent, sessile, ascending, ovate-oblong (4to 5 lines inlength), straight, usually tiiangular-compressed, with a dorsal sulcus, and 2-celled by the intruded dorsal suture, many-ovuled. Wat- son’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, following Gray’s Revis., Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. vi. +ASTRAGALUS HYPOGLOTTIS, L. Perennial, with a rather loose pubescence, or nearly glabrous ; stems 6 inches to 2 feet long, slender, diffusely procumbent or ascend- ing ; stipules subfoliaceous and more or less sheathing ; leaflets 7 to 10 pairs, oblong, obtuse or retuse ; heads rather many-flowered ; corolla violet, % inch long; legume coriaceous, ovate and triangular, silky-villous, very shortly .stipitate, 2-celled by the intruded dorsal suture, and but 6- to 8-seeded. From southern Colorado northward along the Rocky Mountains and Red River Vallev to the Arctic Cirele and Alaska. June to September, Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, follow- ing Gray’s Revision. tASTRAGALUS GRACILIS, Nutt. Perennial,somewhat appressed pubescent, slender, erect or ascending, a foot high or more: leafiets three to five pairs, narrowly linear, half an inch long or less: flowers very small, white or purplish, in an elongated open long-peduncled spike : calyx-teeth very short: pods coriaceous, sessile, pubescent and rugose, 2 or 3 lines long, ovate-oblong and obcompressed, 1-celled, conzave on the back,’ aud the ventral suture prominent. Watsonin Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian. SASTRAGALUS FLEXUOSUS, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent ; stems ascending, 1 foot high, flexuose ; leaflets oblong or cuneate-linear, ovtuse or retuse ; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; racemes mostly elongated, loose ; flowers 4 lines long, white or purplish ; calyx hoary-pubescent, teeth three times shorter than the tube, pod cylindric, 8 to 11 lines long, 2 lines broad, puberulent, thinly coriaceous, straight or sub-incurved; stipe very short, put evident. Gray's Revision of Astrag., Proc. Amer, Acad., Vol, Vi. ; STATE GEOLOGIST. 45 °O. splendens, Dougl.* Silvery Oxytropis. “A most elegant plant, with its crowded, silvery, silky-villous foliage and spikes, and deep blue eprollas. It was gathered on the Chippewariver”|in Minnesota]. Gray in Pacific Railroad Report. Glenwood, Pope county, Upham; Pembina, Douglas, Havard. West. GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. LIcoRICcE G. lepidota, Pursh. Wild Licorice. Abundant westward, from St. Vincent to lowa; extending east to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Freeborn county and Minneapolis, Upham, the St. Croixriver, Parry, Stearns county, Campbell, and the lake of the Woods at the mouth of Rainy river, Macoun; but not reported in the region of the upper Mississippi river and farther northeast. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. Hepysarvum. H. boreale, Nuit. H&pysaRumM. Lapham. | North shore of lake Superior, A gassiz.] North. DESMODIUM, DC, Trox- TREFOIL. D. nudiflorum, DC, Tick-Trefoil. St. Croix river, Parry; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county, Gedge; Redwood Falls, Pemberton. Infrequent. South. D. acuminatum, DC. Tick-Trefoil. Common southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Fergus Falls, Leonard. D. rotundifolium, DC. Round-leaved Tick-Trefoil. Trailing Tick- Trefoil. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Infrequent. South. D. canescens, DC. Tick-Trefoil, Otter Tail county, Upham; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. South. D. cuspidatum, Hook. Tick-Trefoil, Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. South, D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Tick-T'cefoil, Stearns county, Garrison; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis, Kassule; Steele county (common), Upham. South. D. paniculatum, DC. Tick-Trefoil. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, lowa, Mis. Carter. Infrequent. south. D. Canadense, DC. Tick-Trefoil, Common through the south half of the state, and perhaps northward; found at the lake of the Woods, Dawson, Burgess, and extending into Manitoba to the north end of Jake Winnipeg, Hooker. *“OXYTROPIS SPLENDENS, Dougl. Acaulescent, silvery, silky-villous throughout, 6 to 12 inches high ; leaflets somewhat verticillate, 3 to 6 together, very numerous, lanee- olate, very acute, usually 5 to 10 lines long ; flowers in an oblong spike, erect, spreading, usually deep blue ; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers not much surpassing the calyx ; pod ovate, erect. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. 46 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. LESPEDEZA, Michx. BusH-CLoveEr. L. repens, Barton. (Including L. procumb2ns, Michx.) Bush-Clover Lapham. Rare. South. L. violacea, Pers. Bush-Clover. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Brown county, Juni. Infrequent. South. {L. reticulata, Pers. (L. violacea, Pers., var. sessiliflora, Don) probably occurs in the south part of the state. L. reticulata, Pers., var. angustifolia, Maxim. (L. violacea, Pers., var. angustifolia, Torr. & Gray.) Bush-Clover. Cottonwood county, Holzinger. Infrequent. South. L. hirta, Ell. Bush-Clover. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Cottonwood county, Holzinger. Intrequent. South, L. capitata, Michx. Bush-Clover. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north at least to Cass county, Upham. L. leptostachya, Engelm.* Bush-Clover. Southeastern Minnesota, T. J. Hale; Emmet county, Iowa (common), Crafty; Rock county (common). Leiberg. South. VICIA, Tourn. VetcH. TaRE. V. sativa, L. Vetch. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. V. Cracea, L. Blue Vetch. Minneapolis, and Carlton county, Roberts; White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field. Rare. South. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Pale Vetch. Carolina Vetch. Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis- sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. V. Americana, Muhl. Purple Vetch. American Vetch. Common throughout the state. LATHYRUS, I. VETcHLING. EVERLASTING Pgfa. L. maritimus, Bigelow. Beach Pea. Common on beaches of gravel and sand, north shore of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson. L. venosus, Muhl. Vetchling. Common through the south half of the state, andin the Red river valley ; extend- ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Kaministiquia river, Macoun. L. ochroleucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. *LESPEDEZA LEPTOSTACHYA, Engelm. Clothed with appressed, silky pubescence; leaves linear; petiole longer than the terminal petiolule ; spikes paniculate, slender, somewhat loosely flowered, rather longerthan the peduncle ; legume equalto orslightly longer than the calyx. . . . . . Has passed for L. angustifolia, from which its slender spikes and paniculate habit at once distinguish it. Gray, Proc, Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, vol. xii. STATE GEOLOGIST. 47 L. paluster, L. Marsh Vetchling. Common throughout the state. L. paluster, L., var. myrtifolius, Gray, Marsh Vetchling. Bue Earth county, Leiberg; Stearns county, Campbell; Fergus Falls, Leonard. APIOS, Boerhaave. GROUND-Nut. WILD BEAN. A, tuberosa, Mench. Ground-nut. Dakota Potato. Pomme de Terre, Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river. “Pomme de Terre of the French voyageurs; Mdo, or wild potato, of the Sioux Indians.” Parry. PHASEOLUS, L. KripNEY BEAN. P. perennis, Walt. Wild Bean. Saint Paul, Kelley; St. Croix Falls, Wiss Field; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Pembina, Havard. P. diversifolius, Pers. Wild Bean. Minneapolis, Twining; Blue Earth county, Leibery; New Ulm, Juni; Emmet eounty, Iowa (rare), Cratty. Southeast. P. pauciflorus, Benth. Wild Bean. Frequent threugh the south half of the state; extending north to the head-waters oi the Mississippi river, Garrison. AMPHICARP XA, Ell. Hoc PEaA-NvtT. A. monoica, Ell. Hog Pea-nut. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward. BAPTISIA, Vent. Fase INpDIGO. B. tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo. Anoka county, and White Bear, Ramsey county, Juni; near Saint Paul, rs. Terry; lake Fepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. Southeast. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. White False Indigo. Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis- sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. B. leucophzea, Nutt. Yellowish Wild Indigo. Common in the most southern counties across the state ; extending north to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Rice county, Upham, and Minneapolis, Kassuhe. CERCIS, L. ReED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. C, Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree. Southern Minnesota, Sargent’s Catalogue of Forest Trees, Tenth Census of U.S. if found in this state, it must be rare or local, in the most southeastern counties. CASSIA, L. Senna. ©. Chamecrista, L. Partridge Pea. Sensitive Pea. * Frequent, or common, throughout the southern third of the state; less frequent aither north to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton. 48 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky CoFFEE-TREE. G. Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Houston county, near Dakota, Winona county, and Jordan, Scott county, Winchell; Lake City, Miss Manning: Nicollet county (forming groves in the woods opposite to Mankato; attaining a diameter of six inches; wood very hard, straight-grained, valuable), Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; S'eepy Eye. Brown county, Upham. infre- quent. South. DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS. D. brachylobus, Benth. Desmanthus. Swan lakes, northwestern Redwood county, Upham; Spirit lake, Iowa, Geyer. South. ROSACEA. Rost Faminy. PRUNUS, Tourr. PLum, CHERRY, ETC. P. Americana, Marshall. Wild Plum. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. Usually from 10 to 20 feet high; but north of lake Superior seldom exceeding 12 feet in hight, and often fruiting at 3 or 4feet, Clark. Fruit valuable, pleasant-flavored, rarely bitter, mostly purple, but not infrequently varying from that color to yellow. P. punila, L, Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. Common on sandy land through the north half of the state, and south to Minneap- olis ; local and rare farther south, as at Castle Rock and in Good)ue county, Sand- berg, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and section 33, Hart, Winona county, Winchell. P. Pennsylvaniea, L. Wild Red Cherry. Bird Cherry. Common throughout the state, excepting southwestward, where it occurs rarely. Usually 15 to 30 feet high; but north of lake Superior its ordinary hight is about 12 feet, with a diameter of 2'5 inches, Clark. P. Virginiana, L. Choke-Cherry. Common throughout the state. P. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Common throughout the state, excepting far northward, where it is absent or rare. Macoun reports it as far west as the Kaministiquia river, lake Superior. NEILLIA, Don. NineE- Bark. N. opulifolia, Benth. and Hook. (Spiraea opulifolia, L.) Nine-Bark. Frequent throughout most of the state, but rare southward and westward ; abun- dant north of lake Superior, especially along the shore, “clinging to bare rocks, often within the sweep of the waves,” Juni, Roberts; Rainy river and lake of the Woods, Macoun. SPIRUEA, MEADOW-SWEEYr. SPIRAA. S. salicifolia, L. Common Meadow-Sweet. Willow-leaved Spira. Qucen of the Meadow. Common throughout the state, S. tomentosa, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush. Frequent, in some places plentiful, in Hennepin, Anoka, Chisago, Isanti and Kana- bee counties, Roherts, Juni, Upham. East. [It is also found at lake Winnipeg, Richardsoi. | Z STATE GEOLOGIST. 49 AGRIMONTA, Tourn. AGRIMONY. A, Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony: Frequent, often common, throughout the state. GEUM, L. AVENS. GEUM, G. album, Gmelin. White Avens. Frequent, or common, throughout the state; extending northward to the north shore of lake Superior, Juni. and Pembina, Havard. G. Virginianum, L. Virginian Avens, Minnesota river, Parry; Bue Earth county, Leiberg; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Hesper, Lowa, Mrs. Carter. Infhequent. South. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Large-leaved Avens. Abundant north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to Sherburne county, Upham, Anoka county and New Ulm, Juni, and lake Minnetonka, Roberts. G. strictum, Ait. Strict Avens. Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southward. G. rivale, L. Water Avens. Purple Avens. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending south to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Northfieid, Rice county, Chaney, and Nicollet county, Aiton. G. triflorum, Pursh. Three-flowered Avens. This species, ‘attractive by reason of its long, plumose styles, and dissected, fern- like leaves,” rare in states farther east, is common, or frequent, on dry somewhat sandy land throughout Minnesota, excepting northeastward, in which direction it extends at least to the head of lake St. Croix, Brainerd, and the upper Mississ|ppi river. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Dry or BARREN STRAWBERRY. W. fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Stearns county, Garrison; St. Croix Falls and Stillwater, Miss Field. Infre- quent, East. POTENTILLA, L. CINQUEB-FOIL. Frve-Fincer. PovTENnrTILi.a. P. Norvegica, L. Cinque-fo.]. Common throughout the state. P.supina, L. (P. paradoxa, Nutt.) Cinque-foil. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; sandy shores of lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Herrick; Anoka county and New Ulm, Juni; Martin county (rare), Cratty; Stearns county, Gar- rison; Grant county, Roberts. |Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer, and northwestward. | South and west. P. Canadensis, L. Common Cinque-foil or Five-Finger, Common, or frequent, throuzhout the state, excepting perhaps far northward. P. Canadensis, L., var. simplex, Tocr. and Gray. Cinque-foil. Five- Finger. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; New Ulm, Juni; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty; Minneapolis (common), Roberts; Sherburne county (common), Upham. {North of lake Superior, Agassiz. ] 4F . 50 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. P. argentea, L. Silvery Cinque-foil or Five-Finger. Winona county, Holzinger; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis, Herrick, Up- ham; Washington county, Leonard; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Anoka county, Juni; near Green lake, Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry. [Sheyenne river, Dakota, Geyer.] Infrequent. P. Pennsylvanica, L., var. strigosa, Pursh.* Cinque-foil. Potentilla. Granite knolls beside the Minnesota river in the west part of Nicollet county, Par- ry; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Worthington (common), Foote; Luverne, Leiberg; Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett; Fergus Falls, Leonard. [Pembina mountain, Dakota, Havard. ‘The common form in the prairie region” of Manitoba, Macoum. | West. P. Pennsylvanica, I., var. bipinnatifida, Torr. & Gray.** Cinque- foil. Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; plains of the Red river, Douglas, Macoun. West. P. Hippiana, Lehm. + Cinque-foil. Potentilla. Plains of the Red river, Drummond, Macoun. West. P. effusa, Dougl.t Cinque-foil. Potentilla. Higher parts of the Red river valley, plentiful, Douglas, Macoun. West. P. arguta, Pursh. Cinque-foil. Potentilla. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. P. Anserina, h. Silver- Weed. Common, or frequent, throughout the north half of the state ; extending south af least to Minneapolis and Murray county, Upham. P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. Abundant north of lake Superior, especially along its rocky shore, Juni, Roberts ; also found near the Tamarack river in T. 158, R. 46, Marshall county, Upham, and at the eastern border of the Red river prairie near the international boundary, Dawson, Scott. (Not yet reported, but doubtless occurring rarely, in the south half of thestate ; found at Decorah, Iowa, Arthur.) North. * POTENTILLA PENNSYLVANICA, L., var. STRIGOSA, Pursh, Low, 6 to 15 inches high ; stems erect, leafy, rather stout ; leaves mostly tomentose on both surfaces, paler beneath, deeply pectinate-diviced or pinnatifid, segments linear, entire, with revolute margins; stipules laciniate. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado, following Watson’s Revis., Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. viii. ** POTENTILLA PENNSYLVANICA, L., Var. BIPINNATIFIDA, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets crowded (3 to5) and often almost palmate, deeply pinnatifid (silky-pubescent but not Canescent above); the segments linear, elongated, mostly spreading. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A. +P. HIpPprAna, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout ; the upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending, 1 to 1% feet high, slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme, stipules usually entire ; leaves pinnate, occasion- ally digitate; leaflets 5 to 11,cuneate-oblong, 1'to 2 inches long, obtuse, incisely toothed, at least towards the apex, margins not revolute; pedicels slender; bractlets narrow ; petals 2% to 3% lines long, exceeding the calyx; styles filiform, not glandular at base, terminal; carpels 10 to 30. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado, following Watson’s Revision. +P. ErrusA, Dougl. Canescently tomentose with scattered villous hairs; stems ascending, diffusely branched above, 4 to 12 inches high ; stipules lanceolate, entire or incised ; leaflets 5 to 11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones often smaller, cuneate-oblong, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate, the smaller leaflets 3- to 5- tooth- ed; pedicels siender; sepals and the much smaller bractlets acuminate, 2 to 3 lines long, equaling or exceeding the obcordate petals; carpels 10. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado, following Watson’s Revision. STATE GEOLOGIST. 51 P. tridentata, Sol. Three-toothed Cinque-foil. Frequent through the north part of the state ; common along the rocky north shore of lake Superior and on Minnesota Point, at the last named locality growing in the ‘dry loose sand, Roberts, Juni; infrequent, or rare, southward to Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell, White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field, Lake City, Mrs. Ray, and Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. P. palustris, Scop. Marsh Five- Finger. Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southward. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY. F. Virginiana, Duchesne. Wild Strawberry. Common throughout the state. F. Virginiana, Duchesne, var. [llinoensis, Gray. Wild Strawberry. Dakota county, Winchell; Anoka and Sherburne counties (common), Upham; abundant in Martin eounty (and in Emmet county, Lowa), Cratty. F. vesea, L. Wild Strawberry. Wood Strawberry. Mostly in woods ; common through the north half of the state and southwestward , frequent southeastward. RUBUS, Tourn. BRAMBLE. R. Dalibarda, L. (Dalibarda repens, L.) Dalibarda, Lapham. Green Lake, Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry. Rare. East. [R. odoratus L., which occurs in northern Michigan and Wisconsin, probably does. not extend into Minnesota. ] R. Nutkanus, Mocino. White Flowering- Raspberry. Abundant north of lake Superor, Juni, Roberts; and extending to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton. ‘‘Its showy white blossoms are about as large as those of the wild rose. The fruit is large and looks temptlng but has a peculiar acid flavor, which makes it inferior to that of Rubus strigosus.” Juni. North. R. arcticus, L.* Arctic Raspberry. Peat bog, ‘‘northwest angle” of the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North. R. triflorus, Richardson, Dwarf Raspberry. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending south to New Ulm, Juni, Blue Earth county, Leiberg, and Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. R. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. Common throughout the state, excepting southwestward, where it occurs less fre- quently ; very abundant northward. R. occidentalis, L, Black Raspberry. Black-cap Raspberry. Thimble- berry. Common through the south half of the state, and north to the White Earth reser- vation, the upper Mississippi river, and Pine county; rare or wanting aortheastward, A variety bearing cream-colored fruit occurs on the bluffs of the Mississippi at Wino- na, Winchell. *RUBUS ARCTICUS, L. Stem low, herbaceous, sometimes dicecious, unarmed, some- what pubescent, mostly erect, 1- to 2-flowered, leaves trifoliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and often doubly serrate, petiolulate ; stipules ovate ; sepals lan- ceolate, acute, often shorter than the obovate entire or emarginate Pew petals. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A. 52 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. R. villosus, Ait. High Blackberry. Frequent, occasionally plentiful, throughout most of the state; but rare or want- ing in some districts, especially southwestward and far northwest. Local. RR, villosus, Ait., var. frondosus, Torr. High Blackberry. Between lake Superior and lake Winnipeg, Richardson (Macoun). R. Canadensis, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry. Frequent, or common, through the east part of the state, extending west to Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Fergus Falls, Leonard, and the White Earth reservation, Gar- rison; north of lake Superior, Agassiz, Macoun. R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp-Blackberry. Similar in range with the last. Minneapolis, Griswold ; Sherburne county (com- mon), Uphan; Fergus Falls, Leonard; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. R. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose. Houston county, Winchell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; Northfield, Chaney; Mor- rison county, Miss Babbitt. Infrequent. R. parviflora, Ehrh. (R. lucida, in Manual.) Dwarf Wild-Rose. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; White Earth reservation, Garrison; Kanabee county (common), Upham; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Hennepin and Fill- more counties, Winchell; Rice county, Sperry; Goodhue county, Blake, Sandberg. R. blanda, Ait., var. pubescens, Crépin.* Early Wild Rose. Common, often abundant, in all parts of the state; the only species of rose (but occurling in two varieties) in our prairie region, there varying in hight from about one foot, or sometimes two feet on the prairie, to three or four feet in groves and thickets, or even six feet, according to Roberts, in Grant county. R. blanda, Ait., var. setigera, Crépin.t Early Wild Rose. Specimens collected in Minneapolis are referred by Watson to this variety, which probably occurs, less frequently than the preceding, throughout the state, being most common northward. , CRAT AGUS, L. HawtTHorn. WuHite THORN. C. coccinea, L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn. Frequent, occasionally common, through most of the state ; extending “north to the international boundary, but not much beyond it,’”’ Bell. [Emerson and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Dawson, M acown.| ‘ C. tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Thorn. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. C. tomentosa, L., var. pyrifolia, Gray, Black or Pear Thorn. Olmsted county, Winchell; American portage, near the international boundary west of lake Superior, Macoun. Cc. tomentosa, I., var, punctata, Gray. Black or Pear Thorn. Martin county, Cratty; Olmsted county and lake Minnetonka, Winchell; Minne- apolis, Upham; Pembina, Chickering. .Perhaps the typical species is less common than these varieties. * ROSA BLANDA, Ait., var. PUBESCENS, Crepin. Leaflets more or less pubescent on the under side ; upper part of the stems, as well as the branches and flowering branch- lets, unarmed or nearly so. Crepin’s Monograph. +ROSA BLANDA, Ait., var. SETIGERA, Crepin. Leaflets glabrous or pubescent on the under side ; stem not ordinarily more than a foot high, entirely covered with setaceous prickles. Crepin’s Monograph. STATE GEOLOGIST. 53 C. subvillosa, Schrader. (C. tomentosa, L., var. mollis, Gray.) Downy Thorn. Blue Earth county (common, becoming a tree twenty feet high), Upham; New Ulm, Juni; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Pipestone quarry, Mrs, Bennett. (North of lake Superior, Bell, Macoun. | C. Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Winona, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn and Scott counties, and the Big Woods, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Dodge county. Harrington; Rice county, Sperry; Hennepin county, Simmons; Fish-hook Jake, Cass county, and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. [‘*In Manitoba a thorn which appears to be identical with this species is abundant.”’ Bell.| PIRUS (Pyrus), L. Pear. APPLE. 'P. coronaria, L. American Crab- Apple. . Common in the southeast part of the state ; extending west to the Big Woods, and north to Ramsey and Hennepin counties, Winchell, and to Crow lake in southwestern Stearns county, Upham. The fruit, though bitterish, is frequently used for sauce. P. arbutifolia, L. Choke-berry. Frequent from Olmsted county, Harrington, and Faribault, Miss Beane, to Minne- apolis, Roberts, Anoka county, Juni, and the St. Croix river, Parry. East. P, arbutifolia, L., var. melanocarpa, Hook. Choke-berry. Pine county (common), Upham; north of lake Superior, extending west to Sturgeon lake, Dawson route, Macoun. East. P. Americana, DC. American Mountain-Ash. Common through the north part of the state ; extending south to northern Pine county, and to Mille Lacs. “A common tree north of lake Superior, attaining consid- erable size. Professor Winchell collected specimens where the trunk was at least 12 inches in diameter, and perfectly sound. Others, though unsound, were 15 and 16 inches.’”” Roberts. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Elder-leaved Mountain Ash. Common northward; extending south to Itasca lake, Garrison, and T. 137, R. 33, Wadena county, Upham; and rare farther south, as on the bluffs of the Mississippi at Winona, Winchell. AMELANCHIER, Medic. J UNE-BERRY. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Including the var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray.) Shad-bush. Service-berry. Common throughout the state. (Usually from 10 to 30 feet high, but northeastward only attaining a hight of 10 feet and diameter of 24% inches; used by the Indians for snow-shoe frames. Clark.) A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray. Service-berry. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray. Service- berry. Loon portage, Dawson route (near the international boundary). Macoun. North. A. alnifolia, Nutt. (A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray.) Western June-berry. Pembina, Chickering; White Earth reservation, Garrison; Hennepin county, Roberts; Faribault, Miss Beane; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Frequent, 54 TWELFIH ANNUAL REPORT. SAXIFRAGACEA. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY. R. Cynosbati, L. Prickly Wild Gooseberry. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. Much used, (as also the follow- ing smooth species,) before fully ripening, for sauce. (Of R. setosum, Lind]., Prof. Gray writes; ‘‘I suspect that this species inhabits the northwestern shore of lake Superior. Botanists visiting that district should look for a species with pure white flowers, a half inch or lessin length, with cylindrical tube, and stamens decidedly shorter than the lobes. . . . It takes its name from the slender scattered prickles on the branches; but these are sometimes wanting, this being an inconstant character in all the species. The young berries are either perfect- ly smooth and naked, or beset with a few bristly prickles. This is the R. oxyacan- thoides of Hooker’s Flora, but certainly not of Linnzeus. It belongs to the Saskatchewan region, extending into Montana and Wyoming.” American Naturalist, vol. x, pp. 271-2. R. oxyacanthoides, L. (R. hirteilum, Michx.) Smooth Wild Gooseberry. Common throaghout the state, excepting perhaps southward, in which direction it extends at least to Goodhue county, Sandberg, Faribault, Miss Beane, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Smooth Wild Gooseberry. Notes by observers using Gray’s Manual give this as common through the south half of the state, and Jess frequent northward to the St, Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and Grand Marais, north of lake Superior, Roberts. Further investigation is needed, however, to decide whether lt. rotundifolium occurs in Minnesota. Just as this is being printed, I learn from Mr. Arthur that Prof. Gray decides specimens of the common smooth wild gooseberry in Iowa (before regarded as R. rotundifolium) to be R. gracile, Michx. ‘‘R. rotundifolium Michx. is a species of the Alleghany Mountains, ranging northward and eastward into New York and the western borders of Massachusetts.” (Gray in American Naturalist, vol. x.) Probably most, or perhaps all, of the supposed observations of this species in Minnesota belong instead to the next. R. gracile, Michx. (R. Missouriense, Nutt. )* Missouri Goosaberry. Lapham. See remarks under the preceding species. KR. lacustre, Poir. Swamp Wild Gooseberry. Lapham. North of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North. R. prostratum, L’Her. Fetid Currant. Skunk Currant. Common north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts ; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; upper Mississippi river, Garrison, North. KR. floridum, L’Her. . Wild Black Currant. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. R, rubrum, L. Red Currant. Frequent through the north half of the state; extending south to southeastern Pive county and Benton county, Upham, Fish-hook lake, Cass county, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. R. aureum, Pursh. Buffalo Currant. Missouri Currant. Escaped from gardens: Mankato, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Kassube. *RIBES GRACILE, Michx. Flowers 1 to 4on the slender peduncle, white or whitish, narrow, with calyx-lobes longer than the tube and shorter than the half-inch stamens ; filaments almost capillary, generally connivent or closely parallel, and soon conspicu- ously longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes ; flower with barely a slight tinge of green ; berry smooth, large, purple, prized in cultivation under the name of Missouri Gooseberry. It ranges from Tennessee and Illinois to the northern borders of Texas, and northwestward into the Rocky Mountains. Gray in American Naturalist, vol. x. STATE GEOLOGIST. 55 PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. P. parviflora, DC. Grass of Parnassus. North shore of lake Superior, Macoun. P. palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Fort Francis, Rainy river, Macown; common in the Red river valley, along the Pembina and Fort Garry trails, from Tamarack river northward into Manitoba, Upham; exteuding southward to Stearns county, Garrison, Mrs. Blaisdell. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass of Parnassus. Common through the south half of the state, and north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Polk county, Upham; also, lake of the Woods, Burgess (Macoun), and between the lake of the Woods and Red river, ‘probably about the northwestern limit of the species,” Dawson; Pembina, Havard. SAXIFRAGA, LL. Saxirrace. S, tricuspidata, Retz. Saxifrage. North shore of lake Superior, doubtless in Minnesota ; Isle Royale, Whitney. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Saxifrage. North shore of lake Superior, Macoun, Ellis; Isle Royale, Whitney. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Early Saxifrage. Lapham. Hastings, Dakota county, Mrs. Ray. Rare. S. Pennsylvanica, L. Swamp Saxifrage. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. SULLIVANTTA, $. Ohionis, Torr. & Gray. Sullivantia. Rock biufis of the Mississippi river, near Dakota, Winona county, Winchell. Rare. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT. H. Americana, L. Common Alum-root. St. Louis river, Houghton; Cass lake, Schoolcraft; Stearns county, Campbell; Still- water, Miss Field; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger. Infrequ2nt. H. hispida, Pursh. Alum-root. Common through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the lake of the Woods, Dawson, the east end of Rainy lake, Macoun, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. : MITELLA, Tourn. Mirer-wort. BrsHop’s-Cap. M. diphylla, L. Two-leaved Miter-wort. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north at least to Fergus Falls, Leonard, Saint Cloud, Campbell, ana the north shore of lake Superior, Agassiz. M. nuda, L. Naked Miter- wort. Common through the north half of the state; extending south at least to Stearns eounty, Campbell, and Minneapolis, Roberts. 56 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. rs TIARELLA, L. Fause MrrER-wort. T. cordifolia, L. False Miter- wort. Lapham. Lake City, Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent. CHRYSOSPLENiUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Cc. Americanum, Schwein. Golden Saxifrage. Lake Superior to the Mississippi, Houghton, Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. In- frequent. North. CRASSULACEA. OrpPINE FAMILY. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stonc-crop. P. sedoides, L. Ditch Stone-crop. Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. SEDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE. : S. Telephium, L. Garden Orpine. Live-for-ever. Occasionally escaped from cultivation, Minneapolis, Upham. HAMAMELACEA. Witcon-Hazet FAMILY. HAMAMELIS, L. Witcu-HAzeu. H. Virginiana, L. Witck-Hazel. Lapham. Southeastern Winona county, between Richmond and Dakota, Winchell. Rare. Southeast. HALORAGE. Water-Mitrort FAMILY. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. W aTER-MILFOIL. M. spicatum, L. Water- Milfc il. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. M. verticillatum, L. Water-Milf il. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [In Manitoba, Macoun.]| Infrequent. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Wa’er- Milfoil. Lapham. Common southwestward, Upham. { Proserpinaea palustris, L., has not yet been observed, but it probably oceurs in this state. | HIPPURIS, L. Mare’s-Tatt. H. vulgaris, L. Mare’s-'T'ail. Frequent, often common, through the north half of the state ; extending south at least to Little Falls (plentiful), Upham, Stearns county (abundant), Mrs. Blaisdell, and the Minnesota river near Traverse des Sioux, Parry. C 1 STATE GEOLUGIST. ONAGRACE. EVENING-PRmmRosE FAMILY. CIRC 4A, Tourn. ENCHANTER’S- NIGUTSHADE. C, Lutetiana, L. Tall Enchanter’s- Nightshade. Common throughout the state. C. alpina, L. Low Enchanter’s-Nightshade. Common through the north half of the state ; extending south atleast to Anoka county, Juni, Minneapolis, Herrick, and Lake City, Mrs, Ray. GAURA, L. GAURA. G. biennis, L. Gaura. ' Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast. G. coccinea, Nutt.* Gaura. Herman, Grant county, Upham, Roberts; ridge east of the Red river, near the inter- national boundary (infrequent), Scott; plains of the Red river, Drummond, Douglas. West. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. E. spicatum, Law. (E. angustifolium, L.) Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed. Common, or frequent, through the forest portion of the state ; conspicuous on tracts of burned woodland. WS STATE GEOLOGIST. 85 A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Wormwood. Common through the south half of the state, and probably occurring also, but less frequently, in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to Crow Wing and Todd coun- ties, Upham. A. borealis, Pallas. Wormwood. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. North. [Probably the var. WORMSKIOLDII, Bess., which is taller, 10 to 16 inches high, with more numerous heads in looser or com- pound narrower thyrsus. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.] A. Canadensis, Michx. Wormwood. Lake Superior to sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, Garrison; lake of the Woods; Dawson; Red river valley, Scott; White Bear, Ramsey county, Kelley. North. A. caudata, Michx. Wormwood. Common through the south half of the state; abundant (frequently having galls) in the Red river valley, Upham. A. serrata, Nutt.* | Wormwood. Prairies and low grounds, Illinois to Dakota; first collected by Nuttall. (Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.) A. longifolia, Nutt.; |§= Wormwood. Rocky banks, Minnesota and Nebraska to Saskatchewan and Montana; first col- lected by Nuttall, or by Lewis and Clarke. (Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.) A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Western Mugwort. ‘*Sage.”’ The form with incised or subpinnatifid leavesis occasionally found through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley, Upham. This is not regarded by Gray’s Synoptical Flora as distinct from the form with undivided leaves (var. gnaphalodes, in Manual), which has been noted as follows : Minneapolis, Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; abundant in Martin county, andin Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Red river valley (common), Upham, Scott. (Wr. Arthur states that the first of these forms is infrequent or rare in Iowa; but that the secoud is common there. Specimens of this species sent by Prof. Gedge trom Marshall, Lyon county, in rich soil near the Redwood river, have the broadly lanceolate leaves all entire or only sparingly toothed, with their upper surface nearly glabrate and green ; as is said by Gray’s Synoptical Flora to be sometimes their condition.) A. biennis, Willd. Biennial Wormwood. Frequent, often common, throughout the state. A. Absinthium, L. Common Garden Wormwood. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rarely adventive. ARTEMISIA GLAUCA, Pall. Minutely silky pubescent or canescent, sometimes glabrate and glaucous: stems strict, a foot or two high, somewhat woody at base: leaves rather short, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire, occasionally some 3-cleft, or the lowest even more divided: heads nearly of the next, into which it probably passes. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. *ARTEMISIA SERRATA, Nutt. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy ; leaves green and glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, 3 to 7 inches long, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pinnately incised : heads amply paniculate, rather few-flowered, less than two lines long, greenish, hardly pubescent. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. +ARTEMISIA LONGIFOLIA, Nutt. Stem 2to5 feet high : leaves entire, at first tomen- tulose, but usually glabrate above, white tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 5 lines wide) ; veins obsolete : heads amply paniculate, usually eanescent, 2to3 lineslong, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of NV. A. 86 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. A. frigida, Willd. Wormwood. ‘“ Sage.”’ Lake Superior ; “rising ground, east of the Red river prairie,” Dawson, Scott; and southward to Minneapolis (plentiful on the river bluffs below the falls of St. Anthony) and Fort Snelling, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Pipestone county, Leiberg, Mrs. Bennett. Local. GNAPHALIUM, I. CUDWEED. EVERLASTING. G. decurrens, Ives. Everlasting. North shore of lake Superior (Deronda bay and Grand Portage island), Juni; Nicol- let county, Gedge. Infrequent. Northeast. G. polycephalum, Michx. Common Everlasting. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Lake Superior, Whitney; lake of the Woods, Dawson; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. G. uliginosum, L. Low Cudweed. Lapham. Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Infrequent. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.) Pearly Everlasting. Common at Beaver Bay (north shore of lake Superior), and at Minneapolis, Rob- erts; Wadena county, ete., Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Throughout. Local. ANTENNARIA, Gertn. EVERLASTING. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Common, or abundant, throughout the state. ERECHTITES, Raf. FIREWEED. E. hieracifolia, Raf. Fireweed. Stearns county, Garrison; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg. South. CACALTA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. C. reniformis, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain. Fillmore county, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hennepin county, Herrick. Infrequent. South. C. atriplicifolia, L. Pale Indian Plantain. Goodhue county, Sandberg. Southeast. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain. Dakota county (frequent), Upham; Steele county, Miss Bixby; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; commonin Martin county andin Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. South. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL. S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. Mankato (frequent), Leiberg; Saint Paul, Kelley. S. palustris, Hook. Groundsel. Common, or frequent, through the northernand central portions of the states the ~~ ?e -—7— ~t 4 : ; | STATE GEOLOGIST. 87 extending eastward at least to the St. Louis river, Mrs, Herrick, Morrison county and Minneapolis, Upham, Goodhue county, Sandberg, and lake Pepin, Miss Manning; abundant about lakes in Grant county, Roberts, and in swamps near New Ulm, Juni; very rare in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. S. integerrimus, Nutt.* | Groundsel. Lapham, West. S. aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed. Life-root. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, in some portions abundant. S. aureus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Golden Ragwort. Squaw- weed. Minneapolis, Kassube ; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; and perhaps throughout the state. S. aureus, L., var. Balsamitze, Torr. & Graw Golden Ragwort. Squaw- weed. Throughout the state. North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Pembina, Chickering; Pokegama Falls, Houghton; Minneapolis, Roberts. S. canus, Hook.t Groundsel. Put in bay, north shore of lake Superior, Juni. North. S. lugens, Richardson.{ (Including var. Hookeri, Eaton.) Groundsel. Red river valley near Moorhead, Leiberg; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. [Also Plymouth county, in northwestern Iowa, Arthur.] — West. ARNICA, L. ARNICA. A. Chamissonis, Less. (A. mollis, Hook.) Arnica North shore of lake Superior, Juni. North. CENTAUREA, L. Star THISTLE. C. Cyanus, L. Blue-bottle. Bachelor’s- Button. Escaped from gardens, Blue Earth county, Leiberg. *SENECIO INTEGERRIMUS, Nutt. Glabrous throughout ; stem simple, striate. 12 to 18 inches high ; leaves entire ; radical ones 3 to 5 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide, rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, somewhat fleshy, upper small, lanceolate, acute, partly clasping ; corymb simple or nearly so; heads rather large, 8 to 20; involucre hemispherical, bracteolate, scales 15 to 20, narrowly linear, acute ; rays about 8, small ; disk-flowers 40 to 50; achenia striate, nearly glabrous. