or British Museum (Ratural History). This 1s No. £& of 25 copies of the “ Catalogue of Mesozoic Plants,” Part VI., printed on special paper. a PRESEN TED The Trustees THE BRITISH MUSEUM. CATALOGUE OF THE MESOZOIC PLANTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. PART VI. a CATALOGUE OF THE MESOZOIC PLANTS IN THD BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). Vole. THE CRETACEOUS FLORA. ParT IL—LOWER GREENSAND (APTIAN) PLANTS OF BRITAIN. BY MARIE C. STOPES, D.Sc. (Lond.), Pu.D. (Munich), F.L.S., FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE; LECTURER IN PALZOBOTANY AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON UNIVERSITY. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.C. ; B. QUARITCH, 11 GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, W.; DULAU & Co., Lrp., 37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.; THE MIDLAND EDUCATIONAL CO., Lrp., CORPORATION STREET, BIRMINGHAM; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 7 1915. , (A ; 7 [ All rights reserved. | | K 43 4 "1 \ PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLELT STREET, PREFACE. a THE second part of the Catalogue of the Cretaceous Flora deals with the remains of plants from the English Lower Greensand, and shows the importance of a careful study of even the most unpromising fossils. Most of the specimens described are merely fragments of wood, but their microscopical structure proves to be so well pre- served that their organisation can be clearly determined. Some agree sufficiently well with corresponding structures in existing plants to be referred approximately to their true systematic position; but others appear to be more - or less anomalous, and are not comparable with any stems in the existing flora of which the histological structure is known. The Catalogue, indeed, emphasises the necessity for a more extended and exhaustive study of the vegetative structures of the plants which are now living. The general results of the detailed descriptions in the Catalogue are summarised in the Introduction, to which reference should be made especially for important observations on the climate of the Lower Cretaceous period. The dates in round brackets after authors’ names refer to the Bibliography at the end of the volume. A. SMITH WOODWARD. DEPARTMENT OF GxoLoay, April, 1915, JOATTAG ——+-— moll enosoniet) oft lo ogolatw) adi to deg brvooee aut youl dailgadl adlt anon} al to ening ott seine vherte lode. - cr ~ io onan 2 Raya A: # CONTENTS. List or Figures In THE Text . Inrropuction . . . _ Ege. Descriprive Carazoaus or Lower Greensanp Puanrs . Group Thallophyta «6 6 + ee eee Group Bryophyta ...- 6.06) eo moele ee Group Pteridophyta . »..4.52) ey noldne ee e Class Filicin® os wisitin wis) olen +. Genus Weichselia . « . inh: : —- Werehselia reticulata (Stokes & Webb), Ward ° Genus Tempskya .. ..- . «~ Tempskya erosa, Stokes, Webb & ; Mantell 8: os Group Spermophyta . - + s+ © e+ 2 8 ee Class Gymnosperm@ ...)- 460% 2 2 + oe Sub-class Cycadophyta . - ws pe es Order Bennettiteee . 0. sw rie ei ne Genus Bennettites . Bennettites Gibsonianus, Piet , 99 Alichitdi, BPNOMs oie iis. + >. » 7 maximus, Carruthers. Psendo-genus Cycadeorachis.. 2... Pseudo-genus Cycadeomyelon Vili CONTENTS. Sub-class Coniferales . Family Araucarinee . Family Taxodines Genus Sequoia . Sequoia giganteoides, sp. nov. Family Abietines Genus Protopiceoxylon : Protopiccoxylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. Genus Pityoxylon . Pityoxylon Sewardi, sp. nov. te Benstedi, sp. nov. us sp. . " Woodwardi, sp. nov. . Genus Pinostrobus Pinostrobus sussexiensis, Mantell sp. . ss ' Benstedi, Mantell sp. . i oblongus, Lindley & Hutton sp. . mr patens, Carruthers sp. . » +» eylindroides, Gardner sp. . i, pottoniensis, Gardner sp. . ‘ sp. indet. . Genus Cedrostrobus . ; ; Cedrostrobus Leckenbyi, Carruth sp. » ° Mantellti, Carruthers sp. Genus Cedroxylon . . Cedroxylon maidstonense, sp. Nov. . ‘53° ~pottoniense, “9 nov. Genus Abietites : 3 Abietites ef. Solmst, Sewird « sp.. at “The Dragon-Tree”’ . Woods of probable Abietinean ‘Affinity : . 145 Page 105 115 116 122 123 130 135 137 138 140 141 143 143 147 149 154 157 157 158 159 165 CONTENTS, Family Cupressinee . Genus Cupressinoxylon Cupressinoaylon vectense, Barber » luccombense, sp. nov. . ” eryptomertoules, sp. Nov. . 9 Hortit, sp. nov. 9 sp. indet. Family Taxinee . Sub-family Taxaces . Genus Taxoxylon . Taxoxylon anglicum, sp. nov. Sub-family Podocarpaceze Genus Podocarpoxylon Podocarpoaylon woburnense, sp. nov. . = bedfordense, sp. nov. . ia Gothani, sp. nov. x Solmsi, sp. nov.. Incertze Sedis.— Coniferous Wood (?) Coniferous Roots (?) Genus Vectia Vectia luccombensis, sp. nov. . Class Angiospermee Sub-class Monocotyledons Sub-class Dicotyledons Genus Cantia . Cantia arborescens, sp. DOV. . Family Dipterocarpacez (?) Genus Woburnia. Woburnia porosa, Stopes ix Page 167 167 169 180 186 194 201 202 203 203 204 210 210 211 223 228 234 243 246 247 247 258 258 258 260 260 267 267 267 CONTENTS. Family uncertain. Genus Sabulia. Sabulia Scotti, Stopes Genus Hythia. ‘ Hythia Elgari, sp. nov. . Genus Aptiana Aptiana radiata, ren APPENDIX, Genus Cycadeoidea Cycadendea Yatesit, aed a sp. as buzzardensis, sp. NOV. . Genus Colymbetes : Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. . Genus Benunettites . So Bennettites inclusus, Carruthers sp. List or WorRKS QUOTED . . inpakqK 4-2 % 2 eee Page 272 272 277 278 283 357 17. 18. 19. 20, LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT. . Weichselia reticulata (Stokes & Webb), Ward; carbonised impression of pinnules Tempskya ; stem in transverse section Tempskya Rossica, Kidston & aa : transverse sections of stem . Ditto ; transverse section of root . , Dikta strestorationiin: 66 60 6 sist 40 ae . Bennettites ingens; restoration of ae Fe bispor- dnginte atrobilas spi: 5:6) feos \eunieis “wed em oe os Bennettites ; ovulate strobilus . Bennettites Gibsonianus, Carruthers ; ; sections of an Me sierra) pared io | Jee Teen . Ditto ; transverse section of inner zones of wood . . Ditto; transverse section of part of phloem. . Ditto; section of leaf-base ‘ . Ditto; tangential section of base of seed . Bennettites Allchini, sp.nov. ; leaf-bases . + . Bennettites maximus, Carruthers; cut surface of trunk . Cycadeorachis ; rachis of hai. huss . Sequoia giganteoidles, sp. nov.; transverse section of part of leaf , ¢ odti Protopiceoxylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. ; Fee sadich of secondary wood . . ver ztalle Ditto ; transverse view of small resin-canals Ditto; longitudinal view of epithelial cells of resin- fa b te Ditto ; cells from radial view of medullary ray Page xli Fig. 21. LIST OF FIGURES, Protopiceoxylon Edwardsi, sp. nov.; radial section of wood . Ditto; tangential view of wood ‘ . Pityoxylon Sewardi, sp. nov. ; radial section of wood. . Ditto; tangential section of medullary ray . . Pinus monticola; radial section of medullary ray . , Pityoxylon Benstedi; sp. nov.; longitudinal section of resin-canal . . Ditto; longitudinal section of wood . . . Pityoxylon Woodwardi, sp. nov.; transverse section of autumn wood . . Ditto; radial section of medullary ray . Pinostrcbus — sussewiensis, Mantell sp.; transverse section of scale . Ditto; part of the testa . . Rao wae es . Pinostrobus Benstedi, Mantell sp.; tangential section of cone-seale . . Ditto; outline sketch of ovuie . ; . Pinostrobus oblongus, Lindley & Hanes sp.; cone . Pinostrobus patens, Carruthers sp.; cone . Pinostrobus cylindroides, Gardner sp.; cone. . Pinostrobus pottoniensis, Gardner sp.; base of cone . Pinostrobus sp.; cone . Cedrostrobus Leckenbyi, Currathers’ sp.3 cone . Cedrostrobus Mantellit, Carruthers sp.; cone . Cedroxylon maidstonense, sp. nov.; transyerse section of autumn wood . . Ditto; tangential section of nrohionary ray . . Ditto; radial section of medullary ray . . ; . Cedroxylon pottoniense, sp. nov.; radial section of medullary ray ~~ =. * % . Abietites sp.; foliage twig . “The Dragon-Tree ” . Wood of ditto -. Sem ks - . Cupressinoxylon vectense, Barber; transverse section — Be MI Se ig ie ie es Fig. 49. LIST OF FIGURES. Cupressinovylon vectense, Barber; radial view of tracheids . Ditto; radial section of wood . Cupressinoxylon luccombense, sp. nov.; transverse section of secondary wood. . Ditto; radial longitudinal section of wood . . Ditto; tangential section of wood . Cupressinoxylon eryptomerioides, sp. noy.; radial longitudinal section of wood . . . Ditto(?); transverse section of stem . a. . Cupressinoxylon. Hortii, sp. nov.; radial section of wood 7. Ditto; tangential section of wood . . Ditto; transverse section of secondary wood - LTaxoaxylon anglicum, sp. nov.; radial section of wood. . Podocarpowylon woburnense, sp. nov.; transverse sec- tion of secondary wood. . . 61. Ditto; radial section of medullary ray 62. Ditto; tangential section of wood , 63. Ditto; woody branch, . .-. . . d . Podocarpoxylon bedfordense, sp. nov. ; vedjahs section of wood .. . Podocarpoxylon Gothant, sD. nov.; transverse section of stem . 66. Ditto; radial section of aad ‘ a 67. Podocarpoaylon Solmsi, sp. nov.; longitudinal section of pith . 68. Ditto; tangential section of sich d 69. Ditto; radial seetion of wood . . . 2. . Ditto; radial section of wood . . Coniferous roots in Kentish Rag . Vertia luccombensis, sp. nov.; transverse section of | _ tissues . ; py ee ee . Ditto; calieares alias of Maniees , . Ditto ; transverse section showing cork-cells . Ditto; radial section of tissues . Xiv Fig. 76. lode ‘i. 78. 79. 80. $1. 82. 83. 84, 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. LIST OF FIGURES. Cantia arborescens, sp. nov.; piece of wood . . Ditto; radial longitudinal section of wood . . . Ditto ; tangential section of medullary rays. Woburnia porosa, Stopes ; transverse section of wood. Ditto; transverse section of wood . Ditto ; longitudinal view of wood-vessel . Sabulia Scottii, Stopes ; transverse section of stem Ditto; transverse section of wood . Ditto; radial section of medullary ray-cells . . . Hythia Elgari, sp. nov.; cut surface of wood . Ditto; radial section of medullary ray : Aptiana radiata, Stopes; transverse section of stem . Ditto ; transverse section of outer part of stem . Ditto ; transverse section of wood . Ditto; transverse section of wood . ‘ ¢ Ditto; radial longitudinal section of eisdaliany ray . Ditto; tangential section of a multiseriate ray Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carruthers sp. ; external view of part of trunk . ar Ditto; transverse section of trunk. Ditto; portion of broken end of trunk Ditto; tracheids from wood-ring . Ditto; surface view showing leaf-bases . oa) Cycadeoidea buzzardensis, sp. nov. ; external features and broken transverse section Ditto; sketch of broken block of wood a Cycadeoidea Yatesit and Cycadeoidea Ddaladidensie outline sketch of leaf-bases ‘ bet, J Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. ; diagram of auatomy alias incotnebcnpe Neat Ditto ; transverse section of pith . wor), Ditto; transverse section of perimedullary zone of wood . rie Ditto ; transverse section of stem . Ditto; transverse section of wood . Page 261 263 264 268 269 271 273 274 276 279 281 285 286 287 288 290 291 300 302 303 303 304 310 311 312 316 318 319 320 321 Fig. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. LIST OF FIGURES. Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov.; trachcids Ditto; transverse section of stem . Ditto; transverse section of wood . ‘ Ditto ; transverse and radial longitudinal sections of ee ANT RODLEION - Ditto; tangential sections of leaf-traces . Ditto; tangential section of leaf-trace . . ‘ Bennettites inclusus, Carruthers sp.; external view of part of trunk . XV Page 322 323 324 325 327 328 336 BRB NG. he Sopmeyerye eetton yd wep, Pee), ral Bdegiy, Sooty No Wake | be aw Se en a ee ar Dy a eth eet aan maT! by! SIE , PT Pe REI eT Lge, A UE Po iva ® 4 >. al ‘ we Pe : * q be z 4 <1 5 ' 2 | a. i, ae ty Yi re SF = é : a = i! a ae . ws F re ie INTRODUCTION For the first time the Flora of the Lower Greensand (Aptian age) of Britain is considered as a unit.. Hitherto the fossils which represent it have been dismissed as insignificant, and, with the exception of Bennettites Gibsonzanus and Cupressin- oxvylon vectense, their anatomy has remained undescribed. In addition to the two plants just named, a few gymnospermic cones and undetermined “ woods” are all that have been noticed. It is not surprising, therefore, that one of the most recent references to the Lower Greensand. vegetation should state this general impression as follows:—‘*'The land of Vectian [t. e. Lower Greensand] time was doubtless similar in aspect and climate to that of Wealden time, and the plants and ereatures which inhabited the country were-the same” (Jukes- Browne, 1911, p. 306). In reality, the flora of the English Lower Greensand is rich, not only in species, but in interest, and it offers a startling contrast to the flora of the preceding Wealden. Furthermore, while the fossils which represent the Lower Greensand flora have generally been neglected as poorly preserved and frag- mentary, the actual fact is that petrifactions of the internal anatomy of this age are surprisingly excellent, and the micro- scopic details of many of the Lower Greensand species are not surpassed by the most poeta of the Coal - Measure petrifactions. The plants of the Lower Groctinindsi in this country are found under very favourable conditions: occurring in a well-defined and well-known marine deposit, their exact geological position is clear. Had this not been the case, there must have been much doubt regarding the age of the flora, for it is so unlike any other previously known. b XVili INTRODUCTION. The following species are present in the English Lower Greensand and are now described :— THALLOPHYTA. Chondrites Targionii (see Vol. L.). FILICALES. Weichselia reticulata (Stokes & Webb), Ward. Tempskya erosa, Stokes, Webb & Mantell sp. CYCADOPHYTA. Bennettites Gibsonianus, Carr. B. maximus, Carr. B. Alichini, sp. nov. B. inclusus (Carr. sp.). [Potton.] Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carr. {Potton.] C. buzzardensis, sp. nov. [Potton.] Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. Cycadeomyelon sp. Cycadeorachis sp. CONIFERALES. Sequoia giganteoides, sp. nov. Protopiceoxylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. Pityoxylon Sewardi, sp. nov. P. Benstedi, sp. nov. P. Woodwardi, sp. nov. Pinostrobus sussexiensis (Mantell sp.). P., Bensiedi (Mantell sp.). P, oblongus (Lindl. & Hutt. sp.). P. patens (Carr. sp.). P. cylindroides (Gard, sp.). P. sp., ef. P. longissima, Vel. Cedrostrobus Leckenhyi (Carr. sp.). C. Mantellii (Carr. sp.). Cedroxylon maidstonense, sp. nov. C., pottoniense, sp. nov. cf, Abietites Solmsi (Seward sp.). Abjietites sp, Cupressinoxylon vectense, Barber. C. luccombense, sp. nov. C. eryptomerioides, sp. nov. C. Hortii, sp. nov. Taxoxylon anglicum, sp. nov. Podocarpoxylon woburnense, sp. nov. P. bedfordense, sp. nov. P. Gothani, sp. nov. P, Solmsi, sp. nov. Vectia luccombensis, sp. nov. ANGIOSPERM A. MonocoryLevons. Very doubtful palin. DicoryLepons, Cantia arborescens, sp, Nov. Woburnia porosa, Stopes. Sabulia Scottii, Stopes. Hythia Elgari, sp. nov. Aptiana radiata, Stopes. INTRODUCTION. xix This makes a total of 45 forms, of which the numbers in the respective groups are as follows:—1 hallophyte ; 2 Filicales; 9 Cycadophyta; 27 Conifers; 5 Angiosperms. The proportions of the representatives of the different groups are noticeably different from those in most described floras: the extreme scarcity of ferns and the overwhelming preponderance of Conifers being unusual features in Mesozoic floras; while, in those vegetations which contain authentic Angiosperms, they generally bulk more largely in the lists than in the present case. As the Lower Greensand flora has hitherto been merged with that of the Wealden, it must first be compared with it. The recent additions to the Wealden Flora are included in a complete summary by Prof. Seward (1913), and the total flora brings the number of species up to 68 (with one or two other fragments and incerte sedis). Of these a total of 32 are Thallophyta to Pteridophyta, which include 23 species of ferns, as against the two species of ferns in the Lower Greensand. There are also 19 species of Cycadophyta, the rest of the flora being composed of Conifers and gymnospermic incertae sedis. Among the Conifers, 4 species represent the Araucarines, 1 the Cupressinex, 5 the Abietines, and the rest are uncertain, Not only is it true, as Seward (1895, p. 240) says, that ‘* we search in vain among the abundant samples of the Wealden vegetation for any fragments of monocotyledonous or dicoty- ledonous plants,” while in the Lower Greensand the dicotyledons are represented by five distinct and well-preserved genera; but “looking at the Wealden plants collectively, we notice a very striking agreement with the flora of the underlying Jurassic strata, and it would be difficult to point to any well-marked or essential difference between the plant-life of the two periods. The evidence of paleobotany certainly favours the inclusion of the Wealden rocks in the Jurassic series.” Berry (1911, p. 101) writes: “ As transitional deposits the Wealden may well be partly of Jurassic age, but of late years it has come to be accepted as a non-marine facies of the Neo- comian, since, where it is present, the lowest marine beds of the Neocomian are said to be absent. That the flora (Seward, Ward) and fauna (Smith Woodward, Marsh) are Jurassic in type is not to be wondered at, indeed, it would be remarkable b2 xx INTRODUCTION, if it were otherwise, since Nature knows no units, and boundary lines in conformable deposits are purely utilitarian or academic.” Nevertheless, the academic boundary is well indicated in the contrast between the Lower Greensand aiid the Wealden floras of this country. In 1913 Halle wrote, in relation to the Mesozoic flora of Patagonia: ‘‘It must be stated at once that it is not possible, with the present state of the knowledge of fossil floras, to establish: any accurate subdivision, on a palio- botanical basis, of the time from the close of the Jurassic to the Lower Albian. The Wealden flora, as understood by palso- botanists, embraces more or less the whole of this time, several of the characteristic Wealden species being found as high as in the Albian of Portugal (Saporta, 1894).” The present work on the Aptian affords great hope that, as the structures of plants of this age are discovered in various localities, the paleeobotanical divisions between the Jurassic and the Lower Albian will be established. To the Jurassic, our Aptian flora, with its preponderance of Conifers and its Dicotyledons, offers a contrast indicative of the passage from one major life-sequence to another. Nevertheless, some of the differences in composition between the Wealden and the Lower Greensand floras are due to the different physical circumstances of their deposition. For instance, the absence of fern-foliage in the Lower Greensand must be due simply to the destruction of the leaves before they reached a position in which they could be entombed. Leaving the Coal-Measure flora out of consideration, as it is unique in many ways, it may generally be stated that the floras of which any considerable numbers of forms are known are preponderatingly composed of species based on fragments of leaves. The Lower Greensand flora, however, is preponder- atingly composed of woody stems, with a fair sprinkling of gymnospermic cones. The reason for this is doubtless corre- lated with the paleogeography of the deposit. Everything points to the Aptian deposits of this country as representing a narrow arm of the sea, in which a coarse marine detritus was being laid down at no great distance from land. The plant- remains which were mingled with the coarse sandy matrix must have drifted for some time before they were entombed. While sea-water has proved to be an exceedingly good preser- INTRODUCTION. Xxi _vative (see Stopes & Watson, 1908) and, as is evidenced by the state of many of the Lower Greensand plants, must have been a perfect specific against the decay of even the finest details, yet the sea journey resulted in the elimination of all the soft. leaves, which probably formed. attractive food for fishes and molluscs. It is noteworthy that in the list of species, there are only two based on leaf-impressions, and these are both very scanty and incomplete. The one well-preserved leaf is the minute -twig of Seguota which was completely sheltered, and must have travelled concealed in the larger mass of secondary tissues of another plant (see pp. 70, 247). The species now described, therefore, represent only the sturdier portions of the larger woody elements of the whole flora then living. Hence it must not be assumed that herbaceous plants: were wanting, or even scanty at this time. . Indeed, in the contemporaneous Lower Cretaceous floras of Portugal (Saporta, 1894) and North America, where the physical conditions of deposition were different, the various types of plants. were in quite other. proportions. Very useful summaries of the Lower Cretaceous floras from all parts of the world are given by Berry (1911) in his recent. monograph, to which reference should be made. As a consequence, in our deposit, the absence of herbaceous plants, and in particular of herbaceous Angiosperms, must not be taken to be of any phylogenetic significance... While it might at first sight appear to support the view (see Eames 1911, Sinnott & Bailey 1914, etc.) that the woody tree is the “primitive” type of Angiosperm, since the species described above are all woody; yet that deduction is an illegitimate one to draw from the data. This in reality only proves that the physical conditions of deposition were such as to prohibit the preservation of the herbaceous Angiosperms which I am sure were then liying, and which, if I may express an unsupported opinion, were probably some of several “primitive” stocks of the profoundly polyphyletic Angiosperms, _ As the Angiosperms described in the present volume are the earliest Dicotyledons recorded, not only for England but for the. whole North of Europe, and are the earliest specimens of which the anatomy is known from any part.of the world, some ‘discussion of the vexed question of the origin of the Angio- Xxii INTRODUCTION. sperms might be deemed appropriate. Many leaf-impressions from deposits somewhat older than the Aptian (e. g. the *‘Potomac” of America) have been described, but the exact correlation of these deposits with the European beds is still very uncertain. In those beds which are clearly older than Aptian, on the other hand, the records of reputed Dicotyledons, though numerous, are far from securely established (see p. 259). In the Kootanie and Horsetown beds, for instance, which are definitely older than the Aptian, the recorded Angiosperms are very doubtful. Similarly in Europe, the pre-Aptian Angiosperms and pro-Angiosperms of Saporta (1894) cannot be accepted unhesitatingly. Nevertheless, it is certain that Angiosperms, to have spread so widely by Aptian times, must have existed either actually or potentially in some pro-angiospermic character, by the Jurassic, possibly even by Triassic times. As will be seen in the descriptive part of this work (pp. 260- 294), the Aptian stems were woody plants of a highly advanced and differentiated character, and there is nothing in their anatomy to indicate any more clearly their phylogenetic origin than there is in the stems of the still living genera. The origin of the Angiosperms remains the “‘ abominable mystery” Darwin thought it. The solution via the Bennettitales has never commended itself to me, and the existence of such highly differentiated Angiosperms in the strata from which the typical Bennettites Gibsonianus and others were obtained, renders it still more incredible that there should be a Bennettitalean ancestry for the Angiosperms. CrrMaTe. As geologists are at present almost without information regarding the land-conditions of the Aptian of Northern Europe, they may ask what evidence regarding the climate is given by the plants now described. It is evident from their structure that these plants inhabited an ordinary dry, or comparatively high, land. As the fossils had all drifted in sea-water at least some short distance before they were petrified, we cannot be quite sure that they all lived close together. Their states of preservation and the amount of teredo-boring they endured, however, favour the view that they INTRODUCTION. XXiii had not travelled far, but were petrified in water near the land on which they grew. ‘This conclusion is also supported by the tendency to localisation of the types—for instance, Cupressin- ovylon vectense is the commonest form in the Isle of Wight, while Podocarpoxylon woburnense is the preponderating form in Woburn. Both show annual rings and both lived in similar climates, and the prevalence of one or the other form probably depended on local distribution, which in its turn was correlated with ecological differences comparable with those which to-day determine one wood as being of beech, another of oak. The presence of Bennettites, which occurs not only in the Isle of Wight, but also in Kent, has generally been held to indicate a tropical or subtropical climate. There is, however, no certainty that this was the case, and Pseudocycas (see Nathorst, 1907), a genus belonging to the same family in sensu lato, inhabited the Arctic at a time when, though the climate was warmer than at present, it could not have been tropical. The large number of Abietinex in the Lower Greensand is highly suggestive of a cool, if not actually a cold climate (see Gothan 1908, among others, and note also the present distri- bution of the Abietinex). This view is strongly supported by the remarkable and total absence of Araucarines, a group widely distributed in most European, and in the English deposits in particular, both of earlier and later periods, which are supposed to have been relatively warm. eS vik S : 2 ° ° oS oO ' S “ ° o/;9 fo) Q °o eto AS EASiele & wu Ss ° ort. o\C Jo ~ ole O° o]lo = O Fe ee ee 2 fut o = o oO OQ o lo { SiO o | Tai fwe/y! ig Plo LS of? 2 2} (atsteielots} fe yste fe we O/O — S | OAD O o f= 4 0 |O mw. \) aa — . o 3S \()) = DUTTA SOs) alae Ops Text-fig. 17.—Protopiceorylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. ‘Transverse section of part of the secondary wood. =f f. WD: as OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. as 8 re., resin-canal ; rca., very small canal with four symmetrically placed epithelium-cells; mw., wall of me ray-cell with abietinean thickening and pitting. No. V. 4859 ¢ ° g2 dullary 83 rca 84 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE circular in transverse section, increasing towards the centre of the axis, where they measure as much as 90 » in diameter. Their walls are all rather thickened, and their rounding leaves small, triangular, intercellular spaces between the cells. All these features can be seen in PI. ITI, fig. 2. In longitudinal direction the cells are somewhat elongated, some of them having a length equal to twice their diameter, but most of them are shorter than that, The cross-walls are approximately rectangular. Protoxylems appear to be endarch. The small elements com- posing them can be seen in longitudinal section to have extremely fine scalariform and spiral thickening. The secondary tracheids form regular rings of elements in which the distinction between spring and autumn wood is very sharply marked. The spring tracheids vary somewhat in size, the largest measuring about 40 x 50-55 x 50 yp, the size of the tracheids in the outer rings of wood tending to be a little larger than in the first few rings. The walls are all rather thick, the first-formed spring elemeuts having a wall at least 3-4 yu thick. The autumn * wood elements are not so much flattened radially as is generally the case in gymnospermic woods, but they have excessively thickened walls (see text-fig. 17), which may be as much as 10-20 » thick, with a small circular lumen only 4-6 across. Pits on the radial walls can be seen in transverse section; in longitudinal section they are principally in a single row, the circular borders being about 3—% the diameter of the tracheid in which they lie, They are generally distant from each other, but may be almost adjacent. A very few elements have a double row of pits. A few pits can be seen in the tangential walls. Wood-parenchyma appears to be present in very small quantities scattered through the wood. I have detected in radial and particularly in tangential sections a few elements in which there are true horizontal walls at right angles to the long * Tt is not now usual to employ the term autumn wood, for, physio- logically, it is late summer wood ; but for purely morphological deserip- tions the old-fashioned term seems to offer a better contrast, and also leaves no possible confusion, for, in some of the old papers on fossil woods, the term “summer” seems to be used as “spring” is used at the present day. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 85 Text-fig. 18.—Protopiceoxylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. Transverse view of two small resin-canals. cb., epithelial cell projecting irregularly into canal, re. red., symmetrical large cells, not yet fully separated to form eanal (cf. rea. in text-fig. 17). No. V. 485¥e, Text-fig. 19.—Protopiceoxylon Edwardsi, sp.nov. Longitudinal view of the thick-walled epithelial cells of the resin-canals, showing the pits in the walls. No. V. 48594. 86 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE axis of the cells. But most of the elements which at the first glance appear to be parenchyma-cells are tracheids in which a very fine “spindle” of resin lies across the lumen (see text- fig. 22, rs.). There are also imperfect spindles in many of the tracheids adjacent to the rays. The wood parenchyma-cells nearly all contain resinous remains. A small number of paren- chyma-cells are also associated with the resin-canals. Resin-canals are normally present in the second and all sub- sequent rings. They are very beautifully preserved, and show their simple structure admirably. The majority of them are very small, as can be seen in text-fig. 17, but a number of them are rather larger and more irregular. The typical resin-canal, however, has only 4 or 6 epithelial cells, and sometimes these are arranged with extraordinary symmetry (see rea., text-fig. 17). In other cases the epithelium-cell projects euriously into the cavity of the canal, as rcb., text-fig. 18. Some of the canals, not yet completely formed, show very beautifully their mode of origin and development: (see red., text-fig. 18). The walls of the epithelium are all thickened, and in some of the longitudinal sections their pitting can be well seen (text- fig. 19). The epithelium-cells appear to have sometimes straight and sometimes pointed ends; the xylem-parenchyma cells just outside them in some cases have generally rectangular end-walls. Most of the canals lie in tangential bands, as is seen in the figures, but a few are isolated. They generally lie just about the middle of the autumn wood. I have not observed any tyloses in the canals, Medullary rays.—In transverse section the medullary ray- cells, particularly in the first five or six wood-rings, may have a tangential diameter as great or even greater than the adjacent tracheids ; many rays, however, have cells a good deal narrower than the adjacent tracheids. The majority of the ray-cells equal 2 or 3, but may equal 5 or 6, tracheids in radial extent. The end-walls slope slightly, and even in the transverse section; with the high power the thickening and “ abietinean” pitting of these walls can be made out (see text-fig. 17, mw.) in many places, In examining these sections deceptive appearances, due to mineral depositions round the walls, must be avoided. The well-marked “ abietinean pitting” of the ray-cells may also be seen in some of the radial sections (text-fig. 20), where the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 87 mw. Text-fig. 20.—Protopiceoxylon Edwardsi, sp.nov. A few cells from the radial view of a medullary ray, showing the “abietinean pitting” of their end-walls, mw. No. V. 4859 //. Text-fig. 21.—Protopiceorylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. Radial section of the wood, showing the pits in the tracheids and the medullary ray- cells, with groups of irregular roundish pits on the radial walls, mp, ‘No. V. 4859 d. , a 88 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE characteristic thickening of the wall appears to be locally well preserved. The pits in the lateral walls are rather irregular in size and shape, but are principally roundish or oval, and are disposed in groups of 2-4 per tracheid-field (text-fig. 21, mp.). So far as I can determine, all the ray-cells are of this nature, and, though some have much resinous contents and some appear devoid of it (text-fig. 22), there seems to be no differentiation of rm. rs. — rs. | | } NY Text-fig. 22.—Protopiceorylon Edwardsi, sp. nov. Tangential view of the wood, showing resin-canal, 7c., in slightly oblique longitudinal section ; p., parenchyma surrounding it; rm., resin-containing cells of the medullary ray; 7s., resin “spindle” in tracheid. (Slightly composite drawing of V. 4859 /.) the elements. I can detect no ray-tracheids, but the end-cells of some of the rays are very narrow and pointed. Arrinitres.— Regarding the inclusion of this species in Gothan’s genus, and consequently its affinity with his P. ex- tinctum, there is no doubt; for the main feature, the presence of OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 89 only vertically running resin-canals, is confined to that genus, and is a character of great importance. ‘There are, however, many points of difference between our fossil and Gothan’s, as will be seen in the diagnoses and descriptions. Gothan’s form has very large canals, in ours they are particularly small; Gothan’s wood has traumatic horizontally running canals, while our specimen has none ; his canals, normally, are few in number, ours occur, often in numbers together, in every growth-ring, always in the autumn wood; and, finally, our canals, so compact and small, and with such a definite small number of epi- thelium-cells, are very characteristic. “The position of the single canals and of the rows of resin- canals, which are constantly in the middle of the thick-walled zone of autumn wood, is of interest and possibly of specific value. As Jeffrey (1905, p. 16) noted, even the traumatic resin of Cedrus shows a constant difference in the position of the canals in allied species, those in C. deodara occurring in the autumn wood and those in C, atlantica in the spring wood. Beyond Gothan’s species, comparison is uncertain. Kriusel (1913) re-describes a Tertiary wood (first described by Goeppert) as belonging to this genus, but unfortunately he gives no figures, and from merely verbal description it is almost impossible to gain convincing impressions of some of the salient details, The fossil described by Knowlton (1900) as a new genus, Pinoxylon, and associated by him definitely with Pinus, is con- sidered by Gothan to belong to this genus, but Knowlton’s illustrations are so unsatisfactory that no detailed comparison with our new species can be attempted. The foliage and fructification borne by this genus are as yet unknown. V. 4859. Type-specimen. A part of a petrified branch 4 cm. long, with some small pieces of the same, from which sections have been cut. ‘The centre of the axis is petrified, and a number of well-marked annual rings make up a total diameter of about 4:5 cm., which, being decorticated, is probably much less than the true diameter of the branch. The exterior of the fossil shows decorticated wood-texture, partly covered by the coarse granular matrix, One end of the trunk is 90 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE much weathered out and shows the annual rings very clearly, while the other end is cut and the regular zones of wood can be seen, as in Pl. III, fig. 1. The wood is considerably teredo-bored, and the borings are filled with coarse granular matrix. The petrified tissues are dark brown, the petrifying medium is partly silica and very close-textured, and the tissues are beautifully preserved. V. 4859 a. Figured, Pl. III, figs. 1, 2,& 3. Transverse section ‘from the above, showing all the features of the pith, primary wood and secondary rings of wood well pre- served and as described above in detail. The broad zone of autumn wood is very noticeable, and in almost all of the wood-rings are to be seen the small vertically running resin-canals, V. 4859 b. A thicker section like the above, but somewhat broken in the cutting. V. 4859 c. Figured, text-figs. 17 & 18. A transverse section similar to the above. In it all the features described for the type can be seen. Resin-canals from different parts of the section show their detailed structure very clearly and are exceptionally well preserved. V. 4859 d. Figured, text-fig. 21. Radial longitudinal section of the above, passing through the pith, the short oblong cells of which are well seen. The pitting of the radial walls of the medullary ray-cells can be made out in some places, though not in all the rays. The end-walls of the ray-cells can also be seen, and they slope at a low angle or are curved. V. 4859 e. Another radial section similar to the above, but thicker. Parts of it are cut tangentially, and a small branch can be seen coming off. V. 4859f. Figured, text-fig. 20. Radial longitudinal section, thick and rather opaque in parts, but in one or two places it shows the “ abietinean pitting” of the walls of the medullary ray-cells very —— as is illustrated in the text-figure, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 91 V. 4859 g. Figured, text-fig. 19. A further radial section of the above, part of which slopes obliquely into a tan- gential direction. In one place a resin-canal is cut obliquely and shows the thick and pitted walls of ils lining very clearly, as is illustrated in the text-figure. V. 4859 h, j, k. Further radial and obliquely tangential sections of the above, in which many of the described features can be seen. V. 48591. Figured, text-fig.22. Tangential longitudinal section showing the rays and also the longitudinally running resin-canals very beautifully. V. 4859 m. A tangential section similar to the above, but rather thicker and somewhat oblique. Lower Greensand ; Berwick Greer, Sussex. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. Genus PITYOXYLON, Kraus. [In Schimper’s Traité Pal. Végét., vol. 2, 1870, p. 377.] The species of woods which Witham and, later, Kraus him- ‘self (see Kraus, 1864, 1866) described under the generic name Pinites, were placed in 1870 in a genus of equivalent value to those of other fossil woods, with the characteristic termination -oxylon. In Schimper’s textbook, where the new generic name Pityoxylon is first used, Kraus defines it as follows :—** Lignum stratis concentricis angustis, latioribusve; cellulis prosenchy- matosis porosis ; poris magnis, rotundis, uni- vel pluriserialibus, oppositis ; cellulis ductibusque resiniferis haud raris; radiis medullaribus compositis ductumque resiniferum includentibus vel simplicibus, cellule eorum haud raro biformes,.” To this Kraus adds :—“ Le genre Pityoxylon est le seul dans lequel il soit possible d’établir des sous-divisions et des espéces sur les différences de structure qui se rencontrent dans le tissu. Les caractéres distinctifs se trouvent en partie dans la disposition des canaux résineux, en partie et surtout dans l’organisation des cellules qui composent les séries inférieures et supérieures des rayons médullaires.” Beyond these words he does not give any description, or even reference, to the cells of the medullary 92 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE rays, which are now known to be so important a feature in the diagnosis of fossil woods. In the genus Pityowylon, partiaulanls in the late Tertiary, are species clearly to be included in the living genus Pinus, and this was recognised by the earlier writers. For instance, Vater (188+) divided the genus Pityoxylon into four sub-forms, to which, how- ever, no varietal names were given, but their characters were practically those of the modern Pines. In recent times Gothan (1905) has divided the genus into two genera, Piceowylon and Pinuxylon, separating them as follows :— (a) Harzgangepithel dickwandig, verholzt; Mark- \ strahltiipfel nicht ei-porig; Spiralverdickung | Piceorylon, Gothan im Spatholz (selten auch im Friihbolz: Pseudo- iyo Kraus, tsuga). Zahlreiche Tangentialtiipfel im; ex p.; Pinites, Spatholz. Quertracheiden vorhanden, a Goepp. ex p.). Zacken. Abietineentiipfelung sehr deutlich. (5) Harzgangepithel diimnwandig, nur selten etwas | dickwandig ; Markstrahltipfel (Friibholz!) stets | Pinuxylon, Gothan ei-porig. Spiralverdickung im Spatholz stets \ (Pityow ‘ylon, Kraus, fehlend, ebenso Harzparenchym. Qiiértrashei- ex p.; Pinites, den mit oder ohne Zacken. Abietineentiipfelung Goeppert, ex p.). bei den gross-eiporigen fehlend bezw. reduziert. ) As Gothan points out, the name Pinovylon, in place of Pin- uxylon, would have been the natural one to take, but the generic name Pinowylon had been used by Knowlton (1900) for a very poorly illustrated specimen of Jurassic age. His diagnosis of that genus is as follows :—* Internal structure of the wood same as in Pinus, except in the absence of fusiform rays.” But, as Gothan (1908) points out, this absence really portends the absence of horizontally running resin-canals, and conse- quently the wood is not the same as recent Pinus, in which the presence of both vertically and horizontally running resin-canals is a universal feature and one of first-rate diagnostic signifi- cance. As has already been observed, the wood described by Knowlton appears to belong to the genus Protopiceorylon, I agree with Jeffrey & Chrysler (1906) that this division of Pityoxylon by Gothan does not serve a useful purpose, while the wider scope of the old generic name is more in accord with the range of variation possible in the earlier members of the group. I have therefore not adopted Gothan’s sub-divisions, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 93 even though my new forms of Pityowylon are certainly very Pinus-like (see also pp. 102, etc.). It is curious that, though Pinus-like cones and foliage are common, petrifactions of wood-structure like that of modern Pinus are relatively rare, and, further, that, even in the deposits in which they do occur, they are much more infrequent than the other types of coniferous wood. For instance, Vater (1884, p- 821) mentions that in a collection (probably so recent as Senonian age) of about 250 specimens of petrified wood, only four were of Pityowylon. For comparison with our new fossils, therefore, there are not many already-described forms, and indeed there appear to be none which are of the same or very nearly allied species. In the most recent work on the Lower Cretaceous cf America (Berry, 1911), unfortunately no species of Pityowylon are described. The species of Pityorylon which are described from Staten Island (Jeffrey & Chrysler, 1906, Bailey, 1911, and others), and referred to by some botanists as of “‘ Lower Cretaceous ” age, really belong to the Upper Cretaceous, and are therefore much younger than those in the present work. Com- parison with their structure, however, is made in detail (see pp. 102, 120). The only British specimen of Lower Cretaceous (Wealden) age, Pinites Ruffordi, Seward, 1896 0, is not near our fossil in its structure; of this he says it ‘‘ may possibly be generically identical with the recent Pinus,” but because of the absence of leaves or cones he gives it the non-committal name of Pinites. The pitting and the existence of both vertical and horizontal resin-canals in the wood place the specimen in the genus Pity- o«ylon, Kraus; but the fact that no horizontal ray-tracheids have been detected appears to me to render any close affinity with modern Pinus unlikely. The medullary ray-cells are uniform, with straight walls and simple oval or circular pits, generally two to each tracheid-field. This wood, without ray- tracheids, is not much like our new species, and does not appear to be so near to Pinus as was at first supposed by Seward. The three species of Pityoaylon nearest in age and geo- graphical distribution to our Lower Greensand species, are those described by Fliche (1896) from the French greensands of Albian age. They cannot be compared with the new species, 94 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE however, as they do not appear to have the rays well enough preserved for adequate illustration or description. Regarding the best of them, P. infracretaceum, Fliche says :—‘‘ Ces rayons sont formés de cellules rectangulaires, présentant souvent d’une facgon trés nette le gros pore unique caractéristique, chez les pins actuels, de la section des Pimaster, mais on ne voit point les trachéides 4 parois en zigzag, qui dans le genre actuel les accom- pagnent constamment.” P., Argonnense has also uniform rays, without ray-tracheids ; while P. 7’homasi is too poorly preserved to make it possible to determine whether or not ray-tracheids were present, the supposition being that they were not. Pityoxylon Hollicki, Knowlton (Hollick, 1898 p, p. 134), is described very incompletely, for, as the author says, ‘“‘the material is too obscure to permit either accurate description or satisfac- tory measurement.” As the distinguishing characters are neither figured nor described, it cannot be compared with the new British species. With the minutely-described Pityowylon (Pinus of Conwentz) Nathorsti (Conwentz, 1892) satisfactory comparison of any of our species unfortunately cannot be made, for in Conwentz’s specimen the medullary rays are so poorly preserved that it is not possible to be sure even whether or not ray-tracheids were specialised, while in the new English specimens the structure of the rays is well petrified, In Pityoxylon pinastroides (Kraus, 1883), on the other hand, we have a specimen well enough preserved for comparison with our fossils, but it is of much more recent type, and has the toothed thickenings of the medullary rays characteristic of the so-called “ Hard Pines” that are not represented in the Lower Greensand forms, Bailey (1911) describes an Upper Cretaceous Pityowylon in which ray-tracheids are developed. Therefrom he concludes that “the distribution of ray-tracheids in our lignite confirms these writers [Jeffrey & Chrysler] in their conclusion that the absence of ray-tracheids is a primitive condition, but shows that these structures were evolved during the latter part of the Cre- taceous rather than in the beginning of the Tertiary. This is shown by the fact that the ray-tracheids are feebly developed even in the older wood of the stem, and do not oecur during the first ten to fifteen annual rings.” Bailey assumes that his speci- OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 95 men is really not only undeveloped but truly primitive, for he concludes that “the occurrence of ray-tracheids in this Cre- taceous pine indicates that the development of these structures occurred in the Upper Cretaceous, and not, as has been supposed, in the Tertiary.” Reference to the American species will be made in more detail when describing the individual new species, The presence of well-developed ray-tracheids in the new British Aptian fossils carries back this supposed modern feature further than was anticipated, With the species of Pityorylon here described and the Arctic forms described by Gothan (1910) a comparison would be of interest, but little can be done in this direction because the new Lower Greensand forms all show well-developed ray-tracheids, which are unrepresented in Gothan’s species. His Piceowylon antiquius differs from any of the species now described in haying neither ray-tracheids nor tangential pits in the tracheid- walls. This species is supposed by Gothan (p. 21) to be the oldest undoubted wood of abietinean affinity, and is stated to be of Upper Jurassic age. One must, however, note the criticisms of the stratigraphy raised by Burckhardt (1911); see p. 68 of the present work. It seems to be not unlikely that the three Pinus-like members of the genus Pityoxrylon described below are the oldest unquestionable wood-remains of truly Pinus-like character. Pityoxylon Sewardi, sp. nov. [Plates LV & V; text-figs. 23 & 24.] Diagnosis.—Secondary wood with the characters of Pity- ovylon, Kraus, The type is part of a trunk not less than 18 cm, (and probably more) in diameter. Growth-rings well marked, large. Tracheid-walls rounded at the corners, tracheids up to 2530, in diameter. Bordered pits on radial walls in single rows, border filling the wall, in most cases each pit isolated from the next one by about the diameter of the border. Parenchyma grouped round resin-canals ; cells Jarge, many con- taining resin. Resin-canals vertical and horizontal, isolated all through the wood, and in tangential groups of 2—4 in the outer part of the autumn wood. Single resin-canals up to 170, in diameter; epithelium apparently thin-walled. Some canals 96 - DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE occluded by tyloses. Medullary rays numerous, distant 2-9, chiefly 3-5 tracheid-rows, uniseriate except those containing resin-canals, Medullary ray-cells frequently larger than the adjacent tracheids, averaging 30, in tangential diameter. Rays complex; parenchyma-cells with thickened or curved end-walls, single large pits in tracheid-field. Ray-tracheids above and below and in interspersed bands in the higher rays. Ray-tracheids simple, low; outline very little distorted, pitted by scattered round bordered pits. Multiseriate rays with resin- canals not numerous. Horizon.—Lower Greensand. Locarity.—Ightham, Kent. Tyer.—V. 1440, and slides cut from it; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finper.—John Hale, jun., 1886; slides eut, 1912. Duscrietion.—The single specimen from which this species is described is a good-sized portion of secondary wood which does not include any sign of either pith or bark, The mass of the secondary wood is in the form of a rough wedge, 27 cm. long by 13x6cem. The disposition of the rings is such that the whole trunk could not have been less than 18 cm. in diameter. The cell-structure is well silicified and slightly iron-stained : free from matrix, the texture of the wood shows up well to the naked eye. Topoeraruy or tHe Stem.—Pith and bark are both absent. Growth-rings are very well marked and of large size. The thickness of each ring averages from about 4 to 6 mm., con- sisting of from 120-180 cells. It is difficult to make accurate counts of the exact number of cells, because about 3 of each ring, the thinner-walled spring wood, is very much crushed and distorted. ‘hough this crushing serves to make the annual tings very noticeable, the actual difference between the spring and autumn wood is not great. The general character of the wood is seen in Pl. IV. The uniform rows of tracheids consist of elements somewhat rounded off from each other. Parenchyma-cells are grouped round the resin-canals, which are scattered singly throughout the whole of the wood (Pl. IV, fig. 1, 7.c.), and also tend to lie in rows of 3 or more towards the inner side of the autumn wood (Pl. IV, fig. 2, 7.c.a.). Scattered through the wood are elements filled OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 97 with blackened contents, which suggest resin. Some of these have rather thicker walls than the rest of the tissue, and may represent somewhat specialised ‘‘ resin-tracheids.” The size and frequency of the medullary rays are both rather greater than the average in Coniferous woods (Pl. IV). In transverse section, the tangential diameter of the ray-cells is often greater than that of the adjacent tracheids, and as these cells are largely filled by blackened contents they are very con- spicuous. The rays are all uniseriate (Pl. IV, fig. 1), except those which contain the transversely running resin-canal (Pl. V, fig. 1, .c.). No evidence of branching, or of the exit of short shoot traces, is found in the sections. Deraits or Exements.—Secondary wood only is present. The tracheids average about 24x20 to 380X254 in diameter. The walls sre somewhat rounded off, adjacent rows of tracheids not lying strictly on the same tangent, but slightly alternating, so as to fit the rounded walls into each other. The walls are not excessively thickened, and there is no tendency for the lumen to be obliterated, even in the outer zones of autumn wood. In transverse section the pitting is not a salient feature, though some of the autumn tracheids show tangential pits. In radial section the bordered pits are large (as wide as the tracheid), circular, and generally isolated by a distance equal to or greater than their own diameter (text-fig. 23). In a few cases, faint remains of “‘Sanio’s rims ” are visible. Wood-parenchyma forms noticeable patches round the resin- canals. Some of the isolated elements containing blackened contents scattered in the main body of the wood may be parenchyma, but the petrifaction makes it a little uncertain. Most of these elements are certainly thick-walled. The par- enchyma elements round the resin-canals are larger in diameter than the average tracheid (Pl. LV, fig. 2, 7.c.a.); their walls, as well as their contents, are often blackened. I have not been able to detect any specialised pitting. The cells are irregular in outline, and are grouped round the resin-canals so as com- pletely to connect those near each other. The cells are elongated in a vertical direction, and their transverse walls are at right angles to the vertical walls. H 98 _ -DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Text-fig. 23.—Pityorylon Scwardi, sp. nov. Radial section showing tracheids in the medullary ray, The ray consisting of ray-tracheids, tr., with thickened walls in which are small, round, bordered pits; and large contents-containing parenchyma-cells with simple large pits, c. Bands of tracheids are interspersed between these, as at ¢7,). No. V. 1440 8. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, ‘99 Resin - cells—Elements whose appearance and blackened contents are highly suggestive of resin-tracheids are scattered through the wood. They occur singly in the uniform tracheid- rows, and many of them appear to have walls which are nearly twice as much thickened as the adjacent elements. Apart from that associated with the resin-canals, which has already been mentioned, resin-parenchyma has not been recognised. Normal resin-canals run vertically and horizontally through- out the wood, as described above (PI. IV, fig. 2, r.c.a., & PL V, fig. 1, r.c.). They are lined by an epithelium which appears to be thin-walled, no evidence having been found, even after careful examination, of thickened or pitted epithelium. ‘The average diameter of the canals is about 150-170 ». In some of the canals the lumen is blocked or partly blocked by out- growths of tyloses, The prominent uniseriate medullary rays are composed of elements averaging from 24 to 30 p in tangential diameter. They are distant from 2 to 9 (3 and 5 being the commonest) tracheid-rows ; the preservation being indistinct, the pitting is not apparent in transverse section, but in radial section it is clear that the rays are composed of two kinds of elements (text-figs. 24, 25). The larger darker cells with thick, some- what blackened walls have simple large pits, one for each tracheid-zone (text-fig. 24, ¢.). Above and below these, and sometimes forming bands in between them (as at t.’, text- fig. 23) are the ray-tracheids, which have thickened walls with smaller bordered pits. ‘These are not. the most highly specialised form of ray-tracheid, and have fairly regular outlines, but some show a slight degree of bulging and irregularity of the outer wall (as at tr., text-fig. 24), Among living Pines, tracheids of this type are found in Pinus reflewa, P. monticola, aud others. The figure of the ray in P. reflewa, given by Penhallow (1907 4, p. 84, text-fig. 24), should be compared with the upper part of text-fig. 24 from the fossil. In tangential section the distinction between the tracheids and the larger econtents-containing parenchyma-cells is clear (text-fig. 24, tr. & c.; Pl. V, fig. 1). Rays from 3 to 20 cells high, The horizontally running resin-canals are seen in the multi- seriate rays, as at r.c., Pl. V, fig. 1. H2 190 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The most interesting feature of this fossil is the existence of well-defined ray-tracheids, not only forming the terminal cells of the rays, but also present in bands interspersed between the parenchyma-cells of the ray. . It is interesting in this connection to notice the various conclusions which have been drawn by different writers on the discovery of fossils from the Upper Cretaceous, which show some degree of development of these ray-tracheids. Jeffrey: & Chrysler (1906) described two species of Pityorylon from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. In these two specimens no ray-tracheids were found; they therefore infer that ‘‘ there can be little doubt that ide Text-fig. 24.—Pityorylon Sewardi, sp.noy. Tangential section of medullary ray, showing the ray-tracheids, ¢., alternating with larger contents- containing parenchyma, c. No. V. 1440¢. in the peculiar structure of the rays we have to do with an ancestral feature....The cells on the margins of the rays in our Pityoxylon are, moreover, related to the central cells of the rays and to each other by simple pits, and not by bordered pits as is the case with the marginal tracheids. It is obvious that the ray-structure of Pinus underwent a great change in the passage from the Mesozoic to the Tertiary period.” The conclusion, based solely on the structure of two specimens from one locality of the Upper Cretaceous, is that “the appearance of marginal tracheids in the rays of Pinus is comparatively OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 101 modern and does not in all probability antedate the Tertiary.” Furthermore, the assumption is made that “the appearance of marginal ray-tracheids about the beginning of the Tertiary epoch, with the resulting improvement of water-supply, in all probability explains why so comparatively large-leaved a conifer should have been able not only to live on into the modern period, but to flourish as it never had before.” Later, however, another North-American Upper Cretaceous Pityoxylon was discovered and described by Bailey (1911). This specimen shows well-developed ray-tracheids. It is necessary to revise Jeffrey & Chrysler’s conclusions, which Bailey does as follows (p. 323) :—‘* The distribution of ray- tracheids in our lignite confirms these writers in their con- clusion that the absence of ray-tracheids is a primitive condition, but shows that these structures were evolved during the latter part of the Cretaceous rather than at the beginning of the Tertiary.” Further specimens continued to be found in the Cliffwood locality, and Holden (1913 4) describes another species in which ray-tracheids are present (p. 614). Ray-tracheids, “though rare in the first annual ring of P. protoscleropitys, and their abundance later, seem to indicate that they are a more ancient feature than has been assumed by any of the above-cited investigators. It is probable that they were developed in the Lower Cretaceous if not in the Jurassic.” The above quotations illustrate the uncertainty of conclusions based on single fossils or a small number of finds from isolated localities. The new British species is of Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) age, and shows ray-tracheids of a truly modern type. Consequently, I do not attempt any surmise as to when they were first evolved, but content myself with describing these early specimens, the earliest yet known, in which they exist. The only older known British specimen in which ray-tracheids might be anticipated is ‘ Pinus” Ruffordi, Seward (1896 c), from the Wealden, but they do not occur in this fossil. Tn all the papers describing fossil forms of Pityoaylon, as well as in many descriptions of recent Conifers, theories regarding the origin of the ray-tracheids are elaborated ; but the palzonto- logical material is still insufficient for the discussion of the subject. 102 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Arriniti1rs.