.mt^meLm CATALOGUE %'"^Zr/'^f OF RUMINANT MAMMALIA (PECORA, LiNN^us) IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1872. I'KIXTKD BY TAYLOR AND 1' R A N C I S, Iti;i» LION CoritT, FLEET STItKET. PREFACE. This Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Euminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnaeus) and their bones contained in the Collection of the British Museum, and a description of the specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to show what are the very few species that are desiderata to the Museum Collection. JOHN EDWAED GRAY. British Museum, February 12, 1872. TABLE OF CONTENTS. i Page Order PECORA 1 Suborder I. CAVICORNIA. . 3,6 Sectionl. Levicobnia. . . . 3,6 Fam. 1. BoviD^ 3, 7 1. ^04- 7 taui'us 7 cliinensis. China 8 indicus. India 9 dante. Aiiica 9 2. Buhalus 9 buffelus 9 brachyceros. W. Aiiica. 10 centralis. Africa 11 a. planiceros 12 h. caffer,var. equiiioctialis 12 reclinis. Africa 12 cati'er. Africa 12 3. Anoa 12 depressicomis. Celebes. . 13 4. Bihos 13 frontalis. India 13 gaurus. India 13 banting. Java 13 5. Bison 14 bonassus. Poland 14 americanus. N. America 14 6. Foephagus 14 grunniens. Thibet .... 14 Fam. 2. Hbleotragid^ .... 3, 15 1. Kobus .. . 15 ellipsiprjTnnus. Africa. . 15 sing-sing. W. Africa . . 15 leucotis. E. Africa .... 16 Maria. Central Africa . . 16 a. (Ndjezza) 16 b. Mehedehet Antelope . . 16 2. Adenota 17 kob. W. Afi-ica 17 «. kid 17 b. wuil 17 Page 3. Onotragus 17 lechee. S. Afi-ica 17 Vardouii. Central Africa 17 4. Eleotragus 18 arimdinaceus. S. Afi-ica. 18 reduncus. W. Africa .... 18 6. Tetracerus 18 quadricornis. Nepal .... 18 subquadricornutus. India 19 6. Calotragus 19 melanotis. S. Africa. ... 19 7. Scopophorus 19 oiu-ebi. S. Afi-ica 19 montanus. E. Africa . . 19 8. Oreotragus 20 saltatrix. Afi-ica 20 9. Capricornis '20 siunatrensis. Sumatra . . 20 bubaUua. India 20 Swinhoi. Formosa .... 21 crispa. Japan 21 10. Urotragus 21 caudatus. N. China .... 21 Fam. 3. Cephalophid^ .... 3,21 1. Grimmia 22 nictitans. S. Africa .... 22 splendidula. W. Afi-ica. . 22 irrorata. Natal 23 Campbelliffi. W. Afi-ica.. 23 Bm-cheUii. S.Africa.... 24 madoqua. E. Afr-ica .... 24 2. Terphom 24 longiceps. E. Afi-ica .... 24 3. Putcnnotragus 25 melauoprj'mnus. Gaboon 25 4. Cephalophus 25 sykicultrix. W. Afi-ica. . 26 Ogilbii. Fernando Po . . 26 badius. W. Afi-ica 26 rufilatus. W. Africa .... 26 Tl TABLE Ol-' CONTENTS. iK k« Page dorsalis. W. Africa .... 27 niger. ^^^ Africa 27 nataleusis. Natal 27 nigTifrons. Gaboon .... 27 coroiiatus. W. Africa . . 28 Whittioldii. W.Africa.. 28 pyi>-uiLeus. S. Africa. ... 28 MaxweUii. W.Africa.. 28 melauorlieus. W. Africa 28 puuctulatus. W. Africa . . 29 bicolor. S.E. Africa. ... 29 Fam. 4. Peleadje 3,29 1. Peka 29 capreola. S. Africa .... 29 Fam. 5. Nesotragid^e .... 3,30 1. NanotrcKjus 30 perpusillus. W. Africa . . 30 2. Nesotragm 30 mosciiatus. E. Africa . . 80 Livingstouianus. Central Africa 31 3. Pediofrar/us 31 campestris. S.Africa.... 31 Fam. 6. Ovibovid.e 3,31 1. Ovibos _. .. . 31 moscbatus. N. America . . 32 2. Bialorcas 32 taxicola. Himalaya .... 32 Fam. 7. Saigad^ 3,32 1. SciH/a 33 tartarica. Siberia 33 Fam. 8. Pantholopid^ .... 3,33 1. Pantholops 33 Hodgsouii. Tbibet .... 33 Fam. 9. Antilopid.'e 4,33 1. j^ffocerm 34 leucopbseus. Africa .... 34 Bakeri. N.E. Africa .... 34 koba. W. Africa 35 niger. S. & E. Africa . . 35 2. On/x 35 gazella. S. Africa 35 beisa. Abyssinia 35 leucoryx. Africa 36 beatrix. HumliiW ? . . . . 36 3. Addax .' _.. . 36 nasomaciilata. N. Africa 36 4. Procapra 37 gutturosa. Thibet 37 picticauda. Thibet .... 38 5. Gazella 38 dorcas. N. Africa 38 Isabella. N. Africa 38 subguttiuosa. N. Persia 38 Page Scemmeringii. Abyssinia 39 " mohr. W. Africa 39 ruticollis. Kordofau .... 39 rutifrons. W. Africa .... 39 G. Traijupx 39 Benuettii. India 39 7. Antido)-cas 40 euchore. S. Africa .... 40 8. Antilopc 40 bezoartica. India 40 9. Neotrar/vs 40 Saltiaua. Abyssinia .... 40 10. Nemorlwdiis 41 goral. Nepaul 41 11. Mazama 41 americana. N. America . . 41 12. Rupicapra 41 tragus. European Alps . . 41 Fam. 10. ^PYCEROTiDiE .... 4, 42 1. Aipycerus 42 melampus. S. Africa. ... 42 Fam. 11. CoNNOCHETiD^i: ..4,42 1. Comiochetes 43 gnu. S. Africa/ 43 2. Gonjnn 43 fasciatus. S. Afiica .... 43 Fam. 12. Dam.alid.^ 4,43 1. Alcelaplms 43 bubalis. N. Africa .... 43 major. W. Africa 44 caama. S. Africa 44 Lichtensteinii. E. Africa 44 2. Dff/Hfffc 44 Umatus. S. Africa 45 senegalensis. Africa. ... 45 pygarga. S. .yi'ica .... 45 aibifrons. S. Africa .... 45 zebra. W. Africa 45 Section II. Angulicornia 4, 4G Fam. 13. STREPSicEROTiD.a; 4, 46 1. S'tnpsicervs 46 kudu. Africa 46 tendal. Abyssinia 46 2. Orcns 47 canna. S. Africa 47 derbianus. W. iVfiica . . 47 a. gigas. White Nile . . 47 b. LiTiu2:.stonii. Central -Africa 47 3. Eunjcevos 47 em-yceros. Africa 48 Angasii. 8. Africa .... 48 ii. Central Africa. . 49 ''ir TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll Page 2 / 4. TragelapJim 50 scripta. W. Africa .... 50 _ decula. E. Africa 50 Q I sylvatica. S. Africa. ... 60 ii. Portax 51 tragocamelus. India . . 51 P'am. 14. Capeid^^ 4,51 1. Hemitrayns 51 jenilaicus. India 51 2. Kemas 51 wairyato. India 51 3. ^f/oceros 52 pyi'enaica. Europe .... 52 caucasica. Caucasus .... 52 4. Copra 52 ibex. Europe 52 sibirica. Siberia 52 uubiana. N. Africa .... 53 5. Hircus 53 fegagrus 53 gazella. Persia 53 berbui'a. India 53 Falconeri. India 53 Fam. 15. Ovid^ 4,54 1. Ovis 54 aries 54 Polii. Bokhara 54 2. Caprovis 54 Vignii. Thibet 55 cycloceros. India 55 orieutalis. Ai-menia .... 56 musimon. Sardinia .... 56 arkal. Tui-coman 56 ophiou. Cyprus 56 argali. Siberia 57 bambhera. Nepal 57 canadensis. N. America. 57 3. Pseuduis 57 nahoor. Nepal 57 4. Ammotragus 58 tragelaphus. N.Africa.. 58 Suborder II. DICRANO- CERA 4,59 Earn. 16. Antilocaphid^ . . 4,62 1. Aiitilocupra 63 americana. N. America. 63 anteflexa. N. America?. 63 Sivatherium giganteum 64 Suborder IH. DEVEXA .... 4,64 Fam. 17. Gibaffics 4,65 1. Giraffa 65 camelopardalis. Africa. . 65 Page Suborder n^. CAPREOLI . ,5,65 Fam. 18. Alcad^ 5,66 1. Akes 66 malchis. N. Europe and N. America 66 Fam. 19. RANGrFEinD.iE .... 5,66 1. Tarandm 66 rangifer. N. Europe and N. America 66 Fam. 20. CERvrD.S! 5,67 1. Cervus 67 canadensis. N. America . . 68 elaplius. Europe 68 barbarus. N. Africa .... 68 cashmeerianus. Cashmere C8 affinis. Sikkim 69 maral. Persia 69 2. Psemlaxis 70 taivanus. Formosa .... 70 mantchuria. Pekin .... 72 sika. Japan 72 3. Dama 74 vulgaris. Persia 74 4. PanoUa 75 Eldii. India 75 platycercus. Siam 75 5. Rucervus 75 Duvaucellii. India .... 76 cambojensis. Siam .... 76 6. Rusa 76 Aristotelis. S. India. ... 76 hippelaphus. Java .... 77 moluccensis. Java .... 77 equinus. Sumatra .... 77 Swinlioii. Formosa .... 77 mariannus. Philippines . 78 Peronii. Timor 78 Kulilii. Timor ...._... . 79 7. Hyelaphus 79 porcinus. Ceylon 79 8. Axis " 79 maculata. Ceylon 80 Alfredi. Philippines . . 80 9. Cajn'eolus 80 caprsea. Europe 81 < pygargus. China 82 10. JE/aphurus 82 Davidianus. Pekin .... 82 11. Cariacus 82 virginianus. N. America 83 leucurus. N. America . , 83 similis ? 83 - mexicanus. Mexico .... 84 leptocephalus 85 VIU TABLE OF CONTEXTS. Page 12. Eucermis 85 inacrotis. America .... 86 colinnbianus. N. America 86 13. Blast occrm 87 paludosus. S. America. . 87 campestris. S. America . . 87 14..Furc{fer _. 88 antisiensis. Ghili 88 15. Xenelaphus 88 leucotis. Peru 89 Homelaphm inornatus 90 16. Coassiix ■.'.■■■■ ^^ nemorivagus. Boli\-ia . . 91 simplicicornis. Brazil . . 91 rufus. Brazil 92 superciliaris. Brazil 92 17. riulu 92 humilis. Chili 93 Fam. 21. Cervulid^ 5,93 1. Cenwixs 93 moschatus. Nepal 93 ciirvostylis. SiaDi 94 tamulicus. S. luclia .... 94 Reevesii. China 94 Fam. 22. MoscHiDiE 5,95 1. Hi/dropotes 95 inermis. China 95 Page 2. Moschus 96 moschiferu.'?. Nepal .... 96 Fam. 23. Thagulid.^ 5,97 1. Meminna 97 iudica. India, Ceylon . . 97 2. Trac/ulus 97 Stanleyanus. India .... 98 javanicus. Java and Su- matra 98 fulviventer. Java and Camboja 98 pygmseus. Java and India 99 Fam. 24. Hyemoschid^ .... 5, 99 1. IL/emoschm 99 aquaticus. Africa 99 Suborder V. TYLOPODA. .5, lOO Fam. 25. Camelid^ 5, 100 1. Camelus 100 arabicus. Ai-abia 100 bacti'ianus. Mongolia. . 100 2. Llama 101 vicugna. Peru 101 pacos. S. America ... 101 guanacus. S. America . . 101 glama. S. America. . . . 101 CATALOGUE OP RUMINANTS (PECORA, Linn.). Order PECORA. Teeth of two or three kinds. Cutting-teeth 8 below ; grinders 6 on each side in each jaw; canines more or less developed ; grinders all similar. Stomach complicated. Gullet with two long pouches just before the stomach, used for holding and soaking the food before it is chewed. Front of upper jaw tooth- less, callous, rarely toothed with sharp-edged teeth. Toes in pairs ; bones of both the metacarpus and the metatarsus united. Hoofs triangular, rarely com- pressed. Using the head and horns for defence. Bovidse, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 8. The front edge of the jaw in Camelidce alone is provided with cutting-teeth. The metacarpal (and metatarsal) bones are united into a single bone called the cannon, except in Hyemoschidce, where they are se- parate. The males and generally females furnished with a prominent long process on each frontal bone, which is either permanent during the life of the animal, with the upper part extended and permanently covered with a sheath or with hairy skin, or it developes into a definite shape covered with a hairy skin during the time of development, and eventually falls off, to be again developed. 13 )i PKCOKA. The Ruminants may be divided, according to their horns, thus : — I. The males and generally the females furnished with a bony process on each frontal bone, which is permanent during the lives of the animals. In the BoviDJE this bony process is covered with a permanent horny sheath. The horn (colcoceras) has the same appearance, form, structure, and is enlarged in the same manner as the hoofs over the toes. In the ANTiLOCArEiD.E the bony process is covered with a porous horny coat, which falls off and is renewed annually. The horn or pseudo-horn (k-omeceras) of the Ciabrit is sui generis. It seems to be formed of the matted or felted hair of the skin that covers the core. It loosens and falls off in the mass when the new coat of matted hair is formed beneath it. The horns may be compared to the annual coat of matted hair which is shed by the American Bison and some other ruminants ; but in that animal the hair only forms a kind of blanket, and falls oif in flakes of different sizes. In the GinAFFiDJS the bony process is covered with a skin like tlie rest of the body, and equally permanent, and the horn {dcrmoceras) covered with hair that is shed and renewed like the hair of the body. II. The males and sometimes the females are periodically fur- nished with horns, which, during development or expansion, are covered with a vascular skin coated with down, the skin falling off when the horns are perfect and solidified, and the horns themselves falling off at the end of the season (Cervid^). In some few the horns spring from the end of a permanent elongated bony process, as in the iluntjac. The antler (epoch eeeras) of the Deer differs from the horns of the other ruminants in being a periodical development of bone, which is at first covered with a hairy skin, that dries up and falls off. III. Neither sex provided with any horn-Hke process of the fi-ontal bone, as the Musk (Moschid^), Camels, Llama (Camelidje). Mr. Sclater, in his paper on AntUocapra (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 40:3), proposes the following arrangement of the Ruminants : — I. RUMINANTIA PHALANGIGnADA. 1. Camelidf/'. II. RUMIXANTIA UXGULIGRABA. a. Placenta polycotyledonaria. Stomachus &c. a'. Pedes didactyli, ungvdis succenturiatis nullis. 2. CanielopardaUdcv ; 3. Antilocapvidfe. h'. Pedes tetradactyli, luigulis succenturiatis duahus. 4. Bovidce ; 'j. Cervidcc ; 6. Mosckidtp. b. Placenta diffusa. Stomachus &c. (See A. Milne-Edwards, Zool. Record, i. p. 29.) 7. Trafirdida. " Dr. Gray, referring to this arrangement, ' regrets that the author, adopting Sundevall's division, changed SundevaU's term Dlgitigrada into Fhalam/ir/rada.' He doubts the applicability of the form of the placenta to zoological classification, reminding lis of the scanty PECORA. O information we possess at present on this subject ; and points out several instances of Bovkla; without false hoofs. (To which Mr. Sclater replies, ibid. 1S()7, xix. January, p. 58)." — Zoological Record, 1806, p. 35. Synopsis of the Families. Suborder I. CAVICORNIA. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. The horn-like prominences of the frontal bone permanent, covered with a permanent horny sheath. False hoofs distinct, very rarely absent. Section I. Levicomia. Horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on the inner front side. A. Nostrils open, bald toithin ; nose ovine or bovine. * Nose bovine, tcith a moist naked nmffie. Fam. 1. BoviDiE. Nostrils open, bald within; nose bovine: muffle large and moist. Horns smooth, spread out on the sides, cylindi'ical or depressed. Tail elongate, equine or bovine. False hoofs well developed. Fam. 2. Heleotragid^. Nostrils bald within, open ; nose bo- vine ; muffle large, naked, moist, callous when di'y. Cru- men distinct, rarely very small. Horns conical, annulated at the base, rarely present in the female. Face tapering. Crown rarely crested. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 3. Cephalophid^. Nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine. Crown crested, with a glandular longitudinal line. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 4. Pelead.^. Nostrils open, bald within (?) ; nose swol- len, soft, bovine. Crumen none. Horns conical, slender, erect, cylindrical at the base. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 5. Nesoteagid^. Nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine. Horns conical, slender, cylindrical, ringed at the base. False hoofs none. ** Nose ovine, covered with hair, without any muffie. Fam. 6. Ovibovid^. Homs smooth, round, close together at the base, spread out on the sides. Tail very short. False hoofs well developed. Fam. 7. Saigad^. Homs lyrate, annulated. Nose high, com- pressed, truncated, hairy ; nostrils open. Tail very short. False hoofs well developed. Fam. 8. Paxtuoloptd.e. Horns elongate, lyrate, annulated at the base. Nose conical, ovine, of the males with a large dilatation at the outer side of the base of the nostrils. False hoofs distinct. b2 * PECOEA. Fam. 9. Antelopid^. Horus conical or compressed, ringed at the base. Nose tapering, ovine, simple. False hoofs distinct. Crumen generally large. Fam. 10. ^PTCEROTiD^. Horns conical, compressed, ringed at the base. Nose tapering, o\'ine, simple. Crumen none. False hoofs none ; pastern with tufts of rigid black hair on each side. B. Nostrils vnkular, hairy within. Fam. 11. CoxxocHETiD^. Nose broad, depressed, spong)-, bristly, subequal. Horns conical, depressed at the base, and spread out at the sides. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 12. Damalid^. Nose conical, bovine, with a moderate naked muffle. Horns conical, compressed, more or less lyrate and annulated. False hoofs distinct. Section II. Angulicoi'nia. Horns subangular, with a more or less distinct ridge on the front angle. Nostrils open, bald within. Fam. 13. Strepsicerotid^. Horns subspiral, suberect, or in- clined backwards. Nose cervine or bovine ; nostrils near together in front. Forehead flat. Males not bearded on the chin. Fur white-banded or spotted. Females with four teats and a small udder. Fam. 14. C'aprid.e. Horns erect, compressed, curved back- wards, with a longitudinal keel in front, deeper than wide at base. Nose ovine or cervine ; nostrils close together in front. Forehead convex, elevated behind. Chin of males bearded. Crumen none (?). Hoofs 4-sided, scarcely higher before than behind. Teats two, rarely four. Males emitting a strong stench. Fam. 15. Ovid.s. Horns more or less spb'al, wider than deep at base, slightly angulate in front, often wanting in the females. Nose ovine. Forehead flat or concave. Chin of males not bearded. Hoofs triangular, shallow behind. Males not emitting a strong stench. Suborder II. DICRANOCERA. Front of upper jaw callous, tooth- less. Horn-like processes of the frontal bone permanent, covered with a hairy skin and a deciduous subhorny sheath formed of matted hair. False hoofs none. Fam. 16. Axtiiocaprii).!;. Suborder III. DEVEXA. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. Horns permanent, on the coronal suture, between the frontal and parietal bones, covered with a permanent hairy skin ending in a tuft of hairs. False hoofs none. Intermaxillaries mode- rate, reaching to the nasals. Fam. 17. Giraffid.s:. PECORA. Suborder 1\ CAPREOLI. Front of upper jaw caUous, toothless. Horus deciduous, covered when young with a deciduous hairy J'" ' f^T ^r^'^'S m the females, sometimes in both sexes, bi -t alse hoofs distinct. t Antlers deciduous generaUy branched, often wanting in the female Tarsi hairy on the hinder side. Fam. 18. Alcad.,5 Nose very broad, truncated, covered with hair, with only a very smaU central naked muffle. Youn- not spotted. Antlers expanded or palmated. SkuU: nose- hole very large, nasal very short.— Arctic Eegions. Fam. 19. Rangifeeid^. Nose broad, entirely hairy, without any naked muffle. Antlers with a larg^ anteriorbasaf snag on the crown, palmated at the end. 8kull : nose-hole moderate ; mtermaxUlaries slender, just reaching the nasals. Young not spotted.— Arctic Regions. Fam. 20 Cervid^ Nose tapering, with a moist, naked muffle without any gland up the face. Antlers branched, ver^ rarely simple. Skull : nose-hole moderate.-Warm and temperate parts of both hemispheres. Fam. 21. Cervulid^. Face conical, with two longitudinal bony ridges supporting the antlers, with a longitudinal groove on their inner side. Muffle smaU, moist.-Asia. tt Antlers none ne tarsi mostly nailed on the hinder side. Crumen none. — Mosckina, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 241. Fam. 22. lUoscHin^. Throat and hinder edge of the tarsus covered wath hair. Upper canines much dongated. 5e- ^^l^'-Zr'^' -*^ ^ — • IntennaxiUaries Fam 23. Tragtoid^. Throat and hinder part of the tarsus adiLlt. Throat white-streaked. Metacarpal bones united into a cannon. Intermaxillaries elongate:— Asia. ^''"''i.%^JTT'''\ Horns none. Canines often elongate. Back of the tarsus bald, callous. Metacarpal bones sepa- rate_ in all ages. Metatarsal bones at first distinct be coming umted into a single bone. Intermaxillaries short not reaching the nasal.— Africa. ' ^"'te'th'^- l™^'"'^- /--t °f the upper jaw with 8 cutting- ^eth. Horns none. Toes elongate, with a broad pad beneath. Hoofs compressed. False hoofs none. "^neatn. Fam. 25. Camelidx. CAVICOKjSIA. Suborder I. CAVICORNIA. Front of upper jaw callous^ toothless. The horn-like pro- minences of the frontal bone permanent, covered with a per- manent horny sheath {coleocerata) . False hoofs distinct, very rarely absent. Bovin.a, Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 12. BovicL-e, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 328 ; Sclater, I. c. p. 403.' The false hoofs are only absent iu two small families. The horn or horny sheath [coleoceras) has the same appearance, form, and structiu-e as the hoof over the toes (see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 326). Section 1. LEVICORNIA. Horns round or compressed, without auy raised keel on the inner front angle. The families belonging to this group arrange themselves in two nearly paraUel series according to the form of the nose— that is to say, if it is bovine and has a naked muffle, or ovine or equiae and has the nose covered A\ith hair. Those which have a naked muffle are generally considered to be grazers. No doubt this difference in the form of the nose is attended with very dhferent habits ; but I do not think that they have been cai'efully observed, so as to lead to any general conclusion on the subject. I have heard that those that have a hairy nose or ovine muffle are said to be grazers, and those with a muffle have been called browsers ; but both sheep aud oxen are essentially grazers, and the Giraffe, which has an ovine nose is a browser. All these animals use the tongue as an organ of prehension. Nose bovine. Nose ovine. Bovidre Horns spread out ou the sides Ovibovidse. Heliotragidffi . . 1 i Saigadae. Cephalophoridse J- Horns suberect \ Pantholopidse. Pelead£e | ( Antilopidfe. Nesotragidae .... False hoofs none iEpycerotidae. Damalidte Nosti-ils hairy within Connochetidse. The families may be arranged by the dhection of the horns thus : — - 1. Horns spread out ou the sides. Bovin.^, Ovibovid^, and Conno- CHETID^. '2. Homs more or less erect, sublyrate, or recurved. HELioTUAtTiiiiE, Cf,ph.\lopid.e, jS'KsoTUAriiD.^, Saigadje, Pantholopid.e, Anti- LOPID.E, .EpYCEHOTID.^, aud DAMALICiE. 1. BOS. fj A. The nostrils open, bald within; nose ovine or bovine. Fam. 1. BOVIDyE. The nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine ; muffle large, moist. Horns smooth, spread out on the sides, cylindrical or depressed. Tail elongate, bovine or equine. False hoofs well developed. Boveae, Grmj, Cat. Vnr/ul. ^. iJf. p. 15. The horns smoothish, spread out on the sides, cylindrical or depressed at the base ; situated on the frontal edge, and bent later- ally outward, and recurved at the tip. The nose is broad, with the nostrils on the side. Crumen none. Skull has no suborbital pit or fissure. Grinders with well - developed supplementary lobe. The knee (or wi-ist) below the middle of the fore leg, the cannon bone being shorter than the forearm-bone. 1. The tail elongate, subcylindrical, covered loith short hair at the base and long at the tip. Mnffie bovine, broad, and tnoist. A. Oxen.— m hair short and rigid, shoulder and haunches eqi/allt/ hu/h. Interma.iillarij bones elongate, reaching to the nasals in the adult animal. 1. BOS. Horns cylindrical, conical, nearly circular at the base, curved upward and outward on the sides of the head (Grav, Cat. Unoul B.M. p. 17, t. 1. f. 1, skull). 1. Bos taurus, (The Bull.) B.M. Forehead flat, withers not humped. Bos taurus, Grag, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 17, t. 1. f. 1 (skull). Hah. Europe, Asia, Africa, America; always in a domestic state. The British Museum purchased, at the sale of the property of the Earl of Mountnorris, at Arley Hall, the pair of horns of the Galla Oxen mentioned by Mr. Salt in his ' Voyage to Abvssinia,' n 258 4to edit., 1844. ^ " The horns are shorter, and more curved and lyrated than the figure engraved in t. 19, p. 259, of Salt's 'Travels in Abyssinia' (which also appears to make them bear a larger proportion to the size of the animal than the specimen suggests) ; and they are quite as remarkable for their erect position on the forehead as for their size. "They and the core which supports tliem are very light, compared with their size, and not half the weight of the smaller wide-spreading horns of the long-horned Cape Waggon Oxen. The horns are thint pale coloured, and of a loose texture, being worn and fibrous on the surface in several parts. " In the lightness and very cellular structure of the core, the thin- ness of the horny coat, and the large size, they agree with tlie pair 8 B0VID.3i. of horns in the British Museum brought from Central Africa by Captain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Dcnham, R.E., which are figured in Griffith's ' Animal Kingdom,' iv. t. 201. f. 4 ; but these horns arc shorter and much larger in diameter, and are spread out on the sides like those of the common domestic Oxen, and they are very much lighter for their size than those of the Galla Oxen or Sanga. " Sir llichard Vivian has kindly informed me that he has seen a breed of cattle in Italy, with the horns rather erect, somewhat re- sembling those of the Samja in position." — Grai/, Ann. 4' Mag. N. Hist. 1655, XV. p. 66. " These are domestic cattle [in China] that have for long had the run of the numerous mountains and peaks of the neighbouring Le. These have originated from cattle that were let loose to pasture and not collected to their stalls each night. Their dispositions have become wild, and they flee from the sight of man. To obtain them it is necessary to shoot them with a gun." — Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 237. 