a: 4 bc bh ett x if ‘ ri ie 4 SN RA ARON MY oC 1 ; be VA i Hin iH ; att i Tit , | —~ AAS TGS SR “ LAAN —~ bh wi : uh ney wage <== ‘i 4 atte nN —~ A as i , Li yi Ung Al i —= \ at AN | se! = ae ate ni i; int ¢ ie ns Ny Hy fate SN x Rane zt ee AN Abt! mea r pants +e Haina Ned terete ite Ni i, ; ni nietiert sia et sete Try Dabs if Witisahat Ph . AIR ni eth 1 eis a i} x Ri ey ae an ee ‘ f ral bs tet Reiter hth Ale ate wie shana ah torticir hate Then pork is mitts bi ate 1 nt ah atte oem ge ¥ Sith ae “ Peg rect eek keevieg TEA we ae a iee vans Mi: LS LSE SAN tele SLT * AG nS ay AS : : ; ae Cbs tay = SN aay s en Sih . Y we = We - , ne ST % ih hy Ta 2 TE niet * ays gm st Digitized by the Internet Archive + in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofmadre06brituoft E. CATALOGUE OF THE MADREPORARIAN CORALS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). VOLUME VI. THe Faminy PORITID Ab. IIl.—THE Genus PORITES. PART IL—PORITES OF THE ATLANTIC AND WEST INDIES, WITH THE EUROPEAN FOSSIL FORMS. THE Genus GONIOPORA, A SUPPLEMENT TO Vo. IV. BY HENRY M. BERNARD, M.A. LONDON: g 22 tb PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. ge [27 SOLD BY /7 / LONGMANS «& CO., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & CO., 87 SOHO SQUARE; KEGAN PAUL & CO., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 1906. All rights reserved. py :) i ' a? js oe: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, i GaRaT MILL STREET, W., AND DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STRERT, 8.K. — el PA y ‘ = ' i 0 el . . ‘ - iv a “oe . 7 ’ i > “4 i J a . sds P »4 ‘ PREFACE. Tux present volume completes the description of the genus Porites, and contains also a descriptive list of Goniopore, supplementary to that given in Vol. IV. The Museum collection is not extensive, and from the Atlantic basin there are only about 50 forms of Porites. A number, however, not in the collection, have been described by other naturalists; in order to study some of these, and especially the types of Lamarck, the Author paid a visit to Paris, where he received the most courteous assistance from the officers in charge, and especially from Dr. Gravier; later on, that gentleman most kindly superintended the preparation of a series of photographs of some of the more important types in the Paris Museum for this volume. The volume has been edited by Mr. F. Jerrrey Bett. He has in this volume left the Author's observations and modes of stating them much more in the Author's original words than in previous volumes, feeling that, as this is the last volume which will be published with the method of nomenclature here adopted, it is only right that the Author should express himself in his own way. The genus appears to be comparatively recent, and this may be the explanation of the paucity of fossil types. Mr. BULLEN “Newton, of the Geological Department, has afforded Mr. Brrnarp all the advice and assistance he required, E. RAY LANKESTER. British Musewn (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. October 11th, 1906. TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE GENUS PORITES.—WEST INDIAN AND ATLANTIC FORMS. EN ROU C LORS “BRIM ARCS 6 4 fai oinisse e:clesce a deepieiaie aletois-ponrseare ata dip alate page 1 AATSTORICAT Cre! ghtindss Soden a AiChisiera sisak gieace el Ree an Too aT 3 DORE HOLMIOAD aia weet c Meare ee aged Tacos 4c. dls Md ae Re lasian eee 12 FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE METAMERIC GROWTH MENTIONED IN THE FORE- GOING SRUTIOM, ty giises aRePebem sas tase a ocnsevale's saalaters alee’ a Bids Bele Piece aw hers wll 20 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE ATLANTIC AND WEST INDIAN PORITES. GRoUP I. West ArricaAN Coast AND CAPE VERDE ISLANDS .......... 25 PETG es Meegi Raat Wai". SA ae A a, Pin Pt ia ne 2 ee 29 Group III. Wasr INDIAN ISLANDS PROPER...........ccccccoccccccces 30 Group IV. Western SHoRES OF THE GULF OF MEXICO........-....5. 67 GROUP IM. GHEORIDAS AND LELORIDA: IRIRESi. sh ts chotase as Sie serer cee « 71 GROUP Vio (BAHAMAS “AND BERMUDA, cocsees cas@bona caer culuse ey was ae IG Group VII. Sprecmmens rrom UNKNOWN ATLANTIC AND West INDIAN EOCALIATBS a iescr'c, dan, aoe alae he ae eae Oe Oke hier Race ene 80 GROUP: VIL yHUROPHAN: FOSSIT/ HORM % ices siuiests baal seca aire Sure aceon 107 PORITES FROM NO RECORDED LOCALITY. CRROUE) OURS Prete aa oo bic cde tein oe eee ee EI tole: hate Pape eee 112 ANALYTICAL TABLES OF THE RESULTS.. Page TABLE I » II. Summary of the Geological and Geographical Distribution of Porites from the Atlantic, West Indian, and from the European Tertiary beds.............+++: 129 » III. Analysis and Distribution of the known Variations in Growth-forms of the Porites IHOMIPNOKE BANG MALLIONS s)c arses oe eisiele Sea eae merase wale icohdaltie Hels 130 PAP eM IR THE PLO LLUME§ crienle oh tatscateen ale ea aie lett sinter nal walle amd Teese ae hie' «PNT 137 » IV. Analysis and Distribution of the more easily definable Types of Calicle .......... 138 A PPOAOLE bas LADIGME Viera, « o'a'os5 wiapo nua wtatehe augh whalernarn vue’ 8 eret Siete ticle Mateo cisTna's,9 % 143 Note.on: the: blue colour Gf Individual Goralla oc cietdice adiee a sccte ced baie eM eels cole vl usaeee 143 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF GONIOPORA. (ContinuED FROM VoL. IV.) Page Preratory NOTE... 6 30a es eed nce cee 146 Fist Istanps. (Supplement to Group I. of Vol. IV. p. 36.) PG PIANO 2s oie, 0s, eisiwrss tee Tapa 147 Bay of Panama. « . 6.0560 .scicvesess 151 AUSTRALIA. (Supplement to Group II. of Vol. IV. p. 48.) Great Barrier Reef>...........0.6: 152 PGPeee GERM Riek 554 aaisie cee «8s 2a 154 North-West Australia ........; Seew rsa $325) InDIAN OcEAN. (Supplement to Group IV. of Vol. IV. p. 85.) Christmas Island ..............+.- 156 MSGaROOAT | iy 05's ses aapeialo mas 157 PAM Dea te ie hts achat eat 158 InpIA AND Persia. (Supplement to Group V. of Vol. [V. p. 92.) Page Wesr InpIAN. (Supplement to Group XIII. of Vol. IV. p. 155.) PATABIOR: iste aie. s oes aie aus ih peeeN ane 159 Forms rrom No Recorpep LOocALITY. (Supplement to Group XIV. of VSM IRY, St EL DUG) <2) .0:51 NoMBeEr. West Africa and Cape Verde 3 Tnipndtee Mo st, 4 4 36 Ee ME so 18 ge an oe 2 2 34 . 5 S West Indies (known localities) 1 Eocene and 39 46 2 6 Pleistocene Ss West Indies (unknown locali- 31 31 Bese ties) . ae est a 33 r= Florida and Florida Reefs. 1 Miocene 5 6 re] < Bahamas and Bermuda . . IER wr lahat em EE 4 4 re Paritebanities 4. 0s; 2 1 Eocene ; 1 ? rare 2 m2 BE Mediterranean Basin . . . 4 Miocene art Pars 4 Ne ANS Re ee tn 14 Fossils 85 recent 99 130 MADREPORARIA. TaBLE II.—ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE KNOWN VARIATIONS IN GROWTH-FORMS OF THE PORITES OF THESE SAME REGIONS. Since the preparation of the analytical table on the growth-forms of the Indo-Pacific Porites in Vol. V., and even since the printing of the systematic description in this Volume, some further insight has been gained as to the general principles of growth in the Stony Corals—see for details, Introduction, Sections III. and ITV. We nevertheless still start from the same ideal initial colony, a small plano-convex disk, for from it all the later forms may be deduced, not as we assumed in Volumes IV. and V. by direct continued growth, but by a succession of repetitions. The initial colony appears to grow continuously to a certain size, and during this growth it assumes some definable shape of its own. Its further growth as an individual is then apparently arrested, and by means of some asexual reproductive process not yet under- stood, the colony repeats itself and a new colony appears upon the old. The shapes assumed by the initial colony may be roughly divided into two: those which grow mainly in width and those which grow in height. All those which grow in width necessarily build massive stocks by the repetitions of their colonies, each new colony covering over and killing the one from which it sprang. The new colonies of those which grow in height on the other hand need not necessarily each time kill the parent, at least as far as we can see. Although, if they did, we should therein find a reason for the phenomenon that many tall forms have the growing colony confined merely to their tips. Hitherto, it has usually been customary to refer this to the crowding of the stems. But while that is a good cause in many cases, it will not always apply. In all former tables we have taken the shape of the whole stock alone into consideration : it is clear that now in all future classifications of growth-form, we shall have to find the shape of the colonial units of which each stock is composed. It is these, one would think, which should supply us with our basis of classification. So little, however, is yet known of them and of the degrees to which they may be specialised and disguised, that we propose to continue in the old paths, merely calling attention to any clear cases of metameric growth which we see. In the future, however, there can be no doubt that the metameric factor in stockbuilding will have a definite place in systematic descriptions. I say a definite place, because it has already unconsciously forced itself upon the notice of systematists, e.g., in such cases as those in which a massive form is obviously built up of successive layers, and is variously described as massive, and as encrusting, according as the mind of the student is most attracted by the mass or by the successive layers of which it is built. It must indeed be admitted that it is even now difficult to decide how such forms should be classified. At present we can do no better than take the form of the stock, rather than of the individual segments, A. Plano-Convez. This ideal primitive colony, which plays such a large part in building up the stocks of Gloniopora, has, as already noted in Vol. V., p. 258, not persisted so frequently in Porites. One explanation of this may be that simple undifferentiated Porites colonies would be much smaller than those of Goniopora, and therefore have escaped the vigilance of collectors. Stocks ——————————————— DISTRIBUTION OF GROWTH-FORMS. 131 built up of series of such colonies are naturally numerous, but they pass with massive forms, and we meet at the outset with the difficulty mentioned above—are we to classify according to the form of the initial colony or by the stocks which they build up? If, for example, we find a small plano-convex colony, how are we to know whether it is an adult stock or merely the initial segment of astock? With these doubts kept well in mind, we find the following West Indian and Atlantic forms showing, either in their complete forms or in their initial colony units, this simple character. P. West Africa 1, Grows in small flat convex patches apparently on mud. P, Anguilla 2. The small stock is nearly plano-convex and it appears to be built of colonial units of that shape. P. Santa Cruz 1. Perhaps only a young stage. P. St. Thomas 6. Entangled with branching forms, but may be regarded as built of plano-convex colonies (? belongs to B, e). P. St. Thomas 6. “ Placentiform,” with edges partly free (? belongs to B, c). P. West Indies x. 15. Rolled round the stem of a Gorgonid. N.B.—It may be that the characters of the calicles might enable us to say whether the individual plano-convex colony was destined to form a massive or an explanate adult. This appeared to be the case in the genus Goniopora. Shallow calicles are characteristic of explanate forms, and deep calicles of massive forms, B. Explanate. The same remarks hold good again here. Are massive forms which are obviously built up of piles of thin layers to be classified as thin explanate or as massive? We propose to mention them under both headings, but at the same time we note that Porites whose initial colony units are thin layers, need not necessarily build massive stocks. They may build loose crusts, or, again, if the lateral growth is very vigorous, the successive growths may start into being at the edges and not in the centre of the parent colony. In this way we obtain expanding disk-like growths dying away in the centre. This kind is seen, for instance, when the original colony grows out laterally from a side like the basin of a drinking-fountain (see below for an example Porites x. 10, p. 137). a. Thin, encrusting. P. Cape Verde Islands 2. Forms, by successive thin layers, a small cushion-shaped mass, P. Guadalupe 3. Apparently creeping over the ground. P. Barbuda 3. A small cushion-shaped mass, built of thin layers. P. West Indies x 25. A thin layer built up of several thinner layers. b, Thin, with free edges. P. Antigua 4. Thin layers build up an agaric-shaped mass (? belongs to C). P. West Indies x. 29. (= “ Neoporites Agaricus,” D, and M.). c. Thick, encrusting. P. Cape Verde Islands 1. With stout spreading lobate edges. P. Brazil 2. Closely encrusting, and with convex surface (/ A). $2 132 MADREPORARIA. | P. St. Thomas 7, Creeping (?). P. Bahamas 1, With thin edges, which sometimes thicken rapidly. P. West Indies x. 26. Lamarck’s original “ P. astreoides.” P. West Indies x. 27. With segmentation disguised. P. West Indies x. 80. (= “ Neoporites littoralis,” D, and M.). C. Massive. We have already noted the very natural confusion which has attended the use of this term. In those cases in which the consecutive growths are very distinct and show great numbers of edges, there has been a tendency to speak of it as “encrusting,” because its construction out of a pile of layers is apparent. While those forms in which the consecutive growths droop so as to cover the edges of previous layers are called massive, it seems clear that if we wish to call attention to the differences in our choice of names, such terms as massive and encrusting are not calculated in any way to express what we wish to emphasise. Both forms are massive, and what we want to express is that the growth segments of the one are pronounced and of the other disguised. This disguising is most complete when the corallum is a globular mass, each growth completely enveloping the whole. Such a form appears to have grown from the first as a single homogeneous mass, and further, the first glance of its section shows the same, an expanding bundle of continuous trabecule. But a comparative study of growth processes shows that this is only an extreme specialisation ; it cannot be regarded as any exception to the rule of growth of the Stony Corals, even if no tabule could be found, but tabule are found, and tell the same tale as bands of epitheca round edges, for these two features are parts of one and the same structure.