—The species of Pityoaylon described from the Cretaceous are few, and with none of them does this new species show any close affinity. In geological age and geo- graphical distribution the three French species described by Fliche (1896) from the Albian are the nearest, but in the essential point—the character of the ray-cells—these specimens differ widely. The Upper Cretaceous specimens from Staten Island and Cliffwood, N.J., however, are well preserved and described in detail. Of these, P. statenense and P. scituatense, Jeffrey & Chrysler (1906), being without ray-tracheids, cannot be near our fossil. Pinus seituatensiformis, Bailey (1911), has. ray- tracheids, as can be seen well in the tangential photographs of this wood given by Bailey. Unfortunately, he does not illustrate adequately the radial view of these tracheids, so that it is impossible to see how closely they agree in detail with those in the older British specimen. In possessing thick-walled ray-parenchyma, and also in the grouping of parenchyma- cells round the resin-canals, the American and the British fossils resemble each other. The existence of thick-walled and resinous parenchyma-cells is a feature which Bailey con- siders “‘ without parallel among living pines,” while it is found in other Cretaceous specimens. Bailey is fortunate in having pith and the short-shoot bases in his specimen, which ours lacks, and which confirm his determination of the species as referable to Pinus. In this American species the ray-tracheids are more feebly developed than in the much older British form, and while these two resemble each other more closely than any other described fossils, they are not identical. Of the three species from Cliffwood, described by Miss Holden (19134), two have no ray-tracheids and therefore do not come near our fossil, while the third, which has ray-tracheids, has also the well-marked “‘ teeth ” projecting from the horizontal walls which are characteristic of the ‘‘ hard” pines of to-day, though not developed in our fossil. Pityoxylon Aldersont, Knowlton (see Knowlton, 1899 s, p- 763), is apparently too imperfectly preserved for any accurate comparison to be attempted. Knowlton does not describe the pitting of the medullary ray-cells, but in his photograph of the tangential section some of the rays look OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 103 as if they had ray-tracheids of relatively small size like those in our wood. Comparison with P. amethystinum, Knowlton, is also impossible for want of the essential data in this species. Among the described fossils of Pityowylon-type, one may compare this specimen to some extent with that described by Text-fig. 25.—Pinus monticola, living species, for comparison with Pity- exylon Sewardi. Radial section of a medullary ray showing tracheids, év., parenchyma, p., and interspersed bands of tracheids, ¢ér. Goeppert and Menge (1883) as Pindtes stroboides (see particularly pl. x, fig. 71), though the agreement between our fossil and that from the amber is not so exact as that between it and the living 104 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The narrow marginal tracheids found in our fossil, as in his, are ‘tin marked contrast to the other Cretaceous Pityoayla, especially Pityowylon statenense and P. scituatense of Jeffrey & Chrysler, in which the marginal cells are not noticeably narrower than the central cells of the ray ” (Bailey, 1911, p. 317); but in this feature they resemble Pityowylon (called by Bailey Pinus) scituatensiformis, though in other respects our much older fossil is more highly advanced and more like the living genus than is the Upper Cretaceous fossil. Turning to Tertiary fossils, though several species of Pityoaylon have been described, none come very close to the new species. The genus Pityowylon, Kraus, in a wide sense, comprises several forms representing widely distinct modern genera within the Abietinez. In many cases, the fossils do not show sufficiently salient features to make possible any close com- parison with living genera, but in the present instance the fossil is not only well enough preserved, but has such cha- racteristic features in its resin-canals, and in particular in its ray-tracheids, that affinity with Pinus is securely established. Among those species of living Pinus which I have personally examined, P. monticola comes in many respects very near to the fossil. It has large resinous parenchyma-cells in the rays, each with large single pits in each tracheid-field. Above and below the ray, and in narrow bands interspersed between the parenchyma-cells, are narrow simple tracheids extremely like those in the fossil (compare text-fig. 23 with text-fig. 25). Nevertheless, great as is the likeness to Pinus, I think the fossil species is best described as Pityowylon, especially as the leaves or cones of this ancient form remain unknown. It thus appears wa that the new species had affinities with the “soft pines”: as no dentate thickenings appear to be developed on its otherwise well-preserved cell-walls, it seems fair to conclude that they were normally absent. V. 1440. Type-specimen, A large wedge of secondary wood (about 27x 13x 6 em.), and some smaller pieces of it from which the sections have been cut. The petrifac- tion is clean of matrix, and shows the woody texture in the longitudinal direction very clearly. Both in the cut and the weathered transverse surfaces the very OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 105 broad annual rings are apparent to the naked eye, as is the slight crushing and distortion of the spring wood in places. The specimen is iron-stained, and is very close and hard in texture, and the tissues are beauti- fully petrified. V. 1440 a. Figured, Pl. LV, figs. 1 & 2. Transverse section of a part of the above, 35x45 cm, The well-developed, very broad rings are clear, and also the numerous rather broad uniseriate rays. Resin-canals are present, both singly throughout the wood and in tangential groups towards the outer region of the growth- ring. V. 1440 b. Figured, text-fig. 23. Radial longitudinal section of the above. In parts of this the character of the medullary rays, with their interspersed bands of ray- tracheids, shows up very clearly. The pitting both of the ray-tracheids and of the parenchymatous cells can be made out. V. 1440 c. Figured, text-fig. 24 and Pl. V, fig. 1. Tangential longitudinal section of the above, part of which slopes into a radial direction. In the tangential sections of the rays the alternation of the ray-tracheids and the parenchyma-cells shows very well, as is illustrated in the text-figure. In many cases multiseriate rays show the cut ends of horizontally running resin- canals, Lower Greensand ; Ightham, Kent. Presented by John Hale, Esq., 1886. Pityoxylon Benstedi, sp. nov. [Plates V, VI, VII; text-figs. 26, 27.] Diagnosis.—Wood with the characters of Pityoxylon, Kraus. ‘The type is a small branch, about 6 cm. in diameter, and with a large circular pith 35 mm, in diameter with numerous primary bundles round it. Pith without stone-cells, Growth- rings well marked. ‘Tracheids small, largest spring wood 30-35 p in diameter, rounded at the corners. In radial walls, 106 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. large round isolated bordered pits, a few smaller pits in tan- gential walls of late-formed wood. Small amount of wood- parenchyma round resin-canals, and also isolated in the wood. Small resin-canal in each primary bundle and _ scattered singly throughout secondary wood, vertical and horizontal. Epithelial lining very thick-walled and pitted. Medullary rays uniscriate ; and multiseriate with resin-canals. All the ray-cells thick-walled and pitted, “ abietinean pitting” very noticeable, pits of a few elements large and simple, chiefly in groups of several roundish small pits per tracheid-field. Ray-tracheids conspicuous, very irregular in shape and size, walls irregularly thickened but not toothed, small round bordered pits irregularly placed. Horizon.—Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Near Maidstone, Kent. Typr.—38353 and sections cut from it, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finper.—W. H. Bensted, 1858; slides cut, 1912. Descriprion.—This new species is represented by a small petrified stem. About 3 cm. in diameter is petrified, but, as the outer rings of wood are worn off much more on one side than on the other, the stem could not have been less than 6 em. in diameter when alive. The pith is preserved, and in two of the sections a small branch, like the main one, is being given off, No bark or other organs are present. The plant is represenied by two short segments, which are evidently part of the same stem. Some of the coarse, light-coloured, granular matrix remains attached to the specimens, which externally do not show much of the wood-fibre. The specimens aie fairly well sili- cified *, and black in texture where cut across. TorograrHy or tHE Srem.—'lhe pith is large, 3°5 mm, in diameter, circular in main outline, star-shaped with numerous small points coming between the primary wood-bundles. * I describe the woods as “ silicified” when they appear to be at least partly petrified in silica, though the variability in the proportions and chemical nature is probably considerable. 1t has not been possible so far to have analyses of the various specimens made, though the subject would be interesting for special research. Fliche (1896, pp. 289, 240) indicates the complexity of the mineralisirg medium in some French specimens of Albian age, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 107 Growth-rings to the number of 19 are present, well marked, variable in thickness up to a maximum of 3 mm. in the outer zones, containing about 135 cells. The spring wood forms only about one-fourth of the whole thickness of the ring, and its cells are slightly crushed and filled with black carbon grains, which give the rings their well-marked appearance. The autumn wood-elements are not very much thickened. The primary wood is well preserved, projecting in large numbers of bundles into the pith (Pl. VI). Resin-canals are present in the primary bundles (Pls. VI & VII, fig. 1). The secondary wood is close in texture, the elements small, slightly rounded at the corners, adjacent cells on slightly alter- nating tangents, so that the rounded walls fit compactly, In the first three annual rings the medullary rays are numerous and conspicuous, but in the later-formed wood they are narrow and remarkably inconspicuous, Horizontal and vertical resin- canals are present throughout all the wood, but are more numerous in the first five, than in the outer rings. Uniseriate medullary rays are numerous and conspicuous in the earlier rings of wood, while in the outer rings the cells are small and very inconspicuous in transverse section ; one to fifteen cells high, principally 1-6. In radial section the complexity of the ray, the abietinean pitting of the walls, and the ray-tracheids are well seen. Afultiseriate rays contain resin-canals. Deraits or Erements.—The pith-cells are large (Pl. VI, p., & Pl, VII, p.), about 90 in diameter, rounded in outline, and with walls considerably thickened and pitted. This is shown in Pl. VII, »., where the pits between adjacent cells are very clearly seen in the photograph. A number of the cells contain blackened and granular contents, but none seem specialised as resin-cells, nor are there any special thick-walled idioblasts. In longitudinal section the cells are elongated to a length about equal to 1} to 2 transverse diameters. The cross-walls are mainly rectangular. The prumary bundles in the wood vary somewhat in size; an average bundle is shown in Pl. VII, fig. 1. Round the pith there are not less than 30 bundles, with smaller ones between them. The protoxylems appear to be endarch (Pl. VII, fig. 1, px.), but it is not possible absolutely to confirm this from the sections available, as none of the longitudinal sections 108 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE show protoxylems with undoubted tracheids lying towards the pith within them. The protoxylem elements which are recog- nisable in longitudinal sections, have fine, close, spiral, approxi- mating to scalariform, thickening. In the transverse section, groups of small elements, about four or five deep, lie on the internal side of the protoxylems; they may consist only of ‘bundle sheath,” or may possibly contain a few centripetal xylem-elements. So far as we can judge from the transverse i et ¢ lol Bet \ * : =. 4 \ | Text-fig. 26.—Pityorylon Bensiedi, sp. nov. Longitudinal section showing resin-canal filled with tyloses, ¢., and with thick-walled pitted epithe- lium cells, e, No. 88353 B e. sections, there certainly seem to be a few centripetal xylem- cells. In the secondary wood the annual rings are sharply marked, the tracheids of the spring wood being about 25 x 30 pu to 30x 35 p in diameter, and those of the autumn wood about 15 x 20 to 19x25. The thickness of the wall in the last zones of autumn wood is about 5 «, thus nearly as great as the diameter OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 109 of the cell-lumen. Comparison of these measurements with those of the majority of gymnospermic woods wil] show that the wood-elements are throughout small in size. In outline the elements are rounded, and fit closely together. In transverse section, owing possibly to the preservation, pitting is not apparent. In longitudinal section a few of the tracheids show small tangential pits. In the radial walls the bordered pits are circular, as large as to fill the diameter of the tracheid-wall, the pores are circular and large. ‘The pits lie ina single row on the tracheid-wall, in many cases close together, others separated by as much as the width of their own diameter. There is no flattening of the border, the outline always being completely circular. Between the pits traces of “Sanio’s rims” are often very conspicuous (text-fig. 27). There are no additional thickening spirals on the tracheid-walls. Large areas of wood-parenchyma like those described for Pityoaylon Sewardi are not present, nor have I been able to detect any wood-parenchyma cells other than those containing resin (see below). Specialised vestn-containing tracheids do not seem to be present. Resin-containing parenchyma-cells can be recognised in transverse section scattered among the tracheids, but are best seen in radial section. These cells are about the same diameter as the adjacent tracheids, their walls are somewhat thickened, and their transverse walls at right angles to the longitudinal walls. The cells are vertically elongated from twice or three times their transverse diameter to very much more than that, and are filled with blackened or brownish remains of their resinous contents. Normal resin-canals are scattered throughout the secondary wood, and one canal lies in each of the main primary bundles. The structure is the same in all cases, the epithelium lining the canals being thick-walled. The pitting on these thick-walled cells is well seen in longitudinal section, where the wall is perforated by a large number of small pits (Pl. VII, fig. 2, ¢., & text-fig. 26, ¢.). In many cases these cells have brownish or fine black granular contents. The majority of the canals contain tyloses. These are seen in the primary canals in Pl. VII, fig. 1, and also in the canals in the secondary wood in Pl, VII, fig. 2,¢. A longitudinal view 110 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of these tyloses is seen in text-fig. 26, ¢ As may be judged from the photographs and drawings, the walls of the tyloses are of a rather unusually firm appearance, which may possibly be corre- lated with the fact that the epithelium from which they arise is a y Saicamoee = Ww i — = For ed A =O! e ‘ Tock 5 : “ oO tt hg 4) O 7 eS sie Le £5 m fais | ins - Jt we. = 4 Lo =n oe ° r ra) ss . e 5 = $ tr ‘Nol || Qe co € ° : ¥ . rt. SS aC Wie a8 fi: i , > seniie| —=— Wy are ia. Sale Pj tied wes tio Text-fig. 27.—Pityorylon Benstedi, sp.nov. Longitudinal section, showing tracheid-pittings, ¢r. Two medullary rays illustrate the various types of cell comprising the ray. rv¢., ray-tracheids ; p., ray-cells with large pits; @., typical “ abietinean pitting ” of end-walls of medullary ray- cells, No, 38353 8 ft OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 111 thick-walled. As is well known, tyloses in canals with thick- walled epithelium are much rarer than in the species with a thin-walled lining to the resin-canal. In transverse section in the first two or three annual rings the medullary vay-cells are numerous and conspicuous, the individual ray-cells often exceeding the tangential diameter of the adjacent tracheids, the radial extension of the cells averag- ing in the outer zones about 4—7 tracheids. The elements are all thick-walled and pitted, the majority being ray-tracheids (Pl. V, fig. 2, and text-fig. 27). The ray-tracheids have round bordered pits and a comparatively regular outline. In a few cases cells which appear to be parenchyma-cells have single large pits in each tracheid-field (text-fig. 27,p.). Whether these are normal pits the preservation of the fossil does not allow one to determine with absolute certainty. The end-walls of the ray-cells show the typical “ abietinean pitting ” (text-fig. 27, a.). Comparisons.—Among previously described Cretaceous species of Pityoxylon none appear to approach this new form. Con- wentz (1890) figures a portion of pith and primary wood much resembling our fossil (pl. x, fig. 5) from the Tertiary amber, which he includes in his Pinus succinifera. He uses Pinus in the broadest sense, and points out the great difficulty of separating it from Picea on the evidence of portions of wood and bark alone. Judging by Gothan’s descriptions, the parenchyma-cells of the resin-canals in the new species are similar to that in Piceoaylon antiquius, Gothan (1910 a, p. 20), though, unfortunately, no illus- trations of this point are given by Gothan. The two fossils, however, differ essentially in the presence of specialised ray- tracheids in the Lower Greensand form and their absence in the Spitzbergen fossil. Arrinitizs.—If among the described Cretaceous fossils there are none with which to compare this new fossil, it has many features which make comparison with living genera profitable. The extremely thick walls of the epithelium of the resin-canals and their pits (cf. text-fig. 26) are very suggestive of Laria, as is the thickened and pitted nature of the medullary ray-cells. The tyloses which are so prominent in the fossil may at first sight seem to militate against the view that the plant is allied to Lari«v, but tyloses inthe living genus have been found not to 112 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE be entirely absent as was once thought likely, but to be very rare. Furthermore, the pith, which is so noticeable in the new fossil, is Zariv-like in having no stone-cells. I incline to the view that the new fossil comes near to Larix in its affinity, but recognise that on the material available this cannot be certain. Bailey (1909) points out the difficulty and uncertainty in separating such closely allied genera as Picea, Larix, etc., by their woods alone, and instances the Californian fossil wood identified by Gothan (1906) as Piceowylon Pseu-lo- tsuge which he places very near to, if not identical with, the living Douglas fir. Bailey summarises Gothan’s argument as follows :—‘‘ The fact that the resin-canals are typically non- pine like, with thick-walled epithelium, shuts out Pinowylon. The presence of wood-parenchyma and spirals in the spring wood shows its relation to Pseudotsuga. Pseudotsuga macro- carpa has ray-tracheids with spirals, and in P. Douglasii they are absent.” Bailey’s work on the distribution of these features in recent plants forms the basis of his criticism of Gothan’s conclusion. He says:—‘“‘ In the first place, as we have seen, Pseudotsuga Douglasii possesses spiral thickenings in the ray- tracheids. This, according to the author's own line of reason- ing, would exclude P. Douglas. Further, let us consider the statements in regard to the presence of wood-parenchyma and spiral thickenings in the spring wood. As has been shown above, both these conditions occur in Picea sitchensis, a spruce from the Pacific coast. Can we be sure whether this fossil is more closely allied to Pseudotsuga, Picea, or even Laria?” The very Larix-like appearance of the cones of Pinites Solmsi from the Wealden seems to support the view that a Larix-like wood may very well have been developed so early as the period of the Lower Greensand. 38353. Type-specimen. A small piece of petrified branch, now 3 cm. x2 em. and about 4 cm. long, and some small pieces of the same from which sections have been cut ; a second small piece, obviously of the same specimen, was also cut into sections. Those labelled A are from the piece remaining, those B are from the piece which was entirely cut up. The petrified wood does not show much on the outside, but within the black close- OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 113 grained medium has petrified the tissues very well. The rather irregular growth-rings can be clearly seen on the cut surfaces. 38353 Ba. Figured, Pl. VI, fig. 1. Transverse section showing the large pith very beautifully. _ Round this the numerous primary bundles can be well seen, and out- side the irregular and interrupted rings of secondary wood through one side of which a branch is coming off. In the primary bundles and in the earlier growth- rings the resin-canals are very numerous and con- spicuous. 38353 Bb. Figured, Pl. VII, fig. 1. A transverse section very similar to the above. ‘The resin-canals in the younger zones of the wood show well, and are filled with large thin-walled tyloses, as figured. 38353 Bc. Figured, Pl. VII, fig. 2. A part of a transverse section similar to above, the pith and inner rings are perfect, and the outer zones broken away. The tyloses filling the resin-canals in some of the rings of secondary wood are well seen and are illustrated. 38353 Bd. Longitudinal section of the above, in oblique tan- gential direction. The height of the rays, ete., can be seen, 38353 Be. Figured, text-fig.26. Median radial section, passing through the pith, primary wood, and an outgoing branch. Parts of the section cut the resin-canals slightly obliquely, and there the thick-walled and pitted epithelium-cells can be beautifully seen, as well as the large tyloses filling the canals. 38353 Bf. Figured, text-fig. 27. Nadial longitudinal section showing the details of the medullary ray-cells very well in places, as is illustrated.. The thickened walls with their ‘‘abietinean pitting,’ the large pores of the ray-parenchyma, and the irregular outline of the ray-tracheids as well as their bordered pits can all be clearly seen. Between the rays, and connecting with I 114 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE the irregular ray-tracheids, lie elongated and some- what irregular short tracheids with small round bordered pits. $8353 Bg. Radial section; as in all preparations of this speci- | men the pitting of the various tissue-walls is well preserved. 38353 Bh. Median longitudinal section through the pith and a small part of the wood. The pith-cells are well _ preserved, and the exit of the primary rays, which have their walls immensely thickened and covered with “ abietinean pitting,” is particularly distinct. 38353 Bk & j. Two further median sections showing the pittings of the tissues. Longitudinally running resin-canals filled with tyloses can also be seen, 38353 Bl. A thick transverse section showing pith and the irregular growth-rings, 38353 Am. Transverse section showing half the pith and some rings of secondary wood. A very slight obliquity blurrs the primary bundles, but the secondary wood and the resin-canals show well. 38353 An. A section similar to the above, but showing better some of the primary bundles, The small resin-canals, one in each primary bundle, can be well seen. 38353 Ao. Median radial section passing through the pith, The pitting of the rays, ete., can be well seen. 38353 Ap. Rather oblique radial section, running into tan- gential at one side where a branch is given off. 38353 Aq. Tangential longitudinal section, partly oblique and blurred, but locally showing the tangential view of the medullary rays. All from the Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand; near Maidstone. Presented by W.H. Bensted, Esq., 1858. V. 8134. V. 8284. V. 8285. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S, 115 Pityoxylon sp. Transverse section (rather thick and uncovered) of a branch, at present 3 cm. in diameter. The pith, how- ever, is at one side, and so the living branch must have been at least 5 cm, in diameter. The annual rings are very well marked. The pith and primary bundles are jarred and broken, and the section per- meated by large cracks. At one side there is a wound, which has caused large numbers of traumatic resin- canals to develop. As no longitudinal sections are available the specimen cannot be named, but the tissue is well preserved in places, and if the original block could be found and sections cut from it, the specimen could certainly be identified. It is possible that the resin-canals are all due to the influence of the wound, in which case the plaut is not a Pityoaylon in the narrowest sense, but for the present may best be placed here. Lower Greensand ; Maidstone. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. [ Carruthers Coll. }. Longitudinal tangential section of a gymnospermic wood, very poorly preserved. The uniseriate rays show in tangential view fairly well, and there are some larger spaces which may represent resiu-ducts in multiseriate rays. Lower Greensand (?); Maidstone. No history [Carruthers Coll.}, Radial longitudinal section of a gymnospermic wood, showing round bordered pits in one series. The walls of the medullary ray-cells are much thickened and show in places good examples of the typical “ abie- tinean pitting.” Lower Greensand (?); Maidstone. No history [Carruthers Coll. )}, The above two slides appear to belong to the same wood, their cover-glasses are similarly cut at the corners, and their evlour and texture are the same, and both have “‘ Maidstone ” in the same writing cut on the glass. In this point, and also in the colour and character of the petrifaction of the wood they agree with V. 8134 described above, and I think it almost 12 116 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE certain that the three slides represent the same specimen. As it is unproved, however, they cannot be diagnosed. Pityoxylon Woodwardi, sp. nov. [Plates VILI, IX; text-figs. 28, 29.] Diagnosis.—Secondary wood with the characters of Pity- oxylon, Kr. The type is part of a trunk which, judging by the curvature of the rings, must have been of some considerable size. Growth-rings very well marked, the walls very much thickened. Tracheids of spring wood large, 50x 65 pu, up to 90, in dia- meter, with large, round, bordered pits, or “‘ twin-pits,” or pits in pairs on the radial walls. ‘Tangential pits in autumn wood. Wood-parenchyma in quantity between the resin-canals. Resin- canals exceedingly numerous and cunspicuous, in all the growth- rings, in tangential bands alternating in adjacent rings; all in autumn wood. Resin-canals large, ‘2-3 mm. in diameter, epithelium apparently thin-walled. Medullary rays conspi- cuous, cells differentiated. *Abietinean pitting” seldom visible. Radial walls with a single, large, very narrowly bordered pit per tracheid-field, ray-tracheids irregular in outline, smooth-walled, with smail, round, bordered pits. Horizon.— Lower Greensand. Locattry.— Woburn, Bedfordshire. Typr.—V. 5429 and sections cut from it; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finper.—H. Veasey, Esq., before 1898. Descriprion.—This species is represented by a flat wedge- shaped specimen of secondary wood, 1°5 x35 em., and about 20 em. long, evidently part of a large trunk. The external surface is much weathered, and the end is rounded off by water- wear, apparently before it was petrified. The petrifaction is irregular, the inner portions being dark brown in colour. Topoerapuy oF THE StEM.—Secondary wood only is preserved, and in this the growth-rings are very well marked. he elements composing a ring number in radial series from about 35 to 70, the maximum thickness being about 2-5 mm. The autumn wood is about half the total thickness of the ring, and consists of extremely thickened and stony cells; even the first elements of spring wood have thickened walls. Rows of large OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 117 vertical resin-canals, forming tangential bands in the autumn wood, are a very conspicuous feature of this plant. Large hori- zontal canals can also be seen in transverse section running in the medullary rays across more than one growth-ring. Medullary rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, the latter containing resin-canals, ‘The uniseriate rays are broad and con- spicuous, from 1 to 6 tracheids distant. In radial extension many of the elements are short, only 14 or 2 tracheid widths in extent. In radial section the existence of ray-tracheids is very clear, Derarts or Erements.—The spring tracheids (Pl. VIII, fig. 2) are generally crushed, though a few patches remain uncrushed. The elements are large, squarish, and, where uncrushed, fitting into each other with but little rounding of the corners, They measure as much as 50 x 65 yu, 40 x50 p, and some even up to 90 «in diameter. Even in the first-formed spring wood the walls are thick, being as much as 4 in the largest spring elements adjacent to the last-formed autumn wood. The autumn tracheids have extremely thickened walls, often leaving only a small round pore or slit-like lumen (text-fig. 28); these walls may be as much as 124 thick. The radial walls of the tracheids are pierced by large bordered pits, lying in one row, when the round border approximately fills the width of the tracheid- wall (as in Pl. IX, figs. 1 & 2, a). Sometimes in such a tracheid the single pits are intermingled with pairs of pits closely crushed together and within thesame ‘‘Sanio’s rim” (asin PI. 1X, fig. 1,6), which might be described as “ twin pits.” On the other hand, a large number of the tracheids have pits in adjacent pairs (as in Pl, LX, ¢, aud text-fig. 29). In the autumn wood some of the walls are seen in transverse section to be tangentially pitted, but the great thickness of the walls somewhat distorts the pits. In all the bordered pits observed on tracheid-walls, the pores are round (PI. LX, fig. 1). Some close, very faint striations are noticeable in the longitu- dinal views of the tracheids ; these may possibly be based upon some sort of tertiary thickening in the walls, but it is not clear that it is not dae solely to the arrangement of the mineral matrix. Wood-parenchyma appears to be absent from the general texture of the wood, but groups of large wood-parenchyma cells 118 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE lie round the resin-tracheids, and form in some cases interrupted tangential bands between them (text-fig. 28). The vertical extension of these cells is about 2-4 times their transverse diameter, which equals that of the adjacent tracheids. Many of the wood-elements contain blackened contents, a few of these which lie isolated among the empty tracheids may possibly | \ <4 | | \e@ . Ly ; [= ("Tra ¥ = OLS FSS 2 os oh * (‘o° 1e) ba Sie oOo Ee = at | SS Tey Hee} | soe -s ° 2 ae. ooS9o/gpe sa0 soS025 olofe 5 ° 4 oO = ie oOo }e mie on 2S est Shovel or \syey= ole by te oho 4s Pelo}= ol? bokal> Ys} — S tots oe: Ojo —T Pp. Rd © oO Ye t: 9 2 2 wate %e o : o come ; e.. oO ww . STORK F A 2 ) ay > y Oo 5 SFI1LOlo|O otStS4 tO = i= LY, ‘oy 2 Fe) caf i *, 2 Ls aS td oO % —) —VOF7~O ° © bod a 3 sf ; OOO A Text-fig. 28.—Pityorylon Woodwardi, sp. noy. Transverse section of part of autumn wood with resin-canals, ¢,, epithelium of canal ; p., paren- chyma; @., limit of autumn wood ; s., spring wood ; m., medullary ray. No. V. 5429. have been resin-containing tracheids. There is nothing, how- ever, to distinguish them from the others, and ihe great majority of the elements with blackened contents are clearly due to mineralisation, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 119 Resin-canals are very numerous and conspicuous, and lie in rows forming tangential bands in the autumn wood (Pl. VIII, figs. 1, 2, & text-fig. 28). I have not observed any single isolated canals, or any in the spring wood except those which cross it transversely, running horizontally in the medullary rays. The canals appear to be normal; there is no evidence of wounding, and they lie in these alternating tangential bands throughout the wood. Individually the resin-canals are large, we | “2D Pt erences \ Ss my ly 2? o pm ®| @]{O/} 9 f 0 S STIS S £0" YS 1Q_ O19 ji VAT Iy. rt.—6 . @® © ® ® ol o Pt aoe yee | Text-fig. 29.—Pityorylon Woodwardi, sp. nov. Radial section showing the medullary ray-cells and their pitting. p.m., pitted cells, with a single, large, oval pit per tracheid. r¢., ray-tracheids with small, round, bordered pits. No. V. 54298. ‘2-3 mm. in diameter. The epithelium lining them appears to be thin-walled, but is rather obscured by the blackened con- tents which line the cavity. The parenchyma immediately adjacent to them consists of short squarish cells, with rectangular end-walls, I have not observed tyloses. Adjacent canals are often separated only by a medullary ray. Connecting these vertically running canals are remarkably conspicuous transverse canals which run in the wide medullary rays. 120 - DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Medullary rays are conspicuous, even the wniseriate rays being noticeable in transverse section (Pl. VIII, fig. 2,m.); they measure 30-40 in tangential diameter, and radially corre- spond to 2—4 tracheids. Jn radial section some of the elements are rectangular, and some narrow down at each end toa spindle- shaped form (see text-fig. 29). Many of the elements, both bordering and interspersed through the ray, are true ray- tracheids with small, round, bordered pits (text-fig. 29, rt.). The distinction between these and the other ray-elements is not very sharp, and there are all gradations between small round pits and the large open slits with a very narrow border (Pl. IX, fig. 3, p.m., and text-fig. 29, p.m.). Some of the elements with the larger pits have masses of dark brown granular contents, as is seen in text-fig. 29 and in the dark horizontal bands in Pl. IX, fig. 3. The ray-tracheids bordering the ray show but slight irregularity of outline, and do not appear to have any of the denticulate thickenings characteristic of the hard Pines. Owing to the fine granular deposit which masks the walls of most of the elements, it is difficult to make quite reliable observations on the point, but there do seem to be true, though small, “ abietinean pittings” on the end-walls of the ray- elements. In tangential section some of the end-walls can be clearly seen to be perforated with small oval and circular pits. Arrinirres.— Whether or not the resin-canals in this form are traumatic instead of normal is a point which cannot be deter- mined from the given material. The specimen is a wedge of wood measuring only 1°45 x 3-5 cms. in diameter, so that if the wound had been serious itis not beyond the realm of possibility that the whole of this area should have been under its influence and thus forced into the production of traumatic resin-canals, On the other hand, this would be rather an unusually large area to be so uniformly affected by a wound of which there is no sign in the section. Jt must be noted that the rows of resin-canals are fairly uniformly distributed all through the wood in rather regularly diffused, alternating, tangential bands (PL. VII, fig. 2). Furthermore, the canals, on the whole, do not have the characteristic of running together tangentially, which is noted by Jeffrey (1905) as one of the features to be seen in traumatic resin-canals. As Jeffrey observes, an actual wound is not the only stimulus which will produce traumatic OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. ¥29 canals, but they may follow an attack of Chermes (the witches’ broom). In such a case it is probable that the area uniformly affected might be larger than that resulting from a wound, and so our fossil may have only traumatic resin. On the other hand, there is a strong argument in favour of the resin-canals being normal, in the exceedingly Pine-like character of the rays and their ray-tracheids (Pl. LX, fig. 3, and text-fig. 29). This new species and P. Sewardi agree with the Upper Cretaceous Pityoxylon scituatense and P. scituatensiforme in having considerable quantities of large-sized and resinous paren- chyma associated with the resin-canals, a feature said by Bailey (1911) to be “ without parallel among living Pines.” The radial section (text-fig. 29) is so much like that of several living species of Pinus that the fossil has doubtless considerable affinity with that genus, probably among the species of the section of ‘‘ soft Pines.” V. 5429. Type-specimen. It consists now of a flat wedge of much-weathered secondary wood, 3°5X1°5 cm. and 18°5 cm. long, as well as some small pieces of the same from which sections have been cut. V. 5429 a. Figured, Pl. VIII, figs. 1 & 2; and text-fig. 28. Transverse section of rings of secondary wood, with no pith or outer tissues. The alternation of the seasonal growth is very strongly marked, and the autumn wood is wide and thick-walled. There are series of resin-canals throughout the tissue, as is illustrated. V. 5429 b. Figured, Pl. IX, figs. 1-8, and text-fig. 29. Radial section of the above, which shows the ray-tracheids and parenchyma-cells with their pittings as described and illustrated. V. 5429 c. Tangential section, showing the rays, some of which are multiseriate and contain large, transversely running resin-canals. Part of the section slopes into the radial direction, in which the rays can be well seen. V. 5429 d. Thick, uncovered, transverse section, cut as sample. Lower Greensand ; Woburn, Bedfordshire. [ Veasey Coll.?), transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. 133 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Genus PINOSTROBUS, Feistmantel. [Sitzb. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss., 1874, p. 272.] Diagnosis.—Fossil 2 cones with overlapping scales, having a greater or less degree of likeness to Pinus in the narrowest sense, but all clearly of abietinean affinity. This generic name was never diagnosed, nor its use com- mented on or explained by Feistmantel, who employed it for two Cretaceous species, Pinostrobus prolongatus and P. vallidus from Bohemia. It was not adopted by Fritsch & Bayer (1901) in their monograph on the plants of the same deposit, and it does not appear to have been quoted by any other author. It is, however, appropriate for the more or less doubtfully Pinus-like, but certainly abietinean, cones, which occur isolated in the Upper Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits. Several writers (¢.g., Seward, 1895) use Pinites for such cones, but as Pinites is equally applied to foliage, twigs, cones, and wood, and as it was originally proposed for wood which was not even abietinean, its use is ruled out both by the laws of nomen- clature and the inconvenient vagueness of its application. It is well that the names of fossil cones should terminate in -strobus, for then the nature of the specimen is obvious, even in lists where the name only is given. In the present case Pinostrobus is appropriate, as the genus Pinus used at one time to cover the more recently segregated genera Larix, Picea, Abies, ete. The following cones are described under this generic name :— A, Cones closely allied to, if not identical with, the Jiving genus Pinus: 1. Pinostrobus sussexiensis (Mantell), nov. comb, B, Cones less clearly allied to any given living genus: . Pinostrobus Benstedi (Mantell), nov. comb. . Pinostrobus oblongus (L. & H.), nov. comb. . Pinostrobus patens (Carr.), nov. comb. . Pinostrobus cylindroides (Gard.), nov. comb, . Pinostrobus pottoniensis (Gard.), noy. comb. . Pinostrobus sp., ef. ? Pinus longissima, Vel. “1 St Ce bo OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 123 Pinostrobus sussexiensis (Mantell), comb. nov. [Plate X, figs. 2,3, & 4; Plate XI, fig. 3; text-figs. 30, 31.] 1843. Zamia Sussexiensis, Mantel], Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. 4, p. 34. 1843. Zamites Sussexiensis, Morris, Cat. Brit. Fossils, p. 25. 1844, Zamiostrobus susserviensis, Goeppert, Uebers. y. Schles. Gesellsch., p. 129. 1845. Zamiostrobus susseviensis, Goeppert, in Unger, Synop. Plant- arum Foss., p. 162. 1846. Zamia Susseriensis, Mantell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. 2, p- 51, pl. ii, fig. 1. 1866. Pinites Sussexiensis, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 3, p. 541, pl. xx, figs. 5, 6. 1867. Pinites Sussexiensis, Carruthers, Journ. Bot., vol. 5, p. 15, pl. lviii, figs. 5, 6 [same plate as Geol. Mag., 1866]. 1870, Pinites Sussexiensis, Schimper, Traité Paléont., vol. 2, p. 296. 1886. Pinites Susseriensis, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 245. Diagnosis.—That given by Carruthers, who was the first to recognise the true nature of the species, is as follows :— “Cone oblong, truncate at both ends; axis slender; scales leaving axis at a very acute angle, bearing two ovate seeds in a hollow very near the base ; scale in transverse section tri- angular.” To this should now be added :—Cone 14 em. long, by nearly 5. cm. in diameter, exposed area of overlapping scales, about 2 cm. in tangential and 1°3 cm. in vertical extent, border of scale curved and thickened. Seeds 4 mm. in diameter and 1 em. long; stone-layer corrugated; wings broad and stout. Irregular double series of bundles in cone-scales oriented in various directions, | Horizon.—Lower Greensand, very near junction with Gault, Locatiry,—Selmeston, Sussex, Typr.—V, 3349, and slides V. 3349 a-c cut in 1912 British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finprer.—Dr. G, A. Mantell, about 1841. Duscrirrion.—The type and only known specimen of this species is a cone 14 cm, long by about 5 em. in its greatest diameter. When found by Mantell it was evidently complete, for there are in the Museum now two casts of it which resemble Mantell’s original figure (Mantell, 1846, pl. ii, fig. 1). Mantell himself never cut a section of it, for he says (p. 51): ‘The 124 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE specimen has fallen into the possession of another, or I should have made a transverse section of it, as suggested by M. Adolphe Brongniart.” The specimen was for some time in the collection of Robert Brown, who made a section from its apex, as Carruthers (1866 B, p- 541) mentions and figures (pl. xx, fig. 6). At about this time also the specimen was broken open, Carruthers saying; “ I found that it had been cracked, and, inserting my knife into the crack, I separated the pieces, when it exhibited, as has been accurately drawn by Mr. Fielding (pl. xx, fig. 5), the internal structure of an Abietineous cone.” The specimen is now in three pieces: one showing much of the outer scales (Pl. X, fig. 2), as well as the broken transverse view of the central axis and seeds (PI. X, fig. 3); the second split longitudinally from this; and the third a small transverse segment, from which I have had three sections cut (Pl. X, fig. 4; Pl. XI, fig. 3). The cone is exceedingly like that of a modern Pinus of the Strobus group, and appears to have been quite or nearly mature at the time of petrifaction, for the testas of the large seeds are hardened and ripe, and the scales and other tissues are much sclerised. Unfortunately the seeds are empty, and none of the endosperm or embryonic tissues seem to be preserved. The axis, which can be seen at the base of the cone projecting as a short broken-off stalk 4 mm. in diameter, is slender for the size of the cone. It is not seen in longitudinal view, and in transverse section of the seed-bearing part of the cone, where, though the tissues are locally well preserved, the centre is so much macerated that the general plan of the vascular system cannot be made out. Portions of strands of small tracheids can be seen, and several large round resin-canals. The larger series of canals probably stood in a circle round the axis, as is the case in the beautifully petrified Tertiary cone Pinus ovata, L. & H. The ground-tissue of the axis consists of large roundish cells with much thickened and sclerised walls resembling those found in great numbers in the scales (Pl. XI, fig. 3, scl.). The scales overlap, and leave exposed an area roughly 2 em. in tangential direetion and 1:3 cm. in vertical extent; and they curve strongly, having a crescent-shaped edge which appears to be thickened somewhat, but without a detinite umbo. The OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 125 scales leave the axis at an acute angle, and appear to measure about 4 em. from tip to attachment. In transverse section (Pl. X, tig. 4; text-fig. 30) they have an approximately triangular outline. As there are no longitudinal sections, it is impossible to determine whether the bract-scale persists separately from the large ovuliferous scale. Lying against the upper surface of the scales, towards the inside of the cone, two symmetrically placed, narrow, scale-like structures can be seen (Pl. X, fig. 4, w.; text-fig. 30, w.), evidently the massive wings of the seeds, which must have been already ripe and almost ready for dispersal at the time of petrifaction. The tissues of the scales are perfectly petrified in some cases, and consist of large roundish cells, the majority of which have much thickened and sclerised walls (Pl. XI, fig. 3, sel.) ; towards the edge of the scales they are much smaller and form a some- what irregular limiting layer, the original epidermis being apparently disintegrated. Between the limiting layer of the inner surface of the scale and the two wings, which are generally free from it, two rows of smaller softer cells can be seen in a few places, showing that they originally formed part of the same tissue. Resin-canals of some size are irregularly scattered throughout the tissues of the scales (Pl. XI, fig. 3, 7.c.; text-fig. 30). The vascular bundles of the free outer part of the scales are numerous, bi-lateral, with some tendency to be curved, and, in a few cases, almost circular. Their arrangement can be seen in Pl. XI, fig. 3, v.b., and in the text-fig. 30, where it will be noted that toward the middle of the scale the bundles are in an irregularly double series, oriented at a variety of angles toward each other. The main bundles, however, are so oriented that their xylem is directed away from the inner face of the scale, which is thus its morphologically lower surface, The significance of the anatomy of the cone-scales of Pinus has been discussed by van Tieghem (1869), Eichler (1881), Worsdell (1909), and others; and it will be of interest to compare the theoretical consideration of living species in these papers with the details of this, the oldest, Pinus-like fossil in which the vascular anatomy of the scale is known. At the base of the scale, near the attachment of the ovules, the bundles are united to form two flat bands, oriented so that 126 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE © 7 = H—b, ey) © 6 si re, °.§ a) So @ a) GC. @ cas 6 2) 3 x. P te ; +<—w 7 Text-fig. 30.—Pinostrobus sussexiensis(Mantell), Scale in transverse section, showing the arrangement of the vascular bundles and principal resin- canals, a., direction of axis; vb., vascular bundles, in which are px., the protoxylems ; rc., resin-canals ; w., w., wings of seeds detached from scale. No. V. 3349 a, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S. 127 the protoxylems face away from the axis. The seeds are borne at the bases of the scales, two on the inner side of each. One pair of them can be seen attached to the parent scale at s. in Pl. X, fig. 4. They are 4 mm. in diameter and 1 cm. long. In all the seeds cut in the sections, there only remain the layers of the testa with part of the outer tissues; most of the inner 7 Text-fig. 31.—-Pinostrobus sussexiensis (Mantell). Part of the testa showing the irregular outline and ridges (r.) of the stone (s.). 7., cells of inner integument ; o., cells of outer integument, which merges with the wing. No. V. 3349 a. layers of the testa as well as the nucellus, endosperm, and embryo leave no trace. In section, the stony layer of the testa is much indented and is irregularly star-shaped in outline (text-fig. 31), which appears to represent surface-corrugations, 128 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE How far these are natural and how far petrifact, the sections do not afford data to determine. Outside the sclerised zone of the testa is a layer of 4 or 5 cells, roundish and not. very thick- walled, which resembles the texture of the scales; within the stone-layer also are a few cells of rather thinner-walled_ tissue. The general plan of these structures may be compared with the testa of P. Strobus given in Tubeuf, 1892, fig. 1, though the detailed proportions of the cells differ. Arriniries.— When first described by Mantell, the specimen was known only from its exterior, and was placed in the recent genus Zamia. A model of it was submitted to Ad. Brongniart, who wrote to Mantell concerning it:—** Le modéle en platre du cone que vous m’avez envoyé est assez difficile 4 juger sans avoir vu |'échantillon lui-méme, et par conséquent mon opinion ne peut étre que fort hasardé, mais je serai plutét porté & penser que c’est une jeune tige de Cycadée qu’un fruit de coniféro. Ce pourrait aussi étre un fruit de Zania; mais |’examen de ’échantillon en nature, et surtout sa coupe transversale, serait nécessaire pour avoir une opinion positive.” Mantell says (p. 52): “ But although at first sight this fossil, as M. Brongniart remarks, might be taken for the stem of a young Cyeadeous plant, the situation and small size of the stalk at the base, and the appearance of the scales seem to warrant the conclusion that it is the fruit of a Zamia.” Carruthers (1866 B, p. 541) puts the cone in the genus Pinites, and says (p. 542): “ The fossil certainly belongs to the Pinus division of the genus, and is near to Pinus Strobus, L.” The further details now afforded by the sections of the tissues do not invalidate the opinion formed so long ago by Carruthers. There is no doubt that the cone belonged to a Pinus, so siwilar to living members of the genus that one might almost be justified in using the generic name of the living forms for it. As the ripe cone of a large woody species is difficult to cut into thin microscope-sections, the details of the anatomy of such tissues have been but little studied. As a consequence, the rather curious position arises that the botanist can see the details of the scales and their vascular anatomy more easily in the fossil than in the recent cones. The external appearance, so far as it is preserved, is very OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 129 like, but not identical with, that of Pinus Strobus. The fossil seems to me to lie midway, in general aspect, between P. Strobus and P, evcelsa, V. 3349. Type-specimen, Pl. X, figs. 2,3. Figured, Mantell, 1846, pl. ii, fig. 1; Carruthers, 1866 8, pl. xx, fig. 5, and 1867, pl. lviii, fig. 5 [same plate]. The lower half of the cone, split into two unequal portions. In one of these the stalk at the base can be well seen still, though evidently the smaller basal scales have been broken away. The crescent-shaped, somewhat thickened edges of the scales are very clear on one face. The cone is irregularly split in a tangential direction, which leaves a surface passing partly through the axis of the lower 3cm. Here the attachments of some of the scales can be imperfectly seen. The scales appear to measure from 3 to 4 em. from attachment to tip. Toward the middle of the break, the angle bends abruptly, so that the tangential surfaces of the split scales are exposed, the central one having the broken-open empty testas of two seeds adhering. The upper end of the specimen shows the cone-scales, seeds, and axis irregularly broken across (Pl. X, fig. 3). V. 3349 a. Figured, Pl. X, fig. 4; Pl. XI, fig. 3; text-figs. 30 & 31. Transverse section of part of the above cone. In this the overlapping thick scales show particularly clearly. ‘Two seeds attached to their scale can also be seen at the upper part of the section (Pl. X, fig. 4, s.). All the details of the anatomy, as described above, can be made out in this section. ‘The scale marked z in the figure being particularly good for the vascular anatomy, and the scale marked w for the tissues of the wings. V. 3349 b. A poorer and rather pulverised transverse section, similar to the above. Two of the scales on the left hand of the section show their tissues, as well as the wings, in a good state of preservation. K 130 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 3349 c. A thick and imperfect transverse section, as abore. Towards the centre a crumpled scale, with portions of two ovules associated, shows the vascular tissue in two bands, oriented with the protoxylems away from the ovules. 39115. Cast of the above specimen before cutting, and as it was figured by Mantell, 1846, pl. ii, fig. 1. The cast is not clear or good, but gives a general idea of the cone. It is probably the cast sent to Ad, Brongniart (see p- 128, ante). Lower Greensand, near junction of Gault ; Selmeston, Sussex. Mantell Coll. [also in Robert Brown's Coll. for some time}. Pinostrobus Benstedi (Mantell), comb. nov. [Plate X, fig. 1; Plate XI, figs. 1, 2; text-figs. 32, 33.] 1843. Abies Benstedi, Mantell, Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. 4, p. 34. 1844. Abies Benstedi, Mantell, Medals of Creation, p. 166. 1846, Abies Benstedi, Mantell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 2, p. 52, pl. ii, figs. 2, 24, 2. 1847, Pinites Benstedi, Endlicher, Synop. Conif. Foss., p. 19. 1850. Abietites Benstedi, Goeppert, Foss. Coniferen, p. 207. 1866, linites Benstedi, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 3, p. 541. 1867. Pinites Benstedi, Carruthers, Journ. Bot., vol. 5, p. 12. 1870. Cedrus Benstedi, Schimper, Traité Paléont., vo!. 2, p. 300. 1886. Adietites Benstedi, Garduer, Rep. Brit. Assoc,, 1885, p. 246 ; Geol. Mug., dec, 3, vol. 3, p. 499. Diagnosis.—Mantell does not give a diagnosis in his original description, and Carruthers diagnosed it in 1866 as follows :— “‘Cone oval; scales broad and thin at the apex, leaving the thick axis at a right angle, then ascending beyond the seed.” To this should now be added :—Cone about 4 cm. long, by about 2°8 cm. in its broadest part, rounded above and below. Scales very numerous and closely overlapping, the exposed portion measuring approximately 1 cm. in tangential extent and ‘3-4 cm, in ventral extent, though in the upper part of the cone many of the scales are much smaller, The axis is very solid, being 1 cm. and more in diameter. Ovyulifero and OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 131 bract scales separate and both well developed ; the seeds, two on each ovuliferous scale, are about 6 mm. long by 3 mm. broad. The cone, however, is immature, Horizoy.— Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Iguanodon Quarry, near Maidstone. Type.—39107; and slides 39107 a-39107 d, cut in 1912; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Frixprr.—W. H. Bensted, Esq., about 1834. Descriprron.—The small oval cone is seen split open and illustrated in natural size, Pl. X, fig. 1. The outer surface of the cone is much worn and a little broken, but the contours of a few of the scales can clearly be seen, and they overlap in the same way as those of a Cedrus or Abies cone, the ends of the scales apparently being thin. The exposed portion of the scale is twice as long tangentially as it is vertically. Mawntell in his original description states that ‘‘one seed is imbedded within the base of each scale,” but the sections recently cut show some scales in an oblique tangential direction and demonstrate that two seeds were borne on each ovuliferous scale. The cone was unripe, as is shown by the internal tissues of the seeds, which were not fully developed, and by the very slight sclerification of the massive axis. The measurements given in the diagnosis, therefore, are not of true specific value, save for other cones in a like state of unripeness. The ‘‘remains of the embryo,” which Mantell mentions as being seen in some seeds, are really the undeveloped endosperm, which, with the very soft broken-down central zone and broad outer zones of cells, does to some extent resemble an embryo with split cotyledons when seen without proper microscopic sections. Reference should be made to Pl. XI, fig. 1, end., which shows a seed cut across, with testa and partly developed endosperm, in which a small central area has broken down owing to the incomplete wall-formation at the time of petrifaction. | Carruthers (1866 3B, p. 541) considered this cone to be very like that of a modern Cedar, but he had only the external poorly preserved features on which to base his judgment. The structures shown in the sections are more suggestive of the genus Abies. The avis is remarkably massive for the size of the cone, measuring 10-12 mm. in diameter (PI. XI, fig. 2, a.). This is K2 132 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE particularly noticeable if comparison be made with P. macro- cephalus, for instance, where a cone of about four times the size has an axis only 5 mm. in diameter. The cellular tissue of the axis is not very well preserved, but the outline of the large soft cells composing it can be seen; they appear to have been slightly thickened, but not sclerised as the cells of a mature cone would be. There are no transverse sections of the cone, but from the longitudinal section it can be recognised that in the axis there was a slender hollow cylinder of vascular tissue, giving off strands to the scales. A few small elements with fine scalariform thickening can be seen, but the secondary wood- elements are not well enough petrified to show the character of their pitting. . Text-fig. 32.—Pinostrobus Benstedi (Mantell Tangential section showing : os., ovuliferous scale; ds., bract-seale; and o., the two ovules on the ovuliferous scale. Somewhat diagrammatic: e., broken-down endo- sperm; w., wing. about 8, No. 39107 d. The scales are double, a large bract-scale bearing on its upper surface an ovuliferous scale with two basal ovules on its upper surface. In longitudinal section these can be well seen in Pl. XI, figs. 1 & 2, 0., os., 6s. These cone-sections are slightly oblique, and so cut the upper scales almost in a tangential direction, in which direction the relation of the parts is as in text-fig. 32, which is drawn from a purely tangential section of the cone. The ovules are far from mature, and the tissues of the endo- sperm had evidently not yet quite fully differentiated at the centre at the time of petrifaction ; the small irregular space left by the breakdown of their walls can be seen in the photographs OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S, 133 of those ovules which are cut across in the middle—for example, end. in Pl. XI, figs. 1 & 2, shows this quite clearly, particularly if examined with a lens. This central space is indicated in the text-fig. 32, e. The ovules were inverted, lying with their micropyles directed towards the cone-axis. This is indicated on the right-hand side of P]. XI, fig. 2. Some of the ovules are cut nearly in median longitudinal section, and in them the nucellar tissue and the massive free tip of the nucellus can be seen, as is indicated in text-fig. 38. In these sections the Text-fig. 35.—Pinostrobus Benstedi (Mantell).' Outline sketch of ovule in slightly oblique longitudinal section showing : m., micropyle; s., space between integument 7 and the free upper part of nucellus 2. ; é., inner broken-down tissue of the incompletely developed endosperm, No. 39107 a, tissues are all fairly well petrified, and demonstrate the immaturity of the cone. Arrinities.—So far as Iam aware, no fossil cone so well petrified, similar to this or in the same young stage of its development, has been described. On the other hand, a con- siderable number of abietinean cones, externally more or less like it, have been recorded from the Cretaceous and Tertiary 134 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE deposits. Comparisons of doubtfully preserved exteriors, however, with well-preserved interiors are so unprofitable that I will attempt no comparison with the numerous species it might resemble, were all the facts known. The likeness to the modern genus Pinws, however, is apparent in several features, though in the equally massive and separate development of the bract and ovuliferous scales the cone is more like Abies. Cones of Abies are seldom preserved as fossils, probably because the ripe cone sheds its scales; but in an immature condition a cone of Abies is just as likely to be preserved whole as that of any other genus. While this cone is not absolute proof that the genus Abies was evolved in Aptian times, it is highly suggestive of that conclusion. 39107. Type-specimen. Figured, Pl. X, fig. 1; Mantell, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol. 2, 1846, pl. ii, figs. 2, 26, 2c. The small cone, measuring about 4 x 2°8 em., is split in an oblique longitudinal direction, showing the axis and the scales with the ovules attached, some in radial and some in tangential view. Externally the abraded apex of the cone can be seen, and also the worn edges of the scales. The second half of the cone was entirely cut up to make the following sections, 39107 a. Figured, Pl. XI, fig. 2; text-fig. 33. Longitudinal section, nearly median except at the top, where the scales and ovules are cut tangentially. The double scale and the attachment of the ovules can be seen very clearly. 39107 b. Figured, Pl. XI, fig. 1. Tangential section, showing the vascular strands in many of the scales and the ovules attached to the scales in others. 39107c. A smaller, more oblique section, nearer the exterior of the cone, cut tangentially so as to show the two ovules clearly attached to the double scale as in text-fig. 32. 39107 d. Figured, text-fig. 32. A smaller tangential section, similar to the above, in which the oyules are very well preserved. Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand ; Iguanodon Quarry, Maid- stone, Mantell Coll. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 135 Pinostrobus oblongus (Lindley & Hutton), comb. nov. [ Text-fig. 34. ] 1835. Abies oblonga, Lindley & Hutton, Fossil Flora Gr. Brit., vol. 2, p. 137, pl. exxxvil, figs. 1, 2. 1845. Elate oblonga, Unger, Synop. Plantarum foss., p. 199. 1847. Pinites oblongus, Endlicher, Synop. Conif. Foss. p. 20. 1850. Pinites oblongus, Unger, Gener. Spec. Plantarum Foss., p. 358. 