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. +SENECIO CANUS, Hook. Whitish tomentose throughout ; stems tufted, 2 to 12 inches high ; radical leaves obovate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles; the cauline sessile, lanceolate, pinnately cleft, or with a few teeth near the base, rarely entire; heads rather large, few in asimple corymb ; involucre nearly ecalyculate ; rays 8 to 12, not twice as long asthe involucre; achenia glabrous. Eaton in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. +SENECIO LUGENS, Richardson, Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the typical form early glabrate and bright green: stem 6 inchesto 2 feet high, few- and small- leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads (these about five lines high): radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly contracted at base into a winged or mar- gined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-denticulate ; upper cauline lanceolate or reduced and bract-like ; bractsof the campanulate involucre laticeolate, with ob- tuse or acutish commonly blackish-sphacelate tips : heads many-flowered: rays 10 or 12, conspicuous. Gray's Synoptical Flora of N, A. 88 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CNICUS, Tourn. (Included in Crrstum by Manual.) THISTLE. C. lanceolatus, Hoftm. Common Thistle. Frequent, but seldom plentiful, throughout the state. North of lake Superior, Juni; Pembina, Havard; Minneapolis, Griswold, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Wabasha, Gibson; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county and southward (common), Leiberg. C. Pitcheri, Torr. Pitcher’s Thistle. North shore of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless in Minnesota. ©. undulatus, Gray. Thistle. North of lake Superior (in a grass field at Grand Marais, said to have made its first appearance in 1878), Roberts. [Near Fort Pierre, Dakota, Geyer.] Plains, &c., from lake Huron and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, west to Oregon, south to Kansas and New Mexico. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. C. undulatus, Gray, var. canescens, Gray. Thistle. Merely a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over an inch long, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid.—Minnesota to New Mexico and southern Utah. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A. C. undulatus, Gray, var. megacephalus, Gray. Thistle. Stouter form, usually broader-leaved, with broad heads 2 inches or more long.— Minnesota and Texas to Idaho. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. C. altissimus, Willd. Tall Thistle. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Simmons; Faribault, Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; abundantin Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; common northwestward and in the Redriver valley, Upham, Scott. South and west: . C. altissimus, Willd., var. discolor, Gray. (C. discolor, Muhl.) Thistle. Minneapolis, Kassube, Roberts, Simmons; Hesper, lowa(common), Mrs. Carter; Worthington (common), Foote; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Anoka county, Juni; Stearns county, Garrison; Clay county, Upham; Pembina, Havard. South and west. C. muticus, Pursh. Swamp Thistle. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. ©. pumilus, Torr. Pasture Thistle. Goodhue county, Sandberg; Dakota county (frequent), Upham; Anoka county, Juni; Stearns county, Garrison; Alexandria, Douglascounty, Mrs. Terry. South, C. arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Newburgh, Fillmore county, Mrs. Carter; covering about an acre close west of Rochester, Olmsted county ; a few miles east of Faribault ; Stillwater, Miss Field; on Western avenue, at the west border of Minneapolis, spreading, Roberts. Rare, but likely to become common; in many districts farther east, “a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate.” ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton TuistLE. ScotcH THISTLE. O. acanthium, L Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle. Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Rare. ARCTIUM, L. (Lappa, Tourn.) BuRDOCE. A. Lappa, L. (L. officinalis, Allioni, var. major, Gray.) Common Burdock, Common through the south half of the state, and probably northeastward; less fre- queut in the Red river valley. STATE GEOLOGIST. 89 CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory. CHIcoRy. C. Intybus, L. Succory. Chicory. Minneapolis, Herrick; near Excelsior, Hennepin county, Mrs. Terry. Rare. KRIGIA, Schreber. (Including Cyntrura, Don.) KRIGta. K. Virginica, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. K, amplexicaulis, Nutt. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.) Cynthia. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north at least to Morrison county (common), Upham, and the upper Mississippi river Garrison. 3 4 bs \ E TROXIMON, Nutt. TROXIMON. T. cuspidatum, Pursh. Troximon. Common, or frequent, through the south and west portions of the state ; extending northeast to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts, Stearns county, Campbell, and Pembina, Chickering. T. glaucum, Nutt.* Troximon. Red river prairie, Dawson, Havard; near Glyndon, Leiberg, Gedge; Kittson, Ste- vens and Lincoln counties, Upham. West. {T. aurantiacum, Hook., has been reported, but probably erroneously, at Pembina.] TRAGOPOGON, L. GoaT’s-BEARD. VEGETABLE OysTER. T. pratensis, L.t Yellow Goat’s-Beard. Naturalized in meadow of Spring creek near Red Wing, Sandberg. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. H, umbellatum, L.t Hawkweed. North shore of lake Superior to the Rocky mountains and northward, Gray’s Syn- optical Floraof N, A.; probably in northern Minnesota. * TROXIMON GLAUCUM, Nutt. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or glaucous, either glabrous or with loose pubescence : leaves linear to lanceolate, from entire to sparingly dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12 inches long : involucre com- monly an inch high and many-flowered; its bracts lanceolate or broader; outer series shorter, often pubescent, or even villous: akenes with apex tapering gradually into a rather stout and nerved beak which is shorter than the body; akenes with the beak 5 ; or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus, the copious and rather rigid bristles of which q are (as in most species) only denticulate-scabrous. Gray’s Synoptieal Flora of N,A. tTRAGOPOGON, L. Involucre simple, of many leaves ; receptacle naked ; pappus plumous, achenia longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filiform beak. Biennial European herbs, with long, linear, grass-like leaves. Wood’s Class-Book. T. pratensis, L. Leaves linear, those of the stem dilated at the base and abruptly acuminated into a slender point towards the apex, glabrous. Pedunclessearcely thick- ened beneath the anthodes [heads]. Florets yellow. Achenes with the beak about as loug as the achene, ribbed ; those of the outer florets usually muricated on the ribs. Pappus of all the florets of plumose hairs. Sowerby’s English Botany, vol. v. }HIERACIUM UMBELLATUM, L. Stem a foot or two high, strict, leafy to the top, bearing afew somewhat umbellately disposed heads : leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceolate, nearly entire, sparsely denticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow at base ; the cauline leaves all closely sessile : involucre half inch high, or Sometimes smaller, usually livid, glabrous or nearly so: outermost bracts loose or Spreading. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. 90 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. H. Canadense, Michx. Canada Hawkweed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state; abundant north of lake Superior, Roberts. H. scabrum, Michx. Rough Hawkweed. St. Croix river, Parry; Saint Cloud, Campbell; Beaver Bay, Roberts; Pembina, Chickering. (A hawkweed agreeing with Gray’s description of this species in bearing 40- to 50-flowered heads, but in other characters like H. paniculatum, grows in the Red river valley on moist prairie, Upham.) H. longipilum, Torr. Long-bearded Hawkweed. St. Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare, South. H.venosum, L. — Rattlesnake-weed. Red river prairie, Dawson, Scott. Infrequent. PRENANTHES, Vaill. (Including Nasatus, Cass.) RATTLE- SNAKE-ROOT. P, alba, L. White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root. Common throughout the state. P. serpentaria, Pursh.* (N. albus, Hook., var. serpentaria, Gray.) Rat- tlesnake-root. Hennepin county, Herrick; Stearns county, Campbell. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, : Geyer. P._altissima, L. Tall White Lettuce. Between lake Superior and the lake of the Woods, Macoun. P. racemosa, Michx. Rattlesnake-root. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. P. aspera, Michx. —_Rattlesnake-root. Frequent through the south half of the state; extending north to Stearns county, Campbell, and Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. P. crepidinea, Michx. Rattlesnake-root. ; Lake Benton, Lincoln county, Upham. Infrequent. South. LYGODESMIA, Don. LYGODESMIA. L. juncea, Don. Lygodesmia. Common southwestward, on sandy land; extending north and east to Muskoda, Clay county, and Sand Hill river, Upham, Pembina, Havard, Meeker county, Campbell, Minneapolis, Roberts, St. Croix river, Swezey, and Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Crepis runcinata, Torr. & Gray, whose eastern limit extends from the Saskatchewan region to Nebraska and Iowa (Arthur), and the nearly related C. glauca, Torr. & Gray, of similar range, seem likely to be found in western Minnesota. ] * PRENANTHES SERPENTARIA, Pursh. Commonly 2 feet high, glabrous or a little hirsute-pubescent: stem sometimes purple-spotted, rather stout: leaves diversely variable, assuming all the forms of the preceding species: inflorescence corymbosely thyrsoid-paniculate ; the heads mostly glomerate at summit of ascending or spreading flowering-branches or peduncles: involucre green, rarely purplish-tinged, 8- to 12- flowered ; flowers purplish, greenish white or ochroleucous: pappus sordid straw- color or whitish. . . . Open grounds, commonly in sandy or sterile soil. Gray’s Synop- tical Flora of N. A. STATE GEOLOGIST. 91 TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION. T. officinale, Weber. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.) Common Dandelion. Common, often abundant, throughout most of the state ; but less frequent near its west side. It seems to be quite absent from some districts westward, as Cottonwood county, Holzinger; and occurs rarely in the Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Daw- son, Havard. LACTUCA, Tourn. (Including* Muteeprivm, Cass.) LETTUCE. L. Canadensis, L. Wild Lettuce. Frequent throughout the state. L. hirsuta, Muhl. (L. Canadensis, L., var. sanguinea, Torr, & Gray.) Wild Lettuce. Minneapolis, Roberts, Upham; frequent in Martin county andin Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. South. L. pulchella, DC. (Mulgedium pulchellum, Nutt.) False or Blue Lettuce. Red river valley at Pembina, Havard, and near Moorhead, Leiberg; lake Carlos, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones; Lake Benton and Polk county, Upham. North and west. L. Floridana, Gertn. (M. Floridanum, DC.) False or Blue Lettuce. Lapham. Winona county, Holzinger; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones. South. L. leucophzea, Gray. (M. leucopheum, DC.) False or Blue Lettuce. North of lake Superior, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Pembina, Havard; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. SONCHUS, Tourn. Sow-THISTLE. S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow- Thistle. Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapolis, Miss Butler; Nicollet county, Aiton; New Ulm, Juni. Infrequent. S. asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle. More frequent than the preceding : observed at Grand Marais and Beaver Bay, on the north shore of lake Superior ; at Minneapolis ; and in Goodhue, Winona, Rice and Blue Earth counties. S. arvensis, L. Field Sow-Thistle. Anoka county, Juni. Infrequent. LOBELIACEA, Lopetia FAMILY. LOBELIA, LL. Lopetia. L. ecardinalis, L. Cardinal Flower. Along the Mississippi river at Wabasha, Gibson, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; and the St. Croix river at Marine Mills, Washington county, Miss Catheart, and at St. Croix Falls, Miss Field. L. syphilitica, L. Great Lobelia. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and the Red river valley, Gedge. L. inflata, L. Indian Tobacco. Lake St, Croix, Parry; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Infrequent. 92 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. L. spicata, Lam. Lobelia. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extend- ing northeast to the upper Mississippi, Houghton. L. Kalmii, L. Kalm’s Lobelia. Common through the north half of the state and south to Minneapolis, Roberts, Upham; rare southward, as in peat bogs inthe Minnesota valley between Kasota and Mankato, Leiberg. L. Dortmanna, L. ‘Water Lobelia. Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons; doubtless in Minnesota north of lake Superior. CAMPANULACEA. CAMPANULA FAMILY. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER. C. rotundifolia, L. Harebell. Bluebell. Common throughout the state. A very pretty flower, plentiful in all our prairie re- gion and along the shore of lake Superior; in the latter situation varying through intermediate forms to the var. linifolia of Gray’s Manual, Roberts. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Common throughout the state. (In the vicinity of Mankato, a bellflower is reported by Leiberg as common in bogs, agreeing well with the description of this species, except in the large size of the flowers, which have the corolla %; to 34 of an inch long, five times as long as the small calyx-lobes. The ordinary smaller-flowered form of this species has not been observed there. The large-flowered form has also been collected at Minneapolis ) Cc. Americana, L. Tall Bellflower. Frequent through the south part of the state; extending north to Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus’s Looxrne-GLass. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Venus’s Looking-Glass. Lapham. Minneapolis, Kassube; near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent, South. ERICACEA. Heata Famity. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. HucKLEBERRY. WHORTLEBERRY. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray, Common Black Huckleberry. Frequent, often common, northeastward ; extending west to Cass lake, Schoolcraft, and south to the falls of Kettle river, in section 15, T. 42, R. 20, Upham. VACCINIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. V. Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry. : Common northward; extending west to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Becker county, Gedge, and Fergus Falls, Leonard; and south to Anokacounty (plenti- ful), Roberts, and White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large American Cranberry. Common through the north half of the state, excepting the Red river valley and near the shore of lake Superior ; extending south to Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Min- neapolis, Roberts. Much gathered forthe market, especially by the Chippewa Indians. wet ed Dat ie oe te STATE GEOLOGIST. 93 _V. Vitis-Ideea, L. Cowberry. North shore of lake Superior (swamps at Port Arthur), Macoun; doubtless in Min- nesota. F V. stamineum, L. Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry. Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. V. uliginosum, L. Bog Bilberry. North of lake Superior, Juni. North. V. czespitosum, Michx., var. cuneifolium, Nutt. Bilberry. Margins of a lake near Stillwater, Parry. Rare. North. [V. ovalifolium, Smith, and V.myrtilloides, Hook., will doubtless be found in Minne- sota north of lake Superior. ] V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf or Low Blueberry. Common in the north half of the state ; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, and lake Pepin, Miss Manning, the Mississippi river being its southwestern limit from Minneapolis to Morrison county, Upham. V. Canadense, Kalm. Canada Blueberry. Falls of the St. Croix river, Parry; Stearns county, Garrison; and northward. V. corymbosum, L. Swamp or High Blueberry. Lapham. Ramsey county (var. amcenum, Gray), Winchell; White Earth reserva- tion, Garrison. Rare. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. | Creeping Snowberry. Frequent northeastward ; extending south to Anoka couaty (plentiful in tamarack swamps), Roberts; Hennepin county, Simmons, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY, A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Bearberry, Kinnikinnick. Common, often abundant, on sandy land through the north half of the state ; ex- tending south to Isanti and Sherburne counties (common), Upham; rare and local far- ther south, asin Goodhue county, Sandberg, at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and on sandy knolls in section 12, Saratoga, Winona county, Winchell. EPIGZEZA,L. Mayriower. Traitinc ArButus. GRouND LAUREL. E. repens, L. Mayflower. Trailing Arbutus. Ground Laurel. Minnesota Point and elsewhere near Duluth, Juni, Miss Cathcart; falls of Kettle river, Upham. Infrequent. Northeast. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN, G. procumbens, L. Aromatic Wintergreen. Checkerberry. Common northeastward ; extending west and south to Rainy Lake river, Keating, the lake of the Woods, Dawson, Wadena county, Upham, and Anoka county, Roberts, rare farther southeast, as at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Mound Prairie, Houston county, Winchell. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER- LEAF. C. calyculata, Don. Leather- Leaf. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; St. Croix river, Parry; extending south to Wadena (frequent) and Chisago counties, Upham, Minneapolis, Kassube, and Stillwater, Miss Field. 94 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CASSIOPE, Don. CASSIOPE. C. hypnoides, Don. _Cassiope. Minnesota Point, lake Superior, Miss Cathcart. Rare. North. ANDROMEDA, I. ANDROMEDA. A. polifolia, L., Wild Rosemary. Plentiful near Grand Marais, and in swamps near lake Johanna, Ramsey county, Roberts; Minnesota Point, Miss Cathcart; lake of the Woods, and thence toward Red river, Dawson; St. Croix river, Parry; Chisago county, etc., Upham; near Minneapo- lis, Kassube. North. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. K. glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel. Certainly to be found in northern Minnesota, Macoun. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA. M. glabella, Gray.* Menziesia. Minnesota Point, lake Superior, Miss Cathcart. (The Botany of California states that this [called M. ferruginea] extends east “nearly to the upper Great lakes.”) Rare. Northwest. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. L. latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea. Common, often abundant, through the north half of the state ; extending south to Sherburne and Anoka counties (common), Roberts, and near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Used as tea by the Chippewa Indians. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF. PYROLA. P. rotundifolia, L. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. Common through the north half of the state; extending south to Minneapolis (common), Roberts, and rare farther south, as at Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg, and Chatfield, Fillmore county, Winchell. : P. rotundifolia, L., var. incarnata, DC. Wintergreen. Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. North. P. rotundifolia, L., var. asarifolia, Hook. Wintergreen. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Saint Cloud, Garrison. [Lake Superior, Whitney.] North. P, rotundifolia, L., var. uliginosa, Gray. Wintergreen. Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts, Winchell; Morrison county (on dryish land in woods), Upham. P. elliptica, Nutt. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. * MENZIES(A GLABELLA, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales wanting, or very few on young petioles and midrib beneath; leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate- tipped, glaucescent and glabrous or nearly so beneath (an inch or two long), sprinkled with some small appressed hairs above, the obscurely serrulate margins minutely cilio- late: pedicels naked or somewhat glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. tS Ri cle EES bie x -« : aa ~ pis a , : STATE GEOLOGIST. 95 P. chlorantha, Swartz. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state; extending south to Isanti county, Upham. -P. secunda,L. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. Common northward ; extending south to the St. Croix river, Parry, Goodhue county, Sandberg, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Blue Earth county, Leiberg, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton. P. secunda, L., var. pumila, Paine. Wintergreen, Shin-leaf. North of lake Superior, Juni; in tamarack swamps near Minneapolis, Roberts. Rare. North. P. minor, L. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. North of lake Superior (in woods at Kakabeka falls), Macown; doubtless in north- ern Minnesota. MONESES, Salisb. Monerses. ONE-FLOWERED PyROLA. M. uniflora, Gray. One-flowered Pyrola. North of lake Superior (frequent), Juni, Roberts; Beckercounty, Gedge; Stearns eounty, Campbell. North. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIpsissEWA. WINTERGREEN. C. umbellata, Nutt. Prince’s Pine. Pipsissewa. Wintergreen. Frequent northward ; extending south to Wadena county, Upham, Saint Cloud, Campbell, and Anoka county (at Deer lake), Roberts; near Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch; rare and local farther southeast, as in Goodhue county, Sandberg, at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter, C. maculata, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. Rare. {Pterospora andromedea, Nutt., will probably be found in northern Minnesota.] MONOTROPA, L. INDIAN Pier. PINE-SAP. M. uniflora, L. Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant. Throughout the state : common, occasionally abundant, northward; infrequent or rare southward. M. Hypopitys, L. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops. Caribou Point and Carlton’s Peak, north of lake Superior, also at Taylor’s Falls, Roberts. Rare. North. ILICINEA. (AquIFOLIACEs.) Hotiy Famity. ILEX, L. HOuty. I. verticillata, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapo- lis, Winchell; Stearns county, Upham; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick. North. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain HOLLy. N. Canadensis, DC, Mountain Holly. Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. North, 96 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PLANTAGINACEA. PuantTain FaAminy. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT. P, major, L. Common Plantain. Wayside Plantain. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. Evidently indigenous in Rock county, Leiberg, and in the Red river valley (where a form occurs, very probably the var. Asiatica, Decaisne, coarser than ordinary, with scape and spike from 1% to 2 feet high, the spike being 6 to 12 inches long), Upham. [Sheyenne river, Dakota, Geyer.] P, Rugelii, Decaisne.* (P. Kamtschatica, Hook.) Plantain. Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty. Perhaps frequent throughout the state, but overlooked on account of its resemblance to the preceding. (Indigenous ; found only in America.) [P. cordata, Lam., should be looked for in the east part of the state ; and P. lanceo- lata, L., may be expected as a weed southeastward. ] P. eriopoda, Torr.t Plantain. Red river valley, Watson, Scott. Northwest, P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray. Plantain. Upper Minnesota river, Parry; New Ulm, Juni; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; common in Watab, Benton county, and frequent, often cemmon, thence southwestward, Upham; plentiful at the Pipestone quarry (showing gradations in size to small matted plants with almost filiform scapes, none of which exceed two or three inches in hight, bearing few-flowered capitate spikes 4 to 4 inch long), Mrs. Bennett, [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.]| South and west, PRIMULACE. PrimrosE FAMILy. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP. P. farinosa,L. _ Bird’s-eye Primrose. North shore of lake Superior, Whitney, Macoun; St. Croix lake, Stillwater, Miss Field. North. P. Mistassinica, Michx. Primrose. Lapham. Abundant on the north shore of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North, ANDROSACE, Tourn. ANDROSACE. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Androsace. Blue Earth county (common), also a dwarfed form, about an inch high, with solitary *PLANTAGO RUGELII, Decaisne. Leaves paler [than in P. major], commonly thinner: spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex: sepals oblong, all as well as the similar bract acutely carinate: capsules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong (somewhat over 2 lines long, one-sixteenth inch in diameter), about twice the length of the calyx, circumscissile much below the middle: ovules 6 to 10; seeds 4 to $, oval-oblong (about a line long), opaque and dull brown, not reticulated. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. +PLANTAGO ERIOPODA, Torr. Perennial; leaves fleshy, broadly lanceolate, 4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, attenuate at each end, long-petioled, glabrous, entire, 5-nerved; base of the leaves and scape clothed with long dense brown wool; scape 1 foot high, terete, glabrous or pubescent, with a cylindrical spike (3 to 6 inches long) of rather remote perfect flowers ; bracts scarious-margined, ciliate ; stamens and styles very long; bracts broadly ovate, mostly obtuse; capsules 4- to 5-seeded ; seeds not hollowed. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Paratlel. STATE GEOLOGIST, 97 flowers, found near South Bend, in this county, Leiberg; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; Sauk Rapids, Mrs. Blaisdell; Walhalla, northeastern Dakota, Scott. South and west. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN CowsLIP. D. Meadia, L. American Cowslip. Shooting Star. Pride of Ohio. _ Lapham. Winona, Holzinger, Mrs. Terry; Lake City, Miss Manning. Rare. South and west. TRIENTALIS, L. STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. T. Americana, Pursh. Star-flower. Chickweed-Wintergreen. v Jommon through the north half of the state, and south to Minneapolis, Roberts, and Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; less frequent farther southeastward, as at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Faribault, Miss Beane, andin Blue Earth county, Leiberg; absent south- i westward. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE. 3 L. thyrsiflora, L. Tufted Loosestrife. Frequent throughout the state. L. stricta, Ait. Loosestrife. Throughout the state ; common northward, and south to Minneapolis ; infrequent farther southward. L. quadrifolia, L. —_— Lv osestrife, Lapham. Dry, sandy ridges, St. Croix river, Parry; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Rare. East. STEIRONEMA, Raf. —LoosrstTriFe. : S, ciliatum, Raf. (Lysimachia ciliata, 1.) Locsestrife. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. lanceolatum, Gray, var. hybridum, Gray. (UL. lanceolata, Walt., var. hybrida, Gray.) Loosestrife. Common southward ; extending north to Fergus Falls, Leonard, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. ~~ Ss; S. longifolium, Gray. (L. longifolia, Pursh.) Loosestrife. : Frequent, often common, in the south half of the state and the Red river valley ; b extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. ; : Pp GLAUX, Tourn. Srea-MILKWwort. G, maritima, L. Sea-Milkwort. Red river prairie (damp placesin marshes), Dawson. [Between Sheyenne river and Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] Northwest. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. A. arvensis, L. Pimpernel. ‘‘Poor Man's Weather-glass.”’ Martin county, Gedge. Rare. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. CHAFFWEED. C. minimus, L. Chaffweed. Pipestone quarry. Mrs. Bennett. Rare. Southwest. [Samolus Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, Gray, will probably be found in Minne- sota.] TE eee ee ee ee 98 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. LENTIBULACEA. BLADDERWORT F'AMILy. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. U. vulgaris, L. Greater Bladderwort. Frequent throughout the state. (It is sometimes nearly or quite destitute of air- bladders in Hennepin and Blue Earth counties.) U,. minor, L. Smaller Bladderwort. Also frequent throughout the state. U. intermedia, Hayne. Bladderwort. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Traverse des Sioux, Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Roberts. [Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; jake Superior, Whitney.] U. cornuta, Michx. Bladderwort. Isanti and Morrison counties, Upham; Minneapolis, Simmons. PINGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT. P. vulgaris, L. Butterwort. Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; Duluth, Miss Cathcart. North. OROBANCHACEAS. BroomM-RAPE FAMILY. APHYLLON, Mitchell. NakED BROOM-RAPE. CANCER-ROOT. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. (Phelipz#a Ludoviciana, Don.) Broom-rape. Traverse des Sioux, Nicollet county; “found in asingular isolated locality, rooting onan Indian grave.” Parry. Rare. A, uniflorum, Gray. (ne-flowered Cancer-root. Minneapolis, Kassube; Minnehaha falls. Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Em- met county, lowa, Cratty; lake Superior, Whitney.] Rare. A. fasciculatum, Gray. Naked Broown-rape. Cancer-root. Bare granite rocks, upper Minnesota river, Parry; Lake City, Miss Manning; Hes- per, Iowa, Mrs. Carter, Rare. SCROPHULARIACE. Figwort F amity. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN. V. Thapsus, L. Common Mullein. Common, or frequent, through the east half of the state ; infrequent westward. V. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. LINARIA, Tourn. Toap-F Lax. L. Canadensis, Dumont. Wild Toad-Flax. Plentiful on the prairie about Sandy lake, close north of Minneapolis, Roberts; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. et ee “4 a: . 4 “it. . = >) STATE GEOLOGIST. 99 L. vulgaris, Mill, Toad-Flax, Butter-and-eggs. Ramsted. Becoming a frequent weed, occasionally abundant: upper Mississippi river; Minneapolis ; Goodhue, Wabasha, Nicollet-and Blue Earth counties. SCROPHULARIA,Tourn. —-Fieworr. S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Figwort. Common through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis- sippi river. (Collinsia parviflora, Dougi., will probably be found in northern Minnesota.] CHELONE, L. TURTLE-HEAD, SNAKE-HEAD. ’ C. glabra, L. . Turtle-head. Snake-head. Shell-flower. Balmony. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD TONGUE. PENTSTEMON. P. pubescens, Solander. Beard-tongue. Pentstemon. Common, or frequent, through the southeast and central portions of the state and in the Red river valley, extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, and to the lake of the Woods (rare), Dawson; apparently wanting in Blue Earth county and west - ward, Leiberg; but found in Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Large-flowered Pentstemon. Common from lake Pepin, Saint Paul and Minneapolis, to the upper Mississippi river; and thence frequent westerly to Rock county, Leiberg, Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett, and the Red river valley near Glyndon, Gedge. P. acuminatus, Dougl.* Beard-tongue, Pentstemon. Red river, Watson in Bot. Rep. of King's Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. West. MIMULUS, L. MoONKEY-FLOWER. M, ringens, L. Monkey-flower. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. (In Blue Earth and Martin counties usually having the angles of the stem very decidedly winged, Gedge; so, too, at White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field.) M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Monkey-flower. Throughout the state.. Minneapolis (plentiful), Fort Snelling, Stillwater, and lake Pepin; Saint Cloud, and the upper Mississippi river; Beaver creek, Rock county, Leiberg. GRATIOLA, L. HeEp@e-Hyssopr. G. Virginiana, L. Hedge- Hyssop. Frequent, occasionally common, throughout thestate, The most northern localities *PENTSTEMON ACUMINATUS, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy: leaves coriaceous, somewhat cartilaginous-margined ; radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong ; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasping, these mostly acute or acuminate: thyrsus strict, inter- rupted, leafy below, naked above; the clusters several-flowered, and peduncles and pedicels mostly very short: sepals ovate and acute or lanceolate: corolla lilac or changing to violet; the limb half or two-thirds inch in diameter: sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip: capsule firm-coriaceous and acuminate. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. 100 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. reported are the St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and the Red river (in an open swamp), Dawson, who mentions also a variety of this species near Saint Vincent. . {A form which seems to be a distinct variety, or perhaps a species hitherto unde- scribed, differing much from the ordinary type of G. Virginiana, is reported by Mr. Lei- berg, with the following description: “Sterile filaments conspicuously tipped with a head ; plant rather robust, 8 to 12 inches high, very smooth when dried, but in the growlng state covered with a clammy exudation ; lower leaves lanceolate, entire, short (half an inch long) ; upper leaves somewhat clasping, conspieuously 3- to 5-nerved, ovate or broadly lanceolate, acute, mostly sharply toothed, from an inch to one and a half inches long ; pedicels mostly longer than the leaves; bractlets under the calyx two, lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, 5 to 6 lines long, 1 to 1% lines wide, twice as long and aboat three times as wide as the sepals; corolla yellowish white, a half inchin length.—Abundant in peaty bogs, Nicollet county. June.’’] ILYSANTHES, Raf. FautsE PIMPERNEL, I. gratioloides, Benth. False Pimpernel. Fort Snelling, Roberts; Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg: Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty. South. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. SyNTHYRIS. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Synthyris. Stillwater, Parry; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; near Saint Paul, Roberts: Chisago and Morrison counties (in the latter common north of Little Falls), Upham. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. V. Virginica, L. Culver’s Physic, Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river. V. Anagalilis, L. Water Speedwell. Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. V. Americana, Schwein. American Brooklime. Frequent throughout the state. V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Bogs, upper Mississippi river, Parry; St, Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] [V. serpyllifolia, L., doubtless occurs in this state, but has been overlooked. } V. peregrina, L. Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. V. arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell. Duluth, Juni; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. Infrequent. BUCHNERA, L. BLuE-HEaRrts. B. Americana, L. Bluc-Hearis. Wabasha, Gibson. Rare. Southeast. GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA. G. purpurea, L. Purple Gerardia. Common through the south half of the state; less frequent northward,as at the lake of the Wvoods, Dawson, and in the Red river valley, Scott, Havard. a? eee ee STATE GEOLOGIST. 101 G. purpurea, L., var. paupercula, Gray.* Purple Gerardia. Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from coast of New England to Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin, Gray’s Synoptical Floraof N. A,; apparently the prevailing form of this species in Minnesota. G. aspera, Doug]. Purple Gerardia. Common through the west half of the state, abundant in the Red river valley; ex- tending east to lake Pepin, Miss Manning. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Slender Gerardia. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; also found in the Red river valley, Scott, and at Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer; extending northeast to the up- per Mississippi river, Garrison. G. tenuifolia, Vahl., var. asperula, Gray.t Slender Gerardia. Collected by T. J. Hale, near the St. Croix river, and in Fillmore county. G. Skinneriana, Wood. (G. setacea, Gray’s Manual.) Gerardia. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. South. G. quercifolia, Pursh. Smooth False Foxglove. Lapham. Rare. South. G. grandiflora, Benth. False Foxglove. Nicollet county, Aiton; Saint Paul, Miss Catheart. South. G. pedicularia, L. Lousewort Foxglove. Lapham. Minneapolis, Roberts; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast. G. auriculata, Michx. —_ Gerardia. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Nicollet county, Aiton; New Ulm, Juni; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. South, CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PaIntTED-Cup. C. coccinea, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Cup. Indian Pink. ‘‘Bloody War- rior.”” Common, often abundant, throughout the wooded portion of the state; less so in the prairie region ; rare from Blue Earth county westward, Leiberg. Neatly all yellow, at least in some years, upon districts ten to twenty miles in extent, as was observed in Washington and Ramsey counties ; elsewhere scarlet, with occasional yellow speci- mens intermixed. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Pale Painted-Cup. Lapham. Fergus Falls, Leonard; Red river valley, Scott. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz. | Rare. North. C. sessiliflora, Pursb. Pale Painted-Cup. Frequent thtoughout the prairie portion of the state; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river. *GERARDIA PURPUREA, L., var. PAUPERCULA, Gray. A span to a foot high, smoother: stem more simple or with stricter branches: pedicels mainly opposite : flowers decidedly smaller: corolla usually only half inch long, lighter rose-purple ; ealyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving comparatively narrower sinuses, sometimes over half the length of the tube. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. +GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA, Vahl., var. ASPERULA, Gray. Distinguished by Professor Gray, from the typical G. tenuifolia, as follows: Leaves all nearly filiform, the upper side hispidulo-scabrous or asperulous (in the manner of G. aspera) : inflorescence more paniculate and with the pedicels all ascending: corolla small, the expanded limb only half an inch in diameter.—Dry and bare hills and bluffs, Missouri to Minnesota, Wis- consin and Michigan. Botanical Gazette, vol.iv, p. 153 : May, 1879. 102 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. ORTHOCARPUE. O. luteus, Nutt.* Orthocarpus. Lapham. North part of the Red river valley (Kittson county), Upham; Roseau prairie, Scott; Pembina, Havard. Northwest. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT. KE. officinalis, L. Eyebright. North shore of lake Superior ; ‘abundant everywhere about the edges of mossy thickets, especially on«the’ rocky ‘peninsula’ at Grand Marais; in bloom the last of July and during August; small and little branched in exposed situations, larger and much branched among other vegetation.” Roberts. North. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW RaTTLE. R. Crista-galli, L. Yellow Rattle. Lake Superior, Gray’s Manual; doubtless in northeastern Minnesota (but probably not in the vicinity of Minneapolis, where it has been reported). North. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LousEWORT. P. Canadensis, L. Common Lousewort. Wood Betony. Common, in many places abundant, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Flowers all greenish yellow, with no tinge of purple, upon extensive districts. P. lanceolata, Michx. — Lousewort. : Frequent southeastward ; common westward and in the Red river valley. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow- WHEAT. M. Americanum, Michx. Cow- Wheat. Throughout the state; common or frequent northward, rare southward. Pine barrens, St. Croix river, Parry; Ramsey county, Mrs. Terry; north of lake Superior (common), Juni, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson. ACANTHACEA. AcANTHUS FAMILY. RUELLIA, L. RUELLIA. R. ciliosa, Pursh. Ruellia. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast. *ORTHOCAR?PUS, Nutt. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleftanteriorly and posteriorly and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube ; upper lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1- to 3-saceate lower one. Stamens 4; thesmaller anther-cell sometimes wanting —Low herbs, almost all annual (W. North American and one Chilian) ; with mainly alternate entire or 3- to 5-parted and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous orrather few. Fl.spring and summer. §2. TRUE ORTHOCARPUS, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip inconspicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ; its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate ; stigma small, entire; anthers all 2-celled; seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated; root annual. O. LUTEUS, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid ; stem strict, a span to a toot high ; leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft : bracts of the dense spike broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers : corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice the length of the calyx; tip of galea obtuse andstraight, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A. ‘ : a . " STATE GEOLOGIST. 103 VERBEN ACE. VERVAIN FamiIty. VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN. V. angustifolia, Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Man- ning. Rare. Southeast. V. hastata,L. —_Blue Vervain. Common throughout the state, excepting far northward, where it is infrequent or rare, both in the Red river valley and about lake Superior; found at the lake of the Woods, Dawson. V. urticefolia, L. White Vervain. Nettle-leaved Vervain. Frequency and range like the last. V. stricta, Vent. Hoary Vervain. Common, or frequent, on sandy land southward; extending north to the upper Mis- sissippi river, Houghton. V. officinalis, L. European Vervain. Minneapolis, Herrick, Rare. V. bracteosa, Michx. Prostrate Vervain. Common through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis- sippi river, Houghton, Garrison. (A probable hybrid between this species and V. stricta was found at Minneapolis in 1882, It was procumbent and much branched, much larger and coarser than V. bracteosa, covering a space about three feet in diameter ; hirsute ; leaves often 3- to 5-cleft ; spikes clustered, loosely flowered; bracts inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; flowers small, blue. Upham.) LIPPIA, L. LIPPIA. L. lanceolata, Michx. —_‘ Fog-fruit. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED. P. Leptostachya, L. Lopseed. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to Todd county, Upham, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. LABIAT A. Mint Famtty. TEUCRIUM, L. Germanper. T. Canadense, L, American Germander. Wood Sage. Frequent, occasionally common, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley to Pembina, Havard. ISANTHUS, Michx. I, czeruleus, Michx. False Pennyroyal. Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Blue Earth county, Leiberg: Minneapolis, Winchell, Roberts. South. MENTHA, Tourn. Mint. M. viridis, L. Spearmint. Often cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous, escaping from gardens, 104 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. M. piperita, L. Peppermint. Occurring like the last. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint. Common throughout the state. LYCOPUS, Tourn. Water HorrHounpD. L. Virginicus, L. Bugle-weed. Frequeut, especially northward ; common north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. L. rubellus, Mench. (Ll. Europeus, L., var. integrifolius, Gray.) Water Horehound, Minneapolis, Twining, Herrick; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Baptism river, Juni. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray.* Water Horehound. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Bear lakes, Murray county, Upham. West. L. sinuatus, Ell, (L. Europzus, L., var. sinuatus, Gray. ) Water Hore- hound. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. PYCNANTHEMOUM, Michx. Mounrrain Mint. Basi. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Mountain Mint. Basil. ‘‘ Pennyroyal.”’ Common, in many districts abundant, on moist land throughout the prairie portion of the state. P. linifolium, Pursh. Mountain Mint. Basil. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. CALAMINTHA, Tourn., Meench. CALAMINT. C. Nuttallii, Benth. (C. glabella, Benth., var. Nuttallii, Gray.) Calamint. Falls of St. Anthony, Wood’s Class-Book. Infrequent. East. C. Clinopodium, Benth. —_ Basil. Stearns county, Garrison. Infrequent. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock PENNYROYAL. H. pulegioides, Pers. American Pennyroyal. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. South. H. hispida, Pursh. Mock Pennyroyal. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. MONARDA, L. Horst- Mtnt. M. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot. Throughout the state: frequent northeastward ; common, often abundant, south- ward and in the Red river valley. *LYCOPUS LUCIDUS, Turcz. Stem stout (2 to 3 feet high), erect, acute-angled at top; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (2 to4 inches long), acute or acuminate, with large and very sharp serrations, the base obtuse, or occasionally acute, subsessile ; calyx-teeth alternate, subulate.—Var. AMERICANUS, Gray. Leaves barely shining on both sides, often hairy-pubescent ; stem generally hairy ; calyx-teeth small and rigid. Gray’s Revision of Lycopus, Proc. Amer. Acad., 1870. . ‘3 : .. STATE GEOLOGIST. 105 M. punctata, L. Horse-Mint. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Nicollet county, Aiton ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast. BLEPHILIA, Raf. BLEPHILIA. B. ciliata, Raf. Blephilia. Lapham. Rare. Southeast. B. hirsuta, Benth. Blephilia. Lapham. Infrequent. Southeast. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. GIanT Hyssop. L. nepetoides, Benth. Giant Hyssop. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Lac qui Parle county, Upham. South. L. scrophularizefolius, Benth. Giant Hyssop. Frequent southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton. L. anisatus, Benth. Anise Hyssop. Common, or frequent through the south half of.the state; abundant in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi, Houghton, and Rainy Lake river, Keating. ‘All three of the above species are found side by side at the Falls of the St. Croix.’ Parry. , NEPETA, L. Cat-Minv. N. Cataria, L. Catnip. Frequent throughout the state. N. Glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill. Occasionally adventive: Todd county, Upham; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Mankato, Leiberg; Lake City, Miss Manning; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DraGon-HeEapD. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Dragon-head. Throughout the state: frequent northward; rare southward. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FatsE DRAGON-HEAD. LION’S-HEART. P. Virginiana, Benth. False Dragon-head. Lion’s-heart. Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley; extend- ipg northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Parry. BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL. B. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. Heal-all. Throughout the state: common northward ; frequent southward. SCUTELLARIA, L. ~ Sxutticapr. S. versicolor, Nutt. Skullcap. Lapham. Shore of lake Pepin, in Wisconsin, Miss Manning. South. S. parvula, Michx. Skullcap. Frequent through the south half of the state and north to the upper Mississippi river, 106 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. galericulata, L, Skullcap. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. lateriflora, 4. | Mad-dog Skullcap. Commonness and range like the last. MARRUBIUM, Tourn. HorEHOUND. M. vulgare, L. Horehound. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Tnfrequent. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-NerTTLeE. G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-Nettle. Abundant nerth of lake Superior ; infrequent southward. Mr. Roberts describes it on the north shore of lake Superior as ‘‘very common, growing on the shingle espe- cially ; corolla almost universally white, marked with yellow in the throat; rarely purple.” STACHYS, Tourn. Hepe6én-NETTLE. WoUuNDWORT. S. palustris, L. | Hedge-Nettle. Woundwort. Abundant on moist ground and margins of sloughs throughout the state ; in many districts southwestward persisting as a weed in wheat-fields. (The tube of the corolla is abruptly constricted on the front side near its base, and within at that point bears short white hair. Floral leaves small, but much exceeding the sessile calyx.) S. aspera, Michx. (S. palustris, L., var. aspera, Gray.) Hedge- Nettle. Woundwort. Common north of lake Superior at Little Maraisand Palisades, Roberts; Pembina, Chickering, Scott; Stearns county, Garrison; Minneapolis, Twining, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. LEONURUS, L. MoTHERWORT. L. Cardiaca, L. Common Motherwort. Becoming frequent southward: Minneapolis ; Saint Paul; Stillwater; lake Pepin; Fillmore, Blue Earth and Martin counties. LAM:UM, Tourn. Deap-NETTLE. L. amplexicaule, L. Dead-Nettle. Excelsior, near Minneapolis, Mrs. Herrick; probably also at Duluth. This is likely to become a frequent weed. BORRAGINACE. BoraGE FAMILY. SYMPHY'TUM,Tomn. Comrrey. S. officinale, L. Comfrey. Escaped from cultivation : Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch; Goodhue ceunty, Sandberg. 4 Infrequent. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. FaLsE GROMWELL. O. Carolinianum, DC. False Gromwell. Frequent, occasionally common, through the south half of the state =e STATE GEOLOGIST. 107 ©. Carolinianum, DC, var. molle, Gray. (0. molle, Michx.) False Gromwell. Winona county, Holzinger; Spring Valley, Fillmore county, Dr. W. E. Leonard; Scott county, Winchell; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Fergus Falls, Dr. H. C. Leonard; Worthington (rare), Foote. South and west. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. Puccoon. (L. arvense, L.,may be expected. It isreported in Michigan as a bad weed in wheat- fields. ] L. angustifolium, Michx. Narrow-leaved Gromwell. Frequent southwarJ and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river. (The early-flowering state of this species, with the tube of the corolla much elongated, is described in Gray’s Manual under the name L. longiflorum, Spreng.) | : L. officinale, L. Common Gromieell. Minneapolis, Roberts, Herrick; Brockway, Stearns county, Miss Campbell. Rare. L. latifolium, Michx. Broad-leaved Gromwell. Tsanti county, Upham; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; near Meeker’s island, Minne- apolis, Kassube; Chaska, Carver county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (rare), Cratty. South. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon. Common, often abundant, on sandy land in the south half of the state; extending nerth at least to Fergus Falls, Leonard. L. canescens, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon or Alkanet. ‘‘ Indian Paint.’’ Abundant, or common, through the south half of the state, and inthe Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river. The red juice of the root is used by the Indians to paint their faces and for other purposes in dyeing. {For L longiflorum, Spreng , see L. angustifolium, Michx., above, ] MERTENSIA, Roth. Smoorn Luneworr. M. Virginica, DC. Virginian Cowslip or Lungwort. ‘‘ Blue Bells.” Lapham. Rochester, Olmsted county, Miss Beane; Le Roy, Mower county, Miss Bixby. Southeast. M. paniculata, Don. Smooth Lungwort. Common on the north shore of lake Snperior, Juni, Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, “The flower-buds pink, turning blue as they open, thus giving the flowering plant a showy, valiegated appearance. Still Dlooming in August.’”? Roberts. MYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT. M. arvensis, Hoffm, Forget-me-not. Minneapolis (quite surely this species), Herrick. Rare. M. verna, Nutt. Forget-me-not. Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Srickszep. BurR-sEED. E. floribundum, Lehm.* Stickseed. Bur-seed. Red river near Saint Vincent, Dawson. West. *ECHINOSPERMUM FLORIBUNDUM, Lehm. Rather strict, two feet or more high, or sometimes smaller : leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into 108 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. E. defiexum, Lehm.* Stickseed. Bur-seed. Red river valley at Pembina, Havard. Northwest. E. Lappula, Lehm. Stickseed. Bur-seed. ‘‘Stick-tight.” Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; less frequent in the Red river valley and the region of lake Superior (reported at Duluth, Juni, and in the vicinity of Saint Vincent, abundant, Dawson). E. Redowskii, Lehm,, var. occidentale, Watson. Stickseed, Bur- seed. “ Stick-tight.’’ Frequency and range nearly like the last; but probably absent northeastward. (Procumbent and ascending, six to twelve inches high.)—The American plant is less strict, at length diffuse, and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharpinstead of blunt or roundish, asin the Asiatic plant. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. E. Virginicum, Lehm. (Cynoglossum Morrisoni, DC.) Beggar’s Lice. Stickseed.- Bur-seed. ‘‘Stick-tight.”’ Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; rare or less frequent northward. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hounp’s-TonagugE. C, officinale, 1. Hound’s-Tongue. Becoming a frequent weed: lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hastings, Leonard, and Mendota, Dakota couuty, Kassube; Nicollet county, Aiton; Jordan, Scott county, Juni; Stearns county, Garrison, Campbell. C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. Goodhue county, Sandberg; Stearns county, Upham; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, East and north. ASPERUGO, Tourn. GERMAN Mupwort. A. procumbens, L.t German Mudwort. Adventive, but scarcely established, at Pipestone City, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. margined petioles: racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict : nutlets with elongated triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous ; and the margin armed with a close row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent ; scar smaller and narrowly ovate. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to5 lines in diameter. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. *ECHINOSPERMUM DEFLEXUM, Lehm. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high : leaves from oblong to lanceolate: racemes lax, loosely paniculate: flowers soon sparse, smaller than in the preceding : nutletssmaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long) jay Vale ele Be Bie Habit intermediate between the preceding and E. Virginicum, Lehm.; the American specimens having occasionally some few prickles developed from the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets, Fruit as well as flowers about half the size of that of E. floribundum. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. + ASPERUGO, Tourn. Calyx when in flower nearly regular, deeply 5-cleft, in fruit 2- lobed, with the lobes valvate, closed, flattish, palmately lacininate, the one 6- and the other 7-toothed. Corolla funnelshaped-salvershaped ; the throat closed by 5 obtuse scales; limb concave, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Nucules laterally compressed, nearly smooth with raised dots, attached by their narrow inner edge to the conical receptacle. A rough herb with fragile juicy stems, and small axillary purplish-blue flowers. Calyx much enlarged and veined in fruit, somewhat like the perianth of the female flowers of the genus Atriplex. A. procumbens,L. The only known species. Annual; stem 1 to 3 feet long, pro- cumbent or trailing, succulent, brittle, angular, thinly studded with refiexed prickles, STATE GEOLOGIST. 109 HYDROPHYLLACEA. ~ Wareruear Famity. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. W ATERLEAF. H. Virginicum, L. Waterleaf. Common, occasionally abundant, through the south half of the state; extending north at least to Morrison county (plentiful), Upham, and Ciay county in the Red river Malley, Gedge. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Waterleaf. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. ELLISIA, L. ELLISIA. E. Nyctelea, L. (Including the slender form, E. ambigua, Nutt., which pre- vails here. ) Ellisia. Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. PHACELIA, Juss. PHACELIA. P. Purshii, Buckley. Phacelia. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.; Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. South- east. P. Franklinii, Gray. _ Phacelia. Shores of lake Superior, especially on Isle Royale, Gray’s Manual; abundant at Port Arthur, Macoun; surely also in northern Minnesota. POLEMONIACEA. PoLemonium FAMILY. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN, P. reptans, L. Greek Valerian. Hesper, Iowa, adjoining Fillmore county (common), Mrs. Carter; Winona, Hol- zinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; extending northwest to New Ulm, Leiberg, and Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent. South- east. PHEOX.L. Patox. P. maculata, L. Wild Sweet William. Northfield, Rice county, Chaney; Dakota county, Winchell, Upham; Minneapolis, Herrick South. P. glaberrima, L. Phlox. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; New Ulm, Juni; upper Mississippiriver, Garrison. Infrequent. South. by which they readily adhere to the clothes of passers-by and to the coats of animals. Leaves oblanceolate, subobtuse, the lower ones narrowed into winged petioles and slightly decurrent, those on the upper part of the stem scarcely slalked, nearly opposite, or 3 or 4in a whorl, more or less clothed with hairs, many of whieh are hooked-pointed. Peduncles very short, at first erect, afterwards recurved, 1-flowered. Corolla Y% inch across, dull purplish blue. Calyx in fruit ‘4 inch long, dorsally compressed, of 2 palm- ately laciniate valves, adpressed to each other, witha prominent network of veins, sparingly ciliated and clothed with bristly hairs. Nucules yellowish-gray, one-fifth inch long, thickly studded with smooth white scale-like patches, Sowerby’s English Botany, vol. vii. 110 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. P. pilosa, L. Hairy Phlox. Common throughout the prairie portion of the state ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton, Garrison. P. divaricata, L. Phlox. Frequent, or common, southward; extending north to Minneapolis (common), Rob- erts, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton. [The var. Laphamii, Wood, occurs at Minnehaha falls (plentiful), Roberts, and is also common at Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter.] COLLOMIA, Nutt. CoLLOMIA. C. linearis, Nutt.* Collomia. Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer.] West. CONVOLVULACE. ConvoLvuLus F amity. CONVOLVULUS, L BINDWEED. C. sepium, L. (Ca'ystegia sepium, R. Br.) Hedge bindweed. Bracted Bindweed. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley; extend- ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river; also, St. Leuis river, Mrs. Herrick, and probably threughout Minnesota. C. sepium, L, var. repens, Gray.f (var. pubescens, Gray, in Manual.) Clay county, in the Red river valley, Gedge. C. spithameeus, L. (Calystegia spithamea, Pursh.) Bracted Bindweed. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Winona county, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Dellwood, White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; near Minneapolis (rare), Kasssube ; Stearns courty, Mrs. Blaisdell; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; Red river prairie (rare), Dawson ; Pembina (in woods), Chickering. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DopDER. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Dodder. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg, determined by Watson. South. q C. chlorocarpa, Ergelm. Dodder. Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. *COLLOMIA, Nutt. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform with a more or less dilated throat. Filaments slender, unequally inserted, usually protruded. Ovules solitary, few or many in each cell. Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting numerous spiral threads (spiricles) when wetted (except in C. gracilis). Annuals or some biennials, with alternate leaves (or only the lower ones opposite), which are usually pinnately incised or divided, and with clustered or sometimes scattered flowers. C. LINEARIS, Nutt. Annual, more or less viscid-pubescent, becoming glabrate below, glandular above ; stems erect, simple or branching, 6 to 18 inches high ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, very entire ; heads crowded ; lobes of the calyx triangular-lance- olate, acute ; corolla light blue or nearly white, 6 lines long, slender, but little enlarged at the throat, the limb small; ovules solitary ; seeds with very numerous spiricles. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado,and Botany of King’s Report, following Gray’s Revision of N. A. Polemoniacew, Proc. Amer, Acad., 1870, vol. viii. +CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM, L., var. REPENS, Gray. Corolla from almost white to rose- color: bracts from very obtuse to acute: herbage from minutely to tomentose-pub- escent: sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate : .leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A. ~ s “J STATE GEOLOGIST. 111 C. Gronovii, Willd. Dodder. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. C. Gronovii, Willd., var. latiflora, Engelm. Dodder. Doubtless in this state ; as it occurs at Hesper,,in the north edge of Iowa (on Impa- tiens fulva), Mrs. Carter, Arthur. [A form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.) C. glomerata, Choisy. Dodder. Frequent, or common, through the south part of the state; extending north to Stearns county, Campbell, and Redwood Falls, Miss Butler. SOLANACEA. NIGHTSHADE FAMILy. SOLANUM, Tourn, NiIcguHTsHADE. S. Dulcamara, L. Bittersweet. Stillwater, Miss Field; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Infrequent. S. nigrum, L. Common Nightshade. Black Nightshade. Common through the south half of the state, especially southwestward, where the berries are often used for pies and sauce. Indigenous ; also cosmopolitan. PHYSALIS,L. Grovunp CuHenrry. P. grandiflora, Hook. Ground Cherry. Upper Mississippiriver, Garrison; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick. North. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Ground Cherry. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; Redwood Falls, Pember- ton. South. P. angulata, L. Ground Cherry. Lapham. Minneapolis, Twining, Simmons. Rare. South. P, pubescens, L. Ground Cherry. Frequent, or common, in the south part of the state; extending west at least to Worthington, Nobles county (common), Foote, and north to New Ulm and Anoka county, Juni, and Stearns county, Campbell. P. Virginiana, Mill. (P. viscosa, in Gray’s Manual.) Ground Cherry. Frequent southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Gorrison. {North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Pembina mountain, Havard.] P. Virginiana, Mill., var. ambigua, Gray. Ground Cherry. A Coarse and very villous form with anthers violet !—Wisconsin (Lapham) to Sas- katchewan, Bourgeau, Drummond, &c., Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.; therefore doubtless in Minnesota. P. lanceolata, Michx. (P. Pennsylvanica, in Manual.) Ground Cherry. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in pie Red river val ley ; extending northeast to Itasca lake, Houghton. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE GF Peru. N. physaloides, Gertn. Apple of Peru. Adventive, Minneapolis, Williams, Roberts. Infrequent. 112 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. LYCIUM, L. MatTRIMony-VINE. L. vulgare, Dunal. Matrimony-V ine. Adventive, Minneapolis, Juni, Roberts. Infrequent. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. ‘THORN-APPLE. D. Stramonium, L. Common Stramonium or Thorn-Apple. Stearns county, Campbell, Minneapolis, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. South. D. Tatula, L. Purple Thorn- Apple. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. South. NICOTIANA, Tourn. TOBACCO. N. rustica, L. Wild Tobacco. Near Clotho, Todd county, Upham; “arelic of cultivation by the Indians.” Rare. GENTIANACEA. GENTIAN FAMILY. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN. H. deflexa, Griseb. Spurred Gentian. Common north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson. North. GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN. G. Amarella, L., var. acuta, Hook. f.* Gentian. Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Scott; determined by Watson. Northwest. G. quinqueflora, Lam., var. occidentalis, Gray. Five-flowered Gen- tian. Frequent, or occasional, through the south part of the state ; extending north to Saint Paul and White Bear lake, Mrs. Terry, Stillwater, Miss Field, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. [Common at Hesper, Mrs. Carter, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Craity. G. crinita, Frel. Fringed Gentian. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. G. serrata, Gunner. (G. detonsa, in Manual.) Smaller Fringed Gentian. Also common throughout the state. This and the preceding grow together, and in many places are very abundant locally. G. alba, Muhl. Whitish Gentian. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Hesper, Mrs. Carter; Winona, Holzinger; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; Faribault, Miss Beane; Saint Paul, Miss Catheart; *GENTIANA AMARELLA, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate : inflorescence disposed to be racemi- form : calyx 5-cleft (or rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla : the latter (funnelform, with entire lobes) half inch or more long ; its lobes oblong, obtuse or be- coming acute (with setaceous-fimbriate crown on their base): capsule sessile.—Var. AcUTA, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few sete. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. STATE GEOLOGIST. 113 Minneapolis, Roberts; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; New Uim, Juni; Stearns county, Campbell; Roseau river, Scott. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian. Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Geyer, Garrison. G. Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian. Lapham. Cannon river, Geyer; Anoka county, Juni; Pembina, Havard. Infre- quent. South and west. G. linearis, Freel., var. lanceolata, Gray.* Gentian. Minnesota and along lake Superior, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.; frequent on prairies, Blue Earth county, Leiberg. G. puberula, Michx. Gentian. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley (common northward to Ada, Norman county, Upham, and infrequent to the vicinity of Saint Vincent, Scott). G. affinis, Griseb.t Gentian. Lapham. Redriver, Watsonin King’s Report; near Saint Vineent, Scott, deter- mined by Watson. West. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN, M, trifoliata, L. Buckbean. Common throughout the state. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Fioating Heart. L. lacunosum, Griseb. Floating Heart. In a lake near Alexandria, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. Rare. APOCYNACE. DoGBANE FAMILY. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DoGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. A. androszmifolium, L. Spreading Dogbane. Common throughout the state. *GENTIANA LINEARIS, Freel. (G. Saponaria, L., var. linearis, Griseb.) Smooth throughout: stem slender and strict, a foot or two high: leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1% to 3 inches long, 2 to5 lines wide. and with somewhat narrowed base : flowers 1 to 5 in the terminal involucrate cluster, and often solitary in one or two axils below: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla blue, an inch or more long, narrow-funnelform ; the erect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2 lines long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1- to 2-toothed appendages.—Var. LANCEOLATA. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide) : appendages of the sinuses of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. . . . Approaches narrow- leaved forms of G. alba. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. +GENTIANA AFFINIS, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly ascending : leaves from oblong to lanceolate or linear: flowers from numerous and thyrsoid-racemose to few or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx- lobes linear or subulate, unequal and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute: corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnel- form ; its lobes ovate, acutish or mucronulate-pointed, spreading. Gray's Synoptical Flora of N. A. 8F a 1i4 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. Also common throughout the state. (Polymorphous; the var. glaberrimum, DC., has been noted in Faribault county, Upham; and var. hypericifolium, Gray, at lake Minnetonka, Roberts, St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and Pembina, Havard; var. pubes- cens, DC., probably also occurs here; but intermediate forms are found, “rendering useless any sub-specific names.’’ ASCLEPIADACEA. Mixweep Famity. ASCLEPIAS, L, MILKWEED. SILKWEED. A. speciosa, Torr.* Milkweed. Silkweed. Red river valley, in Clay county (frequent on portions of the prairie which are inter- mediate between wet and dry), Upham; Big Stone county, Campbell, determined by Prof. Asa Gray; extending east to the central part of Minnesota, Rev. HE. L. Greene, and Martin county, Gedge, Leiberg. [Frequent in Emmet county, Iowa (sometimes troublesome in grain-fields, like A. Cornuti elsewhere), Cratty.] West. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Sullivant’s Milkweed. Common, or frequent, across the south part of the state; extending north to Blue Earth county, Gedge, Brown county, Juni, wet prairies of central Minnesota, Rev. E. L. Greene, and in the Red river valley at least to Clay county (frequent), Gedge. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Poke- Milkweed. St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Herrick, Hatch; Stearns county, Upham; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Infrequent. South. A. purpurascens, L. Purple Milkweed. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Stillwater, Miss Field; Hennepin county, Herrick, Hatch; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. South. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne. Milkweed. Frequent throughout the prairie region of the state: common in Benton, Stearns and Todd counties (in oak openings and prairies), Upham; the most common species of this genus in the Red river valley, Gedge. A. quadrifolia, L. Four-leaved Milkweed. Shores of lake Pepin, both in Minnesota and Wisconsin, Miss Manning. Rare. South. A. inearnata, L. Swamp Milkweed. Common throughout the state. A. incarnata, L., var. pulehra, Pers. Swamp Milkweed. Minneapolis, Kassube. *ASCLEPIAS SPECIOSA, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with age : leaves from subcordate-oval to oblong, thickish: peduncles shorter than the leaves : pedicels of the many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose : flowers purplish, large : corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long : hoods 5 or 6 lines long, spreading, the dilated body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the center of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination: column hardly any: wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base.—Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5inches long) and ventricose, ovate and acuminate, arrect on deflexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short-petioled, transversely veined : stems stout and simple, 2to5 feet high. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. STATE GEOLOGIST. T5 A. obtusifolia, Michx. Milkweed. Lapham, South. A. tuberosa, L, Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. Common, or frequent, through the south half. of the state; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard; not observed in Clay county, Gedge. A. verticillata, L. Whorled Milkweed. Frequent southeastward ; extending north to Otter Tail county, Upham, Clay county (common), Gedge, and Pembina, Chickering. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED. A. viridiflora, Ell. Green Milkweed. Occasional through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. A. viridiflora, Ell., var. lanceolata, Gray. Green Milkweed. Blue Earth county (frequent), Leiberg; Clay county, Red river valley, Gedge. [With lanceolate leaves 244 to4 inches long. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.] A, viridiflora, Ell,, var. linearis, Gray. Green Milkweed. Clay county, Gedge. West. [With elongated linear leaves and low stems: umbels often solitary.— Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.] A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Green Milkweed. Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Juni, Rvberts; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Clay county, Red river valley, Gedge. (Specimens with some of the leaves having two equally prominent midribs and the end bifid were col- lected in Clay county by Prof. Gedge.) South and west. A. longifolia, Ell. Green Milkweed. Freeborn county, Upham; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, lowa,Cratty; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. South. OLEACEA. Ouive FamIty. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH. F, Americana,L. White Ash. Frequent, often common, throughout the state, excepting far northward. The white and black ash are well known as valuable timber trees. F. pubescens, Lam. Red Ash. Frequent from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, to Stearns and Todd counties and Sand Hillriver, Upham; the White Earth reservation, Garrison; reaching its northern limit on Rainy river, Richardson. F. viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash. Common, or frequent, throughout the state; extending north at least to Rainy river and the lake of the Woods,and commonalong the Red riverin Manitoba, Bell; the most common species of ash in lowa, Arthur. F. sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Frequent, occasionally plentiful, throughout the state, excepting perhaps south- westward. [Its northwestern limit reaches the southern part of lake Winnipeg, and thence extends southward along the east side of Red river, Bell.] F. quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; near the Rainy lake valley, Clark. Rare. 116 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ARISTOLOCHIACEA, BrrtHwort FAMILY. ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER. A. Canadense, L. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT. A. Sipho, L’Her. Pipe-Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe. Fillmore, Houston and Ramsey counties, Winchell; Rice county, Sperry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast. r NYCTAGINACE. Four-o’cLock FAMILY. OXYBAPHUS, Vabl. OxYBAPHUS. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Oxybaphus. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Parry, Garrison, and Sand Hill river, Upham; also found at the lake of the Woods (sandy ridges of southern shore), Dawson. O. hirsutus, Sweet. Oxybaphus. Frequent southward ; extending north to Minneapolis and Big Stone lake, Upham, and to Pembina, Havard. South and west. [One foot high, hirsute throughout ; leaves lanceolate, thick, the lower short-petioled; fruit of O.nyctagineus. Botany of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.) O. angustifolius, Sweet. Oxybaphus. Frequent through the south half of the state. Southwest. [One to six feet high, glabrous, except the peduncles and involucres ; leaves linear. Botany of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. In all these species the fruit is pubescent, and the in- volucre always 3- to 5-flowered.] PHYTOLACCACEA. POKEWEED FAmILy. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED. P, decandra, L. Garget. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-Berry. Throughout the south half of the state, but infrequent or rare. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. CHENOPODIACEA. GoosEFooT FAmILy. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED. C. platyphyllum, Mogquin. Winged Pigweed. Beach at northwest side of Mille Lacs (plentiful), and north end of Long lake, Crow Wing county, Upham. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. (Including Birrum, Tourn.) Goosz- FooT. PI@weeED. C. album, L. Lamb’s-Quarters. Pigiweed. A common weed in waste and cultivated ground throughout the state. > sided gees rt en Dat a | ‘ Ye 5 oS ee a a 2 a ye Ne dh eee é —_— er et es 5 f 7 7 : a STATE GEOLOGIST. 17 C. Boscianum, Moquin.* (C. album, L., var. Bescianum, Gray, in Manual.) Goosefoot. Stony Point, lake Madison, Blue Earth county, Gedge. South. C. urbicum, L. Goosefoot. Red river valley at Pembina, Havard. Infrequent. C. urbicum, L., var. rhombifolium, Moquin. Goosefout. Stillwater, Miss Field. Infrequent, C. hybridum, L, Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Frequent, often common, throughout the state. C. Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium. Northeastward, Clark; Minneapolis, Herrick; Stillwater (plentiful), Miss Butler, Miss Field. Infrequent. [C. ambrosioides, L., will probably extend to Minnesota.] C. rubrum, L., var. humile, Watson. (Blitum maritimum, Nutt.) Coast Blite. Lapham. Northwest. {Var. HUMILE, Watson. Smaller, prostrate or ascending : leaves ovate to lanceolate, often hastate, an inch long or less, rarely toothed: flowers in axillary or somewhat spicate clusters. Watson, Botany of California.] C. capitatum, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L.) Strawberry Blite. Stillwater, Miss Field; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; Carlton county, and Minnesota Point, lake Superior (juice of the fruit used by the Chippewa Indians for staining), Roberts. North. C. Bonus- Henricus, L. (Blitum Bonus-Henricus, Reich.) | Good-King-Henry. Lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare. [Atriplex patula, L., var. hastata, Gray, and var. littoralis, Gray, will probably be found on the shore of lake Superier in Minnesota, ] CORISPERMUM, Ant. Jussieu. BuG-sEED. C. hyssopifolium, L. Bug-seed. Minnesota Point (plentiful), also near Minneapolis, Roberts; northwest beach of Mille Lacs (abundant), Upham; Red river, Hooker, Watson. Local. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE. S. herbacea, L. Glasswort. Samphire. In the vicinity of a salt spring on the bank of the Red river near Saint Vincent, Say, Nuttall. Rare. SU_LEDA, Forskal. Sea BuitE. S. depressa, Watson.t Sea Blite. Lapham Red river valley near Saint Vincent (common), Upham; Pembina, dry plains, Chickering. Northwest. * CHENOPODIUM BOScCIANUM, Moquin, Erect, slender, 2 feet high, loosely branched, nearly glabrous; leaves thin, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, acute, at- tenuate into along, slender petiole, the lower sinuate-dentate, or often all entire; flowers very small, solitary, or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; calyx green, not strongly carinate, partly covering the at length naked seed, whichis % line broad. Watson’s Revision of Chenopodium, Proc. Am. Acad., Vol. ix. +SUDA DEPRESSA, Watson. Annual: low andmostly decumbent, branching from the base, with usually short ascending leafy branchlets: leaves linear, broadest at 118 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. AMARANTACEA. AMARANTH FAMILY. AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH. A. retroflexus, L. Pigweed. Red-root. A common weed throughout the state. A. albus, L. Tumble-weed. 2 Frequent southeastward and-in*the Red river valley ; abundant southwestward, on both the longest cultivated and the newly broken land. (North of lake Superior, Agas- siz; “ sandy shore of the upper Missouri” [probably there indigenous, and perhaps so in western Minnesota], Geyer.) The popular name alludes to the behavior of this plant in autumn and winter, as described by Arthur: ‘It grows in a globular form, often three or four feet in diameter. When killed by frost, the branches remain rigid, the plant soon loosens from the soil, and the wind drives it bounding over the fields and prairies, until brought up in some fence corner. When the corner is full, those that follow are enabled to scale the fence. With a change of wind, all the lodged plants are set flying in another direction. This is an effective method of scattering the seeds.’’—Prairie fires are sometimes carried by these rolling dead weeds across broad fire-breaks of plowed land. A. blitoides, Watson.* |= Amaranth. Mankato (a common weed by roadsides and ia waste places), Leiberg; Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, (rare), Cratty. South. “It grows flat upon the ground like purslane, and has a dark green, glossy leaf, not much larger than that of purslane, but thinner. It is a native of the western plains, but is traveling eastward asa weed. It is abundant in Iowa at Clear Lake and southward.” Arthur. ACNIDA, L. Water- Hemp. A. tuberculata, Moquin. (Montelia tamariscina, Gray, in part, and its var. coneatenata, Gray.) Water-Hemp. St. Croix river, Parry; common on gravelly shores of the Le Sueur and Minnesota rivers in Blue Earth county, Leiberg; also commonin Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. ‘Sometimes erect. and from one to four feet high ; sometimes spreading or prostrate.” South. FRCGLICHIA, Mench. FRLICHIA. F. Floridana, Moquin. Freelichia. Lapham. Minneapolis, Roberts. Rare. South. POLYGONACEA. BucKkwHEAT FAMILY. POLYGONUM, L. KNOrwEED. PoLYGONUM. x P. viviparum, L. Alpine Bistort. Grand Marais, lake Superior, Roberts. North. base, semiterete, 44 to 1 inch long, the floral ones oblong- to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acute, rather crowded: calyx cleft to the middle somewhat unequally, one or more of the acute lobes strongly carinate or crested ; seed vertical or horizontal, half a line broad, very lightly reticulated. Watson, Botany of California. *AMARANTUS BLITOIDES, Watson. Prostrate or decumbent, the slender stems becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so; leaves broadly spatulate to nar- rowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender petiole, aninch Jong or usually less ; flowers jin small contracted axillary spikelets; bracts nearly a line broad. Proc. Amer. Acad .vol. xii. STATE GEOLOGIST. 119 P. orientale, L. Prince’s Feather. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Knotweed. Polygonum. Frequent, or common, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. P. incarnatum, Ell. Polygonum. Frequent, or common, through the south half of the state. P, lapathifolium, Ait., var. incanum, Koch. Polygonum, Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. North. P. Persicaria, L. Lady’s Thumb. Heartweed. -Common throughout the state, excepting near its west side, where this and the two following species seem to be less frequent or rare. P. Hydropiper, L. Common Smartweed or Water-pepper. Common, ofteu abundant, with range like the last. P. acre, HBK. Water Smartweed. Common, with same range. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Mild Water-pepper. Frequent, or common, southward; also found at the lake of the Woods, Dawson, and in the Red river valley, Scott. P. amphibiun, L., var. aquaticum, Willd. Polygonum. Frequent, often common, throughout the state. P. Muhlenbergii, Watson.* (P. amphibium, var. terrestre, in Manual. ) Polygonum. Common, or abundant, throughout the state. P. Hartwrightii, Gray.t+ Polygonum. Minneapolis (common), Arthur; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. Probably common, or frequent, throughout Minnesota. P. Virginianum, L. Polygonum. Lapham, St. Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. P. articulatum, L. Jointweed. Sandy barrens, St. Croix river, Parry; New Ulm, Juni; Minnesota Point, near Duluth (plentiful), Roberts. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer. | P. aviculare, L. Knotgrass. Goose-grass. Door-weed. 4 Common throughout the state. *POLYGONUM MUHLENBERGII, Watson, Perennial, in muddy or dry places, often 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous with sbort appressed or glandular hairs, especially upon the leaves and upper stems ; leaves thin, rather broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually rounded or cordate at base, 4 to 7 inches long, on short stout petioles (4% to 1 inch long) from near the base of the naked sheath ; flowers and fruit nearly as in P. amphibium, but spikes more elongated (1 to 3 inches long), often in pairs. Proc. Amer. Acad., xiv. +POLYGONUM HARTWRIGHTII, Gray. Strigose-hirsute or glabrous; stem erect, striate, bearing at the top thickish leaves which are broadly lanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse ; petioles short; sheaths long with a flat foliaceous limb, which is setose-ciliate ; peduncle erect, eglandulose, bearing a solitary dense cylindrical spike of rose-colored flowers : stamens5; style deeply cleft : perigonium eglandulose. Proc. Amer. Acad., viii, 120 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. P. erectum, LL. (P. aviculare. L., var. erectum, Roth.) Erect Knotgrass. Also common, or frequent: Winona, Blue Earth, Hennepin and Stearns counties, ete.; Worthington (common), Foote; Crookston, Grand Forks, and elsewhere in the Red river valley (common), Winchell; Pembina, Havard P.ramosissimum, Michx. Polygonum. Brown county, Juni; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty; common from Jackson county westward and in the Redriver valley, Upham. South and west. P. tenue, Michx. Slender Knotgrass. Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; rocky hills, Mound, Rock county. Leiberg; lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare. South and west. . arifolium, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent. P. sagittatum, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Common near Stewart river (north shore of lake Superior), and at Minneapolis, Roberts; Todd county, etc. (common), Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni. P. Convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state : troublesome in fields of grain by caus- ing if, when beaten down by wind and rain, to remain so. P. cilinode, Michx. Polygonum. Abundant north of lake Superior and in Carlton county, Juni, Roberts; upper Missis- sippi river, Garrison; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. North. P. dumetorum, L., var. scandens, Gray. Climbing False Buckwheat. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BucKWHEAT F’. esculentum, Meench. Buckwheat. Occasionally adventive: Minneapolis, and Dakota, Nicollet and Blue Earth counties, RUMEX,L. Dock. Sorret. R. longifolius, DC. Dock. Hennepin county, Herrick. Infrequent. Northwest. R. Britannica, L. (R. orbiculatus, Gray.) Great Water-Dock. North of lake Superior (common near Stewart river), Roberts; St. Croix river, Parry: Isanti county, Upham; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. R. altissimus, Wood. (R. Britannica, L.,in Manual.) Pale Dock. Peach- leaved Dock. : Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Kassube; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. South. R. salicifolius, Weinman. White Dock. Hennepin county, Herrick; Kittson county, Upham; Pembina, Chickering, Havard. {James river, Dakota, Geyer.] R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock. Upper Mississippi river Garrison; Isanti county, ete., Upham; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni. 1? > ee TY ee eee ee? ee hy li et in oe ll a | STATE GEOLOGIST. 