2. Bos chinensis. (The Yellow Cow of South China.) B.M. Humped. Bos chinensis, Sivinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 648. f. 6 (animal), f. 7, 8 (skull and horns). Hah. South China. " The small Yellow Cow of South China is a peculiar race, com- bining, as it seems to do, the characters of Bos {udicus of India and Bos taurus of Europe. It has the head and dewlap in character with the former, with a small hump, the straight back, and hind quarters of the latter. Mr. Blyth maintains that it is a cross be- tween the two ; and this opinion may perhaps be borne out by the fact that the North-Chinese large cattle are certainly hke our Euro- pean ordinary breed. In the ' Taiwanfoo Gazetteer ' I read this passage under the head ' Yellow Cow : ' — ' The neighbouring hills have this animal in abundance. They are caught and tamed, and are trained for use in the ploughing of fields and drawing of carts ;' and fui'ther on, ' Formosa has an abundance of wild cattle, occur- ring in herds of hundi'cds and thousands. When it is desired to capture them, a wooden stockade is erected with four sides, in one of which is left a door. The cattle are driven towards it until they all enter, when the gate is shut on them and they are barred in and left to starve. They are afterwards by degrees haltered and bridled and treated to fodder and beans, until they become not difi^erent from domestic cattle.' " I take it that the wild Formosan Cow was indigenous to Formosa, and of the same species that ranged throughout South China, from Avhich the present domestic cattle of the south are derived. I have not heard of its being found wild in the present day in China ; and in Formosa the wild race has almost, if not quite, disappeared. In the central mountains they are kept in a semi-wild state, and from 2. BTJBALUS. 9 there I procured the skulls of an adult male and female and a live bull. The bull I had photographed [it is figured P. Z. S. 1870, p. 648. fig. 6] ; and the skulls are deposited in the British Museum' The figure shows a better and stronger build than ordinary South- China cattle possess, and proves the two to bo of the same race. The Chinese have done little to improve their breed of cattle ; and you may see this kind in the country from Canton to Ningpo un- changed m form or shape of horns, but, as a rule, a little smaller and more degenerate than the wilder animals from the Formosan mountains. The skull of the bull [I. c. p. 649. figs. 7 & 8] measures iy;5 inches m length ; the horns are somewhat conical, measure 8 inches in length each, and stand outwards and backwards. Tho animal is a rich chestnut-brown, with whitish underparts and feet Its horns and hoofs are black."— ^wm/ioe, I. c. p. 648. 3. Bos indicus. (The Zebu.) B.M. Forehead convex ; withers with a more or less fleshy hump. Bos indicus, Grmj, Cat. Utigid. p. 21. Hah. India. Varies greatly in size ; always in a domesticated state. 4. Bos dante. (The Dante.) B.M. Face rather narrow ; forehead very flat, with the horns on the side of the high occipital ridge ; withers with a small but distinct hump. Bos dante, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 22. Hah. Africa, North and West. 2. BUBALUS. Horns depressed and subtrigonal at the base, inclining upwards and backwards, conical, and bending upward at the tip. ("Grav Cat Ungul. B. M. p. 23,t. ].f.2, skuU.) f V J'> • * Head elorujate, narrow, a longitudinal groove over the orbit. Forehead flat. Horns distant at the base, more or less elongate, bent otdwards and backwards, and scarcely incu?-ved at the tips. Ears moderate. Bubalus. 1. Bubalus buffelus. (The Buflfalo.) B.M. Bubalus buffelus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. 31. p. 25. Hah. South Europe, North Africa, India, and Indian Islands, Colonel James Matthie presented to the British Museum tho skull and horns of an Arnee or Bufl'alo, killed by him near Fezpoor, Cen- tral Assam, on the 8th of April, 1842. The horns are of a very large size, as proved by the accompanying measurements, being nearly as large as tho separate horns, without a skull, in the British Mu- seum, which formerly formed part of Sir Hans Sloane's Collection, 10 Bovid:. and were described mid ligured by him in the ' Philosophical Trans- actions ' for 1727, no. 397, p. 222, f. 23. _ These horns are 78 inches, or 6 feet 6 inches long. The dimensions of Colonel Matthie's specimen are as foUows, ac- cording to his measurement : — ft. in. " Length of the skull from occiput to nose 2 4 Length of the horns round the outside of them and across the forehead 12 2 Length of line from tip to tip of horns 6 8 Circumference of right horn at base 1 8g Circumference of left horn at base 1 8 Width across the forehead 0 11 " The horns do not exactly correspond in length and shape." The occipital portion of the skull is very much developed, to give enlarged attachment to the muscles of the neck for the suppoit of the horns. The Aruee of Anderson, ' Bee,' 1792 (the^os arne of Kerr, ' Animal Kingdom,' p. 336, t. 295, copied into Shaw's ' Zoology,' iv. p. 400, t. 210), is only a large horned variety of the common Buffalo, with horns nearly regularly curved from the base. The horns presented by Colonel Matthie, on the other hand, are nearly straight for a great part of their length, and only curved at the end. In this respect they agree with the horns (in the British Museum) which Mr. Doyle, whose name is " given to a sort of stuffe worn in summer," discovered in a cellar in Wapping, and which he gave to Sir Hans Sloane for his kindness in attending him in sickness. These are described by the latter in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 1727, no. 397, p. 222, f. 33 ; and redescribed and ligured by Colonel Hamilton Smith as those of Bos arnee in Griffith's ' An. Kingd.' iv. t. 2Ul. f. 2, 3. Dr. Hook read a lecture on Mr. Doyle's horns at Gresham College, and thought they were probably those of the Sulvti/w or Sitcotaria, described by Nieuhof, in his ' Voyages and Travels in the East,' as found at Java. He compares the horns to the tusks of the Elephant, which they somewhat resemble. Dr. Shaw thought otherwise, and formed a genus for Nieuhofs animal, making a figure of it from his description (see ' General Zool.' i. p. 226, t. 65). Illiger considered it more probably a Babvrusa. See Illiger, ' Genera Mam.' p. 100. (Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Jan. 23, 1855 ; Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. 1855, xvi. p. 230.) * * Head short, broad. Horns depressed, flat, separate or nearly dose together at the base, diver (jinc/ otdtvards and havkwards; tips more or less incurved behind the base of the horns. Ears very larye, fringed. Planiceros. 2. Bubalus brachyceros. (The Zamoose.) B.M. Horns far apart at the base, bent obliquely outwards and then backwards ; forehead flat, with a large subtriangular deep cavity over the orbits. Bubalus brachvceros, drug, Cat. Vngul. B. M. p. i'4, 1. 1. f. 2 (skull u\^ 2. BUUALTJS. 11 M:Sa (Sr;:r «-^- (^^^^'t/^^^^O, Gaboon ^B.M.J. Central m2I^" f °;;d beHeve that the ' N^t^ ' (the Wild EuU of Equatorial Alrica)- Bos braehycheros on the ^late at p. 175/of Du ChailS's / Travels, and agam on the plate entitled ' the Leopardlnd hi prey 'a ^ p. 1^5, and also where it is shown tossing a native, at p. SOjSl'the same animal as ^os brac?ujceros described bv me in the^' Mat^£e of fowf p'^Sn /s-^'vl'r' '^ *'^ '^^^^^« of NaturirSry,' tho ^^: r ,' V. • ^''^ ^^^ specimen in the collection leaves not the shghtest doubt on the subject ■ and also shows that the pos tSn with natu" Z'^.f/^'^'V''''' -P--"tations is not content witH natme, for they are aU represented as having the horns re curved from the root, while they ought to have been represented as spreading out on the sides, and only recurved at the tL so tha persons who might be inclined to doibt the identity of my Bos ta chycejos and M. Du Chaillu's Bos brachycheros (whi^ch, b7the by at p. 1/4, and again at p. 306, he calls 'a quite ne^ and hithe'rto undescnbed species of Buffalo') must not be led away by thisTn- accuracy m the representation of the animals, to believe the travel ler's statement, and regard the two animals noticed under such neiri; similar names as two species. ^ " ^s to the animal being ' new and undescnbed,' I may state that It and Its habits were described by Denham and CkpTeln who brought home a head of it, now in the British Museum imde'rThe name of the 'Zamouse;' that it was described and fig, r d bj^ m^ Zllu f I" referred to; and that it was described b/ Dr! Kuppell as found m Abyssinia. -^ "I may observe that I am not inclined to place more reKance on his statement of the habits of this animal than the figures S us sLtsTatn r^r'l'' "^"'''^ '''' representation o^f it. He de- 'I do not tt-uk\i ' « t '■'7 T'"S'' ^'''^' ^^^1 ^t p. 306 remarks, oJfl Zi \' If"' hmchycheros, the wild buU of this country conld be tamed.' The specimen which I described, on the contrary o the 7 T"r"lV\^^' Surrey Zoological Gardens, and then went to the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, where it died; its skin is pre- served m the Museum of that Institution. It ^as as tame and tStsS r '°T°" '''''''■ ^' '^ ''''' ^---- "t Sierra 1" ne as the Bush Cow, and appears to be generally distributed over inter- tropical Afnca."-Gnnj, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1861, vol. ^Ip. 468. 3. Bubalus centralis. B3f Horns close together, but separate at the base ; moderately Ions ■ spreading out horizontally on the sides, and then recurved and £-' curved at the tip. Only a small groove over each orbit. Bos brachyceros {Gra>,?), Heu,,lin, Buffles, t. ;]. f. l^. 12,, (,kull. i/// 12 • BOviDJ?:. adult) ; Pel, Bijdruy Dieikunde, p. 33, t. 1 & 2 (skull aud horns, adult). Hah. Central Africa (5rt/A:('e,B.M.); North-east Africa (//ew^r/m) ; Guinea {Pel). The specimen of the skull in the British Museum, which appears to be older than the others, has horns not more than an inch apart, while those figured by Pel and Heuglin are further apart ; but this may be caused by the age of the animal. a. Bos planiceros, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 157, fig. 4, 1866, p. 371. Horns in the Museum of King's College, and second in the " Museum of the lioyal College of Surgeons, in the catalogue of which it has been assigned to the Gayal {Bos frontalis) of Transbrahmaputran regions, to which species it was not even specifically allied— it being unquestionably the frontlet of a veritable Buffalo, and of the African type, as distinguished from the Asiatic, as exemplified by Bubalus cuffer and B. brachi/ceros." — Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 157, f. 4. b. Bubalus caffer, var. equinoctialis, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 372, f . 1 & la. Described from a frontlet obtained in Equatorial Africa by Mr. Petherick, and probably is the same species with the horns quite united at the base, which may depend on age. 4. Bubalus reclinis. B.M. Horns very nearly close together at the base, and flat, directed backwards, incurved, and nearly touching at the tip. Bubalus caffer, ]m\., Gray, Cat. Unqul. B. M. p. 28, t. 2. f. 3 (horns). Bos reclinis, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 158, f. 3. Hab. Africa. Horns (from Mus. E. S.) only known. * »» Skull short. Forehead convex on each side. Horns much odarged and, in adults, close together at the base, spread out on the side of the head, and recurved at the tips, ivhich are bent fonvard over the horns ; ribs very tvide. Syuceros. 5. Bubalus caffer. (The Cape Buffalo.) B.M. Bubalus caffer, Grat/, Cat. Unr/ul B. M. p. 28, t. 2. f. 2 (skull) ; Blyth, P. Z. S. 18(36, p. 372, i 2 (horns). Hab. South Africa ; Central Africa. In heavy grass. 3. ANOA. Horns subtrigonal, nearly parallel, round at the top, depressed at the base, sligbtly keeled on the inner edge, straight, nearly on the plane of the face, on the hinder edge of the frontal ridge. Intermaxillary elongate, high up between the maxillaries and the nasals. (Gray, Cat. Uugul. B. M. p. 29, t. 3. f. 1 & 2, skull and hoi-us.) 4. BIBOS. 13 1. Anoa depressicomis. (The Anoa.) B.M. Anoa depressicomis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 29, t. .1. f 1 & L' (skull). Hah. Celebes. 4. BIBOS. Horns on the hinder edge of the frontal bone, which is often very prominent, depressed at the base, directed outwards, recurved at the tip. Withers high, keeled, supported by the spinous pro- cesses of the dorsal vertebrae, and suddenly lower behind. The intermaxillary moderate, not reaching to the nasal. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 31, t. 3. f. 3, skull.) t Forehead flat. Hortis hroad, depressed. Front half of hack with a longitudinal keel. Probos, Hodgson. 1. Bibos frontalis. (The Gayal.) B.M. Bibos frontalis, Graij, Cat. Ungid. B. M. p. 31, t. 3. f. 3 (skull). Bos frontalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 96, & J8G6, t. 1. _ Hob. India : Nepaul, Chittagong. I — — ^T'S C ^*^ *'^i- tt Forehead concave. Horns pale, rather depressed at the base. Back tvith a protninent keel over the shoidders, and another on the tniddle of the hack. Bibos, Hodgson. 2. Bibos ganrus. (The Gour or Gaur.) B.M. Horns depressed and broad at the base. Skull short, subtrian- gular, very broad behind, and with a very high occipital crest ; nose rapidly tapering from the orbits ; nasal bones broad. Bibos gaurus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 32; Elliot, Madras Journ. N. H. X. p. 227, t. (skull). Hah. India : Nepaul. Skull: length 22 inches, width just in front of the base of the horns 10 inches. 3. Bibos banting. (The Banting.) B.M. The horns nearly circular at the base. Skull oblong, elongate, rather broad behind, with a moderate occipital crest ; nose gradually tapering ; nasals narrow, elongate. Bibos banting. Gray, Cat. Ungid. p. 35. Bos sondaicus, Midi. Nederl. Verhand. i. t. 35, 3G ( c? & $ ), t. 37, 38, 39 (skuU and horns). Hab. Java. Skull : length 21 inches, width just in front of the base of the horns 8^ inches. 14 BOViDJi. B. Bisons. — Covered with short, crisp wool. Hhmddcr Jiigher than the haunches. Cannon-hone of the hind leg longer than the fore. Ribs fourteen or fifteen pairs. Jnterma.villaries very short, not 7warly reach- ing the nasals. 5. BISON. Muffle short and scarcely reaching the hinder edge of the nostrils, as wide as the space behind the inner edge of the nostrils. Horns round, rather depressed at the base, lateral, coming out before the edge of the occiput, curved upwards and outwards. Skull : the frontals arc broader than long. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 35, t. 4. f. 1, 2, skull.) 1. Bison bonassus. (The Bison.) B.M- Tarsi elongate ; fore aud hind quarters subequal. Bison boncassus, Gray, Cat. TJngul. B. M. p. 30. Bison americanus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. t. 4. f. 1, 2 (skull). • Hah. Poland and Caucasus. 2. Bison americanus. (The American Bison.) B.M. Tarsi short ; hind quarters very low. Bison americanus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 38 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. (skull). Bos americanus, Baird, Mam. N. A. p. 082. Hab. North America. 2. Tail elongate, equine, covered liith long hair from the base. Wiiffle subbovine, rather narrow belmv. Hair during the cold season very long and pendent. Interynaxillaries elongate, not reaching quite to the tiasals. — Yaks. 6. POEPHAGUS. Horns subcylindrical, curved outwards on the front of the occi- pital ridge. Nose haiiy, with a moderate-sized bald muffle between the nostrils. Hoofs moderately thick, not ^ilat^d or expanded on the outer side, square, and straight in front. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 39, t. 5. f. 3, 4, skull and horns). 1. Poephagus grmmiens. (The Yac or Sarlj-k.) B.M. Black ; back and tail often white. Poephagus p-unniens, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 40, t. 4. f. 3, 4 (skull and horns). Hah. Thibet. " The yomui calf is black, with a tuft of long pale yellow hair across the crown of the head -. the underside of the body aud tlie tail are covered -with rather long pale yellow hair ; the dorsal streak, whicli is broader over the withers and rump, and interrupted on the middle of the back, is white."— (?/w/, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191, pi. 35. B. M. HELEOTEAGID^. 15 Fam. 2. HELEOTRAGID^. Nosti'ils bald within, open. Nose bovine. Muffle large, naked, moist (callous when dry). Crumen distinct or rudimentary. Horns conical, annulated at the base, rarely present in the female. Face tapering, crown rarely crested. False hoofs distinct. True Antelopes, section h, Gray, Cat. Utifful. B. M. p. 67. Antilopea cervina (Cervine Antelopes), Gray. Ann. &■ Man. Nat Hist. 1846, p. 324. r / . ^ j . Subsection I. Water-Bocks.— r««7 elonrjate, suhcompressed, with a ridge of hair above and tufted at the end. Horns in male only, sublyrate, strong, bent forward or recurved over hinder part of orbit, on frontal ridge. Body heavy, legs slender. Crumen rudimentary, covered icith a tuft of hair. * Head and skull short and high, without any preorbital pit,but with a large intercn-bital fissure ; first molar with a supplementary lobe. 1. KOBUS. Tail rather elongate, depressed, hairy on the sides. Horns only in the male, elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forward at the tip. Hair rough and elongate. Neck covered with longer diverging drooping hair. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 99, t. 11. f. 3, 4, skuU.) A. Horns hjrate, ascending, slightly curved; tips straight, bent rather forward. 1 . Kobus ellipsiprynmus. (Photomok or Water-Buck.) B.M. Brownish ; rump with a whitish elliptical ring near the base of the tail. Horns converging at the tip. Kobus ellipsiprTOinus, Gray, Cat. Unqul. B. M. p. 99, t. 11. f. 3 4 (skull) ; Heuglin, Antil. p. 16, t. 2. f. 10 (horns). Hah. South Africa; East Africa: Uzaramo {Speke); Sobat {Heuglin). /Ly^.,,^ 2. Kobus sing-sing. (The Sing-Sing, or Defassa.) B.M. Rump without any pale ring. Kobus sing-sing, Gray, Cat. Unqul. B. M. p. 100. Sing-Sing ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 102 (figure of head and foot) : ^ Murie, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 3, t. 2. Kobus defassa, Heuglin, Antilopen, p. 1.5. Hah. West Africa, Gaml)ia : called Jackass-Deer : half domesti- cated. East Africa, Uganda {Speke). Dr. Murie describes a specimen from the '\Miite Nile ; and having compared it with other specimens from other parts of Africa, he believes it ranges from Senegal to Abyssinia, and southwards nearly to the equator. 16 HELEOTKAGID.E. 3. Kobus leucotis. (The Nsunnu.) B.M. " Adult male the size of A. hd ; blackish sooty ; underside, ears, orbits, and trout of orbits white to the forehead ; nasal region •whitish fulvous ; forehead, cheeks, and tail black ; horns olive- brown, blackish at tips. Younger male bay ; back brownish ; underside, ears, apex of the nose, orbit, and temples white. Female reddish fulvous ; limbs partly blackish." — IJeuglhi. Autilope leucotis, Licht. et Peters, Monatsh. Akad. Berl. 18-53, p. 164 ; Ahhild. 1855, p. 96, t. 3. Adenota leucotis, Heuglin, Ant. Leopold. Acad. 1. 1. f. 4 (head). Kobus leucotis, Gerrard, Osteol. Specim. p. 239; Sc/atei; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 103. Hab. East Africa: Uganda, "never go far from water" (SjifJi'c). Three heads and horns in the British Museum : in two the head is pale brown (one of these has the upper part of the nose varied >vith black) ; the third has the nose, forehead, and cheeks blackish. All have the end of the nose, side of the forehead, the orbits above and below, and the lower side of the head whitish. The horns ditfer greatly in thickness ; all corrugated nearly to the tip, and longitudinally grooved between the corrugations. Capt. Speke's specimen has much the thickest. B. Horns elmtyate, bent hack, strongly arched; tips incurved. 4. Kobus Maria. (The Abok.) B.M. Head of male blackish brown ; lips, chin, gullet, orbits, and tem- ple enclosing the base of the ears, and the ears, whitish ; the sides of the nose brownish ; the hair of the cheek, side of the lower jaw, gullet, and upper part (all that remains) of the neck elongate, rigid ; the horus elongate, rather slender, widely lyrate, with very strong transverse ridges and incurved tips. Head oi female brown, wdth the chin and gullet, base of the ears, and two small spots (one over the front and the other behind the lower edge of the eye) whitish ; the hair of the head black, with brown tips ; of the lower part of the cheek, lower jaw, and neck very long. Hornless. Kobus 'M&Y\A,Graij,Ann.S)Mag. N. ^.1859, iv. p. 297 (figure of head) ; Wiegmanns Archiv, 1860, p. 28-j (figure of head). Adenota megaeeros, Heuglin, Antilopcn, p. 14, t. 2. f. 7, 8 (head and horns). a. Kobus, sp. ? — " Uganda. Imperfect head of female, probably of a species of Kobus. Native name ' Ndjezza.' "The 'Ndjezza' is found among the grasses near water in Uganda. I never obtained the male of this Antelope. — /. //. S." (Sclater, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 103). b. Mehedehet Antelope, Baker, Albert N'yanza, ii. p. 15 (figure of head). — Hah. Obbo, (Central Africa. Feeds upon the rich low grass of a sandbank in the very centre of the river. 3. ONOTRAGUS. 17 "Weight 600 lb8., stands 13 hands high, with rough brown hair like the Sambiir Deer of India." Horn of the figure sublyrate, rugose ; ears small ; face short, conical. 2. ADENOTA. Muffle cervine, cordate, moderate. Nose hairy between and over the nostrils. Horns sublyrate, ringed, in males only, in young re- curved. Hair of back whorled, of dorsal line and back of head reversed. Tail rather short, hairy, crested. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 96, t. 11. f. 2, skull ; H>/droiragus, Fitzinger, p. 48.) 1. Adenota kob. (The ^quitoou.) B.M. Pale brown. End of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, inside of legs and thighs, tip of tail, and band above the hoof white ; front of fore and hind legs and end of ears and tail black. Hair of dorsal line reversed, with a whorl on the shoulders and loins. Adenota kob, Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 96, t. 11. f. 1, 2 (skull). Hub. West Africa : Gambia. a. Adenota Jcul. (The Kul or Kuhl.) The male the size of A. Scemmerringii, blackish, whitish beneath, with a large white frontal tuft. The female fulvous cervine, beneath paler ; part of the limbs and spot before the eye brown. (Heuglin, Antilop. p. 12.) — Hah. South Kordofan. b. Adenota wiiil. (The Wuil.) Male size of A. Scemmerrincfii, underside sooty ; cervical and frontal streak and circumference of the eyes greyish white. (Heuglin, Antilop. p. 13.) — Bab. Sobat {Ilei(gliti). 3. ONOTEAGUS. Tail elongate, slender, with a crested tuft at the end. Horns elongate, subljTate, recurved at the tip ; strong, nodose in front. Hair of back whorled. Skull, $ , Tab. II. f. 4. Adenota, section **, G)-m/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 98. 1. Onotragus lechee. (The Lechee.) B.M. Pale brown ; orbits and lower part of body whitish ; front of legs dark brown. SkuU, $ . Heleotragus leche, Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 6-58. Adenota lechee, Grag, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 98 ; P. Z. S. 1850, tab. xx. Hah. South Africa (Vardon); Central Africa (Pethcrich). Heuglin thinks this is the young male of his A. meijaceros. 2. Onotragus Vardoiiii. (The Poku.) B.M. Autilope Vardonii, Lu-ing4oi/e, Mission. Trav. Heleotragus Vardonii, A7/-A-, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 657. 18 HELEOTHAGlDiE. Hab, Central Africa, in marshes of the Chobe and Zambesi. Known from 0. Jechee by its smaller size, more erect carriage, and plumpness of neck ; the horns are less turned backwards, and par- take more of the character of the ReithocJc. i-lllXA)iSi-ji>^'<' 4. ELEOTRAGUS. "= ^t^VlA t-^'-^vV*- Tail moderate, bushy, covered with rather long hair. Horns coni- cal, diverging, and bent forward at the tip. Fur harsh, of the back more or less whorled. Nasal opening in the skull rather elon- gate. Intermaxillary bones not quite reaching the nasals, ilufile rather large. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 91, t. 10. f. 3, skull.) V*"'^" 1. Eleotragus arundinaceus. (InghaUa or Eeitbock.) B.M. Fur grizzled, harsh, straight, with a subtenninal pale band and often whorled. Head broad ; temple with a naked spot ; muffle large, flat, extending beliind the nostrUs. Eleotragus arundinaceus, Gray, Cat. Ungtih B. M. p. 91, t. 10. f. 3 (skull). AntUopa eleotragus, Reichh. p. 98, t. 29. f. 171. •, / ^a6. South Africa. Ay^c^-i'^ ' t-^-^-'. ^ / " The curvature and divergence of the horns varies greatly in dif- ferent specimens." — KirTc, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 657. 2. Eleotragus reduncus. (The Wouto, or Xagor.) B.M. Fur not grizzled ; hair grey, yellow-tipped. Head broad ; muffle small, scarcely extending beyond the nostril behind ; tail only slightly bushy. Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Cat. Uiiffid. B. 31. p. 94. £r«6. West Africa : Gambia, Senegal. AMolrx [/>^^f<- ) ^ «r. ^&v. hohor. Larger and brighter-coloured. (Gray, Z. c. p. 94.) Y\J^- Hah. East Africa: A^byooinitt {B.M.), Usagara (Grant). Subsection II. Chousinghas. — Tail inoderatr, hairy above. Horns fm>r, the hinder at the hinder end of the frontal bone, far behind the orbit ; front conical over the front edge of the orbit. Cruinen lonyitudinal. Asia. 5. TETRACERITS. Horns in males only, four ; front pair very short. Muffle large ; suborbital fossse large, shallow, occupying nearly the whole cheek of the skuU. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 67, t. 9. f. 1, skuU, male.) 1. Tetracerus quadricornis. (The Chousingha.) B.M. Front pair of horns conical, distinct. Tetracerus quadricornis. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 68, t. 9. f. 1 (skull). V 7. SCOPOPHORUS. 19 Hah. India, Nepal, and Thibet. See also Tetracerm iodes and T. paccervis, Hodgson, Cat. Uno-ul. p. 69, " ' 2. Tetracerus subquadricornutus. (The Juuglibiirka.) B.M. -^ Front pair of horns rudimentary, tubercular; hinder conical, subcylindrical. Pale brown, sides rather paler ; chest, belly, inner side and front of legs whitish ; feet paler, varied. Female : front of legs blackish, Tetracerus subquadricornutus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 70. Hah. India : Madras. Subsection III. Steinbocks.— Ta*? moderate, compressed, hairy above. Horns two, over the orbits, in male^ only, conical or siibidate. Crown not crested. Crumen distinct, transverse. Body and limbs light and graceful. Hoofs small, and hair of body rigid. ' Africa. 6. CALOTEAGUS. Horns two, over the orbit, in male only, subulate, elongate, erect. Crumen arched, transverse. Hoofs triangular. Ears large. jUt^-i/^ l/vA^JcA^ 1. Calotragus melanotis. (The Grysboc.) B.M. Calotragus melanotis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 72. Antilopa melanotis, Peters, Mossamb. p. 187. Hah. South Africa : Usui (Speke), Teete (Peters). 7. SCOPOPHORUS. Horns over the orbits, subulate, elongate, acute, slightly recurved at the tip. Crumen transverse. Knees largely tufted. Hoofs trian- gular. Ears moderate. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 73.) Forehead flat, short ; nose much compressed ; cheeks deeply eon- cave to the orbit, from which the concavity is only separated by a slight ridge. (Peters Mossamb. t. 41, 42.) f\ •i^.*=».^'^** 1. Scopophorus oureM. (The Ourebi.) B.M. •'.^"'' Temple-spot small, indistinct. Scopophorus om-ebi, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 7.'5. /TaS. South Africa : Natal. - 0^.v> ICt^ Ua.«: JCo ft^(^l^i Oi^** ^i_^t^K^ „^w^ u^ 2. Scopophorus montanus. (The Gibari.) B.M. Temple-spot large, deep (more than half an inch over) naked. Scopophorus montanus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 74. Calotragus montanus, Hmqiin, Antilopen, p. 8. c2 20 HELEOTRAGID^. ^./-^i^ Hab. East Africa : Abyssinia ; Karawjah, in small herds {Spehe). West Africa : Gambia, Nubia, and Kordofan. a. Antilope liastata, Peters, Mossambique, 18f0, t. 40 (animal), J? 41 &. 42 (skull and horns). S. Africa, Sena Chupanga. The same , l^^*'-^ or only a slight variety of the former. b. Antilope (^Cephalophus) quadriscopa, H. Smith, Griffith, A. K. iv. p. 188, V. p. 847 ; Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 77. Quadrisecpa Smithii, Fitzingor, p. 40. Said to come from Senegal ; was probably only a badly observed Scopophorus. 8. OREOTRAGUS. Horns over the orbit, only in males, subulate, elongate, erect. Crumen arched, transverse. Hoofs squarish, high, much contracted and concave beneath. Hair thick, brittle, spreading on all sides. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 74, t. 9. f. 2, skuU.) v^o^vv-;'^ 1- Oreotragus saltatrix. (The Kainsi or Klippspringer.) B.M. ^ IJ. !<-•-' Oreotragus saltatrix, Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 74, t. 9. f. 2 (skull) ; '•' Heuglin, Antil. p. 9; Lefeh. Voy. Ahys. t. iv. Antilope saltatricoides, Riippell. i/rt6. South Africa. East Africa : Abyssinia. fLy^^'''^ Subsection IV. CapriCobns. — Tail short, hairy above, tapering at the end. Horns in both sexes short, strong, conical, recurved, arising on the back edge of the frontal bone behind the orbit. Body heavy ; legs and hoofs large. IntermaxiUaries scarcely reaching the nasals. 9. CAPRICORNTS. Tail short, flattened. Crumen with a large opening. Skull with a deep wide concavity in front of the orbit. Capricornis, Gray, Cat. Ungnl. B. 31. p. 110, t. 3. f. 1 (skull). :\jjJ' 1. Capricornis sumatrensis. (The Cambing Outan.) B.M. L ^ Black ; chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish. V*- Capricornis sumatrensis. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 110. Hah. Sumatra. 2. Capricornis bubalina. (The Thaar or Thftf.) B.M. Grey-brown, blackish -washed ; crown and dorsal streak black ; thighs and outside of legs rufous. Capricornis bubalina, Grai/, Cat. JJnqul. B. M. p. Ill, t. 1". f. 1 (skull). JJah. India : Nepal. CEPHALOPHID^. 21 3. Capricornis Swinhoei. B.M. Fur harsh and crisp. Black-brown, with a narrow streak down the back of the neck, a spot on the knee, and the front of the fore legs under the knees black ; hind legs bay ; sides of the chin pale yellowish, underside of the neck yellow-bay, separated from the upper part of the neck by a ridge of longer haii-s. Ears long, brown, pale internally. Capricornis Swinhoei, Gray, Ann. <§• Mag. N. H. x. 1862 p .320 • P. Z. S. 1862, p. 268, t. 35 ; S^vinlioe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 647. Hab. Formosa, on the Snowy Mountain, or central ridges. Skull with a deep and wide concavity in front of the orbits, and , ,.,j ii_ 1 , Horns short and conical. a keeled ridge on the cheek. 4. Capricornis crispa. (The Japanese Goat Antelope.) B.M. Fur harsh, crisp, brown or brownish; sides whitish; cheeks white ; legs black-brown. Capricornis crispa, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 112. Hab. Japan. 10. UROTEAGUS. Muzzle moderate. Tail elongate, reaching to the hocks, hairy above, with longer hair at the end. Tear-bag none. SkuU ( t. 4. f. 8 ) / flattened in front of the orbit. (Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1871, viii r \ 1- Urotragus caudatus. B.M. Antilope crispa, Radde, not Temminck. Antilope caudata, A. Milne-Edivards, An. Set. Nut. 1867, vii. p. 377 • Recher. Mam. pi. 23. ' Hab. North China, Fam.3. CEPHALOPHID^. (Bush- Bocks.) Nostrils open, bald within. Nose bovine. Muffle large and moist. Cheek with a longitudinal glandular line in the place of the cru- men. Crown crested before the horns. Horns on the hinder edge of the frontal bones, far behind the orbits, conical, augulatcd at the base, erect or recurved. Body and legs slender, graceful. False hoofs distinct. Tail short, hairy above. Africa. The forehead of all the Cephalophi with decumbent horns is con- vex and rounded ; but in C. Ofj'dhiji it is very much rounded — more 22 CBPHALOPHIDJi. than in any other species I know ; it is much higher than the base of the horn. In the S2)ecies which Dr. Peters has called C. oltifrons it does not appear to be so high as usnal in the genus. In C. Grimmius, with ascending horns, it is flat between the eyes. The following observation is founded on the comparison of a scries of skulls of males : — The skulls differ in the length of the face, thus : — In C. natalensis the face is short ; the distance from the orbit to the upper end of the intermaxillary bone is shorter than the length of the in- termaxillary bone. In C. Si/lincHltri.v, C. 0'jiU>i/i, and C. ocularis the distance above defined and the length of the intermaxillary are nearly equal. In C. Grimmius they are rather longer. In C. hngi- ccjis the distance from the front edge of the orbit to the tip of the intermaxillary is much longer than the length of the intermaxillary. Dr. Peters figures as the skull of a young female of C. oltifrons a skull of a very different form from that of the skiill with tlie horns of the male above referred to. I have not observed such a difference in the skulls of the females of any of the species oi CephaJophus t^iai have occurred to me. 1 have some doubt if it does belong to the same species, as the figure of the young female animal is very like the skull of a female 0. Grimmius, which, is an animal that has ascend- ing horns iu the male. (Gray, P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 204.) 1. GRIMMIA. - ^^/^^•/*/>^-. Ears elongate, acute, hairy. Horns elongate, slender, more or less erect or ascending, slanting backwards. Fur yellow or grizzled. Nose often marked with a black streak. Skull conical; forehead fiat ; nasal bones oblong, elongate ; intermaxillary bones elongate. Cephalnphus, sect. ** Gray, Cat. Unqul. B. M. p. 78 ; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 539. Colour variable, probably influenced by geographical considera- tions. In the more southern parts the fur is said to become longer and greyer in winter. * Horns elonf/afe, svberecf. SltuU rather sliorf ; the intermaxillaries (in three / xpecimens) rcachiiu/ Just up to the edge of the nasah ; nasal hole mode- fv^ rate, sides nearly parallel ; suborbital pit large, deeply concave. 0 1. Grimmia nictitans. (The Du^'ker or Impoon.) B.M. V Yellowish brown ; underside somewhat paler. Young. Fur longer and softer. Oephalopbus Grimmia, Gray, Cat. Ungvl. B. M. p. 78. Cephalophus Grimmius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 204. Jlab. South Africa, c? , ? , and jun. B. M. ,c>i 2. Grinimia splendidula. (Guinea Duyker.) B.M. Horns rather bent back, and slightly arched forward at the tip. h 1. GRIMillA. 23 Bright reddish grey, white beneath, with a broad black streak up the nose to the base of the horns ; tail black above, white beneath. Cephalophus Grimmia, var. 1, Grmj, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 79. Hah. "West Africa : St. Paul de Loanda (Gabriel). Male in B. M. (^ 0Cx<-Lj^(- $ . Antilope altifi'ons, Peters, Mossambique, p. lOG, t. 37 (animal), t. 38. f. 1^ (skidl). ^ ^' Grimmia irrorata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 690, f. 1 (skull). Hub. 'Natal (Simdevall); East Africa, Mozambique, Boror (Peters) : C^-^^ Lupata (A7ryl). ^ ^ SkuU in B. M. is like that of Grimmia niciilans, but cheek-cavity rather diiFerent. Peters's Antilope ocularis (t. 27) very well repesents the male specimen in the British Museum ; and the horns of the male are like those on the skull at t. 41. f. 1, and t. 42. f. 1, though we have not a skull of the male to compare with it ; but with respect to the intermaxillary bones and the cheek-cavity it is more like the skull of G. Burcheim. The figure of the female Antilope altifrons given by Dr. Peters exactly represents our female from Natal, and the skull (t. 28. f. 2) of the female agrees well with the skull of the animal in the British Museum; but the skuU figured as the male of this species (t. 28. f. 1) is very different from that of our male animal, and, from the apparent decumbent position and the great narrowness of the nose, it is somewhat more like the skull I described as C. longifrons than like that of the true Grimmia. ■4- 4. Grimmia Campbelliae. (The Black-faced Philantomba.) B.M. Horns ? Grey-and-black grizzled, beneath rather paler ; belly and front of thighs white ; black streak on the nose, widening on the forehead. Ears elongate, acute. Cephalophus Campbelliae, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 80. Antilope Campbellii, Peters, Mossambique, p, 180. Hah. "West Africa : Sierra Leone ?, Borer (Peters). Only a young specimen in the Museum. ^ conical, rugose, rather elongate. ^^' Cephalophus badius, Gray, Cat. Unc/ul. B. M. p. 84 ; Murie, P. Z. S. ; , > 1869, p. 995. V*^ ' Cephalophus breviceps, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 203, t. 11; Sclater, ^ .^ P.Z. S. 1869, p. 594 (young female). , . 1 H 1 Hah. West Africa : Sierra Leone. I The young female described as C. hreviceps became like the typical C. badius. ^ 4. Cephalophus rufilatus. (The Coquetoon.") B.M. The horns conical, obscurely annulated. Deep reddish bay ; the crown and broad streak of back blackish grey. 4. CEPHALOPHUS. 27 Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray, Cat. TJngul. B. M. p. 85 ; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 597 (tig. 5, skull). Hah. West Africa : Sierra Leone and Gambia. J^ 5. Cephalophus dorsalis. (The Bay Bush-Goat.) B.M. Horns very short. Dark bay, with a broad, indistinctly defined, dorsal saddle. Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Cat. Ungtil. B. 31. p. 84 ; Temminck, Esquis. ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, t. 46. Hab. West Africa : Sierra Leone; Ash.a.ntee (Temmincl-) ; Gold Coast {Mosse). Evidently a large species. ^ 6. Cephalophus niger. (The Black Bush-Buck.) B.M. Horns short, decumbent. Sooty black, greyer in front half of body ; chin and beneath grey. Cephalophus niger, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 84; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 597. Hab. West Africa : Guinea. V, &7. Cephalophus natalensis.^ - ' • ht^H^J B.M. (The Natal Bush-Buck, or Rhoode Bock.) Horns short, conical, decumbent, bent back, strongly angulated at the base. Bright red bay. Cephalophus natalensis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 85, t. 10. f. 1 (skull). Hah. South Africa, Natal. Skull in B. M. i£^ 8. Cephalophus nigrifrons. (Black-fronted Bock.) B.M. Head, neck, and body, above and below, covered with long, rigid, bright bay hairs ; nose, forehead, and crown between the horns with rigid black hairs, and a few black haii's interspersed on the nape and shoulders ; outside of fore legs blackish. Hoofs narrow, rather elongate. Cephalophus nigrifrous, Gray, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 598, f. 6 (skull), pi. 46 (animal) . Hab. Gaboon. Like C. ha(Uu.'i, but has no dorsal streak. Differs from C. na- talensis in the black forehead and tail, and dark fore legs, and the hair is much more rigid. Skull : — length 7 inches, height at occiput 2|, width at back of orbit 2| ; nasal bones very sharp in front and broad behind ; cheek- cavities very large and deep, and separated from the orbit by a very slender septum. 28 '■■■'.' CErHALOPHIDiK. 0 9. Cephalophus coronatus. (The Coquetoon.) B.M. Horns short and conical; ears rather acute. Pale yellowish brown ; middle of the back and fore legs varied with a few black hairs. Cephalophus coronatus, Gray, Cat. Umjul. B. M. p. 82 ; P. Z. S. 1871, p. -OO'J (%. 7, skull).* Hub. West Africa. Skull. J, j£) 10. Cephalophus Whitfieldii. (The White-footed Guevei.) B.M. Yellowish ash ; hair ashy grey, of the back brown at the ends, with a yellow tip ; orbits and ring above the hoof ashy white. Cephalophus Whitfieldii, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 88. Q^,\^' Hah. West Africa : Gambia. A very young animal. , , ,1 0^ c,sf,;l<^yi>€^t^^A^_- ^ 11. Cephalophus pygmaeus. ,<^^ B.M. ■ (The Noumetzi, or Cape Guevei.) "*^ ' '' ' Fur soft, grey, intermixed with a few black hairs ; streak over the 'Tf-r-'^ eyes, legs, and thighs grey-rufous. i\_^ ir a> Cephalophus pygmsea. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M, p. 87. ' Antilope pygmiea, Peters, Mossamhiqiie, p. 184. Hah. South Africa : Mozambique (Peters). Mr. Kirk says that this species differs from the Cape one in the female having horns ; but many female Bush-Goats have them in a rudimentary state. G^ 12. Cephalophus Maxwellii. (The Guevei.) B.M. Grey-brown ; fur rather rigid, uniform. Horns conical, rather elongate, annulatcd at the base. Cephalophus INIaxweUii, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 86 ; P. Z. S. 1871, p. 000 (fig. 8, skull). ^ Hah. West Africa : Senegal and Gambia. (V X. 13. Cephalophus melanorheus. (The Black-rumped Guevei.) B.M. Fur soft, pale grey, with intermixed rigid grey hairs ; grey- j, kJ^brown ; rump and upper part of tail black. "{ Cephalophus melanorheus. Gray, Cat. Zftiyul. B. M. p. 88. Hah. West Africa: Fernando Po (Thomson). Var. Darker, more like C. pycjincpus, but with black rump. Hih. Gaboon. Mule in British Museum without sheath to horns. i •N V ^ PELEAD^. 29 B> 14. Cephalophus punctulatus. (The Grizzled Guevei.) B.M. Horns ? Fur dark fulvous brown ; hair grey at the base, with brown ends, and with yellow subterminal rings ; narrow streak over the eye pale brown. Cephalophus punctulatus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 88. X Hah. "West Africa : Sierra Leone (Sabine). V (^ 15. Cephalophus bicolor. B.M. >^ Fur soft, brown, with the ramp, the whole of the hind legs, the chin, throat, chest, belly, the inner side of the fore legs, a broad ring V- over the fore hoofs, and a large spot occupying the front of the face A and forehead pure white. The ears blackish, white within ; the Nj sides of the forehead darker brown. Caphalophus bicolor, Gra^/, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 263, t. 34 ; Ann. ^ Mag. '^ iV. H. 1862, vol. X. p. 400. ■^ Hah. South and East Africa : Zulu Land (FossbrooJc). ^ Probably the white is an accidental variation. The brown fur is very like that of 'punctulatus, but rather brighter ; and it is found in ^ a very different locality. w Fam. 4. PELEAD^E. Nostrils open, bald within (?). Face narrow, elongate. Nose swollen, soft, bovine. Muffle large, extending far behind the nos- trils. Crumen none. Horns over the orbits, conical, slender, erect, cylindrical at the base, scarcely diverging, and bent forward at the tip. False hoofs distinct, large. Inguinal pore distinct ; teats four. Body light and elegant. Legs slender. Fur woolly. Tail small and bushy. Intermaxillaries not reaching the nasals. Lower jaw very slender and weak. Skull, T. III. f. 5. Africa. 1. PELEA. Pelea, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 90, t. 36. f. 2, 3,4. 1. Pelea capreola. (The Eehbock or Peele.) B.M. Pelea capreola, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 90, t. 36. f. 2, 3, 4 (skuU). Tragelaphus capreola, Riippell, Hah. South Africa. AT A^Vm-oM^ 1 La^ 30 NESOTRAGIDiE. Fam. 5. NESOTRAGIDJE. Nose bovine. Muffle large. Nostrils open, bald witbin. Horns only in male, conical, c_ylindrical, ringed at tbe base. Crumen di- stinct, or very small. Face and forehead not crested. Body and legs slender, elegant. Hoofs small, triangular. False hoofs none. The underside of the pasterns covered with close, short, rigid black hairs. * Opening of crumen very small. Horns short. 1. NANOTEAGUS. Horns very short and conical. Ears small, rounded. Tear-bag none. Legs slender. Tail moderate, subpectinate. Hoofs small, triangular. False hoofs none. Nose bovine. Muffle large and moist. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 89, t. 10. f. 2, head.) 1. Nanotragus perpusillus. (The Royal Antelope.) B.M. Nanotragus perpusillus, Gray, Cat. U/iyid. £. M. p. 89, t. 10. f. 2 (head). Hab. West Africa, Guinea. ** Opening of crumen large. Horns elongate, erect. 2. NESOTRAGUS. Horns over the orbits, only in males, nearly straight, elongate, strong, many-ridged, slanting backwards. Nose bovine. Muffle large. Crumen large aud deeply arched. Ears large. Tail very short. Scrotum very large. Skull short, with an extremely large and deep hemispherical concavity before the orbits. Nose-hole moderate ; intermaxillaries elongate to the nasals ; nasals very long, extending beyond the front edge of the orbit. T. V. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 75.) .j^ /Ur^ '^^ 1- Pediotragus campestris. B.M. jlU'^'i^ J^ (The Stein-Bock, or Bleek-Bock.) W*^j ---^ . ^_^ - ' Fulvous ash ; hair uniform, often white-tipped. Calotragus campestris, Gray, Cat. TTngul. B. M. p. 71, t. 8. f. 4, 5, as C. tragulus. Antilope tragulus, Peters, 3fossamb. p. 187. ^rt6. South Africa. .,; /ty^iY'v- t^W •* Nose ovine, covered with hair, icithout any or only a nidimentary muffle. Fam. 6. OVIBOVID^E. Nostrils open, bald within. Nose ovine, hairy, with a small naked muffle. Horns behind the orbits, round, smooth, close toge- ther at the base, spread out on the sides, conical, depressed and ru- gose at the base. Tail very short, flattened, hairy above. False hoofs well developed. Skull : nose-hole large ; intermaxiUaries short, not reaching the nasals ; no suborbital fissure or fossa ; molars well developed ■with^\| supplementary lobe. '\ 1. OVIBOS. Nose ovine, hairy ; inner edge of the nostril with a bald margin. Horns of the male very broad at the base, nearly united together, QlK A 32 s.vio.vu.?:. -/ tapering, pressed downwai'ds against the sides of the head, and bent up at the tips ; of the female subcylindrical, curved, far apart on the sides of the forehead. Tail rudimentary, very short, entirelj- hidden by the fur of the haunches. Hoofs broad, apices reflcxed. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 43, t. 5. f. 1-4, and t. 6, skulls of males and females.) 1. Ovibos moschatus. (The Musk-Ox.) B.M. Ovibos moschatus, Gray, Cat. Untird. B. M. p. 43, t. 5. f 1,2 (skull, male), t. 6 ; Baird, Mamm. Noith Amer. p. 631, f. Hah. North America. The barren lands in lat. 60° north, 2. BUDORCAS. Muzzle hairy, with a small naked muflBe edging the nostrils. Ears narrow, pointed. The fur (in summer, at least) consists of short, harsh, adpressed hair. The tail is short, very depressed and hairy, like the tail of a goat. The head is large and heavy. The lips taper, and are clad with hair, like sheep. The nostrils are wide and ter- minal. The horns are round, smooth, lunate ; they are nearly in contact on the top of the head ; their direction is vertically upwards, then horizontally outwards or to the sides, and then almost as hori- zontally backwards. The limbs short and straight ; the hoofs broad. Intermaxillaries moderate, not reaching the nasals. Nasals very high up the hinder edge, level with the orbits. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 44, t. 5. f. 3, 4, skull.) 1. Budorcas taxicolj/. (The Takin.) B.M. Budorcas taxicola. Gray, Cat. Ihu/ul. B. M. p. 4o, t. 5. f. .3, 4 (skull) ; P. Z. S. 1853, pi. 36 ; Anderson, 'P. Z. S. 1869, p. 470. Hah. Eastern Himalaya. Lives among the snow, seldom seen below it. In pairs, or small herds of twenty or more (Anderson). Fam. 7. SAIGADtE. Nostrils open, bald within, placed on the side of the high, com- pressed, truncated, hairy nose. Crumen distinct. Horns over the orbits, lyrate, annulated, pale yellow. Fur very thick. Tail short. False hoofs well developed. Skull : nose-hole verj- large, reachijig to nearly the orbits ; intennaxillaries short ; no lachrj-mal fissure, and a shallow impressed suborbital fossa ; molars without additional lobe. Asia. ANTILOPLDJi:. 33 1. SAIGA. Sai-ga, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. .51, t. 6. f. 1, 2 (skull and horns) : Munc, P. Z. S. 1870, p. .50.3, figs. . ^' Coins siag, Fitzinger. 