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CATALOGUE

OF THE SPECIMENS OF

54.410 (AN)
M “ MMALIA y

THE COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

PART III. \
UNGULATA FURCIPEDA.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1852.

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PREFACE, woot

“

THE chief object in preparing the present Synopsis has
_ been, to give at one view a complete Catalogue of all the
specimens of Mammalia, and their Osteological remains, at
present in the British Museum Collection, afd an account
of the species known to exist in other collections, but which
are at present desiderata in the British Museum, so as to
enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist mm com-
pleting tlie National Collection. For this purpose, a short
description has been given of all the genera and species at
present known to exist in the different museums and private
“collections, and at the end of each description is added an
enumeration, stating the state, age, country, and other pecu-
liarities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum Collec-
tion ; or when the species is not at present in that Collection,
the museum, in which it has been observed, is added after
the general habitat of the species. Go

The different individuals of each species contained in the
British Museum Collection are indicated by the letters a, 4,

‘¢, &c. When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to”

: be understood that it is full-grown, or nearly so ; when other-
; a2

YRAKE US
° \ 10
lV ; °
MUSEURB TROT HS Vv

wise, its state is marked! intmediately after the letter by
which it is distinguished ; and if the sexes are known, it is
stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed
by the habitat, which is given as particularly as the mate-
rials possessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens
which have been presented to the Museum have the name
of the donor marked immediately after the habitat. When
there is no such indication, the specimens have been either
purchased or procured in exchange ; and in this case, when-
ever the place or person from whence they have been re-
ceived gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything
to their history, they are noted as being from such or such
a collection. .

The various synonyms have been given to the different
divisions of the class, and to the genera and subgenera and
species, and a reference made to the works in which they
have been characterized or described.

In the adoption of the names for these divisions and for
the names of the genera and species, it has been thought
right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first
used for the purpose. As far as regards the specific name, —
there is comparatively little difficulty in the application of
this simple rule ; but ordimal, and especially generic names,
have been used by different authors in senses so widely dif-
ferent, and the groups which they are intended to designate
have been so variously extended and restricted, that it is no
easy matter to determine, where several names have been
used, which of them ought to be preferred. As every ori-
ginal observer will constantly make use of characters which
_ others may ‘have overlooked, or not thought of so much
importance as further researches have shown to belong to
it, even when’ a generic name is used, it will of necessity be
often employed in.a different sense, or with a more restricted

PREFACE. 4

or very rarely a more extended meaning than its original
proposer applied to it. If this was not allowed, many new
names must be added to the list of genera, which is already
so overburdened with synonyma. In those cases where the
two sexes of the same species, or any particular individual
state or variety belonging to it, have been differently named,
the names belonging exclusively to the state or individual
described are placed after the reference to the specimens to
which they apply. To determine with accuracy the names
and synonyma of the species, the various specimens, skele-
tons and other remains of Hoofed animals in the Museums
of the Zoological Society, of the East India Company, of the
Naval Hospital at Haslar, and of the different local Societies,
especially those of Liverpool, Bristol, &c., and the various
continental Museums of Paris, Leyden, Berlin, Vienna,
and Frankfort, have been personally examined, and in
many cases the specimens contained in those Museums have
been sent to the Museum, so that they could be actually
compared with specimens in the Museum Collection.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Museum,
lst December, 1852.

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’ SYSTEMATIC INDB S08 , A
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Page G , ab or LAVA LP 38o
Order V. UNGULATA ...... re a Pawrnguees dint aaiihpa. (eh. - roe
v Furcipeda mre ee 8 1. P. Hodgsonii ......... 53
Fam. t. Bovipa.ccoi secant g tae PROCAPRE . cdc ident ce 54
1. P. gutturosa ......... 54
- ves as Bovina ......+-. ms 2. P. picticauda ......... 55
A. Levicornia.......+... = 4 GAZBEDA. ©... ewcatsercees a0
LT. Bove®:....sccesnescecasees 15 17 Gc Ricca secon A}
He A tee scald cv. b fas «ds - 16 2. G. Isabella ............ 57
a . 3. G. subgutturosa...... 58
my 4 rae lak yg _ 4, G. Semmeringii ... 59
3 B. Dante eres 92 ae G. Mohr ies ate endietae's eae 59
oT Sink Sa ee eae eae 6. G. ruficollis ......... 60
MAUD MAEUS ©. lcancseasecdvas 23 7. G.rufifrons ......... 60
1. B. brachycerus ...... 24
OR Bondage 25 5. “TRAGGPS. . iis Aneta 61
mm. ; 13>. Uadter. 5 cstsn36 3.58 28 1. T. Bennettii ......... 62
SMA «chs COE Sk ut: 29 6. ANTIDORCAS ............... 63
{ — 1. A. depressicornis 29 1.. A.. Euchore:s.:..2...<. 63
Ma a eS 30 4; FBPYCEROS 4.20357. 64
1. B. frontalis............ 31 5 ee oe
me be Ganrgs 26.60.5080 32° 8. AWPUROBE: seaciscas coed 66
oe Pee Domne beney o2 252 35 1. A. bezoartica ......... 66
Be Bison a ee Cate eS Ete sak 39 9. TETRACERUS .........-cceee 67
“1. B. Bonassus ......... 36 1. T. quadricornis ...... 68
Y2. B. Americanus ...... 38 2. Te Tes hee 69
B. G. PoEPHAGUS ...........- 39 3. T. paccervis ......... 69
+: AX: ovisnagene PRA 40 4. T.subquadricornutus 70
a we i Sean ce wous coae 42 10, CALOTRAGUS ............ 70
1. C. campestris......... 71
1. O. moschatus ......... 43 2. C. melanotis:......... ye
8. a Serene sores 44° 11 ScoPOPHORUS asses... 73
1. B. taxicola Scacn a eeaie 45 A Ss. Ourebi Pe eee 73,
Il. Antilopee ...........0008 45 2. S. montanus ......... 74
Meee. PIAtEA. Jaskucsies.. <.oable 51 32; Oneorracusa: .....0.)..2. 74
% Ri LAPOREIGH, £10.07 51 1. Oc nalkateies.t 8.5022. 74

Vill SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

1B, INESOTRAGUS «000. cmscsde 75
1. N. moschatus......... 75

14, NEOTRAGUS.....ccccccseee 76
1. N. Saltianus ......... 76

15, CEPHALOPHUS.....00...> 76
1. C. quadriscopa ...... 77
A2. C. Grimmia ......... 78
3. C. Campbellie ...... 80

4. C. Burchellii ......... 81
5.‘C. Madoqua ......... 82

6. C. coronatus ......... 82
7. C. sylvicultrix ...... 83
B.C. Opti tiess ses00% 83

it be 1 ee ae 84
OC. Corea bangs wx: 84
BES MSS TREE ss catevasease 84
12. C. Natalensis......... 85
13. C. rufilatus......s00.. 85
“y:14. C. Maxwellii ......... 86
Ma15. C. pygmea .......0.... 87
16. C. melanorheus ...... 88
17. C. punctulatus ...... 88
18. C. Whitfieldii......... 88
16. NANOTRAGUS .......sce0e 89
1. N. perpusillus ...... 89

Ris ELBA, y veneteree ddl ie 90
1... PiGapreola i: y..dscas 90

1S. ELERGPRAGUS, , seatseci an: 91
1. E. arundinaceus...... 9]
2. E. reduncus ...::.... 94

aA PHIOMBUB), S602.: 4024005 4s 95
CoAS, ADEMOTS Ve cass acoiden: 96
Pe Se Re ET 96

2, A, TiOCHOB sch ccehs ces 98

Ss), Ranus diene 99
‘1. K. ellipsiprymnus ... 99
2. K. Sing-Sing ......... 99

21. HipPpoTrRAGUS .......2000. 102
« 1. H. leucopheus ...... 102
Ze HH. .OP Leah ias ees 104
RUNS «5c. 3h ee cdmedes 105
2-0: Garella 2.5., 46-32. 105
BM). Beisa dy 4i ice h 106
Pero) LGUCOTYE 12. cdi 107

Page

2a. ADD AX os .scossea sean 108
1. A. nasomaculatus ... 108
24. CAPRICORNIS ......s00.0- 110
1. C. Sumatrensis ...... 110

2. C. Babalina \i.006 11]
S.C. ? Crisga sesess ee 112

25. NEMORHEDUS ....cecss... 112
1. N. Goral’2 ee 112

26... MazaMA ’.3,2JGnneeeneee 114
1. M. Americana ...... 114

27. RUPICAPRA ...,4000008 115
X 1. RB. Tragus:..0..cickee 115
28. ANTILOCAPRA .........08 116
~.1. A. Americana......... 117
29 & 30. ConNOCHETES .... 119
1. Co Guu fhe 119
2.°C. Gorgon <caswee 121

31. ALCELAPHUS ...suspeanee 122
3). A. Bubalis ............ 123
2. A. Caama -. eee 124

82. DAMALIS...:3¢4000 ee 125
XK. D. innate ae 125

2. D. Senegalensis ...... 126
353. D. Pygarga.........00. 127
4, D. albifrons* 2... 129

5. D.? Zebra tees 129

B. Angulicornia ...... 131
III. Strepsicere@ ...+0+... 131
1. STREPSICEROS ...........- 132
Yl. 'S. Kida ose cee 133
2. OREAS .....«accseeeeeeee 134
1. O. Cannas eee 134

2. O. Derbianus......... 135

3. TRAGELAPHUS V0 ee 136
1. T. Eurycerus..«6 136

2. T, Angasii ssc scames 137

3. Ti: seripta “: 57a 138

A. T. Deeula -.. cee 139

x 5. T. sylvatiensieeeeee 139

og

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

1. P. Tragocamelus

a PONE: Sones ks cna Jace
. HEMITRAGUS

—_

2. KemMaAs

Pe EGOCEROS .....-..<-00000eee

Sh &. Pyrenaica.........
2. AS. Caucasica .........

were ee ee eee eee eee eee

Peewee neeeee

3. C. Himalayana ......
4, C. levicornis .........
5. C. Nubiana
6. C. Valie

Sere eetaee

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eee ee weet eee eeesase

Tee POR eee eee eeseseeee

1. Ovis

bo

BER APROWIS® 1 oscks wes sean dv end

Dashes VIPMOD id ee fran:
2. C. Orientalis
SB. C. Musimon
4.0, Axealt vc nia:
5. C. Canadensis

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Tribe 2. Giraffina

1. GIRAFFA
1. G. Camelopardalis...

eee t EPS ee ee ttt eee

Il. Tribe 3. Cervina....

2. Rangerin.........0.00+-

Le TARANDUSkasesisakeuds dese

C. Elaphus.........-.

eet e eee eee eee

eee ee eee eee ee sees

Peewee ee ene eee

1. R.

Dimorphe .........
hippelaphus ......
Equinus...2..:.0...
Peronii

lepida: 2) sisatsseure

- maculata
. pseudaxis

5 CHYVELAPHUS 2025s san ssseae
1. H. porcinus

6. CERVULUS cS ees

1. C. vaginalis .........
=~ 2. C. moschatus.........
3. C. Reevesit 0ii052..0.2

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

5. Capreolin® ...sccreeeeeees 221
IGHCAPEMBEUE. .i..<0se0scpann 221
MK 1G, Capreea ...ccscame. 222
K 2. C. pygargus ......00- 223
2, OLABTOGERUS, ‘ssiccdcccsss 223
2 1.cBe paludosts’....52.. 224
2. B. campestris......... 224

So, PaRCrRER |i es. dbs 226
1. F. Antisiensis......... 226

AE PRE rT ae ce 227
ASNGARTACUS 4) Joc reirens' << 228
¥1. C. Virginianus ...... 228

2. C. Mexicanus......... 230

3. C. leucurus............ 230

4, C.? nemoralis......... 232

5. C. punctulatus ...... 232
6.0; BiOWish seckscicecss 233

(5 -. Rages 308.53 234

Re MOONMEUG, - ducevceves sdebavace 236
1. C. nemorivagus ...... 237
CORRS, WHAPUIB ss oackobar es sc 238

3. C. superciliaris ...... 239

Ae TS nw end ens 239

“itl ae BR) aM SS SRE RTS 240
De AS 58 ss cas ecte 240
Tribe 4. Moschina......... 241
T; MoOsSCHUs ekki. 242
1. M. Sibiricus ......... 243
2. M. moschiferus ...... 244

Page

3. M. leucogaster ...... 245

4. M. chrysogaster...... 245

2. Mia a soos oesoc eee 246
1." M; indica © ci ccssses-steeeee

3. HYEMOSCHUS ......00.... 247
1. H. aquaticus ......... 248

4, TRAGULUS {ievdverts fener 248
1. T. Stanleyanus ...... 249

2.. T. Javyaniege ase eee 249

3. T. pygMeus ......... 250
Tribe 5. Camelina ......... 251
1. CAMELUS »s:csecncceceeeeee 252
1. C.. Arabictis {3.40 252

2. C. Bactrianus ...... 253

2. DAMA 2c scsccsete sce seeeeees 254
val. L. Vicugna............ 256,
(--2. L. Guanacus ......... 257/

Vyd. Li. GIAma “sccstveannen 26
4, JL. Pagos.....ceceeeeee 260-
Fam. 2. EQuiDH ......... 262
1. EQuUS © ccosckencsscs aeeene 262
1., E. Caballus....2.yarsee 263

2; ASINUS |... >xicticccsseeenenenee 268
1. A. Vulgarisisessss.c.uss 268

2. A. Onager’y,-conecsuee 269

3. A. Hemionus......... 272

4, A. Equuleus: ......... 275

5. A. Quagga so... ccc. 275

6. A. Burchellii ......... 276

7. Ao Lebrasxiweeel ee 277

xi

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Europe.

Page

Bos Taurus... Domesticated i052 ...56.0..c.c00.scseceus 17
indicus. Domesticated .:..........c.scccsessaeees 21
Bubalus Buffelus. Domesticated ..........c.....se00e 25
Bison Bonassus. Poland ...........sssseeeessssecseees 36
Ripicapra Traps). ...ccsscsewweedavenievedsveredvecaes bax 115
AEBOCCTOS PYTENAICA. «5 5. i900ps case gs asececncncenetcasens 147
peer ORM Oa so san adis sate as hasty siaeeneonsaasivansanea’ 148
MSAPER SEE «50. santnscovevdsdRpasacdentssaceh oh Udsuas 149
Hircus Agagrus. Domesticated ...........cc0e.ceee 153
Caprovis Mnsimon. Sardimia..........00.ccsseecesereee 173
Blces Malchis: ......cses7s00.s0<sdorsessveosdeaee maleated 187
Tarandus rangifer. Arctic Circle ...............se000- 189
Wervas, BlApUas, . «6222 <210s-c0desdeqchossiw ates 195
Dama vuigaris. Domesticated ............... adds 200
Capreolus Caprzea .........0006 gpiewevewntadju ems suaused 222

South Africa.

Hos*Tadrus:': Domestiented «2.25. ).06 0. <<apeatsanranss 17
epeeeapies OaSPOR Vib ord 2 5313 icc ip eter canes Arcawsonannnae 28
Peptiomese MRehOre . 52512). sc seeks «up dscasdhaceewasenaaes 63
nrpeenaa’ Mala miiis. 2254532 500k scans oc cubommoesacucets 65
Calotragun: campestris: \ 23. 2sses5oi.c32...csceses conense ae
meth! PHC IBTVENS 222357215; Lia emapvavest. dus adtassssessevaaes 72
Seupopharins Ohirei: £5 .dc2 soacene we eeden dele lecdeoded dine ee
Oreotragus egitim gars 66k g cassie phd nonosclavs 74
Cephalophuny (arama sisatiess adesedeuas waevasoncuneeaae 78
——— :Campbellie ss :iccasinescccFilsscesscasse ccabteeuduns 80
—- Burro sass 232092 cei dg scee see blbeatencstanedads 81
—— Natalensis. Port Natal ................:seeeseceee 85
Sa PYPMNER » 6c s Pde scssscctddccdscssécidecccsneneat ose 187
Pelea Capreola ....... Sbice fetaceécacwstatoacgoba ceekseaceee 90
Eleotragus arnndinaceus ......4.+...secssesesececeececees 91
Adenota Lechée. . ‘Tropies:.s0.00.00.00cib sides depeunen 98
Kobus ellipsiprymnus .......5..s0s0csssencsesccccececees 99
Hippotragus leucopheus .............sssceeeeerenseescees 102
MIG + oacssesdecces Saha evepeh cbuedecoudenwh Goddaeoatee 104

Oryx Gazella........cseeeee eutadecdivdaeascehungaeeneensedl 105

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Page
Connothetes Gair, .62snictecsidicnoscknngehe sees 119
OTEOM vce cipaxesneasFeleubad spieednnns ROMEO EES 12]
Picelaslina Caania ' cnn .ccnescceanieagtieveds metastases 124
Promniatia Wanatys, 20 <ai:5Jcsennensnandoepeees seeceaee bors 125
eV SAT ES: so ccasnn enaindciicombhy a vecrpacdyes saeeer aan ere 127
AIDILTOMS). jb whparscnne> ccobacteaeteeeeenae astuavvas 129
merepsiceros Kula.) \.... cicsci¢i..s0s nenpads saeeeneaeeeees 133
8Cns CARDD.. ndchanspansnce ns sessadihesescersbeentbeneees 134
Peagelaphus ADGA x25 0.05550; -seeyressesrsbasesteneee 137
BYLVAACR, case wioineesnnssivnedsnisut heen cles seeeeneneemnee 138
Hircus Hgagrus. Domesticated ............eeeseeees 153
Ovis Aries: Domesticated ....4; 00.00. .0csseenaneiees 161
Giratta Camelopardalis............<dc0ce.cesssessemssanee a
Equus Caballus. Domesticated..............s.csceeees 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated ..............cscesenees 268
QUAZER... .0900=-s-ncvcerencsensecvess asvareeateactenny 275
BURCHETT ciincnnnnacennesanchaseditvesagenbheeeennnn 276
Bee PLCUED ip pncekencteecnenssuqnbnrn~cansaidevecbaleneeee 277
4

North Africa.
Bos Taurus... Domesticated ............ccssstsessesess 17
Dante... Domesticated) i.5.320.4..... 5a 22
Bubalus Buffe'us. Domesticated ...............000... 25
Gaela DOr Cas ooo sc. 20 os ceenina-«nestnsoaven chet Ree 56
Oryx Len Or gS, 000.01. dbo spade sabvacsus.cddbyapeeneeeel 107
Addax nasomaculatns ..........<0avicshan'ssntee decane enee 108
Algelaphos Bubalig .......ivssacsos..-bipulossscassanbiene 123
Capra, NuDIANB....00.-.0052.0s000-+001000. sce sqengeaehiaee 152
Hircus Agagrus. Domesticated ............ssesscees 153
Ovis Antes. | Domesti¢ated,.;..5./.....000s0csseemepiin 161
Ammotragus Tragelaphus ....is.sns«0s«+seencasambies 179
Giraffa Camelopardalis ...... ee ee 181
Cervus Elaphus, var. Algeria ...........ccccsgscesese 197
aes DATUSSUS. | DATDATY 1.~004.0> onsprennthenineeel apo Ae
Camels ATADICUS \<..,..-c0e=-conresigtase*Ace sagen 252
Equus Caballus. Domesticated ...........0..+.cseeeees 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated ..........sseseeesersee 26£

West Africa.
Bos Taurus. . Domesticated .....:....9sdeddeseesmeeelee 17
Bos Dante. Domesticated..............+.++00 dahon Gould 22
Bubalus brachycerus .....s.tais..)dthacanchaaeaien while. 24
Gazella Mobr 00:4» ...endsstuuaadneeanaaa> een gst aD
‘rufifrons. ,, Gambia ...,....ssaasesseeeepeeeeen » 60
Scopophorus montanus . ..p\ss,-sressweridaes aamseueueeen 73
? Cephalophus quadriscopa .....-c00ses.csneccsenescese 77
a—— Campbellige o.acasecia.nnansnnsee<pnedbneesarnehetensns 86
coronatus, Gam bia-c.i. i: 2vsdisaputees<neenenan 82
—— sylvicultrix. Sierra Leone........ccceccecceseeees 81

—— Ogilbii. Fernando Po ...........seeeeeeees dudes 83

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Page
? Cephalophus badius. Sierra Leone........... 84
— dorsalis. Sierra Leone .........+0-.-e0ee. 84
Niger. GUINEA ....sccccrereccecssecsssouses 85
—— rufilatus. Gambia .............0+..sessecees 86
—— Maxwell ............c.pecsecscecesecstccces 86
—— melanorheus. Fernando Po.............. 88
—— punctulatus. Sierra Leone .............. 88
Whitfieldii. Gambis......-..........6.0s00- 88
Nanotragus perpusillus. Guinea .............. 89
Eleotragus reduncus. Gambia ..............2+ 94
Adenota Kob. Gambia ......ccssecsssseseesscens 96
Kobus Sing-Sing. Gambia...........0...+00..... 99
Oryx Leucoryx. Gambia .......00....--.2--s008 107
- Damalis Senegalensis. Gambia................. 126
—— Zebra. Sierra Leone.............+-se0...0. 129
Oreas Derbianus. Gambia...............00:000-+ 135
Tragelaphus Eurycerus ............seesssseeereees 136
PR ion ca depy-hiah omaha can cca dbs vn’ tea cnee 138
Hircus Agagrus. Domesticated .............. 153
Hyemoschus aquaticus ..............ceeeeeeeeees 248
Camelus Arabicus. Domesticated.............. 253
Equus Caballus. Domesticated................. 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated ................. 268
East Africa.
Bos Taurus. Domesticated ............s00..0.. 17
? Bubalus brachycerus................s.eseseeeee.s 24
relia. Doreany Part. aissiasse) eos saseag sok eden ee 56
Memeietl (civ iigs | dei 5. aes oo sec< amiga won ae 57
—— Scemmeringii .. ................ceecececeeees 59
—— ruficollis.. Kordofan .................seeee- 60
Scopophorus mMontanus ......seseeeseeeeeeeeeeees 73
Oreotragus saltatrix......ccccocsscseccecseesereecee 74
Nesotragus moschatus. Zanzibar.............. 75
Neotragus Saltiana. Abyssinia ...............-- 76
Cephalophus Madoqua. Abyssinia ........... 82
? Adenota Koba .......... Bot dyaeag tek wongl act oF
Ox ey 5 5 oho in os an Sok acerca UE « «cumin 106
Strepsiceros Kudu, var. ......0......eeeceeeees otacdre sui hare
Tragelaphus Decula......000.....0.sssscsesceeeecee 139
? Capra Nubiana,. ..+ssccveevsqaiguuss cos cn vbeucaas 151
Valie,... Abyssinia, ..000s0<catcdsn<..cerbeses 152
Hircus Aigagrus. Domesticated ...........-.. 153
Ovis Aries. Domesticated ............sceeeeeees. 161
Equus Caballus. Domesticated................++ 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated ............... 268
Australia.
Bos Taurus. Domesticated ... ......:..s0s--00- 17
Hircus Aigagrus. Domesticated .........0+.. 153

Xiil

X1V

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Page
Ovis Aries, Domesticated 05.5.0. 02200500. .ctlooanatees 161
Equus Caballus. Domesticated............cccceseceves 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated ......s.0.secccsceeeeees 268
Asia.
? Bos Taurus. Domesticated .............0 Rieti 17
—— Indicus. Domesticated..............ceeecessesees 21
Bubalus Buffelus. Domesticated .........ccece.sesees 25
Anoa depressicornis. Celebes ............s.s+eeseeees 29
Hp08 HOTANA: PAMGIA oo 52 Sse ranesaveses sae peda aay 31
Glas. PMMA: ...... 0.6225. :tenee-snenugene eae 33
—— Banting. Java, Borneo........-.....sssececeeeeee 35
Poéphagus grunniens. Thibet .............sceeeseeeee 40
Budorcas taxicola. Thibet...............ceccsscceseceee 45
paied Tartarica: “Tartary <.........0+0-+.sscsesenscsees 51
Pantholops Hodgsonii. Thibet ..........06.....csceeee 53
Procapra gutturosa. Tartary.......c...sssccscesssseces 54
pictcanda.’’ THIDEH io. ses. l esac colic co esakene 55
*Gazella Doreas, var: <Indids.i.i....2..c0ssesncsnosewe 57
—— subgutturosa. Tartary ........csccsesseesseeeees 58
Tragops Bennettii. India, plains ...............seeees 62
Antilope Bezoartica. India, plains .................... 66
‘Tetracerus qQuadricormis .........02-...ssscoescensesecees 68
RGGGS 2 ccb22tesed dynes > Leab-Aasd htop. nsauecee nen 69
memes MA CCENVIS oncsacsessdachecec, sss evdenssacbersastaenen 69
pubquadiricornatua io. 40048 coescl oes ceemeuees 70
Capricornis Sumatrensis. Sumatra ............+++... 110
Bubalina. India, mountains............eeeeecees 111
—— crispa. Japan ......-...ceeeeeeseeee oon 12 112
? Nemorhedus Goral. India ... .........seceeceeeeeses 112
Portax Tragocamelus. India........ sete uted tdsdoskaeam 141
Hemitragus Jemlaicus. India ...............:s0eseeee 144
Kemas Warryato. Western India...............sss0+ 146
Capra Sibivica ....00...sc0.sccscssccsesecscessceoscsenecees 150
—— Himalayana....... gasacaseecces..-clveby sven Jonemie 150
Hireus Zgagrus. Domesticated ...........s00...e0eeee 153
Ovis Aries. - Domesticated ............cs-0sseseveccseous 61
Caprovis Vignei. Thibet .........sscsscssessceseeseeees 72
Argali. Siberia and Tartary ............... Lubin 174
Pseudois Nahoor. North India............s0-+-+..s00 177
Tarandus rangifer. Arctic regiOns......-....+.sseeeeee 183
Cervus Wallichii. India.............00...... ein sa Gh 497
affinis, ‘Thibet .i20...2.000.0..-c00s siden seelatwak 199
——— Sika: .:Japami.:.:2552.4..508.0.2. Aa 200
Dama vulgaris. Persia ............s+eceeececerenereeres 201
Panolia Eldii. India ..........cccccccesseoeesssenecenoes 202
Rucervus Duvaucellii. India..........sseeeeseeesereees 203
Rusa Aristotelis. India .........005......00secsnseseoese 205
——- Dimorphe. India .......0....0s00se.scevsceeeeceee 209

—— Hippelaphus. Java ......ccsecccsceceserereresecees 209

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

» Page
Rusa Equinus. Sumatra............00... ee ee 5
= Peroni. Timor ....seeise.sssescs ts ee fowt wat 211
— Philippinus. Philippines ...... sonahavaastgndner’ 211
=-— lepidus... Java... iseaicyjuavsnads.ccseay ehaswesy ted 212
Axis maculatus. India, plains .............+6 onweneds 212
—- pseudaxis. India ..................04. nih ote tai lat eg 215
Hyelaphus porcinus. India, plains ...............+00. 215
Cervulus vaginalis. Sumatra. Java ............seeee. 217
mmoschatus. « Tncdim oar. oh nop nate arse 218
Reevesii. Chima. .c.nic toe ass saweidwgnee ore 220 .
Capreolus pygargus. Siberia ..........00...cessessecees 223
moschus Sibiricus. ..:.....<aissslasdeney ss: sit apt cap auiilns 243
moschiferus ......+.« pahaenass inala/alhafd ic wg badeabiasee 244
——— leucogaster .........cscseccceeceees aaa tn spiae ec naiiddig 245
GHrPROMASLED i. Sao 5eassqusamstiebe so. asdabenn tek ae 245
Meminna indica ......... ele tia nphtesbeh = Sundtaaneoddals 246
Tragulus Stanleyanus. Ceylon ..............0.se.se00 249
Jayvanions.. Java, Gre. . 4 aagiesaun<edhdewwagnnneea- 249
a pyempeus. Java; GC. cade... ceeds ccstecndbawxasen 250
Remind ATAICUS: *.. 0. ol cai deasecitcs-saahenaweacsudins 252
—— Bactrianus. Domesticated ................00... 253
Equus Caballus.. Domesticated ......... sa goat ana 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated ........... ee aes 268
-—— Onager. India, plains ......... shady Niaualieniits 269
— Hemionus. Tartary ............ peli eis ape 272
North America.
Bos Taurus. Domesticated .............c0scesdescesee 17
BOG. AMETICANUS » nhs scsssc<decess Sendetine sa Oiath ew 36
Ovibos moschatus. Arctic regions................s008 43
Mazama Americana. Arctic regions ..........+0...06 . 114
Amitocapra Americana... ie. dsd. 0 2cta Ae adewitt tan 117
Hircus Agagrus. Domesticated ........6........006 153
onyis: Ariesas, Domesticated . .. sis suns snestemosavanedhe 161
Caprovis orientalis. Tunis. ......0...00isteewewis idee 172
Caprovis Canadensis. Arctic regions ............... 176
Poes. Malehite. |. ai.cccc.-nnnstelacwans Wakes aatirs dees 187
Tarandus rangifer. Arctic regions.................s008 189
Cervus Canadensis ..iiee.s200 isch nies. es anda ee
Cariacus Virgimianus ........6.......eseeeeeee a Scershets 228
oa Mexicanus ...icsecisatens secede se, cedienens melanie 230
SH— JEUCUTUS .eccescceessasccecsandsuacs wdsadeunasenwaaae 230
Cariacus nemoralis ...........-++. obattilnile,.ccume saliva 232
punctulatus so... 452. iy kcedds cae eg pees 232
ee LEWIS. < .c00 sc cccds tes scdsunatehathaeccn edteeisa. te 233
WHRGLOLIS -.. . «2 vn dia sze dvd dang MOET b nee secnsees) 204
Equus Caballus. Domesticated................cecesees 263
Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated..............se00se00es 268

XV

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

South America.

Page

Bos Taurus. Domesticated ............ Sa 17
Hircus Agagrus. Domesticated ...... eveshapiven ests 153
Ovis Aries. Domesticated ...............00+ wed telen coud 161
Blastocerus paludosus. Brazil .............sseeeseeeee 224
campestris. Patagonia... 5.0.0 s0.cssceaswarnsacs 224
Furcifer Antisiensis. Bolivia ..................000s eeace ene
— Huamel. Chili ........ eee eee eee pase. 227
Coassus nemorivagus. Brazil............cesceceseseeeee 237
PUTS.) POCRVALLS soo sve dedeveawhacedbs soodbanapeneae . 238
superciliaris, ~ Brazil v..veseceseesssvcnendeser eine 239
gurus. BTA? 2... .de.0eesnss nptchebobaneee oth ere
Prat AiateaaR, | AOBAT i. 5s ss: weeeis a'svv'es cope eeeeee 240
diame Viowgna. TOLviIA .. f000.0500000sen.vosuecousnoniin 256
Guanacus. Chili. Patagonia ...............+6- 257
Lama Glama. Domesticated.............ccccescseseees 260
— Pacos. Domesticated ............. poke nok peeeene 260

sdaete

CATALOGUE

OF

MAMMALIA.

Order V. UNGULATA.

Teeth irregular. Cutting and canine teeth often wanting in
one or both jaws. Grinders all similar, sometimes even wanting.
Toes large, covered with broad hoofs or large conical claws.

Ungulata, Ray, Syn. 60,1693; Link, Beytr.1795; Gray, Lond.
Med. Rep. xv. 305, Ann. Phil. 1825; Latr. Fam. Nat. 60,
1825; Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 181.

Multungula, Solidungula et Bisulea, I/liger, Prod. 94, 101, 103,
1811.

Mam. 2. Bruta, 5. Pecora, and 6. Belluz, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed.
12. 1. 26, 1766.

Gravigrades or Onguligrades normaux, Blainv. 1816.

Les Edentes, Les Pachydermes, et Les Ruminans, Cuvier, R. A.
i. 215, 227, 246, 1817; ed. 2. 1. 223, 1829.

Edentata et Ungulata, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825.

M. ungulatorum, Storr. Prod. Mam. 47, 1780.

Q. Proboscidiz, Tesserachenz, Trichenz, Monochene, Hydro-
phore, et Ruminantes, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 307, 1821.

Belluz, Pecora, et Bruta, Selys Longchamps.

Mam. Stereoplia, Pachydermia, et Anodonea, Rafin. Anal. Nat.
54-57, 1815.

_ These animals have been arranged by various scientific authors
in the following manner :—

Ray, in the Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum,
1693, 60, divides the viviparous, hairy animals or quadrupeds,
thus :—

A. Uneuuata. I. Solidipeda. Equus, Asinus, Zebra.

II. Bisulea. 1. Ruminantia. a. Bos, Ovis, Capra. &. Cervus.
2. Non-ruminantia. Sus.

A

2 MAMMALIA.

III. Quadrisulca. Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, &c.
B. Uneurcutata. 1. Bifido. Camelus. 2. Multifido.

a. Digitis indivisis. Elephas. 3. Anomala. Tatou sive Arma-
dillo, Tamandua, and Ai sive Ignavus.

Linnezus (Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1766) divides the Hoofed
animals into three orders, and arranges the genera thus :—

Order II. Brura. 5. Elephas. 7. Bradypus. 8. Myrmeco-
phaga. 9. Manis. 10. Dasypus.

Order V. Pecora. 27. Camelus. 28. Moschus. 29. Cervus. —
30. Capra. 31. Ovis. 32. Bos.

Order VI. BeLtuz. 33. Equus. 34. Hippopotamus. 35. Sus.
36. Rhinoceros.

Thomas Pennant, in the Synopsis of Quadrupeds, 1771, 8vo,
divides these animals thus :—

I. Hoorep QuaprRupeEps. 1. Whole-hoofed. Horse. 2.
Cloven-hoofed. Ox, Sheep, Goat, Giraffe, Antelope, Deer, Musk,
Camel, Hog, Rhinoceros, Hippopotame, Tapir, Elephant.

Il. DietrareD: QuaDRUPEDS. 4. Without cutting teeth.
Sloth and Armadillo. 5. Without teeth. Manis, Ant-eater.

Professor Charles [liger (Prodromus Systematis Mammalium
et Avium, 1811) arranged the Hoofed quadrupeds as follows :— —

Order V. MuttuneuLa. Fam. 16. Lamnunguia. 55. Li-
pura. 56. Hyrax. 17. Proboscidea. 57. Elephas. 18. Nasi-
cornia. 58. Rhinoceros. 19. Obesa. 59. Hippopotamus. 20.
Nasuta. 60. Tapirus. 21. Setigera. 61. Sus.

Order VI. SotipuNGuULA. 22. Solidungula. 62. Equus.

Order VII. Bisutca. 23. Tylopoda. 63. Camelus. 64..
Auchenia. 24. Devera. 65. Camelopardalis. 25. Capreolt.
66. Cervus. 67. Moschus. 26. Cavicornia. 68.:Antilope. 69.
Capra. 70. Bos.