121 R. crispus, L Curled Dock. Yellow Dock, Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [R. obtusifolius, L., will doubtless extend to Minnesota.] R. sanguineus, L. Bloody-veined Dock. Chaska, Carver county, Juni. Rare R. maritimus, L. Golden Dock. Minneapolis, Roberts, Upham; Chaska, Carver county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, (rare), Cratty; Murray county, and the Red river valley, Upham; Pembina, Havard. South and west. R. Acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. ‘‘Horse Sorrel.” Common throughout the state ; plentiful all along the north shore of lake Super- ior, Roberts, Juni. THYMELEACEA. Mezereum Famtty. DIRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MoosE-woop. D, palustris, L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. Common northeastward, extending thus west to the lake of the Woods, Richardson, White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Detroit, H. B. Ayres, and south to the Kettle river, Shumard, southeastern Pine county, Upham, and St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; frequent, ut local, farther south, as near Minneapolis, Simmons, Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart, Hastings, Mrs. Ray, Faribault, Miss Beane, Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg, New Ulm, Juni, and near the Great spring, Beaver creek, Caledonia, Houston eounty, Winchell. ELH AGNACEA. OLEASTER FAmILy. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. SHEPHERDIA. $. Canadensis, Nutt. Canadian Shepherdia. From lake Winnipeg to lake Superior, Say, Schweinitz; north shore of lake Super- tor, Juni; Minneapolis (rare), Miss Butler. North. S$. argentea, Nutt. Buffalo-Berry. Rainy lake, Say, Schweinitz; upper Minnesota river, Geyer; near Walhalla, in northeastern Dakota, Scott. Northwest. ELAAGNUS, L. OLEASTER. KE. argentea, Pursh.* Silver-Borry. Common from Ada northward in the Red river valley (forming patches ten to twenty rods long on the prairie, growing only about two feet high, fruiting plentifully ; but in thickets becoming five to eight feet high), and iocal in section 5, Eldorado, Stevens county, Upham, Northwest. *ELMAGNUS, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube including the free ovary, the limb eylindric-campanulate or tubular below, parted above into 4 valvate deciduous lobes, colored within. Disk glandulose. Stamens 4, adnate to the calyx and alternate with its lobes, the free portion of the filaments very short; anthers oblong. Style simple, straight ; stigma 1-sided. Fruit drupe-like, covered with the thickened dry or fleshy elosed calyx-tube; the stone oblong, 8-striate.—Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire petioled leaves and axillary pedicelled flowers. E, ARGENTEA, Pursh. A stoloniferous unarmed shrub, 6 to 12 feet high, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales; leaves 1% to 4 inches long and % to 24 inches 122 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. SANTALACEA. SANDALWOOD FAMILY. COMANDRA, Nuit. BasTARD TOaD-FLAX. C. pallida, A. DC.* Bastard Toad-flax. Red river valley, Scott, determined by Mr. Sereno Watson. West. C. umbellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. Common throughout the state. C. livida, Richardson. Bastard Toad-flax. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. [Isle Royale (common), Whitney.] North. SAURURACEA. LizARD’s-TAIL FAMILY. SAURURUS, L. LIZARD’S-TAIL. S. cernuus, L. Lizard’s-tail. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton. Infrequent, CERATOPHYLLACE. Hornwort F Amity. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. HoRNWORT. C. demersum, L. Hornwort. White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake Calhoun, Minneapolis, Upham; small lakes at the Pipestone quarry (var. commune, Gray, with fruit about 3 lines long, tipped with the stout straight style also about 3 lines long, and with a similar short spine, 2 lines long, at the base on each side), Mrs Bennett. Probably common throughout the state. CALLITRICHACEA. WATER-STARWORT FAMILY. CALLITRICHE, L. WatTER-STARWORT. C. verna, L. Water-Starwort. Throughout the state. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; Pembina, Hav- ard; Cottonwood county, Upham. {C. autumnalis, L., probably occurs also in northern Minnesota. ] wide, broadly ornarrowly elliptic, rather acute at each end, or lanceolate and undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous; flowers numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant, 3 to 5 lines long, the tube broadly oval, the limb funnel- 5 form ; fruit [silvery in color, like the foliage] globose-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4 or 5linesinlength. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. *COMANDRA PALLIDA, A. DC. Stems several from a branched woody caudex, herbaceous, striate, erect, 6 to 10 inches high, branching above; leaves alternate, bluish, somewhat punctate on the margins, the lower elliptic oblong, mucronate-acute, 8 to 12 lines long and 2 to 3 lines wide, the uppermost usually linear-lanceolate, 5 to 10 lines long and about 1 line wide, sometimes so continued down the stem (forming var. angustifolia); cymes terminal, few-flowered ; bracts linear-lancevlate, 2 lines long; floweis perfect ; calyx-lobes erect-spreading ; fruit 3 lines in diameter, with subfleshy epicarp.—Flowers precisely as in C. umbellata ; distinguished especially by its narrowed upper leaves and much larger fruit, Watson’s Rep.in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. STATE GEOLOGIST. 198 y 3 PODOSTEMACE. RIVER-WEED FAMILY. “ ; 55 PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weep. i : ; P. ceratophyllus, Michx. River-weed. r. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. q = . EUPHORBIACEA. SPuRGE FamI Ly. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE. k a = E. polygonifolia, L. Shore Spurge. Lapham. Shore of lake Superior ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. E. Geyeri, Engelm. Geyer’s Spurge. Lapham, T. J. Hale. Common at Minneapolis, Upham, Simmons. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Toym:2-leaved Spurge. Minneapolis, Herrick; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Gedge; New Ulm, Juni; Murray county, Upham; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Pembina, Havard. ; E. glyptosperma, Engelm. — Spurge. ia Minneapoiis, Herrick; Saint Cloud, Campbell; Red river valley, Scott. ; E. maculata, L. Spotted Spurge. s Common through the south half of the:state and perhaps northward. E. humistrata, Engelm. Spurge. , Minneapolis, Roberts; Winona county, Holzinger; Martin county, Gedge. South. E. hypericifolia, L Spurge. Waste, dry places. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. E. marginata, Pursh. White-margined Spurge. “ Mountain Snow.”’ Frequent, often common, southwestward ; extending northeast to Redwood Falls (found to be poisonous to the touch, even in mounting dried specimens), Miss Butler; in Lyon county becoming a common weed in cultivated fields, Upham. . E. corollata, L. —‘ Flowering Spurge. 4 Frequent, often common, through the south half of the state. E. heterophylla, L. Spurge. ) Spirit lake, Minnesota river, ete., Geyer; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Gedge ; Min- ; neapolis, Twining, A. W. Jones; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Man- ning. South. E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Spurge. Rock county, Leiberg. Southwest. i E. Cyparissias, LL. Garden Spurge. } Adventive: Mankato, Leiberg; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss : Manning, ; [E. commutata, Engelm., should be looked for in this state. ] ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. A. Virginica, L. Three-seeded Mercury. Minneapolis. Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. 194 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. EMPETRACEA. CROWBERRY I['AMILY. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY. E. nigrum, L. Black Crowberry. North shore of lake Superior, Macoun ; doubtless in northern Minnesota. URTICACEA. #£=Nerttre Famtity. ULMUS, L. ELM. U. fulva, Michx. Slippery or Red E m. Frequent, often common, throughout the state, excepting far northward. Well known for its mucilaginous, medicinal inner bark; the reddish wood, used for ox-yokes, posts, etc., is strong, light and durable. U. Americana, L. White Elm. Amercian Elm. Water Elm. Common throughout the state; but not found close to the shore of lake Superior. Wood tough, often used for axe-helves, whip-stocks, ete.; our most desirable tree for transplanting for ornament and shade. This and basswood are the most abundant trees in the Big Woods. U. racemosa, Thomas. Corky White Elm. Rock Elm. Frequent, often common, eastward ; extending west to Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Nicollet county, Aiton, New Ulm (common), Juni, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Wood drier than the last and more valuable ; much used by wheelwrights. CELTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY. C, occidentalis, L. Sugarberry. Hackberry. Frequent through the south half of the state ; rare and local northward, as at the east side of Mille Lacs and at lake Alexander, Upham; near lake Lida, Otter Tail county, Frazee; on the Red river in Clay county ; at Red Lake Falls; on the upper Mississippi ; and on the Big Fork of Rainy Lake river, in T. 149, R. 26, _Hinchellwood. [Also at Eagle lake, north of Rainy lake, Bell, Macown; and in northeastern Dakota, Scott.] MORUS, Tourn. MULBERRY. M. rubra, L. Red Mulberry. Big Woods, Winchell; Houston county,-J. S. Harris. [West to Dakota, Sargent, and eastern Nebraska, Aughey. | Infrequent. South. URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE. U. gracilis, Ait. Tall Wild Nettle. Common throughout the state. U. dioica, L. Great Stinging Nettle. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. LAPORTEA, Gaud. Woop-NeETTLE. L. Canadensis, Gaud. Wood-Nettle. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red rivervalley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river and Roseau river. ‘It is of this plant the Indians usually make their fishing lines, the rotted remains of the previous year’s growth furnishing an abundant supply.” Parry. STATE GEOLOGIST. 125 PILEA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED. P,. pumila, Gray. Richweed. Clearweed. St. Croixriver, Parry; Minneapolis, Simmons; lake Minnetonka (common), Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Fergus Falls, Leonard. South. BQHMERIA, Jacq. FaisE NETTLE. B. cylindrica, Willd. False Nettle. Lapham. Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORY. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pellitory. Minneapolis (presenting, besides the type, a larger and much branched form), Her- rick, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; and northwest to the upper Missouri and Saskatchewan rivers. Infrequent. South and west. CANNABIS, Tourn, Hemp. C. sativa, L. Hemp. A common or frequent weed. ‘ .: t : , . q HUMULUS, L. Hop. H.Lupulus, L. Common Hep. Common, especially northward; “native on all the tributaries of the upper Missis- ippi,”’ Parry. —— PLATANACE. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. PLATANUS, Tourn. PLANE-TREE. BUTTONWOOD. P. occidentalis, L. American Plane-tree. Buttonwood. Sycamore. Lapham. Southeast, rare. The northwest limit of this species scarcely enters Minnesota. JUGLANDACE. Watnut FamIty. JUGLANS, L. Watnvr. J. cinerea, L, Butternut, - Oil-nut. White Walnut. Common southward, but absent far southwest ; extending north to the Snake river jn Pine and Kanabec counties, Norwood, Opham, and on the Mississippi river to the ‘ north line of Aitkin county, Garrison. Wood valuable for cabinet work and in house- | building for inside finishing = J. nigra, L. Black Walnut. 4 . Frequent in the south part of the state; extending north to Nininger, Dakota , eounty, southern Scott and Carver counties, and to Walnut Grove in the south edge of Redwood county. Because of the great value of its lumber, nearly all the black wal- . nut of large size in this state has been cut ; but much of young growth remains. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. C. alba, Nutt. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. ‘‘ Walnut,”’ ] : : Common, or frequent, in Houston county; extending north into Winona county at : at 126 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. least to Winona and Stockton, and west(rare) into Fillmore, Mower and Freeborn counties, to Moscow, Winchell; near Weaver and Kellogg, Wabasha county, and near Chatfield, on the south line of Olmsted county, W. D. Hurlbut. Southeast. ‘“ Timber very valuable, used wherever great durability, strength and elasticity are required.” ©. porcina,-Nutt. Pig-nut or Broom Hickory. Lapham. Southeastward, extending north to Snake river, Clark; near lake Pepin on the Wisconsin side, Mrs. Ray. C. amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory. Common, or frequent, southward ; extending througa the Big Woods, and north to Mille Lacs, and sparingly to the upper Mississippi river,and to Whiteface river, tributary to the St. Louis river. This species furnishes nearly all the hoop-potes for flour- barrels cut in the southern and central portions of the state. CUPULIFER. Oak FAmMILy. QUERCUS, L. Oak. Q. alba, L White-Oak. Frequent, or common, in the southeast and central parts of the state; extending north to Fond du Lae, Clark, Savannah river, and Squagemaw lake, Winchell, and to Pokegema falls, Pemidji lake (plentiful in many places on the upper Mississippi river), and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. ‘Strong, durable, and beautiful timber.” Q. stellata, Wang. (Q. obtusiloba, Michx.) Post-Oak. Rough or Box White-Oak. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton. Infrequent. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur-Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup White-Oak. Common, or abundant, throughout the state, excepting far northeastward. Its northeastern limit north of lake Superior, according to Bell,is near the international boundary; but he states that it attains a good size onthe Rainy river and thence westward. (‘In going west, this species is first met with at the east end of Eagle lake” {north of Rainy lake], Macoun.) Timber valuable, similar to that of white oak. Q. bicolor, Willd. Swamp White-Oak. Frequent in Benton, Mille Lacs and Morrison counties, and thence north to lake Winnibigoshish and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (Q. Prinus, L., var. acuminata, Michs.) Yel- low Chestnut-Oak. Lapham. Southeast. Q. tinctoria, Bartram. (Q. coccinea, Wang., var. tinctoria, Gray.) Black Oak. Quercitron or Yellow-barked Oak. Common, or abundant, southward; extending north to Pine county, Upham, and to Pokegama falls and the White Earth reservation, Garrison; the most abundant spe- cies of oak in the southeast part of the state. This species and the bur oak vary from 20 to 50 or 60 feet in hight, according to their situation and soil; besides which, each occurs frequently dwarfed, growing as scrubby brush from 3 to 10 feet high. Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; ‘tin Minnesota (Engelmann),” Sargent. Q. coccinea, Wang., var. ambigua, Gray. Gray Oak. Prairie river, attaining a hight of 50 feet and diameter of 10 inches, Clark; White Earth reservation, Garrison. North. STATE GEOLOGIST. 127 Q.rubra,L. Red Oak, Occasional southward, and north to the upper Mississippi river, Geyer, Garrison; continuing on the north side of Jake Superior to the Kaministiquia river, Bell, Macoun. In autumn the leaves of the black and red oaks change to red and crimson colors ; while the foliage of the white and bur oaks changes only to dull green, gray aud brown. At the same time the leaves of the sumachs and red maple become red or scarlet ; of the sugar maple, yellow; and of bass, box-elder, ash trees, elms, poplars, and cotton- wood, various shades of brown and yellow. Q. palustris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish Oak. Pin Oak. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. [Sargent and Bell have mentioned Minnesota as a western limit of the American beech (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.), but it probably does not extend into this state. | CORYLUS, Tourn. HazeEL-NuT. FILBERT. c. Americana, Walt. Common Wild Hazel-nut. Common, in many districts abundant, throughout the state. C. rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. Common northward ; extending south to Benton county and Spruce Hill, Douglas county, Upham; rare and local farther south, as on rocky bluffs in southeastern Winona eounty, Winchell. Juni says of this species north of lake Superior: ‘‘In some places the bushes reach a hight of fifteen feet, with stems from oné to one and a half inches in diameter. The tops bend over from the weight of the fruit.” OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-HorRNBEAM. I[RON-WOOD. O. Virginica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Common, often abundant, throughout the state ; but not close to the shore of lake Superior. CARPINUS, L. HorNBEAM. IRONWOOD. C, Caroliniana, Walt. (C. Americana, Michx.) | American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech. Common through the south half of the state; extending north to Pine county and Sandy lake, Clark, the Savannah portage, Winchell, and White Earth reservation, Garrison. ‘Wood of this and the preceding tough and durable; used for wedges, levers, &c,”’ MYRICACEA. SWEET-GALE Famitny. MYRICA, L. BayBERRY. Wax-Myrtte. M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Common on lake-shores, along the international boundary, between lake Superior and Rainy lake, Winchell. North. COMPTONIA, Solander. SwEET-FErRN. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Sweet-Fern. Frequent northeastward; extending south to Snake river in southeastern Pine county, Upham, and southwest to Cass lake, Schoolcraft; italso occurs at Jacob Streitz’s quarry in section 28, Saint Cloud, Upham, and near Excelsior, Hennepin county, Mrs. Terry. 128 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. BETULACEA. Biron Fam ity. BETULA, Tourn. BrircH. [B. lenta, L. (cherry birch, sweet or black birch) possibly extends west to northers Minnesota. Dr. Bell mentions this state as its northwestern limit. Some of the more northern references under B. nigra may belong instead to this species. ] B. lutea, Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch. Common through the north half of the state and south to Sherburne county, reach- ing a hight of 75 feet and diameter of 3 or 4 feet; rare in the Big Woods, and south- east to Houston county, Winchell. ‘‘The 49th parallel forms the average northern limit of this species from Newfoundland tothe Red river valley, in which it curves round and runs southward.” Bell. B. papyracea, Ait. Paper or Canoe Birch. Silver Birch. | Common, often abundant, through the north half of the state, attaining an equal size with the preceding ; also common, but much smaller, southeastward near the Mis- sissippi river ; thence extending west, less frequent, to the Big Woods, and to Birch Cooley (plentiful), Renville county ; absent southwestward ; “found along the Assini- boine valley as far west as the Qu’Appelle lakes,” Bell. “The bark of this tree, to- gether with that of the Arbor-vitz, is made use of in innumerable ways by the Indians.” Roberts. B. nigra, L. River or Red Birch. Savannah portage, Douglass; White Earth reservation, Garrison; Kettle river, Shumard; Blue Earth county, Nicollet; Winona county, Holzinger; abundant along the Mississippi bottoms at least as far north as Minneiska, Wabasha county, Winchell. Southeast. B. pumila, L. Low Birch. “ Tag Alder.”’ Common through the north half of the state, and south to Minneapolis and Saint Paul; less frequent or rare farther south, to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Olmsted county, Harrington. B. glandulosa, Michx. Dwarf Birch. Savannah river, Houghton; north shore of lake Superior, Juni, Winchell; ridge east of the Red river, Scott. North. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER. A. viridis, DC. Green or Mountain Alder. North of lake Superior (common), Juni, Roberts. North. A. incana, Willd., var. glauca, Regel. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Black Alder. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state, and southeastward te Minneapolis; less frequent thence southeast ; rare southwestward. A. serrulata, Ait. Smooth Alder. Lapham, Winchell. Rare. Southeast. SALICACEA. Wititow Famity. SALIX, Tourn. WILiLow. OSIER. S. candida, Willd. Hoary Willow. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Bogs, St. Croix river, Parry; Min- STATE GEOLOGIST. 129 neapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Red river valley, Macoun. S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. Lapham. Minneapolis, Winchell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. S. humilis, Marshall. Prairie Willow. Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Upham; frequent in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; abundant near the Mississippi river, on dry, sandy land, especially in openings of woods, from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Mrs. Ray,and Ramsey county, north at least to Brainerd (usually only about one foot high, agreeing best, excepting in habitat, with Gray’s description of S. tristis), Upham; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Proba- bly throughout the state. S. discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. {S. sericea, Marshall, probably occurs, but infrequently, in Minnesota. ] S. petiolaris, Smith.* —Petioled Willow. Freeborn county (frequent), Upham. Probably our prevailing form of this species is var. GRACILIS, Anders. (M.S. Bebb.) S. purpurea, L. Purple Willow. Minneapolis, Simmons. Infrequent. S. cordata, Mubl. Heart-leaved Willow. Common, or irequent, throughout the state. S. cordata, Mubl., var. angustata, Gray. Stearns county, Garrison. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Nebraska (common), Aughey.] S. balsamifera, Barratt.+ (S. pyrifolia, Anders.; see notes by I. S. Bebb in Botanical Gazette, vol. iv, p. 190.) Balsam-bearing Willow. Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Burgess, Macoun. North. * SALIX PETIOLARIS, Smith, var. GRACILIS, Anders. Female aments gracefully subpendulous, at length somewhat leafy-peduncled, very loosely flowered; scales lin- gulate, apex brownish ; capsules long acute-rostrate from an ovate base, thinly silky, or somewhat glabrous, very long-pediceled ; pedicel nearly eight times the length of the nectary; style very short ; stigmas 2-parted, fuscous, spreading ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, serrulate, about 2 inches long and 2 to 4 lines wide, pale and subglau- cous beneath, both sides at length glabrous. Varies: 1st, sericocarpa; capsules nar- rowly conical, 2% lines long, thinly silky. 2d, leiocarpa ; capsules thick at base, green- ish red. Andersson in DC. Prod., 16,2, 235; translated by M.S. Bebb. +SALIX BALSAMIFERA, Barratt. A glabrous, much branched shrub, 4 to 8 feet high ; twigs crimson where exposed to the sun; leaves ovate, abruptly pointed, 1 inch wide by 1% inches long, on sterile shoots oblong-lanceolate, 144 inches wide by 3 to 4 inches long, all rounded or subcordate at base, very thin and slightly hairy beneath when young, rigid, glabrous, and prominently reticulate-veined when mature, bright green above, paler or glaucous beneath, margin finely glandular-serrate; petioles slender, % inch long ; stipules minute, caducous : aments with a few leaf-like bracts at base, the male densely flowered, very silky, female less so and becoming very lax in fruit, bracts often more leafy ; scales pale or rosy ; capsules elongate-conical or rostrate from a thick base, 2 or 3 lineslong, glabrous, the long pedicels six to eight times the length of the nectary ; style rather short, bifid ; lobes of the stigma thick, spreading, emarginate. ‘‘No. 53, Herb. H.,B. and T.” (v.s.inh. Torr.) S.cordata, Muhl., var. balsamifera, Hook., Fl. Bor.-Am., 2,149. S. pyrifolia, Anders., DC. Prod., 16, 2, 264.— White mountains of N. H., Pringle; New Brunswick, Fowler; and Labrador, Allen; westward to the Saskatchewan. Readily distinguished from S. cordata by the very loosely flowered fertile aments, often two inches or more long in fruit, thicker and more yellowish staminate aments, and the proportionately broader and shorter Amelanchier- like leaves. M.S. Bebb, MSS. OF 130 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. rostrata, Richardson. (8S. livida, Wahl., var. occidentalis, Gray. Beaked Willow. Livid Willow. Common throughout the state. S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. nigra, Marshall. Black Willow. Throughout the state; frequent northward, common southward. This and the next are our only native species of willow that become trees, the others being shrubs. S. amygdaloides, Anuders.* Almond-leaved Willow. Red river and eastward, Bebb; probably frequent throughout the state. S. fragilis, L Xalba, L. White Willow. Occasionally spontaneous ; much cultivated, especially on the prairies, for shade and protection from the wind. Timber culture, of this tree, red and sugar maple, box- elder, cottonwood, Lombardy poplar, and other species, is being begun extensively in the prairie region, chiefly for the rewards provided by laws of the state and United States governments. The white willow is well adapted to yield fuel, as it grows rap- idly, and, when cut down, shoots up vigorously anew from the stump. In good soil, with good care, probably ten acres of this willow would supply an average household with fire-wood continually. M.S. Bebb regards this “white willow,” commonly planted (by cuttings) for screens, as a hybrid of S. fragilis and S. alba, being apparently the form named S. fragilis, L., var. Russelliana, Carey, in Gray’s Manual. Mr. Bebb writes: ‘‘Among the varieties cultivated throughout the Northwest, I have seen no genuine S.alba. In one form, S. fragilis X alba, var. (c.) vestita, Wimmer (S. palustris, Host.), the leaves approach very near to S. alba, var. cerulea, but the flowers are different. Much the more com- monly planted form is S. fragilis X alba, var. (b.) glabra, Wimmer (exactly S. excelsior, Host.; S. viridis, Fries, when the under surface of the leaf is pale green).”’ S. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Sand-bar Willow. Common throughout the state. S. myrtilloides, L. Myrtle Willow. Frequent northward, rare southward. Swamps, St. Croix river, Parry; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; Kanabec and Benton counties, Upham; Dellwood, White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; Minneapolis, Kassube; near Eagle lake, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty. POPULUS, Tourn. PopLaR. ASPEN. P, tremuloides, Michx. American Poplar or Aspen. Common, or abundant, throughout the state, especially northward. Wood of this and the next is valuable for paper-making. P. grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Poplar or Aspen. Common, or frequent, throughout most of the state ; excepting the southeastern *SALIX AMYGDALOIDES, Anders. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long, % to 1% inches wide, with a long tapering point, glaucous beneath, closely serrate, petioles long and slender, stipules minute and very early deciduous : aments leafy-peduncled, elongated-cylindrical, pendulous ; the fertile when in fruit lax, 3 to 4 inches long, 4 inch thick ; scales in the male ament ovate, villous with crisp hairs, in the female narrower, somewhat smooth, fugacious : capsules globose-conical, glabrous, long-pedicelled ; style very short or obsolete, stigmas notched. . . . In aspect very unlike S. nigra [like which, this species attains a tree-like size], and in fact more frequently mistaken for S. lucida. The broad leaves, being supported by long and slender petioles, are moved by the slightest breeze, displaying in rapid, fluttering succession their conspicuous white under surfaces, thus producing an effect in striking contrast with the changeless, soft light reflected from masses of the foliage of 8. nigra when swayed gently by the wind. Bebb in Wheeler’s Report of Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian. STATE GEOLOGIST. 131 counties and far northward, where it occurs sparingly, and southwestward, where it is absent. P, monilifera, Ait. (Including P. angulata, Ait.) Cottonwood. Neck- lace Poplar. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; rare farther north; reaching its northern limit in southeastern Pine county, the region of the upper Missis- sippi, Houghton, White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Red Lake Falls and the Red river valley, Upham. ‘Large trees occur aiong the Assiniboine river,” Bell. ‘‘ Exten- sively planted for shelter andfuel. The cotton from the seeds proves a source of much annoyance to the tidy housewife. If only male trees, those with reddish tassels, were planted, no cotton would be produced. Both kinds of tassels, the green and the red, appear in spring before the leaves come out.” Arthur. P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending southwest to Cannon river (rare), Sandberg, Osakis lake, Upham, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. P. balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead. Frequent northeastward ; extending southwest to southeastern Pine county, Little Falls, and White Earth reservation. P. dilatata, Ait. Lombardy Poplar. Spontaneous, Mankato, Leiberg. [Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches. and small broadly triangular pointed leaves ; formerly much planted. Gray’s Field, Forest, and Garden Botany.| P. alba, L. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar. Abele. Abel-tree. Cultivated, and thence sometimes spreading spontaneously, in Martin county, Cratty. [Tree planted from Europe, with spreading branches, roundish, slightly heart- shaped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon green above, very white cottony beneath ; buds not glutinous: spreads inveterately bythe root. Gray’s Field, Forest, and Gar- den Botany .} CONIFER AL. Pint Famity. PINUS, Tour., Link. PINE. P. Banksiana, Lambert. ‘‘Jack Pine.’” Gray or Northern Scrub Pine. Banks’ or Banksian Pine. Black Pine. Common northeastward ; abundant on sandy land in the region of the upper Missis- sippi and Crow Wing rivers, from Brainerd and Wadena northward ; having its south- west limit at the St. Croix and Snake rivers, Princeton, Brockway (Stearns county), Stowe and Oak Valley (ten miles south of Wadena), in the White Earth reservation, and at the lake of the Woods and on Roseauriver. This species, almost alone, but with red pines here and there sparingly intermixed, forms thick woods at many places in Cass, Wadena and Crow Wing counties, as, for example, at Brainerd, growing very stiaight and slender, 40 to 60 feet in hight, but seldom exceeding a foot in diameter. Its coarse, resinous wood is excellent fuel, but it is not adapted to building purposes. Many rail- road ties are made from this and the next species of pine, but are inferior in value and durability to those of bur oak, which are more used in this way. Often five ties, each eight feet long, are obtained from a single Jack pine. Rarely this tree attains a hight of eighty feet, one of this size being found by Professor Winchell on Brule mountain» north of lake Superior. [This tree grows sixty to seventy feet high in northern Michi- gan (Wheeler and Smith’s Catalogue, and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, x, 82) ; and Dr. Bell records it as about seventy feet in hight and two feet in diameter, in large groves, on the southern branches of the Albany river. | P. resinosa, Ait. ““ Norway Pine.’’ Red Pine. Common or frequent nerthward, growing in groves, or scattered, on somewhat sandy land ; not extending, in general, quite so far southwest as the preceding. Usually 132 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. called “ Norway pine” ; but wrongly, for this species is not found in Norway, nor in Europe. It is mostly from 50 to 75 feet high, but seldom more than about a foot in dia- meter. Clark reports that it attains a hight of ¢0 feet and diameter of 20 inches, north of lake Superior. It is considerably sawn for lumber, and is also much used fer piles, as for wharves and foundations of bridge piers. In the region of the upper Mississippi this species is reported by Garrison as occurring in two varieties, which are distin- guished by lumbermen under the names Hard Norway pine and Red-barked Norway pine. P. Strobus, L. White Pine. Common through the north half of the state, excepting west of Red lake and the lake of the Woods ; preferring somewhat clayey land, occasionally making a majestic forest without intermixture of other large trees, but oftener associated with maple, elm, bass, oak, ash, and other deciduous species ; frequent along the north side of lake Superior, but forming no extensive pine forest on the immediate shore. This is the largest, as well as the most useful, of our trees, growing from 80 to 125, rarely 150, feet in hight, and from three to six feet in diameter. The southwestern limit of the pineries extends from the north edge of Chisago county westerly through Kanabeec and Mille Lacs counties, the northeast corner of Benton county, Morrison county, and northeastern Todd county, to Pine lakes, Frazee City, and the White Earth reservation ; but only a comparatively small part of the region northeast of this line is covered with pine woods. Southeastward, beyond this limit, white pine occurs rarely and locally in the vicinity of the Mississippi, St. Croix, Cannon, Zumbro aud Root rivers, in most instances on bluffs of these or their tributary streams ; as at Saint Cloud, Dayton, Minnehaha falls, Pine Bend. Taylor’s Falls, Fran- conia (where it was first cut in Minnesota, to any considerable extent, for lumber), near Cannon River Falls, near Mantorville, near Rochester, in section 29, Saint Charles, Winona county, and at various points in Fillmore and Houston counties. Mr. Platt B. Walker, of Minneapolis, editor of the Luwmberman and M anufacturer, states that approximately 400,000,000 feet (board-measure) of pine are annually cut in the north central part of this state,on the Mississippi river and its tributaries, about three-quarters of which are sawed at Minneapolis; and that some 200,000,000 feet are annually cut on the St. Croix river and its branches, about half of which is cut in Min- nesota, chiefly on the Snake river, the amount sawed at Stillwater being some 100,000,000 feet yearly. Throughout these districts about three-quarters of the timber cut are white pine, and the remainder red or Norway pine. Much white pine is also cut on the St. Louis river, the Otter Tail river, Clearwater river (a tributary of Red Lake river), and recently on the Rainy Lake river; and red pine is cut on Pine creek, tributary to Roseau lake and river, west of the lake of the Woods. The amount of merchantable pine standing in Minnesota in 1880 was estimated by C. S. Sargent, special agent of the United States census, at 6,100,000,000 feet; and the amount cut in the state during the preceding year is reported to be 540,997,000 feet. PICEA, Link. SPRUCE. P. nigra, Link. (Abies nigra, Poir.) Black Spruce. Double Spruce. Common northeastward ; extending south to Chisago and Isanti counties, and west to Spruce Hill, Douglas county, the White Earth reservation, Red lake, and the lake of the Woods and Roseau river. It attains, in favorable situations, a hight of 70 feet and diameter of 18 inches, Clark; but usually it is small, and none of it is cut for lumber in this state. P. alba, Link. (A. alba, Michx.) White Spruce. Single Spruce. Common far northward ; extending south to Moose Lake, Carlton county, Upham, and to the upper Mississippi river and White Earth reservation, Garrison, and west to the lake of the Woods and Roseau river ; 20 feet high, 8 inches in diameter, Clark. TSUGA, Carnitre. HEMLOCK-SPRUCE. T. Canadensis, Carritre. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) Hemlock-Spruce. Hemluck. -' Mentioned by Vicollet as observed in the region of the upper Mississippi, and by 7. ee ce ee ep aie, - Ce Ek Oe ie : ; _— ?. - STATE GEOLOGIST. 133 ~ Norwood in the valley of the St. Louis river ; included in Dr. Lapham’s catalogue ; also reported as occurring, locally, near Pokegama lake, Cass county, and at the north side of Sand lake, in the southwest part of T. 46, R. 19, Carlton county, and in other parts of this county, as on Black Hoof creek ; all of which need verification. Though plentiful not far eastward in Wisconsin, it extends very scantily, if at all,into Minnesota. [‘‘On the south shore of lake Superior it does not reach the western extremity, turning south- ward in the neighborhood of Ashland. I am informed, however, that there is an out- lying grove of hemlock at Thomson, about twenty-five miles west of Duluth. ‘This tree maintains a good size to the verge of its range, and always appears to terminate abruptly.” Bell.] ABIES, Link. Fir. A. balsamea, Marshall. Balsam Fir, Common northeastward, attaining a hight of 50 feet, Clark; extending south and west to nearly the same limits as the black spruce ; also farther south, rare and local, as hear Mantorville, Dodge county, Harrington, and in the heavy timber in the northeast part of Spring Valley, Fillmore county, Winchell. LARIX, Tourn. LARCH. L. Americana Michx. American or Black Larch. Tamarack. Hack- matack. Abundant through the north half of the state, and common southeast to Wright, Hennepin and Ramsey counties ; rare farther southeast, as on Pine creek in Houston county, Winchell; absent southwestward. This tree occurs in swamps, which -are generally frequent, varying in extent from afewrods to several miles. Mr. Nathan Butler states that such swamps, bearing tamarack but scarcely any other trees, occupy nearly the entire country between Red lake and the lake of the Woods; and Mr. G. M. Dawson and others give a similar description of the area crossed by the international boundary between the lake of the Woods and the Redriver valley. Tamarack also offen grows on drier, hard ground; sometimes, north of lake Superior, attaining a hight of 90 or 100 feet (but very slender, having a diameter of only about one foot ; valu- able for railroad ties), Clark. Its usual hight is from 20 to 40 feet. Watab river and township bear the name which the Chippewas give to the long threads obtained by splittiog tamarack roots, used by themin sowing their birch canoes. Keating's Narrative of Long’s Expedition, vol. ii, p. 73. THUYA (Thuja), Tourn. Arpor V1iTa. T. occidentalis, L. American Arbor Vite. ‘*White Cedar.’’ Common northeastward, forming almost impenetrable ‘cedar swamps,” often attain- ing a large size, from 40 to 70 feet in bight, and from one to two or even three feet in diameter, Clark, Roberts; extending west to the south end of lake Winnipeg, Bell, the lake of the Woods and Roseau river, Red and Pemidjilakes, and tothe head of Straight river in northeastern Becker county, and south to the south shore of Mille Lacs and the mouth of Snake river. It also occurs very rarely farther southeast, as on Gwinn’s bluff in southeastern Winona county, Winchell. On the north shore of lake Superior, ‘not so common as inland, but maintains its hold upon life in the most unfavorable positions. Often the only representative of the vegetable kingdom on a bare rock in the lake, where its stem and branches plainly indieate the direction of the prevailing winds and waves.” Juni. This tree is the principal species upon a large area adjoining the Missis- sippi river in northern Aitkin county. Its wood is light and very durable, being espe- cially sought for fence and telegraph posts. It is often spiral-grained. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER. J. communis, L. Common Juniper. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Minnesota Point, near Duluth (plentiful), also near Minneapolis, Roberts; Wadena and Benton counties (rare), Upham; Sherburne & 134 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. and Ramsey counties, Kelley; Hennepin county, Simmons; Goodhue county, Sandberg; southeastern Winona county, Winchell; Dodge county, Harrington; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; blufts of the Cottonwood river, Juni. J. communis, L., var. alpina, Gaud. Juniper. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart. North. J. Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Red Savin: Rainy Lake river, Dawson; upper Mississippi (rare), Nicollet, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; bluffs of the Cottonwood river, Juni; at Redwood Falls. perhaps fur- nishing the name of the Redwood river. (Also see Cornus stolonifera.) Found scantily in exposed situations, as on the bluffs or shores of rivers and lakes, growing to be 10 to 25 feet high, in the greater part of the state ; most frequent in its southeast quarter ; absent, or rare, near its west side and north of lake Superior. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. Savin. Juniper. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; plentiful on dunes at Sand Hill river, Garfield, Polk county, Upham; near Itasca lake, Garrison; Rice county, Sperry; blufis of Le Sueur river, Leiberg; Olmsted county (rare), Harrington; the Big Woods, and Fillmore, Winona and Houston counties (rare), Winchell. North. TAXACEAL. Yew FamiIty. TAXUS, Tourn. YEw. T, Canadensis, Willd. (T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis, Gray.) American Yew. Ground Hemlock. Abundant north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; common, or frequent, thence west and south to nearly the same limits. as the pines, black spruce and balsam fir; near Lake City, Mrs. Ray. ARACEA. Arum FaMILy. ARIS ZEMA, Martius. Inp1aAn Turnrp. Dracon-Arum. A, triphyllum, Torr. (A. atrorubens, Blume. Bot. Gazette, ix,114.) Indian Turnip. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. A. Dracontium, Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast. CALLA, L. Water ArRuM. CALLA. C. palustris, L. Water Arum. Wild Calla. Common in the north half of the state, and southeast to Minneapolis and Saint Paul; rare farther southeast, as near lake Pepin, Miss Manning; absent southwest- ward. - SYMPLOCARPUS, Salish. SkuNK CABBAGE, S. foetidus, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Chisago county, etc. (common), Upham; Stillwater, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Kelley; near Minnehaha falls, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; New Ulm, Juni. [Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; lake Superior, Whitney.] ae hl tu) Tat, ern ileal , op Y # STATE GEOLOGIST. 135 ACORUS, L. SWEET Fuac. CALAMUS. A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Calamus. Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; excepting perhaps southwestward, in which direction it extends at least to Redwood Falls, Miss Butler, and Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. LEMNACE. DuckwEEpD F amity. LEMNA, L. Duckw8rED. Dvuck’s-MEAT. L. trisulea, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat. Throughout the state. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county (flowering plen- tifully in 1882), Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Minneapolis, Arthur, Roberts; Taylor’s Falls, Mrs. Ray; Pembina, Chickering; Red river prairie and lake of the Woods, Dawson. L. minor, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Arthur, Sim- mons; Duluth harbor (plentiful), Roberts; also, Red river prairie and lake of the Woods (common), Dawson. SPEIRODELA, Schleid. DuckwEED. Dvuck’s-MEAT. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. (Lemna polyrrhiza, L,) © Duckweed. Duck’s-meat. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, [owa, Cratty; Minneapolis (abundant), Arthur, Upham; Saint Paul, Kelley; and northwest to the Saskatchewan river. WOLFFIA, Horkel, Schleid. WotFFIa. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Wolffia. Found by Mr. Leiberg in a pond at the southwest edge of the village of South Bend, Blue Earth county ; plentiful, covering the surface to a depth of one or two inches in the summer ; often blown upon the shore in small ridges by storms ; slightly spreading to adjacent ponds; determined by Dr. Engelmann, who thinks that it is not a native of these northern latitudes, but has been probably brought by water-fowls. It appears to have become thoroughly acclimated in this locality. TYPHACH. Cat-TAIL FAMILY. TYPHA, Tourn. CatT-TaIL Fae. T. latifolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Common throughout the state. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Bur-reed. Taroughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Minneapolis (common), Roberts; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler; Wabasha, Gibson; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. S. simplex, Hudson. Bur-reed. Red river va'ley, at Pembina, Chickering; Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. 