* P. Brazil 1, = the “ P. solida” of Verrill, described as “ encrusting” or “massive!” P. Trinidad 1, Only known in fossil fragments. P. Barbados 9. ¥ * P. Guadalupe 6, compared with “P. conglomerata” Esper t and with surface raised into round lobes. P. Antigua 4. Segmentation obvious (see above B, 0). P. Porto Rico. Segmentation disguised, a typical specimen of “Astraoides” autorwm. P. Porto Rico 6. +5 % b. : P. St. Domingo 1. PA '- i P. Belize 2. > Pe _ P. Belize 3. ‘ a ‘ P. Florida 6. < Ne ‘5 P. West Indies x. 28 5 s » P. West Indies x. 29 Py Pe ns As already pointed out in the text p. 15, these “ Porites astreoides,” that is those massive, or thick enecrusting forms in which the growth segments are disguised—cannot justly be regarded as one and the same species, because differences appear which seem to be fundamental. I refer * The case of P. China Sea 14 (Vol. V. p. 177), is worth recalling. There were apparently two specimens, one thin encrusting, and the other a huge mass built up of piles of such stocks. I was at the time much puzzled as to the description of its growth-form. Z { Pflanzenth, Suppl. i. pl. 594. (See above, p. 114.) DISTRIBUTION OF GROWTH-FORMS. 133 to the eminences on their surfaces. These seem to be controlled by some definite law which we express by saying that there is a tendency for the eminences to repeat the form of the stock. This shows at least that the differences are not purely accidental and therefore negligible, and that our investigations have to be greatly extended before we are in a position to make any definite statements as to their physiological relationships. D. Columnar. I am not certain whether there is any true columnar growth-form among these Atlantic and West Indian Porites. The following may, however, be provisionally placed under this heading :— P. St. Thomas 1. The thick stems of this slowly branching form suggest its being placed here. P. West Indies x. 12. This again, the “ P. macrocephala,” D. and M., may be pro- visionally placed here. P. Alessandria 2 (?) E. Branching. In this Volume we have figured some forty-four branching Atlantic and West Indian forms, and these, with figures published elsewhere, give us a list of close upon sixty growth-forms to be compared and grouped. We have already noted that the usual group names, clavaria, JSurcata, and divaricata, refer only to the character of the branching, and are far too crude and insufficient even for that purpose alone, * to say nothing of the many other characters which such a method utterly ignores. But while it is easy to say what method of classifying will not do, it is by no means easy to sketch a method whichis much more satisfactory than those we reject After many attempts we fall back upon the metameric growth principle especially prominent in these many branching Porites. We can classify by the characters of the colonial units, so far as we can recognise them as sections forming the stock almost as links form a chain. It will be noted that this does not depart far from our previous method of referring all growth-forms back to an ideal initial plano-convex colony which grew up centrally to form columnar and branching stocks. The difference between the methods is, however, obvious. Under this earlier method the subsequent growth was, as it were, uncontrolled by any known principle ; now we know at least that some principle of repetition guides the growth. This is so far helpful that it enables us to picture to ourselves somewhat more sharply and precisely the initial colony of each growth, and to lay;down a provisional classification according to what we judge to have been its most striking characters. Every one who has tried to classify corals will find this a considerable relief, because many specimens seem to start from broken frag- ments or overturned specimens. Hitherto there has been no possibility of knowing what was the normal form of the stock. We of course know of individual cases of overturned Madrepores and Turbinarias, which at once repeated their normal forms from the bases or sides of the overturned stocks, indeed from any part so long as it was uppermost. But these few cases hardly seemed sufficient to justify our assuming that any stock growing in this way returned instantly to its normal method. It is a gain therefore, to have, for the future, a good reason for believing this always to be the case. * This insufficiency has already been felt by Dr. Wayland Vaughan as related, p. 11. 134 MADREPORARIA. We begin our series, then, from an initial stock, which best carries on the series begun by the explanate and massive forms. That would be one, from the surface of which there arose in the centre or round the edges, more than one eminence or lobe. Such lobes would grow on and fork, and eventually form a tuft of short thick branches ; several perhaps rise from one and the same base. It is not necessary to repeat here what was said above, see p. 18, on the origin and forma- tion of knee-bends. It has, however, to be kept in mind in all analyses of the growth-forms. a. With thick encrusting base from which more than one branching lobe arises. P. Curacgoa 1, The original figure (reproduced, Pl. XVIL., fig. 1), suggests that the branches grew from the edges of a thick encrusting base. The perspective of the figure, however, may be wrong. The regular repetition of the forking suggests a more normal start. P. West Indies x. 15 (Pl. XVII. fig. 20, y). As this form grows round a Gorgonid skeleton, it is difficult to say whether it is a normal growth or not. P. West Indies x. 24 (Pl. XVII. fig. 10). On the problems relating to its growth- form, see text, p. 101. The following forms may belong here or to the next group. The cause of the doubt. is that small stout lobes or branches may perhaps fuse together to form a solid mass, which is not the true original base, yet looks like it. This problem of fusion deserves special study for we shall find it occurring at one time as if it were normal, while at another the branches seem to go out of their way to avoid it. In the following cases, though the short branches toss about in all directions, they do not show sufficient signs of fusing to justify our con- cluding that their bases are due to fusions. P. Antigua 1 (Pl. X. fig. 1). This stock having grown upon the side of an over- turned earlier stock looks in the figure as if it belonged to this group, but see next page, ¢; ii. a. P. Barbuda 1 (Pl. X. fig. 3). The fact that this coral seems also to start from more than a single lobe of a massive base, serves as another link to unite it with P. West Indies x. 24. P. Bermuda 1 (P\. XII. fig. 4). There are more signs of fusion in this specimen. Yet a close examination of it suggests its having started from a stout ridge-like basal form which broke up into short lobes, three to four in number. P. West Indies x. 11(P1. XV. fig. 2). This again looks as if it might have started as an irregularly bluntly angular ridge, which gradually divided into elongating and forking angular processes, every one of which retains the flattened appear- ance of the ridge. Porites x. 7 (Pl. XV. fig. 1). I provisionally place this in this group. It has all the appearance of being a massive base, from which branching lobes spring up; and further, it has much more the character of a West Indian, than of an Indo- Pacific, form. b. Single short thick knobs or lobes rise, and divide, and form somewhat massive tufts with only slight traces of free branching. In other words, the forkings of the lobes follow one another very rapidly and at very short distances apart. DISTRIBUTION OF GROWTH-FORMS, 135 P. Guadalupe 5 (Pl. XVI. fig. 6), The lobes are short and thick, but there is some irregularity in the distances between the forkings, and the stock rises chiefly in height. P. West Indies x. 10 (Pl. XIV. fig. 3). This is a small rounded tuft, apparently complete, but perhaps distorted by Balanids. P. West Indies x, 22 (Pl. XVI. fig. 5). This also forms an irregular tuft of short, thick, irregularly forking lobes. P. West Indies «. 23 (Pl. XV. fig. 3). The forking is like the irregular dividing of the lobes of a ridge. Porites x, 6 (Pl. XVI. fig. 2). A rather more open tuft (placed here provisionally as possibly a West Indian form), c. Stock rises as a single stout stem which branches more freely. i, With more or less pronounced tapering of the stocks upwards. P. Antigua 2 (Pl. X. fig. 4). With dichotomous forking at open angles, prongs straight and tapering. P. Bermuda 2 (P\, XII. fig. 3). Short thick stems with thick but tapering prongs. P. Bermuda 3 - % p P. West Indies x, 17 (Pl. XVI. fig. 3). With thinner and longer prongs. P. West Indies x, 21 (Pl. XV. fig. 4). Young form, very short and squat, rapidly tapering to small mammillate prongs. ii, With no regular tapering or thinning down, but on the contrary, prongs may be irregularly swollen into knobs, or flattened, without, however, any increase in the average thickness of the stems and branches. a. The branches and prongs all tending to bend in toward the axis. P. Antigua 1 (Pl. X. fig. 1). The original single stem of the overturned stock is seen on the right hand side of the picture, see for description, text, p.46. The stems show irregularities in thickness and in the forms of the prongs, some swollen, some pointed. The branchlets of the overturned stock have bent up somewhat towards the light. P. Curagoa 3 (P\. IX. fig. 6). A small tuft with branchlets swollen, and the stems bending upwards towards the light. P. St. Thomas 2 (Pl. XL. fig. 1). The stems are thick, crowded, regular forkings at wide angles, and at short distances. P. Porto Rico 1 (P1. XI. fig. 3). The stems are thin, long, swelling irregularly, and with strong tendency to bend inwards. P. Florida 2. See text, p. 72. P. West Indies x, 2 (Pl, XIII. fig. 1). The stems are thick, and fork very freely, but at comparatively short distances, so as to produce a tangle. Branchlets often long, thick, and fusiform. P. West Indies x, 3 (P). XII. fig. 1). The stems are long and tend to curve inwards towards the axis. Forking at quite irregular distances, sometimes far apart, resulting in long, stout, finger-shaped branchlets, at others so close as almost to suggest that the branchlet divided into more than two. P. West Indies @. 14 (Pl. XIII. fig. 3). On this interesting young form, see text, p. 90. 136 MADREPORARIA. B. The stems and prongs diverging in all directions. P. Curagoa 1 (Pl. XVII, fig. 3). The branchlets are much bent and expand freely in all directions. P. Barbados 2 (Pl. XV. fig. 5), A young form forking at very wide analen’ P. Barbados 3 (P1. IX. fig. 5). The branchlets are stout and somewhat sparse. P. Antiqua 3 (Pl. X. fig. 7). The branchlets are stout, almost nodulated, with irregular forking. P. Barbuda 2 (PI. X. fig. 6). Small fragments only. P. Anguilla 1 (P1. X. fig. 5). = Fi P. Belize 1 (P\. IX. fig. 1). Stems seem to rise from an overturned tangle. P. Florida 5 (P\. XI. fig. 2), The stems are long, crooked, and with sparse forking. P. Porto Rico 4. A compact mass of long, wavy, almost serpentine stems ; serpen- tine owing to the succession of their knee-bends, the clustering being so close that prongs are frequently aborted. (Cf. Pl. XIV. fig. 1, for a form in the Paris museum, which differs in all details, but shows a somewhat similar growth-form expanding from one initial colony.) Doubtful forms. P. Barbados 6 (P\. 1X. fig. 4). The prongs are aborted into small spur-like pro- cesses, while the stems grow into long tapering points, but the form of the stock is unknown. P. Barbados 7 and 8 (P\. IX. figs. 2 and 3). Only known in fragments. d. Forms, the initial colony of which rises pear-shaped upon a narrow stalk, with or without a small disk-like base. Upon the division of this swelling colony into two, fresh colonies grow, also swelling, with the result that the stems tend to thicken irregularly as they rise. If the thickening is gradual the stems may remain nearly vertical ; if considerable, then the upper surface of the stock must expand to make room for the swollen tips of the stems. P. Curagoa 2, The stock expands rapidly as a thick cluster rising on a narrow stalk. ? P. Barbados 4 (Pl. TX. fig. 6), A fragment only. ? P. Barbados 10. A minute pear-shaped stock, ? An initial colony. P. Guadalupe 4 (P1. XI. fig. 5). A cluster of thick round-topped stems, radiating from a small base. P. St, Thomas 3 (P|. XI. fig. 4). This specimen is so squat that it is more massive or columnar than branching. The lobes swell into great rounded masses. P. Porto Rico 3. (See Table L., p. 125, for reference to the original figure.) Stout erect stems, gradually thickening, and with well-rounded tops. ? P. Florida 1(P). XII. fig. 2). See text, p. 71. 2 P. West Indies x. 4 (P\. XIII. fig. 4), With a tendency to form flabellate clusters. ? P. West Indies x. 6 (P|. XIII. fig. 5). The same, only unique in ending in sharp points. P. West Indies x, 8 (P\. XIII. fig. 2). A fragment showing two prongs with flattening and dividing tips; the flattened tips have sharp edges. P. West Indies x 9 (P\. X1V. fig. 2). The tips thicken (? chiefly flatten), expand and divide so rapidly and irregularly that the stock grows out laterally over a thin stalk, DISTRIBUTION OF GROWTH-FORMS. 137 P. West Indies x. 13 (Pl. XIV. fig. 4). Tends to form massive flabellate base, with fringe of tall erect. branches of irregular thickness, which fork again, so as to form fresh flabellate bases. _ P. West Indies x. 18 (Pl. XIV. fig. 5). The tips swell and divide into rounded knobs very irregularly ; stems keep as nearly as possible erect. P. West Indies x. 19 (Pl. XVI. fig. 1). A dense cluster of irregular stems with knob- like tips; stock expands into an inverted cone, upon a thin basal stem. P. West Indies «x. 20 (P|. X. fig. 2). Thin, short, wavy, nearly erect stems, flattening and swelling irregularly. APPENDIX TO TABLE III. On the Growth-Form of Porites «. 