1. Saiga tartarica. (The Coins or Saiga.) B.M. Pale yellowish ; crown and back greyish- washed. Young, crown greyer. Saiga tartarica, Grarj, Cut. Ungul. B.M. p. 51, t. G. f. 1,2 (skull); ScMer, P. Z. S. 1867, t. 17 (animal); Mnrie, P. Z. S. 1870 p. 451. ' Hab. Siberia. Fam. 8. PANTHOLOPID^. Nostrils bald within ; nose conical, subovine, of the males with a large dilatation on the outer side of each nostril. Crumen distinct. Horns over the orbits, only in males, elongate, compressed, lyrate, annulated at the base. False hoofs well developed. Skull : nose-aperture large ; intermaxiUary bones rather short ; rest like Saiga. — Asia. 1. PANTHOLOPS. Pantholops, Gray, Cat. Ungul B. M. p. 52, t. 6. f. 3, 4 (skull and horns). ^ 1. Pantholops Hodgsonii. (The Chiru.) B.M. Pale brown ; chest and inner side of the limbs white ; front of face and front of fore legs blackish, Pantholops Hodgsonii, Gray, Cat. rnguJ. B. M. p. .53, t. 6 f 3 4 (skull). '■ ' ' ' Hab. Thibet. Open plains. Fam. 9. ANTILOPID^. (Antelopes.) Nostrils open, bald within ; nose oWne, narrow, simple. Crumen distinct, rarely very small. Horns in males and females, conical or compressed, ringed at the base. False hoofs well developed. Skull : nose-aperture moderate ; iutermaxillaries generally reaching to the nasals, rarely shorter. Autilopeae verre. Gray, Cat. Ungul B. M. p. 50. 34 ANTILOPID^. Subsection I. Oryxes. — Horns over the orhit, or rather behind, in both sexes, elonfiate, straight, recurved, snhspiral. Tail' bovine, elonr/ate, cylindrical, end tufted. Bodij large and heavy. Tear-bay none, or only marked with a tuft of hair. Skull with small suborbital fissure and no fossa : molar with suirplementary lubes. a. Nape with an erect recurved mane. . 1. ^GOCERUS. - •^ I h A V i^*-^ /c-<-V Horns over the orbit, moderate, recurved, ringed, rather com- pressed at the base. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 102, t. 12. f. 1, 2, as Hij^pofrar/us ?) 1. jEgocerus leucophaeus. (The Etaac, or Blaiibock.) B.M. Glaucous grey. ^En-ocerus leucophfeus, G)-ay, Cat. Unyid. B. M. p. 102, t. 12. f. 1,2, as Hippotragus leucophaeiis (female). Hah. South Africa ; East Africa, Kazeh (S^'eke). In swampy ground. 2. .ffigocerus Bakeri. " Pale fulvous liver-colour. Forehead with ocular spot and with three or four scarcely oblicjue spots black. Nosg -white. Mane of neck and back long, very deep black. Horns in both sexes strong, rounded at the base, close together, arched and recurved, and annu- lated nearly to the tips." — Heuglin. Hippotragus Bakeri, Heuqlin, Antilopen, p. 10, t. 2. f. 4 (horns) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 214, 1. 10 (young), pp. 210, 217, f. (horns). e Hah. North-east Africa. " Sir Samuel Baker has also favoured me with the loan of a leaf from his original note-book, containing a pencil-sketch of the adult male of this species. The elongated mane and the shoulder-stripes are clearly marked in this sketch. " A pair of horns, the original specimens figured by Heuglin. are figured [P. Z. S. 1808, pp. 210, 217, figs. Qa and 0 i]. They measure 27 inches in length along the upper surface from the base to the tip, and are regularly annulated up to about 0 inches from the tip, the annulations being about 27 or 28 in number. Upon comparing them with horns of Hippotragus eqitinus in the British iluseum and the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons, I find the dift'erences, as might have been expected, very small. But, judging from the single pair before us, the horns of the northern species appear to be much more massive, especially at the base, and not quite so long, and to have the tips diverging instead of slightly converging. This latter character may perhaps vary in individuals. " As regards the general external appearance of Baker's Antelope, it would seem to be readily distinguishable from the Equine Antelope by the pale fulvous colour, the pencilled ears, and the black stripes over the shoulders, which, although not distinguishable in the young 2. ORYX. 35 specimen now at Turin, are, as is shown in Sir Samuel Baker's sketch, well marked in the adult." — Sdater. There is a young male Antelope, lately received from Dr. Ori, figured from a coloured photograph, P. Z. S. 1868, t. 16. 3. .ffigocerus koba. (The Docoi.) B.M. Pale reddish brown. The hair pale at the base, with a minute pale tip ; front of fore legs and line on centre of tail blackish ; belly and inside of legs white ; face black-brown, crown and temple browner ; nose, lips, eyebrows, and tuft of hair before eyes white. ^gocerus leucophseus, var. docoi, Gray, Cat. TJiujul. B. M p. lOS.J Hah. West Africa: Gambia, 4. JEgocerus niger. (The Tapetse, or Para-Para.) B.M. Black or brown ; face white, with a dark streak. Female and young brown. ^gocerus niger, Gnii/, Cat. Ungul. JB. M. p. 104. Hippotragus niger, Heuglin, Antilopcn, p. 16. . , -. /P Hah. South Africa ; East Africa, Kazeh {S^ielce). ^^ ^"'" '^ Var. Kirhii. Eutii'ely tawny-eoloured, with the face marked like the Sable Antelope. Forming herds, without any black specimens being intermixed. ^ a. -^(/oc«'?ts ptch/s, Erhard, Fauna der Cyklader, p. 29. Hah. An- ' timelos. \ ^* 2. ORYX. Horns behind the orbit, elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight or slightly arched, placed in a line with the face. Neck maned above and below. Edge of the nostrils naked. Tear-bag none. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 105, t. 12. f. 3, 4.) 1. Oryx gazella. (The Kookaam, or Gemsbock.) B.M. Horns straight, shelving backwards ; throat witli a bunch of black hairs. Oryx gazella, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 105, 1. 12. f. 3, 4 (skull, as Ory.v leucoryx). Hah. South Africa. 2. Oryx beisa. (The Beisa.) B.M. Horns straight ; throat without any bunch of hair. Oi'vx beisa, Grai/, Cat. Uhr^-, f.fj", ^>7^,>.>zj ^,^/ • 6. TKAGOPS. Z/^.^; ^,^. 39 V' -^y ** A'nee ivithout tufts ; side-streak nune ; rump and throat tcith a tvhite spot ; tail slender, compressed, only hairy above. Dama, Bennett. 4. Gazella Soemmeringii. (The Abyssinian Mohr.) B.M. Pale brown ; nose, forehead, lower edge of face-streak, and end of tail blackish ; chest, belly, angular mark on rump above tail, face-streak, and spot on throat white ; limbs pale. Female, forehead paler in centre. Gazella Scemmeringii, Gray, Cat. Unyul. B. 31. p. 59 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, pi. 37. Hab. Lower Abyssinia. r 5. Gazella mohr. (The Mohr.) B.M. Bay ; chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of limbs, and angular spot on rump above the tail white ; spot on side of face and end of tail black. Gazella mohr, Gray, Cat. Unyul. B. M. p. 59. Hab. West Africa, Gambia, and Senegal. p ^A.^**^-'^ 4 6. Gazella ruficoUia. (The Andra.) B.M. Whitish ; neck and front part of the middle of the back reddish ; face -streak none. Gazella ruficoUis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 60. Hab. Kordofan and Senaar. *** Knees without tufts, but ivith rather longer hair, forming a linear keel in front ; back and rump brown ; sides tcith dark streak. — Koriu. i_ 7. Gazella rufifrons. (The Korin.) B.M. "T Bay-brown ; sides above paler, with a broad dark streak below ; chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and underside of feet and anal disk white ; face bright bay, with a broad white side- streak. Eudorcas, Fitzinyer, p. 32. Gazella rufifrons. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 60. Hab. West Africa, Senegal and Gambia ; East Aj&rica, Senaar. 6. TEAGOPS. Horns lyrate, elongate, compressed, closely ringed. Crumen small. Fur short, adpressed, without any dorsal streak. Knees tufted. India. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 61, tab. 7. fig. 1, skuU.) 1. Tragops Bennettii. (The Chickara or Ravine-Deer.) B.M. Bay-brown ; knee-tuft, end of nose, and tail black ; streak on 40 AXTILOriD-K. haunches blackish ; face-streak, chest, belly, and inner side of limbs •white ; feet black or brown. Tragops Bennettii, Gray, Cat. Umjul. B. M. p. 62, t. 7. f. 1 (head), t. 7. f. 2 (skull). Tragopsis Bennettii, Fitzinger, p. 30. Hab. India : Madras, Nepaul. 7. ANTIDORCAS. Horns lyrate, short, black, strong. Crumen moderate, distinct. Hair close-pressed. Back with an expansile fold and streak. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 63.) 1. Antidorcas euchore. (The Tsebe or Spring-Bock.) B.M. Pale brown ; face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak on back to base of tail, edge and inside of limbs white. Antidorcas euchore. Gray, Cat. Vngul. B. M. p. 63. Hab. South Africa. Migratory. 8. ANTILOPE. Horns elongate, subspiral, diverging. Crumen large. SkuU — sub- orbital fossa large. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 66, t. 8. f. 1, 2, 3, skull.) 1. Antllope bezoartica. (The Antelope or Sasin.) B.M. Antilope bezoartica, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M.y. 66. Antilope cervicapra, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. m. t. 8. f. 1, 2, 3 (skull and horns). Hah. India, plains. Subsection III. Madoka. — Tail very short, hairy above. Horns on the hinder edge of the frontal hones, far behind the orbits, in male only, shoH, conical, recumbent. Cnanen large ; crown crested. 9. NEOTEAGUS. Skull, nose-hole very large ; intermaxUlaries long, very slender, dilated at the upper end ; nasal bones very short, broad, notched on each side in front. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 76, t. 9. f. 3, head, t. l.f.2,skull.) 1. Neotragus Saltiana. (The Madoqua.) B.M. Neotragus Saltiana, Grey, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 76, t. 9. f. 3. i « / Calotragus nigi-ipes. Gray, P. Z. S. 1861. ' ' / Hah. Abyssinia, Kordofan. 12. RUPICAPKA. 41 Subsectiou IV. CAFumE AsTE-LOV^s. — TaU 7noderate,hairj/ above. Horns short, conical, inclined, recurved, arising behind the orbits. Crumen very small. Intermaxillary bone short, liody heavy. Legs strong, thick ; hoofs large. Skull — no suborbital Jisswe ; a round shallow fossa ; molars vnthout supplementary lobe. ■ " 10. NEMORHEDUS. (Gorals.) Horns ou the back edge of the frontal bones behind the orbits, short, conical, recurved. Crumen distinct. Tear-pit deep concave. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 112, t. 13. f. 1, 2, skuU.) ' " 1. Nemorhedus goral. (The Goral.) B.M. Nemorhedus goral, Gray, Cat. Ungid. B. 31. p. 112, 1. 13. f. 2 (skull). Mab. Nepaul. 11. MAZAMA. - n ^ t 0 CM'^ ■>' Horns rather behind the e)'e, short, thick, conical, recurved. Crumen none. Fur very long, hair dependent ; under-fur short and wooUy. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 114, t. 14. f. 1, head.) Haploceros, Wagner. 1. Mazama americana. (The Mazame or Mountain-Goat.) B.M. White ; horns and edge of the nostrils black. Mazama americana, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 114, 1. 14. f. 1 (head) ; Baird, Mam. N. Amer. p. 671. Hah. North America : Rocky Mountains. 12. EUPICAPRA. Horns over back part of orbit, elongate, slender, round, nearly erect, suddenly hooked backward at the tip ; intermaxillary bones not reaching the nasals. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 115, t. 14. f. 3, 4, skuU.) 1. Rupicapra tragus. (The Chamois or Gemse.) B.M. Yellowish brown, with a dark dorsal streak, in winter blackish. Rupicapra tragus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 115, t. 14. f. 3, 4. Hah. European Alps. Hybrid with female Goat. (Blyth, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 135, fig. horns.) 42 CONNOCHETID^. 5C. Fam. 10. iEPYCEROTID^. Horns over the orbit, conical, compressed, ringed at the base. Nose tapering, ovine, simple. Crumen none. False hoofs none. Pastern with tufts of rigid black hairs on each side. 1. .ffiPYCEEOS. Horns lyrate, elongate, wide-spreading, curved outwards at the base, then upwards at the tips. Crumen none. Knees not tufted, with a tuft of black hair near the pasterns. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 64, t. 7. f. 3, head and horns.) 1. .ffipyceros melampus. (Pallah or Eooge Bock.) B.M. Bay ; sides and knee paler, tuft above the back of feet black. jEpyceros melampus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 65, t. 7. f. 3 (head and horns). Hah. South Africa. Migratory. Uzaramo (Sjjeke). Open parts of the forest in herds. ^ ? < t? 0 B. Nostrils covered with a valve, hairy within. Crumen none. — Antilopeae // / /> desertormu, Gray, Cut. Ungul. £. M. p. 118. ^^'Ao (^ ^ '^Fam. 11. CONNOCHETID^. (Gnoos.) Muzzle very depressed, spongy and bristly. Nostrils far apart, covered with a valve, bearded within. Horns on the hinder part of the frontal bones, behind the orbit, conical, cylindrical, close toge- ther at the base, and bent outwards and recurved at the tips. Body stout ; legs very slender. Tail elongate, equine, covered with long hair from the base. Teats four. Hoofs much compressed in front ; false hoofs well developed. Skull without orbital fissure ; inter- maxillary reaching to the nasal. — Africa. Equine Antelopes (Antilopese equinse), Gray, Cat. Ungul. B.M. p. 110. Connochetes, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 119. The horns of the young Gnu are erect, cyHndiical, conical, slightly curved, rather Ij^rate, somewhat like the horns of Damulis lunata, but less curved ; they gradually bend backward at the ba^c, and are at length produced and spread out laterally. (See Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1S6!), vol. iv. p. 291.) Mr. Blyth proposed to form the young Gorgon into a genus, under the name of Butragus. DAMALID^. 43 1. CONNOCHETES. Face with a crest of recurved hair in front ; chest maned. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 119, t. 15. f. 4, 5, skull.) 1. Connochetes gnu. (The Gnu or Kokoon.) B.M. Connochetes gnu, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 119, t. 15. f. 4, 5. Junwr. Horns conical, erect. (Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 291.) Hah. South Africa. 2. GORGON. Face with smooth hair in front, chest not maned. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 121.) 1. Gorgon fasciatus. (The Gorgon or Brindled Gnu.) B.M. Connochetes gorgon, Gray, Cat. Ungtil. B. M. p. 121. Junior. Horns erect, conical (Butragus corniculatus, Blyth, MS.). Ifab. South Africa. Flesh worthless ; fat hard and unpleasant. Fam. 12. DAMALID^E. Muzzle moderately broad, with a bald moist muffle. Nostrils close, edged with short rigid hairs. Horns behind the orbits conical, compressed at the base, more or less lyrate. Crumen covered with a tuft of short hair. Body and legs graceful. Hind legs often shorter. Hoofs small ; false hoofs weU developed. Tail moderate, hairy and subcrested above. Teats two. Bovine Antelopes, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 122. 1. ALCELAPHUS. Horns on the upper edge of the frontal bone, which forms a much produced posterior ridge, lyrate, thick at the base, with the end suddenly curved at right angles. Hind quarters low. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 122, t. 16. f. 1, 2, 3, skull.) 1. Alcelaphus bubalis. (The Bubale.) B.M. Pale brown, nearly uniform ; rump like the back. Alcelaphus bubalis, Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 123. Boselaphus bubalis, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 53, f. A, 3 (horns, male) ; Hcaglin, Antil. p. 21. Hah. North Africa : Tripoli. 44 DAMALIDJJC. Yar. tunisianns, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 123. Hub. Tunis, Fraser. "This animal is much smaller than the Hartbeest, and is of a uniform bright chestnut-colour, without any markings on the feet." —Bli/th. 2. Alcelaphus major. B.M. Alcelaphus tunisianus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 123. Boselaphus major, Blyth, 1\ Z. S. 18G'J, p. 53, f. A, 1 (horns, male), 2 (horns, female). JIab. West Africa : Tunis (Fraser). " As large as the Hartbeest, with black markings on all the feet above the hoofs. The hair of the forehead is chestnut, where it is black in the Hartbeest. So far as I can perceive, the horns of the three North-African species are similar in shape, those of B. major being only distinguishable by their superior size ; and aU may be readily told from those of the Hartbeest by the difference at the base when viewed in front, the horns of the latter diverging in the form of the letter V, those of the others in the form of the letter \}:'—BJyth. 3. Alcelaphus caama. (The Lecama or Hartbeest.) B.M. Grey brown ; dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs black ; large triangular spots on the haunches whitish. Alcelaphus caama, Grm/, Cat. Um/id. B. M. p. 124, t. IG. f. 1, 2, .0. Boselaphus caama, Bhjth, P. Z. S. ItiGO, p. o3, fig. A, 4 (horns, male), 5 (female). Hab. South Africa : in flat wooded districts. 4. Alcelaphus Lichtensteinii. (Godoiiko.) Pale brown ; back of neck and upper part of back dark brown, separated from the other part of the body by a straight horizontal line ; end of tail black ; inside of ears white. Antilope Lichten.steinii, Peters, Mossambique, p. 193, t. 43, 44 (skulls). Boselaphus Lichtensteinii, Kirk, P. Z. S. 18(')4, p. GGO. Boselaphus cama, Heuglin, Aniilop. p. 22, t. 2. f. 3 (horns). Hab. Eastern Africa : Shaupagna, in the forest (KirJc). Probably the Hartbeest mentioned by Captain Speke (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 3) at Dhoors. 2. DAMALIS. Horns over the back of the edge of the orbit, lyratc, subeylin- drical or compressed, annxilated nt the base, over the back edge of the orbit. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 12."). t. 1<>. f. 4, 5, and t. 3. f. G, skull and horns.) 2. DAMALI8. 45 * Horns siibeylindrical, diverging from the base. Acronotus. 1. Damalis lunatus. (The Sassayby.) B.M. Horns siibeylindrical, diverging from the base, recurved above ; face dark in front. Damalis lunatus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 125. Hah. South Africa. •• Horm compressed, regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, and then recurved. Damalis. 2. Damalis senegalensis. (The Korrigum.) B.M. Face black-marked ; fur rigid, grey. Damalis senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 126, t. IG. f. 4, 5 (skull) ; Heuglin, Antilopen, p. 22. Hah. West Africa: Gambia, Senegal. East Africa: Scnnaar. Central Africa : Boriio. ^^^ / Z- /■ ///^ , ^^V -|t. 3. Damalis pygarga. (The Nunni or Bonte Bock.) B.M. Purple-red, outside of the limbs darker ; streak between the horns, face, and rump above taii-\vhite. T. III. f. 6, skull. Damalis pygarga. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 127. Hab. South Africa. a. Damalis tiang, Heuglin, Antilopen, t. 2. f. 1 (head and horns). ■ Hab. Sobat. b. Damalis tiang riel, Heuglin, Antilopen, p. 23, t. 2. f. 9. Horns only known. Hah. Bahr-el-abiad. 4. Damalis albifrons. (The Bless Bock.) B.M. Purple red ; front of face, spot between horns and on temples, the hinder edge of rump below the tail white ; throat, stripe down the outer side of front of legs brown. Damalis albifi-ons, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 129. Hah. South Africa. « j^^'jJ-'^ p^' 5. Damalis ? zebra. (The Doria.) -'" B.M. "^^ Skull and horns unknown. Bright golden brown, with several black cross bands, narrowing at the end ; outside of the fore and hind legs dark brown. Damalis? zebra. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 129. Hah. W. Africa : Gambia. 46 STREPSICER0TID.^3. Section II. ANGULICORNIA. Horns subangular, with a more or less distinct ridge on the front angle ; and when thej- assume an angular form the ridge is directed towards the outer side of the horn. Nostrils open, bald within. Grinders without supplementary lobe. Boviua auguliconiia, Gray, Cat. Uitfful. B. M. p. 131. Fam. 13. STREPSICEROTID.^. Horns in the males only, subspiral, inclined backwards ; the spiral ridge directed towards the inner side of the horn. Nose bovine. Muffle distinct, moist. Nostrils near together in front. Forehead flat. Cnimen distinct. False hoofs distinct. Males not bearded on the chin. Fur white-banded or spotted. Females with four teats and a small udder. Skull : intermaxillary reaching to nasals ; nasal opening moderate; suborbital fissure distinct, but no fossa. Strepsicerese, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 131. ^ ' The horns of some Goats and Sheep, which are generally recurved backward or spirally twisted, are sometimes nearly straight, with a spiral keel, as Capra Falconeri and the Cretan Sheep, Ovis strep- siceros. 1. Limhs equal, and crumen with a very small opening. Nose cervine, mo- derate. Grinders with no supplementary lobes. Africa. A. Hoims with a strong spiral keel. Body large and heavy. Neck with a linear mane. Nose cervine. Muffle small, between and under thefrotit half of nostrils. 1. STREPSICEROS. Horns over back edge of orbit, in males only, spirally twisted, ascending from the back of the orbits. Intermaxillary reaching to nasal." (Gray, Cat. UngiU. B. M. p. 132, t. 17. f. 1, 2.) 1. Strepsiceros kudu. (The Eechlongole or Koodoo.) B.M. Front of neck with a divided fringe ; the spu-al curve of the horns far apart and uniform. Sti-epsiceros kudu, Grai/, Cat. Unqid. B. M. p. 13.3, 1. 17. f. 1, 2 (skull aud horns) ; Blyth, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 54, fig. B, 1 & 2 (horns). Strepsiceros excelsus, Sumlevall; Heuglin, Antil. p. 12. Hah. South Africa ; Central Africa, on hills over the Lower Zam- besi, called Toh (Kirk) ; Abyssinia (BJyth, Rilppell). 2. Strepsiceros t«3i4al7—t^eTena5r) B:M. lu^'ln^xU Front of neck not fringed : spiral curve of horns hardly deviating ■ from the straight axial chord. 3. EURTCEROS. 47 Damalis kudu, Smi'fJi, Zool. S. Africa. Strepsiceros kudu, var., Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. 31. p. 134. Strepsiceros imberbis, Bhjth, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 54, Hg. B, 3, 3 a. Hab. Aby^^met (IliipjyeU, Harris). S> O ^i^^^-f^-^ij — C^c.-t'<~^ 2. OREAS. Horns far behind the orbits, in both sexes, straight, bent back and on the same plane as the forehead. Female, horns smaller. Throat with a longitudinal crested dewlap. (Gray, Cat. Ungiil. B. M. p. 134, t. 17. f. 3, 4 ; Taiiro tragus, Wacjl(,r.~) Feeding on leaves and branches of shrubs {Kirk), 1. Oreas canna. (The Impoofo or Eland.) B.M. Pale brown, nearly uniform, with a very few indistinct narrow white stripes on the sides. Oreas canna, Grwy, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 134, 1. 17. f. 3, 4 (skull and horns) ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 659 ; Wolfs Zool. Sketches, tab. xxi. Boselaphus oreas, Heuylin, Antil. p. 19. Hab. South Africa. 2. Oreas derbianus. (The Gingi Jonga.) B.M. Pale reddish brown ; front of the face, the neck, and front part of the underside, a spot on the front and hinder side of the fore leg, and dorsal streak black ; sides of the body with fourteen or fifteen white perpendicular streaks. Oreas derbianus. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 135. jy«6. West Africa : river Cassoman ( TF7w<^eZc?) ; Senegal (iZearfe). a. Boselaphus c/igas, Heuglin, Antilopen, p. 19, t. 3. f. 2 (horns only). Hab. White Nile. b. Oreas Livingstonii, Sclater, MS. ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 659 ; Speke, P. Z. S. 1869, p. . Body banded. Hab. Central Afi-ica (Speke). " South of the Zambesi it is uniform in colour, or, at least, not distinctly banded. The colour varies considerably. To the south of that i-iver it is banded. 0. Livingstonii is scarcely distinct, as it only differs in being banded. The habits of both are identical, and their horns are not to be distinguished." — -Kirk. B. Horns siibangidar, obscurely keeled. Xeck with longer hair, forming a mane. Note bovine. Mtiffie rather large, bald between and beneath the nostrils, and a narrow band up the middle of the itpper lip. Legs slender. Hoofs and false hoofs small. Females hornless. 3. EURYCEROS. Horns over the back edge of orbit, large, elongate, subangular, 4s STKF.PSICEROTID.K. with one and a lialf or two spiral turns. Legs stout. Back and neck more or less nianed. Sides cross-banded. Face with an arched wide band between the eyes. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 136.) • Hoofs broad, triangular ; body spotted and striped. Eurycerus. J hu^ Llj^foiou^' 1. Euryeeros eiiryceros. (The Bongo.) B.M. Very bright bay ; crescent on chest, very narrow dorsal streak, sixteen perpcnchciUar streaks on each side placed in pairs or threes, front of hind legs, back of fore leg, and a large patch on front of the leg below the knee white. Tragelaphus euryceros, Gray, Cat. TJngid. B. M. p. 136. Tragelapbus albovirgatus, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1861, vii. p. 299 ; Travels, i. 44 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 18G], p. 270. Hah. P]quinoctial Africa. Du Chaillu's figure seems to be a slightly altered copy of the figure of E. Angusii in the ' Proceedings of the Zoologic;d Society.' Afzelius, in ' N. A. Sci. Upsal. ' 1815, viii. fig. 3, figures a horn 27 inches long. The horns described by Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, ' p. 120, are 31 inches long, and they are in the British Museum. A nearly full-grown male ?, without the sheaths to the horns, received from M. du Chaillu, and the specimen described in his work as the Bongo Antelope, T. albovirgatus (p. 306, t. 4-4). Bright orange-yellow, with fifteen narrow regular white bands across the body, not regTilarly placed and not symmetrical on the two sides ; nape with a narrow black streak, which is narrow, white, with a few black hairs along the vertebral line. Legs blackish in front, white-spotted, with a large white spot over each hoof. A white crescent before the eye and on the chest. The gullet black. This animal is very like the female E. AngasU, but very much larger, and with very short, close-pressed hair ; while in E. Anyasli the hair is long and soft, and the dorsal crest is black. I should be inclined to regard it as a female, as it has no appearance of any scrotum, but for the presence of horns. The skull shows that it is full-grown — with perfect teeth, but the sutures are not obliterated ; no distinct concavity in front of the orbit ; intermaxillaries elongate, narrow*, reaching to the nasals ; horns placed far behind the orbits. An imperfect adult skuH in the British Museum, which has lost its intermaxillary bones, is 14 inches from the occiput to the end of the maxilla, and 6 inches wide at the back of the or])it. The horns are 27g inches long. 2. Euryceros Angasii. (The Inyala.) B.M. Dark brown ; vertebral streak and four or five narrow streaks on each side white. . Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, Cat. T'nyul. B. M. p. I.'i7. 3. EUEYCEROS. 49 Hah. South Africa : Port Natal (Angas). Male blackish, with a white dorsal crest and five white streaks across the sides. Spot ou face, chest, legs, and end of tail white. Female and young bright bay, with numerous white stripes across the body. (P. Z. S. 1848, t. 4 and 5.) SkuU, adult : length 13 inches; width at back of orbit 5^ inches; nose to front of orbit 7| inches ; length of horns along the curve 26 inches. ** Hoofs elo7igate, narrow. Fur one colour in both sexes. Hydrotragus. //^£-Cfl./.^cc,' 3, Euryceros Spekii. (The Nakong.) B.M, Dull bay, nearly of one colour ; the dorsal streak paler, incon- spicuous ; inside the ears, spot on each side of nose, under the eyes and chin whitish. Tail elongate, nearly cylindrical, above brown, beneath white. Hoofs elongate, strong. Horns very like those of T. euryceros, but longer, more slender, black, with white tips. Antilope eiuryceros, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 88. Tragelaphus eurycerus, var. 1, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 137. Tragelaphus Spekii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. '103 (fiff., p. 104, horns and feet), t. 12 ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 650. Hab. Kohhi {Allen), Central Africa; Karagweh {Spehe). The fur is very long and coarse, as in T. Amjasii, of a mouse-co- lour. Front of head reddish ; narrow dorsal streak paler,with some whitish hairs ; tail darker, underside and terminal tuft white. I have little doubt that this animal was first noticed by Capt. Wilham Allen, E.jS". He says it is " 3 feet high, or rather more, of a darkish brown colour ; but I do not remember any white band across the forehead ; and the horns are said to be like A. euryceros, from Kohhi, on the Cameroon Eiver, in the Bight of Biafra.'' (P. Z. S. 1848, p. 88.) The horns are in the British Museum, and evidently belong to this species. {T. eurycerus, var. 1, Gray Cat Ungul. B. M. p. 136 ; Cat. Bones Mamm. p. 246.) A pair of horns and a separate one, purchased of M. Parzudaki, from the Gaboon, ajDpear to belong to this species. The separate horn is pecuhar from having a black tip. A skin of a young specimen with small horns, and a pair of long horns from Guami, received from Capt. Speke, 1863. Tips whitish. A small pair of horns, received from J. A. Green, Esq., in 1856, from Guami. as T. AnyasH. (Cat. Bones Mamm. p. 246.) Mr._ Layard informs me that the skin of a male specimen in bad state in the British Museum was brought from the Zambesi by E. Chapman, Esq., and given to Mr. Layard, who sent it to Mr. Edward Verreaux, who, in February 1860, sold it to the Museum as " Atifi- lopus roualeynri. The Bush-buck of Lirapupu (Gordon CinnlmA South Africa." Fur long, soft, of a nearly uniform pale brown colour, with a white streak on the side of the eye ; chin whitish. y ar. fxxrit. Blackish brown, //ali. (Jaboon. B.M. 50 STREPSICEKOTTD.'E. We received from M. du Chaillii, in 1865, a very bad imperfect skin of this species, which had been preserved in salt, from Gaboon. It differs from the Zambesi specimen in the fur being of a darker eoloiir. The apex of the horn and the inner side of the twist form a straight line. 4. TRAGELAPHUS. Horns over back edge of orbit, moderate, nearlj- straight, with only one spiral turn, subangular, ascending obliquely from the back edge of the orbit. Body light ; legs slender ; hoofs small. Face without any white cross band. Adult males with a longitudinal crest of long hair. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 136, t. 18. f. 1, 2, skull and horns.) * Bach with pcrpendicidar bands and lateral streaks. 1 . Tragelaphus scripta. (The Guib.) B.M. Pale bay ; neck with four cross bands and a central white streak. Tragelaphus scripta, Gray, Cat. Uiir/ul. B. M. p. 138; t. 18. f. 1, 2 (sk-uU). H(d>. West Africa : Senegal and Gambia ; Cameroons, Mount Victoria {Burton, B.M.) 2. Tragelaphus decula. (The Decula.) B.M. Grey-brown ; back with three or four indistinct cross bands ; arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch on the haunches, dorsal line, streak on nose and on front of fore legs blackish. Tragelaphus decula, Ch-ay, Cat. Unyid. B. M. p. 1.39 ; Hetiglin, Anti- Ivpen, p. 20, t. 1. f. 5 (head and liorus). Hah. E. Africa : Abyssinia. I •* Baeh tvifkont any cross hands or lateral strealis. \l-^'^ 3. Tragelaphus sylvatica. (The Bosch Bock.) B.M. Blackish brown ; head pale brown ; band across forehead black ; small spot on haunches, larger spot on inner sides of legs and on feet white. Tragelaphus sylvatica, Graij, Cat. Ungxd. B. M. p. 139 ; Kirk, F. Z. S. 1864, p. Go9; Heuglin, Antilopen, p. 20; Peters, Mossamhiqnc, p. 185. - ^ Hah. South Africa, Central Africa, Lower Zambesi (Kirl-). \^^ " Varies greatly in colour and spotting. Hoofs elongate in muddy '' regions." — Kirlc. Y-' - , Ovis eultorura, Bli/th, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 03; Ann. S,- Mag. Nat. Hist. (( / :.- :;\ '•v.- Yii. n. 159. t. 4. f. 3. 4. : ■-' *v.-v.-^ ^ii. p. 159, t. 4. f. 3, 4. Hah. Bokhara. 2. CAPROVIS. (Moufflons or Wild Sheep.) Horns (in males only) bent in half-circle over the back, heavy, wrinkled, angular, and compressed. Tail short, deer-like, without any tail-disk. Hair thick, entirely concealing the woolly undercoat. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 171, t. 21. f. 1-3, skull.) 2, CAPROvis. 55 a. Musimon. — Tail very short ; horns toith the outer edge not prominent, and rounded; " crumen larffe '^ (Blyth). 1. Caprovis (Musimon) Vignii. (Tho Shapoo.) B.M. Ovis vignii, Bli/th, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 70 ; Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 251 ; Jotirn. As. Sac. Beng. x. p. 873 (partiin) ; Horsfekl, Cat. Mm. E. I. C. p. 175 (specimen A, from Strachey's Collection) ; Gray's Cat. Unqul in Brit. Mm. (1852), p. 172 ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 526 (partim) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18G0, pi. 79, & p. 127, fig. skull. Sha of Little Thibet, Blyth. Shapes of the Tibetans, Speke. Hah. Thibet. " Male. Horns sub triangular, rather compressed laterally, rounded posteriorly, transversely sulcated, curving outwards and backwards from the skull, points divergent; general colour above brownish grey, beneath paler ; belly white ; beard short, of stifiish brownish hair. " Female. Very similar to the male, but with tho horns shorter (?). "Hub. Ladakh, at an altitude of 12000-14000 feet {Speke, Strachey). " Mus. Brit., East-India Company. " This wUd Sheep inhabits the elevated regions of Ladakh, where it has been pursued and obtained by Capt. Speke, Capt. Strachey, and others since the discovery by Yigne. There are examples in the British Museum and in the collection of the East-India Company, from the latter of which Mr. Sclater's figure is taken, being the spe- cimen procured in Ladakh by Capt. Strachey.'' 2. Caprovis cycloceros. (The Oorial.) B.M. Wild Sheep of Hindoo Koosh, Capt. Hay, Jonrn. As. Soc. Beng. ix. p. 440. Ovis cycloceros, Hntton, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 1842, p. 514, pi. 10. Ovis vimii, Bhjth (pai-tim) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 620 ; Hursfeld, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. p. 175 (spec. B) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1800, t. 80, p. 128 (fig. skuU). " Male. Horns sub triangular, much compressed laterally and poste- riorly, transversely sulcated, curving outwards and retm-ning inwards towards the face, points convergent ; general colour rufous-brown, face livid, sides of moiith and chin white : belly, legs below the knees, and feet white ; blotch on flanks, outside of legs, and strong lateral line blackish ; a profuse black beard from throat to breast, inter- mixed with some white hairs, reaching to the level of the knees. " Female. More uniform pale brown, beneath paler, belly whitish, no beard ; horns quite short and straight, about 3 inches long. " Hah. Sulimani range of Punjab, altitude 2000 feet, and extend- ing into Afghanistan ; Kojeh Amrann, Hiudo Koosh, and Huzarreh Ki]lti(IJutton). i/it.5. East-Iudia Company (horns). (Jardons of the Zoological Society. 56 OVID^. " The very fact of this animal inhabiting the low Salt range of the Tunjal), at an altitude of 2000 feet, would indicate the prohahility of its distinctness from the preceding, which is not found under an elevation of 12000 feet. The Oorial has been well described by Major Hay, Captain Hutton, and Dr. Adams, as above referred to ; and it is hardly necessary to repeat the details of its habits and manners. The differences in the horns, as well as those of its general external appearance, are sufficiently ob\dous, as wUl appear on examination of the figures, to leave no doubt as to its specific difterencc from the tSha^JOo. The skuU and horns from Griffith's Afghanistan collec- tion, referred to in Dr. Horsfield's * Catalogue of Mammalia ' (p. 175), belong to the species. On comparing the skull with that of the Shcipoo, we observe a general resemblance. But it may be noted that the suborbital pits in the present species are smaller, deeper, and more rounded, the nasal bones are considerably shorter and more pointed, and the series of molar teeth (formed in each skull of three premolar and thi-ee true molars) measures only 2'85 instead of 3-20 inches in total length." -'o'- 3. Caprovis (Musimon) orientalis. (The Armenian Sheep.) B.M. Caprovis (Musimon) orientalis, Gra;/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. ] 72. *? Ovis orientalis, Blasius, Siiuyeth. Deutsch. p. 472, f. 249, 2.50 (skull and horns). Hah. Armenia; Erzeroom (C'w;:o J) ) ; Tunis (i^raser). (SeeBlyth, ' Lund aud Water,' Feb. 1867.) 4. Caprovis musimon. (The Moufflon.) B.M. . Capro\as musimon, Gray, Cat. Vngul. li. M. p. 173. Y [ Capra musimon, Masius, Sduyeth. Beutsch. p. 471, f. 247, 248 (skull). "^ Hub. Sardinia ; Corsica. 5. Caprovis arkal. Ovis arkal, Masius, Siiugeth. Deutsch. p. 409, f. 243, 244 (skull and horns). Hah. Borders of the Caspian Sea ; Turcoman. 6. Caprovis ophion. Caprovis musimon, var., Gray, Cat. TJnyul. B. M. p. 173. Ovis cvprius, Blasiiis, Siiugeth. Deutsch.^. A7Q,t2bl,252 {sk\A\&uA. horns). Ovis eyenica, Fitzinger. Hah. Cyprus ; Candia ; Corsica. a. Ovis anafolica, Valenciennes, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. p. 340. Hah. Bulgardash. Between 0. musimon and 0. tragehqjhus. 3. PSEUDois. 57 h. Argali. — Tail very short ; horns long, heavy, ivith the tips bent inivards, and ivith the tivo edges equally promineiit ; throat and sides loithout any dark streak. 7. Caprovis (Argali) argali. (The Argali.) B.M. Capra montana, Fischer. JEgocevos montana, Wagner. Caprovis (Argali) argali, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 174. Ovis montana, Baird, Mam, North Amer. p. G74, f. 593, and yax, f. 1608. Ovis argali, Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutsch, p. 468, f. 241, 242 (from Altai). Hob. Siberia, Kamtschatka, and Rocky Mountains. 8. Caprovis (Argali) bambhera. (The Bambhera or Bhaaral). B.M. Horns angular, compressed, closely wrinkled, turned almost into a perfect circle, their flat points directed forwards and outwards. It has a short disk on the tail, and no beard. Caprovis argali, var. 2, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 174, t. 21. f. 4 (skull). Ovis Hodgsoni, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 65 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, ■p. 129. Ovis amnion, Hodgson. Ovis ammonoides, Hodgson. Hah. Cachar region of Nepal (Eodgs.) ; Ladakh {Speke). " Ovis arc/all ex Mont. Himalay., J. E. Gray, the Ammon or Argali of the higher Himalayan ranges, the Banbhera of Nepal, and Ifyan of Thibet. It is, I believe, not yet quite certain that this magni- ficent Sheep is identical with Ovis amnion, Linn. (JEr/oceros argali, Pallas), of Siberia. Mr. Bljth's appellation appears to be the first given to the Himalayan animal. Two fine males and a female of this species are in the Museum of the East-India Company." 9. Caprovis (Argali) canadensis. (The Taye or Big-horn.) B.M. Caprovis canadensis. Gray, Cat. TIngid. B. M. p. 176. Ovis montana, Blasitis, Sdugeth. Deutsch. p. 470, f. 245, 246. Hah. North America : Eocky Mountains, California. B. Crumennone; skull without infraorbital pit ; tail moderate. 3. PSEUDOIS. Tail rather elongate, not tufted at the end. Forehead convex. Skin covered with thick fur, with a dark lateral streak. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 177, t. 22. f. 3.) 1. Pseudois nahoor. (The Nahoor, or Nervate, or Sua.) B.M. Pseudois nalioor. Gray, Cat. Ungid. B. M. p. 177, t. 22, f. 1 (head). Hah. Nepal, Ladakh. 58 OVIDJE. Var. burrJiel, Gray, 7. c. p. 178. Hab, Barinda Pass. " Ovis nahoor, Hodgson (0. hurrhel, Blyth ?) ; the Burrhcl or Bha- ral of English sportsmen ; Nahoor of Nepal. I confess I am not able at present to appreciate thoroughly the differences between the 0. nahoor and the 0. hurrhel as insisted on by Mr. Blyth. There are not sufficient specimens of the whole animal at present accessible to enable one to express a decided opinion on the subject. But. comparing the horns of 0. nahoor in the British Museum, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, with those of the only example of the Burrhcl in the same collection (being the specimen noticed by Mr. Ogilby in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 79, as obtained by Lieut. Thomas Smith, near the Barinda Pass, and referred to as belonging to this species by Mr. Blyth himself (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 6S), I can see but slight grounds for distinction, as far as the horns go. The spe- cimen in question is certainly coloured in an extraordinary way, being of a ' dark and rich chestnut brown.' The ordinary Burrhel {Ovis nahoor), as may be seen by the fine skins of both sexes of this species, obtained by Capt. Townely Parker, now before us, is of a light brownish ash-colour, white below, with the breast-mark, a stripe on each side, and a stripe down the front of each leg, dark chestnut. According to ' Mountaineer,' who has given an excel- lent account of the Burrhel and its habits in the ' India Sporting Review' (vol. vi. p. 152), these chestnut markings become black in folly adult males, and are ' most observable immediately after the animal changes his coat, which happens in July.' With reference to the Oi'ls hurrhel of Mr. Blyth, ' of a dark mahogany colour,' the same experienced observer remarks, ' Amongst some hundi'eds I have killed and many thousands I have seen in my excursions I have never met with but one variety.' This he describes nearly in the same terms as I have mentioned above. " The horns of the Ovh Polii of Central Asia arc sometimes brought to this country from the Himalayas ; but there is no reason to be- lieve that this animal occurs nearer to India than the plateau of VcimiT."—Schter, P. Z. S. 1860. 4. AMMOTRAGUS. Tail rather elongate, tufted at the end. Forehead concave. Chin covered with short hair, with longer hair on neck and legs. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 179.) 1. Ainmotragus tragelaphns. B.M. Amniotragus tragelaphus, Grai/, Cat. Uuf/td. B, M. p. 179, t. 22. f. 2, 3 (skull ). Uah. North Africa. DICRANOCERA. 59 Suborder II. DICRANOCERA. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. Horu-like promi- nences over the orbit on the frontal bone permanent, covered with a hairy skin and a deciduous subhorny sheath formed of matted hair. False hoofs none. In the ' Proceediogs of the Zoological Society ' for 1855, I men- tioned that the honi of the Prongbuck was " formed of agglutinated hair, that it was lined internally with a close velvet-like coat of short hairs, which were directed towards the top of the cavity, and that the edge of the base of the horn was furnished with a ring of hair." I observed that the " pecidiarity in the internal structure of the horns of the genus showed, like the branched external form, a similarity to the horns of the Deer, the haiiy horns being the ana- logue of the deciduous velvet of the Deer and the permanent hairy coat [on the horns] of the Giraffe." The pecuharity in the structure of the horn, which isolates the Cabrit or Prongbuck from the other hollow-horned Euminants seems to have been overlooked by the American naturalists ; and the spods of the animal are very rare in European museums. The hunters of America stated that the Prongbuck shed its horns ; but the systematic zoologists, who depended on the examination of the preserved skin and head for their facts, did not believe the assertion ; and, indeed, some went so far as to deny the fact. When the hunters at Fort Union said that the prong-horned Antelope di'opped its horns, Messrs. Audubon and Bachman (Quad. North America, p. 198) considered it a sufficient reply to show them that " the bony part of the horn and the hard spongy membrane beneath were well attached to the skull and perfectly immovable." They evidently had the deciduous horn of the Deer in their mind, and could not conceive any other manner of shedding the horns, not foreseeing that the homy sheath might drop oif the cores, which, if they had examined the structure of the horn and observed its internal fur, they might have anticipated as probable. Cassin, in the ' United- States Exploring Expedition' (p. 63), under Antilocapra americana, remarks, " Dr. Pickering, in his note under 24th August 1841, observes. Dr. Marsh assures me that the horns of this animal are shed annually, like those of the Deer." Dr. Colbert A. Canfield, who resides in California, sent an account of the habits of the Prongbuck (in which he states as a fact that " the horns drop off annually '') to Dr. Spencer Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution ; but his paper (which is dated Sept. 10, 1858) was not pubhshed until after Mr. Bartlett had recorded his observation of the same fact, observed on the animal in the Zoological Society's Gardens. Dr. Colbert Canfield's paper is printed in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1866, p. 105, and contains many very in- teresting particidars on the habits and manners of the animal. Dr. Canfield tridy observes that tlie horns of Sheep and Goats 60 DICUANOCERA. always have rings showing the growth of the horns, and that such rings arc not to bo observed on the horns of the Prongbuek. When Dr. Canfiekl says that " the horns drop off annually," and observes to Dr. Spencer Baird, " To convince you of this singular fact is my jjrincijjal object in making you this communication," he only intended to say that the horny sheath of the horns fell. The American hunters and Dr. Marsh must have intended the same, though Dr. Bachman and M. Audubon were deceived by the vague- ness of the hunters' words ; and even Dr. Marsh, when he added " like the Deer," could only have intended to say that the case of the horns falls annually, and not that the entire horn or antler falls, as is the case with the Deer. The shedding of the horns of Ant'dope capra had been previously noticed by Dr. Weiuland (Zool. Gart. 18G3, p. 255), who inciden- tally speaks of it as of an abnormal formation ; and more exphcitly by Hr. Martin (ibid. 1864, p. 254), who regarded the old shed horn, still adhering to the toj) of the new one, as the new horn which would gi'ow downwards to the base of the frontal bone. Mr. Bartlett, in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1865, p. 718, gave a very interesting and detailed account of the manner in which the horny case of the horn separates from the core, and how the new horny case is formed between the inner surface of the old case and the core. Mr. Bartlett, in this paper, endeavours " to prove that the Prong- buck's affinities are closer to the genus Cervus," to which he thinks " it is more nearly allied than to the Antelopes." Indeed he thinks he is " able to show that the horns of the Prongbuek are a modifi- cation of the horns of Cervus.'' In this view I think Mr. Bartlett is entirely mistaken, and that this theory obscures the otherwise very interesting details which he gives of the pecidiarities of this animal. In the hoUow-horned Ituminauts the bony processes of the frontal bone, which form the true horns of this group of animals, are per- manent, and are covered, in the Oxen, Sheep, Goat, and Antelopes, with a horny case, which is increased in size as the core enlarges by the addition of new laminfe of homy matter to the inner surface, especially near the edge of the sheath. The Gii'affes, on the other hand, have the same permanent cores, which are covered with a hairy skin, like the rest of the body, which covers the horn during the entire life of the animal. The horns of the Deer, with which Mr. Bartlett compares those of the Prongbuek, on the other hand, are only developed at a certain season of each year ; and while they are being expanded they are covered with a soft velvety skin containing a large number of large blood-vessels : these vessels become obliterated, and the skin falls off when the horns are fully developed ; and at the end of the sea- son the horns themselves fall off, leaving only a burr on the frontal bones. Now in the Prongbuek the core of the horn is permanent, vascular, and exactly like the core of the horns of the true hoUow-horned DTCEANOCERA. Q1 Ruminants, very unlike the deciduous horn of the Deer— show- ing the true affinity of the genus to the Antelope and Goat with which It has usually been associated. It indeed only differs from the normal structure of that of the animals of this group in the core being covered with a case formed of agglutinated hair, which falls off annually, and is rciilaced by another case formed between its cavity and the outer sm-face of the core. The surface of the core is covered with a vascular skin, which secretes this deciduous coat of agglutinated hair, like the vascular coat that secretes and gradu- ally