Order VIII. Tarpicrapa. 27. Tardigrada. 71. Bradypus.
72. Choleepus. 73. Prochilus.

Order IX. Erropientia. 28. Cingulata. 74. Tolypeutes: ©
75. Dasypus. 29. Vermilingua. 76. Orycteropus. 77. Myrme-
cophaga. 78. Manis.

Order X. Reprantia. 30. Reptantia. 79. Tachyglossus.
80. Ornithorhynchus. 806. Pamphractus.

C. S. Rafinesque (in his Analyse de la Nature, 12mo, 1815)
divides the Hoofed quadrupeds into orders, thus :—

Order IV. Srereopiia. 1. Stereopodia. Fam. 8. Solipedia.
Caballus. 2. Bisulcia. Fam. 9. Camelinia. Camelus, Mos-
chus. Fam. 10. Ruminalia. 1. Stereoceria. Cervus, Munt-
jacus, Giraffa. 2. Cerynxia. Taurus, Aries, Hircus, Antilope, &ce.

Order V. PachypeRMiA. Fam. 11. Bellua. 1. Rhinoceria. —

MAMMALIA. 3

Rhinoceros and Unicornus. 2. Rhineteria. Elephas, Tapirus,
Aper, Tagassus, Babirussa, Pachurus. Fam. 12. Brutia. 1. Hy-
raxia. Hippotamus, Hyrax.

Order VI. ANopongEa. 1. Bradypia. Fam. 13. Tardigradia.
Bradypus, Unaus. 14. Dasypia. Dasypus, Matacus, Oryctopus.
4. Stomalia. 15. Manisia. 1. Perilepia, Pangolinus, Phataginus.
2. Tamandania, Myrmecophaga, Tamandua. 16. Monotremia.
Echidna and Ornithorinchus.

Cuvier (Reg. Animal, i. 215, 1817) places the Hoofed quadru-
peds in three orders, thus :—

Order I. Epenres. a. Tardigrades. 1. Paresseux (Brady-
pus). 2. Megatherium. 6. Edentes ordinaires. 3.Tatous. 4.
Orycteropes. 5. Fourmiliers. 6. Pangolins. ec. Monotremes.
7. Echidnes. 8. Ornithorique. |

Order Il. PachypERMEs. a. Proboscidiens. 1. Elephans.
2. Mastodontes. 5. Pachydermes ordinaires. 3. Hippopotames.
4. Cochons. 5. Anoplothertum. 6. Rhinoceros. 7. Damans
(Hyrax). 8. Paleotherium. 9. Tapirs. c. Solidipedes. Che-
vaux (Equus).

Order III. Rumrnans. a. Sans cornes. 1. Chameux (Ca-
melus). 2. Chevrotains (Moschus). 06. Avec cornes. 3. Cerfs
(Cervus). 4. Girafes. 5. Antelopes. 6. Chévres (Capra). 7.
Moutons (Ovis). 8. Boeufs (Bos).

The same arrangement, with rather more detail, is used in the
second edition, published in 1829.

Mr. J. E. Gray, in the Natural Arrangement of Vertebrose Ani-
mals (Medical Repository, 1821, 304), arranged the Ungulated
Mammalia into order thus :-—

Order VI. Tarpicrapa. 1. Bradypide. Bradypus, Unaus.

Order VII. OLicoponta. 2. Dasipide. Dasypus. 3. Ory-
cteropide. Orycteropus.

Order VIII. EpentuLa. 1. Manide. 1. Myrmecophaga.
2. Tamandua. 3. Cyclopes. 4. Manis.

Order IX. Progposcipi1a. 1. Elephantide. Elephas.

Order X. TESSERACHENH. J. Hippopotamide. Hippo-
potamus. 2. Suwide. Sus, Phacochzres, Dicotyles, Babi-
-roussa.

Order XI. TricHena. 1. Rhinoceride. Rhinoceros, Mono-
-eeros. 2. Hyracide. Hyrax. 3. Tapiride. Tapirus, Hydro-
cherus (sumatranus).

Order XII. Monocuana. 1. Equide. Equus.

Order XIII. HypropHora. 1. Camelide.

Order XIV. RuminantTia. 1. Moschide. Moschus, Me-
mina. 2. Cervide. Alces, Cervus, Capreolus. 3. Girafide.
Camelopardalis. 4. Antilopide. Dorcas, Caama, Oryx, Tseeran,

¢ A2

4 MAMMALIA.

Canna, Nylgau, Catablepas. 5. Capride. Capra, Ovis. 6. Bo-
vide. Bos.

Mr. Gray, in the “ Outline of the Distribution of Mammalia ”
(Annals of Philosophy, 1825), proposes to divide the Order
UneGuLata thus :—

I. Middle toes large, equal. Fam.1. Bovide. 2. se

II. Toes 3, 4, 5, subequal. Fam. 3. Elephantide. 4. Dasy-
pide. 5. Bradypidee.

This arrangement is followed in the List of Manitalina in the
Collection of the British Museum, 1843; the List of Osteological
Specimens in the British Museum, 1847 ; the List of Mammalia
and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the
British Museum; and in this work.

Dr. J. B. Fischer (in the Synopsis Mammalium, 8vo, 1828)
combines together the Linnzan and Cuvierian arrangement, and
arranges the Hoofed Mammalia thus :—

Order VI. Brura. a. 102. Bradypus. 104. Dasypus. 105.
Orycteropus. 106. Myrmecophaga. 107. Manis. 06. 108. Echid-
na. 109. Ornithorhynchus.

Order VII. Betuua. 110. Elephas. 112. Tapirus. 115.
Rhinoceros. 117. Hyrax. 118. Dicotyles. 119. Sus. 120. Pha-
cocherus. 121. Hippopotamus. 126. Equus.

Order VIII. Pecora. 127. Camelus. 128. Lama. 129. Mos-
chus. 130. Cervus. 131. Camelopardalis. 132. Antilope.
133. Capra. 134. Bos.

’ Wagler, in the Naturl. System Amphibien, 1830, divides the
Hoofed animals thus :—

Order VI. Scror#. 1. Dycotyles. 2. Sus. 3. Porcus.
4, Phacocherus. 5. Rhinocherus. 6. Elephas. 7. Hippopo-
tamus. &. Rhinoceros.

Order VII. Hyraces. 1. Hyrax. .

Order XIII. Camexi. 1. Camelus and Dromedarius. 2. Ca-
melopardalis.

Order XIV. Pecora. 1. Moschus. 2. Cervus. 3. Bos.

Order XV. Eaur. 1. Equus.

Order XVII. OrnycTrERopopEs. 1. Chlamydophorus. 2. Che-
loniscus. 3. Xenurus. 4. Euphractus. 5. Dasypus. 6. Toly-
peutes. 7. Orycteropus.

Order XVII. Guorripss. 1. Manis. 2. Uroleptes. 3. Myr-
mydon. 4. Myrmecophaga.

He forms a new class called GryPHI, containing

Order I. ORNITHORHYNCHI. Fam. 1. Glossilepti. 1. Tachy-
glossus. Fam.2. Autarchoglossi. 1. Ornithorhynchus, arranged
with the fossil Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus and Ornitho-
cephalus.

MAMMALIA. 5

Latreille (Fam. Nat. Reg. Anim. 596. in 1830) divides the
Hoofed quadrupeds (UNGULATA) thus :—

Order IX. PacHypeRMA. Fam. 1. Pentadactyla. Elephas.
2. Tridactyla. Tapirus, Rhinoceros. 3. Fissipedes. Hyrax,
Dicotyles, Sus, Hippopotamus. 4. Solipedes. Equus.

Order X. Pecora. Fam. 1. Inermia. Camelus, Moschus.
2. Plenicornia. Cervusand Giraffa. 3. Tubicornia. Antilope,
Bos, Capra, Ovis.

M. Lesson (Nouveau Tabl. du Régne Animal, 1842) arranges
the Hoofed quadrupeds in the following orders :—

Suborder II]. Herrroponta. Cutting teeth none; teeth
sometimes quite wanting.

Suborder IV. EpentaTa. a. Terrestria. Fam. 41. Dasypo-
dine. 206. Dasypus. 1. Dasypus. 2. Tatusia. 3. Priodontes.
4. Chlamyphorus. 42. Myrmecophaginee. 207. Myrmeco-
phaga. 1. Myrmecophaga. 2. Tamandua. 3. Cyclothurus.
43. Orycteropidee. 208. Orycteropus. 44. Maniside. 209.
Manis. 1. Pangolinus. 2. Phatagimus.

Tribe 5. Uncuuierapa. 1. Pachydermata. 1. Gravigrada.
Fam. 46. Elephaside. 212. Elephas. 47. Hippopotamisidee.
213. Hippopotamus. 48. Rhinocerosidee. 214. Rhinoceros.
2. Fissipeda. 49. Susidee. 215. Tapirus. 216. Phacocheerus..
217. Babirusa. 218. Sus. 219. Dicotyles. 50. Hyrazinee.
220. Hyrax. 3. Solidungula. 52. Equidee. 221. Equus.
a. Equus. 6. Asinus. 11. Pecora. 53. Camelesidee. 222. La-
ma. 223. Camelus, 54. Camelopardinee. 224. Camelopardalis.
55. Cervisidee. 225. Cervus. 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3. Dama.
4. Elaphus. 5. Rusa. 6. Axis. 7. Capreolus. 8. Cariacus.
9. Cervequus. 10, Subula. 11. Stylocerus. 56. Moschesidee.
226. Moschus. 1. Moschus. 2. Memina. 3. Napu. 57. An-
tilopee. 227. Antilope. 1. Antilope. 2. Gazella. 3. Dama.
4. Redunca. 5. Tragulus. 6. Raphicerus. 7. Tetracerus. &.
Cephalophus. 9. Spimigera. 10. Neotragus. 11. Nemorhedus.
12. Rupicapra. 13. Capricornis. 14. Dicranocerus. 15. Pan-
tholops. 16. Anoa. 17. Hgocerus. 15 Oryx. 19. Alcelaphus.
20. Tragelaphus. 21. Boselaphus. 2. Oreas. 58. Ovesidee.
228. Kemas. 229. Antilocapra. 230, Capra. 231. Ovis.
232. Ovibos. 59. Bovesidee. 233. Catoblepas. 234. Bibos.
235. Bos. 1. Bison. 2. Bubalus. 3. Taurus.

Order II]. OrnirHopepnuisz. 1. Insectivora. Fam. 69.
Echidnee. 260. Echidna. 2. Vermivora. Fam. 70. Para-
doxidee. 261. Ornithorhynchus.

Mr. Richard Owen (Odontography, 1840-1845) divides the
Uneu.ata thus :—
I. Isodactyle. “‘ Hoofed quadrupeds with toes in even number.

6 MAMMALIA.

as two or four, and which have a more or less complicated stomach
with a moderate-sized simple cecum, as Ox, Hog, Peccary, and
Hippopotamus.

II. Anisodactyle. “ Hoofed quadrupeds with toes (on the hind
feet at least) in uneven number, as one, or three, or five, the latter
number being manifest m the Proboscidians. All these have a
simple stomach and an enormous cecum, as Horse, Tapir, Rhi-
noceros.

Ill. Proboscidians. “ Resembling the preceding in havimg toes
im uneven number, in having a comparatively simple stomach and
an enormous cecum, -but combining with a long proboscis so
many other peculiarities of structure as to ment the rank of a
distinct group of Ungulata.”

In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1848,
p- 131, with his usual fondness of renaming old groups, Mr. Owen
proposes to change the name he has given to the above group
to—l. Artiodactyla, 2. Perissodactyla, and 3. Proboscidia.
In this paper the recent genera are arranged im the following
order :—

I. ARTIODACTYLA. * Ruminantia. 1. Moschus. 2. Antilope.
3. Ovis. 4. Bos. 5. Cervus. 6. Camelopardalis. 7. Camelus.
** Non-Ruminantia. 1. Hippopotamus. 9. Dicotyles. 10. Pha-
cocherus. 11. Sus.

II]. PertssopactyLa. 12. Tapirus. 13. Equus. 14. Hy-
rax. 15. Rhinoceros.

III. Progposcrpia. 16. Elephas.

This arrangement is only founded on the consideration of the
osteological conformation of the foot, and has the disadvantage of
most artificially separating a very natural group recognized by
Aristotle, Ray, Linneus, Illiger, Cuvier, and all recent authors,
between two divisions of the order. Cuvier, Fleming, Blainville
and others properly used the character here adopted to the whole
group for the division of the Pachydermata mto subdivisions.

Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte (in his Prodromus Systematis
Mastozoologie, 1847) arranges these animals in four orders,
thus :—

Subclass I. Epucasiti1a. Ord. V. Bettu#. Fam. 13. Ele-
phantide. Subfam. 23. Elephantina. 24. Rhinocerotina. 25. Hip-
popotamina. Fam. 14. Suide. 26. Tapirma. 27. Suma. 28.
Anoplotherma. Fam. 15. Hyracide. 29. Hyracina. Fam. 16.
Equde. 30. Equina.

Order VI. Pecora. Fam.17. Camelide. 31. Camelina.
Fam. 18. Cervide. 32. Moschina. 33. Cervina. Fam. 19. Came-
lopardalide. 34. Camelopardalina. Fam. 20. Bovide. 35. An-
tilopina. 36. Bovina.

MAMMALIA. 7

Subclass Il. Inepucasiiia. Ord. VII. Brura. Fam. 21.
Myrmecophagide. 37. Manidina. 38. Myrmecophagina. Fam. 22.
Dasypodide. 39. Dasypodina. 40. Orycteropodma. Fam. 23.
Bradypodide. 41. Bradypodina.

Series IT. Ovovipara. Order XII. Monorremata. Fam.
40. Echidnide. 74. Echidnina. Fam.41. Ornithorhynchinide.
75. Ornithorhynchina.

Mr. Turner, in his paper on the Skulls of Ungulated Mam-
malia (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 158), adopts Mr. Owen’s names for
his orders, and arranges the genera as follows :—

I, ARTIODACTYLA. A. Ruminantia. 1. Bovide. Bos, Ovis,
Capra, Antilope. 2. Cervide. Cervus and Camelopardalina.
3. Moschide. Moschima, Dichobudina. 4. Camelide. Ano-
plotheriana and Camelina. B. Non-Ruminantia. 5. Hippopota-
mide. Hippopotamina, Dicotylina. 6. Suide.

IJ. Pertssopacty.a. A. Typica. 7. Rhinocerotide, Equina,

Rhinocerma. B. Aberrantia. 8. Elephantide. 9. Toxodontide.
10. Manatide.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES.

I. Two middle toes large, equal. Bones of the metacarpus and
metatarsus united.

grinders € ; frontal bones generally horned ; gullet with two

pouches.

1. Bovipz. Two middle toes separate; cutting teeth 2 or $

2. Eauip. Two middle toes soldered into one; cutting teeth
&; gullet and stomach simple.

Il. Toes 3,4, 5 to each foot, nearly equal. Teeth nearly in one
series.

3. ELEPHANTID&. Grinders rooted, transversely ridged ; toes
3°3, 3°4 or 5°5, last joint covered with a hoof; skin thick,
nearly naked ; hairs large, rigid; gullet simple.

4. Dasyprp#. Grinders rootless; crown flat, sometimes want-
ing; face long, acute; body armed with scales or rigid
hairs.

5. Brapypip#. Grinders rootless; crown when young conical ;
face round; limbs elongate; hair dry, crisp; stomach two-
- or three-celled.

8 MAMMALIA.

Or the Families may be arranged according to their teeth,
thus :— :

I. Teeth well-developed, rooted. Fore-arm constantly prone.
Toes hoofed.

Bovide. Stomach for ruminating; toes 4, middle large.
Equide. Stomach not ruminating ; toes 3, middle large.
Elephantide. Stomach not ruminating; toes subequal.

Il. Teeth wanting, or imperfect, rootless. Toes longly clawed.
Dasypide. Face elongate.
Bradypidide. Face short.

Section 1. FurRcIPEDA.

Two middle toes large, equal; bones of the metacarpus and
metatarsus united.

Ungulata, Sect. 1, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.

Isodactyle, part., and Anisodactyle, part., Owen, Odontography,
1841.

_ Artiodactyla, part., and Perissodactyla, part., Owen, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. 1848, 131; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 158.

Stereoplia Bisulcia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55. 1815.

Pecora, Sundevall, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1844; Pecora, 1848.

Fam. 1. Bovip&.

Two middle toes separate. Cutting teeth eight below; upper
jaw callous; grinders 6°6 in each jaw. Frontal bones produced,
generally bearing horns, especially im the males. Gullet with two
long pouches just before the stomach, used for holding and
soaking the food before it is chewed. Using their head and
horns in defence.

Rummantia, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 192; Bronn, Ind.
Paleont. i. 708.

Q. Ruminantia et Q. Camelinum, Ray, Syn. 60. 1693.

Bovide, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mam. B. Mus. xxvi.;
Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780; Lesson in Tab. R. A. 167; Fischer,
Syn. 1828.

Mam. Pecora, Linn. S. N. ed. 12.1. 90; Latr. Fam. Nat. 62.
1825; Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 431. 1830; Hichwald, Zool.
Spec. ii. 341. 1831. }

Les Ruminans (Ruminantia), Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 1798; Dum.
Z. A. 1806; Cuvier, R. A. 1. 246. 1817, ed. 2.1. 254; Desm.
N. D. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804; F. Cuvier, 1829; Dent. Mam.
227; Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 511.

MAMMALIA. 9

Bisulea, Illiger, Prod. 102. 1811.

Cameli et Pecora, Wagler, Amph. 1831.

Gravigrades normaux, Blainv.

Q. Hydrophore et Ruminantes, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307.1821.

M. Callodactyles, Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 283.

Ruminalia (Stereoceria et Cerynxia), Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55. 1819.

Ruminantia et Coelocerata, Bronn, Index Paleont. ii. 788.

Cerophorus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 74; Gervais, Supp.
N. Dict. Sci. Nat. 1.

Pecora unguligrada et digitigrada, Sundevall, Pecora.

Isodactyla, part., Owen, Odontography, 1845.

Artiodactyla Ruminantia, Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1848,
31; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Desmarest in his Tableau Mcthod. des Mammifeéres (N. Dict.
Hist. Nat. xxiv. 33. 1804) divides the Ruminants*(Pecora) into
the following sections :—

1. Camel and Musk. 2. Stags. 3. Giraffes. 4. Antelopes.
Goats, Sheep and Oxen.

M. de Blainville in his Notes on Ruminants (Bull. Soc. Philom.
1816, 76) divides them thus :—

No horns—1. Chameaux. 2. Cerfs. Including Cervulus and
Moschus.

With horns—3. Giraffe, and 4. Cerophorus. Including An-
tilope, Capra, Ovis vel Ammon, Ovibos and Bos.

Mr. Gray, in the “ Outline of the Distribution of Mammalia ”
(Ann. Phil. 1825), proposed to divide the Bovide thus :—

I. Horns persistent. 1. Bovina. 2. Camelopardina.

II. Horns none or deciduous. 3. Camelina. 4. Moschina.
5. Cervina.

Colonel Hamilton Smith (Griffith, A. Kingd. v. . 1827;
Fischer, Syn. 609. 1830) proposed to divide them thus :—

I. CAMELID&, containmg—l. Camelus. 2. Auchenia.

Il. Cervip#. 1. Moschus. 2. Cervus.

Ill. Grrarrip#. 1. Camelopardalis.

IV. Carripa#. 1. Antilope. 2. Capra. 3. Ovis. 4. Damalis.

V. Bovipz. 1. Catoblepas. 2. Ovibos. 3. Bos.

Mr. Ogilby, in a paper on the genera of Ruminantia (Proc.
Zool, Soc. 1836, 133), proposed to divide them thus :—

I, CameLip#. 1. Camelus. 2. Auchenia.

Il. Cervip#. 1. Camelopardalis. 2. Tarandus. 3. Alces.
4. Cervus, Caprea (Capreolus), Prox (Muntjac).

III. Moscuipz. 1. Moschus. 2. Ixalus. 3. Hinnulus and
Capreolus.

iv. Caprip&. (Mufile none, browsers.) 1. Mazama. 2. Ma-

Ad

10 MAMMALIA.

doqua. 3. Antilope. 4. Gazella. 5. Ovis. 6. Capra. 7.
Ovibos.

V. Bovipa. (Muffle naked, grazers.) 1. Tragulus (Ant. pyg-
meus). 2. Sylvicapra (A. Mergens). 3. Tragelaphus (A. picta).
4. Calliope (A. Strepsiceros). 5. Kemas (A. Goral). 6. Capri-
cornis (A. Thar). 7. Bubalus (A. Bubalus). 8. Oryx (A. Oryx). .
9. Bos.

Lesson (Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 167. 1842) divides them into—
1. Cameliside. 2. Camelopardine. 3. Cerviside. 4. Mos-
chiside. 5. Antilope. 6. Ovesidee. 7. Bovesidez.

Mr. Hodgson, in an Essay on various genera of Ruminants
(Journ. Acad. N. S. Calcut. 1847; Mission Press, 1847), proposes
to divide them into—l. Cervide or Haranadi; 2. Moschide or
Mushkadi; 3. the Cavicornie minores or Flocks, as Antilopide
or Sasinadi; 4. Cavicornie majores or Herds, as Bovide or Gau-
drisha.

Professor Carl Sundevall in his Essay on Pecora (Kongl.
Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1844, 1846; and Hornschuch, Archiv,
ii. 1848) proposes the following arrangement :—

A. UNGULIGRADA. a. Cervicornia. 1. Camelopardalina.
1. Camelopardalis. II. Cervina. 2. Alces. 3. Rangifer. 4. Cer-
vus. 5. Capreolus. 6. Prox. 7. Moschus. 8. Tragulus. b. Bovi-
cornia. Ll. Sylvicaprina. a. 9. Tetraceras. 10. Tragelaphus.
11. Sylvicapra. 12. Neotragus. 13. Nanotragus. 14. Callo-
tragus. 5.15. Cervicapra. 16. Strepsiceros. 17. Hippotragus.
IV. Bovina. a. 18. Portax. 19. Damalis. 20. Anoa. 21. Bos.
b. 22. Ovibos. 23. Catoblepas. 24. Oryx. V. Antilopina.
25. Bubalis. 26. Antilope. 27. Dicranoceras. V1. Caprina.
28. Ovis. 29. Capra. 296. Rupicapra. 29 c. Hemitragus.
30. Nemorhedus. 31. Oreotragus.

B. Digrricgrapa. VI. Camelina. 32. Camelus. 33. Au-
chenia.

M. Pucheran (Compt. Rendus Acad. Scien. 1849, 775) divides
the Ruminantes into three families :—1. Les Camelides. 2. Les
Tragulides (Moschus). 3. Les Cervides. The latter is divided
into two tribes :—1. Les Cerviens. 2. Les Boviens.

M. F. Cuvier observes :—“ Mais tous ces essais ne sont point
encore de nature a satisfaire la méthode naturelle, et lesnaturalistes —
doivent encore chercher a découvrir quelles sont les parties qui,
chez ces animaux, sont propres 4 caractériser les genres.” —
Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 514. 1829.

Mr. Ogilby remarks (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 133) :—* The
presence or absence of horns in one or both sexes ; the substance
and nature of these organs, whether solid or concave, permanent

MAMMALIA. ll

or deciduous; the form of the upper lip, whether thin and at-
tenuated as in the Goat, or terminating m a broad heavy naked
muzzle as in the Oz, and the existence of lachrymal sinuses and
interdigital pores, are the characters which really mfluence the
habits and ceconomy of Ruminating animals, and upon which
their generic distinction mainly depends.”

He continues :— That the presence or absence of horns in
the female regulates in a great measure the social mtercourse
of the sexes; that upon the form of the lips and muzzle, the
only organs of touch and prehension among the Ruminantia, de-
pends the nature of the food and habitat, making the animal a
grazer or a browser, as the case may be; and that the existence
or non-existence of the interdigital glands, the uses of which
appear to be to lubricate the hoofs, has a very extensive in-
fluence upon the geographical distribution of the species, con-
fining them to the rich savannah and moist forest, or enabling
them to roam over the arid mountain, the parched karroo, and
the burning desert.”

' Mr. H. N. Turner observes :—“ It is certainly remarkable, that
while the teeth have contributed so important a share in the
characters by which the Mammalia have been arranged by va-
rious authors, they should have been so entirely overlooked in
the members of the present division; for notwithstanding the
great uniformity and strongly-marked character pervading the
Ruminant dentition, very decided characters may frequently be
found in the form and direction of the incisors, and in the pre-
sence or absence of the supplemental lobe in the molars ; and it
is the more to be wondered at whenwe consider that the incisors,
from their position, may often easily be seen in dried specimens,
and that the character alluded to in the molars has been found

of considerable value in the interpretation of fossil remains.” —
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849,

SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES.

I. Horns permanent, covered with a permanent horny coat or
hairy skin. Cutting teeth only in lower jaw.

1. Bovina. Horns covered with horny sheaths.

2. GrRAFFINA. Horns covered with a hairy skin, with a tuft
of hair at the tip.

II. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a deciduous
hairy skin, or entirely wanting.

3. Cervina. Cutting teeth none above. Horns deciduous.
Back of tarsus hairy.

12 MAMMALIA.

4. Moscutna. Cutting teeth none above. Horns none. Back
of tarsus bald.

5. CAMELINA. Cutting teeth 8 above and below. Horns none.
Hoofs small, compressed.

Subfamily I. Horns permanent, covered with a permanent
horny coat or hairy skin. Cutting teeth only in lower jaw; front
edge of upper jaw callous. Hoofs triangular.

Tribe 1. Bovina.

Horns expanded from a smooth horny rudiment into a perma-
nent horny sheath to the conical process of the frontal bone.

Bos, Linn. S. N.

Capra, Ovis et Bos, Linn. S. N.

Bovide, Selys Longchamps, 1842.

Bovina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mam. B. M. xxvi.

Q. Bovinum, Q. Ovinum, et G. "Caprinum, Ray, Syn. 60, 1693.

Cavicornia, I/liger, Prod. 106, 184.

Tubicornia, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825.

Capride et Bovide, H. Smith, Griffith, A. K. iv. 182.

Antilopide, Capride et Bovide, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv.
308, 1821.

Les Kinoceres ou Rumimants a cornes osseuses (Bos, &c.), Du-
vernoy, Tab. Anim. Vert.

Les Ruminans a cornes osseusse, F. Cuv. 1829.

Antilopiens, Pomet, l. ce. 184.

Ruminalia Cerynxia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

Pecora Unguligrada Bovicornia, Sundevall, Pecora, 64.

Fam. Sylvicaprina, esha Antilopina et Caprina, Sundevall, Pe-
cora, 64.

Mr. Gray, in his paper “ On the Arrangement of the Hollow-
horned Ruminants (Bovide)” (Annals 5 Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849,
xviii. 229), observes, “The systematic arrangement of these
’ animals has been one of the most difficult subjects for the stu-
dent of mammalia.

“ Linneus (Syst. Nat. i. 27), in his last edition of the Sy-
stema Nature, divides them into three genera according to the
direction of the horn, which he describes as erect in Capra, re-
clinate in Ovis, and porrect in Bos, and separates these from
Cervus because they have tubular, while that genus has solid
branched and deciduous horns.

** Gmelin in his edition adds to these the genus Antilope, which _
had been established by Pallas, and characterizes that genus as
having solid horns like the Cervi, but simple and persistent.
Now I need scarcely observe that these characters will not define

MAMMALIA. 13

the genera, for all Goats have not erect horns, if any have, and
it is the same with the other genera; and we all know that
the Antelopes have tubular horns, in the sense that word is used
by Linneus, as much as the Oxen, Sheep and Goats; but this
error of Gmelin has had its fluence up to this time, for the
horns of Antelopes in Cuvier’s first and last edition of Le Régne
Animal are described as having ‘the nucleus of the horn solid,
and without pores or sinuses, like the horns of the Stags.’

*« M. Geoffroy, perceiving that the characters furnished by Lin-
neus were not sufficient to separate the Antelopes from the
other genera, examined the structure of the promimences of the
frontal bones which form the core or support of the horns of the
Antelopes, and he describes the core of the horns of the Ante-
lopes to be solid and without sinuses, while he characterizes the
cores of the horns of the Goats, Sheep and Oxen as im great part
occupied with cells which communicate with the frontal sinus,
and Cuvier, Latreille and most authors have without re-exami-
nation adopted these characters.

‘Some years ago I examined the cores of the horns of many
species of Antelopes for Colonel H. Smith, and found they were
all more or less cellular within, and these cells had a communi-
cation with the frontal sinus; certainly the cells are not so nu-
merous as in the thick horns of some Oxen, but they are quite
as numerous for the thickness of the core ; but it is to be remem-
bered that the general character of the horns of Antelopes is to
be slender and elongated, and consequently there is not so much
room for cells, as their presence would destroy the strength of
the core, so as not to form a fit support for the horns; and thus
this character is merely reduced to one dependent on the small
size or slenderness of the horns, which, though usual, is not uni-
versal in the genus, for example in the A. Oreas and others.

** Colonel Smith, aware of this difficulty, divided these animals
imto two families: Capride, characterized by having the horns
‘vagmating upon an osseous nucleus totally or nearly solid,’
containing the genera Antilope, Capra, Ovis, and a new genus
which he called: Damalis for the Antelopes with high withers ;
and second, the family Bovide, with horns ‘ vaginatmg upon a
bony nucleus not solid, but more or less porous and cellular,’
including the genera Catoblepas or Gnu, Ovibos or Musk Oz,
and Bos*. .

“This arrangement shows that much reliance is certainly not
to be placed on M. Geoffroy’s character for the genus Antilope,

* I may remark that Cuvier says that the genus Bos has a large naked
muffle, yet two species which he refers to it have a hairy muzzle like .
the Sheep, viz. B. moschatus.

14 MAMMALIA.

for here the Goat and Sheep are said to have the same peculiarity
as he gives to separate the Antelopes from them.

“‘ Several authors after this period considered the subgenera
proposed by De Blainville and Colonel H. Smith as genera, and
grouped them into families. _

** Mr. Ogilby, in a theoretical arrangement of Ruminants, pub-
lished in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836,
divides these animals into two families, characterized thus: Ca-

pride, ‘muffle none ;’ Bovide, ‘ muffle distinct, naked.’ Of this

arrangement I need only remark, that he places Ovibos in Ca-
pride and Bos in Bovide, Kemas or the Jemla Goat in Bovide,
and Capra in Capride, thus separating into distinct families
most nearly allied species; while the genus Ivalus, which is a
sheep or antelope with rudimentary horns, is referred to the fa-
mily Moschide, and the Gnu is entirely overlooked. I am satis-
fied, if Mr. Ogilby had attempted to arrange a collection by this
system, he must have soon abandoned it.

** Within the last few years Professor Sundevall of Stockholm
has proposed to arrange these animals according to the form of
their hoofs, and he has regarded the subgenera of preceding
authors as genera, and divided them into four families, thus:
1. Caprina, contaming Ovis, Capra, Nemorhedus and Oreotragus.
2. Antilopina: Antilope, Dicranoceras and Bubalus. 3. Bovina:
Oryx, Catoblepas, Ovibos, Bos, Anoa, Portax, Damalis. 4. Syl-
vicaprina: Hippotragus, Strepsiceros, Cervicapra, Calotragus,
Nanotragus, Neotragus, Sylvicapra, Tragelaphus and Tetracerus.
In this arrangement he appears to have overlooked the fact,
that the hoofs of these animals are modified according to the

kind of country which the animal is destined to mhabit, and |

therefore this arrangement is dependent on that single circum-
stance, and not on the considerations of all the peculiarities of
the species ; hence the species which inhabit rocky pmnacles, as
the Thar and Ghoral (Nemorhedus) and Klipspringer (Oreotra-
gus), are separated from the other Antelopes and placed with the
Goats, and the large and heavy Antelopes which inhabit the plains,
as the Oryx, Portax and Damalis, are placed with the Oxen.
“If this system is fully carried out, the Rein Deer should be
separated from its allies and placed with the Musk Ox; and I am
not certain that the Addax Antelope should not be arranged in
the same group, for it has the same shaped hoofs, the sands of

the Desert probably requiring the same structure for progression

as the snow.

“ After examining all these arrangements, and after repeated
examinations of the animals, I believe that the form of the horns
affords the most natural character for subdividing them into

groups; and I think that if the Antelopes are divided into two.

|
.
.
7

{
4
i

MAMMALIA. 15

groups, which appear to me natural, then there 1s no difficulty in
finding neat characters for the definitions of the families.”

'

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBTRIBES.

I. The horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on
the mner front angle.

1. The horns smoothish, spread out on the sides, cylindrical
or depressed at the base, the knee (or wrist) below the middle of
the fore-leg—Bovee.

2. The horns conical, bent back, cylindrical or compressed,
and ringed at the base, the knee (or wrist) im the middle of the
fore-leg—Antilopee.

If. The horns subangular with a more or less distinct ridge
on the front angle, the knee in the middle of the fore-leg.

3. The horns subspiral, erect; crumen distinct; forehead

flat; male not bearded.—Strepsiceree.
; 4. The horns recurved, compressed; crumen none; forehead
concave ; male bearded—Capree.

5. The horns spiral, bent out on the sides; crumen none;
forehead convex; male not bearded—Ovee.

The position of the knee is the external mark of the shortness
of the cannon bone, compared with the length of the ulna or
fore-arm bone.

Section 1. The horns round or compressed, without any
raised keel on the inner front angle—Levicornia.

Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 230.

Subtribe I. Bovee. The horns smoothish, spread out on the
sides, cylindrical or depressed at the base ; situated on the frontal
ridge and bent laterally outward, and recurved at the tip. The
nose is broad, with the nostrils on the side. The skull has no
suborbital pit or fissure ; the cutting-teeth are nearly equal-sized,
and slightly shelving outwards. The knee (or wrist) below the
middle of the fore-leg, the cannon bone bemg shorter than the
fore-arm bone.

Bovee, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 230; Gleanings Knows-
ley Menag.

Bos, Linn. S. N. i.; Gmelin, S. N. 1. 202; Illiger, Prod. 107 ;
Cuv. R. A.i. 278; Blainv. B. S. Philom. 1816, 76; Turner,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

ey part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng.
1847.

Bovina and Antilopina, part., Sundevall, Pecora.

Taurus, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

16 MAMMALIA.

Colonel Hamilton Smith divides the Bovee into three tribes,

thus: 1.Bubalus. 2. Bison. 3. Taurus.—Griffith, A. K.v. 1827;
Fischer, Syn. u. 651.

Professor Sundevall arranges the genera of this subtribe thus :
A. 1. Anoa. 2. Bos. Subdivided thus: a. Bos. 8. Poephagus
and Bubalus. y. Bison. B. 3. Ovibos.—Kongl. Vet. Akad.
Handl. 1846, and in Hornschuch Arch. 1848.