10. Among the Porites from unknown localities, there is one growth-form which demands special notice, viz., that of Porites x. 10 (see Pl. XII. fig. 2, and Pl. XVII. fig. 12). . Tt is quite unique in the genus so far as our personal knowledge goes. It is a very pronounced ccenen- chymatous form showing some ccenenchymatous papille, like a papillate Montipora, ‘This, I think, definitely establishes it as an Indo-Pacific form, for the ccenenchymatous Porites are so far unknown in the Atlantic and West Indian‘area. It appears to have grown out from the side of some object as a large irregularly ear-shaped dish, shallow with very thin delicate edges and about 12 mm. thick where it was attached. In order to bring this into line as a product of a metameric series of colonial units, we have to conceive of the series as a pack of cards lying horizontally on one another, with a certain number superposed directly upon one another, thereby thickening the lateral attachment, while above this the successive growths are pushed further and further outwards, so as to form the dish or cup described. This was not all, for we can gather two other important points : (1) the new growths start from the edges, that is the highest point, and grow backwards, often perhaps arching over the old stock ; and (2) this kind of growth shows us that the successive growths have some general average size, as we should expect them to have if our supposition that they are metameric repetitions is correct. For the new growth upon the edge tends sooner or later to break up into lobes, as if no single colonial unit is large enough to cover the whole edge, after, in the expansion of the cup, it has exceeded a certain size. Yr 138 MADREPORARIA. Taste IV.—ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MORE EASILY DEFINABLE TYPES OF CALICLE. As already explained in the Introduction, the calicles of these West Indian Porites differ in general habit from those of the Indo-Pacific area. We have traced the difference (see Intro- duction, p. 13) to the fact that the skeletal elements are all coarser and thicker in the Porites of the former area than in those of the latter. This difference has a somewhat remarkable effect, for the size of the calicles remaining about the same, the extra thickness robs the skeleton of its plasticity ; its patterns are stiffer and rougher, and there is consequently less delicacy, regularity, and symmetry than is the rule with the calicles of the Indo-Pacific forms. As an illustration, compare the first figure on Plate I., which belongs to the Indo-Pacific group, with those immediately following it, which are all of Atlantic specimens. Taking a glance at the calicles as seen in the Plates I—VL, it is at first sight difficult to find any character which seems to have stability enongh to supply us with any taxonomic character. We have therefore to fall back upon the method of classification adopted in the Table III. in Vol. V., p. 258. This was based upon the number of rings of trabecule round the central tubercle, because, however irregular, they could be counted in all cases except those in which the whole skeleton was melted down into a confused network; and, further, they clearly referred to characters of prime morphological importance,* The innermost ring is that of the pali which are generally well but irregularly developed in all the Atlantic and West Indian forms except in what is known as the astreoid group; the chief characteristic of this latter group being the large open fossa with only scant traces of pali deep down (see below, p. 142). The second ring is that of the septal granules, which are very variously developed and indeed chiefly recognisable in a long comparative survey. They are but seldom mentioned in the systematic descriptions because they are in themselves so unobtrusive, yet when the whole series is compared in the way here proposed according to the rings of trabecule, they become of great importance. This’ was exactly our experience in Vol. V. The third ring is that of the wall granules or trabecule, and are marked w' in the Diagram (B)—+” being the wall granule of an adjacent calicle in all these forms with simple zigzag walls. In Vol. V. p. 273, some doubt was expressed as to whether the thickness of this zigzag—not as a line but as a system—might not just as well indicate the depth to which the calicles were interlocked as the distances they were apart as units of the colony. The confusion of the skeleton is often so great that the exact relationships are frequently impossible to make out, but in all cases in which among these West Indian forms the elements are clear, the wall granules always belong to the same septum as the septal granules. This leaves no doubt that the thickness, or rather the depth, of the zigzag represents the distance between the calicles. The fourth ring is but very seldom docelaped in these West Indian Porites. For even where their walls are reticular, the reticulum is mostly due to the fact that a separate ring of tissue unites the septal granules producing the condition which Gardiner has called Trimurate (see Vol. V. p. 16). The condition with a fourth ring, does however just occasionally occur (see below). The fifth and higher rings which occur in great abundance among the Indo-Pacific forms _ * On the morphological importance of trabecule in this genus, see Vol. V. p. 272. DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CALICLE. 139 (= the ecenenchymatous forms or Synarca of authors), are not yet known among the West Indian Porites. They indicate, as already explained in Vol. V. p. 15, looser colonies, that is, stocks in which the calicles are wide enough apart to allow costal elements to appear. Whether the absence of these can be correlated in any way with the other difference pointed out between the Porites of the two regions, remains to be seen. Fic. 1.—Diagrams illustrating the structure of the theca of Porites. A, an ideal vertical section through a simple walled calicle of a colony ; w, the wall trabecula; sg, the septal granule; p, the palus; cf, the central tubercle (these three are seen, like w, to be the — tips of trabecule). B, a horizontal section of a calicle in a colony in which the thece are slightly separated so that the synapticule joining the wall trabecule (w') with those of adjacent calicles (w*) have a zigzag course. , a vertical section through a compound wall, which appears when the simple walls (w) are far enough apart to admit of an inter- vening trabecula, in this case figured as rising above the walls (w) as a wall-ridge (wr), making w look like another granule of the septal edge (the “wall granule”), D, an ideal parent calicle to explain the origin of intervening trabecule ; they are homologous with costal trabeculz (c), one or more of which are able to appear if the calicles in a colony are far enough apart to admit them ; ep, epithecal saucer or prototheca, A. Forms whose calicles have traces of more than three rings of trabeculae. P. Cape Verde Islands 2 (PI. II. fig. 3). ‘Among the thicker walls some appear to have more than three rings. P. Bahamas 1 (PI. IV. figs. 2, 3,4, 5, 6). The walls here vary much in thickness, and it is only in the thicker parts that the extra trabecule can be assumed, for the tendency to become purely reticular obscures the actual details, P. West Indies x. 15 (Pl. V. fig. 3). The walls are here thickened throughout ; the calicles are unique among the West Indian forms, in that the trabecule as seen at the surface are graduated in thickness from the pali which are normal outwards on to the wall where they are thick, though see P. Cape Verde Islands 2 above. The variation in the thickness of the walls is very great. T 2 140 MADREPORARIA. —s The above are the only known Porites from these regions which approach the ccenen- chymatous forms so common in the Indo-Pacific area, see Vol. V., Table III.. And with regard to these it is a matter of doubt whether, except in the case of P. West Indies x, 15, the thick walled calicles are quite normal; compare for example the observations on P. Bahamas 1. B. Forms with three rings of trabecule. The wall ring is always a zigzag, more or less pronounced. P. Cape Verde Islands 1 (P1. I. fig. 2). The wall and septal granules sometimes touching, and sometimes distinct. This condition may indicate irregular perforations in the septa. j - P. Cape Verde Islands 3 (Pl. I. fig. 4). The wall and septal trabecule quite distinct—exact conditions, however, disguised by the irregularity of the skeleton. P. Curagoa 2. See. text, p. 31. P. Barbados 2 (PI. I. fig. 8), with the wall and septal granules distinct, the latter tend to be united into a ring. P. Barbados 3 (Pl. I..fig. 9). The wall and septal granules distinct where the elements are thin, but the two become confused when the elements are thick and run together. — P. Antigua I (V1. II. fig. 4), The wall and septal granules very close together, P. Antigua 2 (P1. II. fig. 5), with the wall trabecule raised so as to make a thin castellated ring round the calicle. The intracalicular. skeleton somewhat confused. P, Antigua 3 (Pl. II. fig. 6), The wall and septal granules frequently united into small petaloid flakes. The zigzag wall-thread frequently very thin. P. Barbuda 1 (P1. II. fig. 8). The septal granules distinct, wherever skeleton is not all melted bopethar | (? by post-mortem aqueous corrosion). P. Anguilla 1 (Pl. III. fig. 2). The wall and septal trabecule fairly distinct, but the calicle is very small, and the skeletal elements are thick and coarse; the details are only discoverable with a lens, P. St. Thomas 3 (Pl, III. fig. 4). The skeleton is open, with finely echinulate elements. The trabecule are only just indicated by slight thickenings in the tracery. It appears as if the septal granules and the wall granules were distinct, though the details are confused by irregular echinulation. P. St. Thomas 4 (PI. III. fig. 5). The three rings complete and distinct in figast calicles, but irregular and confused in the smaller. _ P. Florida 2 (P1. III. fig. 8). The three’ circles distinct, the septal trabecule and the wall trabecule distinct, elements often smooth and sharply defined. P. Florida 6 (Pi. III. fig. 9). The three circles distinct, but. elements coarse, thick, and irregular. P. Bermuda 1 (P1. IV. fig. 7). The skeleton here open, there with the walls and the septal granules tending to run into horizontal flakes. P. Bermuda 2 (P1. TV. fig. 8). The points where the trabecule come to the surface confused by echinulation, so that the smooth surface of wall and septal edges which look like narrow flakes have saw-like edges. From the sizes of the calicles and the length of the res we may conclude that the three circles are complete and distinct. ES Oe ee DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CALICLE. 141 . Bermuda 3 (Pl. TV. fig. 9). The three rings appear to be complete but the skeleton is coarse and very confused. . West Indies x, 13 (Pl. V. fig. 1). The skeleton is open and-very perforate, hence the surface is much broken up, but septal granules can be made out distinct from the wall granules, and about equidistant from the pali as from the latter. West Indies. x. 14 (Pl. V. fig. 2). The «wall is zigzag, and raised irregularly ; the septal granules are like knobs at the ends of short stalks projecting from the angles of the zigzag ; the internal skeleton variously developed. . West Indies x. 16 (Pl. V. fig. 4). The septal granules are complete but very close to the walls. West Indies x. 18 (Pl. V. fig. '7).. The skeleton is open; the tops of the trabeculae are like granules over the whole surface; the three rings very clear; the pali very distinct. West Indies x. 19 (Pl. V. fig. 8).. The skeleton is open, with elements all rather thin and perforated, so that at the surface the intracalicular skeleton is broken into separate points; the septal granules thus often form a ring distinct from the wall, West Indies x. 20 (PI. V.. fig. 9). .The symmetry is somewhat obscured by a tendency to melt down into a network. . West Indies x. 21 (Pl. VI. fig. 1). Extraordinary variations in the thickness of the.elements, following no patterns, but. groups.of elements of great thickness run in streaks across, and independent of the calicle areas; so that parts of walls, septa and individual pali may be exceptionally stout, while the elements adjoining these patches may be very thin ; the septal granules are distinct from walls, and at times even on long wavy stalks, West Indies «. 22 (Pl, VI. fig. 2). The septal granules as very small knobs symmetrically arranged just within the slightly raised zigzag wall. West Indies «. 23 (Pl, VI. fig. 3). The septal granules seem at the surface as if broken. up into long granulated masses. West Indies x, 24 (Pl. VI. fig. 4). The septal granules are here ‘like granulated ‘masses on the-wall, there distinct and as if tending ‘to form a ring} the wall thread being here very thick, ie very, — The pali*are sometimes joined into a stout ring. . West Indies x, 25 (PL. VI. fig. 5), The skeleton is open; the elements smooth, filamentous, and flaky, without showing granulation due to trabecular tips ; the positions of the thickenings seem to show that the three rings are complete and distinct, ©. The forms in which the ground Lae of the calicles is more or less obscured by the elements being too flaky. P. Cape Verde Islands Q (Pl. ‘y fig. 3). The horizontal flakiness of the santa does not disguise the fundamental pattern of the trabecula. See also A. P. Barbadoes 4 (P1. Il. fig. 1). The flakes especially pronounced in the walls. ee Guadalupe 6 (PI. II. fig. 3). Walls are tossed into a flaky reticulum, but this coral appears to belong to. D; the flaky calicles are possibly the result of patho- logical wall proliferation, 142 MADREPORARIA. P. Barbuda 2 (PI, I. fig. 9). The tendency to flakiness is not sufficient to obliterate the trabecular pattern. P. Florida 1, The flakiness is extreme, but the rings of round holes show the inter- septal loculi, and other spaces, e.g, those between pali and central tubercle, indicate the normal Porites pattern disguised. P. West Indies x, 17 (P1. V. fig. 6). The wall elements are melted ane into smooth irregular masses, like flakes, D. The“astreoid” group. The names “astrwoides” and “astreoid” occur very frequently in this Volume, and it is necessary to be explicit as to the sense in which I intend them to be understood, wherever they are used in these pages. The first term has been inherited, as the name of an imaginary species (see the Historical Sketch, p. 3), Our attempts to explore this species have resulted in the recognition of the following facts: (1) that so far as grawth- form is concerned, we can no longer speak of an astrwoides group, meaning thereby some special type of growth, for the term seems to cover any form not branching; but (2) inasmuch as the species “astrwoides” was intended for massive and explanate forms characterised by a certain type of calicle, it is legitimate to apply the name “ astreoid” to that type of calicle, since it has a distinct character of its own. The astreoid calicle then is one in which the pali remain undeveloped in the base of a large deep open fossa, its visible wall is formed by the wall ring, with an occasional appearance as well of the ring joining the septal granules, at least in cases where the walls thicken. But the typical calicle of this group shows only the wall- ring, the inner synapticular wall remaining deep down. P. Guadalupe 6 (P1. II. fig. 2), The septa are smooth, sharp, frequently irregularly thickened by traces of septal trabecule. Fig. 3 shows a portion of the same, when the walls are proliferated into a flaky reticulum, cf. C. P, Antigua 4 (P1. II. fig. 7). The septa are blunt and sometimes knobbed. * P. Barbuda 3 (V1, III. fig. 1). The calicles vary in depth; where shallow the skeleton appears somewhat solid though perforated by neatly symmetrical rings of round pores, showing the typical structures. * P, Anguilla 2 (P\. III. fig. 3). The calicles vary in depth; the skeletal elements are rough, and with great irregularity of internal arrangement. P. St. Thomas 5 (P\. IIL. figs, 6 and 7a), The septa are long, somewhat straggling, and thin, but not specially sharp-pointed ; occasional pali and central tubercles visible. In fig. 7a, the septa and skeletal elements generally are slightly thicker, Fig. 7 is of the astreoid Porites called “incerta” by Duchassaing ‘ and Michelotti; while the skeleton of the walls is thicker, the septa are shorter and taper to sharper points, P. Belize 2 (P\. I. fig. 6). The septa are very short and very sharp, but the elements are all continuous, that is show no breaking up, cf. P. West Indies x. 28. * P. Beli 3 (P\, 1. fig. 7). The septa join with reticulum; columellar tangle high up in the fossa. P. Florida 6 (P\. IV. fig. 1). The septa not sharp but knobbed ; columellar tangle or plate not far down, * These forms, with the “columella laxa,” would apparently have been called Cosmoporites by Duchassaing and Michelotti ; see above, p. 7. DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CALICLE. 