136 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ae S. simplex, Hudson, var. Nuttallii, Gray. Bur-reed. St. Croix river, Parry. S. simplex, Hudson, var. androcladum, Gray. Bur-reed. Freeborn county, Upham. S. simplex, Hudson, var. angustifolium, Gray. Bur-reed. Lapham. North. [Isle Royale, Whitney. | S. minimum, Bauhin: Bur-reed. Brooks, St. Croix river, Parry; lake of the Woods, Dawson. [North of lake Super- ior, Agassiz; Isle Royale, Whitney. |] North. NAIADACEA. PonvpWEED FAMILy. NAIAS,L. Narap. N. flexilis, Rostk. & Schmidt. Naiad. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; plentiful in Martin county and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Minneapolis (abundant), Miss Butler. [Manitoba, Macoun.) ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. HorNED PoNDWEED. Z. palustris, L. Horned Pondweed. Peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato, Leiberg. Rare. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED. POTAMOGETON. P. natans, L. Pondweed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. P. Claytonii, Tuckerman. Pondweed. Plentiful near Stewart river, north of lake Superior, Roberts. [P. rufescens, Schrader, will probably be found in northeastern Minnesota. | P. lonchites, Tuckerm.* Pondweed. Le Sueur river, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Lowa (frequent), Cratty. South. P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Pondweed. Plentiful in Devil’s Track lake, north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty. P. gramineus, L., var. heterophyllus, Fries. Pondweed, Throughout the state. Abundant in Devil’s Track lake, Roberts; frequent in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty. P. lucens, L. Pondweed. | Throughout the state, butinfrequent. Lake Minnetonka, Roberts; White Bearlake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Stearns county, Campbell. [North of lake Superior, 4 gassiz; Manitoba, Macoun.} or P. lucens, L., var. minor, Nolte. Pondweed. Lake Minnetonka, Herrick, Roberts. [P. preelongus, Wulfen., will doubtless be found in Minnesota. ] STATE GEOLOGIST. iat P. Illinoensis, Morong.* Pondweed. Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur; doubtless also to be found in southern Min- nesota. P. perfoliatus, L. Pondweed. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; lake Calhoun, Minneapolis, Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; lake of the Woods, Dawson. P. perfoliatus, L , var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Pondweed. Also throughout the state. Lake Minnetonka, Arthur; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. P. zosterzefolius, Schum. (P. compressus, Fries, not L.) Pondweed. Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, and Martin county (frequent), Cratty, both determined by Rev. T. Morong. 3 - PP. pauciflorus, Pursh. Pondweed. Minneapolis ‘common), iss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, i Leiberg, determined by Rev. 7. Morong; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty. 3 [North of lake Superior, A gassiz.! 3 P. pusillus, L. Pondweed. : Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong. P. pusillus, L,, var. major, Fries. Pondweed. Martin county (frequent), Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong. P, pusillus, L., var. vulgaris, Fries. Pondweed. Lake Minnetonka (plentiful), Herrick, Roberts;,Winona lake, Holzinger. P, pectinatus, L. Pondweed. Throughout the state. Mississippi river near Saint Cloud, Campbell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (abundant), Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong, [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; James river, Dakota, Geyer.] ALISMACEAL. WaterR-PLANTAIN FAMILY. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-arass. (This genus and ScHEucH- ZERIA are included in the preceding order, NATADACE®, by Watson in the Botany of California.) *POTAMOGETON ILLINOENSIS, Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the sum- mit; floating leaves opposite, thick, coriaceous, oval or ovate, 2 to 3 inches long by 1% broad, 19- to 23-nerved, rounded or sub- cordate at base, and with a short blunt point at the apex, on short petioles ; submersed leaves comparatively few, dark green, oblong- elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample (the largest nearly 8 inches long and 1% wide), entire, rarely mucronate, nearly or quite sessile, the uppermost opposite; stipules coarse, free, obtuse, strongly bicarinate, about 2 inches in length; peduncles often clustered at the summit of the stem, 2 to 4inches long, usually somewhat thickening upwards; spikes about 2 inches long, densely flowered ; fruit roundish obovate, 1% to 2 lines long and 1 to 1% lines wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel prominent and sometimes shouldered at the top, flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or occasionally pointed at the base, the style short and nearly facial, the apex of the embryo pointing transversely inwards. Allied to P.lucens, L., in habit, but with larger fruit, and in foliage quite distinct. Morong in Botanical Gazette, vol. v, p. 50 (May, 1880). 138 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. T. palustre, L. Arrow-grass. Throughout the state. Peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato (plentiful), Lei- berg; Red river valley, Scott. T. maritimum, L. Arrow-grass. Lapham. Stearns county, Campbell. [Sheyenne river and Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer. | North. T. maritimum, L., var. elatum, Gray. Arrow-grass. Duluth (common), and Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Chisago county, Upham; upper Minnesota river, Parry; also, peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato (plentiful), Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. ScHEUCHZERIA. S. palustris, L. Scheuchzeria. St. Croix river, Parry; near Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis, Kassube, (lake Calhoun) Miss Butler; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. ALISMA, L W ATER-PLANTAIN. A. Plantago, L. Water- Plantain. Common throughout the state. “Very valiable as respects foliage, the forms being determined chiefly by the place of growth and not deserving to rank as varieties.”’? Wat- son, Botany of California. ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelmann. EcHINODORUS. E. parvulus, Engelm. Echinodorus. Muddy margins of ponds, St. Croix, Parry. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz. | SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD. S. variabilis, Engelm. Common Arrow-head. Common (especially the var. hastata, Gray) throughout the state ; var. angustifolia, Gray, Minneapolis, Miss Butler. ‘‘This plant, so variable in foliage, and so abundant in distribution, furnishes an important article of native food in the tubers which beset its fibrous roots. These tubers (from the fact of their affording nourishment to the larger aquatic fowls which congregate in such abundance about the northwestern lakes) are called by the Chippewas, Wab-es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, a name which has been naturally appropriated to several streams of this region, Wabesipinicon ; meaning, the abode of the swan potato. These tubers frequently attain the size of a small hen’s-egg, and are then eaten by the Indians, with whom they are a great favorite. In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice, but in boiling become sweet and palatable.” Parry. S. heterophylla, Pursb. Arrow-head. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Hennepin county, Roberts, Griswold; probably extending through the south half of the state. S. graminea, Michx. Arrow-head, Minneapolis, Kassube. South. S. cristata, Engelm.* Arrow-head. Emmet county, lowa, on the south boundary of Minnesota, Cratty; doubtless also in this state. *SAGITTARIA CRISTATA, Engelm. Flowers only of the lowest whorl fertile ; fruit- heads much larger thanin S. graminea; achenia broad, with a conspicuous horizontal STATE GEOLOGIST. 139 HY DROCHARIDACE. FRog@’s-BIT FAMILY. ANACHARIS, Richard. WaATER-WEED. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Water- weed. Common throughout the state. Duluth harbor (plentiful), and Minneapolis, Rob- erts; lake Minnetonka, Miss Butler; Winona lake, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; plentifulin Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. This aquatic plant, common, but nowhere troublesome, in this its native country, having become naturalized in Europe, grows there more rankly, so as to become in many places a serious obstruction to river-navigation. Since 1836, when it first appeared in England = and Ireiand, it has spread eastward upon the continent along the rivers of Belgium, .. , ui Holland and Germany, and isnow complained of at Riga in western Russia. Popular 3 Science Monthly, vol. xix, p. 430 (July, 1881). q VALLISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS. E&£L-GRASS. q V. spiralis, L. Tape-grass. el-grass. q _ With the preceding, in Duluth harbor (plentiful), and Minneapolis, Roberts, (lake q Calhoun) Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Gedge, (Eagle lake) Leiberg; Redwood Falls, E Miss Butler. ; ; ORCHIDACEA. Orcuis FAMILY. : ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS. O. spectabilis, L. Showy Orchis. Duluth (frequent), and Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart; Stearns county, Campbell; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Northfield, Chaney; Faribault, 4 Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent at Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. = . . . . e O. rotundifolia, Pursh. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richardson.) Orchis. * Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Rare. North. : HABENARIA, Willd. Rern-OrCHIS. . H. tridentata, Hook. —_- Rein-Orchis. Lapham. Goodhue county, Sandberg. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz. ] In- frequent. H. virescens, Spreng. Greenish Orchis. Lake City, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Infrequent. H. viridis, R. Br., var. bracteata, Reich. —_ Bracted Green Orchis. Throughout the state. Carlton’s Peak, north of lake Superior, and also near Min- neapolis, Roberts; eastern border of Red river prairie, Dawson; Stearns county, Camp- bell; lake Elmo, Washington county, Leonard; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Faribault, Miss Beane; Winona county, Holzinger. [Hesper, Mrs. Carter,and south to Council Bluffs, lowa, Geyer. | style, and crested back and sides. . . . Near &.graminea, Michx., and perhaps only a variety of it, although the only other Sagittaria with such crests to the acheniais 8S. natans, Michx. Further observations are needed to eventually place it correctly. Letter of Dr. Engelmann, dated March 15th, 1882, in Arthur’s Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. V. a a re 140 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Northern Green Orchis. . Throughout the state. Lake Superior, Whitney; lake of the Woods, Dawson; De- al troit, Becker county, Gedge; Stearns county, Campbell; Minneapolis (common), Rob- erts; Hesper, lowa (rare), Mrs. Carter. H. dilatata, Gray. Rein-Orchis. Northern White Orchis. Lake Superior, Whitney; Detroit, Gedge; Minneapolis (common), Roberts; S*. Croix river, Parry. North. {H. rotundifolia, Richardson, is found to belong to the preceding genus, Orehis.} H. obtusata, Richardson. Rein-Orchis. Abundant north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North. H. Hookeri, Torr. Small Two-leaved Orchis. Throughout the state. St. Croix river, Parry; Elk River, Sherburne county, Camp- bell; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, Lowa, Mrs. Carter. {Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, Macoun.] H. orbiculata, Torr. Large Round-leaved Orchis. North of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick. Northeast. H. blephariglottis, Hook., var. holopetala, Gray. White Fringed- Orchis. ; Minnesota Point, near Duluth, Miss Catheart. Rare, H. leucophzea, Gray. Western Greenish Fringed-Orchis. Frequent in the south half of the state, extending north at least to Alexandria, Mrs. Terry, and Clay county, in the Red river valley, Upham. Sometimes almost pure white. It has spread widely in Martin county during the past six or seven years, Deing now very common in some parts of the county, Gedge. H. lacera, R. Br. Ragged Fringed-Orchis. Minneapolis, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg. South. H. psycodes, Gray. Purple Fringed-Orchis. Frequent throughout the state. GOODYERA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. G. repens, R. Br. Rattlesnake- Plantain. North of lake Superior (common), also at Minneapolis, Roberts; St Croix Falls, Miss Field. North. G. pubescens, R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plan!ain. Noith of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart, Roberts; Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg. G. Menziesii, Lindl. Rattlesnake- Plantain. Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons; doubtless also in Minnesota north of lake Superior. SPIRANTHES, Richard. —Lapres’ Tressgs. S. latifolia, Tour. Ladies’ Tresses. o Lapham. Hills of Zumbro river, Geyer. Rare. Southeast. S. Romanzoftiana, Chamisso. Ladies’ Tiesses. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Polk county, Upham; Clay county, Gedge; Stearns county, Campbell; Minneapolis, Roberts; Cottonwood county, Holzinger; peat- bog between Kasota and Mankato (very scarce), Leiberg. North. S. cernua, Richard. Ladies’ ‘T'resses. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and perhaps northward ; STATE GEOLOGIST. 141 lake Superior, Whitney, and lake of the Woods, Dawson; var. latifolia, Torr., hills of Zumbro river, Geyer. S. gracilis, B.gelow. Ladies’ Tresses. Throughout the state, butinfrequent. Pine barrens, St. Croix river, Parry; Stearns eounty, Campbell; Minneapolis, R. S. Williams, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Decorah, Lowa, Arthur; Nebraska, Aughey; Manitoba, Macown.] LISTERA, R. Br. TWAYBLADE. L. cordata, R. Br. Twayblade. Between lake Superior and the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons. North. L, convallarioides, Nutt. Twayblade. Also, between lake Superiorand the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons. North. ARETHUSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA. A. bulbosa, L. Arethusa. Chisago county, Upham; Ramsey county (near lake Johanna), Roberts; Red Wing, Sandberg. Rare. North. POGONTA, Juss. PoGoNra. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Pogonia. St. Croix river, Parry; tsanti county, Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry, Kelley; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts, Miss Butler. {P. pendula, Lindl., and P. verticillata, Nutt., should be looked for in this state. ] CALOPOGON, R. Br. CaLoPoGon. Grass Pink. C, pulchellus, RB. Br. Calopogon. Grass Pink. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPso. C. borealis, Salisb. Calypso. Black Point, north shore of lake Superior, Roberts; Duluth, Miss Catheart. Rare, North. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER’s-MouTH. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Adder’s- Mouth. Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry; Taylor’s Falls, Roberts. Rare. North. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Adder’s- Mouth. Itasca lake, Houghton; Mille Lacs, Campbell; St. Croix river, Parry; at head of lake Pepin, Sandberg; Hesper, Iowa (vare), Mrs. Carter. [Manitoba, Macoun. | LIPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADBE. L. liliifolia, Richard. Twayblade. Minneapolis (one mile west of city), Roberts; near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry ; Good- hue county, Sandberg; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. Rare, L. Loeselii, Richard. Twayblade. In tamarack swamps near Minneapolis, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell. Rare. 142 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. 77 CORALLORHIZA, Hailer. CoRAL-ROOT. C. innata, R. Br. Coral-root. Stearns county, Camppell; along the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macoun. Throughout the state: rare southward, frequent northward. C. multiflora, Nutt. Coral-root. Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; Taylor’s Falls, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell; Pembina, Havard; lake Superior, Whitney. Throughout the state, but infrequent. C. Macrezei, Gray. Coral-root. Lapham. {Mackinaw (abundant), Whitney.] Rare in Minnesota. APLECTRUM, Torrey. Purty-rooT. ADAM-AND-EVE, A. hiemale, Torr. Putty-root. Adam and Eve. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Hastings, Mrs. Ray; Fari- bault, Miss Beane; in woods at the head of Van Brunt slough, Mankato, Leiberg. {Man- itoba, Macoun.| Rare. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lapy's-SLIPPER. MoccAsIN- FLOWER. C, arietinum, R. Br. Ram’s-head Lady’s-Slipper. Clearwater lake, in the northwest part of Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Stearns county, Campbell; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Rare. North. C. candidum, Muhl. Small White Lady’s-Slipper. Through the south half of the state, mostly infrequent and local. Winona county, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; Minne- apolis, Roberts, (lake Harriet) Mrs. Terry; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Fari- bault, Miss Beane; Nicollet county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (plentiful), Cratty; extending north at least to Morrison county, Miss Babbitt, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady’s-Slipper. Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. ©. pubescens, Willd. Larger Yellow Lady’s- Slipper. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. C. spectabile, Swartz. Showy Lady’s-Slipper. Common, or frequent, often growing on dryish hard land, throughout the state; ex- cepting perhaps far northeastward, in which direction it extends at least to the St.. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Detroit, Becker county (abundant), Gedge, and Pembina, Havard. c. acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady’s-Slhipper. Frequent through the north half of the state ; extending south to Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart, Minneapolis (in tamarack swamps) Roberts, and Martin county, Gedge. AMARYLLIDACEA. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS, H. erecta, L. Star-grass. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley; extend- ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river. STATE GEOLOGIST. 143 HAMODORACEA. Bioopwort F amity. ALETRIS, L. CoLic-RooT. STAR-GRASS. A. farinosa, L. Colic-root. Star-grass. Lapham. Rare. Southeast. - .. IRIDACE A. Iris FAMILy. IRIS, Tourn. FLoWER-DE-Luck. Iris. I. versicolor, L. Larger Blue Flag. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. SISYRINCHIUM, L. — Brius-ryep Grass. S. angustifolium, Miller. (S. Bermudiana, I.., in part; see American Nat- uralist, vol. xvili, pp. 623-5; June, 1884.) Blue-eyed Grass. This variable species (in the varieties anceps and mucronatum, with intermediate forms) is found throughout the state, being usually abundant in all the prairie region. The var. albidum occurs infrequently at Marine, Washington county, Miss Field, Min- neapolis, Roberts, Kassube, and southwestward. — w=. es eS DIOSCOREACE 4H. Yam Faminy. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. YAM. D. villosa, L. Wild Yam-root. Common, or frequent, through the south part of thestate ; extending north to Saint Paul, Roberts, Minneapolis, Kassube, (lake Calhoun) W. H. Hatch, Anoka county, Juni, aud the north side of Snake river east of Chengwatana, Pine county, Upham. SMILACEA. SMILAX FAMILY. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER, CATBRIER. S. rotundifolia, L. | Common Greenbrier. Lake Superior to the Mississippi, Houghton; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Anoka county, Juni; Minneapolis (common), Roberts, Upham; Minnesota river, Parry; Fari- bault, Miss Beane; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Houston - county, Winchell. S. hispida, Muhl. Greenbrier. Catbrier. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty; Kanabec county, Upham. ar. re ~~ S. herbacea, L. Carrion-F lower. . Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S.herbacea, L., var. pulverulenta, Gray. Carrion-F lower. Vicinity of Hesper, Lowa, on the southern border of Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter; Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Faribault, Miss Beane. 144 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. LILIACEA. ~—s Liny Faminy. TRILLIUM,L. Tritiium. Tares-LeavEp NigHTsHADE. WAKE- Rosin. T. sessile, L. — Trillium. Three-leaved Nightshade. Wake-Robin. Saint Paul, Miss Catheart. Southeast. T. recurvatum, Beck. Trillium. Thre-leaved Nightshade. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast, T. grandifiorum, Salisb, Large White Trillium or Wake-Robin. Frequent northward ; extending southeast to lage Pepin, Miss Manning, North- field, Rice county, Chaney, and Blue Earth county, Gedge. T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium or Birthroot. Bath Flower. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Saint Paul, Miss Cuthcart; Minneapolis, Simmons. Rare. (Watson’s Revision of the North American Liliacew makes this name include also the two following, which, however, are retained here asin Gray’s Manual.) T. erectum, L., var, album, Pursh. Trilhum. Birthroot. Winona, Holzinger; Marine, Washington county, Miss Field; Stearns county, Gar- rison. Rare. zu T. erectum, L., var. declinatum, Gray. Trillium. Birthroot. Frequent, in some localities plentiful, throughout the state. T. cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium or Wake-Robin. Common, or frequent, throughout most of the state; extending north at least to Grand Marais, Roberts, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison; and west to Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton. T. nivale, Riddell. Dwarf White Trilium. Snowy Trillium. Winona, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; near South Bend, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. Rare. South. MEDEOLA, Gronoy. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. M. Virginiana, L. Indian Cucumber-root. Lapham. Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Infrequent. Southeast. ME LANTHIUM, L. MELANTHIUM. M. Virginicum, L. Bunch-flower. Minneapolis (near lake Calhoun), Mrs. Terry. Rare. Southeast. ZYGADENUS, Michx. ZYGADENE. Z. elegans, Pursh. (Z. glaucas, Nutt.) Zygadene. ‘‘Alkali-Grass.”’ © Jommon, often abundant, throughout the west part of the state ; frequent eastward to the upper Mississippi river, Sauk Center, and Nicollet and Steele counties; rare farther east in Benton county, at Minneapolis, Castle Rock, Dakota county, Cannon River Falls, Goodhue county, and lake Pepin. VERATRUM, Tourn. FaLsE HELLEBORE. V. viride, Ait. American White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Stearns county, Garrison. Infrequent. North. Pr, a es STATE GEOLOGIST. 145 TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Fautsz ASPHODEL. T. palustris, Hudson. False Asphodel. Isle Royale and Thunder bay; doubtless also on the north shore of lake Superior in Minnesota. T. glutinosa, Willd. _—_—- False Asphodel. Stillwater, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts, Miss Butler; Fergus Falls, Leonard; com- mon in the Red river valley, Upham. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT, U. grandiflora, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley, U. perfoliata, L. Mealy Bellwort. Frequent in the south half of the state ; extending north at least to St. Croix Falls, Miss Field, Stearns county, Campbell, and the Sisseton Agency, Dakota, Upham. OAKESTIA, Watson. BELLWORT. OAKESIA. O. sessilifolia, Watson. (Uvularia sessilifolia, L.) Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Throughout the state. Morrison county, Miss Babbitt; Stearns county, Campbell; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Anoka county, etc., Upham; Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Northfield, Rice county, Chaney. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.] STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK. S. amplexifolius, DC. = Twisted-Stalk. North of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; bluffs near (south of) Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. North. S. roseus, Michx. Twisted-Stalk. Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; Benton county, Upham; bluffs south of Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. North. CLINTONTIA, Raf. CLINTONIA. C. borealis, Raf. Northern Clintonia. Abundant northeastward; extending west to the Winnipeg valley, Watson, the sources ofthe Mississippi, Houghton, and Wadena county, Upham; and south to Kan- abec county (com mon), Stearns county, Campbell, Minneapolis (iare), Roberts, Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart, and the Wisconsin side of lake Pepin, Mrs. Ray. SMILACINA, Desf. FatsE SoLomon’s SEAL. S. racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. False Solomon’s Seal. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. stellata, Desf. False Solomon’s Seal. Also common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. trifolia, Desf. Three-leaved False Sclomon’s Seal. Frequent through the north half of the state; extending south at least to Minne- apolis, Roberts, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. MATANTHEMUM, Weber. FALsE SoLomon’s Skat. M. Canadens:, Desf. (Smilacina bifolia, Ker., var. Canadensis, Gray.) | Two- leaved False Solomon’s Seal. Common throughout the state. 10F 146 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. SoLomon’s SEAL. P. biflorum, Ell. Smaller Solomon’s Seal. Frequent, occasionally common, throughout most of the state ; extending north to lake Superior, Whitney, and Pembina, Havard. P. giganteum, Dietrich. Great Solomon’s Seal. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. (Mr. Lewis Foote remarks that these species are not separable in their varying forms, but seem to constitute a single poly- morphous species.) ASPARAGUS, L. ASPARAGUS. A. officinalis, L. Garden Asparagus. Adventive : Minneapolis; Cannon River Falls; lake Pepin; Blue Earth county; New Ulm. LILIUM, L. Liny. L. Philadelphicum, L. Wild Orange-red Lily. ' Generally common, or frequent, throughout the state ; especially in Sherburne and Todd counties, in the Red river valley, and thence south to Iowa. L, Canadense, L. Nodding Wild Yellow Lily. Common throughout the east half of the state ; less frequent in the Red river valley ; rare southwestward. L. superbum, L. Turk’s-cap Lily. ‘* Wild Tiger-Lily.”’ Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Twining, Simmons; Excelsior, Hen- nepin county, Mrs. Terry; Nicollet county, Aiton; Martin county, Gedge; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. Infrequent. South. ERYTHRONIUM, L. ADDER’s-ToneuE. Do«G’s-TootH VIOLET. E. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Adder’s-tongue or Dog’s-tooth Violet. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Winona, Holzinger; plentiful lo- cally near Hesper,lowa, Mrs. Carter; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Lake Superior, Whitney; Nebraska, Aughey. | Infrequent. East and south. E. albidum, Nutt. | White Adder’s-tongue or Dog’s-tooth Violet. Common, often abundant, southeastward ; Jess frequent, or rare, southwestward; extending north to St. Croix Falls, Miss Field, Stearns county, Campbell, aud Brown county, Juni. E. propullans, Gray.* Adder’s-tongue. Dog’s: tooth Violet. Faribault (abundant), Miss Beane ; described and figured by Professor Gray in the American Naturalist, vol. v, pp. 298-300, July, 1871, from specimens “collected at Fari- bault, Minnesota, by Mrs. Mary B. Hedges, the teacher ot botany in St. Mary’s Hall.’’ *ERYTHRONIUM PROPULLANS, Gray. The flower is muchsmaller than that of any other known species, being barely half an inch long; and its color, a bright pink or rose, like that of the European E. Dens-Canis, reflects the meaning of the generic name (viz., red), which is lost to us in our two familiar Adder-tongues, one with yel- low, the other with white, blossoms. The most singular peculiarity of the new species is found in the way in which the bulb propagates. In E. Dens-Canis new bulbs are produced directly from the side of the old one, on which they are sessile, so that the plant as it multiplies forms closeclumps. In our E. Americanum long and slender off- shoots, or subterranean runners, proceed from the base of the parent bulb and develop the new bulb at their distant apex. Our western E. albidum does not differ in this re- spect. In the new species an offshoot springs from the ascending slender stem, or sub- , ————. STATE GEOLOGIST. 147 -CAMASSIA, Lindl. Quaasu. C. Fraseri, Torr. (Scilla Fraseri, Gray.) Eastern Quamash. Wild Hya- cinth. : Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty. South. ALLIUM, L. ONION. GARLIC. A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward; but mostly infrequent or nie rare. Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, Parry; upper Mississippiriver, Garrison; Fer- : gus Falls, Leonard; Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Martin and Nobles counties, Gedge. {Em- met county, Iowa (very rare), Cratty ; lake Superior, Whitney | A. cernuum, Roth. Wild Onion. = Common throughout the prairie portion of the state ; also found at the lake of the : Woods, Dawson. (The umbel is refiexed until flowering, but then usually becomes E erect.) : 3 A, stellatum, Fras. Wild Onion. Upper Minnesota river, Geyer; Tracy, Lyon ceunty, Gedge; Minneapolis, Griswold; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Stearns county, Garrison; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Rare. A. reticulatum, Fras.* Wild Onion. Red river valley,Scott, determined by Mr. Sereno Watson. West. A.Schoenoprasum,L. = Chives. Northeastward, Clark; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper Mississippi river, Gar- rison. [Manitoba, Macoun } North. A. Canadense, Kalm. Wild Garlic. Common or frequent, through the south part of the state ; extending west to Wor- thington, Foote, and Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett, and north to Minneapolis and Big Stone lake, Upham. j JUNCACE. Rusa F amity. LUZULA, DC. Woop-Rusu. 4 L. pilosa, Willd. Wood-Rush. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. {Manitoba, Macoun.] Probably common northward. terranean sheathed portion of the scape (which is commonly five or six inches long), remote from the parent bulb, usually about mid-way between it and the bases or ap- parent insertion of the pair of leaves: this lateral offshoot grows downward, some- times lengthening as in the foregoing species, sometimes remaining short, and its apex dilates into the new bulb. . . . Scape bulbiferous from its sheathed portion below the developed leaves ; these oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mottled ; perianth rose-purpleor pink (half an inch Jong); the segments acute, all with a yellow spot but plane at the base, the inner like the outer destitute of either groove or tootk-'ike appen- dages, bat a little more narrowed at base ; anthers merely oblong; style hardly at all narrowed downward, entire, the small stigma even barely three-lobed; ovules few (4to6)in each cell. Grayin American Naturalist, vol. v. *ALLIUM RETICULATUM, Fras. Coats densely fibrous ; scape 3 to 8inches high, sub- terete ; leaves very narrowly linear, elongated ; spathe usually 2-valved ; umbel many- flowered, spreading : pedicels usually short (2 to 6 lines long) ; stamens and style shorter than the usually acute (3 to 4 lines long) white or slightly pinkish sepals ; crest mostly short. Watson’s Revision of Allium in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, and his Revision of the North American Liliacew, Proc. Amer. Acad., xiv. 148 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. (L. parviflora, Desv., var. melanocarpa, Gray.) Wood-Rush. Frequent along the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macoun. L,. campestris, DC. Wood-Rush. Throughout the state. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Anoka county, ete. Upham; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Emmet county, Iowa (very rare), Cratty. JUNCUS, L. Rusu. Bog-Rusu. J. effusus, L. Common or Soft Rush. Throughout the state, Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun. | J. filiformis, L. Bog- Rush. Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.] Throughout the state, chiefly northward. J. Balticus, Dethard. Bog: Rusk. Lapham. Pembina, Chickering ; Red river country generally, Dawson. {North of lake Superior, Agassiz ; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty.| Throughout the state, chiefly northward. J. Balticus, Dethard, var. montanus, Engelm.* Bog-Rush. Lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. West. J. bufonius, L. Bog-Rush. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; lake of the Woods, Macoun. [James river, Dakota, Geyer. | Infrequent. [J. stygius, L., and J. Gerardi, Loisel, should be looked for in Minnesota north of lake Superior. ] ; J.tenuis, Willd. | Bog-Rush. Common, or abundant, throughout the state. J. tenuis, Willd., var congestus, Engelm. Bog- Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg, determined by Watson. Southwest. {Branches contracted into a head, and flowers darker-colored. Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci., Saint Louis, vol. ii.] J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Vasey’s Bog-Rush. Steele county, Upkam; lake Superior and Manitoba, Macoun; probably occurring throughout Minnesota. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Bog-Rush. Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. J, alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Bog-Rush. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. North. J.acuminatus, Michx., var. legitimus, Engelm. Bog- Rush, Lapham. {North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun; Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.| Throughout the state. * JUNCUS BALTICUS, Dethard, var. MONTANUS, Engelmann. Sepals nearly of the same length, the minor ones sometimes more obtuse; anthers four times longer than the filament ; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked ; seeds smaller, narrower and longer pointed than in the easternform. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. a , ; STATE GEOLOGIST. 149 J.nodosus, L. Bog-Rush. Common throughout the state. J. nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr. Bog-Rush, Common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Manitoba, M acoun; probably throughout the state. J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. longicaudatus, Engelm. Bog-Rush. Minneapolis. Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Through the south part of the state. . J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. coarctatus, Engelm. Bog-Rush. North of lake Superior, Juni. [Manitoba, Macoun.] North. PONTEDERIACEA. PICcKEREL-WEED FAmILy. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL- WEED, P. cordata,L, _Pickerel-Weed. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons, Kelley; lake Minnetonka, aisoin Douglas county, Mrs, Terry; pond in section 23, Burns, Anoka county, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell. Infrequent. SCHOLLERA, Schreber. WATER STAR-GRASS. S. graminifolia, Willd. Water Star-grass. White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. COMMELYNACEA. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. TRADESCANTIA, L. — Sprperwort. T. Virginica, L. Common Spiderwort. Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, and north to lake Winnipeg, Watson. Southwestward the flowers are often seen varying from the ordinary blue to purple and pink. XYRIDACE. YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Yellow-eyed Grass. Sandy lake, about three miles north of East Minneapolis, Roberts; also collected near Minneapolis by Mr. Kassube; White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field. Rare. ERIOCAULONACEA. Preewort F'AmIty. ERIOCAULON, L. PIPEWORT. E. septangulare, With. Pipewort. Lake Agnes, Alexandria, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. Rare. = Abi 150 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. Aa CYPERACEA. SEDGE F'aMILy. CYPERUS, L. GALINGALE. C. diandrus, Torr., var. castaneus, Torr. (C. rivularis, Kunth.) Galin- gale. Common through the south half of the state ; extending north at least to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. é C. erythrorrhizos, Muhl. Galingale. Lapham. {In Michigan, Wisconsin and Nebraska.] Infrequent. South. C. aristatus, Rottb. (C. inflexus, Muhl.) Galingale. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. {[Manitoba, Macoun, (lake Winnipeg) Watson; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. | Throughout the state. Cc. esculentus, L. (C. phymatodes, Muh!.) Galingale. - Nut-Grass. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Cannon River Falls. Blake, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. South. C. strigosus, L. _—_Galingale. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. (Specimens apparently referable to this species, collected by Mr. Simmons near lake Calhoun, in Minneapolis, have only 8- to 12-flowered spikes, scarcely a half inch long, arranged in densely crowded spicate clusters, the lower portions of which are sometimes compound.) C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Galignale. Lapham, Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Probably frequent, or common, through the south part of the state. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Galingale. Throughout the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. Sandy ridges, St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis (common), Kassube, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Emmet county, Lowa (very rare) Cratty; Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] C. filiculmis, Vahl. Galingale. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Minnesota river, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube, Simmons, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macouwn. ] DULICHIUM, Richard. DuULICHIUM. ; D. spathaceum, Pers. Dulichium. | Common, or frequent, throughout the state, HEMICARPHA, Nees. H®EMICARPHA. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Hemicarpha. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Letberg; Minneapolis, plentiful beside railroad near the University, Arthur, and near lake Calhoun, Simmons; probably frequent through the south half of the state. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. SpPrkE-Rusu. E. obtusa, Schultes. Spike- Rush. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. E. palustris, R, Br. Spike-Rush. Common throughout the state. STATE GEOLOGIST. 51 E. palustris, R. Br., var. glaucescens, Gray. Spike-Rush. Minneapolis, Kassube. E. compressa, Sullivant. — Spike-Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty.] South. E. intermedia, Schultes. Spike-Rush. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Probably throughout the state. E. tenuis, Schultes. Spike-rush. Lapham. Blue Earth county (frequent in peat-bogs), Leiberg. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] E. acicularis, R. Br. Spike-Rush. Common throughout the state. E. Wolfii,* Gray. -Wolf’s Spike-Rush, Collected by Mr. R.I. Cratty on wet prairies in Emmet county, Iowa, adjoining the south line of Martin and Jackson counties in Minnesota, where it may also be confi- dently looked for ; determined by Mr. William Boots. E. pauciflora, Watson. (Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightfoot.) Spike-Rush. Lake Superior ana lake of the Woods, Macoun. North. SCIRPUS, L. Buxrusa or Cius-RusH. S. czespitosus, L. Bulrush or Club-Rush. North and northwest of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless in northern Minnesota. S. pungens, Vahl. Bulrush. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. S. Torreyi, Olney. Torrey’s Bulrush. Lapham. Infrequent. S. lacustris, U. (8. validus, Vahl.) Great Bulrush. ‘‘ Black Rush.”’ {‘“ Tule” in California (S. lacustris, L., var. occidentalis, Watson). } Abundant throughout the state. ‘In common use among the Indians for making mats.’ Parry. S. debilis, Pursh. —_ Bulrush. Lapham. {Ajso in the Wisconsin catalogue, probably on Dr. Lapham’s authority ; and in Nebraska, Aughey.] {S. maritimus, L., was collected by Geyer at Devil’s lake and on the Sheyenne and James rivers,in Dakota. It will probably be found in the Red river valley in Minnesota. ] S. fluviatilis, Gray. River Club-Rush. Through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley. Minneapolis, Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty; Pembina, Chickering, *ELEOCHARIS WOLFII, Gray. Rhizomes very small, creeping, perennial, forming small seattered tufts; culm a foot high, slender, pale-glaucescent, striate, two-edged, ove side flat, the other convex ; sheath obliquely truncate, hyaline above : spike ovate - oblong, acute; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, scarious, pale purple; style 3-parted ; achenium pyriform, shining, having about 9 nearly equidistant obtuse ribs, with trans- verse wrinkles between; tubercle small, depressed, truncate, more or less apiculate ; bristles of the perigynium [always?] none.—[First known from Illinois.] The spike, as to form and imbrication of the scales, is much as in E. tenuis and F. acicularis, etc. ; but the achenium, with its several longitudinal ribs and delicate transverse lineation, is upon the plan of E. acicularis. This renders the species a very peculiar and distinct one. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. x, p. 77, as translated by Arthur, Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI. 152 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. sylvaticus, L., var. digynus, Boeck, (S. microcarpus, Presl.) Bulrush. Lapham. Pine county, ete., Upham. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Bulrush. Common throughout the state. (Mr. Leiberg reports in Blue Earth county, besides the type, a variety with the heads less densely clustered than usual, forming a compound panicle.) S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Bulrush. Isanti county, Upham. South. S. lineatus, Michx. Bulrush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. South. S. Eriophorum, Michx, Wool-Grass. Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons, Kassube; Todd county, ete., Upham; lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] ERIOPHORUM, L. Corton-GRass. E. alpinum, L. Alpine Cotton-trass, North of lake Superior, Juni. E. vaginatum, L. Sheathed Cotton-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Min- neapolis, Kassube; Anoka county, Juni; Chisago county (frequent), Upham. |Manitoba, - Macoun. | (E. Virginicum, L., doubtless will be found in this state, but has not yet been re- ported. It occurs in Wisconsin, Nebraska and Manitoba. ] E. polystachyum, L. Many-stemmed Cotton-Grass. Common, or frequent, through the south half of thestate,and perhaps farther north. Anoka county, Juni; Minneapolis, Herrick, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty. It has been noted in its var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray, at Minneapolis, Kassube, and in Steele county, Upham. E. polystachyum,, L., var. latifolium, Gray. Cotton-Grass. Minneapolis, Upham; and probably extending, with the var. angustifolium, through the south half of the state. KE. gracile, Koch, var. paucinervium, Engelm. Graceful Cotton-Grass. Throughout the state. Chisago county (frequent), and Sherburne county, Upham; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun; Emmet county, Towa (rare), Cratty. | FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. FIMBRISTYLIS. F, capillaris, Gray. Fimbristylis. Lapham. Infrequent. South, RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RusH. R. alba, Vahl. Beak-Rush Lapham. . Infrequent. South. R. capillacea, Torr. Beak-Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. South. {[Cladium mariscoides, Torr., should be looked for in southern Minnesota. | anes , ; : ~ ¥ : 3 d , ” : STATE GEOLOGIST. iso SCLERIA, L. Not- Rusu. S. triglomerata, Michx. Nut-Rush. Lapham. Infrequent. South. S. verticillata, Muhl. Nut-Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. South. CAREX, L. SEDGE. C. scirpoidea, Michx. Sedge. Port Arthur, and ‘“‘northwest angle” of the Jake of the Woods, Macoun. North. E C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Sedge. 4y Little Marais, lake Superior, Juni. Probably common throughout the state. C. Backii, Boott. Back’s Sedze. Minneapolis, Juni. North. C. siccata, Dew. