i> J ir nj nj -D a a i a ! m ; CD [From Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of N. F., Vol. V.] CATALOGUE OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT PANAMA, WITH NOTES ON THEIR SYNONYMY, STATION, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. BY C. B. ADAMS, of £001032, &*., in READ BEFORE THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, MAY lOra, 1852. NEW YORK: R. CRAIGHEAD, PRINTER, 53 VESEY STREET. 1852. X PREFACE. THE reader of the Introduction to this work, and of Dr. Gould's Introduction to his great work on the Shells of the United States' Exploring Expedition, may be struck with the coinci- dence of opinions relating to the geographical distribution of species, and to errors in the statement of their habitats and distinctive characters. The coincidence is so exact, that it might naturally be supposed that these opinions originated in a single source. Such was their origin ; but that source was the book of nature. It was not until after both Introductions had been written, that opportunities occurred for a free inter- change of views with Dr. Gould. It is therefore with the liveliest satisfaction that we derive assurance of their correctness, both from the extent and accuracy of Dr. Gould's knowledge and also from the coincidence of the results of independent investigations. With much pleasure I acknowledge my great obligations to JOHN H. REDFIELD, Esq., for his assistance in carrying this little work through the press. The delay in printing the first three or four sheets was so great, that it became necessary to employ another printer and to work off the sheets without revision by the author. Owing, however, to the accuracy of this printer, and to the care of Mr. Redfield, very few, if any, errors worthy of notice appear, which are not chargeable to the manuscript. iy PREFACE. Some errors have been detected, and if many more should not be discovered by others, we shall be agreeably disappointed. We have, however, some confidence that they will not exceed in magnitude those which we have endeavored to eliminate from Conchological literature. All are liable to error : but it may be reasonably expected, that, as YD Astronomy rude approxima- tions have been repeatedly corrected with successive advances towards absolute accuracy, so in Zoology the errors respecting geographical distribution and the characters of species will be gradually eliminated. A real advance towards accuracy, how- ever small, will be an ample reward for a labor which has been performed con amore. For other valuable assistance, especially in the preparation of Indices, I have been indebted to THOMAS BLAND, Esq. Some of the sheets having been issued while the work was in press, the dates at the bottom of the first page of each sheet may be taken for the dates of the publication of the new species. CATALOGUE OF WORKS REFERRED TO- [In respect of works consisting of many volumes, of which only a few have been referred to, we have cited these volumes and their dates only.] Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia : Proceedings. 1849. " " Journal; old series, vol. ii. 1821. " " " new series, vol. i. 1849. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York; vol. i. 1824. Annals and Magazine of Natural History; vol. viii. 1851. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; vol. xxvi. 1832; vol. for 1835. Annales du Museum; vols. xv., xvi. 1810; xvii. 1811. Annales nouvelles du Museum; vol. i. 1832. Anton : Verzeichniss der Conchylien, &c. 1839. Astrolabe, Voyage of: Mollusca. 1830-5. Beechey's Voyage, Zoology of. 1839. Bligh Catalogue. 1822. Blainville: Malacologie et Conchyliologie. 1825. Fauna Franchise ; Mollusca. Bonanni: Recreatio Mentis et Oculi, &c. ; Latin edition. 1684. Bonite, Voyage of : Mollusca. 1844? Born : Testacea Musaei Ctesarei Vindobonensis. 1780. Boston Society of Natural History: Proceedings. 1849, 1851. British Museum, Catalogue of Anomiadee in. 1850. Brocchi: Fossiles Subappenines. 1814. Brooke: Introduction to the Study of Conchology. 1825. Buffon: Histoire des Mollusques; vol. v. by De Roissy. 1803. Burrow: Elements of Conchology. 1825. Chemnitz: Conchylien Cabinet ; vol. iv. 1780; x. 1788. Chenu : Illustrations Conchyliologiques. 1840, 1843, &c. Le£ons Elementaires. 1847. Children: Lamarck's Genera. 1823. VI CATALOGUE OF WORKS REFERRED TO. Crouch : Introduction to Lamarck's Conchology. 1826. Cubieres : Histoire des Coquilles. Da Costa : Elements of Conchology. 1776. D'Argenville : La Conchyliologie. 1742. " 1757. " 1772. Davila: Catalogue Systematique, &c. 1767.'1 Dekay: Report on the Zoology of New York. 1843. Deshayes: Traite Elementaire de Conchyliologie. 1838. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, par J. B. P. A. Lamarck; 2e edit., vols. vi.-xi. 1835-45. Do.; edit, tert., Bruxelles. 1844. Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles; vols. x., xi. 1818. Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle; vol. v. 1824. Dillwyn: A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. 1817. D'Orbigny: Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale ; Mollusca. 1843-6. Duclos : Histoire Naturelle, &c. ; Genre Olive. 1835. " Columbella. Encyclopedic Methodique ; vol. ii. 1824. Vers; vol. ii. 1830; iii. 1832. Eschscholtz: Zoological Atlas. 1833. Favanne : D'Argenville, La Conchyliologie. 1780. Gould: Expedition Shells. 1846-51. Invertebrata of Massachusetts. 1840. Gray, Mrs.: Mollusca. 1850. Gray: Descriptive Catalogue. 1832. " Spicilegia Zoologica. 1828. Griffith: Cuvier's Animal Kingdom ; Mollusca. 1834. Gualtieri: Index Testarum Conchylioruni. 1742. Guerin-Meneville : Magasin de Zoologie, &c. ; vols. of 1833, 1835. Hanley : Conchologist's Book of Species. 1842. Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. 1844, teste Jay. Heck: Iconographic Encycloptedia ; edited by Baird. 1851. Humboldt : Recueil d'Observations, &c. ; the Mollusca by Valenciennes in vol. ii. 1833. Jay: Catalogue of Shells ; 4th edition. 1850. Kiener: Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes. 1834-52. Knorr: Vergnugen der Augen und des Gemuths ; vol. i. 1757; iii. 1768. Klister: Systematisches Conchylieri Cabinet. 1837-51. CATALOGUE OF WOEKS REFERRED TO. Vll Lamarck: Histoire Naturelle dcs Animaux sans Vertebres; vols. v.-viii. 1818-22. Lamarck: Systenie des Animaux sans Vertebrcs. 1801. Linnajus : Museum Ludovicse Ulricas Suecite Reginse. 1764. Systeiua Naturae; edit. 10th, vol. i. 1758. " " another 10th edit. 1760. " " another 10th edit. 1767. " " edit. 12th. 1767. " " edit. 13th, by Gmelin. 1788. " Turton edition. 1806. Lister: Historia Conchyliorum. 1678. " Dillwyn's edit. 1688. Martini: Conchylien Cabinet; vol. ii. 1773; iii. 1777. Menke: Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum, &c. 1830. Montfort: Conchyliologie Systematique, &c. 1810. Miiller: Synopsis Novorum Testaceorum, &c. 1836. Penny Cyclopaedia; vol. viii. 1837; xxii. 1842. Perry: Couchology. 1811. Potiez etMichaud: Galerie des Mollusques, &c., du Museum Douai. 1838. Philippi: Abbildungen und Beschreibungen, &c. 1842-50. Petit: Journal de Conchyliologie. 1850-1. Reeve : Conchologia Iconica. 1842-52. " Conchologia Systematica, 1841-2. Elements of Conchology. 1846-52. Revue Zoologique; vols. for 1838, 1840-2. Roux: Iconographia Conchologica. 1828. Say: American Conchology. 1830. Schroeter: Einleitung in die Conchylien-Kenntniss, &c. 1783. Schubert et Wagner : Supplement to Martini and Chemnitz. 1829. Schumacher: Nouveau Systeme des Vers Testaces. 1817. Sowerby, G. B. : Species Conchyliorum. 1830. Catalogue of Shells in the Collection of the Earl of Tanker- ville. 1825. G. B., Jr. : Conchological Illustrations. 1841. Conchological Manual. 1839. " " Thesaurus Conchyliorum. 1842-52. " James : The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells. 1824. Stark: Elements of Natural History ; vol. i. 1828. Sulphur, Voyage of. 1844. Venus, Voyage of: Mollusca. 1846. Wiegmann : Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 1839, 1840, 1844. Vlll CATALOGUE OF WORKS REFERRED TO. Wodarch: Introduction to Conchology; 4th edit. 1831. Wood: General Conchology. 1815. " Index Testaceologicus. 1818. " " Supplement to. 1828. " " " Hanley's Supplement to. 18451 Woodward: Manual of the Mollusca. 1851. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, &c. 1845-51. Zoological Journal ; London. 1825-35. Zoological Society of London, Proceedings of. 1832-52. " « " Transactions of; vol. i. 1835. INTRODUCTION. ON THE MARINE ZOOLOGICAL PROVINCE OF PANAMA. Panama is situated near the middle of a well defined marine zoological province. Perhaps none of the species of testaceous Mollusca, (to which part of the Fauna our remarks are limited,) which inhabit the neighboring seas, exist south of 22° S. lat., or north of 28° N. lat., or west of the Gallapago Islands. All of the few examples of species, which are sup- posed to have a wider range, are more or less doubtful. Some species which inhabit the northern part of the province, and others which inhabit the southern part, may overlap the boundaries between this and the adjacent provinces. But these species present only the usual difficulty in attempting to define the limits of a zoological province. The most definite and satisfactory method of defining the limits of this province, is to place the boundaries at the ex- treme limits of the range of about 99 per cent, of the species which inhabit its middle regions. Thus it will be seen that several of the species which inhabit Panama also in- habit G-uaymas, in the Gulf of California, nearly in 28° N. lat. ; but none of them inhabit San Diego, which is near 33° N. lat. In the same manner the southern limit is found near the boundary between Peru and Chili, between 22° and 24° S. lat. The reason why the range of the species south of the equator is several degrees less than on the north side, is ob- vious in the Antarctic current, which sets along the west coast of South America. In like manner, on the eastern 6 Panama\Shells. INTRODUCTION. coast of North America, a polar current appears to extend the Arctic Fauna of marine shells to 41° N. lat., and the cold current along the shores of the Middle and Southern States seems to limit the tropical Fauna to about 26° or 28° N. lat. on the coast, although on the east side of the Gulf Stream it extends to the Bermuda Islands in latitude 32° N. It will be seen also in the following pages, that a large number of the species which occur at Panama were collected by Mr. Cuming at the Gallapago Islands. But if any of the species occur in the Polynesian Islands, the number does not exceed three or four, and in these cases the specific identity of the shells is very doubtful. The western boundary of the Panama province may therefore be made to include only the Grallapago Islands. Thus, in the language of one hypothesis, climate prevents the dispersion of the species to the north or south ; and the Antarctic current setting over from the coast of Peru to the Gallapagos, has favored their dispersion to those islands, and the broad sea beyond has restrained them from any farther dispersion westward. Perhaps this is as favorable an illus- tration as can be found of the doctrine of physical causes ac- counting for the distribution of the individuals of each species rom a single centre. Yet this doctrine is obviously a mere hypothesis. If it be granted that these mollusks can travel coastwise until they find the waters too cold for them, it would still remain to be proved that they actually do so. But the supposed dispersion of the species over the sea to the Gallapagos, presents more difficulties than at first appear. The shells of Cirrhopods which adhere to floating wood, have been often found far out at sea ; perhaps, too, some species of Pholas may be distributed in this manner. But the only way in which such dispersion of the species generally can be accounted for is by an imaginary voyage of their spawn across the sea. The species, in those stages of growth which have been observed, are mostly restricted to narrow, vertical JNTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 7 limits, out of which they never have been found. With most of the littoral species, these limits are extremely narrow. The following is a list of the species which we collected at Panama and Taboga, which occur also at the Grallapagos, with a statement of their habits of station. Cyprasa rubescens ; under stones. Mitra tristis ; at the depth of 6 to 10 fathoms of sandy mud ; also under stones, near low water mark. Planaxis planicostata ; under stones, between high water and half tide level. Purpura Carolensis ; under stones, at low water mark. Columbella atramentaria ; under stones, at low water mark. Columbella bicanalifera ; sandy mud, in 10 fathoms water. Columbella hcemastoma ; under stones. Columbella nigricans ; under stones, between half tide and low water mark. Ricinula Reeviana ; under stones, near low water mark. Cassis coarctata ; in crevices of rocks. Oniscia tuberculosa ; in clefts of rocks, at low water mark. Conus brunneus ; in clefts of rocks, at low water mark. Conus nux ; station unknown. Strombus granulatus; sandy mud, at the depth of 6 to 8 fathoms. Turbinella cerata ; under stones and in the crevices of rocks, at low water mark. Pleurotoma excentrica ; coral sand, at the depth of 6 fathoms. Hipponyx radiata ; attached to stones, near low water mark. Fissurella macrotrema ; under stones, on the shore. 8 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION Fissurella nigropunctata ; on stones and rocks, at and be- low half tide level. - Siphonaria gigas ; on rocks near half tide level. Thus it appears that a larger proportion of the littoral than of the pelagic known species are common to the Galla- pago Islands and the mainland : and of the pelagic species, all which are known inhabit moderate depths. Locomotion, therefore, beneath the sea cannot be assumed as a probable means of dispersion. If, however, the distribution is due to dispersion by the floating of the spawn westward, along with the prevailing winds and currents, it is remarkable that there are no well authenticated examples of clearly identical species which are common to the Gallapagos and to the Polynesian Islands. In respect of species, which so nearly resemble each other as to be sometimes confounded, and which are by some authors regarded as varieties produced by local conditions, the "West Indies furnish as many of these analogues to the Panama species as have been found in Polynesia. There is, therefore, no reason for referring the Polynesian analogues to a conti- nental origin. If such dispersion westward were a fact, then we ought to find, as we go westward from the Pacific shores of America, a continual accumulation of species. For, in addition to the full complement of aboriginal species in any region, there would be a per centage of immigrant species. If such dis- persion were a common fact, the Gallapagos should be much richer in species than the continent, and the western regions of Polynesia and the Australasian Archipelago should contain a great number of immigrant species in addition to their ab- original Faunae. But there are rno facts which correspond with such hypotheses. So far as is known, the Bay of Panama is as rich in species as any region westward, with no more INTRODUCTION. Panama" Shells. 9 than an equal variety of stations. The number of species in any region appears to be connected only with climate and variety of stations. It is scarcely necessary to consider the question, whether any of the shells on the opposite sides of tropical America could have had a common origin. Although in some points the Caribbean sea and the Pacific approach within 40 or 50 miles in a direct line, it. is difficult to imagine any adequate means of the intercommunication of living marine mollusks. If human agency had transplanted any species, we should have expected that the edible species would have been selected. The following are some of the edible Caribbean species, in the order in which they have appeared to us in Jamaica to be most commonly used : Trochus pica, Pyrula melongena, Ostrea folium, Area Noe, (or an undescribed analogue of this species), Strombus gigas, Turbo coelatus, Avicula crocata, &c. At Panama, the edible species which we observed are in the same order, Area tuberculosa, Venus discors, Ostrea, two or three species, Area grandis, Murex radix, Pyrula pa- tula, &c. All of these are remarkably distinct, if we except the Pyrulae, which are analogues. If it should be supposed that the analogues might have had a common origin, it will be seen that the entire list of analogues comprises a full pro- portion of the rare or minute species, which are not likely to have been noticed by the inhabitants. Birds are commonly called in to aid the imaginary dis- persion of species. On the Isthmus, the buzzards are best able, with their extraordinary powers of flight, to transport them ; but their habits of feeding are wholly at variance with such a supposition. The water birds which feed on the marine mollusks are unknown to us. But if their agency has been effective, it is remarkable that we can identify only one species, and that doubtfully, (Crepidula vinguiformis), on both sides of the Isthmus, and that the habits of this mollusk, at- 2 10 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. tached to dead shells within the aperture, render it one of those which are least exposed to such accidents. The following is a list of the principal pairs of analogues which inhabit both sides of the Isthmus. The list might be increased, especially by comparision of the very minute species. But the group, as it is, presents such a variety in respect of size and characters, of habits of station, tenacity of life, &c., as to render it incredible that they all should owe their distribution in pairs to a common process of transporta- tion. Cyprsea cervinetta occurs only beneath large rocks, at the low water mark of the spring tides, and lives but a short time when removed from the water, and Strombus gracilior is pelagic ; and the others live at or near low water mark on rocks, under stones, in sand, in fine mud, &c. In gene- ral the derivation of analogues from a common stock is more- over inconsistent with the existence of analogues which are antipodes to each other. Panama. *Jamaica. Cyprcea cervinetta ; C. exanthema. Marginella minor ; M. minima. M. sapotilla ; M. prunum. Mitra nucleola ; M. granulosa. Oliva araneosa ; 0. reticulata. 0. venulata ; 0. scripta. Purpura undata ; " P. fasciata. i C. cribraria Lam. Columbella guttata ; Cassis abbreviata ; C. inflata. Oniscia tuberculosa ; 0. oniscus. Strombus gracilior : S. pugilis. Triton vestitus ; T. pilearis. Murex erosus ; M. intermedius. Pyrula patula ; P. melongena. * These Oarribbean species have all been collected by us in Jamaica. INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 11 Panama. Jamaica. i Turbinella cirstus ; T. murioata. Cevithium assimilatum ; C. terebellum. Fissnrella microtrema ; F. sp. indet. Area gradata ; A. Domingensis. Cytherea squalida ; C. maculata. Capsa altior ; C. Brasiliensis. Tellina sp. indet. ; T. bimaculata. The number of known species of shells which occur in the Panama province, probably is not far from 1500. The actual number is undoubtedly much greater. An examination of the catalogue of the species which we collected in the Bay of Panama, will show that nearly all the very minute species are new to science, although most of the larger shells have been described. In other words, the species which are as small as those which constitute a large portion of the conchological Fauna of regions, which have been thoroughly explored, have been overlooked by previous collectors. This is by no means surprising, when we con- sider the great number of species, and the abundance of their individuals, which are of a size that is more convenient for discovery and collection. It is also accounted for in part by the fact that the minute species in this region are much more rare in individuals. Yet the new species, which were col- lected in six weeks at two localities, must be a very small portion of those which actually exist in this zoological pro- vince. Perhaps, therefore, the number of the undiscovered species is equal to that of the known species.* * After describing nearly sixty new and rather small Pleurotomoid shells which had been collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, Mr. Hinds observes, " when we reflect what multitudes of similar beings inhabit the recesses of the globe, beyond the reach of human observation, and which at rare intervals are brought to light, * * it requires the boldest stretch of the imagination even to bring within the comprehension an idea of the countless multitudes of organi.-ed beings of our earth, and all rich in some manner peculiarly their own, either in color, sculpture, decoration, or symmetry." — Hind's Zool. Voy. Kttlpli. Moll. p. 24. 12 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. On the Eastern side of the continent, a totally distinct marine zoological province, which may be called the Carib- bean province, occupies about an equal part of the earth's surface. It has however, a much greater extent of coast, in the great number of islands, and in the sinuous outlines of the continent. The number of known species of shells in this province is not far from 1500. The actual number probably is less than in the Panama province. It is a remarkable fact that the number of rather large species in the Caribbean pro- vince is but a small fraction of the number of such species which occur on the other side of the continent. Of the Ca- ribbean species, very few occur north of the Bahamas, or south of Brazil, although, from various sources of error many of them have been reputed to inhabit England, and various other parts of the world. Although there are several analo- gous species in the two provinces, in general there is a great dissimilarity. Concholog-ical Collectors in the Panama Province. One of the earliest collectors in this zoological province was Joseph Dombey, the well known French Botanical tra- veller. Dombey arrived in Peru, on his botanical expedition, in April, 1778. He is quoted by Lamarck for eight new species of shells from Peru. Baron Humboldt, and his companion, M. Bonpland, next made collections of the shells. In 1803 they were on the coast of Peru, whence they sailed to Acapulco. Here they collected many species, of which eleven arc described by La- marck in the Animaux Sans Vertebres. The first volume of Hurnboldt's Recueil D'observations de Zoologie, &c., was published in 1811 ; but the second volume in which the shells are described by M. Yalencienres, bears the date of 1833. Of the 92 species mentioned 88 are described in full, and of •the 92 all but 3 or 4 are said to inhabit this province. In INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 13 the case of several species however, errors have evidently crept in. Either the species must have been derived from other regions and were given to the travellers as natives, or the describer has confounded analogues. The Columbella rustica, mentioned, with doubt, may have been a C. fuscata. Cassis testiculus, which inhabits only the West Indies, Ranella granifera, Pyrula, ficoides, Pyrula vespertilio, and Solarium granulatum, which inhabit the Indian ocean, are said to have been collected at Acapulco. Perhaps the ancient extensive commerce between Acapulco and the Philippine Islands may have introduced, into the dwellings, at Acapulco, specimens of East India shells. Next we find in the supplement to "Wood's Index several species from the same province, and most of them were col- lected at Panama. In Feb. and March 1823, the Coquille (French) was at Callao and Payta. M. Lesson has enumerated 8 marine spe- cies of shells collected here, none of which are identical with our Panama shells. But we are chiefly indebted for a knowledge of the shells of this region to the well known expedition of Hugh Cuming, Esq. This celebrated collector, who has in person collected one-third of all the species of shells now known to science, was occupied in the years 1827—30 in collecting the shells of this province and of adjacent parts of the Polynesian and southwest American shores. Besides previously known spe- cies, 400 new species were collected, of which a large majo- rity were obtained at the Gallapagos and on the western shores of tropical America. His explorations comprised, in fact, the whole of this 2oological province, with the exception of its northern extremity. The description of the new species was commenced by the London Conchologists in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Feb. 28, 1832, and were continued for about four years, until the second and great expedition of 14 Panama Shells. this gentleman to the Philippines. Subsequently more of them have appeared in the Proceedings of the same Society r in Sow- erby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, and especially in Reeve's Conchologia Iconica. In these last two works, we find the habi- tats of all, and the stations of most of the species collected by Mr. Cuming, so far as the genera have been mono- graphed. The laborious and productive travels of the Chev. Alcide D'Orbigny during the years 1826-33, comprise a portion of this zoological province. In July 1833, this gentleman reached the Pacific coast at Arica by a journey across the Ancles. Embarking thence on the 25th, he stopped? at Cobijo, Islay, Arequipa, and Callao. Re-imbarking here, this industrious traveller returned to Europe by way of Valparaiso. In the large quarto which D'Orbigny has devoted to the Mollusca of South America,, numerous species of shells are described from the four marine faunae. Among them are many which were collected by M. Fontaine, and by Mr. Cuming, and others. The tropical and the temperate marine faunae of the west and east sides are shown to be entirely distinct in respect of the Mollusca, of which 628 species are enumerated » there being only one species common to any two of these provinces. But it is conjectured that collections made near the southern extremity of the continent on both sides might show that several species are there common tc» the Atlantic and Pacific faunae. The species common to both sides is Siphonaria Lessoni, found at Montevideo and at Callao. Other species, however, are said, in the body of the work, to inhabit both sides of the continent, as Bnlla striata* But in this case, analogous species may have been confounded. Since Dr. Philippi has shown that several species had been! confounded under this name, the specific types are found to be as local as most species are. D'Orbigny is s>ne of the very INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 15 few travellers who have collected any of the very minute shells of the tropics. In 1836-37 the Bonite (French) made a voyage of explo- ration around the world. In the summer of 1836 this expe- dition touched at several places in the southern part of the Panama zoological province, as far north as Guayaquil, whence the Bonite sailed for the Sandwich Islands. M. M. Eydoux and Souleyet were the zoologists of the expedition. The former gentleman died of yellow fever at Martinique in 1841, before the results in this department were published. On the Mollusca we have seen only a folio volume of about 50 plates, without date and without text. The only text of the zoology which we have seen, is on the mammals and birds, with date of 1841. In August, and during the remainder of 1836, H. M. S. the Sulphur, under Lieut. Commander Kellett, visited Calfao and Payta, and carefully explored the coast from Guayaquil to Panama. Here Commander (now Captain Sir Edward) Belcher arrived and took command, and in collecting shells was aided by Mr. Hinds, surgeon of the expedition. The dredge was frequently used, and the cabin of the commander became a museum. Proceeding to the north, they visited nu- merous places up to San Bias, in June 1837. In the follow- ing December, the Sulphur returned to the coast, and explora- tions were made from Acapulco to Cerro Azul. Again in the latter part of 1838, and during much of 1839, collections were made in many localities. About 70 new species were de- scribed by Mr. Hinds in the Proe. Zool. Soc. of London, com- mencing February 14, 1843 ; also in the Zoology of the voy- age of H. M. S. Sulphur ; and they have been included in monographs which have subsequently been published in London. In 1837 the Venus (French) was at Callao from May 24 to June 3 ; from Nov. 25 to Dec. 6 at the Bay of Magdalena, in the peninsula of California : from Dec. 12 to Dec. 18, at 16 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. Mazatlan ; Dec. 21 to Dec. 27 at San Bias ; Jan. 8, 1838 to Jan. 23 at Acapulco ; May 10 to June 1 at Callao ; June 5 to June 17 at Payta ; June 23 to July 3_at the Gallapagos. The Atlas de Zoologie of this expedition, (pub. 1846) contained 24 folio plates, of shells and mollusca. The text we have not seen. In 1839 the U. S. Exploring Expedition touched at Callao, which was the only place in this zoological province, that was visited by the expedition. About 30 species of shells were collected, of which four new species have been described by Dr. Gould in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History since 1846. In the Zeitschrift fur Malakologie of Aug. 1847, Dr. K. T. Menke commenced a catalogue, with descriptions of the new species, of the shells of Mazatlan. These shells were collected by Mr. Henry Melchers of Bremen, who has spent several years in Mazatlan. Additions have since been made to the catalogue, and up to Feb. (inc.) 1851, Dr. Menke has catalogued 173 Mazatlan species. Of these 26 are described as new species, not including a few which were proposed as new but have since been identified by Dr. Menke with pre- viously described species, At the present time Dr. Gould is engaged in the exami- nation of species, which have been collected at various points between San Francisco and Mazatlan, These collections were made by Maj. William Rich, and Col. E.< Jewett, U. S. A,? and by Lieut. Thomas P. Green, U. S. N. They are the more important, because they come from regions intermediate be- tween two great zoological provinces, and we may hope there^ fore that Dr. Gould Will show, with as much precision as the i'acts themselves will admit, the boundary between them. At a meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History, Septem- ber 3, 1851, Dr. Gould read descriptions of 17 new species of Acophala from these frontier regions. The collections INRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 17 by Lieut. Green merit especial notice. This officer collected more than 200 species, and carefully noted the habitat of the specimens. Of those which have been determined by Dr. Gould, and which were also found by us at Panama, we have incorporated into the following paper the habitats ob- served by Lieut. Green. This collection proves conclusively that Upper California belongs to a distinct Zoological province. The shells collected by Nuttall in Upper California in 1836, and described in the Journ. Acad. Nat, Scs. of Philadelphia, VII, in 1837, confirm this inference. None of them are identi- cal with the species which inhabit Panama. Narrative, of the Expedition. In November, 1850, I left home with the design of spend- ing a few weeks on the Isthmus of Panama, and the remainder of the winter in Jamaica. Leave of absence not having been o granted until Nov. 6, the preparations were few and hasty. On the afternoon of the 13th I sailed from New York in the Steamer Empire City, Captain .1. D. Wilson,* and on the mor- ning of the 22nd, landed at Chagres. Most of that day was occupied in rambling about the shores. A few shells were found of the same species, which occur throughout the Carib- bean seas. But near Chagres the shores are too much exposed to sustain many species of Mollusks. In the afternoon, Captain Knight, his clerk, and myself hired a boat and started for Cruces, where we arrived on the evening of the 25th. The * Since it must be confessed that American naturalists find little sympathy with their pursuits among most of their countrymen of all classes, it affords me the more pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to the owners of the Steamer, Messrs. J. Howard & Son, for a passage to Chagres ; and to Capt. Wilson for various attentions on the voyage, and subsequently at the monthly visits of the Steamer to Jamaica. To Capt. E. Knight, agent of the Pacific Mail Steam Ship Co., and my travelling companion across the Isthmus, I was especially indebted for unusual facilities in crossing, as well as for other aid. Good company, and the extraordinary beauties of nature, more than compensated for four days saturation in mud and water during the transit. 18 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. next day we rode to Panama, where I soon found myself at home in the American Hotel.* Before 8 A. M , of the next Jay, shells had been collected in such quantity and variety, that, had nothing more been subsequently collected, the re- sults of the expedition would have seemed ample. The objects proposed to be accomplished, during a few weeks at Panama, were the following : 1. To make collections for the Museum in Amherst Col- lege. The original plan had embraced the Crustacea, Radiata, and other animals, but the short time to be devoted to it, and especially the impossibility of making suitable preparation during the few hours, which were allowed for this purpose, rendered it expedient to restrict the objects mainly to the col- lection of shells. 2. A second object was to ascertain, with the certainty of personal observation, what and how many species of shells exist at Panama. Having formerly collected about 500 ma- rine species in Jamaica, near the centre of the Caribbean Zoo- logical province, it was thought that a comparison of these au- thentic materials would not be without interest. These two were the principal objects of the expedition. 3. A subordinate object was to make some observations on the habits of the species, in respect of station. Mr. Cuming's careful explorations had left but little to be added, but that little is therefore perhaps the more valuable. This knowledge was also a necessary preliminary to the acquisition of such a quantity of specimens as would fully illustrate the varieties, which may exist within the limits of a species. But these observations, could not be extended to the pelagic species on account of the enormous expense of boating consequent on * With James C. Staples, Esq , the proprietor, an old acquaintance and con- nection, who with his partner, myself, and all my Mollusks, occupied as comfort able an apartment as the place could furnish. INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 19 the California travel. Littoral explorations however, produce a greater amount of results in a short time. It has become so fashionable to undervalue a knowledge o of the shells of Mollusca, because the shell is only a part of the animal, that we shall probably be censured for having neg- lected to observe the soft parts. But non omnes omnia pos- sumus, especially with only six weeks time. It will not be denied that the existence of the species is sufficiently proved by collecting the shells, nor that their geographical distribu- tion may be learned, when we ascertain where they exist, — nor that habits of station may be learned without dissection, although this is indispensable for some objects, — nor that the recondite questions on the origin of the species are intimately connected with the facts of distribution and station, — nor even that the number of species in a given region and the abundance or scarcity of individuals are interesting features in the plan of creation. In short, it will not be denied that the sum total of Zoology consists of parts, and that the per- fection of the whole rnay be better secured by a division of labor. "We hope therefore, that the following results, not- withstanding the magnitude of the deficiencies, will be re- garded as somewhat better than the only alternative before us, — that of the stay-at-home collectors. \ The situation of Panama is eminently favorable for the collection of shells. At the head of an extensive bay, whose waters well merit the appellation of Pacific, it stands also at the head of a reef, which furnishes a great variety of station for the mollusks. Our hotel was within a minute's walk of this reef. In front of the city, the reef consists of ledges of trachytic rocks, with flat and concave surfaces, with gently sloping, precipitous, or shelving sides : in other parts exten- sive tracts are covered with loose fragments of rock, the diffe- rent sizes of which, and the different degrees in which they are buried in sand, or in which they have open spaces be- 20 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. neath, accommodate a great diversity of species : in some parts, flats of mud or of sand prevail. On the west of the city is a very broad gently sloping beach of fine sand, where Oliva, Tellina, Donax, and Artemis abound. Then proceeding westward we find alternating ledges of trachytic and basaltic rocks, sand beaches, and broad muddy or sandy flats, with groves of trees a little above half tide level. Here during the recess of the tide, the col- lector finds an agreeable shade, and gathers Purpurse and huge Littorinse from the trees, and numerous species of Ve- neridae, of Columbella, the little and elegant Yeritina picta, and sometimes the massive Area grandis, among the sticks and moss-like Algae beneath. Three miles west of Panama a Rio Grande enters the bay, and is bordered by impenetra- ble thickets of mangroves and not impenetrable ooze. On the east side of Panama is a steep sand beach, at»the bottom of which the flats consist of an impalpable mud of a creamy consistence. On this fluid, Marginella sapotilla crawls or rather glides rapidly about. Between two and three miles to the East, there are ledges of smooth basaltic rocks, with abundant Littorinae, Fissurellae, and Siphonariae. Here too are marine groves, rising from a stony surface, by the side of which a small rivulet comes in. At high water mark is a man- grove thicket, beneath which in near proximity we find the Potamides, Area?, a large Cyrena, Potamomyse, and the ele- gant Auricula concinna, and over head is Littorina pulchra, but almost as rare as beautiful. A little farther up. where the water is nearly fresh, occurs the Neritina G-uayaquilensis, whose thin depressed elliptical shell attests its fluviatile ha- bits, unlike the solid ellipsoidal shell of the marine N. picta. This diversity of station was multiplied by the high tides. In the office of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co., we saw it recorded on a tide table, that the extreme difference of high and low water had amounted to 28 feet. The ordinary tides INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 21 are about sixteen to twenty feet. • The difference be- tween the spring tides and the neap tides amounts to from four to six feet. Hence at the low water mark of two or three tides, once each fortnight, species of shells, as well as of Echinoderms and other animals, may be obtained, which can- not be procured at any other time except by dredging. Other species live where every tide will leave them exposed to the air for a short time. All the way from low water mark, up to the ledges of rocks where some species of Littorina live out of the reach of the highest tides, species are found, most of which are limited to a very narrow vertical zone. The sur- face in front of the city, which is left bare by the recess of the tide, extends out half a mile or more. Thus over several square miles the secrets of the ocean may be explored. The bay of Panama contains several beautiful islands, which rise as steep mountains directly from the water's edge. One of these is Taboga,* 12 miles from -Panama, from and to which a small American steamer runs daily. We made two excursions of three days each to this island. The shores are mostly steep, but sand beaches, ledges, and enormous frag- ments of rocks, afford many favorable stations for the Mol- lusks. At high water, a small island, on the northeast side, is cut off from the principal island, but at low water a high ridge of sand unites them. Here the elegant Conus Maho- gani, Strombus Peruvianus, Natica otis, Corbulaovulata, &c., were found. These varieties of station enabled us to find a multitude of species in their proper haunts. But in addition to this ad- vantage, the hermit crabs (Paguridae) swarmed here, as elsewhere in tropical regions. Some of the smaller species have the habit of congregating in heaps of many hundreds * This name is sometimes -written, erroneously -we believe, Tabago ; and sometimes, in the publications of the London Conchologists, Saboga. Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. beneath stones. Many such heaps were collected in the mass, to be culled over in the leisure of home. To this source we are wholly indebted for many species of shells, not a few of which are in such a good state of preservation that we have to regret only the impossibility of describing the station of these species. In these Pacific waters, not much addition to the stores of the collector can be made from the drift shells. Yet the flow of the tides and a moderate surf brought several species within reach. Several of the bivalves, which live buried in sand, and whose station eluded discovery, were thus obtained. But especially were we indebted to this source for the ex- tremely minute species, several of which were not recognised until the conchiferous rubbish and sand had been assorted with sieves and then carefully examined. From the natives we obtained but little aid. The shells of a few edible species vveie taken from heaps near their huts. A few species were obtained in a fruit shanty, which was kept by an American on the Plaza. The habitat of most of these was verified by subsequently finding them on the shores. That of four or five species was satisfactorily inferred, inde- pently of the testimony, from the fact that no shells known to inhabit other regions were seen in the shanty, and that these species have been found by others in the same zoologi- cal province. Those which were thus obtained are mentioned accordingly in the statement of habitat. In a few instances it will be noticed that our account of the station differs somewhat from Mr. Coming's. This is due chieily to the considerable range which some species have, especially with different circumstances of place. Thus sever- al of the species, which we found at the low water mark of spring titles, were obtained by Mr. Cuming at the depth of fifteen or more fathoms. The difference between such sta- tions is obviously of much less importance than that between INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. this extreme low water mark, where the air will but slightly reach the animal every fortnight, and that of a few feet high- er, whence the water wholly recedes twice every day. Having an opportunity of shipping the collections, which filled eight cases, we wrote the bills of lading, Jan. 3, 1851, and the next morning left Panama for Chagres and Jamaica. It was not until Aug. 14 that the cases arrived at their des- tination. After assorting the shells, we find 38.920 speci- mens of 376 species of Gasteropoda, 2.860 specimens of 139 species of Acephala, and 50 specimens of 1 species of Brach- iopoda : total, 41.830 specimens of 516 species of Mollusks. The number of specimens of each species is mentioned in the following pages. It is scarcely necessary to add 'that 'we have stated the total number of individuals, to give approximately an idea of the relative abundance of the species at the time and places mentioned, and not of such specimens as amateurs would pronounce ' good shells.' In the following catalogue our principal object, after the enumeration of the species, has been to collect the statement of various Avriters concerning the habitats and stations of the species. Where two names of persons follow the habitat or station, the first is usually that of the person who collected the species, and is followed by an exclamation mark ! The second name is that of the author who is quoted. The (!) after a single name indicates that the author was also the collector ; but the absence of this mark indicates that the testimony is not original, whether one or more names are cited. It will be seen that for a knowledge of the stations we are chiefly indebted to Mr. Cuming. In appending synonymy, we have quoted nothing. The references have been made chiefly as vouchers for the accu- racy of the names of the species, and as means of detecting errors. A subordinate object has been the convenience of those friends among whom the duplicate specimens may be 24 Panama Shells. INTRODUCTION. distributed. We have been under obligations, which we ac- knowledge with much pleasure, to Dr. A. A. Gould, of Boston, and to John H. Redfield and Robert L. Stuart, Esqrs., of New- York City, for the use of books ; also to the librarians of the Boston Athenaeum, of Harvard University, of the Acad. Nat. Sciences, of Philadelphia, and to Dr. Henry Wheatland, of the Essex Institute in Salem ; chiefly have we been indebted to the nearly complete zoological library which Drs. T. B. and Edward Wilson have presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. On Errors Respecting the Habitat of Species. Those who are familiar with the frequency and magnitude of the errors, which occur in the works of the most celebrated authors respecting the habitats of species, will not probably accuse us of presumption for the little ceremony with which we have treated such statements. Hearsay testimony has often been received without sufficient scrutiny. In addition to the errors likely to occur in the ver- bal communication of statements respecting habitat, naturalists at home are of course subject to all the mistakes which the original collectors may have made. These persons often mix the collections made in various places, and depend on memory for the localities, although they are often unable to distin- guish the species when placed side by side.* Another class of errors, we fear, must be laid to the charge of the writers themselves. When we see a marine species affirmed to inhabit the Mediterranean, Senegal, the Indian * Thus we have received from an intelligent shipmaster, who was accustomed to collect for a cotichologist, specimens of Cyclostoma^flavidum, with the positive assurance that they were collected in a spot well known to us, not far from King- ston, Jamaica. Yet the species occurs only in Porto Rico, while the locality in Jamaica contains a Cylindrella of similar aspect. We may be allowed to mention also an illustration of the manner in which mistakes of locality and not of species INTRODUCTION. Panama Shells. 25 Ocean, New Holland, &c., we may often suspect the error to arise more or less from erroneous testimony. But when one species is referred to two distinct zoological provinces, which are known to contain analogous but not identical species, we must sometimes suspect the author of confounding such species. If indeed in these cases the difference of the local types were clearly distinguished, it would be of little importance whether or not the difference were considered to be of specific value. But not even after the specimens are deposited in a collection has all danger of error ceased. A misplacement of labels or of shells, which are not properly secured, may lead to erroneous statements of habitat. For all these causes of error there is but one remedy, and that is not infallible. Rejecting the testimony of careless and incompetent observers, and all hearsay testimony, we must rely on the testimony of competent observers. We may hope for accuracy when they shall remember that a very few errors may essentially change the aspect of the plan of dis- tribution, and prevent all correct generalizations. A great amount of valuable materials, for interesting generalizations on the number and distribution of the species of marine Mollusks, has been collected by public and private expeditions. But when we consider the immense profusion of species and of individuals in tropical seas, and the confu- sion of the habitats of many as exhibited in the present literature of conchology, so that the plan of distribution is misrepresented, — that which has been done only stimulates may happen in casual collections. By a singular coincidence, only a few days after we had described Helix Redfieldiana (which proves to be H. Carmelita Fer.) that inhabits a limited district in Jamaica, a specimen was brought to New-York by a collector, who affirmed that he procured it in California. Subsequently the statement was repeated, but afterwards it \v;w recollected that the shell had been purchased iu Kingston, where the steamers stop oa their homeward voyage. 3 26 Panama Shells GEOGRAPHICAL the curiosity to know more and to know more accurately. An expedition of circumnavigation, with the specific objectof investigating the distribution of the testaceous Mollusks, through several tropical marine provinces, would accomplish more than the discovery of many new species : it would de- termine the distribution of a much greater number, in a manner which would justly inspire confidence. Index of Places in the Pacific, which are mentioned in the Catalogue of Panama Shells. Arapulco. A town and harbor, in Mexico ; it is the principal and beat port of Mexico on the Pacific; lat. 16° 55' N.; Ions*. 100° 54' W. Annan. An island in Polynesia. Probably Anna or Aana, or Chain Island ; lat. 17° 20' S. ; long. 145° 40' W. Arica. In Peru. Atacarnas. A seaport in Equador, on the Pacific. California. The boundary between Upper and Lower California is near lat S30 N. The waters of Upper California, therefore, belong wholly to the tempe- rate Fauna, and those of Lower California almost wholly to the tropical Fauna. The Fauna of the Gulf of California is tropical, at least as far as Guayiuas. The importance in zoolo y of distinguishing between Upper and Lower California, in statements of habitat, is therefore obvious. New Albion was a name given by Sir Francis Drake, to an extent of coast which includes upper California and Ore- gon, and is ofien used more indefinitely. Callao. The port of Lima, capital of Peru ; lat. 1 2° 2' S. ; long. 76° 58' W. Caraccas, Bay of. A small bay on the coast of Guayaquil, next north of Cape San Lorenzo, between ^° and 1° S. lat.. It is not mentioned in any of the Gazet- teers which we have consulted. It is also called Manta Hay. Central America. This nnme is used very indefinitely by some conchological writers. It includes on the Pacific, only Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, from about lat. 9° N. to 15° N. The whole country was called Guate- mala before its independence. Cerro Azul. A town in Peru, in the department of Lima. Charles I. One of theGallapagos, at the southwest part of the group. Chatham I. One of the Gallapagos, at the southeast part of the group. Chili. Its northern boundary, about 24° 20' S. lat., is not far from the south- ern limit of the tropic.il Fauna. Chiloe. A large island in the southern part of Chili, between 42° and 44° S. lat. Cfiiriqni, A town in Veragua, Central America, on the Pacific side; lat. 8° 80' N.; long. 83° 28' W. Panama Shells. 27 Columbia, W«t. New Grenada, reaching from about 2° S lat to 8° N IA* mcludmg Guayaquil on the South. It fa f,equently writ(en jjj™ ' Costa Rica. A province of Central America, between Nicaragua on the north. and Vt-rngua on the southeast The Gulf of Nicova penetrates th< , w. tions ; it lies between about 8° 30' and 10° 40' N. lit ' ^ CW«a. A town on the coastof Peru; lat about 9° 40' S. /,&»*. A group lying ,,nder (he Eqnaior, wiih the line Guacomayo. In Centi'al America. Guayaquil. A town, gulf, rum,Mr. Sowerby says, " the only specimen of this rare species I have seen is in Mr. Eland's collection." We were indebted to the hermit crabs for six OVULA. Panama Shells. 31 specimens, of which three are quite perfect. They were found on the reef at Panama. A fragment of a seventh was found on the beach. 3. Ovula Ncglccta. — Nov. sp. Shell rather slender : dark violaceous red, sometimes with as light tinge of brown; paler on the lip : smooth, sometimes with microscopic revolving strioe : aperture very narrow in the posterior three-fifths, wider anteriorly ; slightly produced at both extremities, and slightly emarginate anteriorly : lip well thickened, nearly straight along the middle : colurnella acu- minate at both extremities, with a longitudinal impressed line, and a callus behind it. Length, .31 inch ; breadth, .1 inch. This species resembles the fig. of O. rufa, Sowb, which is represented as much larger, with a broader aperture. Station. — With O. avena, which see. Habitat.— Panama.— C. B. A. ! "We collected 13 specimens on the reef. 4. Ovula Variafoilis.— Nov. sp. Shell very slender : usually white, with a slight tinge of rufous, with the lip opaque white; sometimes of a rich red purple: smooth: aperture not very narrow, a little widened anteriorly, moderately produced, effuse, and slightly inflected posteriorly; obliquely emarginate anteriorily : lip well thick- ened : colurnella with a longitudinal keel, acute and obliquely produced anteriorly, posteriorly somewhat biplicate. Length, .54 inch ; breadth, .15 inches. This shell resembles O. inflexa, Sowb., but is more slen- der. Perhaps on comparison of specimens, they may be proved identical. O. uniplicata, Sowb., is larger, with a wider aper- ture. 32 Panama Shells. Station. — At the low water m;ir!c of the spring tides. The light colored specimens were found on a cream-colored species of Gorgonia, and the purple specimens on a Gor- gonia of the same color. Of 56 specimens, four are purple, and 14 are mature, and 42 immature. Habitat. — San Juan, Lower Calif. — Lt. Green! Gould Mss. Purple shells. Santa Barbara. — E. Jewel.t ! Gould Mss. Pale, or moderately tinged with purple. Panama.— C. B. A. ! The 56 specimens were all taken on the reef at Panama. Mr. Cuming found one specimen of O. inflexion in the Gulf of Dulce. * 5. Ovula 5 sp. Indet. We abstain from describing this species, because the only two specimens which we have are immature. They resem- ble O. variabilis, but the general form and the aperture are wider, and the shells are covered with excessively minute re- volving striae. Exc- pt in being striated, they resemble O. inflexum Sowb. They were found on the reef. CYPR JE^t. Of the seven following species, all appeared to be rare atPanama, except, C. punctulata and C. cervinetta. G. Cypraea arafoicula. Synonymi/. Cyprcca arabicula Larn. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 100. No. 54. 1810. Lam. An. sans Vert* VII. 399. No. 54. Aug. 1822. Gray in Zuol. Journ. I. 78. 1825. Wood Incl. Test. Supp. j.l. 8. f. 7. 1828. — G:-ay Dcscr. Catal. p. 3. No. 13. June 1832. Valenc. in Humb. ! (C. Obs. II. 334. 1833. S,.wb. Conch. 111. 1 1. 104. f. 77. 1841. Kicncr Iconog. p. 125. pi. 28. f. 3. CYPR.EA. Panama Shells. 33 Cyprcca arabicula Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 534. No. 54. Desh. Ed. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 13. f. 60. Dec. 1845. One of our specimens, which is large and very deeply col- ored, has the dark brown dorsal lines so confluent, as to re- semble C. reticulata. It is 1.37 inch long. Station. — Under stones; Cuming! Reeve. Our specimens were under stones, which were from about eight to twenty inches in diameter, at and just below the low water mark of the neap tides. Habitat. — Western shores of Mexico, at Acapulco ; Hum- boldt & Bonpland ! Lamarlc. South Seas; Wood. Acapulco; Humboldt & Bonpland ! Valenciennes. Brazil ; Ravenel in Catalogue. St. Elena and Real Llejos ; Sowerby. Mexico ; Gray. Western shores of Mexico, near Acapulco ; Kiener. St. Elena ; Cuming ! Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. St. Elena ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A ! We collected 7 specimens on the reef. 7. Cyprsea cervinetta. Synonymy. Cyprcea exanthema var. a. Gray in Zool. Journ. I. 139. - 1825. — var. |8, " " " 1825. cervinetta Kiener Iconog. p. 74. pi. 6. f. 1. 2. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 547. No. 71. 1844. exanih'ma Hinds in Voy Sulph. p. 6 - - - 1845. cervus var. Reeve Conch. Icon. Nov. 1844. Mr. Reeve regards this species as merely a variety of C. cer- vus, and has well described its peculiarities of color. But the 34 Panama Shells. CYPRJEIDJE. more important difference is in its form, which is scarcely dis- tinguishable from that of C. exanthema. Although there is a prevailing type of coloring in each of these three species, it is rather less constant than the form, so that C. cervinetta is some- times liable to be confounded with C. exanthema, until we ob- serve the aperture, which is like that of C. cervina. The latter is ventricose, rather thinner, with the aperture dilated anteri- orly ; C. ccrvinetta is subcylindric, with the aperture as in C. cervina : C. exanthema is subcylindric, with the aperture nar- row anteriorly, and the right lip more bent upwards anteriorly. Station. — At and just above the low water mark of the spring tides, this species was found under stones which were not less than fifteen or twenty inches in diameter. Habitat. — Caribbean Sea, and shores of Senegal: Kiener. Indian Ocean ? Deshayes. Indian Ocean ; Jay. Panama, and I. of Taboga : C. B. A ! The words of Kiener are " Habite 1'ocean des Antilles et les c6tes du Senegal." Since no authority is given for this ha- bitat, and since gross errors of habitat are common in Kiener's Iconography, we must be allowed to regard the statement as wholly erroneous. Some varieties of C. exanthema, which is a Caribbean species, might be mistaken for C. cervinetta^ and thus lead to the belief that the latter is also Caribbean. But C. exanthema is exclusively Caribbean ; C. cervinetta we believe occurs only in the Panama province, as we have above defined this province ; and C. cervus probably belongs to the Polynesian zoological province. We have indeed received a specimen of C. cervinetta from the Sandwich Islands ; but at these islands it is a common custom to collect shells from the whale ships. The habitat assigned to the species by Des- hayes (copied by Dr. Jay ?) is probably due to hearsay testmony. Probably the " C. exanthema'1'' found by Mr. Hinds at the island of Muerte belongs to this species. CYPR.EA. Panama Shells. 35 "We collected 115 specimens, mostly on the reef at Pana- ma, but partly at Taboga. 8. Cypraca pnnctulata. Synonymy. Cyprcca punclulata Gray Zool. Journ. I. 387. - 1825. Gray Descr. Catal. p. 10. No. 86. - June 1832. Pot. et Mich. Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai. I. 484. pi. 35. f. 11, 12. 1838- Sowb. Conch. III. pi. 4. f. 20. 1841. Kiener Iconog. p. 114. pi. 21. f. 2. - Desh. in Lain. An. sans Vert. X. HG3. No. 92. 1844. ReeveConch.Toon.pl. 13. f. Cl. - Dec. 1845. Specimens differ in size and color. Very elegant light it- colored specimens occur rarely. One shell is 1.3 inch long and .88 inch wide ; another is .7 inch long and .48 inch wide. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found it with C. arabicula, which see. Habitat. — Unknown ; Potiez and Michaud. Panama ; Cuming! Sovverbv : also Reeve. O v New Holland ; Gray. Shores of Peru and of New Holland ; Kiener. Panama ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama, and I. of Taboga ; C. B A ! Gray and Kiener must be in error in citing New Holland as a habitat of this species. We collected 335 specimens, mostly on the reef at Panama, and partly at Taboga. 9. Cypraea pustulata. Synonomy. Lister Conch, t. 710. f. 62. - 1678. Schrot. Einl. Conch. I. 140. - - 1783- Cypraea pustulata Lain. Ann. Mus. XVI. 101. No. 56. - 1810. 36 Panama Shells. Cijproea pustulata, Dillw. Catal. I. 469. 1817. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 17. f. 63. 1818. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 400. No. 56. Aug. 1822. Sowb. Gen. f. 5. 1824. — Gray in Zool. Journ. I. p. 513. 1825. Trivia Gray Descr. Catal. p. 16. No. 138. June. 1832. Penny Cyclop. VIII. 257. f. 1837. Cijprcp.a Sowb. Coneh. 111. pi. 102. f. 71. 1841. Kiencr Iconog. p. 128. pi. 2. f. 3. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 15. f. 76. Dec. 1845. — . Chenu Lee. Llem. pi. II. f. 11. 12. 1847. Specimens differ much in size : one is 1.04 inch long, and .6 inch wide ; another is .55 inch long, and .33 inch wide. But we have never seen a specimen as large as Mr. Reeve's figure, which is 1.22 inch long and .73 inch wide. Station. — UnJer stones ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species alive under large stones, at the ex- treme low water mark of the spring tides only. Habitat. — Coasts of China, according to Humphreys ; Aca- pulco, according to Lamarck ; Dillwyn. China ; Wood. Western shores of Mexico, at Acapulco ; Hum- boldt and Bonpland ! Lamarck. West coast of Mexico ; Say in Catal. Mus. Panama and Isle of Plata, Mexico; Sowerby. Pacific Ocean ; Gray : also Penny Cyclopedia. Western shores of Mexico, near Acapulco , Kiener. Isle of Plata and Panama, west coast of America ; Curning ! Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; Jay. Panama; C. B. A! The citation of China, as a habitat of this species, is an error due probably to hearsay testimony. The Isle of Plata mentioned by Sowerby and by Reeve is probably the island of Panama Shells. 27 that name, off the coast of Guayaquil, near Cape San Lorenzo, in latitude 1° 10'. It is only 4 miles long and 1 1-2 broad. Mr. Sowerby's reference to Mexico is unintelligible. Two specimens received by us from a German conchologist, are said to have come from Chile, but Ihis is a very doubtful habitat. We collected 8 living specimens at the end of the reef at Panama, and 20 dead shells in the vicinity. 10. Cypraea radians. Synonymy. Davila Catal. I. pi-. 15. f. 1. 1767, Cyprcca radians Lam. Ann. Mus. XVI. 102. No. 62. 1810, - aniscus Wood Ind. Test. pi. 17. f. 58. 1818. radians Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 402. No. 62. Aug. 1822. — Gray in Zool. Journ. III. 3G4. 1828. — . Valenc. in Humb. Roc. Obs. II. 335. 1833. Trivia GrayDcscr. Catal. p. 16. No. 137. June. 1832. Cyi»'csccn§, Synonymy. Cyproca rubesccns Gray in Proc. Zool. i3oc. Lond. p. 185. Nov. 1832. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 25. f. 141. Feb. 1846 Station. — Under stones ; Cuming! Gray: also Reeve. Habitat. — Gallapago Islands ; Curning ! Gray : also Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A \ We found 1 dead but perfect specimen on the beach next east of Panama. 12. ' Synonymy Trivia sanguined Gray Descr. Catal. p. 14. No. 119. June. 1832. Cypraea - - Sowb. Catal. Cyp. p. 12. No. 115. 1841. • Sovb. Conch. 111. pi. C. f. 32. 1841. • Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 570. No. 102. Desk ed. 1844. • Reeve Conch. Icou. pi. 23. f. 127. Feb. 1846. Chenu Lee. Elem. pi. 10. f. 9, 10. 1847. Station. — Under stones: Cumins:! Reeve. ' O Habitat — Panama and Mexico ; Sowerby. Pacific Ocean ; Gray : also Deshayes. St. Elena ; Cuming ! Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. ERATO. Panama Shells. 39 St. Elena ; Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A ! On the beach east of Panama, \ve found 1 dead but per- fect shell of this species. 13. Eralo scaforaiBSCuIa. Synonymy. Erato scabnuscula Gray Descr. Catal. p. 16. No. 140. June. 1832. Marginclla cyprozola Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 57. March ! 1832. • granum Kiener Iconog. p. 17. pi. 8. f. 33. 1835. Erato scabriuscula Sowb. Catal. Cyp. p. 15. No. 1. 1841. Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 7. f. 45. 1841. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 285. f. 7, 10. 1842. By some mistake a species of Trivia is figured for this spe- cies in the Penny. Cyclopedia, VIII. 257. Station. — Under stones and in sandy places ; Sowerby. On the rocks ; Kiener. We found fine perfect specimens alive under stones near low water mark. Kiener's statement, that they live on the rocks, is probably erroneous. Like Cyprreas, they seek con- cealment. Habitat. — St Elena ; Gray. " Sainte Helene ;" Kiener. Acapulco; Cuming; Sowerby. St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Acapulco ; Sloat ! Redfield Mss. Mazatlan ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A ! "We found 1 young, and 3 mature shells on the reef at Pa- nama. Although we turned over many hundred stones in the search, no more could be found. Our specimens exhibit the pliciform columellar teeth, and the pustulous enamel of the surface in full development. M. 40 Panama Shells. CYPRJEID^B. Kiener's figure represents a mature specimen, probably not an old one, with the columellar teeth not fully developed. We are indebted to Mr. Redfield for the gift of his best specimen, which appears to be full grown and perfect without the pus- tulous surface. Col. Jewett also collected several specimens of the same variety at Mazatlan. Perhaps the acquisition of this character is the last change which the shell undergoes. 14. Margiitella minor. Nov.sp. Shell ovato : white, or pale horn color, sabtransparent ; rather thin, smooth : spire slightly elevated : whorls about three (?) with a very indistinct suture : aperture linear : lip rather thin at the margin, thickened behind, posteriorly as- scending the spire : columella with two well developed plaits at the end, with a third one less developed, and sometimes with a fourth Avhich is more or less indistinct. Length, .09 inch : breadth, .063 inch : some of our specimens, which ap- pear to be full grown, are much smaller. This little shell closely resembles the Caribbean species, M. Lavalleana Orb. (M. minima Guild,): the most obvious difference is in the outline, which in the Caribbean species is broader across the upper part of the last whorl, the lip conse- quently being, at this part, more excurved. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A ! We obtained 10 more or less perfect specimens from the calcareous sand, which had been washed up near the sea wall of Panama. 15. ITIargiiiclla sapotilla. Synonymy. Marginclla sapotilla Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 74. April, 1844. - Hinds inVoy. Sulph. Moll. pi. 13. f. 10, 11. 1844. Thes. Conch, p. 383. No 39. pi. 77. f. 150-1. 1846. MARGINELLA. Panama Shells. 41 Station.— From 5 to 13 fathoms sandy mud ; Hinds ! copied by Sowerby. We found these molluscs on a flat of liquid mud, a little above low water mark. On the surface of this mud they were moving about with great vivacity while the tide was out. Babttat.--P&nsLm& ; Hinds ! copied by Sowerby. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould M>s. f Panama ; C. B. A. ! Mr. Hinds calls this species « the American analogue " of M. prunum Gm. (syn. M. coerulescens Lam.) but Mr. Sowerby assigns M. prunum to Panama as its habitat! A little east of Panama we obtained 40 living specimens of M. sapotilla, and also collected many dead shells on the beach above the No specimen of M. prunum was found. The latter, however, occurs abundantly in some parts of the Ca- ribbean sea. We have obtained in Jamaica a large number of this species, said to have been taken on the keys south of that Island, and the Hon. Edward Chitty, of J., kindly gave us a parcel said to have been collected at Curagoa. Inde- pendently of the testimony, the other shells, which were mingled with these parcels, were all Caribbean species Without affirming anything respecting the existence of M. prunum on the west coast of Africa,* we may therefore safely say that it is the Caribbean species,— as M. sapotilla is the Pacific species— of tropical America. * Mr. J. H. Redfield, the best authority in reference to this genus, informs t he has examined many parcels of shells collected in the Gambia reTn at Cape Palmas, and the I. of St. Thomas, in the Gulf of Guinea, and has nevt been able to hnd any evidence that the M. prunum inhabits West Africa. Mr - gests hat by some means Adan.on may have been in error, and that his error hf been simply copied by all subsequent authors. Panama Shells.' MITRIDJE. Family MITRHXE. 16. Ulitra iimiculata. Synonymy. Mitra funiculata Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 16. f. 122. Oct. 1844. • Reeve Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 177. Dec- 1844. Station. — In coral sand at the depth of 14 fathoms ; Gaining ! Reeve. Habitat. — I. of Plata ; Cuming ! Reeve. I. of Plata ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! "We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 23 specimens in different stages of growth. •• 17. Mitra lens. Synonymy. Voluta lens Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 3. f. 25. 1828. Tiaraforaminata (Swains. Mss.) Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. P. 194. Dec. 1835. Mitra Dupontii Kiener Iconog. p. 43. pi. 13. f. 39. - lens Reeve Conch, Icon. pi. 1. f. 1. Aug. 1S44. Wood's figure is too wide anteriorly : Kiener's figure is both elegant and inaccurate ; the description is much better : Reeve's figure leaves nothing to be desired. Station. — Sandy mud, at a depth ranging from 6 to 14 fath- oms ; Cuming! Broderip : also Reeve. Habitat. — Unknown; Wood. Panama, St. Elena, and I. of Plata ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. The Red Sua ; Kiener. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama, and St. Elena; Jay. MITRA. Panama Shells. 43 La Paz ; Major Rich! Gould Mss. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 24 specimens in different stages of growth. Kiener's statement is doubtless erroneous. is. Ultra imcleola. Synonymy. Mitra nucleola Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVII. 218. No. 64. 1811. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 320. No. 64. AUQ-. 1822. O • Kiener Iconog. p. 84. pi. 26. f. 83. vars. excl. — Pot. el-Mich. Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai.I. 499. pi. 35. f. 15. 16. 1838. - Kust. Conch. Cab. p. 112. No. 95. pi. 17. f. 18. 19 ? 1844. — Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 337. No. 64. (Desh. ed.) 1844. • Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 28. f. 226. Jan. 1845. We had at first some doubts of the identity of our speci- mens with the Lamarckian species, but the differences be- tween their form and that of Mr. Reeve's figure are precisely similar to those between the half-grown, and the mature M. granulosa of the Caribbean seas. M. Kiener's remarks leave no room for doubt. Our shells, being fresh, are of a deep brown, like fresh specimens of the Caribbean species. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Lamarck : also Potiez and Midland : also Reeve. Indian Ocean, seas of Java ; Kiener. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 11 specimens, none of which are quite ma- ture. Kiener's statement of habitat is probably incorrect. Kiener remarks that this shell is only a variety of Mitra granulosa ; Reeve says that there is "no analogy whatever," 44 Panama Shells. MITRID.E. between these species. We will venture to add that while the species are clearly distinct, they constitute one of those interesting pairs of analogues, which inhabit opposite sides of the Isthmus of tropical America. M. granulosa we believe to be exclusively a Caribbean species, although Kiener says " Habite les mers de 1'Inde et de la Nouvelle Zelande, de la Guadeloupe, de la Trinite et du Mexique." 19. Mitra solitaria. Nov. sp. Shell rather slender, fusiform : of a very deep blackish brown, less deep in the aperture, and quite pale on the plaits : with very numerous small transverse ribs, which are obsolete anteriorly, and which are granulated by revolving striae, that are obsolete in the interspaces posteriorly, and are strongly de- veloped anteriorly, with microscopic incremental striae ; apex acute : whorls ten, moderately convex, slightly shouldered above, with a moderately impressed suture : aperture long, with a rather short canal : labrum thick, with numerous sharp plaits inside, with a sinus near the posterior end : columella with four plaits. Length .68 inch ; breadth, .23 inch ; length of aperture, .34 inch. Station. — Under stones near low water mark we found this elegant and rare shell. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found a single specimen on the reef. 20. Ulitra trisiis. Synonymy. Mitra tristis Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 194. Dec. 1835. • Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 15. f. 114. Sept. 1844. Station. — In sandy mud at the depth of 6 to 10 fathoms; Cuming ! Broderip ; also Reeve. We found sev- TEREBRA. Panama Shells. 45 eral individuals alive under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — St. Elena, and the Gallapago Islands ; C timing ! Broderip : also Reeve. St. Elena ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 28 specimens, of which 20 are immature, and only 3 are both mature and perfect. Family PURPURID^l. TEREBRA. Although 11 species of this genus were collected, the number of specimens is small, and they are more or less imperfect. Probably they all, like most of their congeners, and as is well known of several of these species, live only below low water mark. 5 of the species may be new ; but as our specimens are not perfect and not sufficiently numerous for distribution, we shall leave them undescribed. 21. Terebra elata. « Synonymy. Terebra elata Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 156. Dec. 1843. • Hinds in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 177. No. 78. pi. 45. f. 68. 69. 1844. Station. — In 15 fathoms, coarse sand ; Hinds ! Habitat. — Bay of Montija ; Hinds ! Montija ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 4 specimens. 22. Terebra larvaeformis. ' Synonymy. Terebra larvceformis Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 155. De?. 1843. 46 Panama Shells. FURPURIDJE. Tcrebra larvceformis Hinds in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 176. No. 73. pi. 43. f. 46. 47. 1844. Station. — In from 6 to 15 fathoms, sandy mud ; Hinds ! Habitat. — St. Elena, Monte Christ! ; Hinds! Monte Christi ; Jay. Panama; C. B. A.! We found only 2 specimens. 23. Teretora rol>u§ta. Synonymy. Terebra robusta Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 149. Dec. 1843. Hinds in Zool. Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 32. 1844. Hinds in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 152. No. 5. pi. 42. f. 35. 1844. Station. — In from 4 to 18 fathoms, sandy mud ; Hinds ! Habitat. — West coast of America, between 8° 57' and 21° 32' N. lat. ; namely, at Panama, Gulf of Nicoya, Gulf of Papagayo, and San Bias ; Hinds ! 'Gulf of Nicoya ; Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 5 specimens. 24. Teretora specillata. Synonymy. Terebra specillata Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 155. Dec. 1843. . Hinds in Zool. Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 34. 1844. Hinds in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 163. No. 35. pi. 44. f. 96. 1844. Station. — 7 fathoms, sandy mud ; Hinds ! Habitat. — San Bias ; Hinds ! San Bias ; Jay. TEREBRA. Panama Shells. 47 Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 12 specimens in various degrees of preser- vation. 25. Terebra tuberculosa. Synonymy. Terebra tuberculosa Hinds in P oc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 154. Dec. 1843. Hinds in Zool. Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 34. 1844. Hinds in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 175. No. 72.pl. 43. f. 48. . 1844. Station. — From 4 to 11 fathoms ; Hinds ! Habitat. — Panama, Gulf of Papagayo, and San Bias ; Hinds ! Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was fou.id. 26. Terebra varicosa. Synonymy. Terebra varicosa Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 152. Dec. 1843. Hinds in Zool. Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 32. 1844. Hinds in Sowb. Thcs. Conch, p. 163. No. 37. , fig. on same page. 1844. Station. — 23 fathoms, mud ; Hinds ! Habitat. — Gulf of Papagayo ; Hinds ! Panama ; C. B. A ! We obtained only 1 specimen. 27. Terebra (a). — Like T. specillata, but more finely sculptured : 2 specimens. 28. Terebra (b}. — A slender brown species : 5 spe- cimens. 29. Terebra (c). — Small, olivaceous, with a dingy white band next above the suture : 1 specimen. 30. Terebra (d). — A small very delicately and sculptured shell : 1 specimen. 31. Terebra (e). — 1 very imperfect specimen. 48 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. . In searching for species of this genus, I had but little success, although all the sands near Panama were visited, from the low water mark of the spring tides upwards. Of the ten species which were obtained, only one was found alive. Probably the species appear chiefly at certain seasons. The one which was found alive in countless mvriads, was seen it during only a part of my stay in Panama. Valuta oliva var. *• Oliva, anqulata Valuta incrassata Oliva angulata 82. Oliva aiigitlata. Synonymy. Davila Catal. I. pi. 15. f. F. 1767. Martini Conch. Cab. II. 164. pi. 47. f. 499. 500. 1773. Schrot. Einl. Conch. I. 248. 1783. Gmel. in Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3440. 1788. Lam. in Ann. Mm. XVI. 310. No. 6. 1810. Dillw. Catal. I. 516. No. 35. 1817. Wood Ind. Test, pi. 19. f. 35. 1818. Lam. An. saus Vert. VII. 420. No. 6. Aug. 1822. Encyc. Meth. pi. 363. f. 6. 1824. , Desh. in Encyc. Meth. Vers. III. 649. No. 9. 1832. ' Duel. Mon. Oliva. pi. 17. f. 9. 10. 1835. Kiist. Conch. Cab. pi. 2. f. 1. 2. 1840. Duel, in Chenu. pi. 18.f. 9. 10. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 607. No. 6. Desh. Ed. 1844. Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. 1. f. 4. also pi. D. 1846. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 1. Optime. Nov. 1850, Station. — In sandy mud, at the depth of 9 fathoms; Cuming! Reeve. Habitat. — Unknown ; "Wood : Lamarck. Peru ; Dcshayes. Gulf of Nicoya, Central America ; Cuming ! Reeve : also Duclos. OLIVA. Panama Shell*. 49 Bay of Magdalena ; Duclos. Mazatlan ; Melohers ! Menke. Real Llejos; Jay. Bay of Panama ; C. B. A. ! The text of Duclos (in Chenu 111. Conch.) is somewhat ambiguous ; " Habite la bale de la Madeleine, le golfe de S Nicoyo, Costa Rica, Ame>ique cent-rale, cl'ou M. Cuming 1'a rapportee.'' The Bay of Magdalena is much farther north than Costa Rica, on the outside of the peninsula of California in latitude 24° 30' N. Probably a different punctuation should have been used, so as to indicate two distinct localities. We obtained 17 fine large specimens in the fruit shanty before mentioned. They were said to have been taken " down the bay." Their condition, and the other shells which were with them, fully confirmed the statement. 33. Oliva araiieosa. Synonymy. Martini Conch. Cab. II. 167. pi. 48. f. 509. 510. 1773. Oliva araneosa Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 315. No. 19. 1810. Lam. An. sans Vert, VII. 424. No. 19. Aug. 1822. Lam. in Encyc. Meth. pi. 363. f. 1. 1824. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 614. No. 19. Desk Ed. 1844. - rcticula ris Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 10. f. 10/7. IGd. alt. cxd. Aug. 1 850. If Lamarck and Duclos have sometimes gone into the one extreme of excessive multiplication of species, Mr. Reeve has, we fear, in a rare instance of error, gone to the opposite ex- treme, in uniting with O. reticularis^ O. araneosa, and O. venulata of Lam., and Duclos' species O. Timoria, O. obesina, and O. pindarina. Mr. Reeve's fig. 16a. represents well the common Caribbean species, O'. reticularis, which inhabits the islands and main land around the Caribbean sea. Fig. 16 i 50 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. resembles a variety of the same species, which Mr. Redfield has received from Carthagena. But figs. IGd and 16g- re- present the kindred type of the Pacific shore. This we sup- pose to be O. araneosa of Lamarck. The difference between the Caribbean and the Pacific types is somewhat less in value than the average difference between species. But we have elsewhere shown, (Cont. Conch, p. 191,) that it is impossible to make all the species of exactly equal value. Those figures on Mr. Reeve's pi. X, which we have not before referred to in this paragraph, represent probably one or two other species of the Pacific coast. In consequence of this union of distinct types, Mr. R. gives as the habitat of O. reticularis, " Grulf of California ; Donnet. I. of Granada, West Indies ; J. Cuming." Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — South Seas? Lamarck. Bay of Panama; C. B. A.! In the fruit shanty we found 1 specimen, in company with other shells, all of which had been taken near Panama. 34. Oliva mconspictia. Nov. sp. Shell rather slender : white : smooth : spire about as long as the aperture : apex rather obtuse : whorls six, with a well impressed suture, slightly convex : aperture acuminate in the upper half, subrectangular in the lower half: labrum thin : anterior notch very slight, wide. Mean divergence about 30° ; in another specimen nearly 40° ; length .15 inch ; breadth .055 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A. ! "We obtained only 3 mature specimens and one immature, in picking over several quarts of fine drift materials gathered on the shore near the city wall. OLIVA. Panama Shells. 51 A kindred undescribed species occurs in Jamaica. Like the above and like most of the minute rare tropical species, it appears to have escaped the notice of collectors. 35. Ofiiva pcllucida. Synonymy. Oliva pellucida Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 27. f. 85. Nov. 1850. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained one specimen, which is about three-fifths as large as Mr. Reeve's specimen. 36. Oliva porphyria. Synonymy. Gualt. Test. pi. 24. f. P. 1742. D'Argenv. Conch, p. 285. pi. 16. f. K. 1742. D'Argenv. Conch, p. 243. pi. 13. f. K. 1757. Knorr. Vergn. I. pi. 15. f. I. 1757. Valuta porphyria Linn. Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10.) I. 729. No. 349. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. (Ed. 10. alt.) I. Pars. II. p. 1187. No. 398. 1767. D'Argenv. Conch, p. 201. pi. 13. f. K. 1772. Martini Conch. Cab. II. 157. pi. 47. f. 485-6. pi. 47. f. 498. 1773. Panama or Camp Olive Da Costa Elem. Conch, pp. 189. 291. pi. 5. f. 4. 1776. Favanne's D'Argenv. II. 818-822. pi. 19. f. K. 1780. Valuta porphyria Born Mus. Cses. p. 212. 1780. Schrot. Einl. I. 201. No. 7. 1783. — Grael. in Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3438. No. 16. 1788. Oliva Lam. Syst. An. sans Vert. p. 75. 18U1. 52 Panama Shells. PURPURID^:. OUva porphyria Valuta OUva Panamensis porphyracea Voluta porphyria OUva Voluta OUt'a Cubieres' Hist. Coq. p. 69. pi. 7. f. 4. Roissy in Buff Moll. V. 429. No. 1. pi. 56. f.' 6. 1803. Turt. in Linn. Syst. Nat. IV. 361. 1806. Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 309. No. 1. 1810. seu porphyrius Montf. Conch. Syst. II. 387. f. ad p.. 386. 1810. Perry Conch, pi. 41. f. 3. Jan. 1811. Brooke Introd. Conch, pi. 6. f. 68. 1815. Dillw. Catal. 1. 510. No. 29. 1817. Schum. Nouv. Syst. p. 243. 1817. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 19. f. 29. 1818. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 418. No. 1. Aug. 1822. Children's Lam. Gen. pi. 5. vol. 16. f. 209. 1823. Sowb. Gen. pi. — . f. 1. 1824. Lam. in Encyc. Meth. pi. 361. f. 4. 1824. Blainv. Malac. pi. 30. f. 4. - 1825. Roux Icon. Conch. Liv. I. p. 4. pi. 3. f. 6. . 1828. Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 25. 1828. Desh. in Encyc. Meth. Vers. III. 648. No. 8. 1832. Duel. Monog. Oliva. pi. 24. f. 1-5. 1835. Pot. et Mich. Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai. L471. 1838. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 10. pi. 2. f. 5. pi. 6. f. 1. 2. 1840. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 273. f. 1. 1842. Hmiley Conch. Book Spec. p. 130. 1842. Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 1. f. 1-5. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 605. No. 1. Desh. ed. 1844. Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 2. Nov. 1850. Heck Icon. Encyc. pi. 75. f. 125. Baird ed. 1851. Woodward Man. Moll. p. 116. pi. 6. f. 16. - 1851. Station. — In sandy mud at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. OLIVA. Panama Shells. 53 Habitat. — Unknown ; Linnaeus, 175S. Brazil ; Linnaeus, 1767 : also Gmelin: also Turton : also Say in Catal. of his Mus. West Indies and coasts of South America ; Dillwyn. West Indies; Wood. Seas of South America ; shores of Brazil ; Lamarck : also Roux : also Potiez and Michaud : also Kiister. " L'Olive de Panama;" Lamarck: also Blainville. South America ; Ravenel in Catalogue. Panama; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; Jay : also Woodward. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. La Paz, Lower California ; Lt. Green ! Grould Mss. Bay of Panama ; C. B. A. ! Linnaeus, Dillwyn, Wood, and Lamarck are obviously in an error, which has been successively copied from the former. But the common name of the species, which we find in most of the old authors, indicates the true habitat. Unfortunately none of my rambles were rewarded with a specimen in any condition. Two or three were seen in the fruit shanty among other shells, all of which inhabit the vi- cinity of Panama. Two intensely colored specimens in the Mus. Amh., from an unknown habitat, are 4f in. long and 2 in. wide. 37. OSIva s Synonymy. Oliva semistriata Gray, Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 36. f. 10. 1839. Siebold, Wiegm. Aivhiv. p. 210. 1839. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 23. f. 01. Oct. 1850. Station. — " Moving about by hundreds, with great rapidity, in the wet sand ;" Cuminir ! Reeve. ' >— > 54 Panama Shells. PURPURID.E. Habitat. — Salango, West Columbia ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained a few specimens, which were occupied by hermit crabs, on the reef at Panama, near low water mark. In the fruit shanty \ve purchased 175 specimens, which ap- peared to have been taken alive. 38. CMiva testacea. Synonymy. Oliva tcstacca Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 324. No. 51. 1810. • Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 435. No. 51. Aug. 1822. • Valen. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 334. 1833. Duclos in Ckemi Conch. 111. pi. 3. f. 17. 18. (f. 19. 20. excl.) 1843. • Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 627. No. 51. Desh. Ed. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 18. f. 30. Sept. 1850. Station. — In sandy mud at a depth of about 6 fathoms ; Cu- ming! Reeve. Habitat. — The South Sea, on the shores of Mexico ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Lamarck. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valen- ciennes. Mexico and California ; Duclos. Mazatlan ; Melohers ! Menke. Panama ; Jay. Real Llejos, Mexico ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Duclos says, " Habite le Mexique pour sa plus grande taille, la Californie pour sa plus petite, et la Nouvelle Hollande pour la variete blanche." The variety (f. 19. 20.) is evidently a distinct species. — Mr. Reeve's punctuation seems to imply that R-eal Llejos is in Mexico, but since Real Llejoa is not in Mexico, the latter must be another habitat on the authority of Mr. Cuming, unless Mr. R. has fallen into a geographical error. OLIVA. Panama Shell*. 55 On the sand beach, next west of Panama, we collected 20 doad but entire specimens. 30. Oliva Synonymy. Oliva undatella Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 32G. No. 55. 1810. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 438. No. 58. Aug. 1822. - tenebrosa Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 38. 1828. - undatella Duel. Men. Oliva. pi. 5. f. 5-10. 1835. Gray, Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 3G. f. 23, 27. 1839. Duclos in Cheuu 111. Conch, pi. G. f. 5-10. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 630. No. 58. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 25. f. 73. Oct. 1850. Wood's accurate figure appears to .have been overlooked by most authors. Station. — In sand and on mud banks at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. Habitat. — Unknown ; "Wood. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Lamarck : Duclos. West coast of Mexico ; Say in Catal. Mus. Pacific ; Ravenel in Catalogue. Mazatlan ; Melchers! Menke. Acapulco ; Jay. Bay of Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! For this species I was indebted wholly to the hermit crabs. 15 specimens were obtained near a sandy spot on the reef, near low water mark. They are all of one pattern of colorinir, intermediate between Wood's figure and 73 b of Reeve. 56 Panama Shells. PURPURTD.E. 40. Oliva veiiulata. Synonymy. Voluta ixpiduta var. /3 (pars) Born. Mus. p. 216. 1780. Martini Conch. II. 158. pi. 46. f. 488. 1773. Oliva venulata Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 313. No. 13. 1810. Lam. An. sail* V-rt. VII. 422. No. 13. Aug. 1822. Lam. in Encyc. Moth. pi. 361. f. 5. 1824. Desh. in Encyc. Meth. vers. III. 650. No. 12. 1832. Pot. et Mich. Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai. I. 472. 1838. Kiist. Conch. Cab. pi. 6. f. 5. 1840. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 611. No. 13. Desh. Ed. 1854. rdicularis var. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 10. f. 16&. (alt. cxcl.) - - Aug. 1850. Oar specimen more resembles O. splendidula as figured in the III. Conch, of Chenu, than O. venulata in the same work. We think, however, that it is the species, which is figured in the Encyc. and by Reeve as above. The principal difference between this, shell and O. arant'osa is in the short dark brown bent lines of the former. Station. — Unk nown . Habitat. — Unknown ; Lamarck : also Potiez and Michaud. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. La Paz ; Lt. Green ! Gould Mss. Bay of Panama ; C. B. A. ! Duclos (in Chenu) says of his O. venulata, which proba- bly belong* to a different species from ours, " Habite la mer des Indes." In the fruit shanty we found 1 specimen among other shells, all of which are known to inhabit the Bay of Panama. OLIVA. Panama Shells. 57 41. Oliva voliitclla. Synonymy. Oliva rolutella Lam. in Ann. Mus. XVI. 322. No. 43. ] 810. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 432. No. 43. Aug. 1822. Swains. Zool. 111. 2nd ser. pi. 40. f. 1. 1823. - cocrulea Wood Ind. Test, supp. pi. 4. f. 36. 1 828. volutella Valenc, in Ilumb. liec. Obs. II. 334. 1833. - Duel. Mon. Oliva. pi. 6. f. 7-14. 1835. - Gray in Beech. Voy. p. 131. 1839. Sowb. Man. No. 561. f. 560. 1839. - Duclos in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 7. f. 7-14. 1843. Souleyet(?) Voy. Bonite. Moll. pi. 45. f. 22-24. 1844? Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 623. No. 43. Desh.Ed. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pl.21.f. 54. Oct. 1850. Station. — On mud banks at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. This species we found alive in vast numbers, over an ex- tent of many acres, on the sand beach west of the city of Pa- nama. They were most numerous where the beach had a gentle slope, about midway between high and low water mark. Some time after the retreat of the tide they were found crawling about with much vivacity on the wet sand. The shell, while the animal was moving, was wholly covered with the mantle, and the mantle was entirely concealed with a thick coat of sand. When the first wave of the returning tide struck them, washing off their coats of sand, they instantly buried themselves. Frequently, however, I passed over this spot without seeing any of them. They were also found, but in less numbers, just above the low water mark of the neap tides, on sandy flats near the beach above mentioned. Habitat. — Shores of Mexico ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! La- marck. Isthmus ; Swainson. Unknown ; Wood. JUNE, 1852. 5 ANN. LYC, NAT. HI&T. 58 Panama Shells PURPURIDJ3. ,' Acapulco; Humboldtand Bonpland ! Valenciennes. West coast of Mexico ; Say in Catal. Mus. Mexico, California, Panama ; Duclos. Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve : also Morch. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 4,500 specimens. 42. Planaxis pfanicostata. Synonymy. Planaxis planicostata Sowb. in Tank. Catal. No. 1418. App. p. 13, 1825. Bucdnum planaxis Wood Ind. Test. Supp.pl. 4. f. 15. 1828. Planaxis canaliculata Duval in Rev. Zool. Apr. 1840. Trosch. in Wiegm. Archiv. p. 271. 1840. planicostata Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. B. f. 17. 1846. The epidermis of this shell is exceedingly thick and tena- cious, and of a dingy olive green. Beneath the epidermis the shell is black, but near the apex and in faded specimens the color is brown. All the specimens at Panama and in one spot at Taboga belong to a large variety, and are often more than an inch long. The others at Taboga were mostly from .6 inch to .7 inch long. Station. — Under stones between high water and half tide level. * Habitat. — Grallapago Is. ; Sowerby : also Duval : also Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! At Taboga in incredible numbers : less common on the reef at Panama. We collected about 1200 specimens. NASSA. Panama Shells. 59 IV ASS A. Mr. Powis has described in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1835, pp. 95, 96, seven species of this genus from Panama and from other parts of the same Zoological province. "We obtained fourteen species, two (perhaps three) of which answer to the descriptions by Mr. Powis. 43. Nfassa canescens. Nov. sp. Shell rather long, ovate conic : pale brown on all the raised portions of the surface, with the interspaces pale gray : with ten or eleven very prominent narrow ribs, and many raised spiral lines, which are not interrupted by the ribs, and of which two on the middle of the whorls and some anteriorly are larger : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : apex acute : whorls eight or nine, subangular in the middle, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl moderately ventricose, an- teriorly spirally subcanaliculate : aperture subelliptical : labrum subacute, much thickened by a varix a little behind the edge, finely grooved within : labium finely wrinkled, a little dilated but not appressed : notch large and deep. Mean divergence about 50° ; length 1.05 inch ; breadth .6 inch ; length of spire .6 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Panama ; C. B. A ! 1 specimen was obtained. 44. Nassa collaria. Nov. sp. Synonymy, liassa collaria, Gould MSS. Shell ovate conic : dingy white, with a dark reddish brown band on each side of the whorl : with, on each whorl, about ten or twelve ribs, which are smaller and more approxi- 60 Panama Shells. PURPURID.E. mate but not obsolete on the last part of the last whorl ; with many spiral raised lines, with the intersections subnodulous : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : apex acute : whorls seven, slightly convex, with a distinct suture ; last whorl with a minute spiral canal anteriorly : aperture subelliptical : la- brum subacute, thickened with a stout varix, within crenu- lated coarsely and unequally : labium a little thickened, not appressed : with a deep notch. Mean divergence about 50° ; length .38 inch: breadth .21 inch ; length of spire .23 inch. Var. « • smaller (.23 inch long) ; with the lower fascia much broader, and darker anteriorly. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; (var. «) ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 4 specimens of the type, and one of the va- riety. 45. Nassa corpulenta, Nov. sp. Shell ovate conic, very robust : spirally banded with white and brown, sometimes mostly white, sometimes mostly brown, with a broad white stripe below the middle of the last whorl, white in and about the aperture : with, on each whorl, about eleven narrow ribs, which are traversed by spiral raised lines : spire with the outlines rectilinear or slightly concave : apex acute : whorls nine, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl very large and ventricose, spirally canali- culate anteriorly : aperture subelliptical, contracted : labrum subacute thickened with a very stout varix, within coarsely sulcate : labium wrinkled, a little thickened bat not appressed : notch large and deep. N. f estiva Powis must resemble this shell, and possibly may be identical with it. Mean divergence about 46°t; length .88 inch ; breadth .63 inch ; length of spire .46 inch. NASSA. Panama SI tells. 61 Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 17 specimens were obtained. 40. Nassa geumitilosa. — Nov. sp. Shell ovate conic, ventricose : whitish, more or less tinged with yellowish brown ; with a narrow spiral stripe of brown at the upper margin of the whorls, and another anteriorly ; with two or three minute spiral brown lines on the middle of the last whorl, which are interrupted by the nodules: with about fifteen or sixteen minute ribs on each whorl, and spiral raised lines, of which three or four are visible on the spire ; with the intersections developed into well rounded nodules : spire with the outlines rectilinear: apex very acute : whorls seven, a little convex, with a distinct suture ; last whorl spi- rally subcanaliculate anteriorly : labrum subacute, well thick- ened by a varix, coarsely ridged within : labium much arcuated, a little thickened but not appressed : notch deep. Mean divergence about 56° ; length .25 inch ; breadth .17 inch ; length of spire .15 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 47. Nassa glauca,— Nov. sp. ^Shell ovate conic, ventricose: glaucous or olivaceous, with a broad spiral stripe of dingy white a little above the suture, whitish about the aperture, deeply colored in the anterior spi- ral canal : with, on each whorl, about ten ribs, of which the last two or three next to the aperture are nearly obsolete ; with many spiral striae, which traverse the ribs : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : apex acute : whorls eight, 62 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. moderately convex, with a distinct suture ; last whorl ventri- cose, with a narrow deep spiral canal anteriorly : aperture subelliptical : labrum subacute, thickened with a stout varix, within with about five acute spiral ridges : labiam well thickened, not appressed : notch deep. Mean divergence about 55° ; length .5 inch ; breadth .31 inch ; length of spire .28 inch. Var. a. ; with the color nearly black. Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 32 specimens were collected. 43. TOa§sa liateostoma. Synonymy. Nassa luteostoma Brod. & Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 376. 1829. Buccinum Kiener Iconog. p. 110. pi. 30. f. 1. Nassa xanthostoma Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 36. f. 3. (parva.) 1839. - Souleyet (?) Voy. Bonite. Moll. pi. 41. f. 5-7. 1844? luteostoma Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. 3. f. 11. 1846. xanthostomaMis. GrayMoll.pl. 85a. f. 5. (soft parts.) 1850. Station. — On sand, usually not far below high water mark, in places where water is running during the recess of the tide : also in similar places not far above low water mark. Habitat. — Senegal ; Kiener : also Jay. Real Llojos, and Acapulco ; Lesson. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama; E. Jewett! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 330 specimens, mostly near the sea wall of Panama. " M. Kiener indique le Senegal pour patrie a cette NA 9SA. Panama Shells. 63 coquille ; il y a, sans doute, erreur." Lesson in Rev. Zool. Aug. 1842. 49. IVassa iioclifera. Synonymy. Nassa nodifera Powis in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 95. June. 1835. This shell has distant fine spiral striae, which are usually obsolete on the middle of the whorls. Some specimens are ornamented with spiral lines of dark brown, and rarely the whole shell, except the aperture, is dark brown, Mr. Powis disposes of the coloration with the single word albescente, but otherwise his brief description corresponds exactly with our shells. Station. — In coral sand, in from 6 to 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Powis. Habitat. — Clallapago Islands and the shores of Panama ; Cuming ! Powis. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 40 specimens were collected. 50. IVassa pagodiis. Synonymy. JSuccinum decussatum Kiener (nee Linn, nee Lam.) p. 109. No. 106. pi. 30. f. 3. Triton pagodus Reeve in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 121. July. 1844. . Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 20. f. 97. Aug. 1844. The colors are sometimes more intense than in Mr. Reeve's figure. From M. Petit we have received two specimens la- belled B. decussatum Kiener; Payta. Station. — Unknown. 64 Panama Shells. PURPURID-E. Habitat. — Atlantic Ocean, on the shores of Africa; Kiener. "Bay of Montija, West Columbia;" Coming! Reeve. Payta ; Petit in sched. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 22 specimens were collected. 51. Itfassa Paiiameiisis— Nov. sp. Shell long ovate conic : bluish olivaceous, with a whitish spiral line below the middle of the whorls ; colors more dis- tinct on the ribs ; whitish near the upper part of the labrum ; anteriorly with a pale spiral band, which is sometimes obso- lete: with, on each whorl, about eleven narrow acute ribs, which are obsolete anteriorly ; with very minute spiral striae, which are less distinct below the middle of the whorls : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear : apex acute : whorls eight, slightly convex, with a distinct suture ; last whorl not ventiicose : aperture elliptical ; labrum thickened by a stout varix : labium thickened but not appressed : notch deep. Mean divergence about 37° ; length .58 inch ; breadth .25 inch ; length of spire .35 inch Station. — Under stones, a little above low water mark, in company with several species of Columbella, Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected about 1500 specimens on the reef. 52. Nassa proxlma.— Nov. sp. [ Shell like that of N. versicolor (v. infra), but much more slender, with the ribs less prominent, and very densely covered with very minute uninterrupted stria?, which give a silky lustre to the surface. Mean divergence about 38°; length .44 inch ; breadth .21 inch ; length of spire .28 inch. NASSA. Panama Shells. 65 Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! One specimen was obtained. 53. ]\assa scaforiuscula ? Synonymy. Nassa scabriuscula Powis in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 96. June. 1833. Our specimens are mostly pale olivaceous or glaucous, with the granules, upper part of the labrum, and a spiral stripe, of a dino-v white. Mr. Powis describes his shell as fusca luteo O*> fasciata. Var. a is deeply tinged with black, and has some pure white spots at the upper part of the labrum. Var. b is black, more gibbous, and is wholly covered with granules. Station.— Sandy mud at a depth of 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Powis. Our specimens were found on sand, usually not far below high water mark, where water runs during the recess of the tide ; also in similar situations near low water mark. Habitat. — Bay of Montija ; Cuming! Powis. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 380 specimens. 51. IVassa striata. — Nov. sp. Shell long ovate conic : white about the aperture, other- wise dingy white more or less tinged with yellowish brown : with, on each whorl, twelve or thirteen small ribs, and many coarse spiral striae : spire with the outlines a little curvilinear: apex acute : whorls eight, convex, with a well impressed su- 66 Panama Shells. PURPURIDJE. ture ; last whorl spirally canaliculate on the left side : aper- ture subelliptical : labrum rather sharp, thickened by a broad varix, coarsely grooved within : labium well thickened, not appressed, with two small wrinkles anteriorly : notch deep. It resembles N. versicolor (v. infra) var. striatula : but besides being more coarsely striated and minutely ribbed, the whorls are much more convex. Mean divergence about 48°; length .58 inch; breadth .31 inch ; length of spire .33 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were obtained. 55. Na§sa versicolor. — Nov. sp. / Shell long ovate conic : pale yellowish brown, or nearly white, with a darker sutural line, or blackish brown : some- times the ends or the summits of the ribs are whiter than the interspaces ; sometimes the sutural fascia covers the anterior part of the last whorl : with, on each whorl, nine or ten narrow very prominent ribs; with very minute spiral striae, which are nearly obsolete on the middle of the whorls ; spire with the outlines nearly or quite rectilinear : apex acute : whorls eight, slightly convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl spirally canaliculate anteriorly: aperture subelliptical: labrum subacute, thickened with a stout varix : labium thick- ened, not appressed, finely wrinkled : notch deep. Var. stria- tula is covered with very distinct strite. Mean divergence about 45° ; length .6 inch ; breadth .33 inch ; length of spire .35 inch. N. ambigua, the Caribbean analogue, is also an extremely variable species. Station. — Unknown. BUCCINUM. Panama Shells. 67 Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! More than 500 specimens were collected, all occupied by hermit crabs. 56 IVassa. WiBsosii. — Nov. sp. Shell ovate conic, ventricose : blackish brown, with a dingy white spiral band, at or a little above the suture : with six- teen to twenty small ribs, some of the last of which are obso- lete on the convexity of the whorl, and of which one next be- hind the varix is larger ; with many spiral raised lines, which are smaller on the summits of the ribs, and which are nearly obsolete in the region where the ribs are obsolete : spire with the outlines curvilinear : apex acute : whorls seven, slightly convex, with a distinct suture : last whorl ventricose, ante- riorly with a small spiral canal : aperture suborbicular : labrum subacute, much thickened within and without, with a few sharp ridges within : labium thickened, not appressed : notch deep. Mean divergence about 58° ; length .32 inch ; breadth .19 inch ; length of spire .18 inch. This pretty little species is named in honor of Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, of Philadelphia, the munificent patron and success- ful cultivator of Natural History. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 5 specimens were obtained. 57. IBucciBiUBii cra§sum. Synonymy. Phos crassus Hinds Voy. Sulpk. Moll. p. 38. pi. 10. f. 1, 2. 1844. A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. VIII. No. 43. p. 71. - - July 1851. 68 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. Station. — Dredged as solitary shells in from 3 to 14 fathoms among mud ; Hinds ! Habitat. — Panama, and G-ulf of Fonseca ; Hinds ! Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 1 dead specimen. 58. Hiiccinum distorting. Synonymy. Bucclnum distortum Bligb. Catal. No. 64. (not described.) May 1822. Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 7. 1828. Kieuer Iconog. p. 43. pi. 18. f. 64, 65. Pollia distorta Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 112. 1839. Columbclla triumphalis Duel, in Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 5. f. 13-16. 1843. Buccinum distortum Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. p. 192. No. 70. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 11. f. 86. Dec. 1846. Kiener has figured as the young of this species, f. 65, a variety in which the revolution of the whorls is more oblique, and which, when full grown, has the last whorl only mode- rately shouldered, like the young of the common type. We obtained only two specimens of this variety. Deshayes has well described the varying characters of this remarkable species. The epidermis is thick, rather coarse and brown, and en- tirely conceals the color of the shell. Station. — We found this species in the crevices of rocks, be- tween the low water mark of the neap tides and that of the spring tides. Habitat. — Unknown; Wood. New Holland ; Kiener. Chili ; Deshayes : also Jay. St. Elena ; Cuming ! Reeve. BUCCINUM. Panama Shells. 69 Panama; E. Jewett ! Grould Mas. Panama, and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 95 specimens, mostly on the reef. — Kieuer's statement is undoubtedly erroneous: nor are we informed on what evidence Chili is said to be a habitat. Valparaiso being the great centre of commerce on the west coast of South America, there is much danger of referring to that habitat species which belong to other parts of the coast. 59. B 11 cc IBB 11 ei isisigiie. Synonymy. Buccinum mutabile Val. (non Linn.) Voy. Venus. Moll. pi. 6. f. 2. 184G. insi finis Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 8. f. 58. Eec. 1846. Station. — In clefts of rocks at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. "We found the species in the same situation, but more frequently under stones, and especially under stones which were lying on sand. Habitat. — St. Elena ; Cuming! Reeve. West Columbia ; Jay. Lower California; Major Rich! Gould Mss. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 140 specimens of this beautiful species on the reef at Panama. Most of them are both more completely and more intensely colored than the figure given by Mr. Reeve. The colors are wholly concealed by a thick brown epidermis. co. Bucciniim Itigubre.— Nov. sp. Shell long ovate-fusiform: very dark brown with a cine- reous tinge : with small ribs, from nine to thirteen on each whorl, traversed by rather coarse unequal spiral striae, with the intersections of the larger striae rather acutely nodulous : apex acute : spire conic : whorls eight, very convex,' with a 70 Panama Shells. PURPURID^:. moderately impressed suture : aperture ovate : labrum rather sharp, thickened behind : with a short recurved canal. Mean divergence about 44° ; length .67 inch ; breadth .31 inch ; length of spire .4 inch. After much doubt respecting the generic characters of this species, we have provisionally referred it to that group of Buccina, which have a short recurved canal. Station. — Under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — Panama, and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 175 specimens. 61. ISucciimm pagodas. Synonymy. Buccinum pagodus Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 50. Dec. 1846. Station. — In the clefts of rocks at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species in the same sta- tion and also under stones. Habitat. — I. of Taboga ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; Jay. Panama; E. Jewett! Gould Mss. Taboga and Panama; C. B. A.! This species is rare. Mr. Cuming obtained only one or two specimens. We obtained 7 adult, and 11 young speci- mens. The color of the young is very intense, almost black : that of some of the adult shells is very dark, 62. llnccifiiuiu pristis. Synonymy. Buccinum serratum Kicner Iconog. p. 23. pi. 9. f. 28. • Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 268. f. 5, 6. 1842. -- pristis Desk in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 192. No. 69. 1844. --- Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 39. Dec. 1846. BUCCINUM. Panama Shells. 71 The name originally given to this species by Kiener had been preoccupied by Brocchi in 1814 for a fossil species. Station. — Probably below extreme low water mark. Our specimens were collected at low water mark, where they were occupied by hermit crabs. Habitat. — The South Sea, on the shores of California ; Edoux ! Kiener. Seas of California ; Deshayes. St. Elena ; [? Curaing !] Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. San Bias; Dr. J. L. Burtt, U. S. N. ! Mus. Acad. Nat. So. Philadelphia. Panama ; C. B. A. ! The California of the French authors is probably Lower California. On the reef at Panama, we obtained 1 perfect specimen, which is 2£ inches long, and 5 others more or less imperfect. In two large old shells the labrum is much thick- ened but not deeply serrated. A magnificent specimen has been presented to the Acad. Nat. So. Phil, by Dr. Burtt, who found it at San Bias : it is 3| in. long. 63. BncciiiuiBi riaag-ens. Synonymy. Buctinum ringens Reeve (non Phil.) Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f- 45- Dec. 1846. In the Zeitschr. Malak, 1851, p. 59, Dr. Phillippi has in- advertently repeated this name for another species. Station.— On the rocks at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species chiefly under stones about the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Reeve. 72 Panama Shells. PURPURID.E. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected on the reef 275 specimens. 64. Bttccliium saraiimoleiitiim. Purpura sanyuinolenta Duel, in Guer. Mag. Zool. pi. 22. f. 1. 1833. Pollia hcemastoma Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 112. 1839. Buccinum hcemastoma Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 46. Dec. 1846. - Janclii Val. Voy. Venus. Moll.pl. 6. f. 1. 1846. -- sanguinolentumMenke in Zeitsch. Malak. p. 180. Dec. 1847. Station. — Under stones at low water; Gaming ! Reeve. A few of our specimens were found alive in the same situa- tion ; but as. most of them were occupied by hermit crabs, at low water mark, it is probable that their favorite station may be somewhat lower. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama ; Jay. Taboga and Panama; C. B. A. ! We collected 16 specimens. 65. Hitcomueta @tmBp*osiinamm. Nov. Sp. Shell long ovate-conic : rather pale slate color, more or less white above, with the revolving ridges brownish red or white where they cross the ribs, white in the upper half of the labrum, often with a broad white spiral band on the middle of the whorls : on each whorl with seven or eight stout transverse ridges, which are less prominent on the back of the last whorl ; with several spiral linear ridges, of which four are visible on the penult whorl, which are obsolete between the transverse ridges, and are more numerous and smaller anteriorly ; covered DOLIUM. Panama Shells. 73 with five crowded spiral strire : apex acute : spire conic : whorls eight, scarcely convex : aperture ovate : labrum much thickened, with a few plaits inside : columellar lip irregularly plaited : with a short well notched canal. Mean divergence about 38° ; length .72 inch ; breadth .32 inch. I take pleasure in dedicating this species to William Stimp- son, Esq., whose researches on the Mollusca of this country will furnish a most valuable contribution to Malacology. Station. — Under stones, near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 19 specimens, of which a few only were alive. 66. Dolium risigens. Synonymy. Cassis ringens Swains, in Bligh Catal. App. p. 4. May 1822. Dolium dentatum Barnes Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York I. 135. 384. pi. 9. f. 3. 1824. Cassis ringens So wb. Tank, Catal. p. 21. 1825. Bucdnum Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 1. 1828. Dolium personatum Menke Synop. p. 62. 1830. Malea latilabris Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 325. 1833. crassilabris Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 327. var. 1834. Dolium latilabre Kiener Iconog. p. 14. pi. 4. f. 7. 1835. Dolium plicosum Menke in Zeitsch. Malak. p. 138. 1845. ringens Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 5. Dec. 1848. dentatum Jay Catal. Dec. 1850. crassilabre Menke in Zeitschr. Malak. p. 182. Apr. 1851. One of our specimens is 4.25 inches long, but most of them are small. One, with an excessively thickened lip and a deep groove behind the lip, is only 2.3 inches long. Mr. Eeeve's figure represents a fine specimen 5s inches long. One in the Mus. Amh. is 6 inches long. Mr. Barnes notices a specimen 9 inches long and 7 inches wide. 6 74 Panama Shells. Station. We found this species under and between stones at extreme low water mark. Habitat.— Coast of Peru ; Capt. Skiddy ! Barnes. Quito I. near Guayaquil; Don Pedro Abadea ! Barnes. Unknown; Wood. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valenciennes. "South Sea, Pacific Ocean, shore of Mexico, at Acapulco :" Kiener. Payta, Peru ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Peru; Jay. Acapulco ; Jay, (a var.) Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Eight specimens were collected on the reef. 67. Ulonoceros torevidentatuni. Synonymy. Buccinum brevidentatum Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 10. 1828. Purpura cornigera Blainv. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. I. 213. pi. 9. f. 10. Mar. 1832. Kiener Iconog. p. 123. pi. 39. f. 92. ocellata Kiener Iconog. p. 124. pi. 37. f. 86. junior. . — maculata Gray in Beech. Voy. p. 125. 1839. Monoceros brevidentatum Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 79. f. 4. Orb.Voy.Amer.Merid.Moll.p.441. 1843. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 123. No. 9. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 4. Sept. 1846. Station. — In crevices of rocks at low water ; Cuming ! Keeve. We found this species in the crevices and on the sides of rocks and stones, mostly at and above half tide level. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood. Mazatlan; Botta! Blainville. MOXOCEROS. Panama Shells. 75 Shores of Peru ; Kiener. [Chili ; Kiener, de P. ocellata.~\ Pacific Ocean ; Gray. Payta ; Fontaine ! Orbigny. Seas of Peru ; Deshayes. Xipixapi, and Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Xipixapi; Jay. Monterey ; Major Eich ! Gould MSS. San Francisco ; Col. E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! On the reef this species occurred plentifully. "We collected about 300 specimens. According to Col. Jewett, this species occurs at San Francisco. "We have seen the specimens, which are undoubtedly identical with the Panama shells ; if there be no error in Col. Jewett's statement, this is the only species known to us, which is common to Panama and to San Francisco. But it is worthy of note that none of the Panama specimens appear in Col. Jewett's collection. Major Eich also states a habitat, Monterey, which is beyond the northern limit of the Panama zoological province. 68. IVIonoceros cingiilatum. Synonymy. r Bucdnum cingulatum Wood Ind. Test. pi. 24. f. 167. 1818. Monoceros Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 250. No. 1. Aug. 1822. • Lam. Encyc. Meth. pi. 396. f. 4. 1824. Sowb. Gen. f. 4. 1824. Bucdnum pseudodon Burrow Elem. Conch, pi. 26. f. 2. 1825. Monoceros dnyulatuin Crouch Conch, pi. 18. f. 10. 1826. Schub. et Wagn. Chemn. Supp. p. 150, pi. 233, f. 4096. .... 1829. Turbinella dngulata Kiener Iconog. p. 36. pi. 20. f. 1. Monoceros dngulatum Sowb. Conch. 111. Catal. No. 1. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 261, f. 4. 1842. Turbinella dngulata Lesson Rev. Zool. July, 1842. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 31. pi. 7. f. 8. 1844. 76 Panama Shells. PUKPURID^E. Monoceros cinyulatum Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 118. No. 1. Desh. Ed. . 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 3. f. 11. Sept. 1846. Station. — In clefts of rocks at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. We have found it in the same situation. ffabitat.-^-Unknown ; Wood. Western shores of Mexico ; Humboldt and Bon- pland! Lamarck. Western shores of Mexico, those of California; Kiener. Panama ; Sowerby ; also Jay. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; E. Jewett ! G-ould MSS. Taboga, and Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 75 specimens, a majority of which are young, in part at Panama, but mostly at Taboga. 69. Purpura Carolensis. Synonymy. Purpura Carolensis Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 11. f. 57. Sept. 1846. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. We found this species under stones and in the crevices of rocks near low water mark. Habitat. — Charles I. Grallapagos ; Cuming ! Reeve. Grallapagos ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 20 specimens, many of which are immature. 70. Purpura foreolata. Nov. sp. Shell obliquely rhombic : white : with very prominent com- pressed transverse ridges, about nine on each whorl, and four spiral keels which are very prominent and much compressed, of PURPURA. Panama Shells. 77 wliich the upper one is seen on the middle of the whorls of the spire, and of which the anterior one is much less developed ; with the intersections prominent ; with rather fine spiral strife : apex acute : whorls six, concave on both sides of the keel, with the suture indistinct: aperture long ovate, produced into a short canal: labruni rather thin, scalloped by the keels and finely serrated by the strite. • Mean divergence about 70° ; length, .43 inch ; breadth, .28 inch. Station. — Under stones, near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 71. Piirpura kiosquifornii§. Synonymy. Purpura kiosquiformis Duel, in Ann. des Sc. Nat. XXVI. 107. pi. 1. f. 5. May 1832. Kiener Iconogr. p. 59. pi. 15. f. 40. (OjJtime.) Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. p. 96. No. 60. 1844. Souleyet (?) Voy. Bonite. Moll. pi. 39. f. 23-25. 1844 ? Reeve Conch. Icon.pl. 7.f. 31. var. Aug. 1846- Mrs. Gray Moll. pi. 87 a. f. '6. soft parts 1850. Station. — On rocky places at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. We found this species abundantly from half tide nearly up to the high water mark of neap tides, on rocks, and on the lower parts of the trunks and about the roots of trees, which were growing from a stony bottom. Habitat. — Seas of New Holland ; Duclos ; also Kiener. Seas of New Holland, according to Kiener ; De- shayes. 78 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. Bay of Panama ; Cuming ! Eeeve. West Columbia ; Jay. La Paz, in Lower California ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. : also Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! • Duclos' and Kiener's statement is probably erroneous. We collected 170 specimens. The variety, figured by Mr. Eeeve, with two keels almost equally developed, we did not find : but several specimens have a second keel moderately developed. 72. Purpura . Sp. indet. This shell resembles P. kwsquiformis, is longer, with the whorls revolving more obliquely, and with, other differences. One specimen was obtained. It is not sufficiently perfect for description. 73. Purpura melo. Synonymy. Purpura crassa Blainv. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. I. 241. No. 83. pi. 12. f. 4. - March 1832. Sowb. Gen. No. 42. f. 5. 1824. melones Duel. Ann. des Sc. Nat. XXVI. 105. pi. 1. f. 2. - - May 1832. Kiener Iconog. p. 125. pi. 39. f. 93. junior. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 259. f. 5. junior. 1842. melo Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 106. No. 71. 1844. melones Keeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 19. Aug. 1846. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Our specimens were found about the sides and crevices of rocks, from the low water mark of neap tides up to three-quar- ters tide. Habitat. — Unknown ; Blainville ; 'also Duclos. PURPURA. Panama Shells. 79 Shores of Peru ; Kiener : also Deshayes. Monte Christ! ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Monte Christi and Peru ; Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 150 specimens, partly at Taboga, but mostly at Panama. Old specimens become very thick, and are rectan- gularly shouldered on the last whorl. 74. Purpura osculans. Nov. sp. Shell obliquely rhombic : dingy white, pure white within : with, on each whorl, 9 transverse, rather small, prominent, well- rounded ridges, which are produced to the anterior extremity : with crowded spiral closely imbricately scaled narrow ridges, which traverse the transverse ridges, and of which the alternate ones are more prominent : apex acute : spire with the outlines rectilinear : whorls six and one-half, convex, with a well- impressed suture : aperture obovate : labrum finely scalloped, transversely grooved within : with a short, deeply-notched canal. Allied to Purpura galea and other kindred species. Mean divergence about 70° ; length, .27 inch ; breadth, .17 inch ; length of spire, .12 inch. Station. — Unknown. + Habitat.. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were obtained. 7s. Purpura tecta. Synonymy. Purpura callosa Sowb. (non Lam.) Gen. No. 42. f. 9. 1824. Bucdnum tectum Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 13. 1828. Purpura angulifera Duel, in Ann. des Sc. Nat. XXVI. 107. pi. 1. f. 6. May 1832. • Kiener Iconog. p. 60. pi. 15. f. 43. Cuma sulcata Swains. Malac. p. 87. f. 4. p. 307. 1840. Panama Shells. PUEPURID.E. Purpura callosa Eeeve (non Lain.) Conch. Syst. pi. 260. f. 9. - ... 1842- Turbinella -- Lesson Rev. Zool. jujy 1842^ - tectum Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 8. f. 41. Aug. 1847. Jay Catal. Dec 1850< The specific name given in Sowb. Gen. was preoccupied by Lamarck for a shell, which, according to Kiener and to Eeeve, is only a variety of P. bufo ; but Deshayes regards it as a good species. We have therefore used the name given by Wood after Eeeve and Jay. Station.— In. 10 fathoms sandy mud ; Cumiug ! Eeeve. We found our specimens in the crevices of rocks, between the low water marks of the neap tides and of the spring tides. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood : also Duclos. Shores of Chili ; Kiener. Eeal Llejos ; Lesson. Bay of Panama ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 60 specimens on the reef. All of them are of the var. b Eeeve. 76. Purpiira wnclata. Synonymy. Purpura undata Lam. (non Orb.) An. sans Vert. VII. 1 238. No. 10. (Syn. Excl.) - Aug. 1822. -- Blainv. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. I. 217. pi. 9. Mar. 1832. Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 315. 1833. - Kiener Iconog. p. 116. pi. 34. f. 81. (Var. s Excl.) - Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 67. No. 10. Desh. Ed- 1844. - Souleyet (?) Voy. Bonite Moll. pi. 39. £17-19. ........ 1844? COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 81 Purpura undata Reeve Concb. Icon. pi. 9. f. 43. Sept. 1847. -- hcemastoma Menke (non Lam.) Zeitscbr. Malak. p. 182. Nov. 1847. - undata Mrs. Gray, Moll. pi. 87. a. f. 1. 