143 P. Bahamas 1 (Pi. IV. figs. 2,5, 6). The septa are short, irregular, and slightly knobbed. See also A. ~ P. West Indies x. 27 (Pl. VI. figs. 6 and 7). The septa are irregular in length and thickness, with sharp or bent tips. P. West Indies x, 28 (Pl. VI. fig. 8). The septa are thick, wedge-shaped, with very sharp points; the thick skeletal elements are so perforated as to appear broken up at the surface. APPENDIX TO TABLE IV. One additional variation which has been mentioned once or twice in the descriptions deserves notice. It is of special interest taken in conjunction with the fact that the calicles of the Atlantic and West Indian Porites differ from the Indo-Pacific forms in the greater thickness of their skeletal elements. Calicles appear with quite a delicate filigree skeleton at the surface, but on close examination this surface pattern appears as if it were standing on a _ flaky layer. The section shows, however, that these are not flakes but sudden thickenings of the deeper elements. It is impossible to say for certain what is the meaning of this. It might perhaps, on the one hand, indicate that the thickness of the elements characteristic of the Porites of this region is secondary, and that the thinner skeleton of the Indo-Pacific Porites was the original condition, and that we could see in these cases a transitional process from the one condition to the other. But on the other hand of course the delicacy of the surface elements in these individual cases might be secondary. The forms in which this sudden thickening just below the surface has been most noticed are :— ; P. Florida 2. P. Florida 6. P. Bermuda 1. P. West Indies x, 14. P. West Indies x, 23. Note ON THE BLUE CoLour oF INDIVIDUAL CORALLA. On p. 50 attention is called to the blue colour which appears sporadically in the Stony Corals. It seems to differ from the ordinary colouring matters which are withdrawn with the living layer, leaving the skeleton white. The blue colour very frequently persists, and further, is not removed by any ordinary bleaching process. In this persistence and resistance to bleaching it resembles the normal blue colouring matter of Heliopora cwrulea,* but whether * See Moseley, Phil. Trans, clxvi. part 1 (1876) p. 102. , owe. 7 is ae oe years? - > > (gen re . he - ev ’ eo 144 ae MADEEPORABIA.:. it is the same, and why it should suddenly find its -way into specimens of Stony Corals, also whether it only attacks stray specimens, or is normal to certain varieties, are points to ‘be investigated. In Vol. I. p. 47 of this Catalogue (Madrepora) Brook seems to have regarded it as on realy, accidental, for one of the “ species” "accepted by him, with the suspicious name iformis” (Ort.), included a few blue specimens, and further the specimens ‘labelled by Brook Mad. secale are also blue and white mixed. In neither case did he mention the fact in his descriptions. « ¥ a 3 ® ’ Ep ove j i } t . «4 ts , ~ ‘ ‘ i ox a ‘ ; ' bees x ; ; 4 > z " A “ g 4 b rey a Fake yrs ‘ : ; © z ss r ‘ . * - € - = é < . : : f WME < . : ers. > z 2 4 - ae rete he Tying aw : Pes - F > ~ A - 3 co we - é : * - & s 3 wet z “Ff + : ih ‘ ra \ wep ; SE oe | i aan a ‘8 : piihpoaeiee - : \ + ww th SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF GONIOPORZ, | . CONTINUED FROM Votume IV. i 4 ; 146 MADREPORARIA. SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORZ. PREFATORY NOTE. Since Vol. IV. was published, interesting new specimens of this genus have been added to the collection, while a few others, which had for various reasons been overlooked, have come to light. An account of these will be in place in this Volume, which closes the Poritide. Some explanation may naturally be required of the fact that specimens could be over- looked. With regard to many genera such a confession might argue very careless sorting, but not with regard to this. The liability to confuse Porites with Goniopora was noted again and again in Vol. IV. Indeed, the earlier writers had no settled criterion, and confused them freely. The distinguishing characters which have been adopted in these three volumes of the Catalogue had to be worked out in the course of their preparation. But it is not only with Porites that Goniopore may be only too easily confused, but also with certain forms of Astreids. As related in the historical review of the genus given in Vol. IV., Goniopora was at one time classed with the Astreids. It is not, then, surprising that specimens, such as those figured, say Pl. VIIL., figs. 4 and 7a, may, in the preliminary sortings, very easily find their way into other groups, from which they are only rescued when those groups themselves are submitted to close examination. The designations given in this Supplement continue, where possible, the different series begun in Vol. IV. This affords an illustration of the simple method of adding up, fact by fact, our knowledge of the genus. ; : The presence of fossil Goniopore in Jamaica, now recorded in this Catalogue, is of more than ordinary interest, because of the additional light they throw on the history of the genus. . No recent forms are known from any part of the West Indian or Atlantic area. Yet it was at one time plentiful along the eastern shores of the Atlantic, as we may gather from its presence in the Bracklesham beds of Hampshire (Eocene), its abundance in the Paris Eocene and Mediterranean basins (Eocene and Miocene). The bearing of these facts upon the suggested connection (in the Miocene) between the Mediterranean and the West Indian regions must be left to geologists. The oldest European records of the genus occur in Austro-Hungary (Upper Cretaceous), and in the Crimea (Lower Cretaceous), (See Table II. p. 168, Vol. IV.) ‘ 4 a q ‘ a 1 [ SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORZE. 147 SUPPLEMENT TO GROUP I. (Polynesian Goniopore). Vol. IV. p. 36. (CONTINUATION OF FIJIAN Forms.) 153, ? Goniopora Fiji Islands (92. (G. Fidjiensis seewnda.) [‘« Feejee Islands,” coll. Wilkes Expedition, 1838-1842.] Syn. Porites limosa Dana, Zooph. (1848) p. 563, pl. lv. figs 2, 2a. Description.—The corallum is massive, normal growth unknown. The original specimen, was a flat-topped cake, some 7°5 cm. high, and 20 cm. in diameter. It had had sediment deposited on it and had died down in the centre. This dead patch was surrounded by a com- pact ring of stout lobes, with flat, vertical outer faces, closely applied laterally to one another and to the original mass. The calicles are large, 1*6 mm., irregularly polygonal, shallow, and “ plain at bottom.” The walls are steep, thin, and roughly granular or echinulate. The septa are obtuse, but thin, and appear to be very irregular in their number and fusions ; about thirteen are shown in the original figure. The pali, six in number, are pro- minent. It appears to grow in shallow waters, near the shores, where it is often muddy. On p. 53 of Vol. V. it will be found that I was forced to regard this as a Goniopora and not a Porites. In favour of the latter diagnosis we have the original evidence of Dana endorsed by Dr. Verrill. But on the other hand, the artist’s figure, 2a, pl. lv., shows more than twelve septa with short forkings half-way between the pali and the wall. Dana’s own reference to the septa is very inadequate, “obtuse and thin.” We remember also that Dr. Verrill considered that in Porites the septa varied from “ twelve to twenty-four,”* The point as to the real position of this coral can only be decided by reference to the original specimen, ELLICE ISLAND FORMS. (No Goniopore were described in Vol. IV. from this locality.) 154, Goniopora Ellice Islands «1. (G. Eiliciana prima.) (Pl. VII. fig. 9.) [Funafuti, coll. W. J. Sollas; British Museum.] Description —The corallum is thin, encrusting, with sharp, thin edges. The calicles are shallow, subcircular or polygonal, under 2 mm, in diameter. The walls * Trans, Com. Acad. i. part 2 (1871) p. 503. u 2 148 MADREPORARIA, are low, thick, round-topped, but not conspicuously reticular, composed rather of the thick, solid, peripheral ends of the septa. The septa appear to be uniform all round the calicle, and to slope slightly from the walls, where they are wedge-shaped with conspicuous granules along their edges, and so lose themselves in the open, flat base of the fossa which is occupied by a mass of granules without apparent arrangement; close inspection, however, shows them to be especially large at the points of fusion of the septa, which can then be seen to be arranged in the typical manner. Shallow calicles with a tendency to have the edges of the septa broken up into granules are characters belonging to very thin explanate forms, as already described in Vol. IV. Three other examples are already known of this, viz. @. Maldives 1 (see Vol. IV. Pl. VII. fig. 1), and G. North-West Australia 2 (Pl. IV. fig. 1), and G. China Sea 2 (Pl. V. fig. 4). The specimen is not only interesting because it supplies us with another typical instance of this method of growth, with its characteristic calicles, but because it is encrusting a dead fragment of an entirely different kind of Goniopora, see below, G. Ellice Islands 3, spec. b. This latter point claims attention in a genus which does not seem to be at all common. It shows that in one and the same locality we may have forms quite distinct from one another living side by side. a. Zool. Dept. 1903. 4, 3. 2. 155. Goniopora Ellice Islands 2. (G. Hlliciana secunda.) (PI. VIII. fig. 1.) [Funafuti, coll. W. J. Sollas; British Museum. | Desoription.—The corallum apparently started as a low, convex mass, encrusting the worn and loose fragment of a branching coral. This latter apparently rolled over, and the Goniopora, with great distortion of the calicles, has had to grow up round it, with the result that it appears as if it had been forcibly wrapped round the fragment to which it is attached. The calicles are shallow and open, like those of encrusting forms, ranging from 2 to 3°5 mm. across. The walls are low, thick and well marked, composed of a coarse, irregular, rather flaky reticulum, the flakes running out into free ends, The septa, which show clear traces of the typical formula, are thin, jagged and very short, because they soon join the large columellar tangle which is of the same flaky reticulum as the walls. At the point of most rapid growth, the calicles are a little deeper, the wall reticulum a _ little more open and filamentous, the septa, of which some eight are conspicuous as thin plates, are reduced, by the large size and irregularity of the perforations, to filamentous lacework. The columellar tangle is smaller and more openly reticular. Here and there the wall reticulum and the columellar tangle run together and obscure some of the septa. This coral is clearly an abnormal specimen, and it is impossible to say what its calicles would have been like had it found a stable body to rest upon. The tendency of the skeleton everywhere to hecome reticular is obviously pathological, for it goes to the greatest extreme in that part which suffered most by the rolling over of its SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORE. 149 support. We can trace stages in the proliferation of the reticulum, recalling those shown in the Paris basin group which would thus appear to have grown in an unfavourable environment. All traces of calicles may be obliterated in a flaky reticulum, as seen in Vol. IV. Pl. X. fig. 6, with intermediate stages not unlike fig. 5 of the same plate, which seem to lead us gradually to the calicles now figured. This coral, which the formal systematist might be inclined to throw aside as abnormal, is of great interest. For we can learn from such accidents almost as much as we could from any experiments in skeletal variation that we could devise. It is only by a study of variation, however caused, that we shall ever arrive at a natural system of the corals. For an instructive case see Porites Bahamas 1. There are two large double calicles of a shape and character which suggest that they are due to abortive fission. a. Zool. Dept. 1903. 4. 3. 1. 