enlarges and thickens the horny permanent case of the horns of Oxen, Sheep, and Goats. It is to be observed that the horny case of the core of all these animals is formed of agglutinated hair ; but the hairs of the horns of the Oxen, Sheep, &c. are more closely agglutinated and regularly placed, forming a denser substance than the porous horny case of the Prongbuck, in which the several hairs of which it is composed are to be seen by the naked eye, and some of them projecting beyond its surface. I think the above observation proves that the Prongbuck is more nearly allied to the typical hollow-horned Iluminants, with which it has been placed, than to the deciduous-horned Deer' with which Mr. liartlett proposes to unite it. Indeed it only differs from them in the outer case of the horn being porous and formed of loosely agglutinated or, rather, felted hairs, and in the case being deciduous and renewed annually, instead of being permanent and strengthened by internal laminae so as to form a hard horn. There is no doubt that this peculiarity of the structure and deri- vation of the sheath, or rather case, of the horns affords a very good character to separate the Prongbuck from the other hollow-horned Kuminants ; and I suggest that it should be formed into a fiimily, which should be called Antilocapridjd, of equal rank with BovidJ and GiEAFFiDiE, between which families it ought to be placed (Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. pp. 323-326.) After my notes on this family were written and the manuscript sent to the printer, I heard that Dr. Sclater had made some observa- tions on the genus at the British-Association Meeting at Notting- ham. _ I am very glad to find that Dr. Sclater agrees with me in the necessity of forming the genus into a peculiar family. Dr Sclater has adopted Dr. Suudevall's division of the Ruminants into two groups, according to the form of the foot ; but I think his change of Sundevall's term DigH'i>jrada into Phalcnujirirada is to be regretted, as adding a useless synonym. There is no doubt that the form of the placenta is an interesting physiological fact; but I doubt its applicability to zoological classi- fication. It is only to be observed at one period of the animd's life, and is only known in a very few species : for example, I am not aware that it is known in Antilocapra, the genus under considera- tion ; and if it differs in two genera so nearly allied as Trac/uJus and Moschus, which many modern zoologists consider specie's of one genus, what right have we to assume that it is similar in all the 62 ANTILOCAPRin.T.. genera of Bovidcv and Cervida-, more especially as the placenta of very few species of the large group of Antelopes and Deer is known. Dr. Sclater proposes to divide the Ruminantia unc/idigrada with placenta ])ol}'cotyledonaria,intope(7fs didactifli andpedes tetrad act ijli; but this character will not separate Antihcaprklcp from Bovidce, un- less he proposes to arrange several animals which have been called Antelopes, and which have simple horns with a permanent horny sheath, and which therefore do not agree vrith his other characters of the group, in the family Antilocaprida ; for the genera Nesotragus and Nanotragus, and one species of the genus Calotragus, are as de- stitute of false hoofs as the genus Ant'docapra. Dr. Sundevall con- siders the absence of this false hoof of so little importance that he places two species in the genus Cahtrar/us, one having large, and the other being entirely vrith out false hoofs. Dr. Sclater must have overlooked this fact when he says, " two other points in which the Pronghorn diifers from all the other Bovidct'" and proceeds, " in the absence of the ' false hoofs,' as the stunted terminations of the rudi- mental second and fifth digits of each foot are termed." (Gray, Ann. & ilag. X. H. 1866, xviii. pp. 468, 469.) Pronghorn {Ant'docapra). — " His horns lately seem to have di- verged a good deal ; and upon feeling the base of them it seems likely that they are about to be shed. When this happens the bony core is invested with a hairg sl-in, and the cuticle of the shin [!] hecomcs gra- diudhf thicl-ened and groivs out to become the new corneous sheath, of greater ultimate dimensions than its i)redecessor, until the full size is attained. But in this animal there is no shedding and renewal of the bone, as in the case of the Deer family." — F. Buclland, Land and Wider, Sept. 29, 1866, p. 228. The bony core is always in- vested with a skin, it is only new hair that is developed. Fam. 16. ANTILOCAPRID^. The bony process of the fi-ontal bone, over the orbit, covered with a porous horny coat, which falls off and is renewed annually. The horn or pseudo-horn (komoceras) of the Cabrit is sui generis. It is formed of the matted or felted hair of the skin that covers the core. It loosens and falls ofi' in the mass, when the new coat of matted hair is formed beneath it. The horns may be compared to the annual coat of matted hair which is shed by the American Bison and some other ruminants ; but in that animal the hair only forms a kind of blanket, and falls oflf in flakes of different sizes. Antilocapridse, Gray, Aim. S,- Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. pp. 326, 468 ; Sclater, Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. xviii. p. 403. Dr. Sclater also erroneously supposes that, after the horn is pftr- ] . ANTILOCAPRA. 63 fected and hardened, new hairs devclope themselves beneath the epi- dermis ! (I. c. p. 402). The bony processes of the frontal bone are covered with a skin that secretes an external horny coat, which is periodically deciduous the new horny sheuth beiug formed within the cavity at the base of the old sheatli. The horny sheath is formed of agglutinated hair some of the hairs being fi-ee at the outer part of the base The sheath, when first formed, is pale, soft, and flexible, but soon hardens and becomes black. It has a compressed projection or prong on the front edge below the tip. Intermaxillaries moderate, reaching the nasals. 1. ANTILOCAPEA. Horns erect, arising directly over the orbits, compressed at the base, with a flattened process in fi-ont, and ending in a conical re- curved tip. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none. Fur very short, close. Hair stiff, coarse, flattened, and wavy. False hoofs none. Inguinal pores none. Tail very short. Leo-s rather slender. Female horned. SkuU with no suborbital depres- sion ; nasal bones wider behind, Antilocapra, Graij, Cat. Vngul. B. M. p. 116, t. 15. f. 1, 2, 3 (skull) • ok^T'^'n^TA'- ?^- ^- P- ^^■^' *• > '^^"'■'^' ^- ^- ^- 1870, pp. .355, 659, bgs. 6, 7 (skull). 1. Antilocapra americana. (The Cabrit or Pronghom.) B.M. Antilocapra americana, Grai/, Cat. Um/id. B. 31. p. 117, 1. 15. f. 2 as Dicranoceros fiucifer ; S. Baircl, 3Iamm. N. A. p. 665, t. ; Miirie P. Z. S. 1870, p. 334 (anat.). ^ Dicrauoceros americanus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 174. ffah. North America. In the plains in summer, and in the mountains in winter. 2. Antilocapra anteflexa. The horns compressed, dark brown, rugose, rounded and curved and arched behind, compressed in front, becoming more so as they reach the supramedian frontal process. The a2:>ex subtrigonal, evidently compressed and angularly Imit foriuard rather aboTC the compressed frontal process, with a deep furrow rather on the inner side of the middle of the hinder part of the bend ; the inner edge of the recurved tip is rounded, the outer compressed, rather produced and shai-ped-edged; the extreme tip is roundish, tapering, with a white end. Antilocapra anteflexa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 10 (figure of boms). Hab. North America ? Mits. Derby, Liverpool. The colour, substance, and texture of the hair on the skin of the forehead attached to the horns exactly resembles that of the Cabrit or Pronghorn (Aniihccqva americana, Gray, Cat. Mam. P. M. p. 117) ; and if it were not for the very peculiar form of these horns, I should have been inclined to regard them as only the de- \ 64 DEVEXA. formed horns of that animal ; but both tlic honis arc alike and have the same peculiarities, which is not usual in malformations ; under these circumstances it appears better to regard them provisionally as belonging to a distinct species, to be established or erased from the list as further knowledge may decide. There can be no doubt of the position of the horns, as a part of the upper surface of the orbit is to be observed, with the remains of the eyelids and eyebrows, at the base of the left horn. In the Cabrit, or AntUocapra americcina, the horns are thick, rounded on each edge and produced into a compressed submechan frontal process, which is gradually bent towards the inner side. The tips of the horns are rounded, becoming nearly cyhndrical, and are gradually and regularly arched backwards and inwards, with a bluntish extreme end. The horns of the genus are peculiar for being lined internally with a close velvety coat of short hair, directed towards the tip of the cavitj' ; and the whole outer surface of the horn appears to be formed of agglutinated hair, some separate hairs being seen on the surface. The peculiarity in the internal structure of the substance of the horns of this genus shows, like the branched external form, a similarity to the horns of the Deer, the hairy horn being the ana- logue of the deciduous velvet of the Deer and the permanent hairy coat of the Gu'affe. The ring of hair round the base of the outer surface is to be observed equally developed in the horn from Lord Derby's collection and in that of the common Pronijhuch. (Gray, Anu. & Mag. N. Hist. 1856, vol. xra. p. 424 ; V. Z. S. Jan. 9, 1855.) SivATnERiiDiE. — Frontal bone with a central conical horn, and two lateral horns over the orbit, which is dilated and branched on the inner side ; nasal opening very large, like Elk. (Murie, Geol. Mag. 1871,vol.viii.p. 438.) Sivatherium g'lgantemn, restored, Murie, I.e. t. 12 and 13. Suborder III. DEVEXA. Front of upper jaw callous, tootlilcss. Horns far behind the orbits, permanent, on the coronal suture, between the frontal and parietal bones, covered '\\itli a permanent liairy skin, ending in a tuft of hairs. False hoofs none ; inter- maxillarics moderate, reaching to the nasals. Devexa, liHi/er, Prod. p. 104. Giraffina, Gran, Cat. U)if/u!ata, p. 180. The horn (dennocenis) is covered with a skin like the rest of the body and equally permanent, and with hair that is shed and renewed like the hair of the body, and ends in a tuft of hair. The false hoofs wanting. The intermaxillary bones of the skull moderate, reaching to the nasal. Muzzle hairy : lips rather elongate. very flexible ; tongue very long, prehensile. CAPEEOLI. 65 Fam. 17. GIRAFFID^. GirafRna, Gray, Cat. Ungiil. B. M. p. 180. Giraffidfe, Graif, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821, xv. p. 307 ; Ann. 8f Maq. N. H. IBGO/xviii. p. 326. Camelopardalidse, Sclater, Ann, 8f Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 403. 1. GIRAFFA. Lips not grooved, entirely covered with hair, much produced before the nostril, prehensile. Tongue very extensile. Neck very long. Body short. Hind legs short ; false hoofs none. Tail elongate, with a tuft of thick hairs at the end. Africa. Living on leaves of trees and shrubs, in herds. (Brisson, R. A. i. 37, 1763 ; Gray, Cat. Ung. B. M. 180, t. 23. f. 1, 2, skuU.) Camelopardalis, Rat/, Syn. 00. 1. Giraffa camelopardalis. (The Giraflfe or Camelopard.) B.M. Ghaffa camelopardalis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. (sknill). Hah. Africa, North, South, and Central. Ghaffa camelopardalis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 180, t. 23. f. 1 , 2 (sknill). Suborder IV. CAPREOLI. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. Horns placed be- hind the orbit, deciduous, covered when young with a deci- duous hairy skin, often wanting in the female sex^ sometimes in both sexes. False hoofs distinct. CapreoU, EUqer, Prod. p. 104. Ungulata, Subfamily 11., Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. 31., p. 182. The males (and sometimes the females) are periodically furnished with horns from the frontal bones, which, during development or expansion, are covered with a vascular skin coated with down, the skin falling off when the horns are perfect and solid, and the horns themselves faUing off at the end of the season. In some few the horns arise from the end of a permanent elongated bony process, as in the Muntjac. The antlers (epocliocerata) of the deer differ from the horns of other ruminants in being periodical developments of bone, which is at first covered with a hairy skin, that dries up and falls off. (Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.^lSGG, xviii. p. 326.) 66 BANQIFERIDJ^. t fforns deciduous, often wanting in the femah. Tarsi hainj on the hinder side. — Cerv'ina, Graij, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 182 ; Cerridte, Baird, Mam. N. A. p. 028. Fam. 18. ALCAD^. (The Elks.) Nose very broad, truncated, entirely covered with hair, with only a very small central muffle. Young not spotted. Horns expanded or palmated. SkuU : nose-hole very large, nasal very short. Arctic Regions. Deer of the Snowy Regions, Gray, Cat. TJmjnl. B. M. p. 186. AJcine Deer (Alcese), Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 186. 1. ALCES. Horns without an anterior basal snag, palmated. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 186, t. 26. f. 1, t. 27. f. l,head and horns; Baird, Mam. N. A. p. 629 ; Blasius, Siiugcth. Deutsch. p. 434.) 1. Alces malcMs. (The Elk or Moose.) B.M. Aloes malchis, Gray, Cat. Ungul B. M. p. 187, t. 26. f. 1, t. 27. f. 1 (slaill and horns). Alces americanus, Jardine ; Baird, 3Iam. N. A. p. 631, f. 817 & 832. Alces lobatus, Agassiz. Alces palmatus, Blasius, Siiugeth. Deutsch. p. 434, f. 231, 232 (series of horns). Hob. Northern regions of Europe and America. Fam. 19. RANGIFERIDiE. (The Reindeer.) Nose broad, entirely hairy, without any naked muffle. Antler with a large anterior basal snag on the crown, palmated at the end. Skull: nose-hole moderate ; intermaxillaries slender, just reaching the nasals. Young not spotted. Arctic Regions. Rangerine Deer, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 188. Rangiferinidae, Brooks. ■ 1. TARANDUS. Tarandus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 188, t. 20. f. 2, 3, t. 27. f. 2 (skull and horns). 1. Tarandus rangifer. (The Caribou or Reindeer.) B.M. Tarandus rangifer, Gray, Cat. Utigul. B. M. p. 189, t. 20. f. 2, 3, t. 27. f. 1 (skull and lioms). CERVID.E. 67 Rangifer caribou, Auduhon Sf Bach. N. A. Q. vol. iii pill t '> ■ Baird, Mam. N. A. p. 633 (fio-. horns). » • - ' Rangifer groenlandicus, Baird, Mam. N. A. p. 634, fig. (horns). Tarandus arcticus, Baird. Tarandus sylvestris, Baird. Cervus hastalis, Ar/assiz. Tarandus hastalis, Baird. Hob. Northern regions of Europe and America. Fam. 20. CERVID^. Nose tapering, with a well-developed moist, naked muffle. Face without any glandular streak up the front. Crumen distinct, generally well developed. Antlers well developed. Tail distinct. Skull with a moderate nose-hole ; intermaxillaries generally reach- ing the nasals ; suborbital pit distinct ; canines small, rudimentary. Fur of young spotted ; the spots often disappear with age, or are only apparent in adults when the animals are in high condition and have their short bright summer fur. Deer of Temperate and Warm Regions, Gray, Cat. TJngid. B.M.^. 193. 1. Metatarsal gland distinct, above the middle of the outside of the shank- bone or metatarsus. Eastern Hemisphere. The genera fall in the following order, according to the form of the tail : — 1. Tail very short 2. Tail elongate, ivith lonqer or clubbed. hair at the end. Cervus Antlers elaphine j J^^^^f^'^' Panolia..! itj , , Recm-vus. V Antlers rusine \ Wjelaphus. Rusa....| I'^'^is- Capreolus / , ,, ,. Elaphurus [ ^"*^^^^' capreobne. I. Elaphine Deeb. — Antlers with one or two distinct anterior basal snaqs close to the crown. Muffle broad and shaUotc, separated frorn the upper lip by a hairy band, with only a narroiv interruption in front. White anal disk distinct. — Elaphine Deer, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. 31. p. 193. a. Tail very short or very blunt. 1. CERVUS. Antlers round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a median an- terior snag, with the apex divided into two or more branches, accord- ing to the age of the animal. Tail short, broad, depressed, generally blunt at the end. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 193. t. 27. f 3 t. 28. f. 1.) f2 i> 68 cKRvrDJj. * Hoofs rather broad, semicirmilar. Pale anal dhk very large, extending above the tail. Hair in U'inter soft. Antlers with one or two basal snags, median and two upper snags on the front side of the beam. America. Steoxgyloceros. 1. Cervus canadensis. (The Wapiti, or American Elk.) B.M. Cerviis strongyloceros, Gi'ay, Knoivsley Men. t. 36 (male, female, and young). Cervus canadensis, Gray, Cat. JJngid. B. M. p. 193 ; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 638, f. 9 and 10 (Lorn and muzzle) ; Wolf, Zoological Sketches, tab. xix. Elaphus canadensis, Dekay. Hah. North America, from east to west. ** Hoofs narrow, triangular. Pale anal disk not extending above the tail. Tail moderate. Hair harsh. Western world. Cervus. t Head short. Tail short, blunt at the end. Median and ujjper snags in front of the beam. 2. Cervns elaphus. (The Stag.) B.M. Antlers ; basal snags often in pairs : the merlian and upper snags on the front of the horn, the upper ones generally in pairs. Cervus elaphus, Gray, Cat. Ungtd. B. M. p. 195 ; Blasius, Siiuqeth. i>«/fcc/t. p. 139, f 233-2.35 (boms). Cervus corsicanus, Bucheran, Archives du 3Ius, vol. vi. p. 81 & p. 488, t. 23. f. 10 & 13 (horns), t. 26 (animal). Hab. Europe and North Africa, Assyria, North-west Asia, Amur- land ? tt Head short. Upper snags of the horns m the hinder side of the beam. 3. Cervus barbarus. (The Barbary Deer.) B.M. Antlers with basal and median snags on the front of the horn, subterminal snag on the inner hinder margin. Cervus barbarus, Gray, Cat. TJngnl. 7?. Tlf. p. 197; Knowsley Menag. t. 37 (male, female, and young). Hah. North Africa: Barbary, Tunis, Atlas Mountains. 4. Cervus cashmeerianus. (Hungal or Kashmir Stag.) B.M. Head short. Upper surface of the tail dark brown. Anal disk moderate, black-edged. Basal snag double; median .snag in front of horn; subapical snag on hinder side of beam. - ,--—=— Cervus casperianus. Gray, ©irt". Osteol. p. 147/: Cat. Ungul. B. M. t. 27. f. 1, 3 (skull and horns). Cervus casbmeerianus, Falconer, Pal. Mem. i. p. 676, f.; Sclater, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 3.39. Cervus Wallichii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 79; Grm/, Cat. Bones B. 31. p. 2-58 ; Knowsley Menag. p. 160; Cat. Ungul. p. 197; Jerdon,Mamm. India, p. 250 ; Kinloch, Thibet and North India, p. 44. Kashmir Stag, Blyth, Journ. A. S. B. x. p. 747. h 1. CEBVUS. ,69 Cervus cashmerensis, Falconer's MS. ; Gray, Cat. Ost. Spec. li.M. . The Shu or Thibetan Stag, Cunniiujham, Ladakh, 1854, p. 201. CeiTus cashmeriensis, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858. Cervus cashmu-ensis, Sclater, List of Vert. Zool. Soc. 186G, p. 47. Hab. Cashmere. " Cervus nariyanus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 393, t. 8, said to come from Gnari or "Western Thibet, is probably the same animal." — Sclater. Dr. Falconer presented the horns with a label C. casperianus in his own handwriting. He afterwards objected to this name, and said he had always called it Cervus cashnieeriensis ; and now we are informed it is always called C, cashmeerianus. See Falconer's ' Memoirs.' 5. Cervus affinis. B.M. Basal snag often double ; median snag on front and upper or hinder side of beam. Cervus WaUichii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 504 ; F. Cuv. Maiiiin. Lithog. p. .356. Cervus afnnis, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. p. 721 ; Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 199 ; Jerdun, Lid. Mamm. p. 251. Cervus thibetanus and 0. elaphus, Hodgson. Shou, Hookers Himalaya Journ. ii. p. 110. Hab. Sikkim, in. Choombi VaUey {Dr. Campbell). a. Stag from Pekin, allied to C. elaplms, Leadbeater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 368. Cervus xanthopygus, A. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sc. 'Nat. Zool. viii. p. 376 ; Rech. des Mamm. t. 21 ; Sclater, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 342. Ilab. Pekin (domesticated). Head elongate ; fur greyish ; anal disk large. ttt Head elongate, narrow, pointed. Tail rather longer, acute at the end. 6. Cervus maral. (The Maral.) B.M. Antlers slender, with two basal anterior snags ; median snag on the front, and subterminal snag on the inner side of the hinder part of the beam. Tail white above; anal disk large, black on the sides. Cervus elaphus, Pallas, Zuoqr. Eoss.-Asiat. i. p. 216. Maral, M'Neill, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 11. Cei-vus maral, Ogilby, Rep. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 22 ; Gray, Knowsley 3fena(/. t. 40, 50 ; Sclater, Wolfs Zool. Sketches, ii. t. 12 ; Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 336, t. 19, p. 338, I 4. Cei-vus WaUichii, Graij, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 197. Hab. Circassia, Persia (McNeill) ; coasts of Black Sea ; Cau- casus ; Armenia ; North Persia. Cervus Wallii'hil was established by Cuvier from a copy of General Hardwicke's drawings sent by M. Duvaucel, and published in Cuvier's 70 CERVID^, ' Mammiferes,' t. 356, from an animal obtained in Nepal. Mr. Blyth thinks it may be the Hungal (^Cervus casJimirensis), and Dr. Jerdon the Shou (Cervus affinis) ; but in either case it cannot be the Caucasian Deer. a. Cervus cameloides, A. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1867, vii. p. 377. Eab. Mandshuria. Not described. b. Tail elongate, acute at the end. 2. PSEUDAXIS. Antlers round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a median on the front, and a suag above it on the hinder side of the beam. Tail elongate, tapering, with longer hair at the tip. Fur spotted ; anal disk white, with black cross band at base of tail. 1. Pseudaxis taivanns. (Formosan Axis.) B.M. Fur pale yellowish brown, white-spotted ; rump and uppcrside of tail black. Cervus axis, Cantor, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 174. Cervus pseudaxis, Eydoux Sf Soideyet, Voy. Bonite, p. 64, t. 3 ; Pucheran, Arch, du Mus. vi. p. 416, and 4»9, t. 24. f. 2, 8 (horns) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 644, 1871, p. 237. Axis pseudaxis, Gray, Cat. TJnqul. B. M. p. 214. Cervus taiouanus, Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xxix. p. 90; P. Z. S. 1861. Cervus taevanus, Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 376, 1862, p. 152, t. 16 Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 34-5; Wolfs Zool. Sketch, ii. t. 14. Cervus taivanus, Blyth, Cat. p. 148 ; Sclatcr, Trans. Zool. Sac. vii. t. 33, 34. Hah. Formosa (SivinJioe). Pucheran says these auimals are obtained from Java and the Sunda Islands ; but most probably they were carried there. He says the mule of C. axis and pseudaxis is said to be fertile. " Mr. Swinhoe sent an adult male and female and a younger animal, which were shot in the gardens of the Summer Palace at Pekin in the winter of 1860. " The male agrees in most particulars with the account of the Cervus pseudaxis of Eydoux, figured by Gervais in the ' Voyage of the Bonite,' and its horns with those of the same animal figured by Dr. Pucheran iu the ' Archives du Museum ' (vol. iv. t. 24. f. 2-8). The specimens having been procured in the wiutor, agree with the figures of the animal in that state on M. Gervais's plate. Mr. Swinhoe thought it might be the Cervus Wallichii of Cuvier ; but it has no afiinity to that species." (Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1861, viii. p. 338.) The animal which has been figured under the name of Cervus pseudaxis was obtained by MM. Eydoux and Soideyet in Java, but they did not believe that it was a native of that country. It lived several years in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and hence a series of its horns was procured and figured ; and while there it bred with 2. PSEUDAXIS. 