1850. Abietites oblongus, Goeppert, Foss. Coniferen, p. 207. 1866. Pinites oblongus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 3, p. 541. 1867. Pinites oblongus, Carruthers, Journ. Bot., vol. 5, p. 12. 1886. Abietites oblongus, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 246, and Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, p. 499. 1887. Pinites oblongus, Williamson, Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soe., ser. 3, vol. 10, pp. 189-194, pl. ix, figs. 1-2. Diagnosis.—None is given by the original describers, but Goeppert (1850) diagnosed the species as follows :—“ Abietites strobilo ecylindrico, utrinque obtuso, squamis dense imbricatis, late ovatis, margine repandis.” A short diagnosis is given by Carruthers (1866 8): “Cone cylindrical; scales broad and thin at the apex, with the seeds very near the base; axis slender.” To this should be added that the cone is about 6°5 cm. long, but incomplete, and 3 cm. in diameter at its thickest part. There is composing the cone a relatively small number of overlapping scales, each apparently about 2 em. in tangential extent and about 1 em., more or less, in vertical extent, but they are rather variable. Horizon.—Thought by Dr. Buckland to be washed out of the Greensand. Locatiry.—Lyme Regis, on the shore of about 1850. Typr.—University Museum, Oxford. The cone is illustrated by Lindley & Hutton (1835), and their figures are reproduced in text-fig. 34. A comparison of this with the species P, Leckenbyi of Carruthers will suffice to show their differences. While the present species may be allied to the living Cedrus, it is much less like it than is P. Leckenbyi. ‘In 1887, Williamson described further some of the details of its internal anatomy from a second specimen of this species, also washed out on the shore and supposed to be of Lower Greensand age, It is, however, to my mind, not quite clear that the 136 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE specimens do belong to the same species, for P. oblonqus is generally put among cones of Cedrus-affinity, while Williamson’s specimen is clearly of Pinus-affinity, for, as he says, the scales show “a slight thickening of those extremities resembling what is seen in Pinus Strobus and P. Cembra.” Williamson also demonstrated that the seeds had large wings and were borne two on each scale, but his illustrations of the sections are very diagrammatic. Text-fig. 34.—Pinostrobus ohlongus (Lindley & Hutton), Exterior of the fossil, and the same split open medianly. Nat. size. After Lindley & Hutton. I think there is very little doubt that this cone is really allied to Pinus, and is not a Cedrus, so that the inclusion of the true Cedrus-like cones from France in this species by Fliche (1896) is best abandoned (see p. 145). [Many specimens from different localities have been ascribed to this species, but I do not feel sure that they really belong to to it (see, for instance, p. 143). ] OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 137 Pinostrobus patens (Carruthers), comb. nov. [Text-fig. 35. | 1866. Pinites patens, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 3, p. 543, pl. xxi, fig. 4. 1867. Pinites patens, Carruthers, Journ. Bot., vol. 5, p. 15, pl. lix, fig. 4. 1870. ? Abietites patens, Schimper, Traité Paléont., vol. 2, p. 308. 1886, Pinites patens, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 246, and Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, p. 499. Diagnosis.—Given by Carruthers as follows :—‘‘Cone ovate- acuminate; scales leaving the slender axis at a right angle, and supporting large seeds.” Text-fig. 35.—Pinostrobus patens (Carr.), comb. nov. Nearly nat. size. After Carruthers. No. 46655. To this should be added :—Axis 3°5 em. long; the small cone is only 1°8 cm. at its widest part, rarrowing down rapidly. Horizon.— Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—_Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Typp.—No. 46,655; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Only one specimen of this cone appears to have been found, and, as Carruthers says, it “shows only a longitudinal section through the axis, and is sufficiently different from the last 138 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE species [Pinites Mantellii, see Cedrostrobus Mantellit, p. 145] to warrant its being separated as distinct. The seeds are large, and in section of an oblong form.” As will be realised from text-fig. 35, it is almost impossible to compare this specimen with Cedrostrobus Mantellit (see p. 145) from the same locality. There appears to be no proof that they really differ, but one is represented by a cast of the outside and the other by a poorly preserved cone split open down the centre. It is less confusing to retain the original names than to unite them. 46655. Figured, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. 3, pl. xxi, fig. 4; also text-fig. 35. A block of hard Kentish Rag (5x 4x4 cm.) in which the small cone lies split open centrally. The plant-tissue more or less remains in a friable and broken-up condition. Iguanodon Quarry (Kentish Rag); Maidstone. [Probably from W. H. Bensted, Esq.} Pinostrobus cylindroides (Gardner), comb. nov. [Text-fig. 36.] 1886. Pinites cylindroides, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 245, pl. vii, figs. 2, 2 a. 1886. Pinites cylindroides, Gardner, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, p. 499. 1895. Pinites cylindroides, Seward, Cat. Wealden Flora, vol, 2, pp. 193, 194. Diaynosis—The description given by Gardner is as follows :— **This is an almost perfectly cylindrical specimen, being very slightly thickened towards the base, 7 centimetres in length and 22 millim. in diameter, composed of about 96 scales, arranged in 12 rows from left to right, and 8 rows from right to left, the arrangement thus being ,8;,. The scales are short and at right angles to the axis, with a smooth, flat, half-moon-shaped apophysis or scale-head, now gaping, but evidently imbricated before the seeds were shed, The scales become very small towards the base. The summit is abraded, exposing the end of a somewhat slender axis. Certain grooved lines on the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 139 sandy matrix between the scales show that the cone was furnished with foliaceous bracts, and the marks of a boring insect are visible.” Horizon.—Lower Greensand. Locatity.—Potton. Typz.—Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Gardner continues his description to point out that “the specimen, which is quite distinct from any other fossil or recent cone, is singularly elongated and cylindrical, searcely tapering at all from the base upward.” His figure is reproduced in text- fig. 36, where it will be seen that a detailed description or com- parative account of the specimen is not practicable. Text-fig. 36.— Pinostrohus cylindroides (Gardner), comb. nov. View of the cone and a detached scale. X about 3. After Gardner. That this specimen is really a Lower Greensand, and not an older derived form, is vouched for by Gardner, who says, “ it is fortunately in excellent condition, certainly not derived from any older beds, like so many of the Potton fossils.” Seward, on the other hand, says (1895, p. 193): ‘‘ An inspection of the 140 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE type specimen .... leads me to unhesitatingly describe it as dis- tinctly worn and rolled, and imperfectly preserved. The figure does not convey a very accurate idea of the actual fossil; the scales are very imperfect, and their half-moon form spoken of by the author of the species is almost certainly due to wearing, aud cannot, I believe, be accepted as an original character.” Pinostrobus pottoniensis (Gardner), comb. nov. [Text-fig. 37.] 1886. Pinites Pottoniensis, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 245, pl. vii, fig. 3. 1886. Pinites Pottoniensis, Gardner, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, p- 499. 1895. Pinites Pottoniensis, Seward, Cat. Wealden Flora, vol. 2, p. 193. Diagnosis.—The description given by Gardner is as follows :— “The fragment figured, though much mutilated, fortunately Text-fig. 37.—Pinostrobus pottoniensis (Gardner), comb. nov. Base of cone, showing scales and seeds. about 3. After Gardner. shows the characteristically winged seeds of Pinus in the most, perfect manner, entirely removing any lingering doubt as to the occurrence of representatives of true Pinus as low down as the Neocomian. ‘The scales were set at an acute angle with slightly OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 141 thickened recurved apophyses, the form of which cannot clearly be made out, though they appear to have been narrow, keeled, and mucronate.” Horizon.— Lower Greensand (?), probably derived Wealden. Locatity.— Potton. Tyrzr.—Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. The illustration of the species given by Gardner is reproduced in text-fig. 37, from which it will be judged that, beyond establishing its Pinus-like nature, little can be made of the fossil, Pinostrobus sp. [indet.]. ? Cf. Pinus longissima, Velenovsky. [Text-fig. 38.] 1885. Pinus longissima, Velenovsky, Gymnosp. Béhm. Kreideform., p- 29, pl. i, figs. 14-17. The specimen in the Kentish Rag, as can be judged from text-fig. 38, is not well enough preserved to allow of its diagnosis as a new species. It can only be compared provisionally with the Bohemian specimen, for the important characters, such as the shape and type of edge to the scale, the size and character of the seeds, etc., are not preserved. The British fossil is, however, very slender, and was apparently much longer than the upper part of it now preserved, and it is more like P. lon- gissima than any other described cone of approximately the same age. Pinites Dunkeri, with which it might also be compared, is larger in diameter than the Lower Greensand form and is of Wealden age. 1771. Text-fig. 38. The part of the specimen preserved is 95cm. long by 2 em. in diameter, and appears to be only the upper part of a much longer cone. It lies partly embedded in the matrix, so that the outer surfaces of the scales are concealed. It is broken through the middle irregularly, and shows fragments of broken scales and seeds, and part of the poorly preserved axis in the upper end (see text-fig. 38). Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand ; ]guanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Presented by W. H. Bensted, Esq., 1839. 142 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Text-fig. 38.—Pinostrobus sp. (indeterminable, cf. ? Pinus longissima, Vel.). Specimen lying in matrix. ¢ nat. size. No. 1771. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 143 Genus CEDROSTROBUS, nov. Diagnosis.—Fossil, 2 cones with overlapping broad scales, having a very definite and recognisable likeness to the recent genus Cedrus. In one sense this genus may be looked on as a section of the wider genus Pinostrobus (see p. 122), but it is confined to specimens which are so well characterised that there is no doubt of their similarity to, if not complete identity with, the living genus Cedrus. It is interesting to note that Cedar-like cones, described by various writers frankly under the modern generic name of Cedrus, are among the very early remains of the Abietinez [see, for example, Cedrus Lenniert described from the Upper Neocomian by Saporta in 1880, and the beautiful casts from the Albian greensands described by Fliche (1896, p- 200, pl. viii)]. From English Aptian deposits two species are described, one of which is founded on a fine specimen. ‘lhe genus is very rare in the American Lower Cretaceous, Berry (1911) deseribing only one example, Cedrus Leet; and it is not impossible that it may have originated in the East. Woods described as referable to various species of Cedrowylon are not very common, but several species have been determined , some apparently belonging to Cedrus in a true sense, and thus representing the parent-trees of these cones. Cedrostrobus Leckenbyi (Carruthers), comb. nov. [Text-fig. 39.] 1869. Pinites Leckenbyi, ooner ny Geol. Mag., vol. 6, p. 2, » Pl. i, figs. 1-5, 1870. Cedrus Leckenbyi, Schisupie, Traité Paléont., yol. 2, p. 299. 1886. Pinites Leckeniyi, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Reece, , 1885, p. 246, and Geol. May. dec. 3, vol. 3, p- 499. 1895. Cedrus pikonee, Fliche, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, vol. 14, p. 200, pl. viii, figs. 1-5. Diagnosis.—Given by Carruthers is as follows :—‘ Cone oblong-ovoid, with an obtuse or subtruncate apex ; scales very broad, not thickened at the apex ; seeds small, ovoid.” To this should now be added:—Cone 10 em. long by 5 em. broad, slightly tapering, and rounded at both ends, Scales very 144 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE numerous, broadly extended and overlapping, so that the exposed part of each scale measures about 2-3 cm. tangentially and -4—-6 cm. vertically ; the scales at the base of the cone smaller than this. The scales vertically finely striated and greatly resembling those of Cedrus. Horizon.— Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Shanklin, Isle of Wight. Typx.—Originally in the collection of John Leckenby, Esq., of Scarborough, now in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Text-fig. 39.—Cedrostrohus Leckenby: (Carr.). A. Exterior of the cone showing the closely overlapping scales. B. Section through the middle of the cone showing axis and seeds on the scales. Nat. size. After Carruthers. This well-preserved cone is figured both externally and in section by Carruthers (see text-fig. 89). He says: ‘ The affinity between this cone and the recent cedars is so obvious, that it would be wasting words to dwell upon it; but it may be interesting to remark that this group of pines .... formed a striking characteristic of the Cretaceous Flora.” OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 145 According to Carruthers, within the seeds, some of which are very well preserved, lie the embryos, ‘‘and in one the section is so made as to show divisions of the cotyledons.” While this cone bears some likeness to Pinostrobus oblongus, the two seem generically distinct, as will be evident on com- paring the illustrations of the originals. In the latter species, for instance, the shape and relative dimensions of the exposed part of the scale differ greatly from those in C, Leckenbyi, and resemble Pinus. ‘There appears to me to be a likeness so close as to amount to identity between this cone and those, also beautifully preserved, described as Ccdrus eblonga by Fliche (1896). In his pl. viii he figures examples of these fossil cones, some a little smaller, and one rather larger, than the type of P. Leckenbyi, which are exactly like it in all other particulars discernible. The French specimens are from the Albian Greensands, and, though identified by Fliche as the same species as the Abies oblonya of Lindley & Hutton, I have no hesitation in ineluding them in Cedrostrobus Leckenhyi, which they much more closely resemble. Cedrostrobus Mantellii (Carr.), comb. nov. [Text-fig. 40.] 1866. Pinites Mantellii, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 3, p. 543, pl. xxi, fig. 3. 1870. Abietites Mantellit, Schimper, Traité Paléont., vol. 2, p. 308. 1886, Pinites Mantellii, Gardner, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 245. 1886. Pinites Mantellii, Gardner, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, p. 499. Diagnosis.—Small oval cone, not less than 4°5 cm. long, probably rather more, and about 2 cm. in diameter. Scales arranged in a close spiral, overlapping so as to expose about, 1‘5 em., more or less, in a tangential direction and about 3-5 mm. in a vertical direction. ‘the scales apparently thinning out at the edge and without an umbo, externally striated in a vertical direction. Horizoy.—Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatrry.—Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Tyre.—No, 1765 a; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Carruthers’ original description is as follows :—‘ Cone ovate- acuminate; scales broad, flat, and thin at the apex; axis L 146 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE slender; seeds roundish. The cone is about an inch and three-quarters long by fully three-quarters broad. The specimen is fragmentary, but the form of the cone is preserved in the matrix. The apex of the scale is very broad and thin. This cone was found in the Iguanodon Quarry at Maidstone, Kent, and formed part of the Mantell Collection, now in the British Museum.” The type-specimen (17654, B.M. Coll.) is little more than the external cast of the cone, with two or three imperfect scales and a scrap of the axis at the base preserved in imperfect relief— of this Carruthers (18668) gives a not very accurate drawing. A better specimen of the cone, now in the Maidstone Museum, was found in the same quarry and presented to the Maidstone Text-fig. 40.—Cedrostrobus Mantellii (Carr.). Drawing of the Maidstone specimen, Base of the cone showing the overlapping Cedrus-like scales, Nat. size. collections by Mr. W. H. Bensted. This consists of the basal part of the cone, showing the axis and lower scales, and is figured in text-fig. 40. On comparing this specimen, and the cast it leaves in its matrix, with Carruthers’ type, there is no doubt that the two cones are of the same species. The Maidstone specimen is of the same size as the type, and fits into the hollow of the original cast described by Carruthers. As none of the internal tissues are preserved, it is not possible to determine whether the cone is young or mature. ‘Thus, comparison with described species is not very satisfactory, but the fossil recently re-described by Berry (1911, p. 411, pl. lxx, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 147 figs. 4,4) under the name Cedrus Leei, agrees with it closely in size and form. Berry notes that “except for its smaller size, which may be due to immaturity, [his specimen] .... is very close to the European species” of fossil cones of Cedrus; and the * Cedrus lotharingiea which Cornuel (1882, p. 262, pl. vii, figs. 2 & 3) describes from the Lower Gault of Houpette (Meuse), France, is strikingly similar to the Potomac form.” As he remarks, this French species was later (in 1896) included by Fliche in the species known as Abies oblonga of Lindley & Hutton, and put by the French in the genus Cedrus. As I have already pointed out (p. 145), Fliche’s French cones should not be included in this species, but rather in Cedrostrobus Leckenbyt (Carr.). It is also doubtful whether Cornuel’s Cedrus lotha- ringica should be included in the same species as those of Fliche. That it belongs to Cedrestrobus seems clear, but the similarity claimed for it with both the American and the other French species seems overestimated, 1765 a. Figured, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., 1866, pl. xxi, fig. 3. A slab (9x10 em.) of coarse matrix with shelis and the cast of the cone, in which, towards the base only, are a few scales imperfectly preserved, with broken seeds attached to them, Iguanodon Quarry, Lower Greensand ; Maidstone, Mantell Coll. Genus CEDROXYLON, Kraus. [In Schimper’s Traité Paléont, Végét., 1870, p. 370.] Diagnosis—That given by Kraus is as follows: “ Lignum stratis concentricis distinctis, rarius obsoletis, latioribus ; cellu- lis prosenchymatosis porosis, poris magnis, rotundis, uni- vel pluriserialibus oppositis ; cellulis ductibusque resiviferis nullis ; radiis medullaribus simplicibus.” Kraus continues : “Ce type comprend les bois dont la structure coincide avec celle des bois d’ Abies et de Cedrus, et exclut tous ceux qui par leurs conduits résinaux se rattachent au genre Pinus proprement dit.” Gothan (1905) devotes a special section to the consideration of Cedroxylon, and its separation from Cupressinovylon, which is not always an easy matter, since the two woods resemble each other very closely in many cases, ‘he older writers used the L2 148 . DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE absence of resin-parenchyma cells among the tracheids in Cedro- «ylon and their presence in Cupressinoaylon as the leading diagnostic character for the separation of the two ‘ genera,” but more recent work has all tended to show the variability possible among individuals of a single species in this respect. Gothan, however, lays great stress on the character of the pittings of the medullary ray-cells. He says: “In zwei- felhaften Fiillen—bei Seltenheit des Holzparenchyms—ist bei der bisherigen Bestimmungmethode aus den im Vorigen gen- annten Griinden die Frage, ob Cupressinoxylon oder Cedroxylon, iiberhaupt nicht zu beantworten. Es ist daher nétig, sich nach einem weiteren—mdglicht durchgreifenden—Merkmal umzu- sehen, das eine Verwechselung beider Typen ein fiir allemal ausschliesst. Ein solches besitzen wir in der Markstrahizellen- wandtipfelung. Bei abietoiden Hélzern (Cedroxylon) bietet die Markstrahlzelle im Radialschnitt durchweg ein Bild ...wo es sind sowohl die horizontalen als die vertikalen Wiinde stark getiipfelt ...die Tiipfel sind kreisrund.” In his figure 7 a he illustrates this kind of pitting, which he designates as “ abie- tinean-pitting ” “* Entgegen dem besitzen die Cupressineen ... durchweg glatte Markstrahlzellwiinde.” His diagnostic characters for the separation of Cedrowylon are ‘as follows :—“ Hoftiipfel rundlich, grésser, nicht gedriingt ; ‘wenn mehrreihig, meist gleichhochstehend. Hydrostereiden ohne Spiralverdickung. Abietineentiipfelung vorhanden ; Harz- parenchym bei einigen stindig am Ende des Jahresrings, bei diesen (ob auch sonst? Abies balsamea?). Harzgiinge fehlend. ‘l'angentialtiipfel im Spitholz hiiufig. Quertracheiden vorkom- mend.” If sufficiently well preserved, all specimens of Cedrowylon should show the “ abietinean pitting” in their ray-cells. There are, however, forms like the living Juniperus which have ‘* abietinean pitting” and yet belong to the Cupressinex. From various horizons in the Cretaceous about a dozen species of Cedroaylon have been described [see, for instance, - Fliche (1896 & 1900), Lignier (1907), and others listed in Part I of this Catalogue (Stopes, 1913, p. 80)]. In nearly all, however, the ray-cells are very inadequately petrified, except in two species described by Gothan (1907). OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 149 Cedroxylon maidstonense, sp. nov. [Plate XII, figs. 1 & 2; text-tigs. 41, 42, 43.] Diagnosis,—Coniferous wood with well-marked annual rings, tracheids, regularly arranged in series, up to about 50-80 p in diameter ; bordered pits circular, generally in one row, a few in adjacent pairs ; Sanio’s rims well marked. Wood-parenchyma absent or exceedingly scarce. Resin-canals absent. Medullary rays principally 4-6 tracheids distant, nearly all uniseriate, a few partly biseriate. ays principally low, very few above 10 cells high, In tangential section “ abietinean pitting” of end- walls of ray-cells can be seen (but the pitting is not well enough preserved to show in radial section); in the radial walls there are several small pits per tracheid-field, chiefly 4-6 or more. These small pits are oval or circular, but some seem slit-like and with a border, Horizon,—Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand, Locatiry.—Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone, Typr.—Secondary wood of oldish trunk, nos. 1769, and slides 1769 a-1769c¢ cut from it in 1912; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finoer.—W. H. Bensted, Esq., before 1850. Descriprion,—The new species is represented by a portion of secondary wood, which appears to have been toward the outer region of a fair-sized trunk, because of the remains of branch bases and ‘‘ knots,” which still remain on one side of its outer surface. ‘The block is about 12 cm. long, by 5x4 ecm. thick ; the irregular core is well silicified and black in texture; the outer coating, in which the cell-structure is not petrificd, though the woody appearance is retained, is whitish grey. TopoGRAPHY OF THE Srem.—Secondary wood alone is present. In this growth-rings are well seen and are sharply marked (Pl. XII, fig. 1). The mass of the wood, however, is almost entirely spring wood, the zone of autumn wood being exceedingly narrow (as can be clearly recognised in the photograph, Pl. XII, fig. 1, a), and consisting of from 1 to 4 elements, while the spring wood consists of from 9 to 34 elements in each growth-ring, tho maximum thickness of the rings being 2 mm, 150 . DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The wood is regular in texture, the elements squarish and large, adjacent elements often lying on the same tangent, so that the rounding at the corners of the tracheids is very slight. No normal resin-canals and no traumatic canals are present. In transverse section, a few tracheal elements scattered through the wood have blackened contents, which may be the remains of resin. I have not been able to find any evidence of true resin-parenchyma, The wniseriate medullary rays are fairly numerous, principally 4-6, tracheids distant, in transverse section their tangential i : Yr = s ; | i = —] — | > 2—> i i ——7 . BS i UR 44 we, : re) Pa mala ¥, 3% one P “gate oF S CE Text-fig. 41.—Cedroxylon maidstonense, sp. noy, Transverse section of small part of two annual rings, to show the very narrow thick-walled autumn wood, a.; s., spring wood; m., médullary ray; p.t., tracheid adjacent to medullary ray showing several pits. No. 1769 a. m.. measurement is rather less than that of the adjacent tracheids. In height the rays are principally 1-3 cells high, but a few are well over 20 cells high. The proportion is roughly ;— Rays of 1-3 cells high, 26 in number, », between 4 and 10 cells high, 19 in number. »» above 20 cells high, 4 in number. Among the rays a fair number show a slightly biseriate character (text-fig. 42). These rays do not otherwise differ from the uniseriate rays, and contain no resin-canals, OF L@WER GREENSAND PLANTS. 151 ' Devarts or ELeMEnts.—Owing to the smallness of the narrow bands of autumn wood, the mass of the wood consists of tracheids the size of the spring wood, which averages about 40-50 p» by 50-80 mu, with comparatively thin walls. The one or two rows of narrow autumn elements are about 50 » x 15 mw, with walls as thick as the lumen or with the lumen reduced to a mere slit (text-fig. 41). In transverse section, bordered pits are evident in many of the radial tracheid-walls; those tracheids adjacent to | ip. e, Text-fig. 42.—Cedroxylon maidstonense, sp. nov. Tangential section of medullary ray, showing the uniformly thick-walled cells, p.e., showing a pitted end-wall, Notice that the ray is partly biseriate, No. 1769 d. the medullary rays show several small pits in one wall (text- fig. 41, p.t.). Ihave detected pits in the tangential walls of only a few of the autumn wood-elements. In radial view the tracheid- pits are round, the border being only half, or less, of the diameter of the tracheid, The pits are in a single row, separated by their 152 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE own diameter, or near together, but seldom adjacent or flattened (Pl. XII, fig. 2). The remains of “Sanio’s rims” are often apparent—for example, at s. in Pl. XII, fig. 2. Wood-parenchyma appears to be absent, for I have not been able to detect any in the sections. Apart from a few scattered and unspecialised tracheids with blackened contents, there appear to be no special resin-cells. Resin-canals are entirely absent. ae Noe JK of at f hia he| Gg” 0° of ®) ae os ee es, yar aS eae : Text-fig. 43.—Cedroxylon matdstonense, sp. nov. Radial section showing - the character of the medullary ray-cells, and their groups of many small pits per tracheid-field. p¢., rounded, apparently simple pits ; b., doubtfully bordered pits. Owing to the preservation, the pitting of the end-walls is not shown in this view (¢/. text-fig. 41, p.t.). No. 1769¢. | Medullary rays in transverse section correspond to from 2 to 6 tracheids in radial sequence, and are about 20 » in tangential OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 153 diameter. In all cases the walls are somewhat thickened and pitted, the pits between the ray and the adjacent tracheids showing very clearly in many cases in transverse view (text- fig. 41, p.t.), Owing possibly to the petrifaction being slightly imperfect, it is impossible to be certain whether or not the end- walls have typical “abietinean pitting.” That the end-walls are pitted is seen in the tangential view (text-fig. 42, p.e.). In text-fig. 43 the outline and the pitting in relation to the tracheids are all that can be clearly shown. The rays consist of uniform cells, as is shown in text-figs. 42 and 43, and are entirely devoid of ray-tracheids, Arrrnitins.—The absence of xylem-parenchyma and the pitting of the end-walls of the ray-cells, which can just be seen in some cells of the tangential section (text-fig. 42), prove the type to be a Cedroxylon. The tendency to form partly biseriate rays is found rather more characteristically in Cupressinoxylon than in Cedroxylon, but it is of secondary importance, and is sometimes found in Cedroaylon—as, for example, in C. cedroides, Gothan,. Unfortunately, the preservation of our fossil is such that, though the pits are well seen in the radial walls of the medullary ray-cells, the end and horizontal walls are not well petrified and do not show their pitting. That they had typical “ abietinean pitting” when alive seems proved by the few end cell-walls seen in tangential section, in which the characteristic pits occur. I do not know any described fossil with which our new species entirely corresponds; in many respects it comes nearer to Cedroavylon cedroides (see Gothan, 1907, p. 23) than to any other. Gothan’s species, however, has typically larger and much fewer pits than in ours, in which the number of pits per tracheid-tield is particularly high. C. cedroides also has well- developed xylem-parenchyma, which is lacking in our wood. There is no British fossil with which one can compare the new species, and I name it after the neighbourhood in which it was found—already famous for the number of Aptian fossil plants it has yielded. 1769. Type-specimen. A portion of secondary wood 11x6x5 cm., and small segments cut from it for sections. The exterior of the splint of wood is nearly free trom matrix and is weathered, showing the wood-fibre, and 154: - DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE is very irregularly broken out from the trunk and teredo-bored to some extent. The exterior is weathered to a whitish-grey colour, but the inner zones of the wood appear quite black when cut across, and a rich brown in transparent section. 1769 a. Figured, Pl. XII, fig. 1; and text-fig. 41. Transverse section from the above, showing a large number of very well preserved annual rings, as described in the account of the species, ante. 1769 b. Figured, text-fig. 42. Tangential longitudinal section of the same, partly very well preserved, and showing not only the height and size of the medullary rays, but also, in a few cases, the pitting in the end-walls, as is illustrated in text-fig. 42. 1769 c. Figured, Pl, XII, fig. 2; and text-fig. 43. Radial longitudinal section of the above, showing the pittings in the tracheid-walls and in the medullary rays. The small round pits in the radial walls of the medullary rays can be seen in numerous places. In many of the tracheids also the rims of Sanio are quite apparent. Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand ; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Presented by W. H. Bensted, Esq., 1889, Cedroxylon pottoniense, sp. nov. [Text-fig. 44.] Diagnosis.—Incomplete, owing to the unsatisfactory preserva- tion of the specimen, The species founded on a twig originally about 3°5 em. in diameter. Coniferous wood with well-marked annual rings, tracheids in regular series, somewhat rounded, up to about 30-40 » in diameter. Wood-parenchyma fairly plenti- ful, particularly in summer wood. LResin-canals absent, Medullary rays principally 4-15 tracheids distant, uniseriate, and low. Walls of ray-cells much thickened, and showing very typically the “‘ abietinean pitting” both in horizontal and end walls. Horizon.—Lower Greensand [not derived ?]. Locatiry.—Potton. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 155 Trez.—Twig about 2°4 em. in diameter; block, and some sections cut from it in 1912 in the Sedgwick Museum, Cam- bridge; also sections V. 13197 a to V. 138197 c, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The specimen on which this “species” is founded is a de- corticated twig, now about 2:4 cm. in diameter, but which could not have been less than 3°5 cm. when alive. It is stained with the reddish-brown colour which is characteristic of the Potton material, and the preservation of the tissues is so blurred that they cannot be satisfactorily described. A second, still more poorly preserved, specimen is here provisionally associated with it. Derscriprton.— Pith is preserved and measures 1 mm. in diameter ; it is roughly circular, with irregular bays of primary wood projecting into it. The secondary wood is close-grained and regular, and has well-marked growth-rings up to 3 mm. in extent. The elements of the spring wood are all considerably thickened. The zone of autumn wood is broad, the elements rather rounded and very thick-walled, but not excessively com- pressed radially. Throughout the wood the elements are considerably rounded off, and alternate to fit into each other, but even so leave considerable intercellular spaces; they measure up to about 30-40 ~ in diameter. The pitting of the tracheids is very obscure, but seems to consist of round bordered pits in one row, Resin-canals are absent, resin-containing (?) wood-parenchyma seems to be present in small quantities, and in the summer wood are a good many parenchyma-cells with horizontal cross-walls at short intervals. Medullary rays are fairly conspicuous, 4-15 tracheids distant, the cells as wide or slightly less than the adjacent tracheids. The rays are all uniseriate and principally from one to a dozen cells high, There seems to be no differentiation into ray- tracheids or specialised cells. The walls of the medullary ray- cells are better preserved than the rest of the tissues and show true ‘‘abietinean pitting.” A false appearance, somewhat similar, is present in most of the tracheid-walls, but in the medullary rays the true thickening and pitting of the walls can 156 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUB also be made out (text-fig. 44). The pitting of the radial walls cannot be detected in any of the sections. The medullary ray-cells are higher than the width of the adjacent tracheidsin many cases, and many of the cells are radially short, corresponding to about 2 or 3tracheids. The end-walls are vertical or at a very slight angle or curve. The radial. section of the medullary ray offers the only distinctive feature in this wood, The one well-preserved feature of the specimen, viz., the abietinean thickening and pitting, particularly of the end-walls oh ee a o | fl oe . __ . a. — Bee ont a Ne shee: ~ = ” “ey > po-nglodno ards di, 4 . i A te s ~ — Oe Nee” Nes Text-fig. 44.—-Cedrorylon pottoniense, sp. noy. Radial section of the medullary ray, showing shape and arrangement of the cells and the * abietinean pitting ” of their walls, No. 13197 4. of the ray-cells, is a feature very seldom deseribed in fossil woods, and I do not know of any described species entirely like the new fossil. In some respects probably Cedrowylon cedroides, Gothan (1907, p. 23), comes nearer to it than other known forms, V. 13197 a-c. T'ype-specimen. Three sections cut from the specimen in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 157 V. 13197 a. Transverse section of the type-specimen showing all the deseribed details. ‘The cells are considerably blurred by the opaque nature of the petrifying medium. V. 13197 b. Figured, text-fig. 44. Radial section of the above, in which the abietinean thickening and pitting of several of the ray-cells can be well seen. V. 13197 c. Tangential section of the above, in which the height of the rays can be seen. Lower Greensand ; Pctton. Presented by the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, 1915. V. 13196 a—c. Transverse, radial, and tangential sections of the second specimen in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, which is—rather doubtfully—ineluded in the same species as the above. The transverse section shows the pith and primary wood fairly well, but the longi- tudinal sections are very poor. Lower Greensand ; Potton. Presented by the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, 1915. Genus ABIETITES, Hisinger. [Letheea suecica, 1837, p. 110.] This generic name may be used in the sense in which Pinites has long been employed in relation to foliage. It covers a wider range, however, and includes doubtful Gymnosperms from rocks of many ages. Endlicher’s generic name Pinites, used in this sense by Gardner, Seward, and other writers, is antedated by Witham’s Pinites, which was diagnosed in quite another sense ; and in any case the suggestion of the name Pinites is narrower and more definite than is often warranted by the specimens for which it is employed. 1 therefore follow Berry (1911, p. 403) in re- verting to the older name. Abietites cf. Solmsi (Seward). 1895. Pinites Solmsi, Seward, Cat. Wealden Flora, yol. 2, p. 196, pl. xvili, figs. 2 & 3, pl. xix. Diagnosis—That given by Seward is as follows :—‘ Short 158 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE lateral branches covered with well-marked elongated bases of the scale-leaves, in the axil of which are borne the short shoots with long needle-like leaves. Cones oblong in form, with broad scales similar to those of the Strobus section of the recent genus Pinus, or those of Picea and Abies.” Horizon.—Type is Wealden; the described specimen, Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatity.—For type, Ecclesbourne ; described specimen, Maidstone. , Typr.—Several twigs, nos. V. 2169, V. 2255, V. 2146 [no definite type-specimen is chosen by Seward]; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The specimen does not show anything but the vegetative twig and leaf bases, and cannot form the basis for any change in the diagnosis of the form with which it is only uncertainly associated. Seward’s type-specimens, however, seem to me much more like Laviw than the other genera he mentions, The association of this Lower Greensand specimen, of which the fructification is unknown, with Seward’s type depends entirely on vegetative similarity and is therefore most uncertain. Vegetatively our specimen agrees perfectly with the Wealden form, however, and it would not be justifiable to make it the basis of a new determination, Several American Lower Creta- ceous species may be compared with it (see Berry, 1911, p. 404). 41408. A twig 12 em. long, tapering from 1 em. to °5 cm. in diameter, bearing the bases of three short shoots. The whole surface is covered, as in A, Solmsi, by the rhomboidal scars of the decurrent leaf-cushions, Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Mantell Coll, Abietites sp. Foliage twigs are very rare in the British Lower Greensand, so that reference should be made to the small piece of twig from the Iguanodon Quarry near Maidstone, shown in text-fig. 45, Its specific determination cannot be attempted, but it recalls several already - described fossils, particularly Pagiophyllum crassifolium as recorded from the British Wealden by Seward (1895, p. 212), and also parts of his Sphenolepidium Kurrianum (p. 200) of the same age. As this fragment cannot be definitely OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 159 correlated with the cone-bearing forms, I think it may be referred to the comprehensive genus Abietites. Text-fig. 45,—Abietites sp. Small foliage twig embedded in Kentish Rag matrix. Maidstone Museum. Photo by Mr. H. Elgar, 1912. & nat, size. ABIETINEAN OR TAxoDINEAN TREE oF UNCERTAIN AFFINITY, ‘Tae Dragon-TREB,” * Bensreptra Conprrion ” of Coniferous Trunk. (Pls. XIII, XIV; text-figs. 46, 47.] 1843. Dracena Benstedii, Konig MS. in Morris, Cat. Brit. Fossils, p. 7. 1851. Dracena Benstedi, Mantell, Petrif. & their Teachings, p. 49. 1854. Dracena Benstedii, Morris, Cat. Brit. Fossils, ed. 2, p. 8. 1862. Dracena Benstedii, Mackie, Geologist, vol. 5, pp. 401-404, pl. xxii. 1868. Dracena Benstedit, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 5, p. 154. 1895. Cf. Dracena Benstedtit, Sewani, Cat. Weald. F oe vol, 2, pp. 169-172, pl. xii, figs. 4 & 5. 160 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 1896. Benstedtia sp., Seward, Ann. Bot., vol. 10, pp, 219, 220, pl. xiv, fig. 3. 1911. Ref. “ Coniferocaulon Benstedit,” Stopes, Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 8, p. 59, text-fig. 1911. Benstedtia Benstedi, Knowlton, Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 8, p- 468. No diagnosis of this form can be given, for, as I have demon- strated (1911, 19114), the specimens do not represent a true or recognisable species. Horizon.—Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Iguanodon Quarry, near Maidstone. Typx or THE Form.—Nos. 1764, also 1765, 8357, and V. 9572, parts of same trunk; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finper.—W. H. Bensted, Esq. Descriprion.—This fossil, if it had not early received the sensational name of the “ Dragon-Tree,” would probably have remained unnoticed, for its real nature is commonplace. The principal specimen is in several portions, which are scattered, part being in the British Museum, part in Maidstone, and part in Paris. There are also other fragments which, while they may not be part of the same axis, must have belonged to the same or a similar tree, The portion of the original trunk now in the British Museum is about 62 cm. long and has a diameter of 13-15 cm. x 9 em., and is broken into five parts, and one of these, more massive than the rest, is partly embedded in the hard matrix of the Kentish Rag. This specimen is flattened and has a central cavity which is large and irregular, and in which fragmentary and powdery remains of secondary wood can be seen, At the other end of the trunk the hollow centre closes up, being filled with fragmentary wood interspersed through the matrix. This part of the trunk is illustrated in Pl. XIII, fig. 1. All the specimens composing this ‘ species” are horizontally ribbed rather irregularly, as can be seen in Pls. XIII & XIV, and also in text-fig. 46, which is taken from Mackie’s original description of the plant. Lying in and between these horizontal corru- gations are small circular and oval papille which have been variously described (see Seward, 18968). A possible and simple interpretation of them is that they are the curved ends of casts of small borings, a view which Pl. XIII, fig. 2, seems to OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S. 161 support. On the other hand, some such structures as this are seen in the decorticated and knotty wood of irregularly-grown conifers, and appear to bear some relation to suppressed branchiets or leaf-traces. The specimen of the Dragon-Tree originally figured showed in addition to these features a curious curving upwards towards Text-fig. 46.—‘‘ Lhe Dragon-Tree.”. Drawing of the bilurcating specimen. After Mackie, 1862. x 4. No, 1764. an apparent bifureation. This was illustrated by Mackie in 1862, and again by Seward (1896) (see also text-fig. 46). As will be seen in the illustration, and still better in the specimen, the part above the bifurcation where the branches should separate, shows none of the plant-structure, but is merely M 162 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE a mass of matrix. That the trunk was branching at this point is possible ; but it appears to me that contortion of the semi- decayed wood prior to petrifaction is an equally good explanation of this appearance. That it has any profound significance is unlikely, as will be realised when it is demonstrated that the specimen is only the decayed trunk of an abietinean tree. All the specimens in the Museum show fragments of very friable and semi-decayed wood, which is really largely composed of tracheids, though it was taken for mineral matter by previous writers, ‘* I have found, however, that if one selects a portion of the specimen free from matrix, the point of a sharp pen-knife will free with the slightest touch some of the fibrous powder of the wood. If this powder is then mounted on an ordinary slide, and soaked in water for a short time under a cover-glass, it will be found that it consists of short lengths of individual tracheids, generally separate from each cther or lying in pairs” (Stopes, 1911). These can be cleared with glycerine, acid, or other clearing medium according to circumstances. In the wood of the ‘‘ Dragon-Tree” the tracheids thus obtained show circular bordered pits lying in a single row at some distance from each other (text-fig. 47). Such wood-elements prove the plant to have been Coniferous, apparently exclude the Araucarinew or Taxacew, and leave it practically certain that the specimen represents a semi-decayed trunk of one of the Abietinez or Taxodiner. After these observations were made, I noticed an illumi- nating specimen in the Maidstone Museum, which shows all the ordinary characteristic features of the “ Dragon-Tree ” (Pl. XIV, figs. 1 & 2) with, in addition, the beautifully preserved remains of a branch identical with the branch of an ordinary coniferous tree. This is well seen in Pl. XIV, fig. 2, which shows a side-view of the flattened specimen illustrated in fig. 1. The appearance of this branch affords conclusive support for the view that the “‘ Dragon-Tree” is a coniferous tree, and disposes finally of the possibility of its being a Cycad or some other unusual plant. The Maidstone specimen further demonstrates that the hori- zontal ribbing of the stem, which has hitherto been taken as a true character, is merely a feature of successive surfaces of. decorticated wood which might have peeled or rotted off in OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 163 layers, for it shows internal horizontal corrugations identical with those supposed to be external. These internal corrugations bound the large hollow space which was at one time interpreted as pith, and which in my view is merely central wood which decayed before petrifaction. The end-view of this specimen showing the internal corrugations can be well seen in Pl. XIII, fig. 2, This same specimen also settles another disputed point—the nature of the external papilla-like markings which lie in the Text-fig. 47.—The wood of the “Dragon-Tree,” showing the separate tracheids with round bordered pits obtained in the pulverising remains imperfectly embedded in the matrix. After Stopes. corrugations. Vertically running ends of small casts of teredo- borings can be well seen in the inner part of one end of the specimen, and these agree in size and appearance with a number of the external papille (Pl. XIII, fig. 2, t.). In addition to these large papillz there are smaller ones which may very well correspond to the leaf-traces and suppressed branches which are sometimes visible in decorticated woods. Arrrinitizs.—It is thus evident that the ‘“ Dragon-Tree ” is a decorticated and largely decayed woody trunk of a coniferous tree, probably a member of the Abietinew, possibly of the M2 164 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Taxodinee. Owing to the imperfect preservation of the speci- men, it is impossible to discuss any generic relationship for the plant. 1764. Text-fig. 46. This is the original specimen figured by Mackie in 1862, Geol. Mag. pl. xxii, and again by Seward in 1896, Ann. Bot. pl. xiv, fig. 3. It is a cast in a coarse firm matrix, and shows a short length of the corrugated trunk, 11 cm, long by about 9 x 10°5 cm. in oval diameter. The upper end of the specimen appears to bifurcate and merges with the matrix. The corrugated surface of the specimen is almost clean; a few greyish scraps of mincralised matter, however, adhere to it, and in these traces of tracheids can be detected. Internally, no remains of the wood are to be seen. Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Found and presented by W. H. Bensted, Exq., 1839, 8357, V. 9572, & 1765. Text-fig. 47. That all these pieces belong to the same trunk seems likely. That V. 9572 and 1765 are one specimen is certain. Placed to- gether the whole forms a mass about 70 em. long and 13-15 x9 or 10 cm. in diameter, The part labelled 8357 is partly embedded in the hard matrix of the Kentish Rag, and the other end is almost free from matrix. The trunk is somewhat flattened and the larger end is hollow, the cavity is lined by a wood- like mineral deposit, but also shows a number of fragments of pulverising wood from which the tracheids can be mounted (see text-fig. 47). One face of V. 9572 has been cut across and polished, and it shows only the decaying scraps of wood on one side and the mineral matrix. This specimen shows two zones of corrugated surface separated by about 1 cm. of matrix, which strongly suggest that the apparently external corrugated surface is only a decorticated view of the wood. ‘This interpretation is further confirmed by the Maidstone specimen. 1765 (Pl. XIII, fig. 1), which has been cut from YV. 9572, shows the inner imperfectly preserved axis of wood sloping up to break OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 165 through the corrugated outer surface. This part of the specimen was at one time in Mantell’s collection. Kentish Rag ; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Presented by W. H. Bensted, Esq., 1839, § Mantell Coll. V. 5506. Small fragments of pulverising wood, which tends to break down to short lengths of tracheids, said to belong to the “ Dracena Benstedi.” So far as they go, the scraps seem to agree with the wood in the large specimens, Probably from the Kentish Rag; Igua- nodon Quarry, Maidstone. Collected 1868, probably by W. H. Bensted, Esq., and transferred from the Botanical Dept. V. 13202. Original figured, Pl. XIU, fig. 2; Pl. XIV, figs. 1 & 2. Cast of the specimen in the Maidstone Museum. It measures 20 em. in length, and 12 x 4-5 em. in trans- verse section, being considerably compressed. It shows the transverse corrugations very well, and also a number of the small papilla which are noticeable in the other specimens of the form. In this case the identity of many of the papille with the casts of borings is established, for within the upper hollowed- out end they ean be seen running vertically. This specimen is also important, for it shows the base of a lateral branch of coniferous character (see Pl. XIV, fig. 2), Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Made in the Musewm, 1914. INCERT® SEDIS. Semi-petrified Woops of probable Abietinean Affinity. V. 5454. A small piece of teredo-bored secondary wood (1°5 x 2x9 em.) entirely decorticated. It is partly pul- verising, and these detachable tracheids show a single row of round bordered pits fairly near, but not adjacent, to each other. Lower Greensand; Woburn. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. 166 V. 6453. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE A piece of a branch about 4 cm. in diameter and 13 em. long, embedded in a coarse iron-stained matrix. The exposed end of the wood, which is broken across transversely, shows several well-marked annual rings of secondary wood round the central axis. At the other end of the specimen the wood is extremely friable, so that a fine brown powder can be readily detached. This powder is principally composed of short lengths of isolated tracheids. Under the micro- scope these can be rendered transparent, and they then show a single row of round bordered pits along their walls. Locality unknown. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. 1767. The specimen at first sight appears to be a pith-cast, in 6049. A some degree resembling the Bucklandia type of fossil. The cast is of some size, measuring as much as 6x18 em. On either side of the cast there are some imperfect remains of secondary wood, in a white pulverising condition. Small portions of this wood can be detached, and they break up into a fine white powder which largely consists of short lengths of isolated tracheids. In some of these, microscopic examination reveals the presence of round bordered pits lying in a single row, which is characteristic of the higher Gymnosperms. It is therefore hardly likely that the pith would have been as much as 6 cm, in diameter, and the cast probably represents not the pith but the inner zones of wood, which must have been decayed before the petrifaction took place. Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Presented by W. H. Bensted, Esq., 1839. small piece of black carbonised wood (5°5x4 em.), partly embedded in the coarse sandy matrix. The wood is very friable, and the detached and suitably treated tracheids show a single row of round bordered pits on their walls. Locality unknown. Mantell Coll. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 167 Family CUPRESSINEA. In the fundamental characters of their anatomy, the Cupres- sinew are closely allied to the Abietinee and Taxodinew, They differ from the other Conifers in their external morphology, and have a cyclic arrangement of leaves and cone-scales (often reduced to alternating pairs) as opposed to the spiral arrange- ment common to the other groups. The cones of the Cupres- sinew are seldom large, and often very small and reduced even to the limit of two fertile scales only in a cone composed of very few pairs of scales. ‘The number of seeds per scale varies in different genera, and in some a single scale bears a large number of small seeds. No specimens of foliage-impressions or petrifactions, or of cones, of the Cupressinez appear to be recorded from the British Lower Greensand deposits. As has already been pointed out, the pseudogeneric name Cupressinoxylon covers woods from a variety of families, some of which are not Cupressinean in a modern sense. For the present, however, secondary woods of “ Cupressinoxylon” anatomy are most conveniently classified here. We have therefore no certain proof that any true Cupressinew were represented in Britain by Aptian times. Foliage-impressions, such as Frenelopsis, Wid- dringtonites, etc., have been described from different parts of the world from various Cretaceous deposits. In his recent revision, Berry (1911) includes species of these genera definitely in the Cupressineze from the Maryland equivalents of the Aptian and Albian beds. Genus CUPRESSINOXYLON, Goeppert. [Monog. Foss. Conif., 1850, p. 196. } Diagnosis.—Coniferous wood composed of tracheids and xylem- parenchyma only. In the tracheid-walls the pits are generally round, bordered, and isolated, in one row; if in two rows the pits stand in adjacent pairs and are not alternating or com- pressed—Sanio’s rims often conspicuous. Normal resin-canals entirely absent. Resin-containing xylem-parenchyma present, generally in large quantities, and scattered all through the wood. Medullary rays uniseriate, a few may be partly biseriate, 168 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The cells of the rays all alike, generally smooth-walled, and without abietinean pitting (which is present in a few species) ; pits in the radial walls of the rays generally circular or oval, simple, small, and in groups of 1 to 6, seldom more, per tracheid-field. The original diagnosis given by Goeppert is as follows :— “ Truncorum structura fere Cupressinearum viventium, Trunci ipsi e cortice, ligno et medulla magis minusve centrali formati. Corticis pars fibrosa cellulis quadrangulis perisphericis, lignum e stratis concentricis angustis distinctis, strati zona exteriore plerumque angusta e cellulis pachystichis compressa, interiore multo latiore e vasis leptotichis formata, medulla ipsa e cellulis paucioribus pachytichis composita. Cellule ligni prosenchyma- tosae, porosae ductibus resiniferis simplicibus interjectis. Pori rotundi in simplici, in truncis annosioribus quoque duplici interdum tri- vel quadruplici serie in eodem plano horizontali juxtapositi, in iis plerumque tantum cellularum parietibus, qui sibl oppositi et radiorum medullarium paralleli sunt vel in parietibus radiis medullaribus obversis interdum nonnulli vel etiam plurimi tamen minores in omnibus inveniunter. Radii medullares similares minores simplici cellularum parenchyma- tosarum porosarum serie. Parietes earum superiores et inferiores poris minutis, laterales majoribus instructi. Ductus resiniferi plerumque simplices cellulis elongatis subquadrangulis super- positis formati inter ligni cellulas imprimis angustiores inveni- untur,” Kraus revised and rediagnosed the genus in 1864, and again in 1870, in Schimper’s ‘ Paléontologie’ (p. 374), where he changed the generic name to Cupressowylon. His diagnosis was then as follows :-—“ Lignum stratis concentricis distinctis, angustis ; cellulis prosenchymatosis porosis, poris magnis, rotundis, uni- vel pluriserialibus oppositis; cellulis resiniferis creberrimis, ductibus resiniferis nullis; radiis medullaribus simplicibus.” The ‘* genus” is, of course, composite, containing the repre- sentatives of various living groups, and it is very large, perhaps the largest of all the genera of petrified woods, numerous species having been described from the Mesozoic and Tertiary strata from all parts of the world. Among the earlier records, refer- ence should be made to Mercklin’s (1855) fine illustrations of species of Cupressinowylon from deposits varying from Jurassic OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 169 to Tertiary in age. While his descriptions are somewhat anti- quated, his observations and illustrations are not excelled by more recent work. Cedrozylon and Cupressinoaylon are alike in having no normal resin-canals. ‘The older criterion of separation used to be the absence of xylem-parenchyma in the former, and its presence in the latter genus. It has been found, however, both in living and fossil woods that even those species in which the wood-parenchyma is generally absent may show some cells in portions of their tissue, so that the distinction no longer holds. Nevertheless, Cupressinoxylon is still distinguished from Cedro- «wylon by normally having very much greater amounts of xylem- parenchyma. Mercklin (1855, pl. xii, fig. 3) and others illus- trated well the minute details of the characteristic wood-paren- chyma of Cupressinewylon, with its approximately horizontal cross- Walls. A more reliable feature in the separation of this genus from Cedrowylon lies in the characteristic presence of “ abietinean pitting” in the latter genus and its normal absence in the former. Some species of Juniperus, however, show typical “abietinean pitting,” so that the criterion is not final in all cases, Cupressinoxylon vectense, Barber. [Plate XV; text-figs. 48, 49, 50.] 1898. Cupressinorylon vectense, Barber, Ann. Bot., vol, 12, p. 337, pls. xiii, xiv. Diagnosis.—Pith about *9 mm. in diameter, walls rounded, pitted, with large intercellular spaces. Primary bundles entirely centrifugal. Secondary wood composed of small regular tracheids up to about 25 » in diameter. Bordered pits generally round, isolated, and in one row, sometimes adjacent and the row partly doubled. ‘Tangential pits in autumn wood. Annual rings well marked, conspicuous, “composite”; some with three or four irregularly amalgamated zones in each. Medullary rays mostly uniseriate, a few partly biseriate ; cells all alike, walls smooth ; pits in radial walls 1-2 per tracheid-field; each pit smallish and irregularly oval or round. Resin-parenchyma abundant, scattered all through the wood, with approximately rectangular eross- walls, 170 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The species is based on branches from 2-8 em. in diameter, often showing pith, and on parts of much larger trunks. Horizon.— Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Shanklin, Isle of Wight. Typx.—Barber’s description is based on a large number of slides of several small stems and pieces of older ones, sections of which are in Dr, D. H.Scott’s private collection, East Oakley, Hants, and in the Botany School, Cambridge. From among these (which appear to represent not only Cupressinoxylon vectense, but possibly also another species) Barber does not specify any actual type-specimen. Slide marked “ C.A.B.1., A.C.8.6” (Barber, pl. xxiii, fig. 1) is most characteristic and may be regarded as the type-specimen, and is in Cambridge. Descriprion.—The species is based on a number of stems and roots (?) described by Mr. Barber, averaging 2-5 ems, in diameter, and parts of the secondary wood of much larger stems, Many of these show the pith and primary wood, as well as rings of secondary wood; others consist only of portions of secondary wood, All are preserved in the coarse green-grained matrix which is characteristic of the Lower Greensand deposit at Shanklin; the silicified portions of the wood are dark brown. In addition to Mr. Barber's specimens, other examples of the species are contained in the British Museum collections, and will be referred to in the following description. Torocrapuy or THe Stem.