156, Goniopora Ellice Islands (43. (4. Elliciana tertia.) (Pl. VIILI. fig. 2; PL XVII. fig. 16.) [ Funafuti, coll. Sollas; British Museum.] Description—The corallum, having been apparently attached to the side of some steep portion of the substratum, grew out laterally and upwards, hoof-shaped, faintly and irregularly cloven, and with the sole uppermost. The living colony covers the sharp edge of the Hoof extending backwards like a thick cushion over the previous cushion-shaped soles, and downwards as a thin creeping layer with conspicuous, wrinkled, epithecal pellicle. The condition of the fracture suggests that the whole stock has been built of at least two such hoof-shaped colonies. The specimen came away completely from the rock, exposing the epithecal base of the original colony. The calicles are subcircular, with immense numbers of intracalicular buds; they are as large as 4 mm. round the growing edge of the hoof, but on each side, upper and lower, of this edge they decrease in size to 2 mm., but decreasing more rapidly on the upturned sole than on the lower side. They are deepest (3 to 4mm.) near the extreme edge, but get shallower till on the under surface, on nearing the epithecal film, they are flush with the surface. The walls are thick and regularly reticular over the upper surface and show the septal elements as thin radial lamellae, which seldom run right across the wall, but either end up against a zigzag median line or fork and are lost in the reticulum. Along the growing edge of the hoof, there is a tendency for the whole skeleton to turn into a lamellate stroma such as that described as typical of the expanding sheaf method of growth and figured Vol. IV. Pl. VII. fig.4. This lamellate character is seen in all the calicles of the upper surface, but less pronounced and more regular than right at the edge, forming a reticulum recalling that seen in patches on G. North-West Australia 6, see Vol. IV. Pl. IV. fig. 6. Just below the sharp edge of the sole, the walls suddenly thin away so that many are simple latticeworks, but gradually thicken again in the typical manner, remaining simple and not reticular as they near the epitheca. 150 MADREPORARIA. The septa are thin and lamellate, and in the shallow calicles show the typical formula. In the deep calicles, they are close rows of long delicate spines, which unite deep down to form a light columellar tangle without symmetry. As the calicles become shallower, the septal teeth become shorter and more typical, and the columellar tangle more compact, till in the shallowest it is a flat, nearly solid floor covered with coarse granules which shows clear traces of the typical rosette arrangement of jagged and straggling granules. In the longitudinal section, the walls are stout and solid looking, the septa are irregularly perforated with very large and very minute pores irregularly scattered. This specimen, with its method of growth, which may have been purely accidental, is interesting because it shows some of the same variations of the calicles as are seen in G, North- West Australia 6, and perhaps throws some light on them. It certainly suggests that the deep calicles with regularly reticular walls, which are only so far known in these two repre- sentatives of the genus,* may be more favourably situated than those with thin lattice walls. In this one specimen, then, we have a very wide range of calicle variation, and obviously all of them due to the accidents of position ; see observation under the last heading. In general colour and appearance, it recalls G. Great Barrier Reef 2 from Palm Islands. But its skeletal elements are more delicate, and the septa do not form such conspicuous wall striz, and there is no median furrow on the walls. » On the dead parts of the upper surface, what seems to be a young colony of four calicles appears in a deep epithecal saucer. This, however, is hardly a fresh colony in the sense that it started de novo from a larva, It is rather a minute portion of the old colony, which has survived and protected itself with an epithecal wall from the surrounding decay, This may be gathered from the fact that the fossee run down into the old colony, a. Zool, Dept. 1903. 4. 3. 3. There is, further, a worn massive fragment which may be the same kind as this. Its skeletal elements are thickened by post-mortem aqueous corrosion. The specimen Gt, Ellice Islands 1 encrusts a part of it. The calicles are from 3 to 4 mm. across, were evidently somewhat deep, the walls were reticular, and the septal formula complete. It is clear that with the range of calicle variation shown on specimen a, this dead fragment may, so far as size of calicles is concerned, safely be placed here. b. Zool, Dept. 1903. 4. 3. 2. 157. Goniopora Ellice Islands 44. (@. Elliciana quarta.) (PI. VILL. fig. 3; Pl. XVII. fig. 17.) [Funafuti, coll, Sollas ; British Museum. ] Description—The corallum forms tufts of short, thin, bent stems, which fuse together, swell into rounded and angular knobs at their tips, and frequently divide. The stems are from 7 to 10 mm, thick, * We find a similar variation in Porites Fiji Islands 18, see Vol. V. p. 56. SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORAL. 151 The calicles are indistinguishable in size and character from those of G. Great Barrier Reef 12, except perhaps the granules may be a little coarser. This specimen might be a fragment of G. Great Barrier Reef 12. It is unfortunately only a small fragment and does not show any part of the base of the stock. It is impossible, therefore, to say what its real method of growth was; that is, whether it is an independent tuft formation, or a tuft as a secondary modification of the edges of an explanate form, For characters see the description and figures of G. Great Barrier Reef 12, Vol. IV. p. 58. This is one of the few cases I have met with of two corals from different localities resembling one another so closely as to appear as if they were parts of one and the same stock. It is useless to ask “ Are they of the same species ?” until we know what is meant by species. One case of calicle resemblance, for here we do not know the growth-form, is rather a small point upon which to build up wild speculations. Our duty is to study the local forms and then endeavour to discover their inter-relationships. I should not be surprised if some new conception of classification based upon the locality but embracing also larger geographical areas will not have to take the place of that which finds its expression in a genealogical tree. a. Zool. Dept. 1903. 4. 3. 4. 158. Goniopora Bay of Panama qyl. (G. Panamensis prima.) [Pearl Islands, 4-6 fathoms, coll. F. H. Bradley ; Yale College Museum.] Syn. Porites excavata Verrill, Trans. Com. Acad. i. part 2 (1867-71) p. 504. Description.—The corallum thickens so as to be glomerate, and irregularly hemispherical. The calicles vary from 1°2 to 1:5 mm, “polygonal and rounded, well-defined, deep, and excavate.” Walls firm, regular, moderately thick, elevated, and thickly covered with coarse rough granules. The septa are very distinct, narrow at the summit, wide below, extending to the columella, varying in number from ten to twenty-four, commonly fifteen to eighteen ; their edges are lacerate and sides roughly granulous. ‘There are five to twelve pali, small but prominent, roughly spinulose or granulous. Columella little developed, trabecular, frequently absent. The colour of the unbleached corallum is a dull brownish-yellow. Two specimens of this coral, about 20 cm. in diameter and 10 cm. high, were brought up by divers. They were mistaken by Dr. Verrill for Porites, but the description, which gives the average number of septa as from fifteen to eighteen, shows that it was a Goniopora. The numbers “ten to twenty-four” would not alone be conclusive, for such numbers might be given by normal and abnormal or double calicles, great numbers of which are sometimes developed as in Mr. Quelch’s P. mirabilis.* Though this is the conclusion we are driven to by Dr. Verrill’s description, the variations “ten to twenty-four” are certainly somewhat re- markable (cf. G. Jamaica 1, p. 159), and would appear to include the very young calicles appearing in the interstices. * Cf. Chall. Rep. xvi. (1886) p. 185, pl. xi. figs. 5, 5a, and this Catalogue, Vol. V. part 1, p. 164. 152 MADREPORARIA. SUPPLEMENT TO GROUP II. (Vol. IV. p. 48.) AUSTRALIAN Fors. 159. Goniopora Great Barrier Reef q5)13. (G@. Queenslandice tertiadecima.) (PL. VIII. fig. 4.) [Moreton Bay, coll. W. Saville-Kent ; British Museum.] Description.—The corallum is a detached, massive, bean-shaped nodule, which rested, in part at least, upon low prominences of its surface, the tips of which seem to have suffered from contact with the substratum. Between these prominences the surface is smooth. The calicles are nearly flush with the surface, being only shallow depressions, subcircular, and varying from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter. The walls are only the slight ridges between the depressions and not raised as steep ramparts. They are everywhere obviously composed of the thick, peripheral ends of the septa, but occasionally show a tendency to be reticular. The septa, about twenty, with granular and frosted edges, taper towards the centre, and are usually symmetrically arranged on each side of the directive plane. The missing parts of the typical formula are apparently always those near the directives. The columellar tangle is seldom visible at the surface, being replaced by irregular groups of minute septal teeth or granules, which get smaller and smaller as the septa taper inwards. Occasionally a few of the granules near the centre show traces of beginning to rise as pali. This Goniopora occurs further south than any of the other known representatives of the genus. It seems to have been lying on coarse sand, some of which was found embedded in the small knobs on which the specimen rested. The habit of the specimen instantly recalls that of certain Porites and Montipores which also lie free on a sandy bottom near the Amirantes Islands in the Indian Ocean. In all of them the calicles are more or less flush with the surface, with the same close skeleton, the same kind of frosted granulations, and the same yellowish-sandy colour. Further, detached fragments of other Porites sometimes acquire the same kind of skeleton and colour, compare Vol. V. p. 80 (No. 1904. 10. 17. 37). It is difficult then to avoid the conclusion that the - so-called specific characters of this coral are due to its environment. We do not yet know whether it is an accidental growth, derived perhaps by fracture from some fixed stock, or whether some representative of the genus has acquired the habit of living in this way, its parental polyp having perhaps settled upon some small loose pebble or shell which is gradually coated over. The specimen is further interesting because patches of it are being killed by an alga which hollows out the skeleton. In the case of G@. Great Barrier Reef 6, p. 53, Vol. IV., the alga was mainly confined to the walls, which in that coral are high, but here it isin both septa and walls ; the former being almost as near the surface as the latter. a Zool. Dept. 92. 12. 1. 315, ee SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORA®. 153 ‘160, Goniopora Great Barrier Reef (1514. (G4. Queenslandie quartadecima.) _ (PL VIIL. fig. 5.) [“ Great Barrier Reef,” coll. W. Saville-Kent; British Museum. ] Description.—The corallum is smooth and massive, oval in outline, with both upper and lower surface somewhat flattened. The specimen had rolled over and was free. The calicles are shallow, concave depressions, varying slightly in depth and concavity, and in size from 2 to 3mm. The walls are the simple ridges between these concavities, for the most part sharp, very granular, with traces here and there of a smooth zigzag thread, sometimes, however, somewhat blunt, flat-topped and striated by faint septal ridges., The full number of septa is developed, each being a long row of coarse, irregular granules, broad, and sometimes appearing doubled near the wall, but tapering away to minute single granules near the centre. The formula is obscure owing to the regularity of these radial structures, but can be made out by close observation. The typical rosette of pali can also be made out with a central tubercle in line with the directive septa. The colour of the unbleached coral is a dark sepia. The individual specimen seems to have been hollowed out from the base of attachment upwards till a breach was made in the upper surface. This breach was covered over by fresh coral. The stock then seems to have rolled quite over and become free. The living layer has grown up covering the old base of attachment and dipping down into the hollow in the old stock. oe An extreme example of a Goniopora with long, straight septa, the edges of which are so granulated as to appear double at their thicker peripheral ends, is figured in Vol. IV. Pl. X fig. 1, which is from a specimen of the classical Astra bellula of Michelin, re-discovered in the British Museum (see Vol. IV. p. 133). The character is rare. a. Zool. Dept. 1905. 9. 21. 1. 161. Goniopora Great Barrier Reef (5)15. (G. Queenslandia quintadecima.) (Pl. VIII. fig. 6.) [Thursday Island, coll. Pace ; British Museum.] Description.—-The corallum is small, round or oval, cushion-shaped, of varying convexity and creeping irregularly over a substratum of shells and other organic remains, or over earlier colonies, The calicles are polygonal, from 2 mm. in diameter to nearly 4 mm. (in the more convex colonies), and from 1°5 mm. deep in the less convex colonies, to 4 mm. in the more convex colonies, The wall is steep, thin and lattice-like, but appears to be thickened by regular, vertical, septal stric. The top edges are without distinct zigzag or median line, and are x 154 MADREPORARIA. irregularly jagged or denticulate, tending to be reticular. The septal striz have toothed edges ; in the deeper calicles, the teeth may lengthen into smooth, bent spines, pointed or forking. These, seen from above, obscure the columellar tangle. But, in the shallower calicles on less convex stocks, the septal teeth are more granular and frosted, and join a large columellar tangle with the usual palic formula, the septa themselves also showing, in such calicles, the typical formula. There are three specimens showing striking variations, which, however, appear all to be due to accident. The smallest, a, is the least convex, the calicles are about 3 mm. across and about 2 mm. deep, and the septal teeth or plates and the pali are frosted granular knobs, the septal formula being complete. We have, in fact, the primitive * calicle with the walls somewhat raised into thin latticeworks, roughened by the vertical septal strie. Specimen 6 shows on one side a dead colony with the characters of a, but on the other a fresh colony which is apparently budding so rapidly that all the calicles are much smaller. The walls are thinner and slightly taller. The colony ¢ is very convex, and the calicles on the top are very deep and as much as 4 mm. across. Instead of the columellar tangle, the base of the fossa is occupied by spinous, slightly-forking septal teeth, which project progressively further into the fossa. In these deep calicles there is a tendency for the primary septa to be rather more conspicuous than the secondaries. Assuming that we are right in putting these together, they show how sensitive the calicles are to slight variations in growth-form, and even speed of growth. They are all three com- paratively simple, and fortunately show serial variations on the primitive colony and calicle. The calicle tends to produce higher and thinner walls as the convexity of the colony increases. Compare diagram E, fig. 2, p. 24, Vol. IV. a, b, ¢, Zool, Dept. 1903. 