Mr. Hodgson, in his ‘ Illustrations of the genera of Bovide,’
divides the species into the genera—l1. Bos (domesticus). 2. Bibos
(cavifrons and gaveus). 3. Bison or Bisonius (Americanus and
poephagus). 4. Bubalus (Arna)—from the character of the skull
and other parts of the skeleton. See Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng, x.

449, 1847.

Mr. Gray, in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 229,
observes, “‘ The Bovee consist of the genera Bos, Bibos, Bison,
Bubalus and Anoa, with a naked moist muffle, and Poephagus
and Ovibos with a hairy ovine muzzle.

*« These genera are well distinguished by the form of the inter-
maxillaries. In Poephagus (grunniens), Bibos (frontatus and
Gour), and in Bison ( Urus), they are short, triangular, acute be-
hind, and not reaching to the nasal, beg gradually shorter in
proportion from Poephagus to Bison. In Bos (Taurus) and
Bubalus (Buffelus and Caffer) they are elongate, reaching to the
suture between the nasal and cheek-bone, and extending furthest
up in B. Buffelus.”

A. Muffle broad, moist at the end of the nose. Hair short, rigid,
adpressed, or short, crisp and woolly. The grinder with a
well-developed supplementary lobe. The bony part of the

tail produced, elongated, reaching to the hocks. Living on

the plains of warm or temperate regions.

The Oxen of the Plains, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849; Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1848, 229.

a. True Oxen. Bodies covered with rather stiff hair. Shoulder
' proportionate to the haunches ; the cannon bone of the hind-
and fore-legs of equal length.

True Oxen, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849.
* Intermazillaries elongate, and produced behind and between

the nasal and cheek bones ; the upper lip bald, callous and
moist, as wide as the outer edge of the nostrils.

l. Bos.

Horns cylindrical, conical, nearly circular at the base, curved
upwards and outwards, far apart at the base, on the sides of the

MAMMALIA, 17

upper part of the ridge at the hinder end of the occipital plane.
The facial and frontal portion of the skull equal. Dorsal ridge
distinct, sometimes produced into a dorsal hump.

Bos, sp., Linn.; Desm. 1804; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.
Taurus, Storr. Prod. Mam. 17; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182.
Bos (and Boves), Sundevall, Pecora, 75.

Bos, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849.

1. Bos Taurus. The Butt.
Forehead flat; withers not humped.

Bos Taurus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 45, 46; Gesner, Quad. 24-
103, fig.; Aldrov. Bisule. 13. fig. p. 36; Jonston, Quad. t. 15.

Taurus castratus, Jonston, Quad. t. 15.

Vacca, Gesner, Quad. 25. fig.

Vitutus, Jonston, Quad. t. 15.

Bos domesticus, Jonst. Quad. 36. t. 14; Linn. Mus. Adolph.
Frid. i. 12; Brisson, Reg. An. 78.

Bos Taurus, Linn. Fn. Suec. 15; Syst. Nat. i. 98; Gmelin, S. N.
i. 202; Cuvier in Dict. Sci. Nat. v. 19; Desm. Nov. Dict. H.
N. iii. 536; Mamm. 499 ; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. ii. 370;
Fischer, Syn. Mam. 499 ; Gray, List Mam. Brit. Mus. 151;
List Osteol. sp. B. M.53; List of Mr. Hodgson’s Collection, 24.

Bos (Taurus) taurus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 185.

Bull, Penn. Syn. 4.

Ox, Penn. Brit. Zool. 7.

Common Ox, Shaw, Zool. ii. 2. 397. t. 208.

Stier and Ochs, Meyer, Thiere, t.41,42; Schrank, Fn. Béic. 1. 47.

Beeuf, Buffon, H. N. iv. 437. t. 14.

Oxe, Koe, Pontopp. Dan. i. 597.

Hab. Europe. Always in a domesticated state.

1. White Scotch Bull, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 151.

Bisontes jubati, Boethius, Reg. Scot. ; Gesner, App. 4, fig. imag.

White Urus (Urus Scoticus), H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 417.

Bos Urus Scoticus, Wagner, Schreb. S. 1568.

Chillmgham Bull, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 284; Knight, Mus.
Animated Nature, f. 695, 696.

Bos Scoticus, Swainson.

Bos Taurus Scoticus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 376;
Fischer, Mam. 654.

Wild or White Forest Cow and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I.
t. 19, & Supp. t. 128.

Wild Cattle, Bull and Cow, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 38. fig.

Hab. Scotland.
a. Bull. Chillmgham Park. Presented by the Earl of Tan-

kerville.

18

& bo

© OO “3 Gc Oo

13.

14.
15.
16.
We
18.
a9;
20.
21.

22.

MAMMALIA.

. The Pembroke Bull and Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 2.
. The West Highland Bull, Heifer and Cow, Low, Dom. Anim.

B. I. t. 3, 4.

. West Highland Ox, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1274. fig.
Kyloe Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 36. fig.

. The Zetland Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 5.

. The Kerry Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 6.

. The Polled Angus Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 7.
. Alderney Cow and Calf, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 14.
. Fifeshire Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. Bul. t. 15.

. Sheeted Somersetshire Cow (horned and polled), Low, Dom.

Anim. B. I. t. 16.

. Herefordshire Cow and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 17;

t. 2, Supp.
Hereford Ox, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1274. fig.

. Long-horned or Lancashire Bull and Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad.

33. fig. 35. fig.
Long-horned Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t.18; Stephens,
Book of the Farm, 1273. fig.

The Teeswater Short-horned Bull and Cow, Low, Dom. Anim.
B. I. t. 19, 20.

English Short-horn Cattle, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 701.

Short-horn Ox, Bull and Cows, Stephens, Book of the Farm,
1270. figs. t. 32.

The Galloway Heifer and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 8.
The Polled Suffolk Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 9.

The Devon Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 10.

The Sussex Oxen. Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 11.

The Glamorgan Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 12.

The Ayrshire Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 13.

The Yorkshire Cow, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 698.

Holstem or Dutch Bull and Cow, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 29. fig.

Improved Holstein or Dutch Bull and Cow, Bewick, Hist.
Quad. 30. fig.

Bos Taurus frisius, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1569, t. 297 B.

French Cattle-—Desmarest, Mammalia, 499, described the
various breeds of French domestic cattle, but he does not
refer to any figures of them.

va

MAMMALIA. 19

23. Polish Bull, Gray, List Mam. B. M.151; Knowsley Menag.
Bos Taurus Podolicus, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1569,t.297 a.
Hab. Poland.

@. Bull. Poland. From the Vienna Market.

24. Hungarian Bull, Gray, List Mam. B. M.151; Knowsley Men.
Wild Cattle of Marema, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 703, 704.
* Bos Taurus Hungaricus, Desm. Mam. 499.
Ungarischer vieh, Beckberlin, Abbild. der Rindv. 15. t. 25, 26.
Hab. Hungary.
Bull. Hungary. From the Vienna Market.

25. South African Long-horned Cattle, Knight, M. A. N. f. 710.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. |
Pair of horns. Cape of Good Hope.
Two separate horns, very large, used as a powder-flask.
Cape of Good Hope.

25*. Swiss Cattle. Bos Taurus hyselurus, Wagner, Schreb.
Saugth. 1570, t. 297 c.
Freiburg Cattle, Witte, Rindv. Rassen, ii. t. ; Beck-
' berlin, Abbild. i.; Pabst, Anleit. 42. t. 3.

25**, Alpine Cattle.
Halsi Cattle, Witte, Rindv. Rassen, i. t.
Schwyz. Rindv., Michel & Ithens, Manathsch. 59. t. 1, 2.
Gebirgsvieh, Beckberlin, Abbild.9.t. _ ; Pabst, Anleit. 42.
Bos Taurus alpestris, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1570,
to 207, Bi:
26. Syrian Ox, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 726, 728.
27. Moldavian Cattle, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 709.
28. Italian Campagna Bull, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 705.
Boeuf de la Romagne, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. .
29. Spanish Bulls, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 706-708.
30. Egyptian Cattle, Long, Egyptian Antiquities in Brit. Mus.
u. 07. fig. 169, lower animals.
31. Bos Madagascariensis niveus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693.
32. Bos Tinianensis niveus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693.
Rindvieh de Insel Tinian, Zimm. Geog. Zool. u. 83; Anson,
Voy. 285.
Bos Taurus Tinianensis, Gmelin, S. N.i. 202; Fischer, Syn.
M. 500.
33. Lant, Lampt oder Dant, Dapper, Africke,24 ; Leon, Afrikan.
751; Eberl. Naturlehre, 1. 287.

Bos humilis, Frisch. Natursys. i. n. 5.
Bos Africanus niveus celer, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693.

20 MAMMALIA.

34. Der Wilde Ochse von Gebirge Nerever, Donnd. Beytr. Zool.
704; Zimm. Geog. Zool. u. 93; Thevenot, Voy. iii. 113.

35. Die braunen Wilden Ochsen von Duguela, Donnd. Beytr.
Zool. 705; Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93; Marmol. Afrique,
i. 66-157.
36. Galla Ox, Salt, Travels.
The Beuraye or Beurie.

? Bos Cafer, Des Mur. & Flor. Prevost, Voy. en Abyss. vi. 40.

Bos abessinicus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693, 1792; Zimmer.
Geog. Zool. i. 157, ui. 94; Dapper, Afrik. Ins. 31; Lobo,
Voy. Abess. 70, 1728.

Bos Taurus Abyssynicus, Gmelin, S. N. 294; Fischer, Syn.
Mam. 500.

Hab. Abyssinia.

Pair of very thick, ight horns. Central Africa. Presented
by Captain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. Fi-
gured in Griffith, A. K. iv. t. 201. f. 4.

37. Cattle of Peauhy, Gardiner, Trav. Brazils, 278. Horns
very long, wide-spreading ; colour brown.
Hab. North Brazil.

38. Cattle of Brazils, Gardiner, Trav. Brazils, 167,173. Used
to carry loads on their back.
Hab. N. Brazils.

39. Cattle of Chili, Darwin, Journal, 130, 145.
Hab. Chili and South America generally.

40. Nata or Niata, Darwin, Journal, 145, 146. With a pug-
nose like a pug or bull dog.
Hab. Buenos Ayres. Skull in Mus. Coll. Surg.

4]. Falkland Island Wild Cattle, Darwin, Journal, 190, 192.
Three varieties :—1. dark brown; 2. white with black head
and feet; 3. mouse colour.

Hab. Falkland Islands. Introduced from France 1764.

OsTEOLOGY.

Taureau, Daubenton, Buff. H. N. iv. t. 23.

Boeuf sans cornes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 9. f. 3, 4.

Beeuf de la Romagne a grandes cornes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109.
1 9t.7, Ob |

Petit boeuf d’Ecosse 4 cornes déscendantes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
iy. 109. t.'9: £. 9,10:

Bull, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1286. f. 598.
Skeleton. England.
Skull. England.

MAMMALIA. Zi

2. Bos Inpicus. The Zesv.

Forehead convex; withers with a more or less large fleshy
hump ; dewlap deep, waved ; the upper part of the rump shelving
very much.

Bos Scythicus gibbosus, Charlet. Exerc. 8.

Bos Indicus, Linn. S. N. 99; Eraleb. Syst. 240.

Bos domesticus, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. 1841, x.907; Calcutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 289.

Bos Taurus indicus, Fischer, Syn. 499; Hodgson, Proc. Z. Soc.
1834, 99; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24.

Bos Zebu, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65, 1825.

Bos pusio, Swains. Hist. Quad. 283. f. 113.

Bos Taurus Zebu, Wagner, Schreb. 1570, t. 298, 298 a.

Bos Taurus var., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151; Cat. Osteol. Sp.
B. M. 53; Cat. Hodgson Coll. 24.

Domesticated Cows, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1. 348, 382.

Hab. India. Always in a domestic state.

1. Little Indian Buffalo, Edw. Birds, vi. t. 200.
Indian Bull, Penn. Syn. 6. t. 1. f. 2.
Zebu, Buffon, H. N. xi. 439.t.42; Bewick, Hist. aun 44. fig.
Bos Indicus, Linn. S. N. 1. 99.
Male and female. Grey. India. Presented by Lady Whit-
shed.

2. Great Indian Ox, Pennant, Quad. t. 16. f. 2, lower figure.

Bos Taurus indicus, a. major, Fischer, Syn. 499.

Zebu grande race, Desm. Mam. 499. ;

Indian Ox, Bos Taurus indicus, Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc.
i. 65. fig.

A Cant Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975.
t. 180, 199.

Gun Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. t. 183,
185, 186, 187, head, t. 188, skull.
The head and horns of a larger Zebu. India. Presented

by Jacob Bell, Esq.

3. Bos Taurus indicus, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. 9, grey.
Bos taurus indicus minor, Fischer, Syn. 499.
Petit Zebu, Desm. Mam. 499.
A Shaurr or Sacred Bull, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus.
n. 10,975. t. 179.
Horns project forwards, and form a considerable angle with
. the forehead.

4. Zebus, Knight, M. A. N. f. 730-753.
Horns placed nearly on the same line as the forehead; pre-
puce large, often visible in the females.

22 MAMMALIA.

5. Madras Ox, Buchanan, Mysore, ii. 8. t. 13. f. 34.

6. Madhu Givi Oxen, Buchan. l. c. ii. 8. t. 13. £. 35, t. 14. f. 36, 37.
7. Seringapatam Oxen, Buchan. 1. c. 1. 8. t. 15. ss 38, 39.

Hab. India, Mysore.

8. Two-humped Zebu.
Zebu a deux bosses, Dt: Mam. 499.
Bos Indicus ditophus, Fischer, Syn. 499. '
Hornless Zebu, Zebu sans cornes, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.
Hab. India.

9. Bucharian Ox.
Rindviech, Pallas, N. Nord. Beytr. iv. t. 3.
Hab. Bucharia, from Arabia.

10. Nepal Ox, Hodgson ; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24.

11. A Javanese Cow, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,974.
t:'T03.

OsTEOLOGY.
Zebu a cornes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 5, 6. e
Gun Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 188.

Skull, young (lower jaw wanting).

Two skulls of domesticated cattle of Nepal, male and female.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Bones of body. Nepal. Presented by H. Hodgson, Esq.

3. Bos Dante. The DANTE.

Face rather narrow; forehead very flat, with the horns on the
side of the high occipital ridge ; withers with a small but distinct
hump.

Bos elegans et parvus africanus, Bellon. Obs. 119. fig.

Juvenca sylvestris, Alpin. Aig. i. 233. t. 14. f. 2.

Dante, Purchas, Pilgrim. ii. 1002; Gunner, Geog. Zool. u. 92;
Marmol. Afrique, 1. 52.

Afrikanische Zivergochs, Borowsky, Thier. i. 42; Halle vierfuss.
278.

Kleiner Afrikanischer Ochs, Klein, Thiere, 12. 35.

Afrikanische Buffel, Fisch. Natursys. 1.

Bos Cafer, 8. Bubalus africanus, Der Dante, Donnd. Beytr. Zool. —
703.

Bos Dante, Link, Beytr. Nat. iu. 95, 1795; Meyer, Zool. Arch.
188, 1796.

Bos Bulialis africanus, Brisson, R. A. 79.

Bos Taurus africanus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 500.

_ Salam Buffalo, Whitfield.

Dwarf Bull, Penn. Syn. 9. t. 1. f. 1, 2, 3.

a ~—— :
ii a

MAMMALIA. 93

? Egyptian Zebu, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 723, 724; Long, .
Egypt. Antig. Brit. Mus. ii. 57. f. 169, lower figures.
Hab. Africa. West Africa; Salam; Whitfield.

Skin in a bad state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
Two skulls. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

This animal agrees better than the Zebus with the figure of the
Humped Cattle on the ancient Egyptian tombs.—Long’s Egypt,
p- 57. f. 169.

Mr. Whitfield brought a pair of these animals. The male
(now in the Zoological Gardens, 1850) is white, with a few brown
specks on the head; the female yellow-brown, the head even
narrower than that of the male. Purchas describes them as
yellow.

Hybrids with wild species.

1. Between Bos Indicus and Bibos frontalis. Blackish, fore-legs
white, face and withers brown.
Gyale at Barracpore, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975.
_ _ t. 169, 170, copied.
_ Jungly gau, Bos Sylhetanus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. , 3
Q; H. Smith, Griffith, A. Kingd. iv. 406.
Domestic Gyal, Colebrook, Asiat. Research. viii. 511; Lesson,
Compt. Buffon, x? 317.
Hab. India.

2. Hybrid between a Yak bull and a Zebu cow.

Tail elongate, bushy nearly to the base ; withers highly crested.
Black, with a white spot on withers ; in winter covered with long
silky hair, in summer with shorter hair, having a crest of long
hair on the dewlap, and a tuft of elongated hair on the upper
part of each leg. Muffle smooth.

Hybrid Bull, Mitchell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 172. t. 15.

This animal was imported as a Yak; it was for some time at
the Gardens of the Zoological Society, but has been lately trans-
ferred to Knowsley.

The travellers in Tibet state that half-bred Yak are common
as domestic cattle. -

2. BUBALUS.

Horns depressed or subtrigonal at the base, inclining upwards
~and backwards, conical, and bending upwards at the tip, on a
plane rather in front of the occipital ridge; forehead rather
transverse, convex, shelving before and behind; the intermaxil-

24 MAMMALIA.

laries elongate, extending back and between the nasal and cheek
bones ; teats in a cross series, the outer one rather before the
others.

Bubalus, H. Smith in Griff. A. K. v. 182; im Fischer, Syn. 681.
Bos (bubali), Sundevall, Pecora, 77.

Bubalus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Syncerus, Hodgson, 1847.

* Horns separate, not dilated at the base, directed backwards and
incurved at the tip. Bubalus, Hodgson.

1. BUBALUS BRACHYCERUS. The ZAMOUSE.

Forehead flat ; horns short, thick, depressed at the base; ears
very large, strongly frmged on the edge, and with two diverging
longly friged lines within ; fur short, close, brown. Male adult
with tuft of long hair on legs.

Bos brachyceros, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, t. 589 ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. 11. 284. t. 13, young female; List Mam. B. M. 153; Can
Osteol. Sp. B. M. 54; Roulin, D’Orb. Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat.
(Beuf) i.

Bubalus brachycerus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, P. Z.S.
1849.

Bos bubalus, Children in Denham & Clapperton’s Trav. in Africa.

Zamouse, Denham and Clapperton’s Trav. Cent. Africa.

Bos Caffer, Ruppell, Abyssinia, spec. in Mus. Frankfort.

Bos Caffer junior ?, Sundevall, Pecora, 202.

Hab. West Africa, Sierra Leone, Abyssinia.

Two heads of adult covered with the skm. Central Africa.
Presented by Capt. Clapperton, R.N.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skeleton of female. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Mr. Blyth has noticed two species of Wild Ox found im North-
west Africa :—

1. Sherif al Wady (Bos Atlanticus, Blyth), from Mount Atlas.
One lived some months at Tangiers.

2. Wadan? or Pecasse ?, with a flowimg nuchal mane; found
in large herds at Rabat and Salee, on the aii Coast.—Aan.
N. H. ix. 62.—This is no doubt the

Bos Pegassus, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 386. t.v. 890; Fischer,
Syn. Mam. 652; Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. u. 288.
Pegassus, Pliniit Hist. Nat. viii. 21. Wadan, Lyon’s Travels.

'

MAMMALIA. 25

2. Buspauus Burretus. The BUFFALO.

Forehead convex, rounded ; horns large, flattened at the base,
black, on the plane of the face, bent down and recurved at the
tip ; ears not quite half the length of the head, slightly ciliated ;
fur rough, irregular, bristly, often very far apart, on the face be-
fore the eyes two-rowed. *

Bos bubalus, Brisson, Rég. Anim. 81; Gmelin, S. N. i. 206;
Schreb. Saugth. t. 300 a; Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch. i. 298 ;
Klein, Annot. Bovis Bubali,t. ; Cuvier, D. Sei. Nat. v. 25;

_Rég. Anim. i. 270; Desm. Nouv. Dict. H. N. iii. 531 ; Mamm.

494 ; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. 1. 366; Fischer, Syn. Mam.
495. 652; H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 392. t. .v. 892; Sun-
devall, Pecora, 203; Pallas, Zool. R. A. 1. 247.

Bos bubalis, Linn. S. N.i. 99; Eral. Syst. 238; Hodgson, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1834, 99.

Bos buffelus, Blumenb. Handb. 121.

Bubalus buffelus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 152; Cat. Hodgson
Coll. B. M. 25; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 54; Turner, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1849; Bonap. Ind. Mamm. Eur. 36. 1845.

B. Bubalus Bubalus, H. Smith.

Bubalus ferus Indicus, Hodgson, Icon. ined. in B. Mus.t. 139.

Bos kerabau, Miiller, Nederl. Verhand. i. t. 41.

Buffelus, Aldrov. Bisulc. 365. fig. 366.

Buffle, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 284. t. 25; Bailly, Ann. Sci. Nat.
u. 369. t. 16; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

Biiffel, Meyer, Thier. i. t. 45.

Buffalo, Penn. Syn. 7; Shaw, Zool. ii. 401. t. 211.

Wild Buffalo, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. B. i. 348.

Arnee, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 747.

Hab. South Europe; North Africa; India; and Indian Islands.

Var. 1. Body nearly naked.
Naked Buffalo, Penn. Syn. Quad. i. 8. t. 2. f. 1.
Bos bubalus minor, Fischer, Syn. 495.
_ Hab. Java.
A young specimen. Manilla. From the Gardens of the
Zoological Society.

Var. 2. Horns very much elongated, nearly smooth, curved at
the tips.
Sukotyro or Buffalo, Sloane, Phil. Trans. 26, 1727, n. 397. p. 222.
f. 2,3; Pennant, Quad. 25.
Arnee, Anderson, The Bee, 1792, xii. 105. fig. 267. t. .f. c.v.
Bos Arnee, Shaw, Zool. iv. 400. t. 210; Kerr, Anim. Kingd. 336.
t. 295; Blumenb. Abbild. t. 63; Handb.122; Cuvier, Dict. Sci.
_. Nat. v. 27.
_ Bubalus Arna (var. Macrocerus et Spirocerus), Hodgson, J. A.
se B
inl
he

Ps
on

26 MAMMALIA.

S. B. 1841, x. 912; Calcutta J. N. H. iv. 279; Icon. ined. B.
M. t. 138.

Bos bubalus, arnee, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 495, 653.

Bos Bubalus arni, Sundevall, Pecora, 202.

Hab. India.

Var. 3. Domestic Buffalo of the Island of the Sondes.
Bos Bubalus, var. domest. Sonda, Miiller, Verh. Ind. Arch. t. 41.

OsTEOLOGY.

Bos bubalus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 122. t. 9. f.11, 12, 13, t. 10.
f.7, 8, 9, 10; Daub. in Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 28. t. 41, f. 1, 2,
3; Blumenb. Abbild. t. 63.

Horns, separate, thick, 48 inches long, 18 inches in cireum-
ference at base. India.

Skull and horns. India.

Horns, very long, separate, 78 inches. ‘

Skull and horns.—Figured Griffith, A. K. t. 201. f. 23.

Skull and horns.

Horns, separate, slender. India.

Skull and horns.

Frontal bone and horns, short.

Skull, with horns, polished. Neilgheries. Presented by Ge-
neral Hardwicke.

Skull, with horns, domestic variety. India. Presented by B.
H.. Hodgson, Esq.

Two skulls with horns, wild variety. India. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

B. B. macrocerus, Hodgson, 1. c. 912.

A pair of broad elongated horns. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

A pair of horns, very slender. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull, with horns, tame variety. India. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

B. B. spirocerus, Hodgson, 1. c. 912.

DRAwINcs.

Drawing of a male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 138. f. 1,
copied. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of four specimens.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 139,
vopied t. 141. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of four specimens.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 140.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. ;

Drawing of a male, three years old, with details of head.—
Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 142. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

Drawing of horns of wild.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 145.

f.1,a. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

MAMMALIA. 27

Drawing of horns of tame.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 145.
f. 3. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of two horns of Indian Buffalo sent to Zool. Soe.—
Hardwicke, Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 173, 174.

Drawing of horns of Indian Buffalo.—Hardw. Icon. med. B. M.
10,975. t. 175, 177.

Drawing of horns of domesticated Buffalo of Prince of Wales’
Island.— Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 176.

Domestic Buffalo of Polu Penang.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M.
10,974. t. 108.

Common domesticated Buffalo of Bengal.—Hardw. Icon. ined.
B. M. 10,974. t. 105.

Drawing of Indian Buffalo. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975.
$172, 178. P

“The Bhainsa or Tame Buffalo are universal in India. The
Arna or Wild Buffalo inhabits the margins rather than the mte-
rior of primeval forests. They never ascend the mountains, and
adhere, like the Rhinoceros, to the most swampy sites of the district
they imhabit. There is no animal upon which ages of domesticity:
have made so small an impression as upon the Buffalo, the tame
being still most clearly referable to the wild ones at present fre-
quenting all the great swampy jungles of India.”—Hodgson.

“In the wilderness, as in the cow-house, there is a marked
distinction between the long- (Macrocerus) and curved-horned
(Spirocerus) Buffaloes.

“The Arna ruts m autumn, gestating ten months, and pro- |
duces one or two young in summer. It lives in large herds, .
but im the season of love the most lusty males lead off and ap-
propriate several females, with which they form small herds for
the time. The wild Buffalo is fully one-third larger than the
largest tame breeds, measuring 103 feet from snout to vent, and
6 or 63 feet high at the shoulders, and is of such power and
vigour, as by his charge frequently to prostrate a well-sized ele-
phant. Itis remarkable for the uniform shortness of the tail,
which does not extend lower than the hock, for the tufts which
cover the forehead and knees, and lastly, for the great size of its
horns; they are uniformly in high condition, so unlike the lean-

ness and angularity of the domestic Buffalo even at its best.”—
Hodgson.

** Horns much enlarged and close together at the base, spreading
out on the side of the head and recurved at the tip ; ribs very
wide, t. 2.

Syncerus (Caffer), Hodgson, Various gen. Ruminants, 1847,25, note,
Bubalus, sp., Ham. Smith in Griffith A. K.

B2

28° MAMMALIA.

3. BUBALUS CAFFER. The CAPE BUFFALO. ;

Forehead broad. Horns roundish at the end, depressed, and
very rugose at the base ; near the base becoming dilated, at length
very broad, rugose, very convex, and close together over the
forehead. Ears very large, half as large as the head, broad,
acute, ciliated. Skim bluish purple or black, nearly naked, with
some two-rowed diverging bristles on the middle of the back.

Bos caffer, Sparm. K. S. Veter. Akad. 1774-79, t. 3; Griffith,
A. K. iv. 384. t. . young, v. 889; Harris, Wild Animals
Africa, t.13, and head; Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. 11. 90; Gmelin,
S. N. i. 207; Schreb. Saugth. t. 301; Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat.
v. 28; Rég. Anim. i. 271; Desm. Nouv. Dict. H. N. ui. 527 ;
Mam. 494; Ency. Meéth. t. 45. f.5; Thunb. Mém. Act. Pe-
tersb. 111. 318; Vollborth, Comm. Anat. Berol. 1826; Desmoul.
Dict. Class. H. N. ii. 367 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 494, 652.

Bubalus caffer, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B.
M. 54; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849.

Cape Ox, Pennant; Shaw, Zool. ii. 416; Harris, W. Anim. Afr.
He ts &

Buffel, Sparm. Reise, 297, 379, &c. t. 2.

Dawf Ox, Pennant, Syn. Quad. i. 9. t. 2. f. 3, young horns.

Wilde Buffel, Dutch at Cape; Forster, Reise die Weld, 1. 85.

Qu’araho, Hottentots.

Cape Buffalo, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 751, 753.

Buffalo, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 47.

Hab. S. Africa, in the Deserts, near Cape of Good Hope.

A male, not ina good state. South Africa. Presented by W.
Burchell, LL.D.
Amale. South Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsrroLocy. Skulls, adult and young, t. 2. f. 1, 2, 3.
Buffle de Cap, Daub. in Buffon H. N. xi. 416. t. 41; Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. iv. 132. t. 9. f. 14, 15 ; Vollborth, de Bobus, &c. 1826, t. 3.

Frontal bone and horns, young. South Africa. From Mus.
Royal Society.

Skull and horns. South Africa.

Skull and horns. South Africa.

Skeleton of male. South Africa. From the Gardens of the
Zoologica) Society.

The horns of the young specimen are depressed and rugose,
and very different from. those of B. brachyceros, which Prof.
Sundevall considers as the young of this species. The pair of
young horns which was in the Museum of the Royal Society
(Grew, Rar. 26), figured by Pennant (Syn. t. 2. f. 3), is now in

I a Te i

MAMMALIA. ‘29

the British Museum, and at once shows the distinctness of these
two species.

3. ANOA,

Horns subtrigonal, nearly parallel, round at the tip, depressed
at the base, and slightly keeled on the inner edge, straight, nearly
on the plane of the face on the hinder edge of the frontal ridge.
Intermaxillary elongate, high up between the maxille and the
nasal. Muffle large, rather narrow below. Hoofs very broad.
Ears small, narrow, short. Tail elongate, tufted at the end. Hair
of the back, from the nape to the pelvis, reversed. Skull, t. 3.
oh ee

Anoa, Leach; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Sundevall, Pe-
. cora, 74.

Antilope, § Anoa, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 647.

Bubalus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Bos, sp., Meyen; Gray, Spice. Zool.

Mr. Turner observes: “ Although Major Smith was deceived
as to the affinities of the Anoa, later as well as earlier naturalists
have assigned it to its true place, and a glance at the stuffed spe-
cimen in the British Museum leaves the matter beyond a doubt.
I have exammed the skull in the Museum of the College of Sur-
geons, and cannot see that it has even a title to generic distine-
tion. Naturalists seem at all times to have been prone to assign
generic rank to whatever was mysterious or difficult to classify,
and I can in no other way account for this species beg made a
genus.”—Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Mr. Turner must have ob-
served the skull very superficially, for it offers many characters,
especially in the palate, which separate it from the Buffaloes and
all the other Bovee, t. 3. f. 1, 2.

1. ANOA DEPRESSICORNIS. The ANOA.

Reddish brown, with three small white spots on the cheek.
Male black, spot on cheek white. Female and young brownish
black. ,

Antilope (Anoa) depressicornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 293. t.
v. 867; Gray, Spicil. Zool. t. 11. f. 23; Fischer, Syn. 647.

Antilope depressicornis, Quoy et Gaim. Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 623.
t. 20; Voy. Astrol. Zool. 1. 136. t. 26; Férussac, Bull. Sei.
xix. 108; Lesson, comp. Buffon, x. 299, t. 65. f. 2.

¢ Anoa compressicornis, Leach, MSS.

Antilope depressicornis, Leach; Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 11. f. 23;
H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 867. t..181. f. 4, head. ©

Antilope platyceros et Antilope Celebica, Temm. Mus. Leyden.

Bos bubalis 8. Anoa, Penn. Quad.26; Meyer, Zool. Arch. 184, 1796.

30 MAMMALIA.

Bubalus depressicornis, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Anoa, Loten MSS. in Brit. Mus.; Penn. Syn. 6; Quad. 26;
Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 746.

Anoa depressicornis, Sundeévall, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, 199;
Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Last Osteol. B. M. 54; Gray,
Knowsley Menag. t.

Hab. Celebes.

Male and female. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum.

OstEou. Skull, t. 3. f. 1, 2.
Skull and horns. Celebes. Presented by General Hardwicke.
Skull and horns. Mauritius?
Skull and horns. Mauritius ?

This animal was first noticed by Governor Loten. It was
afterwards described by Colonel Hamilton Smith from a head with
horns in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. A similar
head was received by General Hardwicke (which was given by
him to the British Museum), accompanied by a sketch of the
head and front part of the body of the animal, which is copied
im Gray’s Spicilegia. MM. Quoy and Gaimard afterwards pub-
lished a figure of the animal, and took two male specimens with
them to Paris, one of which was transmitted to Knowsley, in ex-
change for the specimen of Oreas Canna sent to Paris by the Earl
of Derby : this specimen is figured in the Knowsley Menagerie.

* Intermazillaries short, triangular, not reaching to the edge of
the nasal bone; the upper lip bald, callous and moist, only as
wide as the inner edge of the nostrils.

Mr. Turner observes: “I fear that Mr. Gray’s distinction im
the extent of the intermaxillary bones upon the sides of the nasal
aperture will not always hold good.”—Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.
Since this remark was penned, I have re-examined many speci-
mens of the skull of this genus and of other oxen, and do not
find any reason to doubt the validity of the distinction; I have
not found a single Bison’s skull with an elongated intermaxillary,
nor an Ox or Buffalo with a short one. It would have been
better if Mr. Turner had cited the example which made him
doubt ; when I applied to him on the subject, he owned that he
could not refer me to a specimen to verify his remarks.

4, Brsos.

Horns depressed at the base, directed outwards, posterior on
the hinder ridge of the frontal bone, which is often very promi-
nent, recurved at the tip. Withers high, keeled, supported by the
spinous processes of the dorsal vertebra, and suddenly lower be-

—o

MAMMALIA. 3r

hind. The intermaxillaries are short and triangular, and do not
reach to the nasals. Brown or black (adult males). Legs be-
neath the knees (and sometimes the rump) white. The baldness
of the upper lip converging beneath from the inner edge of the
nostrils. Skull, t. 3. f. 3.
Bibos, Hodgson; Gray, Knowsley Menag.
Bison, sp., Ham. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 371; Fischer, Syn.
Mam. 651.
Gareus, Hodgson, Var. Genera Ruminants, 1847, 21.
Bos (Boves proprié), part., Sundevall, Pecora, 200, 1844.
Bos, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.
Professor Sundevall regards the three species of this genus as
subvarieties of a variety of the Common Bull, Bos Taurus (Pe-
cora, 200, 1844).

+ Forehead flat. Horns broad, depressed, black. Front half of
back with an elongated keel, t. 3. f. 3. Probos, Hodgson.

1. BrBpos FRONTALIS. The GAYAL.

Black ; lips, forehead and legs grey; inside of ears white;
forehead flat, very broad. Horns depressed, broad at the base,
conical, black. .

Bos bubalus var. c. Guavera, Penn. Quad. i. 27.

“Bos Guavera, Penn.,”’ Buchanan, Icon. ined. Mus. Ind. Comp.t.7.

Bos bubalis y. Guavera, Meyer, Zool. Arch. 184, 1796.

Bos frontalis, Lambert, Linn. Trans. vi. t. 4, young ¢; Gray,
List Mam. B. M. 151; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24; Deles-
sert, Souvenir Ind. t. , not good.

Bos Gayeus (Assel Gayal), Colebrook, Asiatic Research. vu. 511.
t.8; Hardw. Zool. Journ. iii. 233. t. 7. f. 1; Lesson, Compl.
Buffon, x. 317.