—The pith in those stems in which it is preserved is "9 mm. in diameter, approximately circular- stellate, due to the projection of the primary bundles into it. The elements comprising it are large, rounded, and apparently uniform in structure, the size of the cells increasing towards the centre. Primary bundles form about 15 well-marked groups round the pith. In the secondary wood the growth-rings average 1-2 mm, wide. ‘These thicken at the exit of a branch (see Pl. XV, fig. 1), are very sharply marked, and have the peculiarity, on which much stress was laid by Barber, of being composite. Thus the narrow dark bands of “ autumn” elements are duplicated or triplicated in groups. This can be seen at ca. in text-fig. 48, which is a reproduction of Barber’s type, and in Pl. XV, fig. 3, in a more recently-discovered specimen in the Museum. The wood is uniform, small-celled, and adjacent elements on OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 171 the same tangent alternate so as to fit into each other. Resin- canals are entirely absent in the type-specimen; but resin- containing zylem-parenchyma is remarkably abundant and conspicuous (see Pl, XV, fig. 2). In a specimen I found at Luccomb (V. 13193) a large number of traumatic resin-canals lie in a close series extending about halfway round the annual ring. In another section of the same specimen, in addition to this half-circle of canals, there are several series of resin-canals in the wood-rings just in front of an outgoing branch. Text-fig. 48.—Transverse section of branch of Cupressinoaylon vectense, Barber, showing the composite growth-rings, ca. X 3'°5. After Barber. Medullary rays are numerous, fairly conspicuous, and from 1 to 10 tracheids distant, principally 4-6. The rays are uni- sertate, 1 to 16 cells high, by far the greatest number being from 2 to 4 cells high. Deraits or Erements.—The large rounded elements of the puh yary from 10 to 50 » in diameter according to Barber ; my 172 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE measurements of the larger elements in his sections, however, give about 90 « as the average for the larger pith-cells, which lie towards the centre. Between their rounded walls are triangular intercellular spaces. A small group of cells forms a medullary sheath round the projecting primary bundles. The pith-cells are all thick-walled and pitted. The primary bundles of the wood form small well-marked groups. The protoxylems appear to be spiral. There is no evidence of the existence of centripetal xylem. Secondary wood consists entirely of tracheids and wood-parenchyma, The largest of the spring tracheids measures only about 17 x 25 yw, the majority rather less than this, while the ~ Text-fig. 49.—Cupressinowylon vectense, Barber, Radial views of tracheids to show pitting. ., pits ina single row; }., adjacent pits in a single row, which is occasionally doubled, After Barber. autumn elements average about 10-11 ». Thus the wood is seen to be very small-celled. Mr. Barber made large numbers of very minute measurements of the size of these elements (see pp. 345-348, Barber, 1898); the systematic importance of the size of the elements, however, is much less than was at one time supposed. The walls, even of the spring wood, are much thickened ; as an average of 80 measurements Mr. Barber gives a range of wall-thickness of from 4 y to 14». The bordered pits in the tracheid-walls are inconspicuous in transverse section, in radial section they lie, as a rule, in a single row, the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 173 round pits often being separated from their neighbours by a distance nearly as great as their own diameter. In other cases the pits lie so close together as to be somewhat crushed, and there is an occasional doubling of the row as in text-fig. 49, d. The pit-pore is circular and sometimes very large, 3-5 yp. The average diameter of the bordered pits is given by Barber, after numerous measurements, as 13-14 yw. Bordered pits are present in the tangential walls of the autumn wood. Wood-parenchyma containing large quantities of black resinous remains is very conspicuous. In transverse section the elements lie isolated among the tracheids, and are of about the same size, both radially and tangentially, as the elements adjacent to them. In radial view the transverse walls are horizontal, with a’ slight constriction just at the division of the cells (text-fig. 50), In tangential section these cross-walls are seen to lie at a low angle, the terminal walls of a cell-row being acutely pointed and resembling a tracheid, but for the absence of pitting in the wall. Resin-canals, normally, are entirely absent. In a specimen I found in 1912, however, (rawmatic canals are numerous, Medullary rays consist of uniform elements, without any ray-tracheids. In transverse section the tangential diameter of the rays is rather less than that of the adjacent tracheids ; in radial extension the elements correspond to from 2-6 tracheids. Barber observed pits on the radial walls, but does not figure them; he says—‘In both radial and tangential sections these [pits] were seen to be simple. In shape they were oval and obliquely placed, usually two or one per cell, occasionally three or more, rarely four, The higher numbers were, as usual, on the outer cells, the middle cells having frequently one pit each, This is in accordance with the Sequoia type of wood.” As since the time this was written it has been recognised that the pitting of the medullary ray-cells is perhaps the most important single feature in a wood, I am giving an illustration of these pits in the type-specimen, the sections of which were kindly lent me for the purpose by Prof. Seward (text-fig. 50). Roots of this species are described by Barber as having a pith *3—"4 mm. indiameter. The primary wood in the specimens Barber considers as roots is not in definite bundles, but passes 174 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE directly into the pith. Trifling differences in detail between the secondary wood of the roots and the branches are described by Barber, but, on the whole, the secondary wood is identical with the specimens of stems. Radial section of Barber's type-specimen, showing the pitting of medullary ray-cells, m.; the longitudinal resin-containing wood-parenchyma, rp.; and the resin- containing cells of ray, rm. Text-fig. 50.-—Cupressinoxylon vectense, Barber. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 175 Barber does not give an actual diagnosis, but summarises his elaborate description as follows :—“ Specimens 1-2 inches in diameter, with distinct central or excentric pith. Rings of growth well marked, averaging 1-2 mm. wide, composite, each with 2-6 bands of narrow, dark, summer elements. From the arrangement of the cells in the rings, the specimens are con- sidered to be young branches and roots. Pith well preserved, diameter in branches ‘9 mm., in roots *3 mm. to ‘4 mm., cells increasing in size towards the centre, 10 » to 50 » in diameter, copiously pitted, with large triangular intercellular spaces 5-15 mw across. Medullary sheath: in the roots the rows of tracheides pass directly into the cells of the pith, in the branches they terminate in small groups of cells irregularly arranged. Spring tracheides not differing much in branch and root, tan- gential width 12-25 yp, radial 17-22 »; summer tracheides in the branches, radial diameter 10-11 p, averaging 4—6 rows, in the roots radial diameter 12 p, averaging 2—4 rows. Bordered pits in a single row (rarely double in roots), free and rounded in branches, often touching and compressed in roots, outer diameter 7-14 p, inner 3-5 pp. Tangential pits frequent, oceurring in 2-7 rows of summer cells, outer diameter 5—7 p, inner 2-3 p. Medullary rays simple, usually one, occasionally two cells broad, 1-16 cells high, the average being 2-3. Cells of ray 15-20 » high, 12-16 » broad, radial length various, covering 2-6 tracheides. Proportion of medullary ray-tissue to the rest of the wood about 1:30. Resin-tissue, consisting of isolated rows of parenchymatous cells, abundant, equally distributed. Length of cells various, tangential width 19-28 Hy radial 11-20 p.” The author adds :—“ It has not been found possible to place this wood under any species of Cupressinoaylon already described. The peculiarity of the rings of growth is probably in itself sufficient to establish a new species. Besides this, however, the youth of the specimens and the detailed examination to which they have been subjected leave few points of comparison with known fossils. From the frequent occurrence of this type of wood in the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight, I have decided to call it Cupressinoxylon vectense.” The “composite rings,” while they are particularly well marked and very characteristic of C. vectense, are not entirely 176 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE confined to this species, and they occur to a lesser extent in several living and fossil forms of various affinities. For instance, pl. 2 in Penhallow’s ‘ Monograph’ (1907) shows the coalescence of two rings in the living Zorreya tawifolia, which gives an appearance very like the fossil, though on a smaller scale and more local. In another species, now described for the first time (see p. 180), from the Isle of Wight, similar “ composite ” rings are present. Furthermore, Cupressinowylon Delcambre, described by Viguier & Fritel (1912), appears to have had ‘‘composite” annual rings exactly like those in C. veetense; and comparison should be made between their fig. 1, p. 299, and Pl. XV, fig. 3. The illustration given of the pitting of the ray-cells in C. Deleambrei is too obscure to show the necessary detail, and, according to the description, they do not coincide with those of C. vectense. The outline drawings of Cupressinowylon McGeei, Knowlton (1889 a, pl. iii, fig. 3), indicate that in the pitting of the radial walls of the medullary rays there is considerable likeness between this species and C. vectense of Barber; Knowlton’s description, however, is too meagre to allow a comparison of all the important features in the two plants. Knowlton’s plant evidently did not show the “ composite rings,” for they are not mentioned. Further, Barber’s specimens all appear to be parts of small trunks or branches, and Knowlton’s is part of a large trunk 40 ft, long and 2 ft, in diameter, so that in any case comparison would be difficult, while in addition Knowlton’s specimen is Lowest Cretaceous or Jurassic in age, and is there- fore considerably older than our Aptian species. ‘The pitting of the rays being such an important point, the likeness between the two species is worth noticing. Cupressinoxylon vectense appears to be a well-established species, and is extremely common in the deposits in the neigh- bourhood of Luccomb Chine and Shanklin, Isle of Wight, though no specimen of this wood has so far been recognised in any other part of the British Lower Greensand. V. 13193, & V. 13193 a, b, & c. Specimen consisting of a short length of a branch 4x5 cm, in diameter, embedded in coarse granular matrix. The centre of the main axis is preserved, and is surrounded by about 26 annual OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 77 rings of growth. On one side a small branch is being given off. The dark silicified medium preserves the tissues well. V. 13193 a. Figured, Pl. XV, figs. 2&3. Transverse section of the above stem showing part of the pith and primary xylem well preserved. The general character of the wood, with the numerous dark resin-parenchyma cells, is well seen (Pl. XV, fig. 2). The ‘‘ composite” zones of autumn wood are also well seen in this section (Pl. XV, fig. 3). Extending about halfway round the outer part. of the eighth growth-ring is a long line of traumatic resin-canals, as well as several other groups of resin-canals just outside the outgoing branch. ‘he presence of such resin has not been described for this type of wood before. V. 13193 b. Longitudinal tangential section of the above stem. The section is well preserved, and the distribution of the low small medullary rays can be well seen. V 13193c. Longitudinal radial section of the above stem. The size and arrangement of the ray-cells can be very well seen, and their radial pits can be made out, though they are not very clear. The distribution and © character of the resin-containing parenchyma are well shown. The large traumatic resin-canals appear in several places in the section. Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Found and presented by Dr. M. C. Stopes, 1912. V. 13192, V. 13192 a, b, & c. Specimen consisting of a small part of the base of a forking branch, just where the branches are separating. The wood is clean of matrix and is waterworn. Tho tissues are well petrified in a dark silicified medium. V. 13192 a. Figured, Pl. XV, fig. 1. A transverse section of the central part of one axis and the outgoing branch, the area of the section being about 3x3°8 cm. In the N 178 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE main axis the pith is fairly well preserved, and round it are the remains of a good deal of the primary wood, though it is partly broken away. ‘The rings of secondary wood round the centre of the main axis show the ‘‘ composite” zones of autumn wood and other features characteristic of the species. Round the outgoing branch the wood-rings gct very wide and ’ irregular. V. 13192 b. Longitudinal radial section of the above, partly oblique, so as to show a tangential view of the rays. In the section the end-walls of the resin-containing xylem-parenchyma are well seen. The lateral pits on the medullary ray-cells can be made out, but are rather obscure, V. 13192 c. Longitudinal tangential section of the above, in which the low medullary rays and the slightly sloping end-walls of the xylem-parenchyma can be well seen. Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Found and presented by Dr, M. C. Stopes, 1912. V. 8269, V. 8270, V. 8271 (S. 2936, 37, 38). Three sections apparently cut from the same specimen, The slides only, without any history, are available. V. 8270 is a transverse section showing several rings of growth of secondary wood; some of these are typical “composite” rings. V. 8269 is a longitudinal tan- gential and V. 8271 a longitudinal radial section, which show most of the characteristic features of C. vectense as described above. Lower Greensand ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight. | Transferred from Botanical Dept. V. 8255 (S. 2932). Transverse section of several rings of growth of secéndary wood, partly embedded in coarse granular matrix. The section is typical of the species, but as there are no other sections of the specimen, the determination is uncertain. Lower Greensand; Shank- lin, Isle of Wight. » Zransferred from Botanical Dept. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 179 V. 8266, V. 8267, V. 8268 (S. 2933, 34, 35). Two radial and a tangential longitudinal section, the corresponding transverse sections being unknown. They are poorly preserved, but characteristic of the species so far as observable. Lower Greensand, Shanklin ; I. of Wight. Transferved from Botanical Dept. V. 8280 (S. 2947). Isolated radial longitudinal section. The resin-cells and the pits on the radial walls of the medullary ray-cells show fairly well. Lower Green- sand ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight. From Prof. Sedgwick (?), transferred from Botanical Dept. V. 8281, V. 8282, V. 8283 (S. 2948, 49, 50). These three sections are presumably cut from the same specimen. V. 8283 is a transverse section of a branch about 3 cm. in diameter, with a central pith and primary xylems surrounded by rings of secondary wood. In each of these rings the amount of autumn wood is small; some of the rings are composite. In this section the primary wood can be very well seen, and is grouped in primary bundles round the pith, the cells of which are also preserved. V.8281 is a poorly- preserved radial longitudinal section. V. 8282 is a tangential longitudinal section, which shows one or two dwarf-shoot traces. As it is uncertain that this section belongs to the transverse section, and conse- quently it is uncertain whether it does actually belong to this species, deductions must not be drawn from it. Lower Crioceras bed; Sandown, Isle of Wight. From Dr, Bowerbank (2), transferred from Botanical Dept. V. 11518, V. 11518 a-c. A small specimen of secondary wood enclosed in granular matrix, and three sections eut from it. The wood-elements are rather larger than in the type of (. vectense, but the specimen shows no other feature to distinguish it from this species. In transverse section the characteristic “eomposite” rings of autumn wood are well seen. The longitudinal sections are poorly preserved, and show no feature of interest. Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Transferred from Botanical Dept. ” 180 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The following specimens are doubtfully referred to this species :— V. 7840. An isolated, poorly-preserved, radial section, probably C. vectense. Lower Greensand; Shanklin(?), Isle of Wight. Transferred from Botanical Dept. V. 5635 & V. 5782. Parts of the same polished specimen, a small stem of wood about 5 cm. in diameter showing the centre of the axis and well-marked annual rings. The granular Greensand matrix in which it lies, as well as the texture and colour of the petrified wood, are identical with specimens of Cvupressinowylon vectense, and it is probable that it is a specimen of this wood, though, as it is without any history, it did not seem worth cutting. Transferred from Botanical Dept. V. 7076. A small wedge-shaped piece of wood not worth cutting, but very like the other blocks of C. vectense in general texture. Lower Greensand ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight. Transferred from Botanical Dept. Cupressinoxylon luccombense, sp. nov. [Text-figs, 51, 52, 53.) Diagnosis —Pith about -6 mm. in diameter, composed of ordinary rounded cells, with somewhat thickened walls and stone-cells. Primary bundles entirely centrifugal. Secondary wood composed of tracheids very variable in size and in arrange- ment, up to about 50» in diameter; sometimes arranged in very regular radial series, and elsewhere in irregular groups. Rordered pits round, isolated, and in one row. Annual rings conspicuous, a few of them “ composite,” like those in C. vectense. Medullary rays uniseriate; cells all alike; walls apparently smooth; pits in radial walls in groups, principally 3-4, largish, irregularly round or oval, the pits in a group differing greatly in size. Resin-parenchyma abundant, scattered all through the wood, cross-walls rectangular. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 181 Species founded on woody branch not less than 5 cm, in diameter when alive, now decorticated ; pith present. Horizon.—Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Type.— Woody branch, no. V. 13195 and slides V. 13195 a to V. 131956 cut from it; British Museum (Nat. Hist.); also slides SD. e, d, & f, Stopes coll., cut from the same block. Fivvrer.—M. C, Stopes, 1912. Duscrietion.—The type and only specimen is a portion of a branch 3°5 cm. in diameter, of which a length of 6 cm. is well petrified in a dark siliceous medium. Externally the decorti- cated woody texture shows through fragmentary remains of the coarsely granular matrix. As the wood is entirely decorticated, it is not certain whether it represents a small lateral branch or the core of an older stem. As the pith is excentric to the present diameter, it indicates that the branch when living could not have been less than 5 cm. in diameter, TorograPuy or tHE Stem.—Pith is preserved in the centro of the axis, and is about °6 mm. in diameter. It is torn away from the surrounding primary wood, and the outer cells are mostly destroyed. The main mass of the pith is composed of two types of cells, viz. roundish cells with somewhat thickened walls and also very much thickened stone-cells. The primary wood is grouped in inconspicuous bundles. The secondary wood shows well-marked growth-rings, a few of which are double or “composite.” The wood is rather irregular in texture (text-fig. 51), and has numerous resin- containing parenchyma-cells scattered all through its extent. The rings consist of from 25-80 tracheids in radial series, the larger rings measuring about 2 mm. in extent, the number of specially narrow autumn elements varying from 4-10. Normal resin-canals are entirely absent; one or two traumatic canals lie near a closed-over wound or branch exit. Medullary rays in transverse section are fairly numerous and conspicuous. They are uniseriate, and lie from 1 to 12, principally 2-5, tracheids distant. The rays are 1-10 cells high, the great majority being 2 cells high. While uniseriate rays are the rule, here and there a small ray is partly biseriate, but the elements are all alike and the rays undifferentiated. The section shows a small branch being given off. 182 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Deratts or Erements.—The rounded elements of the pith all show rather thickened walls, with pits. The rounding off of the cell-walls leaves small, triangular, interceliular spaces between the elements. The elements increase towards the centre, the diameter of the largest being about 80 p. Some- what larger than these are the stone-cells, up to 95 mw in diameter, with very thickened walls. A small number of these lie grouped among the pith-cells. Text-fig. 51.—Cupressinonylon luecombense, sp. nov. Transverse section of a small part of the secondary wood, showing the irregular size and arrangement of the tracheids. 7.p., the resin-containing wood-paren- chyma; and m.w., the sloping end-walls of the medullary ray-cells. No. 13195. The small flat bundles of primary wood, with very few protoxylems, do not show any special feature in the sections available. The secondary wood consists of regular radial series OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 183 and, locally, rather irregularly arranged. tracheids which vary very much both in size and shape even in adjacent elements (see text-fig, 51). The larger and more regularly arranged tracheids average about 30x 40-40 x50 ». Even in the first- formed spring wood the walls are rather thickened, and measure about 3-5 pw. The autumn wood measures 12 yw in radial diameter as a rule, the lumen of the cell often being narrower than the walls. Pits in the radial walls are often visible in transverse section, and in radial section are seen to be principally Text-fig. 52.—Cupressinoxylon luccombense, sp. noy. Radial longitudinal section showing tracheids, ¢1; a tracheid with -the bordered pits adjacent, #2; rp., resin-containing wood-parenchyma ; m., the medul- lary ray-cells with curved end-walls; mp., the groups of irregular roundish pits per tracheid-field. [Slide SD. ¢, Stopes coll.] in one row. A few irregular double rows may be detected. As a rule, the round bordered pits are separate from each other, a few may lie in adjacent rows (text-fig. 52, ¢ 2). Wood-parenchyma is common all through the wood. The horizontal walls in both tangential and radial sections are rectangular (text-figs. 52 & 53, rp.). In the radial direction 184 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE there is a slight lateral constriction. Most of these cells con- tain much blackened resinous remains. Medullary rays show up very clearly in transverse section (text-fig. 51, mw.). The cross-walls lie at an angle or are curved. The tangential diameter of the ray-cells is equal to or rather less than the adjacent tracheids. The radial extent of a cell equals 2 or 3 to 6 tracheids. In radial section the pitting of the ray-cells shows up well, and consists of an irregular heal Text-fig. 53.—Cupressinorylon luccombense, sp. nov. Tangential section showing tracheids, ¢r,; medullary rays, m.; and resin-containing wood- parenchyma, rp., with rectangular cross-walls. No. 13195 c. number, from 1-5, of roundish pits. The commonest number is 2 to 3 per tracheid-field (text-fig. 52, mp.). The outline of these pits is a little irregular, and the size varies greatly, two small ones and a large one, or vice versa, forming a group. The ray-cell is vertically of about the same size as the tracheids OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 185 if crosses ; the end-walls are rather irregular and curve or slope (text-figs. 51 & 52, mw.). The ray-cells appear to be all alike, and there is no sign of differentiation into tracheids, Arrinitizs.—In many respects this species comes very near to C. vectense, Barber (see p. 169), and, indeed, superficially the resemblance appears very strong, because both have the well-marked ‘* composite” rings on which Barber laid so much stress, but these have been found in several other forms (sce e.g. Viguier & Fritel, 1912). | The principal differences which distinguish the new fossil from C. vectense are: the well-marked stone-cells in the pith, the larger size of the tracheids and their tendency to form irregular groups (text-fig. 51), and the type of pitting in the radial walls of the medullary rays. In C. vectense the ray-pits are principally 1, sometimes 2, or perhaps 3 per tracheid-field of definite uniformly-sized pits. In C. luccombense the pits vary greatly in size and shape in the same tracheid-field, and form typically groups of three or four. While no one of these differences is final as a diagnostic character, taken together they constitute a good specific difference in the present stute of our knowledge, and I name the species after the place in which it was found. With the Lower Cretaceous species CO. Lennieri, described in detail by Lignier (1907), there appears to be a true affinity. Lignier mentions that there are from 3 to 6 small pits per tracheid-field in the medullary rays of his species. Judging from his rather diagrammatic figure, these also vary in size in each group, as they do in our fossil. Probably the French and this new English species find their nearest allies in each other. The species C. erraticum, described and well illustrated by Mercklin (1855, pl. xiv), has irregularly-placed groups of three or four small roundish pits, which in some degree resemble our fossil, though in Mercklin’s fossil the pits are much smaller in proportion to the area of the tracheid-field. It is not likely on other grounds that this doubtfully Tertiary species is identical with the Lower Greensand form. Also the ray-pitting in the Tertiary fossil described as Callowylon Hartigti by Andrii (1848) is rather like that of our new fossil. Several other species of Cupressinoxylon with groups of pits in the radial walls of the ray, have been described by Knowlton and others, which to some 186 , DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE extent resemble our fossil, but they are generally too imperfectly petrified or figured to make detailed comparison profitable. V. 13195. Type-specimen. A short straight length of the petrified woody branch from which the sections have been cut. The specimen is 3°5 cm. in diameter and 4:5 em. long. The cut end shows the central axis and regular rings of secondary wood. V. 13195 a. Figured, text-fig. 51. Transverse section of the above, in which the pith-cells, primary xylem, and secondary wood can all be well seen. On one side of the axis a branch is beginning to go out. The resin- containing wood-parenchyma and the medullary ray- cells are well preserved in this section. V. 13195 b. Radial longitudinal section of the above. In this the pitting of the tracheids, the cross-walls of the xylem-parenchyma, and the radial pitting of the medullary ray-cells can all be well seen, V. 13195 c. Figured, text-fig. 53. Tangential longitudinal section of the above. The details of the numerous low rays and the cross-walls of the xylem-parenchyma can be well seen. Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Found and presented by Dr. M. C. Stopes, 1912. Cupressinoxylon cryptomerioides, sp. nov. [Plates XVI, XVII; text-figs. 54, 55.) Diagnosis.—Coniferous wood without resin-canals, though large canals are present in the cortex. Pith about 1 mm. in diameter. Primary bundles numerous, entirely centrifugal. Secondary wood close-grained, composed of regular small tracheids, up to about 25 » in diameter. Bordered pits round, isolated in a single row. ‘Tangential pits in autumn wood, Annual rings present, but not very strongly differentiated. Medullary rays uniseriate, mostly 2-8 tracheids distant, low ; cells ail alike, walls apparently smooth, but irregular in shape ; pits in radial walls 2 per tracheid-field, rather large, nearly OF LOWEK GREENSAND PLANTS. 187 round, and standing one vertically above the other. Resin- parenchyma abundant, scattered throughout the wood ; cross- walls rectangular. Species founded on small branches, about 1:3 cm. in diameter and about nine years old, with both pith and cortex. Horizon.—Kentish Rag, Lower Greensand. Locatity.—Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Tyre.—Small branches, nos. V. 138208 and V. 18208 a-e, slides cut from it; in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), on of the specimen (No. 15) in the Maidstone Museum. Descrirrtion.—The type-specimen in the Maidstono Museum (No. 15), consists of a long piece of a small twig about 1°3 cm. in diameter, of which about 10 cm. in two pieces was presented. to the British Museum and sections from it were cut. The twig is interesting as being the only Conifer among the Lower Greensand specimens on which I have worked which shows part of its cortex. The phloem and cortex are both partly preserved outside the wood, and in the cortex are large resin-passages (Pl. XVI, fig. 2). The pith is also present, and there are 8 or 9 very faintly marked annual rings in the wood, so that we are clearly dealing with a twig about 9 years old. ‘It will be -observed in the other woods described, that the age and complete size of the material were very uncertain. The twig must have been broken from the tree and preserved in the late summer, for the last tracheid or two before the cambium begins show tangential pits, which are usually only developed in the late summer and ‘‘ autumn” wood. Topograrny or tHE Srem.—The pith is about 1 mm. in diameter; it is a little crushed; but was probably roughly eircular, with a crenulated outline due to the bays of primary wood. It is composed of large roundish elements, and I am uncertain whether or not there are stone-cells among them (Pl. XVI, fig. 1, p.) in the type, though they are clear in the second specimen (text-fig. 55). The primary wood projects sharply into the pith in 20 or more rather irregular bundles (Pl. XVI, fig. 1, p.a.). The secondary wood con- - sists of close-grained uniform tracheids, in which the rings of growth are very faintly marked. ‘The compression of the ~ autumn tracheids is slight—indeed, so slight as to be barely recognisable or measurable in some cases—though the walls 188 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of the autumn wood are rather thicker than in the spring wood, and the tangential pits can be very clearly seen even in transverse section. Resin-canals, both normal and traumatic, are absent. Resin-containing awylem-parenchyma cells are exceedingly numerous and conspicuous in the wood (Pl. XVI, figs. 1 & 2, r.p.). The medullary rays are also numerous and fairly conspicucus ; they are all wniseriate, 2-8 tracheids distant in the greater part of the wood, but as much as 14 or so tracheids distant in some parts of the outer rings. The cells appear all alike, and in tangential section the rays are low, principally 2-3, and up to 5-6 cells high. ‘The cambiuwm is normal, and is partly preserved between the phloem and xylem (PI. XVI, fig. 2, ¢.). The phloem is very. much crushed, but appears to be quite normal (P]. XVI, fig. 2, ph.). Mingled with the soft cells are thickened stone- cells. The cortex is very partially preserved, but shows numbers of large resin-canals throughout those portions which are present (Pl. XVI, fig. 2, 7.c.). Derarts or Ecements.—The pith consists of roundish cells, varying up to 40-50 » in diameter. They fit into each other without leaving much intercellular space, and their walls are slightly thickened and pitted (Pl. XVI, fig. 1, p.). In longi- tudiual section the elements are not much elongated, and are chiefly squarish in outline. Owing to obscurities in the petri- faction 1 cannot feel certain whether or not stone-cells are present, The primary wood forms irregular small bundles of what appears to be entirely centrifugal wood. In radial section the protoxylems can be seen, and a few of them scem to have scalariform and spiral elements; but most of them are covered by very minute roundish pits (Pl. XVII, fig. 2, p.a.), in which a strand of protoxylem lies in the centre of the field, and to the right are the small secondary tracheids with their larger round-bordered pits. Leaf-trace strands of these small-pitted elements pass out in the medullary rays. The secondary tracheids vary somewhat; the largest of them measure up to 25 in diameter, but most of them are considerably less than this. In the inner zones of the wood they are much rounded at the corners, and in the outer zones they are squarer and more regular, as can be seen by an OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 189 examination with a lens of the two figures in Pl. XVI. The longitudinal sections show large, round, isolated, bordered pits, the diameter of the border being nearly equal to that of the \ ici | ne tt Oot » To! ” Te rp.—— + R Sy : al Tat MEARE eg BR Eee ee 310 [OL [OLat. Tm fel Ciofalee Pp St O1OlO [OL ele — mrtey Phy lf Text-fig, 54.—Cupressinoxylon cryptomerioides, sp. nov. Radial longi- tudinal section, showing the tracheid-pitting, ¢p., the outline of the inedullary rays, and the pitting on their radial walls, p-) as well as the resin-parenchyma, 7.p. No. 13208 ec. —— -_—— tracheid-wall in which it lies (Pl. XVII, fig. 1, t.p., & text- fig. 54, tp.). In the autumn wood the pits are relatively rather 190 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE smaller. In transverse section the preservation is such that the bordered pits show up remarkably well both in the radial walls throughout and in the tangential walls of the autumn wood. Resin-containing vylem-parenchyma cells are very numerous as can be seen in transverse and longitudinal sections (Pls. XVI & XVII, ».p.). They may be radially narrower or equal in size to the adjacent tracheids, In longitudinal section the cross- walls of the series of cells lie horizontally with a slight con- striction where the septum comes (text-fig. 54, 7.p.). Medullary rays are all uniseriate, and the cells composing them are about one-half up to the same size in tangential diameter as the adjacent tracheids. They appear conspicuous in transverse section owing to the blackened contents which fill many of them. In transverse section the end-walls are placed at a rather variable angle. In radial section, as can be seen in Pl, XVII, fig. 1, the rays are principally two or three cells high, and the shape and angle of the walls vary considerably (see also text-fig. 54), so that the cells are rather irregular and wavy in outline. Although otherwise the preservation of this fossil is good, the medullary ray-cells do not show the pitting on their radial walls in most cases. In one place, however, the pits can be very clearly seen, and they are there round sharp-cut pits, two per tracheid-field, one above the other (text-fig. 54, p.). The walls of the ray-cells, as petrified, seem to be very delicately thickened, and the pits are not bordered. 1 have not becn able to detect any thickening or “ abietinean pitting” on the end-walls or other walls of the ray-cells, The phloem elements are not well preserved, but those cells of the soft tissue which are not crushed seem to be as large as the tracheids. A few isolated stone-cells, and some stone-cells with very thick walls in radial series, are to be seen. The cortex cells are largish, loosely arranged, and rounded elements. There are no special features in the cortex visible in the small portions of it which are preserved, except the large_ resin-canals (Pl, XVI, fig. 2, .c.), of which the lining seems to have consisted ‘of several layers of flattened cells, but is too poorly preserved to show very clearly. | Arrimiries.—The preservation of both pith and cortex in OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 191 petrified woody branches of Conifers is exceedingly rare, and I do not know another similar wood in which they have been described or figured. In the present specimen only a small part of the cortex is preserved, but enough to show a number of large resin-canals running through it. In this feature, as well as in the details of the wood, and particularly in the ray-cells with their vertical pairs of large pits per tracheid-field in the radial walls, there are points of close likeness to the living genus Cryptomerta. Indeed, I hesitated before keeping this species in the non-committal “genus” Cupressinoxylon, when its structure is in several ways so suggestive of the living genus Cryptomerta, a plant which, though it is now a monotypic genus confined to Japan, occurs in the British Tertiary deposits, represented by undoubted leafy twig- and cone-impressions. Nevertheless, the identity of this fossil with Cryptomeria cannot be conclusively settled from the material available, and so it seems better to retain it in Cupressinoxylon; all the more so since Schenk (1890 in Zittel) illustrates Cryptomeria japonica, the living species, as his type for Cupressinoxylon-wood. In all essentials his fig. 411 is identical with text-fig. 54. In the Cretaceous the only undoubted Cryptomeria-fossils of which the anatomical structure is known are Cryptomeriopsis antiqua, Stopes & Fujii (1910), and C. mesozoica, Suzuki (1910). These are both very minute foliage-bearing twigs, which cannot be exactly compared with the larger woody branch now recorded, which is so much older both biologically and geologically. V. 13208. Type-specimen, Fragment of twig 7:5 cm. long and about 14 cm. in diameter, a little crushed. Kxternally part of the woody texture is visible and part is covered by fragments of the coarse matrix. From another part of the same twig the following sections wero cut. | V. 13208 a. Figured, Pl. XVI, figs. 1 & 2. Transverse section of whole twig, showing pith, primary xy lem, secondary xylem with feebly marked annual rings, and part of the phloem and cortex with large resin-canals.. The bordered pits on the = gingek cut apiihntas walls show remarkably well, q < ; 192 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 13208 b. Two further sections, similar to the above, in whieh the annual rings are seen a little more clearly, as the sections are slightly thicker and the contrast more marked. V. 13208 c. Figured, Pl. XVII, figs. 1 & 2; text-fig. 54. Median radial longitudinal section through the pith, in which the pith-cells are largely marked by black mineral - granules, The protoxylems show very well in several places. The exit of a leaf-trace through the wood, which runs horizontally through a medullary ray, can also be seen. The medullary ray-cells are clearly seen in outline, but only show their pits in a small area towards the middle of the section, The bordered pits on the tracheids are to be seen in many places. V. 13208 d. Oblique tangential section, showing the exit of a small branch. In this, though they are not satis- factorily preserved, the low medullary rays can be well seen, V. 13208 e. Another rather similar section to the above, showing the rays partly radially and partly tan- gentially. Several small leaf-traces cut in tangential section can be seen. Kentish Rag ; Iguanodon Quarry, near Maidstone. Presented by the Committee of the Maidstone Museum, 1912. Included in the above species should probably be a second small twig from the same locality, in which, however, the structure is less well preserved and there are no remains of the cortex. The twig is about 1 cm. in diameter. From the small piece given by the Maidstone Museum sections were cut, which show that the pith is the best-preserved feature of the twig. In the pith are large, very much thickened stone-cells (text- fig. 55, c.). This makes it difficult to compare with the type, because the pith is there the least well-preserved part, and I am doubtful whether stone-cells are present in it. ‘The other features of the present specimen, however, all agree with those of Cupressinoxylon cryptomerivides, so far as they are observable. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S. 193 Of the small piece given to the Museum, the whole was cut up into the following sections :— V. 13200 a. Figured, text-fig.55,. Uncovered transverse section in which the pith-cells are very well seen. Surround- ing this are the bundles of primary wood. Numerous resin-cells in the secondary wood resemble those described for the type. Text-fig. 55.—(?)Cupressinoxylon cryptomerioides, sp. nov. Central part of stem, showing stone-cells of large size (c.) in the pith. a@., primary bundles of xylem round the pith, and 4., resin-parenchyma in the secondary wood, O 194 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 13200 b & c. Two thinner transverse sections similar to above. V. 13200d & e. Median radial sections through the pith. All the tissues preserved in these diaphanous sections agree with the type, so far as they can be seen. V. 13200 f. Oblique longitudinal section, showing a few medul- lary rays in radial and a few in tangential section. The latter are low, only 2—3 cells high, as in the type. V. 13200 g. A radial section in which most of the tissue is ill- preserved. In one place a leaf-trace making its exit through a medullary ray can be well seen, because it is locally stained with iron. Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, near Maidstone. Presenied by the Maidstone Museum, 1912, Cupressinoxylon Hortii, sp. noy. [Plate XVIII; text-figs. 56, 57, 58.] Diagnosis—Secondary wood composed of large squarish tracheids up to 60 win diameter. Round bordered pits chiefly in one row, separated some distance from each other, a few almost adjacent or touching. ‘Tangential pits in autumn wood, The vertical course of the tracheids is very wavy to fit round the medullary rays. Annual rings clearly marked, but very small amounts of thickened elements. Medullary rays uniseriate to multiseriate, the same ray varying at different heights. Rays exceedingly numerous, often only 1 tracheid distant, and very high, running up to 80 cells in vertical series. Walls of ray- cells smooth; pits in radial walls chiefly 1, may be 2, per tracheid- field, large, oval or circular, Resin-parenchyma abundant, scattered all through the wood; cells very large, with a dis- tended appearance in vertical sections, and considerably con- stricted by their horizontal walls. Species founded on large woody trunks, secondary wood only known, | Hortzon.—Fuller’s Earth in Lower Greensand. Locatiry.— Woburn Sands. Tyre.—Large woody trunk, no. V. 11847 and slides OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 195 V. 11847 a-V. 11847 ¢ cut from it; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Description.—Four large specimens and some smaller splints of wood were found near together, and possibly form part of a large trunk. One of the pieces was cut, and the species is described from sections, cut from this block, roughly measuring 9x 10x12 cm., including only secondary wood. The woody texture is apparent on the external surfaces of the specimen, and the grain is very gnarled and knotty. The infiltration of the petrifying medium has been irregular, so that the large masses tend to split up. The whitish mass of the fossil is in parts very much iron-stained. Another specimen in the older collections of the Museum (V. 5649) appears to be identical, in all essen- tials, with this species. Toroerapay or tHe Srem.—Secondary wood only is preserved. In this the growth-rings are well marked. ‘The number of ele- ments comprising a ring varies greatly, running up to 200 in radial series, the maximum thickness of a year’s growth being as much as 8mm. The autumn wood is very small in amount, consisting of only 3-5 narrow elements, whose walls are not excessively thickened. The wood is uniform, the elements large and squarish, adjacent elements often being on the same tangent. Resin-cunals are entirely absent. Resin-containing wood-paren- chyma is scattered all through the wood. The medullary rays are the salient feature of this species, and are very remarkable for a Conifer. They are exceedingly numerous, and most are bi- or multiseriate in part (Pl. XVIII, fig. 2). The rays are often 1 tracheid distant, and seldom more than 4 tracheids distant, in which case it is only for a short vertical course, for they quickly approach another ray only 1 or 2 tracheids away. The photo. (Pl. XVIII, fig. 2) illustrates this extraordinary ray-structure very well. That it is normal for this wood seems proved by the nature of the specimens from which the sections were cut; good-sized sections were taken from a mass of petrified wood of such a size as to indicate that it was part of a tree-trunk of many years’ growth. The very low rays of 1-3 cells high, so common in the majority of Coniferee mingled with taller rays, are in this fossil absent in parts of the wood, where uniseriate up to multiseriate rays as much as 70-80 cells high are common, 02 196 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Deraits oF Exrements.—The great majority of the wood tracheids have the size and character of the spring wood, since the zone of autumn wood is narrow and the rings of growth are wide. These tracheids measure about 30 x 40 up to 50 x 60 w in transverse area; their walls are not much thickened and very little rounded at the corners. The autumn wood, of which there is but a small quantity, consists of elements with the same tangential diameter and about half the radial diameter of the spring wood, i.¢. about 30x12 to 40x15y; the walls are about 5-7 p thick in the last-formed autumn wood. In transverse section the large- bordered pits are very noticeable ; due apparently to a pecu- liarity of petrifaction or of decay before petrifaction, the round border is blown up, like a half bailoon. This appearance is also seen in the tangential longitudinal sections (text-fig. 57). In radial section (text-fig. 56) the pits are seen to lie in a single row, generally separated from each other by some distance. The pits in the tangential walls of the autumn tracheids ean be seen in transverse section in several places, Wood-parenchyma cells of large size, with thin walls and, as a rule, with blackened resinous contents, are apparent through- out the wood. In transverse diameter they are as large or even larger than the tracheids. In radial section the cross-wall slightly constricts the element; this is not the case in the tangential section, where the walls also run transversely (text- figs. 56 & 57). The end-cells of a cell-row have pointed termi- nations which fit into the tracheids. I have not observed any special pitting in the walls. Resin-canals and specialised resin- tracheids are absent. The uniseriate and multiseriate medullary rays are not different in kind, and the same ray may be uniseriate for some part of its vertical extension, then biseriate, and then again uniseriate and then again biseriate. Much variety in the build of the rays can be seen in Pl. XVIII, fig. 2. The end-walls of the ray-cells are slightly sloped or curved; the radial extension of a ray-cell equals from 2 to 8 or 9 tracheids. The tangential diameter of the ray-cells is rather less than or equal to the adjacent tracheids. The cells all have slightly thickened walls, but the petrifaction does not show whether they have any true “abietinean pitting” or not. The only pitting visible is the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 197 series of single; large, roundish pits in the radial walls of the rays, one for each tracheid-width (text-fig. 56, mp.). Avrinities.—The extraordinary broad, high, and irregular medullary rays find no parallel, so far as I am aware, in any Conifer, either living or fossil. It is true that a tangential \ G Oh O 10 Text-fig. 56.—Cupressinoxylon Hortii, sp. nov. Radial section, showing pitting of tracheids and medullary ray. mp., pits of medullary ray- cells; 7p., resin-containing wood-parenchyma, No. V. 11847 d, section which almost cuts the pith in all Conifers will show multiseriate rays, but this is only just at the centre of the stem where the broad primary rays are fusing with the pith. In the secondary wood, even in the second year, rays of this sort do 198 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE not occur in any of the higher Gymnosperms, though there are multiseriate rays in several of the Palwozoic forms of the Cordaitean and Poroxylon affinities. In our specimen the large size of the pieces of petrified wood from which the sections were cut, coupled with the curve of the annual rings, etc., indicate that we are dealing with outer zones of wood from a large trunk, so that the remarkable appearance illustrated in Pl. XVIII, fig. 2, must be normally characteristic of the species, As has been noticed by many, there is a slight tendency for species of Cupressinoxylon to have rays in which one or two of br. | ok tal Text-fig. 57.—Cupressinoxylon Hortii, sp. nov. Tangential section, showing biseriate rays, /r.; resin-containing parenchyma, rp.; and tracheids in which the bordered pits on the radial walls (p.) have been ae petrified. No. V. 11847 ¢. the cell-rows are biseriate ; so it seems best, at present at any rate, to include this anomalous species in the genus Cupressino- awylon, more especially as it has numerous large resin-paren- chyma cells scattered through its wood, though the exceptionally large single pits in the radial walls of the medullary rays are very suggestive of Podocarporylon. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 199 The isolated, round, bordered pits in the tracheids are those of a typical Abietinean Conifer, and there is no abnormal character in the wood except the broad rays and consequent loose texture of the wood and the rather erratic course of the large tracheids. The plant was evidently a tree of some con- siderable girth, and consequently of fair height. Of the Cupres- sinean woods now described it is least like any modern type, and the discovery of its fructifications would be of great interest. V. 11847 [V. 11848 & V. 11849 probably part of the same trunk]. Type-specimen. Part of a large trunk con- sisting only of an irregularly broken-out mass of secondary wood,.12x9x8 em. The specimen is almost free from matrix, and shows the woody texture very clearly ; one exterior face is much teredo-bored, and the texture of the wood is eaten out in high relief in a white friable form. Internally the petri- fying medium is very hard and close-grained, and locally preserves the wood extremely well. It is of a rich cream-colour, much iron-stained in patches. V. 11847 a. Figured, Pl. XVIII, fig. 1. Transverse section of part of the secondary wood. In this the wide annual rings can be well seen, also the large square tracheids and the broad multiseriate medullary rays. V. 11847 b. Figured, text-fig. 56. Longitudinal radial section of the above. The large and constricted resin-paren- chyma cells are very conspicuous in this. Locally, where the iron-stain shows up the detail, the pitting of the tracheids and the radial walls of the medullary ray-cells can be well seen. V. 11847 c. Figured, Pl. XVIII, fig. 2 ; and text-fig.57. Longi- tudinal tangential section of the same. In this, as illustrated in Pl. XVIII, the enormous mass of the medullary rays is very conspicuous. The rays, cut in tangential section, are exceedingly high in many cases, and are uniseriate, biseriate, and multiseriate in different parts of their height in the same section, and they sometimes bifureate so as to fit in between the 200 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUB very irregularly running tracheids. Some such ap- pearance might be expected from the very heart of the wood, just near the pith, but the block from which the section is cut proves it to come from the outer regions of a large woody trunk, Fuller’s Earth in the Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Presented by the Rev. F. F. Hort, 1910, Text-fig. 58.—Cupressinoxylon Hortii, sp. nov. ‘Transverse section to show a small portion of the secondary wood with uniseriate (m.) and bi- seriate medullary rays (m2). No, V. 5659 a. V. 11848 & V. 11849. Other large pieces, from 15x 128 em. downwards, all apparently part of the same trunk as V. 11847, and found together. Fuller’s Earth in the Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands. Presented by the Rev. F. F. Hort, 1910. V. 5659, V. 5659 a-c. A wedge-shaped portion of secondary wood, 5x2x9 em. in size. The wood is entirely decorticated, and shows externally the woody texture. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. YO1 It is petrified in a creamy silicified medium, which preserves the tissues fairly well, but they were evi- dently macerated and softened before petrifaction, as the wood-cells are mostly a good deal crushed and distorted. V. 5659 a. Text-fig. 58. The crushing of the tissues renders much of this section obscure, but there are parts where the large square tracheids, the xylem-parenchyma, and the medullary rays can be well seen. The bi- seriate rays are very well preserved in parts, and are illustrated in text-fig. 58. The details of this wood agree with those described for the type. V. 5659 b. Radial longitudinal section of the above. The preservation is poor. V. 5659 c. Tangential longitudinal section of the above. While the preservation is poor, the great height of the rays and their partly biseriate nature can be seen (cf. Pl. XVIII, fig. 2). Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. Cupressinoxylon, sp. indet. V. 5450. A small branch of decorticated wood, 6 em. long by 3x2 em. in diameter, weathered at one end and showing something of the woody texture. V. 5450 a. Transverse section of the above. The petrifaction is very poor, the small tracheids with numerous resin- canals are all that can be recognised. Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. Coniferous wood—probubly CurRESSINOXYLON sp. 52908. A decorticated branch showing its central axis and con- centric annual rings, 3°5 em. in diameter and 25 em. long. Externally it shows the woody texture, but is 202 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE partly covered by the coarse sandy matrix. A second specimen adheres to the branch, cemented on by the matrix. The dark close-textured petrifying medium has probably preserved the cell-structure very well, and it is likely that the specimen would show good tissue if sections of it were cut. Labelled as from “ Junction of Gault and Lower Greensand, Ventnor, Skanklin.” Presented by Hon. Robert Marsham-Townshend, 1877. V. 4444. A small piece of secondary wood, 6°52 em., com- pletely embedded in very coarse granular matrix. The wood is petrified in a hard, dark, silicified medium, and would probably show its structure fairly well if sections were cut. Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight (?). Transferred from the Botanical Dept. Family TAXINE AS. This is a rather unnatural family composed of two sharply separated sub-families, the Taxacez in the Northern Hemisphere and the Podocarpacee in the Southern. The grouping of these two families under the one, Taxines, seems to me to be very artificial, though it is the classification at present current. in their anatomy, their vegetative habit, the details of their repro- ductive morphology, and their geographical distribution the two groups are unlike: they agree, however, in having large seeds (solitary or in pairs) surrounded by fleshy and often brightly coloured coverings, borne, or when ripe having the appearance of being borne, isolated among the foliage branches, while all the other Coniferous families have definite cones bearing dry woody seeds. The ¢ fructification in both groups consists of small cones. - The separation of the two sub-families is well marked in their wood-anatomy, the Taxacez (represented in wood-fossils by Taxoxylon) having spiral thickening in their secondary tracheids, the Podocarpacee (represented by Podocarpoxylon, including Phyllocladoaylon of Gothan) being without spiral thickening, but having characteristic pitting in their medullary ray-cells, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 203 . Several Tertiary and Cretaceous representatives of the family are known. For au account of Siachyotaxus and refereuces to what are probably the earliest reliable records of the family, Nathorst’s paper (1908) should be consulted. Sub-family TAXACEZ:. This sub-family contains less than twenty living species, principally grouped in three genera, viz. Zaaus, distributed in Europe, North America, and Asia; Cephalotavus in China and Japan; and Zorreya in North America, China, and Japan. The forms resemble each other vegetatively in having spirally attached leaves, which are oriented so as to spread from the branch in two series, simulating a flattened pinnate leaf. The plants are principally bushes, shrubs, and shrubby trees, and the wood is peculiar in having tertiary spirals in the secondary tracheids. The ripe female fructification consists of a single seed or a pair of seeds attached to the ends of foliage twigs. This, however, results from extreme cone-reduction, and the reduced cones are to be seen in young stages of the fructifi- cation, The ripe seed is large, orthotropous, and surrounded by a fleshy envelope, either integument or aril. In some respects the massive seeds are more comparable with the Cycads than with those of the other Gymnosperms,. Genus TAXOXYLON, Unger (revised by Kraus). [ Unger, Chloris protog., 1847, p. 33.] Diagnosis.—“ Lignum stratis concentricis distinctis. Radii medullares simplices 1-16 cellulis parenchymatosis superpositis formati. Vasa poroso-spiralia subangusta, versus radios una serie pororum disciformium ” (Unger). In Kraus’ (1870) revision of the genera of fossil woods he diagnoses the genus as follows :—‘ Lignum stratis concentricis distinctis; cellulis prosenchymatosis poroso-spiralibus ; _ poris magnis, rotundis; filis spiralibus sinistrorsis, raro pluribus ; cellulis ductibusque resiniferis nullis; radiis medullaribus sim- plicibus.” He adds: “Il est souvent difficile de reconnaitre les bois fossiles appartenant 4 ce groupe, parce que les fibres spiralaires peuvent facilement étre confonudues avec les stries 204 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE spiralaires, surtout quand le bois était en voie de décomposition avant sa fossilisation.” The difficulty of distinguishing between the spiral markings and splitting of semi-decayed tracheid-walls, which can be seen in any conifer, and the true tertiary spirals characteristic of the Taxaces, has led to a number of determinations among fossils which cannot be accepted. Schimper & Schenk (1890, p. 849) point out how few of the deseribed species of Zawvoaylon can remain in the genus. In Gothan’s recent work (1905) he devotes a section to a consideration of the Taxacew, and retains Unger’s Tawowylon, ex parte, for all the forms in which true spiral thickening in the secondary tracheids ean be recognised. The number of such fossils is small, the “ genus” Taxorylon being very much smaller than the other four major genera of coniferous woods (see p. 64). The species on which any reliance can be placed are of Tertiary age, though a few Creta- ceous T'iaxoxylons have been described, e.g. Taxcaylon cretaceum, Unger (1859, p. 231), which was put in Cedrowylon by Kraus. I do not know of any well-petrified fossil wood of Lower Cretaceous age which ean certainly be placed in this genus. Foliage impressions, however (see p. 209), have been described which are reliably identified as Z'u#us, Cephalotawus, and other Taxaceous genera, proving the family to be well represented by Lower Cretaceous times. Taxoxylon anglicum, sp. nov. [Plate XIX, figs. 1-3; text-fig. 59.) Diagnosis.—Coniferous wood of regular texture; resin-canals entirely absent. Annual rings fairly well marked; zone of autumn wood narrow. ‘I'racheids very regularly arranged, up to 40 » in diameter ; cell-walls, even of spring tracheids, rather thick, and walls rounded off at the corners. Bordered pits round, isolated, in one row, with circular pores; rims of Sanio evident. Fine spiral thickenings on the walls of tracheids. Resin-containing xylem-parenchyma apparently absent. Medul- lary rays uniseriate; cells apparently all alike, though some have more resinous contents. Walls somewhat thickened, but apparently smooth and without abietinean pitting, end-walls curved or at an angle. In the radial walls are small groups OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 205 per tracheid-field of 2-4 pits with large definite borders. Connecting rays which lie near to each other are short tracheids, sometimes exceedingly irregular in shape, and with small circular bordered pits. Species founded on a twig which cannot have been less than 4 cm, in diameter when alive. Horizon.—Lower Greensand, Locarrry.— Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Tyrer, —Twig, no. V. 5459 and V. 5459 a-—d, slides cut from it in 1912; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Descriprion.—The specimen is a length (8.em.) of decorticated woody stem at present about 25 cm. in diameter, but of which the size must have been greater, as the pith is preserved very much to one side, making the diameter when living and corti- cated probably about 4cm. Externally the woody texture is weathered out and the surface is considerably teredo-bored. It is well petrified, with a close hard texture, dark centrally, and whitish round the edges. Torograray or Stem.