®Ijp i. 1. Hill IGtbrarg Norlli (Earalina S>tatp Mmtipraity QK151 G7 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. BULLETINS OF THE State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. 1. First Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1903-1904. 2. A Preliminary Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut ; by Herbert William Conn. 3. A Preliminary Report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut; by Edward Albert White. 4. The Clays and Clay Industries of Connecticut; by Gerald Francis Loughlin. 5. The Ustilagineae, or Smuts, of Connecticut; by George Perkins Clinton. 6. Manual of the Geology of Connecticut ; by William North Rice and Herbert Ernest Gregory. 7. Preliminary Geological Map of Connecticut; by Herbert Ernest Gregory and Henry Hollister Robinson. 8. Bibliography of Connecticut Geology; by Herbert Ernest Gregory. 9. Second Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1905-1906. 10. A Preliminary Report on the Algae of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut; by Herbert William Conn and Lucia Washburn (Hazen) Webster. 11. The Bryophytes of Connecticut; by Alexander William Evans and George Elwood Nichols. 12. Third Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1907-1908. 13. The Lithology of Connecticut; by Joseph Barrell and Gerald Francis Loughlin. [Ready shortly.] 14. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation ; by a Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society. Bulletins i, 9, and 12 are merely administrative reports, con- taining no scientific matter. The other bulletins may be classified as follows: Geology : Bulletins 4, 6, 7, 8, 13. Botany : Bulletins 3, 5, 10, 11, 14. Zoology : Bulletin 2. These bulletins are sold and otherwise distributed by the State Librarian. Postage, when bulletins are sent by mail, is as follows: No. I, $0.01; No. 2, .07; No. 3, .08; No. 4, .06; No. 5, .03; No. 6, .12; No. 7, .06; No. 8, .05; No. 9, .02; No. 10, .08; No. II, .07; No. 12, .02; No. 14, .15. The prices, when the bulletins are sold, are as follows (including postage) : No. I, $0.05; No. 2, .35; No. 3, .40; No. 4, .30; No. 5, .15; No. 6, .50; No. 7, .60*; No. 8, .20; No. 9, .05; No. 10, .35; No. II, .30; No. 12, .05; No. 14, .75. Bulletins 1-5 have been collected and bound as Volume I. The price of this volume is $1.50. Bulletins 6-12 are bound as Volume II. The price of this volume is $2.45. Other volumes will follow. It is intended to follow a liberal policy in gratuitously dis- tributing these publications to public libraries, colleges, and scientific institutions, and to scientific men, teachers, and others who require particular bulletins for their work, especially to those who are citizens of Connecticut. Applications or inquiries should be addressed to George S. Godard, State Librarian, Hartford, Conn. ' If map is mounted as a wall map, and sent by express, $i.6o. CATALOGUE SLIPS. Con ti ectic ut. State geological and natural history survey. Bulletin no. 14. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation. By C. B, Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., as'". Connecticut botanical society. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., 23'=™. (Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SLIPS. Graves, Charles Burr, and others. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., 2y^. (Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) EameSf Edwin Hubert, and others. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910 569 pp., 23'=". (Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SUPS. JiisseUf Charles Humphrey^ and others. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, lyiO. 569 pp., 23'='°. (Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) Andrews, Liiman, and others. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., 23^™. (Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SUPS. Barger, Edgar Burton, and others. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., 22,"'°. ( Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) Weatherby, Charles Alfred, and others. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Con- necticut growing without cultivation. By C. B. Graves, E. H. Eames, C. H. Bissell, L. Andrews, E. B. Harger, and C. A. Weatherby, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., 23'°'. ( Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SLIPS. Botany, Connecticut botanical society. Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Connecticut growing with- out cultivation. By C. B. Graves and others, committee of the Connecticut botanical society. Hartford, 1910. 569 pp., 23'". (Bulletin no. 14, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) ^ictie of (SloTweciicut PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 47 State Geological and Natural History Survey COMMISSIONERS Frank Bentley Weeks, Governor of Connecticut (Chairman) ARTHUR Twining Hadley, President of Yale University William Arnold Shanklin, President of Wesleyan University Plavel Sweeten Luther, President of Trinity College (Secretary) Charles Lewis Beach, President of Connecticut Agricultural College SUPERINTENDENT William North Rice Bulletin No. 14 HARTFORD Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey 1910 Press of The Case, Lock-wood & Brainard Company, Hartford, Conn. CATALOGUE of the FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS of Connecticut Growing without Cultivation < By CHARLES BURR GRAVES, A.B., M.D. EDWIN HUBERT EAMES, M.D. CHARLES HUMPHREY BISSELL LUMAN ANDREWS EDGAR BURTON HARGER, Ph.B., and CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY, A.M. Committee of the CONNECTICUT BOTANICAL SOCIETY HARTFORD Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey 1910 Preface The project of an accurate and authoritative catalogue of all the plants known to grow without cultivation in Connecticut originated among several enthusiastic botanists who understood the value of records founded upon careful study of the flora in the field as well as in the herbarium. To arouse the widest possible interest in the undertaking the Connecticut Botanical Society was organized in January, 1903, for the chief purpose of accumulating and recording this knowledge, and committees were appointed to gather and collate all available data bearing upon this particular line of research. The labor of this never-ending investigation had barely begun when the State Geological and Natural History Survey was authorized. Upon the organization of this Survey its superin- tendent, Prof. William North Rice, sought the cooperation of this Society to report upon the flora. It was realized then as now that the very nature of the subject would require many years of careful study to arrive at an approximately exact knowledge of the distribution of our plants, since parts of the state were little known botanically, while even those areas most carefully worked over furnished frequent surprises. That the present work is incomplete goes without saying. A work of this character must always be incomplete if for no other reasons than the advent or naturalization, from time to time, of unexpected species, or the hybridization or artificial segregation of some already known. But the opportunity to disseminate existing information is very acceptable at this time, inasmuch as the many evident deficiencies may thus be made apparent to those who can add to our knowledge. The present volume, treating of the ferns, fern-allies and flowering plants, is intended to include only such species, varieties and named forms as have been critically examined by at least one of the compilers, and which are represented by authentic (oAV\ 6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Specimens in some herbarium. Great effort has been made to insure accuracy in the determination of all doubtful specimens.' Some localities, however, rest upon the authority of collectors alone, when the species is once definitely admitted and there is no reason to doubt identity. It has been necessary to exclude a number of species found in previous lists, because of the absence of any authentic specimens. Errors of determination and changes in classification account for a large proportion of such excluded names, while there remain a few that probably really belong to our flora but are waiting to be rediscovered. A list of such ex- cluded plants will be found at the end of the work. There also will be found other data bearing upon the flora as a whole. In the present unsettled and perplexing state of nomenclature, it is believed that necessity exists for strict adherence to a single standard to avoid still greater confusion. In Gray's Manual, 7th edition, will be found a discriminating application of the rules and usage adopted by the International Botanical Congress, at Vienna, in 1905. This usage has been productive of the least change in plant names, thereby proving particularly well adapted to the purpose of this Catalogue. Moreover, by accepting this Manual as our guide we are enabled to eliminate all descriptive matter by referring the reader to that work. To facilitate general reference, however, important synonymy is given so that there need be little difficulty in coordinating names.* Common or English names have been given considerable attention, yet it is probable that many others are in use, some, no doubt, by children or others of an observing nature. It is desirable to increase our knowledge of such usage. The same may be said of the folk-lore of our plants and of such traditional knowledge of their medicinal and other uses as has come down to us from earlier generations or from the aborigines. The data relative to times of flowering and fruiting have been compiled from carefully kept records supplemented by herbarium material, and represent the normal habits of the plants in our region ; yet the varying conditions of altitude, exposure, moisture, light, season, etc., have great influence in modifying ♦ In a few instances we have used, instead of the names given in the 7th edition of the Manual, the names published by the editors of the Manual in a list of emenda- tions in Rhodora, vol. 11, no. 123, March, 1909. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 7 plant activities, so that for special localities or seasons the condi- tions require special consideration. Unless otherwise stated the dates given in the Catalogue indicate the time when the plant is usually in flower, or, for the ferns, when the spores are mature. The sign X preceding the name of a species indicates that it is supposed to be of hybrid origin. All statements indicating the comparative frequency of occur- rence of the species are to be considered in relation to allied species and with direct reference to the habitat cited; in other situations the plant may not occur at all or exceptionally. A plant " common " in its habitat should be sufficiently plentiful to be within the observation of all who could recognize it, yet there is a vast difference in the comparative numbers of most really plentiful woody plants and low herbs of the same rating. " Fre- quent, " too, is relative in the same sense. Although, as a rule, frequent or common in the habitat and area cited, many such plants may be rare in, or even absent from, certain intervals where the conditions appear to be equally favorable. " Occa- sional " needs no explanation. " Rare " is intended to apply to those plants which appear to occur sparingly, usually in but few localities as named. " Local " refers especially to such plants as occur at one or more isolated or special areas, but are there more or less plentiful, as indicated by the context. The habitats cited are those observed in Connecticut, and although often variable are expressive of local conditions. In accordance with the spirit of the Act incorporating the Survey, due attention has been given to the economic features of the various species, when required, in notes appended to each. Although in some respects desirable, it seems, on the whole, inad- visable at this time to enter upon a discussion of the associations of native plants and the probable causes leading to such congrega- tions. It is necessary to collect much more complete data than are now available before such discussion can be profitably taken up. Mere lists of such plant aggregates are apt to be of no value to most readers and of little utility to practical botanists. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of all who have contributed items of information toward the completeness of this Catalogue and whose names appear throughout the work. Particular mention should be made of Dr. B. L. Robinson and Prof. M. L. Fernald, of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Uni- 8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull versity, for their very great assistance in determining or verify- ing many doubtful or critical forms, and for granting the privilege of utilizing the manuscript of the new edition of Gray's Manual. Prof. A. S. Hitchcock and Mrs. Agnes Chase, of the United States Department of Agriculture, have also given aid in certain groups of grasses. It is hoped that the publication of this Catalogue will stimulate observers and collectors in all parts of the state to contribute every item of information tending to a full knowledge of our plants, either in relation to additional species, distribution, local names, habitat or economic value. Communications may be sent to any member of the committee, at the address given, prefer- ably the one nearest and most convenient, and should be accom- panied by specimens of sufficient diagnostic value to determine the identity of each, together with particulars of occurrence, dates, etc. Such specimens, to be of the greatest value for preservation and future reference, should be carefully selected, and may be sent in the fresh state or, preferably, after proper drying under pressure. C. B. Graves, New London, E. H. Eames, Bridgeport, C. H. Bissell, Southington, L. Andrews, Southington, E. B. Harger, Oxford, C. A. Weatherby, East Hartford, Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society. Contents Page Introduction, ..... History, .... Geology and Physiography, . CATALOGUE OF FLOWERING PLANTS ? AN! ) FERNS, . 17 Pteridophyta, .... Spermatophyta, 34 Gymnospermae, 34 Angiospermae, 39 Monocotyledoneae, 39 Dicotyledoneae, 137 Appendix, ..... 416 Additions and Corrections, . 416 Native Plants not found in recent years, 422 Excluded Species, 423 Fugitive Species, 430 Statistical Summaries. 435 Botanical Authors cited, 442 Index, ..... 46s Introduction. Part I. History. The history of botanical exploration in Connecticut may be said to begin near the end of the second decade of the last cen- tury. Previous to this time we have no record of any botanical activity within the state, and if any of the older botanists visited Connecticut it must have been cursorily. The first resident of Connecticut whose work is of im- portance seems to have been Dr. Eli Ives, who was born in 1779, and was for many years professor of botany and materia medica in Yale College. He was the author of the species Gnaphalium decurrens, which was founded on specimens from New Haven and from " the margin of the Housatonuck about 30 miles from Long Island Sound. " He also described as a new species Asclepias lanceolata from Cedar Hill, New Haven, which is the plant now known as Acer ate s viridiflora ( Raf. ) Eaton, var. lanceolata ( Ives ) Gray. Beside this he published notes on Limosella, then recently discovered in America. These three articles appeared in 1819 in the first volume of Silliman's Journal, now known as The American Journal of Science. Twelve years later he, in collaboration with Dr. William Tully and Dr. Melines C. Leavenworth, published a " Catalogue of the Phaenogamous Plants, and of the Ferns, growing without cultivation within five miles of Yale College. " This is the earliest record of the flora of this well-explored part of the state and contains the names of 1 1 56 species. It was not, however, founded on specimens or even on accurate records, and contains a few species which are not otherwise reported from the state. The foregoing works seem to have comprised the bulk of Dr. Ives' botanical publica- tions and no specimens of his have been seen. About the time of the publication of Dr. Ives' earliest articles John Pierce Brace must have been making the observations j,^ C. ^^^^^ ^'"^* 12 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. about Litchfield the results of which he published in 1822 in Silli- man's Journal as " A List of Plants growing spontaneously in Litchfield and Vicinity. " This earliest extant catalogue of the plants of any portion of Connecticut enumerates 453 species, most or all of which are now known from the same region. Mr. Brace's specimens are said to be preserved at Williams College, but they have not been seen by any member of this Committee. We are told that Amos Eaton " prosecuted the study of botany, chemistry and mineralogy to some extent in New Haven in 1817. " Although we know nothing of the extent of his work on our flora, the record is interesting from the fact that he was the grandfather of Prof. D. C. Eaton and one of the first in America to arouse a general interest in botany. The earliest collectors whose specimens have been preserved in any quantity belong to a period some years later. Dr. H. C. Beardslee, Dr. J. W. Robbins and Charles Wright collected many rare species during the dozen years following 1822, mostly from 1828 to 1832, some of which have only recently been rediscovered. These gentlemen, although natives of this state, made most of their later collections outside of Connecticut, and some specimens lay for a long time undistributed ; so that a few species known to these collectors are here first included in a formal flora of the state. The next collector whose work is of importance is Prof. Daniel C. Eaton of Yale, who will need no eulogy either as a man or as a scientist to those who were fortunate enough to know him. Although primarily a student of the ferns and other cryptogams, his knowledge of the higher plants was extensive and accurate. He collected much in the region about New Haven and always welcomed reports or specimens of species new to or rare in Connecticut. His collecting, as shown by the dates in his herbarium, began about 1856, and his specimens have been of the greatest assistance both in botanical exploration and in the preparation of this work. After 1 83 1 work on the flora of Connecticut seems to have lapsed entirely until it was taken up about 1877 by a small group of students in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College. The results of their work were published as " A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Higher Cryptogams growing without No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I3 cultivation within thirty miles of Yale College. " This was published by the Berzelius Society and is often referred to as the " Berzelius Catalogue. " The limits adopted included- less than one-half of the state and a portion of the northern part of Long Island. The presence of a considerable number of species cred- ited to Long Island makes it difficult to determine the precise number of species recorded from this state ; but the species and varieties of plants higher than the Bryophyta which are credited to Connecticut number about 1230. The work was prepared with considerable care, but at least a few species were admitted with- out the evidence of specimens, which caused a few obvious errors as well as some conjectural ones. The idea of this work originated with Dr. George W. Hawes and Dr. T. M. Prudden, but several others assisted in its preparation, notably Prof. Eaton, who later published some additions in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Not long after this Miss Leonard of Meriden prepared a list of plants growing near Meriden which was published after her death by the Meriden Scientific Association. This enumerated 749 species, while 41 were added by others the next year, making a total of 790. Owing perhaps to the posthumous character of the work it seems never to have had proper revision, and a num- ber of species are included which are not otherwise reported from Connecticut, some of them of such southern range that it does not seem likely that they can belong in a Connecticut list. The lack of specimens prevents the inclusion here of any of these species not reported elsewhere. In 1882 George R. Case and William A. Setchell published a list of the flora of Norwich and vicinity containing 668 species, and the next year published 100 addenda. A manuscript found among Prof. Eaton's papers gives 99 more for the year 1884, with some corrections, making the total 856. In 1885 James N. Bishop of Plainville published "A Cata- logue of all the Phaenogamous Plants at present known to grow without cultivation in the State of Connecticut. " In 1895 a revision was issued which included also the ferns and fern-allies. Additions and corrections were published in 1897 and another new edition issued in 1901. This first catalogue to cover the entire state contained in its first edition 1250 species and varieties, 14 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. which number was increased to 1743 in the edition of 1901. Mr. Bishop deserves much credit for his efforts to increase the knowledge of our flora, but his catalogue is rather a compilation of all accessible reports than a critical treatment of the flora of the state, and contains many records the validity of which cannot now be ascertained. Of late years a large mass of data has been accumulated by the various collectors whose names appear in -this work. Some of this has been published in Luman Andrews' " Flora of Meriden Mountain," in Bissell & Andrews' " Flora of Southington," and in Mrs. E. E. Rogers' " Flora of Norwich," as well as in scattered notes and articles by various writers dealing with special localities or species. The bulk of this later material, however, has found its first publication in this present Catalogue. Part II. Geology and Physiography. * The State of Connecticut, measuring roughly one hundred miles from east to west and fifty miles from north to south, has an area of 4990 square miles, of which 145 square miles are covered by water. The three principal rivers, the Thames, the Connecti- cut and the Housatonic, with their tributaries, drain the interior. As in all glaciated countries, numerous ponds or lakes and swamps are scattered over the surface, and constitute an important feature both from an economic and an sesthetic point of view. According to the Atlas of the U. S. Topographical Survey the state contains 1026 lakes or ponds, and 420 swamps. With respect to elevation there are three well-marked divisions running parallel with one another across the state from north to south, namely an eastern and a western highland sepa- rated by a central lowland area. From sea level the land gradually rises toward the north and northwest. The eastern highland reaches its greatest altitude of 1286 ft. at Bald Hill, in Union, while Bear Mt., in Salisbury, with a height of 2355 ft. marks the highest point of the western highland as well as of the state. The central lowland is in general a plain, gently rising toward the northern boundary of the state where it is from one to two * For a very full and admirable account with map, reference is made to Bulletins No. 6 and No. 7 of this Survey. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I5 hundred feet above the level of the sea. It is, however, inter- rupted by many sharp ridges running chiefly north and south which rise abruptly much above the general level of the plain. Its upper portion as far south as Middletown is traversed by the Connecticut River. Its rock formation is sandstone belonging to the Triassic age, while the sharp ridges referred to are of trap rock and represent ancient eruptions of lava. The highest of these trap ridges is West Peak of the Hanging Hills, near Meri- den, which reaches an altitude of 1007 ft. above the sea. The eastern and western highlands are rugged and hilly, with only comparatively small level areas, and have a crystalline rock formation, being made up for the most part of various kinds of granites, gneisses, schists and limestone. The limestone forma- tion covers a considerable irregular area in the western and north- western parts of the state but is practically absent from other sections. It is a well-known fact that our wild plants are not evenly distributed over the surface of the country. Some kinds are seen nearly everywhere, others may be abundant in one region but entirely absent from other sections, while still others are found only rarely, and then but very few together. Inquiry into the causes of this unequal distribution reveals a considerable num- ber of factors entering in. One of the most important of these is the chemical constitution of the soil. Rock formations as the source of soils exercise a marked influence upon plant distribu- tion. Many kinds of plants, it is true, are able to grow and seem to thrive equally well upon a variety of soils, but on the other hand there are many species that flourish only upon certain rock forma- tions and the soils produced from them and are rarely if ever found away from such formations. One of our best examples is seen in the case of those species of plants which grow exclusively upon hmestone rocks and in soils rich in lime. In like manner seashore plants which grow only in saline soil form a well- marked group. This relation between plant distribution and the chemical constitution of the soil as applied to our Connecticut plants is understood only in its most general features, and there is here good opportunity for research. The problem is much complicated by the fact that Connecticut soils are practically all formed from transported material. Such material, having been l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. brought by glacial or water agency from a greater or less dis- tance, may be and often is entirely different in chemical compo- sition from the underlying rock. Hence within a small area a variety of soils may be found, while on the other hand soils essentially similar to each other may overlie very different bed- rock formations. Other influences have an important bearing in this connec- tion. Topographic features correlated with the amount of moisture in the soil and degrees of light and shade affect plant distribution in a marked degree. Thus, the sand plains, the cedar swamps, the trap rock and other precipices and the larger river valleys have their characteristic plants. There is another small group of species chiefly confined to the southeastern part of the state which belongs to the flora of the Atlantic Coast Plain of the middle and southern states. In the case of these plants, as in that of certain northern plants found within our borders at isolated stations far outside their usual range, it is probable that they represent the shrunken remnants of far larger colonies which grew there in earlier times and under more favorable climatic conditions. Another agency profoundly influencing the distribution of plants is the fierce unceasing struggle for existence between the various species. Only a beginning has been made in working out these problems of ecology in their application to our Connecticut flora. They offer a fresh and inviting field for careful research, and it is to be hoped that many observers may soon be interested to undertake the task of supplying the deficiencies of our knowledge in this direction. Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns, PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS. POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY. POLYPODIUM L. Polypody. Polypodium vulgare L. (common). Polypody. Shaded ledges. Occasional or frequent in northern dis- tricts, becoming common near the coast. June — Aug. The var. cambricum (L.) Willd. has been collected at Stonington (Miss Stanton) and at Cornwall (L. M. Under- wood). The rootstock is medicinal. PHEGOPTERIS (Presl) Fee. Beech Fern. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee (Polypodium-like). Phegopteris Phegopteris Under w. Long Beech Fern. Rich moist woods and on shaded banks. Rare or local near the coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward. July. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee (six-angled fern). Broad Beech Fern. Rich woods either moist or dry. Occasional near the coast, becoming frequent or common northward. Aug. This fern is so closely related to Phegopteris polypodioides that it is often difficult to decide to which species a given specimen belongs. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fee (oak-fern). Oak Fern. Rocky woods in rich moist soil. Rare or local over most 2 l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. of the state: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Colchester (Graves), Mansfield (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Durham and Monroe (Harger), Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Granby (I. Hol- comb), Bridgeport (I. Holden). Occasional or frequent in Litchfield County. Late June — early July. ADIANTUM L. Maidenhair. Adiantum pedatum L. (like a bird's foot ; referring to the method of division in the fronds). Maidenhair. Rich woods. Rare in the immediate vicinity of the coast ; occasional or frequent elsewhere. July. Thrives well in cultivation if placed in a moist, shaded and sheltered location. The plant is medicinal. PTERIS L. Brake. Bracken. Pteris aquilina L. (of an eagle ; referring to the w^ing-shaped fronds). Pteridium aquilimim Kuhn. Common Brake. Bracken. Brake. Common. Usually in open ground and poor soils. Aug. The young shoots are sometimes gathered and eaten in the manner of Asparagus. CHEILANTHES Sw. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt (woolly). Cheilanthes vestita Sw. Hairy Lip Fern. Very rare. New Haven, precipitous- face of West Rock about half way up the cliff (G. Van Ingen 1892). July. This is the only known station for this species in New Eng- land, and it is supposed to be the northern limit of its growth. PELLAEA Link. Cliff Brake. Pellaea atrcpurpurea (L.) Link (dark purple). Purple Cliff Brake. Dry exposed ledges, preferring limestone but occurring also on trap and rarely on gneiss. Bolton, on gneiss (A. V. Osmun) ; Guilford, on trap (G. H. Bartlett) ; becoming rare No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I9 or local westward and frequent in the limestone district of northwestern Connecticut. July. The fronds vary greatly in form even on the same plant. The rootstock is medicinal. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock Brake. Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Pcllaea gracilis Hook. Bellaea Stelleri Watt. Slender Rock Brake. Very rare. New Haven, on trap ledges at West Rock (G. Van Ingen) ; Kent, moist shaded ledges of calcareous rock (Eames & E. H. Austin), and Brookfield, in similar situations (Eames) ; SaHsbury, on limestone (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July. WOODWARDIA Smith. Chain Fern. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith. Virginia Chain Fern. Wet open swamps, often in Sphagnum. Rare or local in northern districts: South Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Granby (I. Holcomb). Becoming occasional southward and frequent near the coast. July. Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore (marked with little areas). Woodzmrdia angustifolia Smith. Net-veined Chain Fern. Wet or swampy woods. Rare inland : East Hartford (J. F. Smith), Oxford and Middlebury (Harger). Occasional in the vicinity of the coast. Sept. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. (feather-cleft). Pinnatifid Spleenwort. Very rare. Southington, on ledges of shale (H. C. Bige- low) ; Sharon, on ledges of limestone (E. L Huntington). Juiy.^ Not known from any other New England state. XAsplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott (like the Ebony Spleen- wort). Scott's Spleenwort. Two plants of this rare species, or more properly hybrid^ 20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. have been found in the state. The first was discovered in Canaan by Mr. J. S. Adam in Sept., 1876. Mr. Adam states that the plant flourished there until 1891, then disappeared. A second plant was found in the same town, but at a different station, by Mr. C. K. Averill, in Aug., 1902. Both plants were growing on shaded limestone ledges and with or near the two supposed parent species, Asplenimn platynetiron and Camptosorus rhi.zophylhts. Asplenium Trichomanes L. (ancient name for some fern). Maidenhair Spleenwort. Shaded ledges. Rather rare along the coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward. July. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes (broad-nerved). Asplenium ebeneum Ait. , Ebony Spleenwort. Frequent. Dry rocky ground, more often in half-shade. Aug. The van serratum (E. S. Miller) BSP. (toothed) has been found at Middletown (Bissell), Milford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), and Huntington (Eames). Asplenium montanum Willd. (of mountains). Mountain Spleenwort. Rare. Crevices of dry, usually overhanging ledges : Scot- land (G. Waldo), North Stonington (Fuller & W. E. Set- chell, Graves), Franklin and East Haddam (Graves), Beacon Falls (A. W. Evans), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July. The last named station represents the northern limit of its range as now known. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. (wall-rue). Rue Spleenwort. Shaded ledges. Berlin (T. S. Brandegee), Southington (Andrews), Granby (I. Holcomb), Sherman and New Mil- ford (E. H. Austin) ; and occasional in the Hmestone district of northwestern Connecticut. Not known from eastern dis- tricts or near the coast. July. Asplenium angustifolium Michx. (narrow-leaved). Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. Rare. Moist rich woods: Guilford (W. W. Denslow), No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 21 Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Southington (J. N. Bishop), Berlin (H. W. Cowles), Avon (I. Holcomb), Salisbury (F. Rundle). Aug. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. (like Acrostichum, a genus of tropical ferns). Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. Silvery Spleenwort. Woods and ravines in moist rich soil. Occasional near the coast, becoming frequent northward. Aug. Asplenium Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. (female fern). Lady Fern. Common. Woods, thickets and fence-rows. Late July — early Aug. A very variable species with many described forms, some of which seem to be caused by differences in the soil, exposure or habitat. The rootstock is medicinal, and is used as a sub- stitute for that of the Male Fern. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Walking Leaf. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link (with rooting leaves). Walking Leaf. Walking Fern. Shaded ledges, preferring limestone, but growing also on granite, sandstone or trap. Found throughout, but rare or local over most of the state, becoming frequent in the limestone district of northwestern Connecticut. July — Aug. Plants having the lower auricles of the fronds elongated like the tip have been found at Southington (H. C. Bigelow), Hamden, at Mt. Carmel (D, C. Eaton), and Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). POLYSTICHUM Roth. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott (like Acrosti- chum, a genus of tropical ferns). Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze. Christmas Fern. Common. Woods and shaded banks or ledges. July. The var. incisum Gray (cut or notched), var. Schivei- nitzii Small, Aspidium acrostichoides Sw., var. incisum Gray, 22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze, var. Schzveinitsii Underw., occurs occasionally. It is found more often late in the season and frequently where the woods have recently been felled. A form with crested fronds occurs at East Haddam (Weath- erby). ASPIDIUM Sw. Wood Fern. Shield Fern. Aspidium Thelypteris (L.) Sw. (female fern). Dryopteris Thelypteris Gray. Marsh Fern. Common. Swamps and wet ground. Aug. Often very plentiful and sometimes cut and dried as bed- ding for stock. Aspidium simulatum Davenp. (imitating; referring to its re- semblance to the Marsh Fern). Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Massachusetts Fern. Wet woods and cedar swamps. Rare over most of the state: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Oxford (Harger), Southington (Bissell), Cromwell (H. C. Bigelow). Local in New London County (Graves). Aug. Aspidiumnoveboracense (L.) Sw% (New York). Dryopteris noveboracensis Gray. New York Fern. Frequent. Woods, more often in moist ground. Aug. Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. (on the edge; referring to the position of the fruit dots). Dryopteris marginalis Gray. Marginal Shield Fern. Frequent. Dry rocky woods. July. The rhizome is officinal and with that of the Male Fern furnishes the drug Aspidium or Filix-mas. All species of the genus possess the same property in some degree. Aspidium Goldianum Hook. Dryopteris Goldiana Gray. Goldie's Fern. Rare. Rich moist woods: North Branford (O. Harger), Bloomfield (Miss A. Lorenz), Farmington (L Holcomb), No. "14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 23 Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (D. C. Eaton), New Haven (Harger). July. Aspidium Boottii Tuckerm. Dryopteris Boottii Underw. Rare or occasional. Wet woods and shaded swamps, usu- ally growing with Aspidium cristatinn. July. Intermediate in form and formerly considered a hybrid between Aspidium cristatum and Aspidium spinulosiim, var. iiitermcdimii. Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. (crested). ■Dryopteris cristata Gray. Crested Shield Fern. Occasional or frequent. Wet woods and shaded swamps, more often in sandy soil. July. A hybrid between this species and Aspidium marginale occurs at East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Water- ford (Graves), Granby (I. Holcomb), and SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw., var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton. Dryopteris cristata Gray, var. Clintoniana Underw. Clinton's Shield Fern. Rare or occasional. Wet woods and shaded swamps. July. This variety appears to hybridize with Aspidium marginale and also with the typical form of the species. Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. (with small spines). Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze. Spinulose Shield Fern. Moist or wet woods. Usually rare or local but occurring throughout the state. Late June — early July. This species and its varieties are desirable for cultivation in shaded places and also grow well indoors in the fernery. Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw., var. intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton (intermediate). Dryopteris spinulosa Kuntze, var. intermedia Underw. Occasional or frequent. Moist woods and on shaded rocks. Late June — early July. 24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw., var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Gray (dilated). Dryopteris spinnlosa Kuntze, var, dilatata Underw. Broad Shield Fern. This variety is not known in its typical state in Connecti- cut. The forma anadenium Robinson (without glands) ap- parently occurs at East Hartford (Weatherby), Granby and Barkhamsted (I. Holcomb), and Southington (Andrews, Bis- sell). It is found growing with the species or with the var. intermedium and none of the Connecticut specimens are as characteristic as those from mountainous districts farther north. July. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Bladder Fern. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (bulb-bearing). Filix bulbifera Underw. Bladder Fern. Moist rocky woods, wet ledges, meadows and banks of streams. Not reported on the coast or from the eastern and southwestern parts of the state. Rare or local in central dis- tricts: Guilford, at North Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Windsor (H. S. Clark), Simsbury (I Holcomb), Oxford (Harger). Becoming frequent or common in northwestern Connecticut. July- Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (brittle). Filix fragilis Underw. Occasional to frequent. Rich woods, usually in leaf-mold among rocks, sometimes found in old wells. June. One of the earliest of our ferns to appear in the spring. WOODSIA R. Br. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (pertaining to the island Elba). Rusty or Rock Woodsia. Dry exposed ledges of various rock formations. Rare or local but found in nearly all parts of the state. July. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. (blunt). Blunt Woodsia. Occasional. Woods or half-shade, usually in rocky, rather dry places. July. fWPERTY LIBRARY Xc. 14] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2$ DICKSONIA L'Her. Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) Gray (with small, dotted lobes). Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd. Demist aedtia punctilobula Moore. Hay-scented Fern. Common. Rich woods, fence-rows and hilly pastures, in both moist and dry ground, often forming large colonies. Aug. The forma cristata (Maxon) Clute (crested), and the forma schizophylla Clute (cut-leaved) are both reported to occur rarely with the species. Sometimes a pest to farmers in rocky pastures, as stock will not eat it and the plant is difficult to eradicate. It grows well in cultivation. Forking fronds are not unusual. ONOCLEA L. Onoclea sensibilis L. (sensitive). Sensitive Fern, Common. Low fields, swamps and along streams. Sterile June ; fertile Sept. The var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Torr. (with blunt lobes) sometimes occurs. It is apparently an abnormal form caused by cutting or some injury to the earlier growth of the plant. The sterile fronds are very susceptible to early frost, whence the name. Onoclea Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. (ostrich fern). Matteuccia Struthiopteris Todaro. Ostrich Fern. Rich alluvial soil. Rare in most districts, but frequent along the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers and their larger tributaries. Sterile June ; fertile Aug. — Sept. Our largest fern, the fronds occasionally reaching six feet in height. It thrives in cultivation if given rich soil, and is often grown for ornament. 26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. SCHIZAEACEAE. CURLY GRASS FAMILY. LYGODIUM Sw. Climbing Fern. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. (branching like the out- spread fingers of a hand). Creeping Fern. Hartford Fern. Climbing Fern. Rich woods and thickets, in moist, usually sandy soil. Not reported from western Connecticut ; rare in eastern districts : Griswold (Harger & Graves), Lyme (Dr. E. J. Thompson). Local at many stations in the central part of the state. Aug. — Sept. The following Act was passed by the Legislature and became a law on July 8, 1869: 'Any person who shall wil- fully and maliciously sever or take from the land of another any of the species of plant known as Lygodium palmatum or Creeping Fern growing and being thereon, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding Seven Dollars or imprisonment in county jail not exceeding thirty days or by such fine and im- prisonment both at the discretion of the court." The penalty for this offense was later increased. Prior to 1869 this fern was extensively collected and pressed for decorative purposes. OSMUNDACEAE. FLOWERING FERN FAMILY. OSMUNDA L. Flowering Fern. Osmunda regalis L. (royal). Royal Fern. Flowering Fern. Frequent or common. Low thickets, wet meadows and pastures and along streams. June. The rootstock is medicinal. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Frequent or common. Old pastures, along fence-rows and in open wood-lands. Fertile May; sterile June. The var. dubia A. J. Grout (doubtful) occurs occasionally. It is apparently a form caused by some injury to the plant. All our species of Osmunda thrive in cultivation. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 27 Osmunda cinnamomea L. (cinnamon-colored). Cinnamon Fern. Common. Wet woods, swamps and boggy ground. Fer- tile May; sterile June. Both the var. frondosa Gray (leafy) and the var. incisa J. W. Huntington (notched) sometimes occur. The abundant tomentum found on this species is used in nest building by certain birds. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Adder's Tongue. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (common). Adder's Tongue. Moist meadows, woods and low pastures. Rare or local though perhaps more plentiful than usually supposed as the plant is very inconspicuous. July, BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Moonwort. Grape Fern. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. (simple). Botrychium tenehrosum A. A. Eaton. Rare. Rich woods either dry or moist: Granby (I. Hol- comb), Oxford (J. & O. Harger), Goshen (L. M. Under- wood), New Milford (J. Pettibone). June. Botanists disagree as to the proper treatment of this species and our plants need further study. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. (lance-shaped), var. angutisegmentum Pease & Moore (with narrow seg- ments). Botrychium lanceolatum of Manuals. Rare. Moist rich woods, usually in leaf-mold: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Windsor (Weatherby), Granby (I. Holcomb), New Haven and Ox- ford (Harger), Orange (O. Harger), Naugatuck and Strat- ford (Fames), Winchester (Bissell), Goshen (L. M. Under- wood), Easton (L. N. Johnson), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Late June — early July. This species seems to mature its spores two or three weeks later than Botrychium ramositin when the two grow together. 28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Aschers. (having many- branches). Botrychium matricariaefolium Braun. Botrychium neglectum Wood. Rich woods. Rare or local, but found throughout the state. June. Small forms of this are difficult to separate from Botry- chium simplex. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. (oblique). Botrychium ternatuiii S\v., forma obliquum Milde. Grape Fern. Occasional or frequent. Meadows, woods and old pas- tures in either dry or moist ground. Sept. The var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer (elongated), and the var. dissectum (Spreng.) Clute (finely cut), Botrychium dissectum Spreng., are occasional, growing with the typical form. Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. (three-parted), var. in- termedium D. C. Eaton (intermediate). Botrychium obliquum Muhl., var. intermedium Underw. Botrychium ternatum Sw., var. australe D. C. Eaton. Rare. Rich woods: Union and Southington (Bissell), West Hartford (Harger), Granby (I. Holcomb), Meriden (Andrews), New Milford (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin), North Canaan (M. B. Tobey). Sept. A small form of this approaching in appearance Botrychium obliquum, var. onei- dense occurs at Granby (I. Holcomb), Plainville (Andrews), and Plymouth (Bissell). Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Occasional or frequent. Moist rich woods. June. The fruiting fronds are occasionally forked, and bear two, three or four fertile panicles. MARSILEACEAE. MARSILEA L. Marsilea quadrifolia L. (four-leaved). Local. Plentiful in Bantam Lake, Litchfield, its only known native habitat in North America. It has been intro- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 29 duced and thrives in a pond at Cromwell (C. C. Hanmer), and in Lake Whitney, Hamden. Aug. EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY. EQUISETUM L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush. Equisetum arvense L. (of cultivated ground). Common Horsetail. Common. Sandy soil either dry or moist. Varies greatly according to season or habitat and several forms have been described. Fertile May ; sterile June. The plant is medicinal. It is said to be dangerously poison- ous to horses when cut with hay. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (of meadows). Rare. Moist sandy alluvium on the banks of the Housa- tonic River: Oxford (Fames & Harger), Newtown (Harger). Fertile May ; sterile June — July. This resembles the preceding species and may have been overlooked by other collectors. Equisetum sylvaticum L. (growing in woods). Occasional or local. Moist places and in wet ground about springs. Fertile May ; sterile June — July. Equisetum palustre L. (of marshes). Rare. Wet meadows along the Connecticut River or on its banks: Lyme (Graves), East Windsor (Bissell). June. Equisetum fluviatile L. (of a river). Equisetum limosum L. Pipes. Shallow water and wet meadows along streams. Frequent along our rivers and larger streams but rare or local else- where. Fertile May; sterile June — Aug. Equisetum hyemale L. (lasting over the winter), var. inter- medium A. A. Eaton (intermediate). Scouring Rush. Rare. Growing on railroad embankments: Hartford (H. S. Clark), Norfolk (Bissell & H. S. Clark). May —June. 30 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Equisetum hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton (allied). Equisetum hyemale of Manuals, mainly. Scouring Rush. Shave Grass. Frequent. Sandy soil, usually in moist but sometimes in dry places. May. The siliceous stems were formerly much used for scour- ing and polishing. The plant is medicinal. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (variegated), var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton. Equisetum variegatum of Manuals in part. Rare. Alluvial soil along the Housatonic River : Canaan (J. W. Robbins), Salisbury (A. W. Evans, Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Cornwall (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May —June. Equisetum scirpoides Michx, (like Scirpus, the Bulrush). Rare or local. Rich woods, usually on moist hillsides : Norfolk (J. W. Robbins), Canaan (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Sharon and Cornwall (A. V. Osmun). May — June. LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY. LYCOPODIUM L. Club Moss. Lycopodium Selago L. (classical name for this species). Rare. In a cool shaded ravine near New Haven (J. A. Allen, 1879). Sept. Has been found at Mt. Holyoke, Mass., and should be looked for at intermediate localities among our trap hills. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (slightly shining). Occasional. Damp mossy woods, usually in deep shade. Sept. Lycopodium inundatum L. (subject to flooding). Rare or local. Open bogs, usually in sandy soil. Aug. — Sept. The var. Bigelgvii Tuckerm., Lycopodium adpressum Lloyd & Underwood in part, occurs at Voluntown (Harger), Groton (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Milford (Eames). No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I Lycopodium annotinum L. (of a year). Rare or local. Base of trap dyke, in moist soil, North Branford (G. H. Bartlett), and in similar situations, Durham (Harger). Wet cold woods: Cromwell (F. K. Hallock), Winchester (Andrews & Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Redding (L. N. Johnson), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Lycopodium clavatum L. (club-shaped). Running Pine. Common Club Moss. Occasional. Dry woods or sometimes in moist ground. Sept. The var. monostachyon Grev. & Hook, (single-spiked) is rare or local: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Stafford (Dr. E. J. Thompson & Weath- erby), Simsbury (I. Holcomb, B. B. Bristol & Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Wolcott (Andrews & Bissell), Nor- folk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). The spores of this and other species are medicinal and are ofificinal. They also possess peculiar mechanical properties. Lycopodium obscurum L. (obscure). Tree Club Moss. Woods and old pastures, both dry and moist. Frequent near the coast, becoming rare northward. Sept. Lycopodium obscurum L., var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton (tree-like). Tree Club Moss. Woods and pastures. Frequent northward, becoming rare near the coast. Sept. Lycopodium complanatum L. (flattened), var. flabelliforme Fernald (fan-form). Lycopodium complanatum of American authors in part. Ground Pine. Christmas Green. Common. Woods and pastures, more often in sandy soil. Sept. Well known and much used for Christmas decorations. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh (three-spiked). Lycopodium complanatum L., var. Chamaecyparissus Milde. Occasional. Sandy woods, either dry or moist. July — Aug. ^2 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. SELAGINELLACEAE. • SELAGINELLA Beauv. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring (growing on rocks). Occasional. Dry exposed ledges, or sometimes on barren soil. Aug. — Sept. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring (footless; i. e., without a stalk). Frequent. Moist open or half-shaded ground, usually in meadows and pastures or about springs. July — Aug. ISOETACEAE. QUILLWORT FAMILY. ISOETES L. Quillwort. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. Rare or local. Growing submerged on gravelly shores of ponds: Ledyard, North Stonington and East Lyme (Graves), Lyme (Graves & Bissell). July — Aug. Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton (minutely pitted). Rare. Meriden, edge of small pond near West Peak (F. W. Hall, 1873). Aug. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. (sugary), var. Amesii A. A. Eaton. Rare. Shallow water of ponds and rivers : Griswold (Harger), North Stonington (Graves & Bissell), Ledyard and Lyme (Graves). July — Aug. Isoetes echinospora Dur. (prickly-spored), var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. Occasional. Shallow water or muddy borders of ponds and streams, July — Sept. Isoetes echinospora Dur., var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm. (beset with short, hard points). Rare. Groton, in Great Brook (Graves). July — Sept. Forms approaching this have been found at Union (Bis- sell), and at Lyme (Graves & Bissell). Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton. Local. Muddy border of ponds and streams : Lyme (Graves), Windsor (Bissell), East Haven (W. A. Setchell), Bristol (J. N. Bishop), Plymouth (H. S. Clark & Bissell), No. I4.J FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 33 Oxford and Huntington (Harger), Stratford (Eames), Goshen (L. M. Underwood). Aug. — Sept. Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, Isoetes canadensis A. A. Eaton. Isoetes riparia Engelm., var. canadensis Engelm. Rare or local. Windsor, muddy river bank (Bissell), Fairfield, in Mill River, and Westport, in Saugatuck River ( Eames ) . July — Sept. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Occasional. Muddy border of ponds and streams, grow- ing where it would be submerged during high water. July — Sept. The var. gracilis Engelm. (slender) has been found at Groton (Graves), Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport and Westport (Eames). SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS. GYMNOSPERMAE. TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY. TAXUS L. Yew. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Taxus minor Britton. Ground Hemlock. American Yew. Rocky woods, often under other evergreens. Rare or want- ing along the coast, reaching Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Guilford, at North Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Orange (D. C. Eaton), Danbury (Eames) ; becoming occasional or frequent northward. April — May ; fruit July — Aug. The pulp of the fruit is edible, but all other parts of the plant are poisonous. Drinking a decoction of the leaves has caused death to man, and birds are said to be sometimes poisoned by eating the seeds. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY. PINUS L. Pine. Pinus Strobus L. (classical name for some pine tree). White Pine. Woodlands, in various soils and exposures. Occasional near the coast, becoming frequent northward and common in northeastern Connecticut. May — June. A well known and valuable timber tree ; often planted for ornament and for wind-breaks. The bark is medicinal. Pinus rigida Mill, (stiff). Pitch Pine. Yellow Pine. Poor, sterile or sandy soils. Rare or local in Litchfield County, frequent elsewhere. May — June. Usually a small tree, but sometimes growing larger, then yielding a hard resinous lumber. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 35 Pinus sylvestris L. (of woods). Scotch Pine. Scotch Fir. Rare or local. Fields, roadsides and woods as an escape from cultivation: New London (Graves), Lyme (Harger & Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bridgeport (Fames). May. Native of Europe and Asia. One of the valuable timber trees of Europe. It thrives in our climate and was formerly often planted. It is of little value as an ornamental tree, but if grown in sufficient quan- tity might be valuable for timber. Pinus resinosa Ait. (resinous). Red Pine. Rare or local. Rocky woods : Granby (I. Holcomb), Salis- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May— June. The most beautiful of our native pines and a valuable ornamental tree. One of the timber trees of northern New England. LARIX Mill. Larch. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch (larch-like). Larix americana Michx. Tamarack. Hackmatack. American or Black Larch. Swamps and bogs. Absent near the coast. Rare in the eastern part of the state: Union (Bissell), Tolland (Graves). Becoming occasional westward and frequent in Litchfield County. May. The wood is hard, strong, durable in contact with the soil, valuable for posts and railroad ties. The bark is medicinal. Larix decidua Mill, (falling in season). Larix europaea DC. European Larch. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fields and waste ground: Thompson and Union (Bissell), Griswold (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bridgeport (Fames). April — May. Native of northern Europe. Hardy in almost any location and also producing a valu- able timber. A good tree to plant for wind-breaks. 36 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. PICEA Link. Spruce. Picea canadensis (Alill.) BSP. Picea alba Link. Cat Spruce. Skunk Spruce. White Spruce. Rare. Waterford, a few trees in a pasture as an escape from cultivation (Graves). May. Native in northern New England and farther north. A good tree for ornamental planting. Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. (red). Picea nigra Link, var. rubra Engelm. Red Spruce. Rare. Cool woods and bogs: Litchfield (N. L. Britton), Canaan (J. H. Putnam), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May. Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. Picea nigra Link. Picea brevifolia Peck. Black Spruce. Bog Spruce. Swamps and sphagnum bogs. Rare or local over most of the state but absent near the coast. Usually a small stunted tree 5 to 15 ft. high but growing much larger in the cool swamps of Litchfield County. In open bogs the trees often produce cones when not more than 5 ft. high, and the cones persist on the tree for many years. May. Northward the lumber is much used in the manufacture of wood pulp. It is the principal source of spruce gimi. Medicinal. Picea Abies (L.) Karst. (like Abies, the Fir). Picea excelsa Link. Norway Spruce. Rare or local. Roadsides, fields and woods as an escape from cultivation: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Southing- ton (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames), Norwalk and Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). May. Native of northern Europe. Extensively planted for ornament and also for wind- breaks. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. ^ 37 ABIES Hill. Fir. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, (producing balsam). Balsam Fir. Balm-of-Gilead Fir. Rare. Cold swamps and woods: Middlebiiry (Harger), Goshen (J. H. Putnam & Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brew- ster), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Also occurs as an escape from cultivation at Woodstock (Weatherby), Andover (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), and Farmington (Miss A. Lorenz). May. The wood is soft and weak, of little value as timber. Its habit of early losing its lower branches makes it less desirable for ornamental planting than some other species of ever- greens. Canada balsam is derived from the resin of its trunk. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Usually frequent but rather local in its distribution. Rocky woods and on hillsides in both dry and wet situations. May. The timber is coarse-grained and brittle, but is used for rough lumber. The bark is much used in tanning. A valu- able tree in cultivation for hedges and wind-breaks, and when standing alone a desirable ornamental tree. Medicinal. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Cypress. White Cedar. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. (like Thya, classical name for some fragrant tree). Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach. White Cedar. In swamps. Rare in western and central districts : Dan- bury and New Fairfield (P. M. Augur et al.), Wolcott (A. M. Johnson). Becoming occasional or frequent eastward. April. A slender tree with light and durable wood very valuable for fence posts. It usually grows in dense colonies, choking out other vegetation and forming cedar swamps. THUJA L. Arbor Vitae. Thuja occidentalis L. (western). Arbor Vitae. White Cedar. i 38 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. Rare. Canaan, on a limestone ridge and in a near-by swamp (C. K. Averill), Salisbury, rocky hillside and at another locality in a deep swamp (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) ; ap- ^ parently native at these three localities. Escaped from culti- vation to fields and roadsides at Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Killingly and Windsor (Bis- sell). April — May. Often planted for hedges or as an ornamental tree. A valuable timber tree in northern New England. Medicinal, the fresh tops officinal. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper. Juniperus communis L. (growing in colonies). Common Juniper. Rare. Norwich, near Spaulding's Pond (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). May. Juniperus communis L., var. depressa Pursh (sunk down, as if flattened from above). Juniperus nana of Britton's Manual in part. Juniperus communis L., var. canadensis Loud. Juniperus communis L., var. alpina Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Common Juniper. Frequent. ' Dry rocky pastures and sterile hills. May. The fruit often does not ripen until the second summer. The oil of juniper, distilled from the fruit, is officinal. This is medicinal, as are the tops or young branches, and is also an essential constituent of Holland gin. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin. Common. Dry or sterile soils, April — May, The wood is light, very durable in contact with the soil, and much used for fencing. It is also used for boat building and cabinet work. The so called " cedar-apples " found on its branches are sometimes used medicinally, and are causa- tive of rust on apple trees. ANGIOSPERMAE. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. TYPHA L. Cat-tail Flag. Typha latifolia L. (broad-leaved). Common Cat-tail. Frequent. Wet swamps, margins of streams and ponds, often in large colonies. June — July ; fruit Oct., persisting through the winter. The heads are often used for decorative purposes and also make a fluffy stuffing for pillows, etc. The roots are sometimes used medicinally. Typha angustifolia L. (narrow-leaved). Cat-tail. Occasional in fresh-water marshes near the coast, also found inland at Oxford (Harger), and SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) ; common along the coast in salt or brackish marshes. June ; fruit Oct., persisting through the winter. SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED FAMILY. SPARGANIUM L. Bur-reed. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. (broad-fruited). Borders of ponds and streams. Rare or local over most of the state: Groton and Lyme (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Oxford (Harger), Windsor and Sharon (Bis- sell). Becoming occasional along the coast in New Haven and Fairfield Counties (Fames). July — Aug. Sparganium americanum Nutt. Sparganium simplex Huds., var. Nnttallii Engelm. Rare or occasional. Shallow water and borders of ponds and streams: Voluntown and East Lyme (Graves), Union (Bissell), Hampton (Weatherby). July — Aug. 40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Sparganium americanum Nutt., var. androcladum (Engelm.) Fernald & A. J. Eames (having the staminate inflores- cence branched). Sparganium androcladum Morong. Sparganium simplex Huds., var. androcladum Engelm. Occasional or frequent. INIarshes, about ponds and along streams. July — Aug. Sparganium lucidum Fernald & A. J. Eames (shining). Rare. Shallow water of pool, Hartford (H. S. Clark & Weatherby) . Late Aug. — Sept. Sparganium diversifclium Graebner (various-leaved). Sparganium simplex Gray's Manual ed. 6 in great part. Occasional. Borders of ponds and streams. July — Aug. Sparganium diversifclium Graebner, var. acaule (Beeby) Fernald & A. J. Eames (stemless). Rare. Wet places with the typical form. July — Aug. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. (narrow-leaved). Sparganium simplex Huds., var. angustifolium Engelm. Rare. Floating in deep water: Canaan (J. W. Robbins, 1828). July — Aug. Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Robinson (undulating). Sparganium androcladum Morong, var. iiuctuans Morong, at least in part. Sparganium simplex Huds., var. Uuitans Engelm. Rare. Deep water of cold ponds: Norfolk (J. W. Rob- bins). July — Aug. Sparganium minimum Fries (least; smallest). Rare. Shallow water and mud of Twin Lakes, Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, A. V. Osmun & Bissell). July — Aug. NAJADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY. POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed. Potamogeton natans L. (floating). In ponds and slow streams. Rare or local over most of the state: Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Har- ger), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, A. V. Osmun & Bissell). Frequent in New London County (Graves). July — Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4I Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Rare. In ponds: Stafford (E. L. Morris), Middlebiiry (Harger). Aug. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (living on the water). Potamogeton Nuttallii C. & S. Potamogeton pennsylvanicus Willd. Common. Ponds and slow or swift running streams. June — Aug. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf., var. cayugensis (AViegand) Benn. Potamogeton Nuttallii C. & S., var. cayugensis Wiegand. Rare. Lyme, in Selden's Cove (Graves & Bissell), Ham- den, in Lake Whitney (Eames). July — Aug. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis (alpine). Potamogeton rufescens Schrad. Rare. Plainville, in cold spring water near Hamlin's Pond (Andrews & Bissell). July — Aug. Potamogeton americanus C. & S. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Potamogeton Huitans Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Roth. Local. In the Connecticut River and adjoining coves and creeks at Lyme (Graves) ; also at New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Hartford (J. W. Robbins, A. W. Driggs), Westport, in the Saugatuck River ; also in the Housatonic River near its mouth and at New Milford (Eames), and at Oxford (Harger). July — Sept. Potamogeton americanus C. & S., var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Benn. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm., var. novaeboracensis Mor- ong. Rare. Lyme, in deep water at Selden's Cove (Graves & Bissell). July — Aug. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. (beautiful; handsome). Rare. In ponds: East Lyme, Old Lyme and Lyme (Graves), Bridgeport (Eames). June — July. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. (large-leaved). Occasional. Ponds and sluggish streams. July — Aug. 42 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. (various-leaved). Occasional or local. Ponds and either slow or swift flow- ing streams. July — Aug. The forma graminifolius (Fries) Morong (grassy- leaved) occurs at Lake Saltonstall (O. D. Allen). The forma LONGiPEDUNCULATUS (Merat) Morong (long-stalked) has been found at Selden's Cove, Lyme (Graves). The forma MYRiOPHYLLUS (Robbins) Morong (myriad-leaved) occurs at Lake Saltonstall (O. D. Allen), and Twin Lakes, Salisbury (Bissell). The forma maximus Morong (greatest) has been found in the Connecticut River at East Windsor (Bissell), and in Lake Whitney, Hamden (O. D. Allen). The forma TERRESTRis Sclilccht. (terrestrial) is often found along borders of ponds and streams in dry seasons. Potamogeton angustifolius Berchtold & Presl (narrow- leaved). Rare. Oxford, in the Housatonic River (Harger). July — Aug. The var. connecticutensis (Robbins) Benn., Potamoge- ton Incens L., var. connecticutensis Robbins, occurs rarely in ponds, lakes and rivers: Lake Saltonstall (J. W. Robbins); in the Housatonic River at New Milford (E. H. Austin & Eames) and Kent (C. K. Averill) ; also in Twin Lakes, Salis- bury (Bissell). Potamogeton lucens L. (shining). Rare. Ponds and slow streams : Lyme, at Selden's Cove (Graves), Meriden (Harger), Salisbury (Bissell). July — Aug. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. (very long). Local. Deep water of ponds and streams : North Bran- ford and Wallingford (Harger), Lake Saltonstall (J. A. Allen), Westport and Kent (Eames), Litchfield (Dr. T. Morong), Canaan (J. W. Robbins). June — July. Potamogeton Richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. Potamogeton perfoliatus L., var. lanceolatus Robbins. Potamogeton perfoliatus L., var. Richardsonii Benn. Common. Ponds and streams. June — July. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 43 Potamogeton bupleuroides Fernald (like Bupleurum, the Thorough-wax) . Potamogeton perfoliatus Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not L. In ponds, streams and brackish waters. Occasional near the coast, extending inland as far as East Windsor (Bissell). July — Aug. X Potamogeton nitens Weber (shining). Rare. Old Saybrook, small pond near the Connecticut River (Harger). This is apparently a hybrid between Potam- ogeton heterophyllus and some other species, and is not known to produce fruit. Potamogeton zosterifolius Schum. (having leaves like Zostera, the Eel Grass). Rare or occasional. Ponds and streams. July — Aug. Potamogeton Hillii Morong. Rare. Salisbury, in Twin Lakes (Bissell). July — Aug. Potamogeton obtusifolius ]\Iert. & Koch (blunt-leaved). Rare. Newtown, in shallow water of a mill pond (Eames). July — Aug. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. Potamogeton mucronatus Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Schrad. (?). Rare. Southington, in pools (Andrews). July — Aug. Potamogeton pusillus L. (very small). Frequent. Ponds and slow streams. July — Sept. Potamogeton pusillus L., var Sturrockii Benn. Rare. In ponds: Waterford (Graves), Lake Saltonstall (O.D.Allen). July— Sept. Potamogeton lateralis Morong (lateral). Rare. Collected at Salisbury many years ago by Dr. J. W. Robbins ; not reported by any recent collector. July — Aug. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. Rare. Ponds and lakes: Lake Saltonstall (O. D. Allen, J. A. Allen, Eames), Milford (Eames), Plymouth (J. K. Goodrich) . July — Aug. 44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Potamogeton gemmiparus Robbins (producing buds). Rare. Union, shallow water of Mashapaug Pond (Bis- sell). July — Aug. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. (leafy). Potamogeton pauciiiorus Pursh. Rare or local. Ponds and slow streams : Voluntown (Har- ger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Newtown (Eames), New Milford (C. K. Averill), Sharon and Salisbury (Bis- sell). July — Aug. Potamogeton hybridus ]\Iichx. (mongrel). Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Occasional. In ponds. July — Aug. The var. aiulti-denticulatus (Morong) Asch. & Graeb- ner (with many fine teeth) has been found at Groton (T. Morong), Griswold (Harger), Milford and Stratford (Eames). Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. (of two forms). Potatnogetoii Spirillus Tuckerm. Frequent. Ponds and streams. June — Aug. Floating leaves often wanting. Potamogeton pectinatus L. (comb-like). Rare or local. Ponds, streams and ditches: Hartford (D. C. Eaton), East Windsor and Salisbury (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Stratford, New Milford and Kent (Eames). July — Sept. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. Occasional or local. Ponds, ditches and slow streams. July — Aug. This species very rarely forms fruit. RUPPIA L. Ditch Grass. Ruppia maritima L. (of the sea-coast). Ditch Grass. Frequent in shallov/ water of pools, creeks and ditches about salt or brackish marshes along the coast. July — Oct. ZANNICHELLIA L. Horned Pondweed. Zannichellia palustris L. (of marshes). Horned Pondweed. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 45 Occasional in salt or brackish water along the coast, and in the Housatonic River northward as far as New Milford (C K. Averill). July — Sept. ZOSTERA L. Grass Wrack. Eel Grass. Zostera marina L. (of the sea). Eel Grass. Common along the coast in bays, salt rivers and creeks, growing on muddy or sandy bottoms. July — Sept. Extensively used by farmers as a fertilizer. NAJAS L. Naiad. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt (flexible). Frequent. Ponds and slow streams. July — Sept. Najas gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus (very slender). Najas indica Cham., var. gracillima A. Br. Rare or local. In ponds: East Lyme and Lyme (Graves), Stafford (Bissell), Milford, Bridgeport and Newtown (Eames), Danbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). July — Sept. JUNCAGINACEAE. ARROW GRASS FAMILY. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Scheuchzeria palustris L. (of marshes). Rare. Cool sphagnum bogs: South Windsor (Weath- erby), Burlington (J. N. Bishop), East Granby (M. Hitch- cock), Bethany and Woodbury (Harger), Litchfield (A. L. Train), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). June— July. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow Grass. Triglochin maritima L. (of the sea). Frequent in salt marshes along the coast. June — Aug. ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head. Sagittaria longirostra (M. Micheli) J. G. Smith (long-beaked). Rare. Groton, swampy border of pond (Harger) . July — Sept. 46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (broad-leaved). Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. Frequent or common. Marshes and shallow water of ponds and streams. Aug. — Sept. The forma obtusa (Muhl.) Robinson (blunt), Sagittaria obtusa Muhl., is occasional; the forma hastata (Pursh) Robinson (halberd-shaped), Sagittaria hastata Pursh, and the forma gracilis (Pursh) Robinson (slender), Sagittaria gracilis Pursh, are frequent. The forma diversifolia (Engelm.) Robinson (various-leaved), Sagittaria variabilis Engelm., var. diversifolia Engelm., is rare. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. Sagittaria variabilis Engelm., var. gracilis Engelm. Rare. Bogs and wet meadows : Waterford, Voluntown and East Lyme (Graves), Lyme (Dr. E. J. Thompson). Aug. — Sept. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. (arum-leaved). Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. Rare. Wet alluvial soil on the banks of the Connecticut River: Windsor and Hartford (Bissell). June — July. Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh (various-leaved). Rare or local. Muddy river shores: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Lyme (Graves), Wethersfield (C. Wright), East Windsor (Bissell), Windsor (H. S. Clark), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Bloomfield (A. W. Driggs), Seymour and Derby (Harger). June — July. The var rigida (Pursh) Engelm. (stiff), Sagittaria rigida Pursh, and the var. elliptica Engelm. (oval) sometimes occur with the species. Sagittaria graminea Michx. (grass-like). Sagittaria Eatoni J. G. Smith. Sagittaria cristata Engelm. Occasional or local. Muddy shores of ponds and streams. June — Aug. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau (awl-shaped). Sagittaria pusilla Nutt. Sagittaria natans Michx., var. lorata Chapm. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 47 Rare or local. Lyme, muddy shore of Selden's Cove (Dr. E, J. Thompson) ; mud of lower Housatonic River and smaller streams along the coast in Fairfield County (Eames). July — Sept. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau, var. (?) gracillima (Wats.) J. G. Smith (very slender). Sagittaria natans Michx., var. ( ?) gracillima Wats. Rare. East Windsor and Windsor, rock ledges in the bed of the Connecticut River, in 3-6 ft. of water (Bissell). July. LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand. Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith (spongy). Sagittaria calycina Engelm., var. spongiosa Engelm. Muddy tidal shores and meadows. Rare at Old Lyme (Graves) and New Haven (D. C. Eaton, Harger) ; occa- sional, Milford and westward (Eames). June — Sept. ALISMA L. Water Plantain. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. (water-plantain). Water Plantain. Common. Muddy places and shallow water. July — Aug. HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY. ELODEA Michx. Water-weed. Elodea canadensis Michx. Philotria canadensis Britton. Ditch Moss. Frequent. Ponds and slow streams. July — Sept. Sometimes so plentiful as to be a nuisance in reservoirs. VALLISNERIA L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass. Vallisneria spiralis L. (coiled). Eel Grass. Wild Celery. Common in the waters of the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers and their larger tributaries. It also grows in Hatch Pond, Kent (Eames), and in the Thames River at Norwich (W. A. Setchell, Mrs. E. E. Rogers). July — Sept. 48 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY. ZEA L. Corn. Zea Mays L. (Indian name for this species). Corn. Indian Corn. Maize. Rare. A fugitive in waste grounds and on dumps or banks of streams. July — Aug. Nativity unknown but supposed to be from Mexico. One of the most important cereals of the United States. TRIPSACUM L. Gama Grass. Sesame Grass. Tripsacum dactyloides L. (finger-like). Gama Grass. Sesame Grass. Moist or dry open ground bordering salt or brackish marshes and creeks. Groton (Graves) and occasional along the coast westward. July — Aug. A large corn-Hke grass, sometimes used for fodder in the South. ANDROPOGON L. Beard Grass. Andropogon scoparius Michx. (broom-like). Broom Beard Grass. Wire Grass. Bunch Grass. Blue-stem. Common. Open sterile ground, often covering large areas on the sand plains. Aug. — Sept. A glaucous form is fre- quent. A dry wiry grass of little agricultural value in Connecti- cut, but notable for its beautiful color in autumn and winter. In the South and West it is considered of some value for pasturage. Andropogon scoparius Michx., var. littoralis (Nash) Hitchc. (of the sea-shore). Andropogon littoralis Nash. Rare., Fairfield, sparingly on Fairfield Beach (Fames). Aug. — Sept. Andropogon virginicus L. Dry or moist open ground. Rare or local inland, becom- ing occasional near the coast. Late Aug. — Sept. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. (forked). Forked Beard Grass. Big Blue-stem. Turkey-foot. .>. 14-] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 49 Frequent. Open ground, g-enerally in dry soil. Aug. — Sept. A tall and striking grass, growing in large clumps. It is of value for hay and pasturage in some localities in the United States. SORGHASTRUM Nash. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (nodding). Sorghastrum avenaceum Nash. Chrysopogon nutans Benth. Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth. Indian Grass. Wood Grass. Occasional or frequent. Open, usually dry ground. Aug. — Sept. A tall grass, growing in clumps and with beautiful golden brown flower-panicles. SORGHUM Pers. Broom Corn. Sorghum. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass. Rare. Waterbury, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the Old World. A cultivated form of this called Kaffir Corn has been found in waste ground at Hartford (H. S. Clark). This species is supposed to be the original of the several forms of Sorghum which are cultivated for sugar-making, for use in the manufacture of brooms, for forage and for their seeds. DIGITARIA Scop. Finger Grass. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler (thread-shaped). Panicum iiliforme L. Syntherisma filiformis Nash. Frequent. Dry sterile open ground. Aug. — Sept. Digitaria humifusa Pers. (spread over the ground; prostrate). Panicum glabrum Gaudin. Syntherisma linearis Nash. Small Crab Grass. Occasional or frequent. Dry or moist fields, roadsides and waste places. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. 4 50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Dighana sanguinalis (L.) Scop, (blood-red). Panicum sanguinale L. Syntherisma sanguinalis Dulac. Syntherisma Hmhriata Nash. Crab Grass. Large Crab Grass. Finger Grass. Crowfoot Grass. Common. Waste places and cultivated ground. July — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. A troublesome weed in gardens and lawns. It makes good hay if properly dried, and in the South is often harvested. In Bohemia the seeds are used by man as a food. LEPTOLOMA Chase. Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase (related). Panicum autumnale Bosc. Fall Witch Grass. Rare. New Haven, in dry ground and in gravelly soil (R. W. Woodward). July. PASPALUM L. Paspalum setaceum Michx. (bristle-like). Fields and pastures, mostly in dry ground. Rare in the northern part of the state, becoming occasional near the coast. A form with glabrous spikelets sometimes occurs. Aug. — Sept. Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash. Frequent or common. Dry open ground. Aug. — Sept. Paspalum psammophilum Nash (sand-loving). Paspalum prostratum Nash, not Scribn. & Merr. Rare. Dry sandy or gravelly soil: Sprague (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Old Saybrook (Bissell & Graves ) . Aug. — Sept. Paspalum plenipilum Nash (having many hairs). Rare. Orange, in meadows (R. W. Woodward). Sept. Paspalum circulare Nash (round). Rare. Groton, moist grassland (Bissell & Graves), Frank- lin (R. W. Woodward). Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 5I PANICUM L. Panic Grass. A large genus, made up for the most part of lowly grasses of little or no agricultural value, but of much scientific interest. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. (warty). Rare. New Haven, in damp shaded ground (Harger). Sept.— Oct. Panicum capillare L. (hair-like). Old-witch Grass. Tumble-weed. Tickle Grass. Common. Cultivated ground and waste places. July — Sept. Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. Panicum tiiinus Nash, according to description. Panicum minimum Scribn. & Merr. Dry woods and thickets and on sandy shores of ponds and rivers. Rare in New London County (Graves) ; occasional in southwestern Connecticut (Eames) ; extending up the Connecticut River as far as East Windsor (Eissell). Aug. — Sept. Panicum miliaceum L. (millet). Common, True, European or Broom Corn Millet. Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste places in and about towns and cities. Aug. — Sept. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. The seeds are highly nutritious and are used in some coun- tries as human food ; also in domestic medicine. The grain is excellent for feeding poultry. In the Old World it has been cultivated from prehistoric times. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. (having its flower-stalks forked in pairs). Panicum proliferum^oi American authors, not Lam. Occasional or frequent. Chiefly in moist ground, espe- cially on borders of ponds and rivers. Aug. — Sept. Panicum amaroides Scribn. & Merr. (like Panicum amarum). Panicum amarum Ell., var. minor Vasey & Scribn. Sea beaches and sand dunes. Rare or local on the coast eastward: Old Lyme (Graves), Guilford (Dr. Barratt). Be- coming occasional along the Sound westward. Aug. — Oct. 52 CON^^ECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Panicum virgatum L. (wand-like). Switch Grass. Tall Panic Grass. In either moist or dry ground. Common along the coast and the larger rivers, rare or occasional elsewhere. July — Sept. A handsome grass forming large, dense clumps and with ample flower panicles sometimes 30 inches long. If cut early it makes a fair quality of hay and it is also of some value as a forage plant. Panicum longifolium Terr, (long-leaved). Rare or local. Open moist ground near the coast : Groton and Montville (Graves), Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. (like Agrostis, the Red Top). Common. Low meadows and wet open grounds. July — Sept. Panicum stipitatum Nash (stalked). Rare. Lyme, wet meadow at Selden's Cove (Graves & Bissell). Aug. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. (impoverished). Frequent. Dry sterile or sandy ground. June — early July. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. (narrow-leaved). Panicum Enslini of Britton's Manual. Common. Dry fields and in sandy or sterile places. June — early July. Panicum Werneri Scribn. Rare or local. Chiefly in open, dry, sandy or gravelly soil^ sometimes in thickets or open sandy woods : Voluntown, Ledyard and Waterford (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Wood- ward & Graves). June — July. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. Panicum nemo pant hum Ashe. Panicum Busliii Nash. Rare. Rocky woodlands: Norwich (Graves), New Haven (R. W. Woodward). June. Panicum dichotomum L. (forked in pairs). Frequent or common. Dry woods and thickets. June — July. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 53 Panicum barbulatum Michx. (having a little beard). Occasional. Rocky woods and thickets usually in dry soil. June — July. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. in Ell. (small-fruited). Panicum barbulatum of American authors, not Michx. Frequent. Low moist or wet thickets and open places. June — July. Panicum boreale Nash (northern). Open bogs, wet meadows and moist sandy thickets. Ap- parently rare in southern Connecticut : Griswold and Water- ford (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Woodward & Graves), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Oxford and Monroe (Har- ger). Probably occasional in the northern part of the state. June — July. Panicum spretum Schult. (despised). Panicum nitidum of recent American authors, not Lam. Panicum Eatoni Nash. Rare. Low meadows and sandy shores of ponds : Groton and East Lyme (Graves), Columbia (Weatherby & Mrs. C. S. Phelps) . June — July. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash. Panicum nitidum Scribn. & Merr. in part. Dry sterile open ground. Occasional or frequent in south- eastern and southwestern Connecticut, apparently rare else- where: East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews). June — July. Panicum huachucae Ashe. Panicum unciphyllum of recent American authors, not Trin. Panicum pubescens of Britton's Manual. Common. Fields, woods and thickets usually in dry or sandy places. June — July. Panicum huachucae Ashe, var. silvicola Hitchc. & Chase (liv- ing in woods). Panicum lanuginosum of recent American authors in part. Occasional or frequent. Woods and shaded ground in either dry or wet soil. June — July, " 54 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. Panicum implicatum Scribn. (entangled). Panicum unciphyllum Trin., var. implicatum Scribn. & Merr. Swamps and in wet sandy places. Rare in most parts of the state, but occasional in southwestern Connecticut. June — July. Panicum meridionale Ashe (southern). Panicum Uliculme Ashe, not Hack. Panicum unciphyllum Trin., var. meridionale Scribn. & Merr. Rare or occasional. Dry or sterile soil in woods or in open ground. June — July. Panicum oricola Hitchc. & Chase (an inhabitant of the shore.) Rare. Barren sands along the shore of the Sound: Gro- ton (Bissell). Probably occuring at other points on the coast. June — Aug. Panicum subvillosum Ashe (somewhat hairy). Rare. Dry sandy ground : Tolland and Southington (Bis- sell), East Hartford (Weatherby). June — July. Panicum tennesseense Ashe. Occasional or frequent. Woods and shaded ground more often in moist soil. June — July. Panicum albemarlense Ashe. Panicum auhurne Gray's Manual ed. 7 in part. Rare. Dry sandy woods : Waterford, at Fog Plain ( Graves ) . June — July. Panicum scoparioides Ashe (like Panicum scoparium). Rare. Woods or half shade in dry gravelly soil : Southing- ton (Bissell). June — July. Panicum pseudopubescens Nash (simulating Panicum pubes- cens). Panicum ovale Gray's Manual ed. 7 in part. Rare. Southbury, alluvial ground on banks of the Pom- peraug River (Harger). June — July. Panicum villosissimum Nash (very hairy). Panicum atlanticum Nash. Panicum xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr. Panicum haemacarpon Ashe. Rare. Dry rocky woods and hillsides or in meadows: No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND -FERNS. 55 Franklin (Graves, R. W. Woodward), Old Lyme (Graves), East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews), South- bury (Harger). June — July. Panicum Commonsianum Ashe. Rare. Dry sandy or gravelly soil: East Lyme (Graves), South Windsor (Weatherby). June. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Rare. Sandy plains: East Lyme (Graves), East Hart- ford (Weatherby). June. Panicum tsugetorum Nash (of hemlocks). Occasional or frequent. Dry fields and woods. June — July. Panicum columbianum Scribn. Panicum psammophilum Nash, Occasional or frequent. Dry sandy fields and thickets. June — July. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (round-fruited). Frequent to common. Fields, pastures and roadsides in dry ground. June — Aug. Panicum Ashei Pearson. Panicum commutatum Scribn. & Merr,, not R, & S, Rare or occasional. Dry, often rocky woods. June — July. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Panicum scoparium Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Lam. Common. Dry open sterile ground. June — July. Panicum xanthophysum Gray (having yellow bladders; re- ferring to the yellowish fruit). Rare. Dry open woods or sandy places : Stafford (Graves), South Windsor (H. J. Koehler & A. W. Driggs). July — Aug. Panicum clandestinum L. (concealed). Corn Grass. Deer-tongue Grass. Common. Moist or dry soil in open or partly shaded places. June — July, 56 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Panicum Boscii Poir. Panicuni Porteriamim Nash. Panicum latifoliimi of American authors, not L. Rare or occasional. Dry rocky woodlands. June — July. Panicum Boscii Poir., var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase (soft). Panicum latifolinm L., var. inoUe Vasey. Panicum pnhifolium Nash. Dry woods and thickets, usually in rocky ground. Occa- sional or local near the coast, becoming rare inland, ^wnt — July. Panicum latifolium L. (broad-leaved). Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte. Occasional or frequent. Woods and thickets, mostly in dry ground. June — Aug. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (cock-spur). Panicum crusgalli L. Barnyard Grass. Corn Grass. Cockspur or Cocksfoot Grass. Common. Cultivated ground, mostly in manured soil, waste places and banks of streams. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes troublesome as a weed in cultivated ground, but useful as a forage plant and for the silo. Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link (producing grain). Japanese Barnyard Millet or Grass. Billion-Dollar Grass. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides : Southington (Andrews), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. Fugitive from the Old World. In cultivation as a forage plant. In India it is grown under the name of Sowna Millet for its grain which is there used as human food. Echinochloa Walter! (Pursh) Nash. Panicum crusgalli L., var. hispidiim Torr. Panicum Walteri Pursh. Ditches, marshes and river banks. Occasional or frequent No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 57 along the coast and the larger streams ; rare elsewhere. July — Sept. SETARIA Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Grass. Setaria imberbis R. & S. (beardless), van perennis (Hall) Hitchc. (perennial). Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell. Perennial Foxtail Grass. Occasional or frequent on the coast on borders of salt marshes. Aug. — Sept. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (glaucous). Chaetochloa glauca Scribn. Ixophorus glaucus Nash. Foxtail. Pigeon Grass. Twitch Grass. Common. Cultivated ground and waste places. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Often a troublesome weed in gardens. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. (whorled). Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn. Ixophorus verticiUatus Nash. Rough Foxtail Grass. Rare or local. Roadsides and waste places in towns and cities. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green). Chaetochloa viridis Scribn. Ixophorus viridis Nash. Green Foxtail. Bottle Grass. Frequent to common. Cultivated ground and waste places. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. A weed in gardens and cultivated fields. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Chaetochloa italica Scribn. Ixophorus italicus Nash. Common, Italian or German Millet. Hungarian Grass. Rare or occasional. Escaped from cultivation to road- sides and waste places. Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. The var. germanica (Mill.) Richter, Golden-Wonder Millet, occurs rarely. 58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Often grown for fodder. In the Old World from ancient times grown for human food. CENCHRUS L. Sandbur. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Cenchrus trihuloides of American authors, not L. Sandbur. Hedgehog or Bur Grass. Local, frequent or common. Dry sandy or gravelly fields and waste ground. July — Aug. ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Sometimes a troublesome weed. ZIZANIA L. Water or Indian Rice. Zizania palustris L. (of marshes). Zizania aquatica of Manuals, not L. Wild Rice. Water Oats. Local or frequent. Shallow water of tidal rivers and large streams, especially near the coast ; sometimes in ponds as at Hatch Pond, Kent (Eames). July — Aug. ; fruit Sept. — Oct. A highly ornamental grass. The seeds are very nutritious, and are said to be superior to the Oriental rice. They are greedily eaten by ducks and other birds ; also extensively gathered for food by the Indians of the Northwest and sold by them in the markets. LEERSIA Sw. White Grass. Cut Grass. • Leersia virginica Willd. Homalo cenchrus virginicus Britton. Cut Grass. Scratch Grass. Frequent. Wet woods, swamps and moist places. Aug. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (like Oryza, the Rice). Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll. Rice Cut Grass. Scratch Grass. False Rice. Frequent. Swamps, along streams and in ditches. Aug. — Sept. It makes a fair quality of hay. PHALARIS L. Canary Grass. Phalaris canariensis L. Canary Grass. Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste places. June — Oct. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 59 The seeds are used as food for cage birds, and mixed with wheat or rye are also used in some countries for bread making. Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed-like). Reed Canary Grass. Sword Grass. Spires Grass. In swamps and along streams. Rare or occasional in the western part of the state ; becoming frequent eastward. June -July. The var. picta L. (painted), Ribbon Grass, is a horti- cultural form often cultivated for ornament, and it sometimes escapes to roadsides and waste places. The variety is intro- duced from Europe. A striking grass adapted for planting in wet ground. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sweet Vernal Grass. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (fragrant). Sweet Vernal Grass. Common. Roadsides, fields, meadows, borders of woods and in waste places. May — June. Native of Europe. Very fragrant in drying. Used in basket making. HIEROCHLOE R. Br. Holy Grass. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. (fragrant). Hierochloe horealis R. & S. Savastana odorata Scribn. Savastana Nashii Bicknell. Vanilla or Seneca Grass. Rare or occasional inland: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Southington (Andrews), Southbury (Eames & Harger), Sherman (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Becoming frequent about the borders of salt and brackish marshes along the coast. May — June. A very fragrant grass, used by the Indians in basket mak- ing. In northern Europe this and other sweet-scented grasses are strewn before the church doors on Saints' days. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain Rice. Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. (sharp-pointed). Oryzopsis canadensis of Gray's Manual ed. 6. Oryzopsis juncea BSP. Rare. Dry woodlands: Voluntown (R. W. Woodward), 6o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Preston (Graves), Thompson (Harger), Stafford (Weather- by & Bissell). ^lay. Oryzopsis asperifolia IMichx. (rough-leaved). Rocky woods. Rare near the coast and in the south- western part of the state ; occasional or frequent in central and northern Connecticut. May — June. Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker (racemose). Oryzopsis mdanocarpa Muhl. Rocky woods. Rare in the southeastern part of the state, frequent in southwestern Connecticut, occasional elsewhere. July — Aug. STIPA L. Feather Grass. Stipa avenacea L. (oat-like). Black Oat Grass. Needle Grass. Porcupine Grass. Reported only near the coast, in dry and rocky woods or openings and dry, sandy soils. Occasional in the southeastern part of the state, rare or local near New Haven, becoming more frequent in southwestern Connecticut. June. The seeds of this grass are injurious to sheep by clinging to the wool and then penetrating the flesh. ARISTIDA L. Triple-awned Grass. Aristida dichotoma Michx. (forked). Poverty Grass. Common. Open, dry, sterile or sandy soil. Aug. — Sept. Aristida gracilis Ell. (slender). Aristida gracilis Ell., var. depauperata Gray. Dry, sandy soil. Occasional or local near the coast, be- coming rare northward. Aug. — Sept. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. (pimply). Rare or local. Sea beaches from Orange westward. Aug. — Sept. Aristida purpurascens Poir. (purplish). Dry, sterile fields and pastures. Occasional or frequent except in the southwestern part of the state where it is rare or local. Aug. — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 61 MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Drop-seed Grass. Muhlenbergia sobolifere (Muhl.) Trin. (producing offshoots). Dry rocky woods. Generally rare, but frequent in south- western Connecticut. Aug. — Sept, Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. (slender-flowered). Muhlenbergia Willdenowii Trin. Occasional or frequent. Rich or rocky woods. Aug. — Sept. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. (of woods). Rocky woods, either moist or dry. Rare or occasional over most of the state, becoming frequent in southwestern Connecticut. Aug. — Sept. Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin. (closely clothed with leaves), Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr, Moist woods, Southington (Bissell), and probably else- where, as the species has been confused with Muhlenbergia mexicana. Aug. — Sept. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Crab Grass. Knot-root Grass, Frequent or common. Moist or rich soil in cultivated ground, along roadsides and in waste places of towns and cities ; also occasional in bogs and swamps and near streams, Aug, — Sept, Sometimes troublesome as a weed in gardens and lawns. A cultivated form with striped leaves has escaped, and is established in a yard at Southington (Bissell). Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. (racemose). Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin. Bogs and swamps or sometimes in dry, rocky ground. Frequent in Litchfield County, becoming occasional or rare eastward and southward; reaching Union and Willington (Bissell), Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Meriden (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Monroe (Fames). Aug, — Sept. 62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Muhlenbergia Schreberi J. F. Gmel. Muhlenhergia diffusa Schreb. Drop-seed. Nimble Will. Frequent along roadsides, in yards and waste places near dwellings ; rare elsewhere. Aug. — Sept. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (hair-like). Hair Grass. Rare. Rocky cliffs: Hamden (O. Harger), New Haven (O. Harger, R. W. Woodward & Harger). Sept. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. (erect). Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv. Rich moist or rocky woods. Frequent except along the coast eastward where it is rare. July — Aug. PHLEUM L. Timothy. Herd's Grass. Phleum pratense L. (of meadows). Timothy. Herd's Grass, Cat-tail Grass. Common. Fields, roadsides and pastures. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Extensively grown and very valuable for hay. It is said to have been introduced into Maryland in 1720 by Timothy Hanson, hence the name " Timothy." ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Grass, Alopecurus pratensis L. (of meadows). Meadow Foxtail. Rare. Moist fields and roadsides: New London (Graves), f Middlebury (Harger), Southington, Litchfield and Cornwall (Bissell). May — June. Adventive from Europe, A desirable grass for moist pastures. Alopecurus geniculatus L. (abruptly bent). Marsh, Water or Floating Foxtail. Rare or local. Wet meadows and along brooks : Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Wethersfield (C. Wright), Southington (Andrews & Bissell). May — June. A good grazing grass for wet grounds. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 63 Alopecurus geniculatus L., var. aristulatus Torr. (with small awns or bristles). Rare. Shallow water of ditches : Meriden (Harger & Mrs. C S. Phelps), Salisbury (Weatherby & Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed. Rush Grass. Sporcbclus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. (concealed). Sporoholus asper of Manuals. Rare. Open, rocky ground: New Haven (R. W. Wood- ward). Sept. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth (rough). Sporoholus longifolius Wood. Dry, sandy soils. In northern districts rare or occasional : Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), New Milford (Eames), Ox- ford (Harger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Hartford (C. Wright). Becoming frequent near the coast and common about New Haven. Aug. — Sept. Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood (having the flowers in sheaths). Frequent to common. Dry, sterile fields and sandy road- sides. Aug. — Sept. Sporobolus neglectus Nash (neglected). Rare. Dry ground : Oxford (Weatherby). Sept. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (with hidden stamens). Occasional in the southwestern part of the state, in sandy soil along the coast (Eames). July — Aug. Sporobolus heterolepis Gray (various-scaled). Rare. Dry, rocky summits: New Haven (Dr. Monson, O. D. Allen, Harger & R. W. Woodward). Sept. Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. (one-flowered). Sporoholus serotinus Gray. Peat bogs and open swamps. Frequent in the eastern part of the state, becoming rare or local westward : East Haven (A. H. Young & Harger), Southington (Andrews), Wolcott 64 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. (Andrews & Bissell), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Middle- bury (Harg-er), Norfolk (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. A very delicate grass. AGROSTIS L. Bent Grass. Agrostis alba L. (white). Fiorin. White Bent Grass. Red Top. Fine Bent. Dew Grass. Local or occasional. Open, generally moist ground. July — Aug. In part naturalized from Europe. The van vulgaris (With.) Thurb. (common), Agrostis vulgaris With., cultivated under the name of Red Top, is common in fields and open ground and is a valuable grass for hay and pasturage. This variety is usually introduced from Europe but is perhaps also native. Agrostis alba L., var. aristata Gray (awned). Rare. Franklin, moist peaty soil in shade (R. W. Wood- ward). July. Agrostis alba L., var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W, Mey. (of the sea-coast). Agrostis coarctata Ehrh. Frequent along the coast in salt and brackish marshes; rare inland as at Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Harger). July — Sept. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (wintering). Agrostis scahra Willd. Agrostis scabra Willd., var. montana Gray's Manual ed. 6. Hair or Rough Hair Grass. Rough Bent. Fly-away or Silk Grass. Frequent or common. Dry or moist open ground, often in sandy soil. June — Sept. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (perennial). Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Thin Grass. Frequent. Rich woodlands either dry or moist. Aug. — Sept. Agrostis canina L. (of a dog). Brown Bent Grass. Rhode Island Bent. Local. Meadows, East Hartford (Weatherby) ; dry, ster- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 65 lie field on bank of the Housatonic River, Milford (Eames) ; field, Westport (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). July. Adventive from Europe. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard Grass. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Beard Grass. Rare. Waste places: Manchester (A. W. Driggs). July — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed Bent Grass. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Blue-stem. Reed Bent Grass. Frequent. Wet meadows and borders of swamps. July. A valuable grass for wet grounds, making good hay if cut early. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton (like Cinna, the Reed Grass). Calamagrostis Nuttalliana Steud. Occasional. Bogs and open swamps. Aug. — Sept. AMMOPHILA Host. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link (of sand). Ammophila arundinacca Host. Beach Grass. Sea Sand Reed. Psamma. Marram. Common along the coast on sand dunes and beaches. Aug. — Sept. Most valuable as a sand binder, its long underground stems holding the sand together and preventing it from being blown by the wind. CINNA L. Wood Reed Grass. Cinna arundinacea L. (reed-like). Frequent. Wet woods and shaded swamps. Aug. — Sept. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. (broad-leaved). Cinna pendula Trin. Rare. Moist shaded rocks: Barkhamsted (A. E. Blewitt), Hartland and Colebrook (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) . Aug.— Sept. 66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. HOLCUS L. Holcus lanatus L. (woolly). Velvet Grass. Occasional to frequent. Moist fields and roadsides. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (blunt). Eatonia obtusata Gray. Rare or local. Borders of salt marshes : New Haven (R. W. Woodward), Fairfield (Eames). June — early July. The var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. (downy) occurs at Stratford and Fairfield (Eames). Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. (shining). Eatonia nitida Nash. Eatonia Dtidleyi Vasey. Dry, usually rocky woods. Generally frequent, but re- ported rare in the central part of the state. May — June. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (pale). Eatonia pennsylvanica Gray. Moist or dry woods and in open, wet meadows. Occasional along the coast, becoming frequent northward. June — early July. The var. major (Torr.) Scribn. (larger), Eatonia penn- sylvanica Gray, var. major Torr., occurs at Southington and Salisbury (Bissell). Sphenopholis palustris (Michx.) Scribn. (of marshes). Trisetum palustre Trin. Trisetum pennsylvanicum Britton & Brown's 111. Flora. Rare or occasional. Wet meadows and open swamps. June. TRISETUM Pers. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter (spiked). Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Trisetum subspicatum Beauv., var. molle Gray. Rare. Limestone ledges: Salisbury (J. R. Churchill). May — June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 67 DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. (zigzag). Common Hair Grass. Dry woods and rocky hillsides. Frequent to common along the coast and on banks of tidal rivers ; occurring rarely inland, as at Salisbury (Bissell). June — July. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. (tufted). Tufted Hair Grass. Frequent on shores of tidal rivers in the southeastern part of the state, rare or local elsewhere : New Haven (A. L. Win- ton), Southington, introduced and established in one field (Bissell). June — July. AVENA L. Oat. Avena sativa L. (sown). Common Oat. Occasional. Roadsides and waste places. June — July. Fugitive from Europe. It is extensively grown as food for man and beast and is also reputed to have medicinal value. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat Grass. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. (rather tall). Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv. Tall Oat Grass. Fields and roadsides. Occasional in most parts of the state ; frequent in the southwestern portion. June. Natural- ized from Europe. DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat Grass. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. (spiked). Common. Dry, sterile soils. June — July. Often covering large areas of dry meadow or pasture land, but of little value either for hay or pasturage. Danthonia compressa Aust. (flattened). Dry woods or sometimes on exposed, ledgy places. Occa- sional in southeastern and southwestern Connecticut, appar- ently rare in other parts of the state : Union and Windham 68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. (Bissell), Southingtou (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (A. E. Blewitt), Naugatuck (Eames). June — July. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord or Marsh Grass. Spartina Michauxiana Hitchc. Spartina cynosuroides of American authors, not Roth. Slough, Cord, Bull or Thatch Grass. Tall Marsh Grass. Marshes and shallow water both fresh and salt. Frequent to common along the coast and near tidal rivers ; rare inland as at Glastonbury (Andrews), Oxford (Harger). July — Sept. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth (like Cynosurus, the Dog's- tail Grass). Spartina polystachya Willd. Salt Reed Grass. Borders of salt marshes and creeks. Rare in eastern Con- necticut: Old Lyme (Graves), Old Saybrook (Bissell). Be- coming occasional from New Haven westward. July — Sept. Spartina glabra Muhl. (smooth). Spartina stricta Roth, var. glabra Gray. Salt Marsh Grass. In its typical form not known in Connecticut. The var. PILOSA Merr. (hairy) is common on borders of salt marshes and tidal rivers. Aug. — Sept. Forms an important part of the hay cut on the salt marshes. Spartina glabra Muhl., var. alterniflora (Loisel.) Merr. (alter- nate-flowered). Spartina stricta Roth., var. alterniflora Gray. Salt Marsh Grass. Occasional. Borders of salt marshes and tidal streams. Aug. — Sept. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. (spreading) var. juncea (Michx.) Hitchc. (rush-like). Spartina juncea Willd. Trachynotia juncea Michx. Salt Meadow Grass. Common on salt meadows along the coast. July — Sept. Furnishes much of the hay cut on the salt meadows. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 69 Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., var. caespitosa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc. (growing in tufts). Rare. Salt marshes: Groton (Graves). July — Aug. CYNODON Richard. Bermuda or Scutch Grass. Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. (finger). Capriola Dactylon Kuntze. Bermuda or Scutch Grass. Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (O. Harger). July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe where it is native, or from the South where it has been introduced and is often cultivated as a pasture grass. BOUTELOUA Lag. Mesquite Grass. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (short-hanging). Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Atheropogon curtipendxilus Fourn. Mesquite Grass. Rare. Dry, open sandy soil: Oxford (H. C. Beardslee, Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Goose Grass. Yard Grass. Eleusine indica Gaertn. Crab, Yard, or Wire Grass. Occasional to common, chiefly near dwellings and in waste places of towns and cities, but sometimes in country districts, especially those in the valley of the Connecticut River. Aug, — Sept. Naturalized from India. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray (clustered). Diplachne fascicularis Beauv. Rare. Borders of salt or brackish marshes : Stonington (Graves), Groton (Bissell & Graves), New Haven (W. A. Setchell, Harger), Stratford (Fames & Harger). Aug. — Sept. 70 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed. Phragmites communis Trin. (growing in colonies). Phragmites vulgaris BSP. Phragmites Phragmites Karst. Wild Broom Corn. Borders of marshes, either salt or fresh. Apparently rare inland: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Occasional along the coast, becoming more frequent in the southwestern corner of the state. Late Aug. — Sept. A tall, striking grass with broad leaves, the largest of our native grasses. TRIDENS R. & S. Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. (yellow). Triodia cuprea Jacq. Sieglingia seslerioides Scribn. Tricuspis seslerioides Torr. Tall Red Top. Dry fields and roadsides, generally in sandy or sterile soil. Rare in the eastern part of the state : East Lyme and the val- ley of the Thames River (Graves). Becoming occasional westward along the coast and in the river valleys and frequent in southwestern Connecticut. In the Housatonic Valley it is found as far north as Kent (Eames). Aug. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. (purple). Triodia purpurea Hack. Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze. Sand Grass. Dry, open sandy places. Occasional to frequent along the shore; rare inland as at Lisbon (Harger). July — Sept. MOLINIA Schrank. Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench (sky-blue). Rare. Well established along roadsides : New Haven (R. W. Woodward). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 7I ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. (like Hypnum, a kind of creeping Moss). Eragrostis reptans Nees. Sandy shores of rivers and sometimes ponds. Frequent in the valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers ; rare elsewhere. Aug. — Sept. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees (hair-like). Hair Grass. Dry fields or thin woods in sandy ground. Occasional, becoming frequent or locally common in some parts of south- western and central Connecticut. Aug. — Sept. Eragrostis Frankii (Fisch., Mey. & Lall.) Steud. Rare or local. River shores and roadsides in sandy soil: Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Middletown (A. W. Driggs), East Windsor, Windsor and Hartford (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug.— Sept. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. (hairy). Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Frequent. Dry soils, along roadsides and railways, on river shores and in waste places. July — Sept. Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link (large-spiked). Eragrostis major Host. Stink Grass. Snake Grass. Occasional or frequent. Waste places, roadsides, and as a weed in cultivated ground. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The fresh plant emits a strong, unpleasant odor. Eragrostis minor Host (smaller). Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. Ad- ventive from Europe. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. (comb-like). Purple Eragrostis. Frequent or common. Dry, open ground. Aug. — Sept. A beautiful native grass, one of the " purple grasses " dis- tinguished by Thoreau in his essay " Autumnal Tints." 72 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. MELICA L. Melic Grass. Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. (streaked). Avena striata Michx. Purple Oat. Local. Rocky woods: Oxford (Harger). Limestone ledges: Salisbury and Sharon (Bissell). May — June. DISTICHLIS Raf. Spike Grass. Alkali Grass. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (spiked). Distichlis maritima Raf. Alkali Grass. Frequent or common in salt meadows along the coast. Aug. — Sept. It is of 'considerable value as a sand binder. BRIZA L. Quaking Grass. Briza media L. (intermediate). Rare. Fields and waste places: Mansfield (R. W. Wood- ward), Salisbury (Mrs. C, S. Phelps). June — July. Adven- tive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass. Dactylis glomerata L. (densely clustered). Orchard Grass. Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. In cultivation a valuable grass for shaded ground. CYNOSURUS L. Cynosurus cristatus L. (crested). Dog's-tail Grass. Rare. New London, well established in one lawn (Graves). June. Adventive from Europe. PGA L. Meadow Grass. Spear Grass, Poa annua L. (annual). Low Spear Grass. Goose Grass. Common. Cultivated ground and waste places. Apr. — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 73 Poa compressa L. (flattened). Creeping Spear Grass. Wire Grass. Flat-stemmed or Canada Blue Grass. Common. Fields, waste places and woods, mostly in dry ground. May — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Said to be a valuable grass for dry and poor soils. Poa triflora Gilib. (three-flowered). Poa serotina Ehrh. Poa iiava of American authors, not L. False Red Top. Fowl Meadow Grass. Swamp Wire Grass. Duck Grass. Frequent or occasional. Moist meadows. July — Aug. A desirable grass for hay in wet ground. Poa pratensis L. (of meadows). June Grass. Kentucky Blue Grass. Spear Grass. Smooth Meadow Grass. Common. Meadows, fields and pastures. May — June. In Connecticut naturalized from Europe. A valuable grass for pastures and lawns, and in some parts of the country much cultivated. The stems of this grass are used in the manufacture of the finer grades of Leghorn hats. Poa trivialis L. (common). Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. Occasional. Moist meadows, borders of streams and about springs. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Poa debilis Torr. (weak). Rare or local. Rocky woods or fields, either dry or moist : Union, Ashford and Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), New Haven (R. W. Woodward), SaHsbury (C. S. Phelps & Bissell). May— July. Poa alsodes Gray (of groves). Rocky woods or along woodland brooks. Rare or local in the eastern part of the state and along the coast westward, becoming occasional in northwestern Connecticut. May — June. 74 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. .[Bull. GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna Grass. Glyceria Torreyana (Spreng.) Hitchc. Glyceria elongata Trin. Panicularia elongata Kuntze. Wet woods and along wooded brooks and borders of swamps. Rare in southeastern Connecticut and along the coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward. June — July. Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. (blunt). Panicularm obtusa Kuntze. Swamps and boggy meadows. Frequent or occasional in the southeastern part of the state and westward along the coast ; rare inland. Mid July — Sept. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Panicularia canadensis Kuntze. Pearl Grass. Rattlesnake Grass. Tall Quaking Grass. Tus- carora Rice. Frequent. Bogs, open swamps and ditches. June — July, Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. (nerved). Panicularia nervata Kuntze. Fowl Meadow Grass. Manna Grass. Meadow Spear Grass. Common. Open swamps, boggy meadows, along streams and about ponds. June — July. A good forage grass for wet grounds. The seeds furnish much food for water-fowl. Glyceria grandis Wats, (large). Panicularia americana MacMill. Tall Manna Grass. Reed Meadow Grass. Moist or wet open ground. Rare in the eastern part of the state and on the coast: Lyme (Graves), New Haven (Har- ger), Norwalk (Bissell). Elsewhere occasional. June — July. Glyceria pallida (Torn) Trin. (pale). Panicularia pallida Kuntze. Pale Manna Grass. Occasional. Shallow water, wet bogs and swamps. June -July. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 75 Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. (northern). Glyceria flidtans of American authors, not R. Br. Panicularia Huitans of Britton's Manual. Floating Manna Grass. Rare. Wet meadows: Stonington (Graves), Thompson and Woodstock (Harger), Cheshire (D. C. Eaton), Bridge- port and Westport (Eames), Salisbury (Bissell). Tune — July. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder (northern). Panicularia borealis Nash. Rare. Swampy ground along brooks and in ditches : Woodstock (Weatherby), Farmington (Andrews & Bissell), Norfolk (Bissell). June — July. Glyceria acutiflora Torr. (with pointed flowers). Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze. Open swamps and wet meadows. Occasional in the south- eastern part of the state, becoming frequent or common else- where. June. PUCCINELLIA Pari. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Rand & Redfield (narrow). Puccinellia niaritima Pari., var.( ?) minor Gray's Manual ed. 6. Goose Grass. Sea Spear Grass. Rare. Old Lyme, shore of Blackball River (Graves). June. Puccinellia distans (L.) Pari, (standing apart). Goose Grass. Wet tidal sands and borders of salt marshes. Rare in southeastern Connecticut, becoming occasional or frequent westward. June — July. Puccinellia Borreri (Bab.) Hitchc. Rare. Bridgeport, sandy shore of Cedar Creek (Eames). June — July. Introduced from Europe. y6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. FESTUCA L. Fescue Grass. Festuca octoflora Walt, (eight-flowered). Festuca tenella Willd. Slender Fescue. Dry sandy soil or thin soil on ledges. Occasional over the greater part of the state, becoming frequent in the south- western portion. June — July. Festuca rubra L. (red). Swamps and marshes or sometimes in fields or on ledges. Frequent or common along and near the coast ; occasional inland. June — July. Festuca ovina L. (of sheep). Sheep's Fescue. Rare or occasional. Dry fields or in sterile soils. June — July. The var. capillata (Lam.) Hack, (hair-like), Festuca capillata Lam., is occasional in similar situations. The species is native northward, but in Connecticut both that and the variety are naturalized from Europe. Valuable as a forage grass, especially for sheep ; also a good grass for lawns. Festuca elatior L. (taller). Festuca elatior L., var. pratensis Gray. Taller or Meadow Fescue. Common. Meadows, fields and waste places. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. A grass of much value both for pasturage and hay. Festuca nutans Spreng. (nodding). Occasional or frequent. Rocky woodlands. June — July. BROMUS L. Brome Grass. Bromus secalinus L. (rye-like). Cheat. Chess. Occasional or frequent. Grassland, roadsides and often in grain fields. June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. A pernicious weed in grain fields. In some countries the seeds are mixed with rye or wheat for use as food. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. yj Bromus hordeaceus L. (like Hordeum, the Barley). Bromus mollis L. Soft Chess. Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Hartford (Bissell), Southington (Andrews). June. Adventive from Europe. Bromus squarrosus L. (with spreading scales). Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). June. Fugitive from Europe. Bromus racemosus L. (racemed). Waste places and roadsides. Occasional in southwestern Connecticut (Eames). Rare elsewhere: Nev; London (Graves), Norwich (Miss Hakes), New Haven (O. D. Allen). June. Adventive from Europe. Bromus commutatus Schrad. (variable). Rare. Roadsides and waste ground : Cromwell (Andrews & Bissell), Middletown and Southington (Bissell). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. (like Briza, the Quaking Grass). Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (R. W. Woodward). July — Aug. Adventive, probably from Europe. Bromus tectorum L. (of dwellings). Sandy or sterile waste places. Frequent or common in or near cities and along railroads, rare elsewhere. May — July. Naturalized from Europe. Bromus ciliatus L. (fringed). Wood Chess. Hairy Brome Grass. Dry soil of rocky woods or railroad banks. Rare near the coast, becoming occasional northward. July — Aug. Bromus purgans L. (purging). Bromus ciliatus L., var. purgans Gray. Frequent. Rocky woods and copses. July — Aug. Bromus altissimus Pursh (tallest). Rocky woods and shaded alluvial ground. Occasional or local throughout the northern part of the state, extending /S CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. southward to Lyme (Bissell), and Derby (Harger), its exact distribution unknown. July — Aug. Bromus Kalmii Gray. Wild Chess. Dry hillsides and rocky woods, or sometimes in moist meadows. Absent or rare near the coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward. June — July. Bromus erectus Huds. (erect). Rare. Introduced in one field, Southington (Bissell). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Bromus inermis Leyss. (unarmed ; referring to the absence of awns). Hungarian Brome Grass. Rare. Fields and roadsides : East Windsor (G. S. Phelps), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July. Adventive from Europe. In Europe considered one of the best forage plants for dry soils. Introduced and cultivated for hay in many parts of the United States. LOLIUM L. Darnel. Lolium perenne L. (perennial). Perennial Ray Grass or Rye Grass. Nonesuch. Common Darnel. Rare or occasional. Fields, waste places or cultivated ground. July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Lolium multiflorum Lam. (many-flowered). Lolium italicum R. Br. Italian Rye or Ray Grass. Rare. Waste grounds and roadsides: Bridgeport (Fames). July — Sept. Adventive from Europe, where it is regarded as one of the best grasses for hay. Lolium temulentum L. (drunken; referring to the narcotic properties of the seeds). Bearded Darnel. Rare or local. Waste grounds : Bridgeport, in several places and usually associated with Phalaris canariensis, with No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 79 which it appears to have been introduced (Eames). July. Adventive from Europe. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (creeping). Couch, Quack, Quitch, Durfee, Scutch, Shear, Dog, or Knot Grass. Common. Fields, cultivated ground and waste places. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. A bad weed, very troublesome in cultivated ground. The rootstocks are of medicinal value and are officinal. Agropyron tenerum Vasey (delicate). Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). July — Aug. Fugitive from the western United States. Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. (of a dog). Awned Wheat Grass. Dog's Wheat or Couch Grass. Occasional or local. Dry or moist thickets, fields and woods: Killingly (Weatherby & Bissell), Union, East Had- dam, Southington, Norfolk and Salisbury (Bissell), Oxford (Harger). July — Aug. In part naturalized from Europe. SECALE L. Rye. Secale cereale L. (cereal). Rye. Occasional. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cultivation. June. Fugitive from Europe. The grain furnishes a valuable cereal and is largely used in the manufacture of distilled liquors. TRITICUM L. Wheat. Triticum sativum Lam. (sown). Triticum vulgare Vill. Wheat. Local. Old fields and waste places as an escape from culti- vation. June. Fugitive from Europe. Easily leads all other food plants in value and importance. 8o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. HORDEUM L. Barley. Hordeum jubatum L. (maned). Squirrel-tail Grass. Rare or local. Salt marshes where it is apparently native : Branford (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven and Milford (Harger), Fairfield (Eames). Introduced in waste grounds: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Berlin (J. N. Bishop), Hart- ford (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames), Waterbury and Nauga- tuck (A. E. Blewitt), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Sept. This grass is very injurious in hay, the beards of the heads sticking in the nose and mouth of stock, even penetrating the flesh and causing death. Hordeum vulgare L. (common). Common Barley. Frequent as a weed in oat fields, rarely escaping to road- sides and waste places, as at Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger). July. Fugitive from Europe. The grain is one of the important cereals, especially in northern countries. Malt is made very largely from barley. ELYMUS L. Lyme Grass. Wild Rye. Elymus virginicus L. Wild Rye. Terrell Grass. Frequent along the coast, and in low grounds, mostly near streams, inland ; rare elsewhere. July — Aug. The var, hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Hitchc. (with hairy scales), Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn., occurs at East Haven (Harger), New Haven (Bissell), Stratford (Eames), Bridge- port (C. K. Averill), and is occasional in the valleys of the larger rivers. Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball (southern). Rare. Dry rocky hills near New Haven (O. D. Allen). Aug. Elymus canadensis L. Lyme Grass, Wild Rye. Nodding Wild Rye. Occasional, local or frequent. Moist thickets and banks of streams. July — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 81 The var. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Gray (glaucous-leaved) is rare or occasional, mostly near streams and rivers : Sprague (Graves), East Windsor and New Hartford (Bissell), Water- bury (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Sherman and New Milford (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Elymus striatus Willd. (grooved). Slender Wild Rye. Rare or occasional. Woods, thickets and near streams, mostly in dry ground. July — Aug. HYSTRIX Moench. Bottle-brush Grass. Hystrix patula Moench (spreading). Hystrix Hystrix Millsp. Asprella Hystrix Willd. Bottle-brush Grass. Occasional to frequent. Dry, rocky woods. June — July. CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY. A large family, composed mostly of grass-like plants that are found in various situations, but are specially abundant in low grounds and often form nearly the entire vegetation in wet mead- ows and open bogs. While they are often cut for coarse hay and bedding for stock, they are of little economic value, and should be rooted out and replaced where possible by species of true grasses that will thrive in such locations. The dates given in this family are for the time of fruiting, not of flowering, as speci- mens should be collected when in fruit, it being impossible otherwise in some groups to determine the exact species. CYPERUS L. Galingale. Cyperus diandrus Torr. (two-stamened). Frequent. Moist, grassy places and about swamps. Aug. — Sept. Cyperus rivularis Kunth (of streams). Cyperus diandrus Torr., var. castaneus Torr. Frequent. Wet, sandy shores, along streams and about ponds. Aug. — Sept. 82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Frequent along the coast on wet, sandy shores and edges of salt marshes. Aug. — Sept. Cyperus aristatus Rottb. (awned). Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Occasional. Moist, sandy soil on river banks, beside ponds and along roadsides. Aug. — Oct. The dried plants are pleasantly sweet-scented. Cyperus fuscus L. (dusky). Rare. Sandy shore of the Connecticut River near Had- lyme Ferry, Lyme (Graves). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Cyperus dentatus Torr. (toothed). Occasional or local. Sandy shores of ponds and streams. Aug. — Oct. Cyperus esculentus L. (eatable). Frequent. Moist fields, waste ground and along rivers. Aug. — Sept. The var. leptostachyus Boeckl. (thin-spiked), var. an- gustispicatus Britton, is sometimes seen. A weed, often a pest in cultivated ground and difficult to exterminate. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. (red-rooted). Local. Plentiful along the banks of the Connecticut River at East Windsor and Glastonbury (Bissell), Hartford (C. Wright), Lyme (Graves). Also found along the Pequonnock River, Bridgeport (Fames). Aug. — Sept. The var. pumilus Engelm. (low^ occurs with the species at Hartford (H. S. Clark & Weatherby). Cyperus ferax Richard (fruitful). Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Sandy beaches and about brackish marshes near the coast. Rare at Old Lyme (Graves) ; becoming occasional or frequent westward. Sept. — Oct. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 83 Cyperus strigosus L. (bristly). Common. Meadows, fields and along streams, usually in moist, but sometimes in dry soil. The var. capitatus Boeckl. (densely clustered) is reported to occur. Aug. — Sept. Often a troublesome weed in cultivated ground. Cyperus strigosus L., var. robustior Kunth (stouter). Rare or occasional. Fields and meadows, growing with the typical form. Aug. — Sept. Cyperus Grayii Torr. Occasional along the coast on the higher portions of the beaches and among sand dunes. Aug. — Oct. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl (thread-stemmed). Rare or occasional. Dry or sandy fields. July — Aug. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl, var. macilentus Fernald (lean). Common. Dry, sandy or sterile soil. July — Aug. DULICHIUM Pers. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton (reed-like). Dnlichiiim spafhaccum Pers. Common. Wet places about ponds and in shallow water. July — Sept. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike Rush. Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. (four-cornered). Eleocharis mutata Britton, not R. & S. Rare. Shallow water of pond: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett). Aug. — Sept. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Rare. In ponds: Voluntown, Groton, Ledyard and East Lyme (Graves), Griswold (Harger), Monroe (Eames), Sahs- bury (Bissell). Sept. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. (olive-colored). Open bogs and muddy borders of ponds. Rare inland: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Windsor (Bissell). Occa- sional southwestward and along the coast. Aug. — Sept. 84 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. IBull. : Eleocharis diandra C. Wright (two-stamened). Rare. Banks and high sand bars of the Connecticut River : Lyme (Graves), Wethersfield (C. Wright), East Windsor (Bissell). Sept.— Oct. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. (egg-shaped). Rare. Sand flats, bed of the Connecticut River, East Windsor (Bissell). Sept. — Oct. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes (blunt). Eleocharis ovata of recent Manuals. Common. Banks of streams, about ponds and in muddy places. Aug. — Sept. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Rare. Gravelly or sandy border of ponds or streams : Wethersfield (C. Wright), West Hartford (Bissell). Aug.— Sept. Many reports of this species should be referred to Eleo- charis obtusa. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. (of marshes). Sphagnum bogs, marshy ground or shallow water on bor- ders of ponds. The typical form is rare over most of the state : East Lyme (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Kent (Eames). Frequent in Fairfield County (Fames). The var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray (somewhat glau- cous) is frequent throughout. The var. major Sonder (greater), var. vigens Bailey, is rare: East Lyme (Graves). July — Aug. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. (needle-shaped). Common. Borders of ponds and in shallow water. July — Sept. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. (pimply). Swamps, boggy meadows and wet margins of ponds and streams. Frequent near the coast in New London County, becoming rare or local northward and westward, reaching Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Thompson (Weatherby & Bis- sell), New Haven and East Haven (Harger), Orange (An- drews), Milford (Eames). July — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 85 Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. Eleocharis microcarpa of authors, not Torr. Rare. Moist sandy soil : Voluntown, at Beach Pond (R. W. Woodward & Graves). Aug. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes (slender). Common. Swamps and wet places. June — Aug. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes (intermediate). Rare. Muddy borders of ponds and on river banks : East Windsor and Salisbury (Bissell). Sept. — Oct. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. (small-beaked). Marshes and wet meadows along the coast. Rare or local in New Haven County: Milford (Eames), Orange (An- drews), New Haven (Harger). Becoming occasional east- ward. Aug. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton (hair-like). Fimbristylis capillaris Gray. Common. Dry or moist sterile soil. Aug. — Sept. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Fimbristylis Frankii Steud. Fimbristylis autumnalis of American authors in part, not R. & S. Frequent. A¥et places on banks of ponds and streams, or in low meadows. Aug. — Sept. SCIRPUS L. Bulrush. Club Rush. Scirpus nanus Spreng. (dwarf). Eleocharis pygmaea Torr. Salt marshes and tidal banks along the coast. Rare east- f ward: Groton and Montville (Graves). Becoming frequent west of New Haven (Eames). July — Sept. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. (fiat-leaved). Dry woodlands. Rare in New London County: Mont- ville, Ledyard and East Lyme (Graves). Occasional or fre- quent elsewhere. June. 86 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. Eriophoruni alpinum L., not Scirpus alpiniis Schleich. Rare or local. Open bogs and wet meadows : Union, Ash- ford and Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Willington (H. C. Beardslee), Mansfield (A. F. Blakeslee), Goshen (Mr. Hop- pin). May — early June. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. (a little below the end). Rare or local. Shallow water of ponds : Ledyard (W. A. Setchell), Voluntown, Groton, East Lyme and Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. Scirpus debilis Pursh (weak). Frequent. Muddy borders of ponds and streams. Aug. — Sept. Scirpus Smithii Gray. Rare or local. Muddy shores: Lyme (Graves), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Newtown (Fames). Aug. — Sept. Scirpus americanus Pers. Scirpus pungens Vahl. Three-square or Chair-maker's Rush. Marshes and wet places. Occasional or local over most of the state, but common along and near the coast. July — Aug. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Local. Lyme, marshy banks and shallow water of the Connecticut River (Graves). Aug. Scirpus Olneyi Gray. Salt or brackish marshes. Occasional or local along the coast, also extending up the rivers as far as salt water influ- ences. July — Aug. The var. contortus Fames (twisted or bent) is plentiful in a brackish marsh at Milford (Fames). Scirpus validus Vahl (stout). Scirpus laciistris mostly of American authors, not L. Great Bulrush. Frequent. Shallow water and in swamps. July — Aug. Xo. 14- ] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 8/ Scirpus fluviatilis Torr. & Gray (of a river) . River Bulrush. Rare or local. Lyme and Old Lyme, in fresh and salt creeks and marshes (Graves) ; East Windsor and Glaston- bury, banks of the Connecticut River (Bissell). July — Sept. Scirpus robustus Pursh (stout). Scirpus maritinms of American authors in part. Occasional in salt or brackish marshes on or near the coast. July — Aug. Scirpus campestris Britton (of fields). Scirpus maritirmis in part, of authors. In its typical form not known in Connecticut. The var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald (of marshes), Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson, is frequent in marshes along the coast. The var. novae-angliae (Britton) Fernald, Scirpus novae-angliae Britton, is rare or local in fresh and brackish marshes on the coast from Milford westward (Eames). July — Aug. Scirpus rubrotinctus Fernald (red-dyed). Scirpus sylvaticus L., var. digynus Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Boecki. Rare or local. Swamps and marshy meadows : Lyme (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Waterbury (Harger), Union, Glastonbury, East Windsor, Somers, Litch- field and Norfolk (Bissell). Late June — early July. Scirpus sylvaticus L. (of woods). Occasional or frequent. Swamps, along streams and about ponds. Late July — Aug. Scirpus sylvaticus L., var. Bissellii Fernald. Rare. Open swamps: Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Ansonia (Harger). July. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. (dark green). Rare. Moist ground : Orange, Huntington and Southbury (Harger), Milford (Eames). Aug. 88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Scirpus georgianus Harper. Scirpus atroz'irens of Manuals in part. Frequent. Moist meadows and wet open ground. July — early Aug. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl (many-leaved). Wet meadows and shaded swamps. Rare through most of the state: Lyme (Graves), Southington and Berlin (An- drews & Bissell), Cheshire, Derby and Oxford (Harger), New Haven and Milford (Eames), Colebrook (Bissell). Be- coming frequent in Fairfield County (Eames). July. The var. macrostachys Boeckl. (long-spiked) has been found at Berlin (Andrews & Bissell). Scirpus lineatus Michx. (marked with lines). Eriophormn lineatum Benth. & Hook. Rare or local. Wet meadows : New Haven (D. C. Eaton), New Milford and Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth (rush-like). Eriophormn cyperinuni L. Wool Grass. Common. Sw^amps and wet places. Aug. — Sept. The var. Andrewsii Fernald has been found at Killingly (Weatherby & Bissell), East Hartford (Bissell), Southington (Andrews). Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, var. pelius Fernald (black or livid). Rare. Swamps: Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Hartford and Granby (Bissell), Oxford (Harger). Aug. The var. condensatus Fernald (pressed together) occurs occasionally. Scirpus Eriophorum Michx. (wool-bearing). Scirpus cyperinus Kunth, var. Eriophorum Britton. Rare. Swamps: Southington (Andrews), Trumbull (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Scirpus pedicellatus Fernald (borne on stalks). Swamps and wet meadows. Occasional to common along the Connecticut River from the northern boundary of the No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 89 state to the coast ; occasional westward in southern districts. July — Aug. The var. pullus Fernald (dusky) is rare : Southington and Winchester (Bissell). Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald (dark-girded). Eriophorum cyperinum L., var. laxum Gray. Low meadows and bogs. Rare or absent near the coast: New London and Lyme (Graves). Becoming occasional or frequent in the northern part of the state. Late June — July. The var. brack ypodus Fernald (short-stalked) occurs at Union, Somers, East Windsor and Norfolk (Bissell). ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton Grass. Eriophorum callitrix Cham, (having beautiful hair). Eriophorum vaginatum of American authors, not L. Hare's Tail. Rare or local. Sphagnum bogs: Willington (Weatherby & Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Burlington (J. N. Bish- op), Litchfield (J. P. Brace), Middlebury (Harger), Norfolk and Salisbury (Bissell). May — early June. Eriophorum gracile Roth (slender). Rare or local. Boggy meadows or in sphagnum : Gris- wold (Graves), Union (Weatherby & Bissell), Franklin (R. W. Woodward & Graves), Coventry, Cheshire, Southington and Burlington (Bissell), Meriden and Bethany (Harger), Easton (Fames), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Bissell). Late May — early June. Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. (small; delicate). Eriophorum pancinervium A. A. Eaton. Bogs and wet meadows. Rare or local through most of the state: South Windsor (Weatherby), Monroe and Strat- ford (Fames), Oxford and Meriden (Harger), Orange (R. W. Woodward), Salisbury, Southington, East Haddam and Union (Bissell). Becoming occasional in New London County ( Graves ) . July — Aug. 90 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald (green- keeled). Eriophorum polystachion of most American authors in part, not L. Eriophorum polystachion L., var. latifolimn Gray. Bogs and wet meadows. Rare in New London County: Groton and Griswold (Graves). Occasional elsewhere. June. Eriophorum virginicum L. Frequent. Wet meadows, bogs and sphagnum swamps. Aug. — Sept. The var. album Gray (white) is occasionally seen. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax (small-flowered). HemicarpJia sitbsquarrosa Nees. Rare. Wet alluvium along the banks of streams : Enfield (Andrews & Bissell), East Windsor, Hartford and Southing- ton (Bissell), Bloomfield (N. Coleman), Oxford (H. C. Beardslee). Aug. — Sept. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beak Rush. Rynchospora macrostachya Torr. (long-spiked). Rynchospora corniculata Gray, var. macrostachya Britton. Horned Rush. Rare or local. Sphagnum bogs and shallow water of ponds: Groton and East Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Monroe (Eames), Woodbury (Harger). Aug.— Sept. Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f. (dusky). Rare. Sphagnum bogs or swampy meadows : Thompson (Weatherby), Groton, Wat^rford and East Lyme (Graves), Griswold and Woodbury (Harger), Monroe (Eames). July — Sept. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl (white). Occasional or frequent. Peat swamps and open springy bogs. Aug. — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Ql Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl (densely clustered). Common. Moist fields, meadows and in wet open places. July — Sept. CLADIUM P. Br. Twig Rush. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (like Mariscus). Borders of ponds and marshes, either salt or fresh. Rare or local inland: Stafford (Dr. E. J. Thompson & Weatherby), Woodbury (Harger), Monroe (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Becoming occasional or frequent on the coast or in its vicinity. Aug. — Sept. SCLERIA Bergius. Nut Rush. Scleria triglomerata Michx. (three-headed). Sandy soil either dry or moist. Rare or local in most dis- tricts: Oris wold, Stonington and Waterford (Graves), South Windsor (J. F. Smith), Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Southing- ton (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (Bissell). Becoming occa- sional along the coast in Fairfield County (Eames). July — Aug. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. (few-flowered), var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Scleria pauciflora of recent Manuals in part. Rare or local. Low meadows: Columbia (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Hartford (H. J. Koehler). July — Sept. Scleria verticillata Muhl. (whorled). Local. Salisbury, plentiful in an open grassy swamp in sandy soil (H. S. Clark & Bissell). Aug.— Sept. CAREX L, Sedge. Carex scoparia Schk. (broom-like). Common. Wet open ground, or sometimes in drier places. June —July. The var. moniliformis Tuckerm. (necklace-shaped), and the var. condensa Fernald (compact), both occur occasionally with the species. 92 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. (like Tribulus, the Caltrop). Frequent. Low meadows and swampy places. July — Aug. The var. turbata Bailey (confused) is occasional. Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., var. reducta Bailey (reduced). Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., var. moniliformis Britton. Rare. Cool swales: Woodstock (Weatherby), Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Winchester and Litchfield (Weatherby & Bissell), Salisbury (Weatherby). July. Carex siccata Dewey (dry). Occasional or local. Dry sandy or barren ground, usually growing in colonies. Late May — June. Carex Crawfordii Fernald. Local. Salisbury, in dry fields (M. L. Fernald). June. Carex cristata Schwein. (crested). Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., var. cristata Bailey. Carex cristatella Britton. Rare or local. Low meadows and thickets and along river banks: Ledyard (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Huntington and Kent (Fames), Salisbury (Bissell). June — July. Carex albolutescens Schwein. (yellowish-white). Carex straminea Willd., var. foenea Torr. Carex straminea Willd., var. cumulata Bailey. Locally plentiful near the coast in bogs and moist sandy ground in New London County ; has been found also on the top of Bald Hill at 1200 ft. elevation. Union (Graves). July. Carex mirabilis Dewey (wonderful). Carex straminea Willd., var. mirabilis Tuckerm. Occasional or frequent. Fields and copses, in either dry or moist ground. June. The var. perlonga Fernald (very long) is occasional, usually in dry ground. Carex mirabilis Dewey, var. tincta Fernald (dyed). Rare. Dry open woods: East Hartford (Weatherby). June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 93 Carex straminea Willd. (straw-colored). Carex tenera Dewey. Rare. Woods and fields in wet sandy soil : Griswold (Graves), Thompson, West Hartford and Salisbury (Bissell), Ellington and East Hartford (Weatherby), Norfolk (Weath- erby & Bissell). June. Carex hormathodes Fernald (necklace-like). Carex tenera of Britton's Manual, not Dewey. Carex straminea Willd., var. aperta W. Boott. In and about marshes. .Rare inland: Killingly (Bissell). Frequent along the coast. June. The var. invisa (W. Boott) Fernald (unseen), Carex straminea Willd., var. invisa W. Boott, occurs on the coast and is frequent in Fairfield County (Fames). Carex hormathodes Fernald, var. Richii Fernald. Rare or occasional. Wet ground throughout. June. Carex Bicknellii Britton. Rare or local. In meadows or on shaded ledges, in either dry or moist ground: Sprague and Colchester (Graves), Thompson and Franklin (R. W. Woodward), East Hartford (Weatherby), Glastonbury and Southington (Bissell), Orange (Harger). June — July. Carex silicea Olney (flinty). Frequent on dunes and sandy beaches along the coast. July. Carex alata Torr. (winged). Carex straminea Willd., var. alata Bailey. Rare. In wet ground: Hartford (A. W. Driggs), South- ington (Bissell). June. Carex festucacea Schk. (fescue-like), var. brevier (Dewey) Fernald (shorter). Carex festucacea Britton in part. Carex straminea Willd., var. brevior Dewey. Frequent or common. Dry sandy fields. June. Carex Bebbii Olney. Rare. Salisbury, marshy border of ponds and sloughs (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & A. E. Blewitt). June. 94 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Carex foenea Willd. (hay-like). Occasional. Dry rocky woods. June — July. The var. perplex a Bailey (confused) occurs at East Lyme (Graves), and at Southington (Andrews). Carex aenea Fernald (brassy). Rare. Salisbury, dry exposed ledges on Mt. Riga (Weath- erby & Bissell). June. Carex stellulata Good, (star-shaped). . Care.v cchinata Murr., var. microstachys Boeckl. Carex sterilis of American authors, not Willd. Frequent. Wet meadows and swamps. Late May — June. Carex stellulata Good., var. ormantha Fernald (having a neck- lace-shaped inflorescence). Rare. Wet places, growing with the typical form. June. Carex stellulata Good., var. excelsior (Bailey) Fernald (taller). Carex sterilis Willd., var. excelsior Bailey. Occasional. Bogs and wet meadows. June. Carex stellulata Good., var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald (having its flowers in a head). Carex sterilis Willd., var. cephalantha Bailey. Carex echinata Murr., var. cephalantha Bailey. Occasional. Borders of swamps. June. Carex stellulata Good., var. angustata Carey (narrow). Carex echinata Murr., var. angustata Bailey. Rare or local. Bogs and swamps : Ledyard and Waterford (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Huntington (Fames). June. Carex sterilis Willd. (sterile). Carex echinata Murr., var. conferta Bailey. Carex atlantica Bailey. Swampy places. Rare over most of the state : New Lon- don (Graves), Woodstock (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), East Windsor and Southington (Bissell). Frequent near the coast in the vicinity of Bridgeport (Fames). June. Carex scirpoides Schk. (like Scirpus, the Bulrush). Carex interior Bailey. Open swamps and peat bogs. Rare in eastern and central districts: Thompson (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 95 Water ford (Graves), Lyme (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Bolton (Weatherby), South Windsor (A. W. Driggs & Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven (Harger). Becoming occasional in the western part of the state. Late May — June. Carex scirpoides Schk., var. capillacea (Bailey) Fernald (hair- like). Carex interior Bailey, var. capillacea Bailey. Shaded bogs. Rare in most parts of the state : Huntington (Eames), Thompson, Southington and East Haven (Bissell). Occasional in New London County (Graves). June. Carex seorsa E. C. Howe (separate). Wet shaded ground. Rare or local in most parts of the state: Bolton (A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weatherby), New Haven (R. W. Woodward), Southington (Andrews), Stratford (Eames), Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (Bissell). Occasional in New London County (Graves). June. Carex canescens L. (somewhat hoary). Rare. Wet woods and sphagnum bogs : Thompson, South- ington and Norfolk (Bissell). June. Carex canescens L., var. subloliacea Laestad. (somewhat like Lolium, the Tare). Rare. Wet woods: Southington (Bissell). June. Carex canescens L., var. disjuncta Fernald (disjoined). Care.r canescens in part and of most authors. Frequent. Shaded swamps, wet bogs and beside brooks, often in shallow water. June. Carex brunnescens Poir. (brownish). Carex canescens L., var. vulgaris Bailey. Carex canescens L., var. alpicola Wahlenb. Rare. Cool mossy woods and shaded peat bogs : Walling- ford (Harger), Winchester and Salisbury (Bissell). June. Carex bromoides Schk. (like the Brome Grass). Wet woods, shaded swamps and in springy places. Rare in eastern districts: Union (Bissell), East Haddam (Graves). Becoming occasional or frequent westward. June. 96 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Carex Deweyana Schwein. Rare. Woodland hillsides in rich, rather dry soil : Water- town (Harger), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins), Winchester (Weatherby & Bissell), Southington, Torrington, Canaan and SaHsbury (Bissell), Danbury and Ridgefield (Eames), Corn- wall (E. E. Brewster). June. Carex trisperrna Dewey (three-seeded). Occasional. Cool bogs and sphagnum swamps. June — July. Carex tenella Schk. (delicate). Rare. Cool mossy woods: Waterford (Graves), Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Manchester (Weatherby), Norfolk (J. W. Robbins, 1828; Bissell), Barkhamsted and Cornwall ( Bissell) . June — July. Carex rosea Schk. (rose-like). Frequent. Rich woods and thickets or sometimes in open ground. June. Carex rosea Schk., var. radiata Dewey (radiate). Frequent. Woods, copses and meadows in either dry or moist ground. June. Carex rosea Schk., var. minor Boott (smaller). Rare. Woods or in open ground, more often in dry soil: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Farmington (Andrews), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Plainville and Wolcott (Bissell). June. Carex retroflexa Muhl. (bent backward). Carex rosea Schk., var. retroMexa Torr. Woods, copses and open ground, mostly in dry soil. Raref;; in northern and eastern districts: Ledyard (Graves), Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Scotland and Middlefield (Weatherby), Windsor (Bissell, A. W. Driggs), Southington (Andrews & j Bissell), Oxford (Harger). Becoming frequent in the south- western part of the state (Fames). June. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Frequent. Dry sterile soil. June — July. The var. enervis Boott (nerveless), var. xalapensis Brit- ton, is rare inland: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Killingly and Plainville (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger). Becoming occasional or frequent near the coast. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 97 Carex cephalophora Muhl. (head-bearing). Frequent. Dry soils, often in woods. July. Carex sparganioides Muhl. (like Sparganium, the Bur-reed). Rich woods, more often in rocky places. Rare in eastern districts: Norwich and Franklin (Graves), Bolton (A. W. Driggs. Becoming occasional or local westward. June. Carex cephaloidea Dewey (head-like). Rare or occasional. Rich shaded ground, more often in moist alluvium. June. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. (like Carex vulpina, the Fox Sedge). Common. Open ground, usually in moist but sometimes in dry places. June — July. Carex setacea Dewey (bristle-like), var. ambigua (Barratt) Fernald (doubtful). Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell, var. anncctens Bicknell. Occasional or frequent. Fields and meadows, either dry or moist. June — July. Carex diandra Schrank (two-stamened). Carex feretiuscitla Good. Local. In bogs: New Haven (O. D. Allen), Salisbury (Bissell). June. Carex diandra Schrank, var. ramosa (Boott) Fernald (branch- ing). Carex teretiiisciila Good., var. ramosa Boott. Carex teretiiiscula Good., var. prairea Britton. Rare. Bogs and swamps: Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). June. Carex stipata Muhl. (crowded). Common. Swamps and wet meadows. June. Carex crinita Lam. (long-haired). Swamps and wet places. Rare in New London County: Stonington and East Lyme (Graves). Frequent or common elsewhere. June. Carex crinita Lam., var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. (gynandrous). 7 98 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Carex gynandra Schwein. Occasional or frequent. Swamps and wet places. June. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. (aquatic). Rare. Wet meadows or cold bogs : Lyme and Oxford (Harger), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). June. Carex torta Boott (twisted). Banks of rivers and swift flowing streams. Rare near the coast: Lyme (Graves), Darien (Harger & Eames). Becom- ing frequent northward and common in the northwestern part of the state. May. Roots very long and tough, the plant forming dense tufts or beds. The fruit ripens early and falls very quickly. Carex striata Lam. (straight). Sword Grass. Nigger-heads. Very common. Swales, wet meadows and about ponds, often forming large tussocks. June. One of the best known and most plentiful of our sedges. Largely cut as bedding for stock. Carex striata Lam., var. curtissima Peck (very short). Rare. In swamps: Waterford (Graves), Lyme (Weather- by). June. Carex striata Lam., var. angustata (Boott) Bailey (narrow-). Care.v stricta Lam., var. xerocarpa Britton. Wet meadows and in marshes. Rare in most districts : Voluntown (Graves), South'ington (Andrews), Windsor and Salisbury (Bissell). Locally plentiful in marshes along the lower Housatonic River (Eames). June. Carex stricta Lam., var. decora Bailey (elegant). Carex Haydeni Dewey. Rare. Low meadows: Franklin and Waterford (Graves), East Hartford (Weatherby), Glastonbury and Southington (Bissell). June. Carex aurea Nutt. (golden). Rare or local. Bloomfield, low field on outcrops of sand- stone (Weatherby), Kent, moist calcareous rocks on the banks of the Housatonic River (Eames & J. Pettibone), Kent, wet upland pasture (Eames), Salisbury, moist meadows (Miss E. L. Shaw). June — July. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 99 Carex pauciflora Lightf. (few-flowered). Rare. Norfolk, sphagnum swamp (J. W. Robbins, 1827; Bissell) . June. Carex leptalea Wahlenb. (delicate). Carcx polytrichoidcs Muhl. Frequent. Wet mossy woods and grassy swamps. May — June. Carex polygama Schk. (polygamous). Carex fusca Gray's Manual ed. 6, not All. Local. Wet meadows and open swamps : New London and Franklin (Graves), Bolton, East Hartford and Bloom- field (Weatherby), East Windsor and Southington (Bissell), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Hamden (A. L. Winton), Milford (Fames). May. Carex triceps Michx. (three-headed), var, hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey (hairy). Carex triceps Britton in part, not Michx. Fields and roadsides in sandy soil, either dry or moist : Old Lyme (Graves), Salisbury (Bissell). Frequent in central and southwestern Connecticut. June. Carex virescens Muhl. (greenish). Carcx virescens Muhl., var. costata Dewey. Carcx costcllata Britton. Frequent. Dry woods and clearings, often in leaf-mold. July. Carex virescens Muhl., var. Svs^anii Fernald. Carex virescens of American authors. Common. Dry woods and open grassy places. July. Carex formosa Dewey (handsome). Rare. Meadows and wooded hillsides in rich moist soil : Salisbury (J. R, Churchill). Late May — June. Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Rare. Alluvial soil, along river banks or borders of low thickets: Windsor (A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weather- by), Lyme and Chester (R. W. Woodward & Graves). June. Carex gracillima Schwein. (very delicate). Frequent. Moist woods, thickets and meadows. June. lOO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis (of summer). Rare. Salisbury, rocky woodland hillside (A, E. Blewitt), June — July, Carex Willdenowii Schk. Rare, Dry woods: East Haven (Harger), Hamden (J. A. Allen) . Late May — early June, Carex umbellata Schk. (bearing umbels). Open ground, in dry sandy or rocky places. Occasional or frequent near the coast, becoming rare or local northward, reaching Woodstock (R. W, Woodward & Harger), Bolton (A. W, Driggs) and Barkhamsted (Harger). May, The var. tonsa Fernald (clipped) occurs at North Ston- ington, rocky slope of Lantern Hill (Graves). Carex nigro-marginata Schwein, (black-margined). Rare, North Stonington, dry rocky slope of Lantern Hill (Graves). May. Carex communis Bailey (growing in colonies), Carex pedicellata Britton. Carex pedicellata Britton, var, Wheeleri Britton. Carex communis Bailey, var, Wheeleri Bailey, Occasional or frequent. Rocky woods and on shaded banks. May — June. Carex varia j\Iuhl. (variable). Occasional or frequent. Rocky or sandy woods and clear- ings. May — June, The var, colorata Bailey (colored) occurs with the typi- cal form, Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Common, Dry sandy or sterile soil, in woods and in open ground. May. One of the most abundant species of the genus. Carex pennsylvanica Lam., var. lucorum (Willd.) Fernald (of groves). Rare or local. Dry or moist woods : West Hartford (Dr. E, J. Thompson), Meriden (Andrews), Southington (Bis- sell, Andrews), Fairfield (Fames), Late May — June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. lOI Carex pubescens Muhl. (downy). Woods, thickets and half-shade, usually in moist rich soil. Rare in New London County: North Stonington (Graves). Becoming occasional along the coast westward and frequent in northern districts. Late May — June. Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. (pale lead-color). Rare. In bogs: New Haven (C. N. Shepard, 1830; O. D. Allen ) . ]\Iay — June. Carex panicea L. (like the Panic Grass). Rare or local. Fields and meadows: New Haven (O. D. Allen), Orange (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). May — June, Native or possibly naturalized from Europe. Carex tetanica Schk. (rigid). Rare or local. Meadows and rocky woods : Waterford (Graves), Sherman (E. H. Austin & Eames), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). Late May — June. The var. Woodii (Dewey) Bailey occurs at Salisbury, in a cool shaded bog (M. L. Fernald). Carex polymorpha Muhl. (of many forms). Rare. East Lyme, low woods (Graves), New Haven, marshes (J. A. Allen, Andrews). June. Carex pallescens L. (rather pale). Common. Woods, fields and meadows, either wet or dry. May — June. Carex paupercula Michx. (stunted), var. pallens Fernald (pale). Carc.v Magcllanica of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not Lam. Local. Norfolk, plentiful in a sphagnum bog (Bissell). June. Carex limosa L. (growing in mud). Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Burlington and Salisbury (Bis- sell), Norfolk (J. W. Robbins, 1828; Weatherby). June. Carex littoralis Schvvrein. (of the sea-shore). Rare or local. Swampy woods in sandy soil : East Windsor and South Windsor (Bissell), East Hartford (Weatherby), Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Stratford (Harger). Late May — early June. I02 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Carex prasina AVahlenb. (leek-green). Occasional. Along woodland brooks and in shaded swampy places. June. Carex eburnea Boott (ivory-like). Care.v setifolia Britton. Dry shaded ledges. Frequent in the limestone district of northwestern Connecticut, extending southward as far as New Milford (Eames). Rare or local among the trap hills of the Connecticut Valley: Plainville (Bissell), Southington (An- drews & Bissell), Durham (Harger). May — June. Carex pedunculata Muhl. (stalked). Rare, local or occasional. Wooded banks, in rich soil either moist or dry: Franklin (Graves), Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Windsor, Barkham- sted and Salisbury (Bissell), Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Wes- ton (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster). Late April — early May. The fruit falls very quickly on ripening. Carex plantaginea Lam. (like Plantago, the Plantain). Rare or local. Moist rich woods: North Branford (O. Harger), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins, 1828), Norfolk (Weath- erby & Bissell), Torrington and Sahsbury (Bissell), Sherman (C K. Averill). May. Carex platyphylla Carey (broad-leaved). Rocky hillsides in rich woods, usually in dry soil. Rare or absent near the coast: Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter), Huntington (Eames). Becoming occasional or frequent northward and common in the limestone district of north- western Connecticut. May. Carex laxiculmis Schwein. (loose-stalked). Frequent. Woods and half-shade, usually in rich soil. June. Carex digitalis Willd. (of a finger). Common. Rich woods and glades, more often in rather dry soil. June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IO3 Carex ptychocarpa Steud. (having folds on the fruit). Rare. Waterford, in rocky woods (Graves). June. Carex laxiflora Lam. (loose-flowered). Rich woods. Rare in northern and eastern Connecticut, becoming occasional or frequent in Fairfield County. Late May — June. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. gracillima Boott (very slender). Rare. Borders of moist thickets: Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (Bissell). Late May. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey (with spreading leaves). Occasional or frequent. Rich woods or thickets. Late May — early June. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. styloflexa (Buckley) Boott (having bent styles). Ca7'cx styloflexa Buckley. Rare. Rocky or moist woods or in sphagnum swamps : Lyme (Graves), East Haddam (Weatherby), New Haven (J. A. Allen), Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Fair- field (Fames). June. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. varians Bailey (varying). Occasional. Rich woods and thickets. Late May — June. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. blanda (Dewey) Boott (agreeable). Care.v laxiflora Lam., var. striatula Carey. Frequent or common. Rich open woods or in half-shade, in either dry or moist ground. Late May — June. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. latifolia Boott (broad-leaved). Carex albursina Sheldon. Rare or local. Moist rich woods : Groton and Waterford (Graves), East Haven and Salisbury (Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Seymour (Harger), Oxford (R. W. Woodward & Fames), Winchester (Weatherby & Bissell). May — early June. Carex laxiflora Lam., var. leptonervia Fernald (delicately nerved). Rare. Wet woods or sphagnum bogs: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), West Hartford and Winchester (Bissell). May — June. I04 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bllll. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Rare or local. Rocky hillsides in rich woods : Middlefield (R. W. Woodward), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Plain- ville and Farmington (Bissell). June. Carex oligocarpa Schk. (few- fruited). Rare. Shaded ledges in rich woods: Colebrook (J. W. Robbins, 1828), Sahsbury (M. L. Fernald). June. Carex conoidea Schk. (cone-shaped). Common. Moist meadows and wet places. June. Carex grisea Wahlenb. (gray). Occasional. Woods and meadows in rich soil. June. The var. rigida Bailey (rigid), var. angustifolia Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Boott, is rare over most of the state : South- ington, Torrington and North Canaan (Bissell). Occasional in Fairfield County (Fames). Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. (gray-green). Rare. Rich or rocky woods and fields or in moist mead- ows: Ledyard and Groton (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Wood- ward), Hartford and West Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Meri- den (Andrews), Woodbridge (O. D. Allen). June. Carex granulans Muhl. (granular). Rare or local. Moist meadows : East Haven, Meriden and Oxford (Harger), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bloomfield and North Canaan (Bissell), Ridgefield and Kent (Fames & C. C. Godfrey). June. Carex granularis Muhl., var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. Carex granularis Aluhl., var. Shriveri Britton. Carex Shriveri Britton. Rare. Wet meadows and pastures: Ridgefield (Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald & Bissell). June. Carex Crawei Dew^ey. Rare. Moist fields and meadows : Salisbury ( Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Weatherby ) . June — July. Carex flava L. (yellow). Low fields and meadows. Rare or absent in most dis- tricts: Berlin (N. Coleman), Ridgefield (Fames & C. C. God- frey). Frequent or common in Litchfield County. June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IO5 Carex flava L., var. rectirostra Gaudin (straight-beaked). Carex flava L., var. graminis Bailey. Local. Swamps and wet meadows: Woodstock (Harger), Ashford and Stafford (Weatherby & Bissell), Union and Col- chester (Graves). June — July. Carex flava L., var. elatior Schlecht. (taller). Rare. Low ground: Ridgefield and Kent (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). June. Carex Oederi Retz., var. pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald (dwarf). Carex flava L., var. viridula Bailey. Carex viridula Michx. Rare. East Haven, in moist meadows (Harger) ; New Haven, in salt marsh (D. C. Eaton) ; Kent, in sand on shore of pond (Eames) ; Salisbury, in wet ground (Mrs. C. S. Phelps ) . June — July. Carex longirostris Torr. (long-beaked). Rich rocky woods in either moist or dry places, or on river banks. Local from the Connecticut River westward except near the coast in the southwestern part of the state where it is not reported. Late May — June. Carex castanea Wahlenb. (chestnut-colored). Rare. Alluvial soil : Salisbury (J. Young. 1828). Appar- ently has not been collected since that date. June. Carex arctata Boott (contracted). Rare. Hillsides in rich woods: Bridgeport (Eames), Bark- hamsted, Norfolk and Canaan (Bissell), Cornwall (Harger). May. Carex debilis Michx. (weak), var. Rudgei Bailey. Carex tenuis Rudge. Frequent. Dry or moist woods and in meadows. June — July. Carex debilis ]\Iichx., var. interjecta Bailey (thrown between). Rare. Rocky woods: Southington (Andrews & Bissell). June — July. I06 COXNECTICUT CIEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. ] Bull. Carex scabrata Schwein. (rough). Local or occasional. Wet woods, about springs and along streams. July. Carex filiformis L. (thread-like). Open swamps and bogs. Local in the northern part of the state: Woodstock (Weatherby), Union and East Granby (Weatherby & Bissell), Burlington and Salisbury (Bissell). Becoming frequent southward. June. Carex lanuginosa Michx. (woolly). Carex filifonnis L., var. latifolia Boeckl. Wet meadows, bogs and about ponds. Rare in New Lon- don County: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Waterford and Franklin (Graves). Frequent elsewhere. June. Carex vestita Willd. (clothed). Frequent or common. Sandy soils, either dry or moist. June. Carex oligosperma Michx. (few-seeded). Rare. Groton, in peat bogs (Graves), South Windsor (A. E. Blewitt). June— July. Carex trichocarpa Aluhl. (with hairy fruit). Local. Thomaston, in wet ground (A. E. Blewitt). June -July. Carex riparia W. Curtis (of river banks). Occasional or local. Wet meadows and swamps. June. Carex squarrosa L. (with spreading scales). Rare or local. Wet meadows and pastures: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Chester (R. W. Woodward & Harger), North Branford and East Haven (Harger), New Haven (G. G. Merrell), Middletown (J. Barratt), Southington (Andrews & Bissell). June — July. Carex typhina Michx. (like Typha, the Cat-tail). Carex typhinoides Schwein. Rare. Wet alluvium and in meadows : Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), East Haven (Fames), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Hartford (Harger. H. S. Clark & Bissell). June — . July- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. lO/ Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. (false Cyperus). Rare. Salisbury, muddy border of Twin I>akes (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). June— July. Carex comosa Boott (having tufts of hair). Carex Psciido-Cyperns L., var, americana Hochst. Occasional. Swamps and wet places along streams. June — J^^iy- Carex hystericina Muhl. (porcupine-like). Rare or local. Wet springy pastures and meadows and in swales: Lyme (H. S. Clark), Manchester (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Prospect, Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Stafford, Sharon and Salisbury (Bis- sell). June — July. The var. Cooleyi Dewey, var. Dudleyi Bailey, occurs at Wethersfield (C. Wright), Southington and Sharon (Bissell). Many reports of this species should be referred to Carex litrida. Carex lurida Wahlenb. (dingy brown or yellow). Carex hirida Wahlenb., var. flaccida Bailey. Carex lurida Wahlenb., var. parviila Bailey. Carex hirida Wahlenb., var. exundans Bailey. Common. Swamps and wet places. July — Aug. A hy- brid of this with Carex lupuliaa has been found at Groton and Lyme (Graves). \^ery variable with several intergrading forms. Carex lurida Wahlenb., var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey (slender). Carex Baileyi Britton. Rare. East Lyme, in bogs (Graves). July — Aug. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. Rare. Salisbury, in open swamps and wet meadows: (M. L. Fernald). June. Carex retrorsa Schwein. (turned backward). Rare or local. Wet meadows or in moist alluvial soil: Lyme (Graves), Hunting-ton (Harger), SaHsbury (Bissell). June —July. A supposed hybrid of this with Carex rostrata was found in Connecticut many years ago by Charles Wright. I08 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell (hop-shaped ; referring to the head of fruit). Carex lupulina J\Iuhl., var. polystachya Schwein. & Torr. Rare. Bogs or shaded swamps : Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Huntington and Monroe (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Carex lupulina Muhl. (like Lupulus, the Hop). Frequent or common. Swamps and wet ground. July — Aug. Carex lupulina Aluhl., var. pedunculata Dewey (stalked). Local or occasional. Swamps, growing with the typical form. July — Aug. Carex Grayii Carey. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. Alluvial soil along streams or in moist rich ground. Local along the Connecticut River: Lyme (Graves), Haddam (H. S. Clark & Bissell), East Hartford (Weatherby). Rare else- where : Middletown, at Westfield, and Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Salisbury (G. H. Bartlett). June. Carex Grayii Carey, var. hispidula Bailey (minutely hispid). Local. Hartford, alluvial soil on bank of the Connecticut River (H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Carex intumescens Rudge (swollen). Frequent. Swamps and wet places, June — July. Carex intumescens Rudge, var. Fernaldii Bailey. Rare. Salisbury, in rocky woods (A. E. Blewitt). Carex folliculata L. (like a small bag). Frequent. Wet boggy meadows and swampy woods, June — Aug. Carex vesicaria L. (bladdery). Carex monile of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Tuckerm. Occasional. Low meadows, borders of ponds and near river banks. June, The var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald (necklace), Carex monile Tuckerm., is occasional. The var. jejuna Fer- nald (insignificant) occurs rarely with the species. The var. distenta Fries (swollen) is rare: East Hartford (Weather- by), Windsor (H. S. Clark & Bissell), No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IO9 Carex rostrata Stokes (beaked). Carex utriciilata Boott, var. minor Boott. Swamps and wet meadows or in shallow water. Rare over most of the state: Waterford (Graves), Plainville, Wood- bridge and Oxford (Harger), Monroe (Eames), Occasional in Litchfield County (Bissell). June — July. Carex rostrata Stokes, var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey (bottle- like). Carex utriculata Boott. Peat bogs and wet meadows. Rare in most districts : Stratford (Eames), New Haven and Monroe (Harger), East Granby and Putnam (Weatherby), Glastonbury and Thomp- son (Bissell). Occasional in New London County (Graves). June — July, Carex bullata Sclik. (having bubbles or blisters). Carex bullata Schk., var. Olneyi Bailey. Rare. Voluntown, in Great Cedar Swamp (Graves). June -July. Carex bullata Schk., var. Greenii (Boeckl.) Fernald. Carex bullata of Manuals. Local. In swamps : Voluntown, Stonington and Colchester (Graves), Columbia (Weatherby), Ellington (F. N. Pease). June — July. Carex Tuckermani Dewey. Rare or local. Moist alluvial soil on banks of rivers and coves: Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Hartford (C. Wright), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Southbury (Harger), Tor- rington and Salisbury (Bissell), Canaan (J. W. Robbins, 1828). June— July. ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY. ARISAEMA Martins. Dragon Arum. Indian Turnip. I Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott (three-leaved). Arisaema triphyllum Schott, var. pusillum Peck. Arisaema pusillum Nash. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Indian or Wild Turnip. Common. Rich or moist woods. Late April — May ; fruit late Aug. — Nov. no CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. The corm or tuber is intensely acrid, but this property is lost upon being heated, leaving lo to i8% of starch. The corm is medicinal. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott (classical name for some species of Arum). Green Dragon. Dragon Root. Low grounds near streams and rivers. Rare in the eastern part of the state, becoming occasional westward. May — June ; fruit Aug.— Sept. PELTANDRA Raf. Arrow Arum. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Peltandra niidulata Raf. Arrow Arum. Occasional or frequent. Shallow water of ponds and streams and sometimes in bogs. June — July ; fruit Sept. — Oct. CALLA L. Water Arum. Calla palustris L. (of marshes). Wild or Marsh Calla. Occasional or local. Cold bogs and shaded swamps, some- times forming extensive colonies. May — June ; fruit July — Sept. The rootstocks are edible after an acrid principle they con- tain has been dissipated by cooking, and they are said to be sometimes used for food in parts of Europe. The Calla Lily of cultivation is not a true Calla, but is a species of the genus Richardia. SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. (ill-smelling). Spathyema foetida Raf. Skunk Cabbage. Common. Wet ground. March — April; fruit July Sept., persisting into the winter. The rootstocks are reputed to have medicinal value. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Ill ORONTIUM L. Golden Club. Orontium aquaticum L. (aquatic). Golden Club. Occasional or local. Mostly in shallow waters of the larger rivers and their tributaries where extensive colonies are often formed ; sometimes in swamps and along small streams. May — early June ; fruit June — July. The seeds and rootstocks are said to have been used for food by the Indians after destroying, by cooking, the acrid principle which they contain. ACORUS L. Sweet Flag. Calamus. Acorus Calamus L. (classical name for some Reed). Sweet Flag. Calamus. Frequent. Wet meadows, swamps and borders of ponds and streams, often forming large colonies. May — June. The aromatic rootstock is often candied, is of some medici- nal value and is officinal. LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY. SPIRODELA Schleid. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (many-rooted). Greater Duckweed. On still water of ponds and pools. Occasional in the south- eastern part of the state ; frequent or locally common else- where. July — Aug. Rarely seen in flower. LEMNA L. Duckweed. Duck's-meat. Lemna trisulca L. (three-furrowed). Duck's-meat. Still or running water. Rare in the south central, occa- sional in the southwestern, frequent to common in the northern and western parts of the state ; not reported from the eastern portion. July. Lemna valdiviana Philippi. Lemna cyclostasa of authors. Shallow water of ponds and rapid waters of brooks and rivers. Occasional in the southeastern, locally common in the 112 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. southwestern part of the state ; apparently rare elsewhere. June — July, but neither flowers or fruit seen here. Often occurs in large tangled strings, balls and irregular masses, either floating free or clinging to twigs and stones. Lemna minor L. (smaller). Lesser Duckweed. Ponds and stagnant water of pools and ditches. Rare in southeastern Connecticut; frequent in Hartford and Litch- field Counties ; common in the southwestern part of the state. June — July. WOLFFIA Horkel. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Wolfiia. Local. Surface of ponds, plentiful where it occurs : Wood- bury and Ridgefield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Kent (Eames), New Milford (J. W. Robbins, 1829), Salisbury (J. W. Rob- bins, Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. The plants of this species are the smallest of our flowering plants, being little globules about i-25th of an inch in diameter. ERIOCAULACEAE. PIPEWORT FAMILY. ERIOCAULON L. Pipewort. Eriocaulon septangulare Withering (seven-angled), Pipewort. Borders of ponds and rivers, in either shallow or deep water. Frequent in the southeastern part of the state ; occa- sional elsewhere. July — Sept. XYRIDACEAE. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. XYRIS L. Yellow-eyed Grass. Xyris caroliniana Walt. Occasional or local. Bogs or sphagnum swamps. July — Sept. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. (flexuous). Yellow-eyed Grass. Sandy bogs. Occasional to frequent in most sections but not reported from the southwestern part of the state. July — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. II3 Xyris Smalliana Nash. Xyris Congdoni Small. Rare or local. Borders of ponds or in sandy bogs : Salem (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Guil- ford (G. H. Bartlett). Aug.— Sept. COMMELINACEAE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. TRADESCANTIA L. Spiderwort. Tradescantia virginiana L. Trinity. Spiderwort. Spider Lily. Job's Tears. Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste places, or some- times in river meadows. In most cases adventive or natural- ized from the southeastern United States as an escape from gardens; possibly native at Southbury (Harger) and Fairfield (L. N. Johnson). May — July. COMMELINA L. Day-flower. Commelina communis L. (growing in colonies). Commelina nudiflora of authors, not L. Day-flower. Occasional to frequent. Waste places and cultivated ground as an escape from cultivation ; usually in or near cities. July — Nov. Naturalized from the South or from Asia. PONTEDERIACEAE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. PONTEDERIA L. Pickerel-weed. Pontederia cordata L. (heart-shaped). Pickerel-weed. Common. Shallow water of ponds and streams. July — Aug. The var. angustifolia Torr. (narrow-leaved) occurs at Old Lyme (H. S. Clark). HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud Plantain. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. (kidney-shaped). Rare. Muddy shores of the Housatonic River at Derby (G. W. Hawes & Harger), and along the river southward to salt water (Fames). Late Aug. — Sept. ; fruit Sept.— Oct. 114 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. (doubtful). Heteranthera graminea Vahl. Water Star Grass. Rare or local. Shallow water of larger rivers, such as the Connecticut and Housatonic, or sometimes in ponds. ^ July — Sept. EICHHORNIA Kunth. Eichhornia crassipes (Martins) Solms (thick-stemmed). Water Hyacinth. Rare. A few plants were found in the Pequonnock River, Bridgeport (C. K. Averill, 1893). June — Aug. Fugitive from Brazil. The plant is not hardy in this climate, but in Florida it has multiplied in the St. John's river system to such an extent as seriously to obstruct navigation. JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY. JUNCUS L. Rush. Bog Rush. Juncus bufonius L. (of toads). Toad Rush. Toad Grass. Frog Grass. Frequent to common. Open, moist, sandy places. Fruit mid-June — Aug. Juncus Gerardi Loisel. Black Grass. Common on salt marshes and meadows along the coast. Fruit June — Aug. Is valued for fodder and constitutes much of the salt hay cut by farmers. Juncus tenuis Willd. (slender). Yard Rush. Slender Rush. Common. Fields, pastures, open woods, roadsides and paths, in either dry or moist ground. Fruit mid- June — Sept. This species is said to be readily eaten by stock, and when made into hay to contain 7% crude protein. Juncus tenuis Willd., var. anthelatus Wiegand (having a cyme with' lateral branches overtopping the central ones). Rare. Low sandy or grassy places : Southington (x^ndrews No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. II5 & Bissell), Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Granby (Weatherby). Fruit July — Sept. Juncus tenuis Willd., var. Williamsii Fernald. Rare. Open moist or dry ground: Groton (Graves), Put- nam (Weatherby & Bissell), Salisbury (Bissell). Fruit July — Aug. Juncus secundus Beauv. (one-sided). Juncus tenuis Willd., var. secundus Engelm. Sandy places and ledgy hillsides, mostly in dry ground. Occasional in most districts but apparently rare in the south- western part of the state. Fruit July — Sept. Juncus Dudleyi Wiegand. Rare. Sandy or sterile ground : Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Meriden (Andrews), South Windsor, Sharon and Salisbury (Bissell). Fruit June — July. Juncus dichotomus Ell. (forking by pairs). Rare on borders of salt marshes and in dry open fields near the coast: Groton (Graves), Milford (Harger). Fruit July — Aug. Juncus dichotomus Ell., var. platyphyllus Wiegand (broad- leaved). Rare. Fields : Groton (Graves), Fruit July — Aug. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Dry, open, generally sandy but sometimes ledgy places. Frequent along the coast ; becoming occasional or rare inland, reaching Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Southington, on Wol- cott Mt. at 900 ft. elevation (Andrews), and Union, on Bald Hill at 1250 ft. elevation (Bissell). Fruit July — Sept. Juncus effusus L. (loosely spreading). Bulrush. Common, Soft, Bog, or Candle Rush. Common. Marshes, low fields and open swamps. Fruit July — Aug. The var. compactus Lejeune & Courtois (pressed to- gether) has been collected at Franklin (R. W. Woodward). Sometimes used for weaving into mats. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau (short-headed). Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. brachycephalus Engelm. Il6 COxXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Rare. Swamps and bogs: Salisbury and Sharon (Bissell). Fruit Aug. — Sept. Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald (short-tailed). Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. brevicaudatus Engelm. Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. coarctatus Engelm. Occasional. Bogs and moist sandy places. Fruit Aug. — Sept. Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. longicaudatus Engelm. Frequent. Open swamps and wet meadows. Fruit Aug. — Sept. Juncus canadensis J. Gay, var. subcaudatus Engelm. (some- what tailed). Rare or occasional. Low moist ground, often in shade: Sprague and Stafford (Graves), Lyme, East Windsor, Farm- ington and Southington (Bissell). Fruit Aug. — Sept. Juncus pelocarpus Mey. (dark-fruited). Sandy or muddy shores of ponds and streams. Occasional in the southeastern part of the state ; apparently rare or local elsewhere. Fruit Aug. — Sept. Often proliferous. Juncus militaris Bigel. (soldierly). Rare or local. Shallow water of ponds : Groton and East Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett & Bissell). Fruit July — Sept. Juncus nodosus L. (knotty). Knotted Rush. River banks and moist sandy soil bordering swamps, ponds or small streams. Rare in most districts : Oxford (Harger), Cornwall (R. W. Woodward), Norfolk, Litchfield and Salis- bury (Bissell). Occasional along the Connecticut River from East Windsor (Bissell) to Lyme (Graves). Fruit July — Aug. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. (short-fruited). Rare. New London, low ground near Ocean Beach (Graves). Fruit July. A fugitive, probably from the West or South. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. II7 Juncus acuminatus Alichx. (taper-pointed). Frequent. Open swamps and wet meadows. Fruit July — Sept. Often proliferous. Juncus debilis Gray (weak). Juncus acuminatus Michx., var. debilis Engelm. Rare. Pond shores and borders of swamps : Waterford and Ledyard (Graves). Fruit Aug. Juncus articulatus L. (jointed). Low and moist, mostly sandy places. Occasional to fre- quent in New London County; rare or occasional in Middle- sex, Hartford and Litchfield Counties ; not reported elsewhere. Fruit July — Sept. Juncus articulatus L., var. obtusatus Engelm. (blunt). Rare. Low moist ground : Stafford and Glastonbury (Bis- sell). Fruit July — Sept. Juncus marginatus Rostk. (with a distinct border). Frequent. Grassy places, mostly in moist ground. Fruit July — Sept. LUZULA DC. Wood Rush. Luzula saltuensis Fernald (of forests). Lusula vernalis Gray's Manual ed. 6, not DC. Juncoides pilosum Coville, not Kuntze. Hairy Wood Rush. Rocky or moist open woods. Occasional in the north- western part of the state (Bissell). Rare elsewhere : Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), North Branford and Watertown (Harger). April — May ; fruit May. Luzula campestris (L.) DC. (of fields), var. nwltiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. (many-flowered). Luzula campestris of American authors, not DC. Juncoides campestre of American authors, not Kuntze. Common. Woods and fields, in either dry or moist ground. April — May ; fruit June — July. Il8 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [ Bull. LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Devil's Bit. Chamaelirium luteum (L.)Gray (yellow). Chamaeliriuin caroUniamim Willd. Blazing Star. True Unicorn-root. Meadows and low woods. Occasional in the southwestern part of the state, becoming rare or local northward and east- ward, reaching Salisbury (Bissell), East Haddam (W. E. Selden, Dr. E. J. Thompson). May — June. The rootstock is medicinal. MELANTHIUM L. Melanthium latifolium Desr. (broad-leaved). Melanthium racemosum Michx. Crisped Bunch-flower. Rare. Dry woods: Greenwich, at North Greenwich (P. Alcott, 1869). July — Aug. VERATRUM L. False Hellebore. Veratrum viride Ait. (green). American White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Green Hellebore. Poor Annie. Frequent to common. Wet woods, open swamps and wet meadows. May — June. The rootstock is medicinal, is an active poison and is offici- nal. The early colonists used the plant as an insecticide. UVULARIA L. Bellwort. Uvularia perfoliata L. (through a leaf; i. e., with leaves clasp- ing the stem). Bellwort. Frequent. Dry or moist ground, usually in woods but sometimes occurring in fence-rows or even in fields. May — June. The root is medicinal and has acquired some local reputa- tion as a remedy against snake bites. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Iig OAKESIA Wats. Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats, (having leaves without leaf- stalks). Uvniaria sessilifolia L. Bellwort. Frequent to common. Woods, thickets and meadows, in either dry or moist ground. ]\Iay — June. ALLIUM L. Onion. Garlic. Allium tricoccum Ait. (having three grains ; referring to the three-lobed fruit). Wild Leek. Occasional or frequent. Woods, usually in rich but some- times in sandy soil. Late June — July, If eaten by cows in the spring, the milk and butter are tainted. Allium canadense L. Wild or Meadow Garlic. Frequent. Meadows bordering streams and rivers, some- times also in sandy ground and on dry hillsides. June. Rarely used as a substitute for common garlic. Allium vineale L. (of vineyards). Field or Wild Garlic. Wild Onion. Waste places, grain fields and meadows. Rare in south- eastern Connecticut, occasional to frequent elsewhere. Mid- June — July. Naturalized from Europe. A bad weed, both in pastures, where it taints the milk of animals feeding upon it, and in grain fields, where the bulblets mixing with grain injure it for milling. HOSTA Tratt. Day Lily. Plantain Lily. Hosta caerulea (Andr.) Tratt. (sky-blue). Funkia ovata Spreng. Blue Day Lily. Rare. Roadsides near dwellings as an escape from gar- dens: Montville (Graves), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Fames). July. Native of Japan. 120 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Hosta japonica (Thunb.) Aschers. Funkia lancifolia Spreng. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides : Montville (Graves), Stafford (Bissell), July — Aug. Native of Japan. HEMEROCALLIS L. Day Lily. Hemerocallis flava L. (yellow). Yellow Day Lily. Lemon Lily. Rare, Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides : Groton, near Poquonnock Lake (Graves, Harger, Bissell et al.), Meriden (Bissell), Westport (Eames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June. Adventive from Europe. Hemerocallis fulva L. (reddish-yellow). Common Day Lily. Frequent. Escaped from cultivation to fields, roadsides and waste places. Mid- June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Troublesome and difficult to eradicate in moist rich ground. LILIUM L. Lily. Lilium philadelphicum L. Wild Orange-red Lily. Red or Wood Lily. Frequent. Dry or moist thickets, pastures and open woods. Late June — ^July. Lilium superbum L. (superb). Turk's-cap Lily. Wild Tiger Lily. Marshes and low fields. Frequent near the coast in the southeastern part of the state, becoming occasional or local westward, reaching Stamford (W. H. Hoyt) ; not reported far inland. July — Aug. Lilium canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily. Canada Lily. Frequent. Moist meadows, bogs and open swamps. July. Lilium tigrinum Ker (of tigers). Tiger Lily. Rare or occasional. Escaped from gardens to fence-rows, roadsides and waste places. Aug. Adventive from Asia. In Japan and China the bulbs are eaten. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 121 ERYTHRONIUM L. Dog's-tooth Violet. Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow Adder's Tongue. Yellow Dog's-tooth Lily or Violet. Snake-leaf. Trout Lily. Meadows and rich woods. Local in southeastern Connec- ticut, common elsewhere. April — May. Sometimes used as a pot-herb. The dried bulbs, if not kept too long, are said to be nutritious. The leaves and root are medicinal. ORNITHOGALUM L. Star of Bethlehem. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (umbellate). Star of Bethlehem, Go-to-Bed-Noon. Rare or occasional. Escaped from gardens to fields and waste places, mostly near dwellings and in shaded moist ground. May — June. Naturalized from Europe. MUSCARI Mill. Grape Hyacinth. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill, (like a cluster of grapes). Grape Hyacinth. Babies' Breath. Rare. Roadsides and grassland near dwellings, as an escape from cultivation: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Graves), Seymour and Southbury (Harger), New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Milford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). May. Adventive from Europe. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill, (racemose). Starch Grape Hyacinth. Feather Hyacinth. Rare or local. Grassland near dwellings: New London and Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Fairfield (Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). May. Naturalized from Europe. Reproduces quite rapidly by forming new bulbs, is very persistent and may give much trouble in lawns. YUCCA L. Bear Grass. Spanish Bayonet. Yucca filamentosa L. (bearing slender threads). Adam's Needle. Thread-and-Needle. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground : Groton 122 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. (Harger, Bissell, Graves et al.), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). May — July. Adventive from the South. The plant yields a strong fiber. The roots form a lather with water and were formerly used in the region where it is plentiful in place of soap. ASPARAGUS L. Asparagus. Asparagus officinalis L. (of the shops). Garden Asparagus. Frequent along the coast on shores and borders of salt marshes ; occasional in fields, waste places and along roadsides inland. June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Widely cultivated for its young shoots. CLINTONIA Raf. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. (northern). Clintonia. Yellow Clintonia. Rich often swampy woods. Frequent or common in the extreme northwestern part of the state; becoming occasional or rare southward and eastward, reaching Kent (C. K. Averill, E. H. Austin, Eames), Bristol (W. A. Terry), East Hartford and Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Cromwell (F. K. Hallock), Mansfield (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Hampton (Weatherby), Union (Bissell), Voluntown (Graves). May — early June. SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon's Seal. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (racemose). Vagnera racemosa Morong. Wild Spikenard. False Spikenard. Frequent to common. Rich usually rocky woods, thickets and borders of fields. Mid-May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The root is medicinal. Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. (star-shaped). Vagnera stellata Morong. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. Occasional near the coast in dry or moist, usually sandy ground; rare or local inland on river banks, in swamps or even in dry rocky ground. Mid-May — June. No. 14.] FLOWERIXG PLANTS AN'D FERNS. I23 Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. (three-leaved). Vagnera trifolia Morong. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Rare or local. Cool sphagnum bogs: Cromwell (Andrews & Bissell), East Hartford (H. S. Clark), Bristol (J. N. Bishop), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Salisbury (Bissell). May — June. MAIANTHEMUM Wiggers. Maianthemum canadense Desf. Unifolium canadense Greene. Wild Lily of the Valley. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. Common. Moist or dry woods and thickets. Mid-May — June. STREPTOPUS Alichx. Twisted-stalk. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. (having leaves which clasp the stem). Liver Berry. Rare or local. Rich moist woods: Salisbury (Bissell, Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May. Streptopus roseus Michx. (rose-colored). Liver Berry. Rich woods, often among rocks. Occasional in the north- western part of the state, becoming local or rare eastward and southward, reaching Somers (Bissell), East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson, Graves), Hamden (D. C. Eaton, Harger), Mon- roe (Harger). May. POLYGONATUM Hill. Solomon's Seal. Polygonatum bifiorum (Walt.) Ell. (tw^o-flowered). Salonionia hiiiora Farwell. Small or Yiziry Solomon's Seal. Frequent. Woods and thickets. May — June. The rootstock is medicinal. Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietrich (variable). Polygonatum giganteum Dietrich (?). Salonionia comniutata Farwell, Great, Giant or Smooth Solomon's Seal. 124 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBllll. Occasional to frequent. Usually in meadows and alluvial soil near the larger streams ; sometimes in rich or dry woods and thickets or on sandy banks. May — June. The rootstock is medicinal. CONVALLARIA L. Lily of the Valley. Convallaria majalis L. (blooming in May). Lily of the Valley. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, thickets and waste places: New Haven, at East Rock (H. M. Denslow et al), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Stratford (Eames). May. In Connecticut adventive from Europe. The rootstock and roots are medicinal and are officinal. MEDEOLA L. Indian Cucumber-root. Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. Rich woods. Occasional in most parts of the state, becom- ing common in southwestern Connecticut. May — June. The rootstock is edible, somewhat resembling cucumber in flavor. TRILLIUM L. Wake Robin. Birthroot. Trillium erectum L. (erect). Purple or Red Trillium. Birthroot. Red Benjamin. Rich and often rocky woods. Rare or occasional in south- eastern Connecticut, becoming frequent northward and west- ward, and common in the southwestern part of the state. Mid- April — May. Both white-flowered and yellow-flowered forms are occa- sionally found. The flowers exhale a very disagreeable odor. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. (large-flowered). Large-flowered White Trillium. Rare. Weston, in rocky rich woods (Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright). May. Trillium cernuum L. (nodding). Nodding Trillium, White Trillium. Rich moist woods. Occasional in southeastern and south- western Connecticut, apparently rare elsewhere. May. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I25 Trillium undulatum Willd. (wavy). Trillium erythrocarpum Michx, Painted Trillium, Rich woods and shaded swamps. Occasional in the north- western part of the state, becoming local or rare eastward and southward, extending to Union (Bissell, Graves), Middletown (M. Hitchcock), New Haven (E. P. Prudden), Oxford (Har- ger) . May. ALETRIS L. Colic-root. Star Grass. Aletris farinosa L. (mealy). Colic-root. Star Grass. False Unicorn-root. Occasional or local. Fields and meadows, or moist sandy places. Late June — July. The rootstock is medicinal. SMILAX L. Green Brier. Cat Brier. Smilax herbacea L. (herbaceous). Carrion-flower. Jacob's Ladder. Frequent. Low thickets, borders of meadows and some- times in drier fields. Late May — June. The flowers exhale a most offensive odor. The herb is somewhat medicinal. The young shoots are sometimes used as a pot-herb and are called Wild Asparagus. Smilax rotundifolia L. (round-leaved). Common Green Brier. Horse, Cat, Bull or Squirrel Brier. Common. Moist or dry woods, thickets and pastures. Late May — June ; fruit Sept., persisting over the winter. Smilax glauca Walt, (glaucous). Saw, Cat or Squirrel Brier. Common. Dry or moist open woods and thickets, often in sandy ground. June ; fruit Sept., persisting over the winter. The roots have been substituted for those of the Brazilian Sarsaparilla. Smilax hispida Muhl. (rough-hairy). Rare. Fairfield, in moist thickets (Fames). June. 126 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. HAEMODORACEAE. BLOODWORT FAMILY. LACHNANTHES Ell. Red-root. Lachnanthes tinctoria (Walt.) Ell. (used for dyeing). Gyrotheca capitata Morong. Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb. Red-root. Rare. Open boggy meadows and sandy shores of ponds : East Lyme, several localities (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Madison (W. R. Dudley). Aug. — Sept. DIOSCOREACEAE. YAM FAMILY. DIOSCOREA L. Yam. Dioscorea villosa L. (hairy). Wild Yam or Yam-root. Colic-root. Rheumatism-root. Moist thickets. Frequent along and near the coast and in the valley of the Connecticut River ; occasional or rare else- where. June — July ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The rootstock is medicinal. AMARYLLIDACEAE. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. NARCISSUS L. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. (false Narcissus). Dafifodil. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides at East Windsor (Bissell), and at several localities in the south- western part of the state (Fames). May. Native of Europe. Narcissus poeticus L. (of poets). Poet's Narcissus. Rare. Waste grounds and near old dwellings as an escape from gardens, persistent but not inclined to spread: Oxford (Harger), Fairfield (Fames). May. Native of Europe. Sometimes occurs in the double-flowered form. LEUCOJUM L. Leucojum aestivum L. (of summer). Summer Snowflake. Rare, Fairfield, escaped from cultivation to waste grounds in rich moist soil (Eames). Mid-]\Iay — mid- June. Adven- tive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 12/ HYPOXIS L. Star Grass. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville (hairy). Hypoxis erecta L. Yellow-eyed Grass. Star Grass. Common. Dry or moist, open or shaded ground. May — Oct. IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY. IRIS L. Fleur-de-lis. Iris versicolor L. (of various colors). Larger Blue or Poison Flag. Fleur-de-lis. Iris. Vegetable Mercury. Common. Swamps and wet meadows. Mid-May — July. The rhizome and roots are poisonous and medicinal and are officinal. There have been cases of serious poisoning due to mistaking the roots for those of Sweet Flag. Iris prismatica Pursh (prism-shaped). Slender Blue Flag. Frequent on and near the coast in swamps, meadows and borders of salt marshes ; rarely seen farther inland. June — mid-July, Iris pseudacorus L. (false Acorus). Yellow Iris. Rare. Escaped from gardens to marshes and low grounds : Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Madison (Miss Roberts), East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Rus- sell), Fairfield (Fames). Mid-May — June. Adventive from Europe. Iris orientalis Mill, (of the Orient). Rare. Escaped from cultivation to marshes : Stratford, many plants growing with Iris pseudacorus (Mrs. R. H. Rus- sell). Late J\lay — June. Adventive from Asia. Iris germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and fence-rows : Oxford (Harger), Fairfield (Fames). May — June. Adven- tive from Europe. 128 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. BELAMCANDA Adans. Blackberry Lily. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze. Blackberry Lily. Leopard Flower. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places, more often in rocky ground. Frequent in the southwestern part of the state, becoming occasional or rare northward and eastward, reaching Danbury (Miss G. L. Northrop), Sharon and Portland (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Berlin (Andrews & Bis- sell), East Lyme (F. H. Dart), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). July — Aug. ; fruit Sept. — Nov. Adventive from Asia. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass. Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. (whitish). Rare. New London, one plant in a dry field (Miss E. Coit, 1889). May. Fugitive from the western United States. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. (having an abrupt, short point). Meadows and woods, usually in rather dry ground. Occa- sional in the northwestern part of the state, becoming rare southward and eastward, reaching Newtown (Fames), Oxford (Harger), Plainville and Glastonbury (Bissell). Mid-May ■ June. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill, (narrow-leaved). Dry or moist fields. Occasional in the southwestern part of the state ; frequent or common elsewhere. Mid-May ■ June. Forms intermediate between Sisyrinchium angustifolium and Sisyrinchium gramineum occur at New London, Groton and Ledyard (Graves), and have been called Sisyrinchium intermedium Bicknell. Sisyrinchium gramineum Curtis (grass-like). Sisyrinchium anceps of Gray's Manual ed. 6. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. Frequent or common. Fields, meadows, thickets and woods, generally in moist ground. June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I29 Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bicknell. Fields, meadows and borders of salt marshes. Common on and near the coast ; occasional or local inland. June. Rarely occurs with white flowers. ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHIS FAMILY. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower. Cypripedium parviflorutn Salisb. (small-flowered). Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper. Rare or occasional. Dry sandy or rocky woods. May — June. The rootstock and roots are medicinal and are officinal. As in the following variety, contact with this plant poisons the skin of some people, the glandular hairs containing an irritant oil. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb., var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight (downy). Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Cypripedium hirsutum of authors, not Mill. Large Yellow Lady's Slipper. Yellow Moccasin Flower. American Valerian. Rocky woods and cold swamps. Rare in the eastern part of the state and near the coast, becoming occasional or fre- quent northward and westward. May — June. The rootstock and roots are medicinal and are officinal. Cjrpripedium hirsutum Mill, (hairy). Cypripedium spectabile Salisb. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy Lady's Slipper. Rare or local. Swamps or wet meadows : Willington (Mrs. C S. Phelps), Milford (Fames), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Sey- mour), Danbury (H. C. Ryder), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June. Cypripedium acaule Ait. (stemless), Stemless, Pink or Wild Lady's Slipper. Whip-poor-will's Shoe. Wild Valerian. Frequent. Dry open sandy or rocky woods, often under evergreen trees. May — June, 130 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ORCHIS L. Orchis spectabilis L. (showy). Galeorchis spectabilis Rydb. Showy Orchis. Rich woods, generally in leaf-mold. Rare near the coast; occasional or local inland. May — early June. HABENARIA Willd. Rein Orchis. Fringed Orchis. Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. (having bracts). Coeloglossum bracteatum Pari. Long-bracted Orchis. Rare or local. Dry or rocky woods: Killingly (C. H. Knowlton), Somers (Bissell), Middletown (M. Hitchcock), Berlin (Andrews), Meriden (Harger, Andrews), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), New Haven and Hamden (Eaton Herb.), Granby and Simsbury (I. Holcomb), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Kent (C. K. Averill), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Late May — June. Habenaria flava (L.) Gray (yellow). Habenaria virescens Spreng. Perularia Hava Farwell. Small Pale Green Orchis. Occasional or frequent. Low meadows and open swamps. June — July. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (northern). Limnorchis hyperborea Rydb. Limnorchis huronensis Rydb. Tall Leafy Green Orchis. Rich woods and wooded swamps. Rare in most districts: Bolton (Weatherby), New Britain (Bissell), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southington (Bissell, Andrews). Becoming occa- sional or local in Litchfield County. Late June — early Aug. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray (expanded). Limnorchis dilatata Rydb. Tall White Bog Orchis. Rare. Wet meadows or sphagnum bogs: Plainville (An- drews), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour, Miss M. C. Seymour). June -July. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I3I Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. (shaped like a little club). Habenaria tridentata Hook, Gymnadeniopsis clavellata Rydb. Small Green Wood Orchis. Occasional or frequent. Bogs and wet woods, July — Aug. Habenaria Hookeri Torr. Habenaria Hookeri Torr., var. oblongifolia Paine. Lysias Hookeriana Rydb. Rich woods. Rare near the coast, becoming occasional or local northward. June. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. (disk-shaped). Lysias orbiculata Rydb. Large Round-leaved Orchis. Rare. In woods : South Windsor (S. P. Elmore), Windsor (H. S. Clark), Norfolk (Miss M, C. Seymour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Weatherby). June. Habenaria macrophylla Goldie (large-leaved). Rare. Norfolk, in pine woods (J. H. Barbour). June — July, Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (fringed). Blephariglottis ciliaris Rydb. Yellow Fringed Orchis. Meadows, swamps, dry fields, thickets and open woods along the coast. Occasional or frequent eastward, becoming rare or local westward. Not certainly known farther inland than Monroe (H. C. Beardslee). Mid- July — Aug. Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. (eyelid-tongued: i. e., having a fringed lip). Blephariglottis blephariglottis Rydb, White Fringed Orchis, Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Cromwell (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Bethany and Middlebury (Harger), Colebrook (J. W, Rob- bins), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). Aug. 132 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Habenaria lacera (Alichx.) R. Br. (torn). Blephariglottis lacera Rydb. Ragged or Ragged Fringed Orchis. Occasional. Fields, meadows and open or wooded swamps. July — mid-Aug. Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sw. (butterfly-like). Blephariglottis psycodes Rydb. Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis. Occasional. Bogs, wet meadows and open swamps. Late June — Aug. Habenaria fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. (fringed). Habenaria grandiHora Torr. Blephariglottis grandiflora Rydb. Large Purple Fringed Orchis, Rare or occasional. Swamps and wet woods. Mid-June July. _ This species usually blooms several weeks earlier than Habenaria psycodes. POGONIA Juss. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker (like Ophioglossum, the Adder's Tongue). Rose Pogonia. Snake or Adder's Mouth. Occasional or frequent. Bogs and wet meadows. June — July. Rarely occurs with white flowers. The flowers are fra grant. Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) BSP. (bearing three flowers). Pogonia pendula Lindl. Triphora trianthophora Rydb. Nodding Pogonia. Rare or local. Rich woods, usually in leaf-mold : Norwicl (Miss M. P. Oilman, W. A. Setchell), Franklin (W. A. Set- chell), Granby (L Holcomb), Southington (Miss F. S. Walk- ley), Salisbury (Mrs. C. G. Beardslee & Mrs. C. S. Phelps) Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I33 Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. (whorled). Isotria verticillata Raf. Whorled Pogonia. Rare or occasional. Rich woods. Mid-May — early June. Pogonia affinis Austin (allied). Isotria affinis Rydb. Smaller Whorled Pogonia. Rare. Rich woods: New Haven (E. S. Dana), Stratford (C. K. Averill, Eames). Mid-May — mid-June. CALOPOGON R. Br. Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. (pretty). Limodorum tuberosum of American authors, not L. Grass Pink. Calopogon. Occasional or frequent. Bogs and low meadows. June — July. The flowers are rarely pure white. ARETHUSA L. Arethusa bulbosa L. (bulbous). Arethusa. Rare or local. Sphagnum bogs and wet meadows. Late May — June. SPIRANTHES Richard. Ladies' Tresses. Spiranthes Beckii Lindl. Spiranthes simplex Gray. Gyrostachys simplex Kuntze. Rare or local. Dry, sandy fields and sterile pastures. Aug. — Sept. Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck (slender). Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze. Frequent. Fields, meadows and open woods, in both moist and dry ground. Aug. — Sept. Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray (vernal). Spiranthes praecox Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Gyrostachys praecox Kuntze. Gyrostachys linearis Rydb. 134 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. Sl'RVEY. [Bull. Fields and meadows, usually in dry soil. Occasional to frequent near the coast, becoming rare inland. Aug. — Sept. Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames (shining). Spiranthes latifoUa Torr. Gyrostachys plantaginea Britton. Rare or local. Moist river banks: Lyme (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Cromwell (F. K. Hallock), Windsor (H. S. Clark), and along the Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger), northward to the state line. Late May — June. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard (nodding). Gyrostachys cernua Kuntze. Frequent. Bogs, meadows and open swamps, or sometimes in drier places. Sept. — Oct. The var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames (buff-colored), Gyrostachys ochroleuca Rydb., occurs at Norfolk (Bissell), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Sometimes very fragrant. Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Rare. Sphagnum bog: Norfolk (J. H. Barbour). July. EPIPACTIS Boehm. Rattlesnake Plantain. Epipactis repens (L.) Crantz (creeping), var. ophioides (Fer- nald) A. A. Eaton (snake-like). Peramium ophioides Rydb. Goodyera repens Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Peramium repens Britton & Brown's 111. Flora in part. Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain. Squirrel-ear. Rare. Rocky woods under evergreens : Southington (J. Shepard), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). Aug. Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton (checkered). Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Peramium tesselatum Rydb. Rattlesnake Plantain. Rare or local. Rich woods in the northern part of the state, mostly under evergreens: Union and Granby (Bissell), Enfield (Andrews & Bissell), Manchester and South Windsor No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I35 (A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weatherby), Bristol (J. N. Bishop), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug.— Sept. Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton (downy). Goodyera pubescens R. Br. Peramium pubescens MacMill. Net-leaf or Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Scrofula-weed. Frequent. Rich woods in either dry or moist ground. Aug. All our species of this genus are considered medicinal, the whole plant being used. CORALLORRHIZA Chatelain. Coral Root. Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain (three-cleft). Corallorrhisa innata R. Br. Corallorrhiza Corallorrhiza Karst. Early Coral Root. Rare. Cold swamps or wet pine woods: Waterford (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Cromwell (F. K. Hallock), Windsor (Weath- erby), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Oxford (Harger), Win- chester (Andrews & Harger), Barkhamsted (C. S. Phelps), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. All the species of this genus are parasitic upon other plants and are destitute of green parts. Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. (spotted). Corallorrhiza multiHora Nutt. Corallorrhiza multiHora Nutt., var. Havida Peck. Large Coral Root. Occasional to frequent. Rich woods, usually in leaf-mold. July — Sept. The form with yellow flowers occurs at Plain- ville (H. S. Clark), and Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt. (having a toothed root). Coral Root. Crawley Root. Dragon's Claw. Chicken-toes. Rich woods either moist or dry. Occasional in southern Connecticut, becoming rare in northern districts. Mid-Aug. — Oct. The rootstock is medicinal. 136 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. MICROSTYLIS Eaton. Adder's Mouth. Microstylis monophyllos (L.) Lindl. (single-leaved). Achroanthes nionophylla Greene. White Adder's Mouth. Rare. Wet mossy woods: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP. (single-leaved). Microstylis ophioglossoides Eaton. Achroanthes unifolia Raf. Green Adder's Mouth. Rare. Rich woods either moist or dry: Norwich (W. A. Setchell, Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Franklin (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A, M. Ryon), Union and SaHsbury (Bissell), Bolton (A. W. Driggs & Weatherby), Enfield and Meriden (Andrews & Bissell), Berlin (T. S. Brandegee), Granby (I. Holcomb), New Haven (O. Harger), Oxford (Harger), Easton ( Eames ) . July — Aug. LIPARIS Richard. Twayblade. Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard (lily-leaved). Leptorchis liliifolia Kuntze. Large Twayblade. Rare or occasional. Rich and moist or sometimes dry and rocky woods. June. Liparis Loeselii (L.) Richard. Leptorchis Loeselii MacM. Fen Orchis. Rare or occasional. Bogs, moist woods and wet shaded banks. June — July. APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torn Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torn (lasting over the winter). Aplectrum spicatum BSP. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve. Rare. Rich woods: Norwich (J. Trumbull), West Hart- ford (H. S. Clark, Miss A. Lorenz), Farmington (C. H. Pember), Granby (L Holcomb), New Haven and Hamden No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 137 (Harger), Danbury (H. C. Ryder), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June. The root is medicinal. DICOTYLEDONEAE. PIPERACEAE. PEPPER FAMILY. SAURURUS L. Lizard's Tail. Saururus cernuus L. (nodding). Lizard's Tail. Shallow water of rivers, ponds and marshes. Preston, in the Shetucket River (W. A. Setchell, Graves), Franklin and Spragne (Graves), along the Housatonic River from the Sound northward as far as Oxford and Newtown (Harger, Fames), and occasional in the southwestern part of the state (Fames). July — Aug. SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY. SALIX L. Willow. Osier. Shrubs and trees with light soft wood used to some extent for cabinet work and for fuel. Willow charcoal is considered one of the best for medicinal and pharmaceutical use and for making crayons and gunpowder. Willows are propagated with the greatest ease from cuttings, and are extensively planted as ornamental and shade trees. They often serve also to drain wet grounds, which they do by trans- piring great quantities of water. In some parts of the country certain species are extensively grown for osiers to be used in basket making and wickerwork. The bark of most species of willow contains more or less of a very bitter principle called salicin, used in medicine. Salix nigra Marsh, (black). Black Willow. Rare or occasional. Low grounds and borders of ponds and streams. May. The var. falcata (Pursh) Torr. (scythe-shaped) is occa- sional to frequent in similar situations, being more plentiful than the typical form. 138 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. This species spreads rapidly along rivers by the rooting of broken twigs and branches. The bark and aments are medici- nal. Salix pentandra L. (having five stamens). Bay-leaved or Laurel-leaved Willow. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides : Lyme, near Hadlyme Ferry (Graves), Norfolk (Bissell). J\Iay. Adven- tive from Europe. Salix lucida Aluhl. (shining). Shining Willow. Glossy Willow. Occasional. Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. May. Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald (very late; referring to the time of flowering and fruiting). Autumn Willow. Open swamps and wet pastures. Rare or local and appar- ently confined to the northwestern part of the state : Norfolk (Bissell), Salisbury (M. L: Fernald, Bissell). May — early June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Salix fragilis L. (brittle). Crack Willow. Brittle Willow. Rare or local. Waste grounds, moist roadsides and banks of streams as an escape from cultivation : East Windsor and West Hartford (Bissell), New Haven (W. H. Patton, Har- ger), Bridgeport (Fames). May. Naturalized from Europe. Introduced into this country about 1850, when a company of promoters induced many farmers to plant this willow for hedges. Many of these old hedges now occur throughout the state. Salix alba L. (white). White Willow. The typical form of this species has not been reported from Connecticut. The van vitellina (L.) Koch (egg-yellow) is occasional in moist ground, especially near ponds and streams. May. Naturalized from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I39 A hybrid of this variety with Salix fragilis occurs rarely in the valley of the Connecticut River (Bissell). Often planted for ornament. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Ring Willow. Rare. River banks and roadsides, as an escape from culti- vation: Lyme (Graves & Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven (Bissell), Stratford, Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). May. Adventive from Europe. Formerly much planted for ornament, especially in ceme- teries. Salix longifolia ]\Iuhl. (long-leaved), Salix fluviatilis of authors, not Nutt. Sand Bar or River Bank Willow. Local. Banks of the Connecticut River from Hartford southward: Hartford and Glastonbury (Bissell), Middletown (Dr. Barratt, Harger, Bissell), Lyme (Graves, Bissell & An- drews), Old Saybrook (Harger). May. Salix cordata Muhl. (heart-shaped). Salix cordata Muhl, var. angustata Anders. Heart-leaved Willow. Frequent or common. Wet ground. Late April — May ; fruit Aug. The var. myricoides (Muhl.) Carey (like Myrica, the Sweet Gale), Salix aciitidens Rydb., occurs at Stratford (Eames). Salix pedicellaris Pursh (borne on a stalk). Salix niyrtilloidcs of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Bog Willow. Rare. In bogs: Stafford (Graves), East Granby (Weath- erby). New Haven (D. C. Eaton, Harger), Norfolk (Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster). May. Salix discolor Muhl. (parti-colored; referring to the leaves). Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow. Common. Swamps and low places, or sometimes in rather dry ground. April. I40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. The var. eriocephala (Michx.) Anders, (woolly-headed), Salix eriocephala Michx., is occasional in the southwestern part of the state (Eames). The var. prinoides (Pursh) Anders, (like the Black Al- der), Salix prinoides Pursh, is rare: Stratford, Trumbull and Bridgeport (Eames). Hybrids of this species with Salix rostrata occur at Staf- ford (Graves & Bissell). Hybrids with Salix humilis are ap- parently occasional throughout. Salix humilis Marsh, (low^). Prairie Willow. Occasional to frequent. Sandy thickets either dry or moist. April — early May ; fruit May. A hybrid of this with Salix sericea occurs at Stafford (Graves & Bissell). Salix tristis Ait. (dull-colored). Dwarf Gray Willow. Sand plains and dry open ground. Occasional to frequent in the eastern and north central parts of the state ; rare else- where, as at New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Bridgeport (Eames), Oxford and Southbury (Harger). Mid-April — mid-May; fruit May. Salix sericea Marsh, (silky). Silky Willow. Frequent. Near streams and ponds and in swamps. Mid- April — mid-May; fruit May — June. Salix rostrata Richards, (beaked). Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Beaked Willow. Frequent. Woods and thickets, in either moist or dry ground. Late April — May ; fruit May — June. Salix Candida Fliigge (shining white). Hoary Willow. Sage Willow. Local. Swamps in the northwestern part of the state: Norfolk and Cornwall (Bissell), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). April ; fruit May. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I4I The var. denudata Anders, (bared) occurs at Salisbury, near Twin Lakes (J. R. Churchill & Bissell). Salix purpurea L. (purple). Purple, Bitter, Rose or Whip-cord Willow. Rare or local. Dry or wet open ground : Voluntown (Harger & Graves), New London (Graves), Hartford, many plants over a wide area (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Southington and Berlin (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Seymour (Harger), Stafford and Winchester (Bissell), SaHs- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt). April — May. Adventive from Europe. Grown for basket rods. Salix incana Schrank (hoary). Gray or Lavender Willow. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to a river bank at Hart- ford, a few plants only (H. S. Clark). April — May. Fugi- tive from Europe. POPULUS L. Poplar. Aspen. Rapidly growing trees with soft, light wood, of little value for timber, but an important source of wood-pulp and useful for fuel in parts of the country where other wood is scarce. The poplar of the lumberman is Liriodendron Tulipifera, the Tulip Tree. Populus alba L. (white). White or Silver-leaved Poplar. Abele. White-bark. Occasional. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places. April — May. Naturalized from Europe. Often planted as an ornamental or shade tree, and some- times to stop sand-blows. The bark is medicinal. Populus tremuloides Michx. (like Populus tremula, the Eu- ropean Aspen). American or Quaking Aspen. Poplar. Popple. Quiver-leaf. Trembling or White Poplar. Aspen. Frequent. Woods, thickets and roadsides, more often in dry ground. April — May. One of the first trees to take possession of clearings. The bark is medicinal. 142 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBulL Populus grandidentata ]\Iichx. (large-toothed). Large-toothed Aspen. Poplar. Popple. Frequent. Moist or dry woods and clearings, more often in rocky ground. April — May. Populus heterophylla L. (various-leaved). Swamp or Downy Poplar. Rare or local. Wooded swamps and borders of ponds : Salem and Montville (W, A. Setchell, H. C. Beardslee, Graves), Middletown (Graves, Bissell, Andrews), Branford and Southington (Bissell & Andrews), Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), East Haven and Southbury (Harger). May. Populus balsamifera L. (balsam-bearing). Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac. Local. River banks, wet woods and roadsides, usually as an escape from cultivation: Southington (H. Whitney), Mil- ford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Wilton (Eames & G. P. Ells), Sherman, New Milford and Kent (E. H. Austin, C. K. Averill). Apparently native at Norfolk (H. S. Clark & Bis- sell). April — May. Populus candicans Ait. (white and shining). Populus halsamifcra L.. var. candicans Gray. Balm of Gilead. Rare or occasional. Roadside thickets and fence-rows as an escape from cultivation. April — May. In Connecticut naturalized, probably from Asia. Occasionally planted as a shade tree. The leaf-buds and bark are medicinal, the first named having been much used in former times as a household remedy. Populus deltoides Marsh, (triangular; referring to the shape of the leaves). Populus monilifera Ait. Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Borders of streams and in wet ground. Frequent in the valleys of the Connecticut, Farmington and Housatonic Rivers ; rare or occasional elsewhere. April — May. A strong, rapidly growing tree, often planted as a shade tree, and on the western prairies for wind-breaks. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I43 Populus nigra L. (black). Black Poplar. Rare. Roadsides and river banks as an escape from culti- vation: Preston and East Lyme (Graves). April — May, Adventive from Europe. Has been more or less planted in this country as an orna- mental tree for more than a hundred years. It grows more slowly than the Cottonwood. The var. italica Du Roi, Populus dilatata L., Lombardy Poplar, was formerly much planted for ornament and has rarely escaped to roadsides and river banks: Lyme (Graves & Bissell), East Windsor (Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Berlin and Cheshire (Andrews), Newtown (Har- ger), Sherman (Eames). The variety is a quick-growing tree of striking habit, but in this climate it is short-lived. MYRICACEAE. SWEET GALE FAMILY. MYRICA L. Myrica Gale L. (classical name). Sweet Gale. Dutch or Bog Myrtle. Golden Osier. Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. Occasional or local in the northern part of the state, becoming rare south- ward ; not reported from the vicinity of the coast. April. The leaves and buds are aromatic and medicinal. Myrica carolinensis Mill. Myrica cerifera of Gray's Manual ed. 6, in great part. Bayberry. Candlewood. Waxberry. Wax Myrtle. Frequent or common. Dry fields and pastures, sand plains and sea shores. Late May — June ; fruit Sept., per- sisting through the winter. The berries yield a wax or tallow, somewhat used for making candles which burn with a faintly aromatic odor. One bushel of berries is said to yield four lbs. of wax. The leaves and the bark of the roots are somewhat medicinal. Myrica asplenifolia L. (having leaves like Asplenium, the Spleenwort). Comptonia peregrina Coulter. 144 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Sweet Fern. Common. Dry or sterile ground. May ; fruit July — Aug. The leaves and the tops have some reputation for medicinal properties. JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY. JUGLANS L. Walnut. Juglans cinerea L. (ashy). Butternut. White Walnut. Oil Nut. Frequent. Roadsides and rocky woods, generally in dry ground. May ; fruit Oct. The nuts are edible and are much gathered. The husks were formerly used in dyeing cloth yellow. The bark is some-! times used in tanning, and sugar can be obtained from the sap.i The wood is employed in the interior finish of houses and for-, furniture. The bark of the root is medicinal and is officinal., Juglans nigra L. (black). Black Walnut. Rare. Roadsides and rocky hillsides, in most localities derived from planted trees: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Hartford (H. S. Clark), Newington (Bissell), Southing- ton (Andrews & Bissell), Seymour and Southbury (Harger), Trumbull and Easton (Fames). Probably native at North Canaan (Bissell). May ; fruit Oct. For the most part adven- tive from the West. The nuts are edible. The wood is valued for cabinet work, for the interior finish of houses, for gunstocks and in ship- building. CARYA Nutt. Hickory. A very important group of trees on account of the value of their timber and nuts. Hickory wood has great strength com- 'bined with elasticity and is extensively used in the manufac- ture of carriages, wagons and farming implements ; also for axe, pick and other tool handles. When exposed to the weather, how- ever, it should be painted, as otherwise it is liable to quick decay. Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch (egg-shaped). Carya alba Nutt. Hicoria ovata Britton. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I45 Shag-bark or Shell-bark Hickory, Walnut. Frequent or common. Woods and fields, in either moist or dry ground. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct. The most valuable of our native nut trees both for its timber and its fruit. The nut is the common Hickory Nut of the markets. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch (white). Carya tomentosa Nutt. Hicoria alba Britton. Mocker Nut. White-heart Hickory. Occasional or frequent. Rocky woods and pastures, mostly in dry ground. Early June ; fruit Oct. The timber is nearly equal to that of the Shag-bark Hick- ory, the nuts not as good. Carya microcarpa Nutt. (small-fruited). Hicoria microcarpa Britton. Small-fruited Hickory. Little Pignut Hickory. Rocky woods and hillsides in either dry or moist ground. Occasional or frequent along or near the coast, apparently not extending far inland. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct. The nuts are usually bitter. The open or half-open husks often hang on the tree through the following summer. Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach (smooth). Carya porcina Nutt. Hicoria glabra Britton. Pignut or Broom Hickory. Pignut. Occasional or frequent. Rocky woods and hillside pas- tures. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct. The nuts, usually bitter though sometimes sweet, are of little value. The timber is equal in value to that of the Shag- bark Hickory. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch (heart-shaped). Carya amara Nutt. Hicoria minima Britton. Bitter Nut or Swamp Hickory. Occasional. Wet woods and banks of streams. Late May — June; fruit Oct. Nuts very bitter, inedible. 146 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY. CORYLUS L. Hazelnut. Filbert. Corylus americana Walt. Hazelnut or Wild Hazelnut. Hazel. Frequent or common. Woods, thickets, pastures and road- sides, mostly in dry ground. March — April ; fruit Sept. The nuts of this and the following species are well flavored and edible and are gathered to some extent. Corylus rostrata Ait. (beaked). Beaked Hazelnut. Filbert. Woods, thickets and hillside pastures in dry ground. Rare on or near the coast, occasional elsewhere. April ; fruit Sept. OSTRYA Scop. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Ostrya virginica Willd. American Hop Hornbeam. Leverwood. Ironwood. Deer- wood. Frequent. Rocky woods and thickets. May ; fruit July — Aug. The wood is hard and exceedingly tough, used for handles of tools, mallets and other small articles. The bark is medici- nal. CARPINUS L. Hornbeam. Ironwood. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech. Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and banks of streams. May ; fruit July — Aug. Tlie wood is close-grained and hard, of value for tool handles, etc. BETULA L. Birch. The birches, while not as a rule good timber trees, are yet of great use to man. The wood is generally light in color and weight, but tough and well suited for the making of many small articles. It is also good fuel and makes excellent charcoal. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I47 Betula lenta L. (tough). Cherry, Sweet or Black Birch. Frequent or common. Woods, in either dry rocky or rich moist ground. May ; fruit Oct. The wood is extensively used in cabinet work. It also yields an oil which is practically identical with the oil of wintergreen, is of much medicinal value and is officinal. A beer is made from the fermented sap. Betula lutea Michx. f. (yellow). Yellow or Gray Birch. Occasional or frequent. Rich or rocky woods and in swamps. May ; fruit Oct. A handsome tree furnishing timber of considerable value, used in cabinet work, for boxes, etc. Betula populifolia Marsh, (poplar-leaved). White, Gray or Old Field Birch. Common. Woods, clearings, pastures and roadsides, mostly in dry sterile ground. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Usually the first tree to take possession of abandoned fields. The wood is largely used in making spools. Betula alba L. (white), var. papyrif era (Marsh.) Spach (paper- bearing). Betula papyrif era Marsh. Paper, Canoe or White Birch. Rich woods and rocky hillsides. Rare near the coast: Lyme (Graves), Huntington (Fames). Becoming occasional northward and frequent in Litchfield County. May; fruit Sept. In northern countries the wood and bark of this species are put to the greatest variety of uses. The wood is made into furniture, dishes, spoons, bowls and other wooden ware, ox yokes, shoes, casks and hoops ; the brushwood makes wicker fences, thatch and brooms ; the bark is used for tan- ning ; the North American Indians manufactured their canoes of it and employed it in many other ways ; the sap of this and other species is sometimes made into a kind of wine ; the leaves afford a yellow dye. 148 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Betula alba L., var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald (having heart- shaped leaves). Paper, Canoe or White Birch. Rare. Rocky hillsides: Union, at Bald Hill (Bissell, Graves), Goshen (Bissell). May; fruit Sept, Betula pumila L. (dv^arf). Low or Swamp Birch. Swamps and wet ground. Local and apparently confined to the northwestern part of the state: Cornwall (E. E. Brew- ster), Salisbury (Bissell). May; fruit Sept. ALNUS Hill. Alder. Alnus incana (L.) Moench (hoary). Alder. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Swamps and borders of streams. Local or occasional ex- cept in the southeastern part of the state where it is rare. April ; fruit Sept. The wood of this and the following species is a source of gunpowder charcoal, and is said to be valuable also because of its durability in water. The bark has medicinal properties. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. (wrinkled). Alnus serrulata Willd. Alder. Smooth or Tag Alder. Frequent or common. Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. March — April ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Intermediate forms occur that are apparently hybrids be- tween this and the preceding species. FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY. FAGUS L. Beech. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (large-leaved). Fagus ferruginea Ait. Fagus americana Sweet. Beech. American Beech. Occasional or frequent. Woods and banks in either dry or moist ground. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Rarely matures perfect fruit here. The timber, hard and close-grained but rather brittle, is used sparingly for tool No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 149 handles. The wood is not durable in contact with the soil, but is remarkably lasting when immersed in water, hence is largely used in making dams, sluices, etc. The purest creo- sote for medicinal use is obtained from beech wood. A beauti- ful tree at all seasons of the year. CASTANEA Hill. Chestnut. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (toothed). Castanea sativa Mill., var. americana Sarg. Chestnut. Common. Rich woods or often in drier ground. Late June — mid-July ; fruit late Sept. — Oct. The nuts are sweet and edible and are extensively gathered for market. The timber is of much value, very durable in contact with the soil, and used especially for poles, piling and railroad ties. One of our most abundant and valuable forest trees. The burs furnish a lampblack used in painting, and contain a dark brown dye. The bark and leaves are somewhat medicinal. QUERCUS L. Oak. A large genus of very valuable trees, whose timber and bark are among the most important products of the forest. Oak wood possesses in a high degree strength, solidity, dura- bility and resistance to water, and is largely used in ship building and mill and bridge construction. In the making of furniture also and the interior finish of houses it is very ex- tensively employed. The bark of many species is much used in tanning. Oak trees are famous for their picturesque beauty and dignity, and it is a pity that so few large old specimens are preserved. They are among the most valued trees on estates and country places; in fact any farm is enhanced in value by the possession of a few old oaks. Quercus alba L. (white). White Oak. Common. Moist or dry ground and in various soils. Mid- May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The most valuable of the oaks both for timber and for 150 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuIl. tanning. The bark is rich in tannin, is of medicinal vakie and is officinal. The acorns are sometimes roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. Quercus stellata Wang, (star-shaped). Quercus minor Sarg. Post Oak. Iron Oak. Local. Usually in rocky ground on and near the coast : East Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves), Branford (Andrews), New Haven (C. K. Averill, Eames, Harger), Orange and Milford (C. K. Averill, Andrews, Bissell), and westward (Eames). Extending inland as far as Hamden, on Mt. Carmel (A. E. Blewitt), and Huntington, at 350 ft. elevation (Eames). May; fruit Oct. The wood is very hard, heavy and strong. In Connecticut only a small tree. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (large-fruited). Bur Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup Oak. Rich soil in bottom lands or swampy places. Rare or local and confined to the northwestern part of the state : Canaan (J, H. Putnam & Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May; fruit Sept. — Oct. The wood is heavy and hard, similar to and often sold as that of the White Oak. Quercus bicolor Willd. (tw^o-colored). Quercus platanoides Sudworth. Swamp White Oak. Frequent. Swamps and wet woods. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The wood is heavy and strong, furnishing a good quality of timber. Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. Quercus acuminata Houba. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Rare, Calcareous ridges in the northwestern part of the state: Canaan (C. K. Averill), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Also along the Housatonic River in Kent (E. H. Austin & Eames), New Milford (C. K, Averill & E. H. Austin), and No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I5I bordering tide water in Milford (Eames). May; fruit Sept. — Oct. The wood is very heavy, hard and durable. Quercus prinoides Willd.( like Ouercus Prinus, the Chestnut Oak). Scrub Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods, thickets and hillside pastures, and sometimes in open sandy ground. May ; fruit Sept.— Oct. Quercus Prinus L. (classical name for an evergreen oak). Chestnut or Rock Chestnut Oak. Rocky ridges and hillsides. Occasional near the coast; frequent or common elsewhere. May ; fruit Sept, — Oct. The wood is durable in contact with the soil, ranking among the oaks next to that of the White Oak for railroad ties. The bark is rich in tannin and is much used in tanning leather, Quercus rubra L. (red). Red or Champion Oak. Frequent. Woods in all soils and various situations. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The timber of this species as well as that of Quercus coc- cinea and Quercus velutina is relatively poor, but is more used than formerly on account of the scarcity of better. The bark of all three species is used in tanning and also contains a dye. Quercus palustris Muench, (of swamps). Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. Common in the Connecticut River valley and near the coast in south- western Connecticut ; occasional or local elsewhere. May ; fruit Sept.— Oct. The timber is relatively of a poor quality. Grows more rapidly than most other species of oak and is often planted as a shade or ornamental tree, Quercus coccinea Muench. ( scarlet). Scarlet Oak. Frequent. Moist or dry woodlands. May; fruit Sept, — Oct. The foliage takes a very brilliant color in autumn. 152 CONNECTICUT GEOL: AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Quercus velutina Lam. (velvety). Quercus coccinea Muench., var. tinctoria A. DC. Quercitron, Yellow-barked or Black Oak. Occasional or frequent. Dry or gravelly uplands. May; fruit Sept.— Oct. Quercus ilicifolia Wang, (holly-leaved). Quercus nana Sarg. Bear or Black Scrub Oak. Dry sandy or rocky sterile ground. Rare in the north- western part of the state ; local, frequent or common else- where. May ; fruit Sept. — Oct. URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY. ULMUS L. Elm. Ulmus fulva ]\Iichx. (tawny). Slippery, Red, Rock, Sweet, Moose, Indian or Tawny Elm. Rare to frequent. Dry or moist rocky woods and near streams. April, rarely earlier. The wood is hard, strong, durable in contact with the soil ; of value for wheel-stock, fence posts, etc., and sometimes pre- ferred for ox-yokes. The inner bark is extensively used in medicine. Ulmus campestris L. (of fields). English or European Elm. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides in Hamden, at Mt. Carmel (A. H. Graves), Oxford (Harger), and Sahs- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), in horticultural forms. April — May. Adventive from Europe. Sometimes planted as an ornamental tree. Ulmus americana L. American, White, Common, Water, Swamp, Shade, Weeping or Feathered Elm. Common. Woods, fields, roadsides and along streams. April, rarely earlier. The wood is hard, strong and tough; valued for wheel- stock, boats and ship building. One of our most beautiful trees and extensively planted for shade or ornament. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I53 Ulmus alata Michx. (winged). Wahoo, Winged or Witch Elm. Rare. Spread from cultivation to roadsides and fence- rows : Old Lyme (H. S. Clark), Plainville (J. N. Bishop). May. Adventive from the South. Often planted as a shade tree in the South. CELTIS L. Hackberry. Nettle Tree. Celtis occidentalis L. (western). Hackberry. Sugarberry. American Nettle Tree. False Elm. Hoop Ash. Occasional to frequent. Dry or poor soils, especially in river valleys and along the coast. May ; fruit Sept., and often persisting through the winter. The var. pumila Muhl. (dwarf) is rare or occasional in the Housatonic River Valley in Kent, New Milford and New- town (Eames), and Oxford (Harger, Eames). A small tree of natural beauty, but the leaves and small branches are usually much galled by insects. The wood is soft, weak, elastic, and easily splits, and is of little value. The bark is medicinal. The fruit is edible. CANNABIS L. Hemp. Cannabis sativa L. (sown). Common Hemp. Rare or occasional. Waste places throughout. July — Sept. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. Grown in India, it is officinal as Cannabis indica, has very marked medicinal properties, and is the source of the intoxi- cant " hashish." Its fibre is one of the important textile pro- ducts, valuable for coarse cloth, cordage, etc., and its seeds yield an oil used in paints, soap and culinary preparations. HUMULUS L. Hop. Humulus Lupulus L. (from Lupus, its classical name). Common Hop. Occasional. River banks, woods and waste places, often as an escape from cultivation. July — Aug. ; fruit Sept. The strobiles are used in the manufacture of beer, ale and yeast ; also in medicine and are officinal. A good arbor-plant. 154 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hop. Rare. Escaped from cultivation into waste ground: New- London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Bridge- port and Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Japan. Recently introduced into cultivation and becoming popular as an arbor-plant. MACLURA Nutt. Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc. Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider (pome-bearing). Madura aurantiaca Nutt. Toxylon pomiferuni Sarg. Osage or Mock Orange or Apple. Bow-wood. Rare. Escaped from cultivation into roadsides and neglected places: Water ford (Graves), East Haven (D. C. Eaton), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Kent (C. K. Averill). June. Native of the Southwest. The wood is durable in contact with the soil and is valued for fence posts. Formerly planted for hedges. BROUSSONETIA L'Her. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, (paper-bearing). Paper Mulberry. Rare. Norwalk, spontaneous in waste land (Miss A. E. Carpenter). ]\Iay — June. Native of Asia. MORUS L. Mulberry. Morus rubra L. (red). Red Mulberry. Rare or occasional. Dry rocky woods, fields and fence- rows. May — June; fruit July. The wood is rather soft, coarse-grained and tough, and is very durable in contact with the soil. The fresh fruit is' mawkish to some palates, agreeable to others. Medicinal. Morus alba L. (white). White or Silkworm Mulberry. Occasional. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fence- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I55 rows and waste places. May — June; fruit late June — July. Naturalized from the Old World. Early in the last century extensively planted to furnish food for silkworms, and many large old trees remain about farmhouses. Birds and poultry are so fond of the fruit that one or more of these trees, when properly situated, would tend to prevent the destruction of cultivated berries maturing during the same period. URTICA L. Nettle. Urtica gracilis Ait. (slender). Slend-er or Tall Wild Nettle. Frequent or common. Roadsides, fence-rows and waste places. June — Aug. A troublesome weed, best exterminated by digging. Urtica Lyallii Wats. Waste places, roadsides and low ground along streams. Stafford (Graves & Bissell), Southington (Andrews), New- town (Eames) ; and probably occurring throughout the state, as the species has been confused with Urtica gracilis. July — Aug. Urtica dioica L. (dioecious). Stinging or Great Nettle. Rare. Waste places in rich soil: Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), Seymour (Harger), North Canaan (M. B. Tobey). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. The plant is medicinal. Urtica urens L. (burning). Small or Dwarf Nettle. Rare. Waste places, cultivated ground and about farm- yards: Groton and Lebanon (Graves), New London (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Woodbridge (A. W. Evans). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. The plant is medicinal. LAPORTEA Gaud. Wood Nettle. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Urticastritm divaricatum Kuntze. Wood or Canada Nettle. Albany Hemp. 156 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Occasional or frequent. Moist rich woods and partial shade. July — Aug. PILEA Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray (dwarf). Adicea pumila Raf. Clearweed. Coolweed. Stingless Nettle. Frequent. Moist rich woods and shaded places. Aug. — Sept. An objectionable weed in lawns and about dwellings. The bruised plant is sometimes applied for the relief of inflamma- tion and poisoning by species of Rims. BOEHMERIA Jacq. False Nettle. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. (cylindrical). False Nettle. Frequent. Moist rich woods and along streams. July — Aug. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., var. scabra Porter (rough). Rare. Rich woods: Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (I. Holden & Baker), Fairfield (Fames). July — Aug. PARIETARIA L. Pellitory. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pellitory. Rare or local. Rich damp shaded soil about rocks and ledges. Seldom seen, though knowai to occur at wide intervals throughout the state. May — Sept. SANTALACEAE. SANDALWOOD FAMILY. COMANDRA Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. (umbellate). * Bastard Toad-flax. Frequent. Dry woods, thickets and more open places. May — June. LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY. ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb. Arceuthobium pusillum Peck (very small). Razoiimofskya piisilla Kuntze. Dwarf Mistletoe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 1 57 Rare or local. Parasitic on Black Spruce : Norfolk, at 1400 ft. elevation, and Salisbury, about Bingham Pond at an altitude of 1800 ft. (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Kent, about Spec- tacle Ponds, where at an altitude of 1,200 ft. it also occurs on Tamaracks (Eames & E. H. Austin). April — May; fruit Sept. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. ASARUM L. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. Asarum canadense L. Wild Ginger or Ginger-root. Sweet, False or Canada Colts- foot. Heart Snakeroot. Rich rocky woods. Rare in the southeastern part of the state and near the coast, occasional to locally common else- where. Mid-April — May. The van REFLEXUM (Bicknell) Robinson (bent backward), Asarum reflexum Bicknell, and the var. acuminatum Ashe (taper-pointed), Asarum acuminatum Bicknell, occur with the species or alone, the former in its most distinct condition in the southwestern part of the state. Readily cultivated, and makes a pleasing ground covering in rich shaded places. The rhizome is used medicinally and an oil from it is used in perfumery. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Birthwort. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. (pertaining to a serpent). Snakeroot. Virginia or Fine Snakeroot. Dry rocky woods. Rare or local over most of its range: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson, Graves), Haddam (D. C. Eaton), Meriden (W. A. Russell), Southington (C. D. Bishop), Naugatuck (J. Nichols), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Newtown (Eames). Occasional toward the coast westward. Mid- June — ^July. The aromatic roots are medicinal and are officinal. POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. RUMEX L. Dock. Sorrel. Rumex Patientia L. (patience). Patience or Spring Dock. Garden or Herb Patience. 158 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Rare. Alluvial or waste ground: Lyme (Graves), Sey- mour (Harger). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for spring greens. Rumex Britannica L. Great Water Dock. Horse Dock. Occasional. Swamps, fresh and brackish marshes and shallow water along streams. July — Aug. Rumex crispus L. (curled). Curled, Curly, Yellow or Narrow Dock. Common. Waste places, fields and meadows, especially in moist situations. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. A troublesome weed in grasslands and grain fields. The leaves are often used as a pot-herb. The root is of value in medicine, and is in popular use as a blood purifier. Rumex elongatus Guss. (lengthened). Fields and waste ground. Southington (Andrews), and probably elsewhere, as the species has been confused with Rumex crisptis and is presumed to occur occasionally with it. June — July. Adventive from Europe. Rumex mexicanus Meisn. Rumex salicifolius of Gray's Manual ed. 6, in part, not Weinm. Rare. Waterbury, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol, A. E. Blewitt). July. Adventive or fugitive from the North or ! West. Rumex altissimus Wood (tallest). Tall, Pale or Peach-leaved Dock. Rare. Waste ground: Plainfield (J. L. Sheldon), New London (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Farmington (A. W. Driggs), Waterbury (J. M. Richardson), Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell). July. In Con- necticut probably adventive from the West. Rumex verticillatus L. (whorled). Swamp Dock. Rare. Open low or swampy ground along the Connecticut River: Lyme (Graves), Haddam and East Hartford (Weath- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I59 erby), Glastonbury (Bissell), Hartford (Harger, Bissell). June — July. Rumex obtusifolius L. (blunt-leaved). Bitter, Broad or Blunt-leaved Dock. Common. Fields, waste places and about habitations. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. The root is medicinal. Rumex Acetosa L. (sour). Sorrel or Belleville Dock. Cock, Garden or Meadow Sorrel. Rare. In grassland: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Litchfield (W. Buell). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for spring greens. Rumex Acetosella L. (diminutive of Acetosa). Sheep, Red, Field, Common, House or Cow Sorrel. Sour Grass. Common. Fields, waste places and cultivated ground, usually in poor neglected soil. April — June. Naturalized from Europe. Often a troublesome weed, especially in lawns where it persists even when frequently cut. The leaves are eaten by children, but are poisonous when eaten freely. Sometimes used for spring greens. Medicinal. POLYGONUM L. Knotweed. Polygonum exsertum Small (protruding). Rare. Salt and brackish marshes: East Haven (Harger, A. L. Winton), Orange (Bissell), Westport and Stamford (Fames & C. C. Godfrey). Fruit Sept. — Oct. Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robinson (producing off- spring; fruitful). Polygonum ramosissimnm Michx., var. prolificum Small. Occasional eastward and frequent or locally common west- ward in marshes and on shores along the coast; also occurs along a moist roadside in Litchfield (Bissell). Fruit Aug. — Oct. l6o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Polygonum aviculare L. (pertaining to birds). Doorweed. Knotweed. Wire, Goose, Way, Knot or Crab Grass. Bird's-tongue. Common. Yards, waste places, roadsides and cultivated grounds. June — Oct. A pernicious weed in lawns, often taking complete posses- sion. The seeds are eaten by certain birds ; the Chinese also extract a blue dye from the plant. Polygonum aviculare L., var. littorale (Link) Koch (of the sea-shore). Polygonum littorale Link. Shore Knotweed. Occasional on edges of salt marshes and on gravelly shores near the coast. July — Sept. Polygonum aviculare L., var. vegetum Ledeb. (vigorous). This variety has been collected at a few localities and doubtless occurs occasionally with the typical form. Its dis- tribution is not known. July — Sept. Polygonum erectum L. (erect). Erect Knotweed or Goose Grass. Frequent. Roadsides and waste places. July — Sept. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. (much-branched). Bushy Knotweed. Rare. Roadside in Ansonia, probably introduced from the West (Harger). Aug. — Oct. Native in the West. The forma atlanticum Robinson, our native representa- tive of this species, is frequent about the borders of salt meadows and on tidal shores along the coast. Polygonum tenue Michx. (slender). Slender Knotweed. Frequent. Dry sterile fields and open sandy or rocky places. July — Sept. Polygonum lapathifolium L. (dock-leaved). Polygonum lapathifolium L., var. incarnatum Wats. Polygonum incarnatum of authors and ( ?) Ell. Dock-leaved, Pale or Willow Persicaria. Rare, local or occasional. Waste places and banks of No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 161 rivers and ponds throughout. July — Aug. Perhaps in part naturalized from Europe. Polygonum amphibium L. (growing on land or in water equally well). Water Persicaria. Rare or local. Ponds and lakes: Preston (Graves), East Haven (D. C. Eaton, Eames), Milford (Harger), Southing- ton (Andrews, Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Ridgefield and Kent (Eames), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). Aug. — Sept. The var. terrestre Leers (terrestial) occurs rarely on borders of ponds. The var. Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell, Polygonum Hart- zvrightii Gray, is rare or local on borders of ponds : Preston and Griswold (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Bissell). This species is remarkably variable according to the con- ditions under which it grows. Intergrading forms connect the typical form with the varieties and apparently with the following species also. Polygonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Polygonum emersum Britton. Banks and shallow water about marshes, ponds and streams. Frequent along the Connecticut River ; rare or local elsewhere. Aug. — Sept. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Common or Pink Persicaria. Pink Knotweed. Frequent. Aloist rich soil in open situations. July — Oct. Often a troublesome weed. Polygonum Careyi Olney. Rare, Moist or wet sandy soil about ponds and in open swamps: Ellington (F, M, Pease), East Hartford (Weath- erby), East Windsor, Windsor and Simsbury (Bissell), South- ington (Andrews, Bissell), Waterbury (Andrews), Oxford and Beacon Falls (Harger), Milford and Stratford (Eames). July — Sept. l62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY [Bull. Polygonum Hydropiper L. (its classical name). Common Smartweed or Water Pepper. Bite-tongue. Frequent. Open wet rich soil. July — Oct. In popular use medicinally, and in veterinary practice as a counter-irritant. Polygonum acre HBK. (acrid; biting). Polygonum punctatum Ell. Smartweed. Water Smartweed. About ponds, pools, swamps and wet places, especially in woods and shaded situations. Southington, rare (Bissell, Andrews) ; frequent in the southern part of the state. July — Sept. Medicinal like Polygonum Hydropiper. Polygonum acre HBK., var. leptostachyum Meisn. (slender- spiked). Polygonum punctatum Ell., var. leptostachyum Small. Rare or local. Shallow water about ponds, swamps and banks of streams: Waterford (Graves), Lyme (Bissell), East Hartford and Simsbury (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Stratford (Eames), Waterbury (Andrews). July — Sept. Polygonum orientale L. (eastern). Ragged Sailor. Kiss-me-over-the-Fence. Prince's Feather. Rare or occasional. Waste places as an escape from old gardens. July — Sept. Adventive from India. An old-fashioned plant still frequent in cultivation. Polygonum Persicaria L. (like a Peach-tree ; referring to the shape of the leaves). Lady's Thumb. Heartweed. Heart's-ease. Pinkweed. Red- shank. Common. Cultivated grounds, fields, roadsides and waste places. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Medicinal. Polygonum hydropiperoides ]\Iichx. (like Polygonum Hjdro- piper, the Water Pepper). Smartweed. Water Smartweed. Mild Water Pepper. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I63 Frequent. Shallow water of swamps, margins of ponds and streams. July — Sept. Polygonum virginianum L. Frequent. Woods and thickets in rich soil. July — Sept. Polygonum arifolium L. (arum-leaved). Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Scratch or Sickle Grass. Occasional. Swamps, wet woods and thickets. July — Oct. Sometimes used medicinally. Polygonum sagittatum L. (arrow-head shaped). Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Scratch Grass. Frequent. Swamps and wet places. June — Oct. Polygonum Convolvulus L. (like Convolvulus, the Bindweed). Wild Buckwheat. Black, Corn, Sow or Blackbird Bindweed. Frequent or common. Cultivated or waste grounds. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Polygonum cilinode Michx. (having fringed nodes). Fringed Black Bindweed. Rocky woods and more open places. Rare over most of its range: North Stonington (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Farmington (Weatherby), New Haven, Seymour and Naugatuck (Harger), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Ham- den and Monroe (Eames). Occasional throughout northern Litchfield County. June. — Sept. The var. erectum Peck (upright), var. breve Peck, occurs with the species in Litchfield County. Sometimes used as a cover-plant for rocks. Polygonum scandens L. (climbing). Polygonum dumetorum L., var. scandens Gray. Climbing False or Wild Buckwheat. Hedge, Bush or Thicket Bindweed. Common. Thickets and waste places. Aug. — Oct. I IPolygonum dumetorum L. (of thickets). Bush or Thicket Buckwheat or Bindweed. Rare. On ledges or rocky banks, in open woods or partial ] shade: Stratford, Trumbull and Huntington (Eames), Wood- 164 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. bury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Also in waste ground at Hartford (H. S. Clark). Aug. — Oct. Except in the last locality it appears to be native. Specimens from Mil- ford (Eames) show a transitional form approaching the forma cristatnm (Engelm. & Gray) Robinson, Polygoumn crista- tum Engelm. & Gray. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (sharp-pointed). Polygonum Zticcarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to Avaste places : Stoning- ton and New London (Graves), New Haven (J. N. Bishop), Simsbury (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames). Sept. Adventive from Japan. An effective plant in masses, producing abundant bloom. Polygonum sachalinense Schmidt. Sacaline. Rare. Tolland, well established in a field and along ay roadside (Weatherby & Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Native of eastern Asia. A coarse forage and ornamental plant recently introduced into this country ; perfectly hardy, but of little value where other crops can be grown. FAGOPYRUM Hill. Buckwheat. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (eatable). Fagopyniin Fagopyrum Karst. Buckwheat. Beech-wheat. I Occasional. Fields and roadsides, escaping from cultiva- tion but not persisting. June — Oct. ; fruit Aug. — Oct. Fugi- tive from Europe. Cultivated for its seeds which are ground for food or fed to poultry. The flowers are much frequented by honey-bees. POLYGONELLA Michx. Jointwecd. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. (jointed). Sand, Coast or Seaside Jointweed or Knot Grass. Frequent on barren sands in the Connecticut Valley and No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. l6S the southeastern part of the state, as well as the coastal dunes and beaches throughout ; occasional or rare elsewhere in simi- lar situations. Mid-July — Oct. CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Winged Pigweed. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coulter (having leaves like Atriplex). Cycloloma platyphyllum Moq. Cycloloma. Winged Pigweed. Rare. Hamden, in dry ground (Miss Edwards, J. N. Bishop). July — Aug. Fugitive from the West. KOCHIA Roth. Kochia Scoparia (L.) Schrad. (broom-like). Mexican Fire Plant. Mock Cypress. Rare. Hartford, escaped from cultivation to waste ground (H. S. Clark & Weatherby). Sept. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Cultivated for its brilliant autumnal foliage. CHENOPODIUM L. Goosefoot. Pigweed. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (like Ambrosia, the Ragweed). Wormseed. Mexican Tea. Sweet Pigweed. Waste places and roadsides. Rare or local, or in populous districts even frequent or common. Aug. — Oct. Naturalized from tropical America. The seeds are sometimes used medicinally and were formerly officinal. Chenopodium ambrosioides L., var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray (opposed to worms). Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Wormseed. Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Fames). Aug. — Oct. Adventive from tropical America. Chenopodium Botrys L. (a cluster of grapes ; referring to the shape of the inflorescence). Feather Geranium. Wormseed. Jerusalem Oak. Ambrosia. Ambrose. l66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Waste places and roadsides. Rare in most districts : Nor- wich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Hart- ford (H. S. Clark), Plainville (Bissell), Southington (An- drews), Oxford (Harger), New Milford (C. K. Averill). Occasional at New London (Graves), and throughout the southwestern part of the state (Eames). July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The seeds are sometimes used medicinally. Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers. (having heads; refer- ring to the clusters of fruit). Blituni capitatum L. Strawberry Elite or Spinach. Rare. Waterbury, in waste ground (J. M. Richardson), Huntington, a few plants in dry 'soil near the Housatonic River (Miss A. Wakely). June — July. Fugitive from the West or from Europe. Sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. Chenopodium rubrum L. (red). Red or Coast Goosefoot or Elite. Rare on salt marshes: Guilford (G. H. Eartlett), Fairfield (Eames ) . Aug. — Oct. Chenopodium glaucum L. (glaucous). Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Local. Bridgeport, plentiful along a sandy roadside (Eames). Aug. — Oct. Adventive from Europe. Chenopodium hybridum L. (mongrel). Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane. Occasional. Roadsides, waste places and river banks. July — Oct. Native, or in part naturalized from Europe. Chenopodium album L. (white). Pigweed. White Goosefoot. Lamb's Quarters. Wild Spinach. Common. Waste places, on sandy shores and as a weed in cultivated ground. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The var. viride Moq. (green) is frequent with the typical form. Sometimes troublesome as a weed. Occasionally used as a pot-herb. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 167 Chenopodium murale L. (of walls). Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Sowbane. Rare. Waste places : New London, as a gutter-weed (Graves), New Haven (W. A. Setchell), Fairfield (Eames). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Chenopodium urbicum L. (of the city). City or Upright Goosefoot. Rare. Waste places in rich soil: Ledyard (Graves), Ox- ford (Harger), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt & Harger). Mid- May — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Rare. Rocky woods : Southington and Meriden (Andrews, Bissell). Aug.— Sept. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. (slender-leaved). Rare. Coastal beaches, sand dunes and sandy borders of salt marshes: Groton (Graves), New Haven (F. W. Hall), Milford (Harger, Eames), Stratford (Miss A. E. Carpenter, Eames), Bridgeport, Westport and Norwalk (Eames). Aug. — Sept. BETA L. Beet. Beta vulgaris L. (common). Common Beet. Rare and fugitive. Waste grounds: Bridgeport (Eames). July. Native of southern Europe. ATRIPLEX L. Orach. Atriplex tatarica L. Atriplex laciniata Koch and many authors, not L. Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Atriplex patula L, (spreading). Spreading Orach. Rare or occasional on the shores of the Sound. The var. hastata (L.) Gray (halberd-shaped), Atriplex hastata L., is the usual form of this variable species, and is common on the shores of the Sound and edges of salt marshes, l68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. extending inland along the Connecticut River as far as Hart- ford (H. S. Clark) ; also occurs in waste ground at Bristol (C. D. Bishop), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), and Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). Aug. — Sept. The leaves are sometimes eaten as a pot-herb. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. (of sand). Beach Orach. Rare or local. Sandy or gravelly shores of the Sound and adjacent waters: Groton and Stonington (Graves), East Haven (Harger), Milford (Eames, Harger), Stratford and westward (Eames). Aug. — Oct. SALICORNIA L. Samphire. Glasswort. Salicornia mucronata Bigel. (having a short, abrupt and small tip)._ Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Samphire. Glasswort. Pickle Plant. Frequent on salt marshes along the coast. Aug. — Sept. Sometimes gathered for pickling. Salicornia europaea L. Salicornia herbacea L. Samphire. Glasswort. Pickle Plant. Chicken-toes. Crab or Frog Grass, Frequent or common on salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Sept. Often gathered for pickling. Salicornia ambigua Michx. (doubtful). Woody Samphire or Glasswort. Frequent on stony shores and edges of salt marshes along^- the coast. Aug. — Sept. SUAEDA Forskal. Sea Elite. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. (of the sea-coast). Dondia maritima Druce. Low Sea Blite. Occasional on stony shores along the coast and about salt marshes and tidal rivers. July — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 169 Suaeda linearis (Ell.) Moq. (very narrow), Dondia americana Britton, not Salsola salsa, var. americana Pers. Tall Sea Elite. Seaside Goosefoot. Frequent on stony shores along the coast, about salt marshes and near tidal rivers. Aug. — Sept. SALSOLA L. Saltwort. Salsola Kali L. (Arabic name). Common or Prickly Saltwort. Frequent on sandy shores of the Sound. July — Sept. In Europe this species was formerly gathered and burned for soda to be used in the manufacture of glass. Salsola Kali L., var. tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. (fine-leaved). Salsola Tragus oi authors, but scarcely of L. Russian Thistle. Rare. Waste ground and along railroads : Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Naugatuck (B, B. Bristol), Ansonia (Harger), Bridgeport (Fames), July — Sept. Adventive from the West or from Asia. The plant is a native of Asia, but is now a very trouble- some weed in some parts of the West. It should always be eradicated on its first appearance. AMARANTHACEAE, AMARANTH FAMILY. AMARANTHUS L. Amaranth. Amaranthus retroflexus L. (bent backward). Pigweed. Amaranth. Beet-root. Green Amaranth. Rough or Common Pigweed. Common. Waste places and cultivated ground. July — Oct. Naturalized from tropical America. A bad weed in cultivated ground. Amaranthus hybridus L. (mongrel). Pigweed. Slender Pigweed. Green Amaranth. Careless. Frequent or common. Cultivated ground and waste places, July — Oct. Naturalized from tropical America. The forma hypochondriacus (L.) Robinson (curing melancholy), Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Prince's 170 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Feather, is cultivated in gardens, and escapes to waste places at Southington and Meriden (Andrews), and Bridgeport (Eames). The species is often a bad weed in cultivated ground. Amaranthus paniculatus L. (panicled). Aiiiaraiitlms hyhridus L., var. paidciilatiis U. & B. Amaranth. Purple Amaranth. Occasional. Roadsides, waste places and about old gardens, especially in the more populous districts. July — Oct. Adven- tive from tropical America. Amaranthus graecizans L. Amaranthus albus L. Tumble Weed. White Amaranth or Pigweed. Bushy Pig- weed. Frequent. Cultivated fields and waste ground. July — Oct. A weed, but not usually troublesome in this state. Amaranthus blitoides Wats, (like Blitum, the Elite). Prostrate Amaranth. Rare. Roadsides and waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark, Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt & Harger), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Southbury (Harger), Milford, Bridgeport and Norwalk (Eames). July — Sept. Adventive from the West. Amaranthus spinosus L. (spiny). Spiny or Thorny Amaranth. Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). July — Sept. Adventive from tropical America. Amaranthus caudatus L. (tailed). Prince's Feather. Love-lies-bleeding. Rare. Escaped from cultivation into waste ground in Bridgeport and Norwalk (Eames). Aug. Native of India. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 171 ACNIDA L. Water Hemp. Acnida cannabina L. (like Cannabis, the Hemp). Salt Marsh Water Hemp. Common about salt marshes and the borders of tidal creeks and rivers. Aug. — Sept. Acnida tuberculata Moq. (pimply). Acnida tamariscina Wood, var. tuberculata U. & B. Rare. Waste ground on bank of the Connecticut River at Hartford (Bissell), New Milford (E. H. Austin). Aug.— Sept. Fugitive from the West. Acnida tuberculata Moq,, var. prostrata (U. «& B.) Robinson (prostrate). Acnida tamariscina Wood, var. prostrata U. & B. Rare. Cultivated ground at Oxford (Harger). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the West. PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY. PHYTOLACCA L. Pokeweed. Phytolacca decandra L. (ten-stamened). Common Pokeweed, Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeon Berry. American Nightshade. Ink Berry. Red Ink Plant. Poke Root. Frequent. Woods, fields and waste places, especially on burnt lands. July — Oct. The young leaves and shoots make an excellent pot-herb, but care must be taken to exclude any part of the root. The berries and root have medicinal virtues and are officinal. The root is externally applied to caked udders of cows, and the berries are sometimes employed to color vinegar. The roots have been mistaken for Horseradish, with fatal results, and the plant has proved fatal to cattle eating it. NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. MIRABILIS L. Four-o'clock. Mirabilis Jalapa L. (producing jalap). Four-o'clock. Marvel of Peru. Rare. Escaped from cultivation at Bridgeport (Fames). Aug. — Oct. Fugitive from tropical America. A desirable garden plant often cultivated for ornament. 172 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. OXYBAPHUS L'Her. Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet (like Nyctaginia, a genus of this family). Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Umbrellawort. Rare. Granby, in fields (I. Holcomb). June — Aug. In- troduced from the West. Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet (hairy). Allionia hirsuta Pursh. Umbrellawort. Rare. Southington, field in dry gravelly soil (Andrews). July — Aug. Introduced from the West. Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) Robinson (very narrow). Oxybaphus angustifoliiis Sweet. Allionia linearis Pursh. Umbrellawort. Rare. North Haven, in sandy waste ground (A. W. Evans). June — Aug. Introduced from the West. ILLECEBRACEAE. KNOTWORT FAMILY. SCLERANTHUS L. Knawel. Scleranthus annuus L. (annual). Knotweed. German Knot Grass. Gravel Chickweed. Frequent. Dry, sandy or sterile fields and roadsides. May — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. ANYCHIA Michx. Forked Chickweed. Anychia polygonoides Raf. (like Polygonum, the Knotweed). Anychia dichotoma of American authors, not Michx. Rare. Norwalk, railroad track at Wilson's Point (C. K. Averill). June — Sept. Fugitive from the West. Anychia canadensis (L.) BSP. Anychia dichotoma Michx., but not of late American authors. Anychia capillacea DC. Forked Chickweed. Occasional or frequent. Dry, often rocky woods. June — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I73 AIZOACEAE. CARPET WEED FAMILY. MOLLUGO L. Indian Chickweed. Mollugo verticillata L. (whorled). Carpet Weed. Indian Chickweed. Common. Waste places, roadsides, cultivated ground and on coastal beaches. June — Oct. Naturalized from the warmer parts of America. Sometimes a troublesome weed. TETRAGONIA L. Tetragonia expansa Murr. (spread out). New Zealand Spinach. Local. Waste ground : Hartford, where hundreds of plants were growing in one locality (H. S. Clark), Fairfield (Fames). Sept. Fugitive from Eastern Asia or New Zealand. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY. SPERGULARIA J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey. Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl (red). Buda rubra Dumort, Tissa rubra Britton. Sand Spurrey. Sandwort. Frequent, especially near the coast. Dry, sandy or gravelly roadsides, paths and waste places. June — Sept. Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. (of the sea). Buda marina Gray's Manual ed. 6. Tissa marina Britton. Salt Marsh Sand Spurrey. Seaside Sandwort or Spurrey. Common on coastal shores and borders of salt marshes. June — Aug. Medicinal. SPERGULA L. Spurrey. Spergula arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Corn, Sand or Common Spurrey. Tares. Cow-quake. Sand- weed. Beggar-weed. Rare or local. Roadsides, waste places and cultivated ground throughout. June — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. 174 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. It is said to be a nutritious and quick crop for fodder or hay, adapted to and a renovator of dry sandy soils. Apt to become a nuisance in some situations. Spergula saliva Boenn. (sown). Field Spurrey. Rare. New London, in a cultivated field (Graves), Nor- walk, sandy waste (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. SAGINA L. Pearlwort. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torn & Gray (reclining). Sagina apetala of American authors, not Ard. Small-flowered, Annual or Spurrey Pearlwort. Rare or local. Dry soil of roadsides, walks and waste places: Ledyard (Graves), Woodbury (Harger). Through- out the coast region of the southwestern part of the state, where it also occurs in low or moist woods (Eames). Mid- May — Aug. Sagina procumbens L. (trailing). Pearlwort. Break-stone. Bird's-eye. Occasional or frequent. Dripping rocks and wet, springy places in woods or partial shade, also dry banks, crevices of walls and walks and in stony or sandy wastes or sometimes on sea-beaches. May — July. ARENARIA L. Sandwort. Arenaria lateriflora L. (flowering at the side). Moehringia lateriflora Fenzl. Blunt-leaved or Showy Sandwort. Occasional or frequent. Moist or dry, rocky, or low woods, meadows and even sometimes on sea-beaches. Mid- May — June. Arenaria macrophylla Hook, (large-leaved). Moehringia macrophylla Torr. Larged-leaved Sandwort. Rare. In rather dry leaf-mold covering trap talus, in shade: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), and in the adjoining town of Durham (Harger). May. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I75 Arenaria peploides L. (like Euphorbia Peplus). Ammodenia peploides Rupr. Sea Beach Sandwort. Sea Chickweed or Purslane. Sandy and stony shores of the Sound. Rare in Bridge- port (Eames), and Stratford (Miss A. E. Carpenter) ; fre- quent in New London County (Graves) ; not reported else- where. May — June. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (thyme-leaved). Common or Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Frequent or common. T>ry, sandy or rocky open ground. May — July. Naturalized from Europe. Arenaria stricta Michx. (upright). Arenaria Michauxii Hook. f. Rock Sandwort. Local. Limestone ledges and banks throughout western Litchfield County and south to Brookfield (Eames). June — July. Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng, Mountain Sandwort or Starwort. Rare. Rock ledges: White Rocks, Middletown, where it was first collected by H. L. Osborn in 1877, and Durham (G. H. Bartlett). Mid-April — May. STELLARIA L. Starwort. Chickweed. Stellaria borealis Bigel. (northern). Alsine borealis Britton. Northern Stitchwort or Starwort. Rare. Bogs, wet meadows and banks of woodland brooks : Groton and Ledyard (Graves), Durham, Oxford and Monroe (Harger), Southington (Andrews), New Britain and Norfolk (Bissell), Barkhamsted (Harger), Winchester (Andrews, Bissell & Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C S. Phelps). May — Aug. Stellaria longifolia Muhl. (long-leaved). Alsine longifolia Britton. Long-leaved Stitchwort or Starwort. Swamps, low meadows and wet places. Rare in the south- 176 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. eastern part of the state: Franklin and Colchester (Graves). Frequent elsewhere. Mid-May — June. Stellaria graminea L. (grass-like). Alsiiie graminea Britton. Stellaria graminea L., var. lanceolata Fenzl. Lesser Stitchwort or Stanvort. Wet or dry grassland, roadsides and waste places. Occa- sional northward ; frequent near the coast. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Stellaria Holostea L. (classical name). Alsine Holostea Britton, All-bone. Easter Bell. Greater Stitchwort or Starwort. Rare. Woodbury, rich open woods (Fames & C. C. God- frey) ; Norwalk, dry open wastes in Union Cemetery (Miss A, E. Carpenter). May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill (intermediate). Alsine media L. Common or Winter Chickweed, Tongue Grass. White Bird's-eye. Common, Waste places about dwellings, cultivated ground and lawns. Feb, — Dec, Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a troublesome weed, especially in damp soil. Medicinal. CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Cerastium arvense L. (of cultivated ground). Field or Meadow Chickweed. Rare. Lawns, fields, rocky banks and on ledges, usually in dry, sandy or sterile soil: New London (Graves), Nor- wich (Mrs. E, E. Rogers), East Lyme (Mrs. F. H, Dart), Middletown (M. Hitchcock), East Windsor (Bissell), South- ington (Andrews & Bissell), New Haven, on West Rock (Harger, Fames et al.), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Sey- mour and Oxford (Harger). May — mid-June. Cerastium vulgatum L. (common). Common or Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed. Common. Woods, fields, cultivated ground and waste places. Mid-April — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. A persistent and bad weed in lawns. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I77 Cerastium semidecandrum L. (five-stamened). Spring Mouse-ear. Small Mouse-ear Chickweed. Local. East Lyme, plentiful in dry fields and pastures near the Niantic River (Graves). May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Cerastium nutans Raf. (nodding). Cerastium longipedunciilatiim of Britton's Manual. Nodding Chickweed. Powder-horn. Rare or local. Moist hillside woods and drier more or less open places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), West Hartford (H. S. Clark), Farm- ington and Newington (Bissell), Hamden (O. D. Allen), Orange and Oxford (Harger), Huntington, Trumbull, Mil- ford and Stratford (Eames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). Also at East Hartford, as a weed in greenhouse soil (A. W. Driggs). May — June. The form with apetalous flowers often occurs. AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockle. Agrostemma Githago L. (like Gith, the Fennel-flower). Lychnis Githago Scop. Cockle. Corn Cockle. Rose Pink or Campion. Rare or local. Grain fields, cultivated ground and waste places. June — July. Adventive from Europe. In the West, where it is often abundant, its seeds injure the appearance and quality of grain. Its seeds are poisonous to poultry and stock, and flour containing a considerable pro- portion of them has been made into bread and eaten with fatal results. Thorough baking, however, destroys the poison. Chronic poisoning due to the regular consumption of small quantities, and finally resulting fatally, has been observed in animals. The presence of Corn Cockle seeds in flour is easily detected, unless it has been well bolted, by the black, roughened scales of the seed coat. LYCHNIS L. Campion. Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. (pertaining to a crown). Mullein Pink or Lychnis. Rose Campion. Dusty Miller. Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cul- 178 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. tivation: Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Cheshire (Har- ger), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). Mid- June — Aug. Native of Europe. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. (cuckoo-flower). Ragged Robin, Jack or Lychnis. Meadow Pink or Campion. Rare or local. Fields and meadows, probably introduced with grass seed: Waterford (Graves), Norwich, plentiful in a meadow (Mrs. E. E. Rogers, J. Trumbull), Middletown (J. H. Barbour), Hartford, plentiful in several fields (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Canton (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Mid-May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Lychnis chalcedonica L. Maltese or Jerusalem Cross. Nonesuch. Rare. Roadsides and about old houses : Oxford andj Southbury (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July. Adven- tive from Japan. Lychnis dioica L. (dioecious). Lychnis diurna Sibth. Red, Morning or Day-blooming Lychnis or Campion. Red or Poor Robin. Rare. Moist or dry roadsides and waste places: Nor- wich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton (Bissell), New London (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), East Haven (Eames), New Haven (D. C. Eaton, Harger), Meriden (Andrews), Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Darien (Mrs. W. D. Bar- clay). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Frequent in old-fashioned gardens. Lychnis alba Mill, (white). Lychnis vespertina Sibth. Evening or Ever-blooming Lychnis. White Campion or Robin. Bull-rattle. Roadsides, fields and waste places, in either dry or moist ground. Common in New London County (Graves) ; fre- quent or locally common in Kent and New Milford (C. K. Averill, E. H. Austin) ; occasional, local or rare elsewhere. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 179 SILENE L. Catchfly. Campion. Silene antirrhina L. (like Antirrhinum, the Snapdragon). Sleepy or Snapdragon Catchfly. Frequent or common. Dry fields, roadsides, sandy places and on rocks and ledges. Mid-May — July. Silene antirrhina L., var. divaricata Robinson (widely diver- gent). Rare. Dry, sandy banks or sterile soil of ledges : South- ington (Andrews), Milford and Stratford (Eames), Sey- mour and Oxford (Harger), Warren (in Herb. C. W. Swan). May — June. Silene Armeria L. (like Armeria, the Thrift). None-so-pretty. Sweet William, Garden or Lobel's Catchfly. Sweet Susan. Pretty Nancy. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places. June — Sept. Native of Europe. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. (forked). Forked Catchfly. Rare. Waste places, fields and grasslands: New London (Graves), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Bristol (J. N. Bishop), East Windsor and Norfolk (Bissell), Seymour (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Car- penter), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Silene noctiflora L. (night-flowering). Catchfly. Night-flowering Catchfly. Rare. Roadsides and waste places about dwellings : Nor- wich (W. A. Setchell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett and Bissell), North Branford and Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). Mid- June — Oct. Adventive from Europe. Silene pennsylvanica Michx. Silene caroliniana of recent authors, perhaps of Walt. Wild Pink. Fire Pink. Dry, sandy soil, especially on banks. Rare or local in most districts: along the Thames River from Norwich southwar4 (Graves), Colchester (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Scotland and l8o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Windham (G. Waldo), North Haven (Harger), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Newtown (J. P. Blackman), Brookfield (Eames). Becoming occasional in the south- western part of the state. May — mid- June. A handsome plant in cultivation. Silene stellata (L.) Ait.f. (starry). Starry Campion. Four-leaved Campion. Rocky woods and thickets. Rare in its most northerly and easterly reported localities: New Milford (Eames), Beacon Falls (Harger), Plainville (Bissell), Simsbury (A. W. Driggs), Newington (H. S. Clark), Middletown (Harger), Old Lyme (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). Fre- quent near the coast westward. Mid-July — Sept. A handsome plant and worthy of cultivation. Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle (broad-leaved). Silene Cucubalus Wibel. Silene vulgaris Garcke. Bladder Campion. Behen. Rattle Bags. Cow Bells. Occasional or frequent. Grassland, roadsides and waste | places. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. SAPONARIA L. Saponaria officinalis L. (of the shops). Bouncing Bet. Soapwort. Old-maid's or Hedge Pink. Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. July — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. The plant has active medicinal properties, but is now seldom used. Often occurs with double flowers. Saponaria Vaccaria L. (cow-herb). Vaccaria Vaccaria Britton. Cow-herb. Field Soapwort. Cow-rattle. Cockle. Rare. Cultivated ground and waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Mansfield and Salisbury (Mrs. C. S Phelps), Hartford (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bis- sell), Waterbury (Mrs. C. H. Lyman, Jr.), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames), New Milford (E. H. Austin). June July. Introduced from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 181 GYPSOPHILA L. Gypsophila muralis L. (of walls). Gypsophyll. Mist. Rare. Roadside in Granby, escaped from cultivation (I. Holcomb). June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. GjT)sophila elegans Bieb. (elegant). Rare. Southington, escaped from cultivation to field (Andrews). June — July. Fugitive from Asia. DIANTHUS L. Pink. Carnation. Dianthus deltoides L. (triangular). Maiden Pink. Meadow Pink. Rare. Roadsides and waste ground : South Windsor (C. C Hanmer), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Bristol (W. A. Terry), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson, Bissell). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Dianthus barbatus L. (bearded). Sweet William. Bunch or French Pink. Bloomy-down. Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from culti- vation: Lebanon (Mrs. C. B. Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Southbury (Har- ger), Fairfield (Fames), Redding (Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. Introduced from Europe. Dianthus Armeria L. (likeArmeria. the Thrift). Deptford Pink. Dry fields and roadsides and in woods. Occasional north- ward and frequent or locally common throughout the southern part of the state. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Dianthus plumarius L. (feathery). Grass, Garden, Scotch or Pheasant"s-eye Pink. Rare. Escaped from cultivation: Thompson, in an old cemetery near Wilsonville where it is spontaneous in the grass (Graves). May — June. Introduced from Europe. l82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY. CLAYTONIA L. Spring Beauty. Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. Mayflower. Rich moist woods and more open places. Occasional or frequent in the southwestern part of the state; rare or local elsewhere. April — May. Easily cultivated in suitable situations. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Spring Beauty. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty. Rare or local. Rich moist woods: Middletown (M. Hitchcock), Bristol (W. A. Terry), Barkhamsted (A. E. Blewitt), Torrington (Miss B. A. Parker), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Cornwall (Miss J. T. Gregory), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Late March — April. PORTULACA L. Purslane. Portulaca oleracea L. (suitable for a pot-herb). Purslane. Pusley. Common. Cultivated and waste ground. June — Sept Naturalized from the South or from Europe; now cosmo- politan. A bad weed in any cultivated ground, especially in onion fields. Difficult to eradicate because of its tenacity of life, rapid growth and prolific seeding. Excellent as a pot-herb, and some strains are cultivated for this use. Portulaca grandiflora Hook, (large-flowered). Portulaca. Garden or Showy Portulaca. Wax Pinks. Gar- den or French Purslane. Rose Moss. Sun-plant. Rarely escaped from gardens into waste places: Bridge- port and Norwalk (Fames), Ansonia (Harger). July — Oct Fugitive from South America. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Hornwort. Ceratophyllum demersum L. (submerged). Frequent. Ponds, pools and slow streams. June — July. The var. echinatum Gray (prickly) is frequent in the No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 183 southwestern part of the state (Eames), reaching eastward to New Haven (D. C. Eaton) and northward to Middlebury and Woodbury (Harger). The fruit, July — Aug., is often present in the variety, not seen otherwise. NYMPHAEACEAE. WATER LILY FAMILY. NYMPHAEA L. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter-dock. Nymphaea advena Ait. (a stranger). Nuphar advena Ait. f. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter-dock. Frog, Cow, Hog, Bull- head or Horse Lily. Brandy Bottle. Common. Ponds, pools and slow streams. Mid-May — Sept. The var. variegata (Engelm.) Fernald (variegated) has been found in Salisbury (C. C. Godfrey), Goshen (L. M. Underwood), Kent (Eames). The rhizome is medicinal. X(?) Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene (red-disked). Nuphar advena Ait. f., var. minus Morong. Rare. In ponds: Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Trumbull, Eames ) . June — Aug. Nymphaea microphylla Pers. (small-leaved). Nymphaea Kalmiana Sims. Nuphar Kalmianiim Ait. f. Small Yellow Pond Lily. Rare or local. Ponds and still water: Lyme (Graves, Bissell), Windham (J. W. Robbins), North Haven (Bissell), Milford (Eames), Derby (H. C. Beardslee), Watertown (Harger), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour). June — Aug. CASTALIA Salisb. Water Lily. Water Nymph. Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodv. & Wood (fragrant). Nymphaea odorata Ait. Nymphaea odorata Ait., var. minor Sims. White or Sweet-scented White Water Lily. Pond Lily. Frequent or common. Ponds and still waters. June — Sept. Introduced in many ponds for its showy and fragrant 184 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. flowers, which are often gathered and sold in market. The rhizome is medicinal. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene (bearing tubers). Nymphaea reniformis of authors, not Walt. White Pond or White Water Lily. Rare. In deep water at Selden's Cove, Lyme (Graves & Bissell), and at Round Pond, Ridgefield (Eames). June — Aug. NELUMBO Adans. Sacred Bean. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. (yellow). Lotus. American or Yellow Nelumbo or Lotus. Great Water Lily, Duck Acorn. Water Chinquapin. Very rare. In Selden's Cove, Lyme (D. C. Eaton in 1856, Graves, et al. ) . July — Aug. BRASENIA Schreb. Water Shield. Brasenia Schreberi Gmel. Brasenia peltata Pursh. Brasenia purpurea Casp. Water Shield or Target. Little Water Lily. Waterleaf. Ponds, slow streams and ditches. Frequent near the coast in New London County, occasional or rare elsewhere. Late June — Aug. RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY. RANUNCULUS L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. (coiled). Batrachium divaricatum of authors, not Ranunculus divari- catus Schrank. Batrachium longirostre of Britton's Manual. Stiff or White Water Crowfoot. Local. Salisbury, plentiful at Lakeville in a pond and in a stream flowing from it (M. L. Fernald, J. R. Churchill & Bissell). May — Aug. Ranunculus aquatilis L. (aquatic), var. capillaceus DC. (hair- like). Ranunculus aquatilis L., var. trichophyllus Gray. Batrachium trie ho phy Hum Bosch. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 185 Batrachium ilaccidum Rupr. Batrachium Drouetii Nym. Batrachium confervoides of authors, not Fries. Common White Water Crowfoot. Water Milfoil. Green Eel Grass. Occasional or frequent. Ponds and slow streams. Mid- May — Aug". Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh (like Cymbalaria, a genus of the Figwort family). Oxygraphis Cymbalaria Prantl. Seaside Crowfoot. Rare. Muddy shores : coves of the Thames River in Waterford and Montville (Graves), Bridgeport (H. C. Beardslee), Partridge Island (G. W. Hawes). July — Aug. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. (having leaves like the Lark- spur). Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, not Forskal. Yellow Water Crowfoot. Rare or local. Ponds and pools. May — June. The var. terrestris (Gray) Farwell (terrestrial) is some- times found, especially in dry seasons. It seems to be the form taken by the species when rooting out of water, or when left in the mud of drying ponds. Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & Gray) Darby (loose-stemmed). Ranunculus ambigens Wats. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Spearwort. Water Plantain Spearwort. Occasional. Ditches, wet places and shallow water. June — Aug. Ranunculus Flammula L. (a little flame), var. reptans (L.) Meyer (creeping). Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping or Crawling Spearwort. Rare. Wet sandy or rocky shores : Waterford and Sprague (Graves), Preston (W. A. Setchell), Wethersfield (C. Wright), Windsor (Bissell). June — Aug. l86 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Ranunculus sceleratus L. (cursed). Cursed, Marsh, Ditch, or Biting Crowfoot. Water Celery. Blisterwort. Swamps, ditches and wet places. Along the Connecticut River in East Hartford, rare (Weatherby, A. W. Driggs), and Middletown, occasional (A. W. Driggs) ; along the coast in Guilford (Bissell), and East Haven, rare (Harger) ; occa- sional westward, especially about the junction of salt marshes and upland. Mid-May — June. One of our most acrid species and known to be poisonous to stock. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. (small-flowered). Ranunculus ahortivus L., var. micranthus Gray. Rock Crowfoot. Dry rocky woods. Occasional in the southeastern part of the state and along the tops of the trap hills in the Connec- ticut Valley; rare elsewhere: Oxford and Seymour (Harger), Darien (Harger, Eames & Weatherby). May. Ranunculus ahortivus L. (abortive). Small-flowered, Kidney-leaved or Smooth Crowfoot. Common. Rich, usually moist woods, thickets and more open places. Mid- April — July. Ranunculus ahortivus L., var. eucyclus Fernald (well- rounded). Rare. Moist rich woods: Sprague (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Brookfield (Eames), Corn- wall and Salisbury (Bissell). May — June. Ranunculus allegheniensis Britton. Mountain Crowfoot. Rare. Rich woods: Monroe and Cornwall (Harger), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald & Bissell). May — June. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. (bent backward). Hooked, Rough or Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot. Frequent or common. Moist rich woods and more open places. May — June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 187 Ranunculus fascicularis Miihl. (clustered) . Early or Tufted Buttercup or Crowfoot. Rare. Dry woods and more open places : Franklin (R. W. Woodward), New Haven (D. C. Eaton, G. W. Hawes), Granby (I. Holcomb), Southbury (Harger), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Brookfield (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). April— May. Generally confused with Ranunculus hispidus. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. (northern). Swamp or Marsh Buttercup or Crowfoot. Wet meadows, swamps, ditches and along streams. Locally plentiful in Franklin and Lyme (Graves), but not otherwise reported from the southeastern part of the state ; elsewhere well distributed and frequent or common. Mid-May — June. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. (rought-hairy). Wood or Early Buttercup or Crowfoot. Dry or moist often rocky woods. Occasional in the north- ern part of the state, extending southward as far as Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Middletown (M. Hitchcock), Berlin (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Darien (Miss A. E. Carpen- ter) . Late April — mid-June. Ranunculus repens L. (creeping). Creeping or Spotted-leaf Buttercup or Crowfoot. Lawns and waste places in New London County, occasional (Graves) ; Hartford, rare, and Stamford, roadside (A. W. Driggs) ; New Hartford, bank of Farmington River, and Nor- folk, wet woods (Bissell) ; Fairfield, moist grassy roadsides and wastes (Eames) ; Salisbury, along a woodland brook (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). May— July. In part natural- ized from Europe. The double-flowered form of the gardens has escaped to wet fields in Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.f. Bristly Buttercup or Crowfoot. Rare or local. Open wet or swampy places and muddy or sandy shores: Lyme, at Selden's Cove (Graves), East Hartford (Weatherby), Enfield and Granby (A. W. Driggs), Hamden (Bissell, Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Canaan (J. l88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEV. fBull. . H. Barbour), Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Ranunculus bulbosus L. (bulbous). Bulbous Buttercup or Crowfoot. Butter or Blister Flowers. Gold-cups. King-cups. Common. Fields, pastures and roadsides, usually in dry ground. Mid-May — July. Naturalized from Europe. A weed of the same character as Ranunculus acris, and, like that and some other species of this genus, an acrid poison. The irritant properties are said to be dissipated in drying. Medicinal. Ranunculus acris L. (acrid). Buttercups. Tall or Meadow Buttercup or Crowfoot. Butter or Blister Flowers. Frequent or common. Fields, meadows and roadsides, usually in moist soil. Mid-May — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. The var. Steveni (Andrz.) Lange, occurs occasionally. A pernicious weed, especially in pastures, and avoided by grazing animals. THALICTRUM L. Meadow Rue. Thalictrum dioicum L. (dioecious). Early Meadow Rue. Feathered Columbine. Quicksilver Weed. Rocky hillsides in rich soil. Occasional or local near the coast ; local, frequent or common elsewhere. Late April — May. Thalictrum revolutum DC. (rolled back from the edge). Thalictrum purpurascens of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Purple or Wax-leaved Meadow Rue. Occasional northward in dry fields and on hillsides ; fre- quent southward, especially near the coast, in copses, dry or moist fields and in meadows. June — July. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. (polygamous). Common or Tall Meadow Rue. Frequent or common. Low meadows, thickets and beside streams. Late June — Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. - 189 ANEMONELLA Spach. Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach (like Thalictrum, the Meadow Rue). Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmg. Rue Anemone. Wind-flower. Dry to moist woods, banks and more open places. Rare near the coast in New London County ; frequent or common elsewhere. April — May. Easily cultivated and then often double-flowered. HEPATICA Hill. Liverleaf. Hepatica. Hepatica triloba Chaix (three-lobed). Hepatica Hepatica Karst. Hepatica. Liverleaf. Liverwort. Mayflower. Mouse-ears. Trefoil. Rich, usually rocky woods. Rare near the coast, becoming occasional or frequent northward. March, rarely — mid-May. Placed in a warm situation at any time during the winter, potted plants will bloom. Of native plants the Liverleaf is usually considered to be the earliest flower of spring, al- though in their range Claytonia caroliniana and Cardamine purpurea habitually precede it. The leaves are medicinal and are still occasionally used in domestic practice. Hepatica acutiloba DC. (with pointed lobes). Hepatica acuta Britton. Hepatica. Liverleaf. Liverwort. Rare. Rocky woods in rich soil : Torrington and Salisbury (Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Canaan (A. W. Driggs). Late March — mid-May. Medicinal properties the same as those of Hepatica triloba. ANEMONE L. Anemone. Anemone cylindrica Gray (cylindrical). Long-fruited Anemone. Dry roadsides, banks and borders of woods. Rare on and near the coast: Groton (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers, Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Bridgeport and 190 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. | Bull. Easton (Eames). Becoming occasional northward and fre- quent in the northwestern part of the state. Mid-June — July. An acrid poison with medicinal properties. Anemone riparia Fernald (of river banks). Rocky woods and on river banks. Oxford, along the Housatonic River (Harger), and occasional or local from Litchfield northward and westward (Bissell). June — July. Anemone virginiana L. Tall or Summer Anemone. Thimbleweed. Frequent. Dry woods, partial shade and in fields. Mid- June — Aug. Anemone canadensis L. Anemone pennsylvanica L. Round-leaved or Round-headed Anemone. Moist thickets and banks. Rare over most of its range: East Haven (A. W. Evans), Southington, apparently intro- duced (Andrews), North Canaan and Cornwall (Bissell), Newtown (J. P. Cowles). Locally plentiful along the Housatonic River in Oxford, Monroe and Derby (H. C. Beardslee, Harger). Mid-May — June. Anemone quinquefolia L. (five-leaved). Anemone nemorosa of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Wind-flower. Wood or Spring Anemone. Mayflower. Snow- drop. Common. Rich, usually moist, woods, thickets and more open places. April — May. An acrid poison with medicinal properties. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower. Clematis virginiana L. Wild Clematis. Devil's Hair. Traveler's Joy. Love Vine. Common. Moist thickets, hedge-rows and roadsides. July — Aug. ; fruit Sept. — Nov. An acrid poison, and when bruised actively irritant to the skin or eyes. The leaves and flowers are medicinal. Clematis verticillaris DC. (whorled). Atragene americana Sims. Purple or Mountain Qematis or Virgin's Bower. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I9I Dry rocky woods. Rare or local over most of its range : North Stonington and East Haddam (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Bolton (Weatherby), New Haven (D. C. Eaton, et al.), Oxford (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Occasional about the trap hills of central Connecticut. May. CALTHA L. Marsh Marigold. Caltha palustris L. (of marshes). Marsh Marigold. Cowslips. Meadow Gowan. May-blobs. Water-blobs. Common or local. Swamps, wet places and along brooks. Mid- April — May. The young plants are much used as a pot-herb. It is hand- some in cultivation, flourishing in rich moist soil. TROLLIUS L. Globeflower. Trollius laxus Salisb. (loose). American, Spreading, Wild or Swamp Globeflower. Rare. Swampy woods and meadows: Cornwall (E. E. Brewster, 1879, and at the same locality, Bissell, 1903). April — May. COPTIS Salisb. Goldthread. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. (three-leaved). Goldthread. Canker-root. Yellow-root. Mouth-root. Swamps and wet woods, especially in sphagnum. Not re- ported near the coast west of New Haven ; rare near the coast eastward, mostly in sphagnous cedar swamps or cold, swampy woods ; occasional northward, becoming frequent in the northern part of the state. May — mid-June. The roots have been much used as a bitter tonic and in the form of an infusion as an astringent wash. NIGELLA L. Fennel Flower. Nigella sativa L. (sown). Nutmeg Flower. Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Fames). July. Fugi- tive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for its seeds which, under the name of Black Cumin, are used for seasoning. 192 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. AQUILEGIA L. Columbine. Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild or Red Columbine. Honeysuckle. Meeting-houses. Rock Lily. Bells. Occasional, frequent or common. Open or shaded places, usually in rocky ground. Late April — June. The var. flaviflora (Tenney) Britton (yellow-flowered) sometimes occurs. Aquilegia vulgaris L. (common). Garden or European Columbine. Blue Bells. Cock's-foot. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places : Lebanon (Graves), West Hartford (H. S. Clark & Rissell), Oxford (Harger), Milford, Westport and Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Norfolk (Weatherby). Mid-May —June. Adventive from Europe. The herb is medicinal. DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur. Delphinium Consolida L. (classical name). Garden or Field Larkspur. Dolphin Flower. Lark-heel. Knight's Spur. Rare. Waste grounds: Windham (Bissell), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames), Middlebury (Harger). July — Sept. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. The herb and seeds are medicinal. The leaves are believed to be poisonous to stock. Delphinium Ajacis L. (from Ajax, Greek legendary hero). Larkspur. Rocket Larkspur. Rare. Escaped from gardens into waste land and fields: New London (Graves), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames), Weston (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Mid-June — Aug. Ad- ventive from Europe. CIMICIFUGA L. Bugbane. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. (Jiaving racemes). Black or Rattle Cohosh or Snakeroot. Rattle-top. Squaw- root. Rich, often rocky woods. Norfolk, plentiful at one locality. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I93 but probably introduced (Miss M. C. Seymour), Southington, rare or local (Andrews, Bissell), Oxford, common (Harger) ; and frequent throughout the southwestern part of the state ( Eames ) . Late June — July. The var. dissecta Gray (finely cut) occurs with the species at Stratford (Eames). The rootstock is valued in medicine and is officinal. In cultivation forms a fine background for lower plants in some- what shaded situations. ACTAEA L. Baneberry. Cohosh. Actaea rubra (x\it.) Willd. (red). Actaea spicata L., var. rubra Ait. Red Baneberry, Cohosh or Snakeroot. Red-beads. Coral- berry. Snake-berry. Rich, often rocky woods. Rather rare near the coast ; occa- sional elsewhere. May — mid-June ; fruit July — Aug. Worthy of cultivation in a wild garden or rockery. The rootstock and roots are medicinal. Actaea alba (L.) Mill, (white). White Baneberry, Cohosh or Snakeroot. White-beads. Xeck- lace-weed. Rich, often rocky woods. Occasional northward ; frequent southward. Mid-May — mid-June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. The rootstock and roots are medicinal. Both this and the preceding species contain irritant principles and are poisonous to stock. The berries of both species are poisonous to man- kind. HYDRASTIS Ellis. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon. Hydrastis canadensis L. Golden Seal. Yellow-root. Turmeric-root. Indian Turmeric or Paint. Rare. Rocky woods in rich soil : Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southington (Mrs. E. R. Newell). May. The rhizome and roots possess valued medicinal properties and are officinal. 194 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. LIRIODENDRON L. Tulip Tree. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. (tulip-bearing). Tulip Tree. Tulip, Hickory or Yellow Poplar. Canoe-wood. Saddle Tree. Whitewood. Occasional, local or frequent. Rich woods and openings. June. One of our largest trees and remarkable for its tall colum- nar trunk. A beautiful tree for roadside and park planting, rarely attacked by insects. The wood is soft, brittle, easily worked, largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, wooden ware, etc. The inner bark is medicinal. MENISPERMACEAE. MOONSEED FAMILY. MENISPERMUM L. Moonseed. Menispermum canadense. L. Moonseed. Yellow Parilla or Sarsaparilla. River banks and dry rocky hillsides, in woods or partial shade. Reported only from the western half of the state ; occasional near the coast and on trap hills ; rare elsewhere. June — early July ; fruit Sept. — Oct., or persisting through the winter. The roots are medicinal and were formerly ofificinal. Some- times cultivated. BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY. PODOPHYLLUM L. May Apple. Mandrake. Podophyllum peltatum L. (peltate). Mandrake. May, Indian, Hog or Devil's Apple. Duck's-foot. Wild Lemon. Raccoon-berry. Rare. Roadsides and rich woods, nearly throughout, usually as an escape from cultivation. Mid-May — early June; fruit July — Aug. The fruit is edible and harmless but disagreeable to many persons. The underground portion is medicinal and officinal and is the source of podophyllin. It is a desirable plant to grow in colonies for spring effects in the wild garden. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I95 CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Blue Cohosh. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Alichx. (like Thalictrum, the Meadow Rue). Pappoose Root. Squaw-root. Blue Cohosh. Blueberry Root. Blueberry. Rich rocky woods, especially in moist situations ; some- times in low wooded swamps and openings along the coast. Rare near the coast eastward ; occasional or local elsewhere. May ; fruit Aug. — Oct., and sparingly persistent through the winter. The rhizome and roots are of some value medicinally and were formerly officinal. BERBERIS L. Barberry. Berberis vulgaris L. (common). Common Barberry. European Barberry. Pepperidge Bush. Roadsides, fence-rows and pastures. Frequent or locally common southward, especially near the coast ; occasional else- where. May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct., partly persistent through the winter. Naturalized from Europe. The acid fruit is used to make a refreshing drink and for preserving. The bark has medicinal properties and has ac- quired local reputation as a spring medicine. Its beauty and other desirable qualities make it worthy of cultivation, espec- ially as a hedge-plant. LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY. SASSAFRAS Nees. I Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze (various-leaved). Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. Sassafras Sassafras Karst. Sassafras. Saxifrax. Cinnamon-wood. Ague Tree. Frequent. Dry or moist' woods, thickets and fence-rows, and on rocky hillsides. May — mid-June ; fruit Sept. The wood is aromatic, rather soft and brittle, but durable in contact with the soil. The root-bark is medicinal and is used as an ingredient of root beer. It furnishes a volatile oil of agreeable odor and taste, used for flavoring candy, soap. 196 CONNECTICUT GEO!.. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull, etc., and as an ingredient of liniments. The bark of the root, the pith and the volatile oil are officinal. The leaves are some- times chewed to allay thirst. BENZOIN Fabric. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees (of summer). Lindera Benzoin Blume. Benzoin Benzoin Coulter. Spice, Benjamin or Fever Bush. Wild Allspice. Spice-wood. Snap wood. Common. Wet woods and thickets. Mid-April — mid- May ; fruit Sept.— Oct. The fragrant bark and the berries are occasionally used medicinally. PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. Eschscholtzia californica Cham. California Poppy. Rare. Fairfield, a waif in waste ground (Fames). July. Fugitive from the Pacific Coast. SANGUINARIA L. Bloodroot. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Red or White Puccoon. Red Indian Paint. Red-root. Rich woods and shaded places, especially in rocky situa- tions. Rare or local near the coast ; local, frequent or com- mon elsewhere. April — mid-May. Flowers sometimes pink. The rootstock is employed in medicine and is officinal. CHELIDONIUM L. Celandine. Chelidonium majus L. (greater). Celandine. Swallow-wort. Tetter-wort. Kill-wart. Occasional or frequent. Fence-rows, roadsides, crevices of walls and rocky places and waste ground about dwellings, j especially in shade. May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Xhe plant is actively poisonous to stock ; is also medicinal, , until recently officinal. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. I97 PAP AVER L. Poppy. Papaver somniferum L. (sleep-bringing). Garden or Opium Poppy. Common Poppy. Rare. Waste ground as an escape from cultivation: r)ridgeport ( Eames). July. Adventive from the Old World, Medicinal and extensively cultivated in the East as the source of opium. Papaver Rhoeas L. (classical name for this species). Red. iMeld or Corn Poppy. Corn, Canker or African Rose. lieadaclie. Rare. Grassland, grain fields and roadsides : Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Stratford (Miss A. E. Carpenter, Eames), Fairfield (Eames). June — mid-July. Fugitive from Europe. The " Shirley," one of the handsomest of poppies in culti- vation, is a form of this species. Known to be poisonous to stock. Papaver dubium L. (doubtful). Field or Smooth-fruited Poppy. Rare. Waste ground: Fairfield (Fames), Westport (R. Thaxter, Miss A. E. Carpenter). May. Adventive from Europe. ARGEMONE L. Prickly Poppy. Argemone alba Lestib. (white). White Prickly Poppy. Rare. East Lyme, one plant in newly seeded grassland (Miss A. M. Ryon). June — July. Fugitive from the southwest. Argemone mexicana L. Mexican or Prickly , Poppy. Plowering or Yellow Thistle. Devil's Fig. Bird-in-the-Bush. Rare. Roadside in New Haven (D. C. Eaton). July — Aug. Fugitive from tropical America. FUMARIACEAE. FUMITORY FAMILY. ADLUMIA Raf. Climbing Fumitory. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene (spongy). Adhimia cirrhosa Raf. Mountain or Wood Fringe. Alleghany or Canary Vine. Fairy Creeper. 198 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL Rocky hillsides, especially in shaded places or in woods. Rare in the eastern half of the state and near the coast west- ward : Waterford (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New Haven (J. A. Allen), Weston (Miss E. L. Smith). Local or occasional northward in the western half of our area. July — Sept. .V liighly ornamental plant and occasionallx' cultivated. DICENTRA Bernh. Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. (hood-like). BicHcuUa Cucullaria Millsp. Dutchman's, Kitten or Little-boy's Breeches. White Ear- drops or Hearts. Soldier's Cap. Boys-and-Girls. Rocky woods in rich soil. Rare in the southeastern part of the state: Franklin (Graves). Local, occasional or fre- quent elsewhere. April — mid-May. Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Bicuculla canadensis Millsp. Squirrel or Turkey Corn. Girls-and-Boys. Rare or local. ]\Ioist rich soil of woodland hillsides among rocks: Bozrah (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Plainville (J. N. Bishop). Torrington (Bissell). .\pril — inid-i\Iay. The tubers arc medicinal. CORYDALIS Medic. Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (evergreen). Corydalis glauca Pursh. Capnoides sempervirens Borkh. Pale or Pink Corydalis. Occasional. Thin soil and crevices of dry exposed ledges, and in recent clearings. Mid-May — Oct. FUMARIA L. Fumitory. Furriaria officinalis L. (of the shops). Common or Hedge Fumitory. Modesty. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places, road- sides and about old gardens: New Flaven (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Fairfield and Newtown (Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). Mid-May — Sept. Adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. IQQ Formerly, and rarely even now, cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY. DRABA L. Draba verna L. (of spring; vernal). Whitlow or Vernal Whitlow Grass. Shad-flower. Dry roadsides, fields and cultivated ground. Rare in northern districts: East Hartford (J. O. Goodwin), Hart- ford (A. W. Driggs). Occasional throughout the southern part of the state. April — May. Naturalized from Europe. Formerly possessed some reputation for the cure of whitlow. Draba caroliniana Walt. Whitlow Grass. Rare. Dry sterile soil: Montville and Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Waterford (Graves), East Haven (E. B. Wilson), Oxford (Harger), Kent (H. Mosher). Mid- April — May. BERTEROA DC. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. (hoary). Hoary Alyssum. Rare or local. Waste places and fields: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Putnam (Harger), Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett). East Windsor (Bissell), Plainville (J. N. Bishop). Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Bridgeport and Westport (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Car- penter) . June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. LOBULARIA Desv. Sweet Alyssum. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (of the seaside). Alyssum maritimum Lam. Koniga maritima R. Br. Sweet Alyssum. Sweet Allison. Madwort. Snowdrift. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places: East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington (An- drews), Bridgeport (Fames). July — Nov. Fugitive from Europe. 20O CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. ALYSSUM L. Alyssum alyssoides L. (like Alyssum). Alyssum calycinuni L. Small Alyssum. Rare. Roadsides and wastes in dry ground : Branford (T. j\I. Prudden), East Haven (Eames), New Haven (Har- ger), Southington (Andrews, Bissell). May — June. Fugi- tive or adventive from Europe. Alyssum saxatile L. (growing among rocks). Golden-tuft. Rare. Griswold, escaped from a garden to field (E. F. Burleson). June — July. Native of Europe. THLASPI L. Penny Cress. Thlaspi arvense L. (of cultivated land). Eield Penny or Bastard Cress. Dish, Treacle or Mithridate Mustard. Rare. Waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Hartford (Weatherby), Southington and Plainville (Bissell), Waterbury (J. M. Richardson, A. E. Blewitt), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Bridgeport (J. Otis), New Mil- ford (E. H. Austin). May — June. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. LEPIDIUM L. Peppergrass. Pepperwort. Lepidium virginicum L. Wild Peppergrass. Bird's Pepper. Tongue Grass. Common. Dry roadsides, fields and waste grounds. June — Sept. Lepidium apetalum Willd. (without petals). Lepidium iiitcrnicdiiuu of Gray's Manual, ed. 6. Bird's Pepper. Tongue Grass. Wild Peppergrass. Frequent or common. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe or the West. Lepidium ruderale L. (growing among rubbish). Roadside Peppergrass. Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Eames). June. Fugitive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 20I Lepidium sativum L. (sown). Garden Cress. Garden or Golden Peppergrass. Poor Man's Pepper. Rare. Southington, about an old garden (Andrews) ; Salisbury, in a poultry yard and probably introduced with grain (A. V. Osmun). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated as a salad plant. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. (of fields). Field, Bastard or Cow Cress. Mithridate Mustard. Poor Man's Pepper. Rare or occasional. Cultivated fields, sandy roadsides and waste places. June. Adventive from Europe. IBERIS L. Iberis amara L. (bitter). Candytuft. Bitter or Annual Candytuft. Clown's Mustard. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places: South- ington (Andrews), Bridgeport (Fames). July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. CAPSELLA Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic, (shepherd's pouch). Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britton. Shepherd's Purse or Sprouts. Mother's Heart. Witches' Pouches. Common. Cultivated ground, fields, roadsides and waste places. April — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Valued as a pot-herb because of its earliness. A bad weed in cultivated ground. Medicinal. CAMELINA Crantz. False Flax. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (sown). False or Dutch Flax. Gold-of-Pleasure. Cheat. Myagrum. Rare. Oxford, in grain fields (Harger). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. This, like the following species, was formerly frequent among flax, of which it was believed to be a transmuted or degenerate form. 202 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. (small-fruited). Camelina silvcstris Wallr. False or Dutch Flax. Gold-of-Pleasure. Cheat. Myagrum. Rare. Roadsides, grassland and grain fields : New Lon- don (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Waterbury and Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Fairfield (Fames), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson, Bissell). May — July. Fugitive from Europe. NESLIA Desv. Ball Mustard. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. (panicled). Ball Mustard. Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. CAKILE Ludwig. Sea Rocket. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook, (toothless). Cakile americana Nutt. American Sea Rocket. Sea Cole or Rocket. Frequent or common on the shores of the Sound and of tidal rivers and creeks. Mid-June — Oct. RAPHANUS L. Radish. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Jointed or White Charlock or Chadlock. Char- lock. Chadlock. Occasional, frequent or common. Cultivated ground and waste places. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes very troublesome as a weed. Raphanus sativus L. (sown). Radish. Garden Radish. Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). June — Oct. Fugitive from Europe. BRASSICA L. Mustard. Turnip. Srassica alba (L.) Boiss. (white). Sinapis alba L. White Mustard. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 203 Rare or local. Waste places: Waterbury (A. E. Ulewitt), Bridgeport, in several places and plentiful in one field (I. F. Moore, Eames). June — mid-Aug. Adventive from Europe. The seeds are well known as a condiment and rubefacient, and are sometimes used to preserve cider in a sweet condition. Has been cultivated for at least 2000 years. Brassica arvensis (L.) Kuntze (of cultivated ground). Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss. Charlock. Chadlock. Cadlock. Kedlock. Kerlock. Wild, Corn or Bastard Mustard. Field or Corn Kale. Occasional or frequent. Waste or cultivated ground. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a bad weed. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson (like Juncus, the Rush). Indian or Chinese Mustard. Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent in the vicinity of the coast ; occasional, local or rare elsewhere. June — Oct. Naturalized from Asia. The seeds are used like those of White and Black Mus- tard, and the young leaves for greens. A bad weed in grain fields where it occurs. Brassica japonica Siebold. Curled or Pot-herb Mustard. California Peppergrass. Rare. Escaped from cultivation in garden soil at Southington (Andrews). June — Sept. Fugitive from Asia. The soft, thin leaves make excellent " greens." Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (black). Black Mustard. Cadlock. Kedlock. Kerlock. Occasional or frequent. Waste ground and roadsides. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The young plants are sometimes used as a pot-herb. The seeds are well known as a condiment and rubefacient and are officinal. Brassica campestris L. (of fields). Rutabaga. Occasional. Cultivated ground and waste places. Mid- May — July. Adventive from Europe. 204 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Sometimes a bad weed. Extensively cultivated for its roots. Brassica Napus L. (classical name). Rape. Rare. Fields and waste ground. June — July. Fugitive from Europe. Sometimes sown for forage. Brassica Rapa L. (classical name). Turnip. Occasional. Waste places and cultivated ground. June ^- July. Fugitive from Europe. Extensively cultivated as a vegetable. Brassica oleracea L. (suitable for a pot-herb). Cabbage. Rare. Cultivated or waste ground as an escape from culti- vation. June. Fugitive from Europe. Well known as a vegetable. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. (of walls). Sand Rocket or Mustard. Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Southington (An- drews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (slender-leaved). Wall Rocket or Mustard. Local. Plentiful in a sandy waste in Bridgeport (Fames), and about chalk piles in Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. CONRINGIA Adans. Flare's-ear Mustard. Conringia crientalis (L.) Dumort. (of the Orient). Hare's-ear. Rare. Waste places: Fairfield (Fames), Xew Milford (E. H. Austin). June. Fugitive from the Northwest or from Europe. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 20$ ALLIARIA Adans. Garlic Mustard. AUiaria officinalis Andrz. (of the shops). Alliaria AUiaria Britton. Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop. Hedge Garlic. Rare. Waste ground: Chester (Mrs. S. I. Smith), Nauga- tuck (A. E. Blewitt), Westport (Harger). May— June. Fugitive from Europe. SISYMBRIUM L. Hedge Mustard. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop, (of the shops). Bank Cress. Local. Fairfield, where it is plentiful in one locality in waste ground (Eames). Mid-May — Oct. Adventive from Europe. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., var, leiocarpum DC. (smooth-fruited) . Sisymbrium officinale of Manuals. Bank Cress. Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. Mid-May — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Sisymbrium Loeselii L. Rare. In mill waste at Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), New Milford (Harger & Blewitt). July. Adventive from Europe. Sisymbrium altissimum L. (tallest). Tumble Mustard. Rare or occasional. Waste places about roadsides and along railroads. June — Aug. Adventive from Europe or the West. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. (grov^ing hoary) . Sophia pinnata Howell. Tansy Mustard. Hoary Hedge Mustard. Rare. Waste ground : Clinton (J. H. Sperry, 1884). May. Fugitive from the South. Sisymbrium Sophia L. Sophia Sophia Britton. 206 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. | BulL Flixweed. Herb Sophia. Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). June — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Sisymbrium Thalianum (L.) J. Gay. Stcnophragnia ThaUana Celak. Thale, Mouse-ear or Wall Cress. Rocky banks, ledges and dry or sandy fields. Rare at Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), and at East Haven (Harger) ; frequent along the Housatonic River at Oxford (Harger), and occasional near the coast throughout the southwestern part of the state. Mid-April — June. Naturalized from Europe. HESPERIS L. Rocket. Hesperis matronalis L. (suitable to a matron). Dame's or Sweet Rocket. Damask or Dame's Violet. Sum- mer Lilac. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places. Mid-May — Jnly. Adventive from Europe. ERYSIMUM L. Treacle Mustard. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (like Cheiranthus, the Wall- flower). Wormseed or Treacle Mustard. Rare or local. Cultivated and waste ground or rocky woods: Southington (Andrews), East Hartford (C. C. Han- mer), Waterbury (Mrs. C. H. Lyman, Jr.), Salisbury (Mrs. C.S.Phelps). June — ^July. Fugitive from Europe or farther west, except at Salisbury where it seems native. RADICULA Hill. \A^ater Cress. Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle (classi- cal name). Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Roripa Nasturtium Rusby. Water Cress. True Water Cress. Crashes. Brooklime. In springs, ditches and along streams. Local and in all degrees of abundance but in general rare eastward and fre- quent westward. Late May — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 20/ Introduced as a salad plant and worthy of propagation for family use. Flowers rarely purple. Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce (of woods). Nasturtium sylvestre R.Br. Roripa sylvestris Bess. Yellow Cress. Yellow Water Cress. Creeping Yellow Cress. Local and rare to frequent or locally common. Moist ground along rivers, and in fields, roadsides and waste places ; especially common in the upper Connecticut Valley. May — July, even Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Radicula palustris (L.) Moench (of marshes). Nasturtium palustre DC. Roripa palustris Bess. Yellow Cress. Marsh Cress. Occasional, rare or local. Wet meadows, cultivated or waste ground, ditches and banks of streams. June — Sept. Radicula palustris (L.) Moench, var. hispida (Desv.) Robin- son (rough-hairy). Nasturtium palustre DC, var. hispidmn Gray. Roripa hispida Britton. Hairy Yellow Cress. Occasional or frequent. Borders of streams and ponds, in ditches and wet places. June — Aug. Radicula Armoracia (L.) Robinson (classical name for this species). Nasturtium Armoracia Fries. Roripa Armoracia Hitchc. Horseradish. Occasional throughout as an escape from gardens. Wet fields, waste places, roadsides and ditches. Mid-May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Roots the source of a valued condiment. BARBAREA R. Br. Winter Cress. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (common). Barbarea Barbarea MacM. Common Winter, Bitter, Yellow, or Rocket Cress. Yellow Rocket. 208 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull | Meadows, waste places and along streams, usually in moist soil. Frequent or common except in the southeastern part of the state where it is rare. May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes used as a salad plant. Barbarea striata Andrz. (straight and upright). Barbarea vulgaris R.Br., var. stricta Gray. Winter Cress. Occasional or frequent. Roadsides, waste places, fields and along streams. May — June. Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. (of spring). Barbarea praecox Sm. Early Winter or Belle Isle Cress. Scurvy Grass. Rare. Cultivated fields, waste places and roadsides : Waterford (Graves), New Haven and Oxford (Harger), Milford, Stratford, Bridgeport and Fairfield (Fames). May — mid-June. Adventive from Europe. lODANTHUS Torr. & Gray. lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. (feather-cleft). Thclypodium pinnatifidum Wats. Purple Rocket. Rare. Middletown, border of pond (M. Hitchcock, iSjt;).; June. Fugitive from the West. LUNARIA L. Moonwort. Lunaria annua L. (annual). Honesty. Satin-flower. Moonwort. Money-plant. Rare. Westport, at Green's Farms, in a dooryard but ap- parently self-sown (C. L. Pollard). Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for winter bouquets. DENTARIA L. Toothwort. Pepper-root. Dentaria diphylla Michx. (two-leaved). Pepper-root. Crinkle-root. Tooth-root. Toothwort. Rich, moist, wet or springy woods, banks and more open No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 209 places. Occasional or local except near the coast in the south- eastern part of the state where it has not been reported. Late April — late May. The fresh rootstocks are sometimes eaten as a relish. Dentaria maxima Nutt. (greatest). Large Pepper-root or Toothwort. Rare. Windsor, plentiful in rich soil on banks and alluvial bottoms beside a woodland stream (Eames). Late April — mid-May. Dentaria incisifolia Eames (cut-leaved). Dentaria incisa Eames, not Small. Rare. Rich, damp, hillside woods near the Housatonic River in Sherman (E. H. Austin & Eames). Late April — mid-May. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. (slashed). Cut-leaved Pepper-root or Toothwort. Rare or local. Moist to rather dry soil of rich woods and more or less shaded banks, throughout, but especially rare in the southeastern part of the state: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Old Lyme (Bissell). Mid-April — early May. Dentaria anomala Eames (anomalous). Rare. Moist, rich woods and banks: Plainville (Bissell), Orange (Harger). Late April — early May. This species occurs at stations where Dentaria diphylla and Dentaria laciniata grow together, and is possibly a hybrid. CARDAMINE L. Bitter Cress. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. (bulbous). Cardamine rhonihoidea DC. Spring or Bitter Cress. Wet woods and meadows. Rare near the coast in the southeastern part of the state ; occasional elsewhere. Mid- May — mid-June. Cardamine Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Cardamine rliomboidca DC, var. purpurea Torr. Cardamine purpurea Britton. 2IO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Cardamiiie bulbosa BSP._, var. purpurea BSP. Spring or Purple Cress. Springy places and swamps in woods or shaded situations. Rare at Newtown (I. P. Blackman, J. Pettibone) ; locally plentiful in New Milford, Sherman and Kent (E. H. Austin & Eames) ; many plants at one localit}^ in North Canaan (Bis- sell). Late March — early May. Cardamine pratensis L. (of meadows). Cuckoo Flower. Ladies' Smock. Rare. Bristol, about a garden but formerly plentiful in a meadow (W. A. Terry), Litchfield, in a lawn (Miss E. H. Thompson), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Salisbury, mar- gin of a lake and small stream (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May. At least in part adventive from farther north. Cardamine parviflora L. (small-flowered). Cardamine hirsuta L.. var. sylvatica of some American authors. Cardamine arenicola Britton. Small Bitter Cress. Occasional or local. Ledges, woods or open situations in barren or sterile groimd. Mid-April — June. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Cardamine hirsuta of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in great part. Bitter Cress. Brook, Land or Lamb's Cress. Frequent. About springs, along brooks and in wet shaded places. May — June. Sometimes used as a salad plant and to some extent gathered for market. ARABIS L. Rock Cress. Arabis lyrata L. (lyre-shaped). Low Rock Cress. Wall Cress. Rocks, ledges, banks and sandy places, in dry ground. Occasional in most districts but not reported from the south- eastern part of the state. May — June. Arabis glabra (L.) Bcrnh. (smooth). Arabis perfoliata Lam. Tower Mustard or Cress. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2H Rare. Fields and meadows: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Windsor (A. W. Driggs), Farmington (Andrews & Bissell, Weatherby), Southbury and New Milford (Harger), Bridgeport (E^mes). June. Arabis Drummondi Gray. Arabis cowdnis Wats., in great part. Rare. Dry wooded hillsides : Montville, Franklin, Ledyard and Old Lyme (Graves), Lisbon (Harger), Branford (A. L. Winton), West Hartford and Bloomfield (A. W. Driggs), Canaan (C. K. Averill). May — July. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop, (hairy). Hairy Rock Cress. Wall Cress. Rare. Rocky open woods and sandy ground : Old Lyme (Graves), Bolton (A. W. Driggs), Oxford (Harger), Canaan (C. K. Averill), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Mid-May — early June. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. (smoothed). Smooth Rock Cress. Wall Cress. Rocky woods and more open places. Rare in the south- eastern part of the state: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Franklin (Graves). Occasional or frequent elsewhere. Mid- April — May. Arabis canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Turkey-pod. Occasional. Dry, rich, rocky and rather open woods. June — Aug. CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY. POLANISIA Raf. Polanisia graveolens Raf. (strong-smelling). False Mustard. Clammy-weed. Rare. Gravelly and sandy shores of the Hockanum River at East Hartford (Weatherby), and of the Connecticut River at Hartford (A. W. Driggs). July — Aug. Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & Gray (rough-seeded). Rare. Alluvial soil, Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer). 212 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. gravelly and sandy margin of brook, Salisbury (Mrs. C, S. Phelps & Weatherby), Sharon (H. S. Clark). Aug.— Sept. Probably introduced from the West. CLEOME L. Cleome spinosa L. (prickly). Spider-flower. Prickly Cleome. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste grounds : Bridge- port and Fairfield (Eames), Norvvalk (G. P. Ells). July — Sept. Fugitive from tropical America. RESEDACEAE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. RESEDA L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket. Reseda Luteola L. (yellowish). Dyer's Weed, Weld, or Rocket. Yellow-weed. Rare. Roadsides and waste places: Guilford (W. R. Dud- ley), New Haven (O. Harger), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. Reseda lutea L. (yellow). Crambling Rocket. Rare. Roadsides, fields and waste places: Preston (E. F. Burleson), East Windsor (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames), North Canaan (M. B. Toby, Bissell), SaUsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, A. V. Osmun). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Reseda odorata L. (fragrant). Common or Garden Mignonette. Rare. Waste ground in Southington (Andrews), and Fairfield (Eames). July — Aug. Fugitive from North Africa. Reseda alba L. (white). White or Upright Mignonette. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground in Water- bury (A. E. Blewitt), and Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 213 SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. SARRACENIA L. Sarracenia purpurea L. (purple). Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-plant. Huntsman's, Adam's, Indian or Water Cup. Indian Pitcher. Dumb Watches. Occasional, local or frequent. Sphagnum bogs or some- times in wet meadows. Late May — June. The root and leaves are medicinal. DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY. DROSERA L. Sundew. Drosera rotundifolia L. (round-leaved). Round-leaved Sundew. Dew-plant. Occasional or frequent. Bogs, wet meadows and sandy swamps, especially in sphagnum. July — mid-Aug. The plant is medicinal. Drosera longifolia L. (long-leaved). Drosera intermedia Hayne. Drosera intermedia Hayne, var. americana DC. Long-leaved Sundew. Dew-plant. Rare, local or occasional. Sphagnum bogs and swamps. Late June — Aug. PODOSTEMACEAE. RIVER WEED FAMILY. PODOSTEMUM Michx. River Weed. Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (horny-leaved). River Weed. Thread-foot. On rocks, stones and gravel in shallow running water. Rare in most districts: Shetucket River in Sprague and Franklin (Graves), Killingworth (F. W. Hall), Hartford (D. C. Eaton), Windsor (Harger). Occasional in Oxford (Harger), Newtown (Fames), and throughout the south- western part of the state. Mid-June — Aug. ; fruit July — Sept. 214 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY. PENTHORUM L. Ditch Stonecrop. Penthorum sedoides L. (like Sedum, the Stonecrop). Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop. Freqvtent. Ditches, wet places and on muddy shores. July — Aug. The plant is medicinal. TILLAEA L. Tillaea aquatica L. (aquatic). Tillaea simplex Nutt. Pygmy Weed. Rare or local. On tidal mud of rivers and creeks : New Haven, plentiful about the upper reaches of tidewater in Mill River, and Milford, sparingly along Beaver Creek (Eames). Mid- June — Jnly. SEDUM L. Stonecrop. Orpine. Sedum acre L. (acrid or biting). Mossy or Biting Stonecrop. Golden Moss or Chain. Local. "Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, banks, rocky places and walls in all quarters of the state and plentiful at some stations. Mid-June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Sedum ternatum Michx. (in threes ; referring to the arrange- ment of the leaves). Wild Stonecrop. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places: Guilford (W. H. Rowland), East Haddam (Weath- erby), Windsor (Bissell), Cheshire and Oxford (Harger), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Kent and New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Milford (Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). May. At least in part adventive from the South. Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray (three-leaved). Sedum piirpureiim Gray's Manual ed. 7. Sedum Telephium Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Orpine. Garden Orpine. Live-forever. Live-long. Aaron's Rod. Bag-leaves. Witches' Money-bags. Life-of-Man, No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2I5 Frequent. Dry or moist roadsides, fields, thickets and about old dwellings. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Rarely seen in flower. SEMPERVIVUM L. Houseleek. Sempervivum tectorum L. (of dwellings). Houseleek. Hen-and-chickens. Rare. Milford, long persistent and spreading from former cultivation (Eames). July — Aug. Introduced from Europe. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifrage. Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage. Swamps and wet meadows. Rare near the coast, occa- sional or frequent elsewhere. May — June. The form with crimson petals has been collected at New Milford by Miss S. R. Armington. Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. " Saxifrage. Early or Spring Saxifrage. Mayflower. Frequent or common. Ledges, banks and in roclcy woods. April — early June. A form with double flowers occurs at Kent (H. Mosher). TIARELLA L. False Miterwort. Tiarella cordifolia L. (having heart-shaped leaves). Foam-flower. False Miterwort. Coolwort. Rich, wet and often rocky woods. Rare or local in most districts: North Branford (F. W. Hall), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Bridgeport (Eames), Torrington (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Kent (C. K. Averill). Frequent in Granby and northern Litchfield County. May — mid- June. A beautiful plant well worthy of cultivation. Herb medicinal. HEUCHERA L. Alum Root. Heuchera americana L. Common Alum Root. American Sanicle. 2l6 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Woods, banks and fence-rows. Occasional in the Housa- tonic Valley in Litchfield County, and frequent or locally com- mon in the southwestern part of the state, extending eastward as far as New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Hamden (J. S. Smith), Plainville (J. N. Bishop). Late May — early July. The roots are very astringent and are of value medicinally. MITELLA L. Miterwort. Bishop's Cap. Mitella diphylla L. (two-leaved). Miterwort. Bishop's Cap. Fringe or Fairy Cup. Moist woods and shaded banks. Frequent or locally com- mon northward in the western part of the state ; rare in north- eastern Connecticut and near the coast westward ; not reported from New London County. Late April — May. A good plant for cultivation in rocky shaded places. Mitella prostrata IMichx. (prostrate). Rare. Moist rich woods : New INIilford, one plant only (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin) . Late April — May. Very little is known of Mitella prostrata. As this plant was found growing where Mitella diphylla is plentiful, it is probable that the specimen represents an aberrant form of that species, even though it is a good match for the type specimen of Mitella prostrata. Mitella nuda L. (naked). Rare. Wet mossy woods : Litchfield (W. Buell), Winches- ter and Salisbury, several localities (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Golden Saxifrage. Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Water Carpet. Golden Saxifrage. Frequent or conmion. Wet or swampy woods, springs and rills. Mid-March — June. PARNASSIA L. Grass of Parnassus. Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Grass of Parnassus. Bogs and wet meadows. Frequent or locally common ex- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 217 cept in the southwestern part of the state, but not reported near the coast west of New Haven. Aug. — Sept. Worthy of cultivation and may be grown in any sunny or partly shaded moist or wet situation. The plant is medicinal. PHILADELPHUS L. Mock Orange. Syringa. Philadelphus inodorus L. (without fragrance). Large-flowered Syringa. Rare. Escaped about an old nursery at Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bisscll). June. Fugitive from the South. Philadelphus coronarius L. (pertaining to a crown). Syringa. Mock Orange. Orange-flower Tree. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places: Bridgeport and Westport (Eames). June. Native of Europe. Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. (downy). Syringa. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to pasture at Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Adventive from the South. DEUTZIA Thunb. Deutzia scabra Thunb. (rough). Deutzia. Rare. Wethersfield, escaped about an old nursery (H. S. Clark & Bissell), New London, brush lot near cemetery (Graves). June. Fugitive from Asia. RIBES L. Currant. Gooseberry. Ribes Cynosbati L. (classical name). Prickly Gooseberry. Dogberry. Rocky woods and thickets. Occasional in northern Litch- field County, extending southward as far as New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin) and eastward to New Hartford (Bissell). It occurs also in Stafford and Tolland (A. W. I^riggs). May; fruit July. Ribes gracile Michx. (slender). Ribes missouriense Nutt. Missouri Gooseberry. 2l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Rare. Roadside fence-row, Norvvalk (Eames & C. L. Godfrey). May. Probably introduced from the West. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. (round-leaved). Wild Gooseberry. Rare. Rocky woods: Meriden (W. H. Patton), Southing- ton and Salisbury (Bissell). May — July. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. (Hawthorn-like). Northern, Smooth or Wild Gooseberry. Occasional. Rocky woods and thickets, roadsides and swamps. May. Parent of some forms well known in cultivation. Ribes Grossularia L. (grossuhis, a small unripe fig). Ribes Uva-crispa L. Garden, Common or European Gooseberry. Teaberry. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fence-rows and waste places : Stonington and Groton (Graves), Old Lyme (Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Orange, Strat- ford and Fairfield (Eames), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin). Late April — May; fruit July. Native of Europe. Cultivated in many kitchen gardens for its fruit, which is used for tarts and jam. or in its choicer varieties for its fine flavor uncooked. Ribes americanum Mill. Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild Black, Black or Flowering Currant. Quinsy-berry. Occasional or frequent. Native in moist woods or thickets except in the southern part of the state, where it occurs as an escape from cultivation in fence-rows, roadsides and waste places. May — mid-June ; fruit mid-July — Aug. The fruit is edible but rather insipid. Ribes nigrum L. (black). Garden or European Black Currant. Rare. Bethany, escaped from cultivation to waste ground (Eames). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (of lakes or ponds). Swamp Black Currant. Swamp Gooseberry. Rare. Meriden, at Lamentation Mt. (G. H. Cornwall, No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 2I9 1842), Salisbury, wet cold woods about Bing-ham Pond ( Bissell) . May — ^June. Ribes prostratum L'Her. (prostrate). Skunk, Fetid or Mountain Currant. Rare. Swampy woods: Colebrook (Weatherby), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. Ribes vulgare Lam. (common). Ribes rubruni of Britton's Manual in part. Garden Red or Red Currant. Wine Currant. Occasional. Escaped from cultivation to fence-rows, road- sides and waste places throughout ; also occurs in rocky woods and on borders of swamps in wild and remote places in the northern part of the state, appearing as if native in such situa- tions, although the species is regarded as introduced in America. Late April — May ; fruit mid- June — July. Natural- ized from Europe. A well known small fruit in cultivation. It is an interest- ing fact that in Southington the same plant is growing in the same rock crevice where it was fifty-five years ago (Andrews). Ribes odoratum Wendland (fragrant). Ribes aureiim of authors, not Pursh. Missouri, BuflFalo, Flowering, Clove, Sweet or Golden Currant. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and about old houses: Montville (Graves), Scotland (G. Waldo), Ox- ford (Harger), Easton and Danbury (Fames), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin). Mid- April — May; fruit late July — Aug. Adventive from the West. The fruit is edible. Often cultivated as an ornamental shrub. HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. HAMAMELIS L. Witch-hazel. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. Spotted, Witch or Snapping Alder. Common. Moist or wet often rocky places. Sept. — Oct. In some situations it is a valuable shrub for late-flowering 220 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. and foliage effects. The twigs were once popular as " Divin- ing Rods " with which crafty operators were wont to impose upon the credulous. A distilled extract of the bark is exten- sively used as a toilet and medicinal article and is prepared in large quantities in some parts of the state. The bark, the twigs and the leaves are medicinal and are officinal. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Sweet Gum Tree. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. (flowing with storax). Sweet, Star-leaved or Red Gum. Bilsted. Wet woods, fields and drier open places. South Norwalk (G. P. Ells, Bissell), and occasional or frequent westward near the shores of the of the Sound. May. The wood is hard and close-grained but not strong; is inclined to warp and shrink badly. A beautiful tree in all stages of growth, free from injury by insects and much planted. Medicinal. The resinous exudation (liquidambar) is used in the preparation of chewing gum. PLATANACEAE. PLANE TREE FAMILY. PLATANUS L. Buttonwood. Sycamore. Platanus occidentalis L. (western). Buttonball. Buttonwood. Plane Tree. American or False Sycamore. Frequent. Low grounds along streams or sometimes in drier places. May. The wood is hard, compact and difficult to split or work: used for butcher's blocks, ox-yokes, small wares and interior finish of houses. When well grown one of our largest trees. Sometimes planted as an ornamental tree. ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. Nine-bark. Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim, (maple-leaved). Opnlaster opulifolius Kuntze. Nine-bark. Rare. River shores: Norwich (Graves), Preston (W. A. Setchell, Graves). June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 221 SPIRAEA L. Spiraea japonica L.f. Local. Escaped from gardens to fields and roadsides: Norwich and Preston (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton (Graves & Bissell), East Haddam (Bissell), Fairfield (Eames), Stam- ford (W. H. Hoyt). July. Native of eastern Asia. Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc. (plum-leaved). Bridal Wreath. Local. Roadsides as an escape from gardens : Groton, Waterford and Montville (Graves), Southington (Bissell), Milford (Eames). June — July. Native of Asia. Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. (germander-leaved), var. ulmifolia (Scop.) Maxim, (elm-leaved). Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cultivation. Monroe (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Wilton (Eames & G. P. Ells), and occasional in the southeastern part of the state (Graves). Late May — June. Native of the Old World. Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. (broad-leaved). Spiraea salicifolia of Manuals in part. Meadow-sweet. Queen of the Meadow. Bridewort. Aaron's Beard. Frequent or common. Low wet grounds, thickets and bushy hillside pastures, or sometimes in dry ground. July — Aug. Spiraea tomentosa L. (woolly). Hardback. Steeple Bush. Purple Hardback. Frequent or common. Moist fields and thickets, old pas- tures, or sometimes in drier places. July — Aug. The leaves and root are medicinal. SORBARIA A. Br. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. (having leaves like Sorbus, the Mountain Ash). Spiraea sorbifolia L. Ash-leaved Spiraea. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cultivation. Rare in most districts: Granby and Plainville (Bissell), Ox- 222 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. ford and Seymour (Harger). Occasional through the southern part of the state. Mid-June — mid-Aug. Native of , northern Asia. PYRUS L. Pyrus communis L. (common). Pear. Choke or Wild Pear. Occasional. Roadsides, fields and pastures as an escape from cultivation. May. Native of the Old World. Valued in cultivation for its fruit ; also its wood is used for drawing implements, for tools, in imitation of ebony, and by the wood engraver. Pyrus baccata L. (berry-bearing). Crab Apple. Siberian Crab. Small Crab Apple. Rare. Roadsides and river banks as an escape from culti- vation: Windsor (H. S. Clark), Hampton and Hartford (Bissell), BerHn (Andrews). May. Native of the Old World. X Pyrus prunifolia Willd. (plum-leaved). Crab Apple. Large Crab Apple. Rare. Roadsides and fields: Ledyard (Graves), Old Saybrook (Harger), Hartford (Bissell). May. Native of the Old World. This species is supposed to be of hydrid origin, derived from a cross between Pyrus baccata and Pyrus Malus, and it is the parent of most of the forms in cultivation. Pyrus Malus L. (classical name for the Apple Tree). Mains Mains Britton. Apple. Wild Apple. Common. Fields, roadsides, pastures and borders of woods as an escape from cultivation. May. Native of the Old World. Our most valued cultivated fruit. The wood is close- grained, hard and tough, and is used for tool handles, shoe- makers' lasts and by the cabinet-maker. Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f. (bearing leaves like the Arbute Tree'). Aronia arbutifolia Ell. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 223 Chokeberry. Red Chokeberry. Dogberry. Bogs and swamps or sometimes in dry situations. Rare or occasional in the southwestern part of the state from Hunt- ington westward (Eames). May — early June; fruit Sept., often persisting through the winter. Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f., var. atropurpurea (Britton) Robin- son (dark-purple). Aronia atropurpurea Britton. Chokeberry. Purple Chokeberry. Shrubby swamps and low woods and thickets. Apparently rare in northern districts, becoming occasional or frequent near the coast. May — mid-June; fruit Sept., long persistent. Most reports of Pyrus arbutifolia should be referred to this variety. Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. (black-fruited). Pyrus arbutifolia L. f., var. melanocarpa Hook. Aronia nigra Britton. Chokeberry. Black Chokeberry. Occasional to common. Bogs, swamps and thickets, some- times in dry or sterile soil, even on exposed ledges at all elevations. May — early June ; Fruit Aug. — Sept. Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. Rowan or Service Tree. Moun- tain Sumac. Dogberry. Rare or local. Swamps and about ponds or sometimes on dry ledges or in rocky woods: Stafford (A. W. Driggs. Graves), Durham and Meriden (Harger), Granby (I. Hol- comb), Winchester (W. M. Shepardson), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Canaan (Bissell), Salisbury (A. W. Driggs), Kent (E. H. Austin & Eames). May — June. The very astringent bark and berries are employed medicinally. Pyrus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. (used in bird-catching). Sorbus Aucuparia L. European Mountain Ash. Rowan Tree. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to open woodland in Kil- lingly (Bissell). June. Native of Europe. The bark and berries are employed medicinally. 224 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBulI. CYDONIA Pers. Quince. Cydonia vulgaris Pers. (common). Pyrus Cydonia L. Common Quince. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste and wet places in the southwestern part of the state. May ; fruit Oct. Native of Europe. The fruit is valued for preserving. The raw fruit and mucilaginous seeds are used in domestic medicinal practice. Cydonia japonica (Thunb.) Pers. Japan Quince. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to a roadside in Strat- ford (Eames). April. Introduced from eastern Asia. AMELANCHIER Medic. Juneberry. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Shad Bush. Service Berry. Sugar, Indian or May Pear. Frequent. Dry or wet thickets, woods and banks. Mid- April — May ; fruit June — early July. The berries are edible but seldom found in good condition. The wood is heav}% very hard, close-grained and strong, and is sometimes used for tool handles and small implements. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic, var. tomentula Sarg. | (w^oolly). Amelanchier canadensis Medic, var. Botryapium Gray's j Manual ed. 7. Shad Bush. Rare. Open or deep woods: Southington (Bissell), Colebrook (M. L. Fernald), New Milford and Kent (Eames), New Fairfield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Mid-April — May. Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & Gray) Roem. (oblong- leaved). Amelanchier canadensis Medic, var. ( ?) oblongifolia Torr. , & Gray. Amelanchier Botryapium of Britton's Manual. Amelanchier spicata of many authors, not K. Koch. Shad Bush. Service Berry. Common. Swamps, wet or dry woods, fields, sand plains [ No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 225 and in dry, rocky or sterile places. Late April — May ; fruit June — early July. The fruit is edible, often better than that of the previous species. Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & Gray) Roem., var. micro- petala Robinson (small-petaled). Rare. Dry plains and in sterile places : Waterford (Graves), Southington (Bissell), Oxford and Seymour (Har- der). May. CRATAEGUS L. Hawthorn. White Thorn. This genus has received much attention from botanists in recent years and many new species have been proposed. More careful study of these may show that a part of them would more properly be regarded as varieties or hybrids than as true species. Because of this uncertainty as to the proper treatment of some forms, in the following list the recognized species are given first in the group to which they belong. Following them will be found the names of any proposed species of uncertain status that may belong there, the names being printed in italics, instead of full-faced t3^pe. Oxyacanthae Loud. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (having one pistil). Crataegus Oxyacantha of American authors, not L. Hawthorn. English Hawthorn. Hedge Thorn. Haw or May Tree or Bush. Rare or local. Roadsides and old pastures. Waterford (Graves), East Hartford and West Hartford (A. W. Driggs), New Haven (Harger), Bridgeport, Fairfield and Norwalk (Fames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt), Sharon, a great many trees over a wide area (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). Mid- May — early June. Adventive from Europe. Often cultivated for ornament. The berries are medicinal. Crus-galli Loud. Crataegus Crus-galli L. (cockspur). Cockspur or Newcastle Thorn. Red Haw. Pastures, roadsides and fence-rows. Occasional or fre- 226 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. quent near the coast and in the valley of the Connecticut River ; rare elsewhere. Early June ; fruit Oct. The var. exigua (Sarg.) Eggleston (small), Crataegus exigua Sarg., occurs in Stonington, Waterford, Lyme and East Haven (Graves) and in Southington (Andrews). Punctatae Loud. Crataegus punctata Jacq. (dotted). Rare or local. Fence-rows and borders of woods: Canaan, North Canaan and Salisbury (Bissell). Early June; fruit late Sept. Forms of uncertain status. Crataegus iimhratilis Sarg. (living in the shade). Rare. Border of thickets: Litchfield (Bissell). Late May — early June ; fruit late Oct. Intricatae Sarg. Crataegus foetida Ashe (fetid). Crataegus Baxteri Sarg. Local. Old pastures in moist, heavy soil: Windsor (Bis- sell). Late May; fruit early Oct. Crataegus apposita Sarg. (apposite). Crataegus intricata Sarg., not J. Lange. Crataegus coccinea Britton, not L. Crataegus coccinea L., var. viridis Torn & Gray in part. Occasional. Roadsides and pastures. Mid-May — early June ; fruit late Sept. — early Oct. Crataegus apposita Sarg., var. Bissellii (Sarg.) Eggleston. Crataegus Bissellii Sarg. Rare. Old pastures: Colchester (Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Trumbull (Fames). Late Alay ; fruit late Sept. Crataegus coccinea L. (scarlet). Crataegus coccinea L., var. viridis Torr. & Gray in part. Crataegus modesta Sarg. Crataegus premora Ashe. Crataegus intricata J. Lange. Old pastures, fields and thickets. Rare in most districts: No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 22/ Preston (Graves), Trumbull (Eames), Oxford (Harger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell). Occasional in the northern Connecticut Valley and in the northeastern part of the state. Late May — early June ; fruit Oct. Crataegus Stonei Sarg. Rare. Old pasture at Southington (Andrews). Late May — early June; fruit Oct. Forms of uncertain status. Crataegus Hargeri Sarg. Local. Fields and roadsides: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Trumbull (Eames), and frequent in Southbury, Oxford and Ansonia (Harger). Late May — early June ; fruit early Oct. Probably a form of Crataegus apposita. Rotundifoliae Eggleston. Crataegus rotundifolia Moench (round-leaved). Crataegus coccinea L., var. rotundifolia Sarg. Crataegus Gravesii Sarg. Crataegus Dodgei Ashe. Occasional or frequent. Roadsides, pastures and hedge- rows. Late May ; fruit late Sept. — early Oct. Tenuifoliae Sarg. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe (large-seeded). Crataegus tenella Ashe. Local. Moist pastures and thickets : Griswold, Franklin, Waterford and East Lyme (Graves), Stratford (Eames), Oxford (Harger). Last half of May; fruit Sept. The var. pentandra (Sarg.) Eggleston (having five stamens), Crataegus pentandra Sarg., occurs at Waterford (Graves). The var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggleston (hanging down), Crataegus demissa Sarg., is occasional throughout. The var. matura (Sarg.) Eggleston (full-grown), Crataegus matura Sarg., occurs at Groton (Graves). Crataegus Grayana Eggleston. Crataegus Uabcllata Sarg., not Mespilus flabellata Bosc. Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Late May; fruit Sept. 228 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Forms of uncertain status. Crataegus dissimilis Sarg. (dissimilar). Rare. East Lyme ((iraves). Last half of May; fruit late Sept. Crataegus Forbesae Sarg. Occasional in the towns of New London, Lebanon and East Lyme (Graves). Late May; fruit early Oct. Crataegus genialis Sarg. (pleasant). Rare. Thickets: Litchfield (Bissell). Late May; fruit Sept. Crataegus glaucophylla Sarg. (glaucous-leaved). Rare. Fields: Griswold (Graves), North Canaan and Cornwall (Bissell). Last half of May; fruit Sept. Crataegus monstrata Sarg. (remarkable). Locally plentiful in moist thickets in Oxford, Middlebury, Southbury and Woodbury (Harger). Late May; fruit Sept. Crataegus Napaea Sarg. (of a wooded dell). Rare. Thickets in Litchfield and Cornwall (Bissell). Late May ; fruit late Sept. Crataegus viridimontana Sarg. (of the Green Mountains). Rare. Thickets: Litchfield (Bissell). Last half of May ; fruit early Sept. Pruinosae Sarg. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch (frosted). Rare. Oxford, moist thicket (Harger). Late May : fruit early October. The forma dissona (Sarg.) Eggleston (confused), Cra- taegus dissona Sarg., occurs at New London, Waterford and East Lyme (Graves), East Windsor (Bissell), Oxford (Har- ger), Trumbull (Fames). Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, var. latisepala (Ashe) Eggleston (broad-sepaled). Crataegus latisepala Ashe. Crataegus cognata Sarg. Frequent in the shore towns of New London County (Graves) ; occurs also at Windsor and Stratford (Bissell). Late May — early June ; fruit Oct. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, var. conjuncta (Sarg.) Eggleston (connected). No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 229 Crataegus conjuncta Sarg. Rare. Pastures: Stratford (Eames), Oxford and An- sonia (Harger). Late May; fruit Oct. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch, var. Porteri (Britton) Eggleston. Crataegus Porteri Britton. Crataegus levis Sarg. Rare or local. Old pastures : Torrington and Litchfield (Bissell). Late May; fruit early Oct. Crataegus Jesupi Sarg. Rare. Fence-rows and pastures : East Windsor (Bissell). Last half of May ; fruit late Sept. — early Oct. Forms of uncertain status. Crataegus f estiva Sarg. (pretty). Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Last of May; fruit Oct. Crataegus incisa Sarg. (cut or notched). Rare. Stratford, in rocky pastures (Eames). Late May — early June ; fruit Oct. Crataegus litt oralis Sarg. (of the sea-shore). Rare. New London, Waterford and East Lyme (Graves). Last half of May ; fruit Oct. Crataegus Pequotorum Sarg. (pertaining to the Pequot Indians). Rare. Groton (Graves). Last half of May; fruit Oct. Crataegus qiiinebaugensis Sarg. Rare. Griswold, at Hopeville (Graves). Late May : fruit Oct. Coccineae Loud. Crataegus Holmesiana Ashe. Rare. Fields and roadsides: Milford (Eames). Litch- field (Bissell). Last half of May; fruit Sept. Crataegus Pringlei Sarg. Rare. Cornwall, in fields (Bissell). Mid-May; fruit Sept. The var. lobulata (Sarg.) Eggleston (with small lobes), Crataegus lobulata Sarg., Crataegus cristata Ashe, occurs at Lyme (Graves & Bissell). 230 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. (borne on a pedicel). Crataegus f retails Sarg. Crataegus sejuncta Sarg. Rare or local. Fields and roadsides: Groton (Graves), Beacon Falls, Oxford and Middlebury (Harger), Litchfield and Cornwall (Bissell). Last half of May; fruit early Sept. Crataegus polita Sarg. (polished). Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Last half of May; fruit late Aug. — early Sept. This and the three preceding species are well shaped trees with handsome foliage, beautiful both in flower and fruit, and are well worthy of cultivation for ornament. Forms of uncertain status. Crataegus Eamesii Sarg. ' Rare. Dry banks: Stratford (Fames), Ansonia (Har- ger). Last half of May; fruit late Aug. — early Sept. Crataegus neo-londinensis Sarg. Occasional near the coast in Groton and East Lyme (Graves). Late May; fruit early Sept. Molles Sarg. Crataegus Arnoldiana Sarg. Rare. East Lyme (Graves). Mid-May; fruit early Sept. Anomalae Sarg. Crataegus Brainerdi Sarg. In its typical form not known in Connecticut. The var. SCABRIDA (Sarg.) Eggleston (rough), Crataegus seabrida Sarg., occurs in thickets at Litchfield (Bissell). Late May; fruit late Sept. Macracanthae Loud. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. (long-thorned). Crataegus coccinea L., var. macracantha Dudley. Rare or local. Fields and pastures : East Windsor, Litch- field and Cornwall (Bissell). Late May — early June; fruit Sept. The van rhombifolia (Sarg.) Eggleston (having lozenge-shaped leaves), Crataegus rhombifolia Sarg., occurs No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 23I at Norwich and Griswold (Graves), and at Southington (Bis- sell, Andrews). Forms of uncertain status. Crataegus ferentaria Sarg. (armed). Rare. Franklin (Graves). Last half of May ; fruit early- Sept. Crataegus fulgens Sarg. (shining). Rare. Stratford, ledges on bank of Housatonic River (Fames). Early June; fruit late Sept. — early Oct. Crataegus pellucida Sarg. (transparent). Rare. Litchfield, in pastures (Bissell). Late May; fruit late Sept. Crataegus spatiosa Sarg. (spacious; ample). Rare. Groton (Graves). Last half of May; fruit Sept. Crataegus stratfordensis Sarg. Rare. Stratford, dry bank on the coast (Fames). Early June; fruit Sept. FRAGARIA L. Strawberry. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Fragaria canadensis Michx. in part. Fragaria terrae-novae Rydb. Wild or Field Strawberry. Common. Fields, pastures and roadsides. Late April — May. Berries delicious. Hybrids and derivatives are common and valuable in cultivation. The leaves are medicinal. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, var. illinoensis (Prince) Gray. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, var. Grayana Rydb. Rare. Waste ground: Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Fames). Apparently an escape from cultivation. Late April — May. Introduced from the West. Fragaria vesca L. (small or weak). European Wood Strawberry. Rare or local. Grassy places : New London and Gris- wold (Graves), Hartford (Bissell), Salisbury (M. L. Fer- nald). May — June. In Connecticut apparently naturalized from Europe. 232 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. • The var. alba (Ehrh.) Rydb. (white) occurs at Southing-' ton (Bissell). Fragaria vesca L., var. americana Porter. Fragaria americana Britton. Wild or American Wood Strawberry. Rocky woods. Rare near the coast : FrankHn and Preston (Graves), New Haven (D. C. Eaton). Frequent northward. May — June. DUCHESNEA Smith. Indian Strawberry. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke. Fragaria indica Andr, Yellow, Indian or Mock Strawberr}-. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to lawns: New London . (Graves), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell), Fairfield (Fames). April — Sept. Adventive from India. Often grov/n in hanging-baskets for its yellow flowers and handsome but insipid berries. WALDSTEINIA Willd. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. (strawberry-like). Barren, Dry or Yellow-flowered Strawberrry. Rare. Rocky woods or thickets : Norfolk and Colebrook (H. C. Beardslee), Torrington (Miss B. A. Parker). Late April — May. POTENTILLA L. Cinquefoil. Five-finger. Potentilla arguta Pursh (sharp). Drymocallis arguta R}'db. Tall Cinquefoil. Rare or local. Open sterile soil and on dry rocky hills. June — Aug. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Potentilla norvegica Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Rough Cinquefoil. Frequent. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June — Sept. Potentilla monspeliensis L., var. norvegica (L.) Rydb. Potentilla norvegica L. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 233 Rare. East Granby, rocky slopes of Peak Mt. (A. W. Drig-gs). June— July. Potentilla argentea L. (silvery). Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. Frequent to common. Dry, sterile or sandy open places. Mid-May — Sept. Potentilla intermedia L. (intermediate). Downy Cinquefoil. Rare. Roadsides and waste ground in Glastonbury (Bis- sell), East Haven (Harger), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt). June — July. Native of Europe. Potentilla recta L. (upright). Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Rare. Dry fields and wastes: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Bristol (W. A. Terry), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Newtown (J. M. Otis), Kent (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop, (of marshes). Comarum palustrc L. Marsh or Purple Cinquefoil or Five-finger. Bog Straw- berry. Purple-wort. Rare or local. Boggy swamps and borders of lakes : New Haven (D. C. Eaton), East Granby (Weatherby), Ham- den, Litchfield and Danbury (Harger), Salisbury, plentiful about Twin Lakes (Bissell, Mrs. C. S. Phelps et al.), June — July. Potentilla fruticosa L. (shrubby). Dasiphora fruticosa Rydb. Hardback. Goshen Llardhack. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Low fields, wet pastures and boggy swamps. Rare near the coast: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New Haven (G. W. Hawes). Occasional elsewhere, except in Litchfield County, where it is common and often a serious pest in low pastures. June — Sept. Potentilla tridentata Ait. (three-toothed). Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Rydb. Three-toothed or Mountain Cinquefoil or Five-finger. 234 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Rare or local. Exposed ledges and bleak mountain tops: Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour, Weatherby & Bissell), Corn- wall (E. E. Brewster), Salisbury (Bissell et al.). May — July. Potentilla pacifica Howell. Potentilla Anserina of American authors in part, not L. Argentina Anserina Rydb., var. grandis Rydb. Silver Weed. Argentina. Wild Tansy. Inner edges of salt marshes along the coast. Milford, locally plentiful (Eames), New Haven (Bissell), East Haven (Harger), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett) ; and common eastward. Mid-May — July. Potentilla pumila Poir. (dwarf). Frequent. Roadsides and fields. April — May. The comparative distribution of this and the species next following has not been worked out. Potentilla canadensis L. Yellow Strawberry. Cinquefoil. Five-finger. Running Buttercup. Common. Dry, open places, especially on hillsides. April — Aug. Potentilla canadensis L., var. simplex (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (simple). Potentilla simplex Michx. Cinquefoil. Five-finger. Frequent or common. Woods, fields and roadsides. May — Aug. FILIPENDULA Hill. Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson (red). Ulmaria rubra Hill. Spiraea lohata Gronov. Queen of the Prairie. Rare or local. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation: Groton and Sprague (Graves), Monroe, Trumbull and Fair- field (Fames). June — July. Naturalized from the West. Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Ulmus, the Elm). Ulmaria palustris Moench. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 235 Ulmaria Ulmaria Barnh. Spiraea Ulmaria L. Meadow-sweet, Honey-sweet. Mead-sweet. Queen of the Meadow. Meadow Queen. Bridewort. English Meadow- sweet. Rare or local. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places: East Windsor and Southington (Bissell), Ox- ford (Harger), Trumbull, Norwalk and Ridgefield (Eames). July — mid-Aug. Native of Europe. Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. (six-petaled). Spiraea Filipendula L. Pride of the Meadow. Dropwort. Rare. Southington, escaped from cultivation to a road- side (Andrews). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. GEUM L. Avens. Geum canadense Jacq. Gemn alhnm J. F. Gmel. White Avens. Herb Bennet. Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and shaded places. Mid-June — Aug. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell (yellow). Cream-colored Avens. Occasional. Rocky woods, thickets and partially shaded places. Mid-June — Aug. Geum virginianum L. Rough or White Avens. Herb Bennet. Chocolate-root. . Frequent. Wet meadows, low thickets and along streams. Mid-June — July. Geum striatum Ait. (strict or straight). Yellow or Field Avens. Herb Bennet. Rare or local. Open swamps, wet pastures or sometimes in dry ground. Late June — mid-Aug. Geum rivale L. (of brook-sides). Purple, Water or Drooping Avens. Chocolate-root. Indian Chocolate-root. Wet or boggy meadows. Rare near the coast : Griswold 236 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. (E. F. Burleson, Graves), Sprague (Miss Smith), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New Haven and Orange (D. C. Eaton). Occasional or local northward and usually plentiful where it occurs. May — June. The root is used medicinally. KERRIA DC. Kerria japonica (Thunb.) DC. Japanese. Rose. Globeflower. Rare. Ledyard, roadside as an escape from garden (Graves). Late May — June. Introduced from eastern Asia. RUBUS L. Bramble. Rubus idaeus L. (of Mt. Ida.) European Red Raspberry. Rare. Roadsides and fence-rows : Southington, escaped from an old garden (W. H. Blanchard), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport, plentiful in one locality (Eames). Mid-May — June; fruit Jul}-. Adventive from the Old World. Formerly much cultivated and represented by the Antwerp, Fontenay, etc. Rubus idaeus L., var. aculeatissimus Regel & Tiling (very prickly). Rubus idaeus L., var. strigosiis Maxim. Rubus strigosus Michx. Red or Wild Red Raspberry. Fence-rows, pastures and thickets. Rare in the coast re- gion of the southwestern part of the state ; occasional or frequent elsewhere. Mid-May — June ; fruit late June — July. Valued for its fruit in cultivation. The Cuthbert and other light red berries of gardens are of this type. X ? Rubus neglectus Peck (neglected). Purple Wild Raspberry. Rare. Moist thicket: Oxford (Harger). Mid-May — June. Thought to be a hybrid between Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus and Rubus occidentalis. The Shafifer, Glad- stone and Philadelphia are cultivated forms of this species. N'O. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 237 Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim, (having purple-red hairs). VVineberry. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides: Southington (Andrews), Fairfield (Eames), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). June- — Aug. Adventive from Japan. Cultivated as an ornamental plant and for its fruit. Rubus occidentalis L. (western). Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry. Black-cap. Common. Thickets, fence-rows, roadsides and pastures. Mid-May — June; fruit late June — July. The Ohio, Gregg, etc., are cultivated forms of this species. Both wild and cultivated its fruit is valued for dessert and preserving. The forma pallidus (Bailey) Robinson (pale) has been found in Bridgeport (Eames) and Oxford (Harger). The Golden Queen of the gardens is a derivative of this form. Rubus odoratus L, (fragrant). Purple Flowering Raspberry. Rocky woods. Rare near the coast; becoming. occasional or frequent northward. June — Aug. ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Rubus triflorus Richards, (three-flowered). Rubus americanus Britton. Dwarf or Running Raspberry. Wet, often rocky woods, and in wooded swamps. Rare near the coast; becoming occasional or frequent northward. May ; fruit June. Sometimes occurs with pink flowers. Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Rubus villosus Gray's Manual ed. 6 in large part, not Ait. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. High-bush or Mulberry Blackberry. Common in woods, thickets and pastures in the hilly and mountainous parts of the state; occasional or local at low elevations and in sandy soil elsewhere. Mid-May — June ; fruit late July — Sept. One of our most valued wild berries and often cultivated, the Taylor being a representative. The fruit- juice and root- 238 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. bark of this and other species are valued in domestic medical practice for their astringent properties and are also officinal. Rubus allegheniensis Porter, var. Gravesii Fernald. Rare. Moist or dry thickets: Groton (Graves), South- ington (Andrews), New Milford (Eames). June; fruit early Aug. Rubus frondosus Bigel. (leafy). Rubus villosus Ait., var. frondosus Torr. Rubus philadelphicus Blanchard. Rare or occasional. Open pastures and dry hillsides. Mid- May — June. Rubus pergratus Blanchard (very pleasant). Rubus orarius Blanchard. Rubus amnicolus Blanchard. Rare. Roadsides and thickets: Southington (Bissell), Winchester and Colebrook (M. L. Fernald). Late May — early June ; fruit July. Rubus recurvans Blanchard (recurving). Rubus arimdelanus Blanchard. Fields and open woods. Occasional in the northwestern part of the state ; frequent elsewhere. Mid-May — June ; fruit July. Rubus Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Rubus argutus Link, var. Randii Bailey. Rubus recurvicaulis Blanchard. Woods and shaded places in moist or wet ground. Rare or occasional in central and northern Connecticut ; its exact range unknown. June. Rubus laciniatus Willd. (slashed). Cut-leaved or Evergreen Blackberry. Rare. Bridgeport, spontaneous along a sandy roadside and in an adjoining field (E. H. Baldwin). June — July. Probably native of Europe. Cultivated for ornament. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh (wedge-leaved). Sand or Knee-high Blackberry. Ankle Brier. Dr\' open sandy or sterile places. Occasional or frequent No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 239 in the southwestern part of the state, sometimes covering large areas ; becoming rare northward and eastward, reaching Newtown (Eames), Southbury (Harger), Farmington (W. H. Blanchard), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer), Colchester (Graves). June — early July; fruit mid- July — Sept. The fruit is delicious. The bark of the rootstock is medi- cinal and is officinal. Rubus Andrewsianus Blanchard. High-bush Blackberry. Dry or moist open or shaded situations. Occasional or frequent over most of the state, but apparently absent from the mountainous areas. June ; fruit mid- July — Sept. The fruit of this species is commonly of good size and quality and is the High-bush Blackberry usually gathered in some parts of the state. Rubus floricomus Blanchard (covered with flowers). Local. Woods and pastures in heavy soils : Southington and Meriden (W. H. Blanchard). June; fruit Aug. Rubus setosus Bigel. (bristly). Rub Its nigricans Rydb. in part. Occasional or frequent. Usually in swamps and wet ground, but sometimes in drier places. June — July. Rubus nigricans Rydb. (blackish). Rubus hispidus L., var. suberectiis Peck. Rubus setosus of authors in part, not Bigel. Rubus vermontamis Blanchard. Rubus semlsetosus Blanchard (?). Dry hills and plains. Apparently rare or occasional, but its distribution is not known. June — July. Rubus hispidus L. (rough-hairy). Running Swamp Blackberry. Common. Swamps, bogs, wet woods and fields, or some- times in drier places. Mid-June — July. Rubus villosus Ait. (hairy). Rubus canadensis of authors, not L. Rubus procumbens Muhl. Dewberry. Running Brier. Running or Low Blackberry. 240 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Dry, especially open situations. Frequent or common at low elevations, but rare or absent in mountainous districts. Late May — June ; fruit July — Aug. Its berries are the best of the low vines and are not ex- celled by those of any blackberry. The Lucretia Dewberry is a cultivated form derived from a variety of this species. Several recently proposed species not included in this list are obviously closely related to Rubus villosus and await further study. Rubus villosus Ait., var. humifusus Torr. & Gray (spreading over the ground). Rubus Enslenii Trattinick. Rubus Baileyanus Britton. Rubus subuniilorus Rydb. Frequent or common. Dry soil in open situations, nearly throughout, but especially plentiful at low elevations and near the coast. Late May — June; fruit July — Aug. The fruit is inferior in quality to that of the typical form of the species. DALIBARDA Kalm. Dalibarda repens L. (creeping). Dalibarda. Rare. Moist rich woods: Winchester (Andrews, Bissell), Colebrook (J. W. Robbins), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). Mid- June — mid- Aug. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. (having bent or hooked sepals). Agrimonia Eupaforia Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not L. Agrimonia hirsuta Bicknell. Stickseed. Cocklebur. Beggar-ticks. Hairy Agrimony. Frequent. Roadsides, thickets and borders of woods. Late June — Aug. The plant is medicinal. Agrimonia striata Michx. (grooved). Agrimonia Eupatoria Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not L. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. Stickseed. Beggar-ticks. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 24I Rocky woods, thickets and more open places. Rare near the coast and in the southwestern part of the state ; frequent elsewhere. Late June — Sept. Agrimonia mollis (Torr. & Gray) Britton (soft). Agrimonia puhescens Wallr. ( ?) Soft Agrimony. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods, thickets and more open places. July — Aug. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. (small-flowered). Small or Many-flowered Agrimony. Rare. Fairfield, edge of wet meadow (Eames), South- bury, roadside (Harger, Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. (having a little beak). Agrimonia striata Bicknell, not Michx. Woodland Agrimony. Dry rich or rocky woods. Occasional in the southern part of the state, extending northward as far as Middletown and Southington (Bissell). July — Aug. SANGUISORBA L. Burnet. Sanguisorba canadensis L. Poterimn canadense Gray. Canadian, Wild or Great American Burnet. Locally plentiful along the borders of tidal marshes and about fresh-water swamps and streams near the coast; also occurs in low grounds along the Farmington River in Windsor (H. S. Clark), Farmington (Bissell), and Simsbury (A. W, Driggs) ; and has been collected at Berlin (J. N. Bishop). Mid-July — mid-Oct. Sanguisorba minor Scop, (smaller). Poterimn Sanguisorba L. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba Britton. Garden or Salad Burnet. Bloodwort. Bibernel. Pimpernel. Toper's-plant. Rare. Monroe, in dry rocky ground (H. C. Beardslee). July — Sept. Fugitive from Europe or Asia. Formerly cultivated as a salad plant. 242 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ROSA L. » Rose. Rosa setigera Michx. (bristle-bearing). Climbing or Prairie Rose. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, waste places and thickets: Voluntovvn (Graves), Farmington (H. S. Clark), Stratford and Bridgeport (Eames). June — July. Adventive from the West. Rosa blanda Ait. (smooth). Meadow, Thornless or Early Wild Rose. Sandy soil. Rare in most districts : Hartford (H. J. Koeh- ler), Milford (Andrews). Occasional along the Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger) northward. Late May — June. Rosa spinosissima L. (very spiny). Scotch or Burnet Rose. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides in Preston and Franklin (Graves). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Rosa cinnamomea L. (cinnamon-scented). Cinnamon or Kitchen Rose. Rare or occasional. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places near old houses ; in the hills of Salisbury sometimes forming dense thickets (Bissell). June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Rosa rugosa Thunb. (wrinkled). Japanese Rose. Rare. Milford, escaped from cultivation about old house- sites (Eames & C, C. Godfrey) ; occurs also at Bridgeport and Greenwich (Eames). June — Aug. Adventive from Asia. Rosa canina L. (of a dog). Dog, Canker, Hip or Brier Rose. Rare. Pastures and roadsides: Bolton (C. C. Hanmer), Southington (Andrews). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Rosa rubiginosa L. (rusty). Sweetbrier. Eglantine. Hip or Kitchen Rose. Occasional or frequent. Thickets, pastures and roadsides. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 243 Rosa rubiginosa L., var. micrantha (Sm.) Lindl. (small-flow- ered.) Small-flowered Sweetbrier. Rare. Granby, along a roadside (H. S. Clark, Weatherby & Bissell), New Haven (A. L. Winton). June — July. Ad- ventive from England. Rosa gallica L. French, Provence or Red Rose. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and about old house-sites: Ledyard and Franklin (Graves), Thompson (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell, Weatherby), West- port (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June. Ad- ventive from Europe. An old-fashioned garden rose. The dried petals are medici- nal and are officinal. Rosa nitida Willd. (shining). Shining or Northeastern Rose. Rare, In swamps : Thompson (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), Stafford (Graves). June — July. Rosa Carolina L. Swamp Wild Rose. Frequent or common. Swamps and in low ground. June -July. Rosa virginiana Mill. Rosa lucida Ehrh. Wild or Large Wild Rose. Occasional or frequent. Low grounds, banks of streams, fields and thickets. June — July. Rosa humilis Marsh, (low). Wild Rose. Dwarf, Low or Pasture Wild Rose. Frequent or common. Pastures, thickets and open woods, often in dry ground. June — July. An apparent hybrid of this with Rosa nitida occurs at Stafford (Weatherbv & Bis- sell). PRUNUS L. Plum. Cherry. ?runus serotina Ehrh. (late). Wild, Rum, Whiskey or Cabinet Cherry. Wild Black Cherry. 244 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Common. Woods, pastures, fence-rows and roadsides. Mid-May — June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. The bark is officinal under the name " Prnnus virginiana,'' and is vakied for its tonic as well as sedative properties, the latter due to its hydrocyanic acid, a constituent also of all other parts of the plant. The foliage of this and probably that of re- lated species is believed to be poisonous to cattle when wilted, although harmless when fresh. The kernels of the seeds, inad- vertently swallowed by children, have been fatally poisonous. The wood is light, strong, hard and close-grained, valued for cabinet work and interior finish. The tree is ornamental and worthy of planting in some situations. Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Thickets, woods, fence-rows and roadsides. Rare near th® coast in the southeastern part of the state but frequent o» common elsewhere. Mid-May — June ; fruit mid- July — Augf Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Bird, Pin or Fire Cherry. Occasional. Found in various soils and situations, but especially in rocky woods and clearings. May ; fruit July. The wood is light, soft and close-grained. Prunus alleghaniensis Porter.. Alleghany or IMountain Plum. Sloe. Rare. Lisbon, sandy bottoms along the Quinnebaug River, and Lyme, bank of the Connecticut River (Graves) ; Bridge- port, w-et thicket bordering a small stream, and Monroe, hill- side pasture (Fames) ; Southlmry, roadside in sandy soil (Harger). May; fruit Aug. Prunus instititia L. (grafted). Prunus spinosa L., var. instititia Gray's Manual ed. 6. Damson. Bullace Plum. Rare. Old Lyme, escaped from a hedge (Graves), Fair- field, rocky hillside (Fames). May; fruit Aug. — Sept. Ad- ventive from Furope. Prunus maritima Wang, (of the sea-coast). Beach Plum. Xi>. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 245 In sandy soil. Frequent or common on the shores of the Sound and about tidal streams and marshes, also occasional in dry places a few miles inland. Mid-May — mid-June ; fruit late Aug. — Sept. The fruit is sometimes gathered for preserves. Prunus Mahaleb L. (Arabic name). Mahaleb, St. Lucie or Perfumed Cherry. Rare or local. Fields, pastures and roadsides : New Lon- don and Groton (Graves), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Is largely imported and used for cherry-tree stocks. Prunus Gravesii Small. Beach Plum. Rare. Groton, gravelly ridge near the Sound (Graves). Last week in May ; fruit first week in Sept. Prunus cuneata Raf. (wedge-shaped). Prunus pumila Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Sand or Dwarf Cherry. Sand plains and tops of rocky hills. Norwich (W. A. Setchell. Mrs. E. E. Rogers), and rare, local or occasional in the northern two-thirds of the state. May ; fruit Aug. Prunus avium L. (of birds). Cherry. Sweet, Black, Bird or Mazzard Cherry. Frequent. Roadsides, fence-rows, woods and thickets. Late xApril — ]\Iay ; fruit mid-June— July. Naturalized from Europe. In its cultivated forms valuable for its fruit, that of the wild plants being also sometimes used. The wood is valued for cabinet work. Prunus Cerasus L. (classical name for the Cherry-tree). Sour, Pie, Red, Morello or Old-fashioned Cherry. Griottes. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides : Ledyard, New London and Waterford (Graves), Thompson and Bristol (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Stratford (Fames). May ; fruit July. Native of Europe. Cultivated for its fruit. •246 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuUl Prunus nigra Ait. (black). Wild, Canada or Horse Plum. Rare. Norfolk, a few trees about an abandoned garden (A. W. Driggs), Oxford (Harger). May ; fruit Aug. — Sept Has given rise to some choice fruit-bearing varieties in cultivation. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. Wild Yellow, Red or Goose Plum. Wet or dry soils in various situations, especially along streams. Rare in southern districts, becoming occasional northward. May ; fruit mid-Aug. Apparently, in part, intro duced near the coast. It is the most prolific source of cultivated native Plums suited to the cold North, Prunus domestica L. (domestic). Garden Plum. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places: New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Fairfield (Eames & C. K. Averill). May; fruit Aug. — Sept. Native of the Old World. Frequently cultivated. Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes. Amygdalus Persica L. Peach. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides, fence-rows and waste places in the southern part of the state. Late April — May ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Native of Asia. A valued fruit in cultivation. Some forms are occasionally cultivated for ornament. Medicinal. LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY. GLEDITSIA L. Honey Locust. Gleditsia triacanthos L. (three-thorned). Honey Locust. Rare, occasional or local. Pastures, roadsides and fence- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 247 rows as an escape from cultivation. May — June. Naturalized from the West or South. The wood is coarse-grained but strong and durable. The name Honey Locust is supposed to refer to the sweetness of the pulp surrounding the seeds in the pod. Often planted for hedges or as an ornamental tree. CASSIA L. Senna. Cassia marilandica L. Wild or American Senna. Roadsides or alluvial soil, usually in moist ground. Rare or occasional in most sections, but frequent along the Housa- tonic River. July — Aug. The leaves have medicinal properties like those of officinal Senna and are sometimes used as a substitute. Cassia Chamaecrista L. (ground cock's-comb). Partridge Pea. Sandy fields and railroad banks. Common on and near the coast, extending inland as far as Glastonbury (H. S. Clark), and Seymour (Harger). July — Sept. Cassia nictitans L. (winking). Wild Sensitive Plant. Sensitive Pea. Common. Sandy fields and dry sterile ground. July — Sept. CERCIS L. Redbud. Judas Tree. Cercis canadensis L. Redbtid. Rare. Sparingly escaped about an old nursery at Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). * April. Fugitive from the South. BAPTISIA Vent. False Indigo. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. (used for dyeing). Wild Indigo. Horsefly-weed. Common. Dry wastes, pastures, thickets and open woods in sandy or poor soils. July — Aug. The leaves have been used as a substitute for Indigo and the young shoots are sometimes eaten like Asparagus. The roots and leaves have medicinal value. 248 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBllll. CROTALARIA L. Rattle-box. Crotalaria sagittalis L. (shaped like an arrow-head). Rattle-box. Frequent to common. Dry sandy or sterile ground. Jul\ — Sept. This plant when present in hay is known to cause seriou- and fatal poisoning- of horses and sometimes of cattle, its mod- of action being similar to that of the western Loco-weeds. CYTISUS L. Broom. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (broom-like). Scotch Broom. Rare. Meriden^ one colony by a roadside (Miss E. J. Leonard). July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe, The dried tops are medicinal and are officinal. LUPINUS L. Lupine. Lupinus perennis L. (perennial). Wild Lupine. Blue Bean. Sundial. Dry or sandy soil. Found nearly throughout, though ver}' local and uneven in its distribution, but, in general, rare westward and occasional or frequent eastward. May — June. TRIFOLIUM L. Clover. Trefoil. Trifolium arvense L. (of cultivated ground). Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover. Common. Dry fields and roadsides. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Trifolium incarnatum L. (flesh-colored). Crimson or Italiari" Clover. Rare. Fields and cultivated ground as an escape from cultivation. June — July. Fugitive from Europe. Often grown as a cover-crop. Very brilliant when in full bloom. All the clovers, through the agency of bacterial nodules on their roots, are exceedingly valuable as storers of nitrogen in the soil. Trifolium pratense L. (of meadows). Red, Common Red, Meadow or Pea-vine Clover. X(). 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 249 Common. Meadows, fields and roadsides. May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Extensively cultivated for fodder and for fertilizer. The blossoms are used medicinally. Trifolium repens L. (creeping). White or Honeysuckle Clover. Common. Fields, meadows, roadsides and lawns. May — June. Probably, at least for the most part, introduced from Europe. Valuable for pasturage, for lawns and as a honey plant. Some authorities regard this species as the true Irish Sham- rock. Trifolium hybridum L. (mongrel). Alsike or Swedish Clover. Frequent. Cultivated fields, roadsides and waste ground, usually in moist places. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Valuable for hay and as a honey plant, thriving best on heavy soils. Trifolium agrarium L. (of fields). Trifolium aureum at least of American authors. Yellow or Hop Clover. Common. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug. Natural- ized from Europe. Of little value as a forage plant. Trifolium procumbens L. (trailing). Low Hop Clover. Dry fields. Occasional to frequent near the coast ; rare elsewhere. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. MELILOTUS Hill. Sweet Clover. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. (of the shops). Yellow Melilot or Sweet Clover. Occasional or local. Waste places. June — Aug. Natural- ized from Europe. The leaves and flowering tops are medicinal. Melilotus alba Desr. (white). White Melilot or Sweet Clover. Bokhara Clover. 250 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Local or frequent. Roadsides and waste places. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes grown for forage or as a honey plant. The leaves and flowering tops are sometimes used medicinally. MEDICAGO L. Medick. Medicago sativa L. (sown). Lucerne. Alfalfa. Rare or occasional. Fields and roadsides as an escape from cultivation. June — Aug. Introduced from Europe. In some parts of the United States of great value as a forage plant and important as a source of honey, but not often successfully grown in Connecticut. Medicago lupulina L. (hop-like). Hop or Black Medick. Nonesuch. Frequent. Waste places and roadsides. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. The seed is a common adulteration in clover seed. Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. Medicago macnlata Sibth. Spotted Medick. Rare. New London, in cultivated ground (Graves). June — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Medicago hispida Gaertn. (rough-hairy). Medicago denticulata Willd. Toothed Medick. Bur Clover. Rare. Hartford, in waste ground (H. S. Clark). Sept. — • Oct. Fugitive from Europe. HOSACKIA Dougl. Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper. Hosackia Purshiana Benth. Lotus americanus Bischoff. Rare. Bridgeport, a waif in waste ground (Fames). June — Aug. Fugitive from the western United States. LOTUS L. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Lotus corniculatus L. (horned). Bloom-fell. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 25I Rare. Fields and waste ground: Naugatuck (Mrs. C. H. Lyman & B. B. Bristol), Bridgeport (Eames). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. AMORPHA L. Amorpha fruticosa L. (shrubby). False or Bastard Indigo. Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation: Middle- town (Harger), Southington (Andrews), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Hartford and Wethersfield (Bissell). May — July. Adventive from the West. TEPHROSIA Pers. Hoary Pea. Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Cracca virginiana L. Goat's Rue. Catgut. Rare or local. Dry sandy or rocky soils. June. The roots are sometimes used medicinally. ROBINIA L. Locust. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. (false Acacia). Common or Black Locust. False Acacia. Frequent. Fields and roadsides as -an escape from cultiva- tion. June. Naturalized from the South. Cultivated for ornament and sometimes planted to cover sand-blows. The wood is hard and very durable, used for fence-posts and railroad ties. The bark of the root is medicinal. Robinia viscosa Vent, (sticky). Clammy Locust. Occasional. Roadsides, fields and woods, usually in sandy ground. June — July. Naturalized from the South. Robinia hispida L. (rough -hairy). Rose Acacia. Flowering or Bristly Locust. Rare. Dry or sandy roadsides as an escape from cultiva- tion: Groton (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), South Windsor (Weatherby), North Haven (Harger), Berlin and Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Seymour and South Nor- 252 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. f Bllll. walk (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. Adventive from the Southwest. Cultivated as as ornamental shrub. GLYCYRRHIZA L. Liquorice. Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh (scaly). Wild Liquorice. Rare. New Haven, formerly well established on a road- side (D. C. Eaton) ; now apparently exterminated. May — Aug. Fugitive from the West. CORONILLA L. Coronilla varia L. (variable). Crown Vetch. Russian Clover. Axwort. Occasional. Roadsides, waste places and in open fields as an escape from cultivation. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Very persistent and difficult to eradicate. DESMODIUM Desv. Tick Trefoil. Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. (naked-flowered). Meibomia nudiHora Kuntze. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods. July — Aug. Desmodium grandifiorum (Walt.) DC. (large-flowered). Desmodium acuminatum DC. Meibomia grandiiiora Kuntze. Occasional or frequent. Dry rocky woods, usually in rich soil. July — Aug. Desmodium rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. (round-leaved). Meibomia Michauxii Vail. Occasional or local. Dry woods and hillside thickets. July — Aug. Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC. Desmodium huuiifusum Beck. Meibomia glabella Kuntze. Rare. Waterford, in dry woods (Graves). Aug. Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. Meibomia canescens Kuntze. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 253 Dry woods and sandy fields. Occasional or frequent in the southern half of the state and in the Connecticut Valley; rare or local elsewhere. July — Aug. Desmodium bracteosum (Michx.) DC. (having conspicuous bracts). Desmodium cuspidatum Hook. Meibomia bracteosa Kuntze. Dry wooded banks and in thickets. Occasional or frequent in the Connecticut Valley and in the southwestern part of the state ; rare or absent elsewhere. July — Aug. Desmodium Dillenii Darl. Meibomia Dillenii Kuntze. Occasional. Dry woods and thickets in either sandy or rich ground. July — Aug. Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. (panicled). Meibomia paniciilata Kuntze. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods and copses. July — Aug. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Meibomia canadensis Kuntze. Showy Tick Trefoil, Common. Sandy fields, roadsides and open waste places. July — Aug. Flowers rarely pure white. Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & Gray (sessile- leaved). Meibomia scssilifolia Kuntze. Dry open or thinly wooded banks and sandy railroad fill- ings. Local or occasional in the valleys of the Thames River system: Montville, Norwich, Preston and Windham (Graves), Franklin and Bozrah (R. W. Woodward). July — Aug. Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC. (stifif or rigid). Meibomia rigida Kuntze. Occasional or frequent. Dry banks and sandy roadsides. July — Aug. 254 CONNECTICUT GEOL, AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBllll. Desmodium obtusum (Muhl.) DC. (blunt). Desmodium ciliare DC. Meihomia obtiisa Vail. Dry open ground and waste places. Occasional in the southern part of the state, becoming rare northward, reaching Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W, Starmer), and Manchester (Weath- erby) . July — Aug. Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. Meihomia marilandica Kuntze. Occasional or frequent. Dry hillsides and sandy plains. Aug. — Sept. LESPEDEZA Michx. Bush Clover. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (trailing). Occasional. Dry woods or thickets in sandy or sterile soil. Aug. — Sept. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart, (creeping). Rare. Dry woods: New Haven (R. W. Woodward). Aug. — Sept. Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. (violet-colored). Bush Clover. Dry open woods. Occasional in most districts but not reported from New London County. Aug. — Sept. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. Rare. Dry wooded banks or in open ground, mostly in sandy soil: Lyme and Windham (Graves), Southington (Bis- sell), Seymour and Oxford (Harger). Aug. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Dry woods and rocky banks. Occasional in the south- western part of the state, becoming rare northward and east- ward, reaching Southington (Andrews), Windsor (Bissell), and Waterford (Graves). Aug. Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britten. Lespedeza reticulata Pers. Rare or local. Dry sandy or rocky soil. Aug. — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 255 Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton (shrubby). Lespedeza Sttivci Nutt., var. intermedia Wats. Frequent. Dry woods and sandy banks. Aug. — Sept. Lespedeza simulata Mackenzie & Bush (imitating). Rare. Dry sandy ground: Groton (Graves), Southington (Bissell). Aug. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem, (hairy), Lespedeza polystachya Michx. Occasional or frequent. Dry sandy soil. Aug. — Sept. Lespedeza capitata Michx. (having a head, referring to the compact flower clusters). Common. Dry fields and sandy places. Aug. Lespedeza capitata Michx., var. velutina (Bicknell) Fernald (velvety). Lespedeza velutina Bicknell, Lespedeza Bicknellii House. I Dry sandy or sterile places. Rare or perhaps occasional j growing with the typical form, Aug. I CICER L. Chick Pea, Cicer arietinum L. (ram's-head, referring to the shape of the flowers). Rare. One plant in waste ground : Waterbury (A, E, Blewitt), July. Fugitive from Europe. VICIA L. Vetch. Tare, /icia sativa L. (sown). Spring Vetch. Rare. Waste ground as an escape from cultivation. June { — Aug. Adventive from Europe. 1 Sometimes cultivated as a forage plant or for a cover-crop. ^cia angustifolia Reichard (narrow-leaved). Common Vetch or Tare. Roadsides and waste ground. Rare in its typical form. The var. segetalis (Thuillier) Koch (of corn fields), Vicia sativa of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L., is occasional or frequent near the coast, becoming rare northward. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe, L 256 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Vicia Faba L. (classical name for this species). European Garden Bean. Rare. Waste or ballast ground: Southington (Bissell), Waterbury (A. E. Blevvitt), Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive from the Old World. From prehistoric times has been cultivated for food. In the maritime provinces of Canada it is grown for fodder, but in most parts of the United States, where the summers are hot and dry, it does not thrive. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench (four-seeded). Slender Vetch. Dry grassland. Rare or local in most districts: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Southington (Andrews), Hamden (Har- ger). Becoming occasional from Milford (Eames, C. K. Averill) westward along the coast. Late May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray (hairy). Hairy Vetch or Tare. Rare. Stamford, in waste ground (W. H. Hoyt). May — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Vicia Cracca L. (classical name for some leguminous plant). Cow, Tufted or Blue Vetch. Fields, meadows and roadsides. Frequent along the Con- necticut River; rare, local or occasional elsewhere. June — Aug. For the most part introduced from the West or North or from Europe. Inclined to be troublesome in grassland wherever estab- .lished. Vicia villosa Roth (hairy). Hairy or Winter Vetch. Rare. Borders of fields as an escape from cultivation: Southington (Andrews), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). June — Sept. Adventive from the Old World. Grown to a considerable extent as a cover-crop. LENS Hill. Lentil. Lens esculenta Moench (fit for eating). Ervum Lens L. Lentil. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 257 Rare. Waste places: Bridgeport (Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt) . July — Aug. Fugitive from the Old World. This is one of the oldest, and is still one of the important food-plants for man, especially in the warmer parts of the Old World and the Orient, although but little cultivated in this country. LATHYRUS L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. (of the sea). Beach Pea. Common on beaches and sand dunes along the coast. June — Aug. Is found rarely with pure white flowers. The young spring shoots make an excellent pot-herb. Lathyrus palustris L. (of marshes), var. linearifolius Ser, (very narrow-leaved). Marsh Pea. Local. Borders of salt marshes in Groton, Waterford and Old Lyme (Graves), Old Saybrook (Harger). June — July. Lathyrus latifolius L. (broad-leaved). Perennial or Everlasting Pea. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides : Groton, Norwich and Preston (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. An old-fashioned garden flower, hardy under almost all conditions of soil and light. Lathyrus pratensis L. (of meadows). Yellow Vetchling. Rare. In grassland: Hartford, well established in and near an old cemetery (H. S. Clark). July. Adventive from Europe. PISUM L. Pea. Pisum sativum L. (sown). Garden Pea, Rare. Waste places as an escape from cultivation. June — July. Fugitive from Europe. 258 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Pisum sativum L., var. arvense (L.) Poir. (of fields). Field Pea. Rare. Waste places : Bridgeport (Eames). July. Fugi- tive from Europe. Sometimes grown for forage. APIOS Ludwig. Groundnut. Wild Bean. Apios tuberosa Moench (bearing tubers). Apios Apios MacM. Groundnut. Wild Bean. Occasional to frequent. Moist thickets and near streams. July — Sept. The tubers are said to be edible. PHASEOLUS L. Kidney Bean. Phaseolus polystachyus (L.) BSP. (many-spiked). Phaseolus perennis Walt. Wild Bean. Rare. Rocky woods and dry banks: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), New Haven (D. C. Eaton, R. W. Woodward), Huntington (Harger), Norwalk (Miss M. D. Lockwood, G. P. Ells, Bissell). Aug. Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common). Common or Kidney Pole Bean. Rare. Sometimes occurs as an escape in waste ground. July — Aug. Native of Central and South America. A fugi- tive, not persistent here. The var. nanus (L.) Taubert (dwarf). Field or Bush Bean, rarely occurs in similar situations. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton (yellowish). Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Trailing Wild Bean. Open ground in sandy soil. Common along the coast, be- coming rare or local northward. Aug. — Sept. No. 14. j FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 259 AMPHICARPA Ell. Hog Peanut. Amphicarpa monoica (L.) Ell. (monoecious). Falcata comosa of American authors. Wild or Hog Peanut. Common. Woods and thickets, more often in rich moist soil. July — Sept. Amphicarpa Pitcheri Torr. & Gray. Falcata Pitcheri Kuntze. Hog Peanut. Low woods and thickets. Southington (Andrews), Fair- field (Eames), Norwalk (Harger, Bissell), and probably occa- sional or local near the coast eastward. July — Sept, LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY. LINUM L. Flax. Linum usitatissimum L. (most useful). Common Flax. Linseed. Rare. Roadsides, fields and waste places. June — Sept. Introduced from Europe, its nativity unknown. Well known as a cultivated plant from time immemorial; invaluable for its fibre and oil. The fibre of the inner bark is very strong and tough, is valuable for spinning, and is used in the manufacture of fine linen threads and cloths, also a great variety of coarser cords and fabrics. The seeds are the source of linseed oil, and the residue, under the name of " oil cake," is considered a valuable food for stock. Linseed meal has important medicinal uses. Linum sulcatum Riddell (furrowed). Rare. Dry ground: Granby (Bissell), New Haven, An- sonia, Oxford, Southbury and Woodbury (Harger), Milford (Eames), Kent (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Linum striatum Walt, (grooved). Occasional to frequent. Moist open or shaded places. July — Aug. 26o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bttll. Linum virginianum L. Wild Yellow Flax. Frequent. Dry woods and more open places, usually in sandy soil. July — Aug. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton (intermediate). Rare. Dry sandy fields : Waterford and Old Lyme (Graves), Ledyard (Harger), Milford (Fames). July — Sept. OXALIDACEAE. WOOD SORREL FAMILY. OXALIS L. Wood Sorrel. Oxalis Acetosella L. (somewhat sour). Common or White Wood Sorrel. Rare or local. Rich moist woods: Granby (L Holcomb), Barkhamsted and Colebrook (Bissell), Winchester (An- drews), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps ) . June — July. This and other species of the genus contain a compound of oxalic acid, and if eaten in excess may give rise to poisoning. They are somewhat medicinal. Oxalis violacea L. (violet-colored). Violet Wood Sorrel. Woods and moist or dry shaded places. Rare or local, but apparently well distributed throughout the state. May — June. Oxalis striata L. (straight). Oxalis corniculata L., var. stricta of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Fields, roadsides and sandy places. Rare or local in northern districts, becoming frequent near the coast. May — Sept. Oxalis filipes Small (with thread-like stems). Oxalis Brittoniae Small. Slender Yellow Wood Sorrel. Rare or local. Dry fields and roadsides : Farmington (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Newington, Litchfield and Cornwall (Bis- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 26I sell). Orange (Eames), Southbury (Harger), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). May — Sept. Oxalis corniculata L. (horned). Oxalis corniculata L., var. stricta of Gray's Manual ed. 6 ia part. Oxalis stricta of many authors, not L. Oxalis Bushii Small. Oxalis rufa Small. Oxalis cymosa Small. Lady's Sorrel. Tall Yellow Wood Sorrel. Common. Woods and fields in various soils and situations. May — Sept. Oxalis repens Thunb. (creeping). Oxalis corniculata L. in part, and of many later authors. Rare or local. Florist's grounds, greenhouses and street gutters: New London (Graves). May — June. A cosmo- politan species, in Connecticut probably adventive from Europe. GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY. GERANIUM L. Cranesbill. Geranium maculatum L. (spotted). Wild Cranesbill. Common. Fields, roadsides and woods. May — June. The very astringent root is medicinal and is officinal. Geranium pratense L. (of meadows). Meadow Geranium or Cranesbill. Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). July. Fugitive from Europe. Geranium Robertianum L. Herb Robert. Red Robin. Rpcky ledges, usually in shade. Rare in eastern districts, becoming occasional or frequent westward. May — Sept. Geranium carolinianum L. Occasional. Rocky woods, dry fields and waste ground. May — July. 262 CONiNECTICUT GliOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Geranium pusillum Burm. f. (very small). Small-flowered Geranium or Cranesbill. Rare. In lawns and grasslands: New Haven (Harger), Bridgeport (liames), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Geranium dissectum L. (finely cut). Cut-leaved Geranium or Cranesbill. Rare. Oxford, in newly seeded ground (Harger). June. Fugitive from Europe. Geranium molle L. (soft). Dove's-foot Geranium or Cranesbill. Rare. Lawns and cultivated ground : Southington (An- drews), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell), Bridgeport (Eames), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. ERODIUM L'Her. Storksbill. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. (like Cicuta, the Poison Hem- lock). Storksbill. Heron's-bill. Rare. Waste ground: New London (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer), Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpenter), Norwalk (G. P. Ells). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her. (smelling of musk). Musk Erodium or Storksbill. Rare. Hartford, in waste grounds (H. S. Clark). Sept Fugitive from Europe. RUTACEAE. RUE FAMILY. ' ZANTHOXYLUM L. Prickly Ash. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree. Thickets, fence-rows or open fields, often in rocky ground. Rare in the southeastern part of the state, becoming occa- sional northward and westward and frequent in Litchfield No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 263 County. April — May. Probably southward largely an escape from cultivation. The bark is medicinal and is officinal ; the berries are also sometimes used medicinally. PTELEA L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. Ptelea trifoliata L. (three-leaved). Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from cultivation: Southington (Andrews), Seymour (Harger), Ansonia (C. K. Averill), Woodbury (Eames), Huntington (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). June. Adventive from the West. The bark of the root, the leaves and the fruit are medicinal. SIMARUBACEAE. QUASSIA FAMILY. AILANTHUS Desf. Tree of Heaven. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. (glandular), Ailanthus. Tree of Heaven. Occasional. Waste places, fence-rows and along roadsides. June; fruit Oct. Naturalized from China. A tree of rapid growth, well adapted to cultivation. It propagates freely from seed and from root suckers and readily accommodates itself to any soil. It was formerly supposed to counteract malarial influences arising from the soil in which it grew. The staminate tree, however, on account of its dis- agreeable odor when in flower, is not desirable. The bark is medicinal. POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY. POLYGALA L. Milkwort. Polygala paucifolia Willd. (few-leaved). Fringed Polygala. Flowering Wintergreen. In woods, usually in light soil. Rare in New London County, frequent elsewhere. May — June. A form with white flowers has been found at New Milford (C. K. Averill). 264 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Polygala polygama Walt, (polygamous). Milkwort. Local or occasional. Dry sandy ground, often on sand plains. July — Aug. A form with white flowers occurs at Milford (Eames). Polygala Senega L. (from Seneca Indians). Seneca or Senega Snakeroot. Rare. Kent, a small colony in thinly shaded, dr}' and poor soil on the bank of the Housatonic River (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin) ; occurs also at New Milford (C. D. Bishop). May — ^June. The plant is valued medicinally and is officinal. Polygala sanguinea L. (blood-red). Polygala viridescens L. Purple Milkwort. Common. Moist or sometimes dry fields, pastures and thin woods. July — Sept. Occurs occasionally with white flowers. Polygala Nuttallii Torr. & Gray. Rare or local. Open ground in sandy soil: Groton (Graves), Cheshire and Southington (Andrews), Plainville (Bissell). July — Aug. Polygala cruciata L. (cross-shaped). Open swamps and wet meadows. Occasional or frequent near the coast, but rare or wanting inland. July — Sept. Polygala verticillata L. (whorled). Whorled Polygala. Common. Dry or sterile fields. July — Aug. Polygala verticillata L., var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood (doubt- ful). Polygala ambigua Nutt. Apparently rare. Dry places, growing with the typical form. The distinctions between this variety and the species have been little recognized, and its distribution is not known. July — Aug. i No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 265 EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY. CROTONOPSIS Michx. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. (very narrow; referring to the leaves). Local. Sandy fields and wastes : Milford, plentiful in one locality (Eames). July — Sept. ACALYPHA L. Three-seeded Mercury. Acalypha virginica L. Frequent or common. Open woods, fields and meadows. July — Sept. Sometimes a weed in lawns and cultivated ground. Acalj^jha gracilens Gray (slender). Acalypha virginica L., var. gracilens Muell. Arg. Frequent. Dry fields and roadsides. July — Sept. RICINUS L. Castor-oil Plant. Ricinus communis L. (growing in colonies). Castor-oil Plant. Rare. A fugitive in waste grounds in Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). Sept. — Oct. Native of India or Africa. Cultivated for ornament. The oil expressed from the seeds is medicinal and is officinal. EUPHORBIA L. Spurge. Euphorbia polygonifolia L. (having leaves like Polygonum, the Knotweed). Seaside Spurge. Frequent along the coast on sea beaches and sand dunes. July — Sept. Euphorbia Preslii Guss. Euphorbia nutans of Britton's Manual. Occasional or frequent. Fields and roadsides, especially in sandy soil. July — Sept. The plant has medicinal properties and is locally known as Fluxweed. All species of the genus are more or less medi- cinal and some are strong irritants. 266 COxXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand (hairy). Frequent or common. Sandy soil along roadsides and in waste places, July — Sept. Euphorbia maculata L. (spotted). Milk Purslane. Frequent. Sandy fields, roadsides and waste places. July — Sept. Euphorbia marginata Pursh (having a distinct border). Snow-on-the-Mountain. Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the West. Often cultivated for ornament. Euphorbia corollata L. (having a corolla). Flowering Spurge. Rare. Fields and waste ground: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Milford (Eames), Oxford (Harger). May — Aug. Adventive from the South or West. The root is medicinal. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. (Brazilian Indian name). Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. Rare. There is in the Herbarium of the Boston Natural History Society a specimen of this plant collected at East Windsor by Dr. M. M. Reed. It has no date, but from what is known of Dr. Reed it must have been collected between 1825 and 1830; not otherwise reported from the state. May — Oct. The root is medicinal. All species of spurge yield a very acrid, milky juice which is irritant to the skin. Domestic animals are sometimes poisoned by eating these plants, and the milk of such animals is also rendered poisonous. Euphorbia Esula L. (Pre-Linnean name for certain species of spurge). Faitour's Grass. Leafy Spurge. Rare. Fields and waste ground : New London (Graves), Manchester (A. W. Driggs), Norwalk (G. P. Ells). May — June. Adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 267 Euphorbia Cyparissias L. (classical name for some species of spurge). Cypress Spurge. Spurge. Occasional. Roadsides and fields as an escape from culti- vation, usually near dwellings or old cemeteries. June. Naturalized from Europe. The plant yields a yellow dye. Euphorbia Peplus L. (classical name for this species). Petty Spurge. Rare. New London, well established in one yard for at least twelve years (Graves). June — Oct. Adventive from Europe. Euphorbia Lathyrus L. (classical name for some spurge). Caper or Myrtle Spurge. Mole Plant. Rare. Waste ground: well established in Trumbull and Bridgeport (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STARWORT FAMILY. CALLITRICHE L. Water Starwort. Callitriche deflexa A. Br. (bent downward), var. Austini (En- gelm.) Hegelm. Callitriche Austini Engelm. Moist shaded ground, usually in cart paths and little used roads. Local or occasional except near the coast eastward, where it is not reported. June — Aug. Callitriche palustris L. (of marshes). Callitriche verna L. in part. Pools and slow running streams. Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), Windsor (Bissell), and occasional or frequent westward. June — Sept. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh (various-leaved). Ponds and slow running streams: Woodstock (Weath- erby & Harger), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), and occasional or frequent in the vicinity of the coast. June — Sept. 268 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. LIMNANTHACEAE. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. FLOERKEA Willd. False Mermaid. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (like Proserpinaca, the Mer- maid-weed). Rare. Damp shaded ground: North Haven (A. H. Graves), Orange (Fames & C. C. Gadfrey), Oxford (G. H. Bartlett), Southbury (Harger). May. ANACARDIACEAE. CASHEW FAMILY. RHUS L. Sumach. Rhus typhina L. (like Typha, the Cat-tail). Rhus hirta Sudworth. Staghorn Sumach. Occasional. Open fields, thickets and fence-rows. June. The bark and berries have properties similar to those of Rhtis glabra. Rhus glabra L. (smooth). Smooth Sumach. Frequent or common. Pastures and roadsides, usually in dry ground. June. Sometimes forms troublesome colonies by its running root- stocks. The leaves and bark are sometimes used in tanning. Galls found on its leaves are very astringent and are used as a substitute for the imported galls. All species of the genus are handsome, especially in their autumnal foliage, and the in- nocuous species are particularly ornamental when grown in suitable places. Rhus copallina L. (producing copal). Dwarf, Black or Shining Sumach. Occasional, frequent or common. Pastures and rocky woods. July — Aug. The bark and leaves have properties similar to those of Rhus glabra. Rhus Vernix L. (varnish). Rhus venenata DC. Poison Sumach, Dogwood or Elder. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 269 Swamps and wet ground or sometimes in drier places. Occasional in most districts, becoming frequent near the coast. June — July. All parts of the plant are poisonous to the touch, etc., as in the following species, only more actively so. Rhus Toxicodendron L. (poison tree). Poison Ivy, Oak or Vine. Mercury. Marcury. Frequent or common. Fence-rows, fields, woods and meadows, in either moist or dry ground, often climbing trees and posts. May — June. The var. radicans (L.) Torr. (rooting), Rhus radicans L., is often more plentiful than the typical form. A pernicious shrub or vine that is far too plentiful. To most persons all parts of the plant at all seasons are poisonous to the touch; and its exhalations, even at some distance, are equally poisonous to some, especially in a humid atmosphere or during free perspiration. The poisonous principle is be- lieved to be a peculiar oil which is present in all parts of the plant and which in the minutest quantity is intensely irritant. Cattle and horses are not afifected by it. The leaves are valued medicinally and were formerly officinal. Rhus canadensis Marsh. Rhus aromatica Ait. Sweet-scented Sumach. Rare. Guilford, on a small outcrop of rock in a salt marsh (G. H. Bartlett). May. The bark of the root is an active medicinal agent. AQUIFOLIACEAE. HOLLY FAMILY. ILEX L. Holly. Ilex opaca Ait. (opaque). American Holly. Rare. Roadsides and thickets: Waterford (Miss A. H. Morgan), Milford (J. D. Dana), Wolcott (H. J. Bassett). May — June; fruit Oct., lasting into the winter. Escaped from cultivation or possibly native. Plentiful in parts of the South, where it is extensively 270 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. gathered for use in Christmas decorations. The leaves and bark are medicinal. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray (whorled). Black Alder. Winterberry. Common. Moist woods and swamps, or sometimes in drier places. June — July. The berries turn brilliant red in autumn and continue on the bushes far into the winter. The bark and berries are used medicinally. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, var. tenuifolia (Torr.) Wats, (thin- leaved). Ilex bronxensis Britton. Winterberry. Low grounds, growing with the species. Frequent in southwestern Connecticut (Eames) ; occasional about New London (Graves). Rare elsewhere : Southington (Andrews), Litchfield (Bissell). June — July. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray (having leaves like Padus, the Cherry). Winterberry. Occasional. Low woods and swamps, growing with the species. June — July. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) Gray (smoothed). Smooth Winterberry. Swamps and wet woods. Rare in the northern and western parts of the state: South Windsor and Litchfield (Bissell), Monroe and Middlebury (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Occasional in southeastern Connecticut, chiefly in White Cedar swamps (Graves). June; fruit Sept. Ilex glabra (L.) Gray (smooth). Inkberry. Local. In and about swamps: Voluntown (Harger), Groton, New London and Waterford (Graves), Guilford (W. R. Dudley). June. NEMOPANTHUS Raf. Mountain Holly. Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. (having a short abrupt point). No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 27I Nemopanthes fascicularis Raf. Ilicioides inner onata Britton, Mountain Holly. Low woods and shaded swamps. Rare near the coast, be- coming occasional or frequent northward. May. CELASTRACEAE. STAFF TREE FAMILY. EVONYMUS L. Spindle Tree. Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. (dark purple). Burning Bush. Waahoo. Indian Arrow-wood. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and fence- rows: Southington (Weatherby & Bissell), Milford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Stratford, Bridgeport and Easton (Eames). June — July ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Adventive or fugitive from the West. Planted for ornament. The bark of the root is medicinal and is officinal. Evonymus alatus (Thunb.) Rupr. & Maxim, (winged). Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides: Plainfield (Weatherby & Bissell), Milford (Eames), Oxford, Hunting- ton and Monroe (Harger). June — July. Adventive from eastern Asia. Planted for ornament. Evonymus europaeus L. European Spindle Tree. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadside in Stratford (Eames), and Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Planted for ornament. CELASTRUS L. Staff Tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. Celastrus scandens L. (climbing). Waxwork. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Frequent. Thickets, fence-rows and along streams. May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct., persisting into the winter. The dried pods are often gathered for home decorations. A highly ornamental plant and worthy of cultivation. The bark of the plant and root are medicinal. 272 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. STAPHYLEACEAE. BLADDER NUT FAMILY. STAPHYLEA L. Bladder Nut. Staphylea trifolia L. (three-leaved). American Bladder Nut. Rocky woods and thickets. Rare in Ne\V London County, occasional elsewhere. Late May ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Desirable to plant as an ornamental shrub. ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY. ACER L. Maple. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple. Moosewood. Rocky woods in rich soil. Occasional in the northwestern part of the state, becoming rare eastward and southward, reaching Ashford (Bissell), East Haddam (Graves), Hunt- ington and Redding (Eames). May. An attractive tree at all seasons of the year. Acer Pseudo-platanus L. (simulating Platanus, the Plane Tree). Sycamore Maple. Rare. Sparingly escaped from an old nursery to a pasture at Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Introduced from Europe. Sometimes planted as an ornamental tree. Acer spicatum Lam. (spiked). Mountain Maple. Cool, rocky woods. Occasional in the northern part of the state, becoming rare southward, reaching East Haddam (Graves), Guilford, at Bluff Head (G. H. Bartlett), Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Redding (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). May. Acer saccharum Marsh, (sugar). Acer saccharimim Wang., not L. Sugar or Rock Maple. Rocky woods, roadsides and fence-rows. Frequent or common in northern districts, becoming rare near the coast, except as an escape from cultivation. May. ♦ N(\ 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 273 A popular shade tree, very common in cultivation. Very valuable for its wood, which is extensively used in cabinet work, for floors and for fuel. " Bird's-eye Maple " is of this species. It is also the source of genuine maple sugar. The autumnal foliage is very brilliant. Acer saccharum Marsh., var. nigrum (Miclix. f.) Britton (black). Acer saccharinum Wang., var. nigrum of Gray's Manual ed. 6. Acer nigrum Michx. f. Black Sugar Maple, Rare. Roadside as an escape from cultivation : Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May. Adventive from the North or West. Acer platanoides L. (like Platanus, the Plane Tree). Norway Maple. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadside thickets in Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Adventive from Europe. Frequent and well known in cultivation. Acer saccharinum L. (sugary). Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. White, Silver or Soft Maple. River banks and swamps. Frequent inland along the larger streams ; rare elsewhere. March — April, rarely earlier. I Often planted for shade or ornament. Acer rubrum L. (red). Red, Swamp or Soft Maple. Common. Swamps, low woods or sometimes in dry ground. March — April. The wood is largely used in the manufacture of furniture and wooden ware and for fuel. A beautiful tree at all seasons and one of the most brilliant in spring and fall ; it is worthy of much more extensive cultivation. The bark is medicinal. Acer Negundo L. (an Indian name). Negundo aceroides Moench. Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple. 274 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Rare or local. River banks or roadsides. Apparently native along the Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger) to Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) ; escaped from cultivation at Putnam (Harger), Groton (Graves), Southington (An- drews), Wethersfield (Bissell), and Norwalk (Miss A. E. Carpenter). April — May. It is a rapid grower, thriving best in moist ground. Often planted as a shade tree and in the West grown for wind-breaks. SAPINDACEAE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. CARDIOSPERMUM L. Cardicspermum Halicacabum L. (classical name). Balloon Vine. Heart-seed. Rare. Escaped from gardens to waste ground in Bridge- port (Eames). Oct. Fugitive from the Tropics. AESCULUS L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye. Aesculus Hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut). Common Horse-chestnut. Rare. Southington, escaped from cultivation to a fence- row (Andrews). June. Native of Asia. Extensively planted for shade or ornament. BALSAMINACEAE. TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY. IMPATIENS L. Balsam. Jewelweed. Impatiens pallida Nutt. (pale). Jmpatiens aurea Muhl. ( ?) Pale Touch-me-not. Damp, rocky woods. Rare in most districts, becoming occasional in the northwestern part of the state. July — Sept. The herb possesses the same properties as the following species. Impatiens biflora Walt, (two-flowered). Impatiens fulva Nutt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Snap-weed. Silver Weed. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 275 Common. Moist or wet, mostly shaded places. July — Sept. A form with pale yellow flowers occurs at Thompson (Weatherby & Bissell). The plant bjsars cleistogamous fertile flowers in the earlier stages of its growth. Medicinal; it is said also to be effica- cious in relieving the effects of poisoning by species of Rhus and stinging nettles. RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. RHAMNUS L. Buckthorn. Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. (alder-leaved). Dwarf Alder. Rare or local. In swamps: Litchfield (Weatherby & Bissell), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Norfolk (Bissell), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald), East Granby (Harger). May. Rhamnus cathartica L. (cathartic). Common Buckthorn. Rare or local. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and pastures : Stonington, Lebanon, Woodstock and Stafford (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Middletown (J. D. Cochrane), East Hartford (C. C. Hanmer), Water- bury (A. E. Blewitt), New Milford and Kent (C. K. Averill), Cornwall and Norfolk (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. Naturalized from Europe. A good hedge plant. The berries and bark are actively cathartic. Another species of this genus, Rhamnus Purshiana DC. of western North America, furnishes the well known Case at a sagrada. CEANOTHUS L. Red-root. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. Common. Dry, open woods and fields in sterile soil. June — July. The leaves are said to have been used during the American revolution as a substitute for tea. The root and leaves were formerly used for dying wool red. Medicinal. 276 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY. PSEDERA Neck. Virginia Creeper. Woodbine. « Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene (five-leaved). Aiiipclopsis quiiiqiiefolia Michx. Parthcnocissus quinquefolia Planch. Woodbine. American Ivy. Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and fence-rows. June. " Often cultivated, and very attractive as an ornamental plant, especially in autumnal foliage. The bark and young twigs have medicinal properties. Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, var. hirsuta (Donn) Rehder (hairy). Woods and thickets. Occasional or frequent in Litchfield County, not reported elsewhere. June. Psedera vitacea (Knerr) Greene (like Vitis, the Grape). Woodbine. Woods and thickets. Apparently occurs in most parts of the state, but its exact distribution and frequency are not known. June. VITIS L. Grape. Vitis labrusca L. (classical name). Northern Fox Grape. Fox or Skunk Grape. Frequent or common. Woods, swamps and thickets. June ; fruit mid-Aug. — Sept. The fruit is often gathered for making jelly and preserves. The cultivated Isabella, Catawba, Concord and Brighton grapes are derived from this species, and it is the parent of the greater part of American cultivated grapes. Rarely occurs with fruit amber-green or reddish brown in color. The Niagara and some other so-called White Grapes are deriva- tives of this form. Vitis aestivalis Michx. (belonging to summer). Summer, Pigeon or Bunch Grape. Frequent or common. Woods and thickets. June ; fruit Sept.— Oct. Hvbridizes to some extent with Vitis labrusca and is next No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 277 in importance to that species as a source of cultivated varieties. Its derivatives are largely wine grapes. Vitis bicolor Le Conte (two-colored). Summer or Blue Grape. Rare. In thickets: Southington and Colebrook (Bissell). June ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Vitis vulpina L. (pertaining to a fox). Vitis riparia Michx. River-bank or Frost Grape. Frequent on banks of rivers and streams ; rare or occa- sional in other situations. June ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The leaves, tendrils and fruit are somewhat medicinal, as are those of other species of the genus. TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY. TILIA L. Linden. Basswood. Tilia americana L. Basswood. American Linden. Whitewood. Occasional. Woods, fence-rows and fields. June — July. The wood is light, white and soft, but is durable, and well adapted for carriage bodies, cabinet work, interior finish of houses, and light boxes, such as honey boxes. It also makes a fine grade of charcoal. The fibrous inner bark is made into mats and cordage. It is an important honey plant and the saps yields sugar. The flo'wers and bark are sometimes used medicinally. Tilia Michauxii Nutt. Tilia pubescens of Gray's Manual, ed. 6, not Ait. Basswood. Rare. Wooded hillsides: Ledyard (Graves), Franklin (Graves, R. W. Woodward), Old Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). Late June — early July. Tilia vulgaris Hayne (common). European Linden. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides in Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Introduced from Europe. This is the species so much esteemed for street decoration in Berlin. 278 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY. ABUTILON Mill. Indian Mallow. Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Abutilon Aviccnnae Gaertn. Abutilon Abutilon Rusby. Velvet Leaf. Occasional. Waste places and roadsides. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Asia. Abutilon pictum (Gill.) Walp. (painted). Abutilon striatum Dicks. Flowering Maple. Tassel Tree. Rare. Salisbury, a few plants in waste ground as an escape from cultivation (H. S. Clark). June — Aug. Fugitive from Brazil. SIDA L. Sida spinosa L. (spiny). Rare. Bridgeport, several plants in a dry sandy waste (Fames). Sept. Fugitive from the Tropics. ALTHAEA L. Marsh Mallow. Althaea officinalis L. (of the shops). Marsh Mallow. Sweatweed. Mortification Root. Rare. Borders of marshes : Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett & Bissell). July — Aug. Natural- ized from Europe. The root, the leaves and the flowers are medicinal, the first named officinal. The root is very mucilaginous and is used in the manufacture of confectionery. Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. (rose-colored). Hollyhock. Rare. Waste places and street gutters as an escape from gardens: New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), New Britain (J. N. Bishop), Meriden (Andrews), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Fames). July — Aug. Adventive from southern Europe. An old and deservedly popular garden plant. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 279 MALVA L. Mallow. Malva rotundifolia L. (round-leaved). Common or Dwarf Mallow. Cheeses. Common. Waste places and cultivated fields. May — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes troublesome as a weed. The plant is medicinal, and like most species of this family abounds in mucilage. Malva crispa L. (curled). Curled Mallow. Rare. Escaped from gardens to cultivated ground : East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Oxford (Harger). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Malva sylvestris L. (of woods). High Mallow. Rare or local. Roadsides and waste ground : Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), New Haven (O. D. Allen), Southington (Bissell), Oxford (Har- ger), Bridgeport (Eames), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thomp- , son). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. The plant is medicinal. Malva moschata L, (musky). Musk Mallow or Rose. Rare, but found throughout the state. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste ground. June — Aug. Ad- ventive from Europe. Malva Alcea L. (classical name for some mallow). European Mallow. Rare. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from gardens: Oris wold and East Lyme (Graves), Stafford and Southington (Bissell), East Granby (H. S. Clark), Trumbull (J. P. Coles), Weston (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. HIBISCUS L. Rose Mallow. Hibiscus syriacus L. Rose of Sharon. Shrubby Althaea. Rare. Meriden, ballast ground (Andrews), Fairfield, 28o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. freely escaped to a shrubby hillside (Eames), Salisbury (C. C. Godfrey). Aug. Naturalized from Asia. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. (producing offsets). Wild or Swamp Rose Mallow. Frequent along the coast in brackish and saline marshes ; rare inland as at Woodbury (Harger). Aug. — Sept. The root is sometimes used medicinally. Will thrive in any garden soil and is well worthy of cultivation. Hibiscus Trionum L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-Hour. About old gardens and in waste places as an escape from cultivation. Rare in most districts: Ledyard (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), East Windsor (Bissell), Southing- ton (Andrews). Occasional in the southw^estern part of the state. July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Hibiscus esculentus L. (edible). Okra. Gumbo. Rare. Waste ground in Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from tropical Asia. Much cultivated in the South for its young pods which are added to soups and stews. It can be grown successfully in southern Connecticut. HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. HYPERICUM L. St. John's-Wort. Hypericum Ascyron L. (classical name for some species of St. John's-wort). Great St. John's-wort. Alluvial soil on banks of streams. Rare in most districts : Wethersfield and Simsbury (A. W. Driggs), Southington (Andrews). Occasional along the Housatonic River through- out its course. July — Aug. Hypericum perforatum L. (perforated). Common St. John's-wort. Common. Waste places, open fields and roadsides. May — June. Naturalized from Europe. The herb is medicinal and is used as a substitute for Arnica. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 28I Hypericum punctatum Lam. (dotted). Hypericum maculatum Walt., not Crantz. Hypericum corymbosum Muhl. Hypericum maculatum Walt., var. subpetiolatum Bicknell. Frequent. Moist ground. July — Aug. Hypericum prolificum L. (prolific; fertile). Shrubby St. John's-wort. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides: Woodstock (Graves & Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Adventive from the South. Hypericum adpressum Bart, (appressed). Rare. Wet shores: Lisbon (W. A. Setchell & Graves), Lebanon (Mrs. C. B. Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon) . June — July. Hypericum Bissellii Robinson. Rare. Open rocky woods : Southington (Bissell). July — Aug. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. (oval). Pale St. John's-wort. Common. Moist places and along streams. Late June — July. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell (northern). Hypericum canadense L., var. minimum Gray's Manual ed. 6. Wet or moist sandy soil. Probably occasional or frequent throughout but its exact distribution is not known. July — Sept. Hypericum mutilum L. (mutilated). Dwarf St. John's-wort. Common. Moist or wet sandy ground along streams and in ditches and about ponds. July — Sept. Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton (larger). Hypericum canadense L., var. majus Gray. Moist sandy ground, usually along streams. Rare or local in most parts of the state: Groton (Graves), Union (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell). Occasional along the Con- necticut River and in parts of New Haven and Fairfield Counties. July — Aug. 282 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Hypericum canadense L. Common. Sandy ground, usually in moist or wet but some- times in dry places. July — Sept. Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP. (gentian-like). Hypericum nudicaide Walt. Sarothra gentianoides L. Orange Grass. Pineweed. Common. Dry sandy or rocky ground, often plentiful on sand plains. Aug. — Sept. Hypericum virginicum L. Triadenum virginicum Raf. Elodea campanulata Pursh. Marsh St. John's-wort. Frequent. Swamps and in shallow water. July — Sept. ELATINACEAE. WATERWORT FAMILY. ELATINE L. Waterwort. Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn. Mud Purslane. Muddy shores and in shallow water. Rare or local in most districts: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton, Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Middlebury (Harger), Kent (Fames & E. H. Austin). Local or occasional in southwestern Con- necticut. July — Aug. CISTACEAE. ROCKROSE FAMILY. HELIANTHEMUM Mill. Rockrose. Helianthemum canadense (L. ?) Michx. Frostweed. Frequent. Dry sandy or gravelly places. Mid-May — July. The plant is medicinal. Helianthemum majus BSP. (larger). Frostweed. Frequent. Dry open ground in sandy or gravelly soil. June — July. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 283 HUDSONIA L. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. (woolly). False Heather. Poverty Grass. Rare, occasional or local on sand dunes along the coast from Groton (Graves), westward as far as Westport (Eames & C. C. Godfrey) ; occurs also inland at Ledyard (Graves). Late May — June. LECHEA L. Pinweed. Lechea villosa Ell. (hairy). Lechea major Michx., not L. Hairy Pinweed. Common. Roadsides, fields and waste ground in sterile soil. July — Aug. Lechea minor L. (smaller). Lechea thymifolia Michx. ■ Rare or local. Dry open ground or in half-shade : New London and East Lyme (Graves), Middletown and Enfield (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Kent (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Lechea intermedia Leggett (intermediate). Lechea minor Gray's Manual ed. 6. ■ Open ground or thin woods in sterile soil. Rare near the coast, becoming frequent or common northward. July — Aug. Lechea maritima Leggett (of the seaside). Lechea minor L., var. maritima Gray. Beach Pinweed. Frequent on sandy beaches and dunes along the coast. July — Aug. Lechea maritima Leggett, var. interior Robinson (inland). Dry sandy or sterile soil. Rare or occasional in the south- eastern part of the state, extending to Sterling (Graves), East Hartford (Weatherby), and Southington (Andrews). July • — Aug. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. (fine-leaved). Frequent. Dry sandy or sterile ground. July — Aug. I 284 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Lechea Leggettii Britton & Hollick. Lechea moniliformis Bicknell. Dry or sandy places. Occasional or local in New London County (Graves); not reported elsewhere. July — Aug. VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY. VIOLA L. Violet. Heart's-ease. Viola pedata L. (like a bird's foot; referring to the form of the leaves). Viola pedata L., var. bicolor Pursh. Bird-foot Violet. Dry sandy or rocky ground. Rare in its typical form: New Milford (Miss S. Hartwell), Branford (Miss R. Doo- little), and rarely near the coast eastward (Graves). The var. lineariloba DC. (very narrow-lobed), Viola pedata of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L., is frequent in most parts of the state and is sometimes common on sandy plains. May and sometimes again in Sept. Occasionally occurs with white or pink flowers. Viola cucullata Ait. (hooded). Viola palmata L., var. cucullata Gray in part. Marsh Blue Violet. Frequent or common. Wet meadows, swamps and banks of streams. May — June. Sometimes occurs with white, pale or variegated flowers. A hybrid with Viola Hmhriatula is frequent ; a h}brid with Viola pahnata occurs at East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon) ; hybrids with Viola papilionacea and Viola sororia are occa- sional ; a hybrid with Viola Brittoniana occurs locally along the coast westward (Fames) ; a hybrid with Viola septcn- trionalis occurs at Killingly (Weatherby & Bissell) ; a hybrid with Viola sagittata occurs at Windsor (Bissell) and Fair- field (Fames). This and the twelve species immediately following consti- , tute a group of closely related species that hybridize freely when growing together. These hybrids show characters more or less intermediate between those of the parents, and many of No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 285 them have been described as species. They are often plentiful locally and vigorous in growth, but show impaired fertility, a large proportion of the ovules never forming seeds. Viola nephrophylla Greene (kidney-leaved). Viola vagula Greene. Rare. Rich humus about a cold spring on a wooded hill- side, Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell), New Milford, moist ledges on river bank (Bissell). May. Viola affinis Le Conte (related). Viola vcnustida Greene. Viola obliqua of Britton's Manual. Rich woods and thickets, mostly in alluvial soil. East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Windsor (Weatherby), Plainville (Andrews). Southington (Bissell), and occasional along the Housatonic River in the northwestern part of the state. May — June. Viola latiuscula Greene (somewhat broad). ■ Rare. Rich woods or moist grassland : Southington and Cornwall (Bissell). May. Viola papilionacea Pursh (butterfly-like). Viola pahnata L., var. cucullata Gray in part. Common. Meadows, pastures and open places. May — June. A hybrid with Viola sagittata occurs at Glastonbury (Bis- sell) ; a hybrid with Viola sororia is occasional throughout. Sometimes found with pure white flowers, or white flecked with blue. Viola palmata L. (palmate). Dry woods. Rare in New London County : Ledyard (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). Occasional else- where. May — June. A hybrid of this with Viola papilionacea is sometimes found. Viola triloba Schwein. (three-lobed). Viola palmata L., var. dilatata Pollard, not Ell. Occasional. Rich woods either dry or moist. May — June. 286 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Viola sororia Willd. (sisterly). Viola palniata L., var. sororia Pollard. Woolly Blue Violet. Occasional or frequent. Woods and dry open ground. May — June. Viola septentrionalis Greene (northern). Rare. Roadsides and shaded banks : Union, East Windsor, Plainville, New Hartford and Winchester (Bissell). May — June. Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith (finely fringed). Viola sagittata Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Viola ovata Nutt. Common. Dry fields and woods. April — May. Hybrids of this with Viola palmata, Viola papilionacea, Viola sagittata and Viola sororia are occasional. A hybrid with F/o/ff Brittoniana is reported from Southington (Andrews), and occurs at Fairfield (Eames). Rarely seen with white flowers. Viola sagittata Ait. (arrow-head shaped). Viola subsagittata Green. Moist or dry sandy or heavy soils. Generally rare: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Glastonbury, Windsor and Bloom- field (Bissell), Plainville and Southington (Andrews). Occa- sional along the coast in Fairfield County (Eames). May —June. A hybrid of this with Viola Brittoniana is reported from Southington (Andrews), and occurs along the coast in Fair- field County (Eames). Viola Brittoniana Pollard. Viola septemloha of authors, not LeConte. Viola atlantica Britton, not Pomel. Meadows or sometimes dry open places. Occasional or local along the coast from New Haven westward (Eames). May — June. Viola pectinata Bicknell (comb-like). Rare. Stratford, inner edge of salt meadows (C. C. God- frey). May — June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 287 I A hybrid of this with Viola Brittoniana occurs at Strat- ford (Eames). Viola lanceolata L. (lance-shaped). K Lance-leaved Violet. Low meadows, swamps and wet places about ponds. Rare or occasional in Litchfield County but frequent or common elsewhere. May — June. Viola primulifolia L. (primrose-leaved). ^. Primrose-leaved Violet. ■ Moist sandy woods, meadows and open swamps. Occa- sional over most of the state but not reported from Litchfield County. May — June. Viola pallens (Banks) Brainerd (pale). Viola blanda of recent American authors, not Willd. Sweet White Violet. Common. Moist or wet fields and woods or in swamps. May — June. Viola blanda Willd. (mild). Viola amoena LeConte. Viola blanda Willd., var. palustriformis Gray. Occasional or frequent. Moist or wet woods in rich soil. May — June. Viola incognita Brainerd (unknown). Rare. Deep moist or wet woods: North Canaan (Bis- sell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, Weatherby), Colebrook (Weatherby). May. Viola rotundifolia Michx. (round-leaved). Early Yellow Violet. Round-leaved Violet. Damp woods and cool shaded banks. Rare or local in New London County: Waterford and Franklin (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). Becoming occasional or fre- quent northward and westward. April — May. Viola odorata L. (fragrant). English or Sweet Violet. Rare. About gardens as an escape from cultivation : New London (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Wind- L 288 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. sor (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Waterbury (A, E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpen- ter). April — May. Adventive from Europe. The herb and the flowers are medicinal. Viola pubescens Ait. (downy). Downy Yellow Violet. Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. Alay — June. Viola scabriuscula Schwein. (slightly rough). Viola pubescens Ait., var. scabriuscula Torr. & Gray. Smooth Yellow Violet. Rare or occasional. Rich woods usually in moist soil. Late April — May, Viola canadensis L. Canada Violet. Rare. Rocky woods in moist rich soil : New Haven, station now obliterated (H. W. Bailey), Guilford (W. R. Dudley), Torrington (Miss B. A. Parker), Colebrook (H. C. Beardslee) . May — July. Viola conspersa Reichenb. (sprinkled). Viola canina L., var. Muhlenbergii Gray. Viola labradorica of recent American authors, not Schrank. Viola Muhlenbergii Torr. Dog Violet. Frequent. Moist or dry woods and fields. May — June. Viola rostrata Pursh (beaked). Long-spurred Violet. Rich woods. Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Wilton (G. P. Ells) ; becoming occasional northward in western Connecticut. May. Viola tricolor L. (three-color). Heart's-ease. Johnny-jump-up. Pansy. Rare or occasional. An escape about old gardens. May — ^July. Introduced from Europe. One of the oldest of garden flowers, of which the modern Pansy is an improved form. Viola arvensis Alurr. (of cultivated land). Field or Wild Pansy. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 289 Rare. Cultivated ground, meadows and waste places : Southington (Mrs. J. Dunham), Oxford (Harger), Bridge- port (Eames). May — Oct. Adventive from Europe. I CACTACEAE. CACTUS FAMILY. OPUNTIA Mill. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. Opuntia vulgaris Mill, (common), Opuntia Opuntia Coult. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig. Exposed rocks and in sandy soils. Occasional along the coast; rare inland, reaching Scotland (G. Waldo), Guilford, at North Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Naugatuck and Beacon Falls (J. K. Goodrich), Seymour and Oxford (Harger). June — July. THYMELAEACEAE. MEZEREUM FAMILY. DIRCA L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Dirca palustris L. (of marshes). Wicopy. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Damp rich woods. Rare near the coast and in eastern Connecticut: Scotland (G. Waldo), Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), Orange (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). Becoming occasional northward and westward. April — May. The bark is very tough and was formerly used by the Indians for thongs. Medicinal. LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. ROTALA L. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne (very branching). Rare or local. Moist meadows and shores of ponds : Gris- wold (Harger & Graves), Stratford, Milford and Bridgeport (Eames) . July — Sept. I DECODON J. F. Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. (whorled). Water Willow, Swamp Loosestrife. Local or frequent. Shallow water of swamps or edges 19 290 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. of ponds and streams, sometimes plentifully bordering such places. July — Sept. A form with double flowers occurs at Plainville (J. N. Bishop). LYTHRUM L. Loosestrife. Lythrum alatum Pursh (winged). Rare or local. Moist fields and open swamps : Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Farmington (,A. W. Driggs & Weath- erby), Fairfield (Fames), Orange and Norfolk (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Lythrum Salicaria L. (willow-like). Spiked or Purple Loosestrife. Rare or local. River banks and moist meadows : East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Southington (Andrews, Bis- sell), Bristol (D. C. Eaton), Fairfield (Eames), Woodbury (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), Danbury (C. K. Averill), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Sahs- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. CUPHEA P. Br. Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne (having leaf-stalks). Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Parsonsia petiolata Rusby. Clammy Cuphea. Moist or dry open ground and pastures. Rare in most districts: Groton (Harger & Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett & Bissell), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs & Weatherby), Wallingford and Oxford (Harger), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Danbnry (Miss G. L. Northrop). Local throughout south- western Connecticut (Eames). Aug. — Sept. MELASTOMACEAE. MELASTOMA FAMILY. RHEXIA L. Deergrass. Meadow Beauty. Rhexia virginica L. Meadow Beauty. Low fields and meadows. Rare or absent in northwestern Connecticut, becoming occasional eastward and southward and frequent in the vicinity of the coast. July — Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 29I ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. LUDVIGIA L. False Loosestrife. Ludvigia alternifolia L. (alternate-leaved). Seedbox. Occasional or frequent. Moist places and about swamps. June — Aug. Ludvigia sphaerocarpa Ell. (globular-fruited). Rare. Guilford^ shallow water of ponds (W. H. Dudley^, G. H. Bartlett). Aug.; fruit Sept.— Oct. Ludvigia polycarpa Short & Peter (many-fruited). Local. Hartford, plentiful about shallow ponds in meadows along the Connecticut River (C. Wright, H. S. Clark & Bissell). July — Aug. Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell. (of marshes). Isnardia palustris L. t Marsh or Water Purslane. Frequent or common. In streams, on muddy shores or in shallow water. June — Sept. ' EPILOBIUM L. Willow-herb. Epilobium angustifolium L. (narrow-leaved), Chaiiiaenerion angustifolium Scop. Great Willow-herb. Fireweed. Occasional or frequent. Woodlands and pastures, more often in newly cleared land. July — Sept. The leaves and roots are used medicinally. Epilobium molle Torr. (soft). Epilohium strictum Muhl. (?), Open bogs and swamps. Rare or local in the northwestern part of the state, extending eastward to East Flartford (Weatherby) and southward to Fairfield (Fames). Aug. — Sept. Epilobium densum Raf. (close together). Epilobium lineare Muhl. (?). Occasional to frequent. vSwamps and wet places. July — Sept. 292 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Epilobium palustre L. (of marshes). Rare. Litchfield, only one plant in a shaded sphagnum bog- (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Epilobium palustre L., var. monticola Haussk. (living in moun- tains). Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Wolcott (Bissell), Monroe (Harger), New Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept. The leaves and root are medicinal, as are those of the species. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. (colored). Moist or wet shaded places. Rare in the southeastern part of the state: Lyme (Graves). Frequent or common else- where. July — Aug. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. (having glandular stems). Damp woods and moist open ground. Rare in most dis- tricts: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Norfolk and Middle- town (Bissell), Watertown (Harger), Stratford (Eames), New Britain (Bissell). Frequent in New London County ( Graves ) . July — Sept. OENOTHERA L. Evening Primrose. Oenothera cruciata Nutt. (cross-shaped). Oenothera biemtis L., var. cruciata Torr. & Gray. Onagra cruciata Small. Rare or local. Waste ground: Hartford (H. S. Clark), Salisbury (^Irs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Oenothera Oakesiana Robbins. Oenothera biennis L., var. Oakesiana Gray. Onagra Oakesiana Britton in part. Frequent along the coast on sea beaches, sand dunes and railway embankments (Graves. Eames). July — Oct. Oenothera biennis L. (of two years). Onagra biennis Scop. Common Evening Primrose. Common. Dry fields, pastures and roadsides. June — Oct. All parts of the plant are used medicinally. AM. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 293 Oenothera grandiflora Ait. (large-flowered). Oenothera biennis L., var. grandiflora Lindl. Onagra biennis Scop., var. grandiflora Lindl. Rare. Open ground: Franklin and Griswold (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Bridgeport (Eames), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). Aug. — Oct. Adventive or fugitive from the South. Oenothera laciniata Hill (slashed). Oenothera sinuata L. Rare. Waste ground: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), East Hartford (J. F. Smith), Derby (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). May — June. Fugi- tive from the southern United States. Oenothera pumila L. (dwarf). Kneiffia pumila Spach. Frequent or common. Moist or dry open fields and road- sides. June — Aug. Oenothera fruticosa L. (shrubby). Sundrops. Kneiffia fruticosa Raimann. Rare. Borders of marshes: East Haven (G. Thurber), Fairfield (Eames). June — July. The var. hirsuta Nutt. (rough-hairy), Kneiffia fruticosa Raimann, var. pilosella Britton, has been found in a field at Southington (H. M. Whitney), but afterward disappeared. Oenothera linearis Michx. (very narrow). Oenothera fruticosa L., var. linearis Wats. Kneiffia linearis Spach. Wet meadows and about marshes. Frequent or local along the coast from New Haven (H. S. Clark) westward; ex- tending inland to Oxford and Southbury (Harger) and Woodbury (H. S. Clark). June — Aug. Kneiifia Alleni Small or Oenothera fruticosa L. var. hmni- fusa Allen is a sprawling or decumbent form of this, growing in barren sand; it occurs at Stratford (Eames). The var. Eamesii Robinson is rare: Stratford, sandy shore of a salt pond (Eames). 294 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Oenothera longipedicellata (Small) Robinson (having long flov^er-stalks). Kneiffia longipedicellata Small. Low meadows and borders of marshes. Occasional on the coast from Milford (Eames) westward: and inland at Southbury (A. E. Blewitt) and Woodbury (H. S. Clark & Bissell) . June — July. Oenothera pratensis (Small) Robinson (of meadows). Kneiffia pratensis Small. Rare. Border of salt marsh: Bridgeport (I. F. Moore). June. GAURA L. Gaura biennis L. (of two years). Rare or local. Dry open ground : Southington (Bissell), New Haven (H. S. Clark, Harger), Oxford and Seymour (Harger). Aug. — Sept. In part adventive from the West. CIRCAEA L. Enchanter's Nightshade. Circaea lutetiana L. Occasional or frequent. Moist woods. July — Aug. Circaea alpina L. (alpine). Rocky woods in moist humus. Rare in southern districts : North Stonington (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Orange and Huntington (Eames). Becoming occasional northward. June — July. HALORAGIDACEAE. WATER MILFOIL FAMILY. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Water Milfoil. Myriophyllum spicatum L. (spiked). Rare. Litchfield, in Bantam Lake (T. F. Allen), Kent, in Spectacle Ponds (Eames). July — Aug. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. (whorled). var. pectinatum Wallr. (comb-like). Myriophyllum verticillatuin Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Rare. In ponds and rivers: Lyme (Graves), Guilford No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 295 (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Bissell, Andrews), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), New Mil- ford and Kent (Eames). June — Aug. Myriophyllum scabratum Michx. (roughened). Myriophyllum pinnatum BSP., at least in part, possibly Potamogeton pinnatum Walt. Water Milfoil. Rare. Mudd}- shores of ponds: Groton and East Lyme ( Graves ) . July — Sept. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong (lowly). Myriophyllum amhigmim Nutt., var. limosum Nutt. Water Milfoil. Rare to frequent. Borders of ponds and on muddy shores. July — Sept. The forma natans (DC.) Fernald (floating), Myriophyl- hiiii ambigmmi Nutt., and the forma capillaceum (Torr.) Fernald (hair-like), Myriophyllum ambiguum Nutt., var. capillaceum Torr., both occur in shallow or deep water of ponds, the latter even in rapid water. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. (delicate). Rare. Muddy shores and in shallow water : New London County (Graves), Litchfield (T. F. Allen), Kent (E. H. Austin & Eames). July — Aug. PROSERPINACA L. Mermaid-weed. Proserpinaca palustris L. (of marshes). Mermaid-weed. Frequent. Borders of ponds and in swamps. July — Aug. ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY. ACANTHOPANAX Dene. & Planch. Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Marchal (five-leaved). Acanthopanax. Rare. Hartford, escaped from cultivation to roadside (H. S. Clark & Bissell). July. Adventive from Japan. 296 COXXECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ARALIA L. Aralia spinosa L. (spiny). Angelica Tree. Hercules" Club. Devil's Walking-stick. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to a roadside in Bridge- port (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from the South. Aralia racemosa L. (racemose). Spikenard. American Spikenard. Spignet. Hungry-root. Occasional. Rich woods and thickets. July — Aug. The root is medicinal and is much used both in profes- sional and domestic practice. Aralia hispida Vent, (rough-haired). Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. Occasional or local. Dry rocky woods or in sandy ground. June — Aug. The root is of medicinal value. Aralia nudicaulis L. (naked-stemmed). Wild, False or American Sarsaparilla. Frequent or common. Dry or moist w^oodlands. May — June. The aromatic root is used medicinally. PANAX L. Ginseng. Panax quinquefolium L. (five-leaved). Aralia qninqnc folia Dene. & Planch. Ginseng, Rare. Rich woods or rocky hillsides : Lyme and East Haddam (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Middletown (Harger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), West Hartford (Miss A. Lorenz), Farmington (Bissell), Wolcott (An- drews), W^oodbridge (P. P. Sperry), Colebrook (J. W. Rob- bins), Goshen (L. M. Underwood), Danbury (F. Mills). New Fairfield (Eames). June; fruit Aug. The roots are much prized by the Chinese and are ex- ported to China in large quantities, but they seem to be of no great medicinal value. Panax trifolium L. (three-leaved). Aralia trifolia Dene. & Planch. Dwarf Ginseng. Groundnut. Rich moist woods, often in sandy soil. Mid-April — June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 297 UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY. ERYNGIUM L. Eiyngo. Eryngium planum L. (flat). Rare. Fairfield, in sandy waste ground (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. (having leaves like Yucca, the Spanish Bayonet). Ery)igiiim aquaticiim of Britton's Manual. Rattlesnake Master. Button Snakeroot. Rare. Bridgeport, in a sandy field (Fames). July. In- troduced from the South, or possibly native. The rootstock is medicinal. SANICULA L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot. Sanicula marilandica L. Frequent. Rich woods and more open places in either _ moist or dry ground. June — July. ■' The roots of this and the other species of the genus are used medicinally and their fibres in veterinary practice. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell (herding together). Rich moist or wet woods. Rare in most districts : New Britain (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Seymour (Harger). Occasional in the southwestern part of the state (Fames). June — July. Sanicula canadensis L. Sanicula marilandica L., var. canadensis Torr. Occasional or frequent. Dry rocky woods. June — July. Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell (three-leaved). Rare or local. Woods and fence-rows : New Britain and Plainville (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Oxford (Harger) . June —July. HYDROCOTYLE L. Water Pennywort. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (umbellate). Rare or local. Muddy shores and in shallow water: Thompson (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), Groton, East 298 COXXECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New Haven (C. Wright), Hamden and Litchfield (D. C. Eaton), Oxford (Harger), Ridgefield (Eames). June ^ Sept. Hydrocotyle americana L. Common. Moist woods and shaded places and in bogs. June — Sept. OSMORHIZA Raf. Sweet Cicely. Osmorhiza Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Osmorhisa brevistylis DC. Washingtonia Claytoni Britton. Sweet Cicely. Rocky woods. Rare in the eastern part of the state, be- coming occasional or frequent westward. Late May — June. The roots are less aromatic than those of Osmorhisa longistylis. Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (long-styled). Washingtonia longistylis Britton. Sweet Cicely. Anise-root. Sweet Chervil. Frequent. Rich woods, thickets and fence-rows. May — June. An aromatic oil is obtained from the root. CONIUM L. Poison Hemlock. Conium maculatum L. (spotted). Poison Hemlock. Spotted Parsley. Rare. Roadsides and waste places : Groton and New London (Graves), Oxford and Woodbury (Harger), Bridge- port (Eames), Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, Bissell). June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. An actively poisonous plant well known as the Hemlock of the ancients. The fruit and leaves are medicinal, the first named officinal. Cases of accidental poisoning to man have arisen from mistaking the seed for anise seed, the leaves for those of parsley, and the root for parsnips. The seed has been found to some extent as an adulterant of anise seed. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 299 Blowing- whistles made from the hollow stem has also been reported as a cause of poisoning. PTILIMNIUM Raf. Mock Bishop's-weed. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. (hair-like). Discopleiira capillacca DC. Mock Bishop's-weed. Occasional to frequent in salt, brackish and fresh marshes along the coast and within tidal influence a few miles inland ; also extends up the Conencticut River as far as East Haddam ( Dr. E. J. Thompson) . Late July — Sept. AEGOPODIUM L. Goutweed. Aegopodium Podagraria L. (pertaining to gout). Goutweed. Goutwort. Herb Gerard. Rare. Yards, streets and waste places as an escape from cultivation: East Windsor (Bissell). Hartford (Mrs. W. Seliger), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). June. Adventive from Europe. ■ Occurs only in the variegated form. CICUTA L. Water Hemlock. Cicuta maculata L. (spotted). Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Beaver Poison. Water • Hemlock. Frequent. Swamps and borders of streams. July — Aug. One of the most dangerously poisonous of native plants, and many cases of fatal poisoning to man have been reported. As a rule the root has been mistaken for some edible or innocent root like Horseradish, Sweet Cicely, etc. Cattle are poisoned by eating the rootstock or by drinking water con- taining juice from the bruised root. The leaves are used medicinally. 'Cicuta bulbifera L. (bulb-bearing). Water Hemlock. Occasional or frequent. Banks of ponds and streams. July — Aug. b 300 COXXI-:c-TICUT GEOL. and NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. CARUM L. Caraway. Carum Carvi L. (classical name for this species). Caraway. Occasional or local. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides. June — July. Adventive from Europe. The seeds are much used to flavor cakes and cookies and are eaten as a carminative. PETROSELINUM Hoffm. Parsley. Petroselinum hortense Hoffm. (of gardens). Petroselinuni Pctroselinmn Karst. Carum Petroselinnm Benth. & Hook. Apiuni Petroselinnm L. Common or Garden Parsley. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground in Bridgeport and Stratford (Eames). July — Aug. Adven- tive from Europe. SIUM L. Water Parsnip. Sium cicutaefolium Schrank (hemlock-leaved). Sinm lineare Michx. Sium Carsonii Durand. Occasional. Swamps and along streams in wet places. June — Sept. CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Honewort. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Deringa canadensis Kuntze. Honewort. Frequent. Moist shady places. June — July. ZIZIA Koch. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch (golden). Golden Alexanders. Golden Meadow Parsnip. Common. Low fields and wet meadows. May — June. The var. obtusifolia Bissell (blunt-leaved), occurs at i South Windsor and Canaan (A. W. Driggs), and Salisbury (Bissell). No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3OI Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. (heart-shaped). Dry or wet copses. Rare in most districts: Groton (Graves), Branford (Andrews), Farmington (D. C. Eaton). Occasional in Fairfield County (Fames). June — Oct. FOENICULUM Hill. Fennel. Foeniculum vulgare Hill (common). Foenicnlnin officinale All. Foeniculum Foeniculum Karst. Common or Garden Fennel. Rare or local. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and ballast grounds: Southington (Andrews), New Milford (E. H. Austin & Fames), Bridgeport (Fames). July — Sept. Adventive from Europe. The seeds are aromatic, well known for their medicinal properties, and are officinal. TAENIDIA Drude. Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude (quite entire). Pimpinella integerrima Gray. Yellow Pimpernel. Rare. New Haven (A. B. Eaton, 1859), Stratford and Milford, dry, lightly wooded banks along the Housatonic River (Fames), also at Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). May — June. LILAEOPSIS Greene. Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx.) Greene (marked with lines). Crantzia lineata Nutt. Muddy tidal shores: Norwich (W. A. Setchell), Mont- ville, East Lyme and Old Lyme (Graves). Local or occa- sional along the coast westward. June — Aug. LIGUSTICUM L. Lovage. Ligusticum scothicum L. Sea Parsley. Scotch Lovage. Rocky shores of the Sound. Occasional from East Lyme (Graves) eastward. July — Aug. 302 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CORIANDRUM L. Coriander. Coriandrum sativum L. (sown). Coriander. Rare. Escaped from cultivation or spontaneous in waste places in Bridgeport (Eames). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. The seeds are commonly used as flavoring in confections, pastries, liquors, etc. AETHUSA L. Fool's Parsley. Aethusa Cynapium L. (dog-parsley). Fool's Parsley. Rare. Waste ground: Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin, Eames). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. The plant is poisonous. PASTINACA L. Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa L. (sown). Wild or Poison Parsnip. Common. Roadsides and waste places. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Well known in cultivation, from which the wild plant is an escape. The plant is poisonous to some persons. LEVISTICUM Hill. Lovage. Levisticum officinale (L.) Koch (of the shops). Lignsticum Levisticum L. Levisticum Levisticum Karst. Lovage. Rare. Roadsides and waste ground: Oxford (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Commonly cultivated in old gardens for its carminative seeds, which are believed to possess several medicinal properties. ANETHUM L. Dill. Anethum graveolens L. (strong-smelling). Dill. Rare. Escaped from cultivation or spontaneous in waste No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3O3 places: Stratford and Bridgeport (Eames). July — Aug. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. The seeds are commonly used as flavoring in confections, pastries, liquors, etc. HERACLEUM L. Cow Parsnip. Heracleum lanatum Michx. (woolly). Cow Parsnip. Masterwort. Occasional or frequent. Roadsides and waste ground in moist soils. June — July. The root, leaves and seeds are medicinal. CONIOSELINUM Fisch. Hemlock Parsley. Conioselinum chinense (L.) BSP. Conioselinum canadense Torn & Gray. Hemlock Parsley. Rare. Wet, cold woods and banks: Kent (E. H. Austin & Eames), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster), Canaan (C. K. Averill), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. ANGELICA L. Angelica. Angelica viilosa (Walt.) BSP. (hairy). Angelica hirsuta Muhl. Moist or dry fields and woods. New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), and occasional westward, becoming frequent near the coast. July — Aug. Angelica atropurpurea L. (dark purple). Masterwort. Purple or High Angelica. Rare to occasional. Wet ground along streams. June — July. The root and seeds are used medicinally. The fresh root is poisonous. DAUCUS L. Carrot. Daucus Carota L. (classical name for the Carrot). Wild Carrot. Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. One of our most persistent, troublesome and wide-spread 304 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. weeds. A statute of Connecticut enacted in 1881, provides that " Every owner or possessor of lands shall cut down all wild carrots and Canada thistles growing thereon, or in the highway adjoining, so often as to prevent going to seed; and upon failure so to do, any person aggrieved, or any citizen of the town wherein the lands are situated, may com- plain to any grand juror of said town, who shall thereupon forthwith notify such owner or possessor of such complaint. If said owner or possessor shall still neglect to comply with the provisions of this section, he shall be fined not more than five dollars for each and every day of such neglect after such notice." Revised Statutes, Sec. 1374. All parts of the plant have medicinal properties. CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY. CORNUS L. Cornel. Dogwood. Cornus canadensis L. Dwarf or Low Cornel. Bunchberry. Low or rocky woods and in swamps. Rare over most of the state, becoming frequent in Litchfield County. May — June. Cornus florida L. (flowering). Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood. Occasional, local or frequent, mosth- in rocky woods. May. One of the most beautiful of our flowering trees and worthy of much more extensive cultivation. The bark, especially of the root, is used medicinally, and the powdered bark makes a good tooth-powder. The bark also yields a scarlet dye, and mixed with sulphate of iron makes a good black ink. The wood is heavy and close-grained and is used to make tool-handles and other small articles of turnery. Cornus circinata L'Her. (rounded). Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. Usually in rocky woods or on ledges. Rare in New Lon- don County (Graves) ; local or occasional elsewhere. May — June. The bark is used medicinally. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 305 Cornus Amomum Mill, (classical name for some shrub). Cornus scricea L. Cornus Purpiisi Koehne. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Swamp DogAvood. Frequent. Low thickets and along streams. June — July. The bark is used medicinally. Cornus stolonifera Michx. (shoot-bearing). Red-osier Cornel or Dogwood. Wet places. Common in northwestern Connecticut, ex- tending- eastward to East Granby (I. Holcomb) and south- ward to New Milford (C. K. Averill) ; occurs also at East Hartford 011 a river bank (A. W. Driggs). May — June. A good shrub for planting in moist soils. Cornus paniculata L'Her. (panicled). Cornus candidissima Marsh. (?), not Mill. Panicled Cornel. Occasional or frequent. Roadsides, thickets and borders of woods in either dry or moist ground. July. A handsome shrub both in flower and fruit, and well worthy of cultivation. Cornus alternifolia L. f. (alternate-leaved). Dogberry. Frequent. Fence-rows, copses and open woods. May — June. NYSSA L. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, (of woods). Black or Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Tupelo. Frequent. Woods and fields, usually in moist or wet ground. June. The wood is soft but very hard to split ; it is used for beetle-heads, chopping-bowls, rollers, etc. A tree of inter- esting habit and, especially in autumn, very ornamental. Worthy of cultivation, but very difficult to transplant from the wild. 306 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY. CLETHRA L. White Alder. Clethra alnifolia L. (alder-leaved). Sweet Pepperbush. Swamps and low thickets. Rare in Litchfield County: Kent (E. H. Austin), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). Frequent elsewhere. July — Aug. Often cultivated for its very fragrant white flowers. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Pipsissewa. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (umbellate). Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods. June — July. The leaves are medicinal and are officinal. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh (spotted). Spotted Wintergreen. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods. July — Aug. Has medicinal properties similar to those of Chimaphila umbellata. MONESES Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola. Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray (one-flowered). Moneses grandiUora S. F. Gray. One-flowered Pyrola or Wintergreen. Rare or local. Pine woods: Woodstock (Graves), LTnion (H. E. Back), Avon (H. S. Clark), East Granby (I. Hol- comb), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Newtown (I. P. Blackman), Canaan (W. H. Leggett), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps) . June — July. PYROLA L. Wintergreen. Shin Leaf. Pyrola secunda L. (one-sided). Dry woods, often under pines and hemlocks. Rare near the coast: Ledyard (Graves), Hamden (Harger), Orange (Fames), Fairfield (L. N. Johnson). Occasional or local elsewhere. June — July. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. (green-flowered). Dry woods, usually under evergreens. Rare near the No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 307 coast: Ledyard (Graves), Guilford (W. R. Dudley). Be- coming occasional northward. June. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. (oval). Shin Leaf. Occasional to frequent. Dry woods, usually in rich soil. June — July. Pyrola americana Sweet. Pyrola rotundifolia Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Round-leaved Shin Leaf. Frequent or local. Dry woods. June — July. This, like all other species of the genus, is sometimes used medicinally. MONOTROPA L. Indian Pipe. Pinesap. Monotropa uniflora L. (single-flowered). Indian Pipe. Corpse Plant. Fit-root. Ghost-flower. Frequent. Moist or dry woods in rich soil. July — Aug. The root is sometimes employed medicinally and has been used as a substitute for opium. Monotropa Hypopitys L. (under pine trees). Hypopitys Hypopitys Small. Hypopitys lanuginosa Nutt. Hypopitys americana Small. Pinesap. False Beech-drops. Occasional. Rich woods. Aug. — Sept. LEDUM L. Labrador Tea. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Ledum latifolium Ait. Labrador Tea. Rare or local. Bogs or sphagnum swamps : Willington (Graves), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). June. The leaves are medicinal. RHODODENDRON L. Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. (sticky). Azalea viscosa L. Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honeysuckle. 308 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Low thickets and swamps. Rare or occasional in north- western Connecticut ; frequent elsewhere. June — July. The var. glaucum (Michx.) Gray (glaucous) is occa- sional growing with the typical form. The var. nitidum (Pursh) Gray (shining) is rare: Groton and Water ford (Graves), Huntington (Eames), Oxford (Harger). Rarely occurs with pink flowers. Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. (naked-flowered). Azalea nudiflora L. Purple, Pink or Wild Azalea. Pinxter Flower. May Apple. Wild Honeysuckle. Frequent or common. Woods and thickets. May — June. This and the following species are desirable shrubs for cultivation. Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) G. Don (hoary). Azalea canescens Michx. Purple Azalea. Rare. Woods and thickets : Colchester and Voluntown (Graves), Norfolk and Salisbury (Bissell). May — June. Rhododendron canadense (L.) BSP. Rhododendron Rhodora Don. Rhodora canadensis L. Rhodora. Swamps and low woods and thickets. Rare in most dis- tricts: Voluntown (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Enfield (Mrs. G. S. Phelps), BurHngton (J. N. Bishop), Southington (J. Shepard), North Haven (A. W. Evans), Middlebury (Harger). Occasional or local in northeastern Connecticut. May. Noteworthy as the subject of one of Emerson's best known poems. Rhododendron maximum L. (greatest). Great Laurel. Rhododendron. Rose Bay. Rare or local. Swampy woods or rarely on dry wooded hillsides : Litchfield, New London and Tolland Counties. July. One of the most striking of the broad-leaved evergreens, and extensively planted for ornament. The leaves contain a poisonous principle and are sometimes used in medicine. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 309 KALMIA L. American Laurel. Kalmia latifolia L. (broad-leaved). Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon-wood. Frequent, local or common. Woods and thickets. June. Often planted for ornament. All parts of the plant are poisonous except the wood. Many instances of fatal poison- ing- of stock from eating this and allied plants have been reported. Sheep and young cattle are most susceptible, but horses and even goats have been known to die from the effects of it. Cases of human poisoning are quite rare. The leaves are employed medicinally. The following act of the General Assembly was approved and became a law April 17, 1907: — "The Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia, is hereby made, constituted, and declared to be the State Flower of the State of Connecticut." Kalmia angustifolia L. (narrow-leaved). Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky. Bogs, wet ground or open pastures. Local in Fairfield County; frequent or common elsewhere. June — July. Its medicinal and poisonous properties are as in Kalmia latifolia. Kalmia polifolia Wang, (gray-leaved). Kalmia glaiica Ait. Pale or Swamp Laurel. Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Burlington (J. N. Bishop), Nor- folk (J. H. Barbour), Litchfield. (Bissell), Woodbury (Har- ger), Ridgefield (S. B. Mead), Kent (C. K. Averill), Salis- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. LEUCOTHOE D. Don. Fetter Bush. Leucothoe racemosa (L.) Gray (racemose). Leucothoe. Rare or local. Moist woods or in swamps : Groton, Water- ford, Ledyard and East Haddam (Graves), Haddam and Durham (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Middlefield (C S. Phelps), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Stratford (Eames), Hunting- ton (Harger). May — June. 3IO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ANDROMEDA L. Andromeda glaucophylla Link (glaucous-leaved). Andromeda Polifolia mostly of American authors, not L. Bog or Marsh Rosemary. Marsh Holy Rose. Rare. Sphagnum bogs: East Granby (Bissell), Litchfield (J. P. Brace, Harger, Weatherby & Bissell), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Kent (Eames, C. K. Averill), Ridgefield (S. B. Mead), Danbury (Miss G. L. Northrop). May — June. LYONIA Nutt. Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don. Andromeda mariana L. Pieris mariana Benth. & Hook. Stagger-bush. Rare. Stratford, shrubby bank near the coast (J. P. Coles). June. In New Jersey and southward it is injurious to sheep when eaten by them, producing a disease called " Staggers," hence its common name. A valuable shrub in cultivation. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. (like Ligustrum, the Privet). Andromeda ligustrina Muhl. Xolisma ligustrina Britton. Male Berry. Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and pastures ; sometimes in dry but usually in moist ground. June — July. Like tlie preceding species, is poisonous to stock, especially to sheep. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC, var. foliosiflora (Alichx.) Fernald (having leaves intermixed with the flowers). Xolisma foliosiflora Small. Low thickets. Forms that apparently belong with this variety occur rarely near the coast. June — July. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. Leather Leaf. Cassandra. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench (calyculate). Cassandra calyculata D. Don. Leather Leaf. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3II Occasional or frequent. Sphagnum swamps and wet places. April — May. EPIGAEA L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. Epigaea repens L. (creeping). Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. Occasional or local. Rocky or sandy woods, usually pre- ferring granite regions. April — May. The leaves are used medicinally. In the neighborhood of cities it has been nearly exterminated by careless flower- gatherers. A statute of Connecticut, enacted in 1899, provides that " Every person who shall wilfully destroy, pull up, tear up, or dig up, any trailing arbutus from the land of another, or who shall sell, expose for sale, or purchase or have in his possession, any trailing arbutus with the roots or under-ground stems attached, taken from land not owned or occupied by him, shall be fined not more than twenty dollars." Revised Statutes, sec. 1224. GAULTHERIA L. Aromatic Wintergreen. Gaultheria procumbens L. (trailing). Wintergreen. Checkerberry. Boxberry. Teaberry. Ivory Plum. Occasional or frequent. Dry woods or sometimes in moist open ground, growing in colonies. July — Aug. The berries and the young leaves are often eaten. The leaves and the volatile oil distilled from them are officinal and widely used in medical practice. The oil is also largely used as a flavoring agent. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Bearberry. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bear-grape). Bearberry. Uva-ursi. Dry sandy or rocky places : Voluntown and Griswold (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Somers and West Hartford (Miss A. Lorenz), Middletown (J. D. Cochrane), Southington (D. C. Eaton, Andrews). Occasional or local near the coast. May — June. The leaves are officinal and much used in medicine. 312 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CHIOGENES Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & Gray (having fine rough hairs). Chiogenes serpylli folia Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. White Teaberry. Moxie Plum. Capil- laire. Rare. Sphagnum swamps, usually in shade: Preston (W. A. Setchell & Graves), Voluntown (Graves), Burlington (J. N. Bishop), Bethany and Middlebury (Harger), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), Kent (E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Stafford (Weatherby). May —June. This plant yields a volatile oil identical with that of Gaul- theria procnrnhens. GAYLUSSACIA HBK. Huckleberry. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. & Gray (bushy). Dwarf Huckleberry. Rare. Sphagnum bogs: Thompson (Harger), Southing- ton (Andrews), Stratford and Huntington (Eames), Bethany and Middlebury (Harger), Litchfield (J. P. Brace, 1822; Weatherby & Bissell). June — July. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & Gray (leafy). Dangleberry. Blue Tangle. Swamps or open sandy woods. Frequent in New London County (Graves), becoming rare northward and westward, reaching Putnam (Harger), Stafford and East Hartford (Weatherby), Manchester (A. W. Driggs), East Haven, Bethany and Oxford (Harger). June. The berries are delicious. Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch (berry-bearing). Gaylussacia resinosa Torr. & Gray. Common or Black Huckleberry. Common. IMoist or dry ground in various situations. May — June. The forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mackenzie (glau- cous-fruited). Blue Huckleberry, is rare or occasional grow- ing with the typical form. The common Huckleberry, extensively gathered for market M No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I3 and for home consumption. The fruit of the blue is often larger and better than that of the ordinary black form. VACCINIUM L. Blueberry. Cranberry. Vaccinium stamineum L. (having prominent stamens). Polycodiwn stamineum Greene. Buckberry. Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry. Dry woods: Waterbury (J. M. Richardson), New Canaan (E. H. Baldwin), and occasional in western Litchfield County. Late May — June. A desirable shrub for planting in shaded situations. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Low Sweet or Early Sweet Blueberry. Common. Dry rocky or sandy woods. May ; fruit late June — early July. The var. angustifolium (Ait.) Gray (narrow-leaved) is rare: Voluntown (Graves). The fruit is sweet and delicious but not usually plentiful. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam., var. nigrum Wood (black). Vaccinium nigrum Britton. Low Black Blueberry. Rare. Rocky woods: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May. Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Sour-top or Velvet-leaf Blueberry. Rare. Cold moist woods at an altitude of 1900 ft., Salis- bury (Weatherby). May; fruit Aug. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm (sw^aying). Late Low Blueberry. Common. Dry or rocky places. May ; fruit July. Fruit inferior to that of the following species. Vaccinium corymbosum L. (corymbose). High-bush or Tall Blueberry. Common or Swamp Blueberry or Bilberry. Common. Swamps, borders of ponds and drier places. May — June ; fruit late July — Aug. Fruit much gathered for market and for domestic use. Vaccinium corymbosum L., var. amoenum (Ait.) Gray (pleas- ant). 314 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Swamps and wet places. Occasional in the vicinity of the. coast. May — early June. Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller (having black berries). Vaccinium corymbosum L., var. atrococcum Gray. Black High Blueberry. Occasional. Swampy woods and wet thickets. May — June. Vaccinium Oxycoccos L. (sour berry). Oxycoccus Oxycoccus MacM. Small Cranberry. Sphagnum bogs: Willington (Graves), Bloomfield (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews), Bethany (Harger), Stratford (Eames). Becoming occasional in northwestern Connecticut. May — June ; fruit Sept. and through the winter. The var. ovalifolium Michx. (oval-leaved), var. inter- medium Gray's Manual ed. 7, occurs at Willington, Norfolk and Salisbury (Bissell), Simsbury (A. W. Driggs), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster). Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (large-fruited). Oxycoccus macrocarpns Pursh. Cranberry. Large or American Cranberry. Occasional or frequent. Wet meadows, bogs and low pastures. June — Aug. ; fruit Sept. Extensively cultivated on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and in some parts of New Jersey, for its fruit, which is of much value and is sold everywhere in the markets. " Turkey and Cranberry Sauce " is almost a national dish. PLUMBAGINACEAE. LEADWORT FAMILY. LIMONIUM Hill. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary. Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Statice Limonium L., var. caroliniana Gray. Marsh Rosemary. Sea Lavender. Ink-root. Canker-root. Common along the coast on salt marshes and meadows. July — Sept. The root has long been used in medicine. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I5 PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. HOTTONIA L. Featherfoil. Water Violet. Hottonia inflata Ell. (inflated). Water Violet. American Featherfoil. Ditches and shallow water. Rare or local near the coast ; not reported far inland. June. SAMOLUS L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed. Samolus floribundus HBK. (abounding in flowers). Samolus Valerandi L., var. americanus Gray. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed. Occasional in salt or brackish marshes along the coast,, and rare inland as at Ridgefield (Fames & C. C. Godfrey). June — Oct. LYSIMACHIA L. Loosestrife. Lysimachia vulgaris L. (common). Golden Loosestrife. Rare. Wilton, along roadside (Miss A. F. Carpenter). July. Fugitive from Europe. Lysimachia punctata L. (dotted). Spotted Loosestrife. Rare. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places: Norwich (W. A. Setchell, Mrs. E. E. Rogers & Graves), Preston (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), West- port (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Lysimachia quadrifolia L. (four-leaved). Cross-wort. Common. Woods and thickets. June — July. The root is medicinal. X Lysimachia producta (Gray) Fernald (lengthened). Lysimachia foliosa Small. Rare. Fields and thickets, mostly near the coast : Ledyard (Graves), Groton and Putnam (Harger), Stratford and Fair- field (Fames), Norwalk (Bissell), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). June — July. 3l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. This is regarded as a hybrid between Lysimachia quadri- folia and Lysimachia terrestris. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. (terrestrial). Lysimachia stricta Ait. Frequent. Low grounds and open swamps. Late June — Aug. Lysimachia Nummularia L. (coin-like, referring to the shape of the leaves). Moneywort. Yellow Myrtle. Frequent. Lawns, roadsides and waste places, usually in moist soil. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. An escape from gardens and often a pest in lawns. The plant is medicinal, in domestic practice applied to sores and wounds. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. (having its flowers in a thyrse). Nanmhurgia thyrsiflora Duby. Tufted Loosestrife. Rare or local. Wet places about ponds : North Branford (G. H. Bartlett), Bloomfield and East Granby (Weatherby), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southington (Andrews), Hamden and Litchfield (Harger), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Kent (C. K. Averill). Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, Bissell). June — early July. STEIRONEMA Raf. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. (fringed). Fringed Loosestrife. Frequent. Thickets and low grounds. July — Aug. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray (lance-shaped). Swamps and borders of ponds and streams. Rare inland : Ledyard and North Stonington (Graves), New Milford (L Holden & Baker). Occasional near the coast. July — Aug. TRIENTALIS L. Chickweed Wintergreen. Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh. Star Flower. Occasional to frequent. Rich, usually moist woods. May — June. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I7 ANAGALLIS L. Pimpernel. Anagallis arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Common Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Sandy or rocky ground and waste places. Rare inland: Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger). Frequent on or near the coast. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The var. caerulea (Schreb.) Ledeb. (sky-blue) is rare in lawns or waste ground: Granby (I. Holcomb), Norwalk (Miss A. E. Carpenter). EBENACEAE. EBONY FAMILY. DIOSPYROS L. Persimmon. Diospyros virginiana L. Common Persimmon. Rare. In New Haven, at Lighthouse Point, there is a grove of about one hundred and twenty-five small trees on the beach not far from the water's edge. Here they are ex- posed to fierce winds and winter storms which drive the salt water up around them, consequently they are not in a flourish- ing condition. This station is said to have been known as early as 1846, when the ground where they now stand was grassy and fertile. This is the only known station for this species in New England, and it is possible that it may not be native here but introduced from some more southern local- ity. July ; fruit Oct. OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY. FRAXINUS L. Ash. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash. Frequent. Woods and fields. May. The wood is hard, white and tough ; valued for interior finish, furniture, carriage-building, ladders, oars, tool-handles and agricultural implements. The bark is medicinal. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Fraxinus pubescens Lam. Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton. 3l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Red, Brown or River Ash. Frequent. Along streams and in swamps, sometimes in drier places. May. The timber is of less value than that of the White Ash, though used for furniture and the interior finish of buildings. Its medicinal properties are the same as those of Fraxinus americana. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (lance-shaped). Fraxinus viridis Michx. Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh. Green Ash. Rare. Low grounds : Norwich, Bozrah and Stonington (Graves), Rocky Hill (Andrews), New Haven (D. C. Eaton). May. Fraxinus nigra Marsh, (black). Fraxinus samhucifolia Lam. Black, Swamp, Basket or Hoop Ash. Occasional. Swamps and along streams. May. The wood is much used for interior finish, cabinet work, barrel hoops and basket making. Medicinal properties the same as those of Fraxinus americana. Fraxinus excelsior L. (taller). Rare. Fairfield, roadside distant from any known source of origin (Fames). May. Native of the Old World. FORSYTHIA Vahl. Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (very green). Golden Bell. Rare. Wethersfield, escaped from cultivation to a pasture (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Fugitive from Asia. SYRINGA L. Lilac. Syringa vulgaris L. (common). Common Lilac. Occasional. Fscaped from cultivation to roadsides and about abandoned house-sites. May. Naturalized from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 3I9 LIGUSTRUM L. Privet. Ligustrum vulgare L. (common). Privet. Prim. Roadsides and thickets as an escape from cultivation. Rare inland: Thompson and Wethersfield (Bissell), Wood- bury and Oxford (Plarger). Occasional or frequent near the coast. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY. SABATIA Adans. Sabatia campestris Nutt. (growing in fields). Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the Southwest. Sabatia stellaris Pursh (star-shaped). Sea or Marsh Pink. Sabatia. Occasional or local on borders of salt marshes along the coast. July — Sept. Rarely occurs with white flowers. Sabatia dodecandra (L.) BSP. (having twelve stamens). Sabatia chloroides Pursh. Large Marsh Pink. Rare. Marshes near the coast: Old Lyme (F. H. Dart), Saybrook (Berzelius Catalogue), Guilford (Miss K. Dudley). July — Sept. GENTIANA L. Gentian. Gentiana crinita Froel. (having long hairs; referring to the fringed corolla). Fringed Gentian. Occasional or local. Moist meadows and pastures. Sept. — Oct. The gentian root of medicine, much used as a bitter tonic, comes from Gentiana Intea of Europe, but our American species have similar properties and are also used somewhat in the same way. Gentiana quinquefolia L. (five-leaved). Gentiana quinqueflora Hill. 320 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Moist fields, roadsides and thickets. New Milford (C. D. Bishop, C. K. Averill), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), and occasional or frequent in northwestern Connecticut. Sept. — Oct. Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Bottle Gentian. Occasional or frequent. Moist places and along streams. Sept.— Oct. Sometimes occurs with white flowers. BARTONIA Muhl. Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP. Bartonia tenella Muhl. Occasional or frequent. Moist meadows and woods. July — Sept. Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Robinson (panicled). Bartonia lanceolata Small. Rare or local. Wet woods and meadows: Griswold (Har- ger), Hartford (H. S. Clark), Plymouth (Bissell), Stratford (Eames), New Milford (C. K. Averill). Aug.— Sept. MENYANTHES L. Buckbean. Menyanthes trifoliata L. (three-leaved). Bog Bean. Marsh Trefoil. Water Shamrock. Bogs, borders of ponds and in wet meadows. Occasional or local in most parts of the state ; frequent in Litchfield County. May — June. The leaves and rootstock are used medicinally. In parts of northern Europe it is used as a substitute for hops. NYMPHOIDES Hill. Floating Heart. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Fernald (of ponds). Limnanthcmum lacunosum Griseb. Floating Heart. Rare or local. In ponds and rivers : Groton and Lyme (Graves), Ledyard (W. A. Setchell), Branford (W. A. Setchell & Harger), Woodstock, Mansfield and Glastonbury No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 32I (Weatherby), Windsor (H. S. Clark, Weatherby & Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Litchfield (C. K. Averill), Danbury (F. Mills), Salisbury (Mrs. C S. Phelps). July — Aug. APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY. VINCA L. Periwinkle. Vinca minor L. (smaller). Common Periwinkle. Blue Myrtle. Occasional. Roadsides near dwellings and about ceme- teries, escaped from cultivation. April — May. Naturalized from Europe. Rarely occurs with white or variegated flowers or leaves. APOCYNUM L. ' Dogbane. Indian Hemp. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (having leaves like Hyperi- cum Androsaemum, the Tutsan). Spreading Dogbane. Honey-bloom. Frequent. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug. The plant is medicinal. Apocynum medium Greene (intermediate). Apocynum Milleri Britton. Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller. Occasional or frequent. Dry fields, roadsides and open woods. June — Aug. Very variable and several forms have been described. Apocynum cannabinum L. (hemp-like). American, Canadian or Indian Hemp. Frequent. Fields, thickets and roadsides, often in sterile soil. June — July. The so-called Apocynum album Greene is a dwarfed or prostrate form of this species growing on rocky or sandy banks of streams or ponds, and is occasional. The fibre has been used as hemp. The rootstock of this and closely allied species has active medicinal properties and is officinal. Apocynum cannabinum L., var. pubescens (R. Br.) DC. (downy). Apocynum pubescens R.Br. 322 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Rare. Dry open places : East Lyme (Graves), East Haven and Southington (Bissell), Huntington (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July. ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY. ASCLEPIAS L. Milkweed. Silkweed. Asclepias tuberosa L. (tuberous). Asclcpias tuberosa L., var. decumhens Pursh. Asclepias decumhens L. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. Dry fields and roadsides. Rare in Litchfield County, occa- sional to frequent in other sections. July — Aug. The root was formerly officinal and is used medicinally. Asclepias purpurascens L. (purplish). Purple Milkweed. Occasional or frequent. Moist fields and open pastures. June — July. Asclepias incarnata L. (flesh-colored). Swamp Milkweed. Borders of ponds and streams. Occasional along the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers and in the northwestern part of the state ; rare elsewhere. July — Aug. Asclepias incarnata L., var. pulchra (Ehrh.) Pers. (beautiful). Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Swamp Milkweed. Swamps and wet places. Frequent except in Litchfield County where it is occasional or rare. July — Aug. The root is medicinal. Asclepias syriaca L. Asclepias Cornuti Dene. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Common. Roadsides, pastures and waste places. July — Aug. The root is medicinal. The young shoots are used as Asparagus. Sometimes troublesome as a weed. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 323 Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. (stem-clasping; referring to the leaves). Asclepias ohtusifolia Michx. Open ground in sandy soil. Rare or local in southern Fairfield County, occasional or frequent elsewhere. June — July. Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh (like Phytolacca, the Poke- weed). Asclepias exaltata Muhl. (?). Poke Milkweed. Occasional. Moist woods and thickets. Late June — July. Asclepias variegata L. (of various colors). Rare. Dry woods: Norwich (Miss Wohlfurth), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Portland (Dr. E. J. Thompson). July. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. (four-leaved). Occasional. Dry woods. June — July. Asclepias verticillata L. (whorled). Whorled Milkweed. Occasional or local. Sandy or sterile ground. July — Aug. ACERATES Ell. Green Milkweed. Acerates viridiflora Ell. (green-flowered). Rare. Dry open ground: East Haven (O. Harger, H. S. Clark), Oxford (Harger), New Milford (Eames). July — Aug. The var. lanceolata (Ives) Gray (lance-shaped), var. Ivesii Britton, has been found at New Haven (E. Ives). CYNANCHUM L. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. (black). Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench. Black Swallow-wort. Rare. Roadsides and fields as an escape from cultivation : Stonington (W. E. Britton), New London (Graves), New Haven (H. S. Clark, Harger), Oxford (Harger), Orange and Bridgeport (Eames), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). June — July. Adventive from Europe. 324 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CONVOLVULACEAE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. IPOMOEA L. Morning Glory. Ipomoea coccinea L. (red). Quamoclit coccinea Moench. Small Red Morning Glory. Rare. Southington, in waste ground (Andrews), Orange (Harger). July — Sept. Fugitive from the Southwest or from tropical America. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (like Hedera, the Ivy). Ivy-leaved Morning Glory. Rare. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from gardens: New London (Graves), Glastonbury (Bissell), Stratford (Fames), Oxford (Harger), Darien (Miss A. E. Carpenter) . Aug. — Sept. Adventive from tropical America. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth (purple). Common Morning Glory. Occasional. Waste places and about old gardens as an escape from cultivation. July — Sept. Adventive or fugi- tive from tropical America. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. (fiddle-shaped). Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth. Rare. Dry soil of upland pastures : New Milford (J. W. Robbins), Kent (E. H. Austin). June — Aug. The root is medicinal. CONVOLVULUS L. Bindweed. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. (a span long). Rare or local. Gravelly hillsides: Southington (An- drews), Oxford (Harger), Southbury (B. B. Bristol), New Milford (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. California Rose. Rare. Sandy fields as an escape from cultivation, mostly in the double-flowered form: Plainville (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Trumbull (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpen- ter). July. Adventive from eastern Asia. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 325 Convolvulus sepium L. (of hedges). Convolvulus septum L., var. arnericanus Sims. Wild Morning Glory. Hedge Bindweed. Frequent. Sandy fields, roadsides and waste places. June — Aug. The root is medicinal. Convolvulus sepium L., var. pubescens (Gray) Fernald (downy). Convolvulus sepium L., var. repens Gray. Convolvulus repens L. Open fields or stony and gravelly places on and near the coast. Frequent eastward, becoming occasional westward. June — Aug. The root is medicinal. Convolvulus arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Field Bindweed. Rare. Waste ground and roadsides: New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark, Bissell), New Haven (Miss A. E. Carpenter), Southington (Andrews), Ansonia (Harger), Orange and Bridgeport (Fames), Westport (Fames & C. C. Godfrey). July. Adventive from Europe. CUSCUTA L. Dodder. Love Vine. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. (upon thyme). Clover Dodder. Rare. Clover fields: Mansfield (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), East Windsor and Granby (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Fairfield (Fames). July — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich (of cultivated ground). Field Dodder. Rare. In fields: Granby (Bissell), Oxford and South- bury (Harger). July — Sept. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. (of hazel). Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. Hazel Dodder. Rare. On shrubs: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). Aug. 326 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Dodder. Love Vine. Common. On herbs and low shrubs, often very plentiful in open swamps. July — Sept. Cuscuta compacta Juss. (compact). Rare or local. On shrubs: Groton (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Milford, Stratford and Westport (Eames). Aug. — Sept. POLEMONIACEAE. POLEMONIUM FAMILY. PHLOX L. Phlox paniculata L. (panicled). Phlox acuminata Pursh. Phlox glandulosa Shuttlw. Phlox amplifolia Britton. Garden Phlox. Occasional. Roadsides and about old gardens. Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the Southwest. Phlox maculata L. (spotted). Wild Sweet William. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places: Waterford (Graves), Franklin (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), Fairfield, well established at two localities (Eames). June — Aug. In Connecticut adventive from the South or West. The var. Candida Michx. (shining white) occurs at Fair- field (Eames). Phlox pilosa L. (hairy). Rare. Moist grassy bank, Southbury (Harger). May — June. This is the only reported station for the species in New England. Phlox subulata L. (awl-shaped). Ground or Moss Pink. Rare to occasional. Escaped from cultivation, often in and near old cemeteries. May, Adventive from the West. It is seen rarely with white flowers. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 327 POLEMONIUM L. Greek Valerian. Polemonium Van-Bruntiae Britton. Polemonium coerulenm Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Rare. In swamps: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF FAMILY. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Waterleaf. Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Waterleaf. Rare or local. Moist or wet shady places : South Wind- sor (Weatherby), Waterbury (W. H. Paton), Wilton (Miss E. A. Carpenter, Fames), Norwalk (G. P. Ells), North Canaan (H. N. Adams, M. B. Tobey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June. ELLISIA L. Ellisia Nyctelea L. Macrocalyx Nyctelea Kuntze. Rare. New London, in a pasture (Mrs. E. M. Tilton). May — July. Fugitive from the South or West. PHACELIA Juss. Phacelia viscida (Benth.) Terr, (sticky). Rare. Meriden, escaped from cultivation and spontaneous in a spot on which muck had been deposited (Miss F. J. Leonard). June. Fugitive from California. Phacelia Purshii Buckley. Rare. Branford, waste ground at Short Beach (Miss E. J. Leonard). May — June. Fugitive from the Central States. BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY. CYNOGLOSSUM L. Hound's Tongue. Cynoglossum officinale L. (of the shops). Common Hound's Tongue. Rare. Roadsides and pastures: Ledyard (Graves), Meriden and New Haven (Harger), Bridgeport (C. K. 328 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Averill), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Aug. Ad- ventive from Europe. Cynoglossum boreale Fernald (northern). Cynoglossiiui virginiciim of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Wild Comfrey. Rare. Rocky woods: East Haven (J. A. Allen), Meri- den (Andrews), Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), Barkhamsted and Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Cornwall (E. E. Brewster). June — July. LAPPULA Moench. Stickseed. Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. Echinospernmm virginicum Lehm. Stickseed. Beggar's Lice. Frequent. Woods, hedge-rows and thickets in dry ground. July — Aug. Lappula echinata Gilib. (prickly). Echinosperrnum Lappula Lehm. Lappula Lappula Karst. Rare. Waste places: New Haven (Merrill), Seymour (Harger), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. AMSINCKIA Lehm. Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. (like Lycopsis, the Bugloss). Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Hartford (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — July. Fugitive from the Pacific Coast. SYMPHYTUM L. Comfrey. Symphytum officinale L. (of the shops). Common Comfrey. Rare or local. Roadsides, waste places and along streams, usually in moist ground and as an escape from cultivation. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Formerly used medicinally. Symphytum tuberosum L. (tuberous). Rare. Ditches and wet places: Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), Southington (Andrews). May — June. Adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 329 Symphytum asperrimum Donn (very rough). Rough Comfrey. Rare. Moist roadsides: Oxford (Harger), Kent (Eames). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. BORAGO L. Borage. Borage officinalis L. (of the shops). Borage. Rare. Bridgeport, escaped from gardens (I. Holden & Baker) . June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Cultivated for ornament and for its supposed medicinal properties. ANCHUSA L. Alkanet. Anchusa ofEcinalis L. (of the shops). Rare. Waste ground in Fairfield (Eames). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. MYOSOTIS L. Forget-me-not. Scorpion Grass. Myosotis scorpioides L. (scorpion-like). Myosotis palustris Hill. True Forget-me-not. Rare. Along streams as an escape from cultivation: North Branford and Oxford (Harger), Stratford (Eames), Southington (Andrews). May — June. Native of Europe. Myosotis laxa Lehm. (loose). Wild Forget-me-not. Frequent. Along streams and in wet places. May — June. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (of cultivated ground). Rare. In grassland: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Led- yard (Graves), Granby (I. Holcomb). May — June. Myosotis virginica (L.) BSP. Myosotis verna Nutt. Occasional or local. Dry, sterile and rocky places. May — June. LITHOSPERMUM L. Gromwell. Puccoon. Lithospermum arvense L. (of cultivated ground). Corn Gromwell. Stone-seed. 330 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Occasional. Sandy or waste places. May — June. Natu- ralized from Europe. Lithospermum officinale L. (of the shops). Common Cromwell. Rare or local. Dry fields and in rocky ground : New Britain (Bissell), Southingtoij (Andrews), North Canaan (Weatherby), New Milford (A. E. Blewitt). June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. ONOSMODIUM Michx. False Cromwell. Onosmodium virginianum (L.) A. DC. Gravel-weed. Pearl-plant. Wild Job's Tears. False Cromwell. Rare. Dry or sandy ground: Preston (Craves), East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Hartford and Windsor (H. S. Clark), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Fairfield (Fames), Ansonia and Southbury (Harger), Kent (E. H. Austin). June — July. The root and seeds are medicinal. ECHIUM L. Viper's Bugloss. Echium vulgare L. (common). Viper's Bugloss. Blue-weed. Blue Devil. Open sandy or sterile places. Rare or local over most of the state: Montville (Craves), Windsor (H. S. Clark), Southington (Andrews), New Haven (Harger), New Hart- ford (Andrews & Bissell). Becoming occasional in western Connecticut. July — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes occurs with rose-colored flowers. A showy plant when in bloom, but a bad weed, difficult to eradicate. VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY. VERBENA L. Vervain. Verbena officinalis L. (of the shops). European Vervain. Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (J. S. Smith), Bridgeport (Fames). June — Sept. Fugitive from the Old World. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 33I The herb was reputed to have many desirable properties and was highly esteemed in old times, but is rarely if ever used now. Verbena urticaefolia L. (having leaves like Urtica, the Nettle). White Vervain. Frequent. Fields, roadsides and waste ground. July — Aug. Verbena angustifolia Michx. (narrow-leaved). Rare or local. Sandy fields: Waterford (Graves), New Haven (Harger), Orange (Fames, Andrews & Bissell), Stratford (I. Holden & Baker), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Kent (E. H. Austin, Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Salis- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. Verbena hastata L. (spear-shaped). Verbena hastata L., var. pinnatiMa Britton. Blue Vervain. Frequent. Roadsides, fields and waste places. July^- Aug. A hybrid of this with Verbena urticaefolia has been collected at Oxford (Harger). Flowers sometimes rose color. The root and leaves are medicinal and are occasionally used in domestic practice. Verbena stricta Vent, (upright; straight). Hoary Vervain. Rare. Fields and waste places: Old Lyme (Graves), Naugatuck (Mrs. C. H. Lyman), Bridgeport (Fames). June — Aug. Adventive from the West. Verbena bracteosa Michx. (having bracts). Rare or local. Waste ground: Hebron (Graves), Nauga- tuck (Mrs. C. H. Lyman), Bridgeport (Fames), Winchester (M. L. Fernald & Weatherby). June — Aug. Adventive from the West. Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton. Verbena Aiibletia Jacq. Verbena Drnmmondi of authors. Verbena. Rare. Fscaped from old gardens: Southington (Bis- 332 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. sell), Oxford (Harger). June — Sept. Fugitive from the Southwest. Many of the cultivated forms of Verbena are derived fromf i;i this species. LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY. AJUGA L. Bugle Weed. Ajuga genevensis L. Erect Bugle. Rare. Along roadsides and about dwellings as an escape from cultivation: Middletown (Miss Day), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Bristol (W. A. Terry), Milford (Eames & C. C. Godfrey) . May — June. Adventive from Europe. Flowers sometimes rose-colored or white. TEUCRIUM L. Germander. Teucrium canadense L. American Germander. Wood Sage. Rare or occasional. Fields, roadsides and in alluvial soil along streams. July — Aug. Teucrium canadense L., var. littcrale (Bicknell) Fernald (of the sea shore). Teucrium litiorale Bicknell. Coast Germander. Frequent on beaches and about salt meadows along the coast. July — Aug, TRICHOSTEMA L. Blue Curls. Trichostema dichotomum L. (forked in pairs). Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal. Common. Dry sandy or sterile soil. July — Sept. Sometimes occurs with pink flowers. Trichostema lineare Walt, (very narrow). Rare. Milford, in sandy soil (J. W. Robbins, 1829). July — Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 333 SCUTELLARIA L. Skullcap. Scutellaria lateriflora L. (side-flowering). Mad-dog Skullcap. Frequent. Wet places, usually in shade. July — Sept. Sometimes occurs with white flowers. The plant was formerly used as a remedy for hydrophobia, whence its com- mon name. It is officinal in medical practice. Scutellaria galericulata L. (having a small helmet ; referring to the calyx). Marsh Skullcap. Occasional. Borders of ponds, wet places along streams, open swamps or sometimes also on dry banks or even in sand near the coast. June — Aug. Sometimes occurs with pink flowers. Scutellaria integrifolia L. (entire-leaved). Rare. Sandy fields and in woodland, either dry or moist: Union (G. Towne), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Lyme (Graves), East Haddam (W. E. Nichols), East Hartford (Weatherby), East Windsor and Rocky Hill (Bissell), Hart- ford (H. S. Clark), Windsor Locks (Miss A. E. Carpenter). July. Scutellaria parvula Michx. (small), var. ambigua (Nutt.) Fernald (doubtful). Scutellaria parvula Britton, not Michx. Rare. Dry sandy or rocky ground: Guilford (G. W. Hawes), East Haven (H. C. Beardslee, Harger), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Orange (A. H. Young), SaHsbury (Mrs. C.S.Phelps). June — Aug. MARRUBIUM L. Horehound. Marrubium vulgare L. (common). Common Horehound. Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from cultivation. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Used as a cough medicine and in candy. An officinal medicine. 334 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull, SIDERITIS L. Ironwort. Sideritis montana L. (of mountains). Rare. Naugatuck, one plant in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt). July. Fugitive from southeastern Europe. AGASTACHE Clayt. Giant Hyssop. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze (like Nepeta, the Catnip). Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Rare or local. Rocky woods and thickets: Meriden (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews), Derby (Harger), Nor- walk (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze (having leaves like Scrophularia, the Figwort). Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth. Rare or occasional. Woods, thickets and waste ground, either moist or dry. July — Aug. The var. mollis (Fernald) Heller (soft) occurs at Fair- field (Eames). Agastache Foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze (like Foeniculum, the Fennel; referring to its odor). Lophanthus anisatus Benth. Agastache anethiodora Britton. Rare. Waste ground: Portland (Mrs. F. W. Starmer). Aug. Fugitive from the West. NEPETA L. Cat Mint. Nepeta Cataria L. (of a cat). Catnip. Frequent. Fields and waste ground. July — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. The herb is well known to have strong attraction for cats. Much used in domestic medical practice. Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan (like Hedera, the Ivy). Nepeta Glechoma Benth. Glecoma hederacea L. Gill-over-the-Ground. Ground Ivy. Gill. Robin Runaway. Frequent. Moist shaded places in fields, waste ground No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 335 and about old yards. April — June. Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a bad weed in lawns and gardens. Formerly used in domestic medical practice. DRACOCEPHALUM L. Dragon Head. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (small-flowered). Dragon Head. Rare. Southington, one plant as a fugitive in a garden (Andrews) ; also occurs at New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin). June — July. Native from New York westward. PRUNELLA L. Self-heal. Prunella vulgaris L. (common). Brunella vulgaris of Manuals. Common Self-heal or Heal-all. Carpenter-weed. Common. Fields, woods and waste ground, both dry and moist. June — Oct. Often a troublesome weed in lawns and difficult to eradi- cate. Formerly used as a medicine. Sometimes occurs with white flowers. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. False Dragon Head. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Lion's Heart. Roadsides and waste ground. Occasional in New London County, becoming rare or local northward and westward. Aug. Introduced from the West. GALEOPSIS L. Hemp Nettle. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Common Hemp Nettle. Rare or occasional. Roadsides and waste grounds. July — Sept. Introduced from Europe. A troublesome weed in some parts of northern New England. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp Nettle. Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. 336 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. LAMIUM L. Dead Nettle. Lamium amplexicaule L. (stem-embracing; referring to the leaves). Henbit. Waste or cultivated ground. Occasional in Fairfield County ; rare or local elsewhere. May — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Lamium purpureum L. (purple). Red Dead Nettle. Rare. Waste ground: Fairfield (Fames). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Lamium hybridum Vill. (mongrel). Local. Waste or cultivated ground: Cornwall, becoming a weed (T. S. Gold). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Lamium maculatum L. (spotted). Spotted Dead Nettle. Rare. Along roadsides and in yards as an escape from cultivation: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Woodbury (Harger). May — Oct. Introduced from Europe. Sometimes occurs with white flowers. • LEONURUS L. Motherwort. Leonurus Cardiaca L. (of the heart). Common Motherwort. Lion's Tail. Throw-wort. Frequent. Roadsides and waste places. June — July. Naturalized from Europe. Formerly used in domestic medical practice, especially for diseases of women, whence the common name. BALLOTA L. Fetid Horehound. Ballota nigra L. (black). Black Horehound. Rare. An escape to roadsides : New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Milford (Fames). June — Aug. Native of Europe. Formerly cultivated because of supposed medicinal qualities. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 337 STACHYS L. Hedge Nettle. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. (hyssop-leaved). Rare. Killingly, sandy border of pond (Bissell), Walling- ford (N. Coleman), West Hartford (H. S. Clark). July — Aug. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. (thin-leaved), var. aspera (Michx.) Fernald (rough). Stachys aspera Michx. Rare or local. Moist ground along streams or on road- sides: Lyme (Graves), Glastonbury (A. W. Driggs, Bissell), East Windsor (Bissell), Stratford (Eames). July — Aug. Stachys palustris L. (growing in marshes). Woundwort. Rare. Roadsides, fields and wet meadows : Fairfield and Bridgeport (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), New Fairfield (Harger) . July — Aug. The var. homotricha Fernald (having the hairs alike) occurs at Oxford (Harger). SALVIA L. Sage. Salvia lyrata L. (lyre-shaped). Lyre-leaved Sage. Local. About a fourth of an acre of grassy meadow is covered with this species in Woodbridge (Harger). May — June. Salvia pratensis L. (belonging to a meadow). Meadow Sage. Rare. Fields and cultivated ground: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Southington (L. Fox). June. Fugitive from Europe. Salvia officinalis L. (of the shops). Garden Sage. Rare. Roadsides and cultivated ground as an escape from cultivation: Southington (Andrews), Milford (Eames). June. Adventive from Europe. The leaves are officinal in medical practice, also used for flavoring meats, cheese, etc. 338 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. | Bull. Salvia splendens Ker (shining). Scarlet Sage. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places : West- port (Eames). Sept. — Oct. Fugitive from Brazil. MONARDA L. Horse Mint. Monarda didyma L. (twin). Bee Balm. Oswego Tea. Fragrant Balm. Rare or occasional. Roadsides, about old houses and borders of woods as an escape from cultivation. July — Aug. Naturalized from the West. The herb finds some popular uses in medical practice, depending on its aromatic properties. All our species are similar in this respect and are one of the sources of thymol. Monarda clinopodia L. (like Clinopodium, the Basil). Basil Balm. Rare. Waste ground and roadsides: Ledyard (Graves), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt). July — Aug. Adventive from the West. Monarda fistulosa L. (tubular). Wild Bergamot. Rare. Dry soil of shrubby and waste places : East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Bolton (Bissell), Manchester (H. S. Qark), West Hartford and Southbury (Harger), Stratford, Bridgeport, Fairfield and Norwalk (Eames). July — Aug. The var. rubra Gray (red), Monarda media Willd., is rare as an escape from gardens: Groton (Graves), Andover (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Weatherby), Somers and Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames). The variety is adventive from the West as is the species in part. Monarda mollis L. (soft). Monarda fistulosa L., var. mollis Benth. Downy Bergamot. Occasional or frequent. Dry pastures, waste places and roadsides. July — Aug. BLEPHILIA Raf. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. (fringed). Wood Mint. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 339 Rare. Dry open ground: Plainville (Bissell), Orange (A. W. Evans), Beacon Falls (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. (hairy). Wood Mint. Rare. Border of woods : Waterbury and Thomaston (A. E. Blewitt). June— July. HEDEOMA Pers. Mock Pennyroyal. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. (like Mentha Pulegium, the Pennyroyal). American Pennyroyal. ' Common. Open or shaded ground, usually in dry soil. July — Aug. The leaves and flowering tops as well as the oil distilled from them are officinal in medical practice and find many popular uses in home medication. The taste and odor are nearl}^ the same as those of true Pennyroyal, Mentha Pule- giutii of Europe. Hedeoma hispida Pursh (rough-hairy). Rare. Putnam, dry plains near the Quinebaug River (Harger). June — Aug. Adventive from the West. MELISSA L. Balm. Melissa officinalis L. (of the shops). Common or Lemon Balm. Rare. Roadsides, yards and fields near old houses as an escape from cultivation: Ledyard and Lyme (Graves), New Haven (D. C. Eaton), Huntington, Trumbull, Fairfield and Norwalk (Fames). July — Sept. Native of Europe. The leaves and tops are medicinal and were formerly officinal. SATUREJA L. Savory. Calamint. Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch (common). Clinopodium vulgare L. Calamintha Clinopodium Benth. Basil. Frequent. Woods, fields and thickets. June — Sept. 340 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. HYSSOPUS L. Hyssop. Hyssopus officinalis L. (of the shops). Hyssop. Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — Sept. Native of Europe. The plant is medicinal. ORIGANUM L. Wild Marjoram. Origanum vulgare L. (common). Wild Marjoram. Rare or local. Dry pastures, roadsides and waste places : New Haven (O. Harger et al.), Sherman (E. H. Austin & E^mes), Kent (C. K. Averiir, , "^haron (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. Adventive from Europe. PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil. Pycnanthemum clinopodioides Torr. & Gray (like Clinopod- ium, the Basil). Koellia clinopodioides Kuntze. Rare. Dry ground: Southington (Andrews), Cheshire (A. E. Blewitt), Hamden (O. Harger). Aug. Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. (flexuous). Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh. Koellia flexuosa MacM. Occasional. Open sandy ground either dry or moist. July — Aug. Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. Koellia lanceolata MacM. Wild Isaac. Common. Sterile ground either dry or moist. July — Aug. Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. (hairy) . Pycnanthemum muticum Pers., var. pilosuvi Gray. Koellia pilosa Britton. Rare. Edge of thicket in rather dry gravelly soil, Plain- field (Bissell & Weatherby). Aug.— Sept. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 34I Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. (whorled). Koellia verticillata Kuntze. Rare or occasional. Hillsides and pastures either moist or dry. July — Aug. Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. (hoary-white). Koellia in c ana Kuntze. Occasional. Rocky copses, thin woods and clearings. Aug. Pycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers. (pointless). Koellia mutica Britton. Frequent. Poor soils either dry or wet. July — Aug. THYMUS L. Thyme. Thymus Serpyllum L. (classical name for this plant). Wild or Creeping Thyme. Rare or occasional. Fields and waste places, usually in dry ground. June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated and used for seasoning in cookery. LYCOPUS L. Water Horehound. Lycopus virginicus L. Bugle Weed. Wet open ground or shaded swamps. Rare in most dis- tricts: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), Windsor (Bissell), Hartford (H. S. Clark). Occasional or frequent near the coast and in the southwestern part of the state. July — Sept. The herb has medicinal properties, like other species of the genus. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. (one-flowered). Lycoptis communis Bicknell. Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell. Bugle Weed. Common. Wet or dry places in various soils. Aug. — Sept. Lycopus sessilifolius Gray (sessile-leaved). Rare. Wet ground about ponds: Voluntown, Ledyard\ Groton and East Lyme (Graves), Old Saybrook and Middle- bury (Harger). Aug. — Sept. 342 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Lycopus rubellus Moench (reddish). Rare. Low ground: Groton and New London (Graves), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Huntington (Harger). Aug. — Sept. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Lycopus sinuatns Ell. Frequent. Moist or wet places. Aug. — Sept, MENTHA L. Mint. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (long-leaved). Mentha sylvestris L. Horse Mint of Europe. Rare. Fields and waysides: Ledyard (Graves), Milford (Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Westport (Fames), July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Mentha alopecuroides Hull (like Stachys Alopecuros, the Betony). Mentha sylvestris L., var. alopecuroides Baker. Rare. Roadsides in Fairfield (Fames). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Mentha spicata L. (spiked). Mentha viridis L. Spearmint. Frequent. Fields and roadsides in wet ground. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The leaves and flowering tops as well as the oil distilled from them are officinal in medical practice and are in popular use. The herb is used in sauce for roast lamb, etc. Mentha piperita L. (peppery). Peppermint. Occasional. Wet places. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The source of oil of peppermint. Like the preceding species officinal, much used in medical practice and as a flavor for confectionery. Mentha aquatica L. (aquatic). Water Mint. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 343 Rare or local. Moist ground: New London (Graves), Southbury (T. M. Prudden), Litchfield (T. M. Allen). Aug. — Sept, Adventive from Europe. Mentha crispa L. (curled). Mentha aquatica L., var. crispa Benth. Curled Mint. Rare or local. Roadsides: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New London, Ledyard and Preston (Graves), Stratford (Eames, Harger). Waterbury (Mrs. C. H. Lyman), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Properties similar to those of peppermint. Often culti- vated both for ornament and use. Mentha citrata Ehrh. (like Citrus Limonum, the Lemon : re- ferring to its odor). Bergamot Mint. Rare. Roadsides and waste places in moist ground : East Hartford (Weatherby), Rocky Hill (Mrs. F. W. Starmer), Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (T. F. Allen), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Mentha Cardiaca Gerarde (of the heart). Mentha sativa of many American authors. Rare. Southington, wet ground (Andrews & Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Mentha gentilis L. (related). Mentha sativa L. Spotted or Whorled Mint. Runaway Robin. Rare. Roadsides, waste places and about old houses : Ledyard and Preston (Graves), Union and Salisbury (Bissell), Bolton (Weatherby), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bridgeport, Fairfield, Newtown and Sherman (Eames). July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Mentha arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Field Mint. Occasional. Low fields and wet places. July — Sept. 344 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Mentha arvensis L., var. canadensis (L.) Briquet. Mentha canadensis L. Wild Mint. Frequent. Wet places, often along streams. July — Sept. COLLINSONIA L. Horse Balm. Collinsonia canadensis L. Richweed. Stone-root. Common. Moist rich woods. July — Sept. The root and herb are used in medicine. PERILLA L. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (shrubby). Perilla ocymoides L. Rare. About old gardens as an escape from cultivation : Groton (Mrs. C. B. Graves), Southington (Andrews), Ox- ford (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept. Native of Asia. Sometimes cultivated as a foliage plant. SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. CAPSICUM L. Pepper. Capsicum annuum L. (annual). Red, Cayenne or Chili Pepper. Rare. Waste ground: Hartford (H. S. Clark), Bridge- port (Eames). July — Aug. Fugitive from the Tropics. Well known in cultivation. LYCOPERSICUM Mill. Tomato. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, (edible). Lycopersicon Lycopersicon Karst. Tomato. Rare. An escape in waste places and on river shores. Aug. — Sept. Introduced from South America. Cultivated for its edible fruit. SOLANUM L. Nightshade. t Solanum tuberosum L. (producing tubers). \ Potato. ■'^ No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 345 Rare. Cultivated ground and waste places. July. Fugi- tive from temperate South America. One of the important food plants of the world. Solanum Dulcamara L. (bitter-sweet). Woody Nightshade. Bittersweet. Wolf Grape. Violet Bloom. Frequent. Moist or wet thickets, waste grounds, road- sides, about ponds and along streams. June — Aug. ; fruit July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The young branches and leaves are sometimes used medici- nally and were formerly officinal. The berries are somewhat poisonous. Solanum nigrum L. (black). '^ Black or Common Nightshade. Frequent. Moist rich soil or often in drier places or on sea beaches. July — Sept. ; fruit Aug. — Oct. Stock are sometimes poisoned by eating this plant. All parts of the plant are said to be more or less poisonous. This plant has recently been somewhat extensively advertised in seed catalogues as Garden Huckleberry, and it is claimed the ripe berries are entirely safe and wholesome either fresh or cooked. The testimony is somewhat conflicting. It is stated that in some countries the leaves are eaten as a pot-herb after thorough cooking; that in the Dakotas the plant is called Stubbleberry, and the ripe fruit is much used for making pies and preserves. On the other hand the best chemical authorities state that active poisonous principles have been found in the ripe berries as well as in other parts of the plant. The species is quite variable, and it is probable that some plants are more poisonous than others, in consequence of conditions of growth not yet understood. All things considered, its indiscriminate use as a food plant cannot be recommended. Solanum carolinense L. Horse or Bull Nettle. Sand Brier. Rare. Fields and meadows: Middletown (Bissell), Nau- 34''' COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. gatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Seymour (Harger), Milford and Bridgeport (Eames), Norwalk (G. P. Ells), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Greenwich (J. W. Robbins). July — Sept.; fruit Aug. — Oct. Naturalized from the South. A pernicious weed in the South, destructive to cattle. The root and leaves are employed medicinally. Solanum rostratum Dunal (beaked). Sand Bur. Buffalo Bur. Rare. Waste or cultivated ground: New London (Miss E. Shelly), Hartford and East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thomp- son), Southington (Miss L. Upson, Andrews), Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Milford (Harger), Wilton (Miss A. E. Car- penter), Kent and New Milford (E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. Adventive from the West. A pernicious weed which should be eradicated on its first appearance. PHYSALIS L. Ground Cherry. Physalis angulata L. (angular). Rare. Hartford, in waste ground (H. S. Clark & Bissell). July — Sept. Fugitive from the South. Physalis pruinosa L. (frosted). Strawberry Tomato. Cultivated or waste ground. Rare in most districts : Nor- wich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Groton (Mrs. C. B. Graves), Southington (Andrews & Bissell). Occasional in the south- western part of the state (Eames). July — Oct. Physalis Alkekengi L. Winter Cherry. Rare. New Milford, spreading from cultivation (E. H. Austin). Fruit Aug. — Oct. Introduced from eastern Asia. Physalis heterophylla Nees (various-leaved). Physalis virginiana Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Mill. Occasional. Dry fields and waste places. June — Sept. ; fruit Aug. — Oct. The var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. (doubtful) sometimes occurs with the typical form. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 347 The van nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydb. (like the Four- o'clock) is rare: Windsor, shaded alluvial soil on bank of the Connecticut River (Bissell). Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush (nearly smooth). Physalis philadelphica Gray's Manual ed. 6, perhaps not Lam. Rare. Waste grounds, roadsides and fields : East Windsor and Norwalk (Bissell), Bridgeport (Eames), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), New Milford (Eames & E. H. Austin), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. Sometimes cultivated for its edible fruit. Physalis virginiana Mill. Physalis lanceolata Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not Michx. Rare. Dry or moist fields: Southington (Andrews), Southbury ( Harger) . June — Aug. NICANDRA Adans. Apple of Peru. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. (like Physalis, the Ground Cherry). Physalodes physalodes Britton. Apple of Peru. Rare. Waste ground and cultivated fields : Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Southington (Andrews), New Haven (O. Harger), Waterbury (H. S. Clark), Oxford and Ansonia (Harger), Bridgeport and Norwalk (Eames), Winchester (A. E. Blewitt), Norfolk (H. S. Clark & Bissell). July — Sept. Adventive from Peru. LYCIUM L. Matrimony Vine. Lycium halimifolium Mill, (having leaves like Atriplex Hali- mus, the Orach). Lycium vulgar e Dunal. Common Matrimony Vine. Rare or local. Roadsides and about old houses. May — Sept. ; fruit Aug. — Oct. Adventive from Europe. DATURA L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple. Datura Stramonium L. (old name for this species). Stramonium. Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple. 348 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. Rare or occasional. Waste places, mostly in rich soil. July — Oct. ; fruit Oct. Naturalized, probably from Asia, The leaves are officinal and with the seeds are valued in medicine. The plant is poisonous. In numerous instances children have been killed by eating the seeds. Datura Tatula L. (Persian name for this species). Purple Stramonium. Jimson Weed. Purple Thorn Apple. Rich w^aste places and on sea beaches. Occasional, becom- ing frequent or common in villages and cities. July — Oct. ; fruit Oct. Naturalized from tropical America. Poisonous and medicinal like Datura Stramonium. Datura Metal L. (Arabic name for this species). Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (H. S. Clark), Bridge- port (Eames). July — Oct.; fruit Oct. Fugitive from tropical America. A narcotic poison. Datura meteloides DC. (like Datura Metel). Rare. Waste ground : Southington, two plants seen for a single season (Bissell & Andrews). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from tropical America. A narcotic poison. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. NICOTIANA L. Tobacco. Nicotiana rustica L. (of the country). Wild Tobacco. Rare. New Plaven, waste fields (F. W. Hall, 1873), New London (Graves). Aug. — Sept. A fugitive, its nativity un- known, but formerly cultivated by the Indians. Nicotiana alata Link & Otto (winged). Rare. Waste places: Bridgeport, several stations (Eames), Southington (Andrews). Aug. — Sept. Native of South America. Often cultivated as an ornamental plant. Nicotiana Tabacum L. (Indian name). Tobacco. Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from South America. Well known in cultivation. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 349 PETUNIA Juss. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) BSP. (growing in an axil). White Petunia. Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Ansonia (Harger), Bridgeport and Norwalk (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive or in part adventive from tropical America. Commonly cultivated for ornament. Petunia violacea Lindl. (violet). Purple Petunia. Rare. Waste ground: New London (Graves), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive or in part adventive from South America. Cultivated, Most of the forms in cultivation are hybrids of this species with Petunia axillaris. SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY. VERBASCUM L. Mullein. Verbascum Thapsus L. (classical name for this species). Common Mullein. Velvet Dock. Flannel-leaf. Frequent or common. Dry fields, pastures and newly cleared land. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. The leaves, tops and flowers are used medicinally, and the leaves are often dried and smoked like tobacco for respiratory affections. Verbascum phlomoides L. (like Phlomis, the Jerusalem Sage) . Rare. Granby, a few plants in grassland (L Holcomb). July. Fugitive from Europe. Verbascum Blattaria L. (classical name for this species). Moth Alullein. Occasional. Fields, mostly in grassland and in dry soil. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The var. albiflorum Kuntze (white-flowered) sometimes occurs with the species. Medicinal, having the same properties as Vcrbascuiu Thapsus. 350 CONNECTICUT CEOL. AND NAT. UlST. SURVEY. [ BulL Verbascum Pseudo-Lychnitis Schnr (simulating Verbascum Lychnitis). Rare. Kent, a few plants in grassland (Miss J. T. Gregory). Aug. Fugitive from Europe. LINARIA Hill. Toadflax. Linaria vulgaris Hill (common). Liiiaria Linaria Karst. Ramsted. Butter and Eggs. Common. Fields, roadsides and waste places. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. A troublesome weed, difficult to eradicate. Medicinal. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Blue Toadflax. Common. Dry to moist mostly sterile or sandy soil. May — Sept. A part of the flowers are usually cleistogamous, some- times all of them. Linaria minor (L.) Desf. (smaller). Chaenorrhinuin minus Lange. Rare. Stamford, in waste ground (W. H. Hoyt). June — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill, (classical name for some kind of Toadflax). Kickxia Elatine Dumont. Elatinoides Elatine Wettst. Rare. There is in the Eaton Herbarium a specimen of this species collected in Connecticut by Charles Wright, but the exact locality is not known. Not otherwise reported from the state. June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Linaria Cymbalaria (L.) Mill, (like a cymbal). Cymbalaria Cymbalaria Wettst. Kenilworth or Coliseum Ivy. Rare. Roadsides, waste places and on walls : Norwich,. Groton and New London (Graves), Windham (Bissell), Bridgeport (Fames), Fairfield (Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Eames), Seymour (Harger). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 35I ANTIRRHINUM L. Snapdragon. Antirrhinum Orontium L. Small Snapdragon. Rare. Bridgeport, one plant in waste ground (Eames). June. Fugitive from Europe. SCROPHULARIA L. Figwort. Scrophularia marilandica L. Scrophularia nodosa L., var. marilandica Gray. Figwort. Scrofula Plant. Fields and thickets. Rare east of the Connecticut River : Franklin (R. W. Woodward). Occasional or frequent in the western part of the state. July — Sept. The herb and root are medicinal in both this and the following species. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell (a little hare). Occasional or frequent. Fields, thickets and fence-rows. Late May — early July. A form of this with deeply laciniate leaves occurs at Bridgeport (H. S. Clark). PENTSTEMON Ait. Beard-tongue. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (hairy). Pentstemon puhescens Ait. Dry fields and banks. Frequent in Litchfield County ; rare, occasional or local in other parts of the state. Late May — early July. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. (tubular-flowered). Rare. Pastures and grassland: Granby (L Holcomb), Sharon (Bissell), Kent (H. Mosher), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. Adventive from the West. Pentstemon laevigatus Ait. (smoothed). Pentstemon Pentstemon Britton. Rare or occasional. Wet or dry grassland and waste places. June — early July. Adventive from the West. Pentstemon laevigatus Ait., var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray (like Digitalis, the Foxglove). Pentstemon Digitalis Nutt. Pentstemon calycosus Small. 352 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Occasional, frequent or common. Moist or dry grassland. June — early July. Introduced from the West. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt. (large-flowered). Rare. Granby, a few plants in a field (I. Holcomb). June. Fugitive from the West. CHELONE L. Turtlehead. Snakehead. Chelone glabra L. (smooth). Turtlehead. Snakehead. Balmony. Frequent. Wet places. Aug. — Sept. The leaves and tops are medicinal. MIMULUS L. Monkey Flower. Mimulus ringens L. (gaping). Frequent. Wet thickets and open places. . July — Sept. Mimulus alatus Ait. (winged). Rare. Wet places and banks of streams: Lyme (Bissell), East Hartford (J. F. Smith), Hartford (H. S. Clark), Stam- ford (W. H. Hoyt). July — Sept. Mimulus Langsdorffii Donn. Mimulus luteus Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Mimulus guttatus DC. Yellow Monkey Flower. Rare or local. Wet ground along brooks: Norfolk (J. H. Barbour), New Milford (Miss J. T. Gregory). June — Aug. Adventive from the Pacific Coast. LIMOSELLA L. Mudwort. Limosella aquatica L. (aquatic), var. tenuifolia (AA^olf) Pers. (slender-leaved). Limosella tenuifolia Wolf. Mudwort. Occasional on muddy tidal shores. June — Oct. ILYSANTHES Raf. False Pimpernel. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart (doubtful). Ilysauthes riparia Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, and perhaps of Raf. Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. Ilysanthes attenuata Small. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 353 Frequent. Wet muddy or sandy open places and about ponds and streams. June — Sept. Ilysanthes anagallidea (Michx.) Robinson (like Anagallis, the Pimpernel). Ilysanthes diihia of American authors, not Gratiola dubia L. Ilysanthes riparia Raf. (?). Wet muddy or sandy places. East Haddam (Eaton ilerb.), and occasional in the southwestern part of the state (Eames) . June — Sept. GRATIOLA L. Hedge Hyssop. Gratiola virginiana L. Common. Wet places. June — Sept. The plant is medicinal. Gratiola aurea Muhl. (golden). Lake and river shores. Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), and occasional or frequent in central and eastern Connecticut. June — Sept. DIGITALIS L. Foxglove. Digitalis purpurea L. (purple). Common Foxglove. Rare. Bridgeport, in waste places (Eames). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. VERONICA L. Speedwell. Veronica virginica L. Leptandra virginica Nutt. Culver's-root. Culver's Physic. Occasional to frequent. Fields, thickets and fence-rows. July — Aug. The rhizome and roots are medicinal and are officinal. Veronica longifolia L. (long-leaved). Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Water- ford (E. F. Burleson), Union (Bissell), Milford and Fair- field (Eames). July — Aug. Native of Europe. Veronica americana Schwein. American Brooklime. Springs and wet places. Windsor (Eames & Harger), 354 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Southington (Andrews & Bissell), and occasional throughout the western part of the state. May — Aug. Medicinal. Said to be also used as a salad plant. Veronica scutellata L. (platter-like, in allusion to the flat flowers). Swamp or Marsh Speedwell. Occasional or frequent. Wet places. May — Oct. Veronica officinalis L. (of the shops). Speedwell. Paul's Betony. Common Speedwell. Common. Dry fields and woods. May — June. The plant has medicinal uses. Veronica Chamaedrys L. (classical name for Germander). Bird's-eye. Rare. In grassland: New London (Graves), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Veronica Teucrium L. (like the Germander). Rare. Fairfield, grassy roadside (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June. Native of Europe. The plant is medicinal. Veronica serpyllifolia L. (thyme-leaved). Creeping or Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Frequent or common. Fields and thickets, usually in moist, but sometimes in dry soil. May — July. Often troublesome as a weed in lawns. Veronica peregrina L. (foreign), Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell. Frequent. Cultivated and waste ground either dry or moist. April — June. Medicinal, resembling Veronica officinalis in its proper- ties. Sometimes troublesome as a weed. Veronica arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Corn Speedwell. Occasional or frequent. Along the shore a weed in culti- vated ground or along sandy roadsides ; inland mostly in dry J No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 355 ' rocky woods or on ledges. May — June. Naturalized from Europe. Medicinal like Veronica ofHcinalis. Veronica Tournefortii C. C. Gmel. Veronica Buxhaiimii Tenore. Veronica byzantina BSP. Rare. Cultivated or waste ground: Oxford (Harger), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). April — Nov. Adven- tive from Europe. Veronica hederaefolia L. (ivy-leaved). Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Rare. Norfolk, introduced along roadsides (Miss M. C. Seymour) . April — June. Fugitive from Europe. GERARDIA L. Gerardia. Gerardia pedicularia L, (like Pedicularis, the Lousewort). Dasystoma pedicularia Benth. Lousewort. Occasional. Dry sandy or rocky woods and fields, Aug. — Sept. The plant is medicinal. Gerardia fiava L. (yellow). Dasystoma iiava Wood. Downy Yellow or False Foxglove. Frequent. Dry woods and thickets. July — Sept. Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP. Gerardia quercifolia Pursh. Dasystoma virginica Britton. Oak-leaved or Smooth False Foxglove. Dry woods. Occasional, becoming frequent near the coast. Aug. — Sept. This and the preceding species are root-parasitic, Gerardia purpurea L. (purple). Purple Gerardia. Frequent along the coast in moist fields and borders of marshes. Aug. — Oct, 35^ CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britton (stunted). Gerardia purpurea L., var. paupercula Gray. Wet sandy places. Rare inland: Thompson (Weatherby & Bissell), Union and Salisbury (Bissell), East Hartford and Simsbury (Weatherby), Enfield and Southington (An- drews & Bissell). Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). Occasional or frequent along the coast. Aug. — Oct. Gerardia maritima Raf. (of the seaside). Seaside Gerardia. Occasional or local on the coast in salt marshes. Aug. — Oct. Gerardia tenuifolia V'ahl (slender-leaved). Gerardia Gattingeri Small. Gerardia. Frequent or common. Woods, thickets and fields, mostly in dry soils. Aug. — Sept. The var. macrophylla Benth. (large-leaved), Gerardia Besseyana Britton, occurs at Wethersfield (C. Wright), and at Orange (Bissell). Gerardia parvifolia Chapman (small-leaved). Gerardia Skinneriana Gray's Manual ed. 6, not Wood. Rare. Farmington, in sandy woods (Miss C. A. Shepard). Aug. — Sept. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Painted Cup. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. (scarlet). Scarlet Painted Cup. Meadow Pink. Nosebleed. Headache Plant. Soldiers on the Green. Occasional, local or frequent. Wet meadows and pastures. April — June. The root was formerly used in medicine. The species is root-parasitic. Sometimes seen with yellow flowers. MELAMPYRUM L. Cow Wheat. Melampyrum lineare Lam. (very narrow). Melampyrum americanum Michx. Cow Wheat. Common. Dry woods. June — Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 357 PEDICULARIS L. Lousewort. Pedicularis canadensis L. Common Lousewort. Wood Betony. Greaseweed. Frequent or common. Fields and woods in either dry or moist ground. May — June. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. (lance-shaped). Swamp Lousewort. Bogs and wet meadows. Rare, occasional or local in most parts of the state, but not reported from Fairfield County. Aug. — Sept. RHINANTHUS L. Yellow Rattle. Rhinanthus Crista-galli L. (cock's-comb). Rhinanthiis minor Ehrh. Rattle. Yellow Rattle. Rattle-box. Local. Fields and meadows, either moist or dry: North Branford and New Haven (Harger), Cheshire (Miss Hotch- kiss), Waterbury (Eaton Herb.), and occasional westward and southward as far as Milford (W. A. Setchell, H. S. Clark, Fames), and Stratford (Fames). May — June. SCHWALBEA L. Chafif-seed. Schwalbea americana L. Chafif-seed. Rare. Fast Lyme, gravelly roadside (Mrs. C. B. Graves). May — July. LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY. UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort. Utricularia inflata Walt, (inflated). In still water. Rare in most districts: Mansfield (Weath- erby), Windsor (A. W. Driggs & Weatherby), Bristol (J. N. Bishop). Occasional in New London County ( Graves ) . July — Sept. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. (secret). Rare. Muddy pools or shores: Waterford (Graves), Fairfield (L. N. Johnson). July. 358 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Utricularia vulgaris L. (common), var. americana Gray. Utricularia vulgaris of Manuals in part. Greater Bladderwort. Occasional or local. Still water or slow streams. June — Aug. Utricularia minor L. (lesser). Smaller Bladderwort. Rare. In still water: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Fairfield, Milford and Ridgefield (Eames), Easton (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May— June. Utricularia gibba L. (humped). Rare, local or occasional. Shallow water or mud about swamps, pools and ponds. July — Oct. Utricularia biflora Lam. (two-flowered). Rare. Ponds and pools: Groton (Graves), Southington ( Andrews ) . July — Sept. Utricularia intermedia Hayne (intermediate). Sphagnum bogs and borders of ponds. Rare in northern districts, becoming occasional in the southern part of the state. May — July. The flowers are seldom seen. Utricularia purpurea Walt, (purple). Purple Bladderwort. In ponds. Rare or local in most districts : Middlebury (Harger), Mansfield (Weatherby), Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett). Occasional near the coast in New London County |i (Graves). Aug. Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene (bent backward). Rare. East Lyme, at Dodge's Pond (Graves), Woodbury, in a sphagnum bog (B. B. Bristol et al.). July — Sept. Utricularia cornuta Michx. (horned). Muddy or sphagnum bogs. Salisbury (Bissell), Norfolk (J. W. Robbins, J. H. Barbour), Woodbury, Bethany and Kent (Harger), Southington (Andrews), and occasional in New London County (Graves). Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 359 OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. EPIFAGUS Nutt. Cancer-root. Beech-drops. Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Leptamnium virginiamim Raf. Beech-drops. Occasional. Dry woods, under beech trees. Aug. — Sept. The earlier flowers are cleistogamous. Medicinal. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Squaw-root. Cancer-root. Conopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr. Cancer-root. Rare. Rich woods: Plainville (J. N. Bishop), Southing- ton (Andrews & Bissell), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New Haven (Eaton Herb,). June. OROBANCHE L. Broom-rape. Orobanche uniflora L. (one-flowered). Aphyllon unifloriim L. Gray. Thalesia uniflora Britton. One-flowered Cancer-root. Occasional or frequent. Dry or moist woods and thickets, sometimes in fields or by roadsides. May — June. The plant is medicinal. BIGNONIACEAE. BIGNONIA FAMILY. TECOMA Juss. Trumpet-flower. Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss. (rooting). Trumpet Creeper. Rare or local. Roadsides and thickets as an escape from cultivation. Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the South. Cultivated for ornament. In the South it becomes a per- nicious weed in cultivated ground. CATALPA Scop. Indian Bean. Catalpa. Catalpa bignonioides Walt, (like Bignonia). Catalpa Catalpa Karst. Catalpa. Candle or Bean Tree. Rare. Fidds and roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Norwich and New London (Graves), Southington (An- 360 CONNECTICUT C.EOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. drews), Huntington and Southbury (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). June. Adventive from the Gulf States. Planted for ornament and valuable farther south for its timber. MARTYNIACEAE. MARTYNIA FAMILY. MARTYNIA L. Unicorn-plant. Martynia louisiana Alill. Martynia proboscidea Gloxin. Unicorn-plant. Proboscis Flower. Rare. Cultivated ground: Oxford (Harger). July — Oct. Fugitive from the Southwest. The young pods are used for pickling. PHRYMACEAE. LOPSEED FAMILY. PHRYMA L. Lopseed. Phryma Leptostachya L. (slender-spiked). Lopseed. Occasional. Rich woods and thickets. July — Aug. PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY. PLANTAGO L. Plantain. Ribwort. Plantago major L. (larger). Common Plantain. Common. Fields, waste places and especially along paths and roadsides. June — Sept. The var. intermedia (GiHb.) Dene, (intermediate), Plan- tago halophila Bicknell, is frequent on the borders of salt marshes and rarely occurs inland. The leaves and root are medicinal. The young leaves are used as a pot-herb. An unsightly and pernicious weed in lawns. Plantago Rugelii Dene. Plantain. Common. Moist fields, yards, thickets and woods. June — Aug. The young leaves are used as a pot-herb. \(X 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 361 Plantago decipiens Barneoud (deceiving). Plantago maritima Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Seaside Plantain. Occasional to common in salt marshes and on tidal shores. July — Oct. Plantago lanceolata L. (lance-shaped). English Plantain. Rib Grass. Ripple Grass. Common. Fields, roadsides and waste ground. May — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. A troublesome weed. The plant is medicinal. Plantago aristata Michx. (bearing bristles). Plantago patagonica Jacq., var. aristata Gray. Occasional. Dry fields and roadsides. June — Aug. In- troduced from the West and becoming more frequent. Plantago virginica L. Dry rocky or sandy soil. Rare or local in most districts : Rocky Hill (M. Hitchcock), New Haven and Oxford (Har- ger), Norwalk (Miss A. E. Carpenter, Eames), New Milford (E. H. Austin). Occasional in New London County ( Graves ) . May — June. Plantago elongata Pursh (lengthened). Plantago pusilla Nutt. Rare. Old Lyme, sandy roadside (Bissell), Guilford, thin soil on the edges of granite outcrops (G. H. Bartlett). May. RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY. ASPERULA L. Asperula glauca (L.) Bess, (glaucous). ^ Aspcnila galioides Bieb. Woodruff. Rare. Southington, in fields (Bissell). June. Adventive from Europe. GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. Galium Aparine L. (classical name for some species of Bed- straw). Cleavers. Goose Grass. 362 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Frequent. Moist thickets and waste places. May — June. The plant is medicinal. Galium varum L. (true). Yellow Bedstraw. Rare. Fields and waste ground: Waterford (Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Plainville (C. D. Bishop), Nauga- tuck (B. B. Bristol), Huntington (Karnes), Stratford (Mrs. R. H. Russell), Norfolk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Southbury (Weatherby & Harger), Monroe (Fames & C. C. Godfrey), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Galium Wirtgenii F. Schultz. Rare. Norfolk, in grassland (Miss M. C. Seymour). June. Fugitive from Europe. Galium pilosum Ait. (hairy). Frequent. Dry soil of woods and fields. July — Aug. Galium pilosum Ait., var. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (minutely punctate). Rare. Dry ground: South Windsor (A. W. Driggs). July — Aug. Galium circaezans Michx. (imitating Circaea, the Enchanter's Nightshade). Wild Liquorice. Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. June — July. Galium lanceolatum Torr. (lance-shaped). Wild Liquorice. Rich woods. Rare in New London County: Norwich (Mrs. F. E. Rogers), Ledyard and Salem (Graves). Becom- ing occasional to frequent northward and westward. June — July. Galium boreale L. (northern). Northern Bedstraw. Fields and rocky banks. Farmington (Miss Willard), New Britain (Bissell), Derby (Harger), Milford (Fames), and occasional northwestward. June — July. Galium Mollugo L. (classical name for some bur-bearing plant). Wild Madder. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 363 Rare. Roadsides and grassland : East Haddam (Dr. E. J. Thompson), Granby (I. Holcomb), Southington and Winchester (Bissell), Bridgeport, Fairfield and Westport (Eames). June — July. Naturalized from Europe. The plant is medicinal. » Galium erectum Huds. (erect). Rare. Grassy fields: Plainville (Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Westport (Eames), Norwalk (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Galium palustre L. (of marshes). Rare or local. Swamps: New London (Graves), Lyme (Graves, Harger), Plainville and Southington (Bissell), Litchfield (Bissell & Weatherby). June — July. Galium trifidum L. (three-cleft). Galium trifidum L., var. pusillum Gray. Rare. Cold swamps: Norfolk and Sharon (Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). July — Aug. Galium Claytoni Michx. Galium trifidum Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Frequent. Swamps and bogs. June — Aug. Galium tinctorium L. (used for dyeing). Galium trifidum L., var. latifolium Torr. Frequent. Bogs and swamps. June — July. Galium labradoricum Wiegand. Galium tinctorium L., var. labradoricum Wiegand. Rare. Larch swamps: Norfolk (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). Late May — June. Galium asprellum Michx. (slightly rough). Rough Bedstraw. Frequent. Swamps and borders of streams. July. Galium triflorum Michx. (three-flowered). Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Frequent. Dry woods, often in rocky ground. June — Aug. DIODIA L. Buttonweed. Diodia teres Walt, (rounded). Rare or local. Beaches along the coast and in dry sandy 364 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. fields: Old Saybrook (Bissell), New Haven (O. Harger), Bridgeport (L. N. Johnson), Fairfield, plentiful on the beach (Eames), Sherman, introduced in grassland (Eames, E. H. Austin & J. Pettibone). July — Oct. MITCHELLA L. Partridge Berry. Mitchella repens L. (creeping). Partridge Berry. Squaw Vine. Checkerberry. Frequent or common. Rich woods. June — July ; fruit Sept., persisting through the winter. The berries are edible but insipid. A form with white berries is reported from Canaan. The plant is medicinal and was formerly much used by Indian squaws. CEPHALANTHUS L. Buttonbush. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (w^estern). Buttonbush. Common. Shallow water of ponds, swamps and ditches. July — Aug. The bark is medicinal. HOUSTONIA L. Houstonia caerulea L. (sky-blue). Bluets. Innocence. Mayflower. Common. Fields and woods, mostly in moist ground. April — June. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. (long-leaved). Houstonia purpurea L., var. longifolia Gray. Rare or local. Dry ground : Ledyard (Mrs. C. B. Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Waterford (Miss Crofton), East Lyme (Mrs. F. H. Dart & Miss Bond), Sprague (Miss Smith), Granby (I. Holcomb), Oxford (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June— July. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton (lanceolate). Houstonia purpurea L.. var. calycosa Gray. Rare. Upland meadow in Wilton (Miss M. K. Jennings). June — July. Adventive from the West or possibly native. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 365 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. DIERVILLA Adans. Bush Honeysuckle. Diervilla Lonicera Mill, (like Lonicera, the Honeysuckle). Diervilla trifida Moench. Diervilla Diervilla MacM. Bush Honeysuckle. Frequent. Dry or moist woods and on banks. May — July. Medicinal. LONICERA L. Honeysuckle. Lonicera caerulea L. (sky-blue), var. villosa (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (hairy). Lonicera caerulea of Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Mountain Fly Honeysuckle. Swamps and low or rocky pastures and thickets. Plain-. ville (J. N. Bishop), Griswold and Voluntown (Graves) ; and occasional or even common in northeastern Connecticut, where it is sometimes troublesome in pastures and is locally known as Hardback. May — June ; fruit June — July. The berries are edible, resembling the blueberry in flavor. Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Fairfield (Fames), Redding (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Cornwall (H. S. Clark & Bissell). May. Introduced from Asia. Lonicera canadensis Marsh. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly Honeysuckle. Dry rocky woods. Old Lyme (Graves), North Branford (A. W. Evans), Middletown (L. N. Johnson), Meriden (Eaton Herb.), and occasional in Litchfield County. May; fruit June. Lonicera Xylosteum L. (bone-wood ; referring to the hardness of the wood). European Fly Honeysuckle. Rare. Westport, escaped from cultivation to a roadside 366 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. (Eames). Mid-May — early June; fruit Aug. — Sept. Na- tive of the Old World. Lonicera orientalis Lam. (of the Orient). Rare. Escaped from an old nursery to a pasture at Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). June. Adventive from Asia. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. Roadsides and thickets. Occasional or local in most dis- tricts, becoming frequent near the coast. June — Oct. Naturalized from Asia. Medicinal. Often cultivated for ornament. Lonicera sempervirens L. (evergreen). Trumpet Honeysuckle. Occasional in woods and copses near the coast ; also es- caped from cultivation inland at South Windsor (A. W. Driggs), East Hartford (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). June; fruit Aug. Cultivated for ornament. Medicinal. Lonicera dioica L. (dioecious). Lonicera glauca Hill. Wild Honeysuckle. Occasional. Woods and thickets. May — mid- June ; fruit July. SYMPHORICARPOS Ludwig. Snowberry. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (circular). Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos MacM. Indian Currant. Coral-berry. Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Water- ford (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bissell), Monroe and Seymour (Harger), Bridgeport and Darien (Eames), New Milford (C. K. Averill), SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Sept. ; fruit Oct. — Dec. Introduced from the West or South. Cultivated for ornament, as is the following species. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 367 Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. (racemed), var. laevigatus Fernald (smoothed). Symphoricarpos racemosus of authors, not Michx. Snowberry. Snowball. Rare. Roadsides and about old house sites as an escape from cultivation: Ledyard and Montville (Graves), Southing- ton (Andrews), Goshen (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Milford, Fairfield and Ridgefield (Eames). June — Aug.; fruit Sept. — Oct. Introduced from the Northwest. LINNAEA L. Twin-flower. Linnaea borealis L. (northern), var. americana (Forbes) Reh- der. Linnaea borealis Gray's Manual ed. 6, not L. Linnaea. Twin-flower. Rare. Woods, either moist or dry : Ledyard and Franklin (Graves), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer), Granby (L Holcomb), New Haven, formerly on East Rock (H. C. Beardslee), Milford (G. B. Grinnell, W. A. Setchell), Corn- wall (E. E. Brewster). June. TRIOSTEUM L. Horse Gentian. Feverwort. Triosteum perfoliatum L. (with leaves meeting around the stem). Feverwort. Tinker's Weed. Wild Coffee. Frequent in dry fields and copses in the shore towns ; not reported inland. Late May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct. Medicinal, as is the following species. Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell (orange-colored). Feverwort. Wild Coffee. Horse Gentian. Dry woods, copses or pastures. Groton (Bissell), Frank- lin (Graves), and occasional or local westward and north- ward. May — June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Triosteum angustifolium L. (narrow-leaved). Rare. Rocky or sandy open woods : South Windsor and East Granby (H. S. Clark), Milford and Stratford, four widely separated stations (Eames). May; fruit Aug. 368 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. VIBURNUM L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh, (alder-leavecl). Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Hobble-bush. Witch Hobble. Moosewood. Rich woods. Union (Graves, Bissell), Hamden (D. C. Eaton), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Redding (F. Mills), and occasional or frequent in the northwestern part of the state. May ; fruit July. Viburnum Opulus L. (classical name for some Alaple), var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. Viburnum Opulus Gray's Maiu:al ed. 6, not L. Viburnum americanum Mill. High-bush Cranberry. Cranberry Tree. Cramp-bark. Pim- bina. Swamps and wet ground. Southington (Andrews), Waterbury (H. J. Bassett), Brookfield (C. K. Averill), and rare or local through the northwestern part of the state. May — June ; fruit Aug. The fruit is edible. The bark is of considerable value medicinally and is officinal. A cultivated form of the Euro- pean J'ibuniuni Opulus with transformed florets is the com- mon Snowball of cultivation. Viburnum acerifolium L. (maple-leaved). Maple-leaved Viburnum. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood. Common. Dry woods and thickets. June ; fruit July — Aug. Medicinal. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh (downy). Downy Arrow-wood. Rare. Dry rocky woods; Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), New Haven (Eaton Herb.), Meriden (Bissell), Southington (An- drews), Cheshire (Harger), Hamden and Kent (Eames), Salisbury (C. K. Averill). May — June; fruit Aug. Viburnum dentatum L. (toothed). Arrow-wood. Mealy Tree. Frequent. Swamps and on banks of streams. June ; fruit Aug. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 369 Viburnum cassinoides L. (like Ilex Cassine, the Yaupon). Withe-rod. Wild Raisin. Swamps and wet woods. Frequent except in the south- western part of Fairfield County where it is not known. June ; fruit Aug. — Sept. Viburnum nudum L. (naked). AVild Raisin. Rare. Swampy woods: Milford and Derby (Fames). Late June — July. Viburnum Lentago L. (tough; pliant). Sweet Viburnum. Sheepberry. Nannyberry. W'ild Raisin. Occasional or frequent. Thickets and fence-rows in either dry or wet ground. Late May — June ; fruit Sept. — Oct. The var. sphaerocarpum Gray (round-fruited) some- times occurs with the species, but its distribution is not known. The fruit is edible but is unpalatable to many persons. The bark of the root is medicinal and is officinal, with, and under the name of, Vibuniuj>i pruiiifoUnm. Viburnum prunifolium L. (plum-leaved). Black Haw. Sloe. Stag-bush. Rocky woods and thickets. Fairfield (Fames), and occa- sional or frequent near the coast westward. May — early June ; fruit Sept. The var. globosum Nash (spherical) occurs at Greenwich (Bissell). The bark of the root is much valued for its medicinal properties and is officinal. SAMBUCUS L. Flder. Sambucus canadensis L. Common or Black-berried Elder. Common. Moist thickets and fence-rows. Mid-June — July ; fruit Aug. — Sept. The berries are used for making wine. The fruit and l)ark are medicinal, as are the flowers which were formerly officinal. Sambucus racemosa L. (racemed). Sambucus pubciis Michx. Red-berried Flder. 24 370 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. 'SURVEY. [Bull. Rocky woods and thickets. Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers),. North Stonington, Preston and East Haddam (Graves), New Haven and Trumbaill (Eames), Wilton (Eames & G. P. Ells), and occasional or frequent northward. May ; fruit June — July. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY. VALERIANA L. Valerian. Valeriana officinalis L. (of the shops). Garden A^alerian or Heliotrope, Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Water- ford and Lebanon (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Nor- folk (Miss M. C. Seymour), Fairfield (Eames), Westport (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), Darien (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June. Introduced from Europe. The root is well known for its medicinal properties and is officinal. VALERIANELLA Hill. Corn Salad. Lamb's Lettuce. Valerianella Locusta (L.) Betcke (old name for this plant). ValcriancUa oUtoria Poll. Corn Salad. Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste ground in Fair- field (Eames). Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Abroad is prized as a fall and winter salad plant, but is little known in America. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. (having rays). Rare. Waterford, many plants on the banks of the Nian- tic River (Miss E. Shelly). June — July. DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY. DIPSACUS L. Teasel. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. (of the woods). Wild Teasel. Gipsy Combs. Rare. Roadsides, pastures and waste places : Middletown (W. H. Blanchard), Southington (Andrews), New Haven Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 37I (Eaton Herb.), Milford, Bridgeport and Newtown (Eames), Southbury (Harger), Goshen (Bissell), Salisbury (C. C. God- frey). July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The plant is medicinal. KNAUTIA L. Knautia arvensis (L.) T. Coulter (of cultivated ground). Scahiosa arvensis L. Field Scabious. Rare. Southington, a few plants in an old field (W. N. Clute). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY. MOMORDICA L. Balsam-apple. Momordica Charantia L. Balsam-apple. Art Pumpkin. La-kwa. Rare. Waste ground in Hartford (H. S. Clark & Bis- sell). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the Tropics. The fruit is sometimes used medicinally. Cultivated for its fruit by the Chinese. CITRULLUS Neck. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Citrullns Citrullus Karst. Watermelon. Citron. Rare. Waste places and about dumping grounds. July — Sept. Fugitive from Africa. CUCUMIS L. Cucumis Melo L. (an apple-shaped melon). Melon. IMuskmelon. Cantaloupe. Rare. Waste or cultivated ground. June — Aug. Fug'- tive from southern Asia. Common in cultivation, having many varieties dependent on the nature of the fruit. Cucumis sativus L. (sown ; planted). Cucumber. Rare. Waste ground about gardens and on dumps. July — Aug. Fugitive from southern Asia. ^ 3/2 CONNFXTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CUCURBITA L. Gourd. Squash. Tumpkin. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (greatest). Hubbard Squash. Marrow Squash. Rare. Cultivated and waste ground. July — Aug. Fugi- tive, probably from tropical America. Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (musky). China Squash. Canada or Winter Crookneck Squash. Rare. Waste ground and about dumps. July — Aug. Fugitive, probably from tropical America. Cucurbita Pepo L. (classical name). Pumpkin. Rare or occasional. Waste places and cultivated ground. July — Aug. Fugitive, probably from tropical America. Was formerly cultivated by the Indians. Cucurbita Pepo L., var. condensa Bailey (condensed). Summer Crookneck Squash. Scallop Squash. Rare. Waste and cultivated ground. June — Aug. Fugi- tive from tropical America. SICYOS L. One-seeded Bur Cucumber. Sicyos angulatus L. (angular). Star Cucumber. Moist rich soil of river lianks and waste places. Frequent to common along the coast and larger rivers ; rare elsewhere. Aug. — Sept. ECHINOCYSTIS Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple. Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (lobed). MicraDipclis lobata Greene. Wild Cucumber. Occasional or frequent. Moist rich soil along streams and in waste places. July — Sept. Often planted for ornament. CAMPANULACEAE. BLUEBELL FAMILY. SPECULARIA Fabricius. Venus's Looking-glass. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. (with leaves that meet \ around the stem). | Lcgouzia perfoliata Britton. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 373 \'enus"s Looking-glass. Frequent to common. Dry woods and fields. June — Aug. Reduced forms occur having all the flowers cleistogamous. CAMPANULA L. Eellflower. Campanula rapunculoides L. (like Campanula Rapunculus, the Rampion). liellflower. • Occasional. Roadsides and waste places. June — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. The var. ucranica (Bess.) K. Koch occurs at (7iroton (Graves), Putnam and Southington (Bissell), Huntington (Eames). Campanula rotundifolia L. (round-leaved). Campanula intercedens Witasek. Harebell. Bluebell. Dry, often rocky soil or on ledges. Rare in the eastern, central and southern parts of the state, becoming frequent or common in northwestern Connecticut. June — Sept. Campanula patula L. (open; spreading). Rare. Plainfield, a few plants in a newly seeded field (J. L. Sheldon). June. Fugitive from Europe. Campanula aparinoides Pursh (like Galium Aparine, the Bed- straw). Marsh Bellflower. Frequent. Bogs and wet meadows. Late June — Jtdy. Campanula carpatica Jacq. Rare. Southington, a few plants in newly seeded ground (Andrews & Bissell). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. JASIONE L. Sheep's-bit. Jasione montana L. (of mountains). Sheep's-bit. Rare. Plainfield, a few plants in a newly seeded field (J. L. Sheldon), East Lyme (Miss F. McCook). June. Fugitive from Europe. 374 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY. LOBELIA L. Lobelia cardinalis L. (cardinal). Cardinal-flower. Frequent. Open or shaded wet places. July — Sept. One of our most brilliant flowers, and often succeeds well in cultivation. The plant is sometimes used medicinally. Lobelia siphilitica L. (syphilitic). Great Blue Lobelia. Moist grassland or borders of streams. Orange (Fames), Oxford (Harger), and occasional westward and northward, becoming frequent or common in Litchfield County. July — Sept. The plant is sometimes used medicinally. Lobelia spicata Lam. (spiked). Frequent to common. Fields and meadows. June — Aug. Lobelia Kalmii L. Swamps and on wet ledges. Goshen (J. P. Brace, 1822), Litchfield and Norfolk (Bissell), New Milford (C. K. Averill & E. H. Austin), becoming frequent in the limestone district of northwestern Connecticut. July — Oct. Lobelia infiata L. (inflated). Indian Tobacco. Common. Woods, fields, roadsides and cultivated ground. July — Oct. The leaves, tops and seeds are medicinal, the leaves and tops officinal. Somewhat poisonous, resembling tobacco in in its action. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. In ponds and lakes. Rare in most districts : Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), Canaan (J. H. Barbour), Litchfield (L. M. Underwood), Middlebury (Harger), Ridgefield (Fames), Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Mansfield (Weatherby), Thomp- son (R. W. Woodward & Weatherby), Killingly (Weatherby & Bissell), Salem (W. A. Setchell), Griswold (E. F. Burle- V.i. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 375 son. Occasional near the coast in New London County. July — Sept. COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY. VERNONIA Schreb. Ironweed. Vernonia noveboracensis VVilld. Ironweed. Occasional, frequent or common. Low pastures and open swamps. July — Sept. The root is medicinal. Sometimes a troublesome weed in low pastures. EUPATORIUM L. Thoroughwort. Eupatorium purpureum L. (purple). Joe-Pye Weed. Purple Boneset. Trumpet Weed. Queen of the Meadow. Gravel-root. Rare, local or frequent. Moist woods and in swamps. July — Sept. The root is valued for its medicinal properties and the leaves are also used. Eupatorium purpureum L., var. maculatum (L.) Darl. (spotted). Eupatorium maculatum L. Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet Weed. Purple Boneset. Common. Open swampy places. July — Sept. Sometimes occurs with white flowers. Medicinal like the typical form of the species. Eupatorium purpureum L., var. amoenum (Pursh) Gray (pleasant). Eupatorium maculatum L., var. amoenum Britton. Rare. In swamps: Preston (Graves), Huntington ( Eames ) . July — Sept. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. (having leaves like Hyssop). Rare. Dry ground, mostly in the shore towns : East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Old Saybrook, Westbrook and Orange (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). Inland at Southing- ton (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. 37*5 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. (having leaves like Ver- bena, the A^ervain). Eupatorium tcucrifoliuin Willd. Rough Boneset. Open woods and borders of swamps, usualh^ in sandy soil. Rare at Monroe (Harger), and Southington (Bissell) ; occasional in the valley of the Connecticut River, becoming frequent near and along the coast. Aug. — Sept. ]\Iedicinal like Eupatorium perfoliatum. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. (downy). Eupatorium rotundifolium L., var. ovatum Torr. Open woods and thickets, mostly in dry ground. Rare at Stratford (Eaton Herb., Eames), and East Haven (Bissell) ; occasional in New London County and in the valley of the Connecticut River. Aug. — Sept. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. (sessile-leaved). Upland Boneset. Dry woods. Rare in most districts : Southington and Meriden (Andrews & Bissell), Beacon Falls, Ansonia and Seymour (Harger), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Occa- sional in the vicinity of the coast. Aug. — Sept. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. (with leaves meeting around the stem). Boneset. Thoroughwort. Ague-weed. Wild Sage. Common. Low or wet ground. Aug. — Sept. The var. truncatum Gray (cut off) is rare: Old Say- brook (Harger), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). A form with the leaves in whorls of three has been col- lected at Bolton (Dr. E. J. Thompson). The leaves and tops are much used in domestic medicine and are officinal. Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard (having leaves like Urtica, the Nettle). Eupatorium agcratoides L.f. White Snakeroot. Occasional, local or frequent. Rocky woods in rich soil. Aug. — Sept. The root is medicinal. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 377 Eupatorium aromaticum L. (aromatic). White Snakeroot. Rare. Dry woods: Lisbon (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), New Haven (Eaton Herb.). Aug. The root is used medicinally like that of Eupatorium urticac folium. MIKANIA Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed. Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. (climbing). Willoughbya scandens Kuntze. Climbing Boneset or Hemp-weed. Swamps and along streams. Occasional or local in most parts of the state ; frequent in southwestern Connecticut. Aug. — Sept. LIATRIS Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing Star. Liatris scariosa Willd. (thin and dry). Lacinaria scariosa Hill. Devil's Bit. Blazing Star. Dry, mostly sandy soil of fields, thickets and sand dunes. Frequent in the shore towns ; occasional or local northward, especially in the central part of the state. Aug. — Oct. The root is medicinal. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum-plant. Tar-weed. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (with spreading scales). Gum-plant. Rare. Waste ground: Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol). July — Sept. Fugitive from the West. The plant is used as a medicine by the Indians. The leaves and fruiting tops are officinal. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Golden Aster. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. (sickle-shaped). Golden Aster. In sand, especially on sea beaches. Rare inland : Colchester (Dr. E. J, Thompson). Plentiful on the coast from Milford (Harger, Fames) westward to Westport, especially on beaches in Stratford and Bridgeport (Fames). July — Oct. 378 COXNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [ Bull. SOLIDAGO L. Golden-rod. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. (with spreading scales). Rare or local. Dry rocky woods in either trap or lime- stone soils: Meriden (Eaton Herb.), Berlin and New Britain (Bissell), Southington (Andrews), Farmington and Cheshire (Harger), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Solidago caesia L. (bluish-gray). Frequent. Woods and thickets, usually in rich soil. Late Aug.— Oct. The var. axillaris (Pursh) Gray (axillary) is occasional with the species. The var. paniculata Gray (panicled) oc- curs at Willington (Bissell) and New Haven (D. C. Eaton). A hybrid with Solidago latifolia has been collected at Lantern Hill, North Stonington (Graves). Solidago latifolia L. (broad-leaved). Solidago Hexicaulis L. in part. Occasional or local. Rich, often rocky, woods. Aug. — Oct. Solidago bicolor L. (two-colored). White Golden-rod. Common. Dry fields and open woods. Aug. — Oct. Solidago hispida Muhl. (rough-hairy). Solidago bicolor L., var. concolor Torr. & Gray. Rare. Dry rocky woods or fields : Franklin (R. W. Wood- ward), Waterford (Graves), Meriden (Andrews), Simsbury (L Holcomb), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Farmington and Winchester (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Solidago puberula Nutt. (slightly downy). Rare or local. Rocky or sandy woods and fields, some- times in moist ground : North Stonington, Voluntown, Water- ford and Stafford (Graves), Union (Graves, Bissell), Hamp- ton and East Hartford (Weatherby), Glastonbury (Mrs. F. W. Starmer), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (An- drews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Milford (Fames), Salis- bury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. A handsome species. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 379 Solidago uliginosa Nutt. (growing in marshes). Rare. Salisbury, in swamps (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Solidago speciosa Nutt. (showy). Dry fields, pastures and open woods. Putnam (Weath- erby & Bissell), Willington (Graves & Bissell), Hampton and South Windsor (Weatherby), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps, Bissell) ; becoming occasional southward and frequent near the coast. Sept. — Oct. Of striking habit and a beautiful plant when in flower. Solidago sempervirens L. (evergreen). Common on and about salt marshes and along tidal streams. Aug. — Oct. Solidago patula Muhl. (open; spreading). Wet places, either open or shaded. Rare in New London County. Occasional or frequent elsewhere. Aug. — Sept. Solidago arguta Ait. (sharp). Rocky woods or in half-shade. Rare in New London County: Franklin (R. W. Woodward). Occasional or fre- quent elsewhere. Aug. — Sept. Solidago juncea Ait. (like Juncus, the Rush). Common. Dry fields and roadsides. July — Aug. This is the earliest to bloom of our common Golden-rods. A form approaching var. ramosa Porter & Britton has been found at Wolcott (H. S. Clark & Bissell), and Derby (Eames). Solidago neglecta Torr. & Gray (neglected). Frequent. Swamps and open bogs. Aug. — Sept. Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter (having one ray flower). Solidago neglecta Torr. & Gray, van linoides Gray. Rare. In swamps: Groton (Graves), Thompson (Weath- erby & Bissell), Franklin (R. W. Woodward). SaHsbury (Bissell). Aug. Solidago odora Ait. (fragrant). Sweet Golden-rod. Dry woods and copses, usually in sandy soil. Occasional 380 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. in the central part of the state and in the valley of the Housa- tonic River; frequent near the coast. July — Aug. The leaves and tops are used medicinally. Solidago Elliottii Terr. & Gray. Rare. Usually in swampy ground but sometimes in drier places: Voluntown, Groton and Waterford (Graves), Wind- sor (H. S. Clark, Weatherby & Bissell), Southington (An- drews & Bissell), Glastonbury and Goshen (Bissell). Sept. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. (having leaves like Ulmiis, the Elm). Occasional. Dry woods and copses. Aug. — Sept. Solidago rugosa ]\Iill. (wrinkled). Solidago altissinia of authors, not L. Golden-rod. Wallweed. Common. Fields, thickets and roadsides in various soils. Aug. — Oct. The var. sphagnophila Graves (loving peat-moss) occurs in sphagnum swamps in Voluntown and Waterford (Graves). X Solidago asperula Desf. (roughish). Rocky ground. Occasional on the coast from the mouth of the Connecticut River eastward (Graves). Aug. — Sept. This is believed to be a hybrid between Solidago rugosa and Solidago semperzirens. Solidago aspera Ait. (rough). Solidago rugosa of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Occasional. Woods, fields and roadsides, usually in dry ground. Aug. — Sept. Solidago nemoralis Ait. (of groves). Common. Dry fields and open places. Aug. — Sept. Solidago canadensis L. Solidago canadensis L., var. glahrata Porter. Rare. Alluvial soil at Selden's Cove, Lyme (Graves). Late July — Aug. Solidago altissima L. (tallest). Solidago canadensis of Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Solidago canadensis L., var. scahra Torr. & Gray. Solidago canadensis L., var. scabriuscula Porter. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 381 Golden-rod. Common. Fields, roadsides and fence-rows. Aug. — Sept. A handsome and well-marked species. Solidago serotina Ait. (late). Rare, occasional or local. IMoist places, often in alluvial soil. July — Aug. Solidago serotina Ait., var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray (gigantic). Occasional or frequent. Low fields and thickets and bor- ders of swamps. Aug. — Sept. Solidago rigida L. (stiff). Rare or local. Dry fields and open woods : Stonington and Mansfield (Graves), Andover (Mrs. C. S. Phelps), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon, Graves), Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), Branford (O. Harger), East Haven and Brookfield (Harger), Milford (Bissell), Stratford (Eames). Monroe (H. C. Beardslee), Norwalk (E. H. Baldwin). Aug.— Oct. Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. (grass-leaved), var. Nut- tallii (Greene) Fernald. Solidago lanccolata Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Enthamia grmninifolia Britton's Manual in part. Frequent or common. Moist ground, usually in rich soil, and in swamps. Aug. — Sept. Solidago tenuifolia Pursh (narrow-leaved). Enthamia caroliniana of American authors in part, not Greene. Enthamia tennifolia Greene. Dry or moist fields. Common in southwestern Connecti- cut ; occasional or local elsewhere. Aug. — Oct. Sometimes troublesome to farmers as a weed in pastures. BOLTONIA L'FIer. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. (aster-like). Boltonia. Rare. Roadsides, waste ground and rocky woods : Thomp- son (Weatherby & Bissell), Hartford (A. W. Driggs). Meri- den (R. W. Woodward & Andrews). Sept. Introduced from the West. A good plant for hardy borders and often cultivated for ornament. 382 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ASTER L. Starwort. Aster. Frost-flower. Aster divaricatus L. (widely divergent). Aster corynihosus Ait. Aster cannesiniis Burgess. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. Aster divaricatus and varieties Burgess. Aster Claytoni Burgess. Aster Claytoni Burgess, var. crispicans Burgess. Common. Woods and thickets, in either moist or dry ground. Aug. — Sept. A very variable species with many described forms. Aster Schreberi Nees. Aster curvescens Burgess. Aster curvescens Burgess, var. nmhelliformis Burgess. Aster curvescens Burgess, var. oviformis Burgess. Rare, local or frequent. Woods and thickets, usually in rich soil. July — Aug. Aster macrophyllus L. (large-leaved). Aster roscidus Burgess. Aster macrophyllus and varieties Burgess. Rare or occasional. Rich woods, more often in rocky places. Mid-July — Sept. The var. pinguifolius Burgess (greasy-leaved) occurs at Colchester (Graves), Meriden and Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Bristol and Norwalk (Bissell), Trumbull and Fairfield (Fames), Bridgeport and New Milford (C. K. Averill). The var. ianthinus (Burgess) Fernald (violet-colored), Aster ianthinus Burgess, Aster violaris Burgess, Aster multi- formis Burgess, Aster nobilis Burgess, is rare: Groton (Graves), Union (Bissell), Meriden (Andrews), Milford (H, S. Clark), Fairfield County (Fames). Aster Herveyi Gray. Rare. Dry woods: Groton (Graves), Stratford (Fames). Aug. — Sept. Aster spectabilis Ait. (showy). Rare. Dry rocky or sandy soil : Voluntown, Groton and Waterford (Graves). Sept. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 383 Aster radula Ait. (a scraper; referring to the rough leaves). Rare. Low ground: Voluntown (Graves), East Hartford (Weatherby), Hamden (Eaton Herb.). Sept. Aster novae-angliae L. New England Aster. Frequent. Fields and roadsides, usually in moist rich soil. Aug. — (3ct. The var. roseus (Desf.) DC. (rosy; pink) is sometimes seen. One of the most beautiful of our Asters. Aster patens Ait. (spreading). Frequent. Dry fields and open woods, in sandy or sterile soil. Aug. — Sept. Aster undulatus L. (wavy). Aster undulatus and varieties Burgess. Common. Woods, thickets and fields in dry soil. Aug. — Oct. A very variable species. Aster cordifolius L. (having heart-shaped leaves). Aster cordifolius and varieties Burgess. Common. Woods, thickets and roadsides. Sept. — Oct. The var. polycephalus Porter (many-headed) is occa- sional, as well as a variety of forms intermediate between it and the species. A hybrid with Aster ericoides occurs at Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Rare. Dry open woods: New Haven (R. W. Woodward). Sept. The var. lanceolatus Porter (lance-shaped), var. land- folius Porter, Aster cordifolius L., var. lanceolatus Porter, is rare or local in rich woods. A great variety of intermediates between tlie variety and the typical form have been noted. Aster laevis L. (smooth). Frequent or common. Moist or dry fields, thickets and borders of woods. Late July — Sept. 384 CONNECTICUT GEOL, AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBuU. The van amplifolius Porter (large-leaved) occurs at Hampton (A. W. Driggs). Very variable as to form of leaf. A handsome species. Aster concinnus Willd. (neat; elegant). Rare. Southington, rock crevices of dry shaded ledges at Meriden Mt. (Andrews). Sept. One of the rarest plants of North America. Three, or doubtfully four, other stations only are known. See Rhodora 2 :i66. Aster ericoides L. (like Erica, the Heath). Common. Dry mostly open places. Sept. — Oct. The var. villosus Torr. & Gray (hairy), var. pilosus Porter, is occasional in New London County (Graves), and occurs as far west as New Haven (J. A. Allen). A hybrid with Aster undulatus occurs at Oxford (Harger). Aster amethystinus Nutt. (of the color of amethyst). Rare. Dry to moist open ground : New London and Sprague (Graves), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Salis- bury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Sept. Aster multiflorus Ait. (many-flowered). Common. Dry fields and roadsides. Sept. — Oct. The var. exiguus Fernald (small; mean) sometimes oc- curs with the typical form. Aster dumosus L. (bushy). Dry soil of open fields or in half shade. Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Farmington (Bissell), Manchester (Weatherby), Stafford (Graves), Old Saybrook (Bissell); becoming frequent in eastern Connecticut. July — Sept. The so-called Aster Gravesii Burgess is apparently a hylirid of Aster dumosus with some other species, probably Aster lacins, and occurs at Water ford (Graves). Aster dumosus L., var. coridifolius (Michx.) Torr. & Gray (having leaves like Coris, a genus of the Primrose Fam- ily). Rare. Sandy thickets or more open ground : Ellington (Weatherby), Southington (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Aster dumosus L., var. strictior Torr. & Gray (more upright). No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 385 Rare. Dry fields : Stafford and Groton (Graves). Aug. — Sept. Aster vimineus Lam. (bearing long flexible twigs). Common. Moist fields and roadsides. Aug. — Oct. The var. foliolosus Gray (leafy) is occasional, growing with the typical form. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton (having one-sided flower-clus- ters). Aster diffusus Ait. Aster lateriflorus Britton, var. pendulus Burgess. Common. Fields and woods in either moist or dry ground. Aug. — Oct. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton, var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Por- ter (hairy-stemmed). Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Aster diffusus Ait., var. hirsuticaulis Gray. Occasional. Moist shaded ground. Sept. — Oct. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton, var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Shel- don (wand-like). Aster diffusus Ait., var. thyrsoideus Gray. Rare. Fields: Fairfield and Westport (Fames). Sept. — Oct. Aster Tradescanti L. Rare. In swamps: Fast Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Strat- ford (Fames), Salisbury (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Aster paniculatus Lam. (panicled). Frequent or common. Moist roadsides and thickets, and in alluvial soil along streams. Aug. — Sept. The var. simplex (Willd.) Burgess (simple) and the var. ACUTiDENS^ Burgess (having sharp teeth) occur rarely in moist ground. Aster longifolius Lam. (long-leaved). Rare. In swamps: Farmington and Litchfield (Bissell). Sept. Aster novi-belgii L. Moist or wet ground or in swamps. Common along the 25 386 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. coast ; frequent in the Connecticut Valley ; occasional, local or rare elsewhere. Sept. — Oct. Aster tardiflorus L. (late-flowering). Rare. Borders of swamps and in low thickets : Stafford, Plymouth and Salisbury (Bissell). Sept. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. (like Prenanthes, the Rattlesnake- root). Rare. Wet thickets: Trumbull (Eames). A specimen in the Bassett Herbarium at Waterbury, labelled " Ct.," is apparently of this species. Sept. Aster puniceus L. (crimson). Red-stalked Aster. Frequent to common. Open or wooded wet places. Aug. — Sept. The var. compactus Fernald (close) ; the var. firmus (Nees) Torn & Gray (strong), var. laevicaulis Gray; the var. DEMissus Lindl. (low) ; and the var. lucidulus Gray (somewhat shining) are all reported to occur rarely or occa- sionally with the species. The root is medicinal. Aster umbellatus Mill, (umbellate). Doellingcria lunhellata Nees. Frequent. Moist woods and thickets. July — Sept. Aster infirmus IMichx. (not strong). Docllingeria infirma Greene. Rare. Dry woods and thickets: West Hartford (Har- ger), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Meriden and Wol- cott (Andrews), New Milford and Kent (C. K. Averill), New Fairfield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). July — Aug. Aster linariifolius L. (having leaves like Linaria, the Toad- flax). lonactis linariifolius Greene. Frequent or local. Dry open sandy or sterile soil. Aug. — Oct. Aster tataricus L. f. Siberian Aster. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, 387 Rare. Killingly, escaped from cultivation to waste ground (Graves). Oct. Introduced from Asia. Aster acuminatus Michx, (taper-pointed). Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. Aug. — Sept. Aster tenuifolius L. (slender-leaved). Frequent in salt marshes and about tidal waters. Aug. — Oct. Aster subulatus Michx. (awl-shaped). Common in salt marshes. Sept. — Oct. ERIGERON L. Fleabane. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. (pretty) . Erigeron hellidifolius Muhl. Robin's Plantain. Common. Fields, meadows and op6n woods, usually in moist soil. May — June. ! Erigeron philadelphicus L. Daisy Fleabane. Skevish. Fields, meadows and roadsides. Norwich (J. Trumbull), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Southington (Andrews), and fre- quent in towns along the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers. June — July. The herb is medicinal. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (annual). Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious. Common. Fields and waste places. June — Sept. The herb has medicinal properties. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. (branching), Erigeron strigosus Muhl. Daisy Fleabane. Common. Fields and waste places. June — Sept. The var. discoideus (Robbins) BSP. (having disk flowers only) is occasional with the species. Erigeron canadensis L. Leptilon canadense Britton. Horse-weed. Canada Fleabane. Butter-weed. 388 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Common. Cultivated and waste ground. July — Oct, The herb is used medicinally and the oil distilled from it is ofificinal. Often a troublesome weed. SERICOCARPUS Nees. White-topped Aster. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) BSP. (aster-like). Sericocarpus conyzoides Nees. Common. Dry woods and fields, July — Aug. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) BSP. (having leaves like Linum, the Flax). Sericocarpus solidagineus Nees, Rare or local. Dry fields, woods and on rocky summits: Groton and Waterford (Graves), East Hartford (A. W. Driggs & Weatherby), East Windsor (Bissell), Southington and Plainville (Audrews, Bissell), Hamden, Waterbury and Oxford (Harger), Beacon Falls and Huntington (Fames). July — Aug. BACCHARIS L. Groundsel Tree. Baccharis halimifolia L. (having leaves like Atriplex Halimus). Groundsel Tree. Pencil Tree. Rare. Borders of salt marshes : Stonington and Groton (Graves), New London (Miss M, Crofton), Fast Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon, Gen. Haskins), East Haven (Harger), Bridge- port (C. K. Averill, Fames), Norwalk (Miss A, F. Carpenter, Bissell). Sept.; fruit Oct. PLUCHEA Cass, Marsh Fleabane, Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC, (having the odor of camphor). Salt Marsh Fleabane, Frequent on salt marshes along the coast. Aug. — Oct. Rarely occurs with white flowers. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Everlasting. Ladies' Tobacco. Pussy's Toes, Antennaria Parlinii Fernald, Antennaria arnoglossa Greene. Rare. Dry woods and banks: Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), i East Hartford (Weatherby), New Haven (M, L, Fernald), No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 389 Woodstock, Wallingford and Monroe (Harger), Winchester (Bissell). May. Antennaria canadensis Greene. Rare or local. Dry woods and fields: Stafford (Graves), Lisbon and Southbury (Harger), Bolton, East Hartford and Salisbury (Weatherby), West Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), North Canaan (Bissell). May. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards, (plantain-leaved). Antennaria plantaginea R. Br. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Frequent to common. Dry woods and fields. Late April — May. Antennaria fallax Greene (deceitful). Antennaria ambigens Fernald. Dry woods and fields. Frequent in the southwestern part of the state, becoming local or occasional eastward and north- ward. May. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Frequent. Dry fields and open woods. April — May. Antennaria neglecta Greene (neglected). Indian Tobacco. Common. Dry or sterile places, mostly in open fields. April — May. The earliest flowering and most plentiful species of the genus. ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook, (pearly). Pearly Everlasting. Frequent to common. Fields and pastures, usually in dry soil. July — Sept. The leaves are medicinal and reputed to be a cure for rattlesnake bite. GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed. Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. (many-headed) Gnaphalium obtusifoliiim of Britton's Manual. 390 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Common or Sweet Everlasting. Common. Dry ground in various soils. Aug. — Sept. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives (decurrent). Everlasting. Rare or local. Dry fields and woods: Southington (Bis- sell), New Haven (E. Ives), Oxford, Seymour and Middle- bury (Harger), Litchfield (Eaton Herb.), Huntington, New Milford and Kent (Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. (growing in marshes). Cudweed. Low Cudweed. Common. Fields and roadsides in moist ground. June — Sept. Gnaphalium purpureum L. (purple). Purplish Cudweed. Rare or local. Dry fields and pastures : Stonington, Gro- ton and Waterford (Graves). June — Aug. INULA L. Elecampane. Inula Helenium L. (classical name). Elecampane. Occasional to frequent. Fields, pastures and roadsides, mostly in moist rich soil. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The root is medicinal and was formerly officinal. POLYMNIA L. Leafcup. Polymnia canadensis L. Leafcup. Rare or local. Rocky open woods on slopes of loose trap rock: North Branford (G. H. Bartlett), Durham, north end of Pistapaug Pond (O. D. Allen), also in Wallingford, in a similar situation y^ mile from the Durham locality (Harger). Sept. SILPHIUM L. Rosin-weed. Silphium perfoliatum L. (having leaves that meet around the stem). Cup Plant. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 39I Rare. Waste ground: Southington (Weatherby & Bis- sell), Fairfield (Eames). Aug. Introduced from the West. The rhizome is medicinal. IVA L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub. Iva oraria Bartlett (of the coast). Iva frutescens of Gray's Manual ed, 6, not L. Highwater-shrub. Common on salt marshes and seashores. July — Sept. Iva xanthifolia Nutt. (having leaves like Xanthium, the Clot- bur). Rare. Waste places: Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Bridge- port (Eames), New Milford (E. H. Austin). July — Sept. Introduced from the West. AMBROSIA L. Ragweed. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. (two-toothed). Rare. Bridgeport, in waste ground (Eames). Sept. Fugitive from the West. Ambrosia trifida L. (three-cleft). Great Ragweed. Moist places and alluvial flats. Usually rare; but local, frequent or common along the larger rivers and in south- western Connecticut. Aug. — Sept. The var. integri folia (Muhl.) Torr. & Gray (having entire leaves) is occasional with the typical form. A coarse and unsightly weed. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (having leaves like Artemisia, the Wormwood). Ragweed. Hog-weed. Bitter-weed. Roman Wormwood. Common. Open places, especially in waste and cultivated ground. July — Sept. A troublesome and pernicious weed in all soils. Its pollen is said to cause hay fever. The plant is medicinal. XANTHIUM L. Clotbur. Cocklebur. Xanthium spinosum L. (spiny) . Prickly or Spiny Clotbur. 392 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVR;Y. [Bull. Rare. Waste ground: Bridgeport (Eames), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt). Aug.— Sept. ; fruit Sept.— Nov. Adven- tive from tropical America. The leaves are medicinal. Xanthium canadense Mill. Xanfhitwi glabratiun Britton. Xanthium piingcns Wallr. (?). Xanthium strumarium of Britton & Brown's 111. Flora. Rare or local. Sandy roadsides and beaches, banks of streams and in waste places : Stratford and Fairfield (Eames), Oxford (Harger), West Hartford, Goshen, Norwalk and Sharon (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Xanthium commune Britton (growing in colonies). Rare. Banks of streams and in waste places : East Wind- sor (Bissell), Stratford, Bridgeport, Fairfield and New Mil- ford (Fames), Stamford (A. W. Driggs). Aug. — Sept. Xanthium echinatum Murr. (hedgehog-like). Xanthium canadense Mill., var. echinatum Gray. Frequent or common. Waste places, banks of streams and about ponds. Aug. — Sept. HELIOPSIS Pers. Ox-eye. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet (like Helianthus, the Sun- flower). Heliopsis laevis Pers. Rare. Waste ground and sandy woods : Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Seymour (Harger), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt). Fairfield (Eames). July — Sept. Introduced from the West. Heliopsis scabra Dunal (rough). Rare. Dry fields and roadsides: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon & Graves), Montville (Graves), Berlin (Andrews & Bissell), Cheshire (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Sey- mour and Huntington (Eames). July — Sept. RUDBECKIA L. Cone-flower. Rudbeckia triloba L. (three-lobed). Rare. Roadsides and banks of streams : Hartford (H. S. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 393 Clark & Bissell), Meriden (Andrews), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey), New Mil- ford (C. K. Averill, Eames), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Introduced from the West. Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh (somewhat woolly). Rare. Roadside in Windsor (Bissell). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the West. Rudbeckia hirta L. (rough). Yellow Daisy. Black-eyed Susan, Nigger-head. Common. Fields and meadows, more often in dry ground. June — Aug. Introduced from the West. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth (showy). Cone-flower. Local. Waterford (Miss A. Smith), Brookfield, fairly plentiful in a field and along a roadside (Harger). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the south-central United States. Rudbeckia laciniata L. (slashed). Tall Cone-flower. Thimble-weed. Occasional to frequent. Moist thickets and along streams. July — Sept. A double-flowered form of this is often cultivated for ornament under the name of Golden Glow, and sometimes escapes to roadsides and waste ground. The plant is medicinal. BRAUNERIA Neck. Purple Cone-flower. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton (pale). Echinacea angustifolia of authors, not DC. Purple Cone-flower. Rare. Dry ground: Griswold (E. F. Burleson), East Lyme (Mrs. F. H. Dart), Vernon (A. W. Driggs), Southing- ton (Andrews). July. Adventive from the West. LEPACHYS Raf. Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & Gray (pinnate). Ratihida pinnata Barnhart. Cone-flower. Rare. Oxford, in dry fields (Harger). Aug. Fugitive from the West. 394 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY. [BuU. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower. Helianthus annuus L. (annual). Common Sunflower. Occasional. Waste places as an escape from cultivation. July — Sept. Adventive from the western United States. Cultivated for ornament and for its seeds which yield an oil or are fed to poultry. The plant is medicinal. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (provided with leaf-stalks). Rare. Roadsides and waste ground as an escape from cultivation: East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon), Hartford (H. S. Qark), Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), New Milford (E. H. Austin). Aug. — Sept. Introduced from the western United States. Helianthus debihs Nutt, (weak). Rare, Waste ground: Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt). Sept. — Oct. Fugitive from the South, Helianthus debilis Nutt,, var, cucumerifolius (Torr, & Gray) Gray (cucumber-leaved). Rare. New London, escaped from gardens (Graves), Bridgeport (Eames). July — Aug, Fugitive from the South- west, Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. (very rough). Helianthus rigidus Desf. Rare, Dry fields: Waterbury (A, E, Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Aug. — Sept, Adventive from the West. Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. (flowering abundantly). Rare, Glastonbury, along roadside and in waste ground (Bissell), Aug, — Sept, Adventive from the West, Helianthus grosseserratus Martens (coarsely toothed). Rare, Fields and open places : Newington, apparently native at this station (Weatherby), Oxford, probably intro- duced (Harger), Aug, — Sept, Helianthus giganteus L, (gigantic), Helianthus giganteus L,, var, ambiguus Torr. & Gray, Moist ground and banks of streams. Occasional or fre- quent near the coast eastward, becoming common in the south- No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 395 western part of the state; extending inland as far as Water- bury (H. J. Bassett) and Kent (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Rare. Waste ground: Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), New Milford (E. H. Austin), Bridgeport (Eames). Mid-July — Aug. Fugitive from the western United States. Helianthus divaricatus L. (widely diverging). Common. Dry fields, thickets and open woods. July — Sept. Helianthus strumosus L. (bearing wens or swellings). Frequent. Thickets and borders of woods. Aug. — Sept. The var. mollis Torr. & Gray (soft), var. macrophyllus Britton, is rare: Groton (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Willington (Graves & Bissell). Helianthus trachehifolius Mill, (having leaves like Trachelium, the Throatwort). Rare. There is a specimen of this in the Gray Herbarium collected at New Haven by Charles Wright. Not otherwise known from the state. Aug. — Sept. Helianthus decapetalus L. (having ten petals). Wild Sunflower. Frequent. Moist or dry woods, thickets and fence-rows. Aug. — Sept. Helianthus tuberosus L. (bearing tubers.) Jerusalem Artichoke. Occasional. Waste places and roadsides. Aug. — Oct. Naturalized from the West. The tubers are edible and are used for pickles and salads ; they also furnish a valuable food for stock. The plant was formerly cultivated by the Indians. COREOPSIS L. Tickseed. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (used for dyeing). Rare. Waste places: New London (Graves), Southington (Andrews), Bridgeport, Stratford and Norwalk (Fames). June — Sept. Adventive from the West. 396 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. Coreopsis lanceolata L. (lance-shaped). Rare. Roadsides: Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Ox- ford (Harger). July. Adventive from the Southwest. BIDENS L. Bur Marigold. Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britton (having only disk flowers). Coreopsis discoidea Torr. & Gray. Swamps and about ponds. Occasional near the coast and throughout the valley of the Connecticut River. Aug. — Sept, Bidens frondosa L. (leafy). Bidens melanocarpa Wiegand. Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight. Common. Moist fields, swamps, waste places and culti- vated ground. Aug. — Sept. Bidens vulgata Greene (common). Bidens frondosa Wiegand, not L. Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight. Frequent. Fields, roadsides and cultivated ground, in moist soil. Aug. — Sept. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wiegand (bearing a tuft of hairs). Bidens connata Muhl., var. comosa Gray. Frequent. Moist soil in various situations. Aug. — Oct Bidens connata Muhl., var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farwell (having leaf-stalks). Bidens connata of authors in part. Swamp Beggar-ticks. Frequent. Swamps and wet woods. Aug. — Sept. A form with ray flowers occurs occasionally. Bidens cernua L. (nodding). Bidens cernua L., var. elliptic a Wiegand. Stick-tight. Common. Wet meadows, along ditches and on shores. Sept.— Oct. Bidens laevis (L.) BSP. (smooth). Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. Bur Marigold. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 397 Marshes and borders of ponds and streams. Frequent near the coast in southwestern Connecticut and inland as far as Ridgefield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey) ; occurs also along the Connecticut River throughout its course; not reported elsewhere. Aug. — Oct. Bidens bipinnata L, (twice-pinnate). Spanish Needles. Rocky woods, roadsides and waste places in sandy soil. New London (Graves), Oxford (Harger), and occasional in the southwestern part of the state, Aug. — Oct, The plant is medicinal. Bidens leucantha Willd. (white-flowered). Rare. Hartford, in waste ground (H, S. Clark). Sept. Fugitive from the South. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton (with hairy seeds). Coreopsis trichosperma Michx, Tickseed Sunflower, Rare. New Haven, Goffe St. (O. Harger). Aug.— Oct. Bidens aristosa (Michx,) Britton (bearing bristles). Coreopsis aristosa Michx. Rare, Waste places: Norwich (Mrs. E. E, Rogers), Lebanon and Windham (Graves), Sept, Fugitive from the West, Bidens Beckii Torr, Water Marigold, Rare, In ponds: Lyme (Graves), Guilford (G. H, Bart- lett), Wallingford (Harger), North Haven (Eaton Herb,), Plainville (J. N. Bishop), East Granby (Harger), Danbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Aug. — Sept, GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pavon, Galinsoga parviflora Cav, (small-flowered), Galinsoga, Local, Waste ground, mostly in cities, July — Sept, Ad- ventive from tropical America, The var, hispida DC, (rough-hairy) is often more plen- tiful than the typical form. 398 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY. [BuU. HELENIUM L. Sneezeweed. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. (naked-flowered). Rare. Fields: Groton (Mrs. C. B. Graves), East Lyme (F. H. Dart), Bridgeport (Fames). June — Oct. Intro- duced from the South. Helenium autumnale L. (autumnal). Sneezeweed. Staggerwort. Occasional or frequent. Swamps and on river banks. Aug. — Oct. The herb is used as a substitute for Arnica and in powder as a snuff for catarrh. The flowers are poisonous and cattle and horses are sometimes killed b}^ eating freely of them, Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. (fine-leaved). Rare. Bridgeport, in railroad wastes (Fames), Aug. — Sept. Adventive from the South. ACHILLEA L. Yarrow. Achillea Millefolium L. (thousand-leaved). Common Yarrow. Milfoil. Common. Fields and waste ground. June — Nov. A form with pink or reddish flowers is grown for orna- ment and sometimes escapes from gardens to roadsides. The plant is medicinal. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. (woolly). Yarrow. Rare. Fields and waste ground : Southington (Andrews), and probably elsewhere, as it has not been distinguished from Achillea Millefolium. July — Aug. Introduced from the West. ANTHEMIS L. Chamomile. Anthemis Cotula L. (like Cotula, the Buck's-horn). May-weed. Dog Fennel. Fetid Chamomile. Common. Roadsides and waste places. June — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. The plant is medicinal. Anthemis arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Corn Chamomile. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 399 Rare. Roadsides and waste ground. May — June. Ad- ventive from Europe. The var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. (of fields) occurs rarely in waste ground. Both the species and the variety are medicinal. Anthemis nobilis L. (well-known). Garden Chamomile. Rare. Wolcott, roadside near a deserted dwelling (An- drews & Bissell). Aug. Fugitive from Europe. The plant is medicinal, the flower-heads officinal. Anthemis tinctoria L. (used for dyeing). Golden Marguerite. Yellow Chamomile. Rare. Roadsides and grassland as an escape from culti- vation: Franklin (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Windsor (Bis- sell), Southington (Andrews), Oxford (Harger), Fairfield (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson). June — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Often cultivated for ornament. MATRICARIA L. Wild Chamomile. Matricaria inodora L. (odorless). Rare. Waste places and in grain fields : Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Bridgeport (Fames), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Vlatricaria Chamomilla L. (classical name for this plant). German Chamomile. Rare. Naugatuck, waste ground (B. B. Bristol). July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. The dried flower-heads are officinal, and are much used in household practice, especially by German people. j^atricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau (sweet-smelling). ! Matricaria matricarioides Porter. Matricaria discoidea DC. Pineapple-weed, Rare. Waste places: Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Bridge- port (Fames). July. Fugitive from the Pacific Coast. 4CXD CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. (white-floAvered), van pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte (pinnately cleft). Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum of Manuals. Daisy. White or Ox-eye Daisy. White-weed. Marguerite. Common. Fields, meadows and roadsides. May — July. Naturalized from Europe. Often a troublesome weed in grassland. The plant is medicinal. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.) Bernh. (ancient name of some plant). Feverfew. Rare. Waste ground as an escape from gardens. June — Aug. Introduced from Europe. The herb is medicinal. Chrysanthemum Balsamita L., var. tanacetoides Boiss. (like Tanacetum, the Tansy). Costmary. Alecost. Mint Geranium. Rare. Escaped from gardens to fields and roadsides : East i Lyme (Graves), Groton (Graves & Bissell), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Trumbull (Fames), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). Sept. — Oct. Adventive from Asia. Medicinal. TANACETUM L. Tansy. Tanacetum vulgare L. (common). Common Tansy. Frequent. Roadsides and waste places. July — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. The var. crispum DC. (crisped) is occasional with the species. The leaves and flowering tops are medicinal and were formerly officinal. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwood. Artemisia caudata Michx. (tailed). Dry sandy ground. Common along the coast, extending No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4OI inland as far as Wallingford and Haddam (Bissell), and Seymour (Harger). Aug. — Sept. Artemisia campestris L. (of fields), var. pubescens (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud (downy). Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (A. E. Blewitt, Har- ger). Mid-Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. Artemisia Abrotanum L. (classical name for this species). Old Man. Southernwood. Rare. Waste ground as an escape from gardens : Bridge- port and Fairfield (Eames). July — Oct. Fugitive from Europe. Medicinal much like Artemisia Absinthium. Artemisia vulgaris L. (common). Common Mugwort. Felon-herb. Sailor's Tobacco. Rare or occasional. Roadsides, waste ground and about old gardens: New London and Sprague (Graves), East Hart- ford (Weatherby), Southington (Andrews & Bissell), Lisbon, Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Fairfield County (Eames). July — Sept. Adventive from Europe. The plant is medicinal. Artemisia Dracunculus L. (classical name for this species). Tarragon. Estragon. Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). July — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. In Europe it is cultivated for its leaves which are used for seasoning. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Dusty Miller. Beach Wormwood. Old Woman. Occasional on sea-shores in New London County (Graves). July — Aug. Naturalized from Asia. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Artemisia biennis Willd. (biennial). Rare. Waste ground: Bloomfield (Bissell), Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Stratford (Harger), New Milford (E. H. Austin). Sept. Adventive from the West. Artemisia annua L. (annual). Rare. Waste ground: East Lyme (Graves), Naugatuck 26 402 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. (B. B. Bristol), Bridgeport (Eames). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from Asia. Artemisia Absinthium L.( classical name for this plant). Wormwood. Rare. Roadsides and waste places as an escape from gardens: East Windsor (Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Milford and Fairfield (Eames), Sahsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. The leaves and tops were formerly much prized in domes- tic medicine and were until recently officinal. Artemisia pontica L. Roman Wormwood. Rare. Roadsides as an escape from cultivation : Scotland (Graves), Southington (Weatherby & Bissell), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. In Europe this species is much used in the preparation of absinthe. Artemisia frigida Willd. (cold). Rare. Naugatuck, in waste ground (B. B. Bristol). Aug. Fugitive from the western United States. TUSSILAGO L. Coltsfoot. Tussilago Farfara L. (classical name for this species). Coltsfoot. Coughwort. Occasional or local. Wet places, roadsides and along streams, usually in heavy soils. March — May. Naturalized from Europe. A popular remedy for coughs and colds and much used in domestic medical practice. PETASITES Hill. Sweet Coltsfoot. Petasites palmatus (Ait.) Gray (palmate). Sweet Coltsfoot. Rare. Salisbury, wet cold woods (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). April. Petasites vulgaris Hill (common). Petasites Petasites Karst. Butterbur. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4O3 Rare. Hartford, escaped from a garden (Mrs. W. Seli- ger). April. Fugitive from Europe. The plant. is medicinal. ERECHTITES Raf. Fireweed. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (having leaves like Hiera- cium, the Hawkweed). Erechtites praealta Raf. Fireweed. Pilewort. Common. Fields, roadsides and woodland clearings in either dry or moist ground ; also on borders of salt marshes. July — Oct. The plant is medicinal. CALENDULA L. Marigold. Calendula officinalis L. (of the shops). Pot Marigold. Calendula. Mary-bud. Rare. Waste ground as an escape from gardens : South- ington (Andrews, Bissell), South Norwalk (Miss A. E. Car- penter). July — Aug. Fugitive from southern Europe. This is the " Marygold " of Shakespeare. The dried flowers are medicinal, often used in the treatment of wounds. CACALIA L. Indian Plantain. Cacalia suaveolens L. (sweet-smelling). Synosma suaveolens Raf. Indian Plantain. Dry or moist open woods or banks. Rare in most dis- tricts : East Haven (D. C. Eaton et al.), Derby (H, C. Beards- lee). Local near the coast from Orange westward (Fames), July — Sept. SENECIO L. Groundsel. Ragwort. Squaw-weed. Senecio vulgaris L. (common). Common Groundsel. Rare. Waste and cultivated ground : New London (Graves), Hartford (H. S. Clark), Southington (Andrews), Bridgeport (Miss A. E. Carpenter). June — Nov. Adven- tive from Europe. The plant is medicinal. 404 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. fBull. Senecio viscosus L. (sticky). Rare. Waste ground : Stamford (Eames & W. H. Hoyt). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. Senecio obovatus Muhl. (inversely egg-shaped ; the broad end up). Senecio aureus L., var. obovatus Torr. & Gray. Squaw-weed. Ragwort. Dry soil, mostly in open woods. Occasional to frequent west of the Connecticut River, but not reported from the eastern part of the state. May — June. Senecio aureus L. (golden). Life-root. Golden Ragweed or Ragwort. Swamp Squaw- weed. ' Frequent to common. Swamps or in wet ground. May — June. The roots and tops of this and allied species are used medicinally. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl., var. praelongus Greenman (very long). Senecio aureus L., var. Balsainitac Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part. Rare. Dry grassland and open woods : Oxford and South- bury (Harger), Woodbury (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). June. No other specimens of this variety have been seen and none of the typical form. Probably most reports of the latter are based on forms of Senecio ohoz'atus. ARCTIUM L. Burdock. Arctium Lappa L. (a bur). Arctium Lappa L., var. majus Gray. Great Burdock. Roadsides and waste ground. Rare or local in the southern part of the state, becoming occasional northw^ard. July — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The roots of this and allied species are officinal and the seeds and leaves are also used medicinally. Both this and the following species are unsightly weeds. Xo. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS y\ND FERNS. 405 Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (smaller). Arctium Lappa L., var. minus Gray. Arctium Lappa L., var. tomentosum Gray. Arctium tomentosum of Britton's Manual in part. Common Burdock. Common. Roadsides and waste places. July — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. A form with woolly involucral bracts sometimes occurs. CARDUUS L. Plumeless Thistle. Carduus acanthoides L. (like Acanthus, the Bear's-breech). Curled Thistle. Rare. Waste ground: Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). July — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. CIRSIUM Hill. Common or Plumed Thistle. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill (lance-shaped). Carduus lanceolatus L. Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. Common or Bull Thistle. Frequent. Roadsides and pastures. July — Sept. Natural- ized from Europe. Cirsium spinosissimum (Walt.) Scop, (very spiny). Carduus spinosissinms Walt. Cnicus horridulus Pursh. Yellow Thistle. Occasional in fields and borders of salt marshes along the coast. June — July. Rarely occurs with purple flowers. Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. (of different colors). Carduus discolor Nutt. Cnicus altissimus Willd., var. discolor Gray. Field Thistle. Fields and thickets. Occasional in most sections, but fre- quent to common along the coast and throughout the Housa- tonic Valley. Aug. — Sept. Flowers sometimes white. 406 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVl'.Y. [Bull. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng-. (tallest). Car duns altissimus L. Cnicus altissinms Willd. Tall Thistle. Rare. Introduced with garden seed about a yard, a few plants only, Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. — Sept. Fugitive from the West. Cirsium muticum Michx. (pointless). Cardmis muticus Pers. Cnicus muticus Pursh. Swamp Thistle. Frequent. Swamps and moist thickets. Aug. — Sept. Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. (low). Carduiis odoratus Porter. Cnicus pumilus Torr. Pasture or Bull Thistle. Common. Fields and pastures. July — Sept. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, (of cultivated ground). Carduiis arvensis Robson. Cnicus arvensis Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Frequent. Fields, meadows, pastures and waste ground. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. The var. vestitum Wimm. & Grab, (clothed) and the var. integrifolium Wimm. & Grab, (entire-leaved) occur in grassland in SaHsbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell) ; the first named variety has also been found at Orange { Weath- erby). A pernicious weed extremely difficult to eradicate. The root is medicinal. A statute of Connecticut enacted in 1881, provides that " Every owner or possessor of lands shall cut down all wild carrots and Canada thistles growing thereon, or in the high- way adjoining, so often as to prevent them going to seed ; and upon failure so to do, any person aggrieved, or any citizen of the town wherein the lands are situated, may complain to any grand juror of said town, who shall thereupon forthwith notify such owner or possessor of such complaint. Tf said No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 407 owner or possessor shall still neglect to comply with the pro- visions of this section, he shall be fined not more than five dollars, for each and every day of such neglect after such notice." Revised Statutes, sec. 1374. ONOPORDUM L. Cotton or Scotch Thistle. Onopordum Acanthium L. Cotton Thistle. Rare. Fields and roadsides : Ledyard, Groton and Water- ford (Graves), New Haven (Harger). July — Sept. Ad- ventive from Europe. CENTAUREA L. Star Thistle. Centaurea Jacea L. Meadow Centaury. Rare. Fields: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Guilford (G. H, Bartlett), Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport (Fames). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Centaurea Jacea L., var. lacera Koch (torn). Rare. In fields: Granby (Bissell), Naugatuck (A. E. Blewitt), Oxford (Harger), Bridgeport (Fames). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Centaurea Cyanus L. (classical name for this species). Corn-flower. Bluebottle. Bachelor's Button. Rare. Waste ground and about gardens as an escape from cultivation: Ledyard and Lyme (Graves), Fast Wind- sor (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Seymour and Oxford (Harger), Fairfield County (Fames). June — Oct. Introduced from Europe. Often cultivated for ornament. The plant is medicinal. Centaurea nigra L. (black). Spanish Buttons. Hardheads. Knapweed. Black Centaury. Rare. Roadsides and waste ground : New London and Waterford (Graves), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Bridge- port (Fames), Norwalk (G. P. Ells), Salisbury (Bissell). May — Aug. Introduced from Europe. Centaurea nigra L., var. radiata DC. (bearing rays). Rare. Waste ground: Waterbury (J. N. Bishop), Oxford 408 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bill' (Harger), Bridgeport (Eames). May — Aug. IntroducKi from Europe. Centaurea maculosa Lam. (spotted). Rare. Fields and waste ground: Griswold (E. F. Burli - son), Granby (I. Holcomb), Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thonii. son), Salisbury (Mrs. C. S. Phelps). Aug. Adventive from Europe. Centaurea vochinensis Bernh. Rare. Fields and roadsides : Southington (Andrews >S: Bissell), Fairfield and Darien (G. P. Ells). June — Seja Adventive from Europe. LAPSANA L. Nipple-wort. Lapsana communis L. (growing in colonies). Nipple-wort. Rare. Waste ground: New Haven (A. W. Evans). June — Sept. Adventive from Europe. CICHORIUM L. Succory. Chicory. Cichorium Intybus L. (classical name for this species). Cichorium Intybus L.. var. dk'oricatuiii of American authors, probably not DC. Common Chicory. Blue Sailors. Occasional or frequent. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. The root is medicinal ; it is also used as an adulterant of and substitute for cofifee. The flowers are sometimes rose- color or rarely pure white. KRIGIA Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Adopogon caroliniamim Britton. Dwarf Dandelion. Frequent. Dry sandy or sterile ground. April — Sej't. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. (stem-clasping). Adopogon virginiciim Kuntze. Cynthia. Rare. Dry sandy soil : Litchfield (Miss E. H. Thompson), No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4O9 Southbury (Mrs. H. G. Morse), Washington (C. C. God- frey), Greenwich (W. P. Alcott). May — July. HYPOCHAERIS L. Cat's-ear. Hypochaeris radicata L. (having roots ; referring to the long tap-roots). Cat's-ear. Rare. In grassland: Southington (Bissell), Bridgeport and Fairfield (Eames). July. Adventive from Europe. Has proved to be a bad weed in some parts of New England. LEONTODON L. Hawkbit. Leontodon autumnalis L. (autumnal). Fall Dandelion. Arnica. Moist grassland. Guilford (G. H. Bartlett) ; and frequent or common in the town of Thompson (Weatherby & Bissell), also in Hartford County and some adjacent towns. May — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. Leontodon autumnalis L., var. pratensis Koch (of meadows). Fall Dandelion. Moist grassland. Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Litch- field (Miss E. H. Thompson) ; and occasional in Hartford County. May — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. Leontodon hastilis L. (like a spear-shaft). Rare. Southington, in fields (Bissell). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. Leontodon nudicaulis (L.) Banks (naked-stemmed). Leontodon hirtiis L. Local. In grassland : Waterford, plentiful at one station (Graves), East Lyme (Miss A. M. Ryon). July — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. PICRIS L. Picris hieracioides L. (like Hieracium, the Hawkweed). Rare or local. Fields and waste places: Old Lyme (E. F. WilHams), Guilford (G. H. Bartlett), Westport, plentiful in one locality, and Bridgeport (Eames), Salisbury 4IO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & Bissell). June — July. Adventive from Europe. Picris echioides L. (like Echium, the Viper's Bugloss). Ox-tongue. Rare. Southington, in cultivated ground (Andrews), Fairfield, in grassland (Eames). July — Sept. Fugitive from Europe. TRAGOPOGON L. Goat's Beard. Tragopogon porrifolius L. (having leaves like Allium Porrum, the Leek). Oyster-plant. Salsify. Rare. Fields and roadsides: Tolland (Weatherby & Bis- sell), Southington (Andrews, Bissell), Ridgefield (W. H. Hoyt). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Tragopogon pratensis L. (of meadows). Goat's Beard. Fields and roadsides. Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Orange (Harger), and occasional in the western part of the state. June — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The root is medicinal. TARAXACUM Ludwig. Dandelion. Taraxacum officinale Weber (of the shops). Taraxacum Taraxacum Karst. Common Dandelion. Common. Fields, lawns and waste ground. April — Nov., but especially in May. Naturalized from Europe. The root is medicinal and is officinal ; it is also used as a substitute for cofifee. The plant is much used as a pot-herb. Taraxacum officinale Weber, var. palustre (Sm.) Blytt (of marshes). Frequent. Moist fields and waste places. April — Nov. Naturalized from Europe. Uses and properties as in the typical form of the species. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. (red-seeded). Red-seeded Dandelion. Local. Usually in dry but sometimes in moist fields or .\u. 14. J FLOWERING PLANTS AND FP:RNS. 4II open woods. May — Nov., especially in May. Naturalized from Europe. Uses and properties as in Taraxacum officinale. SONCHUS L. Sow Thistle. Sonchus arvensis L. (of cultivated ground). Field Sow Thistle. Rare. Roadsides and waste places: Norwich (W. A. Set- chell), New London and Montville (Graves), Preston (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), East Hartford (Weatherby), Bridgeport (Eames). Late Jnne — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. Sonchus oleraceus L. (suitable for a pot-herb). Common Sow Thistle. Occasional. Waste and cultivated grounds. July — Oct. Naturalized from Europe. Medicinal. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (rough). Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle. Rare to occasional. Waste ground and on shores. July — Aug. Naturalized from Europe. LACTUCA L. Lettuce. Lactuca scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. Rare. Waste ground: New London (Graves), Naugatuck (B. B. Bristol), Norwalk (Eames). July — Aug. Adventive from Europe. The herb is medicinal. Lactuca scariola L., var. integrata Gren. & Godr. (entire). Lactuca virosa of American authors, not L. Prickly Lettuce. Occasional. Waste ground, mostly near railroads or in populous districts. Aug. — Sept. Naturalized from Europe. The herb is medicinal. Lactuca canadensis L. Wild Lettuce. Horse-weed. Common. Fields and roadsides. June — Aug. The var. Montana Britton (of mountains), var. integri- 412 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. folia of some authors, not Lactuca integrifolia Bigel., is rare or occasional with the typical form. The plant is medicinal. Lactuca integrifolia Bigel. (entire-leaved). Lactuca sagittifolia of Britton's Manual in part. Rare. Roadsides and fields: Union (Bissell), Hartford (A. W. Driggs), Seymour (Eames & C. K. Averill). Prob- ably occurring at other localities, its distribution unknown. July — Sept. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. (hairy). Rare. Dry woods or fields : Groton, Montville and Water- ford (Graves), Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Elhngton, Bristol and Wolcott (Bissell), Southington (Andrews, Bis- sell), Meriden (Andrews), Oxford and Southbury (Harger), Stratford and Fairfield (Eames). July — Aug. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. (having spikes). Lactuca Icucophaea Gray. Wild Blue Lettuce. Frequent. Roadsides, thickets and woodlands. Aug. — Sept. Lactuca saliva L. (sown; planted). Lettuce. Rare. Waste ground as an escape from cultivation : Bridgeport (Eames). June — Aug. Fugitive from Europe. Well known as a salad plant. CREPIS L. Hawk's Beard. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (hair-like). Crepis virens L. Crepis virens L., var. dentata Bisch. Rare. In grassland: Groton (Graves), North Stonington and Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Plainfield (J. L. Sheldon), East Hartford (C. C. Hanmer), East Windsor (Bissell), Oxford (Harger), Nor walk (G. P. Ells), Greenwich (W. E. Wheelock) . Aug. — Sept. Adventive from Europe. Crepis tectorum L. (of dwellings). Rare. North Stonington (Mrs. E. E. Rogers). Sept. Adventive from Europe. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 4I3 Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill. (having leaves like Taraxacum, the Dandelion). Rare. Southington, in grassland (Bissell). May — June. Fugitive from Europe. Crepis setosa Haller f. (bristly). Rare. Fairfield, in grassland, probably introduced with grass seed (Fames). Sept. — Oct. Adventive from Europe. Crepis rigida W. & K. (stifif). Rare. Southington, in fields (Bissell). June — July. Fugitive from Europe. PRENANTHES L. Rattlesnake-root. Prenanthes alba L. (white). Nabalus albus Hook. White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root. Rare, local or frequent. Open woods, copses and fence- rows. Aug. — Oct. The plant and roots are medicinal. Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh (classical name). Nabalus serpentarius Hook. Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth. Woods and thickets. Voluntown, Waterford and Wind- ham (Graves), Groton and Oxford (Harger), Southington (Bissell), and occasional toward the south and southwest. Aug. — Oct. The root and leaves are medicinal. Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fernald (with three leaflets). Nabalus trifoliolatiis Cass. Prenanthes serpentaria Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part, not Pursh. Gall-of-the-earth. Frequent. Woods and thickets. Aug. — Oct. Extremely variable in leaf form. Prenanthes altissima L. (very tall). Nabalus altissimus Hook. Gall-of-the-earth. Occasional or frequent. Rich woods. Aug. — Oct. The var. hispidula Fernald (minutely hispid) occurs at Stafford (Graves & Bissell), and Oxford (Harger). 414 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. The plant is medicinal. All species of Prenanthes have been used as a remedy for the bites of venomous snakes. ( HIERACIUM L. Hawkweed. Hieracium Pilosella L. (somewhat hairy). Mouse-ear. i Rare. Dry grassland: Southington (Andrews), Wilton (Miss A. E. Carpenter). May — July. Adventive from ii Europe. Hieracium aurantiacum L. (orange-colored). Orange Hawkweed. Devil's Paint-brush. Grim the Collier. Rare, occasional or local. Dry to wet woods, fields and roadsides. June. Naturalized from Europe. A bad weed in some parts of northern New England. Hieracium fioribundum Wimm. & Grab, (many-flowered). Rare. Fields and waste ground: Guilford (G. H. Bart- lett), Wallingford (A. W. Evans & Harger), East Haven (Andrews), Cheshire (Bissell), Southington (M. W. Fris- bie). May — June. Adventive from Europe. Hieracium pratense Tausch (of meadows). King Devil. Rare. Fields: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Bristol (H. S. Clark & J. N. Bishop), Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt), Stamford (W. H. Hoyt). June. Adventive from Europe. Hieracium venosum L. (veiny). Rattlesnake-weed. Poor Robin's Plantain. Frequent. Dry woods and fields. June — July. The van subcaulescens Torr. & Gray (having a short stem) is occasional with the species. The leaves and tops are medicinal. Hieracium paniculatum L. (having an open, branched flower- cluster). Frequent. Dry woods. July — Sept. Hieracium marianum Willd. Rare. Dry woods: Norwich (Mrs. E. E. Rogers), Frank- lin (R. W. Woodward), Glastonbury (A. W. Driggs), No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 415 Orange and Oxford (Harger), Huntington and Woodbury (Eames), Salisbury (Bissell). July. Hieracium scabrum Michx. (rough). Frequent. Woods and thickets, mostly in dry soil. July J — Sept. jHieracium Gronovii L. I Hairy Hawkweed. ' Dry fields or open woods, in sandy or sterile soil. Fre- quent in most districts but not reported from Litchfield County. Aug. — Oct. jUieracium canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. Occasional. Fields and thickets in either moist or dry j soil. Aug. — Sept. 4l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Appendix. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 19, under Woodzvardia virginica, add : Stafford (Weatherby). Page 22, under Aspidium marginale, add : The var. ELEGANs J. Robinson (elegant) has been found in rich woods at New Fairfield (Eames & C. C. Godfrey). Forms ap- proaching this variety are not rare. Page 2)Z-' after Isoctcs Dodgci, insert : Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, var. Robbinsii A. A. Eaton. Rare. North Stonington, shallow water of Lantern Hill Pond (Graves & Bissell). July — Sept. Page 35, under Pinus syizrstris. add : Wethersfield (H. S. Clark & Bissell). Page 39, under Sparganium eurycarpiim, after "A. W. Driggs " change text to read : East Windsor, Windsor and Sharon, at Indian Pond (Bissell). Occasional along the Housatonic River from Oxford (Harger) northward, and near the coast in New Haven and Fairfield Counties. Page 43, under Potamogcton hiipleuroidcs, add: Kent (Eames). Page 49, under Sorghum Imlepcnse, add: New Haven (Bissell). Page 51, under Panicuin philadelphiciim, add: Sharon, at Mudge Pond (Weatherby). Page 52, under Panicum Wcrneri, add : Southbury (Weatherby), New Milford (Bissell). No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 417 Page 54, under Paniciini subvillosum, add : Orange (Bissell). Pages 54-55, under Panicum villosissimiim, omit " South- bury (Harger)," and add: Kent (Bissell). Page 66, under Trisetum spicatmn, add : East Granby, on trap ledges (Harger). Page 69, under Spartina patens, var. caespitosa, add: Bridgeport (Eames). Page y2, under Brisa media, add : Southbury, along road- side (Harger), Page 72, under Cynosurus cristatus, add : Oxford, in a lawn (Harger). Page yj, under Bromus commutatus, add: Middletown, at several widely separated localities (Bissell). Omit " Fugi- tive " and substitute : Adventive. Page yy, after Bromus tectorum, insert: Bromus sterilis L. (sterile). Local. Middletown, well established on sandy railroad embankments (Bissell). June. Adventive from Europe. Pages 77-78, under Bromus altissimus, add : Franklin (R. W. Woodward). Page 78, after Bromus altissimus, insert : Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc. (hoary). Rare. Putnam, thicket near river bank (Weatherby & Bissell). July — Aug. Page 81, after Elymus canadensis, insert : Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball (short-spiked). Rare. Naugatuck, in dry ground, introduced with mill waste (A. E. Blewitt). Fugitive from the southwestern United States. Page 84, under Eleocharis diandra, add : Hartford (Bissell). 27 4l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Page 84, under Eleocharis ovata, add : Hartford (Weatherby & Bissell). Page 85, under Eleocharis intermedia, add : Sharon, at Indian Pond (R. W. Woodward). Page 87, under Scirpus rubrotinctus, add : New Milford (Harger). Page 87, under Scirpus atrovirens, add: Franklin (R. W. Woodward), New Britain and Canaan (Bissell). Page 88, under Scirpus cyperinus, var. peliiis, add : Colebrook and Salisbury (M. L. Fernald). Page 90, under Rynchospora alba, add : the var. macra Clarke (large) occurs at Southington (Bissell). Page 92, under Carex tribuloides, var. reducta, change statement of range to read: Rare or occasional in the northern half of the state. Page 93, under Carex straminea, change statement of range to read : Occasional or local in the northern half of the state. Page 94, under Carex foenea, var. perplexa, add: Thomaston (A. E. Blewitt). Page 96, after Carex trisperma, insert: Carex trisperma Dewey, var. Billingsii Knight. Local. Bethany, plentiful in a swamp (B. B. Bristol & A. E. Blewitt). June— July. Page 98, under Carex aurea, add : Sherman (A. E. Blewitt & Harger). Page 99, under Carex Davisii, add: East Granby (Harger). Page 100, under Carex aestivalis, add: Colebrook (M. L. Fernald). Page 100, after Carex umbellata, insert: Carex umbellata Schk., var. brevirostris Boott (short-beaked). Rare. Cheshire, dry rocky hills (A. E. Blewitt). June. Very large plants growing in large tufts. No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 419 Page loi, under Care.v polynwrpha, add: Waterbiiry (A. E. Blewitt). Page 104, under Car ex iiava, add: Waterbury (A. E. Blewitt). Page 105, under Carcx ca^tanea, add: Canaan, moist sandy thicket (Mrs. C. S. Phelps & A. E. Blewitt). Page 106, under Carex trichocarpa, add : New Milford, plentiful in meadows along the Housatonic River. Page 107, under Carex retrorsa, add: Sherman (A. E. Blewitt & Harger). Page 108, under Carex intumescens, var. Fernaldii, add: Colebrook, many plants in rich woods (M. L. Fernald). Page 112, under WolMa columbiana, add: Orange (Harger). Page 112, before Xyris caroliniana, insert: 71 Blephariglottis blephariglottis 131 cilia7-is 131 grandiAora 131 lac era 131 psycodes 131 Blephilia 338 ciliata 338 hirsuta 339 Blister Flowers 188 Blisterwort 186 Blite Coast 166 Low Sea 168 Blite Red 166 Sea 168 Strawberry 166 Tall Sea 169 Blitutn capitatum 166 Bloodroot 196 Bloodwort 241 Bloodwort Family 126 Bloom-fell 250 Bloomy-down 181 Blue Bean 248 Beech 146 Bells 192 Cohosh 195 Curls 332 Devil 330 Flag 127 Grape 277 Huckleberry 312 Myrtle 321 Sailors 408 Tangle 312 Toad-flax 350 Vervain 331 Vetch 256 Bluebell 373 Bluebell Family 372 Blueberry 195, 313 Black High 314 Common 313 Dwarf 313 Early Sweet 313 High-bush 313 Late Low 313 Low Black 313 " Sweet 313 Sour-top 313 Swamp 313 Tall 313 Velvet-leaf 313 Blueberry Root 195 Bluebottle 407 Blue-eyed Grass 128 Blue-joint Grass 65 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 477 Blue-Stem 48, 65 Big 48 Bluets 364 Blue-weed 330 Blunt Woodsia 24 Blunt-leaved Dock 159 Sandwort 174 Boehmeria 156 cylindrica 156 var. scabra 156 Bog Bean 320 Myrtle 143 Rosemary 310 Rush 114, 115 Spruce 36 Strawberry 233 Willow 139 Bois d'Arc 154 Bokhara Clover 249 Boltonia 381 asteroides 381 Boneset zi^ Climbing 377 Purple 375 Rough 376 Upland 376 Borage 329 Borage Family 327 Boraginaceae 327, 438, 440 Borago 329 officinalis 329, 434 Botrychium 27 dissectum 28 lanceolatum 27 var. angustisegmentum 27 Lunaria 424 matricariae folium 28 neglectum 28 obliquum 28 var. dissectum 28 " elongatum 28 " intermedium 28 " oneidense 28 ramosum 28 simplex 27, 424 tenehrosum 27 ternatum Botrychmm forma obliquum 28 var. australe 28 intermedium 2.i virginianum 28 Bottle Gentian 320 Grass 57 Bottle-brush Grass 81 Bouncing Bet 180 Bouteloua 69 curtipendula 69 racemosa 69 Bow-wood 154 Box Elder 273 Boxberry 311 Boxwood 304 Boys-and-Girls 198 Brachyelytrum 62 aristatum 62 e rectum 62 Bracken 18 Brake 18 Cliff 18 Common 18 Purple Cliff 18 Rock 19 Slender Rock 19 Bramble 236 Brandy Bottle 183 Brasenia 184 peltata 184 purpurea 184 Schreberi 184 Brassica 202 alba 202, 422 arvensis 203 campestris 203 japonica 203, 433 juncea 203 Napus 204, 431 nigra 203 oleracea 204, 431 Rapa 204, 431 Sinapistrum 203 Brauneria 393 pallida 393 Break-stone 174 478 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Bridal Wreath 221 Bridewort 221, 235 Brier Ankle 238 Bull 125 Cat 125 Common Green 125 Green 125 Horse 125 Running 239 Sand 345 Saw 125 Squirrel 125 Brier Rose 242 Bristly Buttercup 187 Crowfoot 187 Locust 251 Sarsaparilla 296 Brittle Willow 138 Briza ^2 media 72, 417 Broad Dock 159 Broad-leaved Spring Beauty 182 Brome Grass 76 Bromus 76, 441 altissimus TJ, 417 brizaeformis "jy ciliatus TJ var. purgans 77 commutatus 77, 417 erectus 78 hordeaceus 77 incanus 417 inermis 78 Kalmii 78 mollis 77 purgans 77 racemosus 77 secalinus 76 squarrosus 77, 433 sterilis 417 tectorum 77 Brook Cress 210 Brooklime 206 American 353 Brook-weed 315 Broom 248 Broom Scotch 248 Broom Corn 49. Corn Millet 51 Hickory 145 Broom-rape 359 Broom-rape Family 359 Broussonetia 154 papyrifera 154 Brown Ash 318 Brunella vulgaris 335 Buckbean 320 Buckberry 313 Buckeye 274 Buckthorn 275 Common 275 Buckthorn Family 275 Buckwheat 164 Bush 163 Climbing False 163 Climbing Wild 163 Thicket 163 Wild 163 Buckwheat Family 157 Biida borealis 173 marina 173 rubra 173 Buffalo Bur 346 Currant 219 Bugbane 192 Bugle Erect 332 Bugle Weed 332, 341 Bugloss Viper's 330 Bulbous Buttercup 188 Crowfoot 188 Bull Brier 125 Grass 68 Nettle 345 Thistle 405, 406 Bullace Plum 244 Bull-head Lily 183 Bull-rattle 178 Bulrush 85, 115 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 479 Bulrush Great 86 River 87 Bunch Grape 276 Grass 48 Pink 181 Bunchberry 304 Bunch-flower Crisped 118 Bupleurum rotiuidifolium 427 Bur Clover 250 Grass 58 Marigold 396 Oak 150 Burdock 404 Common 405 Great 404 Burnet 241 Canadian 241 Garden 241 Great American 241 Salad 241 Wild 241 Burnet Rose 242 Burning Bush 271 Bur-reed 39 Bur-reed Family 39 Bursa Bursa-pastoris 201 Bush Bean 258 Bindweed 163 Buckwheat 163 Clover 254 Honeysuckle 365 Bushy Knotweed 160 Pigweed 170 Butter and Eggs 350 Butter Flowers 188 Butterbur 402 Buttercup 184 Bristly 187 Bulbous 188 Creeping 187 Early 187 Marsh 187 Meadow 188 Buttercup Running 234 Spotted-leaf 187 Swamp 187 Tall 188 Tufted 187 Wood 187 Buttercups 188 Butterfly-weed 322 Butternut 144 Butter-weed 387 Button Snakeroot 297, 377 Buttonball 220 Buttonbush 364 Buttonweed 363 Buttonwood 220 Cabbage 204 Skunk no Cabinet Cherry 243 Cacalia 403 suaveolens 403 Cactaceae 289, 438 Cactus Family 289 Cadlock 203 Cakile 202 americana 202 edentula 202 Calamagrostis 65 canadensis 65 cinnoides 65 Nuttalliana 65 Calamint 339 Calamintha Clino podium 339 Calamus in Calendula 403 officinalis 403, 432 Calico Bush 309 California Peppergrass 203 Poppy 196 Rose 324 Calla I TO palustris no Calla Marsh no Wild no Callitrichaceae 267, 437 48o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Callitriche 267 Austini 267 defiexa var. Austini 267 heterophylla 267 palustris 267 verna 267 Calopogon 133 pulchellus 133 Caltha 191 palustris 191 Camelina 201 microcarpa 202, 433 sativa 201, 433 silvestris 202 Campanula 373 aniericana 429 aparinoides ^73 carpatica 373, 435 intercedens 373 patula 373, 435 rapunculoides 373 var. ucranica 373 rotundifolia 373 Campanulaceae 372, 439, 441 Campion 177, 179 Bladder 180 Day-blooming 178 Four-leaved 180 Meadow 178 Morning 178 Red 178 Rose 177 Starry 180 White 178 Camptosorus 21 rhizophyllus 21 Canada Blue Grass 73 Coltsfoot 157 Fleabane 387 Hawkweed 415 Lily 120 Nettle iss Plum 246 Squash 372 Thistle 406 Violet 288 Canadian Burnet 241 Hemp 321 Canary Grass 58 Vine 197 Cancer-root 191, 359 One-flowered 359 Candle Rush 115 Tree 359 Candlewood 143 Candytuft 201 Annual 201 Bitter 201 Canker Rose 197, 242 Canker-root 314 Cannabis 153 indica 153 sativa 153 Canoe Birch 147, 148 Canoe-wood 194 Cantaloupe 371 Caper Family 211 Spurge 267 Capillaire 312 Capnoides sempervirens 198 Capparidaceae 211, 437, 440 Caprifoliaceae 365, 438, 441 Capriola Dactylon 69 Capsella 201 Bursa-pastoris 201 Capsicum 344 annuum 344, 432 Caraway 300 Cardamine 209 arenicola 210 bulbosa 209 var. purpurea 210 Douglassii 209 hirsuta 210 var. sylvatica 210 parviflora 210 pennsylvanica 210 pratensis 210 purpurea 189, 209 rhomb oidea 209 var. purpurea 209 No. 14.] Cardinal-flower 374 Cardiospermum 274 Halicacabum 274, 434 Carduus 405 acanthoides 405, 435 altissimus 406 arvensis 406 discolor 405 lanceolatus 405 mutictts 406 odoratus 406 spinosissintus 405 Careless 169 Carex 91, 441 adusta 425 aenea 94 aestivalis 100, 418 alata 93 albolutescens 92 albursina 103 aquatilis 98 arctata 105 Asa-Grayi 108 atlantica 94 aurea 98, 418 Baileyi 107 Bebbii 93 Bicknellii 93 bromoides 95 brunnescens 95 bullata 109 var. Greenii 109 " Olneyi 109 canescens 95 var. alpicola 95 " disjuncta 95 " subloliacea 95 " vulgaris 95 castanea 105, 419 cephaloidea 97 cephalophora 97 communis 100 var. Wheeleri 100 comosa 107 conoidea 104 costellata 99 Crawei 104 FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 481 Carex Crawfordii 92 crinita 97 var. gynandra 97 cristata 92 cristatella 92 Davisii 99, 418 debilis var. inter jecta 105 " Rudgei 105 Deweyana 96 diandra 97 var. ramosa 97 digitalis 102 eburnea 102 echinata var. angustata 94 " cephalantha 94 " conferta 94 " microstachys 94 exilis 425 festucacea 93 var. brevior 93 filiformis 106 var. latifolia 106 flava 104, 419 var. elatior 105 " graminis 105 " rectirostra 105 " viridula 105 foenea 94 var. perplexa 94, 418 folliculata 108 formosa 99 fusca 99 glaucodea 104 Goodenowii 425 gracillima 99 granularis 104 var. Haleana 104 " Schriveri 104 Grayii 108 var. hispidula 108 grisea 104 var. angustifolia 104 " rigida 104 gynandra 98 482 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Carex Haydeni 98 Hitchcockiana 104 hormathodes 93 var. invisa 93 " Richii 93 hystericina 107 var. Cooleyi 107 " Dudleyi 107 interior 94 var. capillacea 95 intumescens 108 var. Fernaldii 108, 419 lanuginosa 106 laxiculmis 102 laxiflora 103 var. blanda 103 " gracillima 103 " latifolia 103 " leptonervia 103 " patulifolia 103 " striatula 103 " styloflexa 103 " varians 103 leptalea 99 limosa loi littoralis loi livida loi, 423 longirostris 105 lupuliformis 108 lupulina 108 var. pedunculata 108 " polystachya 108 lurida 107 var. eximdans 107 " Haccida 107 " gracilis 107 " parvula 107 magellanica loi mirabilis 92 var. perlonga 92 " tincta 92 monile 108 Muhlenbergii 96 var. enervis 96 " xalapensis 96 nigro-marginata 100 Carex Oederi var. pumila 105 oligocarpa 104 oligospernia 106 pallescens loi panicea loi pauciflora 99 paupercula var. pallens loi pedicellata 100 var. Wheeleri 100 pedunculata 102 pennsylvanica 100 var. lucorum 100 plantaginea 102 platyphylla 102 polygama 99 polymorpha loi, 419 polytrichoides 99 prasina 102 Pseudo-Cyperus 107 var. americana 107 pt3'chocarpa 103 pubescens loi retroflexa 96 retrorsa 107, 419 riparia 106 rosea 96 var. minor 96 " radiata 96 " retroflexa 96 rostrata 109 var. utriculata 109 scabrata 106 Schweinitzii 107 scirpoides 94 var. capillacea 95 scoparia 91 var. condensa 91 " moniliformis 91 seorsa 95 setacea var. ambigua 97 setifolia 102 Shriveri 104 siccata 92 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 483 Carex silicea 93 sparganioides 97 squafrosa 106 stellulata 94 var. angustata 94 " cephalantha 94 " excelsior 94 " ormantha 94 sterilis 94 var. ceplialantha 94 " excelsior 94 stipata 97 straminea 93, 418 var. alata 93 " aperta 93 " brevior 93 " cumulata 92 " foeiiea 92 " invisa 93 " mirabilis 92 stricta 98 var. angustata 98 " curtissima 98 " decora 98 " xerocarpa 98 styloAexa 103 tenella 96 tenera 93 tenuis 105 teretiuscula 97 var. prairea 97 " ramosa 97 tetanica loi var. Woodii loi torta 98 tribuloides 92 var. cristata 92 " moniliformis 92 " reducta 92, 418 " turbata 92 triceps 99 var. hirsuta 99 trichocarpa 106, 419 trisperma 96 var. BilHngsii 418 Tuckermani 109 Carex typhina 106 typhinoides 106 umbellata 100 var. brevirostris 418 " tonsa 100 utriculata 109 var. minor 109 varia 100 var. colorata 100 vesicaria 108 var. distenta 108 " jejuna 108 " monile 108 vestita 106 virescens 99 var costata 99 " Swanii 99 viridula 105 vulpinoidea 97 Willdenowii 100 xanthocarpa 97 var. annectens 97 Carnation 181 Carpenter-vi^eed 335 Carpet Weed 173 Carpet Weed Family 173 Carpinus 146 caroliniana 146 Carrion-flower 125 Carrot 303 Wild 303 Carum 300 Carvi 300 Petroselinum 300 Carya 144 alba 144, 145^ amara 145 cordiformis 145 glabra 145 microcarpa 145 ovata 144 porcina 145 tomentosa 145 Caryophyllaceae 173, 437, 440 Cashew Family 268 Cassandra 310 484 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Cassandra calyculata 310 Cassia 247 Chamaecrista 247 marilandica 247 nictitans 247 Castalia 183 odorata 183 tuberosa 184 Castanea 149 dentata 149 sativa var. amei-icana 149 Castilleja 356 coccinea 356 Castor-oil Plant 265 Cat Brier 125 Mint 334 Spruce 36 Catalpa 359 bignonioides 359 Catalpa 359 Catchfly 179 Forked 179 Garden 179 Lobel's 179 Night-flowering 179 Sleepy 179 Snapdragon 179 Sweet William 179 Catgut 251 Catnip 334 Cat's-ear 409 Cat-tail 39 Common 39 Cat-tail Family 39 Flag 39 Grass 62 Cauloph^dlum 195 thalictroides 195 Cayenne Pepper 344 Ceanothus 275 americanus 275 Cedar Red 38 White 37 Celandine 196 Celastraceae 271, 437, 440 Celastrus 271 scandens 271 Celery Water 186 Wild 47 Celtis 153 occidentalis 153 var. pumila 153 Cenchrus 58 carolinianus 58 tribuloides 58 Centaurea 407 arvense 430 Cyanus 407 Jacea 407 var. lacera 407 maculosa 408 nigra 407 var. radiata 407, 435 vochinensis 408 Centaury Black 407 Meadow 407 Cephalanthus 364 occidentalis 364 Cerastium 176 arvense 176 longipedunculatmn .177 nutans 177 semidecandrum 177 vise 0 sum 426 vulgatum 176 Ceratophyllaceae 182. 437 Ceratophyllum 182 demersum 182 var. echinatum 182 Cercis 247 canadensis 247, 434 Chadlock 202, 203 Jointed 202 White 202 Chaenorrhinum minus 350 Chaetochloa glauca 57 italica 57 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 485 Chaetochloa versicolor 57 verticillata 57 viridis 57 Chaff-seed 357 Chain Fern 19 Chair-maker's Rush 86 Chamaecyparis 37 sphaeroidea 37 thyoides 37 Chamaedaphne 310 calyculata 310 Chamaelirium 118 carolinianum 118 luteum 118 Chamaenerion angiistifolium 291 Chamomile 398 Corn 398 Fetid 398 Garden 399 German 399 Wild 399 Yellow 399 Champion Oak 151 Charlock 202, 203 Jointed 202 White 202 Cheat 76, 201, 202 Checkerberry 311, 364 Cheeses 279 Cheilanthes 18 lanosa 18 vestita 18 Chelidonium 196 ma jus 196 Chelone 352 glabra 352 Chenopodiaceae 165. 437, 439 Chenopodium 165, 441 album 166 var. viride 166 ambrosioides 165 var. anthelminticum 165 anthelminticum 165 Bonns-Henricus 426 Boscianum 167 Chenopodium Botrys 165 capitatum 166, 433 glaucum 166 hybridum 166 leptophyllum 167 murale 167 rubrum 166 urbicum 167 Cherry 243, 245 Bird 244, 245 Black 245 Cabinet 243 Choke 244 Dwarf 24s Fire 244 Ground 346 Mahaleb 245 Mazzard 245 Morello 245 Old-fashioned 245 Perfumed 245 Pie 245 Pin 244 Red 245 Rum 243 Saint Lucie 245 Sand 245 Sour 24s Sweet 245' Whiskey 243 Wild 243 " Black 243 . " Red 244 Winter 346 Cherry Birch 147 Chervil Sweet 298 Chess 76 Soft 77 Wild 78 Wood 77 Chestnut 149, 151 Chestnut Oak 150 Chick Pea 255 Chicken-toes 135, 168 Chickweed 175 486 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Chickweed Common 176 Mouse-ear 176 Field 176 Forked 172 Gravel 172 Indian 173 Larger Mouse-ear 176 Meadow 176 Mouse-ear 176 Nodding 177 Sea 175 Small Mouse-ear 177 Winter 176 Chickweed Wintergreen 316 Chicory 408 Common 408 Chili Pepper 344 Chimaphila 306 maculata 306 umbellata 306 China Squash 372 Chinese Mustard 203 Chinquapin Water 184 Chinquapin Oak 151 Chiogenes 312 hispidula 312 serpyllifolia 312 Chocolate-root 235 Indian 235 Choke Cherry 244 Pear 222 Chokeberry 223 Black 223 Purple 223 Red 223 Christmas Fern 21 " Green 31 Chrysanthemum 400 Balsamita var. tanacetoides 400 Leucanthemum 400 var. pinnatifidum 400 Parthenium 400 Chrysopogon avenaceus 49 Chrysopogon nutans 49 Chrysopsis 277 falcata 377 mariana 429 Chrysosplenium 216 americanum 216 Cicely Sweet 298 Cicer 255 arietinum 255, 430 Cichorium 408 Intybus 408 var. divaricatum 408 Cicuta 299 bulbifera 299 maculata 299 Cimicifuga 192 racemosa 192 var. dissecta 193 Cinna 65 arundinacea 65 latifolia 65 pendula 65 Cinnamon Fern 27 Rose 242 Cinnamon-wood 195 Cinquefoil 232, 234 Downy 22Z Hoary 233 Marsh 233 ~ Mountain 233 Purple 233 Rough 232 Shrubby 233 Silvery 233 Tall 232 Three-toothed 233 Circaea 294 alpina 294 lutetiana 294 Cirsium 405 altissimum 406, 432 arvense 406 , var. integrifolium 406 " vestitum 406 discolor 405 i No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 487 Cirsium lanceolatum 405 muticum 406 pumilum 406 spinosissimum 405 Cissus Ampelopsis 427 arborca 427 Cistaceae 282, 438 Citron 371 Citrullus 371 Citrullus 271 vulgaris 371, 432 City Goosefoot 167 Cladium 91 mariscoides 91 Clammy Azalea 307 Cuphea 290 Locust 251 Clammy-weed 211 Claytonia 182 caroliniana 182, 189 virginica 182 Clearweed 156 Cleavers 361 Clematis 190 verticillaris 190 virginiana 190 Clematis Mountain 190 Purple 190 Wild 190 Cleome 212 spinosa 212, 431 Cleome Prickly 212 Clethra 306 alnifolia 306 aiff Brake 18 Qimbing Bitter-sweet 271 Boneset 377 False Buckwheat 163 Fern 26 Fumitory 197 Hemp-weed 377 Rose 242 C lino podium vulgare 339 Clintonia 122 borealis 122 Clintonia 122 Yellow 122 Clitoria mariana 426 Closed Gentian 320 Clotbur 391 Prickly 391 Spiny 391 Clove Currant 219 Clover 248 Alsike 249 Bokhara 249 Bur 250 Bush 254 Common Red 248 Crimson 248 Honeysuckle 249 Hop 249 Italian 248 Low Hop 249 Meadow 248 Pea-vine 248 Rabbit-foot 248 Red 248 Russian 252 Stone 248 Swedish 249 Sweet 249 White 249 " Sweet 249 Yellow 249 " Sweet 249 Clover Dodder 325 Clown's Mustard 201 Club Moss 30 Moss Family 30 Rush 85 Cnicus altissimus 406 var. discolor 405 arvensis 406 horridtdus 405 488 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Cnicus lanceolatus 405 muticus 406 pumilus 406 Coast Elite 166 Germander 332 Goosefoot 166 Jointweed 164 Cock Sorrel 159 Cockle 177, 180 Corn 177 Cocklebur 240, 391 Cocksfoot 192 Cocksfoot Grass 56 Cockspur Grass 56 Thorn 225 Coeloglossum bracteatum 130 Coffee Wild 367 Cohosh 193 Black 192 Blue 19s Rattle 192 Red 193 White 193 Cole Sea 202 Colic-root 125, 126 Coliseum Ivy 350 Collinsonia 344 canadensis 344 Coltsfoot 402 Canada 157 False 157 Sweet 157, 402 Columbine 192 European 192 Feathered 188 Garden 192 Red 192 Wild 192 Comandra 156 umbellata 156 Comarum pahistre 233 Com f rev 328 Comfrey Common 328 Rough 329 Wild 328 Commelina 113 communis 113 nudMora 113 Commelinaceae 113, 430, 439 Compositae 375, 439, 441 Composite Family 375 Comptonia peregrina 143 Cone-flower 392, 393 Purple 393 Tall 393 Conioselinum 303 canadense 303 chinense 303 Conium 298 maculatum 298 Conopholis 359 americana 359 Conringia 204 orientalis 204, 433 Convallaria 124 majalis 124 Convolvulaceae 324, 438, 440 Convolvulus 324 arvensis 325 japonicus 324 re pens 325 sepium 325 var. americanus 325 " pubescens 325 " re pens 325 spithamaeus 324 Convolvulus Family 324 Coolweed 156 Coolwort 215 Coptis 191 trifolia 191 Coral Root 135 Early 135 Large 135 Coral-berry 193, 366 Corallorrhiza 135 Corallorrhiza 135 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Corallorrhiza innata 135 maculata 135 multiHora 135 var. Havida 135 odontorhiza 135 trifida 135 Cord Grass 68 Coreopsis 395 aristosa 397 discoidea 396 lanceolata 396 rosea 429 tinctoria 395 triclwspenna 397 Coriander 302 Coriandrum 302 sativum 302, 434 Corn 48 Broom 49 Indian 48 Kaffir 49 Squirrel 198 Turkey 198 Wild Broom 70 Corn Bindweed 163 Chamomile 398 Cockle 177 Grass 55, 56 Gromwell 329 Kale 203 Mustard 203 Poppy 197 Rose 197 Salad 370 Speedwell 354 Spurrey 173 Cornaceae 304, 438 Cornel 304 Dwarf 304 Low 304 Panicled 305 Red-osier 305 Round-leaved 304 Silky 305 Corn-flower 407 Cornus 304 Cornus alternifolia 305 Amomum 305 canadensis 304 candidissinia 305 circinata 304 florida 304 paniculata 305 Perpusi 305 sericea 305 stolonifera 305 Coronilla 252 varia 252 Corpse Plant 307 Corydalis 198 glaiica 198 sempervirens 198 Corydalis Pale 198 Pink 198 Corylus 146 americana 146 heterophylla 420, 433 rostrata 146 Costmary 400 Cotton Grass 90 Thistle 407 Cottonwood 142 Couch Grass 79 Coughwort 402 Cow Bells 180 Cress 201 Lily 183 Parsnip 303 Sorrel 159 Vetch 256 Wheat 356 Cowbane Spotted 299 Cow-herb 180 Cow-quake 173 Cow-rattle 180 Cowslips 191 Crab Siberian 222 Crab Apple 222 Grass 50, 61, 69, 160, 168 490 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull Cracca virginiana 251 Crack Willow 138 Crambling Rocket 212 Cramp-bark 368 Cranberry 313, 314 American 314 High-bush 368 Large 314 Small 314 Cranberry Tree 368 Cranesbill 261 Cut-leaved 262 Dove's-foot 262 Meadow 261 Small-flowered 262 Wild 261 Crantzia lineata 301 Crashes 206 Crassulaceae 214, 437, ^40 Crataegus 225, 441 apposita 226 var. Bissellii 226 Arnoldiana 230 Baxteri 226 Bissellii 226 Brainerdi 230 var. scabrida 230 coccinea 226 var. mdcracantha 230 " rotundifolia 227 " viridis 226 cognata 228 conjuncta 229 cristata 229 Crus-galli 225 var. exigua 226 demissa 227 dissimilis 228 dissona 228 Dodgei 227 Eamesii 230 exigua 226 ferentaria 231 festiva 229 Hahellata 227 Crataegus foetida 226 Forbesae 228 fretalis 230 fulgens 231 genialis 228 glaucophylla 228 Gravesii 227 Grayana 227 Hargeri 227 Holmesiana 229 incisa 229 intricata 226 Jesupi 229 latisepala 228 levis 229 littoralis 229 lobulata 229 macracantha 230 var. rhombifolia 230 macrosperma 227 var. demissa 227 " matura 227 " pentandra 227 matura 227 modesta 226 monogyna 225 monstrata 228 Napaea 228 neo-londinensis 230 Oxyacantha 225 pedicellata 230 pellucida 231 pentandra 227 Pequotorum 229 polita 230 Porteri 229 premora 226 Pringlei 229 var. lobulata 229 pruinosa 228 forma dissona 228 var. conjuncta 228 " latisepala 228 " Porteri 229 punctata 226 quinebaugensis 229 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 491 Crataegus rhombifolia 230 rotundifolia 227 scabrida 230 sejuncta 230 spatiosa 231 Stonei 227 stratfordensis 231 tenella 227 ■ tomentosa 426 umbratilis 226 viridimontana 228 Crawley Root 135 Crawling Spearwort 185 Cream-colored Avens 235 Creeping Buttercup 187 Crowfoot 187 Fern 26 Snowberry 312 Spearwort 185 Speedwell 354 Thyme 341 Crepis 412 capillaris 412 rigida 413, 432 setosa 413 taraxacifolia 413, 432 tectorum 412 virens 412 var. dentata 412 Cress Bank 205 Bastard 200, 201 Belle Isle 208 Bitter 207, 209, 210 Brook 210 Common Winter 207 Cow 201 Creeping Yellow 207 Early Winter 208 Field 201 Field Penny 200 Garden 201 Hairy Rock 211 " Yellow 207 Hoary 421 Lamb's 210 Cress Land 210 Low Rock 210 Marsh 207 Mouse-ear 206 Penny 200 Purple 210 Rock 210 Rocket 207 Small Bitter 210 Smooth Rock 211 Spring 209, 210 Thale 206 Tower 210 True Water 206 Wall 206, 210, 211 Water 206 Winter 207, 208 Yellow 207 Water 207 Crimson Clover 248 Crinkle-root 208 Crisped Bunch-flower 118 Cross-wort 315 Crotalaria 248 sagittalis 248 Crotonopsis 265 linearis 265 Crowfoot 184 Biting 186 Bristly 187 Bulbous 188 Common White Water 185 Creeping 187 Cursed 1S6 Ditch 186 Early 187 Hooked 186 Kidney-leaved 186 . Marsh 186, 187 Meadow 188 Mountain 186 Rock 186 Rough 186 Sanicle-leaved 186 Seaside 185 Small-flowered t86 492 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. Crowfoot Smooth i86 Spotted-leaf 187 Stiff Water 184 Swamp 187 Tall 188 Tufted 187 White Water 184 Wood 187 Yellow Water 185 Crowfoot Family 184 Grass 50 Crown Vetch 252 Cruciferae 199, 437, 440 Cryptogramma 19 acrostichoides 424 Stelleri 19, 424 Cryptotaenia 300 canadensis 300 Cuckoo Flower 210 Cucumber 371 One-seeded Bur 372 Star S72 Wild 372 Cucumber-root Indian 124 Cucumis 371 Melo 371, 432 sativus 371, 432 Cucurbita 372 maxima 372, 432 moschata 372, 432 Pepo 372, 432 var. condensa 372, 432 Cucurbitaceae 371, 438 Cudweed 389, 390 Low 390 Purplish 390 Culver's Physic 353 Culver's-root 353 Cup Plant 390 Cuphea 290 petiolata 290 viscosissima 290 Cuphea 290 Clammy 290 Curled Dock 158 Curled Mallow 279 Mint 343 Mustard 203 Thistle 405 Curly Dock 158 Grass Family 26 Currant 217 Black 218 Buffalo 219 Clove 219 European Black 218 Fetid 219 Flowering 218, 219 Garden Black 218 " Red 219 Golden 219 Indian 366 Missouri 219 Mountain 219 Red 219 Skunk 219 Swamp Black 218 Sweet 219 Wild Black 218 Wine 219 Cursed Crowfoot 186 Cuscuta 325 arvensis 325 cephalanthi 428 compacta 326 Coryli 32s Epithymum 325 Gronovii 326 inHexa 325 tenuiiiora 428 Cut Grass 58 Cut-leaved Blackberry 238 Cranesbill 262 Geranium 262 Pepper-root 209 Toothwort 209 Cycloloma 165 atriplicifolium 165. 