Bos Taurus var. 3, subvar. 1. frontalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 200,
1844. :

Bos (Bison) Gaveus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K.iv. 406.t. ,
v. 897; Fischer, Syn. 651, 654; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. 1841, x. 912. 470. t. 1. f. 1.

Bibos frontalis, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151; Last Osteol. Sp.
B.M.24; Knowsley Menag.; Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim.184.

Gayal, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 741, 742?, 743, 744.

Hab. India, Chittagong.

Male. India. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Osrzon. Skull, t. 3. f. 3. 3

Gyal of Sylhet (Bos gaveus), Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841,
x. 470. t. 1. f. 1; Hardw. Zool. Journ. ii. t. 7. f. 1.

‘32 MAMMALIA.

Two skulls of the adult male. The Tarai. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull, half-grown, male. The Tarai. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Skull and some bones of foetal specimen. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq. .

Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

DRAWINGS.

Assal Gyal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 168.

True Asseel Gayal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,794. t. 106,
head copied from former.

Drawing of two males.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 135.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of two males.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 136.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of two males.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 137.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of a male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 138. f. 2.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 145. f. 5, 6.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Dr. Hamilton Buchanan’s figure in the Library of the India
House (marked Bos Guavera, Penn. t.7) was the first and is the
best.

The Gavi or Gabi is more than half redeemed from the wild

state, like the Yak of Tibet.—Hodgson, 1. ce. 22.
e The Jungly Gau (Bos Sylhetanus) of M. F. Cuvier’s Mamma-
lia is from a tracmg made by M. Duvaucelle from a drawing in
General Hardwicke’s collection (marked “‘ Gyale at Barrackpoor,”
Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 169, 170), taken from a hybrid
specimen bred between a Domestic Gyal and a Zebu. It has
a larger, deeper and more waved dewlap than the wild species,
and differently shaped horns. It was never alive in Paris, nor
even seen alive by M. Duvaucelle.

++ Forehead concave. Horns pale, rather depressed at the base.
Back with a prominent keel over the shoulder, and another
on the middle of the back. Bibos, Hodgson. —

2. Brsos Gaurus. The Gour or GAUR.

Hind hoof only half the size of the front, Brown; legs
white.

MAMMALIA. 33

Bos Gour, Trail, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 1824, 334; Hardw. Zool.
Journ. ii. 232. t.7.f.2; Mem. Mus. ix.71; Férussac, Bull. Sci.

i 252; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 316; Fischer, Syn. Mam.
497.

Bos Gaur, Evans.

Bos (Bison) Gaurus (Gour), Hamilton Smith in Griffith A. K. v.
373; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 653 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. Sci. 1840,
t. 5. adult, t.6.f.1 3. f. 29. skull.

Bos Taurus, var. 3, subvar. 2. Gaur, Sundevall, Pecora, 201.

Bos (Bibos) cavifrons, Hodgson, Journal Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1837,
vi. 223, 299, 745. t. 39, x.911; Elliot, Madras Journ. Sci. 1840,
37.

Bos Hardwickii (Gour), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65 (1825).

Bos Silhetanus, Delessert, Rev. Zool. 1839, 129.

Bos aculeatus, Schinz.; Cuvier, Thierr. iv. 492.

Bisonius subhzemachalensis, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 135;
Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 289.

Bos (Bison) Gour, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 184.

Bibos gaurus, Hodgson, Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. t. 137 ; Gray, Cat.
Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24.

Gaour, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. H. N. ix. 71.

Gaur, Johnston, Sketch Indian Sports, t.

Gour, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 746.

Gauri Gau, of the Tarai.

Inhab. India. Mountain district, Nepal. The male is called
Gour, and the young Pararah; the female Gouvin, and the
young Pareeah, in Malacca. Called Gaviya by the Mahrattas.

Male, stuffed. e
OstTEou. Elliot, Madras Journ. N. H. x. 227.t. .f. , skull.

Gouri Gau of Nepal (Bibos cavifrons), Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal,
x. 1841, 470. t. 1. f. 2, t. 2, 3, skulls.

Two skeletons. Nepal.
Skeleton, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq.

Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq. .

Skull and horns of female. Nepal. Presented by B. Hf. Hodg-»
son, Esq.

Skull and horns. India.

Skull and horns, with skin on face. India. Presented by
General Hardwicke.

Horns, separate, polished. India.

Horns, separate. India.

Horns, separate, young. India.

34 MAMMALIA.

Horns, single horn. India.

Horns, single horn. India.

Horns, single horn. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.

DRAWINGS.
Bos Gour, Hardwicke, Icon. ined. B. M. 10,974. t. 107.

The Gours inhabit the primitive forests of India, under the
great ranges of mountains; they rut in winter, procreate in au-
tumn, producing one ata birth. The herds are ordinarily rather
numerous, twenty, thirty, forty, and sometimes even double that
number being found together; but in the breeding season not
above ten or fifteen cows, with a smgle mature, vigorous bull,
who jealously expels every young or old male from his harem.
They entirely avoid the open Tarai on the one hand, and the hill
on the other, adhering to the most solitary part of the Saul
forest, close to and between the salient spurs of the hills, where
the periodical firmg of the undergrowth of the forest never
reaches. They feed early and late in the more open glades of
the forest, posting sentinels the while, and manifesting in their
whole demeanour a degree of shyness unparalleled among the
Bovines. They never venture even in the rains, when there
is abundance of rank vegetation to cover their approaches, mto
the open Tarai, to depredate on the crops, as the Wild Buffaloes
constantly do; nor do they ever associate or have sexual com-

merce with the tame cattle, though immense numbers of the |

latter every spring are driven into their retreats, to feed and re-
main there in a half-wild condition for three or four months,
when the Wild Buffaloes frequently have sexual intercourse with
the tame ones of their kind, of which likewise vast numbers are
despatched there.

Old males of the Gour are often found solitary, wandermg m
the forests they frequent, especially im winter; but these have
probably been recently expelled the herd by their more vigorous
juniors, and reunite themselves with some herd after the season
of love and contention has passed.

It is exceedingly difficult to rear the Gour in confinement.
Nor did I ever know a successful experiment, though the attempt
has been for fifty years constantly made by the Court of Nepal,
which finds no difficulty in rearmg Wild Buffaloes and causing
them to breed in confinement with the domestic species, which is
thus greatly improved in size and other qualities.

The Gours are exceedingly shy, and when approached they
retreat as long as they can; but if compelled to stand and de-
fend themselves, they do so with a courage and determimation
not to be surpassed. ’

a a a

MAMMALIA. 35

The beef of the Gour is unequalled for flavour and tenderness ;
but to the Aborigines only is it illicit food, and not to all tribes
of them; nor are any of them allowed to kill itin Hindu kingdoms.

Capt. Tickell, a good observer, believes there are two species
of Bibos in the Chola Nagpoor territories alone.—Hodgson, 1. c.
24.

_ Mr. Hodgson appears to think the Bibos found beyond the
Brahmaputra is a different species.

Mr. Elhot’s account of the habit of those found in the Deccan

differs in several particulars from that given by Mr. Hodgson.

3. Brsos BantinG. The BANTING.

Black, distinct large spot on rump and legs white. Calf pale
brown, with a dorsal streak, widest behind, and tip of tail beer
rump and legs like back, not white, as in the adult.

Bos Banting, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xu.

Bos Taurus var. 3, subvar. 1. Banting, Sundevail, Pecora, 201.

Bos leucoprymnus, Quoy & Gaim. Zool. Astrol. i. 140, 1830 ;
Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 319.

Bos (Taurus) leucoprymnus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 185.

Bos frontalis, part., Fischer, Syn. Mam. 550.

Bos bantiger, Temm. Mus. Leyden.

Bos Sondaicus, Miller, Nederl. Verhand. 1, 45. t. 35, 39.

Sumatran Ox. Raffies, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii.; Lesson, Compl.
Buffon, x. 315.

Hab. Java. Borneo. Bali.

Stuffed male. Java. From the Leyden Museum.

Skin of female. Java. From the Leyden Museum.
OstTEoLocy. Bos Sondaicus, Nederl. Verhand. i. t. 36, 39.

Skeleton of male and female. Java. From the Leyden Museum.

Anat. Miller, Verhand. Ind. Arch. t. 37, 38, 39.

b. Bisons. Covered with short, crisp wool : shoulder higher than
the haunches ; cannon-bone of the hind-leg longer than the
fore. Ribs fourteen or fifteen pairs.

Bison, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849.

ee Bison.

Mufile short and scarcely reaching the hinder edge of the nos-
trils, as wide as the space behind the inner edge of the nostrils.
Horns round, rather depressed at the base, lateral, coming out
before the ridge of the occiput, curved upwards and outwards.

36 MAMMALIA.

In the skull the frontals are broader than long. The intermaxille
are very short, triangular, not reaching nearly to the nasal bones.
The head, crown and shoulders covered with longer curled hair ;
dewlap none ; teats four ma square. Skull, t. 4. f. 1, 2.

The flesh smells of musk, hence called Bisam, which has been
changed mto Bison. See Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 247.

Bison, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 182; Fischer, Syn. 651.

Bison, Bojanus, N. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii.; Owen, Brit. Foss.
Mam. 491, 1846.

Bison, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Urus, sp., Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, 232.

Aurochs, sp., Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. 379; Oss. Foss. iv.

Bonassus, sp., Wagner.

Bos y. Bison, Sundevall, Pecora, 78.

+ Tarsi elongate, fore and hind quarters subequal.

1. Bison Bonassus. The Bison.

Fur blackish brown, short; of neck and shoulders longer, of
chin and throat, elongate, formimg a dependent mane; fore and
hind legs subequal; tarsi elongate.—Bos Bison, Linn. S. N. xii.

Bos (Bison) Bison, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 893; Fischer,
Syn. 654; Sundevall, Pecora, 203; Baér. Bull. Petersb. i. 53.

Bos urus, Bodd. Elench. 1788; L. H. Bojanus, Comm. Nov. Act.
Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 414. t. 20, 28; Schreb. Saugth. t. 295;
Desm. Mamm. 498; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 497; Hichw. Zool.
Spec. iii. 342. t. ; Vollborth, Dissert. 1. fig.

Bos Bison Aurochs, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 184.

Bos Taurus Urus, Gmelin, S. N. 1. 202; Pallas, Zool. Ross.
Asiat. 1. 242.

Bos Bonassus, Brisson, Reg. A. 84; Linn. S. N. xiii. 99; Gme-
lin, S. N.1. 99; Eral. Syst. 235.

Bison Europeus, Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 126.

Bos Taurus c. Bison (Der Europaische Bison), Donnd. Zool.
Beytr. 687.

Bos Bison seu Bonassus, Wagner, Schreb. 1481, t. 295, 295 ps.

Bison Urus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 55; Turner, Proc.
Z. Soc. 1848.

Bison jubatus, Plinit Hist. Nat. vii. ec. 15.

Bison, Gesner, Quad. 31; Aldrov. Bisulc. 353. f. 355, 356; Jon-
ston, Quad. t. 17. 16; Nic. Hussoviani de Bisontis Cracov.
1525, 12; Herberstein, Rer. Moscow. Comm. Basil. 1556, 109.
fig.; Gulibert de Bove Lituano, 1781, 30. fig.; Zimmer. Geog.
Zool, ii, 84.

MAMMALIA. 37

Uni, Ces. Gail. vi. c. 28.

_ Urus jubatus, Jonst. Quad. t. 19.

Aurochs, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 207; Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. xu.
379; Dict. Sci. Nat. v. 21.t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 269; Oss.
song iv. 109. t. 9, 10, 12; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. ui.
364.

Afrikanischer Wilder Ochs, Miiller, Naturs. i. 43; Borowsky,
Thier. i. 40; Gatterer, Schaden der Thiere, i. 128; Batsch,
Thiere, i. 141; Graumann, Int. H. N. 44.

Buckelochs, Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 67.

Bonassus, Plin. Hist. Nat. vin. 15; Gesner, Quad. 145. fig. ;
Zimmerm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93; Onomat. H. N. 1. 262; Brisson,
Reg. Anim. 84; Klein, Quad. 13; Buffon, H. N.; Severin,
Zool. Hungar. 35; Raii Syn. Quad. 71.

Munistier or Manestier, Gesner, Thier. 297. fig.

Bos Munistier, Jonst. Quad. t. 18, 19.

Urochs or Auer Ochse or Auer Ochs, Waldochse, Wilder Ochs
or Bergochs, Miiller, Natursys. i. 436; Henneberger, Preuss.
§ 251. fig. ; Zimmer. Geog. Zool. i. 82; Borowsky, Thier. 1. 39 ;
Funke, Naturg. i. 34; Ebert, Naturl. i. 284; Halle Vierfuss.
280; Gatterer, Schad. der Thiere, i. 107; Beckmann, Naturh.
10; Klein, Thiere, 12; Martini, Naturlex. ii. 693; Batsch, i.
141; Boch, Nat. Preuss. iv. 191; Hartknoch, Preuss. Hist. i.
13; Dobel, Jagerprak. i. 20; Jablonsky, Aligem. Lex. 82;
Severin, Zool. Hung. 36.

Preussische und Lithauische Auerochs, Pallas, Nord. Beytr.
i. 6.

Urus de Prusse et de Lithuanie, Pallas, Act. Acad. Sci. Petrop.
ii. 1777, 236. .

Zurb, oder der Lithauische Auerochs, Jarocki, 1830, t.19.2¢.

Hab. Poland. Caucasus.

Male, stuffed in Russia. Presented by the Emperor of Russia
through Sir Roderick Murchison.

OsTEOLOGY.

Bos urus, Bojanus, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii. 414. t. 20-23 ;
Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 1, 2, t. 10. f. 1, 2, t. 12. f. 6,
7; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 8, skull; Owen, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1848, 132. fig. bones of fore and hind feet ; Vollborth,
Dissert. t.

Buffalus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiii. t. 11, 12.

Aurochs foss., Cuvier, Oss. Foss.iv. 140. t. 12. f. 1, 2, 4,11, t. 11.
fo, 108s]. ,

Skeleton. Lithuania. Presented by the Emperor of Russia.

~

38 MAMMALIA.

tt Tarsi short, hinder quarters very low.

2. Bison AMERICANUS. The AMERICAN Bison.

Crown with long, crisp hair (in all seasons). The fur dark
brown ; hair of head and shoulders elongate, crisp. Tarsus short,
hinder quarters very low. Body and tarsus in winter covered
with long hair, in summer nearly naked, except in front of body
and head.

Bos Bison, Linn. S. N. i. 99; Eral. Syst. 233; Schreb. Saugth.
t. 299 ; Blumb. Handb. 121. |

Bos Bison Americanus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v.895; Fischer,
Syn. 653; Sundevall, Pecora, 203; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Beng. x. 1841, 912.

Bos Americanus, Gmelin, S. N.i. 204; Cuvier, Dict. Sct. Nat.
v. 24; Reg. Anim. i. 270; Ossem. Foss. iv. 117. t. 11; Desm.
Nowv. Dict. H. N. iii. 531; Mamm. 496; Ency. Meéth. t. 55.
f.3; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 495, 653; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H.
N. ii. 365 ; Cuvier & Geoff. Mam. Lith. t.; Richardson, Fauna
Bor. Amer. i. 279; Sabine, Frank. Journey, 668; H. Smith,
Griffith A. K. iv. 401.t. ,v. 895; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat.
i. 242; Owen, Brit. Fossil Mam.

Bison Americanus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 49; Turner, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1849.

Taurus Mexicanus, Hernand. Mex. 587. fig. (1651).

Taureau Sauvage, Hennipen, Nouv. Découv. i. 186. fig. (1699).

Taurus Ouivirensis, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 181. fig. from Hernand.

Tauri vacceeque Quivire, Fernand. Anim. 10.

Tauri novi orbis, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 182.

Armenta, Lact. Amer. 303. fig. from Hernand.

Urus Bison f. indicus, Bison Catesbeji, Klein, Quad. 13.

Bison, Ray, Syn. Quad. 71; Pennant, Arct. Zool.i.1; Long,
Exped. ii. 68.

Buffelo, Laws. Carol. 115. fig.; Brick. North Carol. 107. fig.

Buffalo, Catesby, Carol. App. 27. fig. App. t. 20; Harmon.
Journey, 415; Franklin, First Journey, 113 (110. fig. of Buf-
falo Pound).

Beeuf du Canada, Charlev. Nouv. Fr. iii. 131.

American Oxen, Dobb’s Hudson’s Bay, 41.

American Bison, Shaw, Zool. ii. 394. t. 206, 207 ; Knight, Mus.
Anim. Nat. f. 759-762.

American Bull, Penn. Syn. 8. t. 2. f. 2.

American Wild Ox or Bison, Warden’s United States, i. 248.

Bison (d’Amérique), Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. 64.t.5; F. Cuvier,
Mam. Lithog.t. , adult, young, and very young.

Bison, Miiller, Magaz. i. 186; Bewick, Hist. Quad. 43. fig.

MAMMALIA. 39

Wilde Ochsen und Kuhe, Kalm, Amer. ii. 350, 425, iui. 351.

Amerikanische Bison, Zimmer. Geog. Zool. ui. 89; Schepf. Reise
Nordamer. ii. 167 ; Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. 5.

Bison d’Ameérique, Pallas, Act. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 1777, ii. 238.
Buklel, Ochse, Bison, Wisent, Borowsky, Thier. i. 42; Blumend.

: Handb. 111.

Nordamerikanischer Bisam Ochs.

Var. White.— Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 283.
Hab. N. America.

Male, stuffed in America. Bank of Yellow River. From M.
Audubon’s Collection.

OstEoLocy. Skull, t. 4. f. 1, 2.
Bos Americanus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 117. t. 10. f. 3, 6.

Skeleton of male. North America. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Skeleton of female. N. America. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society. |

Hybrid with Bos Taurus.
Naals Buffalo, Americans; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 496.

B. Nose ovine, covered with hair, or with a small naked space be-
tween the rather close converging nostrils. Tail short. Hair
during the cold season very long, pendent. Living in the
Mountains or Snowy regions.

Oxen of the Mountains or Snowy regions, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

6. PoEPHAGUS.

Horns subcylindrical, curved outward on the front of the occi-
pital ndge. Nose hairy, with a narrow bald muffle between the
nostrils. Hoofs moderately thick, not dilated or expanded on
the outer side, square, and straight in front. Tail moderate, not
reaching to the hocks, and covered with long hair; teats 4, nar-
rowing behind. Perimeum, scrotum, and inside of the thighs and
armpits naked. Skull: intermaxillaries short, triangular and
acute behind, not reaching to the nasal bones.

Poéphagus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 153.

Bison, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 3 Fischer, Syn. 651 ;
Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Bos poéphagus (part.), Sundevall, Pecora, 202.

Professor Sundevall observes, “ Inter tres divisiones generis et

40 MAMMALIA.

presertim inter Bos Bubalum et bisontes medius videtur.’’—Pe-
cora, 202.

Mr. Turner doubts its distinctness from Bison.—Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1849.

1. PokPHAGUS GRUNNIENS. The YAC or SARLYK.
Black ; back and tail often white.

Bos grunniens, Linn. S. N.i. 99; Gmelin, S. N. 1. 205; Eral.
Syst. 237; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. u. 38; Schreb. Saugth.

- t. 2994,8; Blumb. Abbild. t. 22; Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. v. 30;
Reg. Anim. i. 270; Oss. Foss. iv. 129. t. 10. f. 13, 14; Desm.
Nov. Dict. H. N. in. 528; Mamm. 496; Ency. Meth. t. 45.
f. 3; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. ii. 368, 11; Fischer, Syn.
Mam. 496, 653; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1. 348; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1834, 99.

Bos (Bison) Poéphagus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 896;
Fischer, Syn. 658; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, x. 912, xi. 282.

Bos (Poéphagus) grunniens, Sundevall, Pecora, 202.

Bison Poéphagus, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 25; Turner,
Proc. Z. Soc. 1849.

Poéphagus grunniens, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Cat. Osteol.
Sp. B. M. 55; Knowsley Menag. 49.

Bisonius Poéphagus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, x. 912. 470.
t. 1. f. 3; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 289. .

Bos Poéphagus, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 249; Nov. Comm.
Petrop. 1. 2. 332; Nord Beytr. i. t. 1.

Poéphagus, lian de Animal. hb. xv. cap. 14, hb. xvi. cap. 11;
Marco Polo de Region. Orient. lib. 1. cap. 62; Rubruquis,
Hist. Général des Voy. vii.

Buoie la codo di cavallo, N. Conti, Collect. de Ramusio, i. 340.0.

Oxen (used for riding), Ysbrant’s Travels Muscow, 50. tab. ;
Grew, Mus. Reg. Soc. 26.,

Vacca grunniens, or Buffle mid dem Pferde schweif, J. G. Gmelin,
Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 339. t. 7.

- Tangutischen Biiffel, Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. t. 1. 1780.

Bubuls, Bell, Travels, 1. 212.

Beebeeli, Witsen, N. en O. Tart. i. 66.

Bubalus cauda equina, Buffle 4 queue de cheval, Pallas, Act.
Acad. Petrop. 1777, u. 232.

Vache de Tartarie, Buffon, H. N. xv. 136.

Grunting Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 46.

Grunting Bull, Penn. Syn. 5.

Yac of Tartary, Turner, Account, 186.t.10; Shaw, Zool. 1. 411.
t. 213.

Svora-Goy or Yak of Tartary, Asiat. Research. iv. 349. t.

MAMMALIA. 41

Kalmiikische kiihe, Georgi Russland, i. 208.
Tangutesche kiihe, Pallas, Reise Aus. iu. 126.
Beeuf velu, Bruyn. Iter Mosc. 120. t. 129.
Yack, Desmoul. Dict. Cl. H. N. ii. 368.

Var. 1. Noble Yak. Head erect ; hump large; fur very long,
nearly reaching the ground ; tail bushy.

The Riding Yak, Hoffmeister, Travels Ceylon, &c., 443.

Var. 2. Plough Yak. Head dependent; legs short; hair short ;
tail often cut off.

_ The Plough Yak, Hoffmeister, Travels Ceylon, §c., 441.
Female, stuffed. Black; tail and middle of back whitish.

Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Var. 3. Hornless Yak. Both sexes without horns.
Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 250. t. 10; Nord. Beytr. f. 1.
t.1; cop. Schreb. Saugth. t. 299 B.

Var. 4. Ghainorik. Larger.

Ghainorik of the Mongolians and Calmucks, Gmelin; Pallas,
Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 255.

Yac, Stewart, Phil. Trans. 1777, \xvii. 478.

Var. 5. The Wild Yak. Much larger; the withers of the bulls
high.
Hab. Thibet. Mr. Winterbottom.

OsteoLocy. Skull, t. 4. f. 3, 4.

_ Yae of Thibet, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 470. t. 1. f. 3,
skull.

Bos grunniens, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 129. t. 10. f. 13, 14.

Skeleton. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull and horns.

Two skulls of male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull of the female, with the horns bent forward at the tip.
Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull of the female. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
_ Pair of horns of the male, of large size. Thibet. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Pair of horns of the female, slender, and bent horizontally.
Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

DRAWINGS.

Drawing of a group of the domestic variety—Hodgson, Icon.
ined. B. M. t. 143, copied, with front figure left out, t. 144.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

_ Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 145. f. 4.
_ Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

42 MAMMALIA,

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 100. f. 1, 2.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

The Yaks dislike the warmth of summer, and hide themselves
in the shade and water; they swim well; both sexes grunt like
a pig. The calves are covered with rough, black, curled hair, like
a curled haired dog; when of three months old they obtain the
long hair on the body and tail. They willingly live with the
common cows, and breed with them. The long white hairs of
the tail are dyed red to form the tufts of hair on the caps of the
Chinese.—Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 250. .

The Yak used for the plough are ugly and short-legged, and
hold their heads very low; the beautiful long silky hair, hanging
from below the belly, is almost, if not entirely, wanting in them,
no less than the bushy tail, which their avaricious owners com-
monly cut off as an article of trade; they are guided by the nose.
—Hoffmeister, Travels in Ceylon, &c., 441.

The Yak Ox used in riding is an infinitely handsomer animal ;
it has a stately hump, a rich silky hanging nearly reaching the

ound, twisted horns, a noble bearmg, and an erect head

p- 441). They are very shy, and kick with their hind-feet, turn-
rg their head round perpetually, as if about to gore their riders

. 443).

<e broad-footed Yak Ox is the beast with the thick, silky,
white fringe under the body, and the bushy tail, both of which
sweep the ground;....as the steepness increased, these poor
animals began to moan, or rather grunt, im the most melancholy
manner, and this unearthly music gradually rose to such a violent
rattle, that driven rather by its irksome sound than by the dis-
comfort of our saddleless seat, we dismounted at the end of the
first half-hour (p. 443).

The Yak or Chauri Gau inhabits all the loftiest plateaux of
High Asia, between the Altai and the Himalaya, the Belut Jag
and the Peling mountains, and is found tame as well as wild. It
cannot live on the south side of the Himalaya beyond the imme-
diate vicinity of the snows, where the tribes of the Cachars or
Juxtanivean regions of the sub-Himalayas rear large herds of it,
and cross-breeds with the Common Ox. They rut in winter,
and produce young in autumn. Czcum simple, not sacked nor
banded, 4 inches long; ribs fourteen or fifteen pair; true dorsal —
ridge confined to the withers; dewlap none.— Hodgson.

7. Ovisos.

Nose ovine, hairy, without any naked muffle; inner edge of —
the nostril with a bald margin. Horns of the male very broad —
at the base, nearly united together, tapering, pressed downwards —

MAMMALIA. 43

against the sides of the head, and bent up at the tips; of the
female subcylindrical, curved, far apart on the sides of the fore-
head. ‘Tail rudimentary, very short, entirely hidden by the fur
of the haunches. Hoofs broad; apices inflexed. Skull: the
intermaxillaries short, not reaching the nasal; a small depres-
sion in front of the orbit, but no fissure; the grinders are with-
out supplemental lobes. The tail very short, not produced be-
yond the edge of the pelvis; caudal vertebra thin, flattened,
expanded. Skull, t. 5. f. 1, 2.
N. America.

Ovibos, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 76 (character) ;
Desm. Mam. 492. 181; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Gray,
List Mam. B. M.; Sundevall, Pecora, 79; Turner, Proc. Zool.
Soe. 1849.

Bos, § 3 (Farren, part.), Wagner!

1. Ovisos moscHaTus. The Musk Ox.

Bos moschatus, Zimm. Geog. Zool. u. 86; Herm. Naturforsch.
xix. t.5; Schred. v. t. 202 a,b; Blumb. Hand. 122; Donnd.
Beytr. Zool. 697; E. Sabine, Parry’s First Voy. Supp. t. 189;
J. Sabine, Franklin Journ. 668; Richardson, Parry’s Second
Voy. App. 331; Gmelin, S. N. i. 205; Shaw, Zool. ii. 407.
t. 11; Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. v. 29; Rég. Anim. i. 271; Oss.
Foss. iv. 133. t. 10; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. ii. 367.

Bos grunniens, O. Fab. Faun. Gren. 28.

Amerikanischer Bisam Ochse, Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. 340; Nov.
Comm. Petrop. xvii. 601.

Bisam Ochse, Herm. Naturf. xiv. 91. t. 5, head.

Boeuf Musque, Jeremie, Voy. au Nord, iui. 314; Charlevoiz, N.
France, v. 194; Buffon, H. Nat. Supp. vi. t.3; Pallas, Act.
Acad. Sci. Petrop. 1777, 1. 238.

Musk Ox, Drage, Voy. u. 260; Dobb’s Hudson’s Bay, 19, 25;
Ellis, Voy. 232; Pennant, Arctic Zool. 269. fig.; Quad. 131;
Hearne, Journey, 137 ; Parry, First Voy. 257. t.; Second Voy.
497, 503, 512; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 767.

Ovibos moschatus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. N.
Dict. H. N. xxiv. 300; Mam. 492; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65,
1825; Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M.
55; Knowsley Menag.49; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer.i.275.

“Musk Bull, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 49. fig. ;

American Ox, Penn. Syn.1.8.t.2. f. 2, good cop.; Ency. Meéth. t.

Hab. North America. On the Barren Land, in lat. 60” North.

Male, stuffed. N. America. Presented by the Lords of the
_ Admiralty, from Capt. Parry’s first Voyage.
Specimen figured Parry’s First Voyage, t. 189.

44 MAMMALIA.

OstroLtocy. Skull, t. 5. f. 1, 2.

Bos moschatus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 10. f. 15-17, t. 13. f. 3,
8, t. ll. f. 1, 4; Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xvii. t. 17;
Schreb. Saugth. t. 3028; Hermann, Naturf. xix. t. 5.

Boeuf Musque, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. t. 3.

Skull and horns.
Skull and horns, imperfect.

Var. 1. Subfossil. North-west Coast, America.

Bos Pallasii, Dekay, Ann. Lyc. N. York, uu. 6; Siebel, Fauna
der Vorwelt, i. 154.

Bos canaliculatus, Fischer, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Nat. Moscou, 1834,
ili. 287; Oryct. Moscou, 116.

Bos moschatus, Pallas, Nov. Comm..Petrop. xvu. t. 17; Eze-
retskowsky, Mem. Acad. Petersb. ii. 215. t. 6; Cuvier, Oss.
Poss, sy.-100. 4.3. f.3, 8, t: TYE 1; 4:

B. moschatus 8. fossilis, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 494.

8. BuDORCAS.

Muzzle hairy, with a small naked muffle only edging the nos-
trils; ears narrow, poimted. The fur (in summer at least) con-
sists of short, harsh, adpressed hair. The tail is short, very de-
pressed and hairy, like the tail of a goat. The head is large and
heavy. The lips taper, and are clad with hair, like sheep. The
nostrils are wide and terminal. The horns are round, smooth,
lunate; they are nearly in contact on the top of the head; their
direction is vertically upwards, then horizontally outwards or to
the sides, and then almost as horizontally backwards. The limbs
short and straight; the hoofs broad. Skull, t. 5. f. 3, 4.

Budorcas, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850; Gray,
Knowsley Menag.; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.
Nemorheedus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Mr. Hodgson observes, “ The Takin is the nearest ally to the
-Gnoos, but has various points of stronger connection with Musk
Oxen. Horns are on the highest part of the forehead, as in the
Ox and Sheep, though not, as in them, at the posteal termina-
tion of the head, for the encephalon of our animal is spread be-
hind its horns, in the manner of the Deer and Antelopes, but
more restrictedly. The horns are attached, not to the lateral
margins of the frontal crest, as in the Ox, but to its superior
surface, as in the Antelopes, Goats, and Sheep. The horns are
nearly in contact on the top of the head, but without actual
touching ; their direction is vertically wowards, then horizontally
outwards or to the sides, then almost as horizontally backwards.
Lips are both taper and clad with hair, almost as much as in

j

ee

MAMMALIA. 45

the Goat and Sheep: the animal is consequently a browser and
not a grazer. Nevertheless the mere nostrils, which are wide
and terminal, have a decided Bovine character both as to form
and position, and, as it were to remind us of the true Bovine
muzzle, there is a clear broad margm round the nostril which is
quite nude and moist.”

Mr. Turner (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849) thinks “ this genus is
closely allied to Nemorhedus, and has no relationship with the
Gnu or the Musk Ox;”’ indeed he appears to consider it as a
species of that genus!

Mr. Blyth “ believes its affinity to be strictly Caprine, with little
relation either to the Bovine or to the Gnous (Catoblepas), not-
withstanding the very remarkable form of the horns.”—Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850, 348.

1. BuporcAs TAXICOLA. The TAKIN.

Yellowish grey. Hairs yellow, black tipped. The head, neck,
dorsal streak, belly, limbs and tail black; they are sometimes
entirely black. ;
Budorcas taxicola (Takin), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

1850, 65. t. 1; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie.

Nemorheedus (taxicola), Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya. The Mishmi Mountains. Called Takin
by the Mishmis, and Ken by the Khamtis.

Female. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta.
OstroL. Hodgson, I. c. t. 2, skull, copied, t. 5. f. 3, 4.

Subtribe [1. Antilopee. The horns conical, bent back, cylin-
-drical or compressed, and ringed at the base. The knee (or
_ wrist) in the middle of the fore-leg.

“Occipital plane of skull forming an obtuse angle with the
frontal plane. Core of the horns thin, consisting of dense bone,
often with a clear sinus at the base within. Horns seated on the
upper surface, below the crest of the frontals, and apart at the
base. Teats 2 or4. Feet-pits in hind feet, and generally also

_ in the fore ones.”—Hodgson.

_ Antilope, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 230; Glean. Knows.

Menag.

. Becinpon (gen. Antilope), part., Ovesidez, part., Lesson, Nov.

Tab. Reg. Anim. 175.

Antilopide, Tetracerocidz, Rupicaprade, et Damalidz, Brookes,
Cat. Mus. 63. 1828.

Bovide et Capride, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.
Antilope?, Gazella?, Dryxis?, Bubalis?, Enagrus, Rafinesque,

Anal. Nat. 56. 1815.

46 MAMMALIA.

Antilope, Pallas, Spicil. i. 1, 1767; Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i.
249,

Sylvicaprina, Bovina, Antilopina, et Caprina, part., Sundevall,
Pecora, 51.

Antelopes, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111.

Cerophorus, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.

The Antelopes have been divided into various subgenera by
different authors.

Lichtenstein, “ Die Gattung Antilope,” divides the genus to ©
four tribes. 1. Bubalides. 2. Connochetes. 3. Antilope Ge-
nuine. 4. Gazelle.—Berl. Mag. 1814, vi. p. 153.

De Blainville divides the genus Cerophorus thus :—l. Anti-
lope. 2. Gazella. 3. Cervicapra. 4. Alcelaphus. 5. Trage-

laphus. 6. Boselaphus. 7. Oryx. 8. Rupicapra.—Bull. Soc.
Philom. 1816, 175.

M. Desmarest, in his Species of Mammalia, adopted M. De
Blainville’s arrangement, separating Oreas from Boselaphus, and
Antilocapra from Rupicapra.—Mamm. 4to, 1820.

Fischer, in his Synopsis Mammalium, also follows De Blain-
ville’s divisions.—8vo, 1829.

M. Gervais, in his article “ Antilope,” regards the subgenera
of De Blainville as genera, and uses the divisions of H. Smith
and Ogilby to divide them into sections. It appears to be a mere
compilation, thus:—1. Antilope. 2. Gazella. 3. Cervicapra.
a. Dama. 6. Redunca. c. Tragulus. d. Raphicerus. e. Te-
tracerus. f. Cephalophus. g. Neotragus. h. Nemorhedus.
i. Kemas. 4. Rupicapra. a. Capricornis. 6. Dicranocerus.
c. Rupicapra. d. Pantholops. e. Antilocapra. f. Anoa. 5. Oryza.
a. Aigocerus. 6. Oryx. 6. Alcelaphus. 7. Tragelaphus. 8. Bos-
elaphus.—Supp. N. Dict. Sci. Nat. i. 260, 1840.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, in Griffith A. K. v., divides the An-
telopes of Pallas into three genera :—

I. AnriLopE. Subdivided into—1. Dicranocerus. 2. Aigo-
cerus. 3. Oryx. 4. Gazella. 5. Antilope. 6. Redunea. 7.
Tragulus. 8. Raphicerus. 9. Tetracerus. 10. Cephalophus.
11. Neotragus. 12. Tragelaphus. 13. Nemorhedus. 14. Ru-
picapra. 15. Aplocerus. 16. Anoa.