1850. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. "We found this species under stones near the low water mark of the neap tides. Habitat. — Unknown ; Lamarck. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valen- ciennes. South Sea and Shores of St. Helena ; Kiener. Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Reeve. Monte Christi ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 180 specimens on the reef at Panama. — This species and P. hcemastoma are sometimes confounded. The latter inhabits only the Mediterranean and the eastern shores of the Atlantic, in warm latitudes. It is, therefore, extremely probable that Dr. Menke's P. hcemastoma from Mazatlan is the true P. undata. As Kiener confounds three distinct species, there can be no advantage in learning whether his "Sainte Helene " is St. Helena in the Atlantic, or St. Elena in West Columbia. Numerous species of this genus, and an incredible multitude of individuals were found at Panama. Many of the species are among the most beautiful in the genus. Perhaps no other fauna equals the marine Pacific fauna of tro- pical America for its development of this genus in these three characters — number of t}^pical forms, number of individuals, and their size and elegance. The number of species which have been collected at Panama much exceeds the number in the entire genus which were known to Lamarck. While very few of the species which we collected have been described in 82 Panama Shells. PURPURIDJ3. M. Kiener's monograph of the genus, most of them are easily determined with Mr. Sowerby's accurate figures. To these the descriptions of many of the species by Deshayes (in Lam. An. sans Yert.) have been found a valuable addition. 77. Columbella atramentaria. Synonymy. Columbella atramentaria Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 51. - March 1844. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 134. No. 67. pi. 40. f. 174. 1844. This species closely resembles C. nigricans, differing chiefly in the shorter spire and more obese outline. Its coloring is also different from the common style of that species, consisting of pale rectangular spots on a greyish black ground. Station. — We found this shell under stones near low water mark. Habitat.— Chatham I., Gallapagos.— Sowerby. Panama. — C. B. A. ! We obtained only three specimens. 78. Columbella bicanallfera. Synonymy. Columbella bicanalifera Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 113. June 1832. Mull.Synop.Nov.Test.Viv.p.81. 1836. _ Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 137. No. 77. pi. 39. f. 144. 1844. Station.— In sandy mud, at 10 fathoms depth ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat— Gallapagos ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller. Taboga ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 36 specimens, which were taken, in a more or less perfect state of preservation, about two miles east of Panama. 79. Columbella Boiviiiii. Synonymy. Columbella Boivinii Kiener Iconog. p. 47. pi. 11. f. 1. ___ Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 21. f. 19, 20. 1843. ___ Sowb. Thes.Conch.p.l26.No. 43. pi. 38. f. 100. 1S44. _ - DesL. in Lam. An. sans Vert. 10. 281. No. 28. 1844- Station.— WQ found these mollusks between half and three quarters tide, in the margin of water left by the ebbing tide in cavities of the rocks. Habitat. — Unknown ; Kiener. Gulf of Nicoya ; Hinds ! Sowerby. Gulf of Nicoya ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! Our specimens were obtained chiefly on the rocks in front of the fortifications in the sea wall of Panama. Immature indivi- duals were quite numerous, but only 50 adult specimens were taken alive. so. Colnmbella conspicua. Nov. sp. Shell ovate-conic: with a broad white spiral band on the convexity of the whorls, on each side of which is a broad band of brownish orange ; anteriorly white with irregular brown spots ; with deep brown spots near the summits of the alternate ridges ; with, on each whorl, nine very prominent obtuse trans- verse ridges, which are obsolete at the upper part of the whorls ; with coarse spiral striae, which traverse the ridges except at the summit of the middle and most prominent part : apex suba- 8-i Panama /Shells. PURPURID^E. cute ; spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear ; whorls eight, convex, with a moderately impressed suture ; last whorl sub- angular ; aperture a little wider above ; labrum moderately thickened, with a few wrinkles on the inside : notch wide and deep. Mean divergence about 35° : length .21 inch ; breadth, .1 inch ; length of spire, .12 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only one specimen of this elegant shell was found. 81. Columbella costellata. /Synonymy. Columbella costellata Brod. and Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 376. 1829. Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 118. June 1832. Mull. Synops. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 88. May 1836. Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 36. f. 9? 1839. Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 25. f. 11, 12. 1843. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 137. No. 79. pi. 39. f. 147. 1844- We have had some difficulty in determining whether our shells belong to this species or to C. scalarina. Taking the descriptions and figures by Mr. Sowerby, the ribs in C. costellata are said to fall far short of the anterior extremity, but to be pro- longed in C. scalarina, although the figures of these species ex- hibit no difference in this respect : most of our specimens have them prolonged, but the character is not constant. In other respects the figures of the two species are very different, and that of C. costellata well represents our shells. Many of the specimens are larger than this figure. COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 85 In Chenu, the figures of both species have the ribs prolonged. In these figures the ribs are more distant in C. costellata than in 0. scalarina. The figure of the former very exactly represents our shells. Station. — A single specimen was found at the depth of 16 fathoms : Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Panama and coast of Africa ; Gray. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 25 specimens on the reef. Mr. Gray must be in error when he includes the coast of Africa in the habitat. 82. Columbella diiiiiiinta. Nov. sp. Shell subfusiform : pale yellowish brown, black or brownish black anteriorly .: ribbed, with the interstices covered with spiral strife, which are coarser anteriorly where the ribs are obsolete ; apex acute : spire conic : whorls seven, scarcely convex : with the suture lightly impressed : aperture rather narrow : labrum variciform, broadly thickened, sinuate posteriorly, crenulated within : columellar lip with the granules obsolete. Mean divergence about 45° ; length, .155 inch ; breadth, .07 inch ; length of spire .08 inch. This species resembles a dwarfed C. nigrescens. Station. — Under stones near low water mark we found this shell. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 19 specimens were obtained. 83. Coliimbella dorsata. Synonymy. Columbella dorsata Sowb. in Proc. Zool.Soc. Loncl.p. 120. June 1832. Miillor Rynop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 91. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 257. f. 7. 1842. 86 Panama Shells. PUKPURDm Columbella dorsata Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 20. f. 17, 18. - 1843. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 136. No. 75. pi. 39. f. 140-1. 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 291. No. 45. 1844. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — I. of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil ; Chiming ! Sowerby: also Miiller. Shores of Columbia ; Deshayes. I. of Muerte ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 1 dead shell of rather small size. 84. Columbella fluctuata. Synonymy. Columbella fluctuata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 115. June 1832. suturalis Griff. Cuv. An. King. Moll. pi. 41. f. 6? - - 1834. fluctuata Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 84. 1836. suturalis Kiener Iconog. p. 45. pi. 9. f. 2. - fluctuosa Duel, in Chenu, pi. 13. f. 11, 12. 1843. fluctuata Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 138. No. 82. pi. 39. f. 150. 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 283. No. 33. ---- 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Our specimens were found under stones a little above the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — Gulf of Nicoya ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller. Shores of Peru ; Kiener. Gulf of Nicoya ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected on the reef about 400 specimens of this elegant species. • ; COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 87 85. Columbella fiilva. Synonymy. Columbella fulva Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 115. June 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 83. 1836. — Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 138. No. 80. pi. 39. f. 148. 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 281, No. 29. 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. — Under stones ; Deshayes. Our specimens were found in the same situation, not far from low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Panama ; Deshayes : also Jay. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 3 specimens. 86. CoBm ubcl la fuscata. Synonymy. Columbella fuscata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 117. - - - June 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 88. 1836. meleagris Kiener Iconog. p. 10. pi. 3. f. 3. Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 4. f. 15, 16. and pi. 16. f. 13, 14. - 1840. Orl>. Voy. Amer. Mend. Moll. p. 430. 1843. fuscata Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 114. No. 11. pi. 36. f. 21, 25. 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 276. No. 22. 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones a little above low water mark. 88 Panama Shells. PUKPURIDJS. Habitat. — Common at Panama, St. Elena, and Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Sowerby ; also Miiller. Shores of San Bias ; Kiener. Acapulco ; Lesson. Panama, St. Elena, and Monte Christi ; Deshayes. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! At the season of our excursion to Panama, specimens were scarce. We obtained only 4 living and 2 dead shells. One of these, although mature, is only .33 inch long. 87. Colmubella giblierula. Synonymy. Columbella gibberula Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 115. June. 1832, Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 83. 1836. Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 12. f. 5, 6. 1843. Kiener Iconog. p. 44. pi. 15. f. 3. - Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 136. No. 136. pi. 39. f. 142-3. - 1844. Desh. in Laui. An. sans Vert. X. 292. No. 47. . 1844. Station. — In sandy mud, at 11 fathoms depth ; Cuming! Sowerby. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas, and Puerto Portrero; Cuming! Sowerby ; also Miiller. Shores of Chili ; Kiener. Shores of Southern and Central America ; Deshayes. Central America ; Jay. Taboga ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We found 7 specimens occupied by hermit crabs in a perfo- rated log. The northern boundary of Chili is the most extreme COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 89 southern limit, so far as authentic testimony goes, reached by any of the species which inhabit the Bay of Panama, and we have, therefore, some doubt of the accuracy of Kiener's state- ment. 88. Coliunbella gracilis. Nov. sp. Shell long ovate conic ; upper whorls pale brown ; with irre- gular spots of darker reddish brown, mostly near the suture and nearly covering the last whorl, on the periphery of which is a whitish band articulated with arrow-headed brown spots : , with very numerous small ribs, of which the posterior ends only remain on the back of the last whorl ; anteriorly with revolv- ing striae : apex acute : spire conic : whorls eight, scarcely con- vex, with the suture distinctly impressed : aperture narrow : labrum variciform, rather sharp-edged, thickened behind, a lit- tle sinuate posteriorly, with a few granules inside : columellar lip nearly smooth. Mean divergence about 37° : length .3 inch ; breadth .125 inch : length of spire .2 inch. Var. with the color nearly uniform dingy brown. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 7 specimens. 89. Coluiiibella guttata. Synonymy. Columbella guttata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 118. June 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 88. May 1836. cribraria Sowb. (non Lam.) Thes. Conch, p. 129. No. 51. pi. 38. f. 112. 1844. Mr. Sowerby, having relinquished the species, has re-used the name for quite a different species, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 50. Mar. 1844, and in Thes. Conch, p. 131. pi. 39. f. 124.* * In his Index this species is called C. punctate. 7 90 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. We have excluded from the synonymy the C. cribraria (Buc- cinum) of Lamarck and of some other authors, because at least two species appear to have been confounded. One inhabits the Panama zoological province, and the other, the Caribbean seas. The Caribbean type is that which generally bears the Lamarck- ian name in the collections of the United States. In Jamaica, we have taken several varieties of it, all of which are distin- guishable, by slight differences, from the Panama type. Kie- ner's figures (Buccinum, pi. 16. f. 57) resemble the Caribbean rather than the Pacific type. This author, however, says of the species : — " Habite les mers des Indes, 1'ile de 1' Ascension et les cotes de Goree, ou elle est tres abondante." And Lamarck gives as the habitat of his shell, " les mers du Java, M. Lesche- nault." The Caribbean shell, however, has been described by Professor Dunker (Zeitschr. Malak. 1847. p. 64 ; and in Phil. Abbild. III. pi. 2. £ 7. 1849) under the name of Buccinum par- vulum. Whether there be also an Indian species, which furnished the Lamarckian type, remains to be ascertained. In the "Voyage of the Astrolabe," II. 421. pi. 30. f. 21, 22, we recognise the Caribbean type (badly colored). It was obtained at Ascension Island. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones, not far above low water mark. Habitat. — Very common at Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Panama; Jay. Taboga and Panama; C. B. A. ! Mazatlan ; E. Jewitt ! Gould MSS. Most of our specimens were found at Taboga. We collected about 75 individuals of the type which is figured in the Thes. Conch., and as many of a type, which is much more finely and densely dotted with the white or even reticulated only with the brown color. Most of the former are rather larger than the COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 91 figure referred to ; but the latter differ much in size. Some of these are as small as the Caribbean type. Individuals were by no means common at the time of our visit to Panama. 90. Columbella haemastoma. Synonymy. Columbella hcemastoma Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 116. June 1832. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 257. f. 4. 1842. Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 5. f. 3, 4. - 1843. Kiener Iconog. p. 4. pi. 10. f. 2. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 111. No. 3. pi. 36. f. 5. 1844. Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. 7. f.34. a. - 1848? Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Panama, and the Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Shores of California ; Kiener. Panama, Gallapago Is. ; California ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A ! We found but one dead specimen, in which the colors of the last whorl consist of two white and two brown alternating bands. 91. Columbella harpiformis. Synonymy. Columbella harpiformis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 113. June, 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 80. 1836. Reeve. Conch. Syst. pi. 257. f. 3. 1842. Griff. An. King. Moll. pi. 37. f. 2. 1834. — citharula Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 10. f. 9, 10. 1843. 92 Panama Shells. Columbella citharula Kiener Iconog. p. 54, pi. 16. f. 2. harpiformis Sowb. Thes. Conch. 112. No. 6. pi. 36. f. 10. 12. 1844, Station. — On dead shells at a depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones at low- water mark. Habitat.— Bay of Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Unknown ; Kiener. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A I We obtained on the reef 9 specimens of this rare shell. 92. Columbella labiosa. /Synonymy. Columbella labiosa Sowb. Gen. pt. 9. f. 2. 1824. - Crouch Conch, pi. 19. f. 7. 1826. . Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 258. f. 2. 1842. Souleyet (?) Voy. Bonite. Moll. pi. 45. f. 8-12. 1844? . Kiener Iconog. p. 6. pi. 3. f. 1. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 112. No. 5. pi. 36. f. 8, 9. - 1844. Station. — We found this species under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Kiener.' Found abundantly at St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby. St. Elena ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 4 mature and 6 young specimens. COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 93 93. Colunibella lyrata. Synonymy. Columbella lyrata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 114. June 1832. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 82. 1836. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 257. f. 1. 1842. - Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 10. f. 13, 14. Kiener Iconog. p. 59. pi. 10. f. 1. - Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 138. No. 80. pi. 39. f. 149. 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones at low water mark. Habitat — Bay of Panama and Chiriqui ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. " Les rockers des cotes de Panama ; " Kiener. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained on the reef 19 specimens of this beautiful shell. 94. Col umbel la major. Synonymy. Columbella major Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 119 - June 1832. gibbosa Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 331? 1833. major Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 90. - May 1836. gibbosa Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 5. f. 5, 6 ? 1843. — strombiformis Var. Kiener Iconog. p. 4. pi. 1. f. 1. a. major Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 1 10. No. 2. pi. 36. f. 3, 4, 6. - 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 274. No. 19. 1844. Desh. Traite Elem. pi. 120. f. 11, 12. 94: Panama Shells. Station.— Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones near low water mark. Habitat.— I. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Seas of South America ; Deshayes. Central America ; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. : also Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; B. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga; C. B. A. ! We obtained 30 specimens, most of which were taken alive. They are more intensely colored than Mr. Sowerby's figure, and several have the spire more elevated. 95. Coluinbella moclesta. Synonymy. Buccinum modestum Powis in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 94. June 1835. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 19. Dec. 1846. Coluinbella modesta Gould MSS. /Station. — Muddy gravel. at a depth ranging from 7 to 17 fathoms ; Cuming ! Powis ; also Eeeve. Our specimens were brought up by hermit crabs, which frequented rocks, and were especially numerous about a pile of railroad iron lying in the soft ooze not far above low water mark. Habitat. — Bay of Montija; Cuming! Powis: also Eeeve. West Columbia ; Jay. Santa Barbara ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 80 specimens, mostly in good condition. 96. ColiimbellaiiiGesta. Nov. sp. Shell slender, subfusiform: black, or brownish black, with the color less intense on the back of the last whorl: upper COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 95 whorls smooth or with one or two revolving strife; middle whorls with twelve to fifteen ribs, with the interstices spirally striate ; with the ribs and striae obsolete on the back of the last whorl ; more strongly striated anteriorly : apex acute : spire very slender: whorls eight, scarcely convex, with the suture lightly impressed: aperture long and narrow: labrum varici- form, very thick, sinuate posteriorly, crenulated within : colu- mellar lip nearly smooth. Mean divergence about 35° ; length .3 inch ; breadth .11 inch ; length of spire .17 inch. Station. — We found this species about sticks and stones in a grove of trees, a little above half tide level. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. 'A. ! 58 specimens were obtained about two rniles west of the city. 97. Columbella nigricaiis. Synonymy. Columbella nigricans Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 52. Mar. 1844. Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 21. f. 7, 8. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 143, No. 95. pi. 40. f. 172. Station. — Our specimens were found under stones, between half tide and low water mark. Habitat. — Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Gallapago Is. ; Jay. Taboga ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We obtained on the reef about 120 specimens of large size, most of which are colored as described by Mr. Sowerby. About 500 specimens of small size were collected, among which there is a great diversity of coloring. Many have a white spiral band. All shades of brown occur. Some of the small indi- viduals are likely to be confounded with C. parva Sowb. ; but 96 Panama Shells. PURPURIDJL in C. nigricans a revolving impressed line cuts the posterior ends of the ribs. 98. Columbella parva. Synonymy. Columbella parva Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 52. Mar. 1844. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 142. No. 83. pi. 40. f. 170. 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. p Habitat. — Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found only one specimen. 99. Columbella pulchrior. Nov. sp. Shell rather long ovate : with a whitish revolving band next below the suture articulated with large spots of a dark slate color ; with a translucent ground of pale yellowish brown, on which are placed in quincunx order rather numerous, exces- sively minute sharply denned dots of reddish brown ; with one or two large irregular spots of dark brown near the end of the last whorl : surface smooth and shining : apex acute : spire conic : whorls six or seven, scarcely convex, with the suture lightly impressed : aperture narrow : labrum rather sharp, thickened behind, with a few granules inside : columellar lip nearly smooth. Mean divergence about 4-5° ; length .15 inch ; breadth .07 inches ; length of spire .075 inches. Station. — Under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found of this rare and elegant little shell only 5 speci- mens. COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 97 100. Coliimbella pygmaea. Synonymy. Columbella pygmcea Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 119. June 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 90. May 1836. — Sowb Thes. Conch, p. 141. No. 89. pi. 40. f. 163. - 1844. Station. — On dead shells in sandy mud, at a depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. St. Elena ; Jav. ' €/ Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected on the reef 185 specimens of this pretty species. 101. Col umbel la nigosa. Synonymy. Columbella rugosa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 115. June 1832. Mull. Synops. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 84. 1836. - Sowerbyi Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 19. f. 5. 6. ? 1843. bicolor Kiener Iconog. p. 46. pi. 16. f. 4. ? niffosa .Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 130. No. 53. pi. 38. f. 114-5. 1844. There are three principal varieties, which freely graduate into each other. The first has a few distant tubercles on the lower whorls : the second has ribs on the first part of the last whorls, but they are rather short and wide : in the third these ribs of the last whorl are narrow and long. Specimens of a diminutive size are very common. About two thirds of those which we collected are from .60 inch to .75 inch long ; about one fourth of them range from .35 inch to .50 inch in length. The epidermis is brown, and very thin but tough. /Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found under stones between half tide and the low water mark of neap tides. 98 Panama Shells. PUKPURID^E. Habitat. — Panama and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby ; also Miiller. Panama and Xipixapi ; Jay. Real Llejos ; Morch. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected about 1500 specimens on the reef, where it is the most abundant species in the genus. 102. Coltiiiftbella strombiibrmis. Synonymy. Columbella strombiformis Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 293. No. 1. ... Aug. 1822. — Sowb. Gen. pi. - - f. 1. 1842. Desh. in Encyc. Meth. Vers. II. p. 251. (pag. ser. 1.) No. 1. 1830. — Blainv. Malac. pi. 29. f. 23. May, 1825. Buccinum strombiforme Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 18. 1828. Columbella strombiformis Valenc. in Hurnb. Rec. Obs. II. 330. - 1833. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 257. f. 1. (male.} 1842. Duel, in Chenu, 111. Conch. pi. 5. f. 7, 8. — Kiener Iconog. p. 3. pi. 1. f. 1. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. 429. 1843. — Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 110. No. 1. pi. 36. f. 1. 2. - 1844. — • Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 266. No. 1. Desh. Ed. 1844. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Coasts of Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Lamarck. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valen- ciennes. Coasts of Peru ; Deshayes : also Kiener. I. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Sowerby. COLUMBELLA. Panama Shells. 99 Acapulco; Lesson. Payta ; Fontaine ! D'Orbigny. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Acapulco ; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Taboga; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 1 specimen. 103. Columbella tesselata. Nov. sp. Shell rather long ovate : dark sea-green, tinged with black or brown, fading to a brownish red ; more or less tesselated with nearly quadrangular white spots : with about fifteen stout approximate ribs, which lean forward, and which are obsolete on the back of the last whorl ; with all the surface ridged by strongly impressed revolving stride : apex acute : spire conic : whorls eight, scarcely convex, with a distinct suture : aperture rather long: labrum variciform, thick behind, a little sinuate posteriorly, with three or four granules inside : columellar lip slightly granulous. Mean divergence about 48° ; length, .225 inch ; breadth, .105 inch ; length of spire, .13 inch. This species resembles the small variety of C. nigricans. It also resembles C. lentiginosa Hinds (Zool. Sulph. Moll. pi. 10. f. 21, 22), in coloring and sculpture ; but the latter is repre- sented as being much wider and as having a short spire. Station. — This species was found under stones, near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 27 specimens. 104. Columbella turrita. Synonymy. Columbella turrita Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 115. June, 1832. 100 Panama Shells. PURPURID^E. Columbella turrita Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 83. 1836. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 135. No. 73. pi. 39. f. 137. 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. 10. 290. No. 44. 1844. /Station. — In coarse gravel and sandy mud, at a depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Bay of Montija and St. Elena, Cuming ! Sowerby. Central America ; Deshayes. St. Elena ; Jay. Panama; C. B. A. ! We were indebted to a hermit crab for one specimen. 105. Coliimbella varia. Synonymy. Columbella varia Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 116. June 1832. • Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 86. 1836. • Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 130. No. 54. pi. 39. f. 116-7. 1844. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 282. No. 31. - 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Under stones ; Deshayes. We found this species in the same situation near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Panama ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected about 380 specimens on the reef. This species, when deprived of the epidermis, presents in a full suite of specimens a great variety of shades of brown, from orange to blackish brown, for the most part beautifully variegated with spots, and a spiral band of pure white. RICINULA. Panama Shells. 101 106. Colllllftbella !- -. Sp. indet. We obtained, under stones, at low water mark, on the reef at Panama, two specimens of a species, which appears like a small Conus, but it has stout ribs transverse to the direction. It may be a young Columbella, but it is not the young of any shell known to us. 107. Ricimila carbonaria 1 Synonymy. Ricinula carbonaria Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 22. ? Oct. 1846. Station. — Under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Eeeve. Philippines ; Jay. Panama ; OK Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! If Dr. Jay's shell is the same as ours, there must be an error in his statement of habitat. We collected 70 specimens, mostly at Taboga and partly at Panama. 108. Ricimila jugosa. Nov. sp. Shell with a rhomboidal outline : mostly dark brown ; tuber- cles mostly white ; with a white fascia next below the peri- phery of the last whorl ; with some of the tubercles partly rufous : with eight or nine very prominent transverse ridges, which are crossed by ten or eleven spiral ridges, of which three or four appear on the spire ; with the intersections sharply tuber- culous ; with fine spiral striae : apex acute : spire conic : whorls eight or nine, convex, with a moderately impressed suture : aperture rather long : labrum rather sharp, strength- ened by the last ridge, which is very long, scalloped by the spiral ridges, with corresponding plaits within : inner lip exca- vated above, with a few wrinkles above and granules below ; canal moderately long. This species is much like a Murex. 102 Panama Shells. Mean divergence 55° : length, .94 inch ; breadth, .47 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat.. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only one specimen was obtained. 109. Ricinula Reeviana. Synonymy. Buccinum pulchrum Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 11. f. 80. . Dec. 1846. Mr. Eeeve's specific name of this shell is preoccupied in Ricinula. Station.— Under stones, near low water mark. Habitat.— Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 110 specimens were collected. no. Cassis Synonymy. Bonanni Recr. III. f. 157. 1684. List. Conch, t. 1000. f. 65._(Dillw. Ed.) 1688. Cassis abbreviata Blainv. Fauna Franc. Moll. p. 194. __ Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 224. No. 12. Aug. 1822. - --- Kiener Iconog. p. 33. pi. 15. f. 31. - lactea Kiener Iconog. p. 35. pi. 16. f. 35. - abbreviata Lara. An. sans Vert. X. 30. No. 12. Desh. Ed. 1844. __ Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 8. f. 18. Sept. 1848. This species, like its analogue, 0. inflate, has remarkable varieties of color and of sculpture. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — E Lusitanico litore ; Bonanni. Shores of Portugal, according to Bonanni ; La- marck. CASSIS. Panama Shells. 103 Unknown ; Kiener. Acapulco ; Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 7 specimens were found. Bonanni is undoubtedly in error. ill. Cassis coarctata. Synonymy. Cassis coarctata Sowb. Tank. Catal. No. 1826. p. 21. 1825. Buccinum coarctatum Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 5. 1828. Cassis coarctata Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 313. 1833. Kiener Iconog. p. 19. pi. 8. f. 15. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 40. No. 27. Desh. Ed. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 14. Aug. 1848. Station. — In crevices of rocks ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — "We believe it to be a New Zealand shell;" Sowerby. Unknown ; Wood. Acapulco ; Humboldt & Bonpland ! Valenciennes. The shores of Peru, at Acapulco ; Kiener. The shores of Peru, at Acapulco ; Deshayes. Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Peru, Acapulco ; Jay. Lower California ; Major Rich ! Gould MSS. San Juan, in Lower California ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. also Museum of Essex Inst. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We obtained one dead, but nearly perfect specimen. In copying Kiener's statement, Deshayes has partly, and Dr. Jay has wholly, dropped its absurdity. It does not, how- ever, appear obvious, whether Kiener intended to name two habitats, or to say that Acapulco is in Peru ! Compare, how- ever, his description of the habitat of Dolium ringens above. 104 Panama Shells. STROMBIDJE. 112. Oniscia tiiberculosa. Synonymy. Oniscia tuberculosa Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 253. f. 2-4. 1842. — Lara. An. sans Vert. X. 13. No. 2. 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 5. Aug. 1849. /Station. — In clefts of rocks at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — South Seas ; Deshayes. Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Australia ; Jay. San Juan, in Lower California ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. ; also Mus. Essex Inst. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We think Dr. Jay must have been misinformed. We found 2 specimens, one mature and one young ; both were dead, but nearly perfect. Family— STEOMBID^E. 113. Conus briiimeus. /Synonymy. Conus brunneus Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 3. f. 1. 1828. Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 18. Mar. 1834. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 123. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 57. f. 88. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 14. f. 72. June 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. X. 127. No. 182. 1845. Kiener Iconog. p. 24. pi. 15. f. 1. Station. — In clefts of rocks ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Our specimens were found in a similar situation, near low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood. Gallapago Is., Puerto Portrero, and Panama ; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Muller. CONUS. Panama Shells. 105 Panama, and the Gallapagos ; Deshayes : also Kiener. Panama; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We found 4 specimens. Deshayes's words are, "L'ile de Panama; * * que Ton rencontre assez fre'quemment a Panama et aux Gallapagos." In several instances this author appears to have fallen into the geographical error of supposing Panama to be an island. 114. Conns gladiator. Synonymy. Conus gladiator Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 55. Apr. 1833. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 121. May 1836. - Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 33. f. 34. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 22. f. 127. Aug. 1843. Kiener Iconog. p. 25. pi. 15. f. 4. and pi. 109. f. 4. Station. — In sandy mud in the clefts of rocks ; Cuming ! Broderip. In soft mud in the clefts of rocks ; Cuming ! Eeeve. We found this species at low water mark, mostly under stones which were more or less mingled with sand. Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Broderip: also Reeve: also Miiller. Panama ; Sowerby : also Kiener : and Jay. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. I We collected 70 specimens. 115. Conus mahogani. Synonymy. Conus makogani Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 22. f. 126. Au»-. 1843. - Reeve in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 169. Dec. 1843. - Kiener Iconog. p. 170. pi. 74. f. 3. /Station. — Sandy mud ; Cuming ! Reeve. 8 106 Panama Shells. STROMBID^E. Our specimens were found crawling on a beach, of clean and very wet sand, between low water mark and half tide level. Habitat. — Salango ; Cuming ! Reeve. Pacific Ocean, shores of Columbia ; Kiener. Salango; Jay. Taboga; C. B. A.! We collected 3 living and 14 dead specimens. 116. Conns mix. Synonymy. Conus nux Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 54. Apr. 1833. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 120. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 32. f. 31. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 20. f. 110; Aug. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. XL 129. No. 185. 1844. Kiener Iconog. p. 47. pi. 11. f. 3. and pi. 102. f. 2. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Keeve : also Miiller. Gallapago Is. ; Sowerby : also Deshayes : and Kiener : and Jay. Taboga; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 2 small specimens. 117. Con us princeps. Synonymy. Conus princeps Linn. Syst. Nat. I. 713. No. 256. (Ed. 10.) 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. I. 713. (Ed. 10. alt.) 1760. Linn. Mus. Ulrica;, p. 552. No. 156. 1764. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1167. No. 297. (Ed. 12.) 1767. La Robe Persienne Favanne's DArgenv. II. 546. pi. xvii. B. 1780. Conus princeps Gmel. in Linn. Syst. Nat. VI. 3378. No. 9. • l^SS. regius Chem. Conch. Cab. X. 17. pi. 138. f. 1276. 1788. CONUS. Panama Shells. 107 Conus princeps Turt. in Linn. Syst. Nat. IV. 313. 1806. — regius Lam. in Ann. Mus. XV. 31. No. 10. 1810. Dillw. Catal. I. 368. 1817. Blainv. Diet, des Sc. Nat. X. 251. 1818. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 14. f. 25. 1818. Lam. An. sans Vert. VIII. 446. No. 10. Aug. 1822. •*&• princeps Swains. Zool. 111. 1st Ser. II. pi. 86. 1821. regius Encyc. Meth. pi. 318. f. 3. 1824. princeps Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 55. Apr. 1833. regius Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 336. 1833. lineolatus Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 336. (var.) 1833. princeps Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 122. 1836. regius Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 59. N. 44. pi. 9. f. 3. 1838. princeps Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 32. f. 30, 30 a, 30 b. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 36. Mar. 1843. regius Lam. An. sans Vert. XI. 13. No. 10. Desh. ed. 1845. Kiener Iconog. p. 15. pi. 3. f. 2, and pi. 11. f. 4. Chenu Lee. Elem. pi. 12. f. 5. 1847. Three varieties of coloring have been found, as follows : — 1. With broad stripes : Lister's fig. ; Wood's fig. ; Reeve var. a. and fig. 36 a. ; Kiener pi. 3. f. 2 ; Chenu's fig. in Lee. Elem. According to Mr. Reeve, this is the Linnsean type. 2. With linear stripes ; C. lineolatus Valenc. ; Sowb. C. 111. f. 30 a., 30 b. ; Reeve var. b. and fig. 36 b. ; Kiener pi. 11. f. 4. 3. Without stripes : Sowb. C. 111. pi. 30 ? Reeve var. c. and fig. 36 c. Station. — In sandy or soft mud in the crevices of rocks ; Cum- ing ! Broderip : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones at low water. Habitat. — Unknown ; Linnasus : also Grmel. Indies; Turton. Asiatic Ocean ; Dillwyn : also Lamarck : also Bligh Catal. " Pacific Ocean, shores of Mexico, Bay of Panama ;" Kiener. 108 Panama Shells. STROMBIDJS. Asiatic Ocean, Philippines ; Jay. San Juan, in Lower California; Lt. Green! Gould MSS. Hob. of Var. 1. — Asiatic Ocean ; Wood. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valen- ciennes. Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Hob. of Var. 2. — Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valen- ciennes. St. Elena and Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Muller. Monte Christi and Panama ; Sowerbj. St. Elena, Central America, Panama ; Cum- ing! Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Hob. of Var. 3. — Panama and Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Bro- derip. Monte Christi, Panama; Sowerby. Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 8 specimens of var. 3, and 1 of var. 2. It will be observed that there is no original testimony for any habitat out of the Panama zoological province. us. Conus purpurascens. Synonymy. Conus purpurascens Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 54. April 1833. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 121. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 25. f. 13. 1841. — Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 19. f. 105. July 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. XI. 134. No. 193. Desb. Ed. 1845. CON US. Panama Shells. 109 Conus purpurascens Kiener Iconog. p. 189. pi. 39. f. 2. and pi. 61. f. 3. Station. — Sandy mud in the clefts of rocks ; Cuming ! Brode- rip : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones at extreme low water mark. Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Broderip : also Reeve: also Miiller. Annaa; Sowerby. San Bias ; Hinds ! San Bias ; Hinds ! Reeve. Panama ; Kiener : also Deshayes. Panama and San Bias ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 12 specimens on the reef. Is there not an error in Sowerby's statement ? It appears to want confirmation. A variety (?) differs in being more slender, in having a convex spire and a subovoid outline, with a few distant elevated spiral lines over the whole surface. 119. Conns regalitatis. Synonymy. Conus regalitatis Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 19. Mar. 1834. Miill. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 124. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 57. f. 87. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 40. f. 218. Jan. 1844. Lam. An. sans Vert. XL 133. No. 192. 1845. Kiener Iconog. p. 237. pi. 39. f. 3. Station. — In the clefts of rocks on sandy mud ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. We found this species under stones at extreme low water. Habitat. — Real Llejos ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. RealLlejos; Deshayes. Shores of Peru ; Kiener. 110 Panama Shells. STROMBID^E. Real Llejos and Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 9 specimens, one of which exceeds three inches in length. May not C. achatinus in Menke's catalogue of Ma- zatlan shells be identical with this species ? C. achatinus belongs to another and distant zoological province. 120. Conns regularis. Synonymy. Conus recfularis Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 29. f. 29. pi. 36. f. 45. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 26. f. 126. Sept. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. XI. 132. No. 189. 1845. Kiener Iconog. p. 124. pi. 23. f. 3. (var.) » Mr. Sowerby's reference to Z. P. 1841, we are unable to verify. Station.— Soft mud at the depth of 23 fathoms and at 7 fathoms; Hinds! Reeve. Habitat. — Gulf of Nicoya and Panama ; Hinds ! Reeve. Gulf of Nicoya ; Deshayes. Philippine Is. ; Kiener. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Gulf of Nicoya and Panama ; Jay. Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! Kiener has doubtless been misinformed. — We found only 1 imperfect specimen of this very rare shell. 121. Conns vittatus. /Synonymy. Knorr Vergn. Ill Theil. pi. 11. f. 3. 1768. Conns vittatus Lam. in Ann. Mus. XV. 267. No. 63. 1810. Dilhv. Catal. I. 390. No. 67. 1817. Wood. Ind. Test. pi. 15. f. 63. 1818. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 470. No. 63. Aug. 1822. STROMBUS. Panama Shells. Ill Conus vittatus Lam. in Encyc. Metli. pi. 335. f. 3. 1824. Sowb. Conch. El. pi. 28. f. 21. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 14. f. 75. June 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. XI. 49. No. 63. Desk ed. 1845. Kiener Iconog. p. 110. pi. 63. f. 5. /Station. — In coarse sand, at a depth of from 7 to 11 fathoms ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Our specimens were found at low water mark. Habitat. — Asiatic Ocean ; Wood: also Lamarck: and Kiener. Bays of Panama and Montij a; Cuming! Keeve. Panama ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! The first-named habitat is probably erroneous ; it does not appear to be authenticated by any conchological traveller. We obtained 4 fine living specimens, of which two have an orange tinge, and two have a tinge of brownish purple. 122. S trombus galea. Synonymy. S trombus galea Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 13 ; also f. 14 jr. 1828. galeatus Gray Descr. Catal. p. 2 (2d Ser. pag.) No. 2. - - June 1832. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 36. No. 54. pi. 10. f. 114. - 1842. Kiener Iconog. p. 5. pi. 2. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 710. No. 33. (Desh. ed.) 1843. Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 26, 27. f. 1. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 751. No. 33. (Desh. ed. tert.) - - - 1844. Kust. Conch. Cab. p. 13. pi. 4a. f. 5. pi. 45. f. 1, 2. 1845. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 13. Nov. 1850. Station. — On the reefs at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. 112 Panama Shells. STROMBID^. Habitat. — Unknown ; "Wood. Peru ; Gray. Mazatlan ; Kiener : also Duclos. Sea of California ; Deshayes. Gulf of Nicoya ; Cuming ! Keeve. Pacific Ocean ; Kiister. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Gulf of Nicoya & California ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! Many fragments only of this shell were seen. 123. Strom bus gracilior. Synonymy. Strombus gracilior Sowb. in Tank. Catal. No. 1792. p. 20. 1825. • Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 1. 1828. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 32. No. 35. pi. 8. f. 73. - 1842. Kiener Iconog. p. 31. pi. 21. f. 1. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 713. No. 36. (Desh. ed.) . 1843. Duclos in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 17. f. 6, 7. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. p. 752. No. 36. (Desh. eel. tert.) 1844. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 36. pi. 4cr. f. 6, 7. 1845. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 16. f. 38. Jan. 1851. Station. — Sandy mud at a depth of from 6 to 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood ; also Duclos. South Seas ; Sowerby. Shore of California ; Kiener : also Kiister. Seas of California ; Deshayes. St. Elena & Panama, Central America ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. California & Tahiti ; Jay. STROMBUS. Panama Shells. 113 La Paz ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. ; also Mus. Essex Inst. Taboga; C. B. A.! We obtained only 1 dead, but nearly perfect specimen. Mr. Eeeve's statement is an example of a common ambiguity. The phraseology implies that St. Elena and Panama are in Central America ; but neither place being in that country, the question arises, whether Central America is named as a third locality. Looking over the habitats mentioned by English, and French, and German authors, many such examples occur : and in view of the acknowledged superiority of Europeans in all depart- ments of science, such geography is exceedingly perplexing to an American. If the locality Tahiti, mentioned by Dr. Jay, can be authenticated, it will be a very important fact of distribution. 124. Strombus graiiulatus. Synonymy. Slrombus granulatus Swains, in Bligli Catal. App. p. 8. May 1822. Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 4. f. 21. 1828. Swains. Exot. Conch, p. 36. (Han- ley ed.) 1841. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 33, No. 39. pi. 9. f. 100. 1842. — Kiener Iconog. p. 28. pi. 22. f. 1. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 713. No. 37. (Desh. ed.) 1843. Duclos in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 11. f. 5, 6. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 752. No. 37. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 64. pi. 13. f. 13. 1845. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 14. f. 32. Jan. 1851. Station. — In sandy mud at the depth of from 6 to 8 fathoms ; Cuming! Eeeve. 114 Panama Shells. STKOMBID^E. Habitat. — Unknown : Wood : also Sowerby. Seas of India ; Kiener : also Duclos : also Kiister. Seas of India, according to Kiener ; Deshayes. St. Elena & Gallapago Is ; Cuming ! Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Central America ; Jay. La Paz ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 7 dead specimens. We have received a num- ber of specimens from the Sandwich Islands, but cannot vouch for this locality. 125. 8 trombus Perwvianiis. Synonymy. Strombus Peruvianus Swains. Zool. 111. 2nd Ser. No. 39 in Index, No. 1 on plate. 1823. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 250. f. 3. 1842. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 34. No. 42. pi. 10. f. 110 1842. Kiener Iconog. p. 11. pi. 8. — Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 712. No. 35. (Desh. ed.) 1843. Duel.* in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 22. f. 1, 2. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 752. No. 35. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 24. pi. 5a. f. 1. 1845. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 5. 6. Dec. 1850. Station. — On the reefs at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. Our -specimens were taken on a clean sandy beach at low water. On Dec. 6th (1850) there were many seen alive : but on revisiting the place, Dec. 31, only 2 or 3 dead shells could be found. Habitat. — Peru, and near Panama ; Swainson. Unknown ; Sowerby. TKITOX. Panama Shells. 115 Shores of Peru ; Kiener : also Deshayes. "Le Perou et je crois la mer Eouge ;" Duclos. Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Reeve. Peru; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 24 specimens. Notwithstanding the opinion of Duclos, we are very sceptical of the identity of an}r.Red Sea species with those species which inhabit this continent. Family— MURICIDJE. 126. Triton Cheiimitzii. Synonymy. Argo-buccinum nodosum Chem. Conch. Cab. IV. 98. pi. 131. f. 1255-6. 1780. Murex argus var. (3 pars. Gmel. in Linn. Syst. 3547. No. 78. 1788. Triton Chcmnitzii Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 110. 1839. Fusus Wiegmanni Anton Verzeich. p. 77. 1839. Cassidaria setosa Hinds teste Reeve. Triton Chemnitzii Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 11. f. 37. May 1844. Fusus Wiegmanni Phil. Abbild. II. pi. 2. f. 2. 4. var. 1845. Triton perforatus Con. in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. IV. 156. .- Feb. 1849. Con. in Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. new ser. I. 280. pi. 39. f. 6. var. 1849. nodomm Mke. in Zeitschr. Malak. p. 189. 1850. Station. — In sandy mud, at the depth of 6 fathoms ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species under stones at extreme low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; Philippi : also Jay. Lower California or Peru ; Conrad. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama, and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 9 specimens. 116 Panama. Shells. MURICID^E. 127. Triton constrictus. Synonymy. Triton constrictus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 5. Jan. 1833. ?- - decussatum Valenc. Humb. Rec, Obs. II. 306. 1833. - constrictus Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. J01. 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 12. f. 41. May 1844. Station. — In sandy mud, in from 7 to 10 fathoms; Cuming! Broderip : also Eeeve. Habitat. — Monte Christi, and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eeeve : also Mliller. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valenciennes. (Triton decussatum.) Panama ; C. B. A. ! We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 4 specimens. 128. Triton fiisoides. Nov. sp. Shell ovate-fusiform, slender: whitish, stained with brown, with a white spiral stripe near the middle of the whorls : with prominent narrow not approximate ribs, about nine on each whorl, crossed by numerous raised fine spiral lines, of which the alternate ones are mostly larger : apex acute : spire conic : whorls eight, convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture long subovate : canal short. Mean divergence about 35° ; length .76 inch ; breadth .28 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. We obtained only 1 specimen. 129. Triton gibbosus. Synonymy. Triton yibbosus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 7. Jan. 1833. TRITON. Panama Shells. 117 Triton gibbosus Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p 102. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 14. f. 38. pi. 11. f. 38. var. June 1844. Mr. Reeve's reference to Proc. Z. S. 1844 appears to be a misprint. Station. — Coarse sand at the deptli of 7 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. Habitat. — Panama, and Monte Christi ; Cuming! Broderip: also Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 5 specimens. 130. Triton ligiiarius. Synonymy. Triton lignarius Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 5. Jan. 1833. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 101. May 1836. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 13. f. 40. June 1844. Hinds in Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 12. pi. 4. f. 15. 16. " 1844. Station. — Sandy mud at a depth of from 7 to 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. Sandy mud 7 fathoms ; Hinds ! Habitat. — Puerto Portrero, and Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Muller. Puerto Portrero, St. Elena, and Panama; Cuming! Reeve. Monte Christi ; Hinds ! Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained one small but perfect specimen of this very elegant species. The varix at the labrum is enormously developed. The shell was occupied by a hermit crab. 118 Panama Shells. 131. Triton vestitiis. /Synonymy. Triton vestitus Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 21. Feb. 1844. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 20. f. 101. Aug. 1844. - Hinds in Voy. Sulph. Moll. pi. 4. f. 1. 2. 1844. Station. — Among the rocks on the shore ; Hinds ! — copied by Reeve. Our specimens were obtained under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Real Llejos, Gulf of Nicoya, and Bay of Honda ; Hinds ! copied by Reeve. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 4 specimens of this beautiful species. TRITON VESTITUS ? VAR. SENIOR. — We found also near Panama a shell which differs but little from the preceding. It is not so deeply colored, and is lengthened by the addition of another whorl, and consequently it has an additional varix. The sculpture of the lower whorls is less prominent ; and the shell is distorted. 132. Ranella caelata. Synonymy. Ranclla ccelata Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 179. Oct. 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 100. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 8. pi. 85. f. 8. 1841. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 241. f. 8. 1842. semiyranosa Kiener (non Lam.) p. 19. pi. 11. f. 2. ca'Jafa Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 554. No. 21. (Desh. Ed.) - 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 697. No. 21. (Desh. ed. tert.) - 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 3. f. 10. July 1844. According to Deshayes and to Reeve, Kiener has fallen into an error in confounding with this species the R. semigranosa of RANELLA. Panama /Sheik. 119 Lamarck. Is not Deshayes also in error, when he refers Kiener's figures to the Larnarckian species ? Deshayes has copied from Kiener's text the reference to pi. II., which is a misprint for pi. XI. The apex is always eroded, and many are eroded over much of the spire. The individuals differ much in number and in the degree of development of the granules. Some of the shells are from 2 to 2.3 inches long. /Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Broderip. Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species under stones between the low water mark of the neap tides and that of the spring tides. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. Panama ; Sowerby : also Kiener : and Deshayes : and Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 190 specimens on the reef. 133. Ranella iiaun. /Synonymy. Ranella nana Brod. and Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 376. 1829. - Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 51. June 1841. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 6. pi. 85. f. 6. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 241. f. 6. 1842. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 29. July 1844. Station. — Coarse sand at the depth of 7 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Coarse sand at the depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Reeve. Habitat. — " Ad insulam Panama, Philippinarum ;" Cuming! Sowerby. Panama ; Sowerby : also Jay. Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve. 120 Panama Shells. MURICIDJ3. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Mr. Sowerby's statement of habitat, in the Proc. Z. S., is not intelligible. We found two specimens occupied by hermit crabs. One of the shells is perfect and very elegant. 134. Ranella nitida. Synonymy. Ranella nitida Brod. in Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. p. 179. Oct. 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 99. May 1836. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 4. pi. 84. f. 4. 1841. • Kiener Iconog. p. 9. pi. 2. f. 2. - Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 557. No. 25. (Desk ed.) - 1843. • Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 698. No. 25. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 8. f. 45. July 1844. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Broderip. Our specimens were found under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve : also Muller. Columbia ; Sowerby. Shores of Columbia ; Kiener. West Columbia ; Deshayes. Bay of Caraccas ; Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 300 specimens. 135. Ranella plicata. Synonymy. Ranella plicata Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 33. July 1844. Station. — Unknown. MUREX. Panama Shells. 121 Habitat. — Unknown ; Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 6 specimens of this very aberrant species. 136. .Mum duMus. Synonymy. Murex aculeatus Wood (non Lam.) Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 5. f. 19. 1828. dubius Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 119. pi. 61. f. 23. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 26. f. 116. Aug. 1845. Station. — Under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood. Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 72 specimens on the reef. The spines are remarkably acute. 137. ]?Iurex erosus. Synonymy. Murex erosus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 174. Oct. 1832, - Mull. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 93. May 1836. — Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 104. pi. 60. f. 16. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 32. f. 160. Aug. 1845. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Sowerby : and Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 2 specimens on the reef. JULY, 1852. 9 AifN. LTC. NAT. HIST. 122 Panama Shells. 138. Murex radix. Synonymy. Favanne's D'Argenv. pi. 37. f. D. Murex radix Schrot. Einl. Conch. I. 548. No. 17. 1783. Gmel in Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3527. No. 10. 1788. melanomathos Dillw. Catal. 686. pars. 1817. radix Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 168. No. 36. Aug. 1822. Swains. Zool. 111. 2d. ser. pi. 113. (Sub. gen. Centronotus.) - - - - 1823. Schub. et Wagn. Supp. Chem. p. 132. pi. 230. f. 4064-5. - 1829. Wodarch Introd. Conch. (4th ed. Front, f. 3. 1831. Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 299. 1833. Sowb. Conch. 111. Catal. No. 85. 1841. Kiener Iconog. p. 60. pi. 37, 38. f. 1. Hanley Conch. Book Spec. p. 91. 1842. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 584. No. 36. (Desh. ed.) - • 1843, Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 707. No. 36. (Desh. ed. tert.) - - 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 17. f. 69. June 1845. Chenu Lee. Elem. p. 198. f. 652. 1847. Perhaps to this synonymy we should add Murex ambiguus, Keeve Conch. Icon. pi. 13. f. 51. Mr. Keeve remarks : — " Any modification of structure may, I apprehend, be considered of specific importance, when it is not immediately approached on either side." — Conch. Icon. Murex. pi. 13. Or even if we could find, in a great number of specimens, a dominant type, with only occasional gradations into another type, the former might be considered as of specific value. In this case, the number of varices not exceeding eight, (while in M. radix they are said to equal or exceed ten,) the large open flowery fronds, and the elongate form, are supposed by Mr. Keeve to indicate a specific type. But among our shells, the specimens, which have nine varices together with an intermediate form, are much more numerous than those which correspond to the description and MUREX. Panama Shells. 123 figure of M. ambiguus. So far, therefore, as we can judge from the 100 specimens collected in one locality, the M. arnbiguus appears to be, not a dominant type, but the extreme limit of variation. It is quite possible, however, that a greater number of specimens collected in various localities would confirm the opinions of Mr. Eeeve. Dr. Menke, in distinguishing M. ambiguus from M. nigritiis, among the shells from Mazatlan, (Zeitschr. fur Malak. 1850, p. 188,) finds nine varices in his specimens of the former. M. radix is not mentioned as occurring among them. Station. — On mud banks at low water ; Cuming : Reeve. Our specimens were found in part in the crevices of rocks, but chiefly about stones, where there was more or less of sandy mud, near low water mark. Halitat. — East Indian Seas ; Dillwyn. Shores of Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! La- marck : also Valenciennes. Acapulco ; Say in Catal. Mus. Shores of Acapulco and of Panama ; Kiener. Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Bay of Caraccas ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 100 specimens on the reef. Two of them weigh 22 ounces each, and one of these is 53 inches long. Habitat of M. ambiguus. — Unknown ; Reeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Murex nigritus Phil, we were unable to find at Panama. 