4. 3. 5-6-7. 162. Goniopora Torres Strait 1. (G. Australie aquilonaris prima.) (PI. VIII. fig. 74.) . [West Island, coll. H.M.S. “ Alert” ; British Museum. | Deseription.—The corallum is very thin, and encrusting, with thin, sharp edges hanging free; from 3 to 5 mm. thick in the central part. The calicles, hardly visible in the coral when freed from organic matter and bleached, are 2 mm. in diameter, as slight concave depressions sometimes hardly traceable to the naked eye. The walls are the low, rather broad, but often hardly discernible ridges between the depres- sions. Their tops appear rather smooth, and to consist of an irregular arrangement of large, squarish or angular flat-topped granules, as continuations of the squarish granules which run along the upper edges of the septa, These latter diminish gradually in size towards the centre. The septa themselves run regularly side by side, showing faintly the typical formula, but, at least in the calicles near the edges of the stock, the calicle centre is excentric, and the longer septa show a tendency on each side of the directive plane, to curve round upon the shorter * See Vol. IV. p. 19. SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORAL. 155 directive, usually called the ventral septum. Where the septa meet, the granules may fuse to form pali or remain separate, but they do not rise at all to break the curve of the concavity. A list of the known thin, explanate Goniopore will be found on p. 174 of Vol. IV. A comparison of their calicles, as given in the magnified figures, is very instructive. The thinnest forms tend to have very granular surfaces, representing the tips of the short trabeculae, ef. Pl. IV. fig. 1, and Pl. V. fig. 4 of Vol. IV. with the figure of this coral. An interesting variation on these is shown on PI. V. fig. 5 of Vol. IV., in this the trabecular elements are feebly developed as compared with the horizontal; the surface is consequently composed of flakes. These specimens are also instructive from the fact that it is impossible to group them under a single heading, because though showing the same general characters, they all differ in many ways, and are further distributed so widely. In the meantime, therefore, in view of the extreme plasticity of coral-stocks, we can do nothing but regard their special characteristics as due to their localities. Their genetic relationships can be only puzzled out in time. The fact that the calicles seem to vary with the form of the corallum no matter how accidentally that form is acquired, should put a stop to all attempts to base specific affinities upon calicle resemblances alone. For another striking instance of this total nonplussing of the prevailing attempt to guess at specific relationships, see the next coral, @. North-West Australia 7. a, b. In spirit, with a bleached fragment. Zool. Dept. 82. 2. 23. 120-1. 163. Goniopora North-West Australia (7)7.* (G. Australie occidentalis septima.) ; (Pl. VIII. fig. 8.) . [Adolphus Island, coll. Saville-Kent ; British Museum. | Description —The corallum is massive, but owing to the destructive action of a sponge close under the surface, it is apparently thin (4 mm.) and encrusting, with edges supported by very wrinkled epitheca, which follows the irregularities of the substratum. The calicles are subcircular, 2 mm. in diameter, shallow. The walls are low, round- topped, not of even thickness all round, finely reticular, and frosted. The septado not appear as wall striz, but begin to project slightly below the margin, their thin edges, very frosted, descend vertically for a short distance and then curve out concavely to join the large columellar tangle. The full septal formula is very apparent. In sections the septa are very perforated, the round pores frequently arranged in series which slope steeply upwards from the wall towards the centre. The columellar tangle is very large and flat, and appears to consist of numbers of frosted granules; the palic formula is confused, owing to the fact that frosted granules are not limited to the principal points of septal fusion. Near the thin edges of the corallum, the usual rosette is visible to the naked eye. What remains of the natural colour of the coral extends some 3°5 mm. below the surface, and some 2 to 2°5 mm. below the level of the surface of the columellar tangle. The growth form of this coral is very puzzling. It appears, as stated, to be thin * For the earlier forms, see Vol. IV. p. 63. x 2 156 MADREPORARIA. encrusting, and the calicles are those typical of that growth-form; see Vol, IV. Table IVa. p- 176. But on examination of the section, parts of it are seen to be continuous with the remains of a thick mass of the same growth. This mass is, however, burrowed through and through, apparently by a boring sponge, and is quite rotten throughout. This destroying organism follows up the growing coral and burrows just below the living polyps, making gangways and slits, the roofs of which appear to be the natural under-surface of a creeping colony. Indeed, patches of the living layer were apparently killed, and the destroying organism reached the surface, but the coral seems to have been able to creep over again. In this way, its method of growth, owing to its perpetual struggle with the sponge, is one of continual encrusting over the parts burrowed through, and its calicles are characteristic of the encrusting method of growth. Since the two chief characters of this coral are due to the action of the sponge, its specific affinities must necessarily be left until the Adolphus Island reefs are again explored, for until then we shall never know what the calicles are like in a specimen which escapes the ravages of the sponge. The only other known Gonioporew from North-West Australia are too widely distributed to be of any assistance in this respect, the nearest occurring over 200 miles away. a. / Zool. Dept. 92. 12. 1. 211. SUPPLEMENT TO GROUP IV. (Vol. IV. p. 85.) INDIAN OCEAN Forms. 164, Goniopora Christmas Island 1. (G. Natalis prima.) (PI. VIII. fig. 70.) [Flying-fish Cove, coll, Andrews ; British Museum. ] Deseription—The corallum is explanate, thickening irregularly into convexities, with lobate edges, pendent or encrusting, here sharp with projecting epitheca, there blunt and rounded. The thicknesses are variable up to 1 cm. The calicles are small, average 2 mm. in diameter, fairly deep, subcircular, but more sharply polygonal when the skeleton is cleaned of animal matter. The walls are an irregular lattice-work with jagged edges, here thin and ragged and there thicker, with traces of close, narrow septal plates joined by a zigzag thread. The septa form narrow striz down the faces of the walls, very variable in size, many quite rudimentary, some six or seven running out, bent and irregular, to unite with a straggling, loose, reticular columellar tangle. The radial symmetry is thus greatly obscured, only feebly shown in the septa, not found at all in the columella or the pali, and only faintly visible in the interseptal loculi, which, owing to the irregularity of the septa seldom seem to run deep into the coral. The section shows a very irregular reticulum, the elements of which are coarse and SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORAE. 157 irregular, and mostly stream upwards towards the surface, without any pronounced individual- ising of separate trabecule, The coral seems to have been of a greenish colour; traces of it are still apparent, and the preserving spirit is also so tinted. The calicles of this coral are interesting in the absence of regularity and clearly defined radial symmetry. This in itself is not so rare, but here the skeletal elements are rather coarse and bold in spite of the smallness of the calicles, and further, many of the septa remain quite rudimentary and do not appear to join the columellar tangle. It is this last fact which is peculiar, A preliminary notice of this coral was given in a list of Dr. Andrews’ corals from Christmas Island, which was published in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1903, p. 123. a. In spirit, with a few bleached fragments.* Zool. Dept. 99. 5. 12. 34, 165. Goniopora Madagascar 1. (G. Hannonis prima.) [ Madagascar, coll. Esper ; tires | Syn. Madrepora conglomerata Esper, Pflanzenth. Suppl., i. p. 71, pl. lix. Porites conferta Dana, Zooph. (1848) p. 557. Deseription.—The corallum rises from a narrow stalk by forkings at small angles, but at very irregular intervals, into a compact and regularly thickening cluster of long sinuous stems, round or oval in cross sections and showing long fusiform swellings. In spite of the crowding, there seems to have been but slight tendency for the stems and branches to fuse. The terminals over the whole mass ali seem to reach to about the same level, and are fairly uniform in length, about 2 cm., and are either sharp and tapering or blunted and as if beginning to fork. The living layer is 3 to 4 cm. deep with the stock itself some 17 em. high. The calicles are conspicuous, near the tips they are sharply depressed, crowded, angular. The walls have thin, sharp, echinulate edges. The septa, fifteen to twenty in number, begin below the edges of the walls and slope irregularly, making the cavity funnel-shaped ; they are rather lamellate (“blitterichte”), wavy, laterally echinulate and fuse together. The pali at the tips of the septa are not clearly differentiated. The central fossa is small or obscured by a central tubercle, In the older parts, the walls thicken and are then covered with granules like those forming the edges of the septa. The colour of the very heavy and dense stock was said to be a greyish-brown. This description is taken from Esper’s text and figure. He informs us that he had several exactly similar specimens from the East Indian seas, but (“ vorziiglich ”) in greatest abundance * On one of these bleached fragments, a chip from the edge about 1°8 cm. long and 8 mm. broad, there is an early stage in the development of a Bryozoan, consisting of the parental zooid with one bud, and showing a relationship between them which deserves attention, 158 MADREPORARIA. from Madagascar. The text does not make it absolutely certain that the specimen figured itself came from that locality, for it is not quite safe to take the words exactly similar speci- mens (“ganz iibereinstimmende exemplare ”) too literally. Differences which are now thought to be of importance were then frequently not recognisable by persons unprepared for them. Hence, there isan element of doubt as to the locality, and, consequently, as to my designation. The specimen has hitherto been accepted as a true Porites, but owing to the fact that it had from fifteen to twenty septa it has here been transferred to the genus Goniopora. If this is correct, the stock is of interest in the genus. There is no other known representative of it with so fluent a method of growth. Most are stiff and formal, see Plates XI. to XIV. of Vol. IV. In this connection it is worth noting that the calicles must have been small, for in the account of figure 59a, which was apparently a true Porites, its calicles.are said to have been larger than those of this coral. The confusion which has been caused by Esper’s coupling of two sah different corals as those figured pl. lix. and lix., as representatives of one and the same species, would fill several pages to relate. Brief references will be found above, pp. 115, 116, as to the way Lamarck was influenced. Dana was the first to rename the branching form and call it Porites conferta. Out of the confusion we emerge with the simple facts that there is a Goniopora with this remarkable branching growth-form, and that it may be found at Madagascar. ZANZIBAR. There are three interesting remains of a Poritid, which appear to be those of Goniopora from Tertiary (Neogene) formations of Zanzibar. a, The well-preserved remains of a Poritid showing a well-developed reticular skeleton consisting of stout straight trabecule joined by short thick cross- pieces, so that the meshes are all uniformly small and rounded. There are no good transverse sections, and the portions of such sections which are visible show no certain traces of the arrangements of the calicles. Here and there one sees what appear to be rather large rings of interseptal loculi, but for the most part, the meshes of the coral show no symmetry at all. The stoutness of the elements, trabeculz and cross-junctions is a slight argument in favour of their being those of Goniopora, and not of Porites. The specimen seems to have encrusted a finger-shaped mass of some coral conglomerate, one end of which was swollen. The Goniopora had at one time enveloped this ‘swollen end, and the section shows a clear sharp line between the earlier conglomerate and the more recent coral. b and ¢ are irregular, rough, bat finger-shaped masses of the same coral conglomerate, A cross-section of ¢ shows it to have belonged to what appears to have been a similar Poritid, but apparently of a branching form, because the skeletal elements appear to have been arranged concentrically. Nothing certain can be made out beyond the fact that these fragments are the remains ofa Poritid, and probably of a Goniopora. They are of great interest, and deserve more thorough investigation. a, b, c. Presented by J. T. Last, Esq. . Geol. Dept. R. 5354, SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORAE. : 159 SUPPLEMENT TO GROUP V. (Vol. IV. p. 92.) INDIAN AND PERSIAN Forms. 166. Goniopora Persia (4)4.* ((. Persica quarta.) [Guverchin Kala, N.W. shore of Lake Urmi (Miocene), coll. Loftus; British Museum. | Deseription.