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Lapham. Minneapolis, Kassube; Emmet county, Iowa (very rare), Cratty. C. disticha, Huds. Sedge, Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Emmet county, lowa(common) Cratty. Cc. teretiuscula, Good. Sedge, Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. teretiuscula, Good., var. ramosa, Boott.* Sedge. Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty; doubtless also in Minnesota. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Sedge. : Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Slue Earth county, Leiberg- common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. C. crus-corvi, Shuttleworth. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. C. stipata, Muhl. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Moose Lake, Carlton county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. conjuncta, Boott. Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. Southeast. C. Douglasii, Boott.t Douglas’s Sedge. Red river (open prairie); ‘this is the first Carex to appear in flower, and occurs very abundantly all over the prairie of the Red river,” Dawson, Macoun, West. *CAREX TERETIUSCULA, Good., var. RAMOSA, Boott. (C. prairiea, Dew.) Spike below branched ; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5to7 on a branch; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, smaller than the ovate-lance- olate glume ; stem 2 to 3 feet high, leafy towards the base. Wood’s Class-Book. +CAREX DOUGLASII, Boott. Spike dicecious, with about twelve, sometimes more, ovate spikelets, the upper closely aggregated, the lower occasionally remote and com- pound ; bracts sometimes setaceous, broad at base, sometimes seale-like and mucro- nate; style exserted ; stigmas 2, very long; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, ‘ tapering to a long serrated bifid beak, shorter than the lanceolate acute scale ; ache- nium orbicular. Root creeping ; culm 6 to 12inches high. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. —s)ae me 154 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ©. marcida, Boott.* Sedge. Red river (open prairie swamp), Dawson, Macoun. West. C. cephaloidea, Boott. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; swamps, ‘northwest angle” of lake of the Woods, M acoun. C. cephalophora, Mubhl. Sedge. Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Cc. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Sedge. Lapham. Chaska, Carver county, Juni. Rare. South. C. rosea, Schk. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Redriver (swamp), Dawson, Macoun; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Hesper, Lowa (frequent), Mrs. Carter; Martin county, and Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. C. chordorhiza, Ebrh. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. [North of lake Superior (at Fort William), Macoun; Emmet county, lowa, Arthur.] ©. tenella, Schk. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. C. trisperma, Dew. Sedge. Range like the last. Put in bay, lake Superior, Juni, Cc. tenuiflora, Wahl. Sedge, Range like the two preceding. Minneapolis, Juni, Herrick. C. canescens, L. Sedge. Throughout the state : common northward, Jess frequent southward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. : }. canescens, L., var. alpicola, Wahl, (var. vitilis, Carey.) Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. North. ©. arcta, Boott.t Sedge. Lake Superior, Rainy lake, and lake of the Woods, Richardson, Boott. North. *CAREX MARCIDA, Boott. Spike oblong, pale, composed of numerous small ovate aggregated androgynous spikelets, staminate at top, the lower spikelets compound ; stigmas 2; perigynium tawny, suborbicular, or ovate tapering to a bifid beak, plano- convex, nerved, winged, the upper margins serrated, short-stipitate, nearly equal to the acute ovate scale, which is of a pale straw-color, with a white membranous margin; achenium tawny, lenticular, contracted at base. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid; leaves broad, linear, erect. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl, of the Fortieth Parallel. +tCAREX ARCTA, Boott. Spike oblong, capitate, pale, of 8 to 14 spikelets, which are oblong and obtuse, androgynous, at the base sparingly staminate, many-flowered, closely crowded, the lower bracteate ; bracts bristle-shaped, dilated at the base, longer than the spikelets ; stigmas 2; perigynia ovate, acuminate-beaked, with the minute orifice emarginate and deeply cleft on the outer side, serrate above on the sharp mar- gins, on the outer side slightly nerved, on the inner more sparingly or obsoletely nerved, spreading, pale-green, at length becoming rusty above, membranaceous, at the base thickly spongy ; longer than (and as broad as) the scale, which is ovate, acute and mucronulate, whitish or rusty-colored, with a greenish margin and a green mid-nerve. Culm somewhat less than a foot high, sharply triangular, rather stout, upwardly roughish, leaved at the base. Leaves 1 to 1% lines wide, flat, with a prolonged-tapering tip, longer (often much) than the culm. Bracts at their base broadly dilated, bristle- STATE GEOLOGIST. 155 C. Deweyana, Schw. Sedge. Throughout the state. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; Spirit Lake, lowa, Arthur. ©. echinata, Murr. (C. stellulata, Good.) —_ Sedge. Throughout the state, Northof lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur. C. echinata, Murr., var. microcarpa, Boeck. (C. stellulata, Good., var. scirpoides, Carey.) Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Emmet county, lowa (frequent), Cratty. C, arida, Schw, & Torr. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. [Near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Macoun; upper Missouri river, Geyer.] C. scoparia, Schk. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C, lagopodioides, Schk. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Lapham. Savannah river, Hough- ton; Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. ©. cristata, Schw. Sedge, Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. Cc. adusta, Boott. Sedge. Throughout the state, butrare. Redriver valley, at Pembina, Dawson; Minneapolis, Kassube. ©. straminea, Schk. (Including vars. typica, tenera, aperta and festucacea, Boott.) Sedge. Throughout the state. St. Louis river, Houghton; Pembina, Dawson; Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth County, Leiberg. C. straminea, Schk,, var. Crawei, Boott. (vars. byalinaand Meadu, Boott.) Sedge. Common in Emmet county, Iowa (on the southern boundary of Minnesota), Cratty. ©. vulgaris, Fries. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sedge. Range like the last. Lapham. Minneapolis, also New Ulm, Juni. C. stricta, Lam. (See Botanical Gazette for Sept., 1884.) Sedge. Common throughout the state. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; Red river, Dawson, Macouwn; Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; plentiful in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. C. lenticularis, Michx. Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. North. shaped, the lower 5 or6 elongated, the lowest hardly equaling the spike. Spike 10 to 16 lines long, 3 to 6 lines broad. Spikelets 5 lines long, 2 to 2% lines broad, dense flowered, at the base sparingly staminate but never narrowed below, all crowded. Scales similar. Perigynium 1.3 to 1.4 lines long, 0.6 line broad. Achenium 0.7 line long, 0.5 line broad, suborbicular, prolonged at the base, plano-convex, pale ; the base of the style enlarged.—It differs from C. canescens and C. vitilis in its more numerous spikelets, in their being capitate and the lower ones bracted, and in its longer leaves, In general appearance it more nearly resembles C. elongata, yet in the form adhd nervation of the perigynium it is far different. Boott’s Illustrations of Carex. 156 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. C. crinita, Lam. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. North of lake Superior, Juni. C. erinita, Lam., var. gynandra, Schw. & Torr. (C. gynandra, Schw.) Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. Rare. C. limosa, L. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. [North of lake Superior (at Fort William), Macoun; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur.) C. Magellanica, Lam. (C. irrigua, Smith.) Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting far southward, butrare. Putin bay, lake Superior, Juni. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Sedge. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa(frequent), Cratty. C. atrata, L. Sedge. Kakabeka falls, north of lake Superior, Macoun; probably also in northern Minne- sota. | C. alpina, Swartz. Sedge. Temperance river, lake Superior, Juni. North. ©. aurea, Nutt. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lake of the Woods (thicket), Dawson, Macoun; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. (C. aurea, Nutt., var. androgyna, Olney,* collected by Macoun at Thunder bay, lake Superior, should be looked for in northern Minnesota.] C. livida, Willd. Sedge. Greenwood river, lake Superior, Juni. Rare. North. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sedge. Certainly in swamps in northern Minnesota, Macoun. North. C. Meadii, Dew. Mead’s Sedge. Minneapolis, Kassube. [Manitoba, Macoun; Iowa, Arthur.] C. Meadii, Dew., var. Bebbii, Arthur.+ Sedge. Emmet county, Lowa, Cratty, Arthur; doubtless also in Minnesota. *CAREX AUREA, Nutt., var. ANDROGYNA, Olney. Culms short, more rigid ; leaves erect, broader ; upper spikes more closely aggregated and denser flowered, the upper spike generally androgynous, having more or less fertile flowers at the top. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. +CAREX MEADII, Dew., var. BEBBII (Olney). This was published in Olney’s Carices Bor.-Amer., Fasc. 1, No. 22, without comments, as a variety of C. panicea, L., and has never, I believe, been described. The following description will enable collectors to identify the plant :—Sterile spike with stalk two to four times its length ; fertile spikes usually 2, erect, remote, slender-peduncled, rather loosely flowered ; sheaths of the foliaceous bracts long and slightly inflated; perigynia and scales as in C. Meadii, except paler, and the former less distinctly nerved ; culms slender, somewhat roughish.—- Resembles CU. tetanica, for which it is sometimes mistaken, in habit and in the loosely flowered fertile spikes, only with longer peduncles, but C. Meadii in the perigynia and scdles ; it may be merely an attenuated form of the latter. Moist prairies, Illinois, Wisconsin, and northwestwardly. Arthur in Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI. STATE GEOLOGIST. 157 C. Crawei, Dew. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty, determined by Mr. William Boott. [Manitoba, Macoun.|! Rare. C. granularis, Mull. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Red river valley, Macoun. North, C. grisea, Wahl. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Crafty. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Sedge. Through the south part of the state. Minneapolis, Simmons. C. gracillima, Schw. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Minneapolis, Juni, Kas- sube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. digitalis, Willd. Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Infrequent. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. laxiflora, Lam., var. blanda, Boott. Sedge. Jordan, Scott county, Juni; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. Doubtless other vari- eties of this species also occur here. C. eburnea, Boott. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. C. pedunculata, Muhl. Sedge. Throughout the state. Rainy lake, Richardson, Boott; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Cc. Emmonsii, Dew. Emmons’ Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macouwn.] C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sedge. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. C. varia, Muhl. Sedge. Lapham. Infrequent. C. Richardsonii, R. Br. Richardson’s Sedge. Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni. (frequent) Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. pubescens, Muhl. Sedge. Through the south part of the-state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. miliacea, Muhl. Sedge. Range like the last. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. C. arctata, Boott. Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. Infrequent. C. eapillaris, L. Sedge. Port Arthur, lake Superior, Macoun; Saskatchewan river, Bourgeau; probably also in northern Minnesota. 158 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. C. flexilis, Rudge. Sedge. Knife river, lake Superior, Juni, Rare. North. C. Qderi, Ebrh. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lapham. Leech lake, Houghton; Rainy river and lake, Richardson, Boott. C. filiformis,L. Sedge. Throughout the state. Putin bay, lake Superior, Juni; Emmet county, Lowa (fre- quent), Cratty. C. filiformis, L., var. latifolia, Boeck. (C.lanuginosa, Michx.) Sedge. Throughout the state. North shore of lake Superior (frequent), and Minneapolis, Juni; Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Macoun; Emmet county, lowa (plentiful), Cratty. ; C. Houghtonii, Torr. Houghton’s Sedge. Itasca lake (Lac la Biche), Houghton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun; Council Blufis, lowa, Geyer. ] ©. riparia, Curtis. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. North of lake Superior (common), Juni; lake of the Woods (sandy swamp), Dawson, Macoun; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. aristata, R. Br. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Pembina, Chickering; New Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. (J). Pseudo-Cyperus, L., var. comosa, W. Boott. (C. comosa, Boott.) Sedge. . Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet and Dickinson counties, lowa (frequent), Cratty, Arthur. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Sedge. . Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods (marsh), Dawson, Macoun; Ohaska, Carver county, Juni; Spirit Lake, Iowa, Arthur. C. hystricina, Willd. Sedge. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northwestward. Lapham. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Cc. tentaculata, Mubhl. Sedge. Range like the last, but less frequent. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. ©. intumescens, Rudge. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Lake of the Woods and Rainy lake, Richardson, Boott; north of lake Superior (common), also New Ulm, Juni. C. lupulina, Mubl. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. [Manitoba, Macoun.] C. squarrosa, L. Sedge. Wabasha, Gibson, determined by Arthur. South. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sedge. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Richardson, Boott; Moose Lake, Carl- ton county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. C. utriculata, Boott. Sedge. - Throughout the state, excepting farsouthward. Redriver prairie, Dawson, Macoun. C. monile, Tuck: rman. Sedge. Noith of lake Superior, Juni; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty, : 7 7 4 | ‘ > : é : : 3 ; y STATE GEOLOGIST. 159 C. oligosperma, Michx. Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior Juni. Infrequent. North. ©. saxatilis, L.. var. miliaris, Bailey. (C. miliaris, Michx. C. rotundata, Wahl. ?, in Manual.) Sedge. Collected in Minnesota by Dr. J. Leidy; determined by S. T. Olney. Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. C. longirostris, Torr. Sedge. Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Mankato (common), Leiberg; also common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. [A considerable number of species of Carex not here recorded will doubtless be added by future observers in this state, who should look for all such as approach, or are especially northern, in their geographic range, given in Gray’s Manual.] GRAMINEA. GRASS FAMILY. LEERSIA, Swartz. Wurtr Grass. Fatse Rice. L. Virginica, Willd. White Grass. Ramsey and Goodhue counties, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty. South. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Rice Cut-grass. Common in sloughs through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley, Juni, Upham; Ramsey and Goodhue counties, Oestlund; Blue Earth county. Leiberg. L. lenticularis, Michx. Fly-catch Grass. Lapham. South. ZIZANIA,L. Water or Inpran Rice. Z. aquatica, L. Wild Rice. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Folie Avoine (of the French voyageurs). Common, or frequent, in favorable situations, throughout the state ; sometimes attaining, in Brown county, a hight of 13 feet, with leaves 4 feet long, Juni. “Wild rice ; Pshu of the Sioux; Manomin of the Chippewas. This aquatic grass, not uncommon in the Northern United States, acquires in the Northwest an economi- cal importance second to no other spontaneous production. It is the only instance in this region of a native grain, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply the wants of ordinary consumption. It is particularly abundant on the lake-like expansions of rivers, towards their sources, which give such a marked feature to the distribution of these northern streams, and is so grandly illustrated in their main type, the Missis- sippi. It seems to select, by preference, the lower terminations of these expansions, which generally debouch by a narrowed outlet and considerable fall, constituting rap- ids. It isin these situations best exposed to the proper degree of inundation, and finds a suitable bed of the slimy sand, in which it grows most readily. Itis rarely met with on inland lakes which have no outlet. As an article of food itis highly palatable and nutritious, being generally preferred to the commercial rice. The grain is long, slender, of a brown color. In boiling, it pufis out to a pultaceous mass, and increases its bulk several times. It flowers in August, and is ready for gathering in September, which is conveniently done in canoes, the standing stalks being bent over the sides, and the grain beaten in. Its productive fields, at this season, harbour a great number of wild fowls, which obliges those who wish to secure a full crop, to anticipate the gathering season, by tying up the standing grain into bundles, which gives at the same time a claim to the crop. When gathered it is subjected to a process of parching and thrash- ing, which. with the imperfect means at the command of the Indians, is the most tedi- ous part of the business.” Parry, 160 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ALOPECURUS, L. FoxtTaIL GRAss. A. geniculatus, L., var. aristulatus, Munro. (A. aristulatus, Michx.) Wild Foxtail. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. PHLEUM, L. Cat’s-TAIL GRASS. P. pratense, L. Timothy. Herd’s-Grass (of New England). ~ Commonly cultivated, often spontaneous, throughout the state. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. (Including VinFa, Beauv.) DROP-SEED Grass. RusH-GRass. S. asper, Kunth. (Vilfa aspera, Beauv.) Rush-Grass. Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. South. S. vaginzeflorus, Torr. (V. vagineflora, Torr.) Rush-Grass. Lapham. Minneapolis (sandy bottomland of the Mississippi river), Oestlund; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty. South. S. cuspidatus, Torr. (V. cuspidata, Torr.) Rush-Grass. Lapham. Hennepin and Goodhue counties, UVestlund; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. [Devil’s lake, and southern Jbakota, Geyer; Manitoba, Macoun.} S. depauperatus, Torr.* (V. depauperata, Torr.) Rush-Grass. Red river valley, at Pembina, Havard. West. S. junceus, Kunth. Drop-seed Grass. Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. Rare. South. S. heterolepis, Gray, Drop-seed Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhapsnortheastward. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; commonin Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. [Eastern Ne- braska (abundant), Aughey; Manitoba, Macoun.] S. cryptandrus, Gray. Drop-seed Grass. Through the south part of the state. Ramséy county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Sim- mons, Upham, Dr. Vasey; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Spirit lake and Little Sioux river, Geyer. . AGROSTIS, L. Brent-GRrRass. A.perennans, Tuckerman. Thin-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Lapham. Minne- apolis, Upham; Pembina, Havard. A. scabra, Willd. Hair-Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. *SPOROBOLUS DEPAUPERATUS, Torr. Root perennial, creeping ; culms ascending, appressed-branched, slender, often geniculate, glabrous, striate, rather rigid, % to 2 feet long ; leaves 1 to 3 inches long, narrow and usually conyolute, spreading or recurved ; panicle very slender and contracted, 1 to 3inches long; compound or often nearly simple ; spikelets small; glumes unequal, ovate, obtuse or acutish, membranous, two- thirds the length of the acute lower palet, which is more less obscurely 3-nerved.— Resembling V. cuspidata, and scarcely differing except in the shorter obtuse glumes of the rather smaller flowers. Lower palet a little more than 1 line long, glabrous or slightly scabrous on the midnerve, the upper one obtuse or erose at the Suma Wat- son’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. STATE GEOLOGIST. 161 A. eanina, L. Brown Bent-Grass. Pipestone county, Leiberg. Rare. A, vulgaris, With. Red-top. Herd’s-Grass (of Pennsylvania, &c.) Probably native northward ; also much cultivated, and thence often spontaneous, throughout the state. (According to Dr. George Thurber, in the Botany of California, this should be called a variety of A. alba, L.) A. vulgaris, With., var. alba, Vasey. (A. alba, L.) Fiorin. White Bent-Grass. Ramsey county, Oestlund ; Red Wing, Sandberg ; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; New Ulm, Juni. [Lake Superior, Whitney.] CINNA,L. Wooo Reep-Grass. C. arundinacea, L. Wood Reed-Grass. Throughout the state. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. pendula, Trin. (C. arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray.) Wood Reed- Grass. Lake Superior and northward, Gray’s Manual; doubtless in northern Minnesota. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Drop-sEED GRASS. M. sobolifera, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Lapham. South. M. glomerata, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; not confined to wet.places, but often growing on dry and even sandy ground ; abundant southwestward, frequently persisting as a plentiful weed in wheat-fields and other cultivated land, Upham. M. glomerata, Trin., var. ramosa, Vasey, ined. Drop-seed Grass. Minneapolis (bluff of Mississippi river near the University), Upham; probably the prevailing form of the species in this state. [Much branched from the base upward, the lateral branches slender, naked above, very leafy; outer glumes only slightly longer to one-third longer than the flower ; flowering glume sparingly villous. Minne- sota, Dakota and Utah. Letter of Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884. ] M. Mexicana, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Ramsey county, Oestlund ; Blue Earth county, and southwestward (common), Lei- berg ; Pembina, Havard. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. Drop-seed. Grass. Lapham. North of lake Superior, Agassiz. Probably throughout the state. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Through the south part of the state. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. M. ambigua, Torr.* Drop-seed Grass. Stony banks of Okaman lake (lake Elysian), Waseca county, Geyer. *MUHLENBERGIA AMBIGUA, Torr. Panicle dense, opiciform; glumes rather unequal (the inferior one shorter), linear-lanceolate, very acute, 1- or 2-flowered, very hairy at the base ; superior valve [palet] with a bristle at the tip equalling it in length, a little shorter than the ylumes (exclusive of the awns); superior floret either perfect, and then resembling the inferior, or rudimentary and aristiform. . . . Culms cespi- tose, about 1% feet high, glabrous ; leaves broadly linear; stipules very short, truncate 11F 162 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. BRACHYELYTRUM. B. aristatum, Beauv. Brachyelytrum. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. DEYEUXIA, Clarion. (Included in CaLtamagrostis, Gray’s Manual.) RrED BENT-GRASS. D. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-Joint. Common throughout thesc¢ate. The principal grass of the natural meadows bor- dering streams in the wooded region northward, supplying an abundance of excellent hay for the logging teams of the pineries. D. stricta, Trin. Reed Bent-Grass. Throughout the state, Collected in Minnesota by Wicollet (Watson); Ramsey and Hennepin counties, Oestiund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth County, Leiberg ; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty ; Pembina, Havard. D. Lapponica, Kunth. (Calamagrostis Lapponica, Trin., in Addenda of Gray's Manual.) Reed Bent- Grass. Isle Royale, lake Superior, Prof. T. C. Porter; doubtless also in northern Minnesota. D. confinis, Nutt. Reed Bent-Grass. Lapham. Common in Grant county and the Red River valley, Upham. D. Nuttalliana, Steud. Reed Bent-Grass. Lapham. Lake Winnibigoshish, Houghton; Minneapolis, Kassube. AMMOPHILA, Host. (§§ 2 and 3, CALAMAGRostTIs, Gray’s Manual.) Reep Brnt-GRAss. A. longifolia, Benth. (C. longifolia, Hook.) Reed Bent-Grass. Throughout the state. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapolis, also northwestward ‘common on the beaches of lake Agassiz), Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. A. arundinacea, Host. (C. arenaria, Roth.) Sea Sand-Reed. Common on southern beaches of lake Superior, Whitney; doubtless also on the shore of this lake in Minnesota. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MountTAIn Rice. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Mountain Rice. Lapham. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. O. asperifolia, Michx. Mountain Rice. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lapham. Stearns county, Garrison; Minneapotis, Simmons. O. Canadensis, Torr. Mountain Rice. Lapham. Infrequent. Range like the last. and lacerate ; panicle 4 to 6 inches long, purplish; glumes tapering to a very acute cuspidate point, with a strong green midrib ; perianth clothed at the base with whitish hairs, which are nearly half as long as the valves; valves nearly equal; awn a little tortuous, sometimes longer than the valve ; superior floret often perfect, and maturing its fruit ; when rudimentary, consisting of a mere awn, without any valve. A remark- able species, with the habit of M. glomerata and M. Mexicana. Torrey in Wicollet’s Report. Oe ee STATE GEOLOGIST. 163 STIPA, L. FrATHER-GRAss. WEATHER-GRASS. S. Richardsonii, Link. Richardson’s Feather-Grass. North shore of lake Superior, and in Manitoba, Macoun; doubtless reaching into Minnesota. North. S. spartea, Trin. _—_ Porcupine Grass. Abundant southwestward, being the principal grass of the prairiein some districts, and extending undiminished into Dakota ; common north to Clay county and east to New Ulm; frequent northeast to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, and to Sherburne and Anoka counties, and in the southeast part of the state, Upham. (See American Naturalist, vol. xviii, pp. 929-931.) The grainis prolonged below in a stout callus or base, needle-like in sharpness, and above in a long twisted awn; both of which are minutely barbed, so that, when inserted in the wool of sheep or in men’s clothing, the seed works forward readily but not backward. Thus this very appropri- ately named grassis a serious annoyance at the time of maturity and falling of the seed, which isin July. Within a few weeks later, these seeds are found to have bored into the hard, dry, clayey soil of the prairie to a depth of two or three inches, having been pushed or impelled in some way by means of the awn. Perhaps this is effected by its lengthening, while braced against the herbage above, after it had been con- tracted by partially coiling up, these changes being produced by alternations of dry- ness and moisture, as in days of sunshine and dewy nights; or, as seems more proba- ble, it may be that the wind, blowing upon the awn, first fastens the sharp-pointed grain in the ground, and afterward slowly drills it downward. This was first brought to the notice of the writer by Mr. T. M.. Young, at the Sisseton Agency, in Dakota, where, latein August, scarcely any seeds of this grass remained on the surface; but they were found very plentifully thus buried in the ground, often only from a half inch to one inch apart. All had penetrated to nearly the same depth, which was about two and a half inches from the surface to the point of the seed, two thirds of this depth being occupied by the lower part of the awn. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS. A, basiramea, Engelmann.* Triple-awned Grass. Minneapolis (plentiful in the vicinity of the University, in the sward on dry sandy land with species of Bouteloua, Poa and Andropogon, from which it is noticeably dis- tinguished by its darker purplish color), Upham; Saint Cloud (plentiful), Campbell; Pipestone City and Luverne, in southwestern Minnesota, and near Rock Rapids, Lyon county, in the northwest corner of Iowa, Leiberg. It has also been collected in Nebraska by Rev. J. H. Wibbe, and in Kansas by Mr. E. Hall; and Mr. F. L. Scribner and Prof. J. M. Coulter report it from Iowa and IIli- nois. Rev. J. Scott writes that it oceurs at Brandon, Manitoba. [Nebraska specimens show a much greater size (20 inches high) and a more branching habit, the culms becom- ing geniculate. Vasey.] *ARISTIDA BASIRAMEA, Engelmann in a letter to W. Upham.—Annual: culms erect, 6 to 15 inches high, slender, much branched at the base (some of the branches very short but floriferous), and with short floriferous branches enclosed in the upper leaf-sheaths : leaves comparatively long (3 to 6 inches), narrowly linear, flat, becoming involute toward the apex, sparsely hairy on the margins below, the upper ones nearly equaling the panicle ; sheaths striate, loose; ligule very short, truncate : panicle 1% to 3 inches long, erect, rather lax, its base sheathed by the upper leaf; branches of the panicle short, mostly single, the lower in twos or threes; glumes linear, unequal, 1- nerved, lower one 4 lines, upper one 6 lines long including the short bristle-like point : flowering glume nearly terete, spotted with black, about 5 lines long including the short, acute and hairy callus; middle awn about 6 lines long, the lateral ones about 4 lines long, spirally twisted below(when mature). The sheathed flowers are somewhat smaller. Tunis species was discovered last season by Mr. Warren Upham, at Minneapolis, Miun. The Jate Dr. Engelmann suggested the name, in a letter, as indicative of its habit, and would have published it if he had lived. Itis closely related to A. DICHO- 164 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. A. purpurea, Nutt.* Triple-awned Grass. Blue Earth county, and common westward to Pipestone county, Leiberg. South- west. , A. purpurascens, Poir. —_‘Triple-awned Grass. ; Lapham. St. Croix county, Wisconsin, Swezey. Infrequent. South. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Triple-awned Grass. Lapham. Pine barrens, St. Croix river, Parry. South. SPARTINA, Schreber. Corp or MarsH GRASS. S. cynosuroides, Willd. Fresh-water Cord-Grass. Abundant through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; making up the greater part of the hay cut in sloughs, worth for fodder fully half as much as the hay of the uplands. Its hight is usually from two to four feet, but occasionally it is eight or nine feet. In the five or six counties next to the southwest corner of the state, because of the scarcity of wood and the high cost of that or coal for fuel, a large proportion of the people burn only hay during the whole year. For this purpose the coarse hay of this species is the only kind used. Itis mostly burned in ordinary stoves, having been twisted, then doubled and again twisted, forming wisps about one andahalffeetlong. The quantity of this fuel required for a year’s supply in an ordinary farm-house is from eight to twelve tons. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca. Mouskit-Grass. GRaMA-GRASS. B, oligostachya, Torr. Muskit-Grass. Grama. Common, or frequent, southwestward and in the Red river valley; less frequent east to Stillwater and the edge of Wisconsin. B. hirsuta, Lagasca. Muskit-Grass. Grama. Common through the south part of the state, extending north to Minneapolis and the St. Croix river, Parry; abundant at New Ulm and in Rock and Pipestone counties. This and the preceding are sometimes called Buffalo Grass in this state, a name which more properly belongs to Buchloe. See pages 14 and 32 of Rothrock’s Report on the Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian for chemical analyses of Festuca ovina and the two foregoing species of Bouteloua, which with others of this genus are commonly called Grama in the southwestern United States. B. racemosa, Lagasca. (B. curtipendula, Gray.) Muskit Grass. Grama. Common through the south part of the state, especially southwestward ; likewise in the Red river valley. ‘ TOMA, from which it differs in its shorter, erect (not dichotomous) culms, and in its much larger flowers, and especially in the much longer, spreading, lateral awns. From A. GRACILIs it differs in the shorter panicle, the longer upper leaves with sheathed flowers, and in the flowers being twice as large. From A. RAMOSISSIMA it differs in wanting the larger size, the diffusely branched habit, the much larger flowers with 3- 10 5-nerved glumes, and the strong recurved middle awn of that species. Dr. George - Vasey in the Botanical Gazette, vol, ix, p. 76 (May, 1884). *ARISTIDA PURPUREA, Nutt. Perennial; culms 6 to 15 inches high, simple, erect, slender, mostly glabrous ; sheaths narrow, scabrous, exceeding the internodes, pilose at the throat; leaves very narrow, convolute, 4% to 10 inches long; panicle slender, erect or flaccid, 3 to 6 inches long, loosely few-flowered ; glumes purplish, the upper 6 to 9 lines long, about twice exceeding the lower, and longer than the flower, bifid and shortly awned; flower densely short-pilose at the pointed base, scabrous above, 6 lines long, the awns equal or nearly so, separate to the base. not jointed, 1 to 2 inches long, scabrous. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. STATE GEOLOGIST. 165 BUCHLOE, Engelm. BuFFALo GRass. B. dactyloides, Engelm.* Buffalo Grass. Abundant in the vicinity of the pipestone quarry, at Pipestone City, commencing a few rods north of the railroad depot, and extending the whole length of the outcrop- ping ledge of rock northward, in company with a dense growth of prickly pear(Upuntia Missouriensis and O. fragilis); also occurring, at rare intervals, on stony and gravelly soil, in Rock county, and in Lyon county, Iowa; (not found farther east ; perhaps in all these places introduced by the Indians in their journeys from the western plains to the pipestone quarry ;) Leiberg. [Formerly the most abundant species of grass through- ‘out Nebraska, lately disappearing, according to Aughey, who attributes its dying out to increased rain-fall.] ‘GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. GRAPHEPHORUM. G festucaceum, Gray.t | Graphephorum. In Emmet county, Iowa, six miles south of the state line (plentiful upon space of five or six square rods, in edge of lake), Cralty; determined by Prof. Asa Gray; the first observation of this species in the United States, though it abounds in the Saskatchewan region and extends thence northward, and also isfound in northern Europe. Doubtless it occurs in western and northern Minnesota. (Botanical Gazette, vol. ix, p.27; Feb., 1884.) *BUCHLOE, Engelmann. Flowers dicecious, heteromorphous.—¥M ale plant. Spikes 1-sided, 2-ranked ; spikelets 2- or 3 flowered. Glumes 2, 1-nerved, lower much smaller. Palets 2, of equal length, longer than the glumes; lower one 3-nerved, mucronate ; upper one 2-nerved. Squamule in pairs, truncate, emarginate. Stamens 3; anthers linear. Rudiment of an ovary none.—Female plant. Spikes 1 to 3, short, capitate, oblique in the involucrate sheaths of the upper leaves ; spikelets 1-flowered, crowded, upper floret abortive, withering. Glumes 2; lower glume of the lowest spikelets 1- to 3- nerved, lanceolate-subulate, with an herbaceous tip, or 2- or 3-cleft, lower side adnate to the back of the upper glume; lower glumes of the other spikelets (internal as to the head) free, much smaller, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; upper glumes (external) connate at the base with the thickened rachis, at length like a hard, woody involucre, ovate, nerveless, pale, trifid at the herbaceous, nerved tip. Lower palet (in- ternal as to the head) shorter, 3-nerved, herbaceous, tricuspidate ; upper palet shorter, 2-nerved. Squamulz as in the male flowers. Rudiments of the stamens 3, minute. Ovary lenticular, glabrous, very short-stipitate ; stigmas much longer than the 2 erect terminal styles, plumose with simple hairs, exsert from the apex of the flower. Cary- opsis free, included in a horny, at length deciduous head, sublenticular, flat on the out- side (toward the lower palet), convex on the inner side. B. DACTYLOIDES, Engelmann. Trans. Saint Louis Acad., vol, i, p. 432, pl, 12 and 14, Densely tufted, spreading by stolons, forming broad mats; culms 3 to 6 inches long ; flowering stems of the male plant 4 to 6 inches long, glabrous or slightly hairy ; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, % to 1% lines wide, nearly smooth ; sheaths striate, glabrous, strongly bearded at the throat; spikes 3 to 6 lineslong; spikelets alternate in 2 rows, upper- most abortive, bristle-form, 2 to 3 lines long; lower glume ovate-lanceolate, with a scarious margin; upper glume twice longer, ovate; lower palet convex, 3-nerved, upper one 2-nerved, two minute scales at the margin and inside of the lower palet ; stamens 3. Stems of the female plant much shorter than the leaves, 1% to 2 inches high ; heads 3 to 3% lines long ; glumes becoming ligneous ; spikes or heads usually 2; at maturity becoming thick, extremely hard, including the loose grain.—The cele- brated “buffalo grass,’? known to hunters and trappers as one of the most nutritious grasses, on which for a part of the year subsist and fatten the immense herds of buffalo and the cattle of the hunter and emigrant. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. +GRAPHEPHORUM FESTUCACEUM, Gray. (Festuca borealis, Mert. & Koch. Arundo festucacea, Willd.) Culm as thick as a swan’s quill, 3 to 4 or more feet high; leaves 8 to 10 inches long, broadly linear-acuminate, rough to the touch. Panicle a foot and more long, almost quite erect, as well as the subverticillate slender branches. 166 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. DIARRHENA, Raf. DIARRHENA. D. Americana, Beauv. Diarrhena. Sherburne county, Upham. Rave. South. DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD GRASS. D. glomerata, L. Orchard Grass. Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Mankato, Leiberg. K@LERIA, Pers. KaLeERIA. K. eristata, Pers. Keeleria. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [The most plentiful species of grass on the line of the Northern Pacific railroad in western Dakota, Leiberg.] EATONIA, Raf. EATONIA. E. obtusata, Gray. Eatonia. Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. (Manitoba, Macoun.] South and west. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Eatonia. Throughout thestate, excepting perhaps northwestward. Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] GLYCERIA, R. Br. Manna-GRass. G. Canadensis, Trin. Rattlesnake-Grass. Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. St. Croix river, Parry; Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons, Kassube. G. elongata, Trin. Manna-Grass. Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. G. nervata, Trin. Fowl Meadow-Grass. Common throughout the state. [G. pallida, Trin., doubtless occurs in this state, but has been overlooked. | G. aquatica, Smith, var. Americana, Vasey. Reed Meadow-Grass. Common throughout the state. Spikelets erect, 4% to % of an inch long, scattered or subfascicled, sessile or pedicellate, generally 4-flowered. Glumes unequal, convex, rounded at the back, not keeled, the outer one shorter than the florets, acute, entire at the point, the middle nerve reaching beyond the point, so as to form ashort arista ; there are besides, on each side, two short lateral nerves ; the inner glume as long as the whole spikelet of florets, torn at the point, aristate, the middle nerve reaching beyond the point; there are besides 2 lateral nerves reaching to the apex, and 2 intermediate shorter ones. Florets cylin- drical, closely placed, with a tuft of white hairs at the base of each ; outer valve [palet] of the perianth jagged at the point, shortly aristate, with 7 nerves reaching to the sum- mit; the inner lanceolate, the margin inflected, with 2 strong, green, ciliated nerves at the flexures, running out so as to form a bifid apex; upper floret smaller than the rest. Hooker’s Flora Borealis Am., II, 251.——The Iowa specimens, communicated by Mr. R. I. Cratty, agree fully with this description, except that the spikelets are not so large, scarcely exceeding % of aninchin length. Pedicels of the spikelets rough; awns formed by the nerves, especially of the glumes, inconspicuous, and sometimes barely observ- able. It grows 3 to 5 feet high in water, at the margin of lakes. Arthur in Contribu- tions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI. ~~ le ae | RS os iy STATE GEOLOGIST. 167 G. fluitans, R. Br. Manna-Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. POA, L. Merapow-Grass. SpEar-GRASS. P. annua, L. Low Spear-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, but infrequent. Minne- apolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. P. compressa, L. Wire-Grass. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Parry, Lapham. Ramsey county, Oest- lund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Pembina, Chickering, Havard. P. alpina, L. Spear-Grass. Isie Royale, and north shore of lake Superior, Loring, Porter, Macoun; doubtless also in Minnesota. North. P. cesia, Smith. Spear-Grass, Throughout the state. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. P. cesia, Smith, var. strictior, Gray. Spear-Grass. Isle Royale, Whitney; Red river, Dawson, M acoun, North. P. serotina, Ehrh. False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-Grass. Common throughout the state. P. pratensis, L. Green or Common Meadow-Grass. Kentucky Blue- Grass. June Grass. Common throughout the state; taking the place of the original prairie grasses in southwestern Minnesota, Juni. [In Nebraska not native, but spreading westward, Aughey.| P. sylvestris, Gray. Spear-Grass. Lapham. Pembina, Havard. Rare. South and west. [P. debilis, Torr., probably occurs in this state.] P. alsodes, Gray. Spear-Grass. Saint Paul, Kelley; Red river valley, at Pembina, Chickering. Infrequent. South and west. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. ERAGROSTIS. E. reptans, Nees. Kragrostis. Through the south partof the state. Lapham. Goodhue county, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. . E. pozeoides, Beauv., var. megastachya, Gray. Kragrostis. Abundant, in door-yards and by road-sides, through the south half of the state ; common north atleast to Crow Wing, Toda and Grant counties, and in the Red river valley, Upham. It was found by Geyer in 1839 on sandy plains in the valley of the Sheyenne river, Dakota, and is quite probably indigenous in this region. E. pilosa, Beauv. Eragrostis. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis (distinct from E. Purshii), Upham. In- frequent. South. E. Frankii, Meyer. —_ Frank’s Eragrostis. Hastings, Dakota county, Oestlund. Southeast E. Purshii, Schrader. Pursh’s Eragrostis. Becoming abundant by road-sides and in waste places, Ramsey county, Minneapolis, 168 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. and Steele county, Oestlund, Simmons, Upham; determined by Scribner, Vasey and Watson. South. E. capillaris, Nees. Eragrostis.! Lapham Minneapolis, Kassube. Infrequent. South. E. pectinacea, Gray. Eragrostis. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons. South. E. pectinacea, Gray, var. spectabilis, Gray. Eragrostis. Minneapolis (river bluff near the University), Oestlund, Upham. South. FESTUCA, L. FEscur-GRAss. : F. tenella, Willd. Slender Fescue-Grass. Through the south half of the state. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons, (abun- dant on sandy land east of the University) Upham. F. ovina, L. Sheep’s Fescue. lrequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. F. rubra, L. (F. ovina, L., var. rubra, Gray.) Red Fescue. Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and northward, Gray’s Manual; probably in northern Minnesota. [F. duriuseula, L. (F. ovina, L., var. duriuscula, Gray), should also be looked for northward. ] F. elatior, L. (Including F’. pratensis, Hudson.) Taller or Meadow Fescue. Minneapolis, old state farm close southeast from University, Oestlund. Infre- quent. F. nutans, Willd. Nodding Fescue. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward, but infrequent. Lake Win- nibigoshish, Houghton; lake Minnetonka, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. ’ BROMUS, L. BRoME-GRASS. B. secalinus, L. Cheat or Chess. Occasional in wheat-fields, mostly southeastward. A very unwelcome immigrant. Plentifnl in Houston county, especially in fields of winter wheat, also frequent in mow- ing land, J. S. Harris; frequent, but not so plentiful as to be troublesome, in Steele county and at Minneapolis, Upham. B. racemosus, L. Upright Chess. Minneapolis, Kassube. Infrequent. B. Kalmii, Gray. Wild Chess, Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. B. ciliatus, L. Wild Chess. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. B. ciliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Wild Chess. Minneapolis, Upham. Probably common. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. P. communis, Trin, Reed. Common, or frequent, in the edges of ponds and lakes, throughout the prairie portion of the state; also at Roseau lake and the lake of the Woods, Dawson. STATE GEOLOGIST. 169 SCHEDONNARDUS, Steudel.* ScHEDONNARDUS. S. Texanus, Steud. (Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt.) Schedonnardus. Rocky hills, Mound township, Rock county, Leiberg. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer.] Rare. Southwest. LOLIUM, L. DarneL. Ray-GRAss. L. temulentum, L. Bearded Darvel. Mankato (plentiful about the elevator ofthe St. Paul & Sioux City railroad), Leiberg. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. (Triticum, L., in part.) WHEAT-GRASS. A. repens, Beauv. (T. repens, L.) Couch-, Quitch-, Quick-, or Witch- Grass. Frequent, or common, throughout the state, but'rarely so plentiful as to be trouble- some. (Specimens which must be referred to this species, as decided by Mr. Sereno Watson, were found at Minneapolis on the embankment of the railroad about an eighth of a mile northwest from the University and close west of Tuttle’s brook, having a very narrow and long spike of many spikelets, awnless, as long or half as long as the joints of the rhachis, 3-flowered, with a rudiment of a fourth flower, often the lowest or the middle flower not ripening its grain, and having in some instances no running root- stocks. The typical T. repens occurs near by, and also ferms which seem to be inter- mediate in respect to both the character of the spikes.and the presence of rootstocks. Upham.) A. dasystachyum, Vasey. (T. dasystachyum, Gray.) Wheat-Gras:. North shore of lake Superior, Agassiz; doubtless also in northern Minnesota. A. violaceum, Vasey. (T. violaceum, Hornemann.) Wheat-Grass. Throughout the state, but rarer than the next. Pembina, Havard; in openings of woods, on sandy modified drift, at the northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham; Ramsey county, Oestlund; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. A. caninum, Rein. & Schultes. (T. caninum, L.) Wheat-Grass. Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Pembina, Hav- ard; Minneapolis, Twining, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni. [Be- tween the James and Red rivers, Dakota, Geyer.| HORDEUM, L. BARLEY. H, jubatum, L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. H. pusillum, Nutt. (H. pratense, Gray’s Manual.) Barley-Grass. + Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. South. ELYMUS, L. LyME-GrRass. WILD RYE. E. Virginicus, L. Wild Rye. Frequent throughout the state ; less common than the next. E. Canadensis, L. Nodding Wild Rye. Common throughout the state. *SCHEDONNARDUS, Steudel. Spikelets one-flowered, solitary at each joint of the slender triangular rhachis of the paniculate spikes, and partly immersed in an excava- tion ; the spikes alternate and distant; outer glumes acuminate, unequal, the longer equaling the flowering glume, which is linear-acuminate, and thickish at the keel ; palet shorter and thinner. Vasey’s Grasses of U.S. 170 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. \ E. Canadensis, L., var. glaucifolius, Gray. Nodding Wild Rye. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods (sandy shore), Dawson; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. E. Sibiricus,L. Wild Rye. Red river valley, at Pembina, Havard. North. E. striatus, Willd. Wild Rye. Throughout the state. St. Croix river, Houghton; Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minne- apolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Martin county (plentiful), Cratty. {Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, M acoun.] E. striatus, Willd., var. villosus, Gray. Wild Rye. Also throughout the state. Pembina, Havord; lake Minnetonka, Roberts; Blue Earth county (frequent), Leiberg. E. mollis, Trin. Wild Rye. Lake shores [probably lake Superior], Minnesota, Wood’s Class-Book. (North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] E. Sitanion, Schultes.* Wild Rye. From northern Minnesota to Texas and west to California, Watson; Blue Earth county and westward, Leiberg. West. ASPRELLA, Willd. (Gymnosticuum, Schreb.) BorrLE-BRUSH GRASS. A. Hystrix, Willd. (G. Hystrix, Schreb.) Bottle-brush Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. DANTHONTA, DC. WILp Oat-GRass. D. spicata, Beauv. Wild Oat-Grass. Throughout the state, but mostly infrequent. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Stearns county, etc., Upham; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. AVENA, L. Oat. A. fatua, L.F Wild Oats. Ramsey county (new state farm and adjoining land, growing in grain-fields'and on waste ground, apparently naturalized and spreading), Oestlund. Extensively natural- ized in California; also foundin Texas and Wisconsin, in the latter state becoming very troublesome in oat-fields, Vasey; but not yet reported (so far as known to the writer) in other portions of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. Its seeds ripev early and mostly fall before harvest, rendering its extermination more difficult. It is supposed to be the original of the cultivated oat (A. sativa, L.), *ELYMUS SITANION, Schultes. Culms 4inches to 2 feet high, tufted, and with the leaves and sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent or scabrous; spike erect, 1 to 3 inches long, squarrose with its long recurved awns, jointed and fragile at maturity; spikelets in pairs, 2- to 5-flowered, smooth or puberulent; glumes entire or usually parted to the base and the segments unequally 2-cleft, the divisions long-awned (1 to 3 inches); flowers 3 lines long, the awn of the lower palet equaling that of the glumes, with often a subsidiary awn or tooth on each side at the apex of the palet. A very variable grass. Watson’s Rep.in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. + Avena fatua, L. An erect annual, 2 or 3 feet high, smooth except at the hairy nodes, with flat slightly scabrous leaves and loose sheaths: panicle 8 to 10 inches long, the few-flowered rays spreading equally ; spikelets about an inch long, the scarious pointed glumes longer than the florets, often purplish at base : lower palet about 6lines long, firm at base, scabrous and covered with long brown hairs, its lobes tapering to a sharp point; awn about twice the length of palet, bent near the middle and twisted below: grain very hairy. Thurberin Botany of California. < : . | : q STATE GEOLOGIST. LT A. striata, Michx. Oat-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, Isanti county, ete. (fre- quent), Upham; New Ulm, Juni. A. Smithii, T. C. Porter. Oat-Grass. Isle Royale, and eastward about lake Superior, Gray’s Manual; probably also north of this lake in Minnesota. TRISETUM, Persoon. Triserum. T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. Trisetum. North of lake Superior (common), Macoun. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauy. (A1ra, L., in part.) Harr-GRass. D. cxspitosa, Beauv. (A. cespitosa, L.) Hair-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, but infrequent. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [D. flexuosa, Beauv. (A. flexuosa, L.), probably also occurs in this state. ] ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. _Oar-Grass. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Tall Oat-Grass. New State farm, Ramsey county, Oestlund. Infrequent. HIEROCHLOA, Gmelin. Hony Grass. H. borealis, Rem. and Schultes. Vanilla or Seneca Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. PHALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS. P. Canariensis, L. Canary-Grass. _ Occasionally adventive: Minneapolis, Simmons, Upham; Waterville, Le Sueur county, Oestlund. P. arundinacea, L. Reed Canary-Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. {Milium effusum, L., probably occurs in this state, but has been overlooked. ] BECKMANNIA, Host. BECKMANNIA. Bk&CKMANN’s GRASS. B. eruczformis, Host.* Beckmann’s Grass. Lapham. Pipestone quarry (growing in the hollows of the rock, where water occa- sionally stands), Leiberg. [James river, Dakota, Geyer; and north to the Saskatche- wan river and Bear lake, Watson.] Rare. West. *BECKMANNIA, Host. Panicle racemose, contracted. Spikelets compressed, 2-flow- ered, the upper floret an abortive rudiment. Glumes 2, obovate, compressed-boatshaped, subcoriaceous, equal, a little shorter than the flower, pointless. Palets membranous, the lower ovate, concave, acutish, mucronate, 3-nerved, the upper 2-nerved, bifid. Sta- mens 3. Styles 2, with elongated plumose stigmas. Scales 2, bifid, glabrous. Grain free, glabrous. —A coarse perennial aquatic. B. ERUCZFORMIS, Host. Culms stout, 1 to 3% feet high, erect from an ascending base, with the sheaths glabrous; ligules elongated ; leaves linear, 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 6 lines wide, flat, acute, scabrous; panicle 4 to 12 inches long, erect, strict, se- cund, the short crowded branchlets densely flowered from the base. glabrous; spikelets sessile, imbricately arranged in two rows, nearly orbicular, 114 lines in diameter, the upper rudimentary floret minute, stipitate. June toSeptember. Watson’s Rep, in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. 172 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. PANICUM, L. Panic-GRAss. P. glabrum, Gaudin. Smooth Finger-Grass. Minneapolis (plentiful), Simmons, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. P. sanguinale, L. Common Crab- or Finger-Grass. Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. P. agrostoides, Spreng. Panic-Grasse Lapham. Ramsey and Hennepin counties, Oestlund. South, P, capillare, L. Old-witch Grass. Common throughout the state. Late in autumn “the spreading panicle is easily broken off and blown about by the wind.” P. autumnale, Bosc. Panic-Grass. Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. Rare, South. P. virgatum, L. Panic-Grass. Abundant southwestward and in the Red river valley ; frequent southeastward. “Nowhere so luxuriant as near the upper Des Moines river and Spirit lake,” Geyer, Torrey. P. latifolium, L. Panic-Grass. Through the south half of the state, but infrequent. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons; Anoka county, etc., pel [P. clandestinum, L., probably also occurs in this state.] P. xanthophysum, Gray. Panic-Grass, Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Kassube; Steele and Isanti counties, Upham. (Manitoba, Macoun; also in the catalogues of Wisconsin, Iowa aud Nebraska. | P, consanguineum, Kunth, var. latifolium, Vaséy, ined.* — Panic- Grass. Newstate farm, Ramsey county, Oestlund. Probably frequent; resembling P. xantho- physum, so that perhaps some of the references under that species belong instead to this. P. pauciflorum, Ell. Panic-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Red river (swampy prai- rie), Dawson; Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. P. dichotomum, L. Panic-Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [Specimens collected in early summer by Mr. Vestlund on the new state farm, Ramsey county, are regarded by Dr. Vasey as representing the typical ferm of this species. It occurs intermingled with other grasses on lowlands : mainly smooth ; culms slender, 1% feet high; panicle long-peduncled.] PP; dichotomum, L., var. pubescens, Vasey, ined. (P. pubescens, Lam.) Panic-Grass. Ramsey and Hennepin counties (usually about a foot high, becoming much branched), Oestlund, Upham; probably the more common form of the species in this state. Gray’s Manual characterizes it as “a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety.’”’ [Culmrather leafy, 1 to 2 feet high; leaves and sheaths decidedly pubescent or villous. Letter of Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884. | *PANICUM CONSANGUINEUM, Kunth. Smooth or villous; culms (1 to 1% feet high) at length excessively branched ; leaves linear, erect ; panicle long-peduncled, the flex- uous widely spreading branches few-flowered ; spikelets obovate, pale, pubescent ; up- per glume 7-nerved ; upper palea of the neutral flower none; perfect flower acute. Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States, appendix, p. 667.——Var. LATIFOLIUM, Vasey, ined. Culms weaker, leaves wider, ard flowers more pubescent. Minnesota, Uestlund. Letter of Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884. » oe < STATE GEOLOGIST. 173 [Iwo others of the forms included under P. dichotomum in Gray’s Manual, but sep- arated from it by appendix of Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States, with the descrip- tions here quoted, are recognized by Dr. Vasey (Grasses of U.S.) as distinct species, namely, P. LAXIFLORUM, Lam. (culms tufted, smooth, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves lance- olate, acuminate, ciliate, mostly pale yellowish-green, 2 to 3 inches long, the villous sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle diffuse, plumose-bearded, rather few- flowered; spikelets scattered, oval, densely pubescent, the upper glume 7-nerved; neu- tral flower bipaleaceous ; fertile flower acute: on dry sandy ground), and P. RAMUL- OsuUM, Michx., in part (low, 6to8inches high, tufted, very smooth and shining ; cu!m mostly purple ; leaves linear; panicle 1% to 2 inches long, diffusely branched, many- flowered; spikelets minute, purple, very smooth, the upper glume and neutral palet 5-nerved : in sandy woodlands); both of which are common in the eastern states, but have not yet beeu observed so far northwestward as Minnesota. } P. depauperatum, Muhl. Panic-Grass. Throughout the state. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. [Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, Macoun. | P. Crus-galli, L. Barnyard-Grass. Common throughout the state. P. Crus-galli, L., var. hispidum, Gray. Cockspur Grass. Rock and Pipestone counties, ete. (frequently seen attaining a very rank growth beside roads where they cross creeks or boggy land, apparently indigenous), Leiberg. SETARIA, Beauv, BristLy Fox-TAIL GRASss. S. verticillata, Beauv. Bristly Fox-tail Grass. Mankato, Leiberg. Rare. S. glauca, Beauv. “‘Pigeon-Grass.”’ Foxtail. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. S. viridis, Beauv. “Pigeon-Grass.’’ Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass. Also common, or abundant, in cultivated ground, with the last. S. Italica, Kunth. Millet. Bengal-Grass. Becoming a bad weed in flax-fields in the southern part of the state, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni. CENCHRUS, L. HepcEesoa-Grass. Bur-GRass. C. tribuloides, L. **Sand-bur.’’ Hedgehog-Grass. Bur-Grass. Common, or frequent, in sandy lands along the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. (Occasionally attacked by smut, as at Minneapolis in 1884.) ANDROPOGON, L. BEARD- GRASS. A. fureatus, Muhl. ‘“‘Blue-Joint.’’ Beard-Grass. Forked Spike. Common, or abundant, throughout the prairie region of the state ; extending north- east at least to Crow Wing county, Upham, and the lake of the Woods, Dawson. Highly esteemed for hay; southwestward it is usually called ‘‘ Blue-Joint,” a name which properly belongs to Deyeuxia Canadensis. A. scoparius, Michx. Beard-Grass. Broom-Grass. Common, with same range as the last. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin.* CHRYSOPOGON. BEARD-GRASS. C. nutans, Benth. (Sorghum nutans, Gray.) Indian Grass. Wood-Grass. Common, with same range as the two last; making good hay. * CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. Flowers loosely paniculate, Fertile spikelets one-flowered, sessile between two pedicellate male or barren spikelets at the end of the slender 174 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. EQUISETACE. HorsetaiL Famizy, EQUISETUM, L. HorsetaIL., Scourtne-RusH. [E. Telmateia, Ehrh., probably occurs in this state north of lake Superior.] EK. arvense, L. Common Horsetail. Common throughout the state. E. pratense, Ehrh. Meadow Horsetail. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Morrison county, Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; Saint Pau), Kelley. E. sylvaticum, 1. Wood Horsetail. Throughout the state : common northward, but infrequent far southward. [E. palustre, L., will probably be found in the north part of the state.) E. limosum, L. Swamp Horsetail. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. E. leevigatum, Braun. Horsetail. Minneapolis, Simmons, Upham; Red river, near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Scott. South and west. E. hiemale, L. Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass. Common throughout the state; very abundant along the banks of the Minnesota river, Parry. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Horsetail. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Near the Mississippi river, Anoka county, Upham; Minneapolis, Simmons. Infrequent. E. scirpoides, Michx. Horsetail. Range like the last, also infrequent. Lapham. Deep woods, St. Croix river, Parry. FILICES. FERNS. POLYPODIUM, L. PoLypopy. P. vulgare, L. Common Polypody. Abundant, or common, through the north half of the state; frequent southeast- ward, on the rocky bluffs of the St. Croix, Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, and their tributaries ; rare southwestward. ADIANTUM,L. MaArpennarr. A.pedatum,L. American Maidenhair. Frequent, in many places common or abundant, throughout the state. PTERIS, L. BRAKE or BRACKEN. P. aquilina, L. Common Brake. Bracken. Eagle Fern. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. branches of the panicle, with, sometimes, one to three pairs of spikelets on the branch below the terminal three. Fertile spikelets with the lower glume larger and coriaceous ; the second narrower, thick, keeled, pointed or awned ; the third hyaline and empty ; the fourth or flowering glume hyaline and awned. Palet minute or none. Vasey’s Grasses of U.S. STATE GEOLOGIST. 175 CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lrp-FErRN. C, lanuginosa, Nutt. Lip-Fern. Lapham, Miss Cathcart. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry. Rare. PELLGA, Link. CuiFF-BRAKE. P. gracilis, Hook. Slender Cliff-Brake. Throughout the state, but rare. Blue Earth river, and head of lake St. Croix, Parry; Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart; clifis forming the right bank of the Missis- sippi in Minneapolis, also at Minneopa falls, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. P. atropurpurea, Link. Clayton’s Cliff-Brake. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Stillwater, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Hastings, Oestlund; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. CRYPTOGRAMME, R. Br. (ALLosorus, Bernhardi, in part.) Rock- BRAKE. C. acrostichoides, R. Br. (Aliosorus acrostichoides, Sprengel.) Rock- Brake. Isle Royale, lake Superior, thence westward and northward, Gray’s Manual; doubt- less in Minnesota. ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEENWORT. A. Trichomanes, L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Dwarf Spleenwort. Burnt Portage, Dawson road, near the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macoun; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Throughout the state, but infre- quent. A. ebeneum, Ait. Ebony Spleenwort. Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart. Rare. (Nebraska, Aughey.] [A. Ruta-muraria, L., and A. angustifolium, Michx., should be looked for in this state. ] A. thelypteroides, Michx. _ Silvery Spleenwort. St. Croix river, Parry; Stillwater, Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. East, A. Filix-foemina, Bernh. Lady-Fern. Common (having diverse forms, but probably not permanent varieties) in woodlands throughout che state. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Waukine-Lear. Warxktna-Frrn. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Walking-L af. Walking-Fern. Throughout the state, but rare. Rocks, upper Mississippi river, Geyer; falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Taylor’s Falls and Duluth, Miss Cathcart; Stillwater, Miss Field; Red Wing, Oestlund; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.] PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. Brxcu-F ern, P. polypodioides, Fée. Common Beech-Fern. Abundant north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to the St. Croix river, Parry; Taylor’s Falls (plentiful), Miss Catheart. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nevraska, Aughey.] 176 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. P. hexagonoptera, Fée. Hexagon Beech-Fern. Duluth (plentiful), Miss Cathcart; and through the south half of the state, but rare. P. Dryopteris, Fée. Oak-Fern. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; St. “Oroke river, Parry, Miss Field; Taylor’s Falls (plentiful), Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart. [Manitoba, Macoun.] P. calearea, Fée.* (P. Dryopteris, Fée, var. Robertianum, Davenport.) Beech-Fern. “Collected in eastern Minnesota, growing on slaty rocks on the [west] bank of the St. Louis river, near [close north of] the crossing of the Northern Pacific Railway, by Miss Ellen W. Cathcart. Formerly attributed to America, but not clearly known as American till now. It is rather common in Europe, and has been found in the Hima- layan regions of Asia. It will probably be found from Lake Superior to Idaho. This fern is very closely related to the common P. Dryopteris, and is often considered a var- iety of it.’’ Eaton’s Ferns of North America : 1880; vol. ii,p. 277. Since this was writ- ten, a second locality of this fern has been discovered by Mr. E. W. Holway at De- corah, Iowa, where it occurs only upon a space about six feet square, “‘in the crevices of the north side of a limestone bluff.” Arthur; Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club, vol. ix, p. 50. Still more recently it has been collected by Prof. J. Macoun in Anticosti island, and by Drs. G. M. Dawson and R. Bell in the country around and to the east of the lake of the Woods. Science, vol. iii, p. 676 (June 6, 1884). ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD-FERN. Woop-FErn. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Marsh Shield-Fern. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. A. Noveboracense, Swartz. New York Shield-Fern. Stearns county, Campbell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. East. A.fragrans, Swartz. Fragrant Wood-Fern. Isle Royale, Dr. Lyons; Duluth and Taylor’s Falls, Miss Catheart; Kettle river, in T. 42, R. 20, Pine county, Upham; falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett. [Nebraska, Aughey.] North and southwest. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Spinulose or Common Wood-Fern. Throughout the state, but rare. Lapham. Duluth, Miss Cathcart; lake of the Woods, Dawson. A. spinulosum, Swartz, var. intermedium, Eaton. Spinulose or Com- mon Wood-Fern. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting far southward. Ramsey county, Simmons; Pine county,etc., Upham. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Nebras- ka, Aughey. | A. spinulosum, Swartz, var. dilatatum, Hornemann. Spinulose or Common Wood-Fern. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Duluth, Miss Cathcart; Cascade river, north of lake Superior, Roberts. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraka, Aughey.] *PHEGOPTERIS CALCARBA, Fee. Rootstock slender, cord-like, widely creeping ; stalks scattered, slender, glandular, chaffy near the base, six to twelve inches high ; fronds herbaceous, rather rigid, minutely glandular, deltoid, four to eight inches long and about as broad at the base, ternate; primary divisions stalked, pinnate with ob- long or ovate-oblong pinnz, which are pinnately lobed or divided ; lowest inferior pinna of the lateral divisions about equal to the third pinna of the middie division ; lobes oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, or if very large, pinnately lobed ; veins pin- nately branched, sori smali, nearer the margin than the midvein. Eaton’s Ferns of N. A. STATE GEOLOGIST. 177 A. Boottii, Tuckerman. (A. spinulosum, Swartz, var. Boottii, Gray.) Boott’s Wood-Fern. Kanabec county, Upham. Infrequent. A, cristatum, Swartz. Crested Wood-Fern. Throughout the state ; frequent northward, rare southward. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Simmons; Saint Paul and lake Harriet (near Minneapolis), Miss Cathcart; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Extending northwest to lake Winnipeg, Eaton; Nebras- ka, Aughey.] A. Goldianum, Hook. Goldie’s Wood-Fern. Minnesota, Davenport; Minneopa falls, Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. East. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Male-Fern. North shore of lake Superior, near Beaver Bay, Campbell. Rare. North. A. marginale, Swartz. Marginal Shield-Fern. Evergreen Wood-Fern. Lapham, Davenport. Infrequent. (Nebraska, Aughey.] A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Christmas-Fern. Lapham, Miss Cathcart. Fort Snelling, Parry. East. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Holly-Fern. South of lake Superior, Whitney; doubtless also north of this lake in Minnesota. (Nebraska, Aughey.] [A. aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Doell, will also probably be found in the north- east part of this state. ] CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Buapper-Fern. CystoprrTErRis. C. bulbifera, Bernh. _—_Bulblet Cystopteris. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. C, fragilis, Bernh. Brittle Fern. © Also frequent, or common, throughout the state. Very variable ; the form named var. dentata, Hook., has been observed at Cascade river, north of lake Superior, Rob- erts; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; and in Iowa (common), Arthur. C. montana, Bernh. Bladder-Fern. Cystopteris. In a swamp at the silver mine three miles up the bay from Port Arthur, Macoun; probably also to be found north of lake Superiorin Minnesota. [Deltoid-ovate, deli- eately tripinnate, and almost quadripinnate fronds, and a long, slender, creeping root- stock. Hatonin Wheeler’s Report of Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian.] ONOCLEA, L. SENSITIVE FERN. O. Struthiopteris, Hoff. (Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd.) Ostrich- Hern. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting southwestward. O. sensibilis, L. Sensitive Fern. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps near its west side. (A frond eighteen inches high, sterile on one side of the stipe, but wholly fertile on the other side, was found by the writer in Todd county The form called var. obtusilobata, Torr., has been noted at Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart, and Mankato, Gedge.) WOODSIA, R. Br. Woopsta. W.obtusa, Torr. Obtuse Woodsia. Throughout the state, but local. Taylor’s Falls [falls of the St. Croix], Parry, 12F 178 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. (abundant) Miss Cathcart, Miss Field; Rock county, Leiberg; Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett. (Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.] W. Ilvensis, R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. North of lake Superior (abundant), Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Taylor’s Falls and Duluth (common), Miss Cath- cart, Miss Field; Stearns-county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper Minnesota river, Parry; Red- wood Falls, Miss Butler. “ A dwarf form, one to three inches high, yet fruiting freely, was common in the clefts of the rocks on the summit of Carlton’s Peak.” Roberts. [W. hyperborea, R.Br., found by Prof. Macoun on the north shore of lake Superior, should be looked for in northern Minnesota. It is nearly related to W. Ilvensis, but is. tenderer in its texture, much less chafiy, and narrower in outline, with shorter, more obtuse, and less divided pinnz. Haton’s Ferns of NV. A.] W. glabella, R. Br. Smooth Woodsia. North of lake Superior (at Kakabeka falls), Macoun; doubtless also to be found in northern Minnesota; Stillwater, Miss Field. W.Oregana, Eaton. Oregon Woodsia. South shore of lake Superior and westward [Keweenaw peninsula and lake Winni-. peg]; doubtless in northern Minnesota; also at Stillwater, Miss Field. W. secopulina, E.ton.* Rocky Mountain Woodsia. Collected by Miss Cathcart at Duluth, and at Taylor’s Falls on the St. Croix river ; Lyons creek below Minneopa falls, Blue Earth county, Gedge. ‘“‘Growing in dense masses on rocks and in crevices, from Oregon to Mono Pass, California, and extending eastward to Dacotah, Minnesota and Colorado. . . . The largest specimens are from Minnesota and Colorado.” Eaton’s Ferns of North America. : DICKSONTIA, L’Her. DicKsonIA. D. pilosiuscula, Willd. (D. punctilobula, Kunze.) Fine-haired Mountain Fern. Hay-scented Fern. Miss Cathcart. Stearns county, Campbell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast. OSMUNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. O. regalis, L. Royal-Fern. Flowering Fern. Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. North of lake Superior (common along Devil’s Track river), Roberts; Anoka county, etc., Upham; Saint Paul and northward, Miss Cathcart, Miss Field. O, Claytoniana, L. Clayton’s (Interrupted) Flowering Fern, Common, or frequent, throughout the state. O. cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon-Fern. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northwestward. Common north of lake Superior and at Minneapolis, Roberts; Anoka county, ete., Upham; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart, Miss Field; Northfield, Rice county, Chaney; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. ~ *WOODSIA SCOPULINA, Eaton. Root-stocks short, creeping, chaffty, forming large tufts or patches ; stalks two to four inches high, not jointed, bright ferruginous near the base, paler and stramineous upwards, puberulent like the rachis and the under surface of the frond, with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands ; fronds lanceolate-oblong, four to eight inches long, pinnate ; pinne& numerous, eight to fifteen lines long, oblong- ovate, sub-acute, deeply pinnatifid with five to eight pairs of short ovate or oblong obtuse crenulate or toothed divisions; sori sub-marginal; indusium very delicate, deeply cleft into narrow segments which terminate in short hairs composed of irregular cylindrical cells. . . . Nearly like W. Oregana. Eaton’s Ferns of N. A. ass ee” ve STATE GEOLOGIST, 179 OPHIOGLOSSACE. - Apprr’s‘Toreux Famtty. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. GRAPE-FERN. MooNnwort. 3B. Lunaria, Swartz. Moonwort. North shore of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless to be found in northern Minnesota. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Hitchcock’s Grape-Fern. Thomson, Carlton county (rare), Miss Cathcart. [Abundant at Fort William, north of lake Superior, Macoun.] North. [B. lanceolatum, Angstroem, and B. matricarizfolium, Braun, probably occur in mortheastern Minnesota. The latter is distinguished from B. lanceolatum by having the sterile segment petioled, diverging but little and embracing the fertile when young, oblong and only in the largest plants deltoid, with its divisions and lobes oblong or ovate and obtuse; panicle with stalk usually half as long as the sterile segment, and sometimes longer than it; and by its fruiting two or three weeks earlier. Eaton’s Ferns of N. A.] B. Virginianum, Swartz. Virginia Grape-Fern. Rattlesnake Fern. Frequent, or common, throughout the state, B. ternatum, Swartz. (B. lunarioides, Swartz. B. australe, R. Br.) Ter- nate Grape-Fern. Throughout the state, but infrequent. St. Croix river, Parry; St. Croix Falls (rare), Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; near Lake Crystal (station now obliterated), Leiberg; lake of the Woods at mouth of Rainy river, Dawson. [Var. obliquum, Milde, and var. dissectum, Milde, probably also occur in this state.] OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER’s TONGUE. O. vulgatum, L. Adder’s-Tongue. Lake of the Woods at mouth of Rainy river, with the last, Dawson. Rare. LYCOPODIACEA. Crius-Moss FaAmIty. LYCOPODIUM, L. Cius-Moss. TRAILING EVERGREEN. L. Jucidulum, Michx, Shining Club-Moss. Mouth of Devil’s Track river, lake Superior, and on Carlton’s Peak (abundant), Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Kettle river, Pine county (common), Upham; St. Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; the sole species of this genus, and its only locality, known in Iowa, Arthur.] North. L. Selago, L. Fir Club- Moss. North shore of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. Rare. North. L. inundatum,L. Marsh Club-Moss. Palisades, north shore of lake Superior, Juni; Stillwater, Miss Butler. North. L. annotinum, L. — Club-Moss. Common through the north part of the state ; extending southwestward to Pine county (common), Upham, and the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton. L. dendroideum, Michx. —_‘Tree-like Club-Moss. Ground-Pine. Jommon northward, extending southwest to Wadena county ; the most plentiful species of club-moss in Pine county, Upham. 180 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. L. clavatum, L. Common Club- Moss. Common northward, extending thus south at least to Pine county. L. complanatum, L. Club-Moss. Festoon Ground-Pine. Common northward ; extending south to Wadena and Pine counties (next i in ok dance after L. @endvoliiean, Michx.), Upham. This and the three species next pre- ceding are bounded within nearly the same limits as the pines; spruce and fir. L. complanatum, L., var. sabinzefolium, Spring. Club-Moss. Ground- Fir. Frequent far northward ; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. SELAGINELLEA. SELAGINELLA, Beauv. DwarF Cius-Moss. SELAGINELLA, S. selaginoides, Link. Dwarf Club- Moss. Isle Royale, Dr. Lyons; north shore of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless to be found in northern Minnesota. S.rupestris, Spring. Dwarf Club-Moss. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Morrison, Benton and Stearns counties, Uphum; upper Minnesota river and falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Redstone, near New Ulm, Juni; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler; Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett. [S. apus, Spring, will probably be found in the south part of the state.] [Isoetes lacustris, L., I. echinospora, Durieu, var. Braunii, Engelm, I. riparia, En- gelm., and I. melanopoda, J. Gay, should be looked for in this state.] MARSILIACEA. MARSILIA, Lam. MARSILIA. M. vestita, Hook. & Grev.* Marsilia. “Dry swamps in the prairies near Devil’s lake,” in northeastern Dakota, Geyer; “near the Mississippi river,” in lowa, Dr. Cousens; probably alsoin Minnesota. (See notes on this species in Arthur's Contributions to the Flora of lowa, No. VI.) [Prof. Eaton writes that the Marsilia cited as collected by Geyer is the original of M. mucronata, Braun; but it is regarded by Prof. Eaton as a form of M. vestita, as at first determined by Ir. Torrey, differing from the ordinary type in having longer peduncles and less hairy sporocarps. M, uncinata, Braun, is found, according to Prof. Eaton, in Texas, Louisiana and Florida.] SALVINIACEA. AZOLLA, L. AZOLLA. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Azolla. Lapham. [The range of this species is stated by Prof. Eaton in the Botany of California to be from “Oregon to Arizona, eastward to the Atlantic, and southward to Brazil.’’] *MARSILIA VESTITA, Hook. &Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire, 2 to 7 lines long and broad; petioles 1 to 4 inches long; peduncles free from the petiole ; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled, about 2 lines long, very hairy when young; upper tooth longest, acute, straight or curved; lower tooth obtuse, the sinus between them rounded. . . . Oregon to Texas. Haton in Botany of California. hy ak Pe STATE GEOLOGIST. 181 APPENDIX. Since the date of the acknowledgments made on page 10, con- tributions to this catalogue have been received from Mrs. C. L. Herrick, of Minneapolis; Mr. A. W. Jones, of the state university; Mr. W. H. Kelley, of Saint Paul; and Mr. O. W. Oestlund, of Min- neapolis. Three varieties of grasses, described by Dr. Vasey, are first published, with his permission, on pages 161 and 172. Mr. Kelley also supplied a copy of notes on the ‘‘ Botany of Winona county,” by J.C. Norton, M. D., printed in the Winona Repub- lican, July 14 to Sept. 22, 1857, including a list of 211 species, Several of these are accessions to the foregoing catalogue, while for other species their known geographic range in this state is ex- tended. Items from this source, and others sent by correspond- ents too late for insertion ia their regular places, are as follows: Nasturtium obtusum, Nutt. Water-Cress. Winona county, Norton; Minnehaha falls, Miss Butler. South. Cardamine rotundifolia, Michx. (Including C. rhomboidea, var. purpurea, Torr.) Mountain Water-Cress, Winona county, Norton. Infrequent. Arabis petrzea, Lam. Rock Cress. Winona county, Nerton. [Ranging from southern Michigan to the shores of lake Superior, Isle Royale, and far northward.] \ Hypericum perforatum, L. Common St. John’s-wort. Winonacounty, Norton. Infrequent. South. Stellaria uliginosa, Murr. Swamp Stitchwort. Fond du Lac, at west end of lake Superior, Mrs. Herrick. North. Cassia Marylandica, L. Wild Senna. Winona county, Norton. Infrequent. South. Cassia nictitans, L. Wild Sensitive-Plant. Lily lake, Stillwater, Miss Butler. Rare. South. AMMANNIA humilis, Michx. Ammannia. Lake City, Gibson. Infrequent. South. Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; northern Minnesota, Sargent’s Catalogue of the Forest Trees of N. A.; Ramsey county, Winchell. Rare. South. Lepachys columnaris, Torr. & Gray, var. pulcherrima, Torr. & Gray. Lepachys. Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Scott. West. [Differs only in having a part or even the whole upper face of the ray brown-purple; varies southward into more slender and branching forms, some with rays reduced to a quarter-inch. Gray’s Syn- optical Flora of N.A.] ; Quercus nigra, L. Black Jack or Barren Oak. Southern Minnesota, Sargent’s Catalogue of the Forest Trees of N. A. 182 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES. Nelumbium luteum, Willd.; in lake Pepin near Frontenac, Miss Manning, Mrs. Ray. Cardamine pratensis, L.; Winona county, Worton. “ Oxalis Acetosella, L.; Winona county, Norton. [Extending south in Michigan to lake St. Clair.] Trifolium hybridum, L.; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones. Desmodium rotundifolium, DC.; Winona county, Norton. Vicia sativa, L.; Washington county, Minneapolis and Saint Cloud. Spirzea tomentosa, L.; Winona county, Norton. Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Michx.; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler. Cnothera fruticosa, L.; Winona county, Norton; Waseca county, Miss Thrall. Berula angustifolia, Koch ; Winona county (abundant in cold spring brooks, and most abundant in the coldest water), Norton. Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.; Winona county, Norton. Houstonia purpurea, L., var. ciliolata, Gray ; Winona county, Worton. Solidago ulmifolia, Muhl.; Rice county (rare), Chaney. Ambrosia trifida, L., var. integtifolia, Torr. & Gray ; common in the Red river val- ley, Leiberg. Helianthus hirsutus, Raf.; Rice county, Chaney. Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx.; Saint Cloud, Campbell. Lobelia cardinalis, L.; Owatonna, Steele county, Chaney. Asclepias verticillata, L.; add : common southwestward. Cycloloma platyphyllum, Moquin; bank of Cannon river, Northfield, Rice county, Chaney. Chenopodium capitatum, Watson ; Stockton quarries, near Winona, Holzinger. Frelichia Floridana, Moquin ; near Red Wing, Sandberg. Polygonum Virginianum, L.; Ramsey county, Oestlund, Dioscorea villosa, L.; Red river valley, Leiberg. Sporobolus asper, Kunth ; Minneapolis, Uestlund. CORRECTIONS IN NOMENCLATURE. Prof. C.S. Sargent has kindly permitted the perusal of proofs of his Catalogue of the. Forest Trees of North America, a report soon to be published for the Tenth Census of the United States, according to which several changes in nomenclature are required by species in this catalogue, making them read thus: QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA, Michx.; Q. PRINOIDES, Willd., (Q. Prinus, vars. acuminata, Michx., and humilis, Marshall) ; BETU- LA PAPYRIFERA, Marshall (B. papyracea, Ait.); ALNUS INCANA, Willd. [only the type occurs here, while var. virescens, Watson (var. glauca, Regel, in part), ranges from the Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and thence south in the mountains to New Mexico] ; ALNUS SERRULATA, Willd. ; and ABIES BALSAMBA, Miller. Of Populus balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray, Prof. Sargent writes : “Rare and perhaps unknown in a wild state ; very common in cultivation.” REVIEW OF THE CATALOGUE. The total number of plants, including both species and varie- ties, enumerated in this catalogue and appendix, is 1650, belonging to 557 genera, and representing 118 families or orders. Seven- tenths of the whole are exogenous: of which 480 are polypetalous, 512 gamopetalous, 149 apetalous, and 14 gymnospermous. Of the remaining three-tenths 427 are endogenous, and 68 are vascular cryptogams. One-twelfth of this flora consists of introduced species, number- ing 188: of which 120 are exogenous, 54 being polypetalous, 44 gamopetalous, and 22 apetalous; and 18 are endogenous. The twelve orders contributing most to this number are Composite, 18; a, a We oiled bet he 7 , ¥ STATE GEOLOGIST. 