139. Murex rectirostris. Synonymy. Murex rectirostris Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 138. Nov. 1840. Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 197. f. 111. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 22. f. 91. June 1845. 124 Panama Shells. MURICID^E. Station. — Sandy mud at the depth of 11 fathoms ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — Xipixapi ; Cuming! Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 1 immature specimen. 140. Iflurex recurvirostris. /Synonymy. Murex recur virostris Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 174. Oct. 1832. — Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 92. May 1836. — Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 59. f. 9. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon, pi. 19. f. 75. June 1845. Station. — Sandy mud at the depth of 9 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. Habitat. — Gulf of Nicoya ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Sowerby : and Reeve : and Miiller. Gulf of Nicoya ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 1 imperfect specimen. 141. Unrex regius. Synonymy. Murex regius Swains, in Bligh Catal. p. 16. No. 201 and No. 806. (Spec, non desc.) May 1822. Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 5. f. 13. 1828. Wodarch Introd. Conch. (4th ed.) Front. f. 2. 1831. tricolor Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 300. 1833. regius Swains. Exot. Conch, p. 5. pi. 15. 1834. " " " " (HanleyEd.) 1841. Sowb. Conch. 111. Catal. No. 89. 1841. Penny Cyclop. XXII. 55. f. 1842. Kiener Iconog. p. 65. pi. 42, 43. f. 1. MUREX. Panama Shells. 125 Murex regius Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 610. No. 80. (Desk. Ed.) 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 716. No. 80. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 15. f. 59. June 1845. /Station.— On mud banks at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Our specimens were found in the crevices of rocks between the low water mark of the spring tides and of the neap tides. We cannot help suspecting some omission in Mr. Cuming's statement of the station of this species and of M. radix. Neither species was found by us away from rocks or stones, and we can- not well conceive how, without such shelter, the fronds could be protected from injuries. Habitat. — Peru ; Bligh Catalogue. South Seas ; Wood. Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valenciennes. Panama; Cuming! Sowerby: also Eeeve. Western Coast of Central and South America; Penny Cyclopsedia. Shores of Peru ; Kiener : also Deshayes. Panama ; Jay : also Morch. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 18 specimens on the reef. Only a few were taken, because the species is extremely common in collections. We have since regretted the restriction to such a small number, on account of the fine coloring of the exterior and perfect con- dition of most of these shells. Some of them are also remarka- ble for size. One specimen is 5.3 inches long, and 4.2 inches wide. 142. Murex salebrosus. Synonymy. Murex salebrosus King in Zool. Journ. Lond. V. 347. 1835. vitulinus Gray (non Lam.) in Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 33. f. 4, 6. - - - - 1839. 126 Panama Shells. Murex salebrosus Sowb. Conch. 111. pi. 65. f. 48. 1841. Kiener Iconog. p. 121. pi. 47. f. 1. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 613. No. 84. Desk ed. 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert, III. Pt. 2. p. 71 7. No. 84. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 24. f. 98. Aug. 1845. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species under stones not far from low water mark. Habitat. — " Southern Coast of South America ;" Sowerby. Unknown ; Kiener. Shores of South America ; Deshayes. Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama ; Jay. Lower California; Major Rich! Gould MSS. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 14 specimens were collected. 143. Ulwrex vitoex. Synonymy. Murex vibex Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 175. Oct. 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 94. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 34. f. 175. Oct. 1845. Most of the transverse ridges are simple ridges only, over which the spiral lines are continued without interruption. Occa- sionally some one ridge appears to be a true varix. The species has been regarded as intermediate between Turbinella and Murex. It seems to be nearer to the former than to the latter genus. Station. — In sandy mud, at a depth of from 6 to 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. PYRULA. Panama Shells. 127 One of our specimens we found alive under a stone. The others were occupied by hermit crabs. Habitat. — St. Elena arid Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eeeve. Panama; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 13 specimens were collected. 144. UEurex vittatus. Synonymy. Murex vittatus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 176. Oct. 1832. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 29. f. 140. Aug. 1845. Station. — Sandy mud at the depth of 11 fathoms; Cuming! Broderip : also Eeeve. Habitat. — I. of Muerte Bay, at Guayaquil ; Cuming ! Brode- rip : also Reeve. West Columbia ; Cuming in sched. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained, which is much larger than Mr. Cuming's specimens. 145. Pyriila patula. Synonymy. Pyrula patula Brod. and Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 377. 1829. Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 291. 1833. Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 35. f. 1 ; also pi. 34. f. 10. and pi. 35. f. 3. young. 1839. Kiener Iconog. p. 14. pi. 2. f. 1, 2. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 522. No. 31. (Desh. ed.) 1843. - Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 686. No. 31. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Cyrtulus Hinds in Zool. Sulph. Moll. p. 13. 1844. Pyrula Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 20. July 1847. 128 Panama Shells. MURICID^E. Deshayes has very aptly remarked of this and of the kindred species, P. melongena, that their differences, although not very obvious, derive importance from their constancy ; and, we may add, from their restriction each to distinct zoological provinces. One of these types belongs to the Pacific shores of tropical America, and the other to the Caribbean shores. Mr. Eeeve, however, has unfortunately assigned the Caribbean species to the " Eastern Seas." It is perhaps unnecessary to say that we have collected plentifully living specimens of P. melongena, in Jamaica, where it is a common article of food. Dr. Gould has also received it direct from Cuba, and Mr Kedfield from Carthagena, S. A. Station. — On mud banks; Cuming! Eeeve. Its analogue, P. melongena, has a similar station in the West Indies. Habitat. — Acapulco ; Humboldt and Bonpland ! Valenciennes. Shores of Mexico ; Kiener. Shores of the Pacific Ocean ; Deshayes. Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Peru ; Cuming in sched. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. : also Mus. Es- sex Inst. Pacific ; Jay. Bay of Panama ; C. B. A. ! "We saw this species in a large heap of edible Molluscs, near the houses of some natives in Panama. None of the specimens being perfect, we took only one, which is nearly seven inches long. 146. Ficula rentricosa. Synonymy. Martini III. pi. 66. f. 733. 1777. Pyrula ventricosa Sowb. in Tank. Catal. No. 1614. App. p. 16. 1825. Bulla decussata Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 3. f. 3. 1828. Pyrula ventricosa Kiener p. 27. pi. 12. f. 2. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 5 21. No. 29. (Desh. ed.) 1843. FASCIOLARIA. Panama Shells. 129 Ficula ventricosa Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 1. f. 1. pi. 2. f. 1. 1843. Pyrula Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 686. No. 29. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Ficula decussata Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 3. May, 1847. Station. — None of our specimens were taken alive ; but it is probable that the species inhabits sands below low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Sowerby. Panama ; Wood. Shores of San Bias ; Kiener. Seas of India and of China ; Deshayes. Unknown ; Eeeve. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. San Bias, and Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! AVe collected 8 specimens on the sand beach west of Panama. 147. Fiisus bell u*. Nov. sp. Shell rather elongate and regularly fusiform ; white, with some reddish brown spots in spiral series, mostly in three series, one above and two next below the middle of the whorls : with, on each whorl, about ten rather narrow prominent ribs, some of which are varicoid, with spiral raised lines, with the intersec- tions nodulous, and spiral striae : apex acute : spire conic : whorls seven, very convex, with a moderately impressed suture : aperture long ovate ; canal wide, moderately lengthened. Mean divergence about 50° ; length .44 inch ; breadth .21 inch ; length of spire .22 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! One specimen only was obtained. 148. Fasciolaria granosa. Synonymy. Fasciolaria granosa Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 32. Feb. 1832. 130 Panama Shells. Fasciolaria granosa Miill. Synop. Nov. Test, Viv.p. 106. May 1836. - Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 114. 1839. Kiener Iconog. p. 15. pi. 5. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 437. No. 11. (Desh. ed.) . - 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 656. No. 11. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. — Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 3. f. 6. Oct. 1847. Station. — On mud banks ; Cuming ! Broderip. "We found only one specimen alive. It was among stones in a muddy place, near low water mark. From the number of imperfect specimens, which we saw occupied by hermit crabs near low water mark, it seemed probable that its usual station was at a lower level. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve : also Miiller. South Pacific ; Gray. Shores of Peru ; Kiener. "L'ile de Panama ;" Deshayes. Panama ; Hankey ! Reeve. Peru, and Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 7 specimens. 149. Turbinella crestus. Synonymy. Turbinella ccestus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 8. Jan. 1833. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 106. May 1836. - Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 34. Aug. 1847. Station. — In soft mud among the rocks ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve. We found it on a sand beach near low water mark. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Reeve : also Miiller. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Bay of Caraccas ; Jay. TURBINELLA. Panama Shells. 131 Taboga ; C, B. A. ! We obtained 1 living and 1 dead specimen. This species and T. muricata furnish another interesting ex- ample of a pair of nearly allied types, of which one inhabits the Pacific shores of tropical America, while the other is a Caribbean species. 150. Tiirbinella castanea. Synonymy. Turlinella castanea Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 114. 1839. Siebold in Wiegm. Archiv. p. 213. 1839. acuminate Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 229. f. 2. 1842. castanea Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 5. f. 26. July 1847. Station. — In crevices of rocks ; Cuming ! Reeve. We found this species in the same situation, not far from low water mark. Habitat. — Pacific Ocean ; Gray. Panama ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 32 specimens, 12 of which were taken alive. Many of them are covered with prominent spiral linear ridges, which are wanting on others. But the number of specimens with intermediate characters is so large as to show that the dis- tinction is not of specific value. 151. Turbmella cerata. Synonymy. Murcx ccratus Wood Ind. Test, Supp. pi. 5. f. 15. 1828. Turbinclla cerata Griff. An. King.Moll.pl. 41. f. 5. 1834. Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 1 14. 1839. Kiener Iconog. p. 25. f. 16. f. 1. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 37. Aug. 1847. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. 132 Panama Shells. MURICID.E. We found this species in the same situation and in the cre- vices of rocks. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood. South Pacific ; Gray : also Jay. Mazatlan; Kiener. Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 12 specimens. 152. Turbinella rudis. Synonymy. Turbinella rudis Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 10. f. 51. Aug. 184Y. Station. — Under stones, and in the crevices of rocks, near low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Reeve. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 30 specimens. 153. Turbinella spadicea. Synonymy. Turbinella, spadicea Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 9. f. 44. Aug. 1847. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown; Reeve. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 15 specimens in various states of preservation. .— The species of this genus being- pelagic, we were unable to make any observations on their habits of station. The number of individuals is small as compared with the number of the species obtained. We collected 25 specimens, which belong to 9 species. 154. Cancellaria aflinis. Nov. sp. Shell ovate fusiform: brown, sometimes with one or two CANCELLARIA. Panama Shells. 133 spiral bands of white : with, on each whorl, about thirty narrow prominent transverse ridges more or less inequidistant ; with numerous raised spiral lines, of which five are seen on the spire, and which on the last whorl are less prominent and wide than the transverse ridges : apex subacute : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls six, convex, with the suture subca- naliculate ; last whorl rather large : aperture semiobovate, with long sharp ridges within on the right side : labrum sharp, thickened a little behind the edge, scalloped by both the inter- nal and the external sculpture : columella stout, with three plaits, of which the upper one is lamelliform and very promi- nent, and the lower one is small and very oblique : canal short : with a small umbilical chink bounded by the raised labrum and a spiral bridge. Mean divergence about 68° ; length 1.05 inch ; breadth .65 inch ; length of spire .45 inch. This species is not so densely and finely sculptured as C. elegans Sowb., and is less ventricose than C. asperdla Lam. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 155. Caiicellaria clavatula. Synonymy. Cancellaria clavatula Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 52. Mar. 1832. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 74. 1836. — Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 11. pi. 10. f. 12. 1841 . - Kiener Iconog. p. 31. pi. 5. f. 2. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 230. f. 12. 1842. • Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 416. No. 23. (Desh. eel.) - 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 648. No. 23. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1844. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 445. No. 20. pi. 92. f. 13. pi. 95. f. 67. 1848. 134 Panama Sheik. MURICIDJE. Station.— Sandy mud in 7 fathoms water ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat.— Panama and Payta; Cuming! Sowerby: also Miiller. Bay of Panama and shore of Payta ; Kiener. Panama and Payta ; Deshayes. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 8 specimens were collected. 156. Cancellaria decussata. Synonymy. Cancellaria decussata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 55. Mar. 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 787. 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 8. pi. 9. f. 8. 1841. . Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 446. No. 24. pi. 92. f. 3. 1848. Station. — Sandy mud, in 10 to 13 fathoms water ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat — Panama and Puerto Portrero ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; Jay. Panama. — C. B. A. I 2 specimens were obtained. 157. Cancellaria goniostoma. /Synonymy. Cancellaria goniostoma Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 51. Mar. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 73. 1836. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 47. pi. 13. f. 43. 1841. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 457. No. 64. pi. 94. f. 40. 1848. Station. — A sandy bottom, in 8 fathoms water; Cuming! Sowerby. CANCELLAEIA. Panama Shells. 135 Habitat.— Conchagua, San Salvador; Cuming! Sowerby: also Miiller. Central America ; Jay. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Lower California ; Major Eich I Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! "We found 1 specimen. 158. Cancellaria mitriformis. Synonymy. Cancellaria mitriformis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. p. 51. - - Mar. 1832. uniplicata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 173. - Oct. 1832. Mull. Syn. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 79. 1836. mitriformis Mull. Syn. Nov. Test. Nov. p. 73. 1836. uniplicata Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 12. pi. 10. f. 13. 1841. mitriformis Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 13. pi. 10. f. 14. 1841. uniplicata Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 230. f. 13. 1842. mitriformis Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 230. f. 14. 1842. — Kiener Iconog. p. 27. pi. 9. f. 3. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 445. No. 19. pi. 93. f. 24, 35. 1848. Station. — One specimen of C. m. was dredged in sandy mud ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Two specimens of C. u. were dredged in sand at a depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Panama ; Kiener : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Two young and 3 mature specimens were obtained. Two of the latter of a deep blackish brown, like var. uniplicata. 159. Cancellaria pulchra. Synonymy. Cancellaria pulchra Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 50. Mar. 1832. 136 Panama Shells. MURICID.E. Cancellaria pulclira Miill. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 72. 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 39. pi. 13. f. 37. 1841, Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 451. No. 42. pi. 94. f. 41. 1848. Station. — Sandy bottom in 8 to 10 fathoms water ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Taboga; C. B .A.! Two specimens were obtained. 160. Cancellaria pygmaea. Nov. sp. Shell subovate, short ; pale wax color, with minute dark brown dots on the ribs, and dark brown irregular rays on the upper part of the last whorl ; with slender prominent ribs, which are only nine in number on the last whorl, but are crowded and numerous on the spire, and which are much developed at the angle of the whorls ; with several fine raised spiral lines, which are stouter on the summits of the ribs, and crowded intermediate microscopic striae : apex subacute : spire with the outlines rectilinear: whorls five, acutely shouldered, with a broad concave area above, moderately convex below the angle, with a well impressed suture : aperture triangular, effuse below : labrum thickened by the last rib ; labium thin, elevated : columella with two lamelliform slightly oblique plaits ; umbilicus narrow, deep, bounded by an acute angle in the last whorl. Mean divergence, about 100° ; length .33 inch ; breadth .25 inch ; length of spire .15 inch. This species is allied to C. contabulata Sowb., and C. bicolor Hinds. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Taboga ; C. B. A. ! One specimen was found. PLEUROTOMA. Panama Shells. 137 161. Caiicellaria solida. Synonymy. Cancellaria solida Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 52. Mar. 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv.p. 72. 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 6. pi. 9. f. 6. 1841. . Thes. Conch, p. 440. No. 5. pi. 92. f. 4. 1848. Station. — Eight to ten fathoms, sandy bottom; Cuming! Sowerby. Habitat. — Eeal Llejos and St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Keal Llejos ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! One specimen was found. 162. Cancellaria tesselata. Synonymy. Cancellaria tesselata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 51. Mar. 1832. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 74. 1836. — Sowb. Conch. Illust. No. 21. pi. 11. f. 20. 1841. Kiener Iconog. p. 32. pi. 9. f. 4. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 447. No. 29. pi. 93. f. 32. 1848. /Station. — Sandy, muddy bottom, in from 7 to 10 fathoms : Cuming! Sowerby. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas, St. Elena, and Xipixapi; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Miiller. "South Sea; Bay of Caraccas, and St. Elena;" Kiener. Bay of Caraccas ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! Two specimens were obtained. PLrEUROTOIWLA. Like Columbetta, this genus was found to be represented by numerous species ; but unlike that genus. JULY, 1859. 10 Ann. LTC. NAT. HIST, 138 Panama Shells. MURICIDJE. the species were represented by few individuals, at least so far as they could be found without a dredge. A similar abundance of species and scarcity of specimens in this genus occurs in the Caribbean seas. One large species was found ; of the others, nearly one half are as small as the Caribbean species : the rest are nearer to an average size as compared with the species which have been described by European authors. Most of the small species are undescribed. If we may judge from the collections made by us in Panama and in Jamaica, and received from Cey- lon, it may be conjectured that the undescribed species in this genus are as numerous as those which have been described. We do not refer to Kiener's monograph, which contains 60 spe- cies : for, including the allied genus Mangelia, nearly 500 species have been described. Probably this is not more than half of the number actually existing. 163. Pleurotoma aterrima. Synonymy. Pleurotoma aterrima Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 137. - - Dec. 1833. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 113. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 12. f. 100. May 1843. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Our living specimens were found in the same situation at low water mark. Habitat. — Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. West Columbia ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 14 specimens, most of which were occupied by hermit crabs. 164. Pleurotoma atrior. Nov. sp. Shell subfusiform : jet black, with a paler translucent spiral stripe below the middle of the whorls : with a spiral series of 3PLEUROTOMA. Panama /Shells, 139 granules next above the suture, and a not very prominent keel above the middle of the whorls ; on the last whorl three other keels appear, which are more or less granulated: apex very acute : spire with convex outlines : whorls eleven, angular un- der the spiral keel, beneath it concave, with an indistinct suture : •aperture long, with a rather deep sinus : canal very short, wide. This species has some resemblance to P. discors. It must also resemble P. Afekkersi Menke, Zeitschr. 1851. p. 20. Mean divergence about 38°; length .8 inch; breadth .28 inch ; length of spire .5 inch. /Station. — Unknown. Habitat — Panama; C. B. A.I Only 1 specimen was obtained, 165. Pleu.ro toma Mcanalifera. Synonymy. Pleurotoma bicanalifera Sow!?, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, p. 136. Dec. 1833. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 112. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 12. f. 103. May 1843. Station. — Sandy mud at a depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve, Habitat. — Shores of Central America ; Cuming 1 Sowerby : also Miiller, Bay of Montija; Cuming! Eeeve, Taboga; C. B, AJ We found only 1 specimen. 166. Pleurofoma collar is* Synonymy. tPleurotoma cellaris Sowb, in Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. p. 139, - - Dec. 1833. 140 Panama Shells, MURICID^E. Pleurotoma collaris Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 117. May 1836v Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 15. f. 120. July 1843. Station. — Muddy sand at the depth of 8 fathoms ; Cuming E Sowerby : also Reeve. Habitat' — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby :. also Reeve. West Columbia ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A, ! 4 specimens were collected. 167. Pleurotoma concinna. Nov. sp. Shell fusiform : white, tinged more or less with reddish "brown : with numerous crowded small ribs, which become ob- solete near the labrum, and crowded spiral striae, which are finer on the spire : apex acute : spire with moderately convex out- lines: whorls eight, angular along the middle, with a mode- rately impressed suture : aperture very long and narrow : la- brum very much thickened a little behind the edge, with the sinus deep and very near the suture : canal scarcely distinct from the aperture. It resembles P. triticea Kiener, and may be a Mangelia. Mean divergence about 43° ; length .42 inch ; breadth .17 inch ; length of spire .18 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! — 1 specimen was obtained, 168. Pleurotoma corrugata. Synonymy. Pleurotoma eorrugata Sowb. (non Kiener) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 137. - - Dec. 1833, tttrricula Sowb. (non Macgillivray) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 137. - Dec.. 1833. ) \ iPLEUROTO'MA. Panama Shells. 141 Pleurotoma, turricula Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 233. f. 6. 1842. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 49. (non pi. 19. f. 162.) Feb. 1843. Sowerbyi Reeve Conch. Icon, in " Errata" Pleurot. Apr. 1846- Station. — Sandy mud at 10 fathoms depth ; Cuming ! Sow- erby., Habitat. — Bay of Montija, and Puerto Portrero ; Cuming i Sowerby : Miiller. Taboga; C. B. A.I ."3 specimens were obtained. 169. Pleurotoma discors. Synonymy. Pleurotoma discors Sowb. "in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 137. Dec. 1833. Mull. Synqp. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 113. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 235. f. 14.* 1842. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 38. Feb. 1843. Station. — Coral sand at the depth of 17 fathoms; Cuming.! .Sowerby .: also Reeve. Habitat. — I. of Plata; Cuming! Sowerby : also Reeve. West Columbia-; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We were indebted -to the hermit crabs for 5 specimens, 170. Pleurotoma duplicata. Synonymy., Pleurotoma, duplicata 'Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 188. . . . Dec. 1833. Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 9. f. 78. Apr. 1843. Station. — A sandy muddy floor at 10 fathoms depth ; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Reeve. * The citation in the Conch. Icon, ©f fig. 10. in pi 234 of Conch. Syst. is eyi- • dently a misprint for fig. 14. 142 Panama Shell's,. Habitat. — Puerto Portrero and Bay of Montija in. Central America ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. I 1 specimen was obtained : it is of a blacMsh brown eolor, but otherwise is indistinguishable from a specimen received from' Mr. Cuming. It is smaller and more slender and finely sculp- tured than Mr. Eeeve's figure,. 171. Pleurotoma excentrica I Synonymy.. Pleurotoma excentrica Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soa. Lond. p. 138. Dee. 183S. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 115. May 1836v . Reeve Coacli. Icon. pi. 7. f. 58. Mar. 1843.. Station. — Coral sand at the depth of 6 fathoms ;: Cuming !. Sowerby : also Eeeve. Habitat, — Gallapago Is. ; Cuming! Sowerby:. also Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. I We found 1 specimen^ which probably belongs to this species.. It is a little longer than the figure in the Conch. Icon., and is distorted only in the last whorl: spiral lines cuoss the ribs only anteriorly. 172. Pleurotoma cxigtia. Nov. sp. Shell slender : pale cream color,, with very fine brown spiral lines, of which the two or three upper ones are single, and the rest are in pairs : with distant obtuse transverse ridges, about six or seven on each whorl, obsolete on the anterior half of the last whorl :. apex acute :. spire with the outlines moderately- convex : whorls six, convex, with, a distinct suture :. aperture narrow : labrum thickened by the last ridge a little behind the edge, with a deep sinus near the suture : canal very short. Mean divergence about 34° ; length .175 inch ; breadth .Q6< inch ; length of spire .1 inch, PLEUROTOMA. Panama, Shells. 143 Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen of this elegant little shell was obtained in the calcareous sand on the shore. IT 3. Pleuroioiiin gemmiilosa. Nov. sp. Shell long, subfusiform : brown, with some pale spots : surface densely covered with small transverse and spiral ridges, with the intersections developed into elegantly rounded promi- nent nodules, except near the end of the last whorl, where the transverse ridges are obsolete : apex acute : spire with the out- lines very curvilinear: whorls eight, a little convex, with a moderately impressed suture: aperture very narrow, with a small sinus near the suture : labrum thickened without and within : canal very short. Mean divergence about 33° ; length .22 inch ; breadth .08 inch ; length of spire .14 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 1*74. Pleurotoma granclimaculata. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate pyramidal : black, with a single spiral series of very large dingy white spots : with excessively minute incre- mental and spiral striae, the latter of which are obsolete ante- riorly ; with a sharp simple spiral keel a little below the suture : a little below the middle of the whorls is a sharp tuberculated keel, which is less developed between the tubercles ; these tubercles coincide with the white spots, and on the last whorl are transversely elongated ; on the last whorl four or five more spiral linear keels are seen : apex acute : spire conic : whorls ten, concave between the keels, with the suture indistinct; aperture rather narrow ; labrum moderately thickened, with the sinus rather deep : labium well developed : canal very short. 144 Panama Shells. MURICID^E. Mean divergence about 38° ; length .95 inch ; breadth .35 inch ; length of spire .62 inch. Having received from Mr. Cuming specimens of this species labelled P. zonulata, we infer that it has been confounded with that species in collections. Mr. C timing's specimens are said in the MS. catalogue to have come from the Philippine Is., but as their specific identity with our species is unquestionable, it is probable that the catalogue is erroneous. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 1 fresh and 1 faded specimen. 175. Pleurotoma incrassata. Synonymy. Pleuroloma incrassata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. p. 138. Dec. 1833. — Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 115. May 1836. Bottce Kiener Iconog. p. 33. pi. 15. f. 2. incrassata Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 9. f. 76. Apr. 1843. Station. — Sandy mud at the depth of 6 to 10 fathoms ; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Keeve. Halitat. — Panama, and Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Mazatlan; Botta! (?) Kiener. Bay of Panama, &c. ; Cuming ! Keeve. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 176. Pleurotoma nigerrima. Synonymy. Pleurotoma nigerrima Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 137. Dec. 1833. PLEITROTOMA. Panama Rhdh. 145 Pleurotoma cornuta Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 136. Dec. 1833. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 112. May 1836. nigerrima Miill. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 113. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 12. f. 102. May 1843. Station. — Sandy mud in 6 and 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sow- erby : also Eeeve. Habitat. — Panama ; Gaming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miil- ler. (var. cornuta.) Panama and Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We were indebted to the hermit crabs for 3 specimens. 177. Pleurotoma obeliscus. Synonymy. Pleurotoma obeliscus Reeve in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 110. Oct. 1845. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 20. f. 175. Oct. 1845. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 178. Pleurotoma olivacea. Synonymy. Pleurotoma olivacea Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 126. Dec. 1833. • Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 111. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 27. Feb. 1843. Station. — In sandy mud at 5 to 12 fathoms; Cuming! Sowerby. From mud in 4 to 7 fathoms depth; Hinds! Reeve. Habitat. — Salango and St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve : also Miiller. 146 Panama Shells. MURICIDJE. Panama, Gulf of Nicoya, and western coast of Mexico ; Hinds ! Keeve. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 8 specimens were obtained. 179. Pleurotoma pallida. Synonymy. Pleurotoma pallida Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 13*7. Dec. 1833. • Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 113. May 1836. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 16. f. 134. Aug. 1843. Station. — A sandy muddy floor at the depth of 13 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Habitat. — Puerto Portrero ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Miiller. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 12 specimens in various stages of growth were obtained. 180. Pleurotoma rigida. Synonymy. Clavatula rigida Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 45. Mar. 1843. Hinds inVoy. Sulph. Moll. pi. 7. f. 18. 1844, Pleurotoma Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 25. f. 216. Oct. 1845. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; Hinds ! quoted by Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 20 specimens of this species in some calcareous sand near the sea wall of Panama. 181. Pleurotoma rudi§. Synonymy. Pleurotoma rudis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 134. Dec. 1833. PLEUROTOMA. Panama Shells. 147 Pleurotoma rudis Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 109. May 1836. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 53. Mar. 1843. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Miiller. Habitat. — Monte Christ! ; Cuming ! Sowerby ; also Eeeve : also Miiller. Monte Christ! ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. I 2 specimens were obtained. 182. Pleurotoma rustic a. Synonymy. Pleurotoma mstica So\vb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 138. Dec. 1833. • Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 116. May 1836, thiarella Kiener Iconog. p. 56. pi. 23. f. 2. ? rustica Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 11. f. 91. May 1843. Mr. Eeeve's reference to Proc. Z. S. 1843, is a misprint for 1833. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming I Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Miiller. We found it under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Miiller. West Columbia ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. -A. ! 10 specimens were collected, most of them more strongly striated spirally on the last whorl than is represented in the Conch. Icon. 183. Pleurotoma striosa. Nov. sp. Shell slender : dingy white, with a more or less distinct brown spiral stripe on the last whorl issuing from the upper part of the aperture : with indistinct crowded spiral stride, with ten or twelve very slender ribs on each whorl : apex acute : 148 Panama Shells. MURICID^E. spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls eight, convex, with a moderately impressed suture : aperture rather narrow : labrum rather sharp, thickened behind the edge by a very stout rib : canal rather wide, very short. Mean divergence about 33° ; length .3 inch ; breadth .1 inch ; length of spire .2 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 13 specimens were found in the calcareous sand on the shore. 184. Pleurotoma zonulata. Synonymy. Pleurotoma cincta Sowb. (non Lam.) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 136. - Dec. 1833. zonulata Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 234. f. 10. 1842. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 39. Feb. 1843. The name given by Mr. Sowerby was pre-occupied by Lamarck. Station. — Sand and gravel at a depth of 7 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Habitat. — Monte Christi and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Two specimens were obtained. Of each of the following species we obtained but one speci- men in a more or less imperfect condition. They were found near Panama, mostly in the calcareous sand. 185. Pleurotoma a. 186. Pleurotoma b. 187. Ulaiigelia c. MANGELIA. Panama Shells. 149 188. Ulaiigelia d. 189. Ulangelia — - «. 190. iVIaiigclia /. 191. Maiigelia iieglecta* Nov. sp. Shell subfusiform : pale brownish red : with, on each whorl, eight or nine prominent curved ribs, and an elevated spiral line on the middle of the whorls, which becomes obsolete on the last whorl ; anteriorly with several spiral striae : apex acute : spire with the outlines moderately convex : whorls seven, rather convex, with a distinct suture : aperture rather narrow, mostly parallel with the axis of the spire : labrum much thick- ened within and without, with a narrow sinus : canal very short. Mean divergence about 40° ; length .2. inch ; breadth .07 inch ; length of spire .11 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. I We obtained 2 specimens from the calcareous sand at Panama ; also other 2, of a more slender variety. This is one of the many species whose claim to a place in the genus Mangelia will not be universally conceded. 192. IHangelia sulcosa? Synonymy. ? Columbella sulcosa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Load. p. 118. June 1832. ? — Duel, in Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 21. f. 5. 6. ! Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 141. pi. 40. f. 165. The color of our specimens is a very deep green between the cream-colored ribs, and brownish towards the apex, which is nearly colorless. The "inM canali distincto" and "interne 150 Panama Shells. MURICIDJS. [labio] rugis basilibus nonnullis" Sowb., tlie well defined sinus of the lip, and the sharp continuous ribs, present a group of characters more characteristic of a Mangelia. We are not, however, perfectly satisfied of the specific identity of our shell with Mr. Sowerby's. Station. — We found our specimens under stones at and below the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — Annaa and Lord Hood's Is- land; Cuming! Sowerby. , Columbetta sulcosa. Lord Hood's Island ; Jay. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 170 specimens were collected. 193. Cerithium acltistiim. Synonymy. Cerithium adustum Kiener Iconog. p. 37. pi. 13. f, 2 non 3. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 313. No. 46. (Desh. ed.) 1843. . Lam. An. sans Vert. III.Pt. 2. p. 611. No. 46. (Desk ed. tert.) - 1844. There is evidently a transposition, as noticed by Deshayes, Jay, and Menke, in Kiener's references to and names on 'the plate of his figures of this species and of C. maculosum. Station. — In wet sand, under stones, at half tide level. Habitat. — Indian Ocean, Eed Sea; Kiener. Indian Ocean, according to Kiener ; Deshayes. Eed Sea ; Jay, Taboga ; C, B. A. ! 206 specimens were collected. The doubt which Deshayes implies of the accuracy of Kiener's statement of habitat, must be well founded. 194. Cerithium assimilatum. Nov. sp. Shell very long, conic : very dark brownish red, with some CEEITHIUM. Panama Shells. 151 irregular linear spots of white on the spiral keels : with three excessively prominent compressed acute nearly equal and equi- distant spiral keels, with narrow deep interspaces, which are crossed by microscopic raised lines, with a fourth keel on the periphery of the last whorl, and another anteriorly which is more minute : apex acute : spire with the outlines nearly recti- linear : whorls sixteen to eighteen, planulate, with the suture very indistinct : last whorl very short : aperture ovate : labrum deeply scalloped by the spiral ridges : canal large, very short. Mean divergence about 18° ; length .23 inch ; breadth .06 inch ; length of spire .19 inch. This species is allied to 0. trilineatum Phil, and to C. terebel- lum Ad. Station. — Under stones, sponges, and marine plants, &c., near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Eight specimens were collected. 195. Cerithium foimargmatum. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : wax color, dark brown on the upper whorls : with a spiral ridge at each margin of the whorls of the spire and an intermediate raised line ; on each whorl with about eighteen transverse small ridges with intersections strongly nodulous ; with -a simple spiral ridge at the periphery of the last whorl; anteriorly without sculpture: apex very acute: spire with the outlines rectilinear : whorls thirteen, concave, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl very short, concave ante- riorly, with the periphery angular: aperture subquadrate: columella with a very prominent spiral fold : canal rather short, recurved. Mean divergence about 20° ; length .175 inch ; breadth .055 inch ; length of spire .14 inch. Station. — Unknown. 152 Panama /Shells. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 196. Cerithiuin famelicum. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : dingy white, more or less profusely mottled with irregular brown spots, which are divided by fine white spiral lines ; or nearly covered with fine alternating white and brown lines : with a narrow spiral ridge on the middle of the whorls, crossing transverse obtuse ridges, with very promi- nent acute intersections ; with the upper margin of the whorls more or less granulous; anteriorly with two more granulous spiral ridges ; surface covered with fine spiral striae : apex acute : spire with the outlines slightly curvilinear : whorls twelve, moderately convex, with the suture lightly impressed ; last whorl short, gibbous on the left, with an anterior concave area : aperture large, obliquely elliptical : labrum advanced in the lower half: labium with a moderately thick deposit and a stout transverse plait above : canal short, oblique. Mean divergence about 33° ; length 1.13 inch ; breadth .5 inch ; length of spire .75 inch. In color and sculpture only, this shell has some resemblance to C. maculosum Kr. (C. adustum of Kr.'s plate.) Station.' — Unknown. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 17 specimens were collected. 197. Cerithium gemmatum. /Synonymy. Cerithium gemmatum Hinds Voy. Sulph. Moll. pi. 11. f. 5. 6. 1844. Station. — Sandy mud, in from 2 or 3 to 7 fathoms or upwards; Hinds! •CERITHIUM, Panama Shells. 153 Habitat. — Panama ; Hinds ! Taboga ; C. B. A. I 19 specimens were collected. 198. Cerithiiim interruptum \ Synonymy. 1 Cerlthium interruptum Menke. Zeitsch. Mai. p. 178. for 1850. Apr. 185L Our specimens are, for the most part, much larger than those which Dr. Menke describes. In other respects, they answer to his description as nearly as could be expected in a species with variable characters. Menke's shell is 5.4 lines long, and many of our specimens are 1 inch long. Station. — On and under rocks and stones, between half tide level and the low water mark of neap tides, Habitat — Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Taboga and Panama; C. B. A.! 1100 specimens were collected. 199. Cerithiiim . Sp. inclet. This shell is so nearly related to the preceding that it may be a question whether it should rank as a distinct species. It is larger, being 1.2 inch long ; and is wholly black, except the eroded apex : it has one series of sharp tubercles, and the spiral granular lines are more prominent and more nearly equal than in C. interruptum. Station. — Like that of C. interruptum. Habitat— Taboga, ; C. B. A. ! Thirty specimens were collected. JULY, 1552, 11 AMR, LTC, N*T. Hurt 154 Panama Shells, 200. Cerithium irrorafum. Synonymy:. Cerithium irroratum Gould in Proc. Best. Soc. Nat, Hist, IE, 119. Feb. 1849, Gould Exped. Shells, p. 61. Feb. 1849, This species closely resembles (J. oceUatum Brug., but Dr. Gould informs me that it is his C. irroratum. Station. — At and above half tide level -r mostly in the margin; of water left on the rocks by the tide. Habitat.— -Unknown ; Gould, in Exped. Shells. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS, Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! Eight hundred and twenty specimens were collected. 201. Cerithiwni iiegicctiim. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : blackish red, with the apex white : with three prominent spiral ridges on each whorl, of which the upper two are less distant ; with prominent transverse ridges, sixteen or eighteen on the last whorl, where they are less robust than on the spire, and which become obsolete on the periphery of the last whorl ; with the intersections developed into very prominent elegantly rounded nodules ; anteriorly with two additional subgranulous spiral ridges ; apex acute : spire with curvilinear outlines : whorls ten, moderately convex? with the suture indistinct ; last whorl rather short : aperture obliquely subovate : labrum a little modified by the spiral ridges : canal deep7 very short. Mean divergence about 20° ; length .125 inch ; breadth .04 inch ; length of spire .09 inch. Station. — Under stones, in old shells, in dead sponges, &c., aear low water mark. CERITHIUM. Panama Shells. 155 Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 33 specimens were collected. 202. Cerithium Pacificum. Synonymy. Cerithium Pacificum Sowb. Genera. No. 42. f. 9. 1824. • Humboldti Valenc. in Huuib. Rec. Obs. II. 280. 1833. - Kiener Iconog. p. 83. pi. 26. f. 2. - Pacificum Reeve Conch. Syst.pl. 236. f. 9. 1842. Kiener ascribes priority to the description by Valenciennes in Humb. Eec. Obs. The second volume of Humboldt's work, in which the Mollusca are described, bears the date 1833. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Cumana ; Humboldt & Bonpland ! Valenciennes. Cumana ; Kiener. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen only was found. 203. Cerithium pauperculum. Nov. sp. Shell slender : pale horn color : with several spiral keels, of which five are visible on the spire, with many transverse ridges on the upper whorls, which are reduced to raised lines on the lower whorls, with the intersections slightly granulous ; ante- riorly the spiral ridges are obsolete : apex acute : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls eight, slightly convex, with a moderately impressed suture ; last whorl rather long : aperture long, acute above, with a small umbilical chink : canal very short. Mean divergence about 18° ; length .13 inch ; breadth .04 inch ; length of spire .09 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 156 Panama Shells. MURICID2E. 204. Cor it hi ii in pulchrum. Nov. sp. Shell rather long, subconic : very dark brownish red, with a yellowish white spiral line on the middle of the whorls : with about forty slender acute ribs on each whorl, which terminate abruptly on the periphery of the last whorl ; with very stout varices 240° distant ; with a narrow acute spiral keel, above the middle of the whorls, traversing the ribs and varices : with a few raised spiral lines and many minute spiral striae, which do not traverse the ribs ; anteriorly with crowded coarse spiral striee : apex acute : spire with the outlines moderately curvi- linear : whorls eleven, convex, with a deep suture ; last whorl short : aperture large, quadrate-orbicular, broadly effuse above, with a very narrow sinus in place of the canal ; labrum and labium continuous, very thick and highly polished. Mean divergence about 33° ; length 1.25 inch ; breadth .65 inch ; length of spire .82 inch. This species must closely resemble C. Montagnei Orb. But in Kiener's figure and description, Orbigny's species appears to be destitute of varices. Menke, however, in his specimen of C. Montagnei from Mazatlan, finds 48 ribs on the last whorl, but mentions no varices. Station. — Half buried in muddy sand under bushes at high water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 125 specimens were collected, near the mangrove thicket, 2 \ miles east of Panama. 205. Cerithium Rooviaiiiini. Nov. sp. Shell rather long, subconic : dark reddish brown, with a yel- lowish white spiral line on the middle of the whorls, which is darker between the ribs ; with a similar -spiral line anteriorly, and another tipping the upper ends of the ribs on the lower whorls : without varices : on each whorl with about twenty- four prominent subacute, not approximate, ribs, which are less CERITHIUM. Panama Shells. 157 regular and prominent on the last whorl, on the periphery of which they become obsolete ; anteriorly with spiral raised lines, of which one near the periphery is larger : apex acute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls fifteen, con- vex, with a well impressed suture : aperture large, quadrate- orbicular, broadly effuse above, with a narrow sinus in place of the canal : labrum and labium thick, not continuous ; labium reflected below. It resembles Orbigny's figure (not Kiener's) of C. Montagnei; Orbigny's description is too meagre to enable us to identify our species with it, and the figure represents it with flattened approximate ribs, and with several spiral white bands, most of which are wanting on our shell. Mean divergence about 28° ; length 1.55 inch ; breadth .66 inch ; length of spire 1.04 inch. Station. — With C. pukhrum, q. v. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 190 specimens were collected with C. pulchrum. 206. t civil hi ii 111 valiclum. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : dark reddish brown, with a pale spiral line along the middle of the whorls : rufous on the varices, and white in the aperture: sometimes whitish on the varices, the spiral ridges, and the last whorl : with, on each whorl, about twenty arcuate ridges, which are prominent and rather narrow but not compressed, and which terminate abruptly at the periphery of the last whorl : with stout varices about 270° distant : with six spiral ridges, of which two next below the suture are small and approximate, and are sometimes replaced by a single ridge : and of which one is partly concealed in the suture : with inter- mediate minute spiral strias : anteriorly covered with slightly wrinkled spiral ridges : apex acute : spire with the outlines mode- rately curvilinear : whorls twelve, convex, with a deep suture : last whorl subangular at the periphery, very short: aperture 158 Panama Shells. MURICID.E. sub-quadrate, effuse below, sub-effuse above : labrum produced very far in the lower half, in old shells excessively thickened. Mean divergence about 32° : length, 1.6 inch ; breadth, .75 inch ; length of spire 1.15 inch. This species must closely resemble C. varicosum Sowb., and C. varicosum Kiener, which are probably distinct from each other. C. Hegeswichii Phil, is also similar to our shell. (It is to be regretted that Dr. Philippi has not stated v/hich side of Mexico his species inhabits.) Sowerby's shell maybe ours. It appears like a dwarfed variety. Orbigny considers it as the young of the shell which he had from Guayaquil, but speaks of a circular umbilicus. Station. — With C. pulchrum. Habitat. — Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 250 specimens were collected with C. pulchrum. 207. Triphoris alternatus. Nov. sp. SheH long, conic, sinistrorsal : blackish red except that in the lower whorls a dingy white spiral stripe occupies the lower two- thirds of each whorl : with two stout marginal spiral ridges, and a rather smaller intermediate one, which is wanting on the upper whorls ; with about twenty-five transverse moderately developed ridges, which terminate at the periphery of the last whorl, with the intersections strongly nodulous ; anteriorly with two addi- tional spiral ridges : apex very acute : spire with the outlines slightly curvilinear : whorls twelve, nearly flat, with an indis- tinct suture ; last whorl short, concave anteriorly : aperture rhombic : canal rather deep, short. Mean divergence about 30°; length .2 inch; breadth .06 inch ; length of spire .155 inch. Station. — Unknown. TRIPHORIS. Panama Shells. 159 Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 mature and 2 young shells were found. 208. Triphoris inconspicnus. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate fusiform, sinistrorsal : blackish red, fading into a cinereous colors with three spiral equidistant strongly nodulous ridges on each whorl, of which the intermediate one is wanting on the upper whorls, and three or four additional scarcely nodulous ridges anteriorly ; with about twenty or twenty-two transverse less prominent ridges on each whorl: apex very acute : spire with curvilinear outlines : whorls twelve, moderately convex, with the suture indistinct ; last whorl with the periphery subangular: aperture subrhombic, with a sinus above : labrum much advanced : canal deep, short. Mean divergence .about 22° ; length .165 inch ; breadth. ..055 inch; length of spire .13 inch. Station. — Tinder stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 16 specimens were collected. 209. Triphoris infrequent. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : blackish red : with three excessively promi- nent much compressed spiral ridges on the spire, and another on the periphery of the last whorl ; with about sixteen or eighteen less prominent transverse ridges on each whorl ; anteriorly with- out sculpture.: apex acute : spire with the outlines nearly rec- tilinear : whorls thirteen, nearly flat, with the suture indistinct ; last whorl very short: aperture subquadrate: labrum scalloped by the spiral ridges : canal rather wide, very short. Mean divergence about 20°; length .13 inch; breadth .045 inch ; length of spire .105 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. AJ 2 specimens were found. 160 Panama Shells. i Family— LITTOEINHLE. 210. Turritella Banksii. Synonymy. Turritella Banksii Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 15. May 1840o Station. — Sandy mud at the depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming I Eeeve. Between the low water mark of the neap tides and that of the spring tides, this species was found living in, the calcareous sand among and under stones. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! On the reef we collected about 350 specimens, one-third of which were taken alive. This species is remarkable for the diversity of color in different individuals. Some are nearly black and are but slightly variegated ; others are mostly white, mottled with a few irregular blackish spots ; many are ornamented with a profu- sion of irregular greyish and blackish spots on a light ground ; and a few are brown. Not less than 20 individuals would be required to exhibit fairly this diversity of coloring. C€ECU]H. — A European type of this extraordinary genus has long been known under the name of Dentalium trachea. In 1849, Mr. Clark of Exmouth, England, described the soft parts in the Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. Mr. C. considered the animal to be kindred to Eissoa. In the Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. Oct 15, 1851, Mr. William Stimpson has described three American species, of which one inhabits Massachusetts, and two inhabit Florida. For some time we have possessed several undescribed species which we collected in Jamaica. Now we offer descrip- tions of eight species from Panama. It is probable therefore that the genus is well represented, on this continent.. CCECUM. Panama Shells. 161 211. Core urn di 111 in 11 1 ii in. Nov. sp. Shell well arcuated, slender, with the diameter uniform, except near the summit : white : with about 17 stout rings, which are rather distant and are but slightly flattened at the summits, followed by about 10 rings which are small and less prominent : apex lateral, not prominent. Length .06 inch ; breadth .018 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 212. Coecum eburneum. Nov. sp. Shell rather slender, well arcuated, scarcely widening towards the aperture, slightly contracted at the summit : ivory white : with about 33 broad stout approximate rings with flat summits ; with the first 4 to 10 rings and sometimes the last 2 or 3, very prominent and less approximate, and the rest slightly promi- nent and closely approximate : apex prominent. Length .09 inch ; breadth .025 inch. A var. (?) has only 24 rings, of which the last 3 or 4 are pro- minent, indicating maturity. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 22 specimens were found in the sand, 213. Ccecum fi mint urn. Nov. sp. Shell rather stout, well arcuated, widening towards the aper- ture, moderately contracted at the summit : ivory white : with about 25 very stout broad prominent not closely approximate rings, with flat summits : apex not very prominent. Length .09 inch ; breadth .03 inch. 162 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. A variety (?) is more slender, and has the ribs less pro- minent. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 85 specimens were collected from the sand. 214. Coeciim lave. Nov. sp. Shell well arcuated, rather stout, of nearly uniform diameter : white : smooth and shining : apex very prominent Length .08 inch ; breadth .027 inch. Var. (?) minus is more slender, with the apex less prominent Length .062 inch ; breadth .02 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found, viz. 1 of each variety. 215. Ccecum laqueatum. Nov. sp. Shell slender, moderately arcuated, with the diameter regu- larly increasing: white: longitudinally furrowed with about 20 shallow somewhat unequal grooves: apex moderately promi- nent, lateral. Length .11 inch; breadth .028 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were obtained. 216. CoBCiun monstrosum. Nov. sp. Shell well arcuated, stout in the lower half and very slender in the upper half^ with the transition abrupt, as if the effect of an accident: ivory white: on the upper part with about 18 rather stout approximate moderately prominent rings with flat CCECUM. Panama, Shells. 163 summits ; in the lower part with about 12 very stout prominent not closely approximate rings with flat summits ; with 2 or 3 ribs on the middle with intermediate characters : apex pro- minent. Length .09 inch ; breadth of the upper part .018 inch ; breadth of the lower part .03 inch. This extraordinary shell appears like a monstrosity. It cannot however be a deformed C. firmatum, since it is the last half of the shell which resembles that species. If it were the last half which is contracted, it would look more like the effect of an accident. But accidents to mollusks do not, so far as we have seen, cause a greater development of the shell. 7 specimens, agreeing in all the above described characters, establish the species. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 217. Ccecum parvum. Nov. sp. Shell well arcuated, slender, of nearly uniform diameter : white : with about 15 acute-edged moderately prominent distant rings : apex lateral, prominent. Length .065 inch ; breadth .019 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 218. Ccecum pygiiueum. Nov. sp. Shell well arcuated, slender, of nearly uniform diameter: white : with about 23 narrow but very prominent rings with flattened summits : apex lateral, prominent. Length .06 inch : breadth .018 inch. •Station. — Unknown. 164 Panama Shells. LITTOKINIDJE. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. CHEftllVITZIA.— The following species of this genus, with the exception of 0. communis and C. emarginata, have the axis of the first whorl nearly or quite perpendicular to the axis of the other whorls, constituting a subacute, subtransparent, smooth and colorless apex. This remark, however, cannot yet be applied to C. major, the unique specimen of which has lost the apex. As in Vitrinella and in some other groups of minute tropical species, the number of individuals is small in proportion to the number of species. The following 12 species are represented by 129 specimens, of which 90 belong to one species, and 21 others belong to 2 species, leaving 9 species represented by only 18 specimens. 219. Cheumitzia aculews. Nov. sp. Shell conic, very slender : white : with, on each whorl, about seventeen obtuse ribs, which terminate abruptly at the periphery of the last whorl : spire with the outlines rectilinear except near the apex : whorls twelve, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture ; last whorl with the periphery subangular : aperture subovate : labrum thin : columella scarcely curved : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 13° ; length .18 inch ; breadth .04 inch ; length of spire .145 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 4 specimens were found in the sand. 220. Chemnitzia acuuiinata. Nov. sp. Shell fusiform conic : dingy white : with about sixteen or eighteen transverse somewhat oblique ribs, which terminate ab- CHEMNITZIA. Panama Shells. 165 ruptly on the periphery of the last whorl : spire with the out- lines nearly rectilinear : whorls eight, very acutely shouldered above, slightly convex, with a deep suture; last whorl long: aperture subovate, acute at both extremities : labrum thin : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 23° ; length .11 inch ; breadth .043 inch ; length of spire .07 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was obtained. 221. Chemiiitzia affiiiis. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : pale yellowish brown : with, on each whorl, about twenty-four rather slender ribs, which terminate abruptly at the periphery of the last whorl ; very smooth an- teriorly : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls ten, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl angular at the periphery : aperture subovate : labrum thin : columella rather stout : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 18° ; length .21 inch ; breadth .055 inch ; length of spire .165 inch. Most easily distinguished from C. striosa (p. 169), by the sculpture of the last whorl. /Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; 0. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found in the sand. 222. Cheiunitzia clathratula. Nov. sp. Shell ovate conic, much elongate: white: with, on each whorl, about thirty minute ribs, which gradually become obso- lete on the periphery of the last whorl, and which are decussated by spiral raised lines, of which five or six appear on the spire 166 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. and of which the remainder cover the anterior part of the last whorl : apex very minute : spire with the outlines nearly rec- tilinear : whorls eight, more or less angular in the upper part, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl rather long, with a well rounded periphery : aperture subovate : labrum thin : columella rather stout : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 16° ; length .13 inch ; breadth .04 inch ; length of spire .1 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens, in various stages of growth, were collected from the sand. 223. Chemnitzia commimis. Nov. sp. Shell long, fusiform conic : dingy white : with, on the penult whorl, about twenty-two transverse ridges, and on the last whorl a greater number, which are less prominent, and which become obsolete anteriorly : with spiral ridges, of which four or five are seen on the spire, and which on the last two whorls are as pro- minent as the transverse ridges, but above are less developed : apex with the axis oblique : spire with the outlines curvilinear : whorls eight, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture: last whorl rather long: aperture ovate, acute above, very broadly effuse below : labrum rather thin, but not sharp : colu- mellar lip well thickened, below reflected over a minute umbili- cal indentation : columella with one small plait. A large speci- men has the following dimensions : — Mean divergence about 23°; length .165 inch; breadth .05 inch ; length of spire .11 inch. Station. — Under stones near low water mark. Habitat.— Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 90 specimens were collected. CHEMNITZIA. Panama Shells, 167 224. Cliemnitzia gracilior. Nov. sp. Shell very long, conic : very pale yellowish brown : with, on each whorl, about twenty-eight slender ribs, which terminate abruptly just below the periphery of the last whorl : with a well impressed spiral line next behind the anterior termination of the ribs, and a few obsolete spiral striae ; spire with the out- lines nearly rectilinear except near the apex : whorls twelve, slightly convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate, acute above : labrum very thin : columella a little curved ; umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 13° ; length .31 inch ; breadth .06 inch ; length of spire .255 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found in the sand, 225. Chemnitzia major. Nov. sp. Shell conic, long : dingy white : with, oa each whorl, about twenty-four stout obtuse approximate ribs, which are obsolete anteriorly ; with lightly impressed fine spiral striae over all the surface except the summits of the ribs : spire with the outlines rectilinear: whorls fifteen, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture subovate : labrum thin : columella nearly straight : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 17° ; length .38 inch ; breadth .09 inch ; length of spire .31 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen only was found. 226. Chemnitzia marginata. Nov. sp. Shell fusiform cylindric ; dingy white : with, on each whorl, 168 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. eleven or twelve very prominent strong compressed ribs : in the interspaces with fine spiral stride, of which five or six are seen on the penult whorl : apex with the axis oblique : spire with the outlines curvilinear : whorls seven, margined above with a spiral compressed ridge, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : last whorl with the periphery rounded : aperture small, oblique, ovate : labrum thin : labium with a distinct deposit : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 28° ; length .115 inch ; breadth .042 inch ; length of spire .08 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 227. Clienmitzia Paiiameiisis. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : white : with, on each whorl, about twenty- seven oblique ribs, which become obsolete on the middle of the last whorl, the anterior part of which is very smooth : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls twelve, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : last whorl sub-angular at the periphery : aperture obliquely ovate : labrum thin : colu- mella nearly straight : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 17° ; length .22 inch ; breadth .055 inch ; length of spire .17 inch. Station. — In the sand between high water and half tide levels. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A. ! 11 specimens were found on the reef. 228. Chemnitzia similis. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : white : with, on each whorl, about twenty- six rather obtuse ribs, which terminate abruptly on the peri- phery of the last whorl : spire with the outlines nearly rectili- CHEMNITZIA. Panama Shells. 169 near : whorls eleven, convex, with a rather deep suture : last whorl rather long, with the periphery well rounded : aperture subovate : labrum thin : columella straight : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 17° ; length .17 inch ; breadth .045 inch ; length of spire .13 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found in the sand. 229. Chemiiitzia striosa. Nov. sp. Shell long, conic : yellowish brown : with, on each whorl, about forty very minute slender ribs, which gradually become obsolete on the periphery of the last whorl ; covered with dis- tinct spiral striae, of which one a little below the suture and also those which are anterior are larger : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls ten, slightly convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate, acute above : labrum thin : columella a little twisted : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 20° ; length .21 inch : breadth .06 inch; length of spire .16 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the sand. 230. Chemiiitzia turrita. Nov.sp. Shell subcylindric in the lower whorls, conic in the upper whorls : white : with, on each whorl, about eighteen sharp compressed slender ribs, which are less prominent on the last whorl, and terminate abruptly at its periphery ; with an impressed spiral line next below the upper margin of the whorls, another at the periphery of the last whorl, and an anterior spiral groove : spire with the outlines curvilinear above the middle, otherwise nearly rectilinear : whorls ten, acutely shouldered, slightly con- JULY, 1852. 12 ANN. LTC. NAT. HIST. 170 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. vex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl angular at the periphery : aperture subovate : labrum thin : columella straight : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 23° ; length .185 inch ; breadth .055 inch ; length of spire .14 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found in the sand. 231. Littorina (?) angiostonia. Nov. sp. Shell obliquely ellipsoidal : dingy white : surface covered with deep regular spiral striae : apex obtuse : spire rather small with curvilinear outlines : whorls three and one half, very con- vex, with a distinct suture : aperture subeffuse, nearly semi-ellip- tical, the inner lip being straight, and well developed : umbilicus conspicuous. Mean divergence about 85° ; length .13 inch ; breadth .1 inch ; length of spire .055 inch. The generic character of this species is doubtful. The shell resembles some small species of NAEICA. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found in the sand. 232. Littorina aspera. Synonymy. Litiorina aspera Phil, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 139. Dec. 1845. • Phil. Abbild. II. pi. 4. f. 13. Mar. 1847. The young are very commonly much angulated near the periphery of the last whorl, as in several other species. They are also more vividly colored. Some extreme examples of this kind might at first be supposed to belong to a distinct species ; but the intermediate examples are far more numerous, showing LITTORINA. Panama Shells. 171 that the former are the extreme limits of variation rather than distinct types. Station. — We found this species on ledges and large fragments of rocks at or above high water mark. Habitat. — Sitcha, Mexico, and San Salvador ; Philippi. San Salvador ; Jay. Taboga, and Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 2400 specimens. Dr. Philippi's statement of habitat is " Oceanus Pacificus, American! borealem alluens ; Sitcha ; ora Eeipublicse Mexico ; S. Salvador in America centrali :" Philippi. It is scarcely credible that this species should have been found in so high a latitude as Sitcha. No original testimony is cited. Littorina aspera, var.. is more slender, and the sculpture is reduced to spiral impressed lines. 33 specimens were collected at Panama. 233. Littorina atrata. Nov. sp. Shell conic when young, subglobular when mature : black, sometimes with a few whitish spots on the last whorl : with spiral keels varying in size and number ; usually a strong sharp keel is seen on the periphery of the last whorl and in the suture, and another appears on the upper part of the whorls, with one slightly developed between them ; with two or three well developed keels beneath the periphery of the last whorl : apex acute : spire small, eroded in full grown shells, with the outlines moderately curvilinear : whorls four, a little convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl with an acute periphery in the young, rounded in the mature shell : aperture broadly ovate : labrum well excurved : umbilicus very small. This species is variable in form and in sculpture. Mean divergence from 65° to 90° in different stages of growth ; length .08 inch ; breadth .06 inch. Station. — In or near cavities of rocks between half tide and high water levels. 172 Panama Shells. LITTOKINID.E. Habitat— Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3,300 specimens were collected. 234. Littorina conspersa. Synonymy. Littorina conspersa Phil. Abbild. II. pi. 4. f. 14. March 1847. Some individuals, of a more ventricose form and with broader striae, approximate towards L. puncticulata Phil. ; but for the most part the two species are easily distinguished. Station. — This species was found chiefly on large fragments of rock at high water mark. Habitat. — Eeal Llejos ; Philippi. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 320 specimens were collected. 235. Littorina (?) excavata. Nov. sp. Shell obliquely ellipsoidal : very dark brown at the apex, in the umbilical region and in the fauces, otherwise pale horn color : with several spiral raised lines, and intermediate very minute spiral striae ; apex subacute : spire small, with the out- lines very curvilinear : whorls nearly four, compressed, with a distinct suture ; last whorl ventricose : aperture subovate : labrum very sharp, but thickened much a little behind the edge: columella dilated and thickened: region around the umbilicus much excavated : umbilicus small. Mean divergence about 90° ; length .17 inch ; breadth .13 inch ; length of spire .04 inch. The generic character of this species is doubtful. It resem- bles a small NARICA. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. 1 1 specimen was found in the sand. LITTORINA. Panama Shells. 173 236. Littorina fasciata. Synonymy. Littorina fasciata Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 139. 1839. Siebold in Wiegm. Archiv. p. 209. 1839. - Phil. Abbild. II. p. 37. pi. 5. f. 1, 2. Apr. 1847. Station. — This species was found, with. L. varia, Sowb., on the trunks and branches of small trees, which were growing between half tide and high water levels. o Habitat. — Pacific Ocean ? Gray. Tumbez, Peru ; Cuming ! Philippi. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 160 specimens were collected. 237. Littorina (?) ibveata. Nov. sp. Shell globose conic : dingjr white, with a very broad dark brown spiral stripe occupying the middle of the last and more or less of the upper whorls : with several inequidistant spiral raised lines : apex subacute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls nearly four, subangular, with a distinct suture ; last whorl angular below the middle : aperture sub- ovate : labrum very sharp, but much thickened a little behind the edge : columella dilated and thickened : region around the umbilicus much excavated, and forming with the umbilicus a funnel-shaped pit. Mean divergence about 80°; length .19 inch; breadth .15 inch; length of spire .08 inch. The generic character of this species is doubtful. It may pos- sibly be a NARICA. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found in the sand. 174 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. 238. Littoriiia (?) megasoma. Nov. sp. Shell obliquely ovoid : dingy white : with eight or nine small spiral ridges, of which three are seen on the spire ; with very coarse deep regular transverse strias : apex acute : spire very small, with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls three, angu- lar, with an excavated suture : last whorl very large and obliquely dilated : aperture subelliptical, with the margin con- tinuous and thin : umbilical region well defined by the ante- rior spiral ridge, well excavated, and forming with the umbilicus a funnel-shaped pit. Mean divergence about 135° ; length .09 inch ; breadth .09 inch ; length of spire .035 inch. This species also is referred to Littorina with much hesitation : it approaches Narica more nearly than any of the species which we have mentioned as resembling that genus. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the sand. 239. Littoriiia parvula ? Synonymy. ? Littorina parvula Phil, in Zeitschr. Malak. vol. for 1848. p. 149. - March 1849. If our shell is distinct from Philippi's species, it may take the name of L. dubiosa, with the following description. Shell conoid : blue, whitish next below the suture and an- teriorly, with oblique brown bars on the whitish parts ; very dark brown inside, spotted with brown and white in the labrum : with several impressed spiral lines, which are more or less indis- tinct on the spire and on the middle of the last whorl, and of which one next above the angle of the last whorl is deeper : apex subacute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear : LITTORINA. Panama Shells. 175 whorls nearly six, a little convex, with a distinct suture ; last whorl angular : aperture ovate, acute above, slightly effuse : columellar lip slightly flattened and dilated. Mean divergence about 55° ; length .25 inch ; breadth .17 inch. Some of the more strongly striated and colored individuals resemble the young of L. aspera, but the spire is always less acute. Station. — In the cavities of a rough ledge of rocks, at and above high water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; B. B. Philippi ! Philippi. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 600 specimens were taken at Taboga. 240. Littorina pulchra. Synonymy. Littorina pulchra Sowb. Gen. No. 37. f. 2, 3. 1824. Griff. An. King. Moll. pi. 1. f. 3. 1834. Turbo pulcher Swains. Malac. p. 207. f. 39. 1840. Littorina pukhra Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 222. f. 23. 1842. Lam. An. sans Vert. IX. 208. No. 7. (Desh.ed.) 1843. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 574. No. 7. (Desk ed. tert.) 1844. • Phil. Abbild. II. pi. 1. f. 1. Aug. 1846. — Reeve Elem. Concb. pi. 12. f. 60. 1848 ? Station. — We found this species on mangrove trees, in a very dense thicket, which was growing from a soil of black unctuous mud a little below high water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Deshayes. " Panama, West coast of Columbia ;" Philippi. Pacific ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 176 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. This species is probably rare. With much labor we obtained 11 specimens in the mangrove thicket, which is about two miles east of Panama. Some of them are fully equal in size and beauty to the specimen which is figured by Dr. Philippi. The largest is 1.55 inch long and 1.15 inch wide. 241. Littorina puncticiilata. Synonymy. Littorina puncticulata Phil. Abbild. II. pi. 4. f. 15. March 1847. Station. — On fragments of rocks at high water mark. Habitat. — Eeal Llejos ; Philippi. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 80 specimens were collected. 242. Uttorina rnria. Synonymy. Littorina varia Sowb. Gen. No. 37. f. 4. 1824. • Reeve Syst. Conch, pi. 222. f. 4. 1842. — Phil. Abbild. II. PI. 1. f. 2, 3. Aug. 1846. Station. — This species was found on the trunks and branches of small trees which were growing between half tide and high water levels. Habitat. — Panama ; Sowerby. Panama, Guayaquil, Cusma (Peru) ; Philippi. " Chiloe (?) nach einer brieflichen Angabe von Herrn Petit;" Philippi. Peru; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 300 specimens were collected. Since this species inhabits the middle regions of the marine zoological province on the west side of tropical America, it is extremely improbable that it should also inhabit a region in so RISSOA. Panama Shells, 177 remote a latitude as Chiloe. Dr. Philippi has, therefore, with much reason, quoted with doubt the statement of M. Petit. 243. Rissoa claiiclcstiiia. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : dingy white : with, on each whorl, about eighteen or nineteen stout prominent compressed ribs, wrhich are continued to the anterior extremity : apex acute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear : whorls seven, moderately convex : with a well impressed suture : last whorl rather large : aperture large, oblique, moderately effuse at both extremities: labrum much advanced along the middle, much thickened with a broad varix : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .115 inch ; breadth .05 inch ; length of spire .07 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 244. Rissoa firmata. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : dingy white : with, on each whorl, about twelve very stout, prominent, rather acute ribs, which are continued to the anterior extremity : apex acute : spire with the outlines curvilinear: whorls seven, convex, with a well impressed suture: last whorl rather large: aperture oblique, subovate, effuse at both extremities : labrum well advanced along the middle, thickened with a broad stout rib : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .185 inch ; breadth .075 inch ; length of spire .13 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the sand. 178 Panama Shells. LITTORINID^E. 245. Rissoa fortis. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : white : with, on each whorl, about twenty-two to twenty-four stout prominent approximate ribs, which converge at the anterior extremity, where they become very small : apex acute : spire with the outlines curvilinear : whorls ten, slightly shouldered, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl ventricose : aperture oblique, ovate, retreating above, deeply effuse : labrum much advanced in the lower half, very thick : labium thick : umbilicus want- ing. Mean divergence about 33° ; length .29 inch ; breadth .12 inch ; length of spire .185 inch. This species resembles R. ambigua Gould, and is very different from Rissoina Inca Orb. Station. — Under stones near low water mark. Habitat— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 31 specimens were collected. 246. Rissoa (I) incoiispicua. Nov. sp. Shell ovate conic : white : with several spiral ridges, of which two or three are seen on the spire : with about twelve or four- teen transverse narrow ridges, which are obsolete anteriorly : apex subacute : spire with curvilinear outlines : whorls four, very convex, with a deep suture : last whorl rather ventricose, short : aperture orbicular, scarcely effuse : lip well thickened : with a very minute umbilicus. Perhaps this species should have been referred to CINGULA. Mean divergence about 55° ; length .045 inch : breadth .03 inch ; length of spire .032 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. EISSOA. Panama /Shells. 179 247. Rissoa in (requeue. Nov. sp. Shell very long, ovate conic: white: with, on each whorl, sixteen very obtuse slightly elevated indistinct ribs, which are separated only by stria?, and a few microscopic revolving stride : apex subacnte : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls seven, contracted above, otherwise convex or subangular with a moderately impressed suture ; last whorl long, subangu- lar : aperture oblique, subovate, scarcely effuse : labrum much excurved, well thickened : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 23°; length .24 inch; breadth .075 inch ; length of spire .18 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 248. Rissoa Jamis. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : white : anteriorly with fine crowded spiral striae ; elsewhere covered with small crowded transverse ribs, which on the last whorl appear merely as transverse strias becoming obsolete near the periphery : apex acute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls nine, moderately convex, with a lightly impressed suture : aperture large, oblique, moderately effuse below, more deeply effuse above : labrum much advanced along the middle, thickened by a broad stout varix : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .19 inch ; breadth .07 inch ; length of spire .115 inch. /Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found in the sand. Var. a is larger, being .24 inch long. 180 Panama Shells. 249. Rissoa notabilis. Nov. sp. Sliell long ovate-conic : white : with, on each whorl, about fourteen transverse very prominent ribs, which have concave summits ; with four spiral keels, of which the upper two are more distant and are seen on the spire on each side of the suture ; the transverse ribs are smaller in the parts between the second .and third keels, and are obsolete below the third : apex subobtuse, smooth and shining : spire with the outlines recti- linear except near the apex : whorls six, abruptly shouldered, planulate, with the suture subcanaliculate : aperture ovate : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 24° ; length .06 inch ; breadth .027 inch. /Station . — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A.! 1 specimen was found. 250. Rissoa scalariibrmis. Nov. sp. Shell elongate, ovate conic : dingy white : with, on each whorl, eleven stout prominent acute compressed ribs, which are continuous on the successive whorls ; covered with microscopic spiral stride, which ascend the sides of the ribs but are obsolete on their summits : apex acute : spire with the outlines mode- rately curved : whorls eight, convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture obliquely ovate, effuse above and below : labrum moderately thickened, well excurved and produced along the middle. Mean divergence about 33° ; length .13 inch ; breadth .05 inch ; length of spire .08 inch. /Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in sand. GINGULA. Panama Shells. 181 251. Rissoa - -. Sp. indet. The sculpture of this shell shows it to be distinct from any others which we have enumerated : but the apex and the lip are both defective in the single specimen found at Panama. Family— TKOCHnLE. 252. Cingula (I) iiiconspicua. Nov. sp. Shell ovate fusoid : white : with several spiral ridges, of which four are seen on the penult whorl, and of which the upper two are less prominent ; anteriorly the ridges are also less promi- nent ; with transverse ridges decussating the upper spiral ridges and terminating at the third : apex subacute : spire with the outlines a little curvilinear : whorls five, a little convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl small : aperture small, ovate, acute above : labrum rather thin : labium well developed : umbilical region a little indented. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .065 inch ; breadth .035 inch ; length of spire .045 inch. Some authors would refer this species to Rissoa : but the aper- ture is Turbinoid rather than Melanoid. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 253. Cing-ula paupercula. Nov. sp. Shell conoid : dingy white, sometimes with a pale brown spi- ral stripe on the middle of the whorls : surface smooth : apex subacute : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls five, planulate, with a well impressed suture : aperture broadly ovate : labrum slightly thickened : labium well developed : umbilicus very minute. 182 Panama Shells. TROCHIDJE. Mean divergence about 33° ; length .085 inch ; breadth .05 inch ; length of spire .058 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 4 specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 254. Cingula (?) terebellum. Nov. sp. Shell subcylindric : white: with four very prominent com- pressed acute spiral keels, of which two are seen on the spire : apex subacute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear : whorls six, slightly convex, with an indistinct suture ; last whorl small : aperture small, ovate, acute above : labrum thin : labium indistinct : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 28° ; length .08 inch ; breadth .04 inch; length of spire .055 inch. Station. Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the calcareous sand. 255. Cingula (!) ttirrita. Nov. sp. Shell conic, elongate : white : with numerous prominent com- pressed transverse ribs, which terminate a little above the su- ture, where they are crossed by a spiral raised line ; anteriorly with two or three spiral ridges : apex acute : spire with the out- lines nearly rectilinear : whorls six, above abruptly shouldered, planulate, with the suture in a broad groove, which is continued along the periphery of the last whorl : aperture small, ovate, acute above, very slightly effuse : labrum thin : umbilical region with a very minute indentation. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .08 inch ; breadth .033 inch ; length of spire .024 inch. Station. — Unknown. ADEORBIS. Panama Shells. 183 Habitat.— Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the sand. 256. Litiopa (?) §axicola. Nov. sp. Shell long ovate conic : pale horn color, sub transparent : sur- face covered with deep regular crowded spiral strias ; apex acute : spire with the outlines slightly curvilinear : whorls five, convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl rather ventri- cose : aperture broadly ovate, acute above : labrum thin : labium with a distinct deposit : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 45° ; length .14 inch ; breadth .075 inch ; length of spire .07 inch. The generic character of this species is doubtful. The shell has the appearance of a Litiopa, but the station is that of Cingula, to which Dr. Gould is inclined to refer it. We leave it doubtful, until the soft parts shall have been examined. Station. — Under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 7 specimens were found on the reef. 257. Adeorbis (!) abjecta, Nov. sp. Shell subglobular : sometimes wholly of a yellowish white or wholly of a dingy black, or partly of each color : with several stout spiral raised lines and more or less distinct intermediate striae on the upper part of the whorls : apex subacute : spire small, much eroded in mature shells : whorls three or more, con- vex, with a distinct suture ; last whorl ventricose : aperture effuse, nearly semicircular, the inner lip being straight : umbili- cus small. Mean divergence about 110° ; length .1 inch ; breadth .09 inch ; length of spire .045 inch. A. scaber Phil., from Panama, is described as having sublam- ellar stria? of growth and an acute periphery of the last whorl. Our shell resembles Littorina porcata Phil, of the Gallapago Is. IS-i Panama Shells. TROCHID^E. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 40 specimens were found in the sand. . — The number of species and the scarcity of individuals in this genus of minute shells is remarkable. To the 5 species from Jamaica, of which the genus was originally constituted, we now add 12 from Panama. It will be seen, however, that we have only 60 specimens, of which 24 belong to one species, and 13 to another. 258. Vitrinella conciima. Nov. sp. Shell discoidal : white : with five prominent acute spiral keels, of which one is next below the suture : the second is about equidistant between the suture and the periphery of the last whorl ; the third is a little below the periphery ; the fourth is on the middle of the lower side of the last whorl ; and the fifth is within the umbilicus ; with a more or less distinct ridge between the first two keels ; with curved transverse elevated lines, which become obsolete on the last half of the last whorl : apex minute, papillary : spire nearly flat : whorls three and one-half: planulate above, with the suture subcanaliculate ; last whorl declining near the aperture below the plane of the spire : aperture orbicular, very oblique : lip moderately thickened, slightly angulated by the keels : umbilicus broad and deep. Divergence about 175° ; greatest breadth .062 inch ; least breadth .05 inch ; height .03 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. I Only 1 specimen was found. 259. Vitriiiella exigua. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : white : on the periphery of the last whorl VITKINELLA. Panama /Shells. 185 is a keel, which is visible on a small part of the penult whorl, and then runs into the suture ; with another somewhat less prominent keel below the periphery, and a third, which is nearly obsolete, around the umbilicus ; with not very distinct transverse raised lines, which are most developed between the two lower keels : apex obtuse : spire convex, slightly elevated : whorls nearly three, with a well impressed suture, very convex above so as to simulate a moderately developed cariua ; last whorl concave on each side of the periphery : aperture orbi- cular : labrum slightly thickened, modified by the ends of the spiral keels ; umbilicus very narrow, deep. Mean divergence about 170° ; greatest breadth .045 inch ; least breadth .036 inch ; height .021 inch. /Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama. — C. B. A. ! 7 specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 260. Vitrinella Janus. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : white : with four very narrow acute spiral keels, of which one on the periphery is very prominent, another a little below the periphery is less prominent, and the other two, on the middle of the upper and lower sides, are moderately developed ; with minute spiral striae within the lower keel ; otherwise with transverse striae, which are interrupted by the keels : apex prominent ; spire moderately elevated : whorls three and one-third, with a distinct suture : aperture orbicular, very oblique : lip slightly thickened, angu- lated by the keels : umbilicus deep. Mean divergence 160° ; greatest breadth .068 inch ; least breadth .06 inch ; height .03 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. JULY, 1852. 13 Ann. LTC. NAT. HIST, 186 Panama Shells. TROCHID^;. 261. Vitrinella miniita. Nov. sp. Shell discoidal : dingy white, shining : with excessively minute transverse striae : apex obtuse : spire scarcely elevated : whorls nearly three, depressed above, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl much depressed, subangular at the periphery : aperture rather large, orbicular : labrum slightly thickened : umbilicus rather deep, nearly covered. Mean divergence about 170° ; greatest breadth .042 inch ; least breadth .036 inch ; height .017 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! -i specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 262. Vitrinella modesta. Nov. sp. Shell discoidal : dingy white, translucent : with a spiral elevated line next below the suture, and a spiral keel around the umbilicus ; with few microscopic spiral strias about the periphery of the last whorl : apex not prominent : spire a little elevated and regularly convex : whorls three and one-half, with the suture distinct : aperture orbicular : umbilicus deep. Mean divergence 170° : greatest breadth .06 inch ; least breadth .05 inch ; height .028 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 263. Vitrinella Paiiamensis. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : white : with a stout spiral keel on each side of the periphery of the last whorl, and two others on the lower side of the shell, of which one next to the umbilicus is slightly prominent ; with transverse rather distant curved ribs : apex obtuse : spire convex, but little elevated : whorls a little VITRINELLA. Panama Shells. 187 more than three, convex above and concave below the middle, with a distinct suture : aperture orbicular : labrum angulated externally by the spiral ridges, a little thickened : umbilicus deep, narrow. A variety has the ridge around the umbilicus well developed. Mean divergence about 160° ; greatest breadth .07 inch ; least breadth .06 inch ; height .04 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 24 specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 264. Vitriiiella. parva. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : white : with numerous stout prominent transverse ribs ; with, on each side of the periphery of the last whorl, a not very prominent keel, of which the upper one is visible on the spire : apex very obtuse : spire convex, slightly elevated : whorls three and a half, angular above, concave between the angle and the keel, with the suture not very dis- tinct ; last whorl very large : aperture orbicular, very oblique in consequence of the advance of the labrum above : lip slightly thickened : umbilicus deep, narrow. This species resembles V. Panamensis. Mean divergence about 160° ; greatest breadth .047 inch ; least breadth .04 inch ; height .026 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 13 specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 265. Vitrinella perparva. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : white : with a very prominent acute spiral keel on each side of the periphery of the last whorl, and a less prominent one around the umbilicus; with transverse 188 Panama Shells. TROCHID^L wrinkles, which are obsolete on the upper part of the whorls ; apex obtuse : spire flat : whorls nearly three, moderately con- yex, with a distinct suture; last whorl very large: aperture orbicular, very oblique : lip slightly thickened : umbilicus deep. Mean divergence 180° ; greatest breadth .037 inch ; least breadth .031 inch ; height .015 inch. \ Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found in the calcareous sand. 266. Vitriiiella regularis. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : pearl white : smooth and shining, with an impressed spiral line just below the suture : apex subacute : spire convex, moderately elevated : whorls four and one-half, convex, with a distinct suture; last whorl somewhat ventri- cose: aperture nearly orbicular: lip thin: umbilical region deeply indented. Mean divergence about 120°; greatest breadth .07 inch;, least breadth .06 inch ; height .05 inch. Station.- — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the calcareous sand. 267. Titrinella §eminuda. Nov. sp. Shell discoidal : white : above with excessively minute striae of growth ; beneath covered with spiral striae : apex obtuse : spire scarcely elevated, convex : whorls three, moderately con- vex, with a distinct suture; last whorl with the periphery sub- angular : aperture orbicular, very oblique ; lip thin : umbilicus narrow, deep. VITRINELLA. Panama Shells. 189 Mean divergence about 170° ; greatest breadth .062 inch'; least breadth .053 inch ; height .32 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; 0. B. A.! 1 specimen was found in the calcareous sand. 268. Titrinella tricarinata. Nov. sp. Shell subdiscoidal : white : with three prominent spiral keels, one on the periphery of the last whorl, and one on each side of it, of which the upper one is visible on the spire : with some irregular transverse stride : spirally striate within the umbilicus : apex subacute : spire convex, a little elevated : whorls three, depressed above and compressed below the keel, with a distinct suture : aperture oblique, orbicular, angulated by the keels : umbilicus wide and deep. Mean divergence about 150° ; greatest breadth .072 inch ; least breadth .065 inch; height .035 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the calcareous sand. 269. Titrinella valvatoides. Nov. sp. Shell discoidal : whitish, sub-transparent : last whorl with a prominent keel above, which is visible on the spire, with another prominent keel beneath, and a third, less developed, around the umbilicus: spire concave: whorls three, concave above the keel, with a distinct suture : last whorl subangular at the periphery : umbilicus wide and deep. Greatest breadth .1 inch ; least breadth .075 inch ; height .04 inch. Station. — Unknown. 190 Panama Shells. TROCHID.E. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found in the* calcareous sand. 270. Sola a1 ill 811. Sp. indet. a. This species closely resembles $. granulatum ; it differs from S. quadriceps Hinds in having the lower series of tubercles not so large as the upper series : the umbilicus is not so open as in S. granulatum. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! S specimens were obtained. 271. Solarium. Sp. indet. b. This species is eminent for the beauty both of its coloring and of its sculpture. It resembles the preceding, and belongs to a group of closely allied species of which several have been described by Dr. Philippi, Mr. Hinds, and others. But few have yet been figured. This also differs from /S. quadriceps in having the upper girdle larger than the lower one. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 272. Solarium. Sp. indet. c. This is a small species, finely granulated, of a dark brown color, with the last whorl very convex beneath, Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found 6 specimens in the sand. 273. Troclms catenulatus. Synonymy. Trochus catenulatus Phil, in Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 110. pi. 18. f. 4. 1847, TROCHUS. Panama Shells. 191 Trochus (Monodonta) catenulatus Menke in Zeitschr. f. Malak. vol. for 1850. p. 173. Apr. 1851. This species belongs to the subgenus MODULUS. Its Carib- bean analogue is T. angulatiis Ad. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 23 specimens were collected in various states of preserva- tion. 274. Trochus coronulatiis. Nov. sp. Shell conic, moderately elevated, thick: dingy white, with broad reddish brown oblique flammules, with the nodules pale red : with minutely undulated spiral raised lines : anteriorlj- with four or five larger raised lines : with, on the periphery of the last whorl, two spiral nodulous keels, of which one appears on the spire : with a series of larger nodules on the shouldered margin of the whorls : spire with the outlines moderately curvi- linear : apex subacute : whorls six, planulate above the keels, with the suture broadly and deeply canaliculate : aperture nearly orbicular : labrum much advanced in the upper part : columella bidentate : umbilicus one third as wide as the aper- ture, reaching to the apex. Mean divergence about 90° ; length .55 inch ; greatest breadth .72 inch ; least breadth .6 inch. /Station. — Unknown. Habitat.— Taboga; C. B. A. ! "We found 2 specimens. 275. Trochti§ Leanus. Nov. sp. Shell conic, well elevated : pale yellowish or reddish brown, with broad dark brown oblique flammules ; anteriorly some- what articulated with red and yellowish white in fine con- 192 Panama Shells. TROCHID^T. centric lines: with many elevated granulous spiral lines, of which three larger are next above the suture : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : apex acute : whorls nine, planulate or concave next below the suture, very convex or suban- gular next above the suture, which is moderately impressed ; last whorl subplanulate anteriorly : aperture subquadrate : labrum thin : columella obliquely produced, nearly straight: umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 60° ; length .48 inch ; greatest breadth .44 inch ; least breadth .4 inch. Station. — Under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. I 7 specimens were collected on the reef. We have named this pretty species in honor of Isaac Lea, Esq., of Philadelphia. 276. Trochus lima. Synonymy. Trochus lima Phil, in Zeitsclir. f. Malak. vol. for 1849. p. 159. Mar. 1850. — Phil, in Kiist. Conch. Cab. pi. 44. f. 15. 1850. Station. — Under stones, between the low water mark of the spring tides and that of the neap tides. Habitat. — Unknown ; Philippi. Santa Barbara ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 75 specimens on the reef. 277. Troclms lividus. Synonymy. Trochus lividus Phil, in Zeitsclir. f. Malak. vol. for 1849, P. 168. Mar. 1850. • Phil, in Kiist. Conch. Cab. pi. 45. f. 8. 1850. This species belongs to the subgenus MODULUS. TROCHUS. Panama Shells. 193 Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Philippi. Acapulco ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We found 3 specimens. 278. Trochus Panamen§is. Synonymy. Trochus Panamensis Phil, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 127. Aug. 1848. — Phil, in Kiist. Conch. Cab. pi. 44. f. 16. 1850. Fresh specimens are very dark colored ; but by exposure the shell fades to a red color, as in Kiister's figure. Station. — Under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; B. B. Philippi ! Philippi. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 65 specimens were collected on the reef. 279. Trochus pellis-serpentis. Synonymy. Trochus pellis-serpentis Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 5. f. 4. 1828. Turbo Valenc. in Humb. Rec. Obs. II. 273. 1833. Trochus strigilatus Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 2. f. 9. Nov. 1843. pellis-serpentis Phil. Abbild. I. Index. KUst. Conch. Cab. p. 105, pi. 17. f. 4. 1849 ? Station. — On or under rocks and large stones near half tide level. When the tide retires, these animals crawl around over the surfaces of stones and rocks, beneath which they retire after the surfaces become dry. They are therefore collected most easily when following the tide out. We saw them in the greatest numbers and most active at twilight. Habitat — Panama ; Wood : also Jay. 194 Panama Shells. TROCHIDJE. Acapulco; Humboldt & Bonpland ! Valenciennes. California; Pliilippi. "West Coast of Mexico and Central America ; Kiister. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! On the reef at Panama we collected 5 specimens ; at Taboga we collected 500. 280. Trochtis reticulatus. Synonymy. reticulatus Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 6. f. 38. 1828. - Kust. Conch. Cab. pi. 14. f. 10. 1847. Station. — Under stones at the low water mark of the neap tides. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 600 specimens on the reef. TURBO.— The difference between the shells of Turbo and of Trochus is of little value. The peculiarities of form, which distinguish these genera, are not only inconsiderable and ill denned, but they are also unaccompanied with corresponding differences in the texture, sculpture, or other characters of the shells, or in the characters of the soft parts of the animals. A great number of other genera present in each a difference of outline equal to that which here is made the ground of generic distinction. The calcareous and the horny opercula present a well defined character. This distinction, however, is not accompanied by corresponding differences in the shells and in the soft parts, and therefore cannot be regarded as of much zoological value. But on account of its convenience we shall for the present distin- guish these genera by this character. TURBO. Panama Shells. 195 261. Turbo Buschii. Synonymy. Trochus Buschii Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 3. f. 3. 4. Jan. 1844. - Kiist. Conch. Cab. pi. 32. f. 1. 1849 inermis Kiener Iconog. pi. 14. f. 2. 1851. According to Dr. Pbilippi, this species is commonly mistaken for T. inermis. Kiener has figured the Panama shell as T. inermis, and a very different species as T. Busehii; v. pi. 31. f. 1, On account of the solid calcareous operculnm, we have removed the species into Turbo. Station. — On or under stones between the low water mark of the neap tides and that of the spring tides. Habitat, — Panama ; Philippi. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 180 specimens on the reef. Dr. Philippi cites Von dem Busch as authority for the habitat, but not, we suppose, as original testimony. 282. Turtoo (?) phasianella. Nov. sp. ? Shell ovate conoid : color various, mostly red or brown, some- times uniform, frequently in dark flammules on a light ground, sometimes with spiral darker stripes or series of spots : surface covered with strong spiral striae : apex subacute : spire conoid, with the outlines mojderately curvilinear : whorls five, convex? with a distinct suture : aperture broad ovate, subeffuse : labrum thin : umbilicus very small. Mean divergence about 64° ; length .16 inch ; breadth .11 inch ; length of spire .08 inch. Operculum calcareous, very thick and solid. But for the want of a polished surface, this species would have been referred to Phasianella. It may be a Trochus. It may be Littorina phasianella Phil, in Zeitschr. Malak. 1848. p. 149. 196 Panama Shells. TROCHIDJE. Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! In the calcareous sand we collected 112 specimens in various stages of growth. 283. Turbo riitilus. Nov. sp. Shell trochiform, well elevated: bright red, with pale, ill defined transverse streaks : with very numerous small very oblique subnodulous ridges on the spire, which are traversed by two or three small spiral grooves on the lower half of the whorls ; anteriorly with six to eight narrow deep inequidistant spiral grooves : spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear : apex obtuse (?) ; whorls (seven ?)* planulate, with a distinct suture ; last whorl with the periphery angular, subplanulate anteriorly : labrum much advanced above : columellar lip very much dilated and thickened, appressed : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 70° ; length 2.5 inches ; greatest breadth 3 inches ; least breadth 2.7 inches. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 1 specimen on the reef. Fragments of a few others were seen. 284. Turbo saxosus. 0 Synonymy. Turbo saxosus Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 6. f. 45. 1828. Kiener Iconog. pi. 15. f. 2. pi. 16. f. 2. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 54. pi. 13. f. 5, 6. 1847. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 14. Jan. 1848. Reeve in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 49. March 1848. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 13. f. 14. Apr. 1848. * Our unique specimen is imperfect SCALARIA. Panama Shells. 197 Mr. Eeeve, in referring only to the MSS. of a private collec- tion for the name of this species, appears to have overlooked the name and the tolerably correct figure in Wood's Index. Three extreme varieties are well represented by the figures in the Conch. Icon. Most of our specimens are intermediate between fig. a and fig. /;, having a second row of tubercles moderately developed above the middle of the last whorl, with a corres- ponding keel on the spire. The operculum is very thick and deeply sculptured, A deep indentation corresponds to the apex, and deep narrow furrows occupy arcs of about 300° ; of these furrows, the larger is mid- way between the apex and the margin, and three others are exterior to it. The surface is granular, and the sides of the fur- rows are rugose. Station. — On rocks, not far from the low water mark of the neap tides. Habitat. — Unknown ; Wood. West Columbia ; Cuming ! Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 160 specimens on the reef at Panama. Half grown shells were numerous. 285. Scalaria hexagona. Synonymy. Scalaria hexagona Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 29. Feb. 1844. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 98. No. 60. pi. 33. f. 67. 1844. Station. — In the sands ; Sowerby. Habitat. — Acapulco; Col. Moffat! Sowerby, Acapulco; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. I 1 specimen was found. 198 Panama Shells, EULIMIDJS. 286. Scalaria obtusa. /Synonymy, Scalaria obtusa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 29. Feb. 1844. Sowb. Thes, Conch, p. 98. No. 63. pi. 33. f. 54. - 1844. /Station. — Sandy mud at 6 fatlioms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Punta St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby. • Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 287. Scalaria. Sp. indet. a. 2 specimens, one of which was immature, were obtained at Panama. 288. Scalaria. Sp. indet. b. 1 specimen was obtained at Panama. 289. Scalaria. Sp. indet. c. 1 immature specimen was obtained at Panama, Family— EULIMID^E. 290. Eulima iota. Nov. sp. Shell subulate : smooth and shining : with a microscopic line a little below the middle of the whorls, above which line the shell is chalcedonic white and translucent, and below which it is transparent : apex subacute : spire much arcuated : whorls ten, moderately convex, with a distinct suture : aperture small, ovate, subeffuse : labrum much advanced along the middle. It may be a STYLIFER. Mean divergence about 20° ; length .08 inch ; breadth .03 inch ; length of spire .06 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found 1 mature and 1 young specimen. EULIMA. Panama Shells. 199 291. Eiilima recta, Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic: ehalcedonic wliite, with a more opaque and another less opaque spiral band at the upper part of the whorls ; with two minute delicate brown spots on the la- brum, and above with several similar pairs of spots at the stages of growth : smooth and shining, with a few very faint trans- verse strias marking stages of growth : apex very acute : spire with the axis straight, with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls eleven, subplanulate, with the suture very indistinct ; last whorl long, with the periphery very regularly rounded : aperture narrow and very acute above : labrum sharp, retreating anteriorly : columella stout, nearly straight. Mean divergence about 21°; length .41 inch; breadth .1 inch ; length of spire .285 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 5 specimens were collected. 292. Eii lima solitaria. Nov. sp. Shell long, ovate conic : ehalcedonic white, with a brownish tinge above the middle of the spire : smooth and shining : apex acute : spire with the axis nearly straight, with the outlines nearly rectilinear : whorls eleven, planulate, with the suture very indistinct : last whorl with the periphery very regularly rounded : aperture ovate, acute above : labrum sharp, much advanced along the middle into an elegantly curved edge : colu- mella stout, slightly curved. This may be a STYLIFER. Mean divergence about 23° ; length .19 inch ; breadth .055 inch ; length of spire .14 inch. Station. — On Holothuriae. The small species of Holothuria, which is very common at Panama and at Taboga, did not furnish any specimens. A larger species, which is more rare, afforded one shell. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 200 Panama Shells. Family— TOKNATELLIDJE. 293. Pyramitlella. Sp. indet. A snow white shell, of which 1 specimen was found near Panama. It is probably a young shell, having only eight whorls. 294. Pyramidella coiiica. Nov. sp. Shell long, regularly conic : white on the upper whorls, dark brown on the others, with a pale spiral line just above the suture : surface smooth and shining : apex very acute : spire with the outlines rectilinear : whorls fourteen, flat, with the suture in a narrow deep groove : last whorl sharply angulated at the periphery : aperture oblique : labrum thin : columella with three plaits, of which the one is lamelliform, and the other two are very small. Mean divergence, about 23° : length .52 inch ; breadth .175 inch ; length of spire .88 inch. This species is remarkable for the exact conical form of the spire. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. Family— NEEITIDJE. IfATICA. — We are deterred from the description of any indeterminate species in this genus, because several species, which belong to the same zoological province, are known to us only by brief descriptions. Even the species which was obtained most plentifully, we have not been able to determine ; yet from its abundance, it must be well known. Monographs of Natica and Nerita are now greatly to be desired. The success with which M. Recluz has devoted himself to this and to the allied genera is well known. By the thorough NATICA. Panama Shells. 201 exploration of a limited field, those who have but little leisure from other pursuits may add much to science. 295. Natica Chenmitzii. Synonymy. The synonymy of this species was overlooked until too late to be completed. With the partial data now before us, it appears to be Pfeiffer's N. Chemmtzii, which, and N. unifasciata Lam., and N. lurida Phil., were included by Koch (Zeitschr. fur Malak. 1844. p. 154) in the Chemnitzian species N. maroc- cana. the N. marochiensis of Gmelin, not of Lamarck. Proba- bly it is the N. maroccana of Menke in his catalogue of Mazat- lan shells, in Zeitschr. fur Malak. 1847, p. 179. Station. — On soft mud near low water mark. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. : also Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 60 specimens at the bottom of the beach next east of Panama. 296. Natica lurida ? Synonymy. Nalica lurida (?) Phil, in Ktist. Conch. Cab. Station. — Unknown. Habitat— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 8 specimens were collected. 297. IVatica otis. Synonymy. Natica otis Brod. and Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 372. 1829. - Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 34. f. 13. 1839. Kust. Conch. Cab. pi. 9. f. 4. 1850. JULY, 1852. 14 AND. LYC. NAT. Hiar. 202 Panama Shells. NERITIDJE. Station. — This beautiful species was found crawling on a sand beach, a little below half tide level. Like its congeners, it crawled half buried in the sand, leaving a furrow behind. Habitat — Mazatlan ; Broderip and Sowerby : also Gray. Mazatlan; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 11 specimens, mostly rather small, were taken on the north side of a sand beach, which, except at high water, joins Taboga to a small island on its northeast side. The specimens had corneous opercula, but unfortunately these were destroyed by the rats, which entered one of the boxes on their passage around Cape Horn. 298. Natica Salangonensis ? Synonymy. Natica Salangonemis (?) Reel, in Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond.p. 211. Dec. 1843. Station. — Sandy mud ; Cuming ! Eecluz. One of our speci- mens was taken alive in sandy mud between half tide and low water mark. Habitat. — Salango ; Cuming! Recluz. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were collected. 299. Natica Souleyetiana. Synonymy. Natica Souleyetiana Reel, in Petit. Jouru. Conch. I. 385. pi. 14. f. 8. - Dec. 1850. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Pacific Ocean? Reel. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 mature and 3 young specimens were found. NATICA. Panama Shells. 203 300. \.ilir.i Yirginea? Synonymy. Natica virginea (/) Reel, in Petit. Journ. Conch. I. 388. pi. 12. f. 6. Dec. 1850. The description and figure by M. Recluz, accurately repre- sent a small specimen of our shells, except that the very minute crowded spiral striae are not mentioned. The outline is too regularly rounded to correspond well with the description of N. Panamaensis Reel. Our largest specimen is 1.75 inch long, and 1.4 inch wide. Station. — Unkno wn. Habitat. — Realejos : Recluz. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 40 specimens, all of which were occupied by hermit crabs. 301. IVatica - . Sp. indet a. Station.— In wet sand, from half tide to low water mark. The tracks of this species were abundant on the beach, and led to the discovery of numerous living specimens. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 200 specimens, mosily on the beach one mile west of the city. 302. IVatica - — • Sp. indet. b. Two specimens of this species were sent to me by M. Petit as K cora Orb. But the figures of that species in Orbigny's Voy. Amer. Merid. and in Kiist. Conch. Cab. represent a very different shell with the form (extraordinary in this genus) of a compressed cylinder ; but aur shells and M. Petit's have a well curved outline. It is a white and very solid but small species of the mammillate group. 204 Panama Shells. NERITID^E. Station. — In wet sand. Habitat. — Callao ; Petit in sched. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We found only 2 specimens. 303. Natica - — . Sp. indet. c. Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 1 imperfect specimen. It may possibly be a variety of N. Elence, Eecl. • It scarcely differs from N. Haneli Keel, except in the absence of spiral striae (which a better speci- men might exhibit), and in the continuity of the transverse impressed lines across the last whorl. IVERIT A.— In this genus we found an incredible profusion of individual?, all of which belong to only two species. 304. Merita scaforicosta. Synonymy. Nerita scabricosta Lara, (non Delessert) An. sans Vert. VI. Pt. 2. p. 194. No. 14. Apr. 1822. ornata Sowb. <3en. pi. 4. f. 4. 1824. Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 8. f. 4. 1828. scabricosta Lam. An. sans Vert. VIII. 608. No. 14. (Desh. Ed.) 1838. Deshayesii Reel, in Rev.Zool. (var.) Apr. 1841, ornata Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 202. f. 4. 1842. Phil. Abbild. I. p. 1. pi. 1. f. 2. 3. Jan. 1844. scabricosta Lam. An. sans Vett. III. Pt. 2. 486. No. 14. (Desb. ed. tert.) 1844. multiiugis Menke in Zeitsch. Mai. p. 179. Dec. 1847. Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. 16. f. 86. scabricosta Reel, in Petit. Journ. Conch. 1.287. 410. pi. 11. f. 2. Sep. 1850. By some mistake N. costata appears to have been figured in Deless. Rec. for this Lamarckian species. NERITA. Panama Shells. 205 Most of our specimens are of a uniform jet black color, with the exception of the eroded spire. Some are sparingly mottled with cream colored spots, and a few specimens have some small bright red spots on or near the labrum. Several are elegantly banded with narrow or broad spiral stripes of cream or orange colors. The young are more or less profusely mottled with white, grey, and greyish black. Station. — On rocks between high water and three-quarter tide levels. They are especially disposed to collect in the crevices of rocks. The young are commonly seen crawling above high water mark, where the rocks and stones are wet with spray. Habitat. — Unknown ; Lamarck: also Wood. Eeal Llejos ; Sowerby : also Recluz. California; Philippi. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. I. of Timor; Recluz. West Coast of South America ; Petit. Panama ; Jay. Panama and Taboga; C. B. A.! We collected 400 specimens on the reef. Probably the statement of habitat (I. of Timor,) by Recluz is erroneous. It was taken from the label of the Lamarckian specimen (long supposed to be unique) in the Massena Collec- tion. 305. IVerita - — . Sp. indet. a. This may be M. Bernhardi Reel., which is said to inhabit Panama, but we have not seen the description of that species. Station. — On rocks and stones from half tide level to the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 2,800 specimens. 206 Panama Shells. NEJRITID.E. soc. Neritina Giiayaquilensis. Synonymy. Neritina Guayaquilensis Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 520. No. 44. pi. 114. f. 177. 1849. This may, according to Becluz, be identical with N. inter- media Sowb. It is certainly identical with shells which have been distributed by Mr. Cuming and by Mr. Petit under the latter name. Mr. Sowerby's figures, however, seem to repre- sent two species. Station. — This shell was found a little above the highest tides, among sticks and leaves, in a muddy place overflowed by fresh water. Habitat. — Eeal Llejos, Guayaquil ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Two miles east of Panama we collected 90 specimens in vari- ous stages of growth. 307. Neritina picta. Synonymy. Neritina picta (uon Hsening) Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 201. Dec. 1832. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. VIII. 588. No. 40. 1838. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 35. pi. 86. f. 1. 1841. • Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 2. p. 479. No. 40. (Ed. tert.) 1844. — Thes. Conch, p. 530. pi. 116. f. 267-9. 1849. Station. — On a mud bank partially overflowed with fresh water ; Cuming! Sowerby ; " Dans les eaux douces ; Cuming!" Deshayes. On sticks and stones, in a grove of trees, a little above half- tide level: also in dirty places on rocks at or a little below half tide level. According to our observations it is strictly marine. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; Recluz : also Jay. PEDIPES. Panama Shells. 207 San Miguel ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama; C. B. A.! 290 specimens were collected. The specimens which Lieut. Green collected are of extraordinary size. Family— AUKICULID^E. 308. Pedipes angulata. Nov. sp. Shell ovate globose : dark brownish red, white in the aper- ture : solid ; with crowded wrinkled unequal raised spiral lines, which are much finer on the upper part of the whorls, and which on the middle of the whorls are larger, and are dis- posed with one or two smaller lines between the larger lines : apex subacute : spire with the outlines somewhat curvilinear; whorls a little more than four, very angular, concave above the angle, imbricately appressed at the suture ; last whorl large and ventricose, subangular below the middle : aperture subelliptical : labrum very sharp, sinuated by the angle on the whorls, a little within much thickened by a white callus, which is interrupted at the angle, and next below it, is developed into a long tooth : columella expanded with a broad flat surface, with two acute transverse plaits, of which the lower one is smaller : labium with a very large lamelliform spiral plait above the columella : umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 90°; length .25 inch; breadth .19 inch ; length of spire .1 inch. Station. — Under stones at high water mark. Habitat.— Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 90 specimens at the foot of the sea wall at Panama. This and the two species of Truncatella were found only in one place less than two yards in diameter. Mr. Cuming obtained at Iquiqui a very small species of Pedipes, which has not been described. We believe that these two are the only known species in this zoological province. 