420, 433 platyphyllum 165 Cydonia 224 japonica 224 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 493 Cydonia vulgaris 224 Cymbalaria Cymbalaria 350 Cynanchum 323 nigrum 323 Cyiiodon 69 Dactylon 69, 431 Cynoglossum 327 boreale 328 officinale 327 virginicum 328 Cynosurus 72 cristatus 72, 417 Cynthia 408 Cyperaceae 81, 436 Cyperus 81, 441 aristatus 82 dentatus 82 diandrus 81 van castancus 8r erythrorhizos 82 var. pumilus 82 esculentus 82 var. angiistispicatiis 82 " leptostachyus 82 ferax 82 filiculmis 83, 425 var. macilentus 83 fuscus 82, 431 Grayii 83 Houghtonii 425 inHexus 82 NuttalHi 82 rivularis 81 speciosus 82 strigosus 83 var. capitatus 83 " robustior 83 Cypress 37 Mock 165 Cypress Spurge 267 Cypripedium 129 acaule 129 arietinum 425 candidum 425 hirsutum 129 Cypripedium parviflorum 129 var. pubescens 129 pubescens 129 reginae 129 spectabile i2g Cystopteris 24 bulbifera 24 fragilis 24 Cytisus 248 scoparius 248, 431 Dactylis 72 glome rata 72 Daffodil 126 Daisy Ox-eye 400 White 400 Yellowr 393 Daisy Fleabane 387 Dalibarda 240 repens 240 Damask Violet 206 Dame's Rocket 206 " Violet 206 Damson 244 Dandelion 410 Common 410 Dwarf 408 Fall 409 Red-seeded 410 Dangleberry 312 Danthonia 67 compressa 67 sericea 425 spicata 67 Darnel 78 Bearded 78 Common 78 Dasipliora friiticosa 233 Dasystoma ■Rava 355 pedicularia 355 virginica 355 Datura 347 Metel 348, 434 meteloides 348, 432 494 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull, Datura Stramonium 347 Tatula 348 Daucus 303 Carota 303 Day Lily 119, 120 Day-blooming Campion 178 Lychnis 178 Day-flower 113 Dead Nettle 336 Decodon 289 verticillatus 289 Deerberry 313 Deergrass 290 Deer-tongue Grass 55 Deerwood 146 Delphinium 192 Ajacis 192 Consolida 192 Dennstaedtia punctilobida 25 Dentaria 208 anomala 209 diphylla 208 incisa 209 incisifolia 209 laciniata 209 maxima 209 Deptford Pink 181 Deringa canadensis 300 Deschampsia 67 caespitosa 67 flexuosa 67 Desmodium 252, 441 acuminatum 252 bracteosum 253 canadense 253 canescens 252 ciliare 254 cuspidatum 253 Dillenii 253 glabellum 252 grandiflqrum 252 humifumm 252 marilandicum 254 nudiflorum 252 Desmodium obtusum 254 paniculatum 253 rigidum 253 roLundi folium 252 sessilifolium 253 strictum 426 Deutzia 217 scabra 217, 433 Devil's Apple 194 Bit 118, 377 Fig 197 Hair 190 Paint-brush 414 Walking-stick 296 Dew Grass 64 Dewberry 239 Dew-plant 213 Dianthus 181 Armeria 181 barbatus 181 deltoides 181 plumarius 181 Dicentra 198 canadensis 198 Cucullaria 198 Dicksonia 25 pilosiitscula 25 punctilobula 25 forma cristata 25 " schizophylla 25 Diervilla 365 Diervilla 365 Lonicera 365 triMa 365 Digitalis 353 purpurea 353, 434 Digitaria 49 filiformis 49 humifusa 49 sanguinalis 50 Dill 302 Diodia 363 teres 363 Dioscorea 126 villosa 126 Dioscoreaceae 126, 436 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 495 Diospyros 317 virginiana 317 Diplacline fasciciilaris 69 Diplopappus amygdalinus 429 Diplotaxis 204 muralis 204, 433 tenuifolia 204 Dipsacaceae 370, 438, 441 Dipsacus 370 sylvestris 370 Dirca 289 palustris 289 Discopleura capillacea 299 Dish Mustard 200 Distichlis 72 maritima 72 spicata 72 Ditch Crowfoot 186 Grass 44 Moss 47 Stonecrop 214 Dock 157 Belleville 159 Bitter 159 Blunt-leaved 159 Broad 159 Curled 158 Curly 158 Great Water 158 Horse 158 Narrow 158 Pale 158 Patience 157 Peach-leaved 158 Sorrel 159 Spring 157 Swamp 158 Tall 158 Velvet 349 Yellow 158 Dock-leaved Persicaria 160 Dockmackie 368 Dodder 325, 326 Clover 325 Dodder Field 325 Hazel 325 Doellingeria infirma 386 umbellata 386 Dog Fennel 398 Grass 79 Rose 242 Violet 288 Dogbane 321 Spreading 321 Dogbane Family 321 Dogberry 217, 223, 305 Dog's Couch Grass 79 Dog's Wheat Grass 79 Dog's-tail Grass 72 Dog's-tooth Violet 121 Dogwood 304 Flowering 304 Poison 268 Red-osier 305 Round-leaved 304 Swamp 305 Dogwood Family 304 Dolphin Flower 192 Dondia americana i6q maritima 168 Doorweed 160 Dove's-foot Cranesbill 262 Geranium 262 Downy Arrow-wood 368 Bergamot 338 Cinquefoil 233 Poplar 142 Yellow Foxglove 355 Violet 288 Draba 199 caroliniana 199 verna 199 Dracocephalum 335 parviflorum 335 Dragon Green no Dragon Arum 109 Head 335 496 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Dragon Root no Dragon's Claw 135 Drooping Avens 235 Drop-seed 62, 63 Drop-seed Grass 61 Dropwort 235 Drosera 213 intermedia 213 var. americana 213 longifolia 213 rotundifolia 213 Droseraceae 213, 437 Dry Strawberry 232 Drymocallis arguta 232 Dryopteris acrostichoides 21 var. Schweinitzii 21 aculeata Braunii 424 Boottii 23 cristata 23 var. Clintoniana 23 Goldiana 22 marginalis 22 noveboracensis 22 simulata 22 spinulosa 23 var. dilatata 24 " intermedia 23 Thelypteris 22 Duchesnea 232 indica 232 Duck Acorn 184 Grass 7^ Duck's-foot 194 Duck's-meat in Duckweed iii Greater in Lesser 112 Duckweed Family in Dulichium 83 arundinaceum 83 spathaceum 83 Dumb Watches 213 Durfee Grass 79 Dusty Miller 177, 401 Dutch Flax 201, 202 Myrtle 143 Dutchman's Breeches ic Dwarf Alder 275 Blueberry 313 Cherry 245 Cornel 304 Dandelion 408 Ginseng 296 Huckleberry 312 Mallow 279 Mistletoe 156 Nettle 155 Raspberry 237 St. John's-wort 281 Sumach 268 Dyer's Rocket 212 Weed 212 Weld 212 Early Buttercup 187 Coral Root 135 Crowfoot 187 Meadow Rue 188 Saxifrage 215 Sweet Blueberry 313 Yellow Violet 287 Easter Bell 176 Eatonia Dudleyi 66 nitida 66 obtusata 66 pennsylvanica 66 var. major 66 Ebenaceae 317, 438 Ebony Family 317 Spleenwort 20 Echinacea angustifolia 393 Echinochloa 56 crusgalli 56 frumentacea 56, 433 Walteri 56 Echinocystis 372 lobata 372 Echin 0 sperm u m Lappula 328 . virginicum 328 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 497 Echium 330 vulgare 330 Eel Grass 45, 47 Eglantine 242 Eichhornia 114 crassipes 114, 430 Elatinaceae 282, 438 Elatine 282 americana 282 Elatinoides Elatine 350 Elder 369 Black-berried 369 Box 273 Common 369 Marsh 391 Poison 268 Red-berried 369 Wild 296 Elecampane 390 Eleocharis 83, 441 acicularis 84 diandra 84, 417 Engelmanni 84 intermedia 85, 418 microcarpa 85 mutata 83 obtusa 84 olivacea 83 ovata 84, 418 palustris 84 var. glaucescens 84 " major 84 " vigens 84 pygmaea 85 quadrangulata 83 Robbinsii 83 rostellata 85 tenuis 85 Torreyana 85 tuberculosa 84 Eleusine 69 indica 69 EUisia 327 Nyctelea 327, 434 Elm 152 32 Elm American 152 Common 152 English 152 European, 152 False 153 Feathered 152 Indian 152 Moose 152 Red 152 Rock 152 Shade 152 Slippery 152 Swamp 152 Sweet 152 Tawny 152 Wahoo 153 Water 152 Weeping 152 White 152 Winged 153 Witch 153 Elodea 47 campanulata 282 canadensis 47 Elymus 80 australis 80, 423 brachystachys 417, 433 canadensis 80 var. glaucifolius 81 hirsutigltimis 80 striatus 81 virginicus 80 var. hirsutiglumis 80 Enchanter's Nightshade 294 English Elm 152 Hawthorn 225 Meadow-sweet 235 Plantain 361 Violet 287 Epifagus 359 virginiana 359 Epigaea 311 repens 311 Epilobium 291 adenocaulon 292, 422, 427 498 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, Bull Epilobium angustifolium 291 coloratum 292 densum 291 Hornemanni 427 lineare 292 molle 291 palustre 292 var. monticola 292 strictiim 291 Epipactis 134 pubescens 135 repens var. ophioides 134 tesselata 134 Equisetaceae 29, 436 Equisetum 29 arvense 29 fluviatile 29 hyemale 30 var. affine 30 " intermedium 29 limosutn 29 palustre 29 pratense 29 scirpoides 30 sylvaticum 29 variegatum 30 var. Jesupi 30 Eragrostis 71 capillaris 71 Frankii 71 hypnoides 71 major 71 megastachya 71 minor 71 pectinacea 71 pilosa 71 Purshii 71 reptans 71 Eragrostis Purple 71 Erechtites 403 hieracifolia 403 praealta 403 Erect Bugle 332 Erect Goose Grass 160 Knotweed 160 Ericaceae 306, 438 Erigeron 387 annuus 387 bellidifolius 387 canadensis 387 philadelphicus 387 pulchellus 387 ramosus 387 var. discoideus 387 strigosus 387 Eriocaulaceae 112, 436 Eriocaulon 112 septangulare 112 Eriophorum 89 alpinum 86 callitrix 89 cyperinum 88 var. laxum 89 gracile 89 lineatum 88 paucinervium 89 polystachyon 90 var. latifolium 90 tenellum 89 vaginatum 89 virginicum 90 var. album 90 viridi-carinatum 90 Erodium 262 cicutarium 262, 434 moschatum 262, 434 Erodium Musk 262 Ervum Lens 256 Eryngium 297 aquattcum 297 planum 297, 434 yuccifolium 297 Eryngo 297 Erysimum 206 cheiranthoides 206 Erythronium 121 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 499 Erythronium americanum 121 Eschscholtzia 196 californica 196, 421, 433 Estragon 401 Eupatorium 375 ageratoides 376 aromaticum 2)77 hyssopifolium 375 maculatum 375 var. amoenum 375 perfoliatum 376 var. truncatum 376 pubescens 376 purpureum 375 var. amoenum 375 " maculatum 375 rotundifolium var. ovatum 2i7^ sessilifolium 376 teucrifoUum 2)7^ urticaefolium 376 verbenaefolium 376 Euphorbia 265, 441 corollata 266 Cyparissias 267 dentata 426 Esula 266 glyptosperma 426 hirsuta 266 Ipecacuanhae 266, 423 Lathyrus 267 maculata 266 marginata 266 nutans 265 Peplus 267 polygonifolia 265 Preslii 265 Euphorbiaceae 265, 437, 440 European Barberry 195 Columbine 192 Elm 152 Fly Honeysuckle 365 Garden Bean 256 Gooseberry 218 Larch 35 European Linden 277 Mallow 279 Millet SI Mountain Ash 223 Spindle Tree 271 Vervain 330 Wood Strawberry 231 Euihamia caroliniana 381 graminifolia 381 tenuifolia 381 Evening Lychnis 178 Primrose 292 Primrose Family 291 Ever-blooming Lychnis 178 Evergreen Blackberry 238 Everlasting 388, 389, 390 Common 390 Pearly 389 Plantain-leaved 389 Sweet 390 Everlasting Pea 257 Evonymus 271 alatus 271 atropurpureus 271 europaeus 271 Fagaceae 148, 436 Fagopyrum 164 esculentum 164, 431 Fagopyrum 164 Fagus 148 americana 148 ferruginea 148 grandifolia 148 Fairy Creeper 197 Cup 216 Faitour's Grass 266 F ale at a comosa 259 Pitcheri 259 Fall Dandelion 409 False Acacia 251 Beech-drops 307 Coltsfoot 157 Dragon Head 335 Soo CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull False Elm 153 Flax 201, 202 Foxglove 355 Gromwell 330 Heather 283 Hellebore 118 Indigo 247, 251 Loosestrife 291 Mermaid 268 " Family 268 Miterwort 215 Mustard 211 Nettle 156 Pimpernel 352 Red Top -jz Rice 58 Sarsaparilla 296 Solomon's Seal 122 Spikenard 122 Sycamore 220 Unicorn-root 125 Feather Geranium 165 Grass 60 Hyacinth 121 Feathered Columbine 1} Elm 152 Featherfoil 315 American 315 Felon-herb 401 Fen Orchis 136 Fennel 301 Common 301 Dog 398 Garden 301 Fennel Flower 191 Fern Beech 17 Bladder 24 Broad Beech 17 " . Shield 24 Chain 19 Christmas 21 Cinnamon 27 Climbing 26 Qinton's Shield 23 Fern Creeping 26 Crested Shield 23 Flowering 26 Goldie's 22 Grape 27 Hairy Lip 18 Hartford 26 Hay-scented 25 Interrupted 26 Lady 21 Long Beech 17 Marginal Shield 22 Marsh 22 Massachusetts 22 Net-veined Chain 19 New York 22 Oak 17 Ostrich 25 Rattlesnake 28 Royal 26 Sensitive 25 Shield 22 Spinulose Shield 23 Sweet 144 Virginia Chain 19 Walking 21 Wood 22 Fern Family 17 Fescue Meadow ^6 Sheep's 76 Slender 76 Taller yd Fescue Grass 76 Festuca yd capillata 76 elatior 76 var. pratensis 76 nutans 76 octoflora 76 ovina 76 var. capillata 76 " duriuscula 425 rubra 76, 425 tcnella 76 I Bull No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 501 Fetid Chamomile 398 Currant 219 Horehound 336 Fetter Bush 309 Fever Bush 196 Feverfew 400 Feverwort 367 Field Avens 235 Bean 258 Bindweed 325 Chickweed 176 Cress 201 Dodder 325 Garlic 119 Kale 203 Larkspur 192 Mint 343 Pansy 288 Pea 258 Poppy 197 Scabious 371 Soapwort 180 Sorrel 159 Spurrey 174 Strawberry 231 Thistle 405 Fig Devil's 197 Indian 289 Figwort 351 Figwort Family 349 Filbert 146 Filipendula 234 hexapetala 235, 434 rubra 234 Ulmaria 234 Filix hulhifera 24 fragilis 24 Fimbristylis 85 autumnalis 85 capillaris 85 Frankii 85 Fine Bent 64 Snakeroot 157 Finger Grass 49, 50 Fiorin 64 Fir 2,7 Balm-of-Gilead yj Balsam 2>7 Scotch 35 Fire Cherry 244 Fire Plant Mexican 165 Fire Pink 179 Fireweed 291, 403 Fit-root 307 Five-finger 232, 234 Marsh 233 Mountain 233 Purple 233 Three-toothed 233 Flag Blue 127 Cat-tail 39 Larger Blue 127 Poison 127 Slender Blue 127 Sweet III Flannel-leaf 349 Flax 259 Common 259 Dutch 201, 202 False 201, 202 Wild Yellow 260 Flax Family 259 Fleabane 387 Canada 387 Daisy 387 Marsh 388 Salt Marsh 388 Fleur-de-lis 127 Flixweed 206 Floating Foxtail 62 Heart 320 Floerkea 268 proserpinacoides 268 Flowering Currant 218, 219 Dogwood 304 Fern 26 " Family 26 Locust 251 Maple 278 Spurge 266 502 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Flowering Thistle 197 Wintergreen 263 Flower-of-an-Hour 280 Fly-away Grass 64 Foam-flower 215 Foeniculum 301 Foeniculum 301 officinale 301 vulgare 301 Fool's Parsley 302 Forget-me-not 329 True 329 Wild 329 Forked Catchfly 179 Chickweed 172 Forsythia 318 viridissima 318, 434 Four-leaved Campion 180 Four-o'clock 171 Four-o'clock Family 171 Fowl Meadow Grass y:^, 74 Fox Grape 276 Foxglove 353 Common 353 Downy False 355 " Yellow 355 Oak-leaved False 355 Smooth False 355 Foxtail 57 Floating 62 Green 57 Marsh 62 Meadow 62 Water 62 Foxtail Grass 62 Fragaria 231 americana 232 canadensis 231 indica 232 terrae-novae 231 vesca 231 var. alba 232 " americana 232 virginiana 231 var. Gray ana 231 illinoensis 231 Fragrant Balm 338 Fraxinus 317 americana 317 Darlingtonii 317 excelsior 318 lance olata 318 nigra 318 pennsylvanica 317 var. lanceolata 318 pubescens 317 sambucifolia 318 viridis 318 French Pink 181 Purslane 182 Rose 243 Fringe Cup 216 Fringed Gentian 319 Loosestrife 316 Orchis 130 Polygala 263 Frog Grass 114, 168 Lily 183 Frog's Bit Family 47 Frost Grape 277 Frost-flower 382 Frostweed 282 Fumaria 198 officinalis 198 Fumariaceae 197, 437, 440 Fumitory 198 Climbing 197 Common 198 Hedge 198 Fumitory Family 197 Funkia lancifolia 120 ovata 119 Galeopsis 335 Ladanum 335, 434 Tetrahit 335 Galeorchis spectabilis 130 Galingale 81 Galinsoga 397 parviflora 397 var. hispida 397 Galium 361, 441 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 503 Galium Aparine 361 asprellum 363 boreale 362 circaezans 362 Claytoni 363 erectum 363 labradoricum 363 lanceolatum 362 MoUugo 362 palustre 363 pilosum 362 var. puncticulosum 362 tinctorium 363 var. labradoricum 363 trifidum 363 var. latifolium 363 " pusillum 363 triflorum 363 verum 362 Wirtgenii 362, 435 Gall-of-the-Earth 413 Gama Grass 48 Garden Asparagus 122 Black Currant 218 Burnet 241 Catchfly 179 Chamomile 399 Columbine 192 Cress 201 Fennel 301 Gooseberry 218 Heliotrope 370 Huckleberry 345 Larkspur 192 Mignonette 212 Orpine 214 Parsley 300 Patience 157 Pea 257 Peppergrass 201 Phlox 326 Pink 181 Plum 246 Poppy 197 Portulaca 182 Purslane 182 Garden Radish 202 Red Currant 219 Sage 337 Sorrel 159 Valerian 370 Garget 171 Garlic 119 Field 119 Hedge 205 Meadow 119 Wild 119 Garlic Mustard 205 Gaultheria 311 procumbens 311 Gaura 294 biennis 294 Gaylussacia 312 baccata 312 forma glaucocarpa 312 du;Tiosa 312 frondosa 312 resinosa 312 Gemmingia chinensis 128 Gentian 319 Bottle 320 Closed 320 Fringed 319 Horse 367 Gentian Family 319 Gentiana 319 Amarella 427 Andrewsii 320, 428 crinita 319 quinquefolia 319, 427 quinqueUora 319 Saponaria 428 Gentianaceae 319, 438 Geraniaceae 261, 437, 440 Geranium 261 carolinianum 261 dissectum 262, 431 maculatum 261 molle 262, 434 pratense 261, 434 pusillum 262 504 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. Bull. Geranium Robertianum 261 Geranium Cut-leaved 262 Dove's-foot 262 Feather 165 Meadow 261 Mint 400 Small-flowered 262 Geranium Family 261 Gerardia 355 Besseyana 356 flava 355 Gattingeri 356 linifolia 429 m.Tiitima 356 parvi folia 356 paupercula 356 pedicularia 355 purpurea 355 var. paupercula 356 quercifolia 355 Skinneriana 356 tenuifolia 356 var. niacrophylla 356 virginica 355 Gerardia 355, 356 Purple 355 Seaside 356 German Chamomile 399 Millet 57 Germander 332 American 332 Coast 332 Geum 235 album 235 canadense 235 flavum 23s macrophyllum 426 rivale 235 striatum 235, 426 virginianum 235 Ghost-flower 307 Giant Hyssop 334 Solomon's Seal 123 Gill 334 Gill-over-the-Ground 334 Ginger Wild 157 Ginger-root Wild 157 Ginseng 296 Dwarf 296 Ginseng Family 295 Gipsy Combs 370 Girls-and-Boys 198 Glasswort 168 Woody 168 Glaucous Willow 139 Glecoma hederacea 334 Gleditsia 246 triacanthos 246 Globeflower 191, 236 American 191 Spreading 191 Swamp 191 Wild 191 Glossy Willow 138 Glyceria 74 acutiflora 75 borealis 75 canadensis 74 elongata 74 Huitans 75 grandis 74 nervata 74 obtusa 74 pallida 74 septentrionalis 75 Torreyana 74 Glycyrrhiza 252 lepidota 252, 431 Gnaphalium 389 decurrens 390 ohtusifolium 389 polycephalum 389 purpureum 390 uliginosum 390 Goat's Beard 410 Rue 251 Gold-cups 188 Golden Alexanders 300 Aster 377 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 505 Golden Bell 318 Chain 214 Club III Currant 219 Glow 393 Loosestrife 315 Marguerite 399 Meadow Parsnip 300 Moss 214 Osier 143 Peppergrass 201 Ragweed 404 Ragwort 404 Saxifrage 216 Seal 193 Golden-rod 378, 380, 381 Sweet 379 White 378 Golden-tuft 200 Golden-Wonder Millet 57 Goldie's Fern 22 Gold-of-Pleasure 201, 202 Goldthread 191 Goodyera pubescens 135 repens 134 tesselata 134 Goose Grass 69, y2, 75, 160, 361 Gooseberry 217 Common 218 European 218 Garden 218 Missouri 217 Northern 218 Prickly 217 Smooth 218 Swamp 218 Wild 218 Goosefoot 165 City 167 Coast 166 Maple-leaved 166 Nettle-leaved 167 Oak-leaved 166 Red 166 Seaside 169 Goosefoot Upright 167 White 166 Goosefoot Family 165 Goshen Hardback 233 Go-to-Bed-Noon 121 Gourd 372 Gourd Family 371 Goutweed 299 Goutwort 299 Gowan Meadow 191 Gramineae 48, 436, 439 Grape 276 Blue 277 Bunch 276 Fox 276 Frost 277 Northern Fox 276 Pigeon 276 River-bank 277 Skunk 276 Summer 276, 277 Wolf 345 Grape Fern 27 Hyacinth 121 Grass Alkali 72 Arrow 45 Awned Wheat 79 Barnyard 56 Beach 65 Bear 121 Beard 48, 65 Bent 64 Bermuda 69 Billion-Dollar 56 Black 114 Black Oat 60 Blue-eyed 128 Blue- joint 65 Bottle 57 Bottle-brush 81 Bristly Foxtail 57 Brome 76 Broom Beard 48 Brown Bent 64 5o6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. Grass Bull 68 Bunch 48 Bur 58 Canada Blue "ji Canary 58 Cat-tail 62 Coast Knot 164 Cocksfoot 56 Cockspur 56 Common Hair 67 Cord 68 Corn 55, 56 Cotton 90 Couch 79 Crab 50, 61, 69, 160, 168 Creeping Spear "j}) Crowfoot 50 Cut 58 Deer-tongue 55 Dew 64 Ditch 44 Dog 79 Dog's Couch 79 Dog's Wheat 79 Dog's-tail 72 Drop-seed 61 Duck Ti Durfee 79 Eel 45, 47 Erect Goose 160 Faitour's 266 Fall Witch 50 Feather 60 Fescue 76 Finger 49, 50 Flat-stemmed Blue "/}, Floating Manna 75 Fly-away 64 Forked Beard 48 Fowl Meadow T^, 74 Foxtail 62 Frog 114, 168 Gama 48 German Knot 172 Goose 69, 72, 75, 160, 361 Green Eel 185 Grass Hair 62, 64, 71 Hairy Brome 'J^ Hedgehog 58 Herd's 62 Holy 59 Hungarian 57 Brome 78 Indian 49 Italian Ray 78 " Rye 78 Japanese Barnyard 56 Johnson 49 June ^z Kentucky Blue "Ji Knot 79, 160 Knot-root 61 Large Crab 50 Low Spear 72 Lyme 80 Manna 74 Marsh 68 Meadow 72 " Spear 74 Melic 72 Mesquite 69 Needle 60 Oat 67 Old-witch 51 Orange 282 Orchard 72 Pale Manna 74 Panic 51 Pearl 74 Perennial Foxtail 57 Ray 78 Rye 78 Pigeon 57 Porcupine 60 Poverty 283 Quack 79 Quaking 72 Quitch 79 Rattlesnake 74 Reed Bent 65 " Canary 59 " Meadow 74 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 507 Grass Rib 361 Ribbon 59 Rice Cut 58 Ripple 361 Rough Foxtail 57 " Hair 64 Rough-stalked Meadow "j-^ Rush 63 Salt Marsh 68 " Meadow (& " Reed 68 Sand 70 " Knot 164 Scorpion 329 Scratch 58, 163 Scurvy 208 Scutch 69, 79 Sea Spear 75 Seaside Knot 164 Seneca 59 Sesame 48 Shave 30 Shear 79 Sickle 163 Silk 64 Slough 68 Small Crab 49 Smooth Meadow "^i Snake 71 Sour 159 Spear 72, Tz Spike "^2 Spires 59 Squirrel-tail 80 Star 125, 127 Stink 71 Swamp Wire ^2) Sweet Vernal 59 Switch 52 Sword 59, 98 Tall Manna 74 " Marsh 68 " Oat 67 " Panic 52 " Quaking 74 Tape 47 Grass Terrell 80 Thatch 68 Thin 64 Tickle 51 Toad 114 Tongue 176, 200 Triple-awned 60 Tufted Hair 67 Twitch 57 Vanilla 59 Velvet 66 Vernal Whitlow 199 Water Star 114 Way 160 White 58 " Bent 64 Whitlow 199 Wild Oat 67 Wire 48, 69, Ti, 160 Wood 49 Reed 65 Wool 88 Yard 69 Yellow-eyed 112, 127 Grass Family 48 Grass of Parnassus 216 Grass Pink 133, 181 Wrack 45 Gratiola 353 aurea 353 duhia 353 virginiana 353 Gravel Chickweed 172 Gravel-root 375 Gravel-weed 330 Gray Birch 147 Willow 141 Greaseweed 357 Great American Burnet 241 Blue Lobelia 374 Bulrush 86 Burdock 404 Laurel 308 Nettle 155 Ragweed 391 St. John's-wort 280 5o8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. Bull. Great Solomon's Seal 123 Water Dock 158 Willow-herb 291 Greater Bladderwort 358 Duckweed iii Starwort 176 Stitchwort 176 Greek Valerian 327 Green Adders Mouth 136 Amaranth 169 Ash 318 Brier 125 Dragon no Foxtail 57 Hellebore 118 Milkweed 323 Grim the Collier 414 Grindelia 377 squarrosa ZTJ, 435 Griottes 245 Gromwell 329 Common 330 Corn 329 False 330 Ground Cherry 346 Hemlock 34 Honeysuckle 250 Ivy 334 Laurel 311 Pine 31 Pink 326 Groundnut 258, 296 Groundsel 403 Common 403 Groundsel Tree 388 Gum Black 305 Red 220 Sour 305 Star-leaved 220 Sweet 220 Gum Tree Sweet 220 Gumbo 280 Gum-plant 377 Gymnadeniopsis clavellata 131 Gypsophila 181 elegans 181, 433 muralis 181, 433 Gypsophyll 181 Gyrostachys cernua 134 gracilis 133 linearis 133 ochroleuca 134 plant aginea 134 praecox 133 simplex 133 stricta 134 Gyrotheca capitata 126 tinctoria 126 Habenaria 130, 441 blephariglottis 131 bracteata 130 ciliaris 131 clavellata 131 dilatata 130 fimbriata 132 flava 130 grandi flora 132 Hookeri 131 var. oblongifolia 131 hyperborea 130 lacera 132 macrophylla 131 orbiculata 131, 419 peramoena 425 psycodes 132 rotundifolia 425 tridentata 131 virescens 130 Hackberry 153 Hackmatack 35 Haemodoraceae 126, 436 Hair Grass 62, 64, 71 Hairy Agrimony 240 Hawkweed 415 Lip Fern 18 Pinweed 283 Solomon's Seal 123 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 509 Hairy Tare 256 Vetch 256 Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb 163 Haloragidaceae 294, 438 Hamamelidaceae 219, 437 Hamamelis 219 virginiana 219 Hardback 221, 233, 365 Goshen 233 Purple 221 Hardheads 407 Harebell 373 Hare's Tail 89 Hare's-ear 204 Hare's-ear Mustard 204 Hartford Fern 26 Haw Black 369 Red 225 Haw Bush 225 Tree 225 Hawkbit 409 Hawk's-beard 412 Hawkweed 414 Canada 415 Hairy 415 Orange 414 Hawthorn 225 English 225 Hay-scented Fern 25 Hazel 146 Hazel Dodder 325 Hazelnut 146 Beaked 146 Wild 146 Headache 197 Headache Plant 356 Heal-all Common 335 Heart Snakeroot 157 Heart-leaved Willow 139 Heart's-ease 162, 284, 288 Heart-seed 274 Heartweed 162 Heath Family 306 Heather False 283 Hedeoma 339 hispida 339 pulegioides 339 Hedge Bindweed 163, 325 Fumitory 198 Garlic 205 Hyssop 353 Mustard 205 Nettle 237 Pink 180 Thorn 225 Hedgehog Grass 58 Helenium 398 autumnale 398 nudiflorum 398 tenuifolium 398 Helianthemum 282 canadense 282 corymbosum 427 majus 282 Helianthus 394, 441 angustifolius 429 annuus 394 debilis 394, 435 var. cucumerifolius 394, 435 decapetalus 395 divaricatus 395 doronicoides 429 giganteus 394 var. ambiguus 394 grosseserratus 394 laetiflorus 394 Maximiliani 395, 435 petiolaris 394 rigidus 394 scaberrimus 394 scabra 429 strumosus 395 var. macro phyllus 395 " mollis 395 tracheliifolius 395, 423 tuberosus 395 Heliopsis 392 helianthoides 392 laevis 392 510 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Heliopsis scabra 392, 430 Heliotrope Garden 370 Hellebore American White 118 False 118 Green 118 Helonias bullata 425 Hemerocallis 120 flava 120 fulva 120 Hemicarpha 90 micrantha 90 suhsquarrosa 90 Hemlock 2,7 Ground 34 Poison 298 Water 299 Hemlock Parsley 303 Hemp 153 Albany 155 American 321 Canadian 321 Common 153 Indian 321 Salt Marsh Water 171 Water 171 Hemp Nettle 335 Hemp-weed Climbing ^yy Hen-and-Chickens 215 Henbane 422 Black 422 Henbit ^z^ Hepatica 189 acuta 189 acutiloba 189 Hepatica 189 triloba 189 Heracleum 303 lanatum 303 Herb Bennet 235 Gerard 299 Patience 157 Robert 261 Herb Sophia 206 Hercules' Club 296 Herd's Grass 62 Heron's-bill 262 Hesperis 206 matronalis 206 Heteranthera 113 dubia 114 graminea 114 reniformis 113 Heuchera 215 americana 215 Hibiscus 279 esculentus 280, 431 Moscheutos 280 syriacus 279 Trionum 280 Plickory 144 Bitter Nut 145 Broom 145 Little Pignut 145 Pignut 145 Shag-bark 145 Shell-bark 145 Small-fruited 145 Swamp 145 White-heart 145 Hickory Poplar 194 Hicoria alba 145 glabra 145 microcarpa 145 minima 145 ovata 144 Hieracium 414 aurantiacum 414 canadense 415 floribundum 414 Gronovii 415 marianum 414 paniculatum 414 Pilosella 414 pratense 414 scabrum 415 venosum 414 var. subcaulescens 414 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 511 Hierochloe 59 borealis 59 odorata 59 High Angelica 303 Mallow 279 High-bush Blackberry 237, 239 Blueberry 313 Cranberry 368 Highwater-shrub 391 Hip Rose 242 Hippuris vulgaris 427 Hoary Alder 148 Alyssum 199 Cinquefoil 233 Cress 421 Pea 251 Vervain 331 Willow 140 Hobble-bush 368 Hog Apple 194 Lily 183 Peanut 259 Hog-weed 391 Holcus 66 lanatus 66 Holly 269 American 269 Mountain 270, 271 Holly Family 269 Hollyhock 278 Holosteum umbellatum 426 Holy Grass 59 Homalocenchrus oryzoides 58 virginicus 58 Honesty 208 Honewort 300 Honey Locust 246 Honey-bloom 321 Honeysuckle 192, 365 American Fly 365 Bush 365 European Fly 365 Ground 250 Japanese 366 Honeysuckle Mountain Fly 365 Tartarian 365 Trumpet 366 White Swamp 307 Wild 308, 366 Honeysuckle Clover 249 Honeysuckle Family 365 Honey-sweet 235 Hooked Crowfoot 186 Hoop Ash 153, 318 Hop 153 Common 153 Japanese 154 Hop Clover 249 Hornbeam 146 Medick 250 Tree 263 Hordeum 80 jubatum 80 vulgare 80, 431 Horehound 333 Black 336 Common 333 Fetid 336 Water 341 Hornbeam 146 American 146 Hop 146 Hop 146 Horned Pondweed 44 Rush 90 Hornwort 182 Hornwort Family 182 Horse Balm 344 Brier 125 Dock 158 Gentian 367 Lily 183 Mint 338, 342 Nettle 345 Plum 246 Horse-chestnut 274 Common 274 Horsefly-weed 247 Horseradish 207 Horsetail 29 512 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Horsetail Common 29 Horsetail Family 29 Horse-weed 387, 411 Hosackia 250 . americana 250, 434 Purshiana 250 Hosta 119 caerulea 119 japonica 120 Hottonia 315 inflata 315 Hound's Tongue 327 Common 327 House Sorrel 159 Houseleek 215 Houstonia 364 coerulea 364 lanceolata 364 longifolia 364 purpurea var. calycosa 364 " longifolia 364 Hubbard Squash 372 Huckleberry 312 Black 312 Blue 312 Common 312 Dwarf 312 Garden 345 Squaw 313 Hudsonia 283 tomentosa 283 Humulus 153 japonicus 154 Lupulus 153 Hungarian Grass 57 Hungry-root 296 Huntsman's Cup 213 Hyacinth Feather 121 Grape 121 Starch Grape 121 Water 114 Hydrastis 193 canadensis 193 Hydrocharitaceae 47, 436 Hydrocotyle 297 americana 298 umbellata 297 Hydrophyllaceae 327, 438 Hydrophyllum 327 virginianum 327 Hyoscyamus 422 niger 422, 434 Hypericaceae 280, 438, 440 Hypericum 280, 441 adpressum 281 Ascyron 280 Bissellii 281 boreale 281 canadense 282 var. majus 281 " minimum 281 corymbosum 281 ellipticum 281 gentianoides 282 maciilatum 281 var. subpetiolatum 281 majus 281 mutilum 281 nudicaiile 282 perforatum 280 prolificum 281 punctatum 281 virginicum 282 Hypochaeris 409 radicata 409 Hypopitys americana 307 Hypopitys 307 lanuginosa 307 Hypoxis 127 erecta 127 hirsuta 127 Hyssop 340 Giant 334 Hedge 353 Hyssopus 340 officinalis 340 Hystrix 81 Hystrix 81 patula 81 Iberis 201 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 513 Iberis amara 201, 433 Ilex 269 bronxensis 270 glabra 270 laevigata 270 opaca 269 verticillata 270 var. padifolia 270 " tenuifolia 270 Ilicioides mucronata 271 Illecebraceae 172, 437, 439 Ilysanthes 352 anagallidea 353 atteniiata 352 dubia 352, 353 gratioloides 352 riparia 352, 353 Impatiens 274 aurea 274 biflora 274 fulva 274 pallida 274 Indian Apple 194 Arrow-wood 271 Bean 359 Chickweed 173 Chocolate-root 233 Corn 48 Cucumber-root 124 Cup 213 Currant 366 Elm 152 Fig 289 Grass 49 Hemp 321 Mallow 278 Mustard 203 Paint 193 Pear 224 Pipe 307 Pitcher 213 Plantain 403 Poke 118 Rice 58 Strawberry 232 Indian Tobacco 374, 389 Turmeric 193 Turnip 109 Indigo Bastard 251 False 247, 251 Wild 247 Ink Plant Red 171 Inkberry 171, 270 Ink-root 314 Innocence 364 Interrupted Fern 26 Inula 390 Helenium 390 lodanthus 208 pinnatifidus 208, 433 lonactis linariif alius 386 Ipecac Wild 266 Ipecac Spurge 266 Ipomoea 324 coccinea 324, 432 hederacea 324 pandurata 324 purpurea 324 Iridaceae 127, 436, 439 Iris 127 germanica 127 orientalis 127 prismatica 127 Pseudacorus 127 versicolor 127 Iris 127 Yellow 127 Iris Family 127 Iron Oak 150 Ironweed 375 Ironwood 146 Ironwort 334 Isantlms hrachiatiis 428 caeruleus 428 Isnardia palustris 291 514 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Isoetaceae 32, 436 Isoetes 32 canadensis 33 Dodgei 33 var. Robbinsii 416 echinospora var. Braunii 32 " muricata 32 Engelmanni 33 var. gracilis 33 foveolata 32, 422 Gravesii 32 lacustris 424 riparia var. canadensis 33 saccharata var. Amesii 32 Tuckermani 32, 424 Isotria aMnis 133 verticillata 133 Italian Clover 248 Millet 57 Ray Grass 78 Rye Grass 78 Iva 391 frutescens 391 oraria 391 xanthifolia 391 Ivory Plum 311 Ivy American 276 Coliseum 350 Ground 334 Kenilworth 350 Poison 269 Ivy-leaved Morning Glory 324 Speedwell 355 Ixophorus glaiicus 57 ifalicus 57 verticillatus 57 viridis 57 Jack-in-the-Pulpit 109 Jacob's Ladder 125 Jamestown Weed 347 Japan Quince 224 Japanese Barnyard Millet 56 Honeysuckle 366 Hop 154 Knotweed 164 Rose 236, 242 Jasione 373 montana 373, 435 Jerusalem Artichoke 395 Cross 178 Oak 165 Jewelweed 274 Jimson Weed 347, 348 Job's Tears 113 Wild 330 Joe-Pye Weed 375 Johnny-jump-up 288 Johnson Grass 49 Jointed Chadlock 202 Charlock 202 Jointweed 164 Coast 164 Sand 164 Seaside 164 Judas Tree 247 Juglandaceae 144, 436 Juglans 144 cinerea 144 nigra 144 Juncaceae 114, 436 Juncaginaceae 45, 436 Juncoides campestre 117 pilosum 117 Juncus 114, 441 acuminatus 117 var. debilis 117 articulatus 117 var. obtusatus 117 brachycarpus 116, 431 brach3^cephalus 115, 419 brevicaudatus 116 bufonius 114 canadensis 116 var. hrachycephaltis 115 " brevicaudatus 115 " coarctatus 116 " longicaudatus 116 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 515 Juncus var. subcaudatus 116 debilis 117 dichotomus 115 var. platyphyllus 115 Dudleyi 115, 419 effusus 115 var. compactus 115 Gerardi 114 Greenei 115 marginatus 117 militaris 116 nodosus 116 pelocarpus 116 scirp aides 425 secundus 115 tenuis 114 var. anthelatus 114, 419 " secundus 1.15 " WilHamsii 115 June Grass 73 Juneberry 224 Juniper 38 Common 38 Juniperus 38 communis 38 var. alpina 38 " canadensis 38 " depressa 38, 424 horisontalis 424 nana 38 Sabina var. procumhens 424 virginiana 38 Kaffir Corn 49 Kale Corn 203 Field 203 Kalmia 309 angustifolia 309 glaiica 309 lati folia 309 poli folia 309 Kedlock 203 Kenilworth Ivy 350 Kentucky Blue Grass 73 Kerlock 203 Kerria 236 japonica 236 Ketmia Bladder 280 Kickxia Elatine 350 Kidney Bean 258 Kidney-leaved Crowfoot 186 Kill-wart 196 King Devil 414 King-cups 188 Kinnikinnik 305 Kiss-me-over-the-Fence 162 Kitchen Rose 242 Kitten Breeches 198 Knapweed 407 Knautia 371 arvensis 371, 435 Knawel 172 Knee-high Blackberry 238 Kneiffia Alleni 293 fruticosa 293 var. pilosella 293 linearis 293 longipedicellata 2f)2> pratensis 293 pumlla 293 Knight's Spur 192 Knot Grass 79, 160 Knot-root Grass 61 Knotted Rush 116 Knotweed 159, 172 Bushy 160 Erect 160 Japanese 164 Pink 161 Shore 160 Slender 160 Knotwort Family 172 Kochia 165 Scoparia 165, 421 Koellia clinopodioides 340 Aexuosa 340 incana 341 lanceolata 340 5i<^ CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY. Bull. Koellia mutica 341 pilosa 340 verticillata 341 Koniga maritinia 199 Krigia 408 amplexicaulis 408 virginica 408 Labiatae 332, 438, 440 Labrador Tea 307 Lachnanthes 126 tinctoria 126 Lacinaria scariosa 277 Lactuca canadensis 411 var. integri folia 411 " montana 411 hirsuta 412 integrifolia 412 leucophaea 412 sagittifolia 412 sativa 412, 432 scariola 411 var. integrata 411 spicata 412 virosa 411 Ladies' Smock 210 Tobacco 388 Tresses 133 Lad}^ Fern 21 Lady's Slipper 129 Large Yellow 129 Pink 129 Showy 129 Smaller Yellow 129 Stemless 129 Wild 129 Lady's Sorrel 261 " Thumb 162 La-kwa 371 Lamb's Cress 210 Lettuce 370 Quarters 166 Lambkill 309 Lamium 336 Lamium album 428 amplexicaule 336 hybridum 336 maculatum 336, 428 purpureum 336 Lance-leaved Violet 287 Land Cress 210 Laportea 155 canadensis 155 Lappula 328 echinata 328 Lappula 328 virginiana 328 Lapsana 408 communis 408 Larch 35 American 35 Black 35 European 35 Large Coral Root 135 Cranberry 314 Pepper-root 209 Round-leaved Orchis 131 Toothwort 209 Twayblade 136 Large-flowered Syringa 217 Large-flowered White Trillium 124 Large-leaved Sandwort 174 Large-toothed Aspen 142 Larix 35 americana 35 decidua 35 europaea 35 laricina 35 Lark-heel 192 Larkspur 192 Field 192 Garden 192 Rocket 192 Late Low Blueberry 313 Lathyrus 257 latifolius 257 maritimus 257 palustris var. linearifoHus 257 pratensis 257 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 517 Lauraceae 195, 437 Laurel American 309 Great 308 Ground 311 Mountain 309 Pale 309 Sheep 309 Swamp 309 Laurel Family 195 Laurel-leaved Willow 138 Laurestinus 368 Lavender Sea 314 Lavender Willow 141 Leadwort Family 314 Leafcup 390 Leafy Spurge 266 Leather Leaf 310 Leatherwood 289 Lechea 283 intermedia 283 Leggettii 284 major 283 maritima 283 var. interior 283 minor 283 var. maritima 283 moniliformis 284 tenuifolia 283 thy mi folia 283 villosa 283 Ledum 307 groenlandicum 307 latifolium 307 Leek Wild 119 Leersia 58 oryzoides 58 virginica 58 Legoiizia perfoliata 372 Leguminosae 246, 437, 440 Lemna iii cyclostasa iii minor 112 perpusilla 425 Lemna trisulca 11 1 valdiviana 11 1 Lemnaceae iii, 436 Lemon Wild 194 Lemon Balm 339 Lily 120 Lens 256 esculenta 256, 434 Lentibulariaceae 357, 438 Lentil 256 Leontodon 409 autumnalis 409 var. pratensis 409 hastilis 409, 43a hirtiis 409 nudicaulis 409 Leonurus 336 Cardiaca 2>?>^ Leopard Flower 128 Lepachys 393 pinnata 393, 435 Lepidium 200 apetalum 200 campestre 201 Draba 421, 433 intermedium 200 ruderale 200, 433 sativum 201, 431 virginicum 200 Leptamnium virginianum 359 Leptandra virginica 353 Leptilon canadense 387 Leptochloa 69 fascicularis 69 Leptoloma 50 cognatum 50 Lept orchis liliifolia 136 Locselii 136 Lespedeza 254 Bicknellii 255 capitata 255 Si8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Lespedeza var. velutina 255 frutescens 255 hirta 255 Nuttallii 254 polystachya 255 procumbens 254 repens 254 reticulata 254 simulata 255 Stuvei 254 var. intermedia 255 velutina 255 violacea 254 virginica 254 Lesser Duckweed iii Starwort 176 Stitchwort 176 Lettuce 411, 412 Lamb's 370 Prickly 411 White 413 Wild 411 " Blue 412 Leucojum 126 aestivum 126 Leucothoe 309 racemosa 309 Leverwood 146 Levisticum 302 Levisticum 302 officinale 302 Liatris 377 ■ cylindracea 429 scariosa 377, 429 squarrosa 429 Life-of-Man 214 Life-root 404 Ligusticum 301 Levisticum 302 scothicum 301 Ligustrum 319 vulgare 319 Lilac 318 Common 318 Summer 206 Lilaeopsis 301 Lilaeopsis lineata 301 Liliaceae 118, 436, 439 Lilium 120 canadense 120 Catesbaei 425 philadelphicum 120 superbum 120 tigrinum 120 Lily Blackberry 128 Blue Day 119 Bull-head 183 Canada 120 Common Day 120 Cow 183 Day 119, 120 Frog 183 Great Water 184 Hog 183 Horse 183 Lemon 120 Little Water 184 Plantain 119 Pond 183 Red 120 Rock 192 Small Yellow Pond 183 Spider 113 Sweet-scented White Water 183 Tiger 120 Trout 121 Turk's-cap 120 Water 183 White Pond 183 " Water 183, 184 Wild Orange-red 120 " Tiger 120 " Yellow 120 Wood 120 Yellow Day 120 " Dog's-tooth 121 Pond 183 Lily Family 118 Lily of the Valley 124 Wild 123 Limnanthaceae 268, 437 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, 519 Limnanthemum lacunosum 320 Limnorchis dilatata 130 huronensis 130 hyperhorea 130 Limodorum tuberosum 133 Limonium 314 carolinianum 314 Limosella 352 aquatica var. tenuifolia 352 tenuifolia 352 Linaceae 259, 437, 440 Linaria 350 canadensis 350 Cymbalaria 350 Elatine 350, 432 genistifolia 428 Linaria 350 minor 350, 434 vulgaris 350 Linden 277 American 277 European 277 Linden Family 277 Lindera Benzoin 196 Linnaea ^,67 borealis 2^7 var. americana 367 Linseed 259 Linum 259 medium 260 striatum 259 sulcatum 259 usitatissimum 259 virginianum 260 Lion's Heart 335 Tail 336 Lion's-foot 413 Liparis 136 liliifolia 136 Loeselii 136 Liquidambar 220 Styraciflua 220 Liquorice 252 Wild 252, 362 Liriodendron 194 Tulipifera 194 Lithospermum 329 arvense 329 officinale 330 Little Pignut Hickory 145 Little-boy's Breeches 198 Live-for-ever 214 Live-long 214 Liver Berry 123 Liverleaf 189 Liverwort 189 Lizard's Tail 137 Lobelia 374 cardinalis 374 Dortmanna 374 inflata 374 Kalmii 374 siphilitica 374 spicata 374 Lobelia Great Blue 374 Water 374 Lobelia Family 374 Lobeliaceae 374, 439 Lobel's Catchfly 179 Lobularia 199 maritima 199, 431 Locust 251 Black 251 Bristly 251 Clammy 251 Common 251 Flowering 251 Honey 246 Lolium 78 italic um 78 multiflorum 78 perenne 78 temulentum 78 Loinbardy Poplar 143 Long-bracted Orchis 130 Long-fruited Anemone 189 Long-leaved Starwort 175 Stitchwort 175 520 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Long-leaved Sundew 213 Long-spurred Violet 288 Lonicera 365 caerulea 365 van villosa 365 canadensis 365 caprifolium 429 ciliata 365 dioica 366 glauca 366 japonica 366 orientalis z(>^ sempervirens 366 tatarica 365 Xylosteum 365 Loosestrife 290, 315 False 291 Fringed 316 Golden 315 Purple 290 Spiked 290 Spotted 315 Sviramp 289 Tufted 316 Loosestrife Family 289 Lophanthus anisatus 334 nepet aides 334 scrophulariaef alius 334 Lophotocarpus 47 spongiosus 47 Lopseed 360 Lopseed Family 360 Loranthaceae 156, 436 Lotus 250 americanus 250 corniculatus 250 Lotus 184 American 184 Yellow 184 Lousewort 355, 357 Common 357 Swamp 357 Lovage 301. 302 Scotch 301 Love Vine 190, 325, 326 Love-in-a-Mist 421 Love-lies-bleeding 170 Low Birch 148 Black Blueberry 313 Blackberry 239 Cornel 304 Cudweed 390 Sweet Blueberry 313 Lucerne 250 Ludvigia 291 alternifolia 291 palustris 291 polycarpa 291 sphaerocarpa 291 Lunaria 208 annua 208, 431 Lupine 248 Wild 248 Lupinus 248 perennis 248 Luzula 117 campestris 117 var. multiflora 117 saltuensis 117 vernalis 117 Lychnis 177 alba 178 chalcedonica 178 Coronaria 177 dioica 178 diurna 178 Flos-cuculi 178 Git hag 0 177 vespertina 178 Lychnis Day-blooming 178 Evening 178 Ever-blooming 178 Morning 178 Mullein 177 Ragged 178 Red 178 Lycium 347 halimifolium 347 vulgare 247 Lycopersicum 344 esculentum 344 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 52] Lycopersicum Lycopersicon 344 Lycopodiaceae 30, 436 Lycopodium 30 adpressum 30 annotinum 31 clavatum 31 var. monostachyon 31 complanatum 31 var. chamaecyparissus 31 " flabelliforme 31 inundatum 30 var. Bigelovii 30 lucidulum 30 obscurum 31 var. dendroideum 31 Selago 30, 422 tristachyum 31 Lycopus 341 americanus 342 communis 341 membranaceus 341 rubellus 342 sessilifolius 341 sinuatus 342 uniflorus 341 virginicus 341 Lygodium 26 palmatum 26 Lyme Grass 80 Lyonia 310 ligustrina 310 var. foliosiflora 310 mariana 310 Lyre-leaved Sage 337 Lysias Hookeriana 131 orbiculata 131 Lysimachia 315 ^ foliosa 315 Nummularia 316 producta 315 punctata 315 quadrifolia 315 stricfa 316 terrestris 316 thyrsiflora 316 Lysimachia vulgaris 315, 432 Lythraceae 289, 438, 440 Lythrum 290 alatum 290 Salicaria 290 Madura 154 aurantiaca 154 pomifera 154, 420 Macrocalyx Nyctelea 327 Madder Wild 362 Madder Family 361 Mad-dog Skullcap 333 Madwort 199 Magnolia Family 194 Magnoliaceae 194, 437 Mahaleb Cherry 245 Maianthemum 123 canadense 123 Maiden Pink 181 Maidenhair 18 Maidenhair Spleenwort 20 Maize 48 Male Berry 310 Mallow 279 Common 279 Curled 279 Dwarf 279 European 279 High 279 Indian 278 Marsh 278 Musk 279 Rose 279 Swamp Rose 280 Wild Rose 280 Mallow Family 278 Maltese Cross 178 Mains Mains 222 Malva 279 Alcea 279 crispa 279 moschata 279 rotundifolia 279 522 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. Bull. Malva sylvestris 279 Malvaceae 278, 438, 440 Mandrake 194 Manna Grass 74 Man-of-the-Earth 324 Many-flowered Agrimony 241 Maple 272 Ash-leaved 273 Bird's-eye 2^2, Black Sugar 273 Flowering 278 Mountain 272 Norway 273 Red 273 Rock 2^2 Silver 273 Soft 273 Striped 272 Sugar 272 Swamp 273 Sycamore 272 White 273 Maple Family 272 Maple-leaved Goosefoot 166 Viburnum 368 Marcury 269 Marguerite 400 Golden 399 Marigold 403 Bur 396 Marsh 191 Pot 403 Water 397 Marjoram Wild 340 Marram 65 Marrow Squash 372 Marrubium 333 vulgare 333 Marsh Bellflower 373 Buttercup 187 Calla no Cinquefoil 2^2, Cress 207 Crowfoot 186, 187 Elder 391 Marsh Fern 22 Five-finger 233 Fleabanc 388 Foxtail 62 Grass 68 Holy Rose 310 Mallow 278 Marigold 191 Pea 257 Pink 319 Purslane 291 Rosemary 310, 314 St. John's-wort 282 Skullcap ZZZ Speedwell 354 Trefoil 320 Marsilea 28 quadrifolia 28 Marsileaceae 28, 436 Martynia 360 louisiana 360, 434 proboscidea 360 Martynia Family 360 Martyniaceae 360 Marvel of Peru 171 Mary-bud 403 Massachusetts Fern 22 Masterwort 303 Matricaria 399 Chamomilla 399, 435 discoidea 399 inodora 399, 435 matricarioides 399 suaveolens 399, 435 Matrimony Vine 347 Common 347 Matteuccia Strufhtopteris 25 May Apple 194, 308 Bush 225 Pear 224 Tree 225 May-blobs 191 Mayflower 182, 189, 190, 215, 311. 364 May-weed 398 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 523 Mazzard Cherry 245 Mead-sweet 235 Meadow Beauty 290 Buttercup 188 Campion 178 Centaury 407 Chickweed 176 Clover 248 Cranesbill 261 Crowfoot 188 Fescue 76 Foxtail 62 Garlic 119 Geranium 261 Gowan 191 Grass 72 Pink 178, 181, 356 Queen 235 Rose 242 Rue 188 Sage 237 Sorrel 159 Meadow-sweet 221, 235 English 235 Mealy Tree 368 Medeola 124 virginiana 124 Medicago 250 arabica 250, 434 denticu^ata 250 hispida 250, 434 lupulina 250 maculata 250 sativa 250 Medick 250 Black 250 Hop 250 Spotted 250 Toothed 250 Meetmg-houses 192 Meihomia bracteosa 253 canadensis 253 canescens 252 Dillemi 253 glabella 252 ,s;randiHora 252 Meibomia marylandica 254 Michaiixii 252 nudiUora 252 obtusa 254 paniculata 253 rigida 253 sessilifolia 253 Melampyrum 356 americanum 356 lineare 356 Melanthium 118 latifolium 118, 423 racemosum 118 Melastoma Family 290 Melastomaceae 290, 438 Melic Grass 72 Melica 72 striata 72 Melilot White 249 Yellow 249 Melilotus 249 alba 249 officinalis 249 Melissa 339 officinalis 339 Melon 371 Menispermaceae 194, 437 Menispermum 194 canadense 194 Mentha 342, 441 alopecuroides 342 aquatica 342 var. crispa 343 arvensis 343 var. canadensis 344 canadensis 344 Cardiaca 343 citrata 343 crispa 343 gentilis 343 longifolia 342 piperita 342 roHtndifoUa 428 sativa 343 spicata 342 524 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Mentha sylvestris 342 var. alopecuroides 342 viridis 342 Menyanthes 320 ^ trifoHata 320 Mercury 269 Three-seeded 265 Vegetable 127 Mermaid-weed 295 Mespilus Habellata 227 Mesquite Grass 69 Mexican Fire Plant 165 Poppy 197 Tea 165 Mezereum Family 289 Micrampelis lobata 372 Micranthemum micranthemoides 429 Nuttallii 429 Microstylis 136 monophyllos 136, 420 ophioglossoides 136 unifolia 136 Mignonette 212 Common 212 Garden 212 Upright 212 White 212 Mignonette Family 212 Mikania 2,77 scandens 377 Mild Water Pepper 162 Milfoil 398 Water 185, 294, 295 Milk Purslane 266 Milkweed 322 Common 322 Green 323 Poke 323 Purple 322 Swamp 322 Whorl ed 323 Milkweed Family 322 Milkwort 263, 264 Milkwort Purple 264 Milkwort Family 263 Millet Broom Corn 51 Common 51, 57 European 51 German 57 Golden- Wonder 57 Italian 57 Japanese Barnyard 56 Sowna 56 True 51 Mimulus 352 alatus 352 glabratus var. Jamesii 429 guttatus 352 Jamesii 429 Langsdorffii 352, 429 luteus 352 ringens 352 Mint 342 Bergamot 343 Cat 334 Curled 343 Field 343 Horse 338, 342 Mountain 340 Spotted 343 Water 342 Whorled 343 Wild 344 Wood 338, 339 Mint Pamily 332 Geranium 400 Mirabilis 171 Jalapa 171, 433 Missouri Currant 219 Gooseberry 217 Mist i8r Mistletoe Dwarf 156 Mistletoe Family 156 Mitchella 364 repens 364 Mitella 216 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 525 Mitella diphylla 216 nuda 216 prostrata 216 Miterwort 216 False 215 Mithridate Mustard 200, 201 Moccasin Flower 129 Yellow 129 Mock Apple 154 Bishop's-weed 299 Cypress 165 Orange 154, 217 Pennyroyal 339 Strawberry 232 Mocker Nut 145 Modesty 198 Moehringia lateriflora 174 macro phylla 174 Mole Plant 267 Molinia 70 coerulea 70 Mollugo 173 verticillata 173 Momordica 371 Charantia 371, 435 Monarda 33S didyma 338 clinopodia 338 fistulosa 338 var. mollis 338 " rubra 338 media 338 mollis 338 punctata 428 Moneses 306 grandiHora 306 uniflora 306 Money-plant 208 Moneywort 316 Monkey Flower 352 Yellow 352 Monotropa 307 Hypopitys 307 uniflora 307 Moonseed igi Moonseed Family 194 Moonwort 27, 208 Moose Elm 152 Moosewood 272, 289, 368 Morello Cherry 245 Morning Campion 178 Morning Glory 324 Common 324 Ivy-leaved 324 Small Red 324 Wild 325 Morning Lychnis 178 Mortification Root 278 Morus 154 alba 154 rubra 154 Moss Club 30 Common Club 31 Ditch 47 Golden 214 Rose 182 Tree Club 31 Moss Pink 326 Mossy Stonecrop 214 Mossy-cup Oak 150 Moth Mullein 349 Mother's Heart 201 Motherwort 336 Common 336 IMountain Ash 223 Cinquefoil 233 Clematis 190 Crowfoot 186 Currant 219 Five-finger 233 Fly Honeysuckle 365 Fringe 197 Holly 270, 271 Laurel 308 Maple 272 Mint 340 Plum 244 Rice 59 Sandwort 175 Spleenwort 20 Starwort 175 526 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Mountain Sumach 223 Virgin's Bower 190 Mouse-ear 414 Spring 177 Mouse-ear Chickweed 176 Cress 206 Mouse-ears 189 Mouth-root 191 Moxie Plum 312 Mud Plantain 113 Purslane 282 Mudwort 352 Mugwort Common 401 Muhlenbergia 61 ambigna 61 capillaris 62 diifusa 62 foliosa 61 glomerata 61 mexicana 61 racemosa 61 Schreberi 62 sobolifera 61 sylvatica 61 tenuiflora 61 Willdenowii 61 Mulberry 154 Paper 154 Red 154 Silkworm 154 White 154 Mulberry Blackberry 237 Mullein 349 Common 349 Moth 349 Mullein Lychnis 177 Pink 177 Muscari 121 botryoides 121 racemosum 121 Musk Erodium 262 Mallow 279 Rose 279 Storksbill 262 Muskmelon 371 Musquash Root 299 Mustard 202 Ball 202 Bastard 203 Black 203 Chinese 203 Clown's 201 Corn 203 Curled 203 Dish 200 False 211 Garlic 205 Hare's-ear 204 Hedge 205 Hoary Hedge 205 Indian 203 Mithridate 200, 201 Pot-herb 203 Sand 204 Tansy 205 Tower 210 Treacle 200, 206 Tumble 205 Wall 204 White 202 Wild 203 Wormseed 206 Mustard Family 199 Myagrum 201, 202 Myosotis 329 arvensis 329 laxa 329 palustris 329 scorpioides 329 verna 329 virginica 329 Myrica 143 asplenifolia 143 carolinensis 143 cerifera 143 Gale 143, 420 Myricaceae 143, 436 Myriophyllum 294 ambiguum 295 van capillaceuni 295 " limosum 295 humile 295 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 527 Myriophyllum forma capillaceum 295 natans 295 pinnatum 295 scabratum 295 spicatum 294 tenellum 295 verticillatum var. pectinatum 294 Myrtle Blue 321 Bog 143 Dutch 143 Wax 143 Yellow 316 Myrtle Spurge 267 Nabalus albiis 413 altissinms 413 serpentarius 413 trifoliolatus 413 Naiad 45 Najadaceae 40, 436 Najas 45 flexilis 45 gracillima 45 indica 45 var. gracillima 45 Nannyberry 369 Narcissus 126 poeticus 126 Pseudo-Narcissus 126 Narcissus Poet's 126 Narrow Dock 158 Narrow-leaved Spleenwort 20 Nasturtium Armor acia 207 oiKcinale 206 palnstre 207 var. hispidum 207 sylvestre 207 Naumbergia thyrsi-flora 316 Necklace Poplar 142 Necklace-weed 193 Neckweed 354 Needle Grass 60 Negundo aceroides 273 Nelumbo 184 lutea 184 Nelumbo American 184 Yellow 184 Nemopanthus 270 fascicularis 271 mucronatus 270 Nepeta 334 Cataria 334 Glechoma 334 hederacea 334 Neslia 202 paniculata 202, 433 Net-leaf Plantain 135 Nettle 155 Bull 345 Canada 155 Common Hemp 335 Dead 2Z^ Dwarf 15s False 156 Great 155 Hedge 337 Hemp 335 Horse 345 Red Dead 336 " Hemp 335 Slender 155 Small 155 Spotted Dead 336 Stinging 155 Stingless 156 Tall Wild 155 Wood 155 Nettle Family 152 Nettle Tree 153 American 153 Nettle-leaved Goosefoot 167 Newcastle Thorn 225 New England Aster 383 New Jersey Tea 275 New York Fern 22 New Zealand Spinach 173 528 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Nicandra 347 physalodes 347 Nicotiana 348 alata 348 rustica 348, 432 Tabacum 348, 432 Nigella 191 damascena 421, 433 sativa 191, 433 Nigger-head 393 Nigger-heads 98 Night-flowering Catchfly 179 Nightshade 344 American 171 Black 345 Common 345 Enchanter's 294 Woody 345 Nightshade Family 344 Nimble Will 62 Nine-bark 220 Nipple-wort 408 Nodding Chickweed 177 Pogonia 132 Trillium 124 None-so-pretty 179 Nonesuch 78, 178, 250 Northeastern Rose 243 Northern Bedstraw 362 Gooseberry 218 Starwort 175 Stitchwort 175 Norway Maple 273 Spruce 36 Nosebleed 356 Nuphar advena 183 var. mimts 183 Kalmianum 183 Nut Rush 91 Nutmeg Flower 191 Nyctaginaceae 171, 437, 439 Nymphaea 183 advena 183 var. variegata 183 Kalmiana 183 microphylla 183 Nymphaea odorata 183 var. minor 183 reniformis 184 rubrodisca 183 Nymphaeaceae 183, 437 Nymphoides 320 lacunosum 320 Nyssa 305 sylvatica 305 Oak 149 Bear 152 Black 152 " Scrub 152 Bur 150 Champion 151 Chestnut 150, 151 Chinquapin 151 Iron 150 Jerusalem 165 Mossy-cup 150 Over-cup 150 Pin 151 Poison 269 Post 150 Quercitron 152 Red 151 Rock Chestnut 151 Scarlet 151 Scrub Chestnut 151 Swamp Spanish 151 " White 150 White 149 Yellow 150 Yellow-barked 152 Oak Fern 17 Oakesia 119 sessilifolia 119 Oak-leaved Goosefoot r66 Oat 67 Common 6y Purple 72 Oat Grass 67 Oats Water 58 Oenothera 292 biennis 292 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 529 Oenothera var. cruciata 292 " grandiHora 293 " Oakesiana 2^2 cruciata 292 fruticosa 293 var. hirsuta 293 humifusa 293 " linearis 293 grandiflora 293 laciniata 293, 434 linearis 293 var. Eamesii 293 longipedicellata 294 Oakesiana 292 pratensis 294 pumila 293 sinuata 293 Oil Nut 144 Okra 280 Old Field Birch 147 Man 401 Woman 401 Old-fashioned Cherry 245 Old-maid's Pink 180 Old-witch Grass 51 Oleaceae 317, 438, 440 Olive Family 317 Onagra biennis 292 var. grandiAora 293 cruciata 292 Oakesiana 292 Onagraceae 291, 438, 440 One-flowered Cancer-root 359 Pyrola 306 Wintergreen 306 Onion 119 Wild 119 Onoclea 25 sensibilis 25 var. obtusilobata 25 Struthiopteris 25 Onopordum 407 Acanthium 407 Onosmodium 330 virginianum 330 34 Ophioglossaceae 27, 436 Ophioglossum 27 vulgatum 2y Opium Poppy 197 Opulaster opulif alius 220 Opuntia 289 Opuntia 289 RaHnesquii 427 vulgaris 289 Orach 167 Beach 168 Spreading 167 Orange Mock 154, 217 Osage 154 Orange Grass 282 Hawkweed 414 Orange-flower Tree 217 Orange-root 193 Orchard Grass 72 Orchidaceae 129, 436 Orchis 130 rotundifolia 425 spectabilis 130 Orchis Fen 136 Fringed 130 Large Purple Fringed 132 " Round-leaved 131 Long-bracted 130 Ragged 132 " Fringed 132 Rein 130 Showy 130 Small Green Wood 131 " Pale Green 130 Smaller Purple Fringed 132 Tall Leafy Green 130 " White Bog 130 White Fringed 131 Yellow Fringed 131 Orchis Family 129 Origanum 340 vulgare 340 Ornithogalum 121 umbellatum 121 530 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. Orobanchaceae 359, 438 Orobanche 359 uniflora 359 Orontium in aquaticum in Orpine 214 Garden 214 Orpine P'amily 214 Oryzopsis 59 asperifolia 60 canadensis 59 juncea 59 melanocarpa 60 pungens 59 racemosa 60 Osage Apple 154 Orange 154 Osier 137 Golden 143 Osmorhiza 298 brevistylis 298 Claytoni 298 longistylis 298 Osmunda 26 cinnamomea 27 var. frondosa 27 " incisa 27 Claytoniana 26 var. dubia 26 regalis 26 Osmundaceae 26, 435 Ostrich Fern 25 Ostrya 146 virginiana 146 virginica 146 Oswego Tea 338 Over-cup Oak 150 Oxalidaceae 260, 437, 440 Oxalis 260 Acetosella 260 Brittoniae 260 Bushii 261 corniculata 261 var. stricfa 260, 261 cymosa 26: filipes 260 repens 261 Oxalis rufa 261 stricta 260, 261 violacea 260 Ox-eye 392 Ox-eye Daisy 400 Ox-tongue 410 Oxybaphus 172 angustif alius 172 hirsutus 172 linearis 172 nyctagineus 172 Oxycoccus macrocarpus 314 Oxycoccus 314 Oxygraphis Cynibalaria 185 Oyster-plant 410 Painted Cup 356 Scarlet 356 Painted Trillium 125 Pale Corydalis 198 Dock 158 Laurel 309 Persicaria 160 St. John's-wort 281 Touch-me-not 274 Panax 296 quinquefolium 296 trifolium 296 Panic Grass 51 Panicled Cornel 305 Panicularia acutiHora 7S americana 74 borealis 75 canadensis 74 elongata 74 Huitans 75 nervata 74 ohtusa 74 pallida 74 Panicum 51, 441 Addisonii 55 agrostoides 52 albemarlense 54 amaroides 51 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 531 Panicum amarum var. minor 51 Ashei 55 atlanticutn 54 auburne 54 autumnale 50 barbulatum 53 Bicknellii 52 boreale 53 Boscii 56 var. molle 56 Bushii 52 capillare 51 clandestinum 55 columbianum 55 Commonsianum 55 covimutatum 55 cms gain 56 var. hispidum 56 depauperatum 52 dichotomiflorum 51 dichotomum 52 Eatoni 53 Enslini 52 aiiculme 54 aiiforme 49 glabrum 49 haemacarpon 54 huachucae 53 var. silvicola 53 implicatnm 54 latifolium 56 var. molle 56 laniiginosum 53 Lindheimeri 53 linearifolium 52 longifolium 52 macrocarpon 56 meridionale 54 microcarpon 53 miliaceum 51 minimum 51 minus 51 nemopanthum 52 nitidum 53 oricola 54 Panicum ovale 54 philadelphicum 51, 416 Porterianum 56 proliferum 51 psammophilum 55 pseudopubescens 54 pubescens 53 pubifolium 56 sanguinale 50 scoparioides 54 scoparium 55 Scribnerianum 55 sphaerocarpon 55 spretum 53 stipitatum 52 subvillosum 54, 417 tennesseense 54 tsugetorum 55 unciphyllum 53 ' var. implicatum 54 " meridionale 54 verrucosum 51 villosissimum 54, 417 virgatum 52 Walteri 56 Werneri 52, 416 xanthophysum 55 xanthospermiim 54 Pansy 288 Field 288 Wild 288 Papaver 197 dubium 197 Rhoeas 197, 431 somniferum 197 Papaveraceae 196, 437, 440 Paper Birch 147, 148 Mulberry 154 Pappoose Root 195 Parietaria 156 pennsylvanica 156 Parilla Yellow 194 Parnassia 216 caroliniana 216 Parsley 300 532 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull Parsley Common 300 Fool's 302 Garden 300 Hemlock 303 Sea 301 Spotted 298 Parsley Family 297 Parsnip 302 Cow 303 Golden Meadow 300 Poison 302 Water 300 Wild 302 Parsonsia petiolata 290 Parthenocissus quinqiiefolia 276 Partridge Berry 364 Pea 247 • Paspalum 50 circulare 50 laeve 425 Muhlenbergii 50 plenipilum 50 prostrahim 50 psammophilum 50 setaceum 50 Pastinaca 302 sativa 302 Pasture Thistle 406 Patience Garden 157 Patience Dock 157 Paul's Betony 354 Pea 257 Beach 257 Chick 255 Everlasting 257 Field 258 Garden 257 Hoary 251 Marsh 257 Partridge 247 Perennial 257 Sensitive 247 Peach 246 Peach-leaved Dock 158 Peanut Hog 259 Wild 259 Pear 222 Choke 222 Indian 224 May 224 Prickly 289 Sugar 224 Wild 222 Pearl Grass 74 Pearl-plant 330 Pearlwort 174 Annual 174 Small-flowered 174 Spurrey 174 Pearly Everlasting 389 Pea-vine Clover 248 Pedicularis 357 canadensis 357 lanceolata 357 Pellaea 18 atropurpurea 18 gracilis 19 Stelleri 19 Pellitory 156 Peltandra no undulata no virginica no Pencil Tree 388 Penny Cress 200 Pennyroyal 339 American 339 Bastard 332 Mock 339 Pennywort Water 297 Penthorum 214 sedoides 214 Pentstemon 351 calycosus 351 Digitalis 351 grandiflorus 352, 432 hirsutus 351 laevigatus 351 var. Digitalis 351 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 533 Pentstemon Pentstenton 351 pubescens 351 tubiflorus 351 ■ Pepper 344 Bird's 200 Cayenne 344 Chili 344 Common Water 162 Mild Water 162 Poor Man's 201 Red 344 Pepper Family 137 Pepperbush Sweet 306 Peppergrass 200 California 203 Garden 201 Golden 201 Roadside 200 Wild 200 Pepperidge 305 Pepperidge Bush 195 Peppermint 342 Pepper-root 208 Cut-leaved 209 Large 209 Pepperwort 200 Peramium ophioides 134 pubescens 135 repens 134 tesselatum 134 Perennial Pea 257 Perfumed Cherry .45 Perilla 344 frutescens 344 ocymoides 344 Periploca graeca 428 Periwinkle 321 Common 321 Persicaria Common 161 Dock-leaved 160 Pale 160 Pink 161 Persicaria Water 161 Willow 160 Persimmon 317 Common 317 Perularia iiava 130 Petasites 402 palmatus 402 Petasites 402 vulgaris 402, 435 Petroselinum 300 hortense 300 Petroselinum 300 Petty Spurge 267 Petunia 349 axillaris 349 violacea 349 Petunia Purple 349 White 349 Phacelia 327 Purshii ^27, 434 viscida 327, 434 Phalaris 58 arundinacea 59 var. picta 59 canariensis 58 Phaseolus 258 perennis 258 polystachyus 258 vulgaris 258, 430 var. nanus 258, 430 Pheasant's-eye Pink 181 Phegopteris 17 Dryopteris 17 hexagonoptera 17 Phegopteris 17 polypodioides 17 Philadelphus 217 coronarius 217 inodorus 217, 433 pubescens 217 Philotria canadensis 47 Phleum 62 pratense 62 534 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. Bull Phlox 326 acuminata 326 amplifolia 326 glandulosa 326 maculata 326 var. Candida 326 paniculata 326 pilosa 326 subulata 326 Phlox Garden 326 Phragmites 70 communis 70 Phragmites 70 vulgaris 70 Phryma 360 Leptostachya 360 Phrymaceae 360, 438 Physalis 346 Alkekengi 346 angulata 346, 434 heterophylla 346 var. ambigua 346 " nyctaginea 347 lanceolata 347 philadelphica 347 pruinosa 346 puhescens 428 subglabrata 347 virginiana 346, 347 Physalodes physalodes 347 Physocarpus 220 opulifolius 220 Physostegia 335 virginiana 335 Phytolacca 171 decandra 171 Phytolaccaceae 171, 437 Picea 36 Abies 36 alha 36 brevifolia 36 canadensis 36 excelsa 36 mariana 36 nigra 36 Picea var. rubra 36 rubra 36 Pickerel-weed 113 Pickerel-weed Family 113 Pickle Plant 168 Picris 409 echioides 410, 435 hieracioides 409 Pie Cherry 245 Pieris mariana 310 Pigeon Berry 171 Grape 276 Grass 57 Pignut 14s Pignut Hickory 145 Pigweed 165, 166, 169 Bushy 170 Common 169 Rough 169 Slender 169 Sweet 165 White 170 Winged 165 Pilea 156 pumila 156 Pilewort 403 Pimbina 368 Pimpernel 241, 317 Common 317 False 352 Water 315 Yellow 301 Pimpinella integerrima 301 Pin Cherry 244 Oak ISO Pinaceae 34, 436, 439 Pine 34 Ground 31 Pitch 34 Prince's 306 Red 35 Running 31 Scotch 35 White 34 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 535 Pine Yellow 34 Pine Family 34 Pineapple-weed 399 Pinesap 307 Pineweed 282 Pink 181 Bunch 181 Deptford 181 Fire 179 French 181 Garden 181 Grass 133, 181 Ground 326 Hedge 180 Large Marsh 319 Maiden 181 Marsh 319 Meadow 178, 181, 356 Moss 326 Mullein 177 Old-maid's 180 Pheasant's-eye 181 Rose 177 Scotch 181 Sea 319 Wild 179 Pink Azalea 308 Corydalis 198 Family 173 Knotweed 161 Lady's Slipper 129 Persicaria 161 Pinks Wax 182 Pinkweed 162 Pinnatifid Spleenwort 19 Pinus 34 inops 424 resinosa 35 rigida 34 Strobus 34 sylvestris 35, 416, 424 virginiana 424 Pinweed 283 Beach 283 Hairy 283 Pinxter Flower 308 Piperaceae 137, 436 Pipes 29 Pipewort 112 Pipewort Family 112 Pipsissewa 306 Pisum 257 sativum 257, 430 var. arvense 258, 430 Pitch Pine 34 Pitcher-plant 213 Pitcher-plant Family 213 Plane Tree 220 Plane Tree Family 220 Plantaginaceae 360, 438, 440 Plantago 360 aristata 361 decipiens 361 elongata 361 halophila 360 lanceolata 361 major 360 var. intermedia 360 mariiinta 361 patagonica var. aristata 361 pus ilia 361 Rugelii 360 virginica 361 Plantain 360 Common 360 Downy Rattlesnake 135 English 361 Indian 403 Lesser Rattlesnake 134 Mud 113 Net-leaf 135 Poor Robin's 414 Rattlesnake 134 Robin's 387 Seaside 361 Water 47 Plantain Family 360 Lily 119 Plantain-leaved Everlasting 389 Platanaceae 220, 437 Platanus 220 536 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Platanus occidentalis 220 Pleurisy-root 322 Pluchea 388 camphorata 388 Plum 243 Alleghany 244 Beach 244, 245 Bullace 244 Canada 246 Garden 246 Horse 246 Ivory 311 Mountain 244 Moxie 312 Wild 246 " Goose 246 " Red 246 " Yellow 246 Plumbaginaceae 314, 438 Plumed Thistle 405 Plumeless Thistle 405 Poa ^2 alsodes T2, annua 72 auttimnalis 425 compressa 73 debilis 72 Hava yz Hexuosa 425 pratensis 72> serotina 73 triflora 73 trivialis 73 Podophyllum 194 peltatum 194, 421 Podostemaceae 213, 437 Podostemum 213 ceratophyllum 213 Poet's Narcissus 126 Pogonia 132 affinis 133, 420 ophioglossoides 132 pendiila 132 trianthophora 132 verticiilata 133 Pogonia Nodding 132 Rose 132 Smaller Whorled 133 Whorled 133 Poison Dogwood 268 Elder 268 Flag 127 Hemlock 298 Ivy 269 Oak 269 Parsnip 302 Sumach 268 Vine 269 Poke Common 171 Indian 118 Poke Milkweed z^z Root 171 Pokeweed 171 Common 171 Pokeweed Family 171 Polanisia 211 graveolens 211 trachysperma 211 Polemoniaceae 326, 438, 440 Polemonium 327 coeriileum 327 Van-Bruntiae 327 Polemonium Family z^ Polycodium stamineum 313 Polygala 263 ambigua 264 cruciata 264 Nuttallii 264 paucifolia 263 polygama 264 sanguinea 264 Senega 264 verticiilata 264 var. ambigua 264 viridescens 264 Polygala Fringed 263 Whorled 264 Polygalaceae 263, 437 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 537 Polygonaceae 157, 437, 439 Polygonatum 123 biflorum 123 commutatum 123 giganteum 123 Polygonella 164 articulata 164 Polygonum 159, 441 acre 162 var. leptostachyum 162 amphibium 161 var. Hartwrightii 161 " terrestre 161 arifolium 163 aviculare 160 var. littorale 160 " vegetum 160 Careyi 161 cilinode 163 var. breve 163 " erectum 163 Convolvulus 163 crista turn 164 cuspidatum 164, 420 dumetorum 163 forma cristatum 164 var. scandens 163 emersum 161 erectum 160 exsertum 159 Hartwrightii 161 Hydropiper 162 hydropiperoides 162 incarnatiini 160 lapathifoHum 160 var. incarnatum 160 " nodosum 420 littorale 160 maritimum 426 Muhlenbergii 161 orientale 162 pennsylvanicum 161 Persicaria 162 prolificum 159 punctatum 162 var. leptostachyum 162 ramosissimum 160 Polygonum forma atlanticum 160 var. prolHicum 159 sachalinense 164 sagittatum 163 scandens 163 tenue 160 virginianum 163 Zuccarinii 164 Polymnia 390 canadensis 390 Polypodiaceae 17, 435 Polypodium 17 vulgare 17 var. cambricum 17 Polypody 17 Polypogon 65 monspeliensis 65, 431 Polystichum 21 acrostichoides 21 var. incisum 21 " Schweinitzii 21 Braunii 424 Pond Lily 183 Pondweed 40 Horned 44 Pondweed Family 40 Pontederia 113 cordata 113 var. angustifolia 113 Pontederiaceae 113, 436 Poor Annie 118 Poor Man's Pepper 201 Poor Man's Weather Glass 317 Poor Robin 178 Poor Robin's Plantain 414 Poplar 141 Balsam 142 Black 143 Downy 142 Hickory 194 Lombardy 143 Necklace 142 Silver-leaf 141 Swamp 142 Trembling 141 Tulip 194 1 538 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Poplar White 141 Yellow 194 Popple 141 Poppy 197 California 196 Common 197 Corn 197 Field 197 Garden 197 Mexican 197 Opium 197 Prickly 197 Red 197 Shirley 197 Smooth-fruited 197 White Prickly 197 Poppy Family ig6 Populus 141 alba 141 balsamifera 142 var. candicans 142 candicans 142 deltoides 142 dilatata 143 grandidentata 142 heterophylla 142 monilifera 142 nigra 143 var. italica 143 tremuioides 141 Porcupine Grass 60 Portulaca 182 grandiflora 182, 431 oleracea 182 Portulaca 182 Garden 182 Showy 182 Portulacaceae 182, 437, 440 Post Oak 150 Pot Marigold 403 Potamogeton 40, 441 alpinus 41 americanus 41 var. novaeboracensis 41 amplifolius 41 angustifolius 42 Potamogeton var. connecticutensis 42 bupleuroides 43, 416 crispus 425 dimorphus 44 diversif alius 44 epihydrus 41 var. cayugensis 41 Auitans 41 foliosus 44 Friesii 43 gemmiparus 44 heterophyllus 42 forma gi-ammifolius 42 " longipedunculatus 42 " maximus 42 " myriophyllus 42 " terrestris 42 Hillii 43 hybridus 44 var. multi-denticulatus 44 lateralis 43, 423 lonchites 41 var. novaeboracensis 41 lucens 42 var. connecticutensis 42 mucronatus 43 natans 40 nitens 43 Nuttallii 41 var. cayugensis 41 Oakesianus 41 obtusifolius 43 pauciAorus 44 pectinatus 44 pennsylvanicus 41 perfoliatus 43 var. lanceolatus 42 " Richardsonii 42 pinnatum 295 praelongus 42 pulcher 41 pusillus 43 var. Sturrockii 43 Richardsonii 42 Robbinsii 44 rufescens 41 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 539 Potamogcton Spirillus 44 Vaseyi 43 zosterifolius 43 Potato 344 Potato-vine Wild 324 Potentilla 232, 441 Anserina 234 argentea 233 arguta 232 canadensis 234 var. simplex 234 fruticosa 233 intermedia 233 monspeliensis 232 var. norvegica 232 norvegica 232 pacifica 234 palustris 233 pumila 234 recta 233 simplex 234 sulphur ea 233 tridentata 233 Poterium canadense 241 Sanguisorba 241 Pot-herb Mustard 203 Poverty Grass 283 Powder-horn 177 Prairie Rose 242 Willow 140 Prenanthes 413 alba 413 altissima 413 var. hispidula 413 serpentaria 4^3 trifoliolata 4^3 Pretty Nancy 179 Prickly Ash 262 Cleome 212 Clotbur 391 Gooseberry 217 Lettuce 411 Pear 289 Poppy 197 Prickly Saltwort 169 Pride of the Meadow 235 Prim 319 Primrose Common Evening 292 Evening 292 Primrose Family 3^5 Primrose-leaved Violet 287 Primulaceae 315, 438, 440 Prince's Feather 162, 169, 170 Pine 306 Privet 319 Proboscis Flower 360 Proserpinaca 295 palustris 295 Prostrate Amaranth 170 Provence Rose 243 Prunella 335 vulgaris 335 Prunus 243, 441 alleghaniensis 244 americana 246 avium 245 Cerasus 245 cuneata 245 domestica 246 Gravesii 245 instititia 244 Mahaleb 245 maritima 244 nigra 246 pennsylvanica 244 Persica 246 pumila 245 serotina 243 spinosa var. instititia 244 virginiana 244 Psamma 65 Psedera 276 quinque folia 276 var. hirsuta 276 vitacea 276 Ptelea 263 trifoliata 263 540 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. Pteridium aquilinum i8 Pteris i8 aquilina i8 Ptilimnium 299 capillaceum 299 Puccinellia 75 angustata 75 Borreri 75 distans 75 maritima var. minor 75 Puccoon 329 Red 196 White 196 Yellow 193 Pulse Family 246 Pumpkin 372 Art 371 Purple Amaranth 170 Angelica 303 Avens 235 Azalea 308 Bladderwort 358 Boneset 375 Chokeberry 223 Cinquefoil 2Z2i Clematis 190 Cone-flower 393 Cress 210 Eragrostis 71 Five-finger 22,Z Flowering Raspberry 237 Gerardia 355 Hardback 221 Loosestrife 290 Meadow Rue 188 Milkweed 322 Milkwort 264 Oat 72 Petunia 349 Rocket 208 Stramonium 348 Trillium 124 Virgin's Bower 190 Wild Raspberry 236 Willow 141 Purple-wort 233 Purplish Cudweed 390 Purslane 182 French 182 Garden 182 Marsh 291 Milk 266 Mud 282 Sea 175 Water 291 Purslane Family 182 Speedwell 354 Pusley 182 Pussy Willow 139 Pussy's Toes 388 Putty-root 136 Pycnanthemum 340 aristatum 428 clinopodioides 340 flexuosum 340 incanum 341 lanceolatum 340 linifolium 340 muticum 341 var. pilosum 340 pilosum 340 verticillatum 341 virginianum 340 Pygmy Weed 214 Pyrola 306 americana 307 chlorantha 306 elliptica 307 rotundifolia 307 secunda 306 Pyrola One-flowered 306 Pyrus 222 americana 223 arbutifolia 222 var. atropurpurea 223 " melanocarpa 223 Aucuparia 223 baccata 222 communis 222 Cydonia 224 Malus 222 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 541 Pyrus melanocarpa 223 prunifolia 222 Quack Grass 79 Quaking Aspen 141 Grass 72 Quamociit coccinea 324 Quassia Family 263 Queen of the Meadow 221, 235, 375 Queen of the Prairie 234 Quercitron Oak 152 Quercus 149, 441 acuminata 150 alba 149 bicolor 150 coccinea 151 var. tinctoria 152 ilicifolia 152 macrocarpa 150 minor 150 Muhlenbergii 150 nana 152 palustris 151 platanoides 150 prinoides 151 Prinus 151 rubra 151 stellata 150 velutina 151, 152 Quicksilver Weed 188 Quillwort 32 Quillwort Family 32 Quince 224 Common 224 Japan 224 Quinsy-berry 218 Quitch Grass 79 Quiver-leaf 141 Rabbit- foot Clover 248 Raccoon-berry 194 Radicula 206 Armoracia 207 Nasturtium-aquaticum 206 palustris 207 var. hispida 207 sylvestris 207 Radish 202 Garden 202 Wild 202 Ragged Jack 178 Lychnis 178 Orchis 132 Robin 178 Sailor 162 Ragweed 391 Golden 404 Great 391 Ragwort 403, 404 Golden 404 Raisin Wild 369 Ramsted 350 Ranunculaceae 184, 437, 440 Ranunculus 184, 441 abortivus 186 var. eucyclus 186 " micranthus 186 acris 187 var. Steveni 187 allegheniensis 186, 421 ambigens 185 aquatilis var. capillaceus 184 " triclwphyllus 184 bulbosus 187 circinatus 184 Cymbalaria 185 delphinifolius 185 var. terrestris 185 divaricatus 184 fascicularis 187 Flammula 426 var. reptans 185 hispidus 187 laxicaulis 185 micranthus 186 multi£dtis 185 obtusiusculus 185 pennsylvanicus 187 recurvatus 186 repens 187 reptans 185 542 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Ranunculus sceleratus i86, 421 septentrionalis 187 Rape 204 Raphanus 202 Raphanistrum 202 sativus 202, 431 Raspberry Black 237 Dwarf 237 European Red 236 Purple Flowering 237 " Wild 236 Red 236 Running 237 Wild Red 236 Ratibida pinnata 393 Rattle 357 Yellow 357 Rattle Bags 180 Cohosh 192 Snakeroot 192 Rattle-box 248, 357 Rattlesnake Fern 28 Grass 74 Master 297 Plantain 134 Rattlesnake-root 413 Rattlesnake-weed 414 Rattle-top 192 Rasoumofskya pusilla 156 Red Ash 318 Baneberry 193 Benjamin 124 Blite 166 Campion 178 Cedar 38 Cherry 245 Chokeberry 223 Clover 248 Cohosh 193 Columbine 192 Currant 219 Elm 152 Goosefoot 166 Red Gum 220 Haw 225 Indian Paint 196 Ink Plant 171 Lily 120 Lychnis 178 Maple 273 Mulberry 154 Oak 151 Pepper 344 Pine 35 Poppy 197 Puccoon 196 Raspberry 236 Robin 178, 261 Rose 243 Snakeroot 193 Sorrel 159 Spruce 2,^ Top 64 Trillium 124 Red-beads 193 Red-berried Elder 369 Redbud 247 Red-osier Cornel 305 Dogwood 305 Red-root 126, 196, 275 Red-seeded Dandelion 410 Red-shank 162 Red-stalked Aster 386 Reed 70 Sea Sand 65 kein Orchis 130 Reseda 212 alba 212, 431 lutea 212 Luteola 212, 433 odorata 212, 433 Resedaceae 212, 437, 440 Rhamnaceae 275, 438, 440 Rhamnus 275 alnifolia 275 cathartica 275 Rheumatism-root 126 Rhexia 290 virginica 290 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 543 Rhinanthus 357 Crista-galli 357 minor 357 Rhode Island Bent 64 Rhododendron 307 arborescens 427 canadense 308 canescens 308 maximum 308 nudiflorum 308 Rhodora 308 viscosum 307 var. glaucum 308 " nitidum 308 Rhodora canadensis 308 Rhus 268 aromatica 269 canadensis 269 copallina 268 glabra 268 hirta 268 radicans 269 Toxicodendron 269 var. radicans 269 typhina 268 venenata 268 Vernix 268 Rib Grass 361 Ribbon Grass 59 Ribes 217, 441 americanum 218 aureum 219 Cynosbati 217 Horidum 218 gracile 217 Grossularia 218 lacustre 218 missouriense 2iy nigruin 218, 434 odoratum 219 oxyacanthoides 218 prostratum 219 rotundifolium 218 rubrum 219 Uva-crispa 218 vulgare 219 Ribwort 360 Rice False 58 Indian 58 Mountain 59 Tuscarora 74 Water 58 Wild 58 Richweed 156, 344 Ricinus 265 communis 265, 430 Ring Willow 139 Ripple Grass 361 River Ash 318 Bulrush 86 Weed 213 " Family 213 River-bank Grape 277 Willow 139 Roadside Peppergrass 200 Robin Runaway 334 Robinia 251 hispida 251 Pseudo- Acacia 251 viscosa 251 Robin's Plantain 387 Rock Brake 19 Cress 210 Crowfoot 186 Elm 152 Lily 192 Maple 272 Sandwort 175 Woodsia 24 Rockrose 282 Rockrose Family 282 Rocket 206 American Sea 202 Crambling 212 Dame's 206 Dyer's 212 Purple 208 Sand 204 Sea 202 Sweet 206 Wall 204 Yellow 207 544 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY, [Bull. Rocket Cress 207 Larkspur 192 Roman Wormwood 391, 402 Roripa Armoracia 207 his pi da 207 Nasturtium 206 palustris 207 sylvestris 207 Rosa 242, 441 blanda 242 canina 242 Carolina 243 cinnamomea 242 gallica 243 humilis 243 lucida 243 nitida 243 rubiginosa 242 var. micrantha 243 rugosa 242 setigera 242, 422 spinosissima 242, 422 virginiana 243 Rosaceae 220, 437, 440 Rose 242 African 197 Brier 242 Burnet 242 California 324 Canker 197, 242 Cinnamon 242 Qimbing 242 Corn 197 Dog 242 Dwarf Wild 243 Early Wild 242 French 243 Hip 242 Japanese 236, 242 Kitchen 242 Large Wild 243 Low Wild 243 Marsh Holy 310 Meadow 242 Musk 279 Northeastern 243 Rose Pasture Wild 243 Prairie 242 Provence 243 Red 243 Scotch 242 Shining 243 Swamp Wild 243 Thornless 242 Wild 243 Rose Acacia 251 Bay 308 Campion 177 Family 220 Mallow 279 Moss 182 Pink 177 Pogonia 132 Willow 141 Rose of Sharon 279 Rosemary Bog 310 Marsh 310, 314 Rosin-weed 390 Rotala 289 ramosior 289 Rough Avens 235 Bedstraw 362 Bent 64 Boneset 376 Cinquefoil 232 Comfrey 329 Crowfoot 186 Pigweed 169 Round-headed Anemone 190 Round-leaved Anemone 190 Cornel 304 Dogwood 304 Shin Leaf 307 Sundew 213 Violet 287 Rowan Tree 22^ Royal Fern 26 Rubiaceae 361, 438, 441 Rubus 236, 441 allegheniensis 237 var. Gravesii 238 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 545 Rubus aniericanus 237 amnicolus 238 Andrewsianus 239 argutus var. Randii 238 arundelanus 238 Baileyanus 240 canadensis 239 cuneifolius 238 Enslenii 240 floricomus 239 frondosus 238 hispidus 239 var. suberectus 239 idaeus 236 var. aculeatissimiis 236 " sfrigosus 236 invisus 426 laciniatus 238 neglectus 236 nigricans 239 nigrobaccus 237 occidentalis 237 forma pallidus 237 odoratus 237 orarius 238 pergratus 238 philadelphicus 238 phoenicolasius 237 procumbens 239 Randii 238 recurvans 238 recurvicaulis 238 semisetosus 239 setosus 239 strigosus 236 subuniHorus 240 triflorus 237 vermontanus 239 villosus 237, 239, 426 var. frondosus 238 " humifusus 240 Rudbeckia 392 hirta 393 laciniata 393 speciosa 393 35 Rudbeckia subtomentosa 393 triloba 392 Rue Common Meadow 188 Early Meadow 188 Goat's 251 Meadow 188 Purple Meadow 188 Tall Meadow 188 Wax-leaved Meadow 188 Rue Anemone 189 Family 262 Spleenwort 20 Rum Cherry 243 Rumex 157, 441 Acetosa 159 Acetosella 159 altissimus 158 Britannica 158 crispus 158 elongatus 158, 420 maritimus 426 mexicanus 158 obtusifolius 159 Patientia 157 persicarioides 426 salicifolius 158 sanguineus 426 verticillatus 158 Runaway Robin 343 Running Blackberry 239 Brier 239 Buttercup 234 Pine 31 Raspberry 237 Swamp Blackberry 239 Ruppia 44 maritima 44 Rush 114 Beak 90 Bog 114, 115 Candle 115 Chair-maker's 86 Club 85 Common 115 Hairy Wood 117 54-6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Rush Horned 90 Knotted 116 Nut 91 Scouring 29 Slender 114 Soft IIS Spike 83 Three-square 86 Toad 114 Twig 91 Wood 117 Yard 114 Rush Family 114 Grass 63 Russian Clover 252 Thistle 169 Rusty Woodsia 24 Rutabaga 203 Rutaceae 262, 437, 440 Rye 79 Nodding Wild 80 Slender Wild 81 Wild 80 Rynchospora 90 alba 90 var. macra 418 cap iliac e a 425 corniculata var. macrostachya 90 fusca 90 glomerata 91 macrostachya 90 Sabatia 319 campestris 319, 434 chloroides 319 dodecandra 319 stellaris 319 Sacaline 164 Sacred Bean 184 Saddle Tree 194 Sage 337 Garden 337 Lyre-leaved ^27 Meadow 337 Scarlet 338 Wild 376 Sage Wood 332 Sage Willow 140 Sagina 174 apetala 174 decumbens 174 procumbens 174 Sagittaria 45 arifolia 46 calycina 47 var. spongiosa 47 cristata 46 cuneata 46 Eatoni 46 Engelmanniana 46 gracilis 46 graminea 46 hastata 46 heterophylla 46 var. elliptica 46 " rigida 46 latifolia 46 forma diversifolia 46 " gracilis 46 " hastata 46 " obtusa 46 longirostra 45 natans var. gracillinia 47 " lorata 46 obtusa 46 pusilla 46 rigida 46 subulata 46 var. gracillima 47 variabilis 46 var. diversifolia 46 " gracilis 46 Sailor's Tobacco 401 St. John's-wort 280 Common 280 Dwarf 281 Great 280 Marsh 282 Pale 281 Shrubby 281 St. John's-wort Family 280 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 547 St. Lucie Cherry 245 Salad Burnet 241 Salicaceae 137, 436, 439 Salicornia 168 ambigua 168 Bigelovii 168 europaea 168 herbacea 168 mucronata 168 Salix 137, 441 acutidens 139 alba var. vitellina 138 babylonica 139 Bebbiana 140 Candida 140 var. denudata 141 cordata 139 var. angustata 139 " myricoides 139 discolor 139 var. eriocephala 140, 420 " prinoides 140, 420 eriocephala 140 Huviatilis 139 fragilis 138 humilis 140 incana 141, 433 longifolia 139 lucida 138 myrtilloides 139 nigra 137 var. falcata 137 pedicellaris 139 pentandra 138 petiolaris 426 prinoides 140 purpurea 141 rostrata 140 sericea 140 serissima 138 subsericea 420 tristis 140 Salomonia biAora 123 commufata 123 Salsify 410 Salsola 169 Kali 169 var. caroliniana 421 " tenuifolia 169 salsa var. americana 169 Tragus 169 Salt Marsh Grass 68 Meadow Grass 68 Reed Grass 68 Saltwort 169 Common 169 Prickly 169 Salvia 337 lyrata 2>2>7 officinalis 2>2i7 pratensis 22,7, 432 splendens 338, 432 Sambucus 369 canadensis 369 pubens 369 racemosa 369 Samolus 315 floribundus 315, 427 Valerandi 427 var. americaiiits 315 Samphire 168 Woody 168 Sand Bar Willow 139 Blackberry 238 Brier 345 Bur 346 Cherry 245 Grass 70 Jointweed 164 Mustard 204 Rocket 204 Spurrey 173 Sandalwood Family 156 Sandbur 58 Sand-weed 173 Sandwort 173, 174 Blunt-leaved 174 Common 175 Large-leaved 174 Mountain 175 Rock 175 548 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Sandwort ■ Sea Beach 175 Seaside 173 Showy 174 Thyme-leaved 175 Sanguinaria 196 canadensis 196 Sanguisorba 241 canadensis 241 minor 241, 434 Sanguisorba 241 Sanicle 297 American 215 Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot li Sanicula 297 canadensis 297 gregaria 297 marilandica 297 var. canadensis 297 trifoliata 297 Santalaceae 156, 436 Sapindaceae 274, 438, 440 Saponaria 180 inUata 430 officinalis 180 Vaccaria 180 Sarothra gentianoides 282 Sarracenia 213 purpurea 213 Sarraceniaceae 213, 437 Sarsaparilla American 296 Bristly 296 False 296 Wild 296 Yellow 194 Sassafras 195 officinale 195 Sassafras 195 variifolium 195 Satin-flower 208 Satureja 339 hortensis 428 vulgaris 339 Saururus 137 cernuus 137 Savastana Nashii 59 odorala 59 Savin 38 Savory 339 Saw Brier 125 Saxifraga 215 pennsylvanica 215 virginiensis 215 Saxifragaceae 215, 437. 440 Saxifrage 215 Early 215 Golden 216 Spring 215 Swamp 215 Saxifrage Family 215 Saxifrax 195 Scahiosa arvensis 371 Scabious Field 371 Sweet 387 Scallop Squash 372 Scarlet Oak 151 Painted Cup 356 Sage 338 Scheuchzeria 45 palustris 45 Schizaeaceae 26, 435 Schwalbea 357 americana 357 Scirpus 85, 441 alpinus 86 americanus 86 atrocinctus 89 var. brachypodus 89 atrovirens 87, 88, 418 campestris 87 var. novae-angliae 87 " paludosus 87 cyperinus 88 var. Andrewsii 88 " condensatus 88 " Eriophorum 88 " pelius 88, 418 debilis 86 Eriophorum 88 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 549 Scirpus fluviatilis 87 georgianus 88 Hallii 425 hudsonianus 86 lacustris 86 lineatus 88 maritimns 87 nanus 85 novae-angliae 87 Olneyi 86 van contortus 86 paludosus 87 pedicellatus 88 var. pullus 89 planifolius 85 polyphyllus 88 var. macrostachys 88 pungens 86 robustus 87 rubrotinctus 87. 418 Smithii 86 subterminalis 86 supinus var. Hallii 425 sylvaticus 87 var. Bissellii 87 " digynus 87 Torreyi 86 validus 86 Scleranthus 172 annuus 172 Scleria 91 pauciflora 91 var. caroliniana 91 reticularis var. pubescens 430 triglomerata 91 verticillata 91 Scoke Common 171 Scorpion Grass 329 Scotch Broom 248 Fir 35 Lovage 301 Pine 35 Pink 181 Rose 242 Scotch Thistle 407 Scott's Spleenwort 19 Scouring Rush 29 Scratch Grass 58, 163 Scrofula Plant 351 Scrophularia 351 leporella 351 marilandica 351 nodosa var. marilandica 351 Scrophulariaceae 349, 438, 440 Scurvy Grass 208 Scutch Grass 69, 79 Scutellaria 333 galericulata 333 integrifolia 22,2, lateriflora 2>2>2 parvula 2,2,2 var. ambigua 222 saxatilis 428 Sea Beach Sandwort 175 Elite 168 Chickweed 175 Cole 202 Lavender 314 Parsley 301 Pink 319 Purslane 175 Rocket 202 Seaside Crowfoot 185 Gerardia 356 Goosefoot 169 Jointweed 164 Plantain 361 Sandwort 173 Spurge 265 Spurrey 173 Secale 79 cereale 79, 431 Sedge 91 Sedge Family 81 Sedum 214 acre 214 purpureum 214 Telephium 214 ternatum 214 550 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Sedum triphyllum 214 Seedbox 291 Selaginella 32 apus 32 rupestris 32 Selaginellaceae 32, 436 Self-heal 335 Common 335 Sempervivum 215 tectorum 215 Seneca Grass 59 Snakeroot 264 Senecio 403 aureus 404 var. Balsamitae 404 " obovatus 404 Balsamitae var. praelongus 404 obovatus 404 viscosus 404 vulgaris 403 Senega Snakeroot 264 Senna 247 American 247 Wild 247 Sensitive Fern 25 Pea 247 Plant Wild 247 Sericocarpus 388 asteroides 388 conyzoides 388 linifolius 388 solidagineus 388 Service Berry 224 Tree 223 Sesame Grass 48 Setaria 57 glauca 57 imberbis 430 var. perennis 57 italica 57 var. germanica 57 verticillata 57 viridis 57 Shad Bush 224 Shad-flower 199 Shade Elm 152 Shag-bark Hickory 145 Shamrock Water 320 Shave Grass 30 Shear Grass 79 Sheep Laurel 309 Sorrel 159 Sheepberry 369 Sheep's Fescue 76 Sheep's-bit Z7i Shell-bark Hickory 145 Shepherd's Purse 201 Sprouts 201 Shield Fern 22 Shin Leaf 306, 307 Round-leaved 307 Shining Rose 243 Sumach 268 Willow 138 Shirley Poppy 197 Shore Knotweed 160 Showy Lady's Slipper 129 Orchis 130 Portulaca 182 Sandwort 174 Shrubby Althaea 279 Bitter-sweet 271 Cinquefoil 233 St. John's-wort 281 Trefoil 263 Sibbaldiopsis tridentata 233 Siberian Aster 386 Crab 222 Sickle Grass 163 Sickle-pod 211 Sicyos 372 artgulatus 372 Sida 278 spinosa 278, 434 Side-saddle Flower 213 Sideritis 334 montana 334, 434 Sieglingia purpurea 70 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 551 Sieglingia seslerioides 70 Sileue 179 antirrhina 179 var. divaricata 179 Armeria 179 caroliniana 179 Cucubalus 180 dichotoma 179 inflata 430 latifolia 180 nivea 426 noctiflora 179, 421 pennsylvanica 179 stellata 180 vulgaris 180 Silk Grass 64 Silkweed 322 Common 322 Silkworm Mulberry 154 Silky Cornel 305 Willow 140 Silphium 390 perfoliatum 390 Silver Maple 273 Weed 234, 274 Silver-leaf Poplar 141 Silvery Cinquefoil 233 Spleenwort 21 Simarubaceae 263, 437, 440 Si nap is alba 202 Sisymbrium 205 Alliaria 205 altissimum 205 canescens 205, 433 Loeselii 205 officinale 205 var. leiocarpum 205 Sophia 20S, 433 Thalianum 206 Sisyrinchium 128 albidum 128, 431 anceps 128 angustifolium 128 atlanticum 129 gramineum 128 Sisyrinchium graminoides 128 intermedium 128 mucronatum 128 Sium 300 Carsonii 300 cicutaefolium 300 line are 300 Skevish 387 Skullcap 333 Mad-dog 2Z2> Marsh 333 Skunk Cabbage no Currant 219 Grape 276 Spruce 36 Sleepy Catchfly 179 Slender Fescue 76 Knotweed 160 Nettle 155 Pigweed 169 Rush 114 Vetch 256 Slippery Elm 152 Sloe 244, 369 Slough Grass 68 Small Agrimony 241 Alyssum 200 Cranberry 314 Green Wood Orchis 131 Nettle iss Pale Green Orchis 130 Red Morning Glory 324 Snapdragon 351 Solomon's Seal 123 Smaller Bladderwort 358 Small-flowered Cranesbill 262 Crowfoot 186 Geranium 262 Pearlwort 174 Sweetbrier 243 Small-fruited Hickory 145 Smartweed 162 Common 162 Water 162 Smilacina 122 racemosa 122 552 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Smilacina stellata 122 trifolia 123, 419 Smilax 125 glauca 125 herbacea 125 hispida 125 rotundifolia 125 Smooth Alder 148 Crowfoot 186 Gooseberry 218 Solomon's Seal 123 Sumach 268 Winterberry 270 Yellow Violet 288 Smooth-fruited Poppy 197 Snake Grass 71 Mouth 132 Snake-berry 193 Snakehead 352 Snake-leaf 121 Snakeroot 157 Black 192, 297 Button 297, 2)11 Fine 157 Heart 157 Rattle 192 Red 193 Seneca 264 Senega 264 Virginia 157 White 193, 376, 2,71 Snapdragon 351 Small 351 Snapdragon Catchfly 179 Snapping Alder 219 Snap-weed 274 Snap-wood 196 Sneezeweed 398 Snowball 367. 368 Snowberry 366, z^y Creeping 312 Snowdrift 199 Snowdrop 190 Snow-on-the-Mountain 266 Soapberry Family 274 Soapwort 180 Soapwort Field 180 Soft Agrimony 241 Chess ^y Maple 273 Rush 115 Solanaceae 344, 438, 440 Solanum 344 carolinense 345 Dulcamara 345 nigrum 345 rostratum 346 tuberosum 344, 432 Soldier's Cap 198 Soldiers on the Green 356 Solidago 378, 441 altissima 380 arguta 379 aspera 380 asperula 380 bicolor 378 var. concolor 378 caesia 378 var. axillaris 378 " paniculata 378 canadensis 380 var. glabrata 380 " scahra 380 " scabriuscula 380 Elliottii 380 Aexicatdis 378 graminifolia var. Nuttallii 381 hispida 378 juncea 379 var. ramosa 379 lanceolata 381 latifolia 378 neglecta 379 var. linoides 379 nemoralis 380 odora 379 patula 379 puberula 378 rigida 381 rugosa 380 var. sphagnophila 380 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 553 Solidago sempervirens 379 serotina 381 var. gigantea 381 speciosa 379 squarrosa 378 strict a 429 tenuifolia 381 uliginosa 379 ulmifolia 380 uniligulata 379 Solomon's Seal 123 False 122 Giant 123 Great 123 Hairy 123 Small 123 Smooth 123 Star-flowered 122 Three-leaved 122 Two-leaved 123 Sonchus 411 ^ arvensis 411 asper 411 oleraceus 411 Sophia pinnata 205 Sophia 205 Sorbaria 221 sorbifolia 221 Sorbus americana 223 Aucuparia 223 Sorghastrum 49 avenaceum 49 nutans 49 Sorghum 49 halepense 49, 416, 433 Sorrel 157 Cock 159 Common 159 " Wood 260 Cow 159 Field 159 Garden 159 House 159 Lady's 261 Sorrel Meadow 159 Red 159 Sheep 159 Slender Yellow Wood 260 Tall Yellow Wood 261 Violet Wood 260 White Wood 260 Wood 260 Yellow Wood 260 Sorrel Dock 159 Sour Cherry 245 Grass 159 Gum 305 Sour-top Blueberry 313 Southernwood 401 Sow Bindweed 163 Thistle 411 Sowbane 166, 167 Sowna Millet 56 Spanish Bayonet 121 Buttons 407 Needles 397 Sparganiaceae 39, 436 Sparganium 39 americanum 39 var. androcladum 40 androcladum 40 var. Huctuans 40 angustifolium 40, 422 diversifolium 40 var. acaule 40 eurycarpum 39, 416 fluctuans 40, 423 lucidum 40 minimum 40 simplex 40 var. androcladum 40 " angustifolium 40 " fluitans 40 " Nuttallii 39 Spartina 68 cynosuroides 68 glabra 68 var. alterniflora 68 " pilosa 68 juncea 68 554 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Spartina Michauxiana 68 patens var. caespitosa 69, 417 var. juncea 68 polystachya 68 strict a var. alterniHora 68 " glabra 68 Spathyema foetida no Spatter-dock 183 Spear Grass 72, 7^ Spearmint 342 Spearwort 185 Crawling 185 Creeping 185 Water Plantain 185 Speckled Alder 148 Specularia 372 perfoliata 372 Speedwell 353, 354 Common 354 Corn 354 Creeping 354 Ivy-leaved 355 Marsh 354 Purslane 354 Swamp 354 Thyme-leaved 354 Spergula 173 arvensis 173 sativa 174 Spergularia 173 canadensis 421 marina 173 rubra 173 Sphenopholis (£ nitida 66 obtusata 66 var. pubescens 66 pallens (^ var. major 66 palustris 66 Spice Bush 196 Spice-wood 196 Spider Lily 113 % Spider-flower 212 Spiderwort 113 Spiderwort Family 113 Spignet 296 Spike Grass 72 Rush 83 Spiked Loosestrife 290 Spikenard 296 American 296 False 122 Wild 122 Spinach New Zealand 173 Strawberry 166 Wild 166 Spindle Tree 271 European 271 Spiny Amaranth 170 Clotbur 391 Spiraea 221 chamaedrifolia 221 var. ulmifolia Filipendula 235 japonica 221 latifolia 221 lobata 234 prunifolia 221 salicifolia 22 1 sorbifolia 221 tomentosa 221 Ulmaria 235 Spiraea Ash-leaved 221 Spiranthes 133 Beckii 133 cernua 134 var. ochroleuca 134, 420 gracilis 133 latifolia 134 lucida 134 praecox 133 Romanzoffiana 134 simplex 133 vernalis 133 Spires Grass 59 Spirodela in polyrhiza iii No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 555 Spleenwort 19 Ebony 20 Maidenhair 20 Mountain 20 Narrow-leaved 20 Pinnatifid 19 Rue 20 Scott's 19 Silvery 21 Spoon-wood 309 Sporobolus 63 asper 63 clandestinus 63 cryptandrus 63 heterolepis 63 longifolius 63 neglectus 63 serotinus 63 uniflorus 63 vaginiflorus 63 Spotted Alder 219 Cowbane 299 Loosestrife 315 Medick 250 Mint 343 Parsley 298 Touch-me-not 274 Wintergreen 306 Spotted-leaf Buttercup 187 Crowfoot 187 Spreading Dogbane 321 Globeflower 191 Orach 167 Spring Anemone 190 Beauty 182 Cress 209, 210 Dock 157 Mouse-ear 177 Saxifrage 215 Vetch 255 Spruce 36 Black 36 Bog 36 Cat 36 Norway 36 Red 36 Spruce Skunk 36 White 36 Spurge 26s, 267 Caper 267 Cypress 267 Flowering 266 Ipecac 266 Leafy 266 Myrtle 267 Petty 267 Seaside 265 Spurge Family 265 Spurrey 173 Common 173 Corn 173 Field 174 Salt Marsh Sand 173 Sand 173 Seaside 173 Spurrey Pearlwort 174 Squash 372 Canada 372 China 372 Hubbard 372 Marrow 372 Scallop 372 Summer Crookneck 372 Winter Crookneck 372 Squaw Huckleberry 313 Vine 364 Squaw-root 192, 195, 359 Squaw-weed 403, 404 Swamp 404 Squirrel Brier 125 Corn 198 Squirrel-ear 134 Squirrel-tail Grass 80 Stachys 337 asp era 337 cordata 428 hyssopifolia 337 palustris 337 var. cordata 42S var. homotricha 337 tenui folia var. aspera 337, 428 556 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Staff Tree 271 Staff Tree Family 271 Stag-bush 369 Stagger-bush 310 Staggerwort 398 Staghorn Sumach 268 Staphylea 272 trifolia 272 Staphyleaceae 272, 437 Star Cucumber 372 Flower 316 Grass 125, 127 Thistle 407 Star of Bethlehem 121 Star-flowered Solomon's Seal 122 Star-leaved Gum 220 Starry Campion 180 Starwort 175, 382 Greater 176 Lesser 176 Long-leaved 175 Mountain 175 Northern 175 Water 267 Stat ice Limonium var. caroliniana 314 Steeple Bush 221 Steironema 316 ciliatum 316 lanceolatum 316 Stellaria 175 borealis 175 graminea 176 var. lanceolata 176 Holostea 176 longifolia 175 media 176 puhera 426 Stemless Lady's Slipper 129 Stenophragma Thaliana 206 Stenophyllus 85 capillaris 85 Stickseed 240, 328 Stick-tight 396 Stiff Water Crowfoot 184 Stinging Nettle 155 Stingless Nettle 156 Stink Grass yi Stipa 60 avenacea 60 Stitchwort Greater 176 Lesser 176 Long-leaved 175 Northern 175 Stone Clover 248 Stonecrop 214 Biting 214 Ditch 214 Mossy 214 Virginia 214 Wild 214 Stone-root 344 Stone-seed 329 Storksbill 262 Musk 262 Stramonium 347 Purple 348 Strawberry 231 American Wood 232 Barren 232 Bog 233 Dry 232 European Wood 231 Field 231 Indian 232 Mock 232 Wild 231, 232 Yellow 232, 234 Yellow-flowered 232 Strawberry BHte 166 Spinach 166 Tomato 346 Streptopus 123 amplexifolius 123 roseus 123 Striped Maple 272 Strophostyles 258 angulosa 258 helvola 258 Stubbleberry 345 Suaeda 168 No. 14. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 557 Suaeda linearis 169 maritima 168 Succory 408 Sugar Maple 272 Pear 224 Sugarberry 153 Sumach 268 Black 268 Dwarf 268 Mountain 223 Poison 268 Shining 268 Smooth 268 Staghorn 268 Sweet-scented 269 Summer Anemone 190 Grape 276, 277 Lilac 206 Snowflake 126 Sundew 213 Long-leaved 213 Round-leaved 213 Sundew Family 213 Sundial 248 Sunflower 394 Common 394 Tickseed 397 Wild 395 Sun-plant 182 Swallow-wort 196 Black 222 Swamp Ash 318 Beggar-ticks 396 Bilberry 313 Birch 148 Blueberry 313 Buttercup 187 Crowfoot 187 Dock 158 Dogwood 305 Elm 152 Globeflower 191 Gooseberry 218 Hickory 145 Laurel 309 Loosestrife 289 Swamp Lousewort 357 Maple 272 Milkweed 322 Poplar 142 Saxifrage 215 Spanish Oak 151 Speedwell 354 Squaw-weed 404 Thistle 406 White Oak 150 Sweatweed 278 Swedish Clover 249 Sweet Allison 199 Alyssum 199 Birch 147 Cherry 245 Chervil 298 Cicely 298 Clover 249 Coltsfoot 157, 402 Currant 219 Elm 152 Everlasting 390 Fern 144 Flag III Gale 143 " Family 143 Golden-rod 379 Gum 220 " Tree 220 Pepperbush 306 Pigweed 165 Rocket 206 Scabious 387 Susan 179 Vernal Grass 59 Viburnum 369 Violet 287 White Violet 287 William 181, 326 Sweetbrier 242 Small-flowered 243 Sweet-scented Bedstraw 2^3 Sumach 269 Switch Grass 52 Sword Grass 59, 98 558 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Sycamore 220 American 220 False 220 Sycamore Maple 272 Symphoricarpos 366 orbiculatus 366 racemosus 367 var. laevigatus 367 Symphoricarpos 366 vulgaris 366 Symphytum 328 asperrimum 329 officinale 328 tuberosum 328 Symplocarpus no foetidus no Syndesmon thalictroides 189 Synosma suaveolens 403 Syntherisma ■Rliformis 49 Umbriata 50 linearis 49 sanguinalis 50 Syringa 318 vulgaris 318 Syringa 217 Large-flowered 217 Tacamahac 142 Taenidia 301 integerrima 301 Tag Alder 148 Talinum teretifolinm 426 Tall Anemone 190 Blueberry 313 Buttercup 188 Cinquefoil 232 Cone-flower 393 Crowfoot 188 Dock 158 Leafy Green Orchis 130 Meadow Rue 188 Red Top 70 Thistle 406 White Bog Orchis 130 Tall Wild Nettle 155 Taller Fescue 76 Tamarack 35 Tanacetum 400 vulgare 400 var. crispum 400 Tansy 400 Common 400 Wild 234 Tansy Mustard 205 Tape Grass 47 Taraxacum 410 erythrospermum 410 officinale 410 var. palustre 410 Taraxacum 410 Tare 255 Common 255 Hairy 256 Tares 173 Tarragon 401 Tartarian Honeysuckle 365 Tar-weed 377 Tassel Tree 278 Tawny Elm 152 Taxaceae 34, 436 Taxus 34 canadensis 34 minor 34 Tea Labrador 307 Mexican 165 New Jersey 275 Oswego 338 Teaherry 218, 311 White 312 Tear-thumb Arrow-leaved 163 Halberd-leaved 163 Teasel 370 Wild 370 Teasel Family 370 Tecoma 359 radicans 359 Tephrosia 251 virginiana 251 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 559 Terrell Grass 80 Tetragonia 173 expansa 173, 433 Tetter-wort 196 Teucrium 332 canadense 332 var. littorale 332 littorale 332 Thale Cress 206 Thalesia uniAora 359 Thalictrum 188 clavatum 426 dioicum 188 polygamum 188 purpurascens 188 revolutum 188 Thaspium aureum 427 barbinode 427 trifoliatum 427 Thatch Grass 68 Thelypodium pinnatifidum 208 Thicket Bindweed 163 Buckwheat 163 Thimbleberry 237 Thimbleweed 190, 393 Thin Grass 64 Thistle Bull 405, 406 Canada 406 Common 405 " Sow 4T1 Cotton 407 Curled 405 Field 405 " Sow 411 Flowering 197 Pasture 406 Plumed 405 Plumeless 405 Russian 169 Scotch 407 Sow 411 Spiny-leaved Sow 411 Star 407 Thistle Swamp 406 Tall 406 Yellow 197, 405 Thlaspi 200 arvense 200 Thorn Cockspur 225 Hedge 225 Newcastle 225 White 225 Thorn Apple 347 Thornless Rose 242 Thorny Amaranth 170 Thoroughwort 375, 376 Thread-and-Needle 121 Thread-foot 213 Three-leaved Solomon's Seal 123 Three-seeded Mercury 265 Three-square Rush 86 Three-toothed Cinquefoil 232 Five-finger 233 Throw-wort 336 Thuja 37 occidentalis 37 Thyme 341 Creeping 341 Wild 341 Thymelaeaceae 289, 438 Thyme-leaved Sandwort 175 Speedwell 354 Thymus 341 Serpyllum 341 Tiarella 215 cordifolia 215 Tick Trefoil 252 Tickle Grass 51 Tickseed 395 Tickseed Sunflower 397 Tiger Lily 120 Tilia 277 americana 277 Michauxii 277 pubescens 277 vulgaris 277 Tiliaceae 277, 438, 440 Tillaea 214 56o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Tillaea aquatica 214 simplex 214 Timothy 62 Tinker's Weed 367 Tissa canadensis 173 marina 173 rubra 173 Toad Grass 114 Rush 114 Toad-flax 350 Bastard 156 Blue 350 Tobacco 348 Indian 374, 389 Ladies' 388 Sailor's 401 Wild 348 Tomato 344 Strawberry 346 Tongue Grass 176, 200 Toothache Tree 262 Toothed Medick 250 Tooth-root 208 Toothwort 208 Cut-leaved 209 Large 209 Toper's-plant 241 Touch-me-not Pale 274 Spotted 274 Touch-me-not Family 274 Tower Cress 210 Mustard 210 Toxylon pomiferum 154 Trachynotia juncea 68 Tradescantia 113 virginiana 113 Tragopogon 410 porrifolius 410 pratensis 410 Trailing Arbutus 311 Traveler's Joy igo Treacle Mustard 200, 206 Tree of Heaven 263 Trefoil 189, 248 Bird's-foot 250 Marsh 320 Showy Tick 253 Shrubby 263 Tick 252 Trembling Poplar 141 Triadentim virginicum 282 Trichostema 332 dichotomum 332 lineare 332, 423 Tricuspis seslerioides 70 Tridens 70 fiavus 70 Trientalis 316 americana 316 Trifolium 248 agrarium 249 arvense 248 aureum 249 hybridum 249 incarnatum 248, 431 medium 426 pratense 248 procumbens 249 repens 249 Triglochin 45 maritima 45 palustris 425 Trillium 124 cernuum 124 erectum 124 erythrocarpum 125 grandiflorum 124 undulatum 125 Trillium Large-flowered White 124 Nodding 124 Painted 125 Purple 124 Red 124 White 124 Trinity 113 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 561 Triodia cuprea 70 purpurea 70 Triosteum 367 angusti folium 367 aurantiacum 367 perfoliatum 367 Triphora trianthophora 132 Triplasis 70 purpurea 70 Triple-awned Grass 60 Tripsacum 48 dactyloides 48 Trisetum 66 palustre 66 pennsyhanicum 66 spicatum 66, 417 suhspicatum 66 var. niolle 66 Triticum 79 sativum 79, 431 vulgare 79 Trollius 191 laxus 191 Trout Lily 121 Trumpet Creeper 359 Honeysuckle 2>66 Weed 375 Trumpet-flower 359 Tsuga 37 canadensis 2>7 Tufted Buttercup 187 Crowfoot 187 Loosestrife 316 Vetch 256 Tulip Poplar 194 Tree 194 Tumble Mustard 205 Weed 51, 170 Tupelo 305 Turkey Corn 198 Turkey-foot 48 Turkey-pod 211 Turk's-cap Lily 120 Turmeric Indian 193 36 Turmeric-root 193 Turnip 202, 204 Indian 109 Wild 109 Turtlehead 352 Tuscarora Rice 74 Tussilago 402 Farfara 402 Twayblade 136 Large 136 Twig Rush 91 Twin-flower 367 Twisted-stalk 123 Twitch Grass 57 Two-leaved Solomon's Seal 123 Typha 39 angustifolia 39 latifolia 39 Typhaceae 39, 436 Ulmaria palustris 234 rubra 234 Ulmaria 235 Ulmus 152 alata 153 americana 152 campestris 152 fulva 152 Umbelliferae 297, 438, 440 Umbrellawort 172 Unicorn-plant 360 Unicorn-root 118 False 125 True 118 Unifolium canadense 123 Upland Boneset 376 Upright Goosefoot 167 Mignonette 212 Urtica 155 dioica 155 gracilis 155 Lyallii ISS urens 155 Urticaceae 152, 436, 439 Urticastrnm divaricatum 155 562 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Utricularia 357 biflora 358 clandestina 357 cornuta 358 Hbrosa 429 gibba 358 inflata 357 intermedia 358 minor 358 purpurea 358 resupinata 358 striata 429 vulgaris 358 var. americana 358 Uva-ursi 311 Uvularia 118 perfoliata 118 sessiii folia 119 Vaccaria Vaccaria 180 Vaccinium 313 arboreuin 427 atrococcum 314 canadense 313 corymbosum 313 var. amoenum 313 " atrococcum 314 " pallidum 427 macrocarpon 314 nigrum 313 Oxycoccos 314 var. intermedium 314 pennsylvanicum 313 var. angustifolium 313 " nigrum 313 stamineum 313 vacillans 313 Vagnera racemosa 122 stellata 122 trifolia 123 Valerian 370 American 129 Garden 370 Greek 327 Wild 129 Valerian Family 370 Valeriana 370 edulis 429 officinalis 370 Valerianaceae 370, 438, 441 Valerianella 370 Locusta 370, 435 olitoria 370 radiata 370 Vallisneria 47 spiralis 47 Vanilla Grass 59 Vegetable Mercury 127 Velvet Dock 349 Grass 66 Leaf 278 Velvet-leaf Blueberry 313 Venus' Looking-glass 372, 373 Veratrum 118 viride 118 Verbascum 349 Blattaria 349 var. albiflorum 349 phlomoides 349, 434 Pseudo-Lychnitis 350, 434 Thapsus 349 Verbena 330, 331 angustifolia 331 Aubletia 331 hracteosa 331 canadensis 331, 434 Dtummondi 331 hastata 331 var. pinnatiMa 331 officinalis 330, 432 stricta 331 urticaefolia 331 Verbenaceae 330, 438, 440 Vernonia 375 noveboracensis 375 Veronica 353, 441 agrestis 429 americana 353, 429 AnagalUs 429 arvensis 354 Beccabunga 429 Buxbaumii 355 bysantina 355 No. 14,] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 563 Veronica Chamaedrys 354 hederaefolia 355. 434 longifolia 353 officinalis 354 peregrina 354 scutellata 354 serpyllifolia 354 Teucrium 354 Tournefortii 355 virginica 353 Vervain 330 Blue 331 European 330 Hoary 331 White 331 Vervain Family 330 Vetch 255 Blue 256 Common 255 Cow 256 Crown 252 Hairy 256 Slender 256 Spring 255 Tufted 256 Winter 256 Vetchling 257 Yellow 257 Viburnum 368 acerifolium 368 alnifolium 368 americanum 368 cassinoides 369 dentatum 368 lantanoides 368 Lentago 369 var. sphaerocarpum 369 nudum 369 Opulus 368 var. americanum 368 prunifolium 369 var. globosum 369 pubescens 368 Viburnum Maple-leaved 368 Sweet 369 Vicia 255 angustifolia 255 var. segetalis 255 Cracca 256 Faba 256, 430 hirsuta 256, 434 sativa 255 tetrasperma 256 villosa 256 Vinca 321 minor 321 Vincetoxicum nigrum 2i^2> Vine Family 276 Viola 284, 441 affinis 285 amoena 287 arvensis 288 atlantica 286 blanda 287 var. palustriformis 287 Brittoniana 286 canadensis 288 canina 427 var. Mulilcnhergii 288 " sylvestris 427 conspersa 288. 427 cucullata 284 fimbriatula 286 incognita 287 labradorica 288 lanceolata 287 latiuscula 285 Muhlenhergii 288 nephrophylla 285 ohliqua 285 odorata 287 ovata 286 p aliens 287 palmata 285 var. cucullata 284, 285 " dilatafa 285 " sororia 286 papilionacea 285 pectinata 286 pedata 284 var. bicolor 284 564 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Viola var. lineariloba 284 primulifolia 287 pubescens 288 var. scahriuscula 28S rostrata 288 rotundifolia 287 sagittata 286 scahriuscula 288 septemloba 286 septentrionalis 286 sororia 286 striata 427 subsagittata 286 tricolor 288 triloba 285 vagula 285 venustula 285 Violaceae 284, 438, 440 Violet 284 Bird-foot 284 Canada 288 Damask 206 Dame's 206 Dog 288 Dog's-tooth 121 Downy Yellow 288 Early Yellow 287 English 287 Lance-leaved 287 Long-spurred 288 Marsh Blue 284 Primrose-leaved 287 Round-leaved 287 Smooth Yellow 288 Sweet 287 White 287 Water 315 Woolly Blue 286 Violet Bloom 345 Violet Family 284 Viper's Bugloss 330 Virginia Creeper 276 Snakeroot 157 Stonecrop 214 Virgin's Bower 190 Mountain 190 Virgin's Bower Purple 190 Vitaceae 276, 438 Vitis 276 aestivalis 276 bicolor 277 hipinnata 427 cordifolia 427 indivisa 427 labrusca 276 rip aria 277 vulpina 277, 427 Waahoo 271 Wahoo Elm 153 Wake Robin 124 Waldsteinia 232 fragarioides 232 Walking Fern 21 Leaf 21 Wall Cress 206, 210, 211 Mustard 204 Rocket 204 Wallweed 380 Walnut 144, 145 Black 144 White 144 Walnut Family 144 Washingtonia Claytoni 298 longistylis 298 Water Arum no Avens 235 Beech 146 Carpet 216 Celery 186 Chinquapin 184 Cress 206 Crowfoot 184, 185 Cup 213 Elm 152 Foxtail 62 Hemlock 299 Hemp 171 Horehound 341 Hyacinth 114 Lily 183 " Family 183 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 565 Water Lobelia 374 Marigold 397 Milfoil 185, 294 " Family 294 Mint 342 Nymph 183 Oats 58 Parsnip 300 Pennywort 297 Persicaria 161 Pimpernel 315 Plantain 47 Family 45 Purslane 291 Rice 58 Shamrock 320 Shield 184 Smartweed 162 Star Grass 114 Starwort 267 " Family 267 Target 184 Violet 315 Willow 289 Water-blobs 191 Waterleaf 184, 327 Waterleaf Family 327 Watermelon 371 Water-weed 47 Waterwort 282 Waterwort Family 282 Wax Myrtle 143 Pinks 182 Waxberry 143 Wax-leaved Meadow Rue i" Waxwork 271 Way Grass 160 Weeping Elm 152 Willow 139 Weld Dyer's 212 Wheat 79 Cow 356 Whip-cord Willow 141 Whip-poor-will's Shoe 129 Whiskey Cherry 243 White Adder's Mouth 136 Alder 306 Amaranth 170 Ash 317 Avens 235 Baneberry 193 Birch 147, 148 Bird's-eye 176 Campion 178 Cedar 37 Chadlock 202 Charlock 202 Clover 249 Cohosh 193 Daisy 400 Ear-drops 198 Elm 152 Golden-rod 378 Goosefoot 166 Grass 58 Hearts 198 Hellebore 118 Lettuce 413 Maple 273 Melilot 249 Mignonette 212 Mulberry 154 Mustard 202 Oak 149 Petunia 349 Pigweed 170 « Pine 34 Poplar 141 Puccoon 196 Robin 178 Snakeroot 193, zi^, 2,77 Spruce 36 Swamp Honeysuckle 307 Teaberry 312 Thorn 225 Trillium 124 Vervain 331 Walnut 144 Water Crowfoot 184 Willow 138 White-bark 141 White-beads 193 566 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. White-heart Hickory 145 White-topped Aster 38S White-weed 400 Whitewood 194, 2'/'/ Whitlow Grass 199 Whorled Milkweed Z22, Mint 343 Pogonia 132 Poly gal a 264 Wicky 309 Wicopy 289 Wild Allspice 196 Apple 222 Asparagus 125 Azalea 308 Balsam-apple 372 Bean 258 Bergamot 338 Black Currant 218 Blue Lettuce 412 Broom Corn 70 Buckwheat 163 Burnet 241 Calla no Carrot 303 Celery 47 Chamomile 399 Cherry 243 Chess 78 Clematis 190 Coffee 367 Columbine 192 Comfrey 328 Cranesbill 261 Cucumber 372 Elder 296 Forget-me-not 329 Garlic 119 Ginger 157 Ginger-root 157 Globeflower 191 Goose Plum 246 Gooseberry 218 Hazelnut 146 Honeysuckle 30S, 366 Indigo 247 Ipecac 266 Wild Isaac j40 Job's Tears 330 Lady's Slipper 129 Leek 119 Lemon 194 Lettuce 411 Lily of the Valley 123 Liquorice 252, 362 Lupine 248 Madder 362 Marjoram 340 Mint 344 Morning Glory 325 Mustard 203 Onion 119 Orange-red Lily 120 Pansy 288 Parsnip 302 Peanut 259 Pear 222 Peppergrass 200 Pink 179 Plum 246 Potato-vine 324 Radish 202 Raisin 369 Rice 58 Rose 243 Rye 80 Sage 376 Sarsaparilla 296 Senna 247 Sensitive Plant 247 Spikenard 122 Spinach 166 Stonecrop 214 Strawberry 231, 232 Sunflower 395 Sweet William 326 Tansy 234 Teasel 370 Thyme 341 Tobacco 348 Turnip 109 Valerian 129 Yam 126 N( 14.J Wild Yam-root 126 Yellow Flax 260 Lily 120 Willoughbya scandens 2,77 Willow 137 Autumn 138 Bay-leaved 138 Beaked 140 Bitter 141 Black 137 Bog 139 Brittle 138 Crack 138 Dwarf Gray 140 Glaucous 139 Glossy 138 Gray 141 Heart-leaved 139 Hoary 140 Laurel-leaved 138 Lavender 141 Prairie 140 Purple 141 Pussy 139 Ring 139 River Bank 139 Rose 141 Sage 140 Sand Bar 139 Shining 138 Silky 140 Water 289 Weeping 139 Whip-cord 141 White 138 Willow Family 137 Persicaria 160 Willow-herb 291 Great 291 Wind-flower 189, 190 Wine Currant 219 Wineberry ^yj Winged Elm 153 Pigweed 165 Winter Cherry ^^,6 FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. Winter Chickweed 176 Cress 207, 208 Crookneck Squash 7,^2 Vetch 256 W'interberry 270 Smooth 270 Wintergreen 306, 311 Aromatic 311 Chickweed 316 Flowering 263 One-flowered 306 Spotted 306 Wire Grass 48, 69, 7Z, 160 Witch Alder 219 Elm 153 Hobble ^t'^ Witches' Money-bags 214 Witches' Pouches 201 Witch-hazel 219 Witch-hazel Family 219 Withe-rod 369 Wolf Grape 345 Wolffia 112 Columbiana 112, 419 Wood Anemone 190 Betony 357 Buttercup 187 Chess 77 Crowfoot 187 Fern 22 Fringe 197 Grass 49 Lily 120 . Mint 338. 339 Nettle 155 Reed Grass 65 Rush 117 Sage Z2,2 Sorrel 260 Family 260 Woodbine 276 Woodland Agrimony 241 Woodruff 361 Woodsia 24 ilvensis 24 obtusa 24 567 568 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Woodsia Blunt 24 Rock 24 Rusty 24 Woodwardia 19 angustifolia 19 areolata 19 virginica 19, 416 Woody Glasswort 168 Nightshade 345 Samphire 168 Wool Grass 88 Woolly Blue Violet 286 Wormseed 165 Wormseed Mustard 206 Wormwood 400, 402 Beach 401 Roman 391, 402 Woundwort 337 Xanthium 391 canadense 392 var. echinatum 392 commune 392 echinatum 392 glabratiim 392 piingens 392 spinosum 391 strumarhim 392 Xolisma foliosiflora 310 ligiistrina 310 Xyridaceae 112, 436 Xyris 112 caroliniana 112 Congdoni 113 flexuosa 112 montana 419 Smalliana 113 Yam 126 Wild 126 Yam Family 126 Yam-root Wild 126 Yard Grass 69 Rush 114 Yarrow 398 Common 398 Yellow Adder's Tongue 121 Avens 235 Bedstraw 362 Birch 147 Chamomile 399 Clintonia 122 Clover 249 Cress 207 Daisy 393 Dock 158 Dog's Tooth Lily 121 Iris 127 Lotus 184 Melilot 249 Moccasin Flower 129 Monkey Flower 352 Myrtle 316 Nelumbo 184 Oak 150 Parilla 194 Pimpernel 301 Pine 34 Poplar 194 Puccoon 193 Rattle 357 Rocket 207 Sarsaparilla 194 Strawberry 232, 234 Thistle 197, 405 Vetchling 257 Water Crowfoot 185 Yellow-barked Oak 152 Yellow-eyed Grass 113, 127 Yellow-eyed Grass Family 113 Yellow-flowered Strawberry 232 Yellow-root 191, 193 Yellow-weed 212 Yew 34 American 34 Yew Family 34 Yucca 121 filamentosa 121 Zannichellia 44 palustris 44 Zanthoxylum 262 americanum 262 Zea 48 No. 14.] FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 569 Zea Zizia Mays 48, 430 aurea 300, 427 Zizania 58 var. obtusifolia 300 aquatica 58 cordata 301 palustris 58 Zostera 45 Zizia 300 marina 45 ft. C. State Cotkfe N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962 North Carolina State University Libraries ?AmOGuI OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS_AND_FERNS 0 S02777154 I