—The corallum formed rounded slightly compressed nodules. The surface was pitted by shallow calicles, 1°5 mm. in diameter, The wall had a stout, straight, median ridge. The septa were stout and wavy, forking so irregularly near the walls that the number of points of attachment to the same can only with difficulty be made out. They seem to vary from thirteen to eighteen. There seem to have been short, stout pali, with a stout central tubercle. This coral was omitted from Vol. 1V. because I thought it was a true Porites. Re- examination has, however, now convinced me that it is a Goniopora or one of those difficult transition forms with septa diminishing in number and showing free forkings round the walls. There are three nodules, only one of which shows any trace of the surface characters. The other two are unrecognisable except that faint traces of the reticular Poritid skeleton can be seen in the more crystalline part of the fossil. They are placed here provisionally. a. With thin slices. ; Geol. Dept. R. 7089. b, ¢. Geol. Dept. R. 7088. SUPPLEMENT TO GROUP XIII. (Vol. IV. p. 155.) West InpIAN Forms. 167. Goniopora Jamaica 1. (G. Jamaice prima.) [‘ Upper Clarendon District ” (Cretaceous) ; Museum of the Geological Society, London. | Syn. ? Porites reussiana Duncan, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxi. (1865) p. 8. The original description of P. reussiana runs as follows: “The corallum is in more or less cylindrical branches, which leave the stem at an acute angle, and are often flattened and always rugged and gibbous. The calicles are large, irregular in size, and shallow, and there are sometimes more than six distinct pali. The septa are from eight to twenty-four (!) in number. Diameter of calicles often 7’) inch, that of the branches from 4% to $§ inch.” * For the earlier forms, see Vol. IV. p. 236. {60 MADREPORARIA. The supposed type of this coral is preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. It was examined by Dr. Vaughan, who rightly suggested that it is a Litharea = Goniopora, and added that the figure must be used with a qualification. My own examination of the same specimen leads me to think that there must be some serious error. The specimen is a flattened fragment, not strikingly suggestive of having consisted of cylindrical branches forking at small angles, while the calicles figured are those of some other coral altogether. There is not a character in the drawing which agrees in the remotest with the calicles of the specimen. The specimen itself is certainly a Goniopora. The calicles are faintly depressed with the walls as slight ridges where the depressions touch; the septa slope from the wall edges inwards. The walls are simply the ridges in which the septa of adjacent calicles run confusedly together. The septa are wavy, irregular, and variable in thickness, but radially arranged, and show no such remarkable variation in number as “eight to twenty-four”; they meet in a central tangle of different sizes without any marked formation of pali. It is a great pity that this, which with G. Jamaice 2 are the only Goniopore said to come from the West Indies, comes under the suspicion of error, for we do not know for certain whether it comes from the West Indies at all, as it is not the specimen described and figured. A different kind of uncertainty shrouded the specimen described on p. 155, Vol. IV. It was difficult to give any decided opinion as to whether that specimen was a G'oniopora or not, but in this case there is no doubt about the specimen being a Goniopora, but it is the locality which may be open to doubt. We can, however, do no more than record it as it is labelled. The scarcity of Goniopore in the West Indies is somewhat striking, since Porites are so common and characteristic an element in the coral fauna. No recent forms are known at all. The presence of these two fossils in Jamaica may perhaps be correlated with the presence of a rich Gonioporan fauna in the Western European region, e.g. in the Paris basin and the Bracklesham Beds of England, on the other side of the Atlantic area. 168. Goniopora Jamaica 2. (G. Jamaice secunda.) [Jamaica (Tertiary), coll, Lucas Barrett; British Museum. } Description —The corallum is a worn fragment of a massive stock. The original surface has been taken off for only a short depth, as we may gather from the condition of the remains of certain Balanids which infested it. The calicles appear to have been about 1°75 mm. in diameter with reticular walls, the threads of which were mostly continuous with the septa. Walls, septa and columellar tangle seem to have formed together a close network, so uniformly irregular that it is difficult even to trace the calicles at all in the section. Faint indications of a radial symmetry come here and there to light, but it is always difficult to discover where the septa end and the walls begin. The limits of the columellar tangle are also hard to define. As far as I could make out, there appear to have been about fifteen septa. The vertical section is very perfectly preserved, and shows regular trabecule with a tendency to be lamellate, and joined together by lamellate or flaky horizontal elements. Tabule are numerous. —— << | SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORAI, 161 This is a second Goniopora, and this time without doubt, from Jamaica, and these two are so far the only members of the genus known from the West Indies. It does not appear to have had any close affinity with @. Jamaicw 1. The calicles of the latter are pronounced radial structures, whereas here they are melted down into a close uniform network of flakes and filaments. eee analy . Geol. Dept. 46811. SUPPLEMENT TO GROUP XIV. (Vol. IV. p. 156.) Forms WiItHouT RECORDED LOCALITIES. 169. Goniopora xh. (G. incerta sedis h.) (Pl. VIII. fig. 9; Pl. XVII. fig. 19.) [Coll. Poland ; British Museum. ] Deseription.—The corallum rises from a single stout stem, into an erect, nearly ovate cluster of very thick branches, showing a tendency to divide dichotomously, every division bending up into the vertical, and flattening concentrically round the axis. The first cleavage passes through the axis and divides the corallum right through one of its diameters to near the base, and is nowhere more than 1 em. wide. The next division runs at right angles to this, a little above it; above this the divisions become irregular, partly because of distortion from worms and Balanids. The living layer is 24 cm. on one side, and 12 on the other, and there are signs as if the stock had begun to lean over. The calicles vary in size from 2 to 4 mm.; they are subcircular, and nearly uniformly deep. ie walls are stout, and stand up sharply and uniformly thick and steep, about 1 mm. over the whole corallum. In the upper parts, where the septa are irregular, the walls are of a ragged lamellate reticulum, but in the lower parts, where the septa are more regular, the latter tend to striate their narrow tops; young calicles bud on the angles of the walls all over the corallum. The septa begin as a number of ragged-edged ridges down the walls which eventually join the columella to the wall as so many straight threads of different thicknesses, not all radially arranged, nor in any well defined radial order, so that the interseptal loculi are very irregular, some large, some small, some obscured by cross threads, some angular, some round, Lower down on the coral, the radial, symmetry becomes gradually more perfect, and the interseptal loculi, though of different sizes, are clearly definable pits into the interior of the coral, | The columella is an immense tangle of lamellz and filaments, open and delicate in the upper calicles, but elsewhere denser and sending up irregular granules and points which form the typical rosette to the naked eye. ¥ 162 MADREPORARIA, The texture of the section is coarse and open, and the skeletal elements themselves are variable, very stout and very thin flakes and threads being intermingled.§ This specimen is of considerable interest, not only on account of its growth-form, which recalls the ideal dichotomy of a West Indian Porites, e.g. P. West Indies x 14, but also because of the signs of struggle which can be seen between the Balanids settled upon it and the growing coral, the latter always having threatened to-overgrow the former. Stout branching forms of Goniopore are known, for instance, from the Seychelles, Singapore and Samoa, but a definite order of growth forking is not usually apparent. The calicles in their younger stages somewhat recall those figured in Vol. IV, Pl. IX. figs. 1 and 2, which also referred to a specimen from some unknown locality. a. Zool, Dept. 1903. 7. 31. 2. LIST OF THE NEW FORMS HERE DESCRIBED. (CONTINUATION OF TABLE I. oF VoL. IV., PAGE 162.) ¢ MUSEUM IN WHICH THE} PAGE IN NO. DESIGNATION AND LOCALITY , DEPTH HORIZON REFERENCE TO PUBLISHED FIGURES ORIGINAL SPECIMEN THIS IS PRESERVED VOLUME. | Supplement to Group I. | Polynesian Goniopor. 153 | Fiji Islands 2 . | Dana’s Zoophytes, pl. lv. as 147 figs. 2, 2a, 154 | Ellice Islands 1, Funafuti | PI. VII. fig. 9 Brit. Mus, 147 155 | Ellice Islands 2, Funafuti | Pl, VIIL. fig. 1 Brit. Mus. 148 156 Ellice Islands 3, Funafuti PL. VIII. fig. .2 Brit. Mus. 149 157 Ellice Islands 4, Funafuti PL Varies 3 shPL xv Brit. Mus. 150 fig. 17. 158 Bay of Panama I, Pearl Island . | 4-6 fathoms FG eae tea Me rtZ Yale Coll, Mus. | 151 a Supplement to Group II. Australian Goniopore. 159 | Great Barrier Reef 13, Moreton Pl, VIII. fig. 4 Brit. Mus, 152 iy: 160 | Great Barrier Keef 14 Pl. VIII. fig. 5 Brit. Mus. 153 LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY GONIOPORA. 163 : t MUSEUM IN WHICH THE PAGE IN DESIGNATION AND LOCALITY DEPTH 3 HORIZON | REFERENCE TO PUBLISHED FIGURES ORIGINAL SPECIMEN © THIS 18 PRESERVED | VOLUME —, malate RAC FABIUGRIO NG a ah ate 4 PRR ig 6, ew =, Brit. Mus. 153 nd. preemie, weet Island 5 2+) 3 Ne. es Ue, ss we | Ph VIEL fig: To Brit. Mus. 154 North-West Australia 7,Adolphus|. . . .|. . . . . .i|PLVULfig.8 . . : . Brit. Mus. 155 Island. Supplement to Group IV. Indian Ocean Goniopore. Earns OS EEE NOP Sg ER 9 eg (P61 es Ay (ee Brit. Mus. 156 ove. | BeNOR ET ae pee gy | sk eh is =... ss | Bepers Pilansenthiere Fort- |. % . 157 setzung, i. pl. lix. Supplement to Group V. Indian and Persian Goniopore. ee Gat el. ms. > | Tertiary, (y+. bce ee a Brit. Mus. 158 ea ae erenena unis, bake}. Fx. | Mioeend 2. sa ee a eS Brit.;Mus. 159 rmi. Supplemént to Group XIII. Goniopore from the West Indies. Jamaica 1, Upper, Clarendon]. . . .| Cretaceous. . ./|. . . . « ~~ « «| Mus. Geol. Soc, | 159 District. London. Pnigraets cut). es 4 | DerGary, 2 4 ce wy eae Pac Fa a Brit. Mus. 160 Supplement jto Group XIV. Goniopore without recorded locality. IO ee ta ee te es eon we (PL, VES fig. 9s PL SVEL Brit. Mus. 161 fig. 19. THE CHIEF FACTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL INTEREST REVEALED BY THESE ADDITIONAL FORMS ARE AS FOLLOWS :— A. With regard to Growth-Forms. Two new branching forms differing entirely from anything hitherto known have come to light. 1. The form figured by Esper, Pflanzenthiere, Suppl. pl. lix., which shows a sinuosity and fluency quite unlike the usual branching representatives of the genus, see G. Madagascar 1, p. 157. ¥iz in the form of the growth. This int 164 it MADREPORARIA. “3. os ‘Gren: Uienenedl 7A tik Sei” awa! oullby iow a regularity of closely recalling that of some of the West Indian Porites. = hie ‘With regard. to the Calicles Two new forms, @ Great Barrier Reef 15 and G. North-West Australia 7, she different ways that calicles may be varied in an astoni ee ne ndence of the = ee S01 Vol. IV. p. 187, ; 5 3 I « ‘ t f “ i : ae bel . . > i ! . ' | 4 , - | a : f ma ¥ | y : PY . t j é ~ t j 1 ' i rae oe. ; > ; : 1 ’ 2 ' | i = i { , ' - ‘ Te re - mid i - a y - 1 s : ie Tee, a bg ea eee ae } Fae floes 4 ;? . vo yet 4 ‘ - a aie INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. | | | | [Ciphers‘in cla:eudon refer to the pages on which are Agaricus ASI, Agaricus (Porites), 105. Allessandria 7, 110, 111, 127. 2, 111, 127, 133. Anguilla 7, 46, 54, 125, 132, 135, 136, 140. — 2,50, 55, 125, 131, 142. Antigua 1, 46, 125, 134, 140. —— 2, 47, 125, 135, 140. — 3, 31, 48, 125, 136, 140. 4, 48, 125, 131, 132, 142. arenosa (Porites), 10, 112, 117. astreoides (Porites), 5, 6, 8, 24, 103. (Neoporites), 105, Bahamas 1, 20, 46, 76, 92, 106, 126, 132, 139, 140, 143, 149. Barbados /, 34, 124. —— 2, 84, 37, 124, 136, 140. -—— 3, 35, 124; 136, 140. -—-- J, 36, 40, 124, 136, 141. ——. 5, 34, 36, 37, 124. —— 6, 18, 38, 94, 124, 136. —= 7, 39, 124, 136. ate aD TBE, ——'9, 41, 124, 132. —— 10, 32, 42, 47, 84, 124, 136. Barbuda 1, 49, 101, 125, 134, 140. Barbuda 2, 50, 125, 136, 142. 3, 51, 55, 125, 131, 142. Bay of Panama J, 151, 162. Belize 1, 31, 67, 71, 126, 132. —- 2, 68, 70, 126, 132, 142. —— 3, 15, 20, 69, 70, 120, 126. bellula (Astreea), 153. Bermuda 7, 72, 74, 78, 100, 126, 134, 140, 143, —— 2, 79, 126, 135, 140. 3, 79, 126, 135, 141. Bouches-du-Rhone 7, 109, 127. branneri (Porites), 29. Brazil 7, 29, 124, 132. 2, 29, 66, 124, 131. Cape of Good Hope 7, 25, 26, 124, 131, 140. Cape Verde Islands 1, 26, 124, 131, 140. ——. 2, 27, 124, 131, 139, 141. 3, 28, 124, 140. | Ceylon 4, 17. | China Sea 2, 148. 14, 132. Christmas Island 7, 156, 163. cinerascens (Turbinaria), 50. clavaria (Porites), 5, 6, 10, 11, 16, 43, 52. ccerulea (Heliopora), 143, _ collegniana (Porites), 34, 110. | conferta (Porites), 84, 157, 158. | I I the descriptions. | conglomerata (Mad.), 84, 103, 114, 157. conglomerata (Porites), 6, 115, 116, 132. contigua (Mad.), 114, contigua (Psammocora), 114. - Curagoa 7, 17, 30, 32, 74, 124, 134, 136. —— 2, $1, 32, 44, 124, 136, 140. —— 3, 32,.124, 125. cylindrica (Porites), 116. deshayesiana (Porites), 109. diffusa (Oculina), 63. - divaricata (Porites), 42. diversiformis (Litharzea), 111. | echinulata (Porites), 117. Ellice Islands 7,14'7, 150, 162. —— 2,148, 162. | —— 8, 148, 149, 162. | | | | | | } | —- 4, 150, 162. excavata (Porites), 151. Fiji Islands ‘2, 147, 162. 18, 150. flabelliformis (Porites), 43. flexuosa (Porites), 34. | Florida 2, 18, 71, 94, 126, 1 36 142. 166 Florida 2, 72, 74, 78, 100, 126, 135, 140, 143. —_ 3, 73, 126. —_ 4,-73, 126. — 5, 72, 74, 78, 100, 126, 136, 140, 143. 6, 15,175,126, 132, 142. furcata (Porites), 65, 70, 82. Goniopora 2. h., 161, 163. Great Barrier Reef 2, 150. 6, 152. — 12, 117, 151. — 13, 152, 162. -—— 14. 