Il. Damauis. Divided into—l. Acronotus. 2. Boselaphus.
3. Strepsiceros. 4. Portax.

Ill. CarosLepas.—Translated in Fischer, Synopsis Mam-
at ii. 623, and in Lesson, Complet. Buffon, x. 278, 300, 314,
1836.

MAMMALIA. 47

Mr. Ogilby (“On the Generic Character of Ruminants”) di-
vides them into two families, on the form of the muzzle :—

I. Caprip#. 1. Mazama (furcifer). 2. Madoqua (Saltiana).
3. Antilope (cervicapra). 4. Gazella (dorcas).

II. Bovip#. 1. Tragulus (pygmeus). 2. Sylvicapra (mer-

ns). 3. Tragelaphus (picta). 4. Calliope (strepsiceros). 5.
Renan (goral). 6. Capricornis (Thar). 7. Bubalus (mauritani-
cus). 8. Oryx (capensis).—Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 131.

Professor Carl Sundevall (“On the Pecora of Linnzus,” m
Swedish, in Kongl. Veten. Akad. Handl. 1844, published sepa-
rate in German in 1848) divides the Antelopes into four families,
according to the form of the hoofs.

I. Caprina. 1. Nemorhedus. 2. Oreotragus.

II. AnriLopina. 1. Antilopz Gazelle. 2. Dicranoceras.
3. Bubalus.

III. Bovina. 1. Oryx. 2. Catoblepas. 3. Anoa. 4. Por-
tax. 5. Damalis.

IV. Sytvicaprina.. 1. Hippotragus. 2. Strepsiceros. 3.
Cervicapra. 4. Calotragus. 5. Nanotragus. 6. Neotragus. |
7. Sylvicapra. 8. Tragelaphus. 9. Tetraceras.

Rafinesque names, but does not define, the following genera,
which appear to belong to this tribe: Antilope, Gazella, Strep-
siceros, Dryxis, Addax, Bubalis, and Enagrus.—Anal. Nat. 56,
1815.

In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1847,
Gleanings of Knowsley Menagerie, vol. ii. 1850, and Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1851, 111, I proposed to divide them as they are arranged

in this work.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF ANTILOPEZ.

I. Nostrils bald within. Antelopes of the Fields.

A. Body light, elegant. Limbs slender. Hoofs small. Tail
short, or moderate, covered with elongated hairs at the base.
Horns lyrate or conical, placed over the eye-brows. True
Antelopes.

a. Horns moderate, lyrate. Nose ovine, hairy.

* Nose very high; nose-hole of skull very large.

1. Sarca. Nose very high, compressed, truncated. Horns
white, lyrate.

48 MAMMALIA.

** Nose conical, tapering. Horns black.

2, PanrHotops. Horns elongate, compressed, sublyrate. Nose
of male with a dilatation on each side; nose-hole large.

3. Procapra. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females hornless. Cru-
men none. Nose-hole large.

4. GazeLua. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Cru-
men distinct.

5. Tracoprs. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Cru-
men none. Back simple.

6. AnTrporcAs. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned.
Crumen small. Back with expansile white streak.

7. Mpyceros. Horns elongate, wide, spreading, lyrate. Pas-
tern with tuft of black hair,

8. ANTILOPE. Horns elongate, erect, subspiral. Crumen large.

b. Horns small, slender, straight, conical.
+ Crumen large. Muffie generally large.

9. Terracerus. Horns 2 pair. Muffle large. Crumen lon-
gitudinal. Females hornless. :

10. CauLorracus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen
arched. Hoofs triangular; knees not tufted.

11. ScopopHorus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen ~
transverse. Knees largely tufted.

12. Orrorracus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen
transverse. Hoofs square, high, contracted.

13. Nesorracus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen
large. Tail very short.

+t Crumen large. Nose ovine. Muffie none.

14. Neotrracus. Crown crested.

+++ Crumen a glandular line on side of face. Muffle large.

15. CeEPHALOPHUS. Crown crested.

+ttt Crumen none. Mufile large. Crown not crested. —

16. Nanorracus. Horns very short, erect. Nose tapering.

ae

MAMMALIA. 49

17. Petea. Horns conical, slender, erect. Nose swollen.

18. ELeoTracus. Horns conical, diverging, bent forward at
the tip. Nose tapering.

_B. Body large, rather heavy. Limbs slender, strong. Tail
elongate, cylindrical at the base, and with longer hair at
the end, often forming a compressed ridge. Muffle cervine.
Cervine Antelopes.

a. Neck not maned.

19. ApEnNoTA. Horns sublyrate, tip rather recurved. Hair of
back whorled.

b. Neck maned on the sides.

20. Kosus. Horns elongate, sublyrate.

c. Nape with a linear, central, compressed, recurved mane.
21. A1cocERus. Horns moderate, recurved.
22. Oryx. Horns elongate, straight, or slightly recurved.
d. Neck simple. Throat slightly maned.
23. Appax. Horns elongate, slender, subspiral.
c. Body heavy. Legs strong. Hoofs and false hoofs large.
Tail very short, flat, hairy above. Horns conical, recurved.

Goat-lhke Antelopes.

a. Nose cervine. Muffle moderate. Horns short, conical.

_ 24. CAPRICORNIS.

b. Nose ovine, hairy.

_ 25. NemoruHEDusS. Horns short, conical, recurved. Crumen
a distinct.

_ 26. Mazama. Horns short, conical, recurved. Crumen none.
_ 27. Rupicapra. Horns slender, erect, bent forward at the tip.

28, Antinocapra. Horns compressed, with a process in front,
conical, and recurved at the tip.

' 50 MAMMALIA.

Ul. Nostrils bearded within, beneath, operculated, far apart.
Horns on frontal ridge. Legs rather stout.. Tail elongate.
The Antelopes of the Desert. .

p. Muzzle very depressed, spongy and bristly. The Equine
Antelopes.

29, CaATOBLEPAS. Horns bent down on the sides, recurved at
the tip. Nose with crest of recurved hair, Chest maned.

30. Gorcon. Horns like former. Nose smooth. Chest not
maned.

g. Muzzle moderately broad, with a small moist. muffle. Bovine
Antelopes.

31. BoseLapHus. Horns on upper edge of frontal bone, sud-
denly curved back.

32. Damauis. Horns on front of frontal bone, regularly lyrate.

« The genera of the Antilopee being more numerous are worthy
of a more minute examination, considering as I do that it is im-
portant to divide these numerous genera into natural groups,
more -especially as there appears to be a character afforded by
the nostrils which has been hitherto overlooked, and which se-
parates them into two very distinct and easily reeognised sec-
tions. This character shows the real position of the Gnu, and at
the same time proves that Colonel Hamilton Smith was correct
in forming his genus Damalis, though he did not discover the
character by which it was best to be defined, and hence placed
with it some species that were not truly allied to it; and it leaves
the other Antelopes easily reducible into small groups.”—Gray,
Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1849, 231.

1. Antelopes of the Fields. Nostrils bald within.

Antelope of the Fields, A. campestris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H.
1847, 231; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111.

A. The True Antelopes. Body light. Limbs slender, Hoof small.

Tail short or moderately elongate, and covered with elongated.

hairs to the base. Horns lyrate or conical.

True Antelopes (Antilopez vere), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H.
1847, 231; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111.
Antilopina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. :

MAMMALIA. 51

a. Horns lyrate, (or rarely cylindrical subspiral,) strongly ringed
at the base. Nose ovine, without any naked muffle; inguinal
pores deep. Crumen generally distinct.

a. Nose high, compressed; nose-hole of skull very large.

1. Sate.

Horns short, strong, lyrate, annulated,white. Nose compressed,
very high, rounded. Nostmils very close together. Crumen di-
stinct. Fur soft. Skull: nose-opening very large, extended back
to over the eyes, t. 6. f. 1. 2.— Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. t. 3. f. 9, 10.

Saiga, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 231; Glean. Knows.
Menag. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112.

Antilope (Gazelle), sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172, 1814; Sun-
devall, Pecora, 86.
rophorus (Antilope vera), sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75.

“Antilope (vera), H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 1827; Gervais, Supp. N.
D. Sci. Nat. i. 260.

Gazella, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Colus, “ Wagner.”

Mr. Turner observes, “This genus (Gazella) seems prone to
exhibit in certain species inhabiting more temperate regions, en-
largements of, or appendages to, the respiratory passages ; for
example, the enlarged larynx of G. gutturosa, the elevated nose
of G. Colus, and the appendages to its sides in the Chiru (G.
Kemas); these seem to be physiological adaptations, in no case
marking a group, and therefore insufficient to warrant generic

_ distinction, which has been made in the two latter instances.
_ However, not having as yet seen entire skulls of these species, I
retain them provisionally in this genus, judging by the horns. I
think few naturalists will set forth, with Mr. Gray, the colour of
the horns of the Saiga as a generic character.” If Mr. Turner
had consulted Pallas’s description and figure of the skull of the
- Saiga, or Hodgson’s figure of the skull of the Chiru, I think he
_ would have been satisfied they were good genera.

Yi. Saica TARTARICA. The Couus and SalGa.

_ Pale yellowish; crown and back greyish washed. Young:
_ erown greyer.

Antilope Saiga, Pallas, Misc. 6; Spic. xii. 14. 21. t. 1, t. 3. f. 6,
9,10,11; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 252; Gmelin, S. N. i. 185.
A. (Gazella) Saiga, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172; Schreb. Saugth.

1216. t. 276; Desm. Mam. 452; E. M. t. 52. f.1; Fischer,

Syn, 458.

; C2

52 MAMMALIA,

A. (vera) Saiga, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Antilope Scythica, Pallas, Spic. i. 9; Penn. Quad. 86.

Capra Tatarica, Linn. S. N.1. 97, from Aldrov.

Capra Sayga, Forster, Phil. Trans. lvu. 344; G. G. Gmelin,
Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. 512.

A. (Antilopa) Colus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 829.

Saiga Tartarica, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. Spec.
_B. M.55; Knowsley Menag. 1.3; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112.

Saiga Colus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231.

Colus Tartarica, Wagner.

Gazella Colus, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Colus, Strabo, Geog. vi.

Colus Strabonis, Gesner, Quad. 893; Jonst. Quad. t. 27.

Suhae, Aldrov. Bisulc. 763; Rzacz. Polon. 224.

Ibex imberbis, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 345; Summ.
vu. 09. t. 19. ;

Saiga, J. G. Gmelin, Sibir. i. 212; Buffon, H. N. xu. 198. t. /-
f. 2, horns; Shaw, Zool. 1. 339. -

Saigaki, S. G. Gmelin, Reis. ii. 174. t. 12.

Scythian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 35; Quad. i. 98.

Margatsch, Russians.

Hab. Siberia.

Adult male. Siberia. Mr. Brandt’s Gallecuam
Young Siberia. Mr. Brandt’s Collection.

Anat., t. 6. f.1, 2. Pallas, Spicil. Zool. xii. 41. t. 3. f. 9 & 10,
skull, f. 6, 11, stomach; Daub. in Buffon H. N. xu. t. 22. f. 2.

Horns, separate. Russia.
Two horns, separate.

tt Nose appendaged. Nose-hole of skull rather large.

2. PANTHOLOPS.

Horns elongate, lyrate. Nose (of the males?) with a dilated
pouch on each side. Crumen distinct. Hair close, erect, spread-
img. Skull: nose-hole large. Females hornless, t. 6. f. 3, 4.

Kemas, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Knowsley Menag.
3; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; not Ogilby. igi
Pantholops, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi. 282; Wagner.

Antilope (Gazelle), sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 86.

Oryx, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K.; Fischer, Syn. 624; Lesson,
Comp. Buffon, x. 283.

Cervicapra a. Pantholops, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 264,

Gazella, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

MAMMALIA. 53

1. PANTHOLOPS HopGsonir. The CHIRU.

Pale brown; chest and inside of the limbs white ; front of face
and front of fore-legs blackish.

Antilope Hodgsoni, Abel, Edin. Journ. Sci. 1827, 163; Férussac,
Bull. xv. 141; Fischer, Syn. 462; Hodgson, P. Z. Soc. 1831,
i. 52; 1832, ii. 15; 1833, 110; 1834, 80; 183d, 3; 1836, 39.

Antilope Chiru, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 371; Comp. Buffon, x.
285.

Antilope (Oryx) Kemas, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 197. t., v.
819.

A. Komas, Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. 285.

Chirsu, Ann. Philos. 40. n. 59.

Kemas Hodgsonu, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, xvii. 231;
List Mam. B. M. 157 ; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 55; Cat. Hodg-
son Coll. B. M. 26; Knowsley Heenag. 35 Proc. Zool. Soc
1850, 112.

Pantholops Hodgsonii, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xi. 282 5 Calcutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 290.

Gazella Kemas, Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

The Chiru, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1832, 1. 59. t. 340; 1834, ii.
134, x. 913.

Hab. Thibet.

Male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Ostro.Loey, t.6. f.3,4. Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
Horns, separate. Himalaya. Presented by Major Honeywood.
Skull of male, with horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
A single slender horn. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull of male, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

DRAWINGS.

Drawing of male and female, t. 146. Lithograph proof by Mr.
F. Howard, t. 147.

Drawing of male and female, t. 148.

Drawing of male without inguinal gland, t. 149.

Drawing of horns, t. 150.

Drawing of skull and details of head, t. 15].

Drawing of skull of male, t. 186. f. 7, 8.

_The Chiru inhabits the open plains of Thibet. They are gre-
_ garious, rutting in winter, gestating six months, having one at a
_ birth in summer. They are very pugnacious and jealous, and in
_ their contests often break off one of their long horns, hence the
_ rumour of Unicorns in Thibet.—Hodgson, J. c. 12; Journ. Asiat.
_ Soc. nos. 2 & 27.

54 MAMMALIA.
ttt Nose tapering. Nose-hole of skull moderate.

3. PROCAPRA.

Horns lyrate, strong, black. Tail tapermg. Nose simple, ovine.
Muffle none. Crumen none. Feet with small feet-pits. Post-
corneal sinus large. Inguinal pores none. Hair elongated, espe-
cially above the head and neck ; knees not tufted. Females horn-
less. Teats 2. Skull with rather large nose-hole; no suborbital
pits, but very large slits. Intermaxillary rather short, not reach-
ing to the small nasal bone, t. 7. f. 2.

Procapra, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. n. 173; on Var. Gen.
Ruminants, 13, 1847.

Inhab. ravines in open plains of Thibet, in small herds or fami-
lies.

1. PRocapra GuTTUROSA. The DsEREN.
Pale yellowish ; hair long, soft.

Antilope gutturosa, Pallas, Spic. vii. 14, 49. t. 2, t. 3. f. 14-17;
Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171; Desm. Mam. 452 (E. M. t. 52. f. 4) ;
Fischer, Syn. 458. 627 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 830.

A. (Gazella) gutturosa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 186; Schreb. Saugth.
1221 trzyo: ;

A. (vera) gutturosa, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 7; Gervais, l. c.
260

Gazella gutturosa, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. xvui. 231; List
Osteol. Spec. B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag. 3. -

Procapra gutturosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 115.

Antilope orientalis, Eral. Syst. 288.

Antilope, Bellon. 1. 311.

Capra gutturosa a, Messerschm. Mus. Petrop.i.356.

Capra campestris gutturosa, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop.
V. 04750. 9, 40.

Capra flava, Du Halde Gesch. v. China, i. 280.

Tzeeran Dscheren, Buff. H. N. Supp. vi. 170.

Chinese Antelope, Penn. Syn. 35; Quad. i. 96; Shaw, Zool. ii.
342,

Hab. Mongolia. Siberia. Thibet.

Male and female, stuffed. Thibet.

Anat. Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 52. t. 3. f. 13, horns; f. 14, sto-

mach; f. 15, ; f. 16,17, larynx.
Skull, female. Siberia. From Mr. Brandt’s Collection.

- . ae

a

MAMMALIA. 55

2. PROCAPRA PICTICAUDA. The RAaGoa or Goa.

Hair sordid brown, with rufous tips. Underside, inside of the
ears and limbs, and anal disk white. Tail black.

Procapra picticauda, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calc. 1846,
(n. 173) 384 ; Icon. ined. Brit. Mus.; Gray, Knowsley Menag.;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116,

Hab. Thibet. B. H. Hodgson.

Perhaps the same as the former in summer coat.

OsTEOLoey, t. 7. f. 2.
Three skulls, male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

4. GAZELLA.

Horns lyrate, strong, black. Face tapering. Nose simple.
Crumen distinct. Fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller
horns. Teats 4. Skull with a suborbital fissure, and a moderate,
or very slight fossa, suddenly pressed in before the orbit ; the
masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large
and prominent; the basioccipital bone having its tubercles but
little or not developed ; the median incisors expanded at their
summits; the molars without supplemental lobes, t. 6. f. 5.

Gazella, sect. 2, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 231; Knows-

ley Menag. 3.

Gazella, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75; Ogilby, P. Z. 8.
1836, 137 ; Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. 1.260; H. Smith, Griffith
A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 624.

Antilope Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171.

Antilope Gazelle (typicze), Sundevall, Pecora, 85.

Antilope vera, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; 75; Gervais,
Supp. D. S. N. i. 260.

Cervicapra, a. Dama, Gervais, Supp. Dict. Set. Nat.1. 261, 1840.

* Knee with tufts. Back and rump brown. Vent white.

+ Lower part of the sides with a dark oblique streak. Feet with
a tuft of black hair.

1. GAzELLA Dorcas. The GAZELLE.

Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown. Outside of fore-
legs broad, oblique streak along the side. Edge of anal disk,
front of face, and face-streak dark brown. Face-streak, throat,
chest, belly, insides of thighs, and anal disk, white. Tuft at

56 MAMMALIA.

underside of feet and end of tail black. Knee-tufts blackish.
Young: back and side-streak rather paler.

Antilope Dorcas, Pallas, Spic. i. 11, xu. 15. ,

A. (vera) Doreas, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 168; Berlin Akad. 1824,
231. t. 5; Saugth. t. 5; Schreb. Saugth. 1193. t. 269; Gmelin,
S. N. i. 187 (£. M. +. 53. f. 2).

A. Gazella Dorcas, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G.
A. K. v. 825; Fischer, Syn. 459. 628; Desm. Mam. 453.

Antilope Gazella, Pallas, Misc. 7.

Capra Dorcas, Linn. S. N. 1. 96.

Gazella Dorcas, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137; Gray, List Mam.
B. M.160; Cat. Osteol. Spec. 56; Knowsley Menag. ui. 4. t. ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Algazel ex Africa, Hernand. Mea. 893. fig.

Gazella Africana, &ec., Rati Syn. 80; Brisson, R. A. 69.

Fem.

Antilope Corinna, Pallas, Misc. 7; Spic. Zool. i. 12, xu. 16;
Gmelin, S. N. 1.188; Schreb. t. 271.

A. Gazella Corinna, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G.
A. K. v. 333.

Antilope Dorcas ? , Fischer, Syn. 259. 628.

Corimne, Buff. H. N. xii. 261. t. 27, t. 31. f. 3, 4, horns (not F.
Cuvier); Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.

Corie, Adanson.

Spotted Antelope, Penn. Syn. 37.

Corine Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 101; Shaw, Zool. ii. 193. t. 194.

JUN.

Antilope Kevella, Pallas, Misc. i. 7; Spic. i. 12, xii. 15; Gmelin,
S. N. i. 187.

A. Gazella Kevella, Blainv. B. S. P. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A.
Wey sae.

A. Doreas jun., Fischer, Syn. 260. f. 28.

Kevel, Buffon, H. N. xii. 204. 258. t. 26, t. 31. f. 2; not F.
Cuvier.

Flat-horned Antelope, Penn. Syn. 34; Quad. 1. 92; Shaw, Zool.
ii. 351. t. 194.

Var: 1.

Antilope Arabica, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5; Licht.
Saugth. t.6; Fischer, Syn. 460.

Antilope Dorcas var., Riippell.

Antilope Gazella Cora, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 338.

A. Dorcas var. Cora, Fischer, Syst. 628.

A. Dorcas var., Riippell.

MAMMALIA. 57

Female. Shores of the Red Sea. Presented by Edward Cross,
Esq") *
Male. Shores of the Red Sea?

Male. Shores of the Red Sea? .

Male, rather small. Shores of the Red Sea? Presented by
the Earl of Derby.

Male, adult. Egypt. Presented by Sir John G. Wilkinson.

Male, young, horns short. Egypt.

Female. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun., Esq.

Three young kids. Egypt.

Male, adult. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Male. Presented by the Karl of Derby.

Female, young. Presented by W. Tyler, Esq.

Var. 2. Nose with a dark spot or streak.

Var. 3. Larger. Legs thicker.

G. Dorcas Cuvieri, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3. f. 2.
Antilope Cuvieri, Ogilby ; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t.
Kevel Gris, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 3.

Hab. Mogadore.

Var. 4. Horns elongate.
Antilope leptoceros, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 8 2.
Hab. Senaar.

OsTEo.oey, t. 6. f. 5.

Gazelle, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 25. t. 31. f. 1?
Kevel, Daub. Buff. H. N. xu. t. 31. f. 2?
Corinne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 30. t. 31. f. 42

Skull of female. North Africa. Presented by Sir John Gard-
ner Wilkinson.

Four pair. Horns of males. N. Africa.

Two. Single horn of males. N. Africa.

Three pair. Horns of females. N. Africa.

Bones of the body.

Skull.

Skull. India. From Capt. Boys’ Collection.

Skeleton. India. From the Zoological Society.

tt Upper part of the sides with a pale streak.

3. GAZELLA ISABELLA. The ISABELLA GAZELLE.

Fur short, very soft, pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather
paler oblique streak on the upper part of the side. Knee-tuft,
front of face, and lower face-streak, darker yellow-brown; upper
face-streak, chest, hinder edge of tarsus, underside of feet, inside

cé

58 MAMMALIA.

of limbs, belly and vent, white. Tail black. Female: horns very
slender, longer than the head. Young paler, the lower part of
the sides rather darker.

Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. xvii. 331; Knowsley Menag. u. 4; Proc. Zool. Soe.
1850.

A. Isidis (Die Isis Antelope), Licht. Darstel.

A. Dorcas, Licht. Darstel. t. 5.

A. Doreas var. a, Sundevall, Pecora, 83.

Hab. N. Africa. Egypt. Kordofan. :

Male. Abyssinia.

Female? Kordofan. From Mr. Parrey’s Collection.

‘I'wo females: “ Antilope montana,” Parrey’s MSS.; “ Anti-
lope megalotis,” Parrey’s MSS. Kordofan.

OsTEOLOGY.
A skull. Abyssinia.

This species is easily known from the foregoing by the soft-
ness and fineness of the fur, and the lower side-streak being of
the same colour as the back, and from it and the followmg by
having no dark edge to the anal disk,

4. GazELLA suBGuTTUROSA. The JAIROU.

Pale brown; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler
streak. Crown and knee-tuft greyer. Face-streak indistinct.
Nose, lower part of sides, belly, hinder side of fore, and front
side of hinder limbs, and anal disk, white. Streak on haunches
dark brown. End of tail black.

' Antilope subgutturosa, Gulderst. Act. Acad. Petrop. 1778, i.
251. t. 9-12; Gmelin, S. N. 1. 186; Schreb. Saugth, 1196.
t. 2708.

A. Gazella subgutturosa, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 271, 1814; Blainv.
B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 454; H. Smith, G. A. K.
iv. 210. t. skull, v. 824; Fischer, Syn. 460. 629.

Gazella subgutturosa, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. xvui. 1847, 331; Knowsley Menag. 4; P. Z. Soc. 1850,
113.

A. Dorcas var. Persica, Riippell.

Capra Ahu, Kempf. Exol. 403. fig. 407.

Dsheren, J. G. Gmelin, Sibir. 11. 103.

Guldensted’s Antelope, Penn. Quad. 1. 97 ; Shaw, Zool. 11. 343.

Hab. Siberia? Tartary. Armenia and North Persia.

A female. Siberia. From Mr. Brandt’s Collection.

a a

MAMMALIA. 59

*** Knees with tufts (rump-mark and throat-spot white). Side-
streak none. Tail slender, compressed, only hairy above.

Dama, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i.
Cervicapra (Dama), Gervais, 1. c. 1840.

5. GAZELLA SG@MMERINGII. The ABYSSINIAN Mowr.

Pale brown. Nose, forehead, lower edge of face-streak, and
end of tail, blackish. Chest, belly, angular mark on rump
above tail, face-streak, and spot on throat, white. Limbs pale.
Female: forehead paler in centre.

Antilope Scemmeringu, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Zool. 49. t. 19.

A. Gazella Scemmeringu, Fischer, Syn. 462.

Gazella (Dama) Scemmeringu, Gray, List Mam. B. M.161; Ann.
& Mag. N. H. xvi. 1847, 331; Knowsley Menag. 5; Turner,
P. Z. S. 1849.

Hab. Lower Abyssinia. Senaar.

Male, adult, from Abyssinia. From Dr. Riippell’s Collection.
Female. Senaar. From Dr. Riippell’s Collection.
6. GAZELLA Mower. The Mour.

Bay. Chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and imside of
limbs, and angular spot on rump above the tail, white. Spot on
side of face and end of tail black.

Antilope (Dama) Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc.i.t.8; Knight
Mus. Anim. Nat. f.

Gazella (Dama) Mohr, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 5; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850.

Cervicapra (Dama) Mohr, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261.

Gazella Mohr, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, 114.

Hab. West Africa.

Stuffed: not good state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Var.? Bay. Chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides,
hinder part of the back, and inside of the limbs, white. No

: spot on side of the face.

_ Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34; Shaw, Zool. ui.

mm 3o9. t. 197.
Antilope Dama, Pallas, Mise. 5; Spic. Zool.1. 8 (from Nangeur,
Buffon), xii. 22; Gmelin, S. N.1. 183; Schreb. Saugth. 1199.
t. 264, from Buffon.

Gazella Dama, Gray, Ann. &§ Mag. N. H. xvii. 1847, 231.

_ Antilope (Dama) nangeur, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, 2.

Antilope rubra, Afzelius.

60 MAMMALIA.

Antilope (Cervicapra) Dama, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75.

Gazella (Dama) Dama, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 5; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850.

Swift Antelope, Penn. Syn. 30; Quad. i. 84.

Hab. West Africa. Senegal. Buffon.

Not seen since Buffon’s time ; perhaps a bad figure of former.

OsTEOLOGY.
Nangeur, Daub. Buff. H. N. xu. t. 32. f. 3.

7. GAZELLA RUFICOLLIS. The ANDRA.

Whitish. Neck and front part of the middle of the back
reddish. Face-streak none.

Antilope (vera) Dama, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 170; Berl. Akad.
Abh, 1824, 251. t. 5; Saugth. t. 3, 4; Riippell, Atlas Zool.
39. 42. t. 14,16; Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 6.

A. Gazella Dama, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 822.

A. Cervicapra Dama, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75, part.; Desm.
Mam. 458; Fischer, Syn. 464.

Antilope (Dama) Addra, Bennett, Proc. Z. S. 1833, 2.

Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 205. 355. t.

Gazella ruficollis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, xvii. 231;
Knowsley Menag. 5; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 114.

Cervicapra (Dama) ruficollis, Gervais, J. c. 261.

A. Dama var. orientalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 82.

Dama, Plinit H. N. vii. 53; Aldrov. Bisule. 729. fig.

Female, stuffed. Kordofan. Senaar.

Var. or young ? with an indistinct narrow brown streak across the
outside of the thighs, and the forehead iron-grey, with longer
hair at the base of the horns. Horns small. Mus. Frankfort.

Hab. North Africa. Kordofan.

These species differ in size as well as markings. The Mohr
and Andra differ from G. Semmeringii in bemg of much larger
size, and in wanting the black face and streaks. Bennett’s Mohr
has only an angular white spot on the rump, like G. Swmime-
ringii; Buffon’s Nangeur is smaller, and has more white on the
rump, thighs and sides; and the Andra, which agrees with the
figures cited, is almost all white, with a reddish neck and withers.

*** Knees without tufts (but with rather longer hair, forming
a linear keel in front). Back and rump brown. Sides with
dark streak. 4

8. GAZELLA RUFIFRONS. The Korin.

Bay brown; sides above paler, with a broad, dark streak below.

oe i. Uithaames

MAMMALIA. 61

Chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and underside
of feet and anal disk, white. Face bright bay, with a broad white —
side-streak.

Adult female: nose blackish above. Young pale yellowish.
Side-streak brownish.

Gazella rufifrons, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846; 1847, xvii.
231; Knowsley Menag. 5. t.4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 115.

Antilope (Gazella) levipes, Sundevall, Pecora, 82.

Kevel (male), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3; not Buffon.

Corinne, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., young and female; not
Buffon.

Hab. W. Africa; Senegal. Gambia, called Sent. Senaar (Sun-
devall).

Two males, stuffed. Senegal.
Two females, stuffed. Senegal.
Two young, stuffed.

ANAT.
Skull, adult female.
Skull, young.

Buffon mentions a Corine as coming from Senegal, but he says
it is smaller than the Kevel, and Daubenton says that it has
knee-tufts, so that it cannot be this species. Indeed the Gazelle,
Corine, and Kevel of Buffon are clearly all A. Dorcas of this
Catalogue.

The Kevel figured by M. F. Cuvier well represents this spe-
cies. He says it was sent from Senegal, and probably it has not
knee-tufts, for they are not indicated in the figure, or mentioned
in the text; like other descriptions of this author, though it oc-
eupies more than two pages, all the peculiarities of the spécies
are left out. The Corine of the same author, also from Senegal,
well represents the young. M. Cuvier considers the Kevel and
Corine and A. Dorcas form one species, but afterwards, under
Kevel gris, he appears to change his mind and thinks they may
be two.

5. TRAGOPS.

Horns lyrate, short, black : in both sexes. Face tapermg. Nose
ovine. Muffle none. Crumen none. Fur short, adpressed;
sides without any dark streak. Knees tufted. Feet with large
feet-pits. Inguinal pits distinct. Female with slender horns.
Teats 2. Head, t. 7. f.1.

Hab. India. Not gregarious.

Tragops, Hodgson, Var. Genera Ruminants, 1847, 11; Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

62 MAMMALIA.

Gazella, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 161; Ann. & Mag. N. H.
1847, xvii. 231; Knowsley Menag.

The Chikara are not gregarious. They have lyrate horns,
common to both sexes, knee-tuft, line along the flanks, and ovine
nose of the Gazelles of Africa, but they are wholly destitute of
the eye-pits; they have the large, dark-lustred eyes of the An-
telopes, very unlike the small, pale-eyed Goats.—Hodgson.

Mr. Hodgson separates this genus from Gazella, because he
declares it has no crwmen; but Mr. Turner, who says he has seen
a skull, describes it as bemg a typical Gazel/a; and Colonel Sykes
described the suborbital sinuses as very small, not observable in
dried skins, nor does the animal dilate them unless very much
alarmed.—P. Z. S. 1831, 106.

1. Tracops BENNETTII. The CHIKARA or RAVINE DEER.

Bay brown. Knee-tuft, end of nose and tail black. Streak
on haunches blackish. Face-streak, chest, belly and inside of
limbs white. Feet black or brown.

Antilope Bennettii, Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 140; Hodgson,
Journ. Asiat. S. B. x. 913; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290.
Gazella Bennettii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, xvin. 231;
Knowsley Menag. 4; List Mam. B. M.161; Cat. Osteol. Spec.
B. M. 56; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27; Turner, P. Z. 8S.
1849.

Antilope Christu, Gray, B. M.

Antilope Bharatensis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. 8. Beng. x. 913;
Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290; Zool. Nepal, MSS. t.

Antilope Hazenna, I. Geoff. Voy. Jacq. Mam. t. 6, bad.

Antilope Dorcas var. e, Sundevall, Pecora, 85.

Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1847,
11; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116.

Chouka or Ravine Deer, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 347 & 913.

The Kalsiepie or Black tail, Mahrattas.

Goat Antelope, Europeans in Deccan.

Var. Feet brown, like back.—Gray, P. Z. S. 1850, 116.
Hab. India; Madras. Nepal; Tarai.

Male. Plains of the Seramic Country, Madras. Presented by
Walter Elliot, Esq.

Male and female. Madras. Presented by Col. Sykes. -

Skin of male, with head and horns, very imperfect. Nepal.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson.

Skin of young male, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

MAMMALIA. 63

OstEoLtocy. Head, t. 7. f. 1.
Horns of male. Presented by Dr. Turnbull Christie.

Antilope Christii, Gray, MSS. B.M.

DRAWINGS.
Drawing of male and female, t. 156.

The Chikara carries its tail erect when in rapid motion.— Sykes.
An albino of this species now living in the Zoological Gar-
dens has white horns.

6. ANTIDORCAS.

Horns lyrate, short, black. Face tapermg. Nose simple. Cru-
men moderate, distinct. Back with an expansile white fold or
streak. Hair close-pressed. Knees not tufted. Female with
small horns. Teats ——.

South Africa. Living in large herds, migrating.

Antidorcas, Sundevall, Pecora, 87 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850,
116.

Gazella, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B.M.;
Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847. xvui. 231; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849.

Gazella, § 5, Knowsley Menag.

1. ANTIDORCAS EucHorE. The TSEBE or SPRING BOC.

Pale brown. Face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak
on back to base of tail, edge and inner side of limbs, white.
Face-streak and middle of forehead pale brown. Side-streak
oblique, dark brown. Young paler. Side-streak paler. Back-
streak distinct.

Antilope Euchore, Forster in Itin.; Sparrm. Act. Holm.1780, 275.

A. vera Euchore, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 169; Saugth.t. 7; Schreb.
Saugth. 1189. t. 272; Harris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 3, a head;
Burchell, Trav. i. 290, iu. 109.

A. Gazella Euchore, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816,75; Desm. Mamm.
455; Desm. Dict. Class. H. N. i. 441. t. . f. 1; Fischer,
Syn. 461. 629; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 823.

Gazella Euchore, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. B.
M. 56; Knowsley Menag.; Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849.

Antilope Dorcas, Gervais, /. ec. 261.

A. Dorcas var. pygargus, Forster, in MSS. 62.

Antidorcas Euchore, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116.