—The pith and primary wood, to the extent of about 1 mm., are entirely disintegrated. Secondary wood is formed of regular series of close-grained elements, with well-marked growth-rings, the larger of which measure about 2 mm. in radial extent and are composed of a variable number of tracheids up to 90 in radial sequence. The zone of com- pressed autumn tracheids is narrow, averaging from 5-10 elements, which have very thick walls. Resin-canals, both normal and traumatic, are absent. Jvesin- containing wylem-parenchyma is very sparsely developed, eyen if present, a point about which I am in some doubt, owing to the difficulty of determining whether end-walls are present in the cells in the radial section which appear to be resin-con- taining. The numerous dark cells in the transverse section are due to petrifact *. Deraits ov Evements.— Medullary rays are fairly conspicuous, averaging 2 to 10 tracheids distant. ‘hey are all uniseriate, and in tangential section the cells seem all alike. Some of the rays appear very close together and are connected by very short tracheids, which almost merge into ray-tracheids. In tangential * See Stopes, 1912, footnote, p. 94, for the first use of this word. 206 DESCRIPTIVE CA'TALOGUE section many of the ray-cells are blocked with black contents. The rays are principally 2-10 cells in height, 2 and 3 being the commonest number. The secondary tracheids vary, the larger first-formed elements averaging from about 25x30 to 30x40. In proportion to their size, the cell-walls even of the first-formed elements aro rather thick, measuring as: much as 4—6 ». The compressed autumn elements often have a wall so thickened as almost to obliterate the lumen, which is a narrow slit-like space. The individual elements in the wood are considerably rounded off, and adjacent elements lie on alternating tangents so as to fit into each other; but even so there are noticeably large inter- cellular spaces between the corners of many of the tracheids. The radial walls are pitted with round bordered pits (Pl. XIX, fig. 3, and text-fig. 59). The pits nearly all lie in a single row, isolated by at least a distance equal to their own border. The diameter of the border is about equal to § the diameter of the tracheid-wall in which it lies. In several cases the border appears to be double, with an inner and an outer circular zone —but this may be petrifact, as the tissues are rather dia- phanously preserved. Sanio’s rims are clearly to be seen in many cases, and there are in addition exceedingly fine reticu- lations over the surface of the tracheids (text-fig. 59, n.). Under the microscope these are very different from the fine cracks which are often seen in semi-decomposing walls and are highly suggestive of true, delicate, tertiary spirals, such as are seen, more coarsely developed, in living Taxucez. Resin-containing wylem-parenchyma cells at first sight appear to be frequent, but after careful examination I have not been able to find any cells which satisfy me that they are true parenchyma. The blackened contents, which are so deceptive in transverse section, are due apparently to mineral granules. Medullary rays are all uniseriate, and the cells composing them are from one half up to the same tangential width as the adjacent trachcids. In transverse section the end-walls are at a low angle or slightly curved. In radial section the walls are still more curved, and some of the elements are rather irregular or slightly spindle-shaped. The walls appear (as preserved in this specimen) to be very delicately thickened, and so it is not easy to determine whether they have the so-calied OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 207 “abietinean pitting,” but I can detect no signs of it. In radial section in the lateral walls there are small circular or oval pits, from 1-6 per tracheid-field, which are very delicately bordered. In some cases it is difficult to detect the borders, but in a number of cases I have been able to recognise clear round borders (text-fig. 59, mt.), so that it is probable that these ray- ° 4 ies breton : is f¢—-s- st Text-fig. 59.—Taxoxylon anglicum, sp. nov. Radial section showing two rays connected by very short irregular tracheids, st. p., bordered pits of tracheids between which are seen Sanio’s rims. Small groups of bordered pits, méz., lie in each tracheid-field of the rays. x., the extremely fine spiral thickening of the tracheids. No. V. 5459 c. elements represent more or less well-developed ray-tracheids. In some of the other cells of the rays large simple pits, one to each tracheid-field, can be seen, but I cannot feel sure that 208 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE these are not due to the eating out of fungi or bacteria, and are therefore not a true character. A number of the cells of the ray are packed with dark granules, which may partly represent resinous contents. Other cells have a very delicate granular content centreing round what has every appearance of being a nucleus. In several cases two rays come very close to each other, and are then connected by extremely short, irregularly shaped tracheids. These can be seen in Pl. XIX, figs. 2 & 3, and perhaps more clearly in the text-figure. Here they are so short and specialised that they almost merge into ray-tracheids. Their presence in this ancient fossil is interesting in connection with various published views on the origin of the ray-tracheids (see Thompson, 1910, Holden, 1913, ete.). Once more the older fossils undermine rather than support the conclusions drawn from the study of more recent fossils and living plants. Arrinitits,—This fossil is doubtless a Tawvowylon closely allied to the living Taxus and Z'urreya, though there appear to be no other records of true Zaxorylon-wood at so early a date. The spiral thickening of the tracheid-walls, while it is delicate and has to be sought for with the high power, is clearly to be seen in several places in the longitudinal sections, The bordered pits in groups of three or four per tracheid-field are also very clearly to be seen in many of the medullary ray-cells; and both these important features point conclusively to the ‘laxaces when coupled with the lack of abietinean pitting in the end and horizontal walls of the ray-cells. The arrangement of the pits in tracheid- and ray-cells, and the spiral thickening of the tracheids in the fossil, are very like those found in the living Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, but in this living species true abie- tinean pitting of the end and horizontal walls is well developed. A Senonian Zawvoxylon was described by Hosius & yon der Marck (1880, p. 194) as 7’. halternianum, but comparison with our fossil is not possible, because the only critical feature figured or described is a minute fragment showing spiral thickening of the tracheid-walls. I know of no other Cretaceous woods with which one can compare the new fossil. ‘There are, however, many foliage and even fruit impressions which have been attributed to Z’@vus and Cephalotuvus from various Cretaceous deposits. ‘Their OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 209 number has doubtless been considerably swelled by doubtful determinations, but of the existence of the family in Lower Cretaceous times there is now no question. Berry (1908 ») established the existence of a Taxaceous leaf in the American’ Middle Cretaceous, which was so preserved that the details of cuticle and stomate arrangement were recognisable. Summa- rising the various American species, Berry (1911, p. 375) says: “The family ‘Taxacez is abundantly represented in the Lower Cretaceous, and when the individual abundance is considered rather than the specific differentiation, it must be admitted that the family furnishes an important clement in the Potomac flora.” The certainty which now attaches to the American Lower Cretaceous fossils of the group strengthens the various European determinations of fruits and foliage from several Middle and Upper Cretaceous deposits. The new wood just described affords the earliest record of true Taxacee in Britain, V. 5459. Type-specimen. Portion of decorticated wood from which sections have been cut. The wood is now 7 em. long and 2°5 em. in diameter, the exterior shows the decorticated wood-texture much teredo-bored. V. 5459 a. Transverse section of the above. The whole of the pith and protoxylems are destroyed. The annual rings are well marked, aud here. and. there the secondary wood is well preserved. | V. 5459 b. Figured, Pl. XLX, fig. 1. Transverse section of the above, in which the secondary tissues can be well seen, as is illustrated in the plate and described in the text. V. 5459 c. Figured, Pl. XIX, figs. 2 & 3; and text-fig. 59, Radial longitudinal section of the above, showing very clearly the pitting of the medullary-ray cells, in which groups of pits with distinct borders le on the radial wall, "arin V. 5459d. Partly tangential and partly radial section in which | the pitting on the ray-cells can also be well seen, Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. [Collected by H. Veasey, Eisq.], transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898, RB 210 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Sub-family PODOCARPACEZ.. This sub-family includes the living genera Podocarpus, Da- erydium, Phyllocladus, etc., of which Podocarpus is by far the largest genus, containing about 60 species... The whole family is confined to the Southern Hemisphere, except some species of Podocarpus, which penetrate to Japan. The plants vary con- siderably in vegetative habit, some haying fine, spirally arranged leaves, and a general contour like some of the tall Taxodinew and Abietinee ; others have broad and expanded leaves, in this respect being more like the Araucarines, though some of these forms do not grow much taller than large shrubs. The female fructification varies in the different genera, and may be said typically to consist of about two inverted ovules associated, but borne singly on specialised scales or stalks, which may become very brilliantly coloured and fleshy as the seeds ripen. | Of a possible pair of ovules frequently only one ripens, and may appear externally like a solitary berry. Genus PODOCARPOXYLON, Gothan (emend.). [ = Podocarpoxylon + Phyllocladoaylon, Gothan. | '[Abhandl. k. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 44, 1905, p. 59.) Diagnosis.—Gymnospermic wood without resin-canals. Bor- dered pits of tracheids round, generally isolated, and in one row ; if in two rows the pits form pairs and are not alternating or hexagonally compressed. Rays uniseriate. Typically “ abie- tinean pitting” of the ray-cells absent. Radial walls of medullary ray-cells pierced by single, very large pits, simple or with borders, sometimes by two or more such. In. the autumn wood the “ podocarpoid” pitting is commonly present. Wood-parenchyma present in variable amounts, poeappinoee very plentiful. The variability in the vitting in the ctapaiile (which is the only feature of separation between these fossil woods) is su that the different species of Podocarpus and Phyllocladus cannot reliably be separated from each other, though the two woods together form a distinctive group. I therefore unite Gothan’s two “genera” under the name of the first, which is the better known and the first to be defined. The uncertainty of their OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 211 separation cam be judged from Gothan’s own criteria: of these genera he says :— “Markstrahltiipfel podocarpoid bis typisch gross - eiporig. Meist nur 1-2 Tiipfel pro Kreuzungsfeld. Harzparenchym + hiiufig. (a) Markstrahltiipfel podocarpoid ! Podocarpoxylon, bis teilweise eiporig...... Gothan, (6) Markstrahltiipfel typisch ei- ) Phyllocladowylon, POR tte. ona. 4s we ees oe os Gothan.” Podocarpoxylon woburnense, sp. nov. [Plate XX, figs. 1 & 2; text-figs. 60, 61, 62, 63.] Diagnosis.—Podocarpoid wood with well-marked growth- rings, but with a narrow zone of autumn wood. ‘Tracheids fair-sized, up to about 35-55 » in diameter. Bordered pits rather irregularly rounded, or true circles, principally in one row, but sometimes with pairs of pits on the same level; pits vertically isolated or adjacent, Sanio’s rims apparent in many places. Resin-containing wood-parenchyma frequent all through the wood, cross-walls horizontal, with very slight constriction of eell-lumen. Medullary rays all uniseriate, 1-6 tracheids distant, the great majority low. Ray-cells apparently uniform as regards size and thickness of wall, though some contain noticeably more resinous contents than others. Ray-cells with thickened smooth walls, abietinean pitting absent, end-walls curved or at an angle in radial view, nearly straight in horizontal section. One large pit (sometimes two) per tracheid-field in radial walls; pit-pore roughly circular or oval, with a narrow border in some cases. Horizon.—Lower Greensand, ; Locatrry.— Woburn, Bedfordshire. Typr.—Block of wood, no. V. 5456, and V. 54564 to V. 5456 c¢, the slides cut from it in 1912; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finper.—H. Veasey, Esq., before 1898. (o-rypr.—V. 5451 and slides V. 5451 a-c cat from it in 1912. | Descrretion.—The type-specimens are two blocks from the same locality, both wedges of secondary wood. One is about P2 212 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 3x 15x10 em. in size, silicified in a dark brown matrix and water-worn at one end, and the other is a wedge 3x 2x8 em., -silicified in a close hard matrix, partly white and partly orange in colour. The two specimens undoubtedly belong to the same species, but slight differences, probably in the time and mode of entry of the petrifying medium have resulted in differing details being best shown in each. In addition to the type-specimens there are several other pieces of trunks and branches collected at various times. An interesting specimen is a largish branch Text-fig. 60.—Podocarporylon woburnense, sp. noy. Transverse section of -small part of secondary wood, showing : m., medullary ray ; vp., resin- parenchyma ; rp.*, resin-parenchyma element stretching across two tracheid-widths ; rts tracheid with resinous contents. No, V. 5451 a. which dates probably from the original Sloane Collection (there- fore collected prior to 1750). This branch is free from matrix (text-fig. 63), and shows the woody texture very well. It is about 4:5 cm. in diameter, roughly circular in cross-section, and with the centre of the stem preserved. Another large specimen (7 X 5X30 cm. long) is also apparently part of the original Sloane Collection, and may best be included in this OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 213 species; for, though the tiner details of its structure are not seen, it agrees with the other specimens so far as it is preserved. Other more or less well-preserved portions of wood are also included in the species, Text-fig. 61.—Podocarpoxylon woburnense, sp.nov. Radial section showing medullary ray-cells with single large pits in each tracheid-field, ap. ; resin-containing element in ray, mr.; and resin-parenchyma, 7p. pp., tracheid with bordered pits in pairs. No. V. 5456. ToroGRaPHY oF THE Srem.—/Secondary wood alone is present in the type-specimen. In this the growth-rings are sharply differentiated (Pl. XX, fig. 1), and consist of from 12 to 66 214 DESCRIPTIVE CATALCGUE radial series of tracheids, the maximum thickness of the rings being about 2°55 mm. In specimens Y. 5431 and V. 5460 frag- ments of a large-celled pith are preserved, but are too faulty for description. In both these specimens and in VY. 4876 (Pl. XX, fig. 2) the size of the tracheids in the inner wood is rather smaller than in the type, which is probably from an older trunk. The wood is regular in texture; many of the elements are somewhat rounded at the corners, the majority of the adjacent elements lying on alternate tangents so as to fit into each other, This is well seen in Pl. XX, fig. 1. Very few of the tracheids contain resinous contents (text-fig. 60, rt.). Wood- — parenchyma cells with resinous contents are very numerous, and are scattered all through the growth-rings of the wood. No normal resin-canals and no iraumatic canals are present. Uniseriate medullary rays are numerous, principally 1 to 6 tracheids. distant; in some parts of the wood the great majority of the rays are only one tracheid distant. The rays vary from 1 to about 25 cells high, the great majority of the low rays being 3 cells and of the high ones about 13-15 cells high. Among the ordinary rays, a few show a slightly bi-_ seriate character, These do not otherwise differ from the normal rays, | Deratts or Etements. — Wood. The majority of the elements of the growth-rings are of the shape and size of the summer wood (Pl. XX, fig. 1; text-fig. 60), and average about 35-55 px35p. In the rather narrow zones of autu wood, the compressed elements are about 18-20 ux BO. up ; in which the wall is thicker or the same thickness as the width of the lumen. In transverse section there are large numbers of beautifully preserved, large, bordered pits in the radial — walls, and in the autumn wood numcrous small bordered pits are seen in the tangential walls. In radial view, the majority of the elements have round bordered pits in single rows (text-fig. 61); these are sometimes almost contiguous, and sometimes at some distance from each other. ‘The outline of the border is often far from a perfect round, and may have irregularity not due to crushing. In some elements the pits lie in pairs (text-fig. 61, pp.). In longitudinal tangential section, the pits are small and round and numerous (text-fig. 62, @.). ‘* Sanio’s rims” are more or less well OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 215 preserved in a number of the tracheids, the pores of the pits are circular (text-fig. 61). In a few cases the tracheid-lumen is filled with blackish contents which may be resin, but there are no specialised resin-tracheids. Wood-parenchyma containiny resin is a noticeable feature of the wood (PI. XX, fig. 1, r.p. ; text-figs. 60, 61, & 62). The elements are thin-walled, tho same size as the tracheids tangentially, but as a rule narrower than the trachcids in a radial direction. In afew cases they O90050 8800 toe ae te, sae rk Text-fig. 62.—Podocarpoxylon woburnense, sp. nov. ‘Tangential section of the wood showing the medullary rays, with some resin-containing cells, mr. ; ¢., tracheids with radial pitting ; @., autumn tracheids with small pits on tangential walls; p., xylem-parenchyma with resinous contents. No, 54566. | oe t i eae are tangentially the size of two tracheids, and are then very conspicuous in longitudinal section. The vertical height of these cells varies greatly; the transverse walls are at right angles to the vertical walls. Resin-canals are absent. 216 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE The elements comprising the medullary rays appear to be all of one kind as regards their walls and pitting. Some of the bands of elements seem to contain a much larger quantity of resin than the others (text-figs. 61 & 62, mr.). In radial extension a single ray-cell corresponds to from two to six tracheids; the end-walls are slightly sloping or curved. I have been unable to detect any specialised thickening or ‘‘abietinean pitting” on the walls. In the lateral walls adjacent to the tracheids are single, rather large, roundish or slightly oval pits (text-fig. 61, mp.). In afew cases there are two such pits in a tracheid-field. In a few of the pits there is a faint suggestion of a border round the pit-pore, in other cases they appear to be simple pits. Arrinitirs.—The number of fossil woods described as Podo- carpoeylon is small, and of these there are perhaps only two, P. aparenchymatosum, Gothan (1908 a), and P. Schwende, Kubart (1911), with which direct comparison need be attempted. Of these, Gothan’s Antarctic species is, as is indicated in its specific name, devoid of wood-parenchyma, and therefore differs notice- ably, though not fundamentally, from our fossil; in which the resin-containing xylem-parenchyma is a marked feature: in the Antarctic fossil also the radial section is not well enough preserved to show the pitting very sharply. Though the two fossils are generically allied, there does not seem any close affinity between the species. On the other hand, between the new English fossil and P. Schwende, which is well preserved and illustrated, there is a very close similarity. In the tracheid- pitting the two fossils agree completely ; and in the pitting of the radial walls of the rays, partly with simple pits and partly with bordered pits, there is a close similarity. In our fossil, however, there seems always to be only one pit or two placed laterally per tracheid-field, while in the Austrian fossil there may be two or three pits vertically above each other. The Austrian fossil resembles ours also in having a considerable quantity of xylem-parenchyma, I think there is little doubt that, of described fossils, P. wo- burnense comes nearer to P. Schwende than to any other, The. Austrian fossil is, however, of uncertain geological age, being. most. probably either Tertiary or Flysch; its extreme limit of possible age is probably the Uppermost Cretaceous. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 2T7 The Austrian fossil has also its pith preserved containing stone-cells, which strengthen the attribution to Podocarpus. There is little doubt that these fossils are early members of the Podocarpacez. V. 5456. T ype-specimen, A small block of silicified wood, now measuring 6°5 x 2°8 x 2 em., and a piece cut from it. The specimen consists of a straight splint of secondary wood only, without any matrix, and it shows the wood-texture very clearly in all directions. The petrifying medium is very close and hard, partly white and partly very dark brown, cutting to a rich golden colour in the sections. V. 5456 a. Transverse section of the above. This shows several well-marked annual rings with the largish tracheids and resin-containing xylem-parenchyma, but the transverse section in the type is not nearly so well preserved as in the co-type, which is the one figured. V. 5456 b. Figured, text-fig. 62. ‘Tangential longitudinal see- tion of the above, partly very well preserved. It shows the height of the medullary rays, the numerous resin-containing xylem-parenchyma and their cross- walls, and the pitting of the tangential walls of the tracheids in some places. V. 5456 c. Figured, text-fig. 61. Longitudinal radial section, locally very well preserved aud showing the pitting on the tracheids, the resin-containing xylem-paren- chyma, and the resin-containing ray-cells. In some places the large pits on the radial walls of the ray- cells can be well seen. ' Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Collected by H. Veasey, Esq., transferred from the Botanical Depit., 1898. V. 5451. Co-type. A wedge-shaped and weathered splint of secondary wood, now 8'5x3'5x15 cm. ‘The end is rounded and evidently waterworn before it was petrified. There is also a small second piece from which the sections have been cut. The whole is free 218 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE from matrix, and shows something of the woody texture, externally considerably frayed and worn before petrifaction. Locally the preservation of the details is extremely good and, the whole matrix being darkly iron-stained, the cell-walls show up well in section. V. 5451 a. Figured, Pl. XX, fig. 1; and text-fig. 60. Trans- verse section showing several annual rings. The tracheids, resin-containing xylem-parenchyma, and - medullary rays with their dark and granular contents, are well preserved, V. 5451 b. Longitudinal tangential section, somewhat oblique. In this direction this specimen is not so well pre- served as the type, but all the essential details can be made out, V. 5451. Longitudinal radial section; while apparently very sharp and clear, it does not show the details of the pitting so well as the type, but the pits in the tracheid and medullary ray walls can be made out here and there. Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands, Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 5481, V. 5431 a-d. Figured, text-fig. 63. The external view of this specimen is shown in text-fig. 63. The diameter of the stem is about 4°5 x 4 em., but though the texture of the specimen is hard and close, there are large gaps in the petrified tissue, V. 5431 a, b. Transverse sections of the above, The pith-cells are partially represented, as is the primary wood, put both are very poorly preserved. In the rings of secondary wood, parts are well preserved and show the wood-parenchyma very clearly. V. 5431 is a second” and poorer transverse section of the same, V. 5431.c. Radial, longitudinal. section. of above.,..The pitting of the elements can just be made out in a few places. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S, 19 Text-fig. 63.—Podocarpoaylon woburnense, sp, nov.. External view of 3 speciinen of woody branch, about 2 natural size. No. V. 5431. 220 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 5431 d. Tangential section of the above. In this the height of the rays and the presence of resin-containing elements in the rays can be well seen. I have searched through the manuscript catalogue of the Sloane Collection and have not found any refer- ence to the specimen; there are, however, several different series of numbers and several specimens labelled 229. ‘The evidence for the view that this is part of the original Sloane Collection is an old label with the number and another old label with the locality, both firmly attached to the specimen. Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. (?) Sloane Coll., no. 229. V. 4876, V. 4876 a-c. Figured, Pl. XX, fig. 2. This large specimen is part of a branch, now 30 em. long and about 7x5 em. in diameter. It was fully decorti- cated before petrifaction, and must have been not less than 20 cm. in diameter when alive. It bears two old labels, which seem to prove that it was one of the original Sloane Collection (see ¥. 5431). V. 4876 a. Transverse section of the above, which is illustrated in Pl, XX, fig. 2. The preservation is rather imper- fect, but the annual rings of the wood can be well scen, V. 4876 b, c. Longitudinal radial and tangential sections of the above. Preservation is poor and does not show the finer details. The character of the rays and resin- parenchyma can just be made out, and agree with the type-species so far as can be seen. Lower Greensand ; ‘een Sands. (?) Sloane Coll., no. 643. V. 5446. Two w Shaped pieces of secondary wood, 3:5x2x7 em. and O25 x 1B X ED em, Externally the texture of the wood shows well in the hard silicified medium. The specimens are somewhat iron- stained, as is usual from the Woburn beds. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 291 V. 5446 a. Transverse section of the above. The tissue is very imperfectly petrified. So far as it goes the specimen agrees with the others described for this species, though its identification is a little uncertain, as it was so poorly petrified that it was not thought worth while to have longitudinal sections cut. Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. V. 5460. A small knotted branch 15 ems, long and of irregular diameter. At the straight end, from which the sections are cut, the stem is 1°8 x 1°5 cm. in diameter. Externally the decorticated axis shows the woody fibre and several “ knots” and the bases of branches, The silicified medium is locally iron-stained in the sections. V. 5460 a, b. Transverse sections of the above. The pith-cells are very incompletely preseryed.. The primary wood lies in large shallow bundles, which are not very well preserved and are further obscured by black mineral granules. The rings of secondary wood are locally well preserved, and show definite, though narrow, zones of autumn wood. All through both spring and autumn wood, large resin-containing xylem-paren- chyma cells are very conspicuous. The medullary ray-cells are also large and well preserved (cf. text- fig. 60). V. 5460 c. Radial section of the above. Locally this is very well preserved, and large numbers of the ray-cells show the pittings of their radial walls. In the great majority the pits are large roundish pits, one per tracheid-field (cf. text-fig. 61), in other cases there are two large pits per tracheid-field, one above the other. The resin-containing xylem-parenchyma is conspicuous, with rectangular transverse walls. In general, the radial section agrees with that figured for the type (text-fig. 61). 229 “DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUB V. 5460 d. Oblique tangential section of above. The tangential view of the rays can just be seen, but most of the section shows the radial view of the tissues. Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. V. 5450. A small specimen of decorticated branch, 3 x 2-5 em. in diameter and 6 cm. Jong. ‘he stem is very similar to the above in preservation. V. 5450 a. Transverse section of the same. ‘The section is poor and the preservation of the fossil yery faulty. So far as observable, it seems entirely to agree with the above specimen. Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands, Transferred from the Botanical Dept. V. 5455. A small part of a very small branchlet or twig, too imperfectly preserved for certain determination, but perhaps of this species. The type-specimen is part of a much older axis, so cannot well be compared. This small branch measures 1 cm. in diameter and contains a central pith, After eutting the sections only about half a centimetre of the specimen remains. The wood is decorticated, and externally shows the woody texture. The tissues are poorly preserved in an almost colourless silicified medium, here and there very small streaks of iron-stain make the details show up a little more clearly. V. 5455 a. Transverse section of the above. The pith is 1:5 mm. in diameter, and a few of the large irregular cells are clearly preserved, the majority are much macerated. Primary wood in several bundles round the pith is preserved in a shadowy vague form. A ‘number of regular rings of secondary wood are faintly preserved, these showing a well-marked differentiation of spring and autumn wood. Resin-containing xylem-paren- chyma is scattered through the wood. Passing out through the secondary wood is a large leaf-trace. This is coloured by a streak of iron-stain and shows OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 223 up better than the rest of the tissues, and in it the spiral and fine scalariform elements can be clearly recognised. V. 5455 b. Radial longitudinal section of above. Very little of the tissue is well preserved. The resin-parenchyma can be recognised, however, and here and there the round, isolated, bordered pits in the tracheids and the medullary rays. The observable details agree entirely with the radial section seen in text-fig. 61. V. 5455 c, d.. Tangential longitudinal sections of the above In d the outgoing leaf-trace can be well seen. Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. V. 5447. An irregular wedge of secondary wood, measuring 3x2x6 em., doubtfully referable to P. woburnense. In longitudinal sections, nothing can be made out except the fact that the tracheid-pits are large, round, and isolated. ‘The transverse section, however, agrees very closely with the type. Externally it shows the woody texture, and is petrified in a whitish silicified medium, locally iron-stained. V. 5447 a. Transverse section of the above, in general very poorly preserved, but locally, where it is iron-stained, the tissue is clearly seen. The medullary rays are conspicuous, and interspersed among the large tracheids are numerous resin-containing xylem- parenchyma cells (cf. text-fig. 60). V. 5447, c. Longitudinal sections, both extremely poorly preserved. Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands. Lransferred from the Botanical Dept. Podocarpoxylon bedfordense, sp. nov. [Plate XXI; text-fig. 64.] Diagnosis.— Podocarpoid wood with well-marked growth-rings, but with a very narrow zone of autumn wood. Species founded on an axis not less than 8 em, in diameter, and perhaps more, 224 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Tracheids small, up to about 28 » in diameter, even:the spring elements rather thick-walled and very much rounded off at the corners, leaving considerable intercellular spaces between the tracheids. ordered pits in one row, nearly circular but slightly flattened where they are adjacent in short chains of three to a dozen disposed in the thicker parts of the tracheids, which appear to be locally wider and more constricted in different regions. Wood-parenchyma is scattered through the wood. Medullary rays all uniseriate, chiefly 2-4, up to 8 tracheids distant, principally low, 7. ¢. 2-4 cells high. Ray-cells uniform, walls thickened but smooth, abietinean pitting absent, end-walls at an angle. Single large pits per tracheid-field, with wide-open oval pores placed at an angle, and with nearly round wide borders. Horizon.— Woburn Sands, Lower Greensand, Locatity.— Woburn, Bedfordshire, Typr,—An axis, which may be the core of a larger trunk, no. V, 13191, and slides V. 13191 a-d cut from it in 1912; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Descriprron,—The specimen at present measures 6 x 3 cm. in diameter and is 13 cm, long. It is irregularly split, and may be the core of a large trunk or may be a smaller branch ; in any case, it could not be less than 8 em. in diameter when alive, as is indicated by the present position of the centre of the stem. Externally the specimen is free of matrix, and shows the partly weathered and partly freshly broken texture of the secondary wood split in various directions. The wood is evidently drift wood and has several teredo-borings. The petrifying medium is close and hard, externally weathered to a whitish cream, and internally a rich brown colour. ‘he preservation is locally very good, though the pith and primary wood are obliterated... ToroGRaPHy or THE Stem,—Secondary wood only is preserved, the pith and primary wood at the centre of the axis, being entirely decayed, Oyer 30 growth-rings are preserved, but are not very sharply marked in the texture of the wood, as there are only 3 or 4 rows of autumn elements the walls of which are not greatly thickened, and eyen the last row of autumn wood does not show any great radial compression. In transverse section the rings show well (Pl. XXI, fig. 1) because of the accumulations of blackened and roaebtiniwed granules in the first-formed spring wood. The wood is uniformly a“ OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 295 small-celled, the elements being considerably rounded off and lying on alternate tangents so as to fit into each other. Resin- parenchyma is scattered all through the wood. esin-canals are entirely absent, The medullary rays are numerous, entirely uniseriate, about 1-8, chiefly 2-4, tracheids distant. Vertically the rays are low, from 1-10 cells in height, principally 2-4 cells high. The cells of the rays are all of one kind. Deratis or Eremencs.—The great majority of the tracheids are of the size and character of the spring elements, and average 15 x 20 » to 20 x 28 win diameter. Even in the spring wood the walls are rather thick, and are so much rounded off at the corners as often to be true circles, and in the majority of cases, therefore, there are six small intercellular spaces round each tracheid sepa- rating it from its neighbours. In transverse section bordered pits are frequently to be seen on the radial walls, and in the autumn wood also in the tangential walls. The bordered pits are in one row in the radial walls, and are nearly circular, but are a little flattened top and bottom where they are adjacent to their neighbours, and lie in close rows (Pl. XXI, fig. 3; text- fig. 64, ¢.). These groups or chains of pits number from 3 to 10 or more, and lie, as a rule, in the thicker parts of the tracheids, which are themselyes rather peculiar, alternately increasing and decreasing in thickness (in text-fig. 64 at ». is a thin part of a tracheid, and in the thicker part above and below it are chains of pits). In the narrower zones of the tracheid-length the walls appear to be without pits. Isolated pits are very uncommon in this wood, practically ull the elements having chains of adjacent pits such as are figured. ‘* Rims of Sanio” are consequently not visible, and the wood would therefore be put in the Araucarines by some authors. Wood-parenchyma containing resin is scattered through the xylem, and the cross-walls are horizontal, with a very slight constriction of the cell-lumen. LResin-canals and specialised resin-tracheids seem to be entirely absent. In transverse section of the medullary rays the tangential diameter of the ray-cells equals or is less than that of the adjacent tracheids. In radial extension the ray equals about 2-6 tracheids. The vertical height of the individual ray-cells may be as great as, or once and a half as great as, the width of the adjacent tracheids (text-fig. 64,m.). The pits in the radial Q 226 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUB 60. GET) COD .——>> Peart Text-fig. 64.—Podocarporylon bedfordense, sp. nov. Radial section showing the groups of adjacent pits on the thicker parts of the tracheids, ¢., which are irregular in bore; the medullary ray pits, m., mostly with rather indefinite outline, and a few, p., with definite podocarpoid border ; ”., narrow part of tracheid, No, V. 13191 d. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 227 walls of the ray-cells are very characteristic, being single, large: oval or nearly circular pits, placed one per tracheid-field, some of which show very distinct circular borders. Arrrnirres.—The pitting and character of the walls of the medullary rays, coupled with the other features of the wood, are so characteristic of the modern Podocarpus that I have no hesi- tation in placing the species in the genus Podecarpoaylon. In the irregular bore and the chains of pitting of its tracheids, however, our fossil is unlike, not only any fossil, but any living Podocarpoid plant with which I am acquainted. Series of pits adjacent or almost adjacent to each other are found in several living and fossil species (among fossils, for example, in Brachy- phyllum macrocarpum, see Jeffrey, 1906); but in all such cases the adjacent pits do not form definite chains, but merely places where locally the pits, elsewhere isolated, are more closely crowded. Owing, doubtless, to their arrangement, the rims of Sanio are not seen in this fossil—a point which certain botanists would at one time have taken to be proof of Araucarian affinity (e.g. Holden, 19138). On other grounds there are reasons to anticipate an ancestral relationship between the Podocarpinew and Arau- carinew; whether the pitting of the tracheids of this early Podocarpoid form is an indication of it, is open to discussion. V. 18191. Type-specimen. Decorticated splint of wood from the core of a woody branch or trunk. Present dia- meter 6X3 cm. and 13 cm. length. The position of the centre of the stem indicates that it must have had a minimum diameter of 8em. when alive. The wood is free from matrix, and shows the woody texture very well in various directions; there are a few teredo-borings. | V. 13191 a. Figured, Pl. XXI, fig. 1. Transverse section of the above, somewhat broken in cutting. The position of the pith and primary wood is clear, but both are entirely decayed. Growth-rings can be clearly seen, particularly with the low power. The tracheids, medullary ray-cells, and xylem-parenchyma are all well preserved. Q2 228 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 13191 b. Tangential longitudinal section of the above, partly oblique to show rays in radial section; both in the rays and the tracheids the radial pitting can be well seen. In this section a small branch and leaf-traces can be seen coming off. V. 13191 c. Longitndinal section, partly obliquely radial and partly tangential. Where it is truly tangential the rays, and also the horizontal cross-walls of the resin- parenchyma cells, can be well seen, V. 13191 d. Figured, Pl. XXI, figs. 2 & 3; and text-fig. 64. Radial longitudinal section, showing in various parts the numerous low medullary rays, the pitting in their radial walls and in their tracheid-walls; also the numerous resin-containing xylem-parenchyma cells, The wavy outline of the tracheids and their groups of adjacent pits can be seen in this section and also in V. 18191 6. Lower Greensand ; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Presented by W. @. Smith, Esq. Podocarpoxylon Gothani, sp. nov. (Text-figs. 65 & 66.) Diagnosis.—Species founded on a small decorticated branch, 25 em, in diameter, with pith. Coniferous wood without resin- canals and with a very small amount of resin-containing xylem- parenchyma, of which the principal feature is the pitting in the radial walls of the medullary ray-cells, where very large, oval, obliquely placed pits are placed one per tracheid-field. In secondary wood the growth-rings are well-marked, very irre- gular, a few partly composite. ‘Tracheids rather variable, up to about 40 » in diameter; bordered pits round, isolated, in one row, nearly as large in diameter as the tracheid-walls in which they lie. Medullary rays all wniseriate, principally from 6-9 tracheids distant, low, principally 2-4 cells high. Cells all alike, walls smooth, thickened, but without abietinean pitting. Ray-pits large, oval, solitary or in pairs per tracheid-field, without OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 299 borders. Primary wood all centrifugal, protoxylem-groups large, elements spiral and scalariform. In one pith, large, very thick-walled stone-cells are mingled with the ground- tissue. Hortzon.—Lower Greensand. Locattry.—Luccomb Chine, I. of Wight. | Tyrr.—Small decorticated branch, no. V. 18194 and slides V. 13194 a—c cut from it; British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and slides SE a-c Stopes Coll. Fruper.—M. C. Stopes, 1912. ‘Description.—The species is founded on @ specimen of a branch, 2°5 em. in diameter, which is well petrified in a dark brown silicified medium. The specimen is embedded in the coarse granular matrix characteristic of the Luccomb Chine deposit. , Toro@RAPHY oF THE Srem.-—Growth-rings are well marked and very variable in thickness, a few being composite. The pith is about *6 mm. in diameter, circular, with five main projections due to the grouping of the bundles of primary wood in five main groups. ‘The cells of the pith are rounded, and all are thick-walled; among the ordinary cells are large, excessively thickened stone-cells (text-fig. 65, s.). The primary wood forms small groups, the protoxylems seem endarch, and no centripetal xylem has been recognised. The secondary wood forms normal rings of solid wood, in which the growth-rings tend to be composite. The wood-elements are small, rounded at the corners, and adjacent elements lie on alternating tangents, so as to fit into each other. Wood-paren- chyma containing resin does occur, though if is very scanty. In transverse section the large number of dark elements in the wood are due to carbonised granules, scattered irrespective of arrangement, through the tracheids. In radial sections the number of elements showing transverse walls, and thus proving themselves to be parenchyma, is very small, which is charac- teristic of plants of Phyllocladus-affinity, where it may be absent altogether (see Gothan, 19084 & 1907). Resin-canals are absent. Medullary rays are all uniseriate, from 2-16 tracheids distant, the commonest being from 6-9 tracheids distant. They are low, from 1-10 cells high, the greater number being 2-4 cells 230 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE high. The cells composing the rays are of one kind and have somewhat thickened walls. _ Deztaits or Evements.—The pith is composed of rounded thick- walled cells, the size of these cells increasing towards the centre, reaching about 100 win diameter. In vertical direction they are not much elongated. The cell-walls are all thickened and pitted, and- between the rounded elements lie triangular intercellular spaces. Among these area few short elements of large size with excessively thickened walls (s., text-fig. 65). These stone-cells have no definite arrangement, and lieso that three or four appear in each transverse section, They are not vertically elongated. Text-fig. 65.—Podocarporylon Gothani, sp. nov. Transverse section of a small part of the centre of the stem. p, pith-cells, among which are s., the stone-cells; x., xylem. No, V. 13194¢. The primary wood forms small, rather irregular bundles, not very well preserved in transverse section. In longitudinal section a few of the spiral protoxylems are to be seen. No centripetal wood can be recognised. The secondary wood consists of tracheids rather variable in size, the average of the larger element being 25-354x40yp in diameter. The narrowest autumn tracheids measure about 10x22; they do not have OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 231 very excessively thickened walls. The pits on the radial walls of the tracheids are almost all in one row, a few*only are in irregular pairs. These pits may lie very close together, or separated by as much as 2-3 times the width of their own borders. The diameter of the border of the pit is nearly as great as the tra¢heid-wall in which it lies (text-fig. 66). Wood- parenchyma containing resin is very sparsely scattered through eon HIFAL Onn e 2 = Text-fig. 66.—Podocarpoxylon Gothani, sp. nov. Radial section showing the tracheids, z., with their round-bordered pits, and the medullary ray- cells, m., with single large oval pits per tracheid-field, No. V. 131944, QOOk the wood. A few elements in the radial sections show the transverse walls, which slightly constrict the lumen. The tangential diameter of the cells of the medullary rays in transverse section may be equal to the adjacent tracheids, but in most cases is rather less. In radial extension a ray-cell seems to correspond to about 5 or 6 tracheids, but not very many 932 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of the end-walls are well enough preserved to make this clear. The cells appear all alike, and their vertical height about equals the diameter of the tracheids they cross (text-fig. 66). The pits in the radial walls are very large oval pits, lying obliquely one in each tracheid-field. In a few cases a couple of pits lie together, but the great majority have the single large pit (text-fig. 66, m.). The end-walls of the ray-cells are unfortu- nately not preserved in radial section. Arrrinitizs.—I do not kuow of any described species of Podocarpoxylon with which this can directly be compared. The few species of the genus which have been described do not show their piths and protoxylems (with the exception of P. Schwende, in which the pith is preserved), nor in their wood-structure are any of them so sharply differentiated as to be conclusively comparable with the present fossil. ‘The antarctic wood described by Gothan (1908 a) as Phyllocladowylon antarcticum has large single pits per tracheid-field rather rounder, but otherwise very similar to the pits in our fossil. Judging from his illustrations alone, the preservation of his fossil does not seem to be very good, and it is possible that the large pits are somewhat eaten out, as their limits are not well defined. In his specimen xylem- parenchyma is said to be absent. Furthermore, his specimen is Tertiary, and these various differences make it unlikely that we are dealing with the same species, though possibly the two fossils may represent closely allied species. Reasons for not using Gothan’s generic name Phyllocladowylon are given on p. 210, and apply even more strongly to the use of the generic name of the living Phyllocladus for fossil woods. A Pliocene fossil is described and figured by Schenk (18904, fig. 424) under the name Phyllocladus Mulleri, in which the ray-pitting is almost the same as that in the new English fossil. This specimen, however, is of very recent date, and being from the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand), in which Phyll: cladus is still native, his identification may be justifiable. Gothan (1907) describes a wood from Kénig Karl’s Land as Phylloctadowylon sp. The medullary rays and their pitting, however, do not appear to be sharply preserved. It has no xylem-parenchyma. If Gothan’s identification is correct, and if his wood is really of Jurassic age, his specimen is possibly in direct ancestral relationship with our Lower Greensand form, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 933 Among the earlier-described woods, that recorded by Cramer (1868) from Banksland as Cupressinowylon pulchrum is rather suggestive of our fossil in its ray-pitting, though the majority of | the pits seem to be in pairs per tracheid-field. In its possession of pith and protoxylem our fossil differs from these described species, and, as our branch is evidently a young one or the core only of an older branch, comparison with the other fossils, which are probably older trunks, is all the more difficult. So far as preserved, the pith, with its large stone-cells, supports the conclusion that the fossil is a member of the Podocarpaces, in which family idioblasts and various kinds of stone-cells are prevalent in the pith. In conclusion, while I place the fossil in the broad “ genus ” Podocarpowxylon, the very characteristic pitting of the ray-cells is highly suggestive of the living Phyllocladus, with which it is not impossible that the fossil had true affinity, notwithstanding the fact that the living genus is now confined to the Southern Hemisphere. I name the species after Dr. Gothan of Berlin, in recognition of the service his researches in fossil wood-structures have done to Palwobotany. V. 13194. Type-specimen. A small braneh, now 2°5 em. in diameter, showing the centre of the stem and a number of annual rings of wood. The specimen is decorticated and completely embedded in the coarse granular matrix of the Lower Greensand. The portion of the branch now remaining is 6 ecm. long, with some pieces from which sections have been cut. V. 13194a. Figured, text-fig. 65. Transverse section of the above, showing well-preserved pith with stone-cells, slightly broken protoxylems, and a number of rings of secondary wood. These are extremely variable in thickness, and are partly “composite,” the zones of tissue being very well preserved. V. 13194 b. Figured, text-fig. 66. Longitudinal radial section of the above, showing zones of wood. The pitting of the tracheids, the medullary rays, and the resin-containing 234 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE xylem-parenchyma can all be well seen. Locally the pitting of the medullary ray-cells is very conspicuous and well preserved (text-fig. 66), V. 13194 c. Tangential longitudinal section of the above. This shows well the height and frequency of the medullary rays and also cuts across a small outgoing branch, Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Found and presented by Dr, M. C. Stopes, 1912. The following species does not come strictly within the diagnosis of Podocarpoaylon, but the curious pith suggests a Podocarpoid affinity, which does not conflict with any of the details preserved in the wood :— [?} Podocarpoxylon Solmsi, sp. nov. [Plate XXII; text-figs. 67, 68, 69, 70.] Diagnosis.—Coniferous wood of a branch more than 20 years old, and 4 cm. in diameter, without normal resin-canals, and with much resin-containing xylem-parenchyma. The most characteristic feature is the pith. In this are three kinds of cells :—(a) Ground-tissue cells with slightly thickened walls, squarish or oblong outline in longitudinal section, and with granular contents; (5) much larger, thin-walled, and nearly empty cells; (c) extremely thickened stone-cells. The stone- cells and large specialised cells tend to form chains running longitudinally among the ordinary cells, fairly regularly arranged so that one large cell alternates with a couple of stone-cells. Protoxylems in primary bundles, spiral, and scalariform. Secondary tracheids up to 55 x 45 y» in diameter, round bordered pits principally in one row, the border about 3 the diameter of the tracheid-wall in which it lies. Growth-rings well marked, - marrow zone of autumn wood, a few of the outer rings partly “composite.” Wood-parenchyma containing resin scattered all through the wood-rings, cross-walls horizontal with very slight constriction. Medullary rays all uniseriate, rather incon- spicuous, principally low. Ray-cells uniform, walls thickened but smooth, abietinean pitting apparently absent, end-walls OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 235 curved and at an angle. Radial pitting of the rays not preserved. Horizon.—Lower Greensand. Locatiry.—Luccomb Chine, at the foot of the gorge. Typz.—Small branch, not less than 4 cm. in diameter and more than 20 years old, with pith and primary wood, no. V. 2117 and slides V. 2117 ato h cut from it in 1912; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Finprer.— Count Solms-Laubach, August 1889, Descrirrion.—The type-specimen is of special interest, as it is one of the pieces of wood mentioned by Count Solms-Laubach (1890) as having been found in situ by himself when he visited the locality of the famous Bennettites Gibsonianus. . He speaks of finding sandy concretions in situ and says: “ Zerschlagt man diese Concretionen, so findet man gewohnlich inmitten derselben ein Fragment fossilen Coniferenholzes yon guter Erhaltung, mitunter dusserlich nur von diinner Gesteinskruste iiberzogen.” The particular specimen in the Museum now described is 4 cm. in diameter and embedded in the characteristic granular matrix. Sections were cut from it in 1912, when its beautiful preservation, especially of the pith and primary wood, was apparent. Round the pith and protoxylems are at least 20 annual rings of secondary wood, which are locally very well preserved and show sharply marked seasonal growth. A second specimen, which appears to belong to the same species, is V. 5427, though in one or two trifles it differs some- what from the type. It is a rather smaller axis, 3 cm. in diameter and 5 em. long, which also retains the pith and proto- xylems. Jis annual rings are more feebly marked and the protoxylems less definitely grouped in bundles, otherwise there seems to be no recognisable difference between the two speci- mens. Owing to the lack of detail in the radial walls of the medullary rays, however, it is possible that it may really be a different species, though it is not determinable as such. ToroeraPuy or tux Stem.—The pith is about 1 mm. in diameter, circular stellate, and surrounded by about 20 principal primary bundles. The pith consists of three types of cells, one of them being very much thickened stone-cells (see text-fig. 67). The protoxylems are extensive, but no centripetal wood appears to be present. Growth-rings in the secondary wood are very clearly 236 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE marked, and have well-defined narrow zones of autumn wood. The number of elements composing each growth-ring varies from about 20 to 70 elements in radial series, the thicker rings measur- ing about 2mm. in width. The number of narrow elements of autumn wood is about 3 to 8. In the outer rings of wood a few of the autumn zones are locally doubled, reminding one of the Text-fig. 67.—Podocarpoxylon Solmsi, sp. nov. Longitudinal section of the pith, showing the ordinary cells, p., among which are irregular chains of specialised cells. /., large empty cells, alternating with, s., thickened stone-cells ; pa., the protoxylems. No. V. 2117 d. ‘‘composite” rings so noticeably developed in the contempora- neous Cupressinovylon vectense (see p. 169). The wood is uniform, and in the inner zones the individual tracheids are somewhat OF LOWBR GREENSAND PLANTS. 237 rounded at the corners to fit into each other, but this is much less the case in the outer rings of the wood, where the elements are rather squarer (Pl. XXII, fig. 1). Xylem - parenchyma containing resin is thickly scattered through the whole width of the wood-rings. fed SA y Mo Text-fig. 68.— Podocarpoxylon Solmsi, sp.nov. Tangential section of the wood, showing the characteristic resin-containing xylem-parenchyma, rp,, the tracheids, ¢., and the low medullary rays, a. No. V. 2117 h, Normal resin-canals are entirely absent, and in the type- specimen I have not detected any traumatic canals. In the second specimen, however, toward the outer rings, where there 238 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE are several signs of wounding, there are series of traumatic canals (Pl. XXII, fig. 2) and also zones of the parenchyma and enlarged medullary ray-cells, which persist for a short distance after the canals have died out. M.dullary rays are all uniseriate, rather inconspicuous, and from 2 to 20 tracheids distant. They are low, the great majority being from 2 to 5 cells in height (see text-fig. 68). The cells composing the rays are all alike, with somewhat thickened walls. In the tangential section two or three small leaf-traces can be seen coming out in a medullary ray. it E shat | eien ta 8 6%: Text-fig. 69.—Podocarporylon Solmsi, sp. nov. Radial section, showing the primary xylem, with protoxylems, pz., against the pith, p., and later- formed, fine, scalariform elements merging into the ordinary tracheids with bordered pits, x. No, V. 5427 d. . Derairs or Erewents.—The pith is composed of three weil- marked types of cells. The majority of the ground-tissue cells are circular in transverse section, increasing from small elements round the primary wood to Jarger central cells. All these have somewhat thickened walls and granular contents. Longitudinally they are squarish, the external cells being a little more, but not greatly, elongated (text-fig. 67, p.). In transyerse section, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 239 scattered through the pith, are larger more irregular cells, up to 100 » in diameter, which are generally devoid of contents. There are also roundish stone-cells with excessively thickened walls. In longitudinal section the arrangement of these is peculiar, as is shown in text-fig. 67, s. & .; they form longitudinal chains, one of the large empty cells alternating with two or three of the stone-cells. These chains run for long distances vertically through the pith, where they form a noticeable feature in longitudinal sections (see slide V. 2117 ¢). The wood round the pith forms bundles of primary xylem which is apparently all centrifugal. The quantity of the proto- xylem-elements is large, and in the second specimen, where it is beautifully preserved, there are 8 or 9 spiral and narrow finely scalariform elements lying on one radius (text-fig. 69, pa.). In the secondary wood the tracheids increase in size as the wood gets older. In the outer rings the average size of the spring wood is 40x30 uw to 55x45 pw. The narrowest autumn tra- cheids are about 10 to 12 4x30 or 40 pw, with a wall 4-5, thick. | The pits on the radial walls are principally in one row, most of them being isolated from each other by a distance equal to their own border. Most of the pits are small, the diameter of the border being equal to about half that of the tracheid in which it lies. In a few cases a second row of pits lies in the radial wall (text-fig. 70). Pits are present in the tangential walls of the autumn wood. Wood-parenchyma containing resin is scattered through the wood. ‘The transverse walls of these cell-rows slightly constrict the lumen in the radial section (text-fig. 70, rp.). In the tan- gential section these walls are straight. The walls appear to be somewhat thickened, but I have not detected special pitting in them. . Traumatic resin-canals only are present, and they show no special feature; they lie in irregular tangential rows (Pl. XXII, fig. 2). In regions cut apparently above or below the endings of these canals large parenchymatous cells and enlarged cells of the medullary rays are conspicuous. None of these elements show any special pitting. In transverse section the medullary rays are very incon- spicuous, the cells having a tangential diameter of only 4 to 4 240 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of the adjacent tracheids. In radial extension a ray-cell cor- responds to about 2-6 tracheids. The cells are all alike, and all appear to have rather thickened walls, but, unfortunately, none of them are sufficiently well preserved to show their radial pitting. The cells have end-walls which slope somewhat or are slightly curved (text-fig. 70, m.). Though narrow tangentially, the cells are sometimes rather high vertically, as is seen in the radial section. s ~ mm, 3 2.|2 olo 2 os Tar © Jo JL} o © o ‘S) ee © a) © 102} © © =. | | OO P. Jt PPT le Text-fig. 70.—Podocarpoxylon Solmsi, sp. nov. Radial section of the wood, to show the small distant bordered pits, the resin-containing wood-parenchyma, 7p., and the outlines of the medullary ray-cells, m. No. V. 2117/. Arrinitizs.— Ka} o> a i —-—— H — oreo = 12 2 eo o} CCR Oo SI <= —. = a) i] > @5 ( € a C26 i | tee SO 5 bd al Ci) + > ce 5 ée. Text-fig. 77.—Cantia arborescens, sp. nov. Radial longitudinal section showing the vessels, v., and their pitting; the fibre-tracheids, p. ; and the medullary rays, m., in which the end-walls, a., are much thickened and pitted, and the radial walls have groups of large round pits, r. The terminal cells, ¢, of the ray are slightly larger and squarer than the others. x 400. No. V. 13231 c. Nearly all the vessels show the end-walls of numerous ¢yloses (Pl. XXVITI, fig. 1, ¢.). The wood-fibres or fibre-tracheids are inconspicuous in trans- verse section. They are roughly oblong or hexagonal in transverse soction, according to the space in which they have 264 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUB to fit. They average about 10-20» in diameter. Their walls are thick, but not excessively so, apparently about } the dia- meter of the whole wall. Their pits are round and bordered, as can clearly be seen in P]. XXVII, fig. 2, p. Wood-paren- chyma appears to be present in rather small quantities, and in the transverse section shows thinner walls than the fibres and has dark contents. Medullary rays are so numerous in the | Text-fig. 78.