153, 162. — 15, 153. ae BY: Guadalupe 7, 42, 124. —— 2, 48, 87; 124: —— 3, 43, 58, 124, 131. — 4, 44, 45,56, 125, 136. -—— 5, 45, 125. —— 6, 45, 76, 106, 12%, 135, 141, 142. guadalupensis (Neoporites), 45. (Porites), 26, 29, 45, heberti (Litharxa), 108. incerta (Neoporites), 59, 60. incrustans (Porites), 107, 109, 110. informis (Porites), 120. —— (Synarea), 120, Java Sea 2, 39. Jamaica 7, 151, 159, 161, 163, -—- 2, 160, 163. laevigata (Cosmoporites), 60. limosa (Porites), 147, littoralis (Neoporites), 106, 132. macrocephala (Porites), 17, 61, 89. MADREPORARIA. Madagascar 7, 157,;163. meandrites (Meeandrina), 63, Maldives 7, 148. michelini (Neoporites), 55. mirabilis (Axhelia), 63. mirabilis (Porites), 151. miilleri (Stylaraa), 117. Nevis Island 7, 52, 53, 56, 125. nodifera (Porites), 85. North-West Australia 2, 148. —— 6, 149, 150. — 7,155, 163, 164. panicea (Porites), 108. Paris Basin 7, 108, 127. 2, 109, 127. Persia 4, 159, 163. plumieri (Porites), 58. “poris stellatis Corallium,” 30. porites forma clavaria (Porites), 63. porites forma divaricata (Porites), 62. porites forma furcata (Porites), 64. porites (Mad.), 81, 113. porites (Porites), 11, 16, 31, 32, 43, Porites x. 1, 112, 128. | x. 2, 118, 128, #. 8, 113, 128. —— 2. 4, 114, 128. — — a, 5, 114, 128. —— 2. 6,115, 128, 135. — 2.7, 116, 128, 134. — x. 8, 116, 128, —— «. 9, 117, 128. —— «. 10, 118, 128, 131, 137. | —— #. 11, 119, 128. —— £.12, 119, 128, —— «, 13, 120, 122, 128. —— 2.14, 121, 128. — z, 15, 121, 128. «. 16, 122, 128, Porto Rico 7, 61, 125, 135. 2, 43, 54, 62, 125. — 3, 17, 32, 63, 87, 95, 125, 136. Porto Rico 4, 18, 64, 125, 136. — 5, 15, 65, 125, 132. 6,6 , 125; 182. punctata (Porites), 117. recta (Porites), 42, 53, 61. Red Sea 7, 117. reussiana (Porites), 67, 159, St. Bartholomew /, 42, 53, 56, 61, 125. St. Christopher, 53, 125. St. Domingo 7, 15, 66, 125, 132. St. Thomas 7, 56, 125, 133. --—= 2, 57, 125, 135. —— 8,:57, 125, 136, 140. —— 4, 58, 125, 140, —— 4, 59, 60, 61, 125, 131, —— 6, 60, 61, 125, 131. Santa Cruz 7, 55, 125, 131. solida (Porites), 29, 30, 57,558 81, 132. subtilis (Neoporites), 60, superficialis (Neoporites), 59, (Porites), 27, 59. Tonga Islands 4, 121. 5, 121. sate BYRD — 71 Torres Straits 7, 154, 163. Trinidad 7, 33, 41, 124, 132. Turin 7, 111, 127. valida (Porites), 56, 59, Vera Cruz, 126, verrillii (Porites), 29. | West Africa 7, 25, 124, 131. West Indies a. 7, 81, 126. %. 2, 81, 83, 126, 135. —— 1.3, 82, 126, 135. — x, 4, 84, 126, 136. — 1», 5, 85, 86, 126, 136. —— w, 6, 85, 126. i. oS INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. West Indies x 7, 86, 126. — 1», 8, 26, 126, 136. —— wv. 9, 43, 8'7, 126, 136. — 1,10, 88, 126, 135. — 2, 11, 88, 126, 134. — 14.12, 89, 127, 133. — «, 18, 89, 127, 137, 141. ——- x, 14, 16, 18, 33, 90, 12%, 135, 141, 143, 162. —— «x. 15, 91, 106, 127, 131, 134, 139, — w. 16, 92, 127, 141. — 2, 17, 71, 94, 127, 135, 142. West Indies 2. 18, 32, 95, 127, 137, 141. —— 7. 19, 32, 96, 127, 137, 141. —— x, 20, 32, 97, 127, 137, mes 3 —— 1, 21, 97, 102, 127, 135, 141. — =n, 22, 99, 127, 135, 141. — «, 23, 99, 127, 135, 141, 143. —— x, 24, 50, 100, 127, 134, 141, i ene ae le +. ie ees - 167 West Indies z. 25, 98, 102, —— ». 26, 103, 127, 132, —- 7, 27, 49, 104, 127, 132, 143.. ——. 1, 28, 15, 49, 104, 127, 132, 143. any 29, 105, 132, —— ux. 80, 106, 127, 132, —— 4. 31, 106, 127, 127, 131, Zanzibar, 158, 163, - a EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, Prates I. to VIII.—Collotypic reproductions of photographs of calicles, magnified five times, made by Mr. T. Murray (representing Messrs. Morgan and Kidd). Piares IX. to XVI.—Collotypic reproductions of growth-forms ; those with dark backgrounds were taken by Mr. T. Murray from specimens in the British Museum ; those with light backgrounds were taken by M. Monpillard, of Paris, from specimens in the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle. PuatE XVII.—Lithographic reproductions of drawings of specimens by Mr. A. T. Hollick to illustrate growth-forms alone. The approximate sizes are given in the explanations. PLATE LI. FIG. 1. Calicles of P. Cape of Good Hope 1. 2. P. Cape Verde Islands 1; for growth- -form, ef. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 1. 3. i: P. Cape Verde Islands 2 ; 5 Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 2. 4. » P. Cape Verde Islands 3. 5a. Horizontal section of P. Trinidad 1. 5b. Vertical section of P. Trinidad 1 (showing skeletal elements hollowed out by an alga). b. Calicles of P. Belize 2; for growth-form, cf. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 7. 7. i P.. Belize 3 ; . Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 7a. 8. i P. Barbados 2; for growth-form, cf. Pl. XV. fig. 5 9, os P. Barbados 3 ; % PI, IX. fig. 5. PLATE II. 1. Calicles of P. Barbados 4; for growth-form, cf. Pl. IX. fig. 7. 9 3. Different calicles on P. Guadalupe 6. 4. Calicles of P. Antigua 1; for growth- form. ef, Pl. X. fig. 1. 5. : P. Antigua 2; * Pl. X. fig. 4. 6. P, Antigua 3; ‘1 Pl. X. fig. 7. i P. Antigua 4; x Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 4 8. P. Barbuda 1; : Pl. X. fig. 3. ag; P. Barbuda 2, a Pl, X. fig. 6. 170 MADREPORARIA., PLATE III. Fe Calicles of P. Barbuda 3; for growth-form, cf. Litho. P], XVII. fig. 5. 2. P. Anguilla 1; 2 Pl. X. fig. 5; 3. P. Anguilla 2, 4. ; P. St. Thomas 3; for growth-form, cf. Pl, X. fig. 4, 5. Ae P. St. Thomas 4. 6. ; P. St. Thomas 6. 7a. = the “ Challenger” specimen of the same ; for growth-form, ef. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 6. 7b. P. “incerta,” D. & M., from the type specimen in the Turin Museum. See text, p. 60. 8. : P. Florida 2; tor growth-form, ef. Agassiz “ Florida Reefs,” P], XII. fig. 4. 9. = P. Florida 5; 5 Pl. XI. fig. 2. PLATE IV. 1. Calicles of P. Florida 6. 2. i P. Bahamas I (specimen a); for growth-form, cf. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 8. ‘ Altered calicles of the same. 5. Calicles of P. Bahamas 1 (specimen 5), 6. 4 P. Bahamas 1 (specimen ¢). % ¥ P. Bermudas 1; for growth-form, ef. Pl. XII. fig. 4. 8. = P. Bermudas 2; Re: Pl. XII. fig. 3. 9, : P. Bermudas 8. PLATE V. 1, Calicles of P. West Indies x. 13; for growth-form, cf. Pl. XIV. fig. 4. 2 s P. West Indies x. 14; = Pl. XIII. fig. 3, 3 3 P. West Indies x. 15; “ Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 20a. 4 _ P. West Indies x. 16a; % ‘Litho. Pl. XVIL. fig. 208. 5 5 P. West Indies x. 16b; me Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 20r. 6 re P. West Indies x. 17; % Pl. XVI, fig. 3. 7 * P. West Indies x. 18 ; oo Pl. XIV. fig. 5. 8 Z P. West Indies x. 19 ; es Pl. XVI. fig, 1. 9 ~ P. West Indies x. 20. PLATE VI. 1. Calicles of P. West Indies x. 21; for growth-form, cf. Pl. XV. fig. 4. 2. + P. West Indies x. 22; ‘s PY. XVI: fig. 5. 3. “s P. West Indies x. 23 ; 2 Pl. XV. fig. 3. 4. Yc P. West Indies x. 24; 3 Litho, Pl. XVII. fig. 10. 5. Ff P. West Indies x. 25 ; + the flat cake under the branching stock, Pl. XV. fig. 4. 6. P. West Indies x. 27a; 5 Litho. Pl. XVIL. fig. 9. 7; : P. West. Indies x. 270. 8. A P. West Indies x, 28; for growth-form, cf. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 11. 9, P. West Indies x. 30. — a SS OE a EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 171 PLATE VII. FIG. 1. Calicles of Porites x. 9. 2. 7 Porites x. 10; for growth-form, ef. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 12. os x Porites x, 11. . 4, + Porites x. 12. 5. - Porites x. 13; for growth-form, ef. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 13. 6. e Porites x. 14. ‘(3 3 Porites x, 15. 8. i Porites x, 16; for growth-form ef. Litho, Pl. XVII. fig. 14. 9. : Goniopora Ellice Islands 1. PLATE VIII. 1. Calicles of Goniopora Ellice Islands 2; for growth-form, cf. Litho, Pl. XVII. fig. 15. 2. 3 Goniopora Ellice Islands 3 ; He Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 16. 3, " Goniopora Ellice Islands 4; 5 Litho, Pl. XVII. fig. 17. 4. te Goniopora Great Barrier Reef 13. 5. ‘5 Goniopora Great Barrier Reef 14. 6. - Goniopora Great Barrier Reef 15. Ta. a Goniopora Torres Straits 1. 7b. 5 Goniopora Christmas Islands 1. 8. is Goniopora N. W Australia 7 ; for the form of the specimen ef. Litho. Pl. XVII. fig. 18. : 9: 53 Goniopora x h.; for growth-form, ef. Litho, Pl. XVII. fig. 19. PLATE IX. 1. Growth-form of P. Belize 1, x }. 2. Growth-forms of P. Barbados 7 and 8 (specimen b), x $. 3. Growth-form of P. Barbados 8 [specimens a (right) and.c (left)], x 4. 4, % P. Barbados 6, x . 5, ne P. Barbados 3, x 4; for calicles, ef. Pl. I. fig. 9. 6. . P. Curagoa 3, x 4. uf - P. Barbados 4, x %; for calicles, ef. Pl. II. fig. 1. PLATE X. 1. Growth-form of P. Antigua 1, x 3; for calicles, ef. Pl. I. fig. 4. 2. 3 P. West Indies x. 20, x1; for calicles, cf. Pl. V. fig. 9. 3. i P. Barbuda 1, x 1; for calicles, cf. Pl. Il. fig. 8. 4. 3% P. Antigua 2, x 3; 6 Pl. IL. fig. 5, 5. -, P. Anguilla 1, x 1; ? Pl. III. fig. 2. 6. 5, P. Barbuda 2, x 1; 5 Pl. IL. fig. 9. 7, . P. Antigua 3, x 4; ‘ PL IL. fig. 6. z2 172 MADREPORARIA. PLATE XI. FIG, 1. Growth-form of P. St. Thomas 2, x }. 2. o P. Florida 5, X %; for calicles, ef. Pl. IIL. fig. 9. 3. a P. Porto Rico 1, x 4. 4, a P. St. Thomas 3, x 4; for calicles, cf. Pl. IIT. fig. 4. 5; i P. Guadalupe 4, X 4. PLATE XII. ; 1. Growth-form of P. West Indies x. 3, x 4; portion of Lamarck’s type of “ fwreata.” 2: af P. Florida, 1, x 3. 3: y P. Bermuda 2, x 3; for the calicles, cf. Pl. IV. fig. 8. 4, - P. Bermuda 1, x 3; #1) PISEV. tig 37: PLATE XIII. 1. Growth-form of P. West Indies x. 2, x 4; Lamarck’s type of “ clavaria.” 2. = P. West Indies x. 8, x }. 3. a P. West Indies x. 14, x 1; for the calicles, cf. Pl. V. fig. 2. 4. 3 P. West Indies x. 4, x 4. 5. = P. West Indies x. 5, x 4. PLATE XIV. 1. Growth-form of “ No, 182i” in the Paris Museum (cf. p. 65). 2. * P. West Indies x. 9, x 4. 3. “ P. West Indies x. 10, x }. 4, =! P. West Indies x. 13, x $; for the calicles, ef. Pl. V. fig. 1 3 a P. West Indies x. 18, x'3; fp BEV Seay. PLATE XY. 1. Growth-form of Porites #. 7*, x 4. : 2. % P. West Indies x. 11, x }. ay 8 P. West Indies x. 23, x %; for the calicles, cf. Pl. VI. fig. 3. 4, s P. West Indies x. 21, x 2; ahs Pl. VI. fig. 1. 5. Pe P. Barbados 2, x 3; F Pl. I. fig. 9. PLATE XVI. 1. Growth-form of P. West Indies «. 19, x %; for the calicles, cf. Pl. V. fig. 8. 2. . Porites x. 6, x 4. 3s 7 P. West Indies x. 17, x 4; for the calicles, cf. Pl. V. fig. 6. 4. fi P. West Indies x. 7, x 3. 5. < P. West Indies x. 22, x %; for the calicles, cf. Pl. VI. fig. 2. 6. “ P. Guadalupe 5, X }. * See observations, p. 116. s e SE PANH MAR wd E ao Noe Dor RP ee eee SO RAS 1 wt 208. 20r. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. LITHOGRAPHIC PLATE XVIL Growth-form of P. Cape Verde Islands 1, x 4; for the calicles, cf. Pl. I. fig. 2 ” » ” » P. Cape Verde Islands 2, * 4; * Pl, I. fig. 3 P. Curagoa 1, x 3. P, Antigua 4, x 4; for the calicles, cf. Pl. IIL. fig. 7. P. Barbuda 3, x 3; f Pl. III. fig. 1. P. St. Thomas 5, x 4; 33 Pl. III. fig. 7a. P. Belize 2, x 4; 55 PL. J. fig. 6. P. Belize 3, x 4; Aus Pl. 1. fig. 7. P. Bahamas 1, spec. a, X 4; for the calicles, cf. Pl. IL. fig. 2. P. West Indies x. 27, x 4; , Pl. VI. fig. 6 P. West Indies x. 24, x 4; i Pl. VI. fig. 4. P. West Indies x. 28, x 4; $i Pl. VI. fig. 8. * Porites x. 10, x 4; e Pl. VIL. fig. 2. Porites x, 13, x 4; r Pl. VII. fig. 5. Porites x. 16, x 4; - Pl. VIL. fig. 8. Goniopora Ellice Islands 2, x 4; Fe Pl. VIII. fig. 1. Goniopora Ellice Islands 3, x 4; -, Pl. VIII. fig. 2. Goniopora Ellice Islands 4, x 3; 4 Pl. VILL. fig. 3. t G. North-West Australia 7, x 2; , Pl. VIII. fig. 8. Goniopora xh. x 4; 55 Pl. VIII. fig. 9. Porites West Indies x 15, x 4; 5 Pl. V. fig. 3. P. West Indies x, 16a, x 2; y Pl. V. fig. 4, P. West Indies «x. 16b, x 3; rs Pl. V. fig. 5. * On this growth-form, see the remarks made on p. 137, } On the form of this specimen, see the observations, p. 155. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W., AND DUKE 8TREET, STAMFORD STREET, 8,2. 173 — > , me : a , ~~ , a 7) , 5 a " ; : ** Cc - J : e . 7 : b — , k he -% i _ ' - a a i Pa di 7 he s A. 7: A ri : 4 ae . , ~« 4 — 3 . ey Di ra | . ; i JZ * ti 4 - ia a7 ' a if < > 7 ’ 4 7 . BRIT. MUS. MADREPOR., VI. 1, Cape of Good Hope. Collo: Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W PORITES. ATLANTIC AND WEST INDIAN FORMS, 2—4, Cape Verde Islands. 8—g, Barbados 5a—sb, Trinidad, PLATE I. 6—7, Belize. BRIT. MUS. MADREPOR. VI. PORITES. WEST INDIAN FORMS. 1, Barbados. 2—3, Gaudalupe. 4—7, Antiqua. 8—g, Barbuda. q ‘ Collo: Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W. PLATE PLATE Ill, a PORITES, WEST INDIAN AND ATLANTIC FORMS. 1, Barbuda. 2—3, Anguilla. 4—7b, St. Thomas. 8—g, Florida. Collo: Morgan & Kidd. Richmond, S.W. BRIT. MUS. MADREPOR. VII. PLATE IV. aati | i ti PORITES. ATLANTIC AND WEST INDIAN FORMS, 1, Florida Reefs. 2—6, Bahamas. 7—9, Bermuda Collo; Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W. BRIT, MUS. MADREPOR,. VI. ee 49 FROM Collo; Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W. UNKNOWN PORITES. ATLANTIC AND WEST INDIAN LOCALITIES. PLATE V- PLATE VI. MADREPOR. VI, BRIT. MUS, PORITES. ATLANTIC LOCALITIES, INDIAN WEST AND UNKNOWN FROM Collo; Morgan & Kidd Richmond. S.W. — ~~ 1h « ‘ re ton §¢ rs) “ ee BRIT. MUS. MADREPOR. VII. PLATE VII. AES. WR PORITES AND (SUPPLEMENTARY) GONIOPORA. 1—8, Porites from unknown localities. g. Goniopora (Supplementary), from Ellice Islands. Collo; Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W. eee ee ee ee a ee a oo —~CS BRIT. MUS. MADREPOR, VI. 1—3, Ellice Islands. GONIOPORA. SUPPLEMENTARY. 4—6, Great Barrier Reef. 8, North West Australia. Collo; Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W. 7a, Torres Strait. 9, Locality unknown. PLATE Vill. 7b, Christmas Islands. “XI ALY 1d “SULINOd NVIGNI ISHAM ANY OILLNY TLV te) SNYOA-HLMOUD ANS PROMS PPM @ UesIOW! + OT]}0D ‘IA ‘(MOdSNGYW ‘SOW “Lia *x *SU.LINOd NVICNI LSHA AO SNYOA-HLMOUD "M’S puourqony ‘ppry a UeFyoyy 1 OT10D ‘IA “MOdHYCYW ‘SAW ‘Lind M'S ‘promyory ‘ppry 2 urFsop | oo “SULINOd NVIGNI ISHAM ONV OLLNVILY AO SNNOY-HLMOND ‘IX FLV Id ‘IA “NYOdHYCVW “SOW “Lind BRIT. MUS. MADREPOR. VI. PLATE XI. GROWTH-FORMS OF ATLANTIC AND WEST INDIAN PORITES. Collo: Morgan & Kidd, Richmond, S.W. "IX ALVTd “SULINOd NVIGNI LSM AUNV OLLNV TLV JO SNUOF-HLMOUD M’S ‘PuOMTYSTY ‘ppry ZW UBBI07y | 10> ‘IA *NOdHNGYW ‘SOW “Lrud ————— tt M’'S ‘ptouryory '‘ppry y uess0w +: o0D ‘SaLINOd NVIGNI LSAM ANV OILLNVILVY SO SNUOA-HLMOYD “AIX ALV Id ‘IA "NOdsauaVW “SAW “Lud M'S ‘puowysry ‘ppry 3% UeFs0~ : o0D “SHLINOd NVIGNI LSHA GNV SILNVW'ILY JO SNYON-HLMOND “AX SLY 1d ’ ‘IA ‘NOdauUaVW ‘SOW “LINd "M'S puouqony 'ppry wz ueBs0yy : o>. “SULINOd NVIGNI LSHAL GNV OILLNYILY JO SNYOA-HLMOUD “IAX ALVI1d ‘IA ‘MOdHuaCYWN “SOW “LINg BRIT.MUS.,MADREPOR VI. AT.Hollick del.et lith. GROWTH-FORMS OF PORITIDA. PLATE XVII. 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