183 Graminex, 17; Cruciferze, 12; Caryophyllacex, 9; Leguminosa, 9; Labiatz, 8; Polygonacee, 7; Solanacew, 6; Chenopodiacex, 6; Mal- vacee, 5; Umbelliferee, 5; and Borraginacew, 5. One order and fifty-five genera are represented only by introduced species; leaving 117 orders, 502 genera, and 1512 species and varieties, occurring indigenously in this state. Counting only indigenous plants, the twelve largest orders are as follows: Composite, 204; Cyperacex, 129; Graminex, 122; Legu- minose, 62; Rosacez, 62; Ranunculacee, 45; Filices, 48; Orchid- aces, 41; Cruciferze, 39; Liliaceew, 39; Scrophulariacew, 37; and Ericacez, 34; making 857, or nine-sixteenths of our native flora. Again counting only indigenous species and varieties, the forty largest genera are Carex, 89; Aster, 34; Solidago, 28; Polygonum, 20; Ranunculus, 18; Viola, 17; Potamogeton, 16; Helianthus, 15; Juncus, 15; Potentilla, 14; Salix, 14; Aspidium, 13; Asclepias, Habenaria, and Panicum, each 12; Euphorbia, Quercus, and Scir- pus, each 11; Anemone, Rubus, Galium, Artemisia, Gerardia, and Gentiana, each 10; Erigeron, Vaccinium, Pyrola, Eleocha- ris, and Poa, each 9; Arabis, Hypericum, Astragalus, Desmodium, Ribes, Cornus, Cnicus, Trillium, Cyperus, Elymus, Equisetum, and Lycopodium, each 8. In thirty-one of these genera, including the first three, no introduced plant is found. Of the 412 species in Sargent’s Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America [north of Mexico], 81 occur indigenously in Minne- sota; but eight of these, though becoming trees in some portions of the United States, do not here attain a tree-like size or habit of growth, while forty-eight (mostly noticed on pages 13 to 15) be- come large trees, at least forty or fifty feet high. Besides these, about 125 indigenous shrubs belong to this flora, making its whole number of woody plants about 206. Two species of Smilax are the only endogenous plants in this number. In the statements of geographic range northward, very im- portant aid has been derived from lists by Prof. John Macoun, of plants found in British America north of Minnesota, published in Reports of Progress of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada for 1875-76, 1878-79, and 1879-80; from his Catalogue of Canadian Plants; Part I. Polypetale, published as a report of the same survey, in 1883; and from manuscript notes, communi- cated by Professor Macoun, respecting the divisions of the flora after Polypetale. Toward the east, south and southwest, similar aid was found in Wheeler and Smith’s Catalogue of the Phenoga- mous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of Michigan: 1881 (con- taining 1634 species and varieties, of which 1476 are indigenous); 184 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CoMPARISON WITH OTHER STATES AND WITH Europe. a OOO ea n . |as. Indigenous species and varieties in the Ba 192-1688 flora of Minnesota, also indigenous in _ a aa nd |\S45 am a : a 3 ORDERS. 5 |Se |se |S22il.5 |83 |e 1ee] 4 | $8 laa s |e& | 8s (ees||ae (58 |28 lee | & | Re |Se oO = me ee SA Age = 3 = 2 aol Ranunculaceze ae 12 11 49 45 12 31 34 35 33 35 8 Menispermacee... 1 1 1} _ 1) )...--- 1 : 1 1 1 | cates Berberidace®@..... 3 2 3 Zlib aaenpte 2 2 2 2 PN ae Nympheacee..... 4 4 8 8 2 6 6 4 4 4 Sarraceniacez .... 1 1 1 UN spec 1 1 1 1 1 ]-- 00. Papaverace®...... 2 1 2 0h see 1 1 1 1 A acsina Fumariacee..... a 3 2 if Giilieeione 4 4 5 2 4 sees Gracie ee 18 13| * 5) 39 11 20) 27 27 28 27 il Capparidacee.... 2 2 2 Dililereteiekere 1 1 2 2 rae RA Violacez .......... 1 Lys BBA TE Bl. 10): 14/8 ae ee 8 Cistacex........... 3 3 3 3] |.e-ees 3 2 3 2 2 |egrees Droseracee .... .. 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 Bl eeeees 1 Hypericacexz Bs gers 2 2 10 Stiles caves 6 8 7 ff 6 | ee. Caryophyllacee... 7 5 24 15 8 11 13 11 8 10 Paronychiex ye oe ae 1 1 1 1 see 1 1 1 1 1 sees Ficoideze es esac 1 1 1 A Wie aree semi alaia's 1 1 1 serene i Portulacacee ..... 3 3 2 ee a 2 i 3 4 4) Malvaceze......... 6 4 9 Slit mak weetacocaieel coteeiae 2 3 Bitacuee . Tillacex........... 1 u 1 1]}.. +--+ 1 1 1 1 1} +--+. Linacex......... za 1 1 4 a ene 1 1 2 1 3 1 Geraniacez ....... 4 3 9 8 2 8 8 8 6 7 2 Rutacez .......... 2 7 B ; settee 2 2 2 steers Anacardiacee.... Dh Es SN st ee 109 |b slaccieiele sees Vitaceze PE ett et om 2 2 5 Dy ila sate 5 4 4 4 3 lhictwee Rhamnacee....... 2 2 3 3) |..--e. 3 3 3 2 3 1 Celastracez....... 2 2 3 3] ]-..0+ 1 3 2 2 3] .cceee Sapindacee....... 3 3 8 8 u 8 8 6 5 | eeeees Polygalacez 5 8% SR rf 2M 6 (i Seen 6 6 6 3 Gilaniead Leguminosz are as 4 24 71 62 4 31 38 42 43 52 RoSacezk.....ccce a 13 13 62 62 12 49 51 49 39 42 12 Saxifragacee...... 8 8 23 22 4 16 19 19 8 17 4 Crassulacez....... 2 i 2 1|}.....- 1 1 1 1 Av sctees Hamamelacez.... 1 1 1 Ml eeictete 1 1 1 1 ee eees weer Halorageze 2 2 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 Onagracez 5 5 18 18 6 12 14 15 12 16 7 Lythracez......... 3 3 3 Sitcetsale.e 1 2 3 2 22 1 Cactace®....i...<. 1 1 3 By eocnen alate 1 3 2 Sil cise Cucurbitacee...... 2 2 2 OTIS pact 2 2 1 2 otto Umbellifere....... 22 17 32 27 2 19 22 22 19 22 Araliacez......... 1 1 5 BH retrace’ 5 5 5 3 ane e| Cornace2.......... 1 1 8 AH bgoone ef 7 6 5 z 1 Caprifoliacez ..... 8 8 23 23 3 16 23 23 13 12 4 Rubiacez......... ‘ 4 4 14 4 L 11 14 13 10 11 5 Valerianacee..... 2 2 3 ieaseeealesres 3 2 2 3: | sereage Dipsacex....:...... The hebcaAr Ml idetafetedl Na carete Napa etaa tse. staal) Mates “te ae sons : Composit®........ 58 48 222 204 9 101 141 151 139 154 32 Lobeliaces, ....., 1 1 6 6 1 6 6 5 4 5 Bing Campanulacee.... 2 2 4 4 1 3 4 4 4 4 2 Ericace® ......... 16 16 34 34 12 31 29 26 3 10 9 MILCINE ZS) Ao ss\ ies relg 2 2 2 DW BeBe 2 2 2 if Gaap ae Plantaginacez.... 1 1 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 Primulacee. ..... 9 8 14 13 5 9 ll 11 7 10 3 Lentibulacee ..... 2 2 5 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 Orobanchacee.... i 1 3 i ieettaiae 1 2 2 2 3 3 Scrophulariacez.. 18 17 41 37 5 25 30 30 24 25 tes Acanthacee....... 1 1 1 1 males SEE 1 1 1 Lilisodeae Verbenacee.. .... 3 3 8 T | [osenes 4 6 7 7 7 2 Mapiatwe >. Moa tead 20 15 37 29 4 20 24 25 26 26 5 Borraginacez..... 8 6 20 15 2 3 10 10 12 13 2 Alydrophyllacez.. 3 3 5 Dil Saewee 1 3 3 3 5 1 Polemoniacez..... 3 3 6 Gilli encase ae 2 4 4! 6 1 Convolvulacee.... 2 2 8 8 1 4 6 6 6 6 Ttteate Solanacee, ...... 6 2 14 8 1 1 6 7 5 5 Gentianacee ..... 4 4 13 13 1 6 10 10 8 11 Apocynacee....... 1 1 2 aalsisternion' 2 2 2 2 2 totter we a oe STATE GEOLOGIST. 185 ee ORDERS. Gen. | I.g. | Sp. |L. sp.|| Eu, |N.E. |Mich. | Wis. |lowa. | Neb. | Cal. Asclepiadacee.... 2 2 17 ileal esp 11 8 13 14 12 1 ieaceie ETN fo oar 1 1 5 Dil ilsteteretere 4 <5 5 4 5 | ...ee- Aristolochiacee .. 2 2 2 7 Besos 1 1 1 ips ces |oooses Nyctaginacee.:.... 1 1 3 3B] |. cone as esx) [uenmm 3 3 Z |accese Phytolaccacez.... J 1 1 ON eae 1 1 1 1 Des tree Chenopodiacez... 5 5 13 7 3 1 2 2 1 5 4 Amarantacee..... 3 3 5 Ili lvaaiet ete 1 1 2 3 2 1 Polygonacee...... 3 2 33 26 5 21 24 22 19 19 9 Thymeleacee..... 1 1 1 1} ] 2-00. 1 1 1 L | evscee |oceeee Eleagnacee....... 2 2 3 3B] [e-ccce 1 1 Dll steveteyaie 1 _ Santalacee..... nes 1 1 3 S4| i lesdaco 1 2 1 1 1 2 Saururace2........ 1 1 1 TaN heeecsteters 1 1 1 “Ae ieee Ceratophyllacez.. i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Callitrichacee..... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Podostemacez.... 1 1 1 MUM) lloievetmere 1 SW Fe craters acl iaie' Sse lescecs Uccmrac Euphorbiacez..... 2 2 13 Tall GRpRaR 4 5 9 10 9 2 Empetracez....... 1 1 1 Aah ete eras 1 1 lees Urticacez......... 10 9 13 11 1 11 11 11 10 Platanacee........ 1 1 1 TGA S ota 1 1 1 1 Juglandacee..... : 2 2 5 BH eae ore 5 5 5 4 Cupuliferz ........ 4 4 15 Dill etxatciste 14 12 14 13 Myricacez....,.... 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 DA leer Betulacez......... 2 2 8 8 2 8 7 6 3 Salicacez.......... 2 2 23 19 1 18 17 17 14 Conifere....... ... 7 7 13 13 3 13 12 12 4 TAXAaces®......... He 1 1 1 1 bes 1 1 1 tl aSaace lacanee Aracez...... Sppoos 4 4 5 5 2 5 5 5 4 4). Lemnacee......... 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 Typhacee.... ..... 2 2 7 7 4 7 6 5 4 4 3 aldacee..... ... - 3 3 18 18 10 16 16 12 13 a 12 Alismacez........ 5 5 10 10 4 8 9 6 7 vg 4 Hydrocharidacee. 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 Orchidacez melas rns 14 14 41 41 10 36 40 34 14 26 9 Amaryllidacez.... 1 1 1 Te Heese 1 1 1 1 hal espe Hemodoracee... al 1 1 1 1 1 5 een e,| Gaerne oe MpIGACEL,... 00... 26 2 2 2 AW eSriaoe 2 2 2 2 Pailsencec Dioscoreacee ..... 1 1 1 Willegeoné 1 1 1 1 Meee sn Smilaceez.......... 1 1 4 CA Gone 3 4 4 2 Peet MGNACELOs «ceases oe 18 17 40 39 4 25 34 31 25 32 5 Juncacee.......... 2 2 18 18 9 12 16 12 9 10 7 Pontederiacez.... 2 2 2 OA eens 2 2 2 2 2 1 Commelynacez..,. 1 1 1 DO IE ease 1 1 1 In| Sereetae Xyridacez......... 1 1 1 aN asa 1 ils soee ere eee Eriocaulonacee.. 1 1 1 DW isete see 1 a Arey (ee 51 nee Cyperacee......... 10 10 129 129 37 105 113 95 69 92 39 Graminez ADOnaEA 47 42 139 122 30 89 96 92 79 89 43 Equisetacez....... 1 1 8 6 6 7 8 4 8 3 Filices... toate sia 6b 15 15 43 43 19 36 40 32 22 29 iL Ophioglossacez... 2 2 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 Lycopodiacve.... 1 1 8 8 5 8 i 5 1 2 2 Selaginellez....... 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 Marsiliacez....... 1 1 1 HAR Rte aster I ecateteretns if czicteienllee ete ere 1 1 1 Salviniacez ....... 1 3 1 WA spc s ae wicver siete’ setsrevcte [lewescce ne 1 1 118 Orders..... 557 502 1650 1512 290 1048 | 1210 1176 949 | 1091 335 G. D. Swezey’s Catalogue of the Phenogamous and Vascular Cryp- togamous Plants of Wisconsin, forming chapter V in Geology of Wisconsin, vol. I: 1883 (containing 1473 species and varieties, of which 1337 are indigenous); J.C. Arthur’s Contributions tothe Flora of Iowa, numbers I to VI: 1876 to 1884 (containing 1210 species and varieties, of which 1097 are indigenous); and Prof. Samuel Aughey’s Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska: 1875 (containing 1718 species and varieties of phenogams and vascular cryptogams, of which 186 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. 1648 are indigenous). Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Arthur for valuable information and suggestions during this work. The preceding table presents comparisons with the four state- catalogues mentioned; and also with the Botany of California (1876: and 1880; by Brewer, Gray, and Watson; 2894 species and 339 varieties, including introduced plants); with the flora of New Eng- land, as indicated by Gray’s Manual (approximately 1364 species. and varieties of native phenogams, 243 introduced phenogams, and 74 vascular cryptogams); and with the flora of Europe, so far- as it is represented in that of the northern United States, also- shown by Gray’s Manual. From this table it appears that 290 spe- cies and varieties of the indigenous flora of Minnesota are also found native in Europe; 1048 in New England; 1210 in Michigan; 1176 in Wisconsin; 949 in Iowa; 1091 in Nebraska; and 335 in California. In submitting this catalogue to readers, students and botanists, it seems desirable to repeat that it claims to be merely a report of progress in an unfinished work, It is hoped that its publication will incite all the workers in this field to increased efforts, so that. the final report of this part of the state survey shall be made as. — complete and accurate as possible. The cryptogamic vegetation, as mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, and alg, will there be cata— logued; and within the province of the present work, there will be: incorporated additions and corrections, as well as extension or more exact limitation in statements of the range of species, ‘so far as. known. For this purpose, botanists are requested to keep full notes of all observations that supplement or amend this catalogue, and to send them, together with specimens of plants found in Min- nesota but not herein recorded, to Prof. N. H. Winchell, curator of the state university museum, Minneapolis. Probably about a tenth part of the total phainopaeiian flora of the state remains yet to be noted in neglected nooks, in marsh,. dense woods, cool ravines, on cliffs and hills, in streams and lakex’ Numerous species and varieties new to science quite certainly await. discovery; and it will be interesting in many cases to compare our common and well known plants with specimens of the same gath- ered in distant portions of the country, or even in this region under differing conditions of soil, moisture, or shade. The greater part of the accessions must be expected, of course, near the borders of the state, being often species that are common or frequent beyond our limits but extend only scantily into Minnesota. Ts = RF Gaya a ee hi ss la eae tg 4 INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Names of orders or families are in SMALL CAPITALS ; [synonyms are enclosed in brackets ;] introduced species, and genera represented only by introduced species, are in Italic type. Abele, 131, Abies, 132, 133, 182, Abutilon, 34. Acalypha, 123. ACANTHACER, 102. ACANTHUS FAMILY, 102. Acer, 39. Acerates, 115. Achillea, 84. Acnida, 118. Acorus, 135. Acteea, 21. Adam-and-Eve, 142. Adder’s-Mouth, 141 Adder’s- Tongue, 146, 179." ADDER’S- TONGUE FAMI- LY, 179. Adenocaulon, penshtan., 174, Adoxa, 66. Ethusa, 61. Agrimonia, 49. Agrimony, 49. Agropyrum, 169. Agrostis, 160. [Aira, 171.] ri 20, 36, idior. 128. Aletris, 143. Alexanders, 62. Alfalfa, 41. ALG#, 11, 186. ALISMACE2, 137. Alisma, 138. “alkali-Grass,” 144, Alkanet, 107. Allium, 14, 147. [Allosorus, 175. ] Alnus, 128, 182. Alopecurus, 160. Alsike Clover, 41, 182. Alum -root, 55. Alyssum, 27. AMARANTA- CE, 118. AMARANTH FAMILY, 118. Amaranth, 118. Amarantus, 118. AMARYLLIDA- CER, 142. AMARYLLIS FAMILY, 142. Ambrosia, 15, 79, 182. Amelanchier, 53 Ammannia,[58,] 181. Ammophila, 162. Amorpha, 14, 43. Ampelopsis, 38. Amphicarpea, ANACARDI- ACES, 37. Anacharis, 139. Anagallis, 97. Anaphalis, 86. Andromeda, 94. Andropogon, 14, 173. Androsace, 96. Anemone, 17. Angelica, 5, 61. Anise Hyssop, 105. Antennaria, 86. Anthemis, 84, Anychia, 33. Apbhyllon, 98. Apios, 47. Aplectrum, 142. merqceppue, 14, APOCYNACE®, 113. Apocynum. 113. Apple, 5, 53 Bute of -Peru, [A ne ACE, 95. ] ” quilegia, 14, 0. ‘ oe age 24, [25,] (Aree 134, “ARALIACES, 63. Aralia, 63. Arbor Vite, 15, 133. Arbutus, Trail- ing, 93. ro 61. Archemora, 61. Arctic Rasp- berry, 51, Arctium, 88. ATELESPAD ES IOS, praevia: 82. ‘Arethusa, 141. Arisema, 134. Aristida, 14, 163. ARISTOLOCHI- ACE, 116. Aristolochia, 116. Arnica, 87. Aromatic Win- tergreen, 15, 93. Arrhenathe- rum, 171. Arrow-grass, 13% Arrow-head, 138. Arrow-wood, 66. Artemisia, 84. Artichoke, 82. ARUM FAM- 1LY, 134. Asarabacea, 116. Asarum, 116. ASCLEPIADA- CEA, 114. Asclepias, 14, 114, 182. Ash, (87, 53,) 115. Ash-leaved Ma- ple, 40. Asparagus, 146. Aspen, 130. Asperugo, 108. Asphodel, False, 145. Aspidium, 176. Asplenium, 175. Asprella, 170. Aster, 70, [74,] 183. Astragalus, 14, ‘Aeaiplons 117. Avena, 170. Avens, 49. Awlwort, 27. Azolla, 180. Bachelor’s Button, 87. Balm of Gile- ad, 131, 182. Balmony, 99. Balsam, 36. Balsam-apple, 59. Balsam Fir, 15, 133. Balsam Poplar, 130. Baneberry, 21. Baptisia, 47. Barbarea, 25. BARBERRY FAMILY, 21. Barberry, 21, Barley-Grass, 169. Barnyard- Grass, 173. Barren Straw- berry, 49. Basil, 104. Basswood, 35. Bastard Toad- flax, 122. Bath Flower, 144, Bayberry, 127. Beach Pea, 46. Beak- Rush, 152. Bean, 47. Bearberry, 93. Beard-Grass, 14, 173. Beard-tongue, 99. Beaver-Poison, Beckmannia, 14, 171. Beckmann’s Grass, 171. Bedstraw, 67. Beech, 127. Beech-Fern,175. Beggav’s Lice, 108. Beggar-ticks, 83. Bellflower, 92. Bellwort, 145. Bengal-Grass, 173. Bent-Grass, 160, 162. BERBERIDA- CEA, 21. Berberis, 21. Bergamot, Wild, 104. Berula, 63, 182. Betony, Wood, 102. BETULACES, 128. Betula, 128, 182. Bidens, 83. Big Woods, 13. Bilberry, 92, 93. Bindweed, 110, 120. BIRCH FAMILY, 128. Birch, 128. Birthroot, 144, BIRTHWORT FAMILY, 116. Birthwort, 116. Bishop’s-Cap, 55. Bistort, Alpine, 118. Bitter Cress, 24. Bitter-nut, 126. Bitter-sweet, (39,) 111. Bitter-weed, 79. Black Alder, 95, 128. Blackberry, 52. Black-cap Raspberry, 51. Black Haw, 66.. 188 Black Walnut, 15, 125. Bladder-Fern, 177. Bladder Ket- mia, 34. Bladder-nut, 39. Bladder-pod, 27. BLADDERWORT FAMILY, 98. Bladderwort,98. Blazing-Star, 14, 68. © Blephilia, 105. Blite, 117. pBlitum, ,116,117.] lood-root, 23. BLOODWORT FAMILY, 143. “Bloody War- rior,’ 101. Blue Beech, 127. Bluebell, 92. Blueberry, 15,92. Blue- bottle, 87. Blue Cohosh, 21. Blue-eyed Grass, 143. Blue Flag, 143. Blue -Grass, 167. Blue-Hearts, 100. Blue-Joint, 14, 162, 173. Blue Lettuce,91. Boehmeria, 125. Bog-Rush, 148. Boltonia, 74. Boneset, 70. BORAGE FAM- ILY, 106. BORRAGINA- CE, 106. Botrychium,179. Bottle-brush Grass, 170. Bottle-Grass, 173. Bouncing Bet,31. Bouteloua, 14, 164, Box- Elder, 40. Brachyelytrum, Bracken, 174. Bracted Bind- weed, 110. Brake, 174, 175. Bramble, BL Brasenia, 21. Brassica. 26. Bristly Fox-tail Grass, 173. Brittie Fern,177. Brome- -Grass, 168 Bromus, 168. Brooklime, 100. Broom-Grass, 173. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY, 98. Broom-rape, 98. Brunella, 105. Buchloe, 14, 165. Buchnera, 100. Buckbean, 113. BUCKTHORN FAMILY, 38. Buckthorn, 38, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 118. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Buckwheat, 120. Buftalo- -Berry, 121. Bufialo-Grass, 164, 165. Bugle-weed.104. Bug-seed, 117, Bulrush, 151. Buneh-berry,64. Burdock, 88. Bur-Grass, 173. Par -Marigold, uct Saxi- frage, 62. Burning -Bush, 3 9. Bur-Oak, 126. Bur-reed, 135. Bur-seed, 107. Bush-Clover, 46. Bush-Honey- suckle, 65. Butter-and- eggs, 99. Buttereup, 18,19. Butterfly-weed, 115. Butternut, 125. Butter-weed, 74. Butterwort, 98. Button-bush, 67, 182. Button Snake- root, 60, 68. Buttonwood, 125. Cacalia, 86. CACTACE®, 59. CACTUS FAMI- LY, 59. “Cactus,” 59. Cakile, 28. [Calamagrostis, 162. Calamint, 104. Calamintha, 104. Calamus, 135. Calla, 134. Callirrhoe, 34. CALLITRICHA- CE, 122. Callitriche, 122. Calopogon, 141. Caltha, 20. Calypso, 141. [Calystegia, 110.] Camassia, 147. Camelina, 27. CAMPANULA- CEA, 92. CAMPANULA FAMILY, 92. Campanula, 92. Campion, 31. Camptosorus, 175. Canary Grass, 171 Cancer-root, 98. Cannabis, 125. CAPER FAMILY, 28. CAPPARIDA- CE, 28. CAPRIFOLI- ACE, 64. Capsella, 27. Caraway, 60. Cardamine, 24, 181, 182. Cardinal Flow- er, 91, 182. Carex, 8, 9, 14, 153, 183. Carpet-weed, 33 Carpinus, 127, Carrion-Flow- er, 143. Carrot, 60. Carum, 60. Carya, 125. CARYOPHYLLA- CE, 31. CASHEW FAMI- LY, (87. Cassandra, 93. Cassia, 47, 181. Cassiope, 94. Castilleia, 101. Catbrier, 143. Catchily, 31. Catgut, 46. Cat-Mint, 105. Catnip, 105. Cat’s-tail Grass, 160. CAT-TAIL FAM- ILY, 135. Cal: tail Flag, Cauiopnyltum, Gaanorhnd: 39. Cedar, (133, ‘) 134, CELASTRACER, 39. Celastrus, 39. Celtis, 124. Cenchrus, 173. Centaurea, 87. Centunculus, 97. Cephalanthus, 67, 182. Cerastium, 32. CERATOPHYL- LACE, 122. Ceratophyllum, 122. Cercis, 47. Chafftweed, 97. Chamomile, 84. Charlock, 26. Cheat, 15, 168. Checkerberry, 15, 93. Cheilanthes, 175. Chelone, 99. CHENOPODI- ACEH, 116. cedar 116. Cherry, 48. _ Chess, 168. Chick weed, 32, 33. Chick weed- ay igterarcen: Chicory: 89. Chimaphila, 95. Chinquapin, Water, 22. Chiogenes, 93. Chives, 147. Choke-berry, 53. Choke-Cherry, 48. Christmas- Fern, 177. Chrysanthe- mum, 84. Chrysopogon, 14,173, Chrysopsis, 78. Chrysosple- nium, 66. Cichorium, 89. Cicuta, 62. Cinna, 161. Cinnamon- Fern, 178. Cinqae- foil, 49. Circea, 57. (Cirsium, 88.] CISTACBA, 30, Cladium, 152. Claytonia, 34. Clearweed 125, Cleavers, 67. Clematis, 17. Cleome, 28. Cliff-Brake, 175. Climate, 12. Climbing Bitter- Sweet, 39. Clintonia, 15, 145. Clotbur, 79. Clover, 41. CLUB-MOsSs FAMILY, 179. Club-Moss, 179. Club-Rush, 151. Cnicus, 88. Cockle, LBS Sts) Gocldoune Cockspur AY tt 173. Cockspur Thorn, 53. Coffee-tree, 15, 48. Cohosh, 21. Colic-root, 143. Collinsia, 99. Collomia, 14,110. Coltsfoot, 70. Columbine, 20. Comandra, 14, 122. Comfrey, 106, (108.) COMMELYN- ACER, 149. Compass- Plant, 78. COMPOSIT»®, 68. COMPOSITE FAMILY, 68. Comptonia, 127. Cone-flower, 80. CONIFER, 131. icomaaeltsinas 1 Conium, 63. CONVOLVULA- CE®, 110. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY, 110. Convolvulus, 110. Coptis, 20. Coral-berry, 65, Corallorhiza, 142. Coral-root, 142. Cord Grass, 14, 164. Coreopsis, 82, 182. Corispermum, ys : CORNACES, 64. Cornel, 15, 64. Cornus, 64, 181. Corn Salad, 63. Corpse-Plant, 95. Corydalis, 23. Corylus, 127. pA -Grass, Cotton- Thistle, Cutonwatl 131. Couch- Grass, 169. Cowbane, 61, 62. Cowberry, 93. Cow-Herb, 15, 31. Cow-Parsnip, 60 Cowslip, 96, 97. “Cowslip,”’ 20. ees Wheat, Gr 'ab-Apple, 5, Ora Grass, 172. Crane 'y, 15, Graiies ry- tree, 66. Cranesbill, 36. CRASSULACEX, 56. Crategus, 52. Creeping Snow- berry, 93. . Crepis, 90. Cress, 23, 24, 25, 181. “Crocus,” 17. CROWBERRY FAMILY, 124. Crowberry, 124. CROWFOOT FAMILY, 17. Crowtoot, 18, 19. CRUCIFERS, 23. Cryptogramie, cr ‘yptoteenia, Cuckes Flower, 24, 182. CUCURBITA- CR, 59. Cudweed, 86. Culver’s Physic, 100. Cup-Plant, 78.’ CUPULIFER, 126. Currant, 54. Cuscuta, 110. Cut-grass, 14, 159, Cyeloloma, 116, Ones Cynogiossum, foyathi 89.] CYPERACES, 150. Cyperus, 150. Cypripedium, Gyatoaterts, 177. Dactylis, 166. Daisy Flea- bane, 74. Daisy, Ox-eye, 15, 84. Pakota Potato, Daicota Turnip, axa. 42. Dalibarda, 51. + ec (89,) Danthonia, 170. Darnel, 169. Datura, 112, Daucus, 60. Dead-N ettle,106. Deerberry, 93. Delphinium, 20, Dentaria, 24. Deschampsia, 171. Desmanthus, 48. DESMIDS, 11. Desmodium, 45, 182. Dewberry, 52. Deyeuxia, 162. Diarrhena, 166. Dicentra, 23. Dicksonia, 178. Didiplis, 58. Diervilla. 65 DIOSCOREA- CES, 143. Dioscorea, 143, 182. [Diplopappus, 73, 74.] DIPSACES, 68. Dipsacus, 68. Direa, 121. Dock, (78,) 120. Dockmackie, 66. Dodder, 110. Dodecatheon, 97. DOGBANE FAMILY, 113. Dogbane, 113. Dog Fennel, 84. Dog’s- -tooth Violet, 146. DoGwoop FAMILY, 64. Dogwood, 64, 181. _ y Dogwood, Poi- son, 37. Door-weed, 119. Draba, 26. Dracocepha- lum, 105. Dragon- Arum, Dragon-head, 105. Dragon-root, 134. Drop-seed Grass, 160, 161. eT ACE, 0. Drosera, 30. Dry Straw- berry, 49. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA, DUCKWEED FAMILY, 135. Duekweed, 135. Dulichium. 150. Dutehman’s Breeches, 23. Dutchman’s Pipe, 116. Dwarf Club- Moss, 180. Dwarf Dande- lion, 89. Dyer’s Cleav- ers, 67. Dysodia, 83. Eagle Fern, 174. Senter -flower, acbiits: 166. Echinacea, 80. Echinocystis, 59. Echinodorus, 138. Echinosper- mum, 14, 107. Eel-grass, 139. EL AGNACEX, 121, Eleagnus, 14, 121. Elder, (63,) 66. EKlecampane, 78. Eleocharis, 150. Elevations, 11. Ellisia, 109. Elm, 124. Elodes, 31. Elymus, 14, 169. EMPETRACEX, 124, Empetrum, 124. Enchanter’s Nightshade, 57. Epigza, 93. Epilobium, 57. EQUISETACEX, 174. Equisetum. 174. Eragrostis, 167. Erechtites, 86. ERICACE, 92, Erigeron, 74. ERIOCAULONA- CEA, 149. Erioecaulon, 149. Eriophorum, 152. Erodium, 36. Eryngium, 60. Eryngo, 60. Erysimum, 25. Erythronium, 146. Euonymus, 39. Eupatorium, 70. EUPHORBIA- CE, 123. Euphorbia, 14, 123. Euphrasia, 102. Ev «NING- PRIMROSE FAMILY, 57. Evening-Prim- rose, 57. Evergreen, Trailing, 179. Everlasting, 86. Everlasting Pea, 46. iSae Sena NRO eta Pe eet ES Eyebright, 102. SCRUM, Fraps, 127. Pam Acacia, Faise Asphodel, aise Beech- drops, 95. False Buck- wheat, 120. False Dragon- head, 105. False Flax, 27. False Foxglove, 101. False Grom- well, 106. False Helle- bore, 144, False Indigo, 43, 47. False Lettuce, 91. False Loose- strife, 58. False Mallow, 34. False Miter- wort, 56. False. Nettle, 125. False Penny- royal, 103. False Pimper- nel, 100. False Red- -top, 167. False Rice, 159. False Rue- Anemone, 20. FalseSolomon’s Seal, 145. False Spike- nard, 145. False Sunflow- er, 79. Feather Gera- nium, 117. Feather-Grass, 163. [Fedia, 68.] Fennel-flower, 21. FERNS, 174. Fescue-Grass, 168. Festuca, 168. Ferld- Currant, Fetia Marigold, rover: wort, 66. FICOIDE®, 33. FIGWORT FAMILY, 98 ~ Figwort, 99. Filbert, 127. FILICKS, 174. Fimbristylis, 152. Finger-Grass, 172. Fiorin, 161. Fir, 15. 133. Fire Pink, 31. Fire-weed. 57,86. Five-Finger, 49, Five-leat lvy, Flag, Blue, 143. Flag, Sweet, 135. FLAX FAMILY, 35. Flax, 35, 36. Fleabane, 74, Floating Heart, 113. Fiower-de- Luce, 143. - Flower of an Hour, 34. Flowering Dog- wood, 181. Flowering Fern, 178. Flowering Raspberry, 51. Fly-Honey- suckle, 65. Fog-fruit, 103. Folle Avoine, 159. Fool’s Parsley, 61 Forest, 12, 183. Forget-me-not, 107. Forked Spike, 173. FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY, 116. Fow! Meadow- Grass, 166, 167. Foxglove, False, 101. Foxtail Grass, 160, 173. Fragaria, 51. Fraxinus, 115, Fresh-water Cord-Grass, 14, 164, Freelichia, 118, 182. FROG’S-BIT FAMILY, 139. Frost-weed, 30. FUMARIACEX, 23. Fumaria, 23. FUMITORY FAMILY, 23. Fumitory, 23. FUNGI, 10, 186. Gaillardia, 14, 83. Galeopsis, 106. Galingale, 150. Galium, 67, Garget, 116. Garlic, 147. Gaultheria, 93. Gaura, 14, 57. Gay Feather, 68, 69. Gaylussacia, 92. GENTIAN FAM- ILY, J12, Gentian, 112, GENTIANACE, 112. Gentiana, 14, 112, GERANIACE, 36. GERANIUM FAMILY, 36. Geranium, 36, (117.) Gerardia, 14,100. jc nn nn ne UU UE aes] Se OE ee 189 Germander, 103. German Mud- wort, 108. Geum, 4. Giant ‘Hyssop, 105, Gill, 105. “Ginger- root, = 70. GINSENG FAMILY, 63. Ginseng, 63. Gina Mallow, 34, Glasswort, 117. Glaux, 97. Glyceria, 166. Glycyrrhiza, 45. Gnaphalium, 86. Goat’s- Beard, 89, Goats’ Rue, 43. Golden Alexan- ders, 62. Golden Aster, 78. Golden Rag- wort, 87. Golden-rod, 182. Golden Saxi- frage, 56. Goldthread, 20. Good- King- Henry, 117. Goodyera, 140. Gooseberry, 54. GOOS EFOOT FAMILY, 116. Goosefoot, 116. Goose-Grass, 67, 119. “Gosling,” 17. GOURD FAM- ILY, 59. Grama, 164. GRAMINES, 14, 159. Grape, 5, 38. Grape Fern, 179. Graphepho- rum, 165. GRASS FAMILY, (14, 16,) 159, 181. Grass of Par- nassus, 55. Grass Pink, 141. Gratiola, 99. Greek Valerian, 109. Greenbrier, 143. Green Milk- weed, 115. Grindelia, 14, 77. Gromwell, 107. Ground Cherry, REY. Ground Fir, 180. Ground Hem- lock, 134. Ground Ivy, 105. Ground Laurel, 93. Ground-nut, 5, 47, 63. Ground-Pine, 179, 180. Ground Plum, TD, 43. Groundsel, 86. Gutierrezia, 14, 74. 190 Gymnocladus, [Gymnosti- chum, 170.] Habenaria, 139. Hackberry, 124. Hackmatack, 133. H#MODORA- CES, 143. Hair-Grass, 160, 171. Halenia, 112. HALORAGEX, 56. HAMAMELA- CE, 56. Hamamelis, 56. Hardhack, 48, 182. Harebell, 92. Hart’s Clover, 41. *“*Hartshorn lant,”’ 17. aw, Black, 66. Hawkweed. 89. Hawthorn, 52. Hay as fuel, 164, Hay-scented Fern, 178. Hazel-nut, 127. “Headache- * plant,” 17. Heal-all, 105. Heart’s Ease, 29. Heartweed, 119. BHEATHFAMILY, 15, 92. Hedeoma, 104. Hedgehog- Grass, 173. Hedge-Hyssop, 99. Heise Mustard, Hedge Nettle, Hedivenr um, 45. Helenium, 84. Helianthemum, 30. Helianthus, 14, 15, 80, 182. Heliopsis, 79 Hellebore, 144. Temi petDna, 0 150. Hemlock,(62,63,) 132, 134. Hemlock Pars- ley, 61. Hemlock- Spruce, 132. Hemp, (113, 118,) 125 Hemp-WNettle, 106. Hepatica, 18. Heracleum, 60. Herb Robert, 36. Herd’s-Grass, 160, 161. Heron’s-bill, 36. Heuchera, 55. Hibiscus, 34. Hickory, 15, 125, Hieracium, 89. Hierochloa, 171. Hippuris, 56. Hoary Pea, 43. Hog Pea-nut, 47. Hog’s-Fennel, 60. Cone ee a ee She lh ote bs ee Denes Sh Eg oe ee Pe : INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. -weed, 79. ow Toot, 66. HoLeeeanaer, 95 Holly, 95. Holly-Fern, 177. Holy Grass, 171. Honewort, 63. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY, 64. Honeysuckle, 65. “Honey- suckle,’’ 20. Hop, 5, 125. Hop- Horn- beam, 127. Hop- tree, 37. Hordeum, 169. Horehound, (104,) 106. Hornbeam, 127. Horned Pond- weed, 136. HORNWORT FAMILY, 122. Hornwort, 122. Horse Gentian, 66. Horse-Mint, 104. Horse-radish,24. HORSETAIL FAMILY, 174, Horsetail, 174. Horse-weed, 74. Hosackia, 42. Hound’s- Tongue, 108. Houstonia, 67, 182. Huckleberry, 15, 92,93. Hudsonia, 20. Humulus, 125. Huntsman’s Cup, 22. Hybrids, 103, 130. Hydrastis, 20. HYDROCHARI- DACE2, 139. Hydrocotyle,59. HYDROPHYL- LACE, 109. Hydrophyllum, 109. HYPERICACE2, Hypericum, 30, Hypoxys, 142. Hyssop, 99, 105. Ick PLANT FAMILY, 33. Tlex, 95. ILICINE, 95. Llysanthes, 100. Impatiens, 36. Indian-Chick- weed, 33. Indian Cucum- ber-root, 144. Indian Currant, 65. Indian Fig, 59. Indian Grass, 14, 173. Indian Hemp, 113, 114. Indian Mallow, 34. “Tndian Paint,” 107. Indian Pink, 101. Indian Pipe, 95. Indian Plan- tain, 86. Indian Poke, 144, Indian Rice, 159. Indian Tobac- co, 91. Indian Turnip, 134. Introduced Plants, 15, 182. Inula, 78. IRIDACER, 143. IRIs FAMILY, 143, Tris, 143. Iron-weed, 68. Iron-wood, 127. Isanthus, 103. Isoetes, 180. Isopyrum, 20. Iva, 15, 78. Ivy. Five- leaf, ee Poison, 37. Jack-in-the- Pulpit, 134. Hisce Pine,” J eels “weed, 112. Jerusalem Arti- choke, 82. J bi aes Oak, Jewel-weed, 36. Joe-Pye Weed, 70. Jointweed, 119. Judas- tree, 47. JUGLANDA- CER, 125- Juglans, 125. JUNCACER, 147, Juncus, 147. June- -berry, 53. June Grass, 167. Juniper, 133. Juniperus, 133. Kale, 26. Kalmia, 94. Kentucky Blue- Grass, i167. Kentucky Cof- fee-tree, 15, 48. Kidney Bean, 47. Kinnikinnick, 4, 93. Knotgrass, 119. Knotweed, 118. Keeleria, 166. Krigia, 89. Kuhnia, 69. LABIAT®, 103. Labrador Tea, 15, 94. Lactuea, 91. Ladies’ Sorrel, 36. Ladies’ Tresses, 140. Lady-Fern, 175. ried 'S- Slipper, Lady 8s-Thumb, Lamb Lettuce, 68. Lamb’s Quar- ters, 116. Lamium, 106. Lapor tea. 124. Lappa, 88.] areh, 133. Larix, 133. ate est 20. Lathyius, 46. Laurel, (93,) 94. Laurestinus, 66. Lead- Plant, 43. Leaf-cup, 78. Lester: Leaf, Leathorpana Leaves measur- ed, 35. Lechea, 30. Ledum, 94. Leersia, 14, 159. LEGUMINOS#:, 41. LEM NACE, 135. Lemna, 135. LENTIBULA- CE, 98. Leonurus, 106. ° Lepachys, 14, 80, 181. Fepidium, 15, tLepturus 169.] espedeza, 46. fetter (68, 90,) teucanies mum, 84. | Lever-wood, 127. Liatris, 68. LICHENS, 7, 8, 186. Licorice, 45, 67. Life-root, 87. LILTACE, 144. Lilium, 146, LILY FAMILY, 144. Lily, (22,) 146. Lime-tree, 35. Limits of spe- cies, 14. Limnanthe- mum, 113. LINACE#, 35. Linaria, 98. LINDEN FAM- ILY, 35. Linden, 35. Linnea, 64. Linum, 14, 35. Lion’s-heart, 105. Liparis, 141. Lip-Fern, 175. Lippia, 103. Listera, 141. Lithospermum, Live-for- -ever, 56. Liver-leaf, 18. LIVERWORTS, 7, 186. LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY, 122. Lizard’s-tail, 122. LOBELIACEX, 91. LOBELIA FAM- ILY, 91. Lobelia, 91, 182. Locust-tree, 43. Lolium, 169. ~ Lombardy Pop- lar, 131. ae Lonicera, 65. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, 58. Loosestrife, 58, icohanehien 105. Lopseed, 103. Lousewort, 102. Lucerne, 4. Ludwigia, 58. Lumber, pine, 132. Lungwort, 107. Lupine, 41. Lupinus, 41. Luzula, 147. Lychnis, 32. Lycium, 112. LyYcopopt- ACEZ2, 179, Lycopodium, 179. Lycopus, 104. Lygodesmia, 90. Lyme-Grass,169, Lysimachia, 97. LYTHRACEZ, 58. Lythrum, 58. MADDER FAM- ILY, 67. Maianthemum, 145. : Maidenhair, Maidenhair Spleeuwonks Male- Fern, 177. MALLOW FAMI- LY, 34. Mallow, 34. MALVACER, 34, Mailva, 34. Malvastrum, 34, Mandrake, 21. Manna-Grass, 166. Manomin, 159. Maple, 5, 39. Mare’s-Tail, 56. Marrubium, 06. Marsh Elder, 78. © Marsh Grass, 164, Marsh Mari- gold, 20. Marsh St. big: wort, Mcutennaes 180. Marsilia, 180. Maruta, 84.] atrimony- Meg kent 21 ay-Appie, 21. Mayflower, 93. May-weed, 84. Meadow-Grass, 166, 167. Meadow-Pars- nip, 62. Meadouw-Rue, 18. Meadow-Sweet, 48. Medeola, 144. Medicago, 41. Medick, 41. _Melampyrum, 102, Melanthium, 144. Melilot, 41. Melilotus, 41. “MENISPERMA- CEA, 21. Rerum, Mentha, 103. ‘Menyanthes, ae Menziesia, 94. Mercury, three- seeded, 123. “Mertensia, 107. MEZEREUM FAMILY, 121. Microstylis, 141. “Milfoil, 84. Milium, 171. Milk-Vetch, 43. MILK W£ED FAMILY, 114. Milkweed, 114, 182. MILKWORT FAMILY, 40. Milkwort, 40, (97.) Millet, 173. Mimulus, 99. MINT FAMILY, 103. —_ 103, (104, Mitchella, 67. Mitella, 5B. Miter-wort, 55. Mithridate Mustard, 28. Moceasin-flow- er, 142. Mock Penny- royal, 104. Mollugo, 33. Monarda, 104. Moneses, 95. eetney- flower, Mawobeapa, 95. {Montelia, 118.] MOONSEED FAMILY, 21. Moonseed, PALE Moonwort, 179. ‘Moose-wood, 39, 121. Morus, 124. Moschatel, 66. Mossks, 7, 8 186. Motherwort, 106. —o Ash, aeantaln. Hol- y, 95. Mountain-Mint, 104. Mountain Rice, 162. “Mountain Snow,” 123. Mouse-ear Chick weed, 32. Mouse-ear Cress, 26. Mudwort, 108. Mugwort, 85. Mu lenbergia, 161. ———— fA RA OEY EE OP RT SOS ER i ree RE © Sl Pe a INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Mulberry, 15, 124, (Mulgedium, 91 Mullein, 98. Musk Crowfoot, 66. Muskit-Grass, 14, 164. ; Musquash-Poi- son, 62. MUSTARD FAMILY, 23. Mustard, 15, 25, 26. Myosotis. 107. MYRICACEX, 127. Myrica, 127. Myriophyllum, 56, 182. Myrtle Willow, 130. [Nabalus, 90. ] NAIADACE, 136. Naias, 136. Nailwort, 33. Napeza, 34, ENardosnila, 70.1 Nasturtium, 23, 181. Neckweed, 100. Negundo, 40 Nelllia, 48. Nelumbium, 22, 182, Nelumbo, 22% Nemopanthes, 9 Nepeta, 105. Neszea, 58. NETTLE FAMI- LY, 124. Nettle, (106,) 124. Nettle-tree, 124. New Jersey Tea, 39. Nicandra, 111. Nicotiana, 112. Nigella, 21. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY, !11. Nightshade, ole wine bark, 48. “Norway Pine,” 131. Nuphar, 22. Nut-Rush, 153, NYCTAGINA- CE, 116 NYMPH ACE, 21. Nymphea, 22. OAK FAMILY, 126. Oak, 126, 181. Oakesia, 145. Oak-Fern, 176. Oat-Grass, 171. Cnothera, 14, 57, 182. Oil-nut, 125. Old-witeh Grass, 172. OLEACE, 115. OLEASTER FAM- ILY, 121. Oleaster, 121. OLIVE FAMILY, 115. ONAGRACES, 57. One-flowered Pyrola, 95. One-seeded Star-Cucum- ber, 59. Onion, 147. Onoclea, 177. Onopordon, 88. Onosmodium, 106. OPHIOGLOSSA- CE, 179. Ophioglossum, 179. Opuntia. 59. Orange-roof, 20. Orchard Grass, 166. ORCHIDACES, 139. ORCHIS FAM- ILY, 139. Orchis, 139, 140. OROBANCHA- CER, 98. ORPINE FAM- ILY, 56. Orpine, 56. Orthocarpus, 14, 102. Oryzopsis, 162. Osier, 128. Osmorrhiza, 63. Osmunda, 178. Ostrich-Fern, iis Ostrya, 127. Oxalis, 36, 182. Oxybaphus, 116. Oxytropis, 14, 44, Painted-Cup, 101 : Panic-Grass, 172. Panicum, 172. Pansy, 29. PAPAVERACES, 23. Papaver, 23. FEDpORse- -root, Pat ietaria, 125. Parnassia, 55. PARONYCHIES, 33. PARSLEY FAMILY, 59, Parsley, 61. Parsnip, 61. Partheuium, 78. Partridge- berry, 67. Partridge Pea, 47. Panes -flower, Pastinaca, 61. Pearlwort. 33. Pedicularis, 102. Pellaa, 175 Pellitory, 125. Pembina, 67. Pennycress, 28. Pennyroyal, (103,) 104. Penthorum, 56. Pentstemon, 14, Peppergrass, 28. Peppermint, 104. Pepper-root, 24. Pepperwort, 28. Petalostemon, 42. Petasites, 70. Peucedanum, 14, 60, 61. Phacelia, 109. Phalaris, 171. Phaseolus, 47. Pheramerls, 6 ; (Piistipaa, »98.] hleum, 160. Phlox, 109. Phragmites, 168. Phryma, 103. Physalis, 111. Physic, Cul- ver’s, 100. Physostegia, 105. PHYTOLACCA- CE, 116. Phytolacca, 116. Picea, 132. PICKEREL- WEEDFAMILY, 149. Pickerel- Weed, 149. Figgon: -Berry, “Pig eon- Crise. oe ATS: Pig-nut, 126. Pigweed, 116, 118. Pilea, 125. Pimpernel, 97. Pimpinella, 62. PINE FAMILY, 15, 131. Pine, 15, 131. Pine-sap, 95. Pinguicula, 98. PINK FAMILY, 31. Pink, 31,101, 141. Pinus, 131, Pinweed, 30. Pipe-Vine, 116. PIPEWORT FAMILY, 149. Pipewort, 149. Pipsissewa, 95. Pirus, 53. PLTCHER- PLANT FAM- ILY, 22. Pitcher-Plant, 22. PLANE-TREE FAMILY, 125. Plare-tree, 125. PLANTAGI .A- CE, 96. Plantaxzo, 14, 96. PLANTAIN FAMILY, 96. Plantain, (74,) Pracincd CEH, 125. Platanus, 125, ens -root, Plum, 5, 48. Poa, 167. Vodupby ina, a aS ee SS eS SS ee SS =e. 191 PODOSTEMA- CF, 123. Podostemon, 123. Pogonia, 141, Poison Dog- wood, 37. Poison Hem- lock, 63. Poison Ivy, 37. Poison Oak, 37. Poke. 116, 144. POKRWEED FAMILY, 116. Pokeweed, 116. Polanisia, 28. POLEMONIA- CE, 109. POLEMONIUM FAMILY, 109. Polemouium, 109. POLYGALACE, 40. Polygala, 40. PCLYGONACES, 118. Polvgomarim, 146. Polygonum, 118, ye 18 Polymnia, 78. er uenpg res 174. ° Polyteenta, 60. Pomme blanche, 42. Pomme de Prairie, 42. Pomme de Terre, 42, 47. Pond-Lily, 22. PONDWEED FAMILY, 136. Pondweed, 136. PONTEDERIA- CE, 149. Pontederia, 149. Poplar, 130, POPPY FAMILY, 23. Poppy, 23 Populus, 130,182, Poreupine Grass, 14, 163. PORTULACA- CE, 33. Portulaca, 33. Potamogeton, 136. Potentilla, 14,49. Prairie, 12. Prairie Clover, 42 Prairie Doek,78. Prairie Mallow, 34. Prairie Rocket, 25. “Prairie Smoke,’’ 17. Prenanthes, 90. Prickly Ash, 37. Prickly Pear,59. Pride of Ohio, 97. PRIMROSE FAMILY, 96. Primrose, 96. PRIMULACEX, 96. Primula, 96. Prince’s Feather, 119. 192 reices Pine, Pras, 48. Psoralea, 42. Ptelea, 37. Pteris, 174. Pterospora, 95. Puccoon, 20, 107. Pulsatilla, 17. PULSE FAMILY, 41. Purple Cone- flower, 80. PURSLANE FAMILY, 33. Purslane, 33. Purslane Spee was 100. “Pusle Pussy Wittow, 129. Putty-root, 142. Pycnanthe- mum, 104. Pyrola, 94, 95. (Pyrus, 53.) Quarrash, 147. Queen of the Meadow, 48. Quercus, 126, 182. Quitch- or Quick-Grass, 169. Rabbit-foot Clo- ver, 41. Ragweed, 79, 182. Ragwort, 87. Rain-fall, 12,165. Ramsted, 99. RANUNCULA- CK, 17. Ranunculus, 14, 18. Raspberry, 51. Rattle, Yellow, “Hattle-box,” 22. Rattlesnake Fern, 179. Rattlesnake- Grass, 166. Rattlesnake- Master, 60. Rattlesnake- Plantain, 140. Rattlesnake- root, 90. Rattlesnake- weed, 90. Ray-Grass, 169. Red-bud, 47. Red-root, 39, 118. Red-top, 161, (167.) ‘ Redwood river, 64, 154. Reed, 168. Reed Bent- Grass, 162. Reed Canary- Grass, 171. Reed-Grass, 161. Reed-mace, 135. Rein-Orchis, 139 RHAMNACER, 38. Rhamnus, 38. Rhinanthus, 102. ee ——— 180 s 173 1 INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Rhus, 37. Rhynchospora, 152. Ribes. 54. Rice Cut-Grass, 14, 159. Rice, Mountain, Rice, Wild, 159. Richweed, 125. “River Locust,” 43. RIVER-WEED FAMILY, 123. River- weed, 123, Robinia, 43. Robin’s Plan- tain, 74. Rock-Brake, 175. Rock Cress, 24, 25, 181. Rocket, 25. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY, 30. Rock-rose, 30. Roman Worm- wood, 79. ROSACER, 48. Rosa, 52. RosE FAMILY, 48. Rose, 52. Rose-Mallow,34. Rosemary, 94. Rosin-Plant, 78. Royal-Fern, 178, RUBIACEA, 67. Rubus, 51. Rudbeckia, 80. Rue-Anemone, 18. RUE FAMILY, 37. Ruellia, 102. Rumex, 120. RusH FAMILY, 147. Rush, 148, 150-3. Rush Grass, 160, 182. RUTACE#, 37. Sacred Bean, 22, 182. “Sage,” 85, 86, (103.) Sagina, 33. Sagittaria, 138. SALICACEA, 128. Salicornia, 117, Salix, 128 SALVINIACEA, Sambucus, 66. Samolus, 97. Samphire, 117. SANDALWOOD FAMILY, 122. Sandee Sand Cherry, 48. Sand-Reed, 162. Sandwort, 32. Sanguivaria, 23. Sanicle, 60. Sanicula, 60. SANTALACEA, 22. SAPINDACEA, 39. Saponaria, 31. SARRACENIA- CEA, 22. = ee Le Le. Cea a DE me ei eb seem. wat ——— Sarracenia, 22. Sarsaparilla, 63. SAURURACE, 122. Saururus, 122. Savin, 134. SAXIFRAGA- CE, 54. Saxifraga, 55. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 54. Saxifrage, 55, (56, 62. Schedonnar- dus, 169. Scheuchzeria, 138. Schollera, 149. Scirpus, 151. Scleria, 153. Scoke, 116. Seorpion-grass, Sevten Thistle, Beennne: -Rush, ScROPHULARI- ACES, 98. Scrophularia, Scutellaria, 105. Sea Blite, 117. Sea-Milkwort, S73 Sea-Rocket, 28. Sea Sand-Reed, 162. Sea-side Crow- foot, 18. SEDGE FAMILY, 150. Sedge, 153. Sedum, 56. SELAGINEL- LEZ, 180. Selaginella, 180. Self-heal, 105. Selinum, 61. Seneca Grass, 171. Seneca Snake- root, 40. Senecio, 14, 86. Senna, 47, 181. Sensitive Fern, Wie Sensitive Pea, 47, 181. Service- -belry, Setartd, 173 Shad-bush, 53. Shamrock, 41. Shave-Grass, 174. Sheep-berry, 66. Sheep’s Fescue, 168. Shell-bark Hickory, 15, 125. Shell-flower, 99. Shepheraia, 121. Shephera’s Purse, 27. oo ee Fern, shin- leaf, 94. eee -strings,”’ Shooting Star, 97. Shrubby Tre- foil, 37. Shrubs, 13, 183. Sickle-pod, 25. Sivyos, 59. Side-saddle flower, 22. Silene, 31. Silkweed, 114. Silpbium, 78. Silver-Berry, 14, 121. Silver-weed, 50. Sisymbrium, 26. Sisyrinchium, 143. Sium, 63. Skulleap, 105. Skunk Cab- bage, 134. SRagE Currant, slippery Elm, auicetmead 119. SMILACE#, 143. Smilacina, 145. SMILAX FAM- ILY, 143. Smilax, 143, 183. Smooth Lung- wort, 107. Snake- bea 99. Snakeroot, 60 68, 70. Snakeroot, Sen- eca, 40. Sneeze- weed, 84. Snowberry, 15, 65, 93. Snow-fall, 12. SOAPBERRY FAMILY, 39. Soapwort, 31. Soapwort Gen- tian, 113. Soil, 12. SOLANACEA, 111. Solanum, 111. Solidago, 75, 182, 183. Solomon’s Seal, (145,) 146. Sonchus, 91. fSorghum, 173.] Sorrel, (36,) 120, 121. Sow-Thistle, 91. Sparganium, 135. Spartina, 14, 164. Spatter-Dock, 22. Spear-Grass, 167 Spearmint, 103. Spearwort, 18. Specularia, 92. Speedweil, 100. Speirodela, 135. apiuer flower, SPIDRRWORT FAMILY, 149. Spiderwort, 149. Spikenard, 5, 63. Spike- Rush, 150. os tree, Sp ae 48,182. Spir anthes, 140. Splepnwan Sporobolus, 14, 160, 182. Spring- Beauty- Speen 15, 132. SPURGE FAM- ILY, 123. Spurge, 123. Spurred Gen- tian, 112. Squaw- -Huckle- berry, 93. BaneiS -weed, Squirrel Corn, Stashion 15, 106~ STAFF-TREE FAMILY, 39. Staff-tree, 39. Staphylea, 39. Star-Cucumber,. 59. Star-flower, 97. Star-grass, 142, 148, 149. Starry Cam- ey 31. Star- -Thistle, 87. Starwort, 32, 70,. 122. Steeple-Bush, 48, 182. Steironema, 97. Stellaria, 32, 181. Stickseed, 107. Stick-tight, 83, 108. Stitcher 32, stipa, 14, 163. St. JOHN’S- WORT FAMILY, 30. St. John’s-wort,. 30, 181. Stone-crop, 56. Storksbill, 36. Stramonium, 112. Strawberry, 51.. Strawberry Blite, 117. Strawberry bush, 39. Streptopus, 145. [Strathior aa 7.J suadae 14, 117. Subularia, 27. Succory, 89. Sugar, 40. Sugarberry, 124.. Sullivantia, 55. Sumach, 37. SUNDEW FAM-’ ILY, 30. Sundew, 30. Sundrops, 58, 182. Sunflower, 14, (79,) 80, (83, ) 182.- Sweet Cieely, Sweet Clover, Sweet Coltsfoot,. Sweet-F Fern, areca Flag, 135. SWEET-GALE FAMILY, 127- Sweet-Gale, 127. Sweet Scabious, 74. Sycamore, 125. Symphoricar- pos, 65. Symphytum, 106 Symplocarpus, (cy : Synthyris, 100. Tacamahac, 131. “Tag Alder,” 128, Talinum, 33. Tamarack, 15, Wa. Tanacetum, 84. Tansy, 84. aUsy Mustard, Tape- grass, 139. Taraxacum, 91. Tare, 46, 182. TAXACEA, 134. Taxus, 134. Tea, 39, 94. Tear-thumb, 120. TEASEL FAM- ILY, 68. Teasel, 68. Tephrosia, 43. Teucrium, 103. Thalictrum, 18. Thaspium, 62. Thelypodium, iimbleberry, 51 Thin-Grass, 160. Thistle, 15, (87,) 88. Thiaspi, 28. Thorn, 52. Thorn- -apple, Thorough wort, Three-leaved 7 pe enade, Three-seeded Mercury, 123. Thuya, 133. THY MELEA- CE, 121. Tiarella, 56. Tickseed, 82,182. ae -Trefoil, 45, TILIACE®, 35. Tilia, 35. Timothy, 160. Toad-Flax, 98, Poparco,(91 ») 112. Tofieldia, 145. enone: -tree, Toothwort, 24, Touch: aphy, 11. Touch-me-not, Tower Mustard, Tradescantia, 149 : Tragopogon, 89. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Trailing Arbu- tus, 93. Treacle Mus- tard, 25. Tree culture, 130 Trees, 13-15, 183. Trefoil, Shrub- by, 37. Trientalis, 97. Trifelium, 41, 182. Triglochin, 137. Trillium, 144. Triosteum, 66. Triple-awned Grass, 163. Trisetum, 171. (Triticum, 169. ] Troximon, 14,89. Trumpet- weed, 70. Tsuga, 132. “Tule? 151. Tumble-weed, 118. Turtle-head, 99. Tussilago , 70. Twayblade, 141. Twin-flower, 64. Twisted-stalk, 145, TYPHACES, 135. Typha, 135. Ulmus, 124, UMBELLIFER&, 59. URTICACE®,124. Urtica, 124. Utricularia, 98. Uvularia, 145. Vaccaria, 31.1 aeccinium, 92. VALERIAN FAMILY, 68. Valerian, 68, 109.) ALERIANA- CE, 68. Valeriana, 68. Valerianella, 68. Vallisneria, 139. Vanilla Grass, 171. Vegetable Oyster, 89. Velvet-Leaf, 34. Venus’s Look- ing-Glass, 92. Veratrum, 144. Verbascum, 98. VERBENACES, 103. Verbena, 103. Vernonia, 68. Veronica, 100. VERVAIN FAMILY, 103. Vervain, 103. Vesicaria, 14, 27. Vetch, 46, 182. Vetchling, 46. Viburnum, 66. Vicia, 46, 182. {Vilfa, 160 J poe FAMILY, 8. VIOLACE®, 28. Viola, 28. VIOLET FAMILY, 28. Violet, 28. Vilginian Creeper, 38. Virgin’s-Bower, in VITACE®, 38. Vitis, 38. Waahoo, 39. Water Ash, 37. Wake-Robin, 144. Waldsteinia, 49. Walking-leaf, 175. Wall-flower, 25. WALNUT FAM- ILY, 125. Walnut, 15, 125. Wapsipinicon river, 138. Watab, 133. Wales Arum, Water Beech, Wares @ninauee pin, 22, 182. Water-Cress, 23, 24, 181. Water-Crow- foot, 18. Water Drop- wort, 61. Water-Hem- lock, 62. Water- Hemp, Water Hore- hound, 104. WATERLEAF FAMILY, 109. Waterleaf, 109. WATER- LILY FAMILY, 21, Water-Lily, 22. Water Mari- gold, 83. W ATER-MIL- pont FAMILY, Water -Milfoil, 56, 182. Water-Nymph, Water Oats, 159. Water-Parsnip, 63, 182, Water Penny- wort, 59. Water-Pepper, 119, WATER-PLAN- TAIN FAMILY, 137. Water-Plan- tain, 138. Water-Plan- tain Spear- wort, 18, Water-Purs- lane, 58. Water- Shield, 21. Water Star- grass, 149, WATER STAR- WORT FAMILY, 122. Water-Star- wort, £22. Water-weed, - 139. Wax-Myrtle, 127. Wax-work, 39. a oe -glass, Wonthee -grass, 163. Weeds, 15. Wheat- Grass, 169. Witte Grass, 159. avait Lettuce. White Pine, 132. ee weed, 15, Whitewood: 35. Whitlow- Grass, 26. WHITLOW- WORD FAMILY, Whitiow- wort, Whiortieverry, Wild Balsam- apple, 59. Wild Bean, 47. wae Ber gamot, Wila Calla, 134. Wild Chess, 168. Wild Comfr ey, 108. Wild Currant, 54, Wild Flax, 35. Wild Ginger, 116. Wild Gooseber- ry, 54. wild Hyacinth, Wild Indigo, 47. Wild Leek, 147. Wild Licorice, 45, 67. Wild Oat-Grass, 170. Wild Oats, 170. Wild Onion, 147, yee Plum, 5, 48. Wild Rice, 5, 159. Wild Rose- mary, 94. Wild Rye, 169. Wild Senna, 181. Wild Sweet- William, 109. Wild Tobacco, 112. WILLOW FAM- ILY, 128. Willow, 128. bie deel 7 Wind-fiower, 1%. 193 Winged Pig- weed, 116, 182. Winterberry, Winter Cress, 25. Wintergreen, 15, 93, 94, 95, 97. Wire-Grass,167. Witch-Grass, 169, (172.) WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY, 56. Witch-Hazel, 56. Withe-rod, 66. Wolfberry, 65. Wolffia, 135. Wood Anem- one, 17. Wood Betony, Woodbine: 65. “Woodbine, 738. Wood- Fern, 176. Wood-Grass, 174, Weeds -Nettle, Wood Reed- Grass, 161, Wood-Rush, 147. Wood Sage, 103. Woodsia, 8, 177. Wood Sorrel, 36, 182. Wool-Grass, 152, Worm-seed Mustard, 25. Wormwood (79, ) Wwounjlwott: 106. Xanthium, 79. Xanthoxylum, 37. XYRIDACE, 149. Xyris, 149. YAM FAMILY, 143. Yam, 143, 182. Yam-root, 148, 182. Yarrow, 84. YELLOW-EYED- GRASS FAMILY, 149. Yellow-eyed Grass, 149. Yellow Medi- cine river, 21. . Yellow Rattle, 102. YEW FAMILY, 134. Yew, 134, Zannichellia, 136. (Zanthoxylum, 37. Zizania, 159. [Zizia, 62.] Zygadene, 144. Zygadenus, 144. _ HE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA. ane, fare * ee a at N. H. WincHELL, STATE GEOLOGIST, CADLALEOGUE OF THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA, INCLUDING. ITS PHA NOGAMOUS AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, “ INDIGENOUS, NATURALIZED, AND ADVENTIVE, ” Pas ene By Warren Upnam. . ee OK oy Rese Q “Sal, NY ~] o™ Be a Part VIL. of the Annual Report of Progress for the Year 1883. MINNEAPOLIS : JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON 1884, - eer ale i Daher ite add ot os) ays New York Botanical Garden Library -U64 c.2 ‘ren/C tut 3 518