— Cantia arborescens, sp. nov. ‘Tangential view of part of two rays, a vessel and fibres: m., ordinary cells of medullary ray; ¢., end- cells of ray; v., wood-vessel, across the lumen of which can be seen the end-walls of tyloses, 7. X nearly 400. No. V. 18231 /, longitudinal sections that I have not been able to determine the nature of the cross-walls of the parenchyma, Medullary ray- cells are all alike, save for minor differences in shape (text- figs. 77, 78, and Pl, XXVIII, fig. 2). Their walls are all con- OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 265 siderably thickened and pitted. The pits in the radial walls are numerous, and bordered in contact with the vessels; those in the end-walls between adjacent ray-cells being like those described as ‘‘ abietinean” among the Conifers, The terminal cells of the rays are slightly higher and more irregular than the others (text-fig. 77, ¢.), but the difference between them and the adjacent cells is so trifling that the rays may be said to be entirely uniform, and are a great contrast to those in Aptianw (text-fig, 92, p. 291). Arrinitizs.—The most noticeable feature of this wood is the simple uniform rays, which are entirely uniseriate. Several families and a number of isolated genera of Angiosperms have uniseriate rays, which are by some writers (see Eames 1910, Thompson 1911, ete.) considered to be a primitive feature in Dicotyledons. Among the species with uniseriate rays, those which in other respects also appear to come nearest to the fossil, are species of Franklinia, Euonymus, Alnus, and Sali#, Franklinia alta- mabra is in all its details noticeably like the fossil, save that a few of its medullary ray-cells show long scalariform pits. While I have not detected these in Cantia, it is not impossible that they may have been present, though, as the ray-pitting is so exceptionally well preserved, it seems likely that they would be present in the sections if they had been a feature of the plant. Some species of Huonymus also come very near the fossil and have, like it, large pits in the fibre-tracheids, in which particular they come nearer the fossil than does Alnus with its smaller-pitted fibre-tracheids. Both the genera Alnus and Salix contain species which seem very close to the fossil, though they both contain also a large proportion of speeies in which the vessels are generally in series instead of isolated as is the case in the fossil. Regarding the affinities of Cantia, Mr. L. A. Boodle, of Kew, who has kindly looked at the sections, writes to me as follows :— ‘‘ Affinity with Betulacee might be suggested as possible, while holding oneself ready to discard this suggestion should a more significant agreement with some other wood be observed. Considering the age of the specimen, it is perhaps to be sus- pected that its structure might incline towards a primitive character in some of its details as compared with its nearest 266 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE relatives among living plants. The large size of the pits on the fibres may be a case in point. Again, the broad false rays of some species of Alnus may be a comparatively late acquisition ” (see Bailey, 1911). “In Magnoliacez there are simple pits between the vessels and the medullary rays, and I have not seen any example with exclusively uniseriate rays. Otherwise some members of this family rather resemble your plant.” Viburnum lantana appears to be another species with which legitimate comparison may be suggested ; but, as in the case of four out of five of the other fossil Angiosperms here described, no exact determination of its affinity can be made in the present state of our knowledge of Angiosperm anatomy. V. 13231. Type-specimen. Figured, text-fig. 76. A large block, measuring 25x5x23 cm., externally water- worn. The wood was evidently much broken away and teredo-bored before petrifaction. It is now petrified in a very fine hard medium, in which the wood-cells are locally exquisitely preserved. The specimen is free from matrix and shows the woody texture very clearly ; slightly weathered-out growth- rings can be recognised by the naked eye. V. 13231 a. Figured, Pl. XX VI, figs. 1 & 2. Transverse sec- tion of part of the above block, The narrow limiting zone of the growth-rings can be well seen in places, Locally the numerous wood-vessels and ground-tissue, as well as the uniseriate rays, are well petrified, though, on the whole, the petrifaction in transverse section is not very good, V. 13231 b. A smaller transverse section similar to the above, Toward the middle of the section the wood-fibres are well enough preserved to show their thickened walls, V. 13231 c. Figured, Pl. XXVIII, fig. 1; and text-fig. 77. Radial longitudinal section showing a very large number of medullary rays crossing the wood-elements. The ray-cells are all thick-walled and are petrified with remarkable beauty, showing their thickening, pit-canals, ctc., in many cases, as illustrated. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 267 V. 13231 d. Figured, Pl. XXVIL, figs. 1&2; Pl. XXVIII, fig. 1. Radial section similar to the above, showing the pits in the walls of the rays in all directions and the pitted areas in the radial walls. Numerous tyloses ean be seen blocking the vessels. In many places the scalariform bars and the oval bordered pits of the vessels can be seen, also the isolated round bordered pits of the wood-fibres. V. 13231 e. Longitudinal section, partly tangential and partly radial oblique, in which many individual cells are well preserved. V. 13231 f. Figured, text-fig. 78. Tangential longitudinal section, partly rather oblique. Where it is truly tan- gential the uniseriate nature of the medullary rays and their thickened walls can be seen. Folkestone Beds, Lower Greensand ; near Ightham, Kent. Presented by the Committee of the Corporation Museum, Maidstone, 1915. Family DIPTEROCARPACEA (?). Genus WOBURNIA,, Stores. (Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, p. 91 et seq., 1912.] As one species only of this genus is known the species and genus are not separately diagnosed (see p. 283). Woburnia porosa, Stopes. [Text-figs. 79-81.| 1912. Woburnia porosa, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, yol. 203, pp. 91-95, pl. vii, fig. 7; pl. viii, fig. 8; text- fig. 6. Diagnosis.—The species is founded on a wedge of decorticated secondary wood, from a branch or trunk of unknown size. Secondary wood with exceedingly numerous and very large vessels. Vessels approximately round, placed singly, averaging about 350 » in diameter. Rays mostly multiseriate, averaging 268 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 4-8 cells broad, and about 40-60 cell-rows high ; numerous narrower rays, about two cells broad, interspersed between the broad ones. Much wood-parenchyma round the vessels and in groups among the fibres, which are relatively few, thin-walled, and with roundish bordered pits. Growth-rings, if present, more than 2:5 cm, wide, which is the width of the specimen, in which none are present. Horizon.—-Lower Greensand, Locatrry.— Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Typex.—Block V. 5452, and slides V. 5452 a, b, c, d, and e cut from it in 1911; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Text-fig. 79.—Woburnia porosa, Stopes. Part of a transverse section, to show the numerous large vessels and the broad wavy medullary rays. x10. After Stopes. GenerAt Description.—The species is founded on a single specimen, composed only of secondary wood. A wedge-shaped piece, roughly 2°5 x 1:8 cm. in diameter, shows no signs of growth-zones, but is quite uniform throughout. Externally the woody texture is weathered out and recognisable to some extent, and at one end the meduilary rays and the vessels can be detected in the weathered surface. On the cut surface the rays and the vessels can be clearly seen with the naked eye. As can OF LOWER GREENSAND PILANTS. 269 be seen in text-figs. 79, 80, the huge vessels and the medullary rays are obvious, but the finer details of the elements are not properly preserved. Text-fig. 80.—Wohurnia porosa, Stopes. Transverse section of small part of the wood showing the large vessels, ¢.; the broad medullary rays, d.; @., wood-fibre; 6., wood-parenchyma. After Stopes. Note that this is magnified 100 diameters, and is exactly the same magnification as text-fig. 89, with which it should be contrasted, 270 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Topoerarny or tHE Srem.—Pith and primary wood are not preserved. Secondary wood is very “ light ” and porous in strue- ture, with a large proportion of wood-parenchyma both adjacent to the vessels and scattered, relatively thin-walled wood-fibres, and very numerous large vessels close to each other. The isolated vessels are evenly distributed throughout the whole mass of the wood. . Growth-rings are not present, but the greatest radial diameter of the specimen is only 2°5 em., and though that is much wider than the average growth-zones in timber, such a loosely-textured, probably quick-growing, wood as this may have had very exvep- tionally wide growth-zones, and the specimen may come within either limit of a single zone. On the other hand, growth-zones are often absent in tropical or subtropical woods, Medullary rays ave principally multiseriate, about 4-8 cells wide; smaller interspersed rays, two cells wide, are numerous. The rays are high, many being 40-60 cell-rows in vertical series. The ray-cells are poorly preserved, but seem all alike, and without special differentiation. Detatrs or tHe Erements.—The wood-vessels are roughly circular, nearly all isolated and very large, measuring on an average from 280-370 in diameter (text-fig. 80). In longi- tudinal view the outlines of the adjacent elements mark areas on the walls of the vessels, which are irregularly covered with small, bordered, irregularly oval pits (text-fig. 81). Woodl- fibres are slightly hexagonal or circular, and are in groups isolated or in alternating rows among the parenchyma (text- fig. 80, a. & b.). Their walls are thickened, but not excessively so, as can be seen in the figure. They have pointed ends, and, adjacent to the vessels, appear to have bordered pits (text- fig. 81). Wood-parenchyma is much developed, but the details of the cell-walls are not well enough preserved for description. The individual cells composing the medullary rays appear to be all alike, to have a squarish or rectangular shape in radial section, with oval pits in their radial walls, but they are too poorly preserved to be described in detail. Arrinitizs.—The striking contrast in texture between this wood and that of Aptiana (see p. 284) is very remarkable. If, as in many respects one might have pre-supposed, the small size of the vessels and their regular sequence in the radial series of OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 271 wood-fibres in Aptiana indicated a comparatively primitive wood- structure which tallied with its early geological age, the immense size of the vessels and general character of the wood in the present species show that some forms had already evolved far from that type by Aptian times. While this fossil is not well enough preserved to be identified with certainty, its features are in complete agreement, so far as they go, with some of the Dipterocarpacer, The genus Shorea eo | © @& S&S @O® @ 329 So 88e2 ® & | 3 | @ < 87S o 5a% s \ 18: ‘ be °@ . .F Text-fig. 81.—Woburnia porosa, Stopes. Longitudinal view of wood- vessel, with outline of wood-fibres adjacent, showing bordered (?) pits irregularly scattered, After Stopes. No. V. 5452. in this family is said by Gamble (1902) not to show annual rings except in the fresh wood. Hopea odorata and other Hopes also resemble the fossil very closely. V. 5452. Wedge of secondary wood, 2°5x1:8x25 em., from which sections have been cut. The external weathered surface shows something of the wood-texture; the cut surface shows the medullary rays and vessels to the naked eye. The specimen is dark reddish brown and irregularly iron-stained. 272 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 5452 a. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, 1912, pl. vii, fig. 7; pl. viii, fig. 8; text- figs. 79, 80, ante. ‘Transverse section showing all the features described. ‘The large vessels are very notice- able to the naked eye. ‘The wood-fibres and paren- chyma, which are not very well preserved, are best seen where there are locally dark-stained patches. V. 5452 c, V. 5452 e. Transverse sections, similar to the above ; a dark patch on the left side of slide e shows the _ tissues unusually well, V. 5452 b. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol, 203, 1912, text-fig. 6, p. 92; and text-fig. 81, ante. Radial, but partly obliquely tangential, section. The large vessels and high medullary rays can be recognised. yloses can be seen in several of the vessels and also very pretty septate fungal hyphe. On some of tho vessel-walls the outline of the adjacent elements and the pits between them can be seen. V. 5452 d. Obliquely tangential section of the above, rather more poorly preserved. Lower Greensand; Woburn, Bedfordshire. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. (uncertain). Family Genus SABULIA, Stopes. (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, p. 93 et seqg., 1912.] As one species only is known, the species and genus are not separately diagnosed (see p. 283). Sabulia Scottii, Stopes. [Text-figs. 82-84. ] 1912. Sabulia Scotti, Stopes, Phil, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 208, pp. 93-94, pl. vi, tig. 2; pl. viii, fig. 9. Diagqnosis.— The species is founded on a decorticated stem» showing pith and growth-rings of secondary wood; not less, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 273 and probably more, than 2°5 em. in diameter when alive. A branching woody stem with primary wood in a ring without well-marked primary bundles. The wood uniform and compact in structure, with vessels uniformly scattered, singly or in pairs, through the ground-mass of thick-walled fibres. Vessels aver- aging about 25-70 » in diameter, with thick walls. Medullary rays inconspicuous, all either uniseriate or only two or three cells wide. Cells of rays rectangular, nearly square, thickened, and pitted. Horrzon.—Lower Greensand. Locatiry.— Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Text-fig. 82.—Sabulia Scottii, Stopes. Transverse section of the stem showing the growth-rings, the uniform distribution of the vessels, and the two piths due to branching. w., a healed-over wound; /., a “knot” due to another branch, X nearly 3 diameters. After Stopes. No. V. 5654 a. Typr.—Block V. 5654, and slides V. 5654 a, 6, c, d, e ent from it in 1911; British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Gunerat Desorirerion.—The species is founded on a single specimen, a short length of a decorticated branch now 2°5 x 2 cm. in diameter. Externally the woody texture shows very clearly, and is free from matrix, At one end the branch is broken across at an angle and weathered, so that the growth-rings of the wood r 274 DESORIPTIVE CATALOGUE stand out in relief. The cut end of the specimen shows the woody texture very well, and the pith, growth-rings, and vessels can be recognised with the naked eye, The details of the wood- elements are fairly, but not very well preserved in a close, dark, iron-stained medium. Text-fig. 83.—Sabulia Scottii, Stopes. Transverse section of the wood showing the uniform distribution of the wood-vessels, several of which are in radial pairs. a@., a., limits of growth (annual?) rings. 100. After Stopes. No. V. 5654 4. TopogRaPHY or THE Srem.—The pith is preserved in the centre of the stem, measuring nearly 2 mm. in diameter. It OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 275 is irregular and roughly pentagonal in shape, and is just dividing in the transverse sections available (see text-fig. 82). Primary wood is poorly preserved, arranged in an irregular ring, and not in well-marked bundles. Secondary wood consists of a solid mass of thick-walled fibres with little or no wood-paren- chyma, and with the vessels lying evenly distributed in pairs, sometimes in radial triplets, or isolated. The arrangement and size of the vessels are very little affected by the growth-rings. Tyloses occur in many of them. Growth-rings are much more conspicuous to the naked eye than under the microscope. Their limits are marked by a narrowing of two or three rows of fibre- elements, rather than by the distribution or size of the vessels (text-fig. 8:3). Medullary rays are principally uniseriate, a few are biseriate or three cells wide. The cells appear to be uniform in character save for slight variations in their radial elongation. The rays range in height from about 6 to 40 cells, some of the biseriate rays being a little higher. Branching appears to have been frequent, several “knots” are externally visible in the wood, and the remains of two branches at least are seen in the transverse section (see text- fig. 82). Phloem, cortex, and bark are unpreserved. Deraits or THE ELrements.—So far as can be judged from the poor state of preservation, the majority of the elements of the pith were thick-walled and pitted, roundish in outline, and with small intercellular spaces. Among these are some stone-cells with excessively thickened walls. The primary wood-elements are small and too poorly preserved to describe in detail. The secondary wood-vessels. are roughly circular; when two are ad- jacent the walls of contact are nearly straight. They average’ 25-70 « in diameter, some being a little larger. The walls appear to be very thick, but this may be petrifact. The pits in the walls are just discernible, the details are not ascertainable owing to the poor preservation. Wood-fibres are roughly hexagonal, averaging 12-20 » in diameter, Their walls are exceedingly thick and the lumen very small in most cases; they are pitted, but the nature of the pits is not clear. Wood- parenchyma may be present in small quantities. I have not been able to detect cells well enough preserved to be described, T 2 276 d DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE A few of the elements immediately adjacent to the vessels appear to be parenchymatous and show contents. Slight differences in shape, such as are illustrated in text- fig. 84, seem to be the only variations in the cells of the medullary rays. In transyerse section their radial extension is generally small, only half as much again as their tangential diameter ; in many cases this is less, and the cells are practically square. Their end-walls are nearly straight or at a slight angle, and even in the transverse section the heavy thickening and pitting of all the wails can be made out. ‘Typical cells are illustrated at m., text-fig. 84, where the end-walls are to be seen with well-marked thickenings and pittings of the type described Text-fig. 84.—Sabulia Scottii, Stopes. Radial section showing the shape of a few of the ray-cells, with details of their pitting, m. Thickening and pitting of end-walls, a., similar in type to the “ abietinean pitting ” of Conifers. No. V. 5654. as ‘ abietinean ” when found in Gymnosperms. In a few of the cells there are indications of oval or round pittings of a larger size on the radial walls. Arrrinitins.—As was the case when I first described this specimen (Stopes, 1912), I do not feel in a position to draw any useful comparison between it and the woods of any definite living genus. Every detail of its structure is characteristic of the higher groups of woody Dicotyledons. The lack of ‘ primi- tive” features in so early a plant is the chief interest of the specimen. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 277 V. 5654. Small piece of petrified decorticated wood, now measuring only 25x2x3 cm., and the pieces from which the sections have been cut. In the largest piece the central pith, growth-rings, vessels, etc., can all be clearly seen with the naked eye. V. 5654 a. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, 1912, pl. vi, fig. 2; and text-fig. 82, ante. Complete transverse section of above stem, showing all the features described. In the centre two distinct piths are to be seen, as a result of branching. V. 5654 b. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, pl. viii, fig. 9; and text-fig. 83, ante. Trans- verse section similar to the above, but showing the pith still undivided. Locally this is rather better preserved than the other sections, and the details of vessels, wood-fibres, and medullary rays can all be made out. On the right-hand side of the section are the remains of another branch. V. 5654.c. Transverse section very similar to the above, showing the pith of the smaller branch nearer to the axis than in section a. V. 5654 d. Rather oblique tangential section of the above. The details are poorly preserved, but the height of the medullary rays can be made out. A small outgoing branch is well preserved in transverse section. V. 5654 e. Figured, text-fig. 84. Radial longitudinal section passing through the pith. Locally the medullary ray- cells are fairly well preserved in radial section, and show their much thickened walls and pitting. Lower Greensand, Woburn; Bedfordshire. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. Genus HYTHIA, nov. As one species only of this type has been found, the species and genus are not separately diagnosed, — 278 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Hythia Elgari, sp. nov. [Plates XXIX, XXX; text-figs. 85, 86.] Diagnosis.—Species founded on the secondary wood, 14x 8-9 x 22:4 em. of which is petrified, probably part of a much larger trunk. A woody trunk forming timber of un- known girth, but evidently considerably more than 14 em. in diameter. Growth-rings may or may not have been present. Wood consisting of fibre-tracheids, parenchyma, and isolated circular vessels uniformly distributed and averaging 50-70 » in diameter. Medullary rays numerous, multiseriate, some of the rays very broad and conspicuous ; ray-cells of at least two kinds, the majority of the cells being very much compressed and radi- ally elongated and thin-walled. The shorter bordering cells of the ray with thickened and pitted walls, with groups of round to almost scalariform pits in the radial walls. Vessels irregularly pitted with round pits merging into scalariform pits, Horizon.—Hythe Beds, Lower Greensand. Locatity.—Near Maidstone, Kent. Tyex.—In the Maidstone Museum; a part of the type block and sections cut from it in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), V. 13232 and V. 13232 a, b, ¢, d, e, f, g. Generat Descriprion.—The specimen consists of a good-sized block of secondary wood, measuring 14x 8-9 cm. by 22:4 cm. long. It appears to be but a portion of a still larger woody trunk, and there is nothing to indicate the limits of the size it may have reached. The woody texture is now petrified in a fine and hard medium, but the woody fibre was evidently a good deal macerated, fungus-eaten, and softened before petrifaction, as can be seen by the extraordinary contortions of the medullary rays (text-fig. 85, and Pl. XXIX, fig. 1). These contortions obliter- ated any traces there may have been of growth-zones, so that I am unable to determine whether or not they were present. The angiospermic nature of the wood can be at once detected by the naked eye from the appearance of the weathered surface, where the broad rays are very conspicuous. Secondary wood alone appears to be present. ToroeraPuy or THE Woop,—The salient characters of the wood are its numerous broad medullary rays and the slightness of the lignification of the vessels, fibres, etc. The wood must OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. Text-fig. 85.—Hythia Elgari, sp. nov. Cut surface of the end of the block showing the woody texture and the broad medullary rays, which are extremely crumpled owing to crushing before petrifaction. Block in the Maidstone Museum, part of it presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), No. V. 13232. Nearly natural size, 280 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE have been very soft in texture. The vessels are fairly large, and are numerous, scattered chiefly singly but often in lateral pairs. Between them are small groups of thin-walled elements, ap- parently parenchyma, and a small number of wood-fibres with but slightly thickened walls, Owing to the presence of numerous fungal hyphe, and to a rather curious type of petrifaction, there is reason to believe that the apparent delicacy of all the walls may be to some extent petrifact. Growth-rings, if they were present, must have been rather wide, but they are obliterated by the excessive crushing of all the tissues prior to petrifaction. Medullary rays are very numerous, apparently nearly all multiseriate with a large number of cells composing them, a dozen cells or more composing an average ray. The cells appear to be of at least two kinds, the majority being very much elon- gated radially and extremely narrow; the rays are bordered in many cases by oval shorter cells. So far as I can judge, all the narrow cells appear to be thin-walled, but evidence on this point is obscure. The rays are very high, rays up to 150 cells in vertical series and more being frequent. Derarts oF THE Eremunts.—The wood-vessels are now rather crumpled in most cases, but appear to have been roughly circular when alive. They average about 50-70 w in diameter. ‘The walls are now extremely slender, with barely any sign ‘of lignification in transverse sections. In longitudinal section the pittings ean be seen in many places (Pl. XXX, fig. 3). The pits are round, oval, or much elongated, so that they merge into a scalariform type here and there anywhere along the length of the vessel. hese scalariform pittings are quite distinct from those well-marked scalariform end-walls found in so many species. J'yloses are to be seen in nearly all cases, filling the vessels, 7 The wood-fibres are inconspicuous, and have but slightly thickened walls. They are oval, hexagonal, or variously shaped, according to space demands, and have small intercellular spaces at their corners. They vary considerably, averaging roughly 8-20 » in diameter. I am uncertain as to the nature of their pitting ; a few seem to have roundish, slightly bordered pits. Wood-parenchyma appears to be scattered in considerable quantities in the transverse sections, sometimes adjacent to the vessels, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 281 Medullury ray-cells appear to be of at least two kinds :— (a) The majority of the cells are greatly elongated radially, very narrow, and with pointed ends in transverse section (Pl. XXX, fig. 2). These appear to be entirely thin-walled. (6) Bordering some of the rays, and forming the uniseriate termination to multiseriate rays, is a relatively small number of wider, short, oval cells. These have somewhat thickened and definitely pitted walls (text-fig. 86, bm.). Arrinitigs.—The general arrangement of the tissue, the broad and numerous narrower medullary rays composed of Text-fig. 86.—Hythia Elgari, sp. nov. Radial section showing the cells of the medullary ray ; m., narrow elongated cells forming the bulk of the vay; dm., broad, shorter, cells bordering the ray in some places with thickened and pitted walls, p.; v., vessels showing the scalariform pits. No. V. 13232 //. pointed narrow cells, the scalariform pitting of the vessels and other details, are very suggestive of Fagus. On the other hand, in the species of Fagus which I have been able to examine, the ray-cells all have walls thickened to some slight degree at any rate, in which pits are visible; while in the fossil the majority of the ray-cells appear to be quite thin-walled, and thus to be 282 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE in marked contrast to the shorter rounder cells which sometimes border the rays and have definitely pitted walls. The tissues are not particularly well preserved in this fussil, thus adding to the difficulty of making a determination which carries conviction. While suggesting some possible affinity with Fagus, I feel that the affinities of this plant are an open question. V. 13232. Two pieces from which sections have been cut, part _ of the original type block in the Maidstone Museum, The larger of the two pieces is 7X6 cm. in trans- verse section and about 3cm. thick. It is the greater part of the lower third of text-fig. 85. One end is weathered and shows the rays weathered out so as to be visible to the naked eye ; the other end shows the cut surface as illustrated in the figure. The woody texture is entirely free from matrix, and is petrified in a clean, very hard medium which weathers cream- coloured, and is grey with brownish streaks internally. The second, smaller, piece is quite similar and has had longitudinal sections also cut from two faces. V. 13232 a. Figured, Pl. XXIX, fig. 1. Transverse section of the whole area of the larger block in the Museum, showing the much contorted wide medullary rays. At the bottom right-hand corner it is better preserved, and the vessels can be clearly seen with the naked eye. V. 13232 b. Figured, Pl. XXX, fig. 1. Transverse section of a smaller portion of the same block. A small area towards the centre of the slide is iron-stained and shows the details more clearly than is usual in these slides, The broad rays are very conspicuous, and the numerous vessels, thickly scattered among the small- celled wood-fibres and parenchyma, can be well seen. V. 13232 c. Figured, Pl. XXX, fig. 2. Another, rather similar, transverse section. In this the delicacy of the walls of the vessels and of the ground-tissue is very apparent. The long, very narrow medullary ray-cells can be well seen in transverse view, and here and there the shorter oval cells bordering the wide rays are also well preserved. : OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 283 V. 13232 d. Figured, Pl. XXIX, fig. 2. Transverse section of a larger piece of the same block, very similar to the above. Locally the broad rays and the wood-elements can be well seen. V. 13232 ¢. Figured, Pl. XXX, fig. 3. Oblique tangential section, in which the rays are cut in various directions and are rather obscure ; in very many places, however, short lengths of the wood-vessels, and also of the rays in contact with them, show their pittings very clearly. V. 13232 f. Figured, text-fig. 86. Rather oblique radial longi- tudinal section in which very numerous rays are to be seen, with the pitting frequently well- preserved. Numerous pitted vessels are also to be seen, and these are blocked in most cases by tyloses, the end-walls of which are noticeable in a low-power view of the wood. V. 13232 g. Tangential longitudinal section of the wood showing clearly the great height of the multiseriate broad rays. Permeating all the above sections, and in particular the cells of the medullary rays, are immense numbers of beautifully petrified fungal hyphew. ‘There are also structures suggestive of fungal fructifications, particu- larly in the tangential view of the medullary rays of the wood, Hythe Beds (Lower Greensand) ; near Maidstone, Kent. Presented by the Committee of the Corporation Museum, Maidstone, 1915. Genus APTIANA, Stopes. [Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, p. 84, 1912.] As only one species of this genus was known when it was — originally described, and as botanists are not yet in a position to determine which features in angiospermic wood-anatomy are of generic and which of specific importance, the species and genus were not separately diagnosed. 284 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Aptiana radiata, Stopes. [Text-figs. 87-92. 1912. Aptiana radiata, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, pp. 84-91, pl. vi, figs. 1, 3, 4, 5; pl. vii, fiz. 6; pl. viii, figs. 10, 11; text-figs. 1-5. 1912. Aptiana radiata, Janssonius & Moll, Proc. Sect. Sci. K. Akad. Wetenschap. Amsterdam, pp. 623-626, text-fig. 1. Diagnosis.—The species is founded on a stem, or branch, 3°5 em. in diameter. Primary wood without marked bundles’; secondary wood with growth-rings, and consisting entirely of fibre-tracheids with bordered pits, and of singly placed vessels which are so arranged as barely to disturb the radial rows of the fibre-tracheids and average 20-40 win diameter, Wood- parenchyma, if present, scanty, and arranged beside the vessels tangentially spanning the space between the rays. Medullary rays numerous, multiseriate and uniseriate, the uniseriate rays principally only two wood-fibres distant. Multiseriate rays principally 3-4 cells wide, never running through a complete radius of the stem, but dwindling to uniseriate rays or dying out entirely ; those reaching the phloem expand to funnel-shaped ends. Cells composing the rays of various types, end-cells often much drawn out vertically, The phloem composed of sclerised elements and of soft cells in irregular alternating patches. Horizoy.— Lower Greensand. Locatity.—Probably Luccomb Chine, I. of Wight. Typp.—V. 11517, and sections V. 11517 a, 6, ¢, d, e, f, 9, h, cut from it in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). GrneraL Descrrerion.—A short length (about 3 cm.) of the stem is petrified in a dark medium in the coarse, glauconitic sandy matrix characteristic of the Luccomb Chine and Shanklin plant-beds in the Lower Greensand. ‘The side of the specimen, which is still embedded in the matrix, has the phloem and part of the cortex preserved outside the wood (text-figs. 87, 88); the centre of the stem is also present, so that the specimen is unusually complete and its true diameter is known (4 x 3:5 cm.). Petrified woods with their phloem and bark preserved are among the rarest of fossils. The details of the elements are also exceptionally well petrified, as can be surmised from text- fig. 90, though no illustration can do justice to the beauty of the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 285 actual sections. One end of the block is weathered out, and tho wood-texture with the broad medullary rays can be seen with the naked eye: in the cut surface the broad rays and the phloem zone can be seen clearly, but the growth-rings and the vessels are too fine to be detected with the naked eye. TorogRApPuy or THE Srem.—The pith was central and appa- rently nearly circular. The stem was broken through the middle before cutting (text-fig. 87), so that fragments only of the pith remain, The primary wood does not form very pronounced bundles round it. ‘The secondary wood is very small-celled and Text-fig. 87.—Aptiana radiata, Stopes. Transverse section of the stem, x 1} diameters, showing the rays, The black zone at p, is phloem ; m., the granular matrix. After Stopes. remarkably uniform in structure. Growth-rings are clearly recognisable, but, as they do not strikingly disturb the arrange- ment of the elements, the limits of some of the outer rings are a little uncertain, There appear to be 28-30 growth-zones in the wood, averaging about ‘6 mm. thick. The vessels are small, and generally arranged so as not to disturb the regular radial sequence of the wood-fibres, The vessels are nearly all isolated, 286 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE a few being in pairs. Vessels are uniformly distributed, rather larger toward the inner zones of the growth-rings. The regular texture of the wood and small size of the vessels can be seen in text-figs. 89, 90. Text-fig. 89 should be compared with text- fig. 80, which is on exactly the same scale of magnification, to show the more usual relation between vessels and fibres. The wood-fibres (fibre-tracheids) are arranged with remarkable Text-fig. 88.—Aptiana radiata, Stopes. Transverse section of outer part of the stem, showing the wood with the multiseriate rays extending into the phloem, where they end in funnel-shaped expansions, a. After Stopes. regularity in radial rows (text-figs. 89, 90), and are principally squarish or rectangular in shape. Wood-parenchyma is almost, if not es absent—the nature of the petrifaction makes it impossible to determine this point absolutely. Some elements lying adjacent to the vessels OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 287 and linking two medullary rays may be parenchyma (see Stopes, 1912, text-fig. 1). Medullary rays are very numerous and conspicuous. The multiseriate rays are principally about 4 cells wide and a dozen ocr more cells high. None of these rays run for any great radial extent in the wood, but become uniseriate or die out altogether (text-fig. 89, md.). Those which reach the phloem expand Text-fig. 89.—Aptiana radiata, Stopes. Transverse section of the stem showing the texture of the wood, with its small vessels, and fibre- tracheids in regular rows. The broad medullary rays, m., are con- spicuous, the ray md. is seen to be dying out to a uniseriate ray, [Note that this and fig. 80 are magnified exactly the same amount, showing the great contrast between the two woods. ] 288 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE there to broad funnel-shaped ends (text-fig. 88, a.).. Uni- seriate rays are innumerable, lying generally only two, or even one, wood-fibre series distant. The cells composing the rays are all rather thick-walled and pitted, their shape and character being very various, and the end-cells of the multiseriate rays sometimes being extremely elongated vertically. Cambium is preserved in places, and is quite normal. Phloem, 15 mm. thick, is preserved and is composed of irregularly alternating masses of stone and soft cells (text-fig. 88). A little very much crushed cortex is preserved, in which no true cork is identifiable, though there is a suggestion of its presence. Text-fig. 90.—Aptiana radiata, Stopes. Transverse section of a sinall part of the wood enlarged, showing the’ small vessels little larger than the wood-fibres. At @., a fibre-tracheid shows the pit-canal of a bordered pit in each of its walls. m., the thickened and pitted cells of the medullary ray. X nearly 500, Deraits or Evemunis,—The pith-cells appear to have been uniform, roughly circular, averaging about 30-40 p, with some larger cells toward the eentre. The smaller peripheral elements merge imperceptibly into the bundle-sheaths of primary wood. The primary wood-clements in transverse section consist of small OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 289 cells with thickened walls, in which true vessels are not recognisable. As the radial sections do not pass through the primary wood, the nature of the protoxylem-walls cannot be determined. In the secondary wood the vessels are often but little larger than the wood-fibres of the radial series in which they lie (text-fig. 90). They are generally roughly circular, with slightly flattened sides. The larger vessels are a little more irregular, but also roughly circular, and average about 20-40 yw, principally about 30 » in diameter. The walls are thickened, but not remarkably so, the lignified walls thinner than those of the adjacent wood-fibres. The majority of the walls have scalariform perforations ; locally these may merge into scalari- form-like oval pits, and here or there, finally, into roundish and more irregularly placed pits. The assumption of Janssonius and Moll (1912, p. 625), that the scalariform pitting is only on the end-walls, is incorrect, as also is their statement that the end- walls are “‘ very obliquely placed.” Where they can be seen in the actual fossil, the end-walls seem to be placed at a rather unusually high angle, thus giving the vessels blunt instead of very elongated ends. The wood-fibres (fibre-tracheids) vary considerably, but on the whole tend to be squarish or rectangular, averaging 15 x 104 in diameter, a few nearly 20. The radial is generally less than, sometimes only half, the tangential diameter. Walls greatly thickened, so that the lumen is only one-third or less of the whole diameter (text-fig. 90). The walls are perforated by numerous round bordered piis, in both the tangential and radial walls. These are seen remarkably well in transverse section (text-fig. 90, a.), where a single section of a cell may show as many as four pits, one in each of its walls. Vertically, the pits he in a single row or in two rows here and there, and each pit in the radial walls is separated from its neighbours roughly by its own diameter. The medullary rays consist of elements all of which have thickened walls with numerous simple pits. The cells are all closely adjacent, entirely without intercellular spaces. The various cells differ considerably in shape and size (text- figs. 91, 92). Some being nearly square in radial, and hexagonal in tangential section (m.), others being rectangular and elongated either vertically or horizontally (r. and s.), while the end-cells U 290 CATALOGUE OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. are extremely elongated vertically (v., ¢.), and show very striking lens-shaped cells in the vertical section (text-fig. 92, e.). These cells may be even more elongated than is shown in the figure ; in the actual sections some are three times as long as the limiting cells illustrated. The appearance of these cells in the tangential section is very striking. They frequently measure 250 p. and more in vertical extension. The phloem elements of the soft bast are so much crushed that their details cannot be described. The soft cells are in groups of numerous cells, apparently tangentially extended. ‘The hard bast forms clusters of two or three up to twelve elements, most of which are — 3 in } v. Text-fig. 91.—Aptiana radiata, Stopes. Radial longitudinal section of part of a medullary ray showing: m., ordinary ray-cells, with thickened pitted walls, without intercellular spaces; s., larger square cells ; r,, radially elongated cells; v., vertically elongated cells—all with thickened pitted walls. No. V. 11517. irregulerly hexagonal in shape with walls so much thickened that the lumen is almost obliterated. , Arriniries.—The original account of the affinities of this fossil (Stopes, 1912, pp. 90-91) premised that it was impossible conclusively to identify it with any living genus, and conse- quently a non-committal name was given to the specimen. OER, Pastner se Ink. 5 ee ————. ———$—— Ee ———————— a ARES Gen a ss Text-fig. 92.—Aptiana radiata, Stopes. Tangential section of a small multi- seriate ray, showing the very elongated terminal cells. f., wood-fibres - m., main cells of medullary ray ; ¢., end-cells of the ray, spindle-shaped and very much elongated ; ¢.!, end-cell of a neighbouring ray, the main extension of which is out of the figure. x nearly 500. No. V. 11517 q v2 292 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE From this conclusion Professors Janssonius & Moll (1912) dis- sented, and stated that, had I used their system of “ Linnean description” for the new fossil, it would have been apparent that it belongs to the living family Ternstreemiacex, if not actually to the species Eurya acuminata. From their account of the wood only, it is true that there is evidently a considerable likeness between this genus and Aptiana; but, when all the details are taken into consideration, the likeness does not seem to be greater than I already noted to some species of Lonicera, Viburnum, Magnolia, or Liriodendron. While [I have benefited greatly by the example of their careful and detailed descriptions, I cannot accept the confident conclusions of Janssonius and Moll regarding Aptiana, Detailed comparison of sections of Hurya acuminata and other species of the genus with the fossil shows that, particularly in the longitudinal sections (where the horizontal cross-walls of numerous parenchyma and medullary ray-cells are conspicuously unlike the fossil), the general appearance of the two plants is very different. A more important difference is the character of the end-cells of the medullary rays. The excessively long end- cells of the ray in Aptiana (250, and more) are not present in such material of Hurya acuminata as I have been able to cut myself, nor are they described in Moll & Janssonius’ (1906, p. 302) own account of the species. 1 am much indebted to Prof. Moll for kindly providing me with a piece of material of Eurya larger than I was myself able to obtain. So far as my experience goes, these excessively elongated end- cells of the rays are rather an unusual feature in angiospermic woods. In the several hundreds of woods which I have examined, I have observed them in less than a dozen species. In this respect, of the woods known to me, Cliftonia ligustrina, Viburnum rufotomentosum, and Ilex decidua approach the fossil most nearly. Indeed, save for the larger size of its vessels, the wood of Cliftonia is remarkably similar. Cliftonia is a small, rather isolated genus of the Cyrillez, living in the swamps of Florida, so that, without convincing proof, one would not identify the fossil with it. In consequence of the above and many other considerations, it appears premature to locate Aptiana in any one living family. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 293 V. 11517. The original block, now in five pieces, from which sections have been eut, The specimen is dark in colour, and partly embedded in the coarse granular matrix, One end is weathered and shows the broad rays and wood-texture. The diameter of the wood alone is about 3°5-3°8 em.; in addition there are 1-5 mm. of phloem and cortex on the side which is embedded in the matrix. In the cut face, the broad medullary rays form a striking feature obvious to the _ naked eye. | V.11517a. Transverse section of the above, from which the phloem has been ground off in the cutting. All the described features of the wood ean be observed in the well-preserved tissues. V. 11517 c. Figured, Stopes, Phil, Trans, Roy. Soc. Lond., ser, B, vol, 208, 1912, pl. vi, figs. 3 & 4; pl, vil, fig. 6; pl. viii, fig. 10: also text-figs. 87, 89, 90, ante. ‘Transverse section similar to the above, but showing the phloem preserved in the granular matrix. The section has unfortunately begun to split and float about within the balsam, but large areas of it still show the exquisitely petrified details of the elements. The bordered pits of the fibre-tracheids and the medullary rays are particularly fine. On the upper end of the section the eambium-layer between the xylem and phloem is preserved unbroken, V. 11517 d. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, 1912, pl. vi, fig. 1: also text- fig. 88, ante. Transverse section very similar to the above. The funnel-shaped expansions of the medullary rays and stone-cell groups in the phloem are shown, particularly clearly at the right-hand bottom corner of the slide. V. 11517 b. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, 1912, pl. vili, fig. 11, text-fig. 3: also text-fig. 91, ante. Radial longitudinal section showing very well the details of the broad rays, with 294 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE their various types of cells. Locally, the pits of the wood-fibres and the vessels can be seen, but they are not very well preserved. The section passes through the phloem. V. 11517h. Radial longitudinal section similar to the above, but less well preserved locally. The scalariform pitting of the vessels can clearly be seen in several places. V.11517 f. Figured, Stopes, Phil. Trans, Koy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, ~ vol. 203, 1912, pl. vi, fig. 5. Tangential longitudinal section, showing very clearly the broad multiseriate rays and the fusion of these rays. V. 11517 g. Figured, text-fig. 92. Tangential longitudinal section similar to the above, showing extraordinarily well the elongated lens-shaped cells which terminate the broad rays. V. 11517 e. Tangential longitudinal section similar to the above, but less well preserved. Lower Greensand ; ? Luccomb Chine. Transferred from the Botanical Dept. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 295 APPENDIX. The following species are not included in the body of the descriptive text because their age is rather doubtful. Though they were found in the “ Potton Sands,” which are of Lower Greensand age, it is generally held that Potton fossils of the colour and texture of these (a rich red-brown limonite) are derived from the Wealden. They are included in the present volume not only to complete the account of the fossils found in the Lower Greensand, but also because they afford new evidence regarding the hitherto neglected anatomy of Cycadeoidea as distinct from Bennettites (see p. 23). Genus CYCADEOIDEA, Buckland. { Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. 1, no. 8, 1828, pp. 80, 81; and Trans, Geol. Soe., ser. 2, vol. 2, 1828, pp. 395-401. ] Diagnosis.—Genus founded on vegetative trunks, which are of uncertain height, some conical or ovoid, some cylindrical, covered by closely arranged leaf-bases, generally rhombic in shape, which may or may not be transversely elongated. In its internal anatomy the trunk shows two or more (up to eight are recorded) zones of secondary wood, the zones composed of distinct series of tracheids each more or less regularly arranged in radial sequence. Pith very large, with gum-canals, but no vascular strands. In the above diagnosis, which is provisional until more is known of the fossils, the clear distinction between Cycadeoidea and Bennettites is presented for the first time. Much confusion has existed on the subject of the nomen- clature of the Cycead-like fossil trunks since 1828, when Buckland founded the genus Cycadcoidea, followed almost at once by Brongniart’s genus Manitellia. Many other so-called genera have since been founded, e. g. Vatesia, Carr., Clathraria, Schimp., ete., but these are generally recognized as being based more on differences in the preservation than in the actual 296 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE structure of the trunks, of which the anatomy is almost un- known. As the nomenclature has been frequently considered at length (see Berry 1911, Wieland 1908, 1906, Seward 1895, Solms-Laubach in Capellini & Solms 1892, Carruthers 1870, etc.), there is no need to recapitulate the discussions. At present it suffices to say that of all the proposed names only two remain important, namely Bennettites and Cycadeoidea. The latter name was proposed by Buckland, and in his de- scription of the two fossils which are the types of the genus, he was dealing with vegetative structures only. In his account, as in his figures, there is no indication of the fructifications of these “ cycad-like” plants. In 1870, Carruthers demonstrated the unique and peculiar fructifications of certain fossils of a different geological age, but of rather similar external appearance. The differences between these fructifications and those of any previously known fossil were ordinal; and Carruthers named his new fossils Bennettites, placing them in a tribe named the Bennet- titee. Since that date, British botanists have called the fossils with this peculiar type of fructification Bennettites (Scott 1909), but the Americans have assumed the identity of this type with the original Cycadeoidea of Buckland (Ward 18948, Wieland 1906, 1908, Berry 1911, ete,)— an assumption which the present work demonstrates is un- warranted, as Buckland’s type has anatomical features which are not found in Bennettites, That being the case, the two names, Cycadeoidea and Bennettites, may both be used, but they stand for different things. It is unfortunate that both the type-specimens of the two species on which Buckland founded his genus Cycadcoidea are lost. It is said that they formed part of the original Sowerby collection. Most of this collection was purchased by the Museum, but neither of these types is among the specimens. Buckland’s descriptions (1828 a), also, are not sufficiently pre- elise regarding points about which information is most desirable ; nevertheless, both in his plate 49, figs. 1 & 2, and in his description, he makes it clear that his C. microphylla had two distinct secoudary woods, and not a single wood-ring as in Bennettates. He says (p. 398): ‘‘ The trunk is longer in proportion to its OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 297 width, whilst its transverse section exhibits at the centre the same indistinctly cellular appearance as the species last de- scribed ; but near the circumference instead of one zt has two laminated circles, and exterior to each of these a narrow band. devoid of lamine, analoyous to the two bands of cellular substance that are placed in similar relation to the two laminated circles in a recent Cycas.” It is curious that this important and interesting feature in the anatomy of the type of Cycadeoidea has been everlooked by writers who discuss the nomenclature of the Cycadophyta as though Bennetiites and Cycadeoidea were identical. Im Buckland’s figure of the external features of Cycadeoidea microphylla there is no sign of cones among the leaf-bases, and there is nothing to show that its fructification resembled that of Bennettites in any particular. Nevertheless, many of the “‘ Cycad”’ stumps from Portland, which later writers have identified as belonging to Buckland’s genus, have undoubtedly embedded cones of the Bennettites- type. These trunks are rightly included in the same genus as Carruthers’s Bennettites Gibsonianus, whether it be called Bennet- tites or Cycadeoidea. The weak point in the argument of those who call these specimens Cycadeoidea is their assumption that such fruiting specimens are really identical with the original trunks described by Buckland, who quite clearly described and illus- trated vegetative features in C. microphylla which differ from those of the Bennettites-type. Under the circumstances it seems to me invalid to identify any fruiting specimen as Cycadeoidea, Buckl. It is clear that the great majority of the Portland (as of the American) trunks are species of Bennettites. Owing to the loss of Buckland’s type-specimens, and the con- sequent uncertainty regarding their characters, an arguable case might be made out for dropping the generic name Cycadeoidea altogether, though the two specimens about to be described strengthen the arguments for its retention. The two species of Cycadeoidea now described both show two or more rings of wood, thus agreeing with Buckland’s type and differing from Benneitites. The numerous magnificently preserved American species of Bennettites (named by Wieland 1906, ete., Cycadeoidea) show the remarkable uniformity of character in the numerous species of the genus, and the similarity in both vascular anatomy and fructification between 298 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE the American and the European species. An exception to the general rule of a single slender woody cylinder in Bennettites is Wieland’s Cycadeoidea Jenneyana (Wieland 1906, p. 78), in which there is a strong woody cylinder “‘ as extensive and compact as that of Cordaites.” Unfortunately the illustration given is only a small-scale (reduced by 3) macroscopic photo- graph of the polished trunk-surface, and no microscopic sections appear to be described. So far as can be judged by an examin- ation of Wieland’s plate with a lens, I think his alternative suggestion is the correct one, and that ‘there has actually been a persistence of the primary cambium with seasonal augment- ation of the secondary xylem.” But without microscopic sections nothing definite can be deduced from this most in- teresting form. As the fructifications of C. Jenneyana also show some rather important differences from the usual Bennet- tites type, it is probable that it should form the basis of a new genus. Its wood, ‘ extensive and compact as that of Cordailes,” differs notably both from the single slender cylinder of Ben- nettites and the series of cylinders in Cycadeoidea. Wieland, in a footnote to his p. 78, recognises that anatomical features of this magnitude “ are of generic value,” and he allows that if the stem-anatomy of Buckland’s original Cycadeoidea were shown to differ from that of Bennettites, “ then the genus Bennettites is perfectly valid, although for other reasons than those that have hitherto been assigned.” A demonstration of essential anatomical differences between Bennetti‘es and Cycadeoidea being now made, it becomes clear that the name Bennettites must be applied to the numerous American specimens of which the well-petrified stems and fructifications are identical with Bennetiites in all important respects. Regarding the fructifications of the true Cycadeoideas nothing is known. One of the species now described in detail, and originally recorded by Carruthers (1867) as Cycadeoidea Yatesii, was later (1870) put by him in his new genus Yatesia (under the name VYatesia Morrisii), and the genus Yatesia was credited with having ‘‘a cone, each carpophyll of which bears two reflexed ovules.” The evidence Carruthers gives for this (p. 688) appears to me to rest on so many assumptions that it is valueless, his two principal reasons being: 1st, the structure of the stem appears to require deciduous axillary appendages for the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 299 organs of reproduction ; 2nd, one of these cones ** (Cycadeostrobus Walkeri, Carr.) has been found in the same stratum in which the stem of Yatesia Morrisii is found.” It is now realised how weak is the evidence based on chance association of rare speci- mens, and in the actual specimens of C. Yatesii there is no sign of any fructification, nor are there any features in the stem or leaf-bases which could serve as a justifiable basis for theoretical re-constructions of its fruits. Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carruthers. [Text-figs. 93-97. ] 1867. Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 4, pp. 199- 201, pl. ix, figs. 1 & 2. 1870. Yatesia Morrisii, Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 26, p- 688, pl. lv, figs. 3-6; pl. lx, fig. 13. 1874. Yatesia Morrisit, Schimper, Trait. Paléont. Vég., vol. 3, p.555. 1895. VYatesia Morrisit, Seward, Cat. Mesoz. Plants, Wealden flora, vol. 2, pp. 166-7. Diagnosis.—Species is founded on vegetative trunks showing pith, wood, and leaf-bases ; the inner tissues petrified to show. imperfectly preserved anatomical details. Trunk cylindrical, relatively slender for its height, measuring not less than 25 cm. long and 12 em.in diameter, the axis in this length being quite straight, without any sign of termination or reduction, and having every appearance of having been much longer. Petiole- bases closely arranged in compact regular spirals completely covering the stem. Petiole-bases mostly very regular and uniform in size, measuring 1*8-2 cm. in transverse and 1:6- 2 em. in vertical direction; some few are less and others more than this. Where it is not worn down, the petiole-base terminates in a rounded tumid boss, directed upwards. Between the petiole-bases the ramental (?) zones are narrow. The pith is very large, as much as 8 cm. in diameter in a stem only 12 cm. in diameter including the outermost leaf-bases. Surface-cast of pith shows deep grooves and ridges, with lenticular ridges due to the broad rays between vascular strands, ‘Two slender wood-cylinders surround the pith, each about 5-8 mm, thick, and composed of radiating zones of secondary wood and between them a zone about 2°5 mm. thick of different tissues (phloem ?), Tracheids in close regular series, averaging up to 30-404 in 300 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE diameter, sometimes as many as 4-5 tracheid-rows adjacent. Round bordered pits in radial walls of the tracheids are chiefly in one, sometimes two alternating rows. [Carruthers describes the tracheids as having 2 or 3 rows of “disks” Text-fig. 93.— Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carr. Drawing of external view of part of the trunk: type-specimen. a., the persistent leaf-bases ; }., the onter face of the second wood-zone, showing lenticular scars due to leaf- traces ; c., the corrugated surface of the cortical zone. Xx about j. After Carruthers. No. V. 13238. (bordered pits). I have not been able to confirm this.| Cortex narrow, and leaf-bases not massive in radial thickness. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 301 Horizon.—** Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand; probably derived from Wealden. Locariry.—Sand-pit, just outside Leighton Buzzard. Tyrz (V. 13238).—Specimen transferred to British Museum (Natural History), by Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, 1915. GeneRAt Descriprion.—There are twelve more specimens of this species, all found in the same deposit and all identical in colour and texture, being petrified in a dark limonite, very close and heavy and quite opaque in most cases where sections have been attempted. Three at least of these specimens resemble each other so much that it is certain that they represent parts of the same individual, which must have been much longer than the type-specimen, and consequently much exceeding the length given in the diagnosis. There is every indication that the trunks were straight and relatively slender, and not like the rounded massive trunks of many Bennettites. The pith is very large for the diameter of the trunk, but shows no sign of vascular strands within it, the statement of Carruthers that it was ‘‘ permeated with vascular bundles” being probably due to the deceptive appearance of the pseudo-concretionary matrix toward the centre, which to the naked eye has an effect very similar to the central strands of a Medullosa. The pith measures up to 8 cm. in diameter, and is a straight unconstricted mass. Externally, as is seen in specimen 47049 (text-fig. 94), the primary bundles and broad medullary rays give rise to the lenticular ridges and groovings which are so characteristic of pith-casts in this family. The tissue composing the pith (see section V.5219 a), which is poorly preserved and is generally wanting, appears to have been a uniform mass of unspecialised parenchyma, in which circular cavities suggest the remains of gum- -canals. The wood is in two distinct rings, each from 5-8 mm, in radial thickness and apparently formed from distinct cambiums (text-figs. 94 & 95). They can be clearly recognised in the broken ends of most of the specimens, even with the naked eye. Owing to the opaque nature of the matrix but little can be seen in microscopic section in most cases, but in the slides ef V. 5219 patches show the regular radial rows of tracheids, 302 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE sometimes single rows separated by medullary rays, sometimes as many as 4 or 5 tracheid-rows adjacent (text-fig. 96). The tracheids are squarish or oblong, measuring up to about 30—40 » in diameter (text-fig, 96). In longitudinal direction they are still more opaqne, but in a few cases bordered pits Text-fig. 94.— Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carr. End of a specimen broken across showing the two rings of wood, ,, x,, and the wide pith-cast with ridged inner surface, p.; /., leaf-bases. Nat. size. No. 47049. (circular) can be seen. The two rows of bordered pits described by Carruthers are sometimes present. Between the wood-rings and outside the second wood-ring are zones of different tissue about 2-2°5 mm. in thickness. This OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 303 l. Text-fig, 95.— Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carr. Drawing of a small portion of the broken end of the stem, A in transverse, B in radial longitudinal direction. J., leaf-bases ; ph., phloem ?; x, and #,, separate concentri¢ rings composed of radial series of secondary tracheids; p., pith, he m. z m. \ ys, | “ie ae hat - Se saa ee : o. ig ¥* SY we AS 22 ae pees * e . ae Text-fig. 96.—Cycadeotdea Yatesii, Carr. Details of a few tracheids from one of the wood-rings. m., medullary rays, of which no cells remain ; x., rows of secondary tracheids. No. V. d219¢. — 304 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE is presumably phloem; when weathered or very slowly eaten out with acid, the difference in texture between this zone and the wood is apparent (text-fig. 95, ph. ?). The cortex is a very narrow zone; where the leaf-bases are broken away, it is deeply corrugated with lenticular grooves (text-fig. 93, area c). Text-fig. 97.—Cycadeoidea Yatesit, Carr. Surface-view of a specimen showing the regular squarish leaf-bases. Nat. size. No. V. 9383. The leaf-bases are not massive, in a radial direction measuring only about 2 cm. They vary somewhat in size, but are typically almost square in surface-view, measuring about 1°8-2 x 1-6-2 em. in horizontal and vertical diameters. This shape and uppearance is largely due to the covering zones of ramente (?) OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 305 between adjacent leaf-bases; where they are broken away, the narrow lateral extension of the leaf-base can be seen. Arrintrres.—In his description of this specimen Carruthers (1867 4) merely said “it must be referred to Buckland’s genus Cycadeoidea = Mantellia Brongn.” Carruthers notes that ‘the woody cylinder surrounding the pith consists of two rings, everywhere pierced by medullary rays, which are often so large as to separate the rings into numerous series of woody wedges, as in recent Cycadex.” Regarding the rather unusual form of the leaf-bases he notes: ‘‘ Our species may be distinguished from the others [of the Cycadeoidea| by the regular arrangement and symmetrical form of the bases of the petioles. ‘They are rhom- boids, the horizontal diameter of which is but little more than the perpendicular, and differing in this respect not only from all the other described recent [sic, fossil?] species, but also from all the living Cycads with which I[ am acquainted.” This accurate description, and the recognition that the plant had affinities with Buckland’s Cycadeoidea, was confused by Carruthers himself (1870) when he founded the genus Yatesia in which he placed this fossil, re-naming it Yatesia Morrisii. The genus Yatesia was diagnosed as follows:—“ Trunk cylindrical, of uniform thickness, and covered with the short persistent bases of the petioles; scars of the aborted leaves scattered among those of the true leaves. Andrecium un- known; gynecium forming a cone, each earpophyll of which bears two reflexed ovules.” There is no evidence that the present specimen had any of these characters, beyond the cylindrical trunk and persistent leaf-bases. The deductions regarding its fructifications are assumptions ; while it is not impossible that they may prove correct, as there is no actual evidence to support them, they cannot be used as the foundations of a genus. Whether or not the genus Yatesia may hold for other species cannot be discussed here: it is certain, that as diagnosed, the plant now under consideration cannot be included in the genus Vatesia. V. 13238. Type-specimen. Figured, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. 4, 1867, pl. ix, figs.1 & 2. Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. 26, 1870, pl. lv, figs. 8-6; pl. Ix, fig. 13. Text-figs. 93, 95. This type-specimen is x 306 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 25 em. long by 12 em. in diameter. As is shown in the figures, the upper part is covered by the closely arranged leaf-bases, which are broken off the lower half so as to show the rough surface of the cortex. On the right side of the specimen this again splits off, exposing the outer surface of the outer wood-ring, in which the elongated scars of the leaf-traces are visible. On the other side of the specimen the large pith, 8 cm. in diameter, is represented by roughly ’ granular matrix. On either side of this the axis is split in nearly median radial section, and shows the two wood-rings and the tissue between them very clearly (text-fig. 95, B). The broken end of the section also shows these wood-rings well weathered out (text- fig. 95, A). ‘The leaf-bases at this end show clearly their upturned tumid bosses, This specimen, like all the others, is preserved in dark heavy limonite. “Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; near Leighton Buzzard. By exchange, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, 1915. V. 5217, V. 5219, V. 9384. Figured, text-fig. 100. Are all V. 5217. probably part of a single specimen. A block very similar to the upper end of the type- specimen, measuring 14 cm. long by 9 em. across, this width not being the complete diameter of the stem. Pith-casts, wood-zones, and leaf-bases can all be well seen. One end of the specimen is cut across, and the smooth surface shows very clearly to the naked eye the pseudo-concretionary nature of the mineral matrix, which gives a false appearance of medullary vascular strands, probably the cause of Carruthers’s statement that there are vascular bundles in the pith. V. 5217 a. Transverse section from the cut surface described above. ‘The tissues are almost entirely obliterated by the opacity of the mineralising medium, and are much broken. Some rows of tracheids in the woody zone can be detected. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 307 V. 5217 b, c. Smaller sections similar to the above, but still more imperfect, ‘* Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; near Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 5219. A short length, 8 cm. long, and a second small slice from which a section has been cut, of the pith and wood only. The inorganic pattern made by the con- cretionary nature of the mineral is so similar to that in V. 5217 that there is little doubt that they are from the same trunk. V. 5219 a. Figured, text-fig. 96. Transverse section of the above, which though rather broken and opaque shows the tracheids in the wood-rings quite clearly in places (as figured in text-fig. 96). The soft cells of the pith are practically obliterated, but round patches among them seem to indicate the presence of gum-canals. V. 5219 b, c. Radial longitudinal sections of the above, in which the pitting of the tracheid-walls can just be made out here and there, and shows that they apparently have round bordered pits in one or two rows (slide 6). V. 5219 d, e, f. Tangential longitudinal sections of the above passing through the wood-zones with their broad medullary rays. ‘The cells are poorly preserved for the most part, but their nature can be made out. “ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand; near Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 9384. A wedge, 12 em. long, of part of the pith and wood- zones, evidently of the same trunk as the above. The cut surface of one end shows just the same pattern in the matrix of the pith. On one side of the specimen a cast of the surface of the pith shows the lenticular ridges very characteristically. <‘‘ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1903, x2 308 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE ‘ V. 9383. Figured, text-fig. 97. A specimen showing the ex- ternal appearance of the leaf-bases very well, as is illustrated in the photograph (text-fig. 97). A similar piece, still in the Botanical Dept., appears to belong to the same trunk. ** Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; near Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1903. V. 6602. A block, 20 em. long and 8 em. in diameter, con- sisting principally of pith-cast, but with a portion of two wood-rings and a few fragments of leaf-bases on one side of it. It shows no features not better pre- served in other examples of the species. V. 5266. A small fragment showing three or four leaf-bases, and part of the two wood-rings. ** Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; near Leighton Buzzard. Transferred fiom the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 221. Two fragments (9 x 4 cm. and 7 x 4 em.) showing some rather irregular leaf-bases and portions of the two wood-rings clearly weathered out. ‘ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; near Leighton Buzzard. Morris Coll., 1883. V. 5267. Probably to be included in the species Cycadeoidea Yatesii is a small fragment with much smaller leaf- bases than in the rest of the specimens. Save for the smaller-sized leaf-bases, there seems to be no other difference between this specimen and the others de- scribed above; two wood-rings can be clearly seen and the pith-cast is similar tothe others. “ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; near Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. 47049. Figured, text-fig. 94. The surface-view shows rather irregular leaf-bases, within which the two rings of wood are clearly seen weathered out at one end of the broken surface. Within this is the large hollow of the pith, the surface cast of which (equivalent to the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 309 inner face of the inner wood-ring) shows clearly the characteristic lenticular ridges and hollows due to the wide medullary rays and xylem-strands. ‘“ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; Leighton Buzzard. Morris Coll., 1863. Cyecadeoidea buzzardensis, sp. nov. [Text-figs, 98-100. ] Diagnosis.—Species founded on vegetative trunks, showing pith, wood, and leaf-bases; the inner tissues petrified to show imperfectly preserved anatomical details. Trunk probably cylindrical, probably capable of reaching more than 24 em. in diameter. Petiole-bases apparently covering the stem, arranged spirally, measuring 3°5 em, horizontally and 1°5-1°8 em. verti- cally, much drawn out laterally. From three to eight or more distinet cylinders of secondary wood surround the large pith. ‘The woody cylinders each having a maximum thickness of about 1 cm., composed of radiating zones of secondary wood, Between the wood-cylinders are zones 2-4 mm, thick of different tissue (phloem ?). Tracheids in regulary radial series, averaging 20-85 pu in diameter; [nature of pitting not recognisable]. Cortex very narrow, leaf-bases not massive, cortex and leaf-bases together measuring less than 2 em. in radial thickness. Horizon,—* Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand; probably derived from Wealden. Locatrry,—Sand-pit just outside Leighton Buzzard. Typr.—Co-types, V. 6598 and V. 5895, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). GeneraL Descrierion.—The species is described from two specimens in the Museum, probably of different ages, and there are two other pieces of different individuals. The specimens, like C. Yatesii, are all alike in colour and texture, being preserved in a dark limonite, very close and heavy, and opaque in section. They are too incomplete to give an accurate indication of their diameter, One of the type-specimens shows both pith and cortex, and must have been at least 14 cm. in diameter; the other consists only of wood-rings, concentrically arranged and therefore all from one side of the specimen, and is without either pith or cortex, An estimated diameter of 24 cm. is the 310 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Text-fig. 98.— Cycadeoidea buzzardensis, sp. nov. A, showing the external features; at, the large, laterally extended leaf-base. B, surface-view of the broken transverse section, showing /., leaf-bases ; within the cortex,c., are three distinct wood-zones, 1, 2, & 3, and part of a fourth, 4; p., pith, x 35. No. V. 6598. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLAN'S. 311 minimum possible for this specimen, and it may have been much larger. ‘The chief differences between this form and C. Yatesii are: the shape and size of the leaf-bases (see text- figs. 98 and 100), and the indefinite number of thick wood-rings in the stem. The pith measured not less than 6 cm. in diameter, but its actual size is uncertain. The cast of its surface shows the rough lenticular ridges and groups characteristic of this genus. Pra tlh ally T ee \o i Yi } “Wig Text-fig. 99.—Cycadeoidea buzzardeisis, sp. nov. Rough sketch of the broken block of wood, showing parts of at least eight concentrically arranged rings of secondary wood. x #. No. V. 5895. The wood is in distinct, concentrically arranged rings: in one specimen, which is very incomplete, there are three ; in one of the types there are four, and in the other type there are at least eight woody cylinders (text-fig. 99). These wood-rings cau be clearly recognised with the naked eye, and show well in the broken surface of the trunk (text-fig. 98, B, and text-fig. ¥9). The microscopic section is so opaque that very little detail ean be seen ; the tracheids, however, can be recognised in places, 312 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE and are arranged in regular radial sequence, each tracheid averaging 20-35 p in diameter. The cortez is very slender, and none of its tissues are well enough preserved for description. The leaf-bases are laterally elongated rhomboids (text- fig. 98, A, and text-fig. 100) measuring 3°5 cm. in transverse, and about 1:5-1°8 em. in vertical direction. Their rounded surfaces are broken by cracks in the matrix, but there is no indication of the number or character of the leaf-traces. Arrinitres.—It is evident that there is a very close likeness to Cycadeoidea Y atesii (p.299) in the general vegetative character of this trunk. As there is no indication of fructification in Text-fig. 100.—Outline sketch of the leaf-bases in A, Cycadeoidea Yatesii, Carr., and B, C. buzzardensis, sp. noy., showing the contrast between them both in size and shape, though they come from trunks of approximately the same diameter. x §. A=No. V. 5217; B= No. V. 6598. either case, the species can only be provisionally diagnosed. While it is not impossible that C. buzzardensis may ultimately prove to be an older form of C. Yatesii, there is a strong pre- sumption against that conclusion in the fact that, in two specimens of the respective species apparently of just about the same size, the differences in the shape and size of the leaf-bases and in the number of the vascular cylinders are conspicuous. The extent of the differences between the types of leaf-bases is indicated in text-fig. 100, where the outlines are drawn from OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 313 leaf-bases attached to trunks apparently of the same diameter. Were these differences due to secondary growth of the stem, and consequent stretching of the leaf-bases, they would only become apparent in trunks which differed in size much more than do C, Fatesit and C. buzzardensis. Both species to some extent resemble the living Cycads more closely than other described fossils, and C. buzzardensis in particular is very suggestive of affinity with such a form as Cycas circinalis, In his original account of the genus Cyca- deoidea, Buckland (1828 a) noted the likeness to the trunk- anatomy of Cycads in his C. mierophylla, which, with its two wood-rings, reminded him of the living Cycas revoluta. Cycas circinalis, as Buckland figured, has a large number of woody cylinders, and in this respect is paralleled by C. buzzardensis. While it is impossible to do more than theorise in the absence of fructifications, these two species undoubtedly offer tangible points of comparison with true Cycads, not only in their internal anatomy, but also in their long, straight, and slender axes, which contrast with the characteristic Bennettites-axes and are like Cycas-trunks. It is curious that while the Cycadophyta, represented by the Bennettites-types, are so prevalent in the Mesozoic, true Cycads are almost unknown, and have long been sought in the Secondary rocks. It is not impossible that these two species are true representatives of the family. V. 6598. Type-specimen. Figured, text-fig. 98, A & B, and text-fig. 100, B. The specimen is broken into two segments, the larger of which is figured in text- fig. 98, A. Together the two pieces reach a length of 13cm. Part of the pith is preserved, and on one side is weathered out so as to show its characteristic surface-markings. Both in the broken and in the cut surface of the axis the wood-rings, four in number, can be clearly seen. The leaf-bases are worn away from one side, but when the two parts of the specimen are fitted together, about ten fairly well-preserved leaf-bases can be seen. V. 6598 a. Transverse section from the cut surface of the smaller part of the type. This is very opaque. The pith and the four wood-rings ean be seen clearly with 314 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE the naked eye, but under the microscope very few of the actual cells remain. Some rows of tracheids can be made out clearly towards the middle of the section. “Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand; Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 5895. Co-type. Figured, text-fig. 99. Anirregularly broken piece of the axis showing eight or nine concentric wood-rings. The block measures 12x 9x7 cm. and is much fractured. The weathered face shows the wooed - rings recognisably both in transverse and various longitudinal directions. “ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand; Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 5218. A large irregular fragment of the woody region of a trunk similar te the above, but showing less detail, measuring 16x 7 em. V. 5251. A small wedge, measuring 6 x 4 x 5 em., showing parts of the disintegrated leaf-bases and three rings of wood which show up very elearly on the polished face. “ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand ; Leighton Buzzard. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. Genus COLYMBETES, nov. There is only one specimen of this new type, so the genus and species are diagnosed together. Celymbetes Edwardsi, sp. noy. [Plates XXXI, XXXII; text-figs. 101-111.) Diagnosis.—Founded on the inner portions of a trunk showing beautifully petrified anatomical details. Trunk probably cylindrical, reaching more than 12cm. indiameter. Pith large, cellular, 7°5 em. in diameter; numerous gum-canals, but no vascular strands in pith proper, Ground-tissue cells of pith large, relatively thin-walled, all alike, and without intercellular OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 815 spaces; starchy contents frequent. Surrounding the pith and following the outline of the inner bays of secondary wood, is a broad perimedullary zone, with numerous anastomosing short radial series and groups of small tracheids, Outside the bays of the vertically running secondary xylem, successive zones, up to 10 in number and probably more, alternate, so that zones cut radially in the transverse section are cut transversely in the true radial section. All the tracheids have scalariform pitting on their radial walls, with wide borders and narrow slit-like pores. Leaf-traces numerous, conspicuous, running nearly straight out through the wood, and curving very slightly upwards, arranged in close spirals, each leaf-trace about 1 cm. distant from all its neighbours. Horizon.—‘ Greensand” probably ‘“ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand. Locanrry.—Unknown. Leighton Buzzard is not impossible. Trez.—YV. 6312 and slides V. 6312 a, 4, ¢, d, ¢, f, g, h, 7, k,l, cut from it in 1915, and old slides V. 7796-V. 7801 from the same block. Also V. 6127 (and all the slides cut from it in 1915) is probably part of the type-specimen itself, and if not is a co-type. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). GuneraL Descriprion.— Some large and very thick uncovered sections (V. 7796-7801), evidently cut long since, but transferred from the Botanical Department in 1898 without any history, showed, very imperfectly, an anatomical structure of great interest. Owing to the thickness of the sections little more could be seen than that there were four or five distinct zones of secondary wood surrounding a very large cellular pith, thus resembling superficially the specimens described above as Cycade- oidea buzzardensis, sp. nov. (p. 309). These old sections are anlabelled, but on one or two of them, cut in diamond into the glass, is ‘* Greensand, M. E. G.,” and on another is ‘“ Raumeria, M. E.G.” Two other sections (V. 10156 and Y. 10168), evidently cut from the same or a similar trunk, were found in the collections ; these are equally thick, but have cover-glasses, and on them “ Raumeria (Goeppert) Greensand, ? J. D. Hooker ” is cut into the glass. Mr. Edwards sought for further remains of this interesting specimen, and found two pieces of a trunk, registered under two different numbers, but evidently of the samo species, if not actually parts of the same trunk. One of 316 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE these proved to be the block from which Hooker’s old sections had been cut, and it bore an old label, much broken, on which the word ‘“* Greensand ” is elearly to be seen, with a date, partly obliterated, but suggestive of 1856. In much more recent writing the words “ from Kew, 1881” can be seen. Both these blocks were cut, and a number of sections showed beautifully preserved tissues. I have named the species after Mr. W. N. Edwards in recognition of the trouble he took to obtain the pieces and all information possible about the specimen. When the radial longitudinal seetions were examined, the transverse and the longitudinal seetions through the wood b. Xo Je %3 Ys Xa Ya Xs jee i, ff. y SS Vi fo gn WW \\& acs tive ee. Wg . a gyi A] ) PON fara > i) I iN \\) \\ \ \ Z | " \ \ : en yt LD cores We Serr iil ie i | 2 iz i = ti , Ye et Ms Waist . il | = Pp. pm bx y, % ye X3 ys X4 Ye Fs ht Text-fig. 101.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. Diagram showing the arrangement of the stem-anatomy, in A, transverse, B, radial longi- tudinal section. y,, pith; pm., perimedullary xylem zone; ., bays of first, vertically running, secondary xylem ; x,, «,, ete., zones of hori- zontally running secondary xylem eut in transverse section in the radial, and in radial section in the transverse section of the trunk; y,, Y,, ete., longitudinally running secondary xylem, cut in transverse section in transverse and radial section in radial longitudinal section of the trunk, seemed to be identical, both showing several series of trans- versely cut series of secondary wood-elements. As this seemed incredible, I carefully oriented and marked another portion of the trunk to be cut again, and Mr. Joseph Lomax deserves much OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 317 eredit for the careful and accurate series of sections he obtained. These series of sections and a carefully rubbed-down piece of the block itself proved beyond a doubt that the first radial sections truly represented the astonishing fact, that the wood of this plant consists of alternating series of secondary wood-zones running alternately vertically and horizontally, so that in both longitudinal and transverse sections zones of perfectly trans- versely cut secondary wood are seen. This is shown in text-fig. 101 in a diagrammatic way, and is illustrated in the text-figures and plates. ‘The wood cylinder consists of :—(a) the perimedullary zone, in which short radial series and groups of tracheids are loosely dispersed and ramify among large ground-tissue and medullary ray-cells ; (6) the first ring of bundles of vertically running secondary wood, forming a series of bays of wood much as in Bennettites; (c) a series of cylinders of secondary wood alter- nating, first a series in horizontal direction, then a series in vertical direction, and so on, up to the number of nine or ten ; and as the sections stop at the wood, showing neither phloem nor cortex, there is nothing to indicate how many more of these cylinders there may be. The broad medullary rays, like those in the Cycadophyta generally, run from one cylinder to the next, apparently bending over at right angles with the wood. While I am not quite certain of this, it appears that these alternating series were the product of a single cambium, which for some reason unknown, turned at right angles periodically. The large simple leaf-bases running out through the zones of wood tend to break into the regularly alternating series and carry the transverse bands out with them a little, as can be seen in text- fig. 107. But that the transversely running wood-zones in no way depend on the leaf-traces, or are to be correlated with the leaf-trace “* girdles” in Cycads, can be seen in text-fig. 109, B, where the leaf-trace 7.t. runs right through the horizontally running cylinder x. without disturbing it. The full consideration which these extraordinary structures demand cannot. be given here. The following short description covers only the more essential facts of the anatomical structure of the new species. - The pith measures not less than 7°5 cm. in diameter, and pro- bably more. It is apparently quite uniform in structure, com- 318 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE posed of large, irregularly roundish cells, with thin or very slightly thickened walls. The cells vary, but average about 150-300 yu in diameter. They fit together so as to leave few or no inter- cellular spaces, and are almost identical in shape in transverse aid in longitudinal section. In a large number of cases they contain a dark granular contents (see text-fig. 103, s.), which is highly suggestive of starch-granules closely packed. Large num- bers of starch-grains are recorded by Wieland in the American Oycadella (Wieland, 1906, p. 77) and other species. Larger, clearer, spherical or oval. contents, apparently similar to structures Text-fig. 102.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. noy. Transverse section of a small part of the pith showing gum-canal and the ordinary pith-cells; b., pith-cells ; a,, lining cells of gum-canal ; ¢., blackened mass, contents of gum-canal. No. V, 6127. described as vacuoles by Wieland, are also present in many of the cells. A large proportion of the cells show contents highly suggestive of protoplasm and nucleus. Gum-canals are very numerous and are freely dispersed among the pith-cells ; each canal is formed by about six rather narrow lining cells (see g. and a, text-figs. 102, 103); and the OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 319 contents of the canal are solid and very black. The canals must run for a very short distance in any given direction, for the longitudinal section of the trunk shows as many. canals cut transversely as does the transverse section. Without any very Text-fig. 103.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp.nov. ‘Transverse section of a small part of the perimedullary zone of wood (cf. pm., text-fig. 101) ; x., groups and rows of xylem ; m., medullary rays and ground-tissuo ; 9g. gum-canal; p., pith-cells; s., starch-containing pith-cells. No. V. 6127 4. 320 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE abrupt change the large-celled pith merges in the pertmedullary zone, in which the ground-tissue cells are smaller and there are no gum-canals. This zone is specially characterised by the loosely arranged, anastomosing bands and groups of xylem-elements (text-figs. 101, 103, 109, pm.). The perimedullary xylem consists of clusters or small groups of tracheids, and short radially running series of tracheids Text-fig. 104.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. ‘Transverse section showing clearly the bays of the first vertically running wood-ring, »., and the steady alternation of vertically and horizontally running wood-rings. This should be compared with text-fig. 107, where the bands are more broken up by outgoing leaf-traces: p., pith; pm., perimedullary wood-zone. X2. No. V.6152 a. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 321 loosely dispersed through the ground-tissue (Pl. XX XI, fig. 1, «, and text-fig. 103, «). These are very similar to the wood abutting on the pith in Bennettites, but the zone of these elements is wider and more pronounced in the present fossil. In longitudinal section their rather wandering and anastomosing course can be seen (text-fig. 109, B, pm.). The tracheids are wee, eye ee nat Wks © ex & ; i¢ e! 2. = E* % Text-fig. 105.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov, Transverse section ot small part of the wood enlarged, showing the rather irregular radial series of secondary tracheids. No. V. 6127 a. very small, averaging only 18-20 pn in diameter, with very thick walls. hey appear to have oval-sealariform or circular pits. Even the larger series of tracheid-rows of this zone do not ¥ 322 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE directly merge into the inner zone of the more solid wood, but are many times separated up by intervening ground-tissue. The «ylem propor is composed first of bays of normally vertical secondary wood (text-figs. 101, 104, 6.). This is composed of rather irregular but quite normal radial series of secondary tracheids, interspersed ‘with medullary rays (text-fig. 105). The individual tracheids average up to 40-60 » in diameter, and have a tendency to be wider radially than tangentially. Their walls are generally thinner than those of the perimedullary tracheids, The pitting of the radial walls is bordered-scalari- form, or consists of series of wide, oval, bordered pits (text- fig. 106). A regular sealariform, with apparently a wide border Me sense o * Text-fig. 106.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. A pair of tracheids showing the bordered scalariform pits in the radial walls. No. V. 6127 a. and very narrow slit-like perforation, appears to be the commonest type of pitting. Alternating with these normal vertical series of secondary tracheids are the horizontally running series (cf. text-figs. 101, 107, 108). In transverse section the horizontally running elements show up as dark bands with the low power (text- figs. 107, 108, «,, w,, etc.), under the high power the pitting of the elongated vessels, which are crossed by radially cut OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 323 medullary rays, can be seen in many places (P]. XXXII, fig. 2). In the radial section of the trunk, where these bands are cut transversely (text-fig. 109, B, a), they show whitish zones like those of the transverse sections of the vertically running elements. The radial longitudinal sections of the trunk show Text-fig. 107.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. Transverse section showing ven alternating zones of wood outside the perimedullary zone pi. Yrs Yas Yar Ys» Ys» Vertically running xylem-series; x,, x,, x4, %,, 25, horizontally running xylem-series; p., pith; /t,, leaf-traces. Note the curving out of the strands toward the leaf-traces. x2. No. V. 6127/7. transverse sections of these elements entirely similar to the normal transverse sections of the vertically running elements, Y2 324 CATALOGUE OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. as can be seen on comparing text-fig. 105 with Pl. XXXII, fig. 1. Where the one zone passes into the next, a curving of the elements is frequently evident, and in a few cases it is quite os veces: < , rs os 3% . , " Text-fig. 108.— Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. noy. Transverse section of axis showing two zones, y, and y,, of vertically running wood cut in trans- verse direction, with a zone x of horizontally running wood cut in radial direction. No. V. 6127 a. Text-fig. 109.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. A, transverse section ; B, radial longitudinal section cut absolutely at right anglesto A. p., pith; pm., perimedullary zone of loosely reticulating bands of tracheids ; wx., one of the four series of horizontally running series of secondary tracheids; y., one of the five series of vertical/y running series of secondary trackeids; /¢., large simple leaf-traces. 2. Nos. V. 6127 ¢ and V. 6127 &. 326 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE possible to trace a single radial series of tracheids through an angle of 90°, running in the same section, first as a transverse and then as a vertical series. One and the same medullary ray also can sometimes be followed, first in transverse and then in radial longitudinal section, which later again turns to true transverse. The inference is therefore drawn that there was but a single cambium, which had periodie changes of direction. In tangential section the tracheids are seen to follow a very contorted course, sometimes to double back on themselves, and even to branch aud loop in various ways (Pl, XXXJI, fig. 2). This takes place not only in the neighbourhood of the leaf-traces, but apparently all through the wood, and more especially in the regions where the tangentially and horizontally running cylinders merge. Medullary rays are very numerous. They are principally biseriate, a few are irregularly multiseriate by the addition of two or three extra cells. ‘They are various in height, many being as low as 4, or as high as 30 cells in vertical series, the majority averaging about 20 eells high. The individual ray- cells are large, up to about 60150 » or more; with nearly straight end-walls, and apparently without special thickening or pitting of any of the walls. I have scen something suggestive of large oval pits in several of the radial walls, but cannot feel sure that they are not petrifact. Many of the larger ray-cells show the most beautifully pre- served vacuolated protoplasmic contents and nuclei which [ have ever seen petrified. They rival the most carefully fixed living material. Phloem and cortical tissues are not preserved. The leaf-traces are conspicuous in every section, and are large and numerous (text-figs. 109,110, and 111). The individual trace is a solid oval-cylindrical mass as it passes nearly straight out through successive zones of wood (text-fig. 109 B, /¢.), and eurves very slightly upwards in its course. In actual distance the leaf-traces are about 1 cm. apart, apparently arranged in regular spirals (text-fig. 110). The traces vary somewhat im size, but average about 3 mm. across by 4-6 mm. in vertical height. Each trace consists of a compact mass of tissues much resembling the ground-tissues of the perimedullary zone, but more compact and smaller-celled. The gum-canals of the pith OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 327 are entirely absent, but there are several kinds of cells unrepre- sented in the pith; among them are thick-walled stone-cells, and groups and isolated cells with very dark contents which look as if they had contained mucilage, though they are not particularly elongated. Text-fig. 110.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. A series of photographs of the same leaf-traces in their passage outwards through the wood-rings. A, in the perimedullary wood-zone ; B, in the first wood-ring; O, in the second vertically running wood-ring ; D, in the fourth wood-zone, i. é, the second horizontally running wood-ring. x 2. No. V. 6132 9-4. In some of the tangential sections of the trunk, which show the leaf-traces in transverse section, the xylem-elements can be 328 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE seen in one or two irregular patches of tracheids arranged in more or less regular radial rows. These masses of secondary wood are not visible in the traces in the inner wood-zones—as, for example, in the trace photographed in text-fig. 111, where no definite xylem-mass can be detected. Text-fig. 111.—Colymbetes Edwardsi, sp. nov. A leaf-trace passing out through the wood, in tangential section. No. V. 6132/7. Arrinitigs,—The extraordinary alternation of successive horizontal and vertical wood-cylinders in the new fossil, is a feature unlike any in living or fossil plants with which I am acquainted. While the transverse section, with its OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 329 successive rings of secondary wood, appears similar to Cyca- deoidea, particularly to C. buzzardensis (p. 309), the resemblance is not a true one, because in Cycadeordea the successive zones appear to be like those of the living Cycas circinalis, formed of fresh cambiums, so that each vascular zone is complete with a region of phloem outside each wood. In the new fossil, the zones of tissue between the successive vertical cylinders of wood are horizontal cylinders of wood. It is, also, too unlike Bennettites vegetatively to be included in that genus without the compelling evidence of the fructification, nothing of which is known at present. The cortical tissues and leaf- bases, which also might have afforded useful evidence, are unfortunately not represented, but so far as the leaf-traces go they seem different from Bennettites, both in their mode of exit and their constituent tissues, The perimedullary zone of wood in this new fossil, while to some extent paralleled by the wood-elements adjacent to the pith in Bennettites, is much more extensive and specialised a feature than in Bennettites. The specics described by Wieland (1906) as Cycadeoidea Jenneyana, having wood ‘‘ as extensive and compact. as that of Cordaites,” seems to show something in the way of annual rings or special zones in its wood, but without the evidence from thin sections nothing of use in the present comparison can be deduced from the specimen, The leaf-traces in the present fossil are placed so close to- gether that, if one leaf-trace went to each leaf-base, the leaf- bases must haye been exceptionally small for this group. Without some indication of what happened in the cortex, however, it is not possible to discuss the point. Concerning the most noticeable feature of the new plant, the alternating cylinders of wood, but little can be said. As no similar phenomenon appears to have been discussed for recent plants, it is not clear how much systematic or phylogenetic importance, and how much physiological importance, is to be attached to this anatomical peculiarity. Among the Cycads which do have series of cambiums, the various rings of wood bear no relation to seasonal growth, and an ancient trunk shows a maximum of ten or a dozen wood-rings. It is also probable that the phenomenon in the new fossil is not a seasonal one. If the alternations of the wood-cylinders do not depend on the 330 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE seasons, however, it is difficult to suggest any cause for their appearance. ‘They are far too regular to be compared with the very erratic courses sometimes followed by the anomalously formed secondary bundles in Dracena*, though Dracena seems to be the only plant with which even comparison can be suggested. , De Bary (1884, pp. 471 e¢ seg.) notes that in woods there is very frequently a torsion of the longitudinal elements, so that they do not run quite vertically, and he mentions that this torsion is right-handed in sculus hippocastanum and left- handed in Populus pyramidalis. He also says that “in many kinds of trees, as Pines and Firs, the direction of the fibres changes, becoming reversed after a number of similarly inclined layers.” But the amount of torsion in the chestnut or pine woods is not comparable in degree to that in the fossil, though it is not impossible that it may be to some extent similar in kind, for, as was pointed out in the description (p. 326), there seem to be grounds for thinking that the successive cylinders of the fossil are formed from one cambium. If this is so, the cambium direction must have turned over at right angles to the normal growth of the cylinders at remarkably regular intervals. I can offer no suggestion as to why it should have done this. As in living Cycads the “girdles” of the leaf-traces, which run half-way round the stem, are so conspicuous a feature, it is noteworthy that in the fossil the horizontally running cylinders disregard the leaf-trace (text-fig. 109, B, 7t.). It appears pro- bable that these cylinders have nothing to do with the leaf- traces in the fossil, though it is not impossible that there may be some phylogenetic connection between them and the girdles in living Cycads. Finally, the inclusion of this plant in the Cycadophyta is self- evident, but while in some respects it is like both Bennettites and Cycadeoidea, the fossil represents a new genus, of which the degree of remoteness from the known Mesozoic Cycado- phyta cannot be estimated without some knowledge of its fructification. * IT am indebted to Prof, Oliver for Dracena material and for calling my attention to the peculiarity of the bundle-courses in its secondary wood, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 331 V. 7796—-V. 7801. Old sections from the type-specimen V. 6132. V. 7796. V. 7797. V. 7798. V. 7799. V. 7801. A thick uncovered section of 5X3 cm. in diameter, chiefly through the pith, and on one side showing parts of four broken rings of secondary wood. Cut into the glas:, probably in Sir Joseph Hooker’s writing, is “ Raumeria M.E.G,” A similar uncovered section, rather smaller, but showing more of the wood, and also a leaf-trace passing out through the whole width of the wood- zones. Also has ‘*Raumeria M.E.G.” cut into the glass. A similar, rather larger, and still thicker uncovered section. A large, very thick section, 10°5 cm. across by a maximum of 3 cm. in width. This is extremely thick and opaque, but shows parts of the wood-zones on opposite sides of the wide pith, which measures a little over 7 cm, in diameter. A much larger and more nearly perfect section, obviously of the same specimen, though there is no writing on the glass. The trunk is apparently nearly circular in outline and about half of it 1s represented in the section, which has an area of 11x6°5em. With the naked eye, four or five rings of wood can be seen surrounding the large pith, 7°5 cm. in diameter ; under the microscope the tissue is too opaque and thick to show much detail, but locally small zones of tissue can be clearly seen. The details visible prove the specimen to be the same as trunk V. 6132, from which sections were recently cut. No history. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 10156. A thick covered section, apparently from the same material. Cut into the glass, in the same handwriting as is mentioned above, are the words ‘“ Raumeria (Goeppert), Greensand? J, D. Hooker.” No history. Transferred from the Betanical Dept., 1898. 332 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 10168. A rather thick covered slide, a transverse section of about one-fourth of the trunk. The anatomical details can be seen fairly well, though the tissues are black and rather opaque. The alternating wood-zones, as described from the recently cut sections, are here quite apparent. Cut into the glass is “ Raumeria (Goeppert), Greensand? Hooker.” No history. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. V. 6132,.V. 6127 are probably parts of the same trunk, if not they are co-types. V. 6127. Type (or co-type). This block was almost entirely cut up into series of sections in different directions, so that only a very small part of it now remains, measuring 3x2x2 em. This small piece includes part of the pith and about 8 alternating wood-zones. Two surfaces are cut at right angles to each other, transversely and longitudinal-radially to the main axis of the trunk, and these faces have been partly filed smooth. When held facing the light these two surfaces can be seen simultaneously, and the gleam of the transversely cut wood-zones is apparent to the naked eye, and is seen to alternate in the two surfaces as is figured in text-fig, 101. V. 6127 a. Figured, Pl. XXXII, fig. 2; text-figs. 105, 106, & 108. Transverse section of the trunk, showing the pith, perimedullary wood-zone, and the alternating series of wood-rings, all well preserved. The pitting of the horizontally running tracheids can be well seen in many places, V. 6127 b. Figured, text-fig. 103. Transverse section similar to the above, in which the perimedullary wood-zone is very well preserved. V. 6127 c. Figured, text-figs. 102 & 109, A. Transverse section similar to the above, showing all the characteristic features very well preserved. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 333 V. 6127 d. Transverse section similar to the above, in which a larger number of leaf-traces are present, breaking up the zones of wood. The perimedullary wood-zone is conspicuous and well preserved. V. 6127 ¢. Figured, Pl. XX XI, fig. 1. Transverse section similar to the above, a little broken but locally exceedingly well preserved. V. 6127 f. Figured, text-fig. 107. Transverse section similar to the above, in which the alternating wood-rings and leaf-traces are well seen. V. 6127 g, h. Parts of the same transverse section, which was broken in mounting and placed on separate slides. All the tissues are well preserved. V. 6127j. Radial longitudinal section showing a large area of the pith. The wood-zones are much fractured and incomplete. V. 6127 k. Figured, Pl. XXXII, fig. 1; text-fig. 109, B. Radial longitudinal section through the pith and wood-zones, and also through an outgoing leaf-trace. The anas- tomosing leaf-strands of the perimedullary wood, and the alternating zones of secondary wood can be well seen, in particular one zone of horizontally running wood (here cut in transverse section), which shows that it is undisturbed by the massive outgoing leaf- trace. The normal, vertically running wood-zones are cutin radial section and show their tracheid-pitting and medullary ray-cells well preserved. V. 61271. Tangential longitudinal section showing a consider- able area of the wood well preserved, and parts of eight leaf-traces more or less broken out. The cut ends of the medullary rays and the very erratic course of the tracheids can be well seen. V. 6127 m. A smaller tangential longitudinal section similar to the above, showing five well-preserved leaf-traces. In several of these the irregular masses of secondary vascular tissue can be well seen. 334 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE V. 6127 n. Figured, Pl. XXXI, fig. 2..A small tangential section showing parts of three leaf-traces. The nature of the tracheids and medullary rays of the wood can be well seen. V. 6132. Type (or co-type). Three portions of the trunk which have been cut in various directions for the making of series of sections. The specimen was friable and had to be soaked in balsam, but the original surface can be seen in the largest of the three pieces. V. 6132 a. Figured, text-fig. 104, Transverse section showing most of the anatomical details described above. The section has been marked by small saw-cuts on one side, in order to be carefully correlated with the radial longitudinal section ¢, cut absolutely at right angles to it. V. 6132 b. A similar transverse section, which is carefully marked to show the direction of the radial and the tangential longitudinal sections cut from the same block. V. 6132 c. Radial longitudinal section in which saw-cuts correspond to those in slide V. 6132 a, so that the alternation of the wood-zones can be clearly seen. V. 6132 d. A more imperfect radial section, much of which broke away in the cutting. V. 6132 e. A small radial section in which the anastomosing bands of perimedullary xylem are well seen. V. 6132 f, A radial longitudina] section showing some of the wood-zones in good transverse section. V. 6132 g. Figured, text-fig. 110, A. Tangential longitudinal section of four leaf-traces just passing out from the pith in the inner wood-zones. V. 6132 h. Figured, text-fig. 110, B. Tangential longitudinal section of the same four leaf-traces further out, in the position marked B on slide V. 61320. The leaf-trace tissues, though a little broken, can be well seen. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 335 V. 6132j. Figured, text-fig. 110, C, & text-fig. 111. The same four leaf-traces in a tangential section still further out, in position marked C on slide V. 61326. One of the leaf-traces shows its tissues very completely, and is specially figured on p. 328. V. 6132 k. Figured, text-fig. 110,D. The same four leaf-traces still further out, in position marked D on slide V. 61326. In this section the traces show some strands of secondary xylem. V. 61321. Tangential section of two of the same four leaf- traces, still further out, in position marked E on slide V. 61326. The mass of secondary xylem in one of the leaf-traces is conspicuous, The medullary rays and tracheids of the wood of the main axis are well seen in this section. No history of block, save old label on which “ Greensand” and “ from Kew, 1881” are written. Transferred from the Botanical Dept., 1898. Genus BENNETTITES, Carruthers. [See p. 23.] Bennettites inclusus, Carruthers sp. (Text-fig. 112.] 1870. Mantellia inclusa, Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond.,vol. 26, p. 703, pl. lxiii, figs. 2, 3. 1874. Cycadoidea inclusa, Schimper, Traité Paléont. Végét., vol. 3, p. 556. Diagnosis.—Founded on external features of a fruiting trunk, the internal tissues of which appear to be partly petrified. The diagnosis given by Carruthers (1870) is as follows :—* Trunk small, cylindrical; medulla abundant; wood-cylinder slender ; cortical layer large, penetrated by numerous small, ascending, vascular bundles ; bases of the petioles regularly lozenge-shaped, three-eighths of an inch broad by a little more than an eighth deep; secondary branches large; fruit included in the bases of the petioles.” 336 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Horizon.—“ Potton Sands,” Lower Greensand; but probably derived from Wealden. Locatrry.—Potton, Bedfordshire. Typerx.—Originally in William Reed’s collection, and now in the York Museum, Text-fig. 112.— Bennettites inclusus (Carr.), External view of part of the trunk showing the leaf-bases and the embedded cones, x}. After Carruthers, As I have not been able to see the original specimen, I cannot supplement Carruthers’s description of this species. It is evidently a Bennettites, having a single slender cylinder of wood (Carruthers, 1870, pl. lxiii, fig. 2), laterally extended leaf-bases, and embedded cones, all entirely characteristic of this genus so far as can be judged without microscopic sections. ‘The size of the leaf-bases appears to be unusually small, This is evidently not due to immaturity (if Wieland’s deduction that the plants fruited but once, and that at the end of their lives, be true) for the cones are conspicuous. LIST OF WORKS QUOTED. Anpra, OC. J—1848. Calloxylon Hartigii, ein fossiles Cypressen-Holz aus der Gegend yon Halle: Bot. Zeit., vol. 6, pp. 633-638, pl. v, figs. 7-12. Berlin, 1848. Averpacn, J.—1844. Notiz ueber einige Pflanzen-Versteinerungen aus einem Sandsteine des Moskovischen Gouvernements: Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 17, pp. 145-148, pls. iv & v. Moscow, 1844. and Frears, H.—1846. Notices sur quelques passages de l’ouvrage de MM. Murchison, E. de Verneuil et le Comte A, de Keyserling, Géologie de la Russie d’Europe et des Montagnes de ]’Oural: Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, pt. 1, yol. 19, pp. 486-499, pls. vi- ix. Moscow, 1846. Battey, I. W.—1909. The Structure of the Wood in the Pinex: Bot. Gaz., vol. 48, pp, 47-55, pl. v, Chicago, 1909, — 1910. Anatomical Characters in the Evolution of Pinus: Amer. Nat., vol. 44, pp. 284-293, pl. i. —— 1911. A Cretaceous Pityorylon with Marginal Tracheides: Ann, Bot., vol, 25, no. 98, pp. 316-325, pl. xxvi. London, 1911. Bancrorr, N.—1913. On some Indian Jurassic Gymnosperms : Trans. Linn, Soe,, ser. 2, vol. 8, part 2, pp. 69-86, pls. vii-ix. London, 1913. Barper, C. A.—1898. Cupressinorylon vectense, a Fossil Conifer from the Lower Greensand of Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight; Aun, Bot., vol. 12, pp. 329-361, pls, xxiii—xxiv, Bensrep, W. H.—1862. The Geology of Majdstone: Geologist, vol. 5, pp. 336, 337, pl. xix. Berry, EB, W.—1904c. Otto Kuntze on Sequoia: Torreya, yol. 4, pp. 153, 154. New York, 1904. —— 1908s. A Mid-Cretaceous Species of Torreya: Amer. Journ. Sci., ser, 4, vol. 25, pp. 582-386, text-figs. New Haven, 1908. —— 1911. Maryland Geological Survey, Lower Cretaceous—Sections on Plants. Pp. 622, pls. i-xcvii; see pp. 99-151; 214-508, pls. xii-xevii. Baltimore, U.S.A., 1911. Zz 338 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Berry, E. W.—19114. A Revision of several Genera of Gymnospermous Plants from the Potomac Group in Maryland and Virginia: Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, pp. 289-318. Washington, 1911. Bussey, C. E.—1897. The Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Bot. Gazette, vol. 24, pp. 145-178, Brust, F.—1884. Untersuchung ueber fossile Hélzer aus Groénland: Neue Denkschr. schweiz. Ges, Naturw., vol. 29, pp. 1-43, pls. i-vi. Ziirich, 1884. Bowmer, C.—1911. Contribution 4 Vétude du genre Weichselia, Note préliminaire: Bull. Soc. roy. bot. Belgique, vol. 47, fase. 3 for 1910, pp. 296-304, 3 pls. Brussels, 1911. Boopts, L, A.—1895. Spores in a Specimen of Tempskya (Endogenites) : Ann. Bot., vol. 9, pp. 137-141, text-figs, 1-4. Bouresr, G. §.—1902. Wood, a Manual of the Natural History and Industrial Applications of the Timbers of Commerce. Pp. 369, 82 figs. London, 1902. Bristow, H. W.—1862. The Geology of the Isle of Wight: Mem. Geol. Surv. England & Wales, Pp. xix, 138, pls. i-vii. a its Geology of the Isle of Wight, ed. 2, revised by C. Reid & A. Strahan ; Mem. Geol. Sury. England & Wales. Bronanrart, A.—1828 a. Prodréme d’une IlListoire des Végétaux fossiles. 223 pp. Paris, 1828. —— 1828-1838. Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles, ou Recherches botaniques et géologiques sur les végétaux renfermés dans les divers couches du globe. Vol, 1, 488 pp., clxvi pls. Paris, 1828, — 1849. Tableau des genres de Végétaux fossiles considérés sous le point de vue de leur classification botanique et leur distribution géologique, Re-paged extract from Dict. univ. d’Hist. nat. Paris, 1849, Bronn, H. G.—1837, Lethaa Geognostica, ader Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der . . , Versteinerungen. 1346 pp., xlvii pls. Stuttgart. —— 1848. Index Palwontologicus. A. Nomenclator palexontologicus in alphabetischer Ordnung, Vol, 1, A-M. Pp. Ixxxiv, 775. Stuttgart, 1848. —— and Korner, F.—1851-1856. Lethza Geognostica. Stuttgart. Brown, R.—(1851) 1855. Cycadites Saxbyanus: Proc. Linn. Soe., vol. 2, _. p. 180. London, 1855. Buckianp, W.—1828. A Paper on the Oyendenidem, anew Family of Fossil Plants: Proc. Geol. Soc. London, yol. 1, no. 8, pp. 80, 81. London, 1827-34. — 1828a. Onthe Cycadeoider, a Family of Fossil Plants found in the Oolite Quarries of the Isle of Portland: Trans, Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol, 2, pp. 395-401, pls. xlvi-xlix. London, 1828. Bourckuarnt, C.—1911. Bemerkungen zu einigen Arbeiten von W. Gothan and A. G, Nathorst: Centralbl. f. Min., pp. 442-449, text-fig. Stuttgart, 1911. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 339 Capeiiint, G.—1890. Ichthyosaurus campylodon e Tronchi di Cicadee nelle argille scagliose dell’ Emilia: Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Bologna, ser. 4, vol. 10, pp. 431-450, pls. i, ii. —— and Soums-Laveacn, H.—1892. I Tronchi di Bennettitee dei Musei Italiani. Notizie storiche, geologiche, botaniche: Mem. R. Accad. Sei. Bologna, ser. 5, vol. 2, pp. 67-120, pls. i-v. Bologna, 1892. Carrutiers, W. On penrer aa anes from the Secondary Rocks of Britain: Geol. Mag., vol. 3, pp. 249-252, pl. xi. London, 1866. —— 18668. On some Fossil Coniferous Fruits: Geol. Mag., vol. 3, pp. 534-546, pls. xx, xxi. London, 1866. —— 1867. On Gymnospermous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain: Journ. Bot., vol. 5, pp. 1-21, pls. Ivii-lx. London, 1867. —- 18674. On Cyeadoidea Yatesit, a Fossil Cycadean Stem from the Potton Sands, Bedfordshire: Geol. Mag., vol. 4, pp. 199-201, pl. ix. London, 1867. — 1868. British Fossil Pandanem: Geol. Mag., vol. 5, pp. 153-156, pl. ix. London, 1868. — 1869. On some Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain: Geol. Mag., vol, 6, pp. 1~7, pls. i, ii. London, 1869. — 1870. On Fossil Cycadean Stems from the Secondary Rocks of Britain: Trans, Linn. Soc., vol, 26, pp. 675-708, pls. liv-lxiii. —— 1871. On Two Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain: Geol, Mag., vol. 8, pp. 540-544, pl. xv. London, 1871. — 1878. The Plant-remains of the Upper and. Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) Formations in England: in Dixon’s Geol. Sussex, ed, 2, pp. 277-282. Brighton, 1878. CuamBertin, T. C., and Sarispury, R. D.—1906. Geology, vol. 3, Earth History, Mesozoic, Cenozoic. Pp. 624, text illust. see pp. 130-133. New York, 1906. . Conwentz, H.—1876. Ueber die versteinten Hélzer aus dein nord- deutschen Diluvium: Inaug. Diss. Breslau, pp. 1-33. Breslau, 1876. — 1890. Monographie der baltischen Bernsteinbiiume. Pp. 151, pls. xviii. Danzig, 1890. — 1892. Untersuchungen ueber fossile Hélzer Schwedens: K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 1-99, pls. i-xi. Stock- holm, 1892. ConysEarg, W. D., and Pures, W.—1822. Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales, with an Introductory Compendium of the General Principles of that Science, and Comparative Views of the Structure of Foreign Countries, Pp. 470 & map. London, 1822. . zZ2 340 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Corps, A, J.—1845. Beitrige zur Flora der Vorwelt. 128 pp., lx pls. Prag, 1845. Cornvet, J.—1866. Description des cénes de pins trouvés dans les couches fluvio-lacustres de l’étage néocomien du_ bassin parisien, précédée de diverses appréciations d’aprés leur état, et d’obser- vations sur l’origine des eaux de la lagune dans laquelle ces cones ont été fossilisés: Bull, Soc, géol. France, ser. 2, vol. 23, pp. 658- 673, pl. xii. —— 1882. Note sur les cénes de Pinus elongata découverts 4 Saint- Dizier (Haute-Marne), et sur des cdnes de Cédre du sable vert de la Houpelte (Meuse); Bull. Soc. géol. France, ser. 3, vol. 10, “pp. 259-263, pl. vii. Paris, 1882. Corta, B.—1850. Die Dendrolithen, in Beziehung auf ihren inneren Bau. Pp. ix, 89, pls. xviii, & A, Leipzig, 1850. Crauur, C.—1868. Fossile Holzer der arctischen Zone: in Heer’s Flora Foss. Arctica, vol. 1, pp. 167-180, pls. xxxiv-xlii. Ziirich, 1868. Dz Bary, A.—1884. Comparative Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns (Engl, transl.). Pp. xvi, 659, & 241 text-figs. Oxford, 1884. Dixon, F.—1850 and 1878. The Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of Sussex, 422 pp., xl pls. (London). Also ed. 2, revised and augmented by T, Rupert Jones (Brighton, 1878). Dunxer, W.—1846. Monographie der Norddeutschen Wealdenbildung. Ein Beitrag zur Geognosie und Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt. 83 pp., xxi pls. Brunswick, 1846. Eames, A, J—1911. The Origin of the Herbaceous Type in Angiosperms : Ann. Bot., vol. 25, pp. 215-224, pl. xiv. Ercutmr, A. W.—1881. Ueber die weiblichen Blithen der Coniferen ; Monatsber. k, Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 1020-1049, i pl. Berlin, 1881. Eicuwatp, E.—1868. Lethea Rossica, ou Paléontologie de la Russie. Vol. 2. Pp. xxxv, 1304, Atlas, pls. i-xxxx. Stuttgart, 1868, Enpiicur, 8.—1847 a. Synopsis Coniferarum fossilium. 52 pp. Sangalli, —— 18478. Synopsis Coniferarum. 3868 pp. Sangalli. Essner, B.—1883. Ueber den diagnostischen Werth der Anzahl und Hohe der Markstrahlen bei den Coniferen: Abhandl. nat. Ges. Halle, vol. 16, heft 1, pp. 1-33. Halle, 1883. Ernertpar, R.—1885. Manual of Geology, Theoretical and Practical, by Join Phillips. Part 2. Stratigraphical Geology and Paixon- tology by Robert Etheridge. Pp. xxiv, 712, pls. xxxiia. London, 1885, . Errixosuausen, OC. von.—18502,. Beitrag zur naheren Kenntniss der Flora der Wealdenperiode: Abhand]. k.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt, vol, 1, abt. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-32, pls. i-v. Vienna, 1852, OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 341 Errincsuavusen, CO. von. —1865, Die Farnkriuter der Jetztwelt zur Unter- suchung und Bestimmung der in den Formationen der Erdrinde eingeschlossenen Ueberreste von vorweltlichen Arten dieser Ordnung nach dem Flachen-Skelet bearbeitet. Pp. xvi, 298, text- figs., & pls. elxxx. Vienna, 1865. Fetstmantet, O.—1874. Vorbericht iiber die Perucer Kreideschicliten in Bohmen und ihre fossilen Reste: Sitzb. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss., pp. 253-276. Prag, 1874. Feurx, J.—1882. Studien iiber fossile Hélzer: Inaug. Diss. Leipzig, pp. 1-81, pl. i, Leipzig, 1882. —— 1882. LBeitrage zur Kenntniss fossiler Coniferen-Hélzer: in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. 3, pp. 260-279, pl. ii. Leipzig, 1882. — 1883. Die fossilen Hélzer Westindiens: Samml. paleont. Abhandl., ser. 1, heft 1, pp. 1-28, pls. i-v. Cassel, 1883, ——— 1894. Studien iiber fossile Pilze: Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., vol. 46, pp. 269-280, pl. xix. -——--- 1896. Untersuchungen iiber fossile Holzer. 2. Holzer aus dem Yellowstone Nationalpark: Zeitschr, deutsch. geol. Ges., vol. 48, pp. 249-260, pl. vi. Berlin, 1896. Firrox, W. H.—1827. Remarks on some of the Strata between the Chalk and the Kimmeridge Clay, in the South-East of England: Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 26, 27. London, 18(27)-34. -— 1836. Observations on some of the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite, in the South-East of England (read 1827): Trans, Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 4, pt. 2, pp. 103-388*, pls, xi—xxili. London, 1836. ——— 1847. A Stratigraphical Account of the Section from Atherfield to Rocken End, on the South-West Coast of the Isle of Wight: Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., vol. 3, pp. 289-327* & pl. xii. London, 1847. Furcnz, P.—1896. Etudes sur la Flore fossile de l’Argonne Albien- Cénomanien: Bull. Soc. Sci, Nancy, ser. 2, vol. 14, pp. 114-306, pls. i-xvii. Paris and Nancy, 1896. 1896 a. Note sur les nodules et les bois minéralisés trouvés 4 Saint Parres-les-Vaudes (Aube) dans les Grés verts infracrétacés : Mém. Soc. Acad. Aube, vol. 33, pp. 177-189, pl. iv. Troyes, 1896, 1900. Contribution a la Flore fossile de la Haute-Marne (Infra- erétacé): Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, ser, 2, vol. 16, pp. 11-31, pls. i, ii, & unnumb, pl. —— 1905. Note sur des bois fos:iles de Madagascar : Bull. Soc. géol. France, ser. 4, vol. 5, pp. 347-358, pl. x. Paris, 1905, and Zeirtmr, R.—1905, Note sur une Florule portlandienne des Environs de Boulogne-sur-Mer: Bull. Soc. géol. France, ser, 4, vol. 4 (for 1904), pp. 787-812, pl. xix. Paris, 1905. Forses, E.—1845, Report on the Lower Greensand Fossils in the Possession of the Geological Society: Quart. Journ. Geol. £oc., yol. 1, p. 78. London, 1845. oe 342 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Forprs, E.—1845 a. Catalogue of Lower Greensand Fossils, in the Museum of the Geological Society, with Notices of Species new to Britain, contained in other Collections: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 237--250, 345-355. London, 1845, Frirer, P, H.—1910. Etude sur les végétaux fossiles de l’étage Sparnacien du bassin de Paris: Soc. géol. France, Mém. Paléont., vol. 16, fase. 4, pp. 1-37, pls. xx—xxii, text-figs. 1-17. -—— and Vieuter, R.—1I911 (12). Sur le Cupressinorylon Delcambre, nov. spec.: Assoc. frang. Avan. Sci., 40° sess, Dijon, vol. 1, pp. 297- 306, 7 figs. Paris, 1912. Frirscu, A., and Bayer, E.—1901. Studien im Gebiete der béhmischen “Kreideformation: Archiy Naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Béhmen, vol. t1, no, 2, pp. 1-180, text-figs. Prag, 1901. Gams, J. S.—1902. A Manual of Indian Timbers. Ed. 2. Garver, J. 8.—1886. A Monograph of the British Eocene Flora. Vol. 2. Gymnosperme. Paleont. Soe. Pp, 159, pls. i-xxvii. London, 1886. —— 18864. On Mesozoic Angiosperms: Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, pp. 193-204, pl. v. — 18868. Second Report of the Committee.... for reporting on the Fossil Plants of the Tertiary and Secondary Beds of the United Kingdom : Rep. British Assoe., Birmingham, pp. 1-10 & pl. [Also in Geol. Mag. 1886, vol. 3, p. 495.] Grixim, A.—1903. Textb.ok of Geology. Vol. 2, ed. 4, pp. 705-1472. London, 1903. Gerry, H.—191V0. The Distribution of the “Bars of Sanio” in the Coniferales: Ann. Bot., yol. 24, pp. 119-123, pl. xiii. London, 1910. Gorrrrrt, H. R.—1836. Die fossilen Farnkriuter: Nova Acta Leop. Carol. Acad. Nat. Curios., vol. 17, Suppl., pp. 1-486, pls. i-aliv. Breslau, 1836. — 1844, Ueber die fossilen Cycadeen ittherhaupt, mit Rieksicht auf die in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten: Uebers, Sehles. Ges. Vaterlind. Kultur in 1843, pp. 114-144, pl. i. Breslau, 1844. -—— 1850. Monographie der fossilen Coniferen. Pp. 286, pls. lviii., Anhang, pp. 1-73. Preisschrift, Leiden, 1850. —— 1853. Ucber die gegenwirtigen Verhiltnisse der Paliontologie in Schlesien, so wie iiber fossile Cycadeen: Denkschr. Schlesische Ges, Vaterland, Cult., pp. 251-264, pls. vii-x. Breslau, 1853. —— 1866. Beitrige zur Kenntniss fossiler Cycadeen: Neues Jahrb, f. Min., pp. 129-135, pl. ii. Stuttgart, 1866. —— 1881. Arboretum fossile. Sammlung yon Dimnschliffen fossiler . Coniferen-Hélzer der paleozoischen Formation, [Actual slides of fossil plants.] Descript. pp. 1-6. Breslau. —— and Menrer, A.—18&83. Die Flora des Bernsteins und ihre Be- ziehungen ,zur Flora der Tertiirformation und der Gegenwart Vol. 1. Pp. viii, 63, pls. xvi. Danzig, 1883. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS, 343 Gorvon, M.—1912, Ray-Tracheidsin Sequoia sempervirens: New Phytol., yol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-7, text-figs. 1-7. Gornan, W.—1905. Zur Anatomie lebender und fossiler Gymnospermen- Hélzer: Abhandl. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst., vol, 44, PP- 1-108. Berlin. — 1906. Piceoxylon Pseudotsuge als fossiles Holz, Pseudotsuga sp. (aff. Douglasii) als rezenter Baum : in Potonié, Abbild, Beschr. foss. Pflanz., lief. 4, pp. 1-5, text-figs. A-D. Berlin, 1906. — 1907. Die fossilen Holzer von Kénig Karls Land: K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1-41, pl. i. Stockholm, 1907. — 1908. Die Frage der Klimadifferenzierung im Jura und in der Kreideformation im Lichte palaobotanischer Tatsachen: Jalirb. k, preuss. geol, Landesanst., vol. 29, pp. 220-242, pls. xvi-xix. —— 1908. Die fossilen Holzer von der Seymour- und Snow-Inseln: Wiss. Ergeba. Schwed. Siidpol. Exped. 1901-03, vol. 3, pt. 8. Pp. 33, pls. ii. Stockholm, 1908. — 1909. Ueber Braunkohlenhélzer des rheiniscben Tertiars: Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, pt. 1, heft 3, pp. 516-532, pls. xvii, xviii, text-figs. 1-3. Berlin, 1909. — 1910. Weichselia reticulata: in Potonié, Abbild, und Beschreib. foss. Pflanzenreste, lief. 7, pp. 1-14, text-figs. Berlin, 1910. —— 19104. Die fossilen Holzreste von Spitzbergen: K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1-56, pls. i-vii. Gregory, J. W.—1895. On a Collection of Fossils from the Lower Greensand of Great Chart, in Kent: Geol. Mag., dec. 4, vol. 2, pp. 98-103. London, 1895. — 1897. Some Problems of Arctic Geology. II. Former Arctic Climates: Nature, vol. 56, pp. 351-352, Groom, P.—1913. The Structure of the Wood of East Indian Species of Pinus: Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Bot., vol. 41, pp. 457-490, pls. xxiv, xxv. Gurpier, A. von.—1849. Die Versteinerungen des Rothliegenden in Sachsen. Pp. 32, pls. xi. Dresden und Leipzig, 1849. Hauiz, T. G.—1913. Some Remarks on the Classification of Fossil Plants: Geol. Foren. Foérhandl., vol. 35, heft 6, pp. 367-382, pls. ix, x. Stockholin, 1913. ; —— 1913. Some Mesozoic Plant-bearing Deposits in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego and their Floras: K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1-58, pls. i-v, text-figs. 1-4. Stockholin, 1913. Harric, T.—1848. 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Acad, Arts & Sci., vol. 48, no. 16, pp. 609-623, pls. i-iv. — 19138. Contributions to the Anatomy of Mesozoic Conifers.— No. 1. Jurassie Coniferous Woods from Yorkshire: Ann. Bot., vol. 27, pp. 533-545, pls. xxxix-xl. — 1914. Oontributions to the Anatomy of Mesozoic Conifers.—No. 2. Cretaceous Lignites from Cliffwood, New Jersey: Bot. Gaz., vol, 58, pp. 168-177, pls. xii-xv. Cbicago, 1914. Houtick, A.—1898 p. The Cretaceous Clay-Marl Exposure at Cliffwood, N.J.: Trans, New York Acad, Sci., vol. 16, pp. 124-136, pls. xi- xiv. New York, 1898. —— and Jerrrey, E.C.—1909. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York: Mem. New York Bot, Garden, vol. 3, pp. 1-76, pls. i-xxix. Hoxuutoway, B.—1724. An Account of the Pits for Fuller’s Earth in Bedfordshire: Phil. Trans, Roy. Soe, Lond., vol. 32 (for 1722-23), pp. 419-421. London, 1724. Hosivs and Marck, W. yon per.=1880, Die Flora der Westfalischen Kreideformation: Paleontographica, vol. 26, pp. 126-241, pls. xxiv—xliv. Cassel, 1879-1880. Hovuxpert, C.—1910. Les bois des Faluns de Touraine: Feuille Jeun, Naturalist., ser. 4, year 40, no. 473, pp. 69-76, pls. iii-viii. Rennes and Paris, 1910. Issetsoxn, L. L. B., and Fores, E.—1844. On the Section between Black-Gang Chine and Atherfield Point: Proc. Geol. Soe., pp. 407-414. London, 1844-6, — —— 1845. On the Section between Black-Gang-Chine and Ather- field Point: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 190-197, and table. London, 1845. Janssonius, H. H., and Moun, J. W.—1912. The Linnean Method of describing Anatomical Structures. Some Remarks concerning the Paper of Mrs, Dr. Marie ©. Stopes, entitled “ Petrifactions of the earliest European Angiosperms”: Proceed. of Sect. Sci. K. Akad. Wetenschap, Amsterdam, vol. 15, pp. 620-629, 4 text-figs. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 345 Jurrrey, FE. C_—1903. 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W.—1871. On the Punfield Formation: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. 27, pp. 207-227. London, 1871. JuKEs-Brownez, A. J.—1886. On the Application of the term Neocomian : Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 3, pp. 311-319. London, 1886. — 1891. Note on an Undescribed Area of Lower Greensand or Vectian in Dorset : Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 8, pp. 456-458. —— 1902. The Student’s Handbook of Stratigraphical Geology. Pp. xii, 589, 184 text-figs. London, 1902. — 1911. The Building of the British Isles. Ed. 3. Pp. xv, 470, 80 figs. and maps. London, 1911. ——- and Anprews, W. R.—1891. The Lower Cretaceous Series in the Vale of Wardour: Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 8, pp. 292-294. London, 1891. —— and Minn, J.—1898. On the Cretaceous Fossils found at Moreseat, Aberdeenshire: Geol. Mag., dec. 4, vol. 5. pp. 21-32. London, 1898. — and Torrey, W.—1888. Report of Sub-Committee—-No. II. Cre- taceous: Appendix B, Internat. Geol. Congr., ed. 2, pp. B63-B 78. Cambridge, 1888. Kinston, R., and Gwynnz-Vavenan, D. T.—1910. On the Fossil Genus Tempskya: Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Sheffield, p. 783. —-—— 1912. Ona New Species of Zempskya from Russia: Verhandl., k, russ. mineral, Gesell., vol. 48, ser. 2, pp. 1-20, pls. i-iii. St. Petersburg, 1912. Kiexpere, A—1885. Die Markstrahlen der Coniferen: Bot, Zeit., no. 43, pp. 672-686 and other parts, pl. vii. Leipzig, 1885. Kxowtrton, F, H.—1889, The Fossil Wood and Lignites of the Potomac Formation: Amer. Geologist, vol. 3, pp. 99-106. —— 18894. Fossil Wood and Lignite from the Potomac Formation: Bull. U.S. Geol. Sury., no. 56, pp. 11-72, pls. i-vii. 346 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Know.ton, F. H.—18898. Description of Two New Species of Fossil Coniferous Wood from Jowa and-Montana: Proe. U.S, Nat. Mus., —— 1890, A Revision of the (ina Araucariorylon of Kraus, with Compiled Descriptions and Partial Synonymy of the Species: Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, pp. 601-617. —— 1898. A Catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of North America: Bull.U.8. Geol. Surv., no. 152, pp. 1-247. Washington. —— 1898. Description of Pityorylon Hollicki,n.sp. See Howtick, A., in Trans. New York Acad, Sei., vol. 16, pp. 134-186, text- figs. 1, 2, —— 18998, Fossil Flora of the Yellowstone National Park: Mon. U.S. Geol. Surv., no. 32, pt. ii, pp. 651-791, pls. 77-121. —— 1900. Description of a New Genus and Species of Fossil Wood from the Jurassic of the Black Hills: in Ward, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Sury., no. 20, part 2, pp. 420-422, pl. elxxix. Washington, 1900. —— 1911. The Correct Technical Name for the “ Dragon-tree” of the Kentish Rag: Geol. Mag., dec, 5, vol. 8, pp. 467-468. London, 1911. Kravs, G.—1864. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen iiber den Bau lebender und yorweltlicher Nadelhélzer : Wiirzburger naturwiss. Zeitschr., vol. 5, hefte 3 & 4, pp. 144-200, pl.v. Wiirzburg, 1864. —— 1865. Ueber einige bayerische Tertiirhélzer: Wiirzburger naturwiss. Zeitschr., vol. 6, heft 1, pp. 45-48. —— 1866. THinige Bemerkungen iiber die verkieselten Stimme des frinkischen Keupers: Wiirzburger naturwiss. Zeitschr., vol. 6, heft 2, pp. $4-69. ; —— 1870. Bois fossiles de Coniféres: in Schimper’s Traité Paléont. Vég., vol. 2, pp. 363-385. Paris, 1870-72. —— 1883. Beitrage zur Kenntniss fossiler Hélzer: Abhandl. naturf. Ges, Halle, vol. 16, heft 1, pp. 79-109, pl. i. Halle, 1885. Krivsxt, R.—1913, Beitrige zur Kenntnis der Holzer aus der schle- sischen Braunkohle: 1 Teil. Inaug, Diss. Breslau. Pp. 56. Breslau, 1913. . ) Kusarr, B.—1911. Podocarpoxylon Schwende, ein fossiles Holz yom Attersee (Oberésterreich): Oesterr, bot. Zeitschr. re 61, PP. 18h- 177, pl. iii, text-figs. 1-12, Vienna, 1911. Lametuan, G. W.—1889. On the Subdivisions of the Speeton Clay: Quart. Journ. Geol, Soe., vol. 45, pp. 575-618, 2 tables. London, 1889. —— 1890, Onthe Speeton Clays and their Equivalents in Lincolnshire: Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 898-9. —— 1896. On the Specton Series in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire: Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., vol. 52, pp. 179-220, London, 1896. . OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 347 Lametuen, G. W., & Wacker, J. F.—1903, On a Fossiliferous Band at the Top of the Lower Greensand near Leighton Buzzard (Bed- fordshire): Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 59, pp. 234-265, pls. xvi—xviii, text-figs. 1 & 2. Lavurunt, L.—1907. Les Progrés de la Paléobotanique angiospermique dans la derniére décade: Progress. rei bot., vol. i, pp. 319-367. Lesquerreux, L.—1892. The Flora of the Dakota Group (edited by Knowlton): Mon. U.S. Geol. Surv., no. 17, pp. 1-256, pls. i-Ixvi. Licnier, O.,—1894. Structure et Affinités du Bennettites Morierei, Sap. et Mar. (sp.): Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 18, pp. 1-78, pls. i-vi. Oaen, 1894. —— 1895. II. Contributions 4 la Flore liasique de Ste.-Honorine-la- Guillaume (Orne): Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 18, pp. 123- 151, pl. vii. Caen, 1895. —— 1901. Ktude anatomique du Cycadeoidea micromyela, Mor.: Mém. Soe. Linn. Normandie, vol. 20, pp. 331-370, pl. xii. Caen, 1901. -——- 1904. Notes complémentaires sur la structure du Bennettites Morierei, Sap. et Mar.: Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 5, vol. 8, pp. 3-7, text-figs. 1-3. Caen, 1904. —— 1907. Végétaux fossilesde Normandie.—1V. Bois Divers (1™ série): Mém. Soe. Linn. Normandie, vol, 22, pp. 239-332, pls. xvii- xxiii. — 1908. Nouvelles Recherches sur le Propalmophyllum Liasinum, Lignier: Mém. Svc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 23, pp. 1-14, pl. i. Caen, 1908. —- 1911. Cycadeoidea Fabre-Tonnerrei (sp. nov.): Mém. Soc. Linn, Normandie, yol. 24, pp. 67-73, pl. v. Caen, 1911. | —— 19lla. Le Bennettites Morierei (Sap. et Mar.), Lignier, se repro- duisait probablement par parthénogénése : Bull. Soc. Bot. France, yol. 58, pp. 224-227. Paris, 1911. —— 1912. Stomates des écailles interséminales chez le Bennettites Morierei (Sap. et Mar.): Bull. Soe, Bot. France, vol. 59, pp. 425- 428, text-figs. 1,2. Paris, 1912. Linpiey, J., and Hurron, W.—1831-37. The Fossil Flora of Great Britain; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Vegetable Remains found in a Fossil State in this Country. Vols. 1-3. London. LiysesneiM, A.—1908, Ueber die Brawnkohlenhélzer yon Suaarau: Jabresber, schlesisch. Ges. vaterl. Cultur, vol. 85, abt. 2, pp. 24-36. Breslau, 1908. Mackiz, 8. J.—18628. The “ Dragon-tree” of the Kentish Rag: Geologist, vol. 5, pp. 401-404, pl. xxii. London. Mantetn, G. A.—1822. The Fossils of the South Dewns, or Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex,. Pp. 327, pl. xlii, & map. London. — 1827. Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex, containing a General View of the Geological Relations of the South-Eastern Part of England, with Figures and Deseriptions of the Fossils of the Tilgate Forest. Pp. 92, pls. xx, & map. London. 348 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Manrett, G. A.—1833. The Geology of the South-East of England. Pp. 415, pls. v, & map. London. — 1835. A Tabular Arrangement of the Organic Remains of the County of Sussex (read 1828): Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 3, pp- 201-216. London, 1835. —— 1839. The Wonders of Geology: 2 vols. ed.3. Vol. 2. Pp. 428 text-figs, 84, pls. iv. London, 1839. —— 1843. Description of some Fossil Fruits from the Chalk Formation of the South-East of England: Proce. Geol. Soc., vol. 4, pp. 34-35. London, 1846, —— 1844. The Medals of Creation; or First Lessons in Geology and in the Study of Organic Remains. 2 vols. Pp. 1016, pls. vi. [Ed. 2, 1854.] London, 1844. — 1846. Description of some Fossil Fruits from the Chalk Formation of the South-East of England: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 51-54, pl. ii (abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. 4, 1843, pp. 34, 35). — 1847. Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight and along the adjacent Coast of Dorsetshire, illustrative of the most inter- esting Geological Phenomena and Organic Remains: Ist ed. Pp. 428, text-figs. London, 1847. —- 1851. Petrifactions and their Teachings; or, a Handbook to the Gallery of Organic Remains of the British Museum. Pp. xi, 496, 115 text-figs. London, 1851. —- 1854. The Medals of Creation: ed. 2, vol. 2. Pp. xxxii, 446, text-figs. 139, pls. vi. London, 1854. Martin, P. J.—1828. A Geological Memoir on a Part of Western Sussex ; with some Obzervations upon Ohalk-basins, the Weald Denu- dation, and Outliers by Protrusion. Pp. x, 100, pls. iii & map. London, 1828. Masrmrs, M.,T.—1891. Review of some Points in the Comparative Mor- phology, Anatomy, and Life-history of the Conifer: Journ, Linn, Soc., Bot., vol. 27, pp. 226-332, text-figs. 1-29. London, 1891. Merckutn, C, BE, von.—1855. Paleodendrologikon Rossicum—Vergleich- ende anatomisch-mikroskopische Untersuchungen fossiler Hélzer aus Russland: Preisschrift. k. Akad. Wiss. §. Petersburg. Pp. 99, with Atlas, pls. xx. St. Petersburg, 1856. Mog.trr, J.—1882. Anatomie der Baumrinden, Pp. viii, 447, text- figs. 146. Berlin, 1882. Mout, J. W., and Janssonrus, H. H.—1906. Mikrographie des Holzes der auf Java vorkommenden Baumarten, Series of parts, not yet complete. Leiden, 1906-1915. Monnuts, J.—1843. A Catalogue of British Fossils. Comprising all the Genera and Species hitherto described; with References to their Geological Distribution and to the Localities in which they havo been found. Pp. x, 222. London, 1843. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 349 Morais, J.—1854, A Catalogue of British Fossils. Hd, 2. Pp. 372 London, 1854. Morcuisoy, R. 1., Verneum, E., Knysertinc, A.—1845. Géologie de la Russie d'Europe et des Montagnes de l’Oural. Vol, 2, Paléon- tologie, Pp. xxxii, 512, pls. xliii, A~-G. London and Paris, 1845. Natuorst, A. G.—1890. Beitrage zur mesozoischen Flora Japans: Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 57, pp. 43-60, pls. i-vi, & map. Vienna, 1890. —— 1891. Ueber das angebliche Vorkommen von Geschieben des Hér- sandsteins in der norddeutschen Diluvialablagerungen: Archiv Ver. Freunde Natur, Mecklenburg, vol. 44, pp. 17-40, pl. i. — 1902. Beitrage zur Kenntniss einiger mesozoischen Cycadophyten : K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1-28, pls. i-iii. — 1907. Palxobotanische Mittheilungen.—1, Psewdocycas, eine neue Cycadophytengattung aus den cenomanen Kreideablagerungen Grénlands: K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1- 20, pls. i-iii. — 1908. Palxobotanische Mittheilungen.—7, Ueber Palissya, Stachyo- taxus, und Paleotarus: K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad, Handl., vol. 43, no, 8, pp. 1-20, pls, i-iii, Stogkholm, 1908. —— 1910. Beitrige zur Geologie der Biren-Insel, Spitzbergens und des Konig-Karl-Landes : Bul]. Geol. Inst. Upsala, vol. 10, pp. 261- 416, pls. xiv, xv. Upsala, 1910. — 1911. On the Value of the Fossil Floras of the Arctic Regions as Evidence of Geological Climates; Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 8, pp. 217-225, Neumany, R.—1907. Beitrage zur Geologie und Paliontologie yon Siid- amerika,——-XIII. Beitrige zur Kenntnis der Kreideformation in Mittel-Peri: Neues Jahrb. f. Min, Geol, Paliont., Beilage-Band 24, p. 76, fig, 1, pli. Stuttgart, 1907. Newton, R. B.—1910. On some Fossils from the Nubian Sandstone Series of Egypt: Geol. Mag, dec. 5, vol. 6, pp. 352-359, pl. xix. London, 1919, Ouiver, F, W.—1909. On Physostoma elegans, Williamson, an Archaic Type of Seed from the Paleozoic Roeks: Ann. Bot., vol. 23, pp. 73-116, pls. v—vii, 10 text-figs. — and Scorr, D. H.—1904. On the Structure of the Palsozoic Seed Lagenostoma Lomaxi, with a Statement of the Evidence upon which it is referred to Lyginodendron: Phil, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser, B, vol. 197, pp. 193-247, pls. iv—x, 2 text-figs. Passy, A.—1832, Description géologique du Département de la Seine- inférieure. Printed by order of the Acad. roy, Sci, de Rouen. Pp. xvi, 371, pls. xx & map. Rouen, 1832. Paviow, A. P.—1889. Etudes sur les Couches Jurassiques et Crétacées de la Russie.—I. Jurassique supérieur et Crétacé inférieur de la Russie et de l’Angleterre: Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, n. s., vol, 3, pp. 61-127, pls, ii-iv. Moscow, 1889. 350 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Paviow, A. P.—1901. Le Crétacé inférieur de la Russie et sa faune : Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. 16 [vol. 21 of the collection], livr. 3. Pp. 84, 8pls. Moscow, 1901. —— and Lampe.ucn, G. W.—1892. Argiles de Speeton et leurs Equi- valents: Bull. Soc, Imp. Nat. Moscou, n. s., vol. 5, pp. 181-276, 455-564, pls. iv—viii, xiii-xviii. Moscow, 1892, Prnnattow, D. P.—1896. The Generic Characters of the North American Taxaceex and Conifer: Proc. & Trans. Roy. Soc. Cana, ser. 2, vol, 2, pp. 33-57, pls. i-vi. . Ottawa, 1896. —— 19028. Notes on Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of Canada: Proce. _ & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. 2, vol. 8, pp. 31-72, pls. vii—xvi. ~ Ottawa. —- 19074. A Manual of the North American Gymnosperms exclusive of the Cycadales, but together with certain Exotic Species. Pp. 374, pls. lv. Boston, Praten, P.—1908, Untersuchungen fossiler Hélzer aus*dem Westen der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika, 8vo, Pp. xvi, 155, 3 pls, Leipzig, 1908. Poronié, H.—1897. Bennettitacese: in Engler and Prantl, Die natiir- lichen Pflanzenfumilien, Nachtrage, pp. ii-iv, 14-17. Leipzig. —— 1899, Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpaleoutologie mit besonderer Riick- sicht auf die Bediirfnisse des Gevlogen. Pp. 402, pls, iii, 355 text-figs. Berlin. Prestwicn, J.—1888. Geology, Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical : vol. 2, Pp. xxxviii, 606, pls. xvi, 256 text-figs, & map. Oxford, 1888, Racisorskt, M.—1893. Cycadeoidea Niedzwiedzkii, nov. sp.: Rozprawy Akad. Umiejetnosci, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 301-310, pls. vii, viii [résumé in Bull. Acad. Intern. Sci. Cracovie, 1892, pp, 355-359). ReEnavtt, B.—1883. Cours de Botanique fossile fait au Muséum d'His- tcire naturelle: Fougéres. Pp. 241, pls. A, xxxv. Paris. Sanrio, C1863. Vergleichende Untersuchungen itber die Elementar- organe des Holzkérpers, also Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Holzkérpers: Bot. Zeit., vol. 21, pp. 85, 93, 101, 113, 121, 357, 369, 377, 389, 401. Sarorta, G. pe.—1873-75. Paléontologie Frangaise; ou Description des Fossiles de la France.—2* sér. Végétaux. Plantes Jurassiques. Vol. 1, pp. 501, pls. Ixx; vol. 2, pp. 339, pls. lviii. Puris. —— 1880. Notice sur les Végétaux fossiles de la Craie inférieure des Environs du Havre: Exposit. géol. 1877 Résumés, etc., sur la Géol. Normandie, forming vol. 6 of the Bull. Soe, Géol. Normandie, pp. 640-661, pls. i-iv. Havre. — 1888. Sur les Dicotylées prototypiques du Systéme infra-crétacé du Portugal: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 106, pp. 1500-1504. —— 1890. Sur de nouvelles Flores fossiles, observées en Portugal, et marquant le Passage entre les Systémes jurassique et infracrétacé ; Comptes Rendus Acad, Sci. Paris, vol. 111, pp. 812-815. OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 351 Sarorta, G, pr.—1890 8. Revue des Travaux de Paléontologie Végétale parus en 1888 ou dans le cours des Années précédentes: Rev. gén. Bot., vol. 12, pp. 176-184. —— 1891. Sur les plus anciennes Dicotylées européennes observées dans le Gisement de Cercal, en Portugal: Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol, 113, pp. 249-253. Paris. ——- 1894. Fiore Fossile du Portugal, nouvelles contributions ala Flore mésozoique: Direct. Tray. géol. Portugal. Pp. 288, pls. xxxix. Lisbon, 1894. — 18944. Nouveaux détails concernant les Nymphéinées. Nymphé- inées infracrétacées : Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 119, pp. 835-837. Paris. Scuenk, A.—1871. Beitrige zur Flora der Vorwelt.—III. Die fossilen Pflanzen der Wernsdorfer Schichten in den Nordkarpathen : Paleontogr., vol. 19, pp. 1-34, pls. i-vii. Cassel. —— 18718. Beitrige zur Flora der Vorwelt.—IV. Die Flora der nord- westdeutschen Wealdenformation: Palzontogr., vol. 19, pp. 203- 266, pls. xxii-xliii. — 1883. Fossile Hoelzer: Palexontogr., vol. 30, pt. 2, pp. 1-17, pls. i-v. 1890 a. See Scummrzr and Scuunx.—1890. Scumprr, W. P.—1869-74. ‘Traité de Paléontologie végétale ou la Flore du monde primitif dans ses rapports avec les formations géologiques et la Flore du monde actuel. Vol. 1 (1869), pp. 738 ; vol. 2 (1870-72), pp. 968; vol. 3 (1874), pp. 896, pls. cx. Paris. —~— and Scnsmnr, A.—1890. Handbuch der Palxontologie herausgegeben von Karl A. Zirren.—II. Paliophytologie. Pp. 958, text-illust. Munich und Leipzig, 1879-1890. Scnoure, J. O.—1906. Hine neue Art der Stammesbildung im Pflanzen- reich (Hemitelia crenulata, Mett.): Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, vol. 5, pp. 198-207, pls. xviii, xix. Scnréter, C.—1880, Untersuchungen iiber fossile Hélzer aus der are- tischen Zone: Dissertation. Pp. 38, pls. iii. Ziirich, 1880. Scnucuert, C.—1910. Palsxogeography of North America: Bull. Geol, Soe. America, vol. 20, pp. 427-696, pls. 46-101. See pp. 587-597. —— 1914(?). Climates of Geologic Time: Carnegie Instit, Washington Public., no. 192, pp. 263-298. Scort, D. H.—1909. Studies in Fossil Botany. Vol. 2: Spermophyta. Ed. 2. Pp. xiii, 355-676, text-figs. London, 1909. Sewarp, A, C.—1894. Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Depart- ment of Geology, British Museum. ‘The Wealden Flora.— Pt. I. Thallophyta—Pteridcphyta. Pp. xxxviii, 179, pls. xi, London. -—— 1895. Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum. The Wealden Flora.-—Pt. II, Gymno- sperms. Pp. viii, 259, pls. xx. London. —— 18964. Notes on the Geological History of Monocotyledons: Proe. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, vol. 9, pp. 110-111. Cambridge. 352 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Sewarp, A. C.—18968. Notes on the Geological History of Monocoty ledons: Ann. Bot., vol. 10, pp. 205-220, pl. xiv. —— 1896c. A New Species of Conifer, Pinites Ruffordi, from the English Wealden Formation: Journ. Linn, Soe., Bot. yol. 32, pp. 417-425, pls. ii, iii, London, 1896. — 1897. On Cycadeoidea gigantea, a new Cycadean Stem from the Purbeck Beds of Portland: Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., vol. 53, pp. 22-36, pls. i-v, text-figs. 1-3. London, 1897. — 1900. Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum. The Jurassic Flora,—I. The Yorkshire Pp. xii, 341, pls. i-xxi. London, 1900, —-- 1900. La Flore Wealdienne de Bernissurt: Mém, Mus. Roy. d’ Hist. Nat. Belgique, vol, 1, no. 1, pp. 1-37, pls. i-iv, text-figs. — 1910. Fossil Plents, a Textbook for Students of Botany and Geology. Vol. 2. Pp. 624, textefigs. Oumbridge. —— 1913. A Contribution to our Knowledge of Wealden Floras, with Especial Reference to a Collection of Plants from Sussex : Quart. Journ. Geol. Sot., vol. 69, pp. 85-116, pls. xi-xiy, 6 text-figs. London, 1913. —— 1914. Wealden Floras: Tastings and Hast Sussex Natural., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 126-142, 1 pl, —— and Forp, Si1str1n O.—1906. The Araucariem, Recent and Extinct: Phil. Trans. Roy, Soc, Lond., vol. 198 8, pp, 305-411, pls. 23, 24. Siums, F. W.—1845. On the Thickness of the Lower Greensand Beds of the South-East Coast of the Isle of Wight: Quart, Journ. Geol Soe., vol. 1, pp. 76-77. London, 1845. Sinnott, E. W.—1909. Paracedrogylon, a New Type of Araucarian Wood Rbodora, vol. 1], pp. 165-173, pls. lxxx-Ixxxi. Boston. —— and Bajiey, I. W.—1914. Investigations on the Phylogeny of the Augiosperms.—No. 4. The Origin and Dispersal of Herbaceous Angiosperms: Ann. Bot., yol. 28, pp. 547-599, pls. xxxix-xl, 8 text-figs. Souereper, H.—]908. Systematic Angtomy of the Dieotyledons. Vols. 1 & 2. Engl. transl. Pp. 1182, 189 text-figs, Oxford, 1908. Soums-Lavsacu, H, Grar zvu.—1887. Hinlejtung in die Paliophytologie vom botanischen Standpunkt aus. Pp. 416. Leipzig. [English translation published by Oxford Univ. Press, 1891. ] —— 1890,1891. Ueber die Fructification von Bennetlites Gibsonianus, Carr. : Bot. Zeit., vol. 48, pp. 789-798, 805-816, 821--833, 843-847, pls. ix, x. [Translated, Ann, Bot., vol. 5, PP. 419-452, pls. xxv, xxvi, 1891.] —— 18914. Fossil Botany: Engl. transl, Pp. xi, 401, 49 text-figs. . Oxford, 1891. —— 1892. See Caruuunt, G., and Souws-LavBacu.—1892; Sruenserc, K. von.—1820-38. Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. Pt. 1 (1820), pp. 24, pls. xiii; pt. 2 (1821), pp. 33, pls. xiv-xxvi; pt. 3 (1823), pp. 40, pls. xxvii-xxxix ; pt. 4 (1825), pp. i-xlii ay index, pls. xl-lix, a—t ; OF LOWER GREENSAND PLANTS. 353 pts. 5, 6 (1833), pp. 80, pls. i-xxvi ; pts. 7, 8 (1838), pp. 81-200, pls. xxvii-lxviii. Leipzig und Prag. Srizuner, A, W.—1857. Beitraige zur Kenntniss der vorweltlichen Flora des Kreidegebirges im Harze: Paleontogr., vol. 5, pp. 47-70, 71-80, pls. ix—xi, xii-xv. Cassel, 1855-58. Sroxas and Wuss.—1824. Description of some Fossil Vegetables of the Tilgate Forest in Sussex [no author’s name given]: Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 1, pp. 421 bis—424, pls. xlv—xlvii. Stone, H.—1904. The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification. Pp. 31!, 186 photos. London, 1904. Srores, M. C.—1910. Adventitious Budding and Branching in Cycas; New Phytologist, vol. 9, pp. 235-241, text-figs. 8-14. —— 19104. Letter: Nature, vol. 85, p. 139. —~- 1911. The “Dragon-tree” of the Kentish Rag, with Whnarks on the Treatment of Imperfectly Petrified Woods: Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 8, pp. 55-59, text-fig. London, 1911. —- 19lla. The Name of the “Dragon-tree”: Geol. Mag., dec. 5, vol. 8, pp. 468-9. London, 1911. —— 1912. Petrifactions of the Earliest European Angiosperms: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 203, pp. 75-100, pls. vi—viii, text-figs. 1-6. London, 1912. — 1913. Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the British Museum (Natural History): The Cretaceous Flora. Part 1. Pp. xxiii, 281, pls. i-ii, 25 text-figs. London, 1913. — 1914. A New Araucarioxylon from New Zealand: Ann. Bot., vol, 28, no, 110, pp. 341-350, pl. xx, text-figs, 1-3. —— and Fusu, K.—1910. Studies on the Structure and Affinities of Cretaceous Plants: Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc., ser, B, vol. 201, pp. 1-90, pls. i-ix. —— and Kersuaw, E. M.—1910. The Anatomy of Cretaceous Pine- Leaves: Ann. Bot., vol. 24, pp. 395--402, pls. xxvii-xxviii. —— and Watson, D. M. 8.—1908. On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, known as “Ooal Balls”: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., ser. B, vol. 200, pp. 167-218, pls. xvii-xix, text-figs. 1-5. SrraspurcEr, E.—1891. Ueber den Bau und die Verrichtungen der Leitungsbuhnen in den Pflanzen: Histologische Beitrige, 3. Pp. xxxii, 1000, pls. i-v, 17 text-figs. Jena, 1891. Suzuki, Y.—1910. On the Structure and Affinities of Two New Conifers and a New Fungus from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaidd (Yezo): Bot. Mag. Tokyo, vol. 24, no. 284, pp. 181-196, pl. vii. Tuopay (Sykes), M. G.—1911. The Female Inflorescences and Ovules of Gnetum africanum, with Notes on Gnetum scandens: Ann. Bot., yol. 25, pp. 1101-1135, pls. Ixxxvi-lxxxvii, text-figs. 1-16. Tuompson, W. P.—1910. The Origin of Ray Tracheids in the Conifere : Bot. Gaz., vol. 50, pp. 101-116, text-figs. 1-16. Chicago, 1910, 2A 354 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Tuomrson, W. P.—1911. On the Origin of the Multiseriate Ray of the Dicotyledons: Ann. Bot., vol. 25, pp. 1005-1014, pls. Loxyii, Ixxviii. —— 1912. Ray Tracheids in Abies: Bot. Gaz., vol. 53, pp. 331-338, pls. xxiv, xxv. Chicago, 19}2. Tuomson, R. B., and Atian, A. B—1912. Do the Abietiner extend to the Carboniferous?: Bot. Gaz., vol. 53, pp. 339-344, pl. xvi, text- figs. 1-2. Chicago, 1912. Torrey, W.—1875. The Geology of the Weald: Mem. Geol. Surv. Pp. xiy, 503, figs. 59, & maps. London, 1875. TRAUTSCHOLD, H.—1876. Der Klin’sche Sandstein in Russland: Nouy. _ Mém, Soc. Imp. Nat. Moseou, vol. 13, pp. 191-236, pls. xviii-xxii. Tusxur, C. F.—1892. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Morphologie, Anatomie und Entwickelung des Samenfliigels bei den Abietineen : Inaug. Dissert. Miinchen. Pp. 1-57, text-figs. 1-20. Munich, 1892. Uncer, F.—1845, Synopsis Plantarum fossilium. Pp. 330. Leipzig. —. 1847. Chloris protogma.Beitxige zur Flora der Vorwelt. Pp. xxii, 149, pls. 1. Leipzig. —— 185). Genera et Species Plantarum fossiliam. Pp. 627. Vienna. —— 1859. Der versteinerte Wald bei Cairo und einige andere Lager verkieselten Holzes in Agypten : Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 33, pp- 209-232, pl. i. Van Tizauem, P.—-1869. Anatomie comparée de la fleur femelle et du fruit des Cycadées, des Coniféres et des Gnétacées: Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 5, pp. 269-304, pls. xiii-xvi. Paris, 1869. Varer, H.—1884. Die fossilen Hélzer der Phosphoritlager des Herzog- thums Braunschweig: Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., vol. 36, pp. 783-853, pls. xxvii-xxix. Berlin, 1884. Vevenovsky, J.—1885, Die Gymnospermen der béhmischen Kreide- formation. Pp. 34, pls. xiii. Prague. —— 1888 8. Die Farne der béhmischen Kreideformation: Abhandl. k. béhm, Ges. Wiss., ser. 7, vol. 2, pp. 1-32, pls. i-vi Vicuisr, R., and Ferrer, P. H.—1912. Sur le Chpreithabeylon deleambrei, nov. sp.: Assoe. frang. lAvane. Sei, Dijon, 1911, pp. 297-306, text-figs, 1-7, Paris, 19}2. Warp, L. F.—18944. Recent Discoveries of Cycadean Trunks in the Potomac Formation of Maryland: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 21, pp. 291- 299. New York. — 18945. Fossil Cyeadean ‘Trunks of North America, with {Revision of the Genus Cycadeoidea, Buckland : Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 9, pp. 75-87. ~—. 1899. The Cretaceous Formation of the Black Hills as indicated by the Fossil Plants (with the Collaboration of W. P. Junnny, W. M. Foyrarxs, and F, H. Kyow.ron): 19th Ann, Rep, U.S. Geol. Surv., pp. 521-712, pls. lvii-clxxii. OF LOWDR GREENSAND PLANTS. 355 Wutraxer, W.—1908. The Water Supply of Kent: Mem, Geol. Surv. England & Wales. Pp. v, 399, map. Tondon, 1908. Wistann, G. R.—1899, A Study of some American Fossil Cycads,— Part I, The Male Flower of Cycadéoidea: Amer, Journ, Sci., ser. 4, vol. 7, pp. 219-226, pls. ii-iv. New Haven, 1899. —— 18998. A Study of some American Fossil Cycads.—Part I1. The Leaf Structure of Cycadeoidea: Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 7, pp. 305-308, pl. vii. New Haven, 1899. —— 1899c, A Study of American Fossil Cycads—III. The Female Fructifications of Cycadeoidea: Amer, Journ, Sci., ser. 4, vol. 7, pp. 383-391, pls, viii«x. —— 1901. A Study of some American Fessil Cycads.—IV. On the Microsperangiate Fructification of Cycadecidea: Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 11, pp. 423-436. New Haven, 1901. —— 19034, Notes on the Marine Turtle ham en re boca = Pr wg Sohal PLATE IY. Pityoxylon Sewardi, sp. nov, Part of truank,— Lower Greensand ; Ightham, Kent. Fig. 1. Transverse section, a., limit of annual ring, crushed spring wood adjacent to autumn wood; 7.c., isolated resin-canal in the midst of wood. No. V, 14404 (p. 95). Fig, 2. Transverse section. a., limit of annual ring. Near this are seen groups of resin-canals, 7.0.a., surrounded by patches of parenchyma. No. V. 1440 a (p, 95). , oY we 9 $4 4 0 P 0) H va KG | A, n He) O sa < Es m4 0 S a ee | ti | Mi | ver ‘atte 2: 0 air toe ae Fito sxpbgetton sees “git wall neat YA Base gui Movida mieet ey +84 _sboow ae ak 20, qaiaatgyt ya i ATOL -g) [ sill PLATE VII. Pityoxylon Benstedi, sp. nov. Transverse section of wood,— Kentish Rag; near Maidstone, Kent. Fig. 1. Primary bundle. p., pith-cells, showing their thickened and pitted walls; pa., protoxylem of primary bundle; p.7.¢., resin-canal in primary bundle; m., medullary Tay; 8., beginning of secondary wood. No. 3835336 (p. 107). Fig. 2. Resin-canals from secondary wood. s., secondary wood; m., medullary ray; ¢., tyloses, filling resin- canal; e¢., thick-walled epithelium of resin-canal. No, 38353 Bc (p. 109). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJII. PL VII 8. m. PITYOXYLON BENSTEDI sp. nov. ~, te e e ade of, it P .% a) 7 " ¥ i, ia! he if f. pe Pyay 4 af . 7 1 - A PLATE VIII. Pityoxylon Woodwardi, sp. nov. Transverse section of wood.— Lower Greensand ; Woburn, Bedfordshire. Fig. 1. General view of wood in transverse section, the large white spaces being the resin-canals. No. V. 54294 (p. 116). Fig. 2. Small area of wood to show part of two alternating tangential bands of vertically running resin-canals, ¢. a., autumn wood ; s., spring wood, which is crushed ; m., noticeable uniseriate medullary ray. No, V.5429a (p. 117). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJ II. et et | << Zs -* bed a te ood “te eat ah oe ; Sie rt eee hs eeeeesrt | Pe o sale Sar ee @:e ee ‘i - . “* oe Lae & . ee: ie) ay ae i Ny eat aR oo igh. sere 9g $4 es) tauie a 993 eae 7 ed. at Bos. p2 5 VES Pe sith fis if Mpors ema pe” 2 og ete gore). . oe *.. PITYOXYLON WOODWARDI ssp. nov. MM SRA EODe FRANCS I. PLATE IX. Pityoxylon Woodwardi, sp. nov. Radial sections of wood.— Lower Greensand ; Woburn, Bedfordshire. Fig. 1. Radial section showing pitting of tracheids. a., ele- ments with large, round, isolated pits ; }., ‘“‘ twin-pits ” in a similar element. No, V. 5429 4 (p. 116). Fig. 2. Radial section showing pitting of tracheids. a., as above; ¢., pits in adjacent pairs. No. V. 54296 (p. 117). Fig. 3. Radial section showing the medullary ray, with hori- zontally running black bands formed by contents- containing cells. p.m., pitted cells in which the large definite oval pits are well seen, each surrounded by a very faint border. No, V. 5429 6 (p. 119). B_M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLII. PpLiIx We dea... : 3 p.m. & % —- p.m ee PITYOXYLON WOODWARDI SP. nov. PLATE X., Fig. 1. Pinostrobus Benstedi (Mantell). The cone split open, natural size-—Kentish Rag; near Maidstone, Kent. No. 39107 (p. 130). Figs. 2-4. Pinostrobus sussexiensis (Mantell). Cone.—Lower Greensand; Selmeston, Sussex. Fig. 2. External view of part of the cone. No. V. 3349 (p. 123). Fig. 3. Upper end of the same specimen, showing the axis, scales, and seeds irregularly broken across. Fig. 4. Transverse section of upper part of the same cone, s., seed and its pair, borne on scale, sc.; w., wings of seeds just separated from inner surface of scale ; w., scale on which the tissues of the wings show par- ticularly well; z., scale which shows the vascular bundles particularly well. No. V. 38494 (p. 123). xX oo B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQJUII. 2.3 .4.P. SUSSEXIENSIS. 1. PINOSTROBUS BENSTEDI. CRETACEOUS et. Pia = La Cee ge PLATE XI. Pinosirobus Benstedi (Mantell), Longitudinal sections of cone.— Kentish Rag; near Maidstone, Kent, Fig. 1. Tangential longitudinal section of the cone. end., area of broken-down endosperm within the ovule, o. ; os., ovuliferous seale; bs., bract-scale. No. 391076 (p. 182). Fig. 2, Nearly median longitudinal section of the cone. o0., ovule; os., ovuliferous scale; bs., bract-scale; a., axis. No. 39107 a (p. 121). Fig. 3. Pinostrobus sussexiensis (Mautell), Transverse section of part of the overlapping scales from the outer part of the cone.—Lower Greensand; Selmeston, Sussex. v.b., vascular bundles of scale; 7.c., resin-canals; scl., sclerised tissue of scale; w., wing of seed, split off from scale. Cf. text-fig. 30. No. ¥. 3349 a (p. 126). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQJUII. PL.X] ¢ Y ie . 5 ; wore * -@ e a e ad e* 9 I.2.PINOSTROBUS BENSTEDI. 3.P SUSSEXIENSIS. a PLATE XII, Cedrowylon maidstonense, sp. nov. Sections of wood.— Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Fig. 1. Transverse section of secondary wood, showing the very narrow zones of thick-walled autumn wood at a, No. 1769 a (p. 149). Fig. 2. Radial section showing the small, round, bordered pits of the tracheids, with “Sanio’s rims” at s. m., medullary ray showing group of small round pits in tracheid-field. Cf. text-fig. 43. No. 1769 ¢ (p. 152). PL. XII B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJII. 4 4 >rrTt 7233 pes preter oS Eee et OPO ™ »ee« PeePe' se ee ee ee Aves =“ arn Ch eee ee ee ty Sects Seasaeyeenes “ere = an al i ote! ed sitet ad SoS > eras 3.=4t ays - : ~ setae ap x tet tS See eee tees + J = ey rt 4 = 7 % ° en nea LALA tt _ feo -# " cee ; ~ ' 7 ied Br Sie Se P4 ’ “* obese a eegee ey Soe ef eT ane st 4 es i -_ oe sr yTTF ae > Soars WPS) ~~ ——— —— = Oe 3333333 Ak se Ks 2 ‘ s+? oe SA - as o- Pigs: +o Sen ee xy Ege ed Z y - 4 is baa an ee . aa a a >a Seed rm 4 . sate * Pes Eesttt + yo pe Secees ert 3333 < eeeces: peoeeee™ 5 se neeee Leases 4 eee . 7 :See et pee of “ve a8 aa trees Fe r i ~ pa peee« - « >> =< peere ot mp stereoscopic Co ndon § sp. nov. CEDROXYLON MAIDSTONENSE rt af a Incroixe i Bs edt so. snot PLATE XII. Fig. 1. Abietinean trunk in “ Benstedtia” condition, showing the transverse external corrugations, co.; and the decayed wood within, which breaks through on one side, w. Part of the large broken-up specimen.— Kentish Rag ; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. No.1765 (p. 159). Fig. 2. Abietinean trunk in “ Benstedtia” condition. Upper part of the same specimen as is figured in PI. XIV, figs. 1 & 2. 3B, the side branch illustrated in Pl. XIV. co., the external transverse corrugations ; ct., similar corrugations on the inner side of the hollowed-out end; ¢., narrow teredo-borings running vertically and corresponding to the tubercles outside the specimen (cf. Pl. XIV, fig. 1). In Maidstone Museum, plaster cast in British Museum (Nat. Hist.). No, V. 18202 (p. 165). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQJUII. PL, XIII. a ‘ 4 PF iz. London Stereoscopic Co. imp ABIETINEAN TRUNK IN "BENSTEDTIA CONDITION. PLATE XI1Y. Abietinean trunk in the “ Benstedtia” eondition.—Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone, In Maidstone Museum, plaster cast in British Museum (Nat, Hist,), No, V. 13202 (p. 165), Fig. 1. Surface-view of one side, showing the transverse corru- gations and the tubercles. At B is a side-branch (ef. fig. 2). At the lower left-hand corner some of the decayed wood can be seen, Fig. 2. Part of the same specimen from one side, showing the flattening and also showing very clearly the base of the lateral] braneh at B, PL.ATV B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQUII. scopic Co. imp epeos London St ABIETINEAN TRUNK IN BENSTEDTIA CONDITION. PLATE XY. Cupressinoxylon vectense, Barber. Sections of stems,— Lower Greensand ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight. Fig. 1. Transverse section of branching specimen, slightly enlarged. No, V. 13192 a (p. 169). Fig. 2. Transverse section of a similar specimen, showing the very well-marked growth-rings. *r.p., resin-con- taining parenchyma scattered throughout the wood. No. V. 13193 a4 (p. 171). Fig. 3. Part of the autumn wood of another portion of the same specimen as the above, to show the “ composite” ring. No. V, 13193 4 (p. 177). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJII, ‘ e Se *@F og *°B+e@ . s*+@ itepas oe yy . all BET eres ibe $2 eho j London Stere CUPRESSINOXYLON VECTENSE, Barber. ae z ‘ bis t i: A ue ss TE nd wT ron = . = a a pee : nS ee obs PLATE XVI. Cupressinoaylon cryptomerioides, sp.nov. Transverse sections of wood.—Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maidstone. Fig. 1. Transverse section of inner part of the wood. p., pith; p.«., bundles of primary xylem projecting into the pith; r.p., resin-containing xylem-parenchyma scat- tered through the secondary xylem. No. V. 13208¢@ (p. 186). Fig. 2. Transverse section of outer part of the same specimen. r.p., Tesin-parenchyma in the secondary xylem; c., cambium-layer; ph., phloem; 7.c., large resin- canals in the cortex. No. V. 13208 a (p. 187). eS oe 0 ee B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQII. PL. XVI aye ~ t _ S . iS “ . SURES NES FS oy are hy . Ae se . hes eer : Role Gates th lA tet ee R = owe S ore bie * a> * $584 AYASS BST. Res RS 7 ~\ = 2 tf > roa > ~ ¥ Se tread * 335.u.9 rf * = CUPRESSINOXYLON CRYPTOMERIOIDES sp. nov. oe 5 a : 2 MCEATACEOUS FLAT es < gad’ \ o) Pata e oci pe: oa it PLATE XVII. Cupressinovylon cryptomerioides, sp. nov. Radial longitudinal section of wood.—Kentish Rag; Iguanodon Quarry, Maid- stone, Fig. 1. Radial longitudinal section through the wood, showing the numerous low medullary rays. *#,p., resin-con- taining xylem-parenchyma; tp., tracheid, showing round bordered pits. No. V. 13208 ¢ (p. 189). Fig. 2. Further enlarged portion of the same section just out- side pith, showing a thick strand of protoxylem elements (p.a.) in the centre of the field. At «# the larger pits of the secondary tracheids can be seen. No. V. 13208 ¢ (p. 188). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOL Ii. PL. XVII. -. . # ay ia hh ut : r ‘ rt i Uy { | i mat js gee . bah AVES WetS* ec sista: ti} ; it UN iT oe ee «@ Phe ta a Peete aS eo —® tly ha rH} naan ti London Stereoscopic Co. imp CUPRESSINOXYLON CRYPTOMERIOIDES sp. nov. PLATE XYIII. Cupressinowylon Hort, sp. noy. Sections of wood.— Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Fig. 1. Transverse section of part of one annual ring, showing the broad numerous rays. The dark elements scat- tered through the wood are the resin-containing xylem- parenchyma. No. V. 11847 @ (p. 194). Fig. 2. Tangential section showing the exceptional nature of the uniseriate and multiseriate rays, and their large number. m., multiseriate ray, which is uniseriate ; lower down; 4., bifurcating ray. No. V. 11847 ¢ (p. 198). 4 4 H 2) 5 B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS Tet aticdee® eaters eeeels eae gaaeeteressee 23 --. . a ow “le eee.agreted Peeves, Pe PSE wey) + ee ** eee eee CSesideire _— Lea we Ceeleéisss? * se Ste ey MPG ate S* ee ay . Sets cus S eteern, ° Si eese 4 *8e et tia te oe pt oO ~*~ eee eer ete; 7eee aT aa em «eed —anet eare® 2G 55% : e* e . ~t 272 @@828 + a ine . * GAY Seen, Soke ene « behead ae Sy en Ph ms 2204 * eee ok LYS ite ETE My” fo as ees "e@eer er 7 - nets ee © eee bag lerrre -elerterres scree. eeeae* aa hn Os Ate me “eee +beoeaeiy em ape. ~ tte; & ti eRe. ’ a . *erer.e we — + fe £6~ ~iR., ~<... “enn salle - ~s = O98 r+ ee ebeee tie & oe. er ees pate ~ eee ee + MS TN ene ee _ ~~ -— seen mm onthe Lage tees —— e 4 > ode, a Cte a - s - - *) > ‘ 7 at % 44249.) 7 ssh elerevereae:? 4@ ne N : Te ei ie eee SAC tli ive : Sema : ei SS bee ‘ 2 eee Slew a = Ba AA Oe Be Boer eer : Miirs 1: resedern he eee ee ewee teen Mean = avetys OO FOC Fe eeeees ** 7? S*at on te al oh a i = ages COSC. Oa aaee oes Oren Ore oe "ee ‘ 660084 eer -*F**¢aue4 ore -- oy. @ee4 ©)" ae 7 *'O2 2 Gu 5 A hea “oe eee > ~—_ eee et — le ae “ me Se ~ ~~ Te “eet es whee — . Per eees, a: woth &A A. 0 othe; ene? wee TOleEt Te ~. +o" OFS eee Lo = an: n= paddy ee me, my ~« . ~ 2" M4 eeapere . . = SeasTISS 47: e's oe Bee Cn oe m — . pease rn O88. fe DOR TREO RE nang 68ET URC C RSS ROE TOS ere eo ee> a” * 8 SOS OS * One. Feeiteve . . % Ma iS tee mse = OC te eecce - re) tas Weebl eeLa eer eoee Sele COL Tey ed A ee ed ee = *eee J te Vay : - on 4 Pr. erere— ~ we Taeeeeee ” ©**8at casene . te. = cee . ee a. Bel 2 ee, Oe ~FPGen a ; —— ‘POPC ey Peers... , Se0ees cP CSC veces Sten tears © ~ ; ee a Jeet leeeete- owe wrear a Thssecns Pree. Fore Rae ae be CO ea oe SELLS AS AGA E Pet BTV eee rea < . ‘Pel * eau “ ek Leth a aN a2 weaws awe eneeeee” ose eave @* “eteeee#? er “ ee. eS Segktheoe ne o8elstoe om ttt an . ~ ese Teu ee oseltse dst —, **eeere, +1ese0eeeneernr™ - . ei®eeeteus te 7elee [94l bee aeeeeeeeee a 2 bo0ede eed @eee #5e044"" i aes tN tht are Ren ane eaTOt Oe Peevereceeaee” a - “~ eee Teer e@eee2e804'@ *seeel BULLER e* ) hn doh > - ~t_eeese* Cede 4e eS OROLY ETO © Fer ere” nelle ated “a8 a Ane ee? -»@eN oe. eee PPeew nm mas ees eee@eee 4 : a eeeu sel rows eee - semereeneeeeeress: Ped bteee* ~neeeee v . "@Q NWSE. ©5 4 a. 2 ee OB OHTs poe ee > — ~ *. ~ Sane 2eeeseseeeete sree? nr | TTS) hee a wee eet @ os) sp. nov. CUPRESSINOXYLON. HORTII. 4, GREVAGHKOUSs F yea see ” aye PLATE XIX. Taxoxylon anglicum, sp. noy. Sections of wood.— Lower Greensand; Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire. Fig. 1. Transverse section of the secondary wood, showing the well-marked regular rings and the narrow zone of autumn wood. No. V. 5459 6(p. 204), Fig. 2. Radial section of above. To the left of the photo can be seen three or four rays connected by short irregular tracheids. In each tracheid-field of the ray-cells 2 to 4 small pits can be clearly seen in the radial walls. No. V. 5459 ¢ (p. 207). Fig. 3. Higher power view of a pair of similar rays. At p. the pits in the ray-cells can be very clearly seen, and in this and the neighbouring cell on the right the border round the pits can be made out. No. V. 5459¢ (p. 207). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQJUII. ee wer gion ictal = . . ee were ae = f “ye London Stereoscopic Co. imp TAXOXYLON ANGLICUM sp. nov. ‘ ; " ¥ » * * 2 «4 €. <= x - i . . 1. c a 7 - _ di oe } 2 > : i : * ros pee ah ¥ 7 'o + Ps a ¥ _—- Se ow oAp ; ab, s ore . a fh, , Fe 7c | - a = ou ~. Dry 2 a a i _— © ie i . - " oo” j ae ‘ ef eu ms ° > A z _ i 7 — f = a ‘ = " ad s* 4 - - 4 Rat ‘ ws ' r ® i ma) = Pi w » a 7 a . 2 a 7 rus " 3 Fd * i S ' ? . 7 “ing \ a ss i y 7. ot - ¥en irr elt eee so. ayes Pa eh eas Le ee a sea Ne (hey a Poy Aros At ae PLATE XX. Podocarpoxylon woburnense, sp. nov. Transverse sections of wood.—Lower Greensand ; Woburn, Bedfordshire. Fig. 1. Transverse section of the secondary wood, showing the well-marked annual rings, conspicuous medullary rays, and resin-containing parenchyma-cells, rp., scattered among the tracheids. No. V. 5451 a (p. 211). Fig. 2. Transverse section of a branch, showing the centre of the axis surrounded by well-marked rings of secondary wood, x 1:8. No. V. 4876 (p. 214). sp. nov. PODOCARPOXYLON WOBURNENSE. wad wt ettel, ‘Stemenses vous ott akoen 99S S000 + CS SSS Ge FYB 20095009- 00 Sato e . ~ 8a eeesesecesete 4 ? ROS SLE TT Ry pe een 220 oe20012eeeree® > eeeeeeee . Se 4 0 P 69) co ~ * 4 A, n 5 O fx] , B i f% 0 a f ‘® a or Vamereyy an ue ine, Ti) ite' >. 2a. PLATE XXI. Podocarpoxylon bedfordense, sp. nov. Sections of wood.— Lower Greensand; Woburn, Bedfordshire. Fig. 1. Transverse section, showing the regular wood-texture and annual rings. No. V. 131914 (p. 223), Fig. 2. Radial longitudinal section of the same, showing the numerous low medullary rays. No. V. 13191 d (p. 225). Fig. 3. Small part of the radial section, enlarged to show the pitting of the radial walls of the tracheids. At p.a tracheid can be seen with two short chains of adjacent pits, the tracheid to the left of it shows a longer chain of pits. No, V. 13191 d (p. 226). PL XXI. London Stew PODOCARPOXYLON BEDFORDENSE sp. nov. i ee —— ft es eb et» ae, wD ee == PZ PI ee ge oN OT Pe Ser rr i i Wety fi \\ iM a ‘ pike \ 3 ) 5S 69) oa vA - pa) Ay ) 2) = O a < fA ea f 0 2 ae pant ; \ MF TREE TA CRTs PLATE XXII. [?] Podocarpoxylon Solmsi, sp. nov. Sections of secondary wood,—Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Fig. 1. Transverse section of secondary wood, showing the well- marked growth-rings and narrow zone of autumn wood. *r.p., resin - containing wood - parenchyma. No. V, 2117 « (p. 234). Fig. 2. Transverse section of a small part of the secondary wood, showing a row of traumatic resin-canals, r.c. No. V. 5427 a (p. 238). PL XXII ter s . . 395 seee London aFe- eeed's (P}) PODOCARPOXYLON SOLMSI sp. nov. = 4 O S Y be vA FC 4 Q, Y 5 fe) fx] O : fr) te O B.M * 2) sds fe oR eg Se scale ok | a 7 3 ‘ > a ee pao 2" a yoyo en by + ; a Di acte nite . ak i ae a ‘poe y * PLATE XXII. Vectia luccombensis, gen. et sp.nov. Sections of part of tissues.-— Lower Greensand; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Fig. 1. Transverse section, showing a low-power view of a number of bands of the tissue. Fig. 2, Transverse section, a small part much enlarged. Lettering in both figures :—v', v’, pairs of vessels alternating with much sclerised elements, s., in which the lumen is very small, 7.; m., medullary ray. No. Y. 132304 (p. 247). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJII. PL XXIII 5p sae > Sete 5 332'oseF-: ees: sastV— Mong! = . ~ 2 ¥, ss, | ‘, ; - a 2 8h we ae » PTA obo as: VECTIA LUCCOMBENSE. gen. et sp. nov. > ae 4 = A Am. . a Ih | PLATE XXIV. Vectia luccombensis, gen. et sp. nov. Radial longitudinal ot showing the pitted vessels and fibres crossed by _ rays.—Lower Greensand ; Luecomb Chine, Isle of Wight. v', v hie paiva: of weladlay sp. the jes ok ue ta walls; s., the fibres with narrow lumen, /.; a., a parenchyma-cells lying in places between the pairs of — vessels; m., medullary ray-cells; m., short n card 3 elements of the cork-like rs: No. v - “o. (p. 252). . Aa 4 O P PLANTS B.M.CRETACEOUDUS > »~<- . ~ ~ 4 on —— « aes 6"? 6 Q —— sieht ees @... VECTIA LUCCOMBENSE. gen. et sp. nov. er te. | hal : ea sow os ~ ’ Sym > teh ogee Sy Weelae: 4 : - gYatghos ike mf i ™ Ae are vs ee Nested ois anise 2 + 2 te DOMES ES ee pa A 5 s < = re S... 4 - en yal _ Te ee bt = vy, ® E Pe al af ” nt + ‘ ‘ PLATE XXY, Vectia luccombensis, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of part of tissues,— Lower Greensand ; Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight. Fig. 1. Transverse section showing the arrangement of the tissues. ., fibres; v', v?, pair of thinner elements (sieve-tubes); m., medullary ray, in which the end- walls of the cells can be seen (p. 249), Fig, 2, Tangential section showing the uniseriate medullary rays. #., ray composed of small cells; y., ray com- posed of large cells. No. V. 13230 (p. 250). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOL_II. PL. XXV, Tae: SIO Ee POW. basi USh.ise ~* @roee: ~~ - - @25.@ ea¢e : User's e@eiae » mois eaezee-. " ; ac od _— inal i + Rewiw > mene ei ent = > - SP me, arts ‘ az > =>, ’ r x ¥. = . ss ale=s tases “ ¥ Pass nae ba alee Giacas 1 >= London Stereoscopic Co. imp VECTIA LUCCOMBENSIS. sp. nov. PLATE XXYVI. Cantia arborescens, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of secondary wood.—Folkestone Beds; near Ightham, Kent. Fig. 1. Transverse section of the wood, showing the even distribution of the numerous vessels and the narrow zones of autumn elements, a—a (p. 260). Fig. 2. A small portion of the same section, further enlarged, showing the rather crumpled isolated vessels with very small quantities of fibres and parenchyma between them. The narrow uniseriate rays can be seen rather crushed and distorted between the vessels. No. V. 13231 a (p. 262). PL. XXVI. B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOL(JUI. sp. nov. CANTIA ARBORESCENS. Ae 4 TACEOUS PLaNte M qa all - 2 i a cif be t 2 = é: = 3! cuey 0 eng 1 anei a PLATE XXVII. Cantia arborescens, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of secondary wood,—Folkestone Beds ; near Ightham, Kent. Fig. 1. Radial longitudinal section, showing the pitting of yarious types of elements; b., the oval bordered pits of the vessels ; p., the isolated, round, bordered pits of the wood-fibres; m., the thickened walls of the medullary ray-cells, with, r., groups of radial pits in their walls. x 200. No, V. 13231 d(p. 263). Fig. 2. A small portion of the same section, further enlarged, showing the scalariform bar-pitting, s., of. the wood- vessel; p., the round bordered pits of the wood-fibres. x 400. No. V. 13231 d (p. 263). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJUII. PL. XXVIII. mit CANTIA ARBORESCENS. sp. nov. T etn Sebel wets t— roo w ay ” ' 4 x > ae —_ « : = Ra A ee ay a + . ' . er Sta " , * > «* eee os griwode .nolicsy louifmlignol Iaiboll .1 si so Pa atti whey . ay R zi i. | PLATE XXVIII. Cantia arborescens, gen. et sp. nov, Sections of secondary wood.—Folkestone Beds; near Ightham, Kent. Fig. 1, Radial longitudinal section, showing the numerous medullary rays, the pits in the vessels v., and the tyloses filling the vessels ¢, No. V. 13231 ¢ rs 263). Fig, 2, Part of a medullary ray, enlarged; radial view of the cells showing their thickened and pitted walls. a., the pits in the end-walls; m., the pits in upper and lower walls of adjacent ray-cells ; 7., the groups of round pits in the radial wall. x 350, No. V. 13231 d(p. 263). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJII. PL. XXVIII. CANTIA ARBORESCENS. sp. nov. me) bY ae Lage Ft old aavel edd ae to aoltose serovanatT A git PLATE XXIX. Hythia Elgari, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of secondary wood.— Hythe Beds; near Maidstone, Kent. Fig. 1. Transverse section of part of the large block, showing the crumpling and contortions of the wood with its broad rays. At the bottom right-hand corner of the photograph the vessels can be seen. x 2, No, V. 13232 a (p. 279). Fig. 2. Transverse section of a small portion of the wood, show- ing the broad rays and the numerous rather crushed vessels between them. No, V. 13232d (p. 278). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQJUII. PL .XXIX HYTHIA ELGARI_- sp. nov. i ak ‘4 2) et ae ~ SS “7 VE ~ on” 4 < a a« od ° uM. CHET ACE PLATE XXX. Hythia Elgari, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of secondary wood.— Hythe Beds; near Maidstone, Kent, Fig. 1. Transverse section of part of the wood. In the neigh- bourhood of a. the small-celled wood-fibres and paren- chyma can be seen almost uncrushed. No. VY. 182325 (p. 282). Fig. 2. Transverse section of a small part of the wood, showing the thin-walled nature of the wood-vessels; also the long and very narrow cells composing the medullary ray. xX 60. No. V. 13232 c (p. 281), Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of a vessel, showing the round, oval, and elongated pits in its wall, x 100. No, V. 18232 ¢ (p. 281). PL. XXX. B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VO Oey Xk @ sp. nov. HYTHIA ELGARI. hirsase 970 199. Jatt to i PLATE XXXI. Colymbetes Edwardsi, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of portion of trunk.—Lower Greensand ; perhaps from Leighton Buzzard. Fig. 1. Transverse section, showing the pith and surrounding scattered xylem-zone. p., pith-cells; @., isolated groups and clusters of tracheids: s., series of tracheids, widely separated by large quantities of ground-tissue. No. V. 6127 ¢ (p. 314). Fig. 2. Tangential longitudinal section of an outer zone of secondary wood, showing the large quantity of medul- lary rays, m., with the narrow curving tracheids between them. At ¢. the tracheids may be seen to loop and branch. No. V. 6127 n (p. 326), PL.XXXI. B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLQJUII. COLYMBETES EDWARDSI sp. nov. Sie a BNI \ hot) adieg ; baaenseD 19¢~ol—, Zoyrt) Yo cure: § A ay PLATE XXXII. Colymbetes Edwardsi, gen. et sp. nov. Sections of portion of trunk.—Lower Greensand ; perhaps from Leighton Buzzard. Fig. 1. Radial longitudinal section of the trunk, cut absolutely at right angles to the true transverse section and showing one of the bands of wood cut in absolutely transverse section. Note the normal radial series of tracheids with the medullary rays between (cf. text- fig. 109 B, p. 325). No. V. 6117 (p. 316). Fig. 2. Absolutely transverse section, showing the radial view of the longitudinally cut zones which alternate with the normal transverse zones (cf, text-tig. 105, p. 821). No, 6127 a (p. 316). B.M.CRETACEOUS PLANTS VOLJUII. PL XXXII. ’ .. ss sf . . he 9 @, ! MSU eH DYES Pe SHR e gale tras? 60.0 sue e* “4 ore yf ht 9° ee Se22ee SP cerecae e 4 i 1@ smal “@@e*ee@ London Stereoscopic Co imp COLYMBETES EDWARDSI sp. nov. ¥ + v4 : ‘ Oy “ 7 ae ™ j _ ee c - oe ist _— aes 7% Dim 4 ’ ‘ “a Ls rr ‘ . . * . m4 ce i, Pe “ ; ’ aor, *b ” : + “ z eT 7 4 : 1 ( 7 j “ ~ * a ’ om Sit ~y 4 : ‘ “ z ., eh al ates —— ' . ar : é ‘ ae . + 4 ‘De - aj | University of Toronto | Library | ) DO. 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