208 Panama Shells. AUEICULID^:. AURICULA. — Eight species of this genus were found, and two of these occurred abundantly ; but we have been able to determine only two of the less common species. The number of known species in the genus is very considerable, yet very few appear to be known which belong to the same zoolo- gical province in which Panama is situated. Two rather large species were collected by Mr. Cuming in West Columbia, and were described by M. Petit in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1842. 309. Auricula acuta. /Synonymy. Auricula acuta Orb. in Guerin Mag. Zool. p. 23. 1835. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 326. pi. 42. f. 4-6. 1840. Marinula Recluziana Cuming in sched. 1852. Station. — Near brackish water ; M. Fontaine ! Orbigny. Under stones near high water mark. Habitat. — Near Guayaquil ; M. Fontaine ! Orbigny. West Columbia ; Cuming ! in sched. Panama : C. B. A. ! Only 1 mature and 2 young specimens were obtained. 310. Auricula conciima. Nov. sp. Shell ellipsoidal : blackish brown, paler on the convexity of the last whorl, with a yellowish white spiral band on the last whorl issuing from beneath the suture ; with the plaits and callus in the aperture white : smooth and shining : apex acute : spire with the outlines very curvilinear : whorls five, convex, imbricately appressed, with the suture moderately impressed ; last whorl long : aperture narrow and very acute above, much contracted by the plaits : labrum sharp, in the lower part much thickened within by a broad thick deposit : plaits three, of which the lower one is very oblique, and the upper one is very large, AURICULA. Panama Shells. 209 concave on the lower side, and on the upper side extended to the summit of the aperture with a transversely ridged surface. Mean divergence about 80° ; length .32 inch ; breadth .2 inch ; length of spire .09 inch. Station. — Our specimens were found mostly on the short suckers, which were growing up thickly beneath the mangroves, near high water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 74 specimens two and one-half miles east of Panama. 311. Auricula infreqiicsis. Nov. sp. Shell ellipsoidal : brown, with a pale ill-defined spiral band a little below the suture : with fine stride of growth : apex acute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear : whorls six, obtusely shouldered, with a deep suture ; last whorl compressed : aperture subelliptical, rather wide : labrum very thin : with two plates, of which one is at the anterior part of the aperture and is oblique, and the other is transverse and is at the middle. Mean divergence about 80° ; length .23 inch ; breadth .15 inch ; length of spire .1 inch. Station. — Under stones, near high water mark. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A.! We collected 6 specimens, in company with Pedipes angulata, at the base of the sea wall of Panama. 312. Auricula Paiiamensis. Nov. sp. Shell long ovate : blackish red throughout except that the plaits are white : smooth and shining, with a few microscopic spiral striae near the apex : apex acute : spire with the outlines very curvilinear over the middle whorls, and nearly rectilinear on the lower whorls: whorls eight, convex, imbricately appressed ; 210 Panama Shells. AUKICULID^:. upper part of the lower whorls compressed ; last whorl sub- angular next below the compressed part : aperture rather long, very acute above : labrum moderately thickened but not reflected : with three plaits on the left side, of which the middle one is larger and the lower one is the least ; sometimes with a small toothlike plait on the right side. The general form varies, as will be seen in the following dimensions of two' specimens, the first number expressing the mean divergence, the second the length, the third the breadth, and the fourth the length of the spire : — 50° ; .44 inch ; .17 inch ; .23 inch. 65°; .37 " ; .2 " ; .13 " Station. — Under stones, at high water mark ; or crawling over wet stones. Habitat. — Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 650 specimens were collected near the sea wall of Panama, where the species was most abundant. 313. Auricula §f agnails. Synonymy. Auricula stagnalis Orb. in Guerin Mag. Zool. Synop. p. 23.* July 1835. ReeveConcli.Syst.pl. 187. f. 9. (too narrow.) 1842. Orb. Voy. Am. Mer. p. 325. pi. 42. f. 7, 8. 1846. — papillifera Kust. p. 25. ) _ 7- TZ-.. >m r p'- 3- f- 9> 1°. 10 • — stagnalis Kust. p. 70. ) J Station. — In a marsh, and even in stagnant fresh water ; M. Fontaine ! Orbigny. Our specimens were found under a heap of stones just above high water mark. * The vol. of the Mag. is not paged continuously, nor are the new species of Mollusca, which are described by D'Orbigny, enumerated in the Table Methodique. Kiister appears to be in error when he ascribes the authorship of this article to M. Petit AURICULA. Panama Shells. 211 Habitat. — Guayaquil ; M. Fontaine ! Orbigny. West Columbia ; Cuming ! Kiister. I. of Tumaca; Gaining! in sched. Panama ; C. B. A. ! At the base of the sea wall of the city we collected 36 speci- mens in various stages of growth. They are rather more robust than the species is represented in the figures above cited. 314. Auricula Tabogensis. Nov. sp. Shell obovate : very dark brownish red, more or less rufous on the columella, usually white on the plaits and callus within : smooth and shining, with some fine spiral stria? on the upper whorls : apex acute : spire with the outlines very curvilinear : whorls ten, imbricately appressed, with a distinct suture : last whorl large : aperture long and narrow, in the right side mostly covered by a transversely ridged callus : with three plaits on the left side, of which the upper one is a little larger, and the two lower are separated by a sinus. Mean divergence about 100° ; length .59 inch ; breadth .36 inch ; length of spire .15 inch. Two specimens of A. fusca Phil., which we have received from M. Petit, are more angular in the upper part of the whorls, and have the callus within the labrum more finely and closely ridged. A. fusca, as figured by Kiister, more robust and less pyriform than our shell. According to M. Petit's label, A. fusca occurs at the Marquesas, and Kiister mentions the Sandwich Islands as its habitat. In outline our shell resembles A. pyri- formis Petit (West Columbia, Cuming !), but within the aperture there is no resemblance. Station. — On and under stones and rocks at high water mark. Habitat. — Taboga and Panama; C. B. A. ! 800 specimens were collected. 212 Panama Shells. CYCLOSTOMID.E. 315. Auricula trilineata. Nov. sp. Shell obovate : dark brownish red, with three revolving dis- tant white lines on the last whorl, of which the anterior line is not so well denned : rufous on the columella : with irregular striae of growth : apex obtuse ? spire very small, with the out- lines curvilinear : whorls ,* very narrow, imbricately appressed, with the suture distinct : last whorl very large, con- volate : aperture very long, narrow : labrum not sharp, with a deposit over the whole visible interior, which is transversely plaited : at the end of the columella with a twisted plait, sepa- rated by a sinus from a large transverse plait, above which are four small approximate transverse plaits. Mean divergence about 135° ; length .71 inch ; breadth .43 inch ; length of spire .05 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was found. sic. Auricula - -. Sp. indet. Station. — Under stones at high water mark. Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 2 specimens, which, although immature, appear distinct from the other species of Auricula. Family— CYCLOSTOMID^E. TRUIVCATEr,liA.— We include this genus, as well as Pedipes and Auricula, in this paper, because they are maritime in their habits. Their geographical distribution, corresponding with that of the marine genera, is entirely different from that of the terrestrial molluscs. * In our unique specimen the suture of the iipper whorls is obliterated by ero- sion. Probably the number of whorls is six or seven. TKUNCATELLA. Panama Shells. 213 317. Truncatclfla Bairdiana. Nov. sp. Shell cylindric : of a rich amber color : with rather small crowded ribs, which are obsolete behind the labrum, less pro- minent on the convexity of the whorls, well developed ante- riorly, in number about twenty -four on the penult whorl: apex acute, truncate with the loss of four whorls : spire with the out- lines slightly curvilinear; whorls nearly four after truncation, convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate, slightly effuse above: labrum advanced along the middle, reflected, double : labium with a thick deposit, continuous with the labrum. Mean divergence about 22°, being considerably less in the lower whorls and more above; length after truncation, .21 inch; breadth .075 inch ; length of spire .15 inch. This species must resemble T. scalariformis Reeve from the island of Annaa ; but that shell is figured with five whorls after truncation, in color it is described as " luteola," and the labrum is said to be sharp and simple. Station. — Under a heap of stones at the high water mark of spring tides. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 400 specimens were collected at the bottom of the sea wall of Panama. One specimen has come to maturity without the loss of the apex, which, however, is white and cretaceous from partial decay. We dedicate this species to Professor S. F. Baird, whose name is so well known to Herpetologists. 318. Truncatella (!?) dubiosa. Nov. sp. Shell ovate conic : translucent, deep yellowish brown : thin, smooth, and shining : apex subacute : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls six, convex, with a well 214 Panama Shells. BULLIDJE. impressed suture ; last whorl rather short and subangular, but ventricose : aperture broadly ovate : labrum thin : labium a little reflected below, above interrupted by the penult whorl. Mean divergence about 45° ; length .083 inch ; breadth .055 inch ; length of spire .045 inch. Operculum corneous. Station. — With Truncatella Bairdiana. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 550 specimens were collected. This species cannot properly be referred to Truncatella. The apex is not truncated ; the operculum is horny ; and the general form and texture indicate a different genus. In form it approxi- mates to T.fusca, T. littorea,'&[,c., which are not Truncatellse, but which probably belong to Bembicium. From the habits of our species, it may be inferred to be an air-breathing mollusc, while the characters of the shell are very different from those of Bembicium. The shell appears too deficient in characters suit- able for generic distinction, and we refrain from, proposing a new genus until the soft parts shall be known. Family— BULLULE. 319. Riilla (Tornatina) infrequens. Nov. sp. Shell cylindric, not compressed about the middle : white : smooth : apex papillary, very minute and prominent : spire moderately elevated, convex : whorls four and one-half, acutely shouldered, with a deeply channeled suture : aperture long and narrow, anteriorly rounded : labrum very thin, much advanced along the middle : columella terminating in a very robust spiral plait. Mean divergence about 130°; length .28 inch; breadth .11 inch ; length of spire .03 inch. Station. — Unknown. BULL A. Panama Shells. 215 Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 320. Btilla (Cyliclma) Iwticola. Nov. sp. Shell subcylindric, wider anteriorly : pale horn color, sub- transparent : with the striro of growth very minute : apex in a deep narrow umbilicus, which is partly covered by the upper part of the labrum : last whorl compressed around the middle : aperture rising higher than the umbilicus, linear above, subor- bicular below : labrum very thin, much advanced along the middle : columella thickened with a callus : anterior umbilical region indented, partly covered with a deposit. Length .2 inch ; breadth .095 inch. Station. — This species was found crawling on liquid mud, near low water mark, at the bottom of a steep sand beach. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 28 specimens were collected half a mile east of Panama. 321. JBidla punctulata. Synonymy. Bulla, punctata Ad. in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 577. No. 53. pi. 123. f. 77. 1849. jmnctulata Ad. in Sowb. Thes. Conch. Index. 1849. Station. — Sandy mud, 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! A. Adams. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! A. Adams. Acapulco ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga; C. B. A.! 25 specimens were found in various states of preservation. 322. Blllla - -. Sp. indet. Another species is represented by 1 imperfect specimen. 216 Panama Shells. HALIOTID.E. Family— VERMETID^E. 323. Vermetus glomeratus ? Synonymy. ? Serpula ylomerata Var. b. (alt. excl.) Lam. An. sans Vert. V. 363. No. 6. July 1818. Var. b. (alt. excl.) Lam. An. sans Vert. V. 619. No. 6. (Desli. ed.) 1838. Vermetus ylomcratus Rousseau in Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 2. f. 2. 1843. centiquadrus? Val. Voy. Venus. Moll. pi. 11. f. 1. 1846. Station. — Attached by a small part of the spiral portion of the shells to rocks and stones near the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — Mazatlau ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 25 specimens on the reef. 324. Vermetus Panamensis. Synonymy. Vermetus Panumensis Rousseau in Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 5. f. 1. 1843. Station. — In the same situations as V. glomeratus, attached on one side of all the whorls. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were collected. Of these two species of Vermetus, a much larger number of specimens might have been collected, with some additional labor in carefully detaching them from the rocks. Family— HALIOTLTLE. 325. Stomatella inflata. Nov. sp. Shell very obliquely elliptical : white, thick and opaque anteriorly, above thinner and translucent : with very fine irre- HIPPONYX. Panama Shells. 217 gular striae of growth ; without spiral strife : apex minute, obtuse, prominent : whorls two, very convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl very oblique, much inflated and very convex : aperture contracted, yet exhibiting the spiral columella to the apex ; columellar side of the aperture abruptly arcuated. Length obliquely .45 inch ; breadth obliquely .31 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. Family— CALYPTR^EID^. 326. HippOIiyx . Sp. indet. We found of this species only 2 small specimens, which pro- bably are immature. The spire has more than two whorls. They may be the young of Hipponyx subrufa Sowb. Lam. ? The Lamarckian Pileopsis subrufa is probably the Caribbean species, of which Mr. Sowerby's species is the Pacific analogue. 327. Hipponyx barbata I Synonymy. Hipponyx barbata ? Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 5. Jan. 1835. -? Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 369. No. 1. pi. 73. f. 26, 27. - 1846. Our shells correspond very nearly to the description and figures by Sowerby. Yet they may be distinct. It will be seen that they belong to a distinct zoological province. Our specimens also resemble Pileopsis pilosus Desh. in Guer. May 1832, pi. 19. Station. — On stones and shells near low water mark. Habitat. — Ad Insulas Maris Pacifici. Found on coral reefs around Toobouai, one of the Society Islands ; Cuming ! Sowerby. JULY, 1852. 15 ANN. LYC. NAT. HUT. 218 Panama Shells. CALYPTR^ID^E. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 12 specimens were collected. 328. Hipponyx Panamensis. Synonymy. Hipponyx mitrula Sowb. (non Lam.) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 5. - Jan. 1835. Sowb. (non Lam.) Thes. in Conch, p. 369. No. 2. pi. 73. f. 18-20. • 1846. We propose this name for a shell, which Mr. Sowerby seems to have confounded with H. mitrula Lam. The Lamarckian shell is the Caribbean species, which has a curved apes that is sometimes much elongated, " apice adimco " Lam. The Panama shell is obliquely conic, with the apex moderately prominent. The concentric laminge are more numerous and the radiating strise on them are more deeply impressed than in the Caribbean shell. This species is thick and solid. Length .67 inch ; breadth .7 inch ; height .37 inch. A dead specimen of Cardita affinis has on one valve 4 rather small individuals. The attached valves are rather thin, and have been more or less perforated, from within the Cardita, by some boring animal. Around the perforations there is a thicker deposit, which fills up some of them. Station. — On stones in 17 fathoms water, among coarse sand; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found on stones and shells near low water mark. Habitat. — Lobos I. ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 14 specimens were collected. 329. Hipponyx radiata. Synonymy. Hipponyx radiata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 5. Jan. 1835. - Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 3 70. No. 4. pi. 73. f. 24, 25. 1846. CALYPTR.EA. Panama /Sheik. 219 /Station. — Attached to rocks ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our speci- mens were found attached to stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama and the Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 16 specimens were collected. 330. Calyptraea aberrant. Nov. sp. Shell irregularly, somewhat concave externally : papyraceous, pearly, with fine irregular striae of growth : apex very minute, subterminal : the cup in our unique specimen is probably imper- fect : what remains consists of a very thin, deeply concave, nar- row lamina, transversely attached under the apex of the shell. In texture this shell much resembles a valve of an Anomia. Length .7 inch ; breadth .59 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was found. 331. Calyptraea (Syphopaiella) aspersa. Nov. sp, Shell conic : thin : dingy or brownish white, irregularly sprinkled with many reddish brown spots : with very short and irregular minute wrinkles : apex acute, central : lamina with the fold appressed only at the inner margin, broadly expanded, making about two thirds of a revolution : margin very thin and acute. Diameter .55 inch ; height .21 inch. Station. — Under stones at low water mark, Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. I 3 specimens were found. 220 Panama Shells. 332. Calyptraea cepacea. Synonymy. Calyptrcea cepacea Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 35. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 19*7. pi. 27. f. 4, - 1835. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 142. May 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 633. No. 24. (Desh. ed.) 1838. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc. July 1838. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 233. No. 24. (Desh. ed. ter.t.) 1841. — Chenu Lee. Elern. p. 144. f. 462 ? 1847. Station. — Adhering to dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of 11 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip. Our specimens were found adhering to dead shells, at low water mark. Habitat. — I. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Deshayes : also Eev. Zool. : also Miiller. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 4 small specimens were found. 333. Calyptreea conica. Synonymy. Calyptrcea (Syphopatella) conica Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 38. - May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 202. pi. 27. f. 7. 1835. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 147. - May 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 630. No. 17. (Desh. ed.) 1838. — — - Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 232. No. 17. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Station. — Attached to shells in deep water ; Cuming I Broderip. CALYPTRJSA. Panama Shells. 221 Habitat. — Xipixapi and Salango ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Miiller. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 12 specimens were obtained. 334. Calyptraea dentata. Synonymy. Calyptrcea rugosa Reeve (non Desh.) Conch. Syst. pi. 144. f. 1. 1842. dentata Menke Zeitschr. Malak. p. 185. Dec. 1847. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama; C. B. A. ! 8 specimens were collected. 335. Calyptraea hispida. Synonymy. Calyptrcea ( Calypeopsis) hispida Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 37. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 200. pi. 27. f. 10. 1835. — Mull. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 144. May 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 638, No. 36. (Desh. ed.) 1838. - Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc. July 1838. Lam. An. sans Vert. Pt. 1. p. 233. No. 36. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Chenu Lee. Elem. p. 144. f. 464. 1847. Our specimens vary much in form and in coloring. Some are almost flat, but the cup is as deep in such as in the more coni- cal shells : such specimens grow on a concave surface. One shell, instead of having a subcircular outline, has the outline of a very eccentric ellipse. The color of some is nearly white ; of others, a deep brown; many are spotted and striped in the manner described by Mr. Broderip. 222 Panama Shells. CALYPTR^EID^E. Station. — On dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of 12 fathoms; Cuming! Broderip. Our specimens were found under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — I. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eev. Zool. ; also Miiller. I. of Muerte ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 20 specimens were collected. 336. Calyptraea imbricata. Synonymy. Calyptnca (Calypeopsis) imbricata Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 36. - May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 193. pi. 27. f. 7. 1835. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 143. May 1838, Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 636. No. 33. (Desh. ed.) 1838. - Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc. July 1838. ; Hanley Conch. Book Spec. p. 13. 1842. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 460. 1843. Station. — On stones in sandy mud at a depth of from 6 to 10 fathoms; Cuming 1 Broderip. Habitat. — Panama ; Cumiug ! Broderip : also Eev. Zool. : also Miiller. Central America ; Deshayes. Payta ; Orbigny. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. As M. Deshayes mentions another habitat, it is to be regretted that the authority is not stated. CALYPTR^EA. Panama Shells. 223 337. Calyptraea iiiaculata. Synonymy. Calyptrcea (Calypeopsis) maculata Brod. (non Quoy) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 37. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 200. pi. 27. f. 1 1. 1 835. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 145. - May 1836. . Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 638. No. 37. Desk ed. 1838. Rev. Zool. Guv. Soc. July 1838. Station. — In sandy mud on dead shells at a depth of 11 fathoms; Cuming! Broderip. Habitat. — I. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eev. Zool. I. of Muerte ; Deshayes. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 338. Calyptraea planulata. Nov. sp. Shell flat, suborbicular : thin : pure white : with very minute radiating striae, which are obsolete around the apex : apex sub- central, acute, slightly elevated above the plane of the shell : cup with the sides free and the corners acute, thin, curved through about 220° : margin very thin. It belongs to Calyp- trcea as restricted by Broderip. Length .32 inch ; breadth .35 inch. Station. — Adhering to an oyster, a little below half tide level. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was found. 339. Calyptrwa radiata. Synonymy. Calyptrcea (Calypeopsis) radiata Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 36. - May 1834. 224 Panama Shells. Calyptrcea radiata Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. p. 198. pi. 27. f. 6. - 1835. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 143. May 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 635. No. 31. (Desh. ed.) 1838. Rev. Zool. Guv. Soc. July 1838. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 234. No. 31. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Chenu Lee. Elem. p. 144. f. 460, 461. - 1847. Station. — Sandy mud on dead shells at a depth of 7 to 14 fathoms; Cuming! Broderip. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Rev. Zool. : also Miiller. Seas of South America ; Deshayes. Bay of Caraccas ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were collected. 340. Calyptraea (Syphopatella) regularity Nov. sp. Shell with a circular margin, regularly conic : moderately thickened: snow white, tinged with brown about the apex: with very fine lightly impressed striae of growth, somewhat shining : apex subacute, subcentral : lamina folded so as to form a tube about one-third of its own width, produced to the margin so as to make one complete revolution : margin acute. Diameter 1.27 inch ; height .55 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. : also Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. CREPIDULA. Panama Shells. 225 341. Calyptraea umbrella. Synonymy. Calyptrcea umbrella Desb. in Encyc. Metli. Vers. II. 173. (1st ser. pag.) 1830. rudis Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 35. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Loud. I. 196. pi. 27. f. 1. 1835. - umbrella Lara. An. sans Vert. VII. 635. No. 30. Desh. ed. 1838. — Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 234. No. 30. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. — rudis Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc. July 1838. (Crucibuhim) rudis Woodward Manual Moll. p. 152. pi. 11. f. 12. 1851. /Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Broderip. Habitat. — Panama and Real Llejos : Curaiug ! Broderip : also Rev. Zool. Seas of Central America ; Deshayes. West America ; Woodward. Guayaquil ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was found. 342. Calyptrsea imguis ! ! We found one immature specimen which may belong to this species. 343. Crepiclula cerithicola. Nov. sp. Shell ovate, convex : posteriorly whitish, sometimes with a broad ray of dark brownish red on each side of the umbo ; anteriorly subtransparent, pale brownish red, with narrow dark rays of the same color ; sometimes all the rays are confluent, and more rarely the entire shell is of a dark brownish red; with the septum white : smooth : apex acute, terminal and marginal, a little dextrorsal : septum slightly angulated along 226 Panama Shells. the middle, with a small sinus at the left, a broad one at the middle of the edge, and none at the right side. Length .23 inch : breadth .14 inch ; convexity .07 inch. Station. — On Cerithium irroratum, q. v. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! This species was not observed until after the shells arrived here. When cleaning a quantity of C. irroratum, 45 specimens were obtained. 344. Crepidula echinus. Synonymy. Cabjptrcea (Crepipatdla) echinus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 39. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 203. pi. 27. f. 1. 1835. Miill. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 148. May 1836. Crepidula — Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 650. No. 23. (Desh. ed.) 1838. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 239, No. 23. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Station. — Under stones at low water. Habitat. — Lobos I. ; Cuming ! Broderip- also Miiller. Peru ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama ; 0. B. A ! 18 specimens were obtained. 345. Crepiclula excavata. Synonymy. Calyptrcea (Crepidula) excavata Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 40. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 205. pi. 29. f. 7. 1835. CREPIDULA. Panama Shells. 227 Calyptrcea (Crepidula) excavata Miill. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 150. May 1836. Crepidula Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 649. No. 19. (Desh. ed.) 1838. Lam. An. sans. Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 239. No. 19. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Station . — Unknown. Habitat. — Eeal Llejos; Cuming! Broderip. Chili ; Deshayes. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. In the absence of testimony, the habitat mentioned by Deshayes must be considered as doubtful. 346. Crepidula hepatica 1 Synonymy. Crepidula hepatica Desh. Encyc. Meth. Vers. II. 26. (2d ser. pag.) 1830. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 646. No. 12. (Desh. ed.) 1838. — Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 238. No. 12. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Menke in Zeitsch. Mai. p. 184. - Dec. 1847. Our specimens have an epidermis, which is more or less lamellar or pilose. Deshayes describes the shell as having a smooth exterior surface, but Menke says " confertim distinct^ porcata." Our shells exhibit a variation in the character of the surface, which reconciles this apparent discrepancy. A variety is very convex. Station. — Adhering to Strombus Peruvianus, q. v. ; also to Purpura tecta, q. v. Another specimen is on a Conus gladiator, and is very convex ; probably in consequence of the very convex surface to which it adheres. Some specimens are longitudinally recurved but laterally very convex ; conforming to the surface on which they grew. 228 Panama Shells. CALYPTR^EID,E. Habitat — Unknown ; Deshayes. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Mazatlan ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 28 specimens were collected. According to Dr. Krauss, C. hepatica occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. We have several specimens, collected at the Cape by Dr. K., of his convex variety, which differs from our shells in having the septum very deeply placed, and the beak very prominent. The depressed variety figured by Dr. K. may more nearly resemble the Pacific shell, but we have no specimens for comparison. Probably, however, the Cape shells belong to a distinct species : but as the habitat of the original type was not known, and as the original description is applicable to both, we must leave this question undecided. 347. Crepidula incurva. Synonymy. Calyptrcea (Crepidula) incurva Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 40. May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. pi. 29. f. 6. 1835. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 150. May 1836. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 468. 1843. Station. — On dead shells dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging from 6 to 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip. Our specimens were found adhering to living shells at and near low water mark. Its favorite station was on the shell which we have mentioned as Trochus sp. indet. b, almost every one of which supported one or more of this Crepidula. Turbo saxosus was next in the frequency with which it furnished specimens. The species was found also on Columbella rugosa, C. varia, Bmcinum ringens, Purpura tecta, P. undulata, Trochus CREPIDULA. Panama Shells. 229 JBuschii, T. reticulatus, &c. Frequently also they are attached one to another. Habitat.— St. Elena, and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Broderip. St. Elena; Jay. Payta ; Fontaine 1 Orbigny. Panama; C. B. A. ! 120 specimens were collected. 2 specimens in the Mus. Amh. were sent by a German conchologist, as having come from Peru. 348. Crepidiila Lessonii. Synonymy. Calyptrcea (Crepidula) Lessonii Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 39. - May 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 204. pi. 29. f. 5. 1835. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 149. May 1836. Orepidula Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 649. No. 20. (Desh. ed.) 1 838. Lam. An. sans Vert. III.Pt. 1. p. 239. No. 20. Desh. ed. tert. 1841. This species is remarkable for the very broad far projecting lamina?, which occupy the surface. Most of our specimens are nearly or wholly destitute of the brown longitudinal lines. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Broderip. Our specimens were found in the same situation. Habitat.— 1. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Miiller. I. of Muerte ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 80 specimens were collected on the reef. 349. Crepidula squama. Synonymy.^. Calyptrcea (Crepidula) squama Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 40. May 1834. 230 Panama Shells. Calyptraza (Crepidula) squama Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 205. pi. 29. f. 10. 1835. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 151. -May 1836. Crepidula Lara. An. sans Vert. VII. 648. No. 16. (Desh. ed.) 1838. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 239. No. 16. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. The specimens vary much in color : the normal arrangement is with dark reddish brown rays on a whitish ground ; in some shells the rays are few and faint ; in others they are crowded or even confluent. The surface is incurved or excurved according to the figure of the spot on which they grow. Station. — Under stones and in dead shells near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Muller. Panama ; Deshayes : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 35 specimens were collected. 350. Crepidula imguiformis. Synonymy. Gualt. Test. pi. 69. f. 11. 1742. Patella crepidula Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1257. No. 752.(Ed. 12.) 1767. Gmel. in Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3695. No. 17. 1788. Turt. Linn. Syst. Nat. IV. 554. 1806. Broc. Foss. Subapp. II. 253. 1814. Crepidula unguiformis Lam. An. sans Vert. VI. Pt. 2. p. 25. No. 4. 181 8. Italka Defr. Diet, des Sc. Nat. XL 397. 1818. - plana Say Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. (Old Ser.) II. 226. July 1821. - Italica Diet. Classique d'Hist. Nat. V. 54. April 1824. unguiformis Sowb. Gen. pi. — f. 6. 1824. calceolina Desh. Encyc. Meth. Vers. II. 26. No. 6. (2nd ser. pag.) • 1830. plana Say Amer. Conch, pi. 44. 1830. unguiformis Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 39. May 1834. CREPIDULA. Panama Shells. 231 Crepidula unguiformis Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. pi. 29. f. 4. 1835. - Mull. Syn. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 151. May 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 643. No. 4. (Desh. ed.) 1838. Pot. etMicli. Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai.I. 514. 1838. plana Gould Invert. Mass. p. 159. f. 16. 1840. unguiformis Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 236. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1841. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 143. f. 6. 1842. - dilatata No. 4. Orb.Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 467. 1 843. - plana Dekay Zool. of N. Y. Moll. p. 158. pi. 7. f. 153. a. b. 1843. This shell is well calculated to confound the popular notion of species. We have now before us many perfect specimens from Sicily, from Massachusetts, from Jamaica, and from Panama, all of which, with the exception of the Mediterranean shells, we collected in person. They present many modifications of form dependent on progress of growth, and the positions which they occupy in dead shells. But we have in vain attempted to discover any characteristics of locality. The only approach to a local character is to be found in a few of the Panama shells, which have longitudinal rays of reddish brown, while all the other specimens are of a uniform white. So far at least as the shells are concerned, it seems necessary to admit that they all may be comprised in one species ; or to maintain that individuals, which cannot be distinguished from each other, belong to different species, because it is probable that they descended from distinct original stocks. But if we admit that each species in the animal kingdom was introduced by the creation of many original stocks, then the fact before us becomes intelligible and very uncommon in only one particular, viz : that the original individuals of a single species were created in very distant zoological provinces. On the opinion that the North American C. plana Say is identical with the Mediterranean C. unguiformis Larn., Dr. Gould remarks as follows :— "In this opinion I have the concurrence of Mr. Sowerby. 232 Panama Shells. Deshayes observes that he can hardly think that the shell figured as Calyptrcea unguiformis by Broderip in ' Trans. Zool. Soc.' I. pi. 29, f. 4, is the shell of Linnaeus. He says the shell of Linnaeus is distinguished by a profound notch at one extremity of the partition, and a feebler one at the other ; that the shell described by Mr. Say as Crepidula plana wants this notch, and is the shell figured by Broderip. Now it so happens that the only specimen which I am certain is entire, has this notch precise^ as described, and the tooth-like process which separates the large notch from the rest of the margin is such as would be likely to be broken in almost every instance. This fact leads me to suppose that all three of the shells in question arc of the same species, and should be called C. unguiformis" Station. — Dans 1'interieur des coquilles univalves abandonne'es ; Defrance. Espece qui a 1'habitude de se mettre a 1'abri dans les coquilles abandonnees ; Deshayes. Inside of dead shells of Ranella vexillum, R. ccclata, &c. * * * Dredged from sandy mud at a depth ranging from 4 to 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Broderip. In the aperture of other shells ; Gould ! In dead shells, whether or not the shells are occupied by Paguridse. We have received the shell from Sicily in the aperture of a Murex trunculus. In Massachusetts we have found it in the aperture of Natica dupli- cata, of Pyrula canaliculata, P. carica ; on the inside of Pecten concentricus, and of the crustacean Limulus polyphemus, &c. In Jamaica, we found it in Murex brevifrons, M. funiculatus (f), Fasciolaria tulipa, Pyrula melongena, Turbo crenulatus, &c. In Panama we found it in Murex radix, Fasciolaria granosa, Turbo saxosus, Natica sp. indet., &c. It occurs more frequently near half tide level, but is not very narrowly limited in its ver- tical range. Dr. Gould and D'Orbigny both consider the peculiarities of this shell as the effect of its position ; and Orbigny ascribes the flattened form to the pressure of the organs of hermit crabs, one of which usually occupies the same habitation. If; however, CREPIDULA. Panama Shells. 233 these writers are correct, we ought to find the characters always graduating into those of other species, according to the position of the shell. Habitat. — Ilva ; Gualteri. Seas of Barbary ; Linnasus : also Gmelin : also Lamarck. In nearly all the Mediterranean ; Deshayes. Mediterranean ; Jay. Bays of Tunis and Algiers ; McAndrew ! Sicily; C. B. A. Mediterranean and Seas of Senegal; Potiez and Michaud. Maine; Mighels! Massachusetts ; Gould ! also C. B. A. ! New York harbor ; C. M. Wheatley ! New Jersey ; Say. Maryland, Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida; Say! Jamaica ; C. B. A. ! I. of Chiloe and Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip ; also Miiller. Panama ; C. B. A. ! In the United States, Maine appears to be the northern limit of the species : Dr. Mighels says, " I have never found but one individual of this species in Casco Bay [Maine] ; this had located itself within the mouth of a dead Buccinum undatum." In Massachusetts, we have only found one specimen north of Cape Cod ; this was on Chelsea Beach. But south of Cape Cod the species is common. In Jamaica, it is common in the Bay of Port Royal. At Panama we collected 35 specimens. This species is thus found to inhabit the following distinct marine zoological provinces : — 1. The Mediterranean. 2. East side of North America, north of Cape Cod. 3. " " " " middle regions. JULY, 1852. 16 ANN. LTC. NAT. HIST. 234 Panama Shells. 4. The Caribbean waters. 5. West side of America, tropical shores. 6. southern temperate region. It is also common in a fossil state. " Fossile en Italic, en Sicilie, en Moree, a Bordeaux et & Dax, dans les faluns de la Touraine :" Deshayes. "Fossile nel Piacentine e nel Sanese ;" Brocchi. 351. Crepidula siivea. Nov. sp. Shell ovate-elliptic : rather thick : within snow white : with- out dingy white, sometimes with a faint tinge of brown : very irregularly concentrically more or less wrinkled, with very dis- tinct striae of growth : apex turned more or less to the right, moderately prominent, marginal : septum longitudinally sub- angular, with a deep sinus at the left and a shallow one at the right : margin thick, exhibiting striae of growth. It closely resembles C. unguiformis, but constantly differs in characters and station. Length 1.4 inch ; breadth 1 inch ; height .4 inch. Station. — Under stones, near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 45 specimens were collected on the reef. 352. Crepidtila osculans. Nov. sp. Shell elliptical : pale horn color, subtransparent : surface minutely decussated with numerous very small radiating and concentric ridges : apex subterminal, very prominent, not marginal, with the nuclear portion smooth, shining, transparent and slightly directed to the right : septum but little above the margin, extremely narrow or linear, extending around the posterior part of the shell : margin very thin. In some respects, this species is allied to Pileopsis. Length .14 inch ; breadth .1 inch ; height .045 inch. FISSURELLA. Panama Shells. 235 Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen of this extraordinary species was obtained. 353. Crepidula rostrata. Nov. sp. Shell very convex, irregularly elliptic : livid brown, some- times with pale ill-defined spots : irregularly somewhat corru- gated both radiately and concentrically : apex very acute and prominent, rostriform, very distant from but extending beyond the posterior margin, slightly directed to the right : septum far within the margin, planulate, usually very oblique to the plane of the aperture : margin thin, irregular. Length .48 inch ; breadth .3 inch ; height .29 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 5 specimens were obtained in different stages of growth. Family— FISSUKELLID^E. 354. Fissurella aequalis. Synonymy. Fissurella cequalis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 127. Nov. 1834. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 158. May 1836. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 49. pi. 76. f. 56. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 8. f. 55. Dec. 1849. Station. — On dead shells in from 6 to 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Habitat. — St. Elena; Cuming! Sowerby: also Keeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 5 specimens were obtained. 236 Panama Shells. FISSUKELLIDJ3. 355. Fissurella alta. Nov. sp. Shell subconic, high : dingy white, often more or less covered with broad ashy black rays, which may be seen through the shell : with prominent radiating ribs, of which the alternate ones are excessively developed, and intermediate small raised lines ; with many concentric ridges, which are less prominent than the larger radiating ribs, and more so than the others: summit nearer to and somewhat inclined towards the anterior extremity : fissure small, ovate-elliptic : margin pectinated by the radiating ribs. The following are the dimensions of a very large and high shell and of another of average size : Height .42 inch ; length .55 inch ; breadth .41 inch. a _22 " " .42 " " .29 " Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 26 specimens were obtained. 356. Fissurella macrotrema. Synonymy. Fissurella macrotrema Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond. p. 125. Nov. 1834. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 155. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 33. pi. 74. f. 41. 1841. Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 1. f. 14. 1843. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 5. f. 31. Aug. 1849. Station. — Under stones on the shore ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Gallapago Is. and Eeal Llejos ; var's at Lobos I. and Lambeyeque, Peru ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Gallapago Is. ; Cuming ! Keeve. Taboga; C. B. A. ! We collected 5 specimens, which are somewhat narrower than the figures in Sowerby and in Keeve. FISSURELLA. Panama Shells. 237 35?. Fissurella microtrema. Synonymy. Fissurella microtrema Sowb. inProc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 125. Nov. 1834. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv.p. 156. May 183C. Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 1. f. 11. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 473. 1843. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 44. Dec, 1849. The shells before us seem to be intermediate between this species and F. rugosa Sowb., as these species are figured by Sowerby and by Eeeve. We are indebted to Mr. Cuming for specimens which enable us to determine the species. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — Keal Llejos ; Cuming! Sowerby: also Eeeve. West Columbia ; Cuming ! in sched. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 10 specimens in various stages of growth. 358. Fissurella inns. Synonymy. Fissurella mus Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 16. f. 120. Aug. 1850. Yar. Two of our specimens differ from the type in having the fissure shorter and the region around it more elevated. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 8 specimens were collected. 359. Fissurella nigropunctata. Synonymy. Fissurella nigropunctata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 1 25. Nov. 1 834. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 155. May 1836. 238 Panama Shells. FISSURELLIU^E. Fissurella nigropunctata Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 32. pi. 75. f. 51. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 8. Aug. 1849. Station. — Under stones on the shore ; Cuming I Sowerby : also Keeve. Our specimens were found on rocks at and below half tide level. Some of them have their outlines singularly modified by the surface of the rugged rocks on which they were living. Habitat. — Gallapago Is., and Lobos I. ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Muller. Gallapago Is. ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We collected 95 specimens. Most of them are elongated like the figure in the Conch. Illust., and are narrower than the figure in the Conch. Icon. 360. Fissurella ostrina. Synonymy. Fissurella ostrina Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 14. f. 106. Aug. 1850. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found near Panama. 361. Fissurella virescens. Synonymy. Fissurella virescens Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 125. Nov. 1834. Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 154. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. Illust. No. 31. pi. 73. f. 37. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 12. Aug. 1849. Station. — In exposed situations at low water ; Cuming ! Sowerby. In exposed situations on rocks at low water ; Cum- ing ! Eeeve. Our specimens were found on a ledge of rather smooth rocks, between half tide and low water mark, in a place somewhat exposed to the sea. SIPHONARIA. Panama Shells. 239 Habitat — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : Miiller. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 142 specimens on a ledge of rocks nearly three miles east of Panama. 362. Siphonaria characteristica. Synonymy. Siphonaria character is tica Reeve in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 49. Mar. 1 842. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 138. f. 3. 1842. Station. — On rocks above and below half tide level. Habitat. — Bay of Panama ; Cuming ! Keeve. Bay of Panama ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 70 specimens were collected. 363. Siphonaria costata. Synonymy. Siphonaria costata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 6. Jan. 1835. Station. — On rocks in exposed situations at low water ; Cum- ing! Sowerby. Habitat. — Guacomayo ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Guacomayo ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was found. 364. Siphonaria gigas. Synonymy. Si}}honaria gigas Sowb. Tank. Catal. App. p. 6. No. 808. 1825. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 138. f. 6. 1842. Val. Voy. Venus. Moll. pi. 12, 13. 1846. 240 Panama Shells. FISSUEELLID^E. Station. — On rocks above and below half tide level. Habitat. — Panama ; Sowerby. Peru ; Voyage of the Venus. Gallapago Is. ; Jay. Taboga ; C. B. A. 220 specimens were collected. Nearly one half of the specimens, which we have included in this species, are intermediate between this and S. characteristica. There is so little constancy in the two forms, that the distinction is a source of much perplexity. 365. Siphonaria maura. Synonymy. Siphonaria maura Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 7. Jan. 1835. Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. 24. f. 144 ? 1848 ? Station. — On rocks ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found on ledges of rocks, mostly above half tide level. Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 200 specimens were collected. 366. Siphonaria pica? Synonymy. Siphonaria pica (?) Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 6. Jan. 1835. Station. — On rocks in exposed situations ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Acapulco ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found. Is not Mr. Sowerby in error when he represents Mr. Cuming as having made collections at Acapulco ? PATELLA. Panama Shells. 241 367. Lottia patina? Synonymy. Acmcea patina (?) Rathke in Esch. Zool. Atlas. Heft. V. p. 19. pi. 24. f. 7, 8. 1833. /Station. — On and under stones at the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 34 specimens were collected on the reef. Var. a has only linear pale rays on a dark olivaceous ground, and the margin is of a uniform blackish brown : the radiating strice are coarser than in the type. 368. Lottia . Sp. indet. a. A small suborbicular conical thin shell. /Station. — Under stones near half tide level. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B A. ! 45 specimens were collected. 369. Lottia . Sp. indet. b. 20 specimens were taken with the preceding. 370. Lottia . Sp. indet. c. 11 specimens of this minute species were collected at Panama. Family— PATELLID^E. 371. Patella (?) - -. Sp. indet. a. Station. — On rocks not far from half tide level. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A. ! 16 specimens were collected. 242 Panama Shells. PATELLID^E. 372. Chiton clathratus. Synonymy. Chiton clathratus Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 18. f. 113. Apr. 1847. Station. — Under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Unknown ; Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 12 specimens were found. 373. Chiton clispar. Synonymy. Chiton dispar Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 58. Mar. 1832. - Miill. Syn. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 168. 1836. - Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 511. No. 50. (Desh. ed.) 1838. — Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 47. pi. 41. f. 25. 1841. — Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 188. No. 50. (Desh. ed. tert.) - Apr. 1841. Pteeve Conch. Icon. pi. 18. f. 96. Apr. 1847. Station. — Under stones: Cuming! Sowerby: also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones near the low water mark of neap tides. Habitat. — "I. of Saboga;" Cuming! Sowerby. Gulf of Panama ; Deshayes. "I. of Saboga, Panama;" Cuming! Reeve. Panama, and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! This species is common. We collected about 100 speci- mens, many of which have been destroyed by rats. 374. Chiton luridus ? • Synonymy. Chiton luridiis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 26. Feb. 1832. - Miill. Syn. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 103. 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 495. No. 13. (Desh. ed.) 1838, CHITON. Panama Shells. 248 Chiton luridus Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 182. No. 13. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1839. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 99. pars. pi. 40. f. 20. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 15. f. 85. Mar. 1847. Our specimens differ from C. luridus, as described by Sowerby and by Eeeve, in having the granules of the terminal valves and of the lateral areas rather sparsely scattered, instead of being crowded. Station. — Attached to stones at a depth of 5 fathoms ; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones at low water mark. Habitat. — St. Elena; Curning! Sowerby: also Reeve. St. Elena ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found. 375. Chiton pulchellus. Synonymy. Chiton pulchellus Gray Spicil. Zool. , 1828. - Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 489. 1843. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 23. f. 153. May 1847. Station. — 80 or 40 fathoms depth ; Orbigny. Under stones, which were lying half buried in sand near the low water mark of the neap tides. Habitat. — Arica, in Peru ; "W. V. Hennah ! Reeve. Islay; Orbigny. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 80 specimens were collected. 376. Chiton Stokesii. Synonymy. Chiton Stokesii Brod. in Troc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 25. Feb. 1832. Panama Shells. Chiton Stokesii Mull. Syn. Nov. Test, Viv. p. 162. 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 510 No. 49. (Desh. ed.) 1838. - Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. 1. p. 188. No. 49. (Desh. ed. tert.) - 1841. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 20. pi. 41. f. 24. 1841. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 486. 1843. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 4. Mar. 184'7. Station. — On stones at low water ; Cuming ! Broderip. Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones near the low water of neap tides. Habitat. — Port St. Elena, and Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip. Seas of South America ; Deshaves. / »/ Columbia ; Sowerby : also Jay. Arica and Islay ; Orbigny ! St. Elena ; Cuming ! Reeve. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected about 40 specimens, many of which have been destroyed by rats. The species is very common. Family— OSTILEIDJE. 377. Anomia lampe. Synonymy. Anomia lampe Gray in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 117. Nov. 1849. Gray in Catal. Anom. Brit. Mus. p. 19. 1850. Station. — In 60 fathoms water ; Major Rich ! Gould MSS. It also occurs at low water mark. Habitat. — California ; Gray. La Paz and Monterey, Calif. ; Major Rich ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was obtained. The specimen obtained from 60 fathoms water by Major Rich was taken at Monterey. One from La Paz in Mus. Gould is of enormous size. OSTREA. Panama Shells. 245 378. Aiiomia tennis. Nov. sp. Shell orbicular : flat, extremely thin : white, subtransparent, pearly : externally somewhat uneven : upper scar large, rounded, with the lower side arcuated : two lower scars small, circular, equal: anterior one nearly entering the arcuation of the upper scar ; posterior one near the other, with the upper margin as high as the centre of the other. Diameter about .85 inch. Station. — Near low water mark. Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 379. Anoilftia . Sp. indet. a. A. very small yellow shell with the convex valve excessively convex, and the margin lobate. Although only 1 valve was found, it is obvious that it belongs to a very distinct species. 380. Ostrea . Sp. indet, a. Rather large and ovate ; with the upper valve radiately cor- rugated, with many notches on both sides of the hinge : lower valve attached to a ledge of rock by the whole of its surface : on this account it is rarely possible to detach a specimen entire. It occurs more commonly near half tide level. It is rather com- mon, but not abundant on the reef at Panama. "We collected only 6 specimens. It is an edible species of excellent flavor. During the recess of the tide the natives open the shells on the rocks, without detaching the lower valves, and collect the soft parts in a calabash. 381. Ostrea - -. Sp. indet. b. Rather large and solid, with both valves strongly notched on both sides of the hinge : surface without sculpture other than 246 Panama Shells. OSTR^EIDJS. the incremental stride : nacre extremely brilliant, with delicate changeable colors. Attached to ledges of rock by the greater part of the lower valve. It occurs near half tide level. It is not common : we collected only 3 specimens on the reef at Panama. 382. Ostrea . Sp. indet. c. Synonymy. ? 0. Columbiensis Hanley, P. Z. S. Lond. p. 107. Oct. 1845. Bather small, more or less pentangular, and short but not plicated. Attached to stones, rocks, and other shells, near half tide level : the lower valve is attached by rather more than half of its surface, and then abruptly rises from the attached part so as to form a deep cavity. 0. Columbiensis Hani, was found by Mr. Cuming attached to rocks at half tide at St. Elena. At Panama our shell is not rare, although we took only 15 specimens. 383. Ostrea - — . Sp. indct. d. Like 0. l>orealis. Usually occurs in clusters. It was brought from some place near Panama which we did not visit. We obtained 35 specimens. The flavor is superior to that of 0. virginica or 0. lorealis. They were sold in Pa- nama at a dime each. 384. O§trea - -. Sp. indet. e. A small plicated species. The animal has a bitter flavor. Attached to rocks and stones from three quarters to one quar- ter tide level. A small var. grows on Nerita scabn'costa. This species covers many parts of the reef at Panama in great profusion. We collected 330 specimens. PECTEN. Panama Shells. 247 Family— PECTENID^E. 385. Spoiidylu§ JLamiarckiil Synonymy. Spondylus LamarcJcii (?) Chenu 111. Conch, p. 6. pi. 9. f. 4. (?) Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 425. No. 21. pi. 85. f. 20. 1847. Our specimens being old, with, the sculpture eroded, we are unable to determine confidently what the species is, it being unfortunately the custom in this genus and in Chama to describe and figure little more than those exterior characters which are very rarely found in perfection. One of the most permanent characters of this species is the broad deep red purple finely wrinkled limb of the otherwise white interior. Station. — Unknown . Habitat.— La, Paz ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Bay of Panama ; C. B. A. ! At Taboga we found a large pile of odd valves of this species, which the natives had taken in the bay. 386. SpondylllS - -. Sp. indet. a. Brown, with a narrow white margin. Only one very young specimen was found. Hab. Panama. 387. Pecteii Inca. Synonymy. Peclen lumidus Sowb. (non Turt. nee Zciten) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. ^09. July 1835. ventricosus Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 51. No. 19. pi. 12. f. 18, 19, 26. 1842. Inca Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 663. 1846. Station. — In sandy mud at from 6 to 10 fathoms. 248 Panama Shells. Habitat, — St. Elena and Salango ; Cuming ! Orbigny. St. Elena; Sowerby. Calapan, Philippines; Cuming! Sowerby; "young specimens." West Columbia ; Jay. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! Great numbers of odd valves, much worn, were seen at Tabo- ga ; but we did not learn the station of the species, and collected only 8 odd valves. — Probably the young shells from the Philip- pines are the young of some allied but distinct species. 388. Pecten Ttimbczensis. Synonymy. Pecten aspersus Sowb. (non Lam.) in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 110. - July 1835. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 51. No. 16. pi. 19. f. 198-9. 1842. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 271. 1845 * Tumbezensis Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 663. 1846. Station. — Soft mud at the depth of 5 fathoms : Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Tumbez, in Peru ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Or- bigny. Peru ; Hanley. Mazatlan; Melchers! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 2 odd valves were found. 389. Lima angulata. Synonymy. Lima anyulata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 23. Feb. 1843. — Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 86. No. 12. pi. 22. f. 39, 40. - 1843. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 653. 1846. AVICULA. Panama Shells. 249 Station. — Sandy mud, 12 to 20 fathoms ; Cmning ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Panama and Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Orbigny. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found 1 entire shell and 3 odd valves. 390. Lima Pacifica. Synonymy. Lima, arcuata So\vb. (non Geinitz 1840) Thes. Conch, p. 86. No. 15. pi. 22. f. 41-2. 1843. - Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 268. 1845 ? - Pacifica, Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 654. 1846. Station. — Under stones at the low water mark of the spring tides. Habitat. — Guayaquil and Panama ; Cuming ! Orbigny. Panama ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 11 At Lord Hood's I., under coral rocks ; at Panama, in sandy mud ; at Guayaquil Bay ; at Guacomayo, under stones, &c., by Mr. Cuming." Sowerby. 3 specimens were found alive on the reef. Family— AYICULID^E. 391. Avicula margaritifera I Under the name of A. margaritifera are included several kindred but distinct types. It would be of great service to the general subject of the geographical distribution of marine species, if some one would collect authentic materials, and investigate the peculiarities of the local types. Station. — In the crevices of rocks near low water mark. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! We found only 2 living, rather young, specimens. Probably JULY, 1852. 17 Ann. LYC. NAT. HIST. 250 Panama Shells. these are identical with, the species which occurs abundantly in some parts of the Bay of Panama, and from which pearls are procured. 392. A vie ii I a sterna, Synonymy. Avicula sterna Gould Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 93. Nov. 1851. Station. — Attached to a small species of Gorgona, at the low water mark of the spring tides. Habitat.— Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS, Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were collected on the reef. 393. Pema . Sp. indet. a. Station. — Under stones and in the crevices of rocks at low water mark. Habitat.— La Paz ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 130 specimens were collected on the reef. 394. Perna • . Sp. indet. b. With the preceding : 30 specimens were collected. Family— MYTILID^E. 395. Pinna maura. Synonymy. Pinna maura Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 84. June 1835. HanleyDescr. Catal. p. 255. 1845? Station. — Muddy banks ; Cuming I Sowerby. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; Hanley I MODIOLA. Panama Shells. 251 Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was found. 396. Pinna tuberculosa. /Synonymy. Pinna tuberculosa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 84. June 1835. - Hanley Desc. Catal. p. 255. 1845 ? Station. — Muddy banks ; Cuming ! Sowerby. We found it in crevices of rocks, near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Sowerby. Panama ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 4 specimens were found on the reef. 397. MytilllS . Sp. indet. a. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A.! 1 specimen was obtained. 398. LithodoinilS . Sp. indet. a. Station. — In thick shells, between half tide and low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 20 specimens were collected on the reef, 399. IVIodiola semifusca? Synonymy. Modiola semifusca (?) Lam. An. sans Vert. No. 11. 1820. Sowb. Gen. pi. — . f. 6. 1824. - (?) Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 22. No. 11. (Desk ed.) 1836. Mytilus Guiaensis Kiist. (an Lam. ?) Conch. Cab. pi. 1. f. 7. 1840. . 252 Panama Shells. MYTILID.E. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! A few dead shells were found in several places near Panama, and fine specimens were procured at the fruit shanty. 35 spe- cimens were obtained. 400. Modiola . Sp. indet. a. Station. — In the crevices of rocks, between half tide and low water mark. Habitat. — Panama and Taboga : C. B. A. ! 6 specimens were obtained. 401. Modiola . Sp. indet b. Station. — In the crevices of rocks, between half tide and low water mark. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. 1 35 specimens were collected. 402. JVIodiola . Sp. indet. c. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 4 specimens were obtained. 403. Modiola . Sp. indet. d. Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 404. Modiola . Sp. indet. e. Station. — In soft, partly calcareous stones, not far from half tide level. CHAMA. Panama Shells. 253 Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were obtained. Family— CHAMID^E. 405. Chama Buddiana. Nov. sp. Shell orbicular or sub triangular : exterior surface and inner margins purplish red, with the spines pure white: surface uneven, with interrupted radiating strias ; upper valve orna- mented with a few radiating series of short thick triangular vaulted spines : lower valve attached by about two-thirds to three-quarters of its surface, the rest being like the upper valve, but with the dentiform spines smaller : within both valves are deeply and finely crenulated at the junction of the white sur- face and red margin : beak submarginal. Easily distinguished from C. Pacifica and C. Broderipii by the small thick dentiform triangular white spines. Diameter about 3 inches. Station. — On ledges of rocks, a little above low water mark. The lower valve is so firmly attached as to render it difficult to obtain specimens entire without the use of mineralogical tools. Habitat. — Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 6 specimens were obtained. Named in honor of Dr. B. W. Budd of New York city. 406. Chama corru^rata ? Synonymy. Chama corrugata Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 150. Dec. 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 305. pi. 31. f. 7. 1835. Ilanley Descr. Catal. p. 229. 1845? Pieeve Conch. Icon. pi. 2. f. 9. Dec. 1846. Possibly our shell may be a large specimen of C. Panamen- 254: Panama /Shells. sis Eeeve. Having only 2 odd valves with an eroded surface, we are unable to determine the species with confidence. Station. — Attached to stones at low water ; Cuming ! Brode- rip. Under stones ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — Eeal Llejos ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eeeve. Central America ; Hanley. Eeal Llejos ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found only 2 valves. 407. Chania cchinata. Synonymy. Chama echinata Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 150. Dec. 1834. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 305. pi. 39. f. 5-7. - 1835. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 35. junior. Jan. 1847. /Station. — At low water, attached to rocks ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eeeve. On rocks near low water mark. Habitat. — Puerto Portrero ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 15 specimens were obtained. Family— AECIDJE. 408. Nuciila Elenensis. Synonymy. Nucula Elcnensis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 198. Dec. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 191. 1836. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 19. pi. 15. f. 14. 1841. • Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 85. f. 14. Sept. 1841. • Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 1G9. 1845? With some hesitation we have referred our specimens to this species, although we cannot detect the "marginibus crenulatis." NUCULA. Panama Shells. 255 Station. — Sandy mud, at a depth of 6 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. West Columbia ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 20 odd valves were found. 409. IVucula exigua. Synonymy. Nucula exigua Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 198. Dec. 1832. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 192. 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 34. pi. 16. f. 24. 1841. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 172. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Ainer. Mend. Moll. p. 625. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud, in 9 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller : also Orbigny. West Columbia ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 valve only was found. 410. IVucula polita. Synonymy. Nucula polita Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 198. Dec. 1832. Lam. An. sans Vert. VI. 507. No. 8. (Desh. ed.) 1835. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 190. 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. II. 660. No. 8. (Desh. ed. tert.) 1 839. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 16. pi. 15. f. 11. 1841. — Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 85. f. 11. Sept. 1841. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 169. 1845 ? Station. — A single specimen of this very beautiful species was dredged up in sand from a depth of 7 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. 256 Panama Shells. Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Panama ; Deshayes : also Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 odd valves were found. 411. Pec ttiiioul n* assimilis. Synonymy. Pectunculus assimilis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 196. Dec. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 189. 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 15. Mar. 1843. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 629. 1846. In the number, width, and form of the cross bands of brown our specimens are so variable that no two are alike, and two of them have most of the ground color of a greyish blue. In respect of coloring, therefore, the species does not appear to be well distinguished from P. inegualis. Nor is the distinction in sculpture much more constant. Station. — In sandy mud and gravel, in from 8 to 12 fathoms ; Gaming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Our specimens were found under stones, in calcareous gravel, between one quarter tide and low water mark. Habitat. — Puerto Portrero, Bay of Guayaquil, Central Ame- rica ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller : also Reeve: also Orbigny. Guayaquil; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 20 specimens were collected on the reef. A common ambiguity again appears in Mr. Sowerby's state- ment ; since the Bay of Guayaquil (and Puerto Portrero ?) is not in Central America, is the latter mentioned as a third locality ? ARCA. Panama Shells, 257 412. Pectunciiliis maciilatus ? Synonymy. Pectunculus maculatus Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 126. June 1832. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 4. Feb. 1843. /Station. — In fine gravel in 11 fathoms water; Cuming! Broderip. Habitat. — Puerto Portrero ; Cuming ! Broderip : also Eeeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only one specimen. It is nearly covered with very large irregular spots and radiating lines of dark red ; it is also very convex at the timbones, and in both of these charac- ters appears to differ from the P. maculatus as described by Mr. Broderip, and as figured by Mr. Eeeve. 413. Area alterRata. Synonymy. Byssoarca alternata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 17. Feb. 1833. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv.p. 184. 1830. Area Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 13. f. 88. Apr. 1843. — Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 156. 1845 ? - Orb. Voy. Amer. Mend. Moll. p. 638. 1846. Station. — .Attached to stones, on a rocky bottom, at the depth of 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Habitat. — West Columbia ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Equador; Cuming! Orbigny. West Columbia ; Hanley. Mazatlan ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 4 specimens were collected. 414. Area aviculoides I Synonymy. Area auriculata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 20. Feb. 1833. 258 Panama Shells. ARCIDJE. Area aviculoidesTteeve1 'Conch. Icon. pi. 10. f. 63. Mar. 1844. Station. — Muddy bottom at the depth of 10 fathoms ; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Habitat. — St. Elena; Cuming! Sowerby: also Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained, which is too young to be confi- dently determined without a series. 415. Area emargiiiata. Synonymy. Area emarginata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 20. Feb. 1833. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 180. 1836. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 4. f. 26. Jan. 1844. - Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 161. 1845? - Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 635. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud at the depth of 6 or 8 fathoms ; Cum- ing ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Habitat. — Real Llejos, Atacamas, Xipixapi, Panama, and Gulf of California ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Atacama, Xipixapi, and Panama ; Cumiug ! Orbigny. Central America ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 416. Area gradata. Synonymy. Area gradata Brod. and Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 365. 1829. - Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 152. pi. 43. f. 1. 1839. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 14. f. 92. Apr. 1844. — Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 155. 1845 ? - Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 636. 1846. ARCA. Panama Shells. 259 Station. — Attached to stones ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Our specimens were found under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Broderip : also Beechey's Voyage. St. Elena ; Cuming ! Eeeve : also Orbigny. St. Elena ; Jay. Mexico ; Hanley. Santa Barbara ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found. 417. Area grandis. Synonymy. Area fjrandis Brod. et Sowb. in Zool. Jour. IV. 365. 1829. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 4. Dec. 1843. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 1GO. 1845 ? — Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 637. 1846. Station. — Our specimens were found lialf buried in mud and small algae, under trees, a little above half tide level. Habitat. — Unknown ; Broderip. Eeal Llejos, Bay of Guayaquil, &c., Western Coast of S. America ; Cuming ! also Hinds ! Eeeve. Guayaquil; Fontaine! Orbigny. Panama ; Jay. Panama : C. B. A. ! 13 specimens were obtained. This species is used by the natives for food. A single valve taken from a heap of the shells of edible mollusks weighs 2\ Ibs. 418. Area mutabilis. Synonymy. JByssoarca mutabilis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 17. Feb. 1833. Reeve Conch. Icon., pi. 13. f. 85. Apr. 1844. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 156. 1845? 260 Panama Shells. ARCID^E. Area mutaUlis Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 638. 1846. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones and in the crevices of rocks, near low water mark. Habitat. — I. of Plata; Cuming! Sowerby: also Eeeve : also Orbigny. "West Columbia ; Hanley. I. of Plata ; Jay. Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 70 specimens were collected ; among them are some remark- able varieties of form. 419. Area (Bys§oarca) pholadiformis. Nov. sp. Shell extremely elongated, subcylindrical, contracted ante- riorly, very inequilateral : inferior margin a little irregular, somewhat excurved, scarcely gaping for the passage of the bys- sus : posterior margin very oblique, moderately excurved : ante- rior margin well rounded : dingy white : surface very finely and closely fimbriated, with the concentric ridges larger except above the posterior angle of the umbo, on which the concentric ridges are lamellar : with the intersections nodular and deeply marked beneath with the arcuate striae of growth : umbones flattened, with a very prominent and very oblique posterior angle, from which the radiating ribs divaricate: beaks small: area of ligament linear, nearly concealed : margins of the interior finely crenulate ; teeth obsolete at the middle of the series, at the ends divaricate. The sculpture is like that of A. divaricata Reeve. Length 1.25 inch; height .53 inch ; breadth .48 inch. Station. — In soft stones, near low water mark. Habitat.— Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens of thi? extraordinary shell were obtained. ARCA. Panama Shells. 261 420. Area Reeveana. Synonymy. Area Helblingii Reeve (non Brug.) Conch. Icon. spec. 90 pars. pi. 14. f. 90 ? Apr. 1844. — Reeveana Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 635. 1846. Station. — Under stones at low water ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Our specimens were found in the same situation. Habitat, — St. Elena, Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Payta; Fontaine! Orbigny. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 9 specimens were collected : one of them is nearly 4 inches long. Mr. Keeve mentions also I. Corregidor, Philippines, where probably the true A. Helblingii was obtained. 421. Area re versa. Synonymy. Area reversa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 20. Feb. 1833. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 180. 1836. hemicardium Koch, in Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 1. f. 1. Mar. 1843. reversa Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 5. Dec. 1843. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 635. 1846. Station. — Soft mud, at the depth of 7 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Keeve. Habitat. — Tumbez ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve : also Orbigny. Unknown : Koch. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 4 odd valves were found. 422. Area similis. Nov. sp. Shell ellipsoidal, very inequilateral, slightly auriculate : infe- rior margin subrectilinear ; anterior and posterior margins well 262 Panama Shells. ARCIDJE. rounded: dorsal margin somewhat oblique: white: with an epidermis, which is greenish brown on the young shell, and brownish black on an old shell : with forty to forty-four ribs, which are larger and more sharply angled posteriorly : umbones prominent, flattened, not angulated : area of the ligament nar- row, depressed : margins of the interior pectinated by the ribs : teeth small. It resembles A. tuberculosa Sowb. Length 2.2 inches ; height 1.3 inch ; breadth 1.1 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were obtained. 423. Area solida. Synonymy. Byssoarca solida Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 18. Feb. 1833. . Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 186. 1836. slrca . Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 16. f. 106. May 1844. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 155. 1845 ? . Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 633. 1846. Station. — Under stones ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones, near low water mark. Habitat. — Payta ; Cuming! Sowerby; also Reeve: also Or- bigny. Peru; Hanley. Payta ; Jay : Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Panama and Taboga : C. B. A. ! 60 specimens were collected. 424. Area (Byssoarca) Tabogensis. Nov. sp. Shell not much elongated, not very inequilateral; inferior margin nearly straight, a little gaping for the passage of the byssus ; posterior margin oblique, rectilinear or mode- ARCA. Panama Shells. 263 rately excurved ; anterior margin well rounded : dingy white, with blackish brown epidermis: with numerous very pro- minent but very narrow linear ribs, which are often alter- nately large and small, and of which a few at each extremity are a little stouter and are subnodulous ; with a few indistinct concentric lines : umbones prominent, flattened : area of the ligament very narrow, anteriorly widened abruptly: margins of the interior finely and irregularly crenulated : middle teeth very small. The epidermis is between pilose and lamellar, with the points long posteriorly. Length 1.3 inch ; height .85 inch ; breadth .65 inch. Station. — Under stones near low water mark. Habitat. — Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! 60 specimens were collected, mostly at Taboga, 425. Area tuberculosa. Synonymy. Area tuberculosa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 19. Feb. 1833. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 179. 1836. Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 1. f. 2. Mar. 1843. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 3. f. 18. Jan. 1844. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 161. 1845? Station. — Found at low water at the roots of the mangrove trees ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Our specimens were found in impalpable mud, under a mangrove thicket, near high water mark. Habitat. — Real Llejos ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Pacific Ocean, Central America ; Philippi. South America; Hanley. Real Llejos ; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; C. B. A. 1 264: Panama Shells. CAEDIID.E. We procured 147 specimens, many of which, were obtained from the natives. The animal is used by them for food. 426. Area . Sp. indet. a. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. They are too young for descrip- tion. The species is remarkable for the prominence and sharp- ness of one of its two umbonial angles. Family— CAKDIID^E. 427. Cardita a Ha IB is. Synonymy. Cardita affinis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 195. Dec. 1832. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 211. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 6. June 1843. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 149. 1845? modulosa (?} Val. Voy. Venus Moll. pi. 22. f. 2. 1846. Valenciennes quotes Lamarck for the name which he gives to this species, which must therefore be an error for nodulosa. But the Lamarckian shell probably belongs to a different species, for it is said to be Australian. The name nodulosa is yet farther involved in errors, by its reappearance in Keeve's Iconica for a very different species. Station. — Sandy mud, at a depth of from 6 to 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Our specimens were found in stones and rocks at and below half tide level. It is a boring species. Habitat. — Bay of Montija and Gulf of Nicoya; Cuming! Sowerby : also Muller. Central America ; Hanley. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. West Columbia ; Jay. CARDITA. Panama Shells. 265 Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS, Panama and Taboga ; C. B. A, ! 70 specimens were collected. 428. Cardita laticostata. Synonymy. Cardita laticostata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 195. Dec. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 210. May 1836. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 7. f. 36. Aug. 1843. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 146. 1845 » - Orb. Voy. Arner. Merid. Moll. p. 582. 1846. arcella Val. Voy. Venus. Moll. pi. 22. f. 1. 1846. Reeve Elem. Conch, pi. 35. f. 191. 1849 ? Station, — In sand, at a depth of 6 to 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. In coarse sand and mud at the depth of from 10 to 12 fathoms; Cuming! Reeve. Our specimens were found partly buried in calcareous sand and gravel, under stones, near the low water mark of spring tides. Habitat. — Guacomayo, St. Elena, Panama, and Real Llejos ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. St. Elena, Panama, Real Llejos, Guayaquil, &c. Cuming ! Reeve. All the Coast of Peru from Payta to St. Elena in Equador; Orbigny. Central America ; Hanley. Guayaquil and Real Llejos ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! "We collected 150 specimens on the reef. 429. Cardita radiata. Synonymy. Cardita radiata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 195. Dec. 1832. JULY, 1852, 18 A«H, LTC. NAT. HMT. 266 Panama Shells. CARDIIDJL Cardita radiata Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 211. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 5. June 1843. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 148. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 582. 1846. Station.— In muddy sand at the depth of from 6 to 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve, Our specimens were found near low water mark, Habitat.— Salango and Panama; Cuming! Sowerby: also Muller : also Orbigny : also Reeve. West Columbia and Panama ; Hanley. Salango and Panama ; Jay. Taboga and Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 20 specimens in various stages of growth. 430. Cardiiim graitifcrimi. /Synonymy. Cardium graniferum Brod. et Sowb. in Zool. Journ.IV.367. 1829. . Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 38. pi. 49. f. 17. 1841. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 76. f. 17. Sept. 1841, Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 8. f. 43. Nov. 1844. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 137. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 592. 1846, Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Broderip, Pacific Ocean ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Gulf of Nicoya and Xipixapi ; Curning ! Reeve : also Orbigny. Pacific; Hanley. West Columbia ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. I 6 odd valves were found. CARDIUM. Panama Shells. 267 431. Cardiiim obovale. Synonymy. Cardium obovale Brod. and Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 84. July 1833. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 217. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 90. pi. 46. f. 4. 1841. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 73. f. 4. Sept. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 21. f. 117. Mar. 1845. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 593. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud, at the depth of 11 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Keeve. Habitat. — Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller : also Reeve : also Orbigny. Panama; C. B. A.! 3 odd valves of this remarkable species were found. 432. Cardinal) planicostatum. Synonymy. Cardium planicostatum Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 83. July 1833. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 217. May 1836. • Sowb. Conch. HI. No. 83. pi. 50. f. 25. - 1841. — Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 31. Nov. 1844. Station. — In fine sand at the depth of 13 fathoms ; Cuming ['. Sowerby: also Reeve. Habitat. — Guacomayo ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller : also Reeve. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 valve of this extremely rare shell was obtained. 433. Cardium procerum. Synonymy. Cardium procerum Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 83. July 1833.. 268 Panama Shells. CARDI1D.E. Oardium procerum Miill. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 216. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 81. pi. 50. f. 23. 1841. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 77. f. 23. Sept. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 10. f. 51. Dec. 1844. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 140. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 594. 1846. Station. — In coarse sand, at a depth of from 4 to 6 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Eeeve. Habitat. — KealLlejos; Cuming! Sowerby : also Miiller : also Eeeve. Keal Llejos ; Jay. Mazatlan ; Melchers ! Menke. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 6 odd valves were collected, and many more were seen on the "beach east of Panama. 434. €ardium senticosum. Synonymy. Oardium scitlicosum Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 84. July 1833. Miill. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 218. May 1836. Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 43. pi. 47. f. 10. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 74. f. 10. Sept. 1841. rastrum Reeve in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ubi ? Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 16. f. 82. Jan. 1845. - senticosum Reeve Conch. Icon. Ind. and Errata of Carclium - Mar. 1845. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 137. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 593. 1846. Mr. Keeve's reference to Proc. Z. S., 1841, for Sowerby's description is evidently a misprint for 1833 ; and the reference to the same work, 1845, for C. rastrum seems erroneous. Mr. Hanley 's reference to Keeve Conch. Syst. pi. 84 is also a misprint for 74. Station. — In sandy mud, at from 6 to 12 fathoms depth ; Cuming! Sowerby. VENUS. Panama Shells. 269 Habitat. — St. Elena; Cuming! Sowerby: also Miiller: also Reeve in Index of Cardium : also Orbigny. S. America ; Hanley. Taboga; C. B. A.! 5 specimens were found. Family— VENERID^E. 435. Venus amatliusia ? /Synonymy. Venus amathusia Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 2. f. 4. Apr. 1844. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Philippi. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained two specimens. 436. Venus discors? Synonymy. Venus discors Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 42. March 1835. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 563. 1846. Station. — In sandy mud at from 6 to 9 fathoms; Cuming! Sowerby. Our specimens were found in coarse sand among stones be- tween one-quarter and one-half tide level. Habitat. — St. Elena and Guaeomayo ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Orbigny. Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. 1 We collected 146 specimens on the reef. 437. Venus gnidia* Synonymy. Venus ynidia Brod. et Sowb. in Zool. Journ. IV. 364. 1829. 270 Panama Shells. Venus gnidia Gray in Beech. Voy. Zool. pi. 41. f. 3. 1839. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 68. f. 5. Sept.. 1841. - Hanley's Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 13. f. 43. 1845 ? Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 113. 1845 I Orb. Voy. Amer. Mend. Moll. p. 564. 1846. Station. — Qnkn own . Habitat. — Pacific ; Hanley. Payta ; Fontaine ! Orbigny. San Bias ; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green I Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained 4 specimens of a variety which is distinguished by smaller size and proportionally more approximate concen- tric ridges. Very fine specimens, with the concentric ridges dis- tant, thin? and much elevated, are sometimes obtained at Panama. 438. Venus multicostata. Synonymy. Venus multicostata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 22. Feb 1835. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 128. 1845 I Thouarsi Val. Voy. Venus, Moll. pi. 16. f. 1. 1846. Station. — In coarse sandr at low water ; Cumingl Sowerby. Habitat. — Bay of Panama; Cuming! Sowerby. Panama ; Hanley : also Jay. La Paz ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. I 5 specimens were collected. 439. Venus pectunculoides. Synonymy. Venus pectunculoides Val. in Voy. Venus. Moll. pi. 16. f. 3. 3846, VENUS. Panama Shells. 271 Station. — In coarse sand, between one quarter and one half tide level. Habitat — Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 172 specimens were collected under a marine grove, on the reef, &c. * 440. Venus subrugosa. Synonymy. Venus subrugosa Sowb. Gen. pi. — . f. 2. pi. — . f. 5. 1824 ! Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pi. 2. f. 6. 1828. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 67. f. 2. Sept. 1841. - Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 3. f. 6, 7. Nov. 1844. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 116. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 561. 1846. Cytherea subsulcata Menke must resemble this species. Station. — We found this mollusk partly buried in coarse sand among stones, or under trees, near half tide level Habitat. — Panama ; Wood : also Hanley : also Jay. Peru; Philippi! Orbigny. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. : also Mus. Essex Inst Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 33 specimens on the reef, and in a marine grove west of Panama. 441. VenilS . Sp. indet. a. 12 odd valves were found at Taboga and Panama. 442. Venus - — . Sp. indet, b. Station. — In coarse sand, near half tide level. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 14 specimens. 272 Panama Shells. VENERID.£L 443. Cytherea affinis. Synonymy. Cytherea, affinis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. p. 45. Mar. 1835. • Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 15. f. 27. 1845 ? - Sowb.Thes. Conch. p. 630.No. 62. pi. 132. f. 101. 1851. Station. — Sandy mud at a depth of 10 fathoms ; Cuming I Sowerby. Habitat. — Panama and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were found on the beach west of Panama. 444. Cytherea aurantiaca. /Synonymy. Cytherea aurcmtiaca Sowb. Gen. pi. — . f. 3. 1824 ? Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 69, f. 3. Sept. 1841, - aurantia Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 15. f. 20. 1845 I aurantiaca Jay Catal. p. 35. Dec. 1850, - aurantia Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 628. No. 58. pi. 132. f. 97 bis. - - 1851, Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Sowerby : also Hanley. Gulf of Nicoya ; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. : also Gould MSS. Taboga ; C. B. A. I We collected 3 specimens of this beautiful shell. 445. Cytherea consanguinea. Nov. sp. Shell obovate, subcordate, with the ventral margin well excurved : very pale straw color, with numerous yellowish brown linear rays, which are more or less interrupted, and which usually terminate before reaching the margin : smooth and shining, with the lines of growth very minute : beaks pro- CYTHEREA. Panama Shells. 273 minent, approximate : posterior area long and narrow, well defined : lunule cordiform, defined by a well impressed line ; both, areas striate : margin of the interior not crenulate : ante- rior tooth much larger than the others. This shell belongs to a group of very closely allied species, among which are C. inflata^ C. albida, C. convexa, &c. Length 1.25 inch ; height 1 inch ; breadth .68 inch. Station, — Unkn own. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found 8 specimens on the reef. 446. Cytherea radiata. Synonymy. Cytherea radiata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 23. Feb. 1835. Hanley in Descr. Catal. p. 106. 1845 ? Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 615. No. 9. pi. 128. f. 28-31. - - 1851. Station. — In sandy mud at a depth of 9 fathoms ; Cuming [ Sowerby. Habitat. — Salango and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby, West Columbia ; Hanley : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 447. Cytherea squalida. /Synonymy. Cytherea xqualida Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 23. Feb. 1835, biradiata Gray in Beech. Voy. Zool. p. 151. pi. 43. f. 5. 1839, Siebold in Wiegm. Archiv. 1839, squalida Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 629. No. 61 (pars). pi. 181. f. 87. (88, 89 exclus.) 1851. Mr. Sowerby (in Thes. Conch.) says that the species, as there constituted, was first named from specimens brought by Mr, 274 Panama Shells. VENERIDJB. Cuming from the Philippine Islands : but there must be some error in this statement, for in Feb. 1835, Mr. Cuming had not made his collections in the Philippine Islands, and Mr. Sowerby, in the original description in Proc. Zool. Soc. at that time, gave the station and locality as we have quoted below. Conse- quently the name C. biradiata must stand as a synonym of C. squalida, and the shells from the Philippine Islands should be named and described as a distinct species. Station. — In sandy mud, at a depth of 6 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — St. Elena ; Cuming ! Sowerby, 1835. Abundantly at San Bias and Mazatlan ; Beechey ! also Siebold. California ; Sowerby, 1851. La Paz ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst. West Columbia, Mazatlan, and California-, Jay. Taboga; C. B. A.! 5 specimens were found. 448. Artemis Dunkeri. Synonymy. Cytherea Dunkeri Phil. Abbild. I. pi. 2. f. .5. Oct. 1844. Artemis Pacifica (Mus. Berol.) Trosch. in Wiegm. Archiv. p. 324. 1844. Dunkeri Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 6. f. 34. March 1850. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Pacific shore of Mexico; Philippi : also TroscheL St. Elena and Panama, Central America (?) ; Cum- ing! Eeeve. Pacific; Jay. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. : also Mus. Essex Inst. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 36 specimens were found on the beach next west of Panama. CYRENA, Panama Shells. 275 449. Artemis saccata. Synonymy. Arthemis saccata Gould in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 91. Nov. 1851. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were obtained. 450. Gouldia Pacifica. Nov. sp. Shell subtriangular, but with the ventral margin well excurved : the color varying in different specimens from dingy white to pale brown, often tinged with red about the beaks, with some narrow rays of brown, and rarely with short irregu- lar lines of brown : with eight to twelve stout subequal concen- tric ridges : sometimes radiately striated : beaks very acute and closely approximate: posterior area moderately depressed: lunule denned by a well impressed line, rising at the margin of the valves : margin of the interior not crenulate. It is closely allied to G. parva Ad. Length .22 inch ; height .19 inch ; breadth .09 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 4 entire shells and 60 odd valves. 451. Cyrena maritima. Nov. sp. Shell subtriangular, but with the ventral margin well excurved, ventricose, thin : dingy white, more or less viola- ceous in the posterior half: with an olivaceous coarsely striate epidermis : with well impressed striae of growth : beaks very prominent, approximate : umbones very prominent : with a prominent posterior angle, and another less developed posterior 276 Panama Shells. TELLENID.E. angle, which defines the area of the corselet: with an indis- tinct intermediate angle : lunule broad and deep, but not well defined : ligament large : margins thin : with all the cardinal and lateral teeth well developed, but not thick. The dimensions of two specimens are as follows : — Length 2 inches ; height 1.75 inches ; breadth 1.5 inches. " 2.7 " " 2.25 " " 1.95 " Station. — In impalpable mud, under bushes, at high water mark, where a small stream emptied. Some of the dead shells, which had not been moved from their station, had Balani growing in them. Habitat. — Panama ; 0. B. A. ! 2 5 miles east of Panama 9 specimens were collected. Family— TELLENIDJE. 452. 1,114 iaiM tellinoides. Synonymy. Lucina tellinoides Reeve Concli. Icon. pi. 9. f. 56. June 1850. Station. — In sandy mud, at a depth of about 11 fathoms ; Cuming ! Eeeve. Habitat. — I. of Muerte ; Cuming ! Keeve. Taboga ; C. B. A. ! 30 specimens were collected. 453. Capsa altior. Synonymy. Capsa altior Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 196. Dec. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 225. May 1836. - Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 14. f. 34. 1845 ? - Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 86. 1845 ? Station. — Coarse gravel, in 12 fathoms water ; and a variety, DONAX. Panama /Shells. 277 which is smaller and higher, at a depth of 5 fathoms in thin mud ; Cuming ! Sowerby. The only living specimen which we found was buried one or two inches deep in sand, on a sandy flat, near low water mark. Habitat.— Gulf of Nicoya ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller. Tumbez (for the var. above mentioned) ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Peru and Central America ; Hanley. Punta St. Elena ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 454. Donax assimilis. Synonymy. Donax assimilis Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 17. Mar. 1845. /Station. — At about three quarters tide level, buried a few inches deep in sand. It is frequently used for food by the inhabitants. The regard which these mollusks have to a deter- minate level, was shown by a method for finding them, which was employed by a negro woman, who was seen several times collecting them. Beginning below the level where they might be found, the sand was scooped up with a calabash, in a line running up the beach, until the shells were found. Then by keeping to this level, every calabash full of sand yielded more or less of the Donax. Habitat. — Panama ; Hanley. Mazatlan ; Lt. Green 1 Mus. Essex Inst Panama ; C. B. A. 1 350 specimens were collected. 455. Donax gracilis. Synonymy. Donax gracilis Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 15. Feb. 1845. 278 Panama Shells. TELLENIDJE. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Bay of Guayaquil, and of Caraccas, Chiriqui ; Cuming! Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 20 odd valves were taken on the beach west of Panama. 456. Donax navicula. Synonymy. Donax navicula Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 15. Feb. 1845. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Gulf of Nicoya; Cuming! Hanley. Panama ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained. 457. Donax rostratu§. Nov. sp. Shell elongated, inequilateral, rostrated anteriorly ; ventral edge excurved along the middle, anteriorly rectilinear ; anterior margin very oblique, nearly rectilinear, forming with the ventral edge a rostriform extremity : purple and dingy yellowish brown, more or less in ill denned zones ; interior with the same colors not in zones : posteriorly and near the beaks smooth and shin- ing ; with rather distant very fine radiating striae over the middle of the disc ; striae coarser anteriorly, more distant next behind and more crowded before the umbonial angle ; the latter are slightly rugose : beaks small, prominent : umbones pro- minent ; with a very sharp angle separating a concave anterior surface ; within slightly radiately striated ; with the anterior and ventral margins crenulated, more coarsely and deeply at the anterior extremity : with a prominent lateral tooth on each side of the cardinal teeth. It somewhat resembles D. cardinatus Hanley. Length 1.6 inch ; height 1.15 inch ; breadth .8 inch. TELLIKA, Panama Shells. 279 Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould MSS. Santa Barbara ; Col. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 valve only was obtained. . — The number of species in this genus which occur at Panama is extraordinary : it will be seen that 19 were collected. 458. Tellina aurora ? Synonymy. Tellina aurora Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 147. Sept. 1844, --- . Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 301. No. 153. pi. 58. f. 76. 1846. Station. — Soft sandy mud in 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Hanley, Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Hanley. Rio Janeiro ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 entire specimens were found. Probably there is some error in Dr. Jay's statement. One of our specimens is colorless, and both of them are a little more acuminated posteriorly by the more descending slope of the dorsal margin than the specimen which is figured in the The- sawus. An odd valve is less acuminated. 459. Tellina cognata. Nov. sp. Shell subelliptical, solid, convex, subequi lateral ; ventral margin slightly excurved ; anterior margin broadly rounded ; anterior dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping ; posterior dor- sal margin slightly concave, sloping equally with the posterior dorsal ; posterior extremity somewhat obliquely and very broadly truncated ; flexure slight ; white, with a pale reddish or brownish tinge ; with excessively minute unequal radiating 280 Panama Shells. TELLENIDJE. striae; with concentric crowded somewhat oblique minute striae, which terminate much before reaching the umbonial angle, covering less than half of the posterior side, and which are also wanting near the anterior dorsal margin : beaks not very prominent : ligament short, conspicuous : lateral teeth obsolete. It is closely allied to T. similis, which is said to be a Caribbean species. Length 1.75 inch ; height 1.23 inch ; breadth .5 inch. Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! A single valve was found. 46tx Tellina Columbieiisis. Synonymy. Tellina Columbiensis Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 11. Apr. 1844. Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 307. No. 166. pi. 65. f. 246. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud, 12 fathoms ; Cuming ! Hanley. Habitat. — Monte Christi ; Cuming I Hanley. Taboga ; C. B. A. I 2 specimens were found. 461. Tellina conciima. Nov. sp. Shell subelliptical, rather thin, convex, with the anterior side a little larger ; ventral margin moderately excurved ; anterior margin broadly rounded; anterior dorsal margin a little excurved, moderately sloping ; posterior dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping equally with the anterior dorsal margin ; pos- terior extremity somewhat obliquely and very broadly trun- cated ; flexure slight : shining, snow-white, with a slight tinge of pink in the middle ; with very unequal, and, for the most TELLINA, Panama Shells. 281 part, very fine concentric striae, which are much coarser poste- riorly ; with excessively minute unequal radiating striaa : beaks not very prominent : ligament short, conspicuous : lateral teeth obsolete. Length 1.6 inch ; height 1.02 inch ; breadth .47 inch. Station. — Unkno wn. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 fine specimens were obtained. 462. Tellina crystallina. Synonymy. Tellina crystallina (Chem. XL 210. f. 1947-8 ; teste Hanley) ( Wood. Ind. Test. pi. 3. f. 10 ; teste Hanley)* Wood. Gen. Conch, p. 149. 1835. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 66. 1845 f — Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch. I. 270. pi. 57. f. 43. 1846. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — St. Elena; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We obtained only 1 valve. 463. Tellina Cumingii. Synonymy. Tellina Cnmingii Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 59. Apr. 1844. - Hanley in Sowb. Tbes. Conch, p. 223. No. 3. pi. 58. f. 72. 1846. Station. — In coral sand ; Cuming ! Hanley, Habitat. — Guacomayo ; Cuming ! Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found only 1 entire shell and 1 single valve. * We haye not had an opportunity of consulting Chemnitz and Wood's Index since this species was determined. JULY, 1852. 19 Anif. LTC. N*T. HIST. 282 Panama Shells, 464. Tcllina Dombei. Synonymy. Tellina Dombei Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 144. Aug. 1844, Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 323. No. 199. pi. 62. f. 182. 1846. Station. — In sandy mud, 12 fathoms ; Cuming I Hanley. Habitat. — Panama; Cuming! Hanley. Panama; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 12 specimens were collected. 465. Tellina felix. Synonymy. Tellina felix Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 71. Apr. 1844, Hanley in Thes. Conch, p. 281. No. 110. pi. 57. fig. 52. 1846. Station.— Sandy mud, 6 to 10 fathoms ; Cuming ! Hanley, Habitat. — Panama ; Cuming ! Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 36 odd valves on the beach west of Panama, 466. Tellina laceridens* Synonymy. Tellina laceridens Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 61. Apr. 1844, Hanley in Thes. Conch, p. 243. No. 40. pi. 61. f. 168. 176. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud, 3 to 5 fathoms ; Cuming ! Hanley, Habitat. — Tumbez and Chiriqui ; Cuming 1 Hanley, West Columbia ; Jay, TELLINA. Panama Shells. 288 Panama ; C. B. A. ! 7 specimens were collected on the sand beaches. 467. Tellina prora. Synonymy. Tellina prora Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 61. Apr. 1844. Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 243. No. 39. pi. 60. f. 152. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud, 6 to 9 fathoms ; Cuming ! Hanley. Habitat. — St. Elena and Salango ; Cuming ! Hanley. Salango ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. I A single valve was found. 468. Tellina puella. Nov. sp. Shell elongate, rather solid, convex, moderately inequilateral ; ventral margin slightly excurved, posteriorly straight ; anterior margin broadly rounded ; anterior dorsal margin slightly ex- curved ; posterior dorsal margin straight, rapidly sloping to an acute posterior extremity ; flexure moderate : white, more or less deeply tinged with red, mostly near the margin : shining ; with excessively minute concentric striae, and some faint micro- scopic radiating striae : beaks not very prominent : ligament small : lateral teeth well developed. Length .9 inch ; height .53 inch ; breadth .28 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. I 12 odd valves were collected. 469. Tellina rubescen§. Synonymy. Tellina rttbescens Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 60. Apr. 1844. 284 Panama Shells. TELLENID^:. Tellina rubescens Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 242. No. 38. pi. 60. f. 153. 1846. Station. — In sandy mud ; Cuming ! Hanley. Habitat. — Panama and Tumbez ; Cuming ! Hanley. Tumbez ; Jay. " Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were found. 470. Tellina siliqua. Nov. sp. Shell elongate, subelliptic, very thin, very convex, very in- equilateral ; ventral margin nearly straight ; anterior margin well rounded ; anterior dorsal margin slightly excurved, mode- rately sloping ; posterior dorsal margin straight or concave, sloping to a small subtruncate posterior extremity; flexure great : pure white : with excessively minute concentric striae : beaks acute : ligament small : cardinal teeth small ; lateral teeth wanting. Dr. Gould suggested the very appropriate name which we have adopted. Length .7 inch ; height A inch ; breadth .3 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 471. — Tellina simulans. Nov. sp. Synonymy. Tellina punicca (pars) Hanley in Sowb. Thes. Conch. I. 239. 1846. Shell subovate, solid, moderately convex, nearly inequilate- ral ; ventral margin slightly excurved ; anterior margin well rounded ; anterior dorsal margin slightly excurved ; poste- rior dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping ; posterior extremity obliquely truncated ; flexure slight : white, more or less deeply tinged with rose color except near the margin and around the TELLINA. Panama Sliells. 285 pure white beaks ; within of a very deep red : shining ; with deep crowded regular concentric sulci, which are of equal depth at both extremities : beaks prominent : ligament short, conspi- cuous: with a long posterior dorsal area well defined by an angle: lateral teeth nearly obsolete. The difference between this shell and T. punicea is slight : its farrows are deeper and are continued over the flexure without change of depth ; the interspaces are less flattened, and the lateral teeth are nearly obsolete. Length 1.13 inch ; height .7 inch ; breadth .3 inch. Station. — In sandy mud at 10 fathoms : Cuming ! Hanley. Habitat. — Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. 1 1 valve was found. 472. Tellina sincera. Synonymy. Tellina sincera Hanley in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 68. Apr. 1844. Hanley in Thes. Conch, p. 261. No. 70. pi. 60. f. 144. 1846. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — N. W. Coast of America (Dr. Sinclair) ; Hanley in Thesaurus. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 15 specimens were obtained on the beach west of the town. 473. Tellina vicina. Nov. sp. Shell very short, subovate, solid, convex, subequilateral : ventral margin well excurved, sometimes slightly incurved near the flexure ; anterior margin broadly rounded ; anterior and posterior dorsal margins nearly straight, sloping ; posterior extremity subtruncated ; flexure moderate : dingy white, some- times tinged with yellowish brown ; sometimes deep red, with 286 Panama Shells. PETRICOLIDJS. a tinge of blue or grey ; some whitish specimens are orna- mented with bluish purple zigzag lines on the umbones, or with a short ray of the same color before the beaks : with deep unequal crowded concentric striae : beaks prominent : ligament short, conspicuous : lateral teeth rather small. This species is closely allied to T. bimaculata. and has similar varieties of color- »/ ' ing, but is larger, higher, and has coarser strias. Length .95 inch ; height .78 inch ; breadth A inch. Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were collected. 474. Tellina . Sp. indet. a. L valve, obtained near Panama, resembles an overgrown T. elongata Hanley, which species Mr. Cuming found at Chiri- qui : but the figure of that species in Sowb, Thes. represents the umbonial angles as concave upwards, but in this shell they are convex upwards, and consequently the posterior area is less. Our specimen is more than 3 inches long. 475. Tellina - -. Sp. indet. b. A long elliptic plain white shell; 1 valve was found near Panama. 476. Tellina - — . Sp. indet. c. Like T. puetta, but less rostrate and more deeply striate ; 5 odd valves were found near Panama. Family— PETBICOLID^E. 477. Petricola cognata. Nov. sp. Shell pholas-shaped, inequilateral : dingy white : in the upper posterior area with very fine crowded radiating equal CUMINGIA. Panama Shells. 287 strias ; in the lower posterior area with unequal fine raised radiating lines ; in the anterior half with radiating ribs, which are ornamented with small thick vaulted scales ; beaks small, prominent : umbones prominent, somewhat flattened : lunule defined by the anterior ribs, a little depressed : ventral margin scalloped anteriorly. It is allied to P. pholadiformis Lam. Length .92 inch ; height .42 inch ; breadth .44 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 478. Saxicava tennis! Synonymy. Saxicava tennis (?) Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 88. Aug. 1834. The description of this species is too meagre to enable us to identify oar shell confidently. Station. — In soft stones near half tide level. Habitat. — Pacosmayo and Lambeyeque ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found in the same stone with Alodiola, sp. indet. e. Family— MACTKID^E. 479. Cumingia eoarctata. Synonymy. Cumingia eoarctata Sowb. Gen. pi. — . f. 4. - Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 34. Mar. 1 833. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 49. f. 4. Sept. 1841. - Hanley Supp. Wood Tnd. Test. pi. 12. f. 37. 1845? Station. — Sandy, muddy bottom, 7 fathoms water ; Cuming ! Sowerby. 288 Panama Shells. MACTRID^:, Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Ginning ! Sowerby. Panama ; 0. B. A. ! 4 specimens were obtained. 480. Cumingia trigonularis. Synonymy. Cumingia trigonularis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 35. Mar. 1833; Sowb. Gen. pi. — . f. 2. Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 49. f. 2. Sept. 1841,. Station. — Among stones in deep water ; Cuming ! Sowerby Habitat. — St. Elena : Cuming ! Sowerby. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were found. 481. Cumingia . Sp. indet. «,. 4 specimens were obtained near Panama. 482. Cumingia . Sp. indet. 5. 1 specimen was obtained near Panama. 483. Cumingia , Sp. indet. c. 1 valve was found near Panama. 484. Cumingia - -. Sp. indet. d. 1 specimen was found near Panama. The above are probably new species of Cumingia; but as their characters are probably somewhat variable, more speci- mens are requisite for good descriptions. 485. Ainphidesma bicolor. Nov. sp. Shell elliptical, scarcely flexuous, inequilateral, the posterior side being larger ; with the posterior dorsal margin a little con- AMPHIDESMA. Panama Shells. 289 cave, otherwise with all the margins well rounded : purple near the beaks, otherwise dingy white : interior similarly colored, but with the purple region larger: smooth near the beaks, otherwise with fine raised concentric lines, and crowded radiat- ing strict, which are mostly microscopic, and which posteriorly are divergent and wholly microscopic ; beaks small, prominent : umbones convex. Length .85 inch ; height .74 inch ; breadth .42 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 valve was found. 486. Amphidesma ellipticum I Synonymy, Amphidesma ellipticum Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. p. 200. - Dec. 1832. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 45. 1845? Station. — Dredged at a depth of 9 fathoms in sandy mud ; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Monte Christi ; Cuming ! Sowerby. West Columbia ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. I We obtained 20 specimens on the reef at low water mark. Most of them are in fine condition, although none were taken alive. 487. Amphidesma proximum. Nov. sp. Shell suborbicular, slightly flexuous, a little inequilateral, with the anterior dorsal margin concave, with the posterior dorsal margin a little excurved, subtruncated posteriorly, other- wise with the margins well rounded : snow white, with a thin slate or umber-colored epidermis : centrally and anteriorly with very fine rather distant raised lines ; with extremely minute 290 Panama Shells. MACTRIDJE, radiating striae over the whole surface: beak small, approxi- mate : left umbo more convex than the right one : corselet and lunule long and narrow, concave. It is closely allied by varieties to A. ellipticum Sowb. : it corresponds mostly to the descriptions of A. lenticulare Sowb., but the figures of that species in Sowb. Conch. HI. and Hanley App. Wood Ind. appear to represent a distinct species. Sometimes the shell is tinged with brownish orange near the beaks and middle portion, especially in the interior. In some specimens the inner surface within the pallial line is finely and deeply punctated, and the deep pallial sinus is marked with striae radiating from the opening of the sinus. Length 1.8 inch; height 1.58 inch; breadth .82 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; 0. B. A. ! 18 specimens were taken on the reef at low water mark. 488. AmpMdcsma pulchriim. Synonymy. Ainphidesma pulchrum Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 57. Mar. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 221. May 1836. - Sowb. Conch. 111. No. 2. pi. 17. f. 2. 1841. - Reeve Conch. Syst. pi. 47. f. 2. Sept. 1841. - Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 12. f. 6. 1845 ? - Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 45. 1845 ? — Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 534. 1846. /Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby in Proc. Zool. Soc. : also Miiller. Bay of Caraccas ; Orbigny. St. Elena and Panama; Cuming! Sowerby in Conch. 111. S. America; Hanley. AMPHIDESMA. Panama /Shells. 291 St. Elena ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We found 4 specimens. 489. Amphidesma striosum. Nov. sp. Shell elliptical, slightly flexuous, inequilateral ; with the posterior dorsal margin slightly excurved, with the anterior dorsal margin concave, otherwise with the margins well rounded : pale yellowish brown : with numerous fine raised con- centric lines, and closely crowded radiating striae, which are mostly microscopic : beaks small, approximate : umbones con- vex: corselet and lunule not well defined. Length .78 inch ; height .71 inch ; breadth .33 inch. Station. — Unknown . Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 490. Amphidesma tortuosum. Nov. sp. Shell compressed, subequilateral, triangular above, orbicular below, the slightly excurved posterior dorsal margin and the slightly concave anterior dorsal margin meeting at an angle of about 125°, and the rest of the margins being well rounded ; posterior side very flexuous, with a broad deep groove on the left valve and a corresponding ridge on the right valve : dingy white : with numerous concentric ridges, which are crossed by radiating strias that are partly microscopic : beaks very minute, approximate : left umbo flat, right one convex : corselet and lunule long and narrow, deeply concave. Length 1.25 inch; height 1.1 inch ; breadth .35 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained. 292 Panama Shells. 491. Amphidesma ventricosum. Nov. sp. Shell suborbicular, subequilateral, ventricose, flexuous ; with the anterior and posterior dorsal margins nearly straight; with the margins otherwise well rounded : dingy white, brownish in ill-defined zones : with unequal striae of growth ; densely covered with radiating microscopic striae : beaks small, approxi- mate : umbones very convex : corselet and lunule not very well defined. Length .7 inch ; height .62 inch ; breadth .36 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! A single valve only was found. 492. Crassatella gibbosa. Synonymy. Crassatella gibbosa Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 56. Mar. 1832. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 212. May 1836. -Reeve Conch. Syst. I. pi. 44. f. 2. Sept. 1841. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 1. Jan. 1843. - Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 1 2. f. 1 6. 1845? - Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 37. 1845 ? - Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 2. f. 6, 12. — - Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 578. 1846. Station. — Sandy mud, 11 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Habitat. — St. Elena and Xipixapi ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller : also Orbigny : also Reeve. Payta; Fontaine! Orbigny. S. America ; Hanley. Punta St. Elena ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A ! Only 1 valve was obtained. LUTRARIA. Panama Shells. 293 493. niulinia donaciformis. Synonymy. Mulinia donaciformis Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 35. 1845 '( • Hanley Supp.Wood. Ind. Test. pi. 10. f. 29. 1845 ? This species, according to Hanley, was described by Gray in Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, and figured in Zool. Beech. Voy. pi. 44. f. 13, 1839 ; but not having these books before us since our speci- mens were determined, we have not verified these references. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — South Seas ; Hanley. Panama ; Col. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. 1 14 specimens were collected on the beach west of Panama. 494. iTIuliiiia ventricosa. Synonymy. Lwtraria ventricosa Gould Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 89. Nov. 1851. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Mazatlan ; Lt. Green ! Gould. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were collected on the beach west of Panama. 495. Lutraria elegans. Synonymy. Mactra elegans Sowb. in Tank. Catal. No. 116. App. p. 2. pi. 1. f. 3. 1 825. Desh. in Lam. An. sans Vert. VI. 107. 1835. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 33. 1845 ? Hanley Supp. Wood. Ind. Test. pi. 11. f. 16. 1845 ? Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Unknown ; Sowerby : also Deshayes. 294 Panama Sheik. CORBULID^E. Florida ; Hanley. Panama ; C. B. A. ! We collected 6 odd valves of this rare and elegant shell. L. canaliculata Say is the Atlantic analogue. Dr. Gould has shown us his L. undulata, which is quite distinct from either species. Mr. Hanley must be in error as to the habitat of the species. Its Atlantic analogue inhabits Florida, but is not likely to have been confounded with this shell. 496. ITIactra vclata. Synonymy. Mactra velata Phil in Zeitschr. Mai. p. 153. No. 10 for 1848. Mar. 1849. • Phil. Abbild. III. pi. 3. f. 5. Nov. 1850. This shell attains a length of 4 inches. A small variety (a) has the posterior dorsal outline much less excurved. It may possi- bly be a distinct species. Col. Jewett's specimens belong to this type. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; E. B. Philippi ! Philippi. Panama; Troschel. Panama ; Col. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were found on the reef. Family— COKBULID^E. 497. Anatina alta. Nov. sp. Shell ovate, short ; anteriorly subangular and flexuous ; otherwise with the margins well rounded : pearl-white, with a thin brownish epidermis : with unequal striae of growth ; surface microscopically sagrinate; beaks small, prominent, approximate : umbones moderately convex : spoon-shaped tooth followed by a well rounded deep sinus under the beak. POTAMOMYA. Panama Shells. 29t> Length 1.98 inch ; height 1.35 inch ; breadth .7 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 valve only was found. 498. Pandora cornnla. Nov. sp. Shell elongate, ovate, very inequilateral, the posterior part being much longer and higher ; dorsal margin nearly straight, posteriorly sharply rostriform ; posterior margin much exca- vated next beneath the rostriform projection; ventral margin well rounded : pearl-white : with some unequal striae of growth ; right valve with a prominent angle extending from the beak to- the middle of the sinus of the posterior margin ; left valve with a corresponding depressed angle : beaks indistinct : umbones slightly and almost equally convex. Length .7 inch ; height .42 inch ; breadth .11 inch. We adopt the appropriate name suggested by Dr. Gould. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. I Only 1 specimen was found. 