Antilope Marsupialis, Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. 111. 427; Bur-
chell, Trav. i. 290. ;

Antilope pygarga, Blumenb. Handb. 119.

64 MAMMALIA.

Antilope dorsata, Lacep. in Buff.; Burchell, Trav. i. 290.
Antilope saliens, Lacep. in Buff.; Burchell, Trav. i. 290.
Antilope saltatrix, Link, Beytr. 99, from Buffon.
Pronkbock, Vosmaer. Beschr. 1784, t.
Gazelle a bourse, &c., Allam, Buffon Supp. iv. 142. t. 60.
Gazelle de parade, Vosmaer.
Gazelle sautante, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 183. t. 21.
Springer Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 94; Shaw, Zool. ii. 344. t. 192.
Springbock, Licht. Reise, i. 525, 564, 580.
Tzebi, Shaw, Reise, 151.
Gazelle, Buffon, H. N. xii. 201. t. 23, t. 31. f. 1, skull.
porte? apg Penn. Syn. 33. fig.; Quad. i. 42 ; Shaw, Zool.
i. 350.
Hab. South Africa.
A male, in a bad state. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell,
Esq., LL.D.
A male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum.
Amale. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
A young female. S. Africa.

Ostro.. Buffon, H. N. xii. 201. t. 31. f. 1, skull.

Skull and horns. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell,
Esq., LL.D.

Horns. South Africa.

Horns. South Africa.

Horns on frontal bone.

Skull, young. S. Africa.

The Spring Bok is found throughout the whole of South
Africa, but in no part so numerously as in the colony, the north-
eastern division of which they traverse in herds of thousands,
devouring everything they meet with in their course. They re-
main only a portion of the year, and it is during that season the
Lion is most frequently found there. Vast numbers are killed,
and the flesh dried against a season of scarcity.—A. Smith.

The Springbock at certain periods make a trak bokken or
grand migration. They march slowly and steadily along, like the
flood of a river, about half a mile in width. These vast legions
will continue streaming along in an unbroken, compact phalanx
for two or more hours.—R. G. Cumming, Hunter’s Life, 1. 122.

7. ALSPYCEROS.

Horns lyrate, elongate, wide-spreading, black, curved outwards
from the base, then backwards and upwards at the tip. Face
tapering. Nose simple. Crumen none. Knees not tufted. Feet
with tuft of (black) hair near pasterns. Female hornless ?, teats 2.

j

MAMMALIA. 65

Skull with “no suborbital fissure nor fossa, but a wide opening
on the side of the muzzle, between the maxillary and intermax-
illary bones; the masseterie ridge rising before the orbit; the
auditory bulla large and prominent, with only a small groove on
its outer side to receive the attachment of the stylohyal bone ;
the occiput broad, somewhat produced downwards; its basal
portion with the posterior pair of tubercles broad, the anterior
ones small. Molars without the supplemental iobe.”—Turner.
Skull, t. 7. f. 3.

Antilope vera, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 1814.

A. (Ceratophorus) Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Sct. Phil. 1816.

Gazella, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261, 1840.

Antilope, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847; Knowsley Menag. 6;
Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849.

ZEpyceros, Sundevall, Pecora, 87.

Major H. Smith erroneously assigns a suborbital sinus to this
animal.

1. Zpyceros MELAmMpPus. PALLAH or RooyveE Boc.

Bay; sides and beneath paler. Belly, anal disk, and lower
side of tail white. Crown, anal streak and tip of tail blackish.
Tuft above feet, and back of feet black.

Antilope (vera) Melampus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 167, 1814;
Burch. Trav. ii. 301; Reise, ii. 544. t. 4; Schreb. Saugth.
1224. t. 274; Harris, Wild Anim. Africa, t. 15.

A. (Gazella) Euchore, Desm. Mamm. 456; H. Smith, G. A. K.
iv. 198. t., v. 828; Fischer, Syn. 463. 630; Burchell, Trav. ui.
301.

Antilope Melampus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162; Cat. Osteol.
B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Gazella melampus, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. 1. 261.

#pyceros melampus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116.

Pallah, S. Daniel, Afric. Scen. n. 9.

Betjuan, Caffers.

Hab. South Africa.

_ Adult male. S. Africa. From Dr. Smut’s Collection.
Adult female. From Dr. Smut’s Collection.

_ Young male. From the South African Museum.
Female. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OstroLocy. Skull, t.7.f.3. Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849, skull.
Horns. South Africa. Presented by William Burchell, Esq.,
LL.D.
Two pairs of horns. S. Africa.
Two pairs of horns. S. Africa. Mr. Argent’s Collection.

66 MAMMALIA.

The Pallah is common in the wooded country north of the
Kurrichane, where it occurs in herds equally as large as those of
the Spring Bok are more to the southward. It feeds on grass or
the more delicate twigs of the brushwood. When startled, they
generally move off in perfect files, and will not diverge far from
the course they first adopt, even to avoid a man, which renders
them an easy prey to the hunter who carries fire-arms. Where
not disturbed by hunters, they are less shy than the Spring Bok.
The flesh is esteemed.—A. Smith.

8. ANTILOPE.

Horns elongate, subspiral, erect, diverging. Face tapering.
Nose simple. Crumen large. Skull with a small suborbital fis-
sure and a very large suborbital pit. The tubercles and median
grooves of the basioccipital bone well developed, t. 8. f.1. 3.

Hab. India. Gregarious.

Cervicapra, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 231, not Blainv.
nor Sundevall; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Antilope (Cervicapra), sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm.
Mam. 457; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827; Gervais, Supp.
D. S. N. i. 260; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117.

Antilope (Gazelle), sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 86.

Strepsiceros, sp., Riippell, Verz. Senck. 183, 1845.

]. ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA. The ANTELOPE or SASIN.

Grey brown or black. Lips, orbits, chest, lower part of sides,
belly, edge and inside of limbs, white. Nose, front of shoulder
and outside of thighs, end of tail and front of feet, blackish.
Neck redder. Young with a narrow pale streak on the upper
part of sides.

Antilope Cervicapra, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 9; Spice. i. 18. t. 1, 2.
xii. 19; Gmelin, S. N. 1. 192.

A. Gazella Cervicapra, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172; Schreb. Saugth.
1214. t. 268. from Pallas.

A. (vera) Cervicapra, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam.
451; Fischer, Syn. 457. 626; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.; Ger-
vais, l. c. 260; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 831; Gray, Illust. Ind.
Zool. t.; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 913; Calcutta Journ.
N. H. iv. 290; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 99.

Capra Cervicapra, Linn. S. N. 1. 96.

Strepsiceros Cervicapra, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 183, 1845.

Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray, List Mam. B. M.159; Cat. Osteol.
Spec. B. M. 56; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 26; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. 1847, 230; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849.

Pa eS ee ee eee

MAMMALIA. 67

Antilope bilineata, Temm. Mus. Leyden (young).

Damalis Cervicapra (Ledmee), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Capra Bezoartica, Aldrov. Bisule. 256.

Gazella, Jonston, Quad. t. 29; Brisson, R. A. 68.

Gazella Africana, Raiz Syn. 79.

Tragus Strepsiceros, Klein, Quad. 18.

Gazelle, Perr. Anim. 1. 93. t. 11.

Lidmee, Shaw, Trav. 2432 3

Antelope and Antelope des Indes, Buffon, H. N. xii. 215, 217.
t. 35. t. 36.f.1,2; Suppl. vi.t.18,19; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.

Common Antelope, Penn. Syn. 32; Quad. 1. 89.t. 15; Shaw,
Zool. i. 336. t. 191.

Bahmunnee Hurn, Sykes.

Hab. India, in the dry, open plains, in flocks of scores.

A male. Madras, India. Presented by Walter Elliot, Esq.
A male. India.

OstroLocy. Skull, t. 8. f. 1-3.
Antelope, Daub. in Buffon H. N. xii. 273. t. 35. t. 36. f. 1-3.

Three bases of skulls and horns. India.

Skull and horn. India.

Skull and horn. India.

Skull and horn. India.

Skull, with horns, of adult male. India. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

One odd deformed horn. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Two pairs of horns. India. Mr. Argent’s Collection.

DRAWINGS.

Drawing of a skull of a male-—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 186. f.9, 10. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of old male, female and young.—Hodgson, Icon. ined.
B. M.t. 155. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

The Black Antelopes are very gregarious on the open, dry
plains of India.—Hodgson.

b. Horns small, slender, straight, conical, tapering, more or less
diverging, and often bent forward at the tip. Muffle gene-
rally large and moist.

a. Crumen large. Muffle large.

9. TETRACERUS.
Muffle large. Crumen large, longitudinal. Horns 4; front

68 MAMMALIA.

pair very short, placed over the orbits; hinder on back edge of
frontal, conical, straight. Skull like Cephalophus, with nasal
bones not expanded. Suborbital fosse large, shallow, occupying
nearly the whole of the cheek. Knee-tufts none. Females horn-
less. Skull, t. 9.

Tetracerus, Leach; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827; Fischer,
Syn. Mam. ii. 624; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 231;
Proce. me Soc. 1850, 117; Knowsley Menag.; Turner, P. Z.
S. 1850.

Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75.

Cervicapra ¢. tetracerus, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. 1. 262.

Tetraceros, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Tetracerocide, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

1. TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS. The CHOUSINGHA.
Front pair of horns conical, distinct.

Antilope (Cervicapra) quadricornis, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom.
1816, 75, 78; Journ. Phys. 1816,t. .f. 5 Isis, 1819, t. 12.
f. 3, skull; Desm. Mamm. 466; Fischer, Syn. 471. 639.

A. Tetracerus quadricornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 256. t. 181.
f. 3. t. 186, v. 845.

Antilope Chickara, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. 520. t. 15, 16;
Hodgson, Proc. Z. S. 1834, 99; Zool. Nep. ted. t.; Fischer,
Syn. 471. 639.

A. Tetracerus Chickara, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 844; R. Hill,
Linn. Trans. xv. 501. t. 20.

A. Chicara, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 346, 347.

Tetracerus Chicara, F. Cuv. Mam. t. o.

Tetracerus striaticornis, Leach, MSS.

Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159; Cat.
Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 26; Ann.
& Mag. N. H. 1847; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117; Knowsley
Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Tschikkara, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. , from Hardwicke, Icon.

Tetracerus Chickara, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. 413; Caleutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 291. ;

Antilope tetracornis, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. iv. 542, v. 242.

Tetraceros striaticornis (Chickara), Leach in Brookes’ Cat. Mus.
64, 1828.

Cervus albipes, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. ¢.

** Cervus labipes, F'. Cuvier,” Lesson, Sundevall.

Cervus (Stylocerus) labipes, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 174.

Chousingha, Hindoos.

Hab. India. Nepal. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp.

A male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

ae:

MAMMALIA. 69

Two males; front of fore legs dark. Nepal. Presented by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A female; rufous, without any dorsal streak, and with the
front of the fore legs pale. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

The imperfect skin of a male, with two horns. Nepal. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

OstEoLoGy. Skull, t.

Horns. North India.

Frontal bone, with horns.

Skull, with lower jaw. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.

Sicull. India.
DRAWINGS.

Drawing of male and female——Hodgson, Icon. med. B. M.
t. 152. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male, copied from Hamilton Smith, with details of
head added.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 153. Presented by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male, with details of head.—Hodgson, Icon. ined.
B. M.t. 154. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

M. De Blainville, in describing this animal, from Dr. Bucha-
nan Hamilton’s drawing in the India House Library, read Moor-
shadabad, the habitat, for Hoornadabad, and thought it the
name of the animal.

The Chouka inhabits the forests of India, avoiding the moun-
tains and open plaims. They are not gregarious; rutting in sum-
mer, and gestatig six months, the young mostly born in January
or February. They are very shy, and when hunted lie close or
go off far ahead, bounding like the common Antelope, and hence
one of their names from Chouk, a leap.—Hodgson.

2. TeTrRaceRus lopges. The Rusty-RED CHOUSINGHA.
Tetracerus Iodes, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. 1847, t. 4. f. 3.
Hab. India. Nepal.

OstEoL. Hodgson, 1. c. t. 4. f. 3, skull.

3. TETRACERUS PACCERVIS. The FULL-HORNED CHovU-
SINGHA.

Tetracerus paccervis, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. 1847, t. 4.

: Hab. India. Nepal.
( Osrrou. Hodgson, 1. c. t. 4. f. 1, 2, skull.
,

4
a

70 MAMMALIA.

4, TETRACERUS SUBQUADRICORNUTUS. The JUNGLIBURKA.

Front pair of horns rudimentary, tubercular; hinder conical, —

subcylindrical. Pale brown, sides rather paler. Chest, belly,
inside and front of legs whitish. Feet paler, varied. Female:
front of legs blackish.

Antilope subquadricornutus, Eliot, Madras Journ. 35. t. 4.
£2.

Tetracerus subquadricornutus, Gray, List Mam. B. M, 159;
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847; Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, 117; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Antelope (brown), Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 105.

Hab. India. Bombay.

A male and female, stuffed. Bombay. Presented by Walter
Elliot, Esq.

Male and female. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull, female. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq.

10. CALOTRAGUS.

Muffle large. Crumen arched, transverse. Horns subulate,
elongate, erect. Hoofs triangular, flattish beneath, acute im
front; false hoofs small or none. Crown of head smooth. Tail
very short. Groin and orbits nakedish. Knees not tufted ; in-
guinal pores none. Ears elongate. Females hornless. Teats 4.
Skull with “a small suborbital fissure, with a large deep fossa
suddenly pressed in before the orbit ; the masseteric ridge rising
a little before the orbit ; the auditory bulla rather large and pro-
minent; the basioccipital bone flat and smooth; the median in-
cisors expanded at their summits, and the molars without sup-
plemental lobes.” Skull, t. 8. f. 4, 5.

Calotragus, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 68.

Calotragus (grisea), Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1847, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118.

Tragulus (grisea), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; not Brisson
nor Ogilby.

Jervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75.

jazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. 1814.

)reotragus, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner, P. Z. S.
1850.

tedunca, sp., H. Smith.

‘ervicapra c. Tragulus, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. 262.

a)
——

SS

lca al

MAMMALIA. 71

* False hoofs none.

1. CALOTRAGUS CAMPESTRIS. The STEINBOC.

Fulvous ash. Hair uniform. Small spot on nose and two di-
verging streaks on crown to nape blacker. Upper part of throat,
chest and abdomen white. Ears three-fourths the length of head.
False hoofs none.

Var. 1. Glaucous, hair white-tipped.
Var. 2. Crown without black streak. Throat whiter.

Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus, Forster, MSS. 52; Licht. Berl.
Mag. vi. 176, 1814; Saugth. t. 19 3 2; Goldfuss in Schreb.
Saugth. 1254; Desm. Mamm. 458; Fischer, Syn. 464. 631.

Calotragus Tragulus, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1847; Knows-
ley Menag. 7.

A. Cervicapra Stenbock, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Antilope Ibex, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 254.

Oreotragus Tragulus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner, P.
Z. 8. 1849.

Antilope campestris, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 313, 1811. .

Antilope capensis, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 260, 1815.

Antilope fulvo-rubescens, Desmoul. D. Class. H. N. i. 446.

Antilope (Tragulus) rupestris, Burchell, Trav. i. 202. 281, ii. 15;
H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 838; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 25. f. 2.

Steinbock, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 185.

Tragelaphus Tragulus, Riippell, Verz. Senck, 181.

Hab. 8S. Africa.

Three males. S. Africa.
Three females. S. Africa.
Four young. S. Africa.

OstEoLocy. Skull, t. 8. f. 4, 5.
Two skulls, males.
One skull, female.
Two skulls, young.

Var.? Paler. :

Antilope pediotragus, Afzel. Nov. Act. Ups. vii. 260.

Antilope pallida, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 841.

Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus pallida, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 176;
Fischer, Syn. 464. 632.

Bleekbock, Forster, MSS.; Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 186.

A. Tragulus pallida, H. Smith, G. A. K. v.

Vlacksteenbock, Sparrm. Reise, 630.

Antilope rufescens, Burchell.

A. Tragulus rufescens, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 248. t., v. 839.

72 MAMMALIA.

Var.? |

Antilope traguloides (Ogilby’s Stembok), Ogilby, MSS.; Wa-
terhouse, Supp. Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. n. 3858. & 385 B. a.
1839. .

Hab. S. Africa.

This species varies much in colour, perhaps according to the
season ; sometimes the hairs are whitish at the tip, giving the fur
_ a glaceous appearance; the black streaks are as distinct in the
young as in the adult.

A. rupestris (the Steinbok) has favourite feeding- and resting-
places, to which it returns as speedily as possible if driven from
them. It occasionally crosses pools and streams, and even lies
down in them, to avoid leaving its scent, when hunted by dogs.
—A. Smith.

** False hoofs small.

92. CALOTRAGUS MELANOTIS. The Grys Boc.

Red bay, with intermixed white hairs. Crown with two dark
streaks. Ears two-thirds the length of head. False hoofs small.

Antilope melanotis, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersh, i. 312, 1811;
Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vi. 257, 1815; Goldf. Schreb. Saugth.
1235; Licht. Saugth. t. 12; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 840; Desm.
Mam. 459; Fischer, Syn. 465. 632; Harris, W. A. Anim,
4-26:

Tragelaphus melanotis, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181, 1845.

Antilope grisea, Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. xi. 244, 1816.

A. Tragulus grisea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 840.

A. Cervicapra grisea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus var. melanotis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi.
176

Cervicapra (Tragulus) grisea, Gervais.

Oreotragus melanotis, Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Antilope rubro-albescens, Desm. Dict. Class. H. N. 11. 446.

Oreotragus griseus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164.

Calotragus melanotis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 217;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Knowsley Menag.

Grysbock, Forster, MSS.; Buffon, Supp. vi. 183.

Var. pallida. Pale ashy white. Hairs some white, others lead-
coloured with grey tips.

Calotragus melanotis pallida, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, 118.

Hab. S. Africa.

Male. Cape of Good Hope.

—

MAMMALIA. 73

Female. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by William Bur-
chell, Esq., LL.D. |

Young, with two large black oblong spots on each side of the
back of the forehead and the tip of the nose. Cape of Good
Hope. From M. Verreaux’ Collection.

Yellowish grey, with two black oblong spots on back of fore-
head. From M. Verreaux’ Collection.

ll. ScoporpHorRws.

Muffle small, bald. Tear-bag transverse. Horns subulate,
elongate, acute, slightly recurved at the tips. Knees largely
tufted. Inguinal pores distinct and bearded. Ears moderate,
with a naked spot on the outside of their base. Hoofs triangu-
lar; false hoofs distinct. Skull like Callotragus.

Scopophorus (Ourebi), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118.

Calotragus, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 68.

Cervicapra c. redunca, sp., Gervais, 1. c. 261, 1840.

Oreotragus, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner, P. Z.
Soc. 1847.

1. ScoporpHorus OurEBI. The OuREBI.

Temple spot small, distinct. Fur red brown. Cheek paler.
Crown darker red brown. Orbit, chest, belly and middle of
upper part of inner side of legs, white. End of tail, arched line
before the eyes, and spot between the ears, black.

Var. End of nose blackish.

Antilope Scoparia, Schreb. Saugth. t. 261; Desm. Mam. 464;
Licht. Saugth. t. 13; Fischer, Syn. 468. 658.

A. redunca scoparia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 836.

Cervicapra Redunca scoparia, Gervais, 1. c. 261.

Antilope melanura, Bechst.

Antilope Ourebi, Shaw, Zool. 1. 320; Lesson, Man.

Ourebi, Allam, Buffon H. N. Supp. v. 33. t. 12.

Scopophorus Ourebi, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118.

Ourebi Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 79.

Oreotragus Scoparius, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner,
P. Z. S. 1849.

Hab. S. Africa.

Male, female and young. S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope.
From the South African Museum.
Two females. S. Africa.

74 MAMMALIA.

OSTEOLOGY.
Two skulls. S. Africa.

The Ourebi live in the continuous swards of tall grass near the
sea-coast, but they are nearly exterminated near the colony, and
now chiefly confined to the country between the Uuzimvooboo
River and Port Natal.—A. Smith.

2. ScopopHORUS MONTANUS. The GIBARI.

Temple spot large, deep (more than half an inch over), naked.
Fur greyish brown. Cheeks paler. Crown red brown. Orbits,
chest, belly, under side of tail, and middle of the inner side of
the upper part of the legs, white. End of tail and arched line
before the eyes black.

Ae montana, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 3; Fischer, Syn.

469.

Tragelaphus montanus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 18).

Scopophorus montanus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 7. t.5; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 119.

Hab. Eastern Africa; Abyssinia; Riippell. West Africa; Gam-
bia; Earl of Derby. Mus. Earl of Derby.

Very like the former, but grey brown, and the temporal spot
much larger, deeper, more distinct and bald, both when alive and
in the skin, so that it does not depend on the stuffing.

12. OREOTRAGUS.

Muffle large. Crumen arched, transverse. Horns subulate,
elongate. Hoofs squarish, high, compressed, much contracted,
concave beneath. False hoofs large, blunt. Crown of head
smooth. Tail very short. Hair thick, goat-like, spread out.
Female hornless. Teats 2. ;

Oreotragus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 231; Proc. Zool.
' Soc. 1850, 119; Knowsley Menag. t.; Sundevall, Pecora;
Harris, W. Anim. Afr.
Tragulus, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 1827; Fischer, u. 424, not
Pallas.
A. cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam.
460.

Cervicapra c. Tragulus, sp., Gervais, 1. c. 262, 1840.

1. OREOTRAGUS SALTATRIX. The KAINSI or KLIPPSPRINGER.

Dark, brown yellow, grisled. Hair grey, brown at the end, with
a short yellow tip, beneath whitish. Edge of ears and feet above
the hoofs black.

MAMMALIA. 75
Antilope Oreotragus, Forster, MSS. 58; Schreb. Saugth. 1228.
t. 259.

A. (Gazella) Oreotragus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi.175; Saugth.t. 15;
Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 511; Desm. Mam. 460;

’ Fischer, Syn. 466. 634.

A. Tragulus oreotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 837.

Oreotragus Saltatrix, Harris, W. Anim. Afr. t. 24. f. 2.

Cervicapra Tragulus oreotragus, Gervais.

A. (Cervicapra) oreotragus, Desm. Mam. 460.

Antilope Saltatrix, Bodd. Elench. 141; O. Des Mur. & F. Pre-
vost, Voy. en Abyssinie, vi. 33. t. 4.

Tragelaphus oreotragus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 181, 1845.

Gazelle, Le Vaillant, Deuz. Voy. d’ Afrique, i. 162.

Klippspringer, Buff. H. N. Supp. vi. 183. t. 29, cop. EH. M. t. 54.
f.3; Penn. Quad. i. 80; Shaw, Zool. uu. 321.

Kainsi, Hottentots.

Sessa m Amareen.

Sessah in Tigren.

Hab. Africa. 8S. Africa; Cave of Good Hope. East Africa ;
Abyssinia.
Male and female, stuffed. S. Africa.

Varies in bnghtness and depth of colour according to the
season.

13. NESOTRAGUS.

Muffle large, bald. Crumen large, deep, arched. Face and
forehead not crested. Ears large. Horns nearly straight, elon-
gate, strong, many-ringed, mcumbent, in the direction of the
facial line nearly parallel. False hoofs none. Tail very short.
Females horuless.

Very like Neotragus in form and character.

Nesotragus, Von Duben, Vet. Ac. Oefvers. 1846, 221; Sundevaill,
Pecora, 134; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850, 119.

1. NESOTRAGUS MOSCHATUS.

Reddish grey. Belly white. Legs pale reddish. Hair of back
brown, reddish above the middle, with an obscure pale dot and
_blackish tip.

Nesotragus moschatus, V. Duden, l. c.; Sundev. Vet. Acad.
Oefversigt, 1846, 221 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 134; Gray, Knows-
ley Menag. 8; Proce. Zool. Soc. 1851, 119.

- Hab. E. Africa; Island of Zanzibar. Male and female in Stock-

holm Museum.

D2

76 MAMMALIA.

8. Crumen large. Nose ovine. Muffle none.

14. NEOTRAGUS.

Muffle none. Nose ovine. Nostrils close together. Crumen
roundish. Horns short, conical, recumbent. Tail very short,
crown crested. Female hornless.

Neotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. 1827; Fischer, Syn. ui. 624;
Wagner; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 231; Knowsley
Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 120; Sundevall, Pecora, 67.

Madoqua, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 137.

Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 73.

Cervicapra, § g. Neotragus, Gervais, 1. c. 263.

Colonel Hamilton Smith did not observe the crumen.

1. Ngorracus SALTIANA. The Mapoauva.

Antilope Cervicapra Saltiana, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816,
75.79; Journ. Phys. 1818.t. .f. 3; Ists, I819/ts02 eee
9, skull; Desm. Mamm. 465; Fischer, Syn. 470. 638; Licht.
Saugth. t. 16; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, 55. t. 21; Ehrenberg,
Symb. Phys. t.

Neotragus Saltiana, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 561; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. 1846, 231; Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850,
120.

Antilope Neotragus Madoka, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 857.

Tragelaphus Hemprichu, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181.

Antilope Hemprichianus, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 7.

Antilope Grimmia, Riippell. .

Antilope Hemprichu, Riippell, Abyss. t. 5.

Cervicapra Neotragus Saltiana, Gervais, 1. c. 263.

Madogqua Saltiana, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.

Neotragus Hemprichianus, Sundevall, Pecora, 67.

Madoka Saltiana, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 164.

Hab. Abyssinia. .

Male and female. Abyssinia. From the Frankfort Museum.
Anat. Journ. Phys.t. .f. 5; Isis, 1819, t. 12. f. 5, 9.

Frontal bone with horns. Abyssinia.
The specimen described by M. De Blainville.

y. Tear-bag replaced by a glandular line across the face. Muffle
large, bald. Africa.
15. CEPHALOPHUS.

Muffle large. Crumen none, but a naked glandular line,
formed of two series of pores, on the side of the cheek. Crown

MAMMALIA. 77

crested, forming a tuft between the horns. Horns short, conical,
far back on the hinder edge of the frontal bone, and melined
backwards. Skull without any suborbital fissure, a large sub-
orbital pit occupying the whole side of the cheek; the nasal
bones expanded behind, reaching over on the sides into the sub-
orbital pit ; m other respects like Oreotragus.

Hab. Africa.

Cephalophus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. . 1827; Fischer,
Syn. 624; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xvui. 162 & 231;
Knowsley Menag.8; Proc. Z. Soc. 1850, 120; Turner, P. Z.
S. 1850 (not Cephalopus, as quoted by Sundevall, Pecora, 66).

Cephalolophus, Wagler.

Cephalophorus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162.

Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam. 458.

Cervicapra, § f. Cephalophus, Gervais, 1. c. 261, 1840.

Tragulus (pygmeus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138.

Sylvicapra (mergens), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138.

Sylvicapra, Sundevall, Pecora, 66.

Tragelaphus, sp., Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181, 1845.

Grimmia, Laurillard.

Professor Sundevall adopts Mr. Ogilby’s name for the genus.
Cephalophus was first used ; but he rejects it, because it is badly
formed. Wagler has emendated Colonel H. Smith’s name by
changing it to Cephalolophus.—Pecora, 66.

Professor Sundevall has in his specific characters laid some

_ stress on the direction of the lachrymal streak. I find, on com-
paring different specimens of the same species, that little reliance
can be placed on this character, in stuffed specimens at least, for
the direction of the streak is altered according as the skin of the
face is more or less stretched.— Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xviii.
163.

“* Knees and hind legs tufted. Ears and horns elongate. Cru-
men under the eyes, and a narrow naked streak on cheeks.”

1. CEPHALOPHUS? QUADRISCOPA. FoUR-TUFTED ANTELOPE.

“ Buff; paler on the sides. Tail, knee-tuft, front of nose,
narrow inferior lateral and anal streak, and streak across legs,
blackish. Lips, breast, side of limbs, vent and houghs, white.”

Antilope Cephalophus quadriscopa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 261.
t. 188, v. 847; Fischer, Syn. 634.

Cephalophus? quadriscopa, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 164;
Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 129.

Hab. Senegal.

78 MAMMALIA.

This specimen is only known from Colonel Hamilton Smith’s
description and figure, who informs me that the specimen was
not preserved after its death.

** Knees not tufted. Ears elongate, acute. Horns slender, elon-
gate, subangular in front.

nN 2. CEPHALOPHUS GRIMMIA. The ImMpoon or DUYKER.

Yellowish brown (greyish in winter). Hair yellowish, with
black tips. Forehead yellowish bay. Inside of ears, chin, throat,
abdomen, inside of fore and hind legs, and under side of tail,
white. Feet, streak on the nose and up the legs, and upper part
of the tail, black. Ears elongate, nearly as long as the head,
acute. Horns black, elongate, slender; base rugose and suban-
gular in front. Skull small, short. Suborbital pit large, deeply
concave. The intermaxilla (in three specimens) reaching just
up to the edge of the nasals. Nasal hole moderate, sides nearly
parallel.

?Capra sylvestris Africana, N. Grimm, Mis. Cur. Norimb. 1705,
t;13:

Capra Grimmii, Raw Syn. 80.

Mosehus Grimmia, Linn. S. N. i. 92, from Grimm.

Capra Grimmia, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. i. 70, from Grimm.

Antilope (Gazella) Grimmia, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 177 (1814).

Antilope Cervicapra Grimmia, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816,
5 A

Cephalophus Grimmia, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 163;
Knowsley Menag. 8. t. 1. f. 1, t. 2. f.1, 2; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850, 120.

Antilope (Cervicapra) mergens, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817;
Desm. Mam. 463; Licht. Saugth. t.11; Burchell, Trav. ii.
187; Fischer, Syn. 468. 635.

A. Cephalophus mergens, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 849.

Cervicapra (Cephalophus) mergens, Gervais, 1. c. 262.

Antilope nictitans, Thunb. Mem. Petersb. ni. 312, 1811.

Cephalophorus mergens, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162. |

Sylvicapra mergens, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138; Sundevall,
Pecora, 66. 133.

Cephalophus mergens (Duiker), Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 57;
Harris, W. A..S. A. t. 15. f. 2.

Tragelaphus mergens, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181.

Cephalophorus Burchellii, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162.

Duyker or Duykerbok, Dutch at Cape.

Hab. S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope.

MAMMALIA. 79

Var.?

Antilope Cephalophus Platous, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t., v. 846.
Antilope (Sylvicultrix) 8. platyotis, Fischer, Syn. 634.

Hab. 8. Africa.

Var.?

Ptoox, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 177.

Antilope Cephalophus Ptoox, H. Smith, G. A. K.v. 850 (young?);
Fischer, Syn. 635.

Hab. S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope.

Adult male and female. South Africa. S. African Museum.
Cephalophorus Burchelli (a. & 6.), Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162.

An adult male. S. Africa.
Two young females. S. Africa.

Var. 1. Back brighter red. Black streak on face from nose to
base of horns. Orbits white. The hairs with short black tips,
and a narrow subapical whitish rmg. Shanks whitish.

Hab. Angola. St. Paul de Lolanda.

A male. St. Paul de Lolanda. Presented by Edmund Ga-
briel, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull, young male. South Africa.
Skull and horns. South Africa.
*Skull. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

The specimen in the Museum of the London Missionary So-
ciety (No. 8 Blomfield Street, Moorfields, formerly in Austin
Friars), Case 5, described by Colonel H. Smith under the name
of A. Platous, is the size and has the horns and ears of an adult
C. Grimmia, but differs in bemg paler, and having no dark co-
lour on the nose or feet; but it is evidently much bleached. It
has certainly no relation to the C. sylvicultriz, with which Co-.
lonel Smith was afterwards inclined to place it as a variety
(see Griff. A. K. Syn. v. 344).

There are three species which have been called Antilope
Grimmia :—

1. The Capra sylvestris africana of N. Grimm, Mise. Cur.
Norimb. 1705, 131. t. 13, the authority for Capra Grimmii, Ray,
Syn. 80, and Linn. S. N. ed. 10. 70. Moschus Grimmia, Linn.
S. N. ed. 12, from the Cape, of a dull grey colour. Probably
the Duyker.

2. Le Grimme of Buffon, H. N. xii. 307. 329. t. 41. f. 2, 3.
from a head sent from Senegal by Adanson; the Antilope Grim-
mia of Desmarest, F. Cuvier, and H. Smith, &c.; the Cephaio-
phus rufilatus,

80 MAMMALIA.

3. The A. Grimmia of Pallas, with large ears and a black streak
to the horns, like C. Campbellieg, but is from Guinea. I know
of no species common to the W. and S. coast of Africa, so that
it is probably yet to be distinguished.

The “ Fitomba” or “ Philantomba”’ appears to be the generic
name of all the W. African Cephalophi or Bush Antelopes.

3. CEPHALOPHUS CAMPBELLI&. The BLACK-FACED PHI-
LANTOMBA.

Grey and black grisled, beneath white. Cheeks, neck and
chest yellowish. Forehead yellow, with a black streak on the
nose, widening on the forehead, and ending in a tuft of hair be-
hind the horns. Feet and front of the fore legs reddish black.
Fur soft. Hair grey, with a black ring and tips. Ears elongate,
acute.

Cephalophus Campbelliz, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1846, 164;
Knowsley Menag. 9; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 121; Sundevaill,
Pecora, 133.

Sylvicapra mergens var., Sundevall, Pecora, 133.

Cephalophus Burchellii var. (C. Campbelliz), Gray, Cat. Mamm.
Bs MT, 162.

? Antilope Grimmia, Pallas, Mise. i. t.1; Spic. Zool. 1. 38. t. 3.
t. 4. f. 3, xii. 18; Fischer, Syn. 468?

?Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. Supp. ui. t. 14, from Pallas.

Antilope mergens var. Burchellu, part., Sundevall, Pecora.

Hab. W. Africa. !

Adult female. S. Africa. Stockho}m Museum.

A young specimen, with the streak up the face to the back of
the forehead. Sierra Leone. Presented by Mrs. A. George
Campbell. .

Antilope Campbellie, Gray, MSS. in List Mamm. B. M. 162.
Cephalophorus Burchellii, jun., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162.

This species differs from the Duyker by bemg much darker,
and more distinctly grisled or dotted, and the under side being
much whiter. It may be only a darker variety of that species.

The adult female was sent as A. mergens, var. Burchellu, by
M. Sundevall (the other specimen of the same name being a true
Duyker). The young specimen, which has been in the British
Museum for several years, was sent from Africa, under the ge-
neric name of Philantomba, by Mrs. Ambrose George Campbell.

The A. Grimmia of Pallas, Spic. Zool. i. 18. t. 3, which he
describes as grey grisled, becoming brownish ash on the but-
tocks ; throat, chest and beneath the body white; head and neck
yellowish grey; a black streak between the horns, forming a

MAMMALIA. 81

fascia on the forehead and broader on the nose; fur softer than
the Deer, but rough, of lower part of the neck rougher and more
lax; feet and line on fore-legs blackish; tail black above; ears
rather acute: inhabits Guinea; agrees m most respects with this
species, but most probably is yet to be procured from W. Afnica.