71 the common Axis, and the male produce was fertile (see ' Archives du Museum,' iv. p. 421). Some naturalists have given the Sooloo Islands, near the Philippines, as the habitat of this specimen, but I do not know on what authority. The Formosan animal seems also to be much more spotted in the winter season than its Japanese ally (Musa japonica), which nearly lost its spots in the Zoological Gardens during the winter of last year. The old male is furnished with a kind of mane ; that is to say, the hair of the neck is longer and more rigid than that of the rest of the body, except just over the tail, where it is also elon- gated and rigid. The fur of all the three specimens is long and very close, much more so than in its Japanese ally. The male is rather paler in colour and less spotted than either of the hornless spe- cimens ; it has only an indistinct, rather darker line of rather longer hair between the withers ; and it has a large blackish space of rigid, rather longer hair over the base of the tail. On the other hand, both the hornless skins have a distinct, weU-marked black dorsal streak, which is wider, more distinct, and formed of longer hair on the back of the neck; and they have only a broad, weU-marked black edge on the upper surface and side of the white anal disk. The tail in all the specimens is white, with a black streak along the middle of the upperside of the base. In this respect it also agrees with M. japonlca. I may state that the distinctions of this species of Stags are very difficult to describe by words ; yet the aUied Deer from different countries are generally to be best distinguished by their size and habitat ; and that may be the case with this and the other small BuscB which are described as coming from Timor, the PhiUppines, and Formosa. The two skulls which accompanied the skins present a considerable difference in the form and depth of the preorbital pit : and this ob- servation is of some importance, as the size, form, and depth of this pit has been regarded by some zoologists as presenting a good spe- cific distinction ; but I have observed a similar difference in skulls of apparently the same species of the genus Cariacus. The skulls are not of the same age ; but I do not think that this can have any effect on the form or depth of the pit. The skull of the male is of a young animal, the hinder grinder being in the course of deve- lopment ; and the horns are simple, without any snags, like the horn figured in ' Arch, du Mus.' vi. t. 24. f. 2, but even wanting the basal snag, and they are covered with hair. In this skull the preorbital pit is large, subtrigonal, and not quite so deep as it is wide, rounded at the base. The skuU of the female is rather larger, and belongs to an adult animal, with all the grinders well developed. In this skuU the pit is oblong, not so broad as long, and very much deeper (I shoidd say, nearly twice as deep), aud has a large aperture at the hinder part of its base, evidently for the transmission of some vessel, which is not to be seen in the skuU of the male. 72 CEEVID^. The male skull has short canines, not produced beyond the sur- face of the bone ; the female has the holes of smaller canines which have fallen out. 2. Pseiidaxis mantchurica. B.M. Dark brown ; rump and upper part of tail black ; paler and white- spotted in summer. Cervus WallicLii, Sivinhoe, P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 1.34. CeiTus pseiidaxis, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 236, t. 27. Cervus hortulorum, Sivinhoe, P. Z. ?>. f. 2, 3. Cervus virginianus, Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 641?, f. 12 (horns) ; S'chreber, Suppl. v. t. 257 /» ; Puiheran, Arch, du Mus. vi. p. 305. Cariacou, Bujfun, Kat. Hid. xii. p. 347, t. 44 (female). Oervus ramosicornis, Blainnlle. Hah. North America. It is larger in the northern parts and mountain-regions, and gradually becomes smaller as found more south and near the sea-coast. ^ 2. Cariacus leucurus. (The Long-tailed Deer.) B.M, Fur in autumn yellowish grey, clouded with grey, and not lined with dusky ; chin entirely white, with a small dusky spot on the edge of the lower lip ; anal region, but not buttocks, white ; tail reddish above. Mexican Deer, Pennant, Quad. i. t. 20. f. 1 (horns only). Cariacus leucui-us. Gray, Cat. llmiul. B. M. p. 230 ; Wolf, Zool. Sketches, i. t. 20. Cervus leucurus, Spencer Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 659, t. 5. f. 14-18 (horns) ; Piicheran, Arch, du Mus. vi. p. Cervus mexicanus, H. Smith, Cuv. A. K. iv. 1. 163. f. 3 (horns). Cervus macrurus, Rajinesque, Am. Man. Mag. 1847, i. p. 436 ; Ham. Smith, V. p. 316. Hah. N. America : Columbia River (Lord) ; Upper Missouri and Upper Platte (Baird). The horns figured by Pennant are in the British Museum, and were refigured by Hamilton Smith ; but the name Mexican Deer is scarcely applicable to an animal said not to inhabit that country. The horns figured by H. Smith, under the name of Cervus clavatus, iv. t. . f. 4, may belong to this species. It is peculiar for having a large club-shaped process from the underside of each horn ; but this is probably an irregularity of growth. 3. Cariacus similis ? Cervus similis, Pueheran, Arch, du Mus. vi. p. 362, t. 26. Cervus affinis, Pueheran, Compt. Bend. 1849, p. 77, not Hodgson. Hah. Unknown (Pueheran). There are two skulls ^vith horns, purchased of Mr. Cuming, iu the British Museum, without any locality, which arc very similar ; the horns differ considerably from those of Cariacus Kin/itiiaiins and (i 2 84 CERVID^. C. leucurus by the beam being shorter, stouter, and ascending so that the tips are much above the base of the horns. They have a long subbasal aud two elongated compressed snags on the hinder side. The animal figured by M. Pucheran as C. simiUs, Arch, du Mus. vi. p. ;:!62, t. 26, would probably bo very like the horns here referred to when a little more developed. There is a female American Deer, which the Museum received from the Zoological Society, and which is entered in the Catalogue of their Museum published in 1835, p. 39. no. 354, the Woodland Deer, C. nemomlis, H. Smith, from South America, which may be the female of this species. The fur is ashy brown, rather rough, paler beneath ; the sides of the head and nose, the upper Hp, guUet. and throat white ; the upper margin of the muffle and back edge of the nostrils, a spot on each side of the chin dark brown ; orbits whitish ; tail the same colour above as the back, blackish at the end and white beneath. The hair of the chest is whorled. There is a pair of horns also iii the Museum, 681 v, without habitat, which probably belong to this species. They differ in the upper part, of the beam being much more slender, and in having only one, submedian suag on the upper surface. ** Horns short, the beam suberect, rather arched forward, icith one, rarely two snar/s on the hinder side of the upper part. (Cuv. Oss. Foss. iii. t. 5. f. 19-2±) Central or South America. •^ 4. Cariacus mexicanus. (Acidliame.) B.M. Fur brown, punctulated with yellow ; forehead and crown blackish, with hair cUverging from a central longitudinal Hue ; legs grey ; tail same colour as the back above, underside and tip white ; upper lip and hinder part of lower lip black ; spot on sides of nostrils and lower lip white ; upper part of tail like back, margin and tip white ; sides ^ 1 '^*) of nose and chin brown ; a narrow white streak behind the brown *t/ on the nose. Male and female from Costa Eica. ^^ AcuUiame, Hernandez. Chevi-euils d'Amerique, Daubent. Bufon's H. N. \\. p. 24-3, t. 37. f. 1, 2 (horns, good) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 36, t. 5. f. 19-22. Mexican Deer, Pennant, Quad. (part, from Buffon). Biche de Savannes, La Borde, Buffon s H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 126 (young in winter) ; Cvvier, I. c. Kiclie des Paletu\-iers, La Borde, Buffon' s H. N. Suppl. iii. p. 126 (adult male ) ; Cuvier, I. c. ^ Cervus mexicanus, Gmelin, S. N. i. p. 179 (from Pennant) ; Schreber, V. p. 1122 ; Waaler, Suppl. iv. p. 378, t. 351a (vei-y bad) ; Lichten- stein, Darstellunff, t. 18; Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 6o3 (from Souora). Cariacou, Biffon, Dauhenton, Hist. Nat. xii. p. 347, t. 44 (female) ; Ihicheran, Arch, du Mus. vi. p. 363 (fr-om Cayenne). Mazame, F. Cunier, Mamm. Lithoc/. 1832, t. ^ Cariacus savanuanun, Cabanis Sf Schomhurgk, Beisenin Brit. Guian. iii. p. 785 : Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 236 (from Guiana, ouly slightly indicated). Cervus spinosus, Gay Sf Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, p. 94 (from 12. EUCERTUS. 85 liorn of M. Poiteau, from Cayenne), fig. ; Ciivier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. '22 a ; Gmi/, Cat. Ungid. B. M. p. 236. ,U Cerviis Goudotii, Gat/ ^ Oervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1840, p. 94 (horn 1 ^ /•yi.t*^*'^ I from New Granada, lyrate, half the size of those of C. a.iia, and ' with only a single posterior basal snag). , Cervus gynniotis, Wicfjmann's Isis, 1833, p. 963 ; Ahhild. Stii/r/eth. t. -viii. ; Schreher, Sihif/eth. v. t. 247 2 & 247 A- (good ; male, female, and voung ) ; Suppl. iv. p. 380 ; Pucheran, Arch, du Mies. vi. p. 363, t. 2o (male), t. 23. f. 2-10 (horns good). 4- Cervus nemoralis, Ham. Sinitk, iv. p. 137, t. (colouring not good) ; Wagner, Suppl. iv. p. 383 ? ; Pucheran, Arch. chi. Mus. vi. p. 36.3 (from Honduras). Texian Deer (Mazama mexicana), Gray,Knoxvsley Menag. t. 46 (male and female in winter). Hub. Central America : Costa E,ica (Salvin, B. M.) ; Oaxaca, S. Mexico (skull and horns, E. M.) ; Vera Cruz (Salle ; horns, B: M.) ; Texas (Lord Derby) ; Cayenne (Buffon) ; Guiana (Schonihurcjk) ; Honduras ; Santa Fe de Bogota. In T>ichtenstein's work the figures of the horns look rather larger than the specimens wc have in the Museum ; but it is to be observed they scarcel}^ exceed the length of the head, and are described as 5| inches long. The ears are not more naked than the other species. There is a pair of horns verj^ similar to the series from Mexico and Costa Rica, but differing in the beam being more elongated and arched forward in front. Ham. Smith identifies his Deer with the liorns from Cayenne figured by Cuvier, and with a specimen from Cayenne and Hon- duras, but the haimches are represented too white. There is a skull in the Museum (52, 12, 26, 160) which evi- dently belongs to this group, with horns much more slender, but otherwise similar ; and the skuU is much jiarrower for its length, and has the preorbital pit oblong triangular at the base, instead of nearly circular. It was received from the Zoological Society in 1852 as having come from S. America. It also differs considerably in having the hinder openings to the nostrils much narrower and the palate stronglj' keeled in front of thom, which is not found in the other skull from Mexico. It may be distinguished as Cariacus ' lejjtoceplialus). 12. EUCEEVUS. Horns rather curved forwards and outwards ; subbasal snag on the inner side, but some distance above the base ; median snag ante- rior, furcate ; upper snag posterior, making the antlers bifurcate, iletatarsal gland large, elongate. Hoofs rather elongate. Tail hairy beneath. (Gray, Ann. k Mag. N. H. 1866 ; Cat. Ungul. B. M. t. 34. f. 4, as Cariacus.) Cervus, Section C, Spencer Baird, Mam. N. A. 637, figs. 19-22. Horns like those of BlaMocercus, but curved, and generally with a subbasal snag. Euccrvus is characterized by the horns being doubly forked, the 86 CEKVIB^. forks being nearly equal. There is sometimes a smaU snag on the inner side of the lower part of the beam ; but this is ofteu wanting. The outside of the metatarsus has a large elongated gland. Hoofs triangular, narrow. The skull broad ; suborbital pit large, tri- angular. The skulls of both sexes are described in my ' Catalogue of Ungulate Mammalia in the British Museum,' p. 283. There are two weU-described species found in the Western States of North America. The Long-eared or Mule Deer of the Western States of North America are very imperfectly known in Europe ; and the examina- tion of the horns, which I had not before seen, has shown me that they have been very erroneously placed with the genus Cariacus. Dr. Speucer Baird, in his excellent work on the Mammals of North America, has formed for them a distinct section of his genus Cervus. The Cariaci or Savanna Deer have the upper part of the beam of the horns curved forward, with the upper branches arising from its hinder edge ; they generally have a single subbasal snag some dis- tance from the base ; and the outside of the metatarsus has a short broad gland. The skull is elongate, narrow, and the suborbital pit is small. The Mule Deer, on the contrary, have a doubly forked sub- erect horn, like the genera Blmtocerm and Furcifer of South and Tropical America. They differ from both these genera in having a large elongated gland on the outside of the metatarsus, rather dif- ferently formed horns, and a broad short skuU. 1. Eucervus macrotis. (The Mule Deer.) B.M. Anal disk and tail white, end black ; end of nose and upper lips black. Ears very large. Fur very thick, brown, with subterminal white rings ; dorsal line dark blackish ; tail club-shaped, white. Cariacus macrotis, Orm/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 234. Eucervus macrotis, Gray, Ann. 8,- Mciff. iV. H. 18C.6, xviii. p. 339. Cervus macrotis, Gray, Knowesley Menay. p. 87 ; Spencer Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 650, figs. 10, 20 (horns) ; Schreber, Siippl. v. t. 247. f. ; Pucheran, Arch, clu Mus. vi. p. 369. Cervus hippelaplius (part. ), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. p. 43, t. v. f. 35. llab. North-west America : Cumberland R., Port Colville (J. K. Lord; B. M., two specimens). 2. Eucervus columbianus. B.M. Anal disk none ; rump like back. " Tail cylindrical, hairy and white beneath, almost entirely black above." ^ Cervus columbianus, Richardson, F. B.-A. t. 25; Spencer Baird, Mamm. N. A. p. 659, f. 22, 23 (horns), t. 23. f. 2 (feet). _ Eucervus columbianus, Gray, Ann. Sj- Mag. N. Hist. 1866, xviii. pp. 338, 339. - Cervus Lewisii, Peale, U. S. Ex. 1848, p. 39 : Gray, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 239. <\i\us Kichardsonii, Aud. .S- Bach. N. A. M. u. p. 211, I., ni. p. 47. " t. 106. 13. BLASXOCEKUS. g7 Cariacus punctulatus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 232 ; P Z S 1850 p. 23t), t. 28. ^ ' • > Cerf de Colombia, Pucheran, Arch, du Mus. iv. t. 23. f. 1 (adult horns) Black-tailed American Deer (Mazama americana), Gray, Knowslei'i Menay. t. 44 (summer) and t. 45 (winter). Hah. North America : California, Columbia, Oregon, S. Francisco fS. Diego. ' Mr. Titian Peale describes the hoofs of his Mule Deer as ditfei-ent from those of the Black-tailed Deer ; but Dr. Spencer Baird says that the hoofs of both the species he describes were alike and slender ; so that perhaps Mr. Peale's animal may be a third species of the genus, characterized by the hoofs, like the Elk and the Wapiti. Dr. Spencer Baird refers Cervus punctulatus (Gray, P. Z. S. 1850, t. 2S) to this species with doubt ; but he states he has not been able' to refer to the figure. Most probably, as it came from California, it does belong to this species ; but, unfortunately, the skin was not preserved when it died. 3. No metatarsal gland on the aider side of the bone. The antlers ivithout any anterior basal snag. V. The GuAZVs.—Atdkrs erect, forked. Gland and tuft of hair on the outsule (f the metatarsus wanting. ^ 13. BLASTOCERUS. (The Guazu.) Antlers ascending, straight, erect ; median branch anterior, fur- cate ; upper branch posterior, rarely wanting. Tail very short. Ears krge. Eur soft. Skidl with a wide oval, rather deep, preorbital pit; intermaxillaries reaching to the nasals. (Gray, Cat Ungul. B. M. p. 223, t. 35. f. 1, head and horns.) ^ 1. Blastocerus paludosus. (The Guazupueu.) B.M. Large. Horns stout, much granulated. ^ Blastocerus paludosus. Gray, Cat. Ungid. B. M. p. 224. Cervus paludosus, Lichtenstein, Darstdhmg, t. 17 (male and female) ; H. Smith, iv. p. 134, t. (horns, bad). Uah. South America : Brazil and Paraguay. _ The horns vary in sharpness and length of the snags, and in the distinctness of the granulations. ^ 2. Blastocerus campestris. (The Mazame or Guazuti.) B.M. Horns slender, moderately rough. Blastocerus campestris. Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 224, t. 35. f. 1-3 (head and horus). Cervus campestris, Lichtenstein, Darstelbing, t. 19 (male, femiile, and young) ; Schrehrr, Siippl. v. t. 2ol h ; Hamilton Smith, iv. p. 13G, t. Cervus leucogaster, Schreber, Suppl. v. p. 1127. Hah. Northern Patagonia (Darwin); Brazil and Paraguay. 88 CERVID^. 14. FURCIFER. Horns erect, without any basal snag. Ears narrow, acute. Tail short. Pur thick, rather brittle, waved hairs. SkuU with a tri- angular, rather shallow suborbital pit. IntermaxiUaries broad, tri- angular, not reaching the nasals. Furcifer, Gray, Cat. U)u/id. B. M. p. 226. Hippocamelus, Zeiickart. Cervequus, Lesson (from Molina). 1. Furcifer antisiensis. (The Guemul or Tarush.) B.M. Furcifer auti.^iensis, Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. 31. p. 22(3. Cerviis chilensis, Gay ^- Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, p. 91, t. (skuU). Cervus antisiensis, D' Orhiyny, Voy. Anier. Mer. t. 20. Hah. Boli\-ian Alps and Peru ; Chili {Molina, Gay). Mus. Paris. The skull in the British Museum. Travellers in Chili have mentioned a two-hoofed animal, called Guemul, or Huamul. It lias been so indistinctly indicated that Mo- lina regarded it as a Horse, Hamilton Smith as a Llama, and the compilers (such as Leu(kart and Lesson) considered that it might be a peculiar genus, for which they gave the compound names of Ilip- pomrnelus and Cervequus. M. Gay (1838) regarded it as a new genus, but did not give a name to it. In 1846 MM. Gay and Gervais, when preparing a work on the Mammals of Chili, described a young specimen in the I'aris Museum without horns under the name of Cervus chile nsix ; aud M. Philippi, in Wiegmanu's Arch. 1870, p. 46, says that M. Gay's animal is the same as Cervus antisiensis, D'Orbigiiv. As the first skin we received of Capreolus leucotis was seat from the coast of Cliili, I thouglit that it was the long-lost Guemul of Molina ; but M. Philijjpi, who lives at Santiago, says that C. leucotis does not inhabit Cliili. The skin was probably obtained, like Mr. WTiitely's specimens, from the Penivian Andes. lleferences to the works of the compilers are given in my ' Cata- logue of Ungulata,' p. 227. ♦ VI. The Gi'EMULS. — Antlers erect, with conical snays, and the larye hori- zontal basal posterior branches with reyiilar conical snays. No e.vternal metatarsal yland. 15. XENELAPHUS. The horns divide from the base into two branches ; the front one is erect, conical, and acute, M-ith a short conical branch on the outer side, aud one or two more or less elongate basal anterior or interior snags in the middle. The hinder i)art of the base and sheath compressed, diverging horizontally into a strong, angular, tapering branch, which is nearly as long as the erect one, with several irre- gularly placed, more or less elongate, acute processes ; the upper part, near the roots, with one or two cylindrical diverging branches 15. XENELAPHCS. 89 on its upper and lower sides. Like the small branches on the erect part of the horn, they are not exactly similar on the two horns. Xenelaplius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 498, fig. (horns of male, skuU of female). . . Anomalocera, Gray, Scienfi/ic Opinion, 1869, October; Phihppt, Wicymanns Archiv, 1870, p. 46. The metatarsus is without any glandular tuft on the outside. On the inner side of the hock is a large rounded tuft of such hairs. The fur consists of thick, elastic, tubular quills. The skull has a well- marked, deep, triangular pit in front of the orbit, and well-deve- loped canines in both sexes. The female is without horns. It has been suggested that, as I have only seen one specimen of the male, the horns may be those of an individual monstrosity, and not of the normal form ; but this I consider to be very doubtful. If they are not quite of the normal form, it is clear they are not a mon- strosity of the regularly forked horns of Furcifer. 1. Xenelaphus leucotis. Capreolus leucotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 64, t._12. Capreolus ? huamel. Gray, Knoicsley Menay. p. 66. Furcifer huamel. Gray, P. Z. 8. IhoO; Cat. Unyul. B. M. p. 22/. Anomalocera huamel. Gray, Scientific Opinion, 1869, p. 385. Xenelaphus huamel, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 497, f. (horns), p. 498, f. (skull of female). , , no-r. a,-- Anomalocera leucotis, Fhilippi, IJ legmann s Arch. ISiO, p. 4b. Hcth. Peruvian Andes. From Tinta. Male, female, and young in B. M., and skuUs of female and In" 1849 the Earl of Derby received from his brother-in-law, from the coast of Chili, an imperfect skin of a female, which he sent to the British Museum. The fur was of a different colour from that of the specimen described by MM. Gay and Gervais ; and, finding the animal to agree in size, colour, and kind of fur with the Koebuck of Europe, I described and figured it, in the ' Proceedings' of the Zoologi- cal Society for that year, under the name of Capreolus leucotis ; and in the ' Proceedings ' of the Society for the next year, and m my ' Catalogue of the Two-hoofed Quadrupeds in the British Museum,' p. 227, I regarded it as a species of Furcifer, under the name of F. "*Mr Whitely, junior, sent from Tinta, in South Peru, to the British Museum a perfect male, female, and fawn of this species, and some skulls of the female, which induced me to regard the Cervus chilensis of Gay and my Capreolus leucotis as different stages of the same species, as those then received agree with Gay's description oi the Touno- animal in the Paris Museum and are m the yeUow state of the fur but the female exhibits in the middle of the back some of the dark fur of the animal (sent by the Earl of Derby) whidi I described • but M. Philippi, in a recent paper above quoted, states decidedly thnt the Cervus chilensis is a synonym of C. antisie^isis, 90 CERTIDJi. which is the Guemiil of Molina, and that C. leucotis is not found in Chili. This animal is very like the Koebuck of Europe, but \Yithout any glandular tufts on the outer side of the metcatarsus. The horns are verj' peculiar, and unlike those of the Roebuck, or of the Tarush or lloebuck of Bolivia {Fitrclfer antisiensis), which is the type of the genus Furcifer. The male now obtained had a well-developed but rather unsym- metrical pair of horns, which are so unlike the horns of any other Deer that I propose to form for them a genus, which I proposed, in the first short notice of it in ' Scientific Opinion,' to call Anomalocem ; but finding that name preoccupied, in the more detailed account of it I changed that name to Xenelaplius. There is in the British Museum a male Deer, purchased from the Zoological Society, August 1851, said to have come from South America, rather more than 2 feet high at the withers, which has only small knobs in the place of horns. It is of a pale brown colour, more dusky on the head, back of the neck, shoulders, and outside of the legs ; a distinct yellowish streak over the upper edge of the orbit ; the inside of the upper part- and the front edge of the thighs and the underside of the tail white. It has no appearance of natural metatarsal glands. The ears are moderate and nakedish. The nose and middle of the chin is dark blackish, -with a large triangular spot on the front of the upper leg, and a narrow white cross band imme- diately iinder the front of the lower hp ; so that it differs from Ca- riacus and Coassus in the colouring of the nose and chin, and from the former in the want of the metatarsal gland. It agrees in some respects with the figure of C. paludosus ; but the whole upper part and forehead are black, and the underside of the tail white, and the legs are not black as represented by Lichtenstein. It cannot be the original specimen oi punchdatu!