499. Potaiiiomya aequalis. Nov. sp. Shell subovate, nearly equilateral, slightly inequivalve ; with the margin subangulated posteriorly, otherwise well rounded : white beneath a pale brown epidermis : with unequal striae of growth; posteriorly with an umbonial angle not very promi- nent : beaks small : right umbo very prominent, both somewhat compressed : tooth rather small ; teeth of the left valve with a medial ridge. Length .78 inch ; height .66 inch ; breadth .42 inch. Station. — In soft impalpable mud, under a mangrove thicket, near high water mark, and near the outlet of a small stream, with Area tuberculosa, 296 Panama Shells. CORBULID^. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was obtained about 2£ miles east of Panama. 500. Potamomya inflata. Nov. sp. Shell ovate, ventricose, inequilateral, moderately inequivalve ; posterior margin subtruncated between the extremities of two umbonial angles, of which the upper one is indistinct ; ventral margin moderately excurved ; anterior margin abruptly and regularly rounded: white beneath a pale brown epidermis: with unequal strias of growth : beaks small : urnbones very prominent, somewhat compressed : teeth small ; tooth of the left valve with a medial ridge. Length .7 inch ; height .57 inch ; breadth .5 inch. A less ventricose variety has the following dimensions : Length .6 inch ; height .46 inch ; breadth .33 inch. Station. — With P. cequalis, q. v. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 3 specimens were obtained with P. cequalis. 501. Potamomya trigonalis. Nov. sp. Shell solid, triangular, moderately inequivalve, subequi- lateral ; upper posterior margin moderately excurved, forming an angle with the slightly excurved ventral margin ; anteriorly with the dorsal margin abruptly and regularly rounded into the ventral margin : white beneath a pale brown epidermis : with fine striae of growth ; with a sharp umbonial angle defining a posterior area : beaks large and prominent : umbones promi- nent, somewhat compressed : teeth large and robust ; tooth of the left valve with a medial ridge. Length .95 inch ; height .8 inch ; breadth .56 inch. Station. — With P. cequalis, q. v. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 2 specimens were obtained. CORBULA. Panama Shells. 297 502. Corbula Mcariiiata. Synonymy. Corbula bicarinata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 35. Mar. 1833. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 229. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 3. f. 23. Jan. 1844. Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 12. f. 31. 1845? Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 46. 1845? - Orb. Voy. Amer. Mend. Moll. p. 571. 1846. Station. — In sandy mud, at the depth of from 7 to 17 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Our specimens were found under stones, which were sunk deep in sand, a little above low water mark. Habitat. — Panama, Real Llejos, Caraccas, St. Elena, &c. ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller : also Orbigny : also Reeve. West Columbia ; Hanley ; also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 260 specimens were collected on the reef. 503. Corlmla Mradiata. Synonymy. Corbula biradiata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 35. Mar. 1833. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 230. May 1836. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 3. Aug. 1843. Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 10. f. 51. 1845 ? Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 47. 1845 ? Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll. p. 571. 1846. Station. — In sand and mud, at the depth of from 3 to 7 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby ; also Reeve. Habitat. — Chiriqui and Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller : also Orbigny : also Reeve. Caraccas; Hanley. JULY, 1852. 20 ANN. Lore. NAT. HIST. 298 Panama Shells. CORBULID^E. West Columbia ; Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 entire specimen and 8 odd valves appear to be the shell described as above. 2 entire specimens and 10 odd valves of a beautiful variety were also obtained. 504. Corbula obesa. Synonymy. Corbula obesa Hinds in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 57. May 1843. Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 5. f. 38. May 1844. Hinds Zool. Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 68. pi. 20. f. 12. 1844. Station. — Mud, at the depth of 22 to 33 fathoms ; Hinds ! also Reeve. Habitat. — West coast of America, between 8° 57' and 21° 32' N. lat., Panama, Veragua, San Bias, &c. ; Hinds ! also Reeve. San Bias ; Jay. Panama; C. B. A. ! 6 odd valves were found. 505. Corbula ovtilata. Synonymy. Corbula ovulata Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 35. Mar. 1833. • Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 230. May 1836. • Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 1. f. 7. Aug. 1843. Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 47. 1845 ? Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 10. f. 52. 1845 ? • Orb. Voy. Amer. Mend. Moll. p. 571. 1846 Station. — In sandy mud, at various depths from 7 to 17 fathoms ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Habitat. — Xipixapi and Bays of Montijo and Caraccas : Cuming ! Sowerby : also Muller : also Orbigny : also Reeve. On the sands at Real Llejos and Mazatlan, a few CORBULA. Panama Shells. 299 odd valves, of a clear pink color, were picked up ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Reeve. S. America ; Hanley. Taboga ; C. B, A. ! 6 odd valves and 1 entire specimen were found. The latter is of extraordinary size and thickness, Its dimensions are — length 1.22 inch ; height .81 inch ; width .68 inch : it weighs f oz. On and around the umbones, it is of a clear pink color. 506. Corbula rubra. Nov. sp. Shell subovate, moderately inequivalve and inequilateral, posteriorly acuminate, with the ventral margin arcuate, anteriorly rounded : rufous, with a short white ray on the anterior side of the umbo, and a dark red spot before it : with fine concentric strire, decussated by radiating microscopic striae ; beaks not very prominent : umbones prominent, somewhat angulated on both sides near the beaks : teeth small. Our unique specimen has a broad flexure a little behind the middle ; but this may be an accidental growth. Length .31 inch ; height .19 inch ; breadth .14 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! Only 1 specimen was obtained. 507. C orb ula tennis. Nov. sp. Synonymy. Corbula tcnuis Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 36. Mar. 1836. - Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 231. May 1836. - Reeve Conch. Icon. pi. 2. f. 13. Sept. 1843. Station. — Sandy mud, at the depth of 12 fathoms ; Cuining ! Sowerby : also Reeve. Habitat. — Bay of Montijo ; Cuming! Sowerby: alsoMiiller: also Reeve. Mazatlan ; E. Jewett ! Gould MSS. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 300 Panama Shells. SOLENID^E. Of this species, hitherto unique in the Cumingian collection, we obtained only 1 specimen of the convex valve. Col. Jewett also brought a convex valve to Dr. Gould, and retained another odd valve from Mazatlan. 508. Corbllla . Sp. indet. a. This species has some resemblance to C. Taheitensis. We obtained at Panama but 1 valve, which is probably immature. 509. Corbllla . Sp. indet. b. Two left valves were obtained at Panama. Family— SOLENID^E. 510. Solecurtus affinis. Nov. sp. Shell much elongated, compressed cylindric, well rounded at both extremities; ventral edge straight or slightly arcuated: white beneath a deep yellowish brown epidermis : with unequal striae of growth : beaks not prominent, a little behind the mid- •dle of the shell : umbones compressed along the middle : liga- ment broad, with stout nymphasal callosities : teeth small, one in the left, and two in the right valve. This is the analogue of 8. Caribceus. Length 2.25 inches; height .8 inch; breadth .55 inch. Station. — Unknown. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 10 specimens were collected. 511. Soleii rudis. Nov. sp. Shell solid, straight or slightly recurved ; with the posterior extremity abruptly truncated nearly perpendicularly; ante- riorly with very thick rounded margins: white beneath a brown deciduous epidermis, which is produced much beyond the margins : with only indistinct striae of growth on the shell ; with some radiating lines on the epidermis : beaks inconspicu- PHOLAS. Panama Shells. 301 ous, at one seventh of the length from the anterior extremity : ligament large, with stout nymph zeal callosities : teeth large in old shells. Length 5.8 inches ; height 1.3 inch ; breadth 1 inch. Station. — In coarse sand, among stones, near low water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! 55 specimens were collected on the reef. It is an edible spe- cies, and many of our specimens were obtained from the natives, who were digging them for food. Family— PHOLADID^E. 512. Pholas crucigera. Synonymy. Pholas cruciyera Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 69. July 1834. cruciger Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 236. May 1836. - Orb. Voy. Amer. Mericl. Moll. p. 499. 1843. cruciyera Hanley Supp. Wood Ind. Test. pi. 11. f. 53. 1845? • Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 6. 1845? Sowb. Thes. Conch. Index. 1849. crucifera Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 489. No. 13. pi. 104. f. 24-6. 1849. 'cmcigera Phil. Abbild. III. pi. II. f. 4. Nov. 1850. Station. — In soft sandstone at half tide ; in soft stone at low water; in hard clay at the depth of 13 fathoms; Cuming ! Sowerby. Habitat. — I. of Puna, Bay of Caraccas, and Gulf of Nicoya ; Cuming ! Sowerby : also Miiller. Central America ; Hanley : also Orbigny : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 302 Panama Shells. PHOLADID^E. 513. Phot a* tiibifera. Synonymy. Pholas tubifera Sowb. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 71. July 1834. - Mull. Synop. Nov. Test. Viv. p. 238. May 1836. - Orb. Voy. Ainer. Merid. Moll. p. 499. 1843. - Hanley Descr. Catal. p. 8. 1845 ? — Sowb. Tbes. Concb. p. 499. No. 41. pi. 106. f. 64, 65. 1849. Station. — In decayed wood, dredged up at 10 fathoms' depth ; Cumin g ! Sowerby. Habitat. — Bay of Caraccas ; Cuming! Sowerby: also Miiller. Payta ; Fontaine ! Orbigny. West Columbia ; Hanley : also Jay. Panama ; C. B. A. ! 1 specimen was found. 514. Pholas xylophaga. (Val. non Desk et al.) /Synonymy. Penitella xylophaya (?) Val. Voy. Venus Moll. pi. 24. f. 2. 1846. Station. — Boring in wood, near high water mark. Habitat. — Panama ; C. B. A. ! ,, 20 specimens were taken from the bottom of an old "dug- out,"* on the rocks near the sea wall. The bottom of the canoe was filled with this mollusk. 515. Pliola^ - — . Sp. indet. a. 2 right valves were found near Panama. It resembles P. lanceolata Orb. 516. Pholas - -. Sp. indet. b. 1 partially decayed valve was found near Panama. This is probably an undescribed species. * A large canoe made of the trunk of a tree. ORBICULA. Panama Shells. 303 Class— BRACHIOPODA. 517. Orbicula Cumiiigii. Synonymy. Orbicula Cumingii Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 125. Nov. 1833. Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. I. 143, pi. 23. f. 1. 1835. Brod. in Ann. des Sc. Nat. p. 29. pi. 2. f. 1. 1835. Mull. Syn. Test. Viv. p. 175. 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. VII. 317. No. 3. (Desk ed.) 1836. Lam. An. sans Vert. III. Pt. I. p. 118. No. 3. (Desh. ed.tert.) 1841. Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 366. No. 4. pi. 73. f. 6. 1846. Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. MoJl. p. 677. 1846. Station. — Attached to the lower sides of stones, in sandy mud, at low water, and in some instances at a depth of 6 fathoms ; Cumiug ! Broderip. Our specimens were also found at low water mark, attached to the under side of stones. Habitat. — Payta, St. Elena, and Panama ; Cuming ! Broderip ; also Sowerby. Payta and St. Elena ; Cuming ! Orbigny. Seas of Chili and of Peru ; Deshayes. Panama; C. B. A. ! 50 specimens were collected on the reef. SPECIERUM NOVARUM CONCHYLIORUM, IN SINU PANAMENSI REPERTORUM, SYNOPSIS. OVULA NEGLECTA. 0. t. gracili : rubra, labro pallido : laevi, vel exilissime spiraliter striata : apertura supra angusta, infra latiore, utrinque rostrata : Jabro crasso, medio recto : columella utrinque acumi- nata, linea longitudinal! impressa et callo instructs.. Long. 7.8 millim., lat. 2.5 millim. OVULA VARIABILIS. 0. t. gracillitna : albida, vel subrufa, labro albo : interdum rubro-purpurea : laevi : apertura subangusta, ernarginata, infra hand multum latiore, supra eftusa, hand multum producta : labro crasso : columella longitudinaliter carinata, supra, subbiplicata. Long. 13'".7 : lat. 3"'.8. MARGINELLA MINOR. M. t. ovata : albida, diaphana : tenui, lasvi : spira baud multum elevata ; anfr. circa 3, sutura inconspicua : apertura lineari : labro crasso, spirara adnato : columella plicis duobus magnis, una parva, inter'duin altera obsoleta, instructa. Long. 2'".3 : lat. 1'".6. MITRA SOLITARIA. M. t. gracili, fusiformi : atro-fusca, plicis pallidis : costis transversis, parvis, plurimis, infra obsoletis, et striis spiralibus, supra exilioribus, intersectionibus granulatis: apice acutt\ : anfr. 10, sub- convexis, sutura subimpressa : apertura longa, cauali brevi : labro crasso, intus plicis acutis plurimis instructo, supra sinuato : columella quadripli- cata. Long. 17'".3 ; lat. 5"'. 7 ; apert. long. 8"'.G. OLIVA INCONSPICUA. 0. t. gracili : albida : licvi : spira aperturam subpequante : apice subobtusa : anfr. 6, sutura conspicua : apertura suprii acuminata, late sed non profunde emarginata : labro tenui. Div. 30° ad 40°: long. 3"'.S ; lat. I'" A. NASSA CANESCENS. N. t. subelongata, ovato-conica : pallide fusca, ad costarum interstitia canescente : costis angustis, 10 vel 11; lineis elevatis spiralibus baud interrupts plurimis : spira subconicu : apice acuta : anfr. 8 vel 9, mecliis subangulatis ; sutura, couspicua : labro suba- cuto, a varice crasso firmato : labio exile rugoso : apertura late et pro- funde emarginata. Div. 50° ; long. 20'". 7 ; lat. 15'".2 ; spirsc long. SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 305 NASSA COLLARIA. X. t. ovato-conica : albida, fasciis fuseis nigrescen- tibus duobus ornata : costis 10 vel 12, prope labrum miuoribus et. erebri- oribus ; lineis elevatis spiralibus pluribus ; intersectionibus subnodulosis : spira subeoniea : apioe acuta: anfr. 7. subconvexis ; sutura conspicua: labro subacuto, a Varice crasso firmato, . intus crenulato : apertura pro- funde emargiuata, Div. 50°; long. 7 '".8 ; lat. 5'".3 ; spine long. 15"'.8. NASSA CORPULENTA. N. t. ovato-conica, ventricosa : fusco et albo spiralitcr fasciata; apertura alba: costis angustis 11, a lineis elevatis spiralibus trajectis : spira coniea : apice acuta : anfr. 9, subconvexis ; sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo inagno, ventricoso : labro subacuto, a varice crasso firmato, intus sulcuto : labio rugoso : apertura late et pro- funde emarginata. Div. 40°; long. 22'" A ; lat. 16'" ; spira long. NASSA GEMMULOSA. N. t. ovato-conica, ventricosa : albida, fiavula ; linea fusca infrasuturali, altera anteriore, et ad anfr. ultimum medium paucis interrupts, — ornata : costis minimis 15 vel 16 ; lineis elevatis spiralibus ; intersectionibus eleganter nodulosis : sphu coniea : apice peracuta : anfr. 7, subconvexis ; sutura conspicua : labro subacuto, a varice crasso firmato, intus sulcato : apertura profunde emarginata. Div. 56° ; long. 5'".2 ; lat. 2'".7 ; spira? long. 3'".8. NASSA GLAUCA. N. t. ovato-conica, ventricosa : glauca. fascia albida suprasuturali ornata : costis 10, 2 vel 3 ultimis obsoletis ; spiraliter striata : spira subconica: apice acuta: anfr. subconvexis; sutura con- spicua ; anfr. ultimo ventricoso : labro subacuto, a varice crasso firmato, intus carinis 5 instructis : apertura profunde emarginata. Div. 55° ; long. 12'".7 ; lat. 7'".9 ; spine long. 5'".3. NASSA PANAMEXSIS. N. t. elongata, ovato-conica : olivacea, coeruleo tincta, linea albida spiraliter fasciata ; labro supra albido : costis 1 1, angustis, acutis, anterius obsoletis ; striis exilibus, spiralibus : spira siibeoimidea : apice acuta : anfr. 8, subconvexis ; sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo parvo : labro subacuto, a varice crasso firmato, intus sulcato : apertura profunde emarginata. Div. 37° ; long. 14'".7 ; lat. 6'".3 ; spine Ion. 8'".8. NASSA PROXIMA. N. t. ^Vaxta' versicolori (v. infra) simili, exiliore, costis minus prominentibus, striis eontinuis exilissimis creberrime insculpta. J»iv. 38° ; long. II'". 2 ; lat. o'".3 ; spine long. 7"'.l. NASSA STRIATA. N. t. elongata, ovato-conica : albida, flavo tincta ; apertura, alba : costis parvis 12 vel 13 ; striis magnis, spiralibus, inultis ; spira subconoidea : apice acuta : anfr. 8, convexis ; sutura subprofunda : labro subacuto, a varice lato firmato, intus sulcato : labio birugoso : apertura profunde emarginata. Div. 48° ; long. 14'".7 ; lat. 7'".9 ; spine long. 8'".4. NASSA vERsrcoLOR. N. t. elongatu, ovato-conica : flavula, vel albida, sutura atro-fusca, vel omnino atro-fusca : costis angustis prominentibus, 9 vel 10 ; striis exilibus, spiralibus, ad anfr. medios evanescentibus : spira subconica : apice acuta : arifr. 8, subconvexis ; sutura profunda : labro subacuto, a varice robusto incrassato : labio exile rugoso : apertura pro- 306 Panama Shells. SYNOPSIS. funde emarginata. Div. 45° ; loner. 15" '.2 ; lat. 8'".4 ; spirre long. 8'".8. XASSA WILSONI. N. t. ovato-conica, ventricosa : atro-fusca, fascia suprasuturali albida ornata : costis parvis, 16 ad 20 ; lineis elevatis spi- ralibus inultis : spira conoidea : apice acuta : anfr. 7, subconvexis ; sutura eoiispicua ; anfr. ultimo ventricoso : labro subacuto, extus et intus incras- sato, carinis paucis instructo : apertura profunde emarginata. Div. 58° ; long, 8"'.l ; lat. 4'".8 ; spine long. 4'".6. BrcciNUM LUGUBRE. B. t. elongata, ovato-fusiformi ; atrofusca : costis parvis, 9 usque ad 13 ad singulus anfr. a striis spiralibus inequali- bus decussatis, intersectionibus uonnullis acute nodatis : apice acuta : spira conica : anfractibus 8, convexis, sutura Laud valde impressa : apertura ovata : labro acuto : canali brevi recurva. Div. 44° : long. 17'"; lat. 7'"; spira long. 10'". BUCCINUM STIMPSONIANUM. B. t. elongata, ovato-conica : atro-cine- rea, labro supra albido, sajpe albo-fasciata : rugis transversis crassis, 7 vel 8 ad singulos anfr. et rugis angustis spiralibus, quorum conspicnis ad penultimmn anfr. 4, infra minoribus ; striis spiralibus exilibus plurimis : apice acuta : spira conica : anfr. 8 : apertura ovata : labro crasso, intus plicis paucis instructo : columella rugosa : canali brevi, valde emarginata. Div. 38° ; long. 18'".3 ; lat. 8"'.l. PURPURA FOVEOLATA. P. t. obliquu rliombica : albida ; rugis trans- versis, magnis, compressis, 9 ad singulos anfr., et carinis 4, elevatis, angustis; intersectionibus elevatis; striis spiralibus exilibus: apice acuta : anfr. 6, supra et infra concavis, mediis carinatis, sutura incon- spicua, : apertura elongata : labro tenui, a carinis pectinate, a striis spi- ralibus serrate. Div. 70° ; long. 10"'.9 ; lat. 7"'.l. PURPTJRA OSCULANS. P. t. oblique rliombica : sordido alba, intus nivea : rugis transversis, convexis, prominentibus, 9 ad singulos anfr., et rugis spiralibus, a striis disjunctis, creberrime imbricatim squamosis, rugas transversas superantibus, alternis majoribus : apice acuta: spira conica; anl'r. G.T, convoxis, sutura impressa ; apertura obovata : labro exile pec- tiuato, intus traasveree sulcato ; canali brevissima, profunde emarginata. Div. 70° ; long. 6"'.SG ; lat. 4"'.3 ; spiraj long. 3'". COLUMELLA CONSPICUA. G. t. ovato-conica : fascia alba lata ad medios anfr., utrinque fascia fusco-aurantia lata ornata ; infra alba, fusco macu- lat;'i ; rugis alternis macula fusca conspicuis : rugis transversis, 9 ad sin- ^•ulos anfr., maximis, obtusis, ad sninmos anfr. obsoletis : striis magnis spiralibus rugas prope superantibus : apice subacutu : spiru subconica : anfr. 8, convexis, snturii baud multum impressa ; anfr. ultimo subangu- lato : apertura supra band multum latiore, late et profunde emarginata : labro subincrassato, intus rugoso. Div. 35° ; Ipng. 5'". 3 ; lat. 2'". 5 ; spine long. 3'". COLUMBELLA DiMiNUTA. C. t. subfusiformi : pallide llavo-fusca, infra nigrescente : costata, spiraliter striata : striis costas band superantibus, infra majoribus ; costis infra obsoletis : apice acuta : spira conica : anfr. 7, sutura parum impn-ssa: apertura subangusta: labro valde incrassato, SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 307 intiis crenulato : labio subgranuloso. Div. 45° ; long. 3'".9 ; hit. 1'".8 ; spine long. 2'". COLUMBELLA GR.vciLis. C. t. elongata, ovato-conica : supra pallide fnsca, infra rubro-fusco irregulariter maculata, a linea albo et t'usoo arti- culata fasciata : costis parvis, plurimis ; infra spiraliter striata : apice aeuta ; spira coniea: anfr. 8, sutura conspicua: labro crasso, intu.s sparse yranulato, supra subsinuato : columella sublsevi. Div. 37° ; long. 7 .6; lat. 3'".2; spira? long. 5"'.l. COLUMBELLA MCESTA. C. t. gracili, subfusiformi : atra vel atrofusca : supra sublan'i ; media costata, costis 12 usque ad 15 ad singulos ant'r., costaruin intervallis spiraliter striatis ; costis et striis ad ultiimim anfr. obsoletis : apiee acuta : spira gracilliina : anfr. 8, sutura parum impressa, : apertura linear! : labro valde incrassato, supra sinuato, intiis crenulato: columella subhevi. Div. 35°; long. 7'".6 ; lat. 2'".8; spira long. 4'".3. COLUMBELLA PULCHRIOR. C. t. subelougata, ovata : diaphana, pallide flavo-fusea, fascia alba atro-cinereo artieulata infrasuturali, et punetis mini- mis rubrofuscis quiucuncialiter dispositis ornata : losvi, nitida: apice acuta : spira coniea; anfr. 6 vel 7, sutura parum impressa : apertura angusta : labro crasso, intiis sparse granulate : columella sublaivi. Div. 45° ; long. 3'".8; lat. 1'".8 ; spirae long. 1'".9. COLUMBELLA TESSELATA. C. t. subelongata, ovata ; atro-glauca, fusco tincta ; albo tesselata : costis approximatis, validis, circa 15 ad singulos anfr. ; striis spiralibus profundis : apice acuta : spira coniea : anfr. 8, sutura conspicua : apertura elongata : labro crasso, supra subsinuato, intus sparse granulate : labio subgranuloso. Div. 48° ; long. 5'". 7 ; lat. 2'".7 ; spirse long. 3'".3. RICINULA JUGOSA. R. t. rliombica : perfusca, tuberculis albidis, vel rufis, infra albo-fasciata : rugis transversis, elevatis, 8 vel 9, a rugis spi- ralibus 10 vel 11, quorum 3 vel 4 ad spiram videntur, — decussatis; in- tersectionibus tuberculatis ; striis exilibus spiralibus : apice acuta : spira coniea : anfr. 8 vel 9, convexis, sutura parum impressa : apertura elon- gata : labro a rugia spiralihus pectinate, intus plicato : labio supra con- subelliptica ; ad apicetn, ad umbilicum, et intus, atro-fusca ; ad partes ceteraa pallide cornea t lineis elevatis et etriis exilissimis — •spiralibtia ! apice subacuta; spira parva, conoidea: anfr. 4, angustis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo ventricoso : apertura subovata : labro acuto I colunlella dilatata., incrassata : regioue umbili- cari profunde excavata : umbilico parvo. Div. 90° ; long. 4'". 3 ; lat. 3'".3 ; spira? long. l"\ LITTORINA (?) FOVBATA. L. t. globoso-conica : sordide alba, fascia fusca, spirali, lata,— ornata : lineis elevatis, spiralibus, nonnullis, inequi- distantibus : apice subacuta : spira subconoidea : anfr 4i, subangulads, sutura conspicua : apertura subovata : labro acutissimo t cohimelUi dilatata incrassata : regione umbilicari profunde excavata : umbilico profundo. Div. 80° ; long. 4'".8 ; lat. 3 '".8 ; spirfe long. 2"'. LITIORINA (?) MEGASOMA. L. t. ovoidea, i sordide alba: earinis spiralibus, parvis, 8 vel 9, 3 suprasuturalibus ; striis. transversis, niagnis profundis, equidistantibus : apice acuta : spira, minima, subconica : anfr. 3, angulatis, sutura canaliculata ; anfr. ultimo magno, oblique elongate : apertura subelliptica : labro tenui : carina spirali umbilieum continente : umbilico magno, profuudo. Div. 135°; long. 2'".8; lat. 2'".3 ; spira; long. 0'".88. RISSOA CLANDESTINA. R. t. elongata, ovato-conica : sordide alba ; costis robustis, compressis, promijientibus, 18 vel 19 ad singulos anfr., ad inferam extremitatem productis: apice acuta: spira subconoidea: anfr. 7, subconvexis, sutura impressa : apertura magna, utrinque sub- effusa : labro ad medium partem longo producto, a varice lato valdo incrassato : umbilico nullo. Div. 30° ; long. 2'".9; lat. 1"'.27 ; spira* long. 1'".78. RISSOA FIRMATA. R. t. clongata, ovato-conica : sordide alba : costis JULY, 1852. 21 AN*. Lie. NAT. HIST. 314 Panama Shells, SYNOPSIS, robustis, prominentibus, 12 ad singulos anfr., ad itoferaJn extremitatem productis : apice acuta ; spira conoidea : anfr. 7, convexis, sutura impressa : apertura subovata, utrinque eftusa : labro ad mediam partem producto, a varice crasso — finnato : umbilico nullo. Div. 30° ; long, 4'".7 ; lat. 1"'.9 ; spine long. 3'".3. RISSOA FORTIS. R. t. elongata, ovato-conica : albida : costis robnstis? approximatis, 22 ad singulos anfr., ad inferam extremitatera minoribug productis: apice acuta: spira conoidea: anfr. 10, subconvexis ; anfr. ultimo ventricoso : apertura ovata, profunde eftusa : labro infra producto, crassissimo: umbilico nullo. Div. 33°; long. 1"'A ; lat. 3'"; spirse long. 4'".6. RISSOA (?) iNCONSPicuA. R. t. ovato-conica : albida : carinis spirali- bus nonnullis, infra obsoletis : apice subacuta : spira conoidea : anfr. 4, perconvexis, sutura profunda ; anfr. ultimo brevi : apertura orbiculari, vix effusa: labro incrassato : umbilico minutissimo. Div. 65° ; long, 1"'.14 ; lat. 0'".76 ; spira long. 0'".81. An Cingulse species? RISSOA INFREQUENT. R. t. prselonga, ovato-conica : albida : costis perobtusis, baud multum elevatis, confertim approximatis, 16 ad singulos anfractns ; striis spiralibus, nonnullis, exilissimis : apice snbacuta : spira subconica : anfr. 7, sutura baud multum impressa ; anfr. ultimo elongate, subangulato : apertura subovata, vix effusa : labro incrassato : umbilico nullo. Div. 23° ; long. 6'".1 ; lat. 1'".9 ; spirze long. 4'". 6. RISSOA JANUS. R. t. elongata, ovato-conica : albida : infra spiraliter exile striata ; aliunde eostis exilibas ereberrimis ornata : apice acuta : spira snbconoidea ; anfr. 9, subconvexis, stitura parum impressa : aperttiia magna, infra effusa, supra profande efFusa : labro ad mediam partem producto, a varice robusto firmato : umbilico nullo. Div. 30° ; long. 4'". 8 ; lat. 1'".8 ; spir» long. 2'".9. RISSOA KOTABILIS. R. t. elongata, ovato-conica ; albida ; costis per- elevatis, ad summam partem coneavis, 14 ad singulos anfr., infra obsoletis ; carinis spiralibus, doobtis ad spiram, dtiobns alteris inferis : apice subob- tusa, nitida : spira conica : anfr. 6, ad stimmara partem acute angulatis, aliunde planulatis, sutura profonda : apertura ovata : umbilico nullo. Div. 24s; long. 1'".5; lat. 0'".68. RJSSOA SCALARIFORMIS. R. t. elongata, orato-conica : albida : costis validis, compressis, prominentibtis, acatis, eofitinuis, 11 ad singulos anfr, ; striis spiralibus, exilissimis, cos-tas ascend entibas, hand superanti- bus : apiee a^uta : gpira subconoidea : anfr. 8, convexis, sutura impressa : apertura perobliqua, ovata, utrinque effosa : labro subincrassato, ad medium partem producto. Div. 33°; long. 3'".3 ; lat. 1'".27; spirae long. 2"'.03. CINGULA (?) iNCONgpi00A. C. t. ovato-fusiformi ; albida : carinis spiralibiis, nonnullk, 4 ad anfr. penultimum ; dwobus stiperioribus, minoribus, et a rugis transversis decussatis : apice subacuta : spira sub- conoidea : anfr. 5, baud multum eonvexis, sutura impressa ; anfr. ultimo parvo : apertura parva, ovatn, supra acuta : labro subtenui : regione SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 315 urabilicari baud multum indentata. Div. 30° ; long. l'".6o ; lat. 0'".89 ; spiral long. 1"'.14. CINGULA PAUPERCULA. R. t. conoidea : sordide alba, interdura flavo- fasciata : L-evi : apice subacuta : spira subcouica : anfr. 5, planulatis, sutura impressa : apertura lata, ovata : labro hand multum incrassato : umbilico minutissiuio. Div. 33°; long. 2"'.16; lat. l'".27 ; spine long. 1"'.47. CINGULA (?) TEREBELLUM. C. t. subcylindrica ; albida : carinis 4, spiralibus, perelevatis, acutis, compressis, quarum 2 ad spiram videutur : apice subacuta ; spira subconoidea : anfr. 6, parum convexis, sutura inconspicua ; anfr. ultimo parvo : apertura parva, ovata, supra acuta : labro tenui : umbilico nullo. Div. 28°; long. 2"'; lat. 1'"; spine long. 1'".4. CINGULA TURRITA. C. t. elongata, conica : albida : costis prominenti- bus, compressis, crebris, prope suturam a stria spirali suprasuturali trun- catis ; infra spiraliter striata : apice acuta : spira subconica : anfr. 6, ad summam partem acute angulatis, aliunde planulatis, sutura canaliculata : apertura parva, ovata, vix effusa : labro tenui : regione umbilicari minu- tissime indentata. Div. 30° ; long. 2'" ; lat. 0'".74 ; spirse long. 0'".61. LITIOPA (?) SAXICOLA. L. t. elongata, ovata : cornea, subtranspa- rente : striis spiralibus profundis equidistantibus crebris ornata : apice acuta : spira subconoidea : anfr. 5, convexis, sutura impressa : anfr. ultimo ventricoso : apertura lata, ovata, supra acuta : labro praetenui ; umbilico nullo. Div. 45° ; long. 3"'.56 ; lat. 1'".9 ; spiras long. 1'".8. ADEORBIS (?) ABJECTA. A. t. subglobosa : pallide flava, vel sordide atra, vel partim utriusque coloris : lineis elevatis spiralibus, et striis spira- libus ad summam partem anfr. ornata : apice subacuta : spira brevi : anfr. 3, plusve, convexis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo ventricoso : apertura effusa, semicirculari : labio recto : umbilico minimo. Div. 110° ; long. 2'".54; lat. 2'".29 ; sprne long. 1'".14. VITRINELLA CONCINNA. V. t. discoidea i alba : carinis spiralibus, 5, acutis, prominentibus, quarum superior infrasuturalis est, quarum inferior umbilicaris est : transverse striata : apice minima, papillari : spira subplanulata : anfr. 3^, ad summam partem planulatis, sutura profunda : apertura orbicular! : labro subincrassato, a carinis subpectinato : umbilico lato, profundo. Div. 175° ; lat. max. 1'".57 ; lat. min. 1"'.2S ; alt. 0'".77. VITRINELLA EXIGUA. V. t. subdiscoidea : alba : carinis spiralibus, 3, una superiore ad anfr. ultimi peripheriam, una inferiore umbilicum con- tinente ; transverse substriata : apice obtusa : spira convexa, baud raultum elevata : anfr. 3, ad summam partem subangulatis, sutura impressa ; anfr. ultimo prope peripheriam utrinque concavo : apertura orbiculari : labro subincrassato, a carinis subpectinato : umbilico angusto, profundo. Div. 170°; lat. max. 1'".14; lat. min. 0'".9 ; alt. 0"'.53. VITRINELLA JANUS. V. t. subdiscoidea : alba : carinis spiralibus, 4, acutis, angustis ; infra exile spiraliter striata ; aliunde transverse striata ; striis a carinis interruptis : apice prominente : spira baud multum S16 Panama Shells. SYNOPSIS, elevata : anfr. 31, sutura conspicua : apertura orbiculari : labro subincras- sato, a carinis pectinate : umbilico profundo. Div. 160° ; lat. max, l"'.7;lat. min. 1'".5 ; alt. 0'".76. VITRINELLA MiNUTA. V. t. discoidea : sordide alba, nitida : exilissirne transverse striata : apice obtusa : spira parum elevata : anfr. 3, ad sum- mam partem depressis, sutura impressa ; anfr. ultimo perdepresso, sub- angulato : apertura magna, orbiculari : labro hand multum incrassato : umbilico subprofundo, partim obtecto. Div. 170°; lat. max. 1'".01; lat, min. 0"'.9 ; alt. 0'".43. VITRINELLA MODESTA. V. t. discoidea : sordide alba, diapbana : linea elevata spirali, infrasuturali, et carina umbilicum continente, et striis nonnullis exilissimis ad anfr. ultimi peripberiam, — instructa : apice baud prominente : spira convexa, hand multum elevata : anfr. 3^-, sutura conspicua: apertura orbiculari: umbilico profundo. Div. 170°: lat. max. 1"'.52 ; lat. min. 1'".27 ; alt. 0'".7. VITRINELLA PANAMENSIS. V. t. subdiscoidea : alba : carinis spirali- bus, 3, superiore robusta, inferiore plerumque parva, umbilicum conti- nente; costis arcuatis, subdistantibus : apice obtusa: spira convexa, baud multum elevata: anfr. 3, sutura conspicua: apertura orbiculari: labro subincrassato, a carinis subpectinato : umbilico augusto, profundo. Div. 160° ; lat. max. 1'".78 ; lat. min. 1'".52 ; alt. 1'". VITRINELLA PARVA. V. t. subdiscoidea : alba : costis robustis pluribus firmata ; carinis spiralibus prope anfr. ultimi peripheriam, utrinque una : apice perobtusa : spira, convexa, vix elevata : anfr. 34-, ad summam partem angulatis, sutura baud multum impressa ; anfr. ultimo maximo : apertura orbiculari : labro baud multum incrassato : umbilico angusto, profundo. Div. 160° ; lat. max. 1'".18 ; lat. min. 1'" ; alt. 0"'.G5. VITRINELLA PERPARVA. V. t. subdiscoidea : alba : carinis spiralibus, prope anfr. ultimi peripheriam utrinque una magna acuta, altera umbili- cum continente minore ; transverse rugosa : apice obtusa : spira plana : anfr. 3, subconvexis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo maximo : apertura orbiculari : labro baud multum incrassato : umbilico profundo. Div. 180° ; lat. max. 0"'.94 ; lat. min. 0"'.79 ; alt. 0"'.38. VITRINELLA REGULARIS. V. t. subdiscoidea : albida, margaritacea : ]?evi, nitida ; stria infrasuturali una impressa : apice subacuta : spira con- vexa, sutura conspicua : apertura suborbiculari : labro tenui : regione umbilicari profunde indentata. Div. 120° ; lat. max. 1" '.78 ; lat. min. 1'".52 ; alt. 1'".27. VITRINELLA SEMINUDA. V. t. discoidea : alba : supra exilissimo transverse striata : infra spiraliter striata : apice obtusa : spira convexa, vix elevata : anfr. 3, subconvexis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo sub- angulato : apertura orbiculari : labro tenui : umbilico angusto, profundo. Div. 170° ; lat. max. 1"'.57 ; lat. min. 1"'.25 ; alt. 0'".81. VITRINELLA TRICARINATA. V. t. subdiscoidea : alba : cariuis spirali- bus, 3 ; striis transversis, nonnullis, irregularibus ; uwbilico spiraliter stri- ato : apice subacuta : spird, convexa, haud multum elevata : anfr. 3, depressis, sutura conspicua: apertura orbiculari, a carinis pectinato: SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 317 urabilico lato, profundo. Div. 150° ; lat. max. 1"'.S3 ; lat. min. l'".C5 ; alt. 0'".89. VITRINKLLA vALVAxoiDES. V. t. discoidea : albida, diaphana : carinis .spiralibus, 3, inferiore umbilicum coutinente minore : spira concava : anfr. 3, ad sum mam parteni concavis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo subangulato : umbilico lato, profundo. Lat. max. 2"'.54; lat. min. 1'".91; alt.l'". TROCHUS CORONULATUS. T. t. conica, liaud multum elevata, crassa : albida, flainmulis latis obliquis rubro-fuscis ornata, ad nodulos rubella : lineis spiralibus elevatis exile undulatis ; infra, lineis 4 vel 5 majoribus ; oari-ais spiralibus nodulosis ad anfr. ultiuii periplieriam, et nodulis major- ibus infra suturam instructa : apice subacuta : anfr. 6, planulatis ; sutura valde canaliculata : apertura suborbiculari : columella bidentata : umbilico magno, profundo. Div. 90°; long. 1-4'"; lat. max. 18'". 2 ; lat. min. 15'".2. TROCHUS LEANUS. T. t. conica, procera : fusca pallida, rubro vel flavido tincta ; ilammulis obliquis latis atro-fuscis ornata ; infra lineis rubro et fiavo-albo articulatis, coucentricis picta : lineis spiralibus elevatis granulosis : apice acuta : anfr. 9, supra perconvexis, infra planulatis vel concavis : apertura subquadrata : labro tenui : columella subrecta : umbilico nullo. Div. 60° ; long. 12'".2 ; lat. max. 11'".2 ; lat. min. TURBO (?) PHASIANELLA. T. t. ovato-conoidea : colore varia, plerumque rubra vel fusca, interdum unicolore, plerumque flarnmulata, interdum fasciata vel seriatim maculata : striis profundis, spiralibus, creberrimis : apice subacuta : spira conoideii : anfr. 5, convexis, sutura conspicua : apertura lata, ovata, subeffusu : labro tenui : umbilico minimo. Div. 64° ; long. 4"'.l ; lat. 2'".4 ; spirai long. 2'". TURBO RUTILUS. T. t. trocliiformi, elevata : rutila, pallide transverse strigata : spirse rugis plurimis parvis obliquis subnodulosis, a sulcis parvis spiralibus intersectis ; infra, sulcis angustis profundis concentricis 6 vel 8 : spira subconoidea : anfractibus planulatis ; sutura conspicua : anfr. ultimo angulato, anterius subplanulato : labio expanse, appresso, calloso : umbilico nullo. Div. 70°; long. 63'".5 ; lat. max. 76'".2 ; lat. min. 68'".6. EULIMA IOTA. E. t. subulata : laevi, nitente : linea microscopic^, impressa ; supra lineam lactea, infra lineam diaphana : apice subacuta : spira valde arcuata : anfr. 10, subconvexis, sutura conspicua : apertura parva, ovata, subeffusa : labro ad mediam partem porrecto. Div. 20° ; long. 2'" ; lat. 0"'.7G ; spirie long. 1'".5. EULIMA RECTA. E. t. elongata, ovato-conica : albida, fascia una opaca et altera, diaphana infrasuturalibus — ornata ; ad labrum et ad gradus ,-etatis fusco exile bimaculata: laevi, nitente, striis nonnullis gradus ji'tatis monstrantibus : apice acutissima : spiru recta, conica : anfr. ll,subplanu- latis, sutura inconspicua ; anfr. ultimo elongate: apertura angusta, suj>ri acutissima: labro acuto : columella robusta, subrecta. Div. 21° ; long. 10'".3 ; lat. 2'".54 ; spirae long. 7'".24. 818 Panama Shells. SYNOPSIS. EULIMA SOLITARIA. E. t. elongata, ovato-conica : albida, supra fusco tincta : laevi, nitente : apice acuta : spira baud multum arcuata, sub- conica: anfr. 11, planulatis, sutura inconspicua : apertura ovata, supra acuta : labro acuto, ad mediam partem produeto : columella robusta, subarcuata, Div. 23° : long. 4"'.8 ; lat. 1'".4 ; spirae long. 3'".56. An Stylifer ? PYRAMIDELLA CONICA. P. t. elongata, conica : supra albida, infri fusca, linea pallida suprasuturali : Isevi, uitida : apice acutissima : spini conica: anfr. 14, planulatis, sutura anguste canaliculata ; anfr. ultimo fingulato : apertura obliqua : labro tenui : columella triplicata ; plica una lamelliformi, plicis duobus parvis. Div. 23° ; long. 14"'J> ; lat. 4'".45 ; spir.ne long. 9"'.65. PEDIPES AXGULATA. P. t. ovato-globosa : fusco-rubra, apertura alba : crassa, lineis elevatis spiralibus rngosis creberrimis inequalibus, ad sum-- mos anfr. exilioribus : apice subacuta : spira conoidea : anfr. 4, angulatis, ad sum mam partem concavis, ad suturam imbricatis ; anfr. ultimo magno, ventricoso, subangulato : apertura subelliptica : labro acutissimo, supra subsinuato, intus crassissimo, callo ad anfr. angulum intemipto, infra angulum in dentem longe produeto : columella crassa, plana, biplicata : plicis transversis, inferiore minore : labio plica spirali lamelliformi maxima instructo : umbilico millo. Div. 90° ; long. 6"'.35 ; lat. 4'".8 ; spira3 long. 2 '".5. AURICULA CONCINNA. A. t. ellipsoidea : atro-fusca, ad anfr. ultimi peripheriam pallida et infra linea pallide flava ornata ; plicis et callo albis : l;cvi, nitida: apice acuta : spira conoidea ; anfr. 5, convexis, irnbri- catis, sutura parum impressa : apertura angusta, supra acutissima, a plicis contracta : labro acuto, intus a callo crasso firmato : plicis 3, inferi- ore perobliqua, superiore maxima, infra eoncava, supra dilatata ct rugosa. Div. 80° ; long. 8"'.l ; lat. 5"'.l ; spir» long. 2'".3. AURICULA INFREQUENS. A. t. ellipsoidea : fusca, fascia pallida infm- suturali : striis transversis exilibus : apice acuta : spira subconoidea : anfr. 6, ad summam partem subangulatis, sutura profunda ; anfr. ultimo compresso : apertura subelliptica : labro tenuissimo : plicis duobus, una inferiore obliqmi, alterii transversa. Div. 80° ; long. 5'".8 ; lat. 3'". 8 ; spine long. 2'".5. AURICULA PANAMENSIS. A. t. elongata, ovata: atro-rubra, plicis internis albis : l.ievi, nitida, stviis spiralibus prope apicem insculpta : apice acnta : spira supra conoidea, infra siibcylindracea : anfr. 8, con- vexis, imbricatis : apertura subelongata, acnta : labro intus incrmi vel uniplicato: labio triplicate. Div. 50°; long. 11 '".1 ; lat. 4" '.3 ; spira> long. 5'".8; testae alterius, 65° ; 9"'.3; 5".l; 3"'.3. AURICULA TADOGENSIS. A. t. obovata : aterrimo fnsco-rubra, coln- mella rufa, plicis et callo albis : lo:vi, nitida, supra exile spiraliter striata : apice acuta: spira conoidea: anfr. 10, imbricatis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo maximo : apertura prailonga, angusta, callo ad dextram partem transverse rugoso : plicis 3, ad sinistram partem, superiore baud SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 319 multum majore, duobus alteris a sinu disjunctis. Div. 100° ; long. 15'"; lat, 9"'.l ; spirae long. 3'".8. AURICULA TRILINEATA. A. t. obovata : fusco-rubra, lineis albis tribus spiral (bus ornata ; columella rufa : striis transversis inequalibus : spira minima, conoidea : anfr. angustis, imbricatis, sutura conspicua ; anfr. ultimo maximo : apertura prselonga, angusta : labro intus calloso et transverse plicato : infra ad columellam plica una torta, supra bane altera transversa magna (his a sinu disjunctis), supra 4 parvis transver- sis approximatis. Div. 135°; long. 18'": lat. 10'".9 ; spirre long. 1'".3. TUUNCATKLLA BxiRDiANA. A. t. cyliiidracea : succiuea, aurantia : costis parvis creberrimis, post labrum obsoletis, ad anfr. penultimum 24 : apice acuta, truncata, anfr. 4 deperditis : spira subconoidea : anfr. reli- quis 4, convexis, sutura impressa : apertura ovata, supra haud multum effusa : labro reflexo, duplici : labio calloso. Div. ad med. 22° ; long, (testae truncatae) 5 '".3 ; lat. 1'".9 ; spiive long. 3'".8. TRUNCATELLA (? ?) DUBIOSA. T. t. ovato-conica : diaphana, flavo- fusca : tenui, laevi, niteitte: apice subacuta : spira subconoidea: anfr. C, convexis, sutura impressa ; anfr. ultimo brevi, ventricoso : apertura lata, ovata : labro tenui : labio infra subreflexo. Div. 45° ; long. 2'".8 ; lat. 1'".4; spirae long. 1'".14. BULLA INFREQUENS. B. t. cylindracea : alba: laevi: apice minutis- sima, prominente, papillari : spira elevata, convexa : anfr. 4 J, ad sum- mam partem acute angulatis, sutura canaliculata : apertura praBlonga, angustA ; labro tenuissimo : columella in plicam spiralem robustam desinente. Div. 130° ; long. 7"'.l ; lat. 2'".8 ; spine long. 0'".76. BULLA LUTICOLA. B. t. subcylindracea, infra latiore : diapbana, pal- lide cornea : striis transversis exilissimis : spira umbilicata, a labro par- tim tecta : anfr. ultimo constricto : apertura supra spiram producta, supra lineari, infra suborbicuiari : labro tenuissimo : columella callosa : infra regione umbilicari indcntata. Long. o"'.l ; lat. 2'". 4. STOMATELLA INFLATA. S. t. oblique elliptica : alba, infra crassa et opaca, supra tenui et diaphana: striis transversis inequalibus exilissimis; striis spiralibus nullis : apice minima, obtusa, prominente : anfr. 2, per- convexis, sutura impressa ; anfr. ultimo ventricoso : apertura contracta, columellam usque ad apicem monstrante : labio profunde arcuato. Long, (oblique) 11"'.4; lat. 7'".9. CALYI-TR^A ABERRANS. C. t. subconcava : papyratia, margaritaceS. : striis transversis exilibus inequalibus : apice minima, subterminali : cya- tho tenuissimo, angusto, concavo, trausverso, sub apice. Long. 17'".8 ; lat. 15"'.G. CALYPTR^EA (SYPHOPATELLA) Asi'EKSA. C. t. couica : tenui: sordidc- vel subfusco-albida, maculis pluribus rubro-fuscis irregulariter aspersa : rucjis brevissimis minimis inequalibus minime elevatis : apice acuta, cen- tral i : lamina replicata, — plica ad latus interius appressa et tubum for- mante, — lata, per 240° revolvente : limbo tenuissimo, acuto. Diarn. 14'"; alt. 5'".23. 320 Panama Shells. SYNOPSIS. CALYPTR.EA PLANULATA. C. t. plana, suborbiculari : tenui : nivea : striis radiantibus, exilissimis, prope apicem obsoletis : apice subcentrali, acuta, hand multiim elevata : cyatho libero, angulis aeutis, tenui, per 220° arcuato : limbo tenuissimo. Long. 8"'.l ; lat. 8'".9. CALYPTR.EA (SYPHOPATELLA) REGULARIS. C. t. conica : subincras- sata : nivea, prope apicem subfusco tincta : striis concentricis, esilissimia, leviter impressis ; nitida : apice subaeuta, subcentrali : lamina replicata, tubum parvum formante, per anfr. unum volvente, ad limbuni pro- ducta: limbo acuto. Diam. 32'". 2 ; ult. 14-"'. CREPIDULA CERITHICOLA. C. t. ovata, convexa : postea albida, radiis duobus latis fusco-rubris ; anterius diapbana, pallide fusco-rubra, fusco- rubro radiata ; interdum subunicolore ; septo albo : Irevi : apice acuta, terrninali : septo ad sinistram partem anguste siimato, ad mediam late sinuato, ad dextram baud sinuato. Long. 5'". 84; lat. 3'". 56 ; sin. l'".78. CREPIDULA NIVEA. C. t. ovato-elliptica : s\ibincrassata : intus nivea, extus sordide alba : irregulariter concentrice plus minusve rugosa, con- centrice conspicue striata : apice dextrorsum deflecta, subprominente, marginal! : septo longitudinaliter subangulato, ad sinistram profunde et ad dextram baud profunde sinuato : limbo crasso, crebre striato. Long. 35"'.5; lat. 25.4; alt. 10"'.l. CREPIDULA OSCULANS. C. t. elliptica : tenui : pallide cornea, dia- phana : rugis minimis concentricis et radiatis decussata ; apiee subter- minali, multum prominente, baud marginal! ; nucleo nitente, transpa- rente, dextrorsum vix deflecto : septo juxta limbum affixo, minimo, linea? curvatse forma: limbo tenuissimo. Long 3'". 56 ; lat. 2'". 55 ; lat. 1'".02. CREPIDULA ROSTRATA. C. t. maximc convexa, subelliptica : livido- fusca : rugis inequalibus hand prominentibus radiatis et concentricis : apice acutissima, maxime prominente, rostriformi, a limbo multum dis- juncta, dextrorsum vix deflecto: septo profunde affixo, planulato, plerum- que declivi : limbo tenui, contorto. Long. 12'".2 ; lat. 7'". 6 ; alt. 7'".37. FISSURELLA ALTA. C. t. subconica, alta : sordid 6 alba, radiis latis atro-cinereis picta : costis radiatis, alternis majoribus ; rugis concentricis crebris : apice subanteriore : fissura parva, ovato-elliptica : limbo pecti- nate. Long. 10'".67 ; lat. 7'".36 ; alt. 5'".6. ANOMIA TENUIS. A. t. orbiculari : planata, teniiissima : alba, sul>- transparente, margaritacea : cicatrice superiore magna, subcirculari, infra sinuata ; cicatricibus duobus inferioribas parvis, eircularibus, equalibus, approximatis, quaruin anterior prope superioris sinuui posita est ; posterioris vertice parti mediae anterioris cxequante. Diam. 33'". CHAMA BUDDIANA. C. t. orbiculari vel subtriangulari : extus, et intus ad limbum, purpureo-rubra, spinis albis : striis radiantibus interrupts; valva superiore spinis brevibus crassis triangularibus fornicatis ornata ; valva inferiore quoad f vel ^ ad rupera affixa, aliter spinis dentiformibus ornata ; limbis exile et profunde crenulatis : apicibus submarginalibus. Diam. 76'". SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 321 A no A PHOLADIFORMIS. A. t. pboladiformi, vix biante : albida: exile clatbrata ; intersectionibus nodosis, infra striosis : umbonibus planulatis, postice valde angulatis ; rugis radiantibus ad angulum divaricatis : api- cibus parvis : area ligament! lineari : limbis exile cremulatis : dentibus ad mediara scriem obsoletis. Long. 31'".7 ; alt. 13'". 4 ; lat. 12'".2. ARCA SIMILIS. A. t. subelliptica, inequilateral]', subauriculata ; mar- gine inferior! subrecta : margmibus antice et postice rotundatis ; mar- gine dorsali vix obliqua : alba : epidermide virescente-fusca in aetate juniori, nigro-fusca in ictate adulta : costis 40-44, posterioribus majoribus et acute augulatis : umbonibus prominentibus, planulatis, baud angulatis : area ligament! angusta, depressa; marginibus intus a costis pectina- tis; dentibus parvis. A. tuberculoses Sowb. similis. Long. 55'".9 ; alt. 33'"; lat. 27"'.9. AUCA TABOGENSIS. A. t. subelongata, subinequilaterali : margine int'eriori baud multum hiante, subrecta ; margine posteriori subrecta, obliqua ; margine anterior! rotundata : albida ; epidermide atro-fusca : costis radiantibus plurimis, perangustis, inequalibus ; rugis concentrieis obsoletis : umbonibus planulatis, area ligament! angusta, anterius lati- ore : limbis exile et inequaliter crenulatis: dentibus ad mediam seriem parvis: epidermide subpilosa vel lamellosa. Long. 33'" ; alt. 21'".6 ; lat. 16"'.5. CVTHEREA CONSANGUINEA. C. t. obovata, subcordata, infra rotundata: pallide straminea, racliis flavo-fuscis, angustis, irregulariter interruptis, ad marginem baud productis : Isevi, nitida : apicibus approximatis, promi- nentibus: area posteriori distincta, elongata, striata : lunula. cordiformi, striata : limbis baud crenulatis. Long. 31'''.Y ; alt. 2o'".4 ; lat. 17'".3. GOULDIA PACIFICA. G. t. subtriangulari, infr i rotundata : vane colo- rata, albida, vel pallide fusca, apicibus plurium rubro tinctis ; fusco inter- dum radiatim vel rariiis concentrice lineata : rugis concentrieis crassis 8 usque ad 12 ; interdum radiatim striata : apicibus acutissimi* perapproxi- matis : lunula distincta : limbis baud crenulatis. Long. 5"'.G ; alt. 4'". 8 ; lat. 2'".3. CYRENA MARITIMA. C. t. subtriangulari, infra rotundata, vontricosa, subtentii : albida, postice violacea : epidermide olivacea, aspere concen- trice striata : umbonibus inflatis, posterius biangulatis, angulo tertio intermedio obsolete : lunula lata, profunda : ligamento maguo : limbis tenuibus : dentibus omnibus magnis. Long. 08'". 6 ; alt. 57'".! ; lat. 49'".6. DONAX ROSTRATUS. D. t. elongata, inequilateral!, antice rostrata, supra carinam concava : margine ventral! ad mediam rotundata, antice recta : margine anterior! perobliqua, subrecta : purpureo et sordido flavo zonata : supra et posterius Icevi nitida; ad mediam striis exilibns (iistanti- bus radiata; anterius profuinlius et crebrius striata: apicil>us parvis, prominulis : umbonibus antice acute carinatis : limbis anterius ct infra crenulatis : dentibus lateralibus utrinque magnis. Long. 40"'. 6 ; alt. 29'".2 ; lat. 20'".2. TKLLINA COGNATA. T. t. subelliptica, solida, convexa, subequilaterali ; 822 Panama Shells. SYNOPSIS. margine ventrali subrotundata ; margine anteriore late rotundata : margine dorsali antice subrecta, declivi, postice subconeava, declivi ; parte postica oblique et late truncata : flexura parva : alba, rubro vel fusco tincta : striis exilissimis inequalibus radiata ; striis exilibus sub- obliquis crebris, postice deficientibus ; ligamento brevi, conspicua : denti- bus lateralibus obsoletis. Long. 44'".5 ; alt. 31" '.2 ; lat. 12'". 7. TELLINA CONCINNA. T. t. subelliptica, tenui, convex^,, parte antica vix majore ; margine ventrali subrotundata ; raargine antica late rotun- data ; margine dorsali anterius vix excurvata, hand ruultum declivi, pos- terius subrecta, paululum declivi ; parte postica suboblique latius trun- cata : flexura parva : nitida,, nivea, ad inediam partem rubella : striis concentricis inequalibus exilibus, posticis majoribus ; striis radiantibus inequalibus exilissimis: ligamento brevi, conspicuo: dentibus lateralibus obsoletis. Long. 40"'.6 ; alt. 25'" ; lat. 12'". TELLINA PUELLA. T. t. elongata, subsolida, convexa, subinequi- laterali ; margine ventrali vix excurvata, postice recta ; margine antica late rotundata ; margine dorsali antice vix excurvata, postice recta, per- declivi ; parte postica acuminata : flexura parva : alba, prope marginem rubro tincta : nitida ; striis concentricis exilissimis ; striis radiantibus microscopicis : ligamento parvo : dentibus lateralibus conspicuis. Long. 22"'.8;alt. 12"'.4;lat. 7"'.l. TELLINA SILIQUA. T. t. elongata, subelliptica, tenuissima, inflata, perinequilaterali ; margine ventrali subrecta ; margine antica rotundata ; margine dorsali antice vix excurvata, subdeclivi, postice recta vel con- cava, declivi ; parte postica anguste subtruncata : flexura magna : nivea : striis concentricis exilissimis : apicibus acutis : ligamento parvo : dentibus cardinalibus parvis, lateralibus obsoletis. Long. 17"'.S; alt. 10'". 1 ; lat. 7"'.C. TELLIXA SIMULANS. T. t. subovata, solida, subconvexa, subinequi- laterali ; margine ventrali vix excurvata : margine antica rotundata ; margine dorsali antice vix excurvata, postice subrecta, declivi ; parte postica oblique truncata : flexura parva : alba, ad raediam partem roseo tincta : nitida : sulcis concentricis crebris, regularibus, profundis, antice et postice aequalibus : ligamento brevi, conspicuo : area dorsali postica ab angulo umbonali finita : dentibus lateralibus subobsoletis. Long. 28'".7; alt. 17'".8; lat. 7"'.G. TELL^A VICIXA. T. t. brevissima, subovata, solida, convexa, subequi- laterali; margine ventrali rotundata, interdum prope flexuram subin- curvata ; margine antica late rotundata; margine dorsali subrecta, utrinque declivi ; parte postica subtruncata : Hexura parva : albida, interdum flavo tincta, ; interdum rubra, creruleo tincta, vel canescente ; interdum albida, lineis purpureis angulatis ad umbones — vel radio antico purpureo — ornata : striis profundis concentricis crebris inequalibus : liga- mento brevi, conspicuo : dentibus lateralibus parvis. Long. 24"'.l : alt. 19'".8; lat. 10"'.l. PETRICOLA COGNATA. P. t. pholadiformi : albida; area supera postica SYNOPSIS. Panama Shells. 323 striis exilibus aequalibus crebris radiata; area infera postica lineis elevatis exilibus inequalibus radiata ; parte dirnidia antica costis — a squamis for- nicatis crassis parvis instructis — radiata : umbonibus subplanulatis ; limbo ventrali antice pectinate. Long. 23'" A ; alt. 10"'.7 ; lat. 11'".2. AMPHIDESMA. IUCOI,OR. A. t. elliptica, vix flexuosa, inequilaterali, postice majori ; margine dorsali postice subconcava ; raarginibus alteris rotundatis : albida, prope apices purpurea ; intus area purpurea majori : prope apices Izcvi aliunde lineis exilibus concentricis et striis radiantibus crebris exilissimis — postice microscopicis, divaricatis — ornata : apicibus parvis, prominentibus : umbouibus convexis. Long. 21'". 6; alt. 18"'.8; lat. 10"'.7. AMPHIDESMA PROXIMTM. A. t. suborbiculari, subflexuosa, subinequi- laterali ; margine dorsali antice concava, postice subexcurvata ; parte postica subtruncata ; marginibus aliunde rotundatis : nivea : epidermide tenui, lutescente vel atro-fusca : parte media et postica lineis elevatis sub- distantibus exilibus ornata ; striis exilissimis radiata : apicibus parvis ap- proximatis : umbone sinistra quam dextra convexiore : hmula et pube angustis, concavis. Long. 45" '.8 ; alt. 40"'.l ; lat. 20'".8. AMPHIDESMA STRIOSUM. A. t. elliptica, subflexuosa, inequilaterali ; margine dorsali postice subexcurvata, antice concava ; marginibus alteris rotundatis : pallido flava : lineis elevatis concentricis exilibus crebris et striis radiantibus creberrimis exilissimis : apicibus parvis approximatis : umbonibus convexis. Long. 20"M ; alt. 18'"; lat. 8'".4. AMPHIDESMA TORTUOSCM. A. t. compressa, subequilaterali, supra angulari, infra rotundata ; margine dorsali postice vix excurvata, antice vix concava: angulum circa 125° continenti ; marginibus alteris rotun- o o datis : flexura magna : albida : rugis concentricis crebris, a striis radi- antibus exilissimis trajectis : apicibus minimis, approximatis : umbone sinistro planato, dextro convexo : lunula et pube angustis, profundis. Long. 31'".7; alt. 28'"; lat. 8'".9. AMPHIDKSMA VENTRICOSUM A. t. suborbiculari, subequilaterali, ven- tricosa, flexuosa ; margine dorsali utrinque subrecta; marginibus alteris rotundatis: albida, pallido fusco zonata : striis concentricis ina-qualibus ; striis radiantibus exilissimis creberrimis : apicibus parvis, approximatis : umbonibus perconvexis. Long. 17"'.S; alt. 15'".7 ; lat. 9"'.l. ANATINA ALTA. A. t. ovata, brevi ; antice subnngulata et flexuosa ; marginibus aliunde rotundatis : albida, margaritacea : epidermide tenui, fusco-lutescente: exilissime sagrinata: apicibus parvis, prominentibus, approximatis : umbonibus subconvexis : intus post dentem cochlearifor- mem profunde sinuata. Long. 50"'.4 ; alt. 34"'.3 ; lat. 17'".8. PANDORA CORNCTA. P. t. elongata, ovata, perinequilaterali ; parte postica longiore et alteriore; margine dorsali subrecta ; postice rostrata; margine postica supra profunde excavata ; margine ventrali rotundata : albida, margaritacea : umbone dextro postice angulato : apicibus incon- spicuis : umbonibus sub;equaliter subconvexis. Long. 15'".2; alt. 10'".7 ; lat. 2'".8. POTAMOMYA ^EQUALis. P. t subovatA, subequilaterali, subinequivalvi ; 324 Panama Shells. SYNOPSIS. margine postica subangulata ; marginibus alteris rotundatis : alba : epi- dermide pallido fusco : angulo umbonali posticii baud prominente ; umbone dextro inflate : apicibus parvis : dentibus parvulis : dente sinis- tra ad mediam carinata, Long. 19"'.S ; alt. 16"'.8; lat. 10'".7. POTAMOMYA iNFLATA. P. t. ovata, ventricosa, inequilateral!, subin- equivalvi, postice inter angulos duos umbonales subtruncata ; margine ventrali baud multum excurvata ; margine antica rotundata : alba : epidermide fusco-lutescente : apicibus parvis : umbonibus inflatis : denti- bus parvis: dente sinistra ad mediam carinata. Long. 17'". 8 ; alt. 14'".5 ; lat. 8'".4. POTAMOMYA TRIGONALIS. P. t solida, triangulari, subinequivalvi, subequilaterali ; margine dorsali postice subexcurvata ; antice angulata ; postice rotundata ; infra subrecta : alba : epidermide fusco lutescente : angulo umbonali postico acuto : apicibus magnis, prominentibus : denti- bus robustis ; dente siuistra ad mediam carinata. Long. 24"'.l ; alt. 20'".3 ; lat. 14'".2. CORBULA RUBRA. C. t. subovata, subinequivalvi, subinequilr.terali, postice acuminata, infra arcuata, antice rotundata : rufa, antice radio brevi albo, auterius macula atro-rubra — ornata : striis concentricis exilibus ; striis radiantibus exilissimis : umbonibus iuflatis : dentibus parvis. Long. 7'".9 ; alt. 4'"8 ; lat. 3'".5. SOLECURTUS AFFINIS. S. t. elongata, subcylindrica, utrinque rotun- data : alba : epidermide straminea : apicibus subposticis : Jignmento lato : nymphis callosis : dentibus parvis ; sinistra una ; dextris duobus. Long. 57'" ; alt. 20'".3 ; lat. 14'". SOLEN RUDIS. S. t. solida, recta vel subrecta ; postice truncata ; antico rotundata ; limbis anticis crassissimis : alba : epidermide fusco lutescente, crassa, decidua, trans margines producta ; striis exilissimis nonnullis radiata : apicibus ab extremitatem anticam 1 longitudinis totius distantibus: ligamento magno: nymphis callosis: dentibus in testis senioribus magnis. Long. 147'" ; alt. 33'" ; lat. 25'".4. INDEX OF FAMILIES AND GENERA. PAGE Adeorbis IKi Ampliiilcama 288 Anatiua 294 Anomiii 244 Arciiius 254 Area 2.VT Artt-mis 274 .Inriculidtc 207 Auricula 208 Jlvicii/i(la: 240 Avicula 24'J Kuccinum 67 Bullida: 214 llulla 214 Calyptraiidte 217 Calyi>trjEii 219 Cancellaria J32 Capsa 270 Cardiida: 264 Cardita 264 Cardium 266 Cassis 102 Cerithium 150 Clta?ni:liF 253 Chama 253 Chemiiitzia J64 Chiton 242 Cingula 181 Coecum 160 Columbella 81 Conns 104 Corbuliila: 2!>4 Corbula 297 Crassatclla 292 Crepidula 225 Cumin^ia 287 Cyclostomida 212 Cyprttid* 29 Cyprtea 3-J Cyrena 275 Cy therea 272 DoHum ?3 Donax 277 Erato 39 F.ulimidf. 1»« Eulima 198 Fasciolaria . 129 PAGE Ficula 128 Fissurellidai 235 Fissurella 235 Fusus 129 Gouldia 275 Haliotida 216 Hipponyx 217 Lima 248 Lithodonuis 251 Liliopa 183 J.ittin-inidas 160 Littorina. 170 Lottia 24! Lucina 276 Lutmria 293 J\Iactrid 76 77 OtflSCIA. 78 112. 0. tuberculosa Sowb., 78 79 Family Strombfdle. 79 CONUS. 80 113. C. brutineiis Wood, 114. gladiator Brod., 82 115. mahogani Rv., 82 116. mix Brod., 83 117. princeps Linn., 83 118. purpurascens Brod., 84 119. regnlitatis Sowb., 85 120. regularis Sowb., 85 121. •yittntus Brug., 86 87 8TROMBUS. 87 122. S. galea Wood, 88 123. gracilior Sowb., 89 124. granulatus Wood, 125. Peruvianus Swains., 89 91 family Muricidae. 91 92 TRITON. 93 126. T, Chemnitx.ii Gray, 93 127, constrictus Brod., 94 128. fusoides Ad., 94 129, gibbosua Brod., 95 130. lignarius Brod., 96 131. vestitus Hinds, Page 96 97 97 98 99 99 100 101 101 101 102 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 106 108 109 110 110 111 112 113 114 116. lilfV IKV 117 118 Index. 329 RANEU.A. No. 132. R. cselata Brod,, 133. nana Brod., 134. nitida Brod., 135. plicata Rv., MTJREX. 136. M.dubius Sowb., 137. erosus Brod., 138. radix Gm., 139. rectirostris Sowb., 140. rccurvirostris Brod., 141. regius Wood, 142. salebrosus King, 143. vibex Brod., 144. vittatus Brod., PYRULA. 145. P. patula Brod., FICULA. 146. F. ventricosa Sowb., FUSCS. 147. F. bellus Ad., FASCIOLARIA. 148. F. granosa Brod., TURBINELLA. 149. T. czestus Brod., 150. castanea Gray, 151. cerata "Wood, 152. rudis Rv., 153. spadicea Rv., CANCELLARIA. 154. C. affiuis Ad., 155. clavatula Sowb., 156. decussata Sowb., 157. goniostoma Sowb., 158. mitriformis Sowb., 159. pulchra Sowb., 160. pygmsea Ad., 161. solida Sowb., 162. tesselata Sowb., PLEUROTOMA. 163. P. aterrima Sowb., 164. atrior Ad., 165. bicaualifera Sowb., JULY, 1852. No. Page Page 166. P. collaris Sowb., 139 118 167. concinna Ad., 140 119 168. corrugata Sowb., 140 120 169. discors Sowb., 141 120 170. duplicata Sowb., 141 171. excentrica Sowb., 142 121 172. exigua Ad., 142 121 173. gemmulosa Ad., 143 122 174. grandimaculata Ad., 143 123 175. incrassata Sowb., 144 124 176. nigerrima Sowb., 144 124 177. obeliscus Rv., 145 125 178. olivacea Sowb., 145 126 179. pallida Sowb., 146 127 180. rigida Hinds, 146 181. rudis Sowb., 146 182. rustica Sowb., 147 127 183. striosa Ad., 147 184. zomilata Rv., 148 185. sp. indet. a, 148 128 186. " b, 148 MANGELU. 129 187. M.sp. indet. c, 148 188. ' " d, 149 189. " e, 149 129 190. " /, 149 191. neglecta Ad., 149 130 192. sulcosa?(Columbella)Sowb. ,149 131 CERITHIUM. 131 193. 0. adustum Kr., 150 132 194. assimilatum Ad., 150 132 195. bimarginatum Ad., 151 196. famelicum Ad., 152 197. gemmatum Hinds, 152 132 198. interruptum (?) Mke., 153 133 199. sp. indet., 153 134 200. irroratum Gould, 154 134 201. neglectum Ad., 154 135 202. Pacificum Sowb., 155 135 203. pauperculum Ad., 155 136 204. pulchrum Ad., 156 137 205. Reevianum Ad., 156 137 206. validum Ad., 157 TRIPHORIS. 138 207. T. alternatus Ad., 158 138 208. inconspicuus Ad., 159 139 209. infrequens Ad., 159 22 ANN. LTC. NAT. HIST. 330 Index. Family Oftorillidos TURRITELLA. No. 210. T. Banksii Rv., CAECUM. 211. C. diminutum Ad., 212. eburneum Ad., 213. firmatura Ad., 214. laive Ad., 215. l.j.queatum Ad., 216. monstrosnm Ad., 217. parvum Ad., 218. pygmreum Ad., CHEMNITZIA. 219 C. aculeus Ad., 220. acuminata Ad., 221. affinis Ad., 222. clathratula Ad., 223. communis Ad., 224. gracilior Ad., '225. major Ad., 226. marginata Ad., 227. Panamensis Ad., 228. sirailis Ad., 229. striosa Ad., 230. turrita Ad., LITTORINA. 231. L. angiostoma Ad., 232. aspera Phil., 233. atrata Ad., 234. conspersa Phil., 235. excavata Ad., 236. fasciata Gray, 237. foveata Ad., 238. megasoma Ad., 239. parvula (?) Phil., 240. pulchra Swains., 241. puucticulata Phil., 242. varia Sowb., EISSOA. 243. R. clandestina Ad., 244. firmata Ad., 245. fort-is Ad., 246. inconspicua Ad., 247. infrequens Ad., 548. Janus Ad., No. Page 249. R. uotabilis Ad., 180 250. scalariforrnis Ad., 180 Page 160 251. sp. indet., 181 Family Trocllidac. 161 CIXGULA. 161 252. C. inconspicua Ad., 181 161 253. paupercula Ad., 181 162 254. terebellum Ad., 182 162 255. turrita Ad., 182 162 163 LITIOPA ? 163 256. L. saxicola Ad., 183 ADEORBIS. 164 257. A. abjecta Ad., 183 164 VITRINELLA. 165 165 258. V. concinna Ad., 184 166 259. exigua Ad., 184 167 260. Janus Ad., 185 167 261. nrinuta Ad., 186 167 262. modesta Ad., 186 168 263. Panamensis Ad., 186 J. l 289, 6th, " " " at the end of the line substitute a semicolon/or the comma. " 290,1st, « « top, for beak read beaks. 295, 7th, " " " at the end of the line substitute a semicolon for the comma. 306, 13th, " " bottom, for COLUJIELLA read COLUMBELLA. i 1