OsTEOLOGY.
*A skull. South Africa; Port Natal. From Stockholm Mu-
seum.

4. CEPHALOPHUS BURCHELLII. BURCHELL’s BusH Boc.

Fur reddish brown, very slightly black punctated. Face
redder. Throat, chest, legs and belly rather greyer brown. Mid-
dle of the chin, inner side of the thighs, and under side of the
end of the tail, whitish. Short streak up the nose and the front
of the legs black. Skull large, elongate. The intermaxillary not
reaching to the nasal. The suborbital pit very large, rather
shallow. Nasal hole large, swellimg out on the side.

Antilope (Cephalophus) Burchellii, A. Smith, Griffith A. K.iv. ,
v. 8442; Fischer, Syn. 635.

Cephalophorus mergens, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162.

Cephalophus grimmia var., Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1846, 164;
Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Hab. S. Africa.

A small male (wants cover of horns ; hair of body rather elon-
gate). South Africa. —

Young. South Africa. From M. Verreaux’ Collection.

A large female (hair shorter, adpressed). S. Africa.

Inhabiting the district more or less densely covered with un-
derwood in Caffreland and the country north of the Orange
River. When interrupted im feeding, or pursued by dogs, it
springs with considerable activity over such bushes as may stand
in its course, and endeavours to plunge into the closest thickets
for concealment ; hence they are called Duiker bok.—A. Smith.

OsTEOLOGY.

*Skull of female. Port Natal. From Stockholm Museum.

?Skull and horns. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq.,
LL.D.

Skull of specimen described Burchell, Travels, u. 337, and A.
Smith, G. A. K. iv., as A. Burchellii.

This species is easily known from either C. Grimmia or C.
Campbellie by its darker colour, and by the under sides and in-
side:of the legs being nearly of the same colour as the back, and
not white, as in those species, and also by the shortness of the im-
DS

82 MAMMALIA.

termaxillary and the width of the nose-hole. There has been a
great difficulty about the determination of the species which
Col. Hamilton Smith imtended under the above name. The
imperfect skin which Col. Smith described having lost its hair,
has perished, and the skull alone has been preserved. This skull
exactly agrees with the skull of the species above described in
all its more important characters, but is rather smaller in size;
and the colour of the fur best agrees with Col. Smith’s deserip-
tion, for he observes that the animal is more ashy beneath, while
A. Platous, A. Ptoon and A. mergens are described as white or
whitish beneath.

*** Knees not tufted. Ears moderate, acute. Horns short,
conical, thick.

5. CepHALoPHUS Mapoaua. The ABYSSINIAN BusH Goat.

Yellowish brown, slightly punctulated with black. Neck yel-
lowish. Limbs blacker. Face-streak and feet black. Hair rather
rigid, close-pressed, reddish grey at the base; upper part po-
lished, yellow brown with dark tips. Forehead reddish.

Antilope Madoqua, Riippell, Faun. Abyss. t. 7. f. 2.

Cephalophus coronatus, part., Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H.1846, 164.

Cephalophus Madoqua, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 9; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850, 121.

Madoqua, Bruce, Travels, vii. 360. t. 56.

Tragelaphus Madoqua, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181.

Sylvicapra Madoqua, Sundevall, Pecora, 66.

Hab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

This species is very distinct from C. coronatus, being darker,
and the fur more rigid and close-pressed.

6. CEPHALOPHUS CORONATUS. The Co@uETOON or RED-
CROWNED BusH Buck.

Pale yellowish brown. Middle of the back and front of fore
legs varied, with a few scattered black hairs. Crown light bay.
Crest blackish brown, bay in front. Feet and streak up the nose
blackish. Inside of ears, chin, throat, chest, belly, and inner
side of the legs, whitish. Tip of tail black. Horns short, coni-
eal. Ears acute, about half as long as the head.

Cephalophorus coronatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. x. 1842, 266;
Sundevall, Pecora, 67; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, 164;
Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 6.f. 12; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 122.

Payeepe coronata, Sundevall, Pecora, 133.

Hab. W. Africa; Gambia; Macarthy’s Island: called Coguetoon.

MAMMALIA, 83

Adult, stuffed. West Africa. Gambia. Presented by the Earl
of Derby.

Female, adult.

Young: brighter coloured; streak on nape more distinct ; tip
of tail black.

OsTEOLocy.
Skull, adult male. West Africa. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.
Skull, young male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Two skulls, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

**** Knees not tufted. Ears moderate, rounded. Horns conical,
thick, without any streak over the eye. |

7. CEPHALOPHUS SYLVICULTRIX. The WHITE-BACKED
Busy Buck.

Blackish brown, minutely grey grisled. Hair brown, with
whitish tips. Back with a large yellowish white spot, narrow m
front. Throat, chest and belly redder. Crown, nape and legs
darker. Horns 2 Varies in the size of the dorsal spots.

Antilope sylvicultrix, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 265. t. 8, 1811.
A. Lai ae sylvicultrix, Desm. Mam. 462; Fischer, Syn. 467.
4.

A. Cephalophus sylvicultrix, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 258.
t. 187, v. 846.

Cephalophorus sylvicultrix, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 165.

Cephalophus sylvicultrix, Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 23. f. 3, t. 8.
f. 1; Proc. Zool. Soe. 1850, 120.

Sylvicapra sylvicultrix, Sundevall, Pecora, 67.

Bush Goat, Colonists, Sierra Leone.

Hab. Sierra Leone, in swampy places.

A young male. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

8. CEPHALOPHUS OGILBII. The BLACK-STRIPED BusH Buck.

Pale bay brown, with a deep black dorsal streak, beneath pale.
Crown and haunches brighter bay. Neck, withers and side of
the dorsal line varied with deep brown hairs. Streak up the
fore-legs, upper part of hock, feet above the hoofs, and end of
tail, black. Horns short, thick, conical, very rugose on the inner
front edge of the base.

Antilope Ogilbii, Waterhouse, Proc. Z. S. 1838, 60; 1842, 129.
Cephalophorus Ogilbyi, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163.
Cephalophus Ogilbu, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1842, x. 267 ;

84 MAMMALIA.

1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 8. f.2; Proc. Zool, Soc.
1850, 120; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t.
A. Tragelaphus Ogilbyi, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 181.
Sylvicapra Ogilbu, Sundevall, Pecora, 67.
Hab. Fernando Po.

A male (one horn wanting). Fernando Po. Presented by
Thomas Thomson, Esq., R.N

9. CEPHALOPHUS BADIUS. The Bay BusH Buck.

Bright yellowish brown. Hair adpressed, flattened. Crown,
nape, broad well-defined dorsal streak, and upper part of tail,
black. Legs blackish grey. Spot over orbits, lips, chm and
gullet, whitish. Head very large. Skull broad. Forehead rounded.
Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 7. f. 1, not de-

scription.
Hab. Sierra Leone.

Young male. Sierra Leone; Waterloo. Presented by the
Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Very like C. Ogilbii, but darker bay; the legs are blackish ;
and the neck bright bay and not blackish grey, as in that species.

10. CEPHALOPHUS DORSALIS. The Bay BusH Goat.

Dark bay; shoulders and legs darker. Hair brown; a few on
the haunches white-tipped. Crown and nape, a broad dorsal
streak to tail, black. A spot over each eye, the lips, sides of
chin, front of chest, under side of tail, and inside of the thighs,
pale brown. ;
Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1846, 165;

Knowsley Menag. 10 (not fig. t. 7. f. 1); Proc. Z. Soc. 1850,

123; Sundevall, Pecora, 134.

Bush Goat, Colonists.
Hab. Sierra Leone.

A young male. Sierra Leone. From Surrey Zool. Gardens.

1]. CEPHALOPHUS NIGER. The BLackx BusuH Buck.

Sooty black; greyer in front half of body. Chin, throat, ab-
domen, and inside of the thighs, grey. Forehead and crown dark
bay and black mixed. Cheek pale brown, black varied. Tail,
end whitish.

Cephalophus niger, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; List

MAMMALIA, — 85

Osteol. Spec. 57 ; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7. f. 2; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850, 123; Sundevall, Pecora, 134.

Antilope niger, Temm. Mus. Leyden.
Hab. Guinea.

A male, half-grown. Coast of Gumea. From Leyden Museum.

OstTEoLoGy. Leg-bones, imperfect.

12. CeEPHALOPHUs NATALENSIS. The Natsu BusH Buck
or RHOODE Bok.

Bright red bay. Nape, withers and feet varied with dark grey
hairs. Nose-streak short, blackish. Lips, chin, upper part of
throat, and end of tail, whitish. Lower part of cheek, throat and
abdomen, pale yellowish. Crown and tuft bright red. Horns

short, conical.

Antilope Natalensis, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. 217 ;
Illust. Zool. S. Africa, t. 32.

Cephalophorus Natalensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 167.

Cephalophus Natalensis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 165 ;
Knowsley Menag. 10.

Sylvicapra Natalensis, Sundevall, Pecora, 66.

Hab. S. Africa; Port Natal.

Male and two females. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss’ Col-
lection.

Female. Port Natal. From the South African Museum.

Male. Port Natal. From Mr. Williams’s Collection.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skulls. Port Natal. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

A. Natalensis inhabits the forests about Port Natal and coun-
try more to the eastward, hving in thick brushwood which blocks
up the intervals between the larger trees; they feed on grass,
the young shoots of trees, and the more delicate twigs of the
smaller shrubs. They take the place the Little Blue Antelope
occupies at the Cape.—A. Smith.

13. CEPHALOPHUS RUFILATUS. The Co@uETOON.

Deep reddish bay. Legs, nape, streak on the nose to the
crown, and broad streak on back, blackish grey. ars blackish.
Crest and upper part of tail black. Cheeks rather paler. Chin
and abdomen pale yellowish. Inside of ears whitish, with a brown
spot on the outer side. Horns conical, rather elongate, obscure
annulated, slightly recurved.

Antilope (Cephalophus) Grimmia, H. Smith, G. A. K. vy. 266.

86 ; MAMMALIA.

Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 166;
List Osteol. B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 9; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850, 123.

Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. xu. t. 41. f. 2, 3.

Var. 1. Sides paler, greyish red ; forehead rough.
Le Grimme (Antilope Grimmia), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog.t. ,
_ not good (not separate head).
Cephalophus rufilatus var. 1, Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, 124.
Hab. Sierra Leone.

Two females, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
2Grimme, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3.
*Skull. West Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
*Skull. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derhy.

The hair is rather paler at the base, of the dorsal streak grey,
with a blackish tip.

M. F. Cuvier’s (Mamm. Lithog.t. _) figure is the pale variety,
which Mr. Whitfield regards as distimct; he says it is called
Grimme by the natives: the separate head of Cuvier’s plate ap-
pears to have been taken from the Guevet.

*kEEX Knees not tufted. Ears moderate, rounded. Head with a
pale streak on each side over the eyes to the base of the horns.
Horns short, thick, conical. Guevei.

14. CepHaLopHus MAxweELuil. The GuEVEI.

Grey brown or sooty black. Sides of the head and body greyer.
Chin, throat, chest and belly whitish grey. Abdomen and front
of thighs white. Feet and end of nose rather darker. Fur rather
rigid. Hair uniform. Broad streak over each eye to the base of
the horns yellowish white.

Antilope (Cephalophus) Maxwell, H. Smith, G. A. K. vy. 852;
Fischer, Syn. 637.

Cervicapra Cephalophus Maxwellu, Gervais. .

Cephalophus Maxwellii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1846, 166;
Knowsley Menag. 11.

Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xu. 18?

Cephalophorus czruleus, part., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163.

Guevei, Buffon, H. N.

Guevei (Antilope pygmea), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., good.

La Grimme (separate head), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

Antilope Fredericei, Laur. Lita ths

Al

MAMMALIA. 87

Sylvicapra Frederici, Swndevall, Pecora, 66. 133.

A. monticola var., Thunb. Stockh. N. H. xxxii.

Antilope Philantomba, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 121; 1839, 27.
Chevrotain du Senegal, Buffon, H. N. xii. 315. t. 43. f. 2, horns.
Petite bisches, Adans. Seneg. 114.

Royal Antelope, Penn. Syn. 28; Quad. i. 82.

Pygmy Antelope, Shaw, Zool. ii. 326. t. 188.

Guevei, Guinea.

Hab. West Africa; Senegal; Gambia.

Males (horns large). W. Africa. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Half-grown, bright. Sierra Leone. Presented by Col, Edward
Sabine, R.E.

A. Maxwellii, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 852?
Cephalophorus czruleus, part., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163.

15. CEPHALOPHUS PYGMEA. The NouMetTzi or CAPE
GUEVEI.

Grey brown. Streak over the eye, legs, and outer part of
thighs, rufous. Feet grey brown. Chin, chest, abdomen and
under side of tail, and inside of ears, white. Fur soft, grey, with
intermixed rather rigid black hairs.

Antilope monticola, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. ii. 315, 1811;
Stockh. N. H. xxu.t. 5,181). .

Antilope Cephalophus cerulea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 853;
Fischer, Syn. 637 ; Harris, Wild Anim. Afr. t. 26.

Blauwbokje, Dutch at Cape of Good Hope; Daniel, Scenery S.
Africa, t.

Antilope (Cephalophus) perpusilla, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 854;
Fischer, Syn. 637.

Cephalophorus czruleus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163.

Capra pygmea, Linn. S. N. ed. 10.

Antilope pygmea, Schreb. Saugth. 1237. t. 260 B.

A. Gazella pygmea, part., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 178; Saugth.
t. 16, not Pallas; Desm. Mam. 465; Fischer, Syn. 469. 638.

A. Cephalophus pygmea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 856.

A. Cervicapra pygmea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Tragulus pygmeus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138.

Sylvicapra pygmea, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 122.

? Antilope minuta, Forster, MSS.

Cephalophus monticolus, Gray, List Skelet. B. M. 57.

Tragelaphus pygmeus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181.

Cervus juvencus perpusillus, Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 5.

Hab. South Africa.

88 MAMMALIA.

A male. South Africa.

A young male, brighter. South Africa. From M. Verreaux’
Collection.

A female (one horn deficient), larger. South Africa.

ANAT. Skeleton.

16. CEPHALOPHUS MELANORHEUS. The BLACK-RUMPED
GUEVEI.

Grey brown. Throat and sides paler. Rump and upper part
of tail black. Chin, chest, abdomen, back and front edge of
thighs, and under part of tail, white. Narrow streak over the
eyes whitish. Feet like back. Fur soft, pale grey, with inter-
mixed rather rigid black hairs.

Cephalophus melanorheus, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1846,
166; Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 10; Sundevall, Pecora, 134.
Cephalophorus Philantomba (The Guevi), Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M.

163, not H. Smith.
Hab. Fernando Po.

Male and two females. Fernando Po. Presented by Thomas
Thomson, Esq., R.N.

Note.—Antilope (Cephalophus) Philantomba, H. Smith, G. A.
K. v. 855; Fischer, Syn. 637—appears to be a doubtful species.

17. CeEPHALOPHUS PUNCTULATUS. The GRISLED GUEVEI.

Dark fulvous brown; sides and legs rather paler. Narrow
streak over the eyes and inside of ears pale brown. Chin, throat,
chest, belly, front of thighs, and under part of tail, white. Hair
grey at the base, with brown ends and yellow subterminal rings.
Crown and upper part of tail darker. Feet pale varied.

Cephalophus punctulatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 166;
Knowsley Menag. t. 11. f. 1; not t. 8. f. 1, as quoted.
Hab. Sierra Leone.

A young specimen (female?). Sierra Leone. Presented by
Capt. Sabme.

18. CEerpHALOPHUS WHITFIELDII. The WHITE-FOOTED
GUEVEI.

Yellowish ash. Shoulders, outside of limbs, and hinder part
of back, rather darker. Ears and crown pale yellowish brown.
Streak over the eyes, cheeks, throat, belly, inside of the limbs,
and ring round the feet above the hoofs, ashy white. Hair ashy
grey; of the back brown at the end, with a yellow tip.

MAMMALIA. 89

Cephalophus Whitfieldii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. t. 11. f. 2.
Hab. W. Africa; Gambia.

A young specimen. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

5. Crumen none, no glandular streak on face. Muffe large, moist.
Crown smooth.

16. NANOTRAGUS.

Horns very short, conical. Crown not crested. Ears small,
rounded. Tear-bag none. Legs slender. Tail subpectinate.
Hoofs small, triangular. False hoofs none.

Antilope subgen. Spinigera, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178, 1842,
not described.

Nanotragus, Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 134; Gray, Ann. & Mag.
N. H. "1846, 231; Knowsley Menag. 12.

Neotragus, sp., Wagner.

Cephalophorus, sp.?, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163.

Tragulus, sp., Klein, Quad. 22; Brisson, R. A. i. 65; not Gray,
Ant. spinigera.

Antilope, sp., Pallas.

Capra, sp., Linn.

Moschus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 92, 1766; Ereleb. 1788.

Neotragus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182.

1. NANOTRAGUS PERPUSILLUS. The RovAL ANTELOPE.
Fulvous. Throat, belly, edge of thigh and tip of tail, white.

Capra perpusilla, Linn. Mus. Adolph. Fred. i. 12, fide spec. Linn.

Cervus Guinensis, Linn. Mus. Adolph. 12; S. N. (from Seba,
t. 45. f. 1).

Cervus stylocerus Guinensis, Lesson, Mamm. x. 276.

Cephalophorus? pygmeus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163.

Antilope regia, Eraleb. Syst. 278, from Buffon.

Antilope spinigera, Temm. Menag. Mamm. 1. xxx. 1827 ; Fischer,
Syn. 469 ; Wagner, Sup. 457.

Nanotragus regius, Sundevall, Pecora, 67; Gray, Knowsley
Menag. 12.

Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18, from Buffon.

Nanotragus spiniger, Sundevall, Pecora, 67, 121.

Moschus pygmeus, Linn. S. N. i. 92 (see Sundevall, Pecora
116); Schreb. Saugth. 956. t. 244.

Antilope Gazella pygmea, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 178.

Tragulus Guinensis, Brisson, from Seba, t. 45. f. 1; Klein.

Cerva parvula africana, &c., Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. £.1-3 A,B

90 MAMMALIA.

Hinnulus s. Cervus pergracilis, Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 2.

Cervus africanus pilo rubro, Seba, Thes. i. 73. t. 45. f. 1.

?Klem Hirschen, &c., Mus. Bareuth. 5. t. 5.

Chevrotain d’Afrique, Buffon, H. N. xii. 310-341. t. 42. f. 2,
horn, f. 3-6, feet.

Royal Antelope, Penn. Syn.

Guinea Musk, Penn. Syn. 59; Quad. i. 127.

Pygmy Musk, Shaw, Zool. ii. 254.

Antilope (Spinigera) spinigera, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178.

Hab. W. Africa; Guinea.

A young specimen, stuffed, formerly in spirits, discoloured.
W. Africa; Guinea.

17. PELEA.

Horns conical, erect, slender, scarcely diverging, bent for-
ward at the tip. Face narrow, elongate. Nose swollen. Maufile
large, extended far behind the nostrils. Crumen none. Fur soft,
woolly. Hoofs and false hoofs rather large. Inguinal pores di-
stinct. Teats four.

Hab. Africa.

Eleotragus, § 1. Pelea, Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 126. .

Tragelaphus, sp., Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181.

Eleotragus, sp., Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Turner,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848.

A. Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 247, 1814.

1. Petea CApREOLA. The REHBOCK or PEELE.

Head slender, compressed. Temple-spot none. Horns erect,
scarcely diverging, very slender. Fur short, soft, woolly, grey
brown. Back redder. Throat and beneath whiter. End of nose
and chin blackish. Feet darker.

Antilope (Gazella) Capreolus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 147, 1814;
Saugth. t.8; Thunb. Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 257, 1816;
Schreb. Saugth. 1230; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. ii. 312; Harris,

_ W. A. Africa, t. 28. f. 1; Desm. Mam. 461; Fischer, Syn.
467. .

Eleotragus (Pelea) Capreolus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846,
232; Knowsley Menag. t.12; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 126.

Antilope lanata, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. 1. 445. t.

Antilope villosa, Burchell, Travels, 1. 302, 1822.

A. redunea villosa, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 835.

Rehbock, Dutch; Sparrm. Reise, 517.

Eleotragus villosus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 165.

MAMMALIA. 91

Eleotragus Capreolus, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 57.
Tragelaphus Capreolus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181.
Hab. South Africa.

Male. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D.
Female. S. Africa.
Young. S. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.
Head and horns. South Africa. Presented by Dr. Burchell.

18. ELEOTRAGUS.

Horns conical, thick, diverging, bent back and then bent for-
wards at the tip. Face broad. Nose not swollen. Mufile rather
large. Crumen none. Fur harsh, of back more or less whorled.
Hoofs and false hoofs rather large. Inguinal pores distinct.
Teats four. Skull: ‘“‘ Nasal opening rather lengthened, the nasal
processes of the intermaxillary bones long, yet not always reach-
ing the nasal bones; a large infraorbital fissure, but no fossa ;
the masseteric ridge ascending rather high; the auditory bulla
large and swollen; the basioecipital bone with its median groove
and tubercles well developed ; the median incisors expanded at
their summits; a well-developed supplemental lobe in the first
true molar of each jaw, and usually more or less appearance of
it in those behind.” —Turner.

Hab. Africa, in marshy places.

Redunca, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. ,1827; Fischer, Syn.
624.

Eleotragus § 1, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H.1846, 232; Knowsley
Menag. 12.

Eleotragus, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

_Cervicapra, sp., Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.

Cervicapra, a and 8, Sundevall, Pecora, 60.

Cervicapra 6. Redunca, sp.,. Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261,
1840.

Nagor, Laurillard.

Sylvicapra, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836.

+ Fur grisled, harsh, straight, with a subterminal pale band,
and often whorled. Head broad. Temple with a naked spot.
Muffie large, flat, eatending behind the nostrils. S. Africa.

1. ELEOTRAGUS ARUNDINACEUS. INGHALLA or RIETBOCK.

Head broad. Temple-spot naked. Horns divergent, conical,
tapering. Fur brown yellow, grisled. Hair pale brown, with a

$2 MAMMALIA.

subterminal yellow band. Cheeks and neck yellower. Base of
ears, chest, belly, inside of the legs, and under side of the bushy
tail, white. Front of legs black. Hair of back forms a round
or elongate whorl.

Antilope arundinacea, Shaw, Zool. ii. 347. t. 193, lower fig. ;
Bechst.

Antilope Eleotragus, Schreb. Saugth. 1225. t. 266.

A. gazella Eleotragus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 173; Saugth. t. 9;
Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 314; Desm. Mam. 459; Fischer,
Syn. 465. 633.

A. redunca Eleotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 832; Harris, W.
A. Africa, t. 26.

A. Cervieapra Eleotragus, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Eleotragus arundinacea, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57.

Antilope redunca, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 833.

Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 165.

Eleotragus arundinaceus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag.12; P. Zool. Soc. 1849, 127; Turner, P.
Z. S. 1848.

Antilope cinerea, Afzelius, Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 244, 1815.

Ritbock, Allam. Buff. H. N. Supp. v. 34. t. 13,14; vi. t. 31, 32;
Penn. Quad. i. 81.

Redunea Eleotragus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 182, 1845.

Cinereous Antelope, Penn. Syn. 86.

Q Antilope Lalandia, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. 1. 445.

Antilope Lalandiana, Desmar. Mam. 462.

Antilope Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 467.

Hab. South Africa; Cape of Good Hope.

Female (hair in the front of the dorsal line twisted, face rather
darker). S. Africa.

Female (hair of the dorsal line to the lois twisted). S.
Africa.

Male and female, adult, stuffed. S. Africa.

Skull. S. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.
* Skull, female. South Africa.
Horns. South Africa.
Two skulls. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D.
Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Var. 1. Larger. i ‘i

Antilope Isabellina, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 244, 1815;
Schreb. Saugth. 27; Licht. Saugth. t. 10.

A. redunca Isabellina, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 832.

MAMMALIA. 93.

Cervicapra Isabellina, Sundevall, Pecora, 70.
Antilope Eleotragus y. Isabellina, Fischer, Syn. 435. 465.

Var. 2. With a large black rhombic spot on the back of the head,
behind the ears; female—Gray in Knowsley Menag. 13.

Afzelius, Lichtenstem, H. Smith and Sundevall have described
two species of this genus as coming from South Africa; the
smaller they call A. Eleotragus, and the larger A. Isabellina.
The latter author has given a comparative character between the
two kinds, but he has only seen two specimens of the former (a
male at Berlin and a female at Stockholm), and several speci-
mens of the larger kind. I have exammed with care a series
consisting of four males and five females from different parts of
South Africa, and can find no distinction between them, except
a slight difference in the length of the fur and in its colour. Two
specimens in the British Museum are larger than the rest, and
have the tarsus one-fourth longer than the others; they have a
shorter fur and are of a rather brighter colour, and the front of
the leg is blacker; but the fur and colour probably depend on
the season when they were killed. In these respects they agree
with Sundevall’s description of A. Isabellina, but they both have
the temporal spot large and quite naked, while Prof. Sundevall
described the spot on this species as pubescent. The female
of the larger specimen has the black spot on the back of the
head; some of the smaller ones have the temple-spot much
smaller and less naked than the others. The two larger speci-
mens have a single whorl of hair im the middle of the back; the
others, with longer hair, show the whorls more distinctly, and
have the hair from the central whorls to the shoulders formmg a
more or less diverging line. After examining these specimens
and those in other collections, I conclude that they form only a
single species. M. Sundevall, in a note just received, observes,
“Mr. Wahlberg considers A. Isabellina and A. Eleotragus as
very distinct, and our specimens seem to show a difference,
though not very well expressed. Also I have committed a mis-
take, for the young female described in my Synopsis as y. under
A. Isabellina is really A. Eleotragus.”

Riet or Reed Bok (Eleotragus) lives in reedy marshes, and in
the grass of damp flats, in which it lies close until actually put
up by the hunter or his dogs, and even then rarely running be-
yond musket range; hence it has been nearly exterminated near
the colony.

The Rooye Rhee Bok inhabits the rugged slopes of high moun-
tains, and the summits of those of less elevation, from the east-
ern district of the Cape colony to the Tropic of Capricorn, living
in small herds.—Andrew Smith.

94 MAMMALIA.

+t Fur not grisled. Hair grey, yellow tipped. Head broad.
Muffie small, scarcely extending beyond the nostril behind.
Tail only slightly bushy. N. and W. Africa.

2, ELEOTRAGUS REDUNCUS. The WonrTo or NAGorR.

Head broad. Horns conical, thick at the base, diverging.
Fulvous brown, rather pale on the sides. Hair soft, grey, yellow
tipped, all in regular order. Chin, throat, spot under the ear and
over the eye, inside of limbs, under side of tail and lower side
of the body, white. Front of legs sometimes blackish.

Antilope redunca, Pallas, Spic.i. 8 (from Buffon, Nagor, xu. 13);
Gmelin, S. N. 1. 184. |

A. vera redunca, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 170; Schreb. Saugth.
1200. t. 265.

A. Cervicapra redunca, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm.
Mam. 458 ; Fischer, Syn. 464. 631; Riippell, Abyss. t. 7, good.

A. rufa, Afzelius, Act. Holm. 1815, 250, from Buffon.

Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 127 ; Knows-
ley Menag. 13. t. 13.

Antilope reversa, Pallas, Mise. 5.

Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Ann. 8 Mag. N. H. 1846, 232.

Eleotragus isabellinus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 165.

Nagor, Buffon, H. N. xii. 326. t. 46? cop. E. M. t. 51. f. 2.

Redunca Nagor, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845.

Red Antelope, Penn. Syn. 30; Quad. i. 86; Shaw, Zool. ii. 360.

2 Oureby, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t.

Hab. W. Africa; Senegal; Gambia; called Wonto.

Var. 1. Larger, brighter coloured.

Antilope Bohor, Riippell, Faun. Abyss. t. 7; Sundevall, Pecora.

Eleotragus reduncus var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 13; Proce.
Zool. Soc. 1849, 128.

Redunea Bohor, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845.

Hab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

A male. W. Africa.
Amale. W. Africa; Gambia.
A fawn. W. Africa; Gambia.

Pallas and Afzelius’s account of this species is derived from
Buffon’s description ; both he and Adanson (Hist. Nat. xii. 326)
say that it is “all pale red,” and Buffon further observes that it
has not the white on the belly of the Gazelles. This does not
agree with our animal, which is white in several parts, but cer-
tainly not so white as the Gazelle, and has black on the legs;
but as yet no other animal has been brought from West Africa
which better agrees with their account or figure.

MAMMALIA. 95

M. Sundevall considers specimens of the Nagor of Senegal
and the Bohor of Abyssinia, in the Frankfort Museum, as di-
stinct, the former having the hair of the back whorled, the fore-
leg with a dark stripe, and the latter having the hair not whorled
and the legs pale. Our specimens, from Gambia, have the hair
not whorled, and more or less distinct streaks on the fore-legs ;
hence I am inclined to believe the Nagor and the Bohor to be
alike. Sundevall’s animal may be the Kod, but that has only
one whorl on each end of the back, a nearly cervine muffle, and
the end of the tail black.

When in Frankfort, I observed that the male Antilope Bohor,
from Abyssinia, was rather larger than the male of “A. redunca,”
from Senegal, in the same collection, and much brighter, and the
horns more slender; the female was darker and browner than
the male; both sexes have more black on the carpus and tarsus
than the specimen of A. redunca in the same Museum.

Note.—Antilope fulvo-rufula, Afzel. N. Act. Upsal. vii. 289 ;
A. Eleotragus var. fulvo-rufula, Fischer, Syn. 465; Ritbock
var., Allam. Buffon H. N. Supp. v. 34; Braunroth Antelope,
Schreb. Saugth. 1226—is a very doubtful species, if not the
same as the former.

RAPHICERUS.

Raphicerus (acuticornis), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 842, 1822;
Fischer, Syn. ti. 624.

Is a very doubtful genus. Colonel Hamilton Smith formed it
for two pairs of horns on part of the frontal bones in the College
of Surgeons, which he called Raphicerus acuticornis and R. sub-
ulata (Griffith, A. K.t.181.f. 2.1). The figures are not suffi-
cient to identify the species, and we now know that the horns of
the same species differ greatly im individuals of the same species,
and during the growth of the same specimen. R. acuticornis
may be the horns of the Duyker Boc, Ceph. Grimmia?

‘1. Antilope Cervicapra acuticornis, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816,
75-/8; Journ. Phys. 1818, t.. .. f. 45 Isis, 1819, £. 12.
ae

A. Raphicerus acuticornis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 198. t.,
v. 842; Desm. Mam. 460; Fischer, Syn. 466. 633.

Cephalophus Grimmia ?

Hab. Skull Mus. Coll. Surg.

2. Antilope (Raphicerus) subulata, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198.
t. 181. f. 1, 2, skull; v. 843; Fischer, Syn. 633.
Hah. :——. Skull.

96 MAMMALIA.

Cervine Antelopes. Body rather heavy. Tail elongated, with
short hair at the base, and a tuft of longer hair at the tip.
Horns elongate. Generally of a large size.

Cervine Antelopes (Antilope Cervine), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.
H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 14; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849,
128. |

a. Neck not maned.

19. ADENOTA.

Muffle cervine, cordate, moderate. Nose hairy between and
over the nostrils. Horns sublyrate, rmged ; when young recurved.
Tear-bag none, or covered by a tuft of hair. Hair of hack
whorled, of dorsal line and back of head reversed. Tail elon-
gate, hairy.

A. Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75.

Antilope (Antilope), sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. v. ; Fischer,
Syn. 624.

Adenota, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14, 1849; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 129.

This genus is very like Eleotragus, but has a smaller, more
cervine muzzle and lyrated horns; it differs from Kobus in the
form of the tail, and wanting the mane, and from both in having
a tuft of hair in the front of the orbit.

* Horns short. Tail short, hairy.

1. ApenoTA Kos. The HauitToon.

Pale brown. End of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, mside
of legs and thighs, tip of tail, end band above hoofs, white.
Front of fore and hind legs, and end of ears and tail, black.
Hair of dorsal line reversed, with a whorl on the shoulder and
loins.

Antilope Kob, Eral. Syst. 293, from Buffon ; Desm. Mamm. 457;
Fischer, Syn. 463; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836.

A. Gazella Kob, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

A. Antilope adenota, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 224. t. 184, t. 183.
f. 3, 4, horns? v. 828; Fischer, Syn. 626, not Syn.

Antilope defassa jun., Rippell.

Kob, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210. 267. t. 32. f. 1, skull.

Gambian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 39; Shaw, Zool. u. 338, from
Buffon.

Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ.
from Buffon.

3

MAMMALIA. 97

Antilope annulipes, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, x. 267.

Antelope Kob, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 103.

Adenota Kob, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14. t. 14,15; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1849, 129.

Petit Vache brune, Adanson, MSS.

Kob, Mandingoes.

Aquitoon, Loliffs.

Hab. West Africa; Gambia.

Var.? Hair longer; sides of face whitish. A female.

Kolus Sing-Sing, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159 (not Bennett).

Adenota Koh, var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 129.

Antilope Koba, Ogilby, Penny Ency. fig.

Hab. E. Africa.

Female. E. Africa. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. (Fi-
gured by Mr. Ogilby in the Penny Ency. as A. Koba.)

Half-grown male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Female and young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull, male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Skull, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Kob, Daub. H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 1.

Mr. Gray observes, “‘ A fine pair has been at Knowsley some

years. Thinking them new, I described them as A. annulipes.
Mr. Ogilby has called it the Nagor, but it is scarcely the Nagor
of Buffon. An adult male noticed by Mr. Ogilby as the Kod is
now in the Museum of the Zoological Society; its horns, like
the male at Knowsley, are much worn down. They whistle like a
stag.
Buffon (H. N. xii. 219. 267. t. 32. f. 1) figures a skull with
horns, brought from Senegal by Adanson, under the name of
Kob, which 1s also called the Petit Vache brune. Erxleben gave
this figure the name of 4. Kod, and Pennant called it the Gam-
bian Antelope, Syn.i. 39. The figures somewhat resemble the
head of a half-grown male of this species, but the horns are ~
longer, and have more rings than the specimen in the British
Museum; but I am inclined to agree with Mr. Ogilby in be-
lieving that it was intended for this species. In the Jardin des
Plantes they called the Sing-Sing the Kod of Senegal; this may
be a mistake for the Koba. I may remark that the horns of the
Koba in the same plate of Buffon are represented with more
rings than are mentioned in the description.