^, which must have been living about the same time ; for that was a female, and had the base of the ears and the orbits and the abdomen white, and it had a white spot behind the dark part of the nose, and a black tail, as is well represented in Wolf's figure. It may be temporarily named Homdaahus Inornatus. There was in the Zoological Gardens in 1850 a female Deer much smaller than Canacus virgmianus. The fur was a very deep reddish brown in summer, with a distinct subterminal band on the hair grey- brown in winter. It differed from C'lriacus in having no visible metatarsal gland. I described and figured it in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 239, t. 28 (Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 232). Spencer Baird, probably on account of its habitat, refers this species, with doubt, to Cervus cohnnhiunvs ; but says he has not been able to consult the figure. The want of the metatarsal gland, and the small size of the animal make me think it is probably a Coassus or a Blastocerits. rnfortunately the skin docs not appear to have been preserved. 16. coAssus. 91 VII, The Brockets. — Antlers simple, ruch'menfan/, shelvim/ back. Ko metatarsal (/land cm the outside of the bone. Croivn tufted. Suborbital jnt deep. Front of upper lip, under nostril, and front of chin white. South America. 16. COASSUS. Face elongate. Ears short and broad. Crown -with long hairs di- rected backwards, and forming a crest at the base between the horns. Crnmen small, circular. Hair smooth. Horns simple, subulate. Small white spot quite in front of the upper lip. Fawn spotted ; dorsal line one-coloured. Skull with a deep triangular suborbital pit ; interraaxillaries triangular. (Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 44 and 50 ; Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 238, t. 35. f. 4.) The skulls of the females have not the preorbital pit so deep as in the males. The preorbital pit in the skulls of C. rufas are not so large as in C. nemorivagiis, comparing sex with sex. In a skull of a female fawn of 0. riifns in the Museum, no. 684 c, the jnt is shal- low, and differs in size and depth on the two sides. There is also one skull, no. 6846, of an older female received from Para, which is said to have belonged to C rufus ; and it is only slightly concave in front of the orbits, without any distinct pit. In the skulls of two males, of very different sizes, in the Museum, the intermaxillaries just reach the nasals ; in the skulls of two females they stop a short distance fi'om those bones. We want a larger series of skuUs of au- thentic specimens to study the value of these modifications. I. Coassus nemorivagus. (The Guava Vi'ja.) B.M. Fur iiniform pale brown ; underside of body and inner side of limbs rather paler, with a distinct streak on the forehead before the front of the eye. Fawn pale rufous, with many distinct white spots, separate on the haunches. Coassus nemorivagiis, Gray, Cat. Utiyul. B. M. p. 237 ; P. Z. S. 1850, p. 240, t. 22 (male), 23 (female), and 27. f. 1, 3, 5. Cervus nemorivagus, Lichtenstein, Darstell. t. 21 (male and female). Coassus simplicicornis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 268. Hah. Bolivia ; plains near Santa Cruz de la Sierra {Bridges). Male with long horns. The fawn is very like the fawn of C. rufus, but rather paler, but was sent by Bridges from the same locality as the adult. Both species may be found there. 2. Coassus simplicicornis. (The Brazilian Brocket.) B.M. Fur pale brown, punctulated ; hairs Avith a pale subterminal ring, without any superciliary streak. Fawn with large pale spots, a scries of them on the haunches, confluent, forming an oblique Hue. Skull with a deep triangular suborbital pit, rather more shallow in the females. Cervus simplicicornis, Illi(ier ; Prince Ma.vimilian, Abbild. t. ; Ham. ^, 92 CERTID.E. Smith, p. 141, t. ; Sdwrnhnrgk, Seisen in Britisch Guiana, iii. p. 7^0. Coassus nemorivagus (part.), Gerrard, List Lours in B. M. p. 268. Hah. Brazil; Balua ; British Guiana (r side of the base. Skull rather broad ; the cheek-pit very large. Cervulus eurvostylis, Gray. Hah. Siam : Pachehon {Mouliot). May be only an accidental variation ; but if so, it is extraordinarily regular. Length of tooth-Une 2;^ inches. ^ 3. Cervulus tamulicus. (Barker.) B.M. 8kull : tooth-line shorter than in C. moschatus, 2^ inches long ; cheek-pit smaller, more circular. Cervus nunitjac, Si/krs, P. Z. S. 18.31, p. 104. Kaleeatoo, or Stag Deer of the Taniouleans, Hardwiche. Hah. Southern India : the Deccan {Syhes 6f Elliot). " Deep chestnut, becoming browner as the animal grows old. Had many bred in his park, and never observed the young to ])e spotted." —Elliot. a. Cervulus vaginalis. (The Kijang or Muntjac.) Cervidus va- ginalis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 217. Hah. Sumatra ; Java. b. Cervus (Muntjac) pMlippinus, H. Smith, GriiSth's Anim. King, iv. p. 187, t. 164. f. 5, V. p. 803. Hah. PhiHppine Islands. •* Head xhort. Skidl short, broad. Nuse from the front of the orbit the same lemjth as from, the front of the orbit to the occiput. Cheek-pits very larr/e. Molars broad, forming a short series. 4. Cervulus Reevesii. (The Chinese Muntjac.) B.M. Fur reddish, minutely punctulated with yellow-grey ; nape and back of the neck with a distinct black central line ; outside of the legs blackish brown. Fawn darker, jnuictulated ; sides of face, throat, and underpart of body pale vellowish ; crown and nuchal streak black. (Skull, tab. 2. f. 3.) I ] Cervi(( Eeevesii, Gray, Cat. Unqul. B. M. p. 220 ; 8icinhoc, P. Z. S. iAM^ I 18(32, p. 361, 1870, p. 644. Hah. China. Found from Canton to Ningpo, and in Formosa (Sivinhoe, B.M.). Length of skull o| inches ; length of nose from front of orbit 2| inches ; length of tooth-line l§ inch, of nose beyond tootli-line 1| inch ; intermaxillaries short and broad ; width of lower edge of orbit 21 inches. T. II. f. 3. M0SCHIDJ5. 05 tt Antlers none. Canines well developed, often Ion (). The tarsi sometimes naked on the hinder side. — Moschina, Grm/, Cat. TJngxd. B. M. p. 241. Fam. 22. MOSCHIDtE. Throat and hinder edge of the tarsus covered with hair. The median metacarpal bones united into a single cannon. Intermaxil- laries reaching the nasals. The placenta divided into a great num- ber of cotyledons. Stomach quadripartite. Moschidse, Sclater, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 403 ; A. M.- Edicards, Ann. Soc. Nat. xviii. p. 120. 1. HYDROPOTES. Male -wdthout any odoriferous gland on the abdomen. Crumen modei'ate. Fur very thick, formed of thick, erect, bristle-, prickle- like hairs, aiiuulated at the tip : hinder part of tarsus covered closely with hair. Skull with a deep triangular pit before the orbit; nose- hole oval, contracted above and below ; intermaxiUaries reaching the nasals. Hydropotes, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 90. 1. Hydropotes inermis. B.M. Hydropotes inermis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 90, t. 6, »& t. 7 (skull). Hyelaphus porcinus, Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 510. Hah. China : Port Chingkiang. Sold in Shanghai market. " Measurements taken from the stuffed skin of an animal about three-quarters gro^vn : — Length from nose to rump 29 inches, of tail 3, of fore leg from shoulder 18, of hind leg 20, across the eye -7, across the nose -7; length of head 6-75, of ear 3^, of canine tooth 1-1. " General colour light chestnut, stippled with black, redder on the head and back of ears. Eound the nose, eyebrow, chin, and throat pure white. Inside of ear light buff, whiter near base, its outer edge, at tip, black. Neck paler, its under portion plain-coloured. Shoiilder, fore and hind legs, and tail light brownish chestnut. Belly pale buff-white. The chestnut colouring of the upper parts deepens along the back, and pales downwards on the sides. " The hair of the nasal I'egion very short. At the corner of the lower lip springs a tuft of stiff white hairs. Bristles about the muzzle short and few. Eye small. Ears well clothed inside. Hair coarse and stiff, of the neck and rump longest. Each hair of the upper body is flattened, and undulates from side to side, or is zigzag in its length, giving it in some views quite a spiral appearance. I notice the same peculiarity in the corresponding hair of the Moschus. Each of these hairs in our animal is white frpm its base for the greater part of its length, then blackish brown, ending with a light 96 MOSCHID.E. chestnut tip ; thus, the hairs overlapping each other, the chestnut tips give the general ground-colour, and the blackish rings the stippling. " Fore ler/. Length of hoof in front 1'25, breadth of each segment •75 : length of hind toe -75, its breadth '45, raised about "75 above the sole of the foot. " Hind leg. Length of hoof 1 ■!.'■', breadth of each segment '63 ; length of hind toe '60, its breadth -45, raised above sole of foot 1-30. " They crouch in the reeds and long grass, admitting pretty close approach, and then, rising with a bound, spring away. They were generally put up singly or in twos and threes. In running they cock their ears, round their fore legs, bend up their hind legs, hog their rumps, and scurry away with little quick leaps, very much after the manner of a Hare. The heavy shot soon bowled them over. AVTien they ran across the cultivated fields, the Chinese shouted after them and set their barking curs to pursue them. " The Chinese at Shangliai call this animal the Ke ; but at Chin- kiang they are called Chang — the classical term for the Muntjac (Cervuhis lleevesi). The Chinese dictionary comj^iled under autho- rity of the Emperor Kanghe describes the Ke as ' Stag-like, with feet resembling those of a dog, has a long tusk on each side of the mouth, and is fond of fighting.'" — Sivinlioe, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 89-92. 2. MOSCHUS. Cnimen none. The hinder part of tarsus hairy. Fur thick, elastic, brittle. Males with an odoriferous gland in the middle of the abdomen. Young, and sometimes the adult, spotted. Tail very short, rudimentary. Snowy region of Asia. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 242 ; A. M. -Edwards, Ann. 8ci. ]S"at. 1864, p. 119.) 1 . Moschus moschiferus. (The Musk.) Moschus moschif.TUS, Crai/, Cat. Unf/ul. B. M. p. 244; A. M.-Ed- warcl-i, Ann. Sci. Xaf. 1804, ii. p. li9, t. 4. fig. 1 (skeleton). Hah. Thibet ; Nepal (not Bengal, as said by M. A. Milne-Edwards, p. 164). Var. 1. Eur spotted. Moschus sibiricus, Pallas ; Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. 31. p. 243. Moschus moschiferus, var. maeulatus, A. M.-Edwanh, I.e. p. 120. Var. 2. Fur banded. ^loschus altaicus, EseJiscJioItz. Moscluis nioschit't'rus, var. fasciatus, A. M.-Edwards, I. c. p. 119. Var. '■'>. Fur uniform. La forte Musque, Davhenton. ]\Ioschus moschiferus, Schreher, drag, Cat. Vngnl. B. M. p. 244. Moschus moschiferus, var. concolor, A. M.-Edirards, I. c. p. 121. Moschus leucogaster, Grag, Cat. Cngul. B. M. p. 245. TRAGTTLID^. 97 Var. 4. Grej'-browu ; ears, throat, and chest bright yellow. Moschu8 chrysogaster, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 245, t. 25. fig. 1 (skull). Hab. Nepaul. Fam. 23. TRAGULID^. Throat and hinder edge of the tarsus bald and callous. Fur close-pressed, soft. Throat white-streaked. Young coloured lilce the adult. The median metacarpal bones united into a cannon. Skull : intermaxillary broad, reaching to the nasals. Placenta dif- fused. Stomachs three. Cutting-teeth in an interrupted series, the middle broadest. Stomach quadripartite, and divided into a great number of cotyledons. Moschina II. (Pigmy Musks), Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 246. Tragulidse (part.), A. 31. -Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 18G4, ii. p. 121 ; Sclater, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 403. 1. MEMINNA. Chin entirely covered with hair. Hinder edge of the metatarsus covered with hair, with a large, smooth, naked prominence on the outer side rather below the hock. Fur white, striped, and spotted. Legs shoit. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 246, t. 24. f. 2, skull ; A. M,-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, tab. 3. f. 2.) 1. Memiima iudica. Meminna indica, Gray, Cat. Ungtd. B. M. p. 246, t. 24. f. 3 (skull). Tragulus meminna, A. 3I.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, ii. p. 125, t. 3. f. 2, t. 10 (osteoL). Hab. India, Ceylon. 2. TRAGULUS. Throat and chin nakedish, subglandular, with a callous disk between the rami of the lower jaw, from which a baud extends to the fore part of the chin ; hinder edge of the metatarsus naked and callous. Fur soft, not spotted. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. il. p. 248, t. 25. f. 3, skull: A. M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, tab. 7-9.) The male has the hinder part of the vertebral column and pelvis covered with an expanded bony disk, formed by the ossified dorsal fascia (Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 226, fig.). M. A. M.-Edwards figures it as only covering the 2)elvis(Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, tab. 4. f. 2). It has not been observed in the female specimen. M. A. M.-Edwards <)8 TKAGULII)^. figures the pelvis of Mem'mna without any bony expansion (/. r. tab. 10. f. 7). n. Throat yellow. Streak on each side of lotverjmv and three on loioei- part of throat white, all separated. Nape teithout any dark central streak. 1. Tragulus Stanleyanus. (The Stanley Musk.) B.M. Fulvovis ; chest and abdomen white. Tran-ulus Stanleyanus, Gray, Cat. Unyul. B. M. p. 249, t. 25. f. :1 (skull) ; Gleanings, Knowslei/ 3Ienay. t. 3.3; A. M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, tab. 3. fig. 1,' tab. 7 (foetus). Hah. India (not Singapore). b. Chin and throat white, with a brown diverging .streak on each side of the throat, and a cross band separatitig throat from the chest. Nape with a dark central streak. 2. Tragulus javanicus. (The Napu.) Fur pale brown, intermixed with black -tipped hairs. Neck and throat-streaks dark brown, grizzled with white, the latter separate above ; sides of face and forehead fulvous : middle of belly white. Tragulus javanicus, P«//f/.s, -SJpeW;. Zool. xiii. p. 18; Gray, Cot. Ungvl. li. M. p. 249; A. M.-Edumrds, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, ii. p. 123, tab. 2. fig. 1 (jun.). Tragulus napu, A. M.-Echvards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, ii. p. 123, tab. 2. fig. 2 (bad, adult), tab. 4. fig. 2, tab. 8 (skeleton). Hah. Java and Sumatra. T. napu of Milne-Edwards is the adult, and his T. javanicus the young state of this species. In his figure of javanicus the under part is represented too grey. 3. Tragulus fulviventer. Fur pale brown, intermixed with darker hairs ; neck and throat- streaks rather more yeUow ; throat -streaks narrow, close togethei-. or confluent above ; nape-streak black ; belly white, more or less yellow-varied. Moschus kancbil, Jlorsfield. Tragulus affinis, Gruy^,List of Mammalia B. Mus. 1843, p. 173; P. Z. S. 1861, p. 138 (desciibed). Moschus fulviventer, Gray, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 65. Tragulus pygma3us, var. 2, Gray, Cat. Unyul. B. 31. i. p. 250. Tragidus kancbil, A. 3I.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1864, p. 122, tab. 2. fig.3(?). Hah. Java {Horsfielcl) ; Camboja (Mouhot). There is no specimen in the Museum agreeing with M. A. M.- Edward's figure in having a blackish head ; in one specimen the lateral streaks on the throat are very narrow on the sides and inter- rupted, and the middle of the beUy is more than half fulvous ; this is HTEMOSCHID^. 99 the specimen I named MoscJuis fuhlventer ; but the two specimens from Camboja and the one from Java have also the belly varied with fulvous. 4. Tragulus pygmaeus. Fur dark yeUow-brown with, numerous black hairs ; neck and throat-streaks more golden, broad, confluent, and forming a central streak above, with a cross streak at their upper end. Nape-streak black. Belly white, more or less yellow-varied. TraguUis pygmfeus, Gray, Cat. Umjul. B. M. p. 250. Tragulus kanchil. Hah. Java ; India. This may be only a variety of the preceding ; but it is to be distin- guished by its brighter and darker colours, and by its wider neck- streaks. Fam. 24. HYEMOSCHIDtE. Horns none. Canines often elongate. Back of the tarsus bald, callous. The median metacarpal bones separate in all ages ; the metatarsal bones at first distinct, becoming united into a single bone. Intermaxillaries short, not reaching the nasals. The placenta not divided into cotyledons, but diffused as in the Hog and Horse. The stomach is tripartite. Africa. 1. HYEMOSCHUS. Lower lip and chin rather nakedish, with scattered hairs. The hinder edge of the metatarsus hairy, with a large callosity on the outer side near the heel. Two lateral toes elongate, with large tapering hoofs. The intermaxillary is very short, oblong, trun- cated behind, and placed on the front end of the truncated maxilla. The fur spotted like Meminna. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M n 247 t. 25. f. 2, skuU.) • 1 » Dicroceros, Lartet J^ Gervais. Fossil. 1. Hyemoschus aquaticus. (The Boomorah.) B.M. Hyemoschus aquaticus, Grai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. n "^48 t 2o i 2 (skuU) ; A. M.-Edwar(h, Ann. Sci. Nat. 18G4, ii. p. l^a'tab. 3." f 3 (animal), tab. 11 (skeleton). Hah. Western Africa : Sierra Leone and Gambia ; Senegal. h2 100 CAMELID^. Suborder V. TYLOPODA. Jaws with eight cutting-teeth above and below. Horns hone. Toes elongate, with a broad pad beneath. Hoofs com- pressed. False hoofs none. Upper lip dependent, slightly hairy. Horns and crumen none. Tylopoda, IlUger, Prod. p. 102. Camelina, Gray, Cat. Ungulata, p. 251. HydrophoraB, Ciray, London 3Ied. Repos. 1821, xv. p. 307. Fam. 25. CAMELIDtE. Nose produced. Upper lip dependent, naked in front, and en- tirely covered with hair. Horns or crumen none. Ears elongate, moderate. Cutting-teeth eight in each jaw; canine teeth in each jaw. Neck long ; leg-s rather long ; thigh free by the body (like those of Men and Apes). Nose-hole rather large, narrow. Inter- maxillary elongate, reaching the nasals. Placenta not divided into cotyledons as in the Horse and Pig. Camelida3, Gray, London Med. Repos. 1821, xv. p. 307 ; Ann. Sf May. N. H. ser. 3, xviii. p. 326 ; Sclater, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. ser. 3, xviii. p. 433. 1. CAMELUS. Back with one or two humps. Tail short, tufted. Toes broad ; sole nearly orbicular, only separated in front. Grinders &, the an- terior one isolated, conical, like a canine. Eastern hemisphere. Camelus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 252, t. 23 (skull). 1. Camelus arabicus. (The Sghimel or Dromedary.) B.M. Back with a single hump. Camelus arabicus, Gray, Cat. Ungtd. B. M. p. 252. Hah. Deserts of Arabia. Naturalized in North and West Africa, India, and South Europe. 2. Camelus bactrianus. (The Mecheri or Camel.) B.M. Back with two humps. Camelus bactrianus, Gray, Cat. Ungid. B. M. p. 253, t. 23. f. 3, 4 (skull). Hab. Mongolian deserts. 2, LLAMA. 101 2. LLAMA. Back even, not humped. Tail short and hairy. Toes slender, narrow, separated in front. Grinders f , the anterior conical one of Camelus being absent. S. America, Llama, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 254, t. 24. f. 1, 2 (skulls). Auchenia, Illiger. * Skull short; nose short, broad; namls rather broad, short; lachry- mal openings none. Legs elmigated ; hinder without any appearance of elongated warts. Vicugna. 1. Llama vicugna. B.M. Uniform brown. Face covered with short hair, and elongate hair on the temples. Llama vicugna, Gray, Cat. Ungvl. B. M. p. 256, t. 24. f. 2 (skull). Hah. Peruvian Alps. ** Skull short; nose short; nasal bones very broad, short; luchrxjmal openings distinct, large. Legs short. Pacos. 2. Llama pacos. (The Alpaca.) Fur very long, pendent, black, or black varied with white or brown. Llama pacos, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M.^. 2m; Wolf s Zool. Sketches, Alpaca, Murie, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 580, t. (sheared). ffab. South America. Domesticated. *** Sktdl elongate; nose elongate, slender: nasals slender; lachrymal openings distinct and large. Legs elongated; hinder xvith elonqate warts Llama. "^ 3. Llama guanacus, (The Guanaco.) Fur uniform brown. Legs elongated, slender. Llama guanacus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 257. Llama pacos (fera), Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 260. Ilcd>. South America, temperate part as far south as the islands near Cape Horn. 4. Llama glama. (The Llama or Yamma.) Fur brown or variegated. Legs elongate, slender. Lama glama. Gray, Cat. Ungid. B. 31. p. 260, t. 24 f 1 Llama, Murie, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 580, t. 44 (sheared)l Hah. South America. Domesticated. "Although both Llamas and Alpacas have been bred repeatedly in the Gardens in former years, yet since 1860 no offspring has been produced. 102 CAMELID^. " Until lately it has never been thought necessary to shear the ani- mals of their long coats (that is, those in our Gardens), although in their native country, according to Colpaert, on the Alpaca this ope- ration is performed every two or three years. " On our male Llama the fleece has always remained perfect, until the operation of shearing was performed about the end of last August. On the female Llama, which is along with this male, it was different, as during this summer the fleece became ragged and partially dropped off", which circumstance suggested the shearing of the others. This fact is significant, and at variance with the re- corded observations of the late Earl of Derby in his celebrated Knowsley collection. Upon this subject he says, * Unlike sheep, these animals never shed their coats.' " The same may be said of the Alpacas as of the male Llama, their fleeces exhibiting no signs of falling off. " The operation of shearing was performed as ordinarily in sheep, and the quantities obtained were as follows : — From the brown- and- white male Llama about 14 lbs. ; from the black female Alpaca 8 lbs. ; and from the black-and-white male Alpaca 8| lbs. Colpaert, one of the most recent authorities on these animals in their South- American haunts, does not compare the weights and value of the fleece in the two domesticated and two wild varieties ; but he says that the Chi- nela, a variety of Alpaca, yields the most esteemed and heaviest kind of fleece, but it is rare that it surpasses 6 or 7 lb. " As depicted in the plate, the Llama has more clearly a spotted ai^pearauce than when the fleece was upon it ; this may partly be on account of the original intertwining of the fibres of the two dif- ferent colours, and still more, no doubt, by the then accumulation of dirt and smoke which blackened the surface. The two Alpacas did not alter in colour so far as to make any marked difference in theii' asjject. " The neck in all three shorn animals appears to have a far greater length proportionally to the body ; and the same remark apphes to the hind legs, the thighs of which are seen more than usually free fi'om the body — a character of the family Camelidce. The body in contour is entirely transformed ; and the rough sheep- or goat-like hairy carcass, the awkward, uncouth, disproportionate body, with its naked flanks and generally scraggy look, detract from grace in the animals, and render their appearance more remarkable than beau- tiful. " From their peculiar gait and slouching ungainly manner, if but a hump were present, they would at once recall to mind a tottering young Camel." — Murie, I. c. V y^ /^Sa Printed by Tayloi; aud Feaxcis. Ked Lion Court, Ficet Street. Tai.l G.rCFcrrcL. TfoAexn Bro s inrp . l-Nesotra-^LrvrngstaEoain-Ls- 2 Neot-ra-g-LLs saltiaxiiis . Ta-b.IL i %V. O-.H.Fori. MmtPTTiBros xim> 3 CervulLLS Reevesai 4. Ad^noLa,Lecliee . g. TsJo.m. &H,Fori , 5 Pelia capreola. 6.Damalispyg-ai-g£ HvRntem Bros Tinp . Tab. IV. G-H.ForSL.. MTntem.'Bros Tircp ! •'^> '■"■■.•"