* Colonel Hamilton Smith describes and figures a male and
female specimen which were alive in Exeter Change, and figures

E

98 MAMMALIA.

the male and its skull and horns under the name of A. adenota,
which well agrees with this species, and has the peculiar distri-
bution of its hair; hence its name: but he says, it has ‘a long
open suborbital slit, and small black brushes on the knees ;? but
this I suspect must be a mistake, as he himself observes that no
lacrymal cavity was found in the skull. He might have mistaken
the tuft of hair for the gland at the distance at which he saw the
specimens. He also (G. A. K. iv. 221) described a specimen
which was in Exeter Change, which he regarded as the Gambian
Antelope of Pennant, and calls A. forfex. His characters agree
in most particulars with this species, but he says it had ‘a long
lacrymal sinus, and had small brushes on the knees.’ If there
was not some mistake in transcribing these descriptions, both
these animals should be Gazellas, but I have never seen any
which agreed with them.

“The young male in the British Museum shows the develop-
ment of the horns of these animals. The upper rings of the
growing horn fall off im large thick flakes as the horn increases
im size beneath: this explains how the extent of the smooth ta-
pering part of the horns increases in length as the horn grows,
and how the number of rings are found to be nearly the same in
the various ages, and different individuals of the various species.
Mr. Whitfield informs me that the scrotum is rarely developed
or dependent externally in different kinds of Antelopes before
they have completed their first year.”

The Antilope (Antilope) forfex, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv.
221, v. 827; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 627 ; which has been compared
with this species, is perhaps a young Gazella.

** Horns elongate, recurved at the tip. Tail slender, tufted at
: the end.

2. ADENOTA LECHEE. The LECHEE.

Pale brown. Orbit and lower part of body whitish. Front of
legs dark brown. Horns elongated, strongly nodose in front.
Withers with a small roundish whorl of hair.

Lechee, Oswell, Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xx. 150, 1850.
Eleotragus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848.

Kobus Lechée, Knowsley Menag. 23, 1849. ~
Adenota Lechée, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130.
Hab. South Africa; banks of river Zouga, lat. 22° S.

Amale. S. Africa; banks of the river Zouga, lat. 21°. Pre-
sented by Capt. Frank Vardon, Madras Army.

This animal is nearly as large as the Water Buck. The horns

MAMMALIA. 99

are very like those of that animal; the neck is covered with
short adpressed hair, and has no appearance of a mane.

b. Neck maned on the sides.

20. Kosus.

Horns elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forwards at the
tip. Mufile cervine. Tear-bag none. Inguinal pores none. Hair
rough, elongate. Neck covered with longer diverging and droop-
ing hair. Tail rather elongated, depressed, hairy on the sides
and below. Females hornless. Teats 4.

Kobus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K.v.; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.
H.1846, 232; Knowsley Menag.15; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130.

Kolus, A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Africa; Gray.

Cervicapra, sp., Sundevall.

Eleotragus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848.

gocerus, sp., Harris, Wild Animals Africa; Lesson.

(Egocerus, sp., et Neotragus, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178.

1. KoBus ELLIPSIPRYMNUS. PHOTOMOK or WATER BUCK.

Brownish. Rump with a whitish elliptical rmg near the base
of the tail. Horns converging at the tip.

Antilope ellipsiprymna, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1833, 47; Harris, W.
Anim. Africa, t. 14.

Kolus ellipsiprymnos, A. Simith, Illust. Zool. S. A. t. 28, 29.

Kolus ellipsiprymnus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159.

Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 15; Proc. Zool. Soe. 1849, 130.

A. G&gocerus ellipsiprymnus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 179.

Antilope Kemas?, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. t. 181. f. 6, horns.

Hab. South Africa.

Male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum.
Female. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull and horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.
Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

The Water Buck lives mm small herds on the banks of rivers,
and has not occurred south of 26°. It is very timid, rushing into
and crossing rapid rivers when alarmed. The flesh is not esteemed
as food, having a rank, pungent smell, but the taste is less so.

2. Kogsus Sine-Sine. The SinG-SInG.
- Rump without any pale ring. Reddish or yellowish grey
‘ EQ2

100 MAMMALIA,

brown, rather greyer on the shoulders. Nose, lips, hinder parts
of the thighs, under the neck, from the ears to the gullet,
a streak over each eye, and ring above the hoofs and false hoofs,
white. Belly and legs blacker. End of tail and legs, from
shoulder to hough, black. Females greyer. Belly and upper part
of legs paler. ;

Antilope Smg-Sing, Bennett, Rep. Zool. Soc.; Waterhouse, Cat.
Zool. Soc. Mus. 41. n. 378.

Antilope defassa, Riippell, Faun. Abyss. t. 3. ;

Redunca defassa, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 1822, 1845.

Antilope unctuosa, Laurillard, D’Orb. Dict. Univ. H. N. i.
t. 622 3, good.

A. Neotragus unctuosa, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178, 1842.

Antilope Koba, Ogilby, Penny Ency. iu. 79 f. 9; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1836, not Era.

?Koba, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210. 267. t. 32. f. 2, horn? (more
probably Damalis pygarga?).

?Senegal Antelope (part.), Pennant, Syn. 38, part. from Buffon
only. '

Hab. W. Africa.

Female, adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Male, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skeleton, male, young. Gambia. Presented bythe Earlof Derby.
Skull, female, adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Skull, female, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

This species varies much in the tint of the colouring, and in
the length of the hair in the different seasons. In summer they
are covered with very short, closely pressed fur, letting the skin
be seen between the hairs. In the cold weather, and in England,
‘ the fur is longer and more abundant. The hair of the chin and
neck is long and rigid in all seasons, and even in the young ani-
mals. The tail of the adult specimen is cylindrical and nearly
bald, ending in a tuft of black hair; in the young specimens,
especially in the winter fur, the base of the tail is frmged with
hair on each side. The male is much brighter-coloured, and the
chest and belly are nearly black, like the legs. The hinder parts
of the rump of the young animals are greyish white ; m the older
specimens it becomes pure white and broader in extent. __

This animal is called Sing-Sing by all the negroes. They do
not think their flocks of cattle will be healthy or fruitful unless
they have one of the Sing-Sings accompanying them, as some
persons think a Goat necessary to be in a stable in England.
The English on the Gambia call it the Jackass Deer from its ap-

MAMMALIA. 101

pearance, and it 1s called Koba and Kassimause by the negroes
at Macarthy’s Island. Its flesh is very strong, unpleasant, and
scarcely palatable.

As far as I could judge by my recollection and description, the
adult specimen at Knowsley, the young male and adult female
in the British Museum, the male and female at Frankfort, and
the adult male in the Paris menageries, are the same species.

Buffon figured (Hist. Nat. 210, 267. xii. t. 32. f. 2) under the
name of Koda a pair of horns which were in the library of St.
Victor at Paris. He described them as larger and more curved
above than those of the Kod, eighteen inches long, and five inches
in circumference at the base, and he refers them to an animal
which Adanson says is called Koba in Senegal, and the Great
Brown Cow by the French colonists. Pallas refers these horns
to A. Pygargus, and the figures and description agree in many
particulars with the horns of that species; but they are rather
longer, and have more rings. Pennant (Syn. Mam. 38) gave
the name of Senegal Antelope to Buffon’s short account and
figure, but has added to it the description and the figure of the
head of a skin which came from Amsterdam, and appears to be
A. Caama of South Africa. Cuvier (Dict. Sci. Nat. 11. 235) only
translated Pennant’s name to A. Senegalensis. Erxleben (Syn.
293) and Zimmerman (Zool. 345) have translated Pennant’s de-
scription of his skin from Amsterdam of A. Caama, and called it
A. Koba, referring to Buffon’s description and Daubenton’s figure.
Fischer, Hamilton Smith and M. Sundevall regard the Koda of
Buffon the same as the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton,
but the horns of that species are considerably longer and much
thicker at the base than those described by Daubenton, and the
annulations of the horns are higher and more regular. It should
be remarked that Buffon describes his horns as having eleven or
twelve rings, but figures them as having seventeen or eighteen.
Mr. Ogilby (Penny Cyclopedia and the Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society) considers Buffon’s Koba to be the Sing-Sing ;
in the length of the horns, and in the number, disposition and
form of the rings, his figure more nearly agrees with the horns
of that species than of that of the A. Pygarga, to which Pallas
first referred it ; but the horns are represented much more lyrated
than any horns of the Sing-Sing I have seen; indeed, not one of
the specimens which have come under my observation have had
any inclination to assume that form: but as this is the only
Western-African species which in any way agrees with Buffon’s
figure, perhaps it is best to adopt Mr. Ogilby’s suggestion. The
name of Koba or Kob appears to be common to many species.
Schinz erroneously considers Damalis Senegalensis, Antilope
adenota and A. forfex (H. Smith) as synonyms of this species.

102 MAMMALIA.

c. Nape with an erect, recurved mane.

21. AAGOCERUS.

Horns conical, elongate, recurved, rather compressed, ringed,
arising immediately above the orbits. Nape with a linear, erect,
reversed mane. ‘Tear-bag covered with a tuft of hair. Female
horned. Teats 2. Skull with “a small suborbital fissure, but
no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ;
the auditory bulla moderate; the occipital portion of the skull
much prolonged; the basioccipital portion widened, its two pairs
of tubercles much developed, with a deep groove between them ;
the incisors gradually increasing in size to the median pair, which
are not expanded at the summits; the molars with largely-
developed supplemental lobes.”

Egocerus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. , 1827; Fischer,
Syn. 623; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, not Pallas.

Aigoceros, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley
Menag. 16; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 132.

Egocerus, Desmar. Mamm. 475.

Oryx, sp., Blainv. Bull. Sci. Phil. 1816; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836,
139,

Hippotragus, Sundevall, Pecora, 72.
Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 159, 1814.

1. AcoceRvus LEUcoPHAuS. The EraAac or BLAUBOC.
Glaucous grey.

Capra cerulea, Kolbe, Cap. i. 141.

Antilope Leucophea, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. Z. i. 6, xii. 1; Eral.
Syst. 271; Gmelin, S. N.1.182; Schreb. Saugth. i. 183. t. 278.

A. Bubalides Leucophea, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 159 ; Thunb. Act.
Petersb. i. 314.

A. Oryx Leucophea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam.
475

A. Hgocerus Leucophea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 510; Fischer,
Syn. 480, 646.

_ Agocerus leucophevs, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158; Cat.
Osteol. Spec. B. M. 58; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848.

Antilope Equina, Geoff. Cat. Mus. Par. in Cuvier R. A. 1. 263;
Dict. Sci. Nat. 1. 446.t. .f. .

B. Oryx Equina, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam.
476; Desmoulin, Dict. Class. H. N. vi. 446. t., head ; Fischer,
Syn. 480, 645.

A. Aigocerus Equina, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 177. t., v. 811.

Aigocerus Equina, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 16.

Antilope aurita, Burchell, MSS., fide H. Smith.

: MAMMALIA. 103

Antilope Osanne, I. Geoff. Dict. Sci. Nat. t.

Antilope glauca, Forster, MSS.

Oryx Leucophea, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.

Blau bock, Licht. Reise, ii. 121.

Blaue bocke, Kolbe, Vorged. 141.

Blue gate Penn. Syn. 24. fig. head, 29; Shaw, Zool. 1. 355.
t..193.

Tzeiran, Buff. H. N. xii. 271. t. 31. f. 6, horn; Supp. vi. 168.
t. 20.

Blauw Bock, Dutch at Cape.

Antilope Truteri, Fischer, Syn. 478, 644.

Antilope (Aigocerus) barbata, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 813.

Capra AEthiopica, Schinz; Cuvier, Thier. i. 403.

Bouquetin a criniére d’Afrique, Cuvier, R. A. i. 266.

Takhitse, Truter 5; Sémm. Geog. Ephem. 1807, 274.

Takhaize, Daniel, Afric. Scenery, xxiv. t.

2? Bastard Eland, Licht. Reise, u. 462.

Hab. South Africa.

Male. Cape of Good Hope. From the South African Museum.
Male. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.
Horns. South Africa.
Skull and horns (of female?), horns siender.
Base of skull and horns. South Africa.
Horns (separate), short, thick. South Africa.
Horns, separate. S. Africa. Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Var.? Docoi or White Mouth, Mandingoes.
Kob or Koba of the Joliffs.
Vache brune, French in Senegal.

Aigocerus equinus var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 16.
Hab. West Africa, Whitfield.

Two pair of horns. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

The Docoz is pale reddish brown. Hair pale at base, with a
minute black tip. Front of fore-legs and line on centre of tail
blackish. Belly and mside of legs white. Face black brown.
Crown and temple browner. Nose, lips, eyebrows, tuft of hair
before eyes, white.

The head of the female covered with skin from Macarthy’s
Island, on the coast of Gambia, which Mr. Whitfield brought
home, did not appear to differ from the specimen from the
Cape in the British Museum. The species does not appear
to be uncommon in the locality, for Mr. Whitfield brought over
several pairs of horns. He informs me the flesh is very good
venison. “It is called Docot or White Mouth by the Mandin-

104 MAMMALIA.

goes, Kob and Koba by the Joliffs, and Vache brune by the French
at Senegal.”’ This is certainly not the Kod of Buffon (xu. t. 32.
f.1,2). The negroes at the Gambia declare that this animal -
never hears more than one fawn; for after that period, the horns
increase in length, and enter the loins and destroy the animals!

The small variety in the Paris, Upsal and Stockholm Museums,
described as A. Leucopheus by Pallas and Sundevall, which was
formerly found at the Cape, but is now said to be extinct, is the
size of the Common Stag, Cervus Elaphus. M. Sundevall ob-
serves that it is as different from A. Equina, as the species of |
Eleotragi and Tragelaphi are from one another ; and he observes,
in a letter I have just received, “ I must tell you, that after the m- —
spection of a whole series of A. Equina, which Wahlberg brought
home, I am convinced that the A. lewcophea of Pallas is a very
distinct race. Our stuffed specimen, that must have been adult,
has much smaller hoofs than the very young A. Equina, male as
well as female, amongst Wahlberg’s, and the tuft over the la-
chrymal sinus, as I have shortly expressed in the printed survey.”

Mr. Gray observes, “ When I examined the specimen at Paris,
I regarded it as a young or rather dwarf specimen of A. Equina,
and the absence of the nuchal crest led to this belief; and I am
not satisfied that the number of rings on the horns is a suffi-
cient proof of its being adult.”

The Blaubok lives in herds of six to twelve, on the slopes and
summits of small hills. They are most abundant north of the
Kurrichane. They are exceedingly swift. Their flesh is used as
food, but has a rank flavour, and is inferior to most of the
South African Antelopes.—A. Smith.

92, JEGOCERUS NIGER. The Biack Boc.

Black. Face white, with a dark streak. Female and young
brown.

' Antilope niger, Harris, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 213, t. 29; Gervais,
Dict. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 267.

Antilope Harrisu, Harris, Narrative.

Agocerus niger, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158.

Aigocerus niger (Sable Antelope), Harris, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838,
2; W.A.S. Africa, t. 23, and head; Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849,
133; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849.

Hab. S. Africa.

A male. S. Africa. Major Harris’s Collection. The specimen
described by Capt. Harris.

Male. S. Africa. From M. Sundevall’s Collection.
- Female. S. Africa. From M. Sundevall’s Collection.

MAMMALIA. 105

22. Oryx.

Horns elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight or
slightly arched, placed on a line with the face. Neck maned
above and below. Tear-bag none. Nose subcervine. Mufile
only margining the nostrils. Hoofs narrow in front; false
hoofs large. Female ——. Teats 2or4. Skull: a suborbital
fissure, but no fossa, the masseteric ridge not extending high ;
the auditory bulla large and compressed; the basioccipital bone
with a raised eminence on each side; molars with supplemental
lobes.

Oryx, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 624; Gray,
Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17 ; Turner,
P. Z. S. 1848.

Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 155, 1816.

Oryx, sp., Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 139.

A. Oryx, sp., Biainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.

A. Orix, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 180, 1842.

* Horns straight.

1. Oryx GazELLA. The KooxkAAm or GEMSBOC.

Horns straight, shelving backwards. Throat with a bunch of
black hairs. Grey. Rump, face, spinal line, lateral streak, and
a very broad band on the thigh and cubitus, black m summer.
Black streak on the face conjoimed under the chin. Young pale
brown. Hair blackish at the base.

Capra Gazella, Linn. S. N. 1. 96.

fs ged Oryx, Pallas, Spic. Z. i. 14, xu. 16. 65; Gmelin, S. N.
i. 189.

A. Bubalides Oryx, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 155; Reise, uu. 38;
Schreb. Saugth. 1177. t. 257. t. 257 a. f. 1; Desm. Mamm. 473.

A. Oryx oryx, Blainv. B. 8. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A. K.
v. 814; Fischer, Syn. 478, 644; Burchell, Trav. u. 23.

Oryx Gazella, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 156; Cat. Osteol. Sp.
B. M. 58; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; Knowsley Menag.
17. t. 16. f. 2, young; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 124; Turner,
P. Z. S. 1848.

A. bezoartica, Pallas, Misc. 8.

A. Gazella, Forster, MSS. 56.

A. Recticornis, part., ral. Syst. 272; Gatterer, Brev. Zool.i.78 ;
Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xii. t. 10. f. 6.

Oryx or Gemsbok, Harris, W. A. S. A. t. 9, and head.

Oryx capensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139; Harris, W. An.
Africa, t. 9.

ES

106 MAMMALIA.

Oryx, Cuvier, R. A. 1. 262.

Passan, Buff. H. N. xii. 212. 272. t. 33. £.3; Supp. v. 157. t. 17.

Egyptian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 25; Quad.i. 72; Shaw, Zool. ii.
312. t. 183.

Gems bock, Dutch at the Cape.

Hab. South Africa.

Female, adult. 8S. Africa.

Young. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Adult. SS. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.
Passan, Daub. Buffon H. N. xu. t. 33.
Single horn. South Africa.
* Horns on base. South Africa.
Horns on head. South Africa.
Horns on head. South Africa.
Skull and horns. S. Africa. . Mr. Stevens’s Collection.

The Gemsbock eat the bulb of the water-root, a liliaceous
plant.—G. Cuming, Hunier’s Life, i. 118.

2. Oryx Beisa. The Besa.

Horns straight. Throat without any bunch of hair. Pale grey.
Face, belly and limbs white. Front of face, two streaks on
cheek (not united under the throat), narrow line along throat,
dorsal streak, streak on each side of abdomen, band round upper
part, and streak in front of lower part, of fore-leg, and end of tail,
black.

Antilope Beisa, Riippell, Atlas, t. 5.

Oryx Beisa, Sundevall; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. B. 1847, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc. Z. Soc. 1849, 134.

Hab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

OsTEOLOGY.
Antilope beisa, Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 5.

The male and female in the Frankfort Museum are smaller
than A. Gazella of the Cape, and both have the face-streaks se-
parate; there is a black streak on the throat, asim A. Gazella,
but no bunch, nor is there any in the Frankfort specimen of A.
Gazella; the mane of the nape of the male is small, indistinct,
continued behind in a broader dark streak to the middle of the
loms. In the male the mane is blackish, in the female like the
back. They have no dark mark on the rump, found in 4. Ga-
cella. ’ .

MAMMALIA. 107

** Horns arched, recurved.

3. Oryx Leucoryx. The Oryx. MW
Horns slender, slightly arched, white, reddish varied ; in winter
ee
Antilope Leucoryx, Pallas, Spic.i. 14; xu. 17. t. 3. f. 1. 61.
A. Bubalides leucoryx, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 156; Akad. Abh.
1824, 200. t. 1; Saugth. t.1; Gmelin, S. N. 1. 190; Schreber,
o Baugh 1180. t. 256 ; Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys. t. 3.
oe leucoryx, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mamm.

A. a leucoryx, H. Smith, G. A. K.v. 815; Fischer, Syn.
479. 645.

Antilope Algazella, Riippell; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.

Antilope ensicornis, Ehrenb.

Oryx leucoryx, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139.

Gazella recticornis, Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xi. 468. t. 10. £. 5.

Oryx, Plin. Hist. Nat. ii. 40, viii. 55 ; Oppian. Cyneg. iti. ver. 445 ;
Gesner, Quad. i. 870; Descrip. Egypt, ¥. 18; £. 9)10; Bull.
Soc. Philom. 1816, 80; Oriental Misc. i. 127.

Oryx Leucoryx, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 139; Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. 156; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 56; Ann. & Mag. N. H.
1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17. t. 16. f.1.t..17; Proc. Zool,
Soc. 1849, 134; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. -

Antilope Eleotragus, Schreb. t. , not description.

Milk-white Antelope, Penn. Syn. 25; Quad. 1. 76. t. 12.

White Antelope, Shaw, Zool. ii. 315. t. 184.

El Walrugh el Bukras, Persians.

Abu-hard, Jachmur and Yazmur, Arabs.

Antilope Gazella, Pallas, Spic. Z. xu. 17 ; Gmelin, S. N.1.190;
ie Saugth. 1182. t. 257 a. f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. 479,

45.

A. Oryx Gazella, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

? Antilope bezoardica, Eral. Syst. 274?

- Bubalides bezoartica, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 158.

A. (Oryx) bezoartica, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 817.

Capra Gazella, Linn. S. N. i. 972

Gazella Indica, Brisson, Reg. A. 67.

Gazella, Alpin, Aigypt. 239. t. 14. f. 1.

Capra s. Hircus bezoartica, Aldrov. Bisulc. 755 fig.

Algazel, Buffon, H. N. xii. 211. t. 33. f.1, 2; Penn. Quad. i. 77;
Shaw, Zool. ii. 216; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

_ Hab. N. or W. Africa ; Nubia; Senaar; Senegal.

Female.. Senaar.
Young. Senaar.

108 MAMMALIA.

There is no appreciable difference between the Nubian and
Senegal specimens.

OsTEOLOoGy.

Algazel, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 1, 2.
Skull and horns. North Africa.
Single horn of young. North Africa.
Single horn. North Africa.
Skull, young. Senaar.

Note,

1. Antilope Chora, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, 22.
A. (Alcelaphus) Chora, Fischer, Syn. 475.
Hab. N. Africa. ‘‘ Very doubtful ;” Riippell.

2. Antilope Dammah, Riippell, Zool. Atlas, 22.
A. (Alcelaphus) Dammah, Fischer, Syn. 475.
Hab. N. Africa; desert of Haraga. “ Very doubtful ;” Riippell.

d. Throat slightly maned. Nape not maned.

23. ADDAX.

Horns slender, elongate, ringed, slightly spirally twisted,
sloping nearly in a line with the face. Forehead with long hair.
Neck with a slight gular mane, but no nuchal mane. Nose ovine,
hairy. Hoofs semicircular, thin-edged. Tear-bag marked with
a tuft of hair.

Addax, Rafinesq. Anal. Nat. 56,1815?; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.
H. 1846, 232; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Addax, sp., Laurill.

Oryx, sp., H. Smith; Fischer, Syn. 624. -

Strepsiceros, sp., Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845.

Gazella, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K.

Damalis Acronotus, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K.

A. Alcelaphus, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 180.

1. ADDAX NASOMACULATUS. The ADDAX.
White; forehead and front of face darker; in winter grey.

Uapra Cervicapra, Linn. S. N., fide Ogilby.

Antilope Cervicapra, Children, Denham’s Travels.

Antilope Addax, Licht. Berl. Abhand. 1824, 215.t.2; Saugth.
t. 2, fem. and young; Riippell, Zool. Atl. 19. t. 7; F. Cw.
Mam. Lithog.

A. Oryx Addax, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 193. t.; v. 818.

A. Alcelaphus Addax, Fischer, Syn. 474, 641.

a

MAMMALIA. 109

Antilope gibbosa, Savi, Mem. Fig.; Féruss. Bull. Sci. xx. 163.

Antilope Gazella mytilopes, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 204. t. 182.
t. 183. f. 6, head; v. 821; Fischer, Syn. 636.

Antilope suturosa, Otto, Nova Act. Nat. Cur. xu. 521. t. 48;
Griffith A. K. t. 180.

A. (Alcelaphus) suturosa, Fischer, Syn. 475, 641.

Damalis Acronotus suturosa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 350. t.;
v. 878.

Strepsiceros quem Addacem, &c., Plinit H. N. xi. 37.

Strepsiceros addax, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 183.

Strepsiceros, Caji, Opusc. 56; Gesner, Quad. 323.

Addax, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t., wmter and summer; Ehren-
berg, Symb. Phys. t. 4.

JUNIOR.

Ant. Gazella nasomaculata (A. Bleue), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom.
1816, 75-78. t.; Journ. Phys. t. .f. 3; Isis, 1819, t. 12.
f. 4-7 ; Desm. Mam. 456; Fischer, Syn. 462, 630.

A. Oryx addax, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 204. t. 210. t. head;
v. 821, jun.

Addax nasomaculatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 233;
Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 58; Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1849; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848.

Oryx nasomaculata, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 156.

Antilope (Oryx) Tao, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 816.

A young female. N. Africa. From Mr. Bullock’s Museum.
(The specimen described as Antilope mytilopes, H. Smith, t. 182,
and A. nasomaculatus, Blainv.)

Female and young. N. Africa. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.

Horns (not united). North Africa. Presented by Captain
Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham.

* Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

The Caprine Antelopes. Body heavy. Legs and hoofs large.
Tail very short, depressed, covered with hair to the base.
Horns conical, rarely with a flat process in front.

Caprine Antelopes (Antilopeze Caprine), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.
H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18.

Goat-like Antelopes, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135.

Ovine and Caprine Antelopes, Turner, P. 7. S. 1850.

110 MAMMALIA.

a. Nose cervine, with a moderate muffle. Horns short, inclined,
recurved.

24. CAPRICORNIS.
Nemorheedus, H. Smith; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Horns short, strong, conical, inclined, recurved, arisimg behind
the orbit. Nose cervme. Muffle moderate. Tear-bag and inter-
digital pores large. Skud/ with “no suborbital fissure ; the fossa
rounded, shallow, very variable in size, sometimes very minute ;
the nasal bones rather short and broad, joming the maxillaries
only by the interposition of some imperfect ossifications, or se-
parated from them altogether; the masseteric ridge extending
high before the orbit; the auditory bull very small; the basi-
occipital bone broad, with moderately developed eminences ; the
middle incisors slightly expanded at their summits; the molars
without supplemental lobes.”

Hab. Asia.

Capricornis (Sumatranus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138; Gray,
Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135.

Nemorhedus, sp., H. Smith; Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1848.

Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 115.

Oryx, sp., Riippell, Verz. i. 80.

1. CaAPRICORNIS SUMATRENSIS. The CAMBING OUTAN.

Black. Chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish, especially near
the withers. Inside of the ears white. Young like adult.

Antilope Sumatrensis, Shaw, Zool. ii. 354; Desm. Mam. 465 ;
Fischer, Syn. 470, 639; Raffles, Linn. Trans. xui. 266; F.
Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. :

_ A. Nemorhedus Sumatrensis, H. Smith, G.A. K. iv.277.t.; v. 861.

Antilope Bubalides interscapularis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 115,
1814; Schreb. Saugth. 1158.

Capricornis Sumatrensis, Ogilby, P. Z. 8.1836, 139; Gray, Cat.
Osteol. Sp. B. M. 57; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knows-
ley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135.

Cambing Outan, Marsd. Sumatr. 93. t.

Nemorhedus Sumatrensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166; Turner,
P.Z.S. 1848.

Sumatran Antelope, Penn. Quad. u1. 321.

Oryx Sumatrensis, Riippell, Verz. Senck. i. 80.

Hab. Sumatra. Mus. Leyden.

OsTEOLOGY.
? Frontal bone, with horns.

MAMMALIA. lil

2. CAPRICORNIS BuBALINA. The THAAR or THAR.

Grey brown, blackish washed. Crown and dorsal streak black.
Thighs and outside of legs rufous. Nose, chin, inside of ears,
lower part of mane, and legs below the hocks, whitish.

Capricornis Thar, Ogilby, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1836, 139.

Antilope Bubalina, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, ii. 12.

Kemas proclivis vel Thar, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x.913; Calcutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 291.

Antilope Thar, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1833, ui. 105; 1834, 99;
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. i. 346; iv. 1835, 889.

Oryx? Thar, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 180.

Nemorhedus Thar, Hodgson, Proc. Z. Soc. 1834, 36; Journ. A.
S. B. iv. 1835, 489.

Kemas Thar, Hodgson.

Nemorhedus proclivis, Hodgson, Zool. Nepal ined. B. M. t.

Capricornis bubalina, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166; Cat. Osteol.
Sp. B. M. 57; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 135.

Nemorheedus Bubalina, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848.

Hab. India; Nepal.

Male and female. Nepal.
Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY.
Frontal bone and horns. Nepal.
Frontal bone and horns. Nepal.
Skull, male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull, female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Horns. Nepal. Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Icon.

Drawing of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 160. f. 1.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male and female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 161. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of head.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 163, 164.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of skull—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 5, 6.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A head was sent to the United Service Museum by Lieut.-
Colonel! Childers, of the 11th Dragoons, in 1820, under the name
of Serow or Imo. “ It is not speedy, as might be inferred from
its make. Its flesh is very coarse and bad. It is usually killed
with poisoned arrows.’”’—Hodgson, l. c. 14.

112 MAMMALIA.

The Thar or Suraw inhabits the sub-Himalaya as far north as
the forest extends. They are not gregarious, and they rush with
fearful precipitancy down the steep mountain. They rut in Fe-
bruary or March, gestate eight. months, and have one young in
September or October. They always have a gall-bladder.—Hodg-
son, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1835, Sept.

The Gorals and Thars differ from the Antelope in being stout,
clambering animals, but they are not, as some have supposed,
allied to the Bovines.—Hodgson.

3. CAPRICORNIS? CRISPA. The JAPANESE GOAT ANTELOPE.

Fur harsh, crisp, brown or brownish. Sides whitish. Cheeks
white. Legs black brown.

Antilope crispa, Temm. Fauna Japon.t. , 1819.

Capricornis crispa, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knows-
ley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 136.

Hab. Japan. Mus. Leyden.

OstroLocy. Temm. Fauna Japon. t.

b. Nose ovine, without any muffle. Horns short, conical, recurved,
ringed.

25. NEMORHEDUS.

Horns short, conical, inclined, recurved, arising from behind
the orbits. Nose ovine, hairy. Mauffle none. Tear-bag none?
Interdigital pores none. Fur short.

Nemorhedus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v.182; Turner, P. Z. 8.
1850; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag.
18.

Kemas (Goral), Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138 (not Lesson).

Kemas, sp., Hodgson; Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182, 1842.

Damalis, sp., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Mr. Turner observes, “Although the ‘tear-bag’ is said to
be wanting in the Goral, there is certainly a slight depression
upon the lacrymal bone, and the pore with which the gland opens
may be so small in this species as to escape detection in dried
specimens.”’— Turner.

1. NemorHEDUS GorRAL. The GoRAL.

Grey brown, minutely black-dotted. Streak on lower part of
neck blackish. Cheeks, chin and upper part of throat white.
Front of fore-legs blackish. Feet rufous. Young paler. Dorsal
line rather darker.

MAMMALIA. 113

Antilope Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. 518. t. 14; Calcutta
Journ. N. H.1i. t. 12. f. 2,3; Fischer, Syn. 471, 639.

A. Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 862; Hodgson, J.
oC Soc. Beng. i. 346; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, 105; 1834,

Kemas Goral, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138; Hodgson, Calcutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 291.

Kemas ghoral, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182.

Bouquetin de Nepaul, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t., copy of Hard-
wicke.

Antilope Goural, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1835, 418.

Nemorhedus Goral, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.166; Cat. Osteol.
Sp. B. M. 37; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27; Ann. & Mag. N.
H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849.

Suja? et Goomast?, Affyhanistan, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta.

A. Duvaueellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 277, v. 861.

A. Sumatrensis 8. Duvaucelli, Fischer, Syn. 639.

Damalis Hardwicku, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Neemorhedus Goural, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. B. iv. 1835, 488.

N. Goral vel Hardwickii, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 88;
Journ. Asiat. Soc. B. x. 913.

Hab. India; Sub-Himalayas.

Hunter’s skin, without feet. Nepal. Presented by General
Hardwicke.

Male and female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Young, half-grown. Nepal.

OsTEOLOGY.

Horns (of female ?), very thin, far apart at the base.

Two skulls of males. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.
Three imperfect skulls of females. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Icon.

Drawing of male, female and young.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.
M. t. 157; male copied t. 160. f. 2. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

as of male and female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 158. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of head of male and female in detail—Hodgson, Icon.
ined. B. M.t. 159. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of skull.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 18). f-7, 8.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

114 MAMMALIA.

The Goral habits the Sub-Himalayas as far towards the snows
as the great forest extends, to which exclusively they adhere,
living in families of four or six. Breeding amid the crags and
rocky recesses: rutting in January: gestate six months: the
young born in May or June.

Note.—Antilope Nemorhedus Duvaucellii, H. Smith, G. A. K.
iv. 277, v. 861; Antilope Sumatrensis 8? Duvaucellii, Fischer,
Syn. 639—-was described from a drawing sent to Paris by M.
Duvaucel without any notes, as were most of his drawings. It
is only a badly coloured tracing of a drawing of the Goral m
General Hardwicke’s Collection. It has no connection with C.
Sumatrensis, to which many naturalists have referred it.

In the Bengal Journal, two Antelopes, said to resemble the
Goral, are mentioned as found im Affghanistan, one called Suwa
and the other Goomast.

26. MAzAMa.

Horns small, conical, round, nearly erect, slightly melined
backwards, and recurved at the tip, rmged at the base. Nose
ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none. Fur double; outer
very long, hairy, dependent; under fur short, woolly.

Aplocerus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v.1827; Turner, P. Z. 8.1850.

Mazama, Rafinesque; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag.19; not H. Smith, nor Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836.

Rupicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.

Capra, sp., Desmoulin, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 111; Ogilby, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1836, 137.

Ovis, sp., Ord, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1817.

Antilocapra, sp., Lesson. ;

1. Mazama Americana. The Mazame or SPRING-BUCK.
White. Horns and edge of the nostrils black.

Capra? Columbiana, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. iu. 580; Fischer,
Syn. 487.

Cities Americana, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 268. t. 22.

Capra montana, Harlan, Fauna Amer.

Capra lanigera aut Americana, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.

Ovis montana, Ord, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817, 175; Journ. de
Phys. \xxxv. 333.

Antilocapra montana, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182.

A. (Rupicapra) Americana, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 73-80.

Antilope lanata (Mountain Sheep Antelope), Bennett, Cat. Mam.
Zool. Soc. 1828, 14 fig., & 1829, 18 fig.

MAMMALIA. 115

Antilope Americana, Desm. Mam. 478.

Antilope Aplocerus lanigera, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xiii. 38. t. 4;
G. A. K. v. 865.

Mazama dorsata, Rafinesque.

Mazama sericea, Rafinesque.

Antilope (Aplocerus) Mazama, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xui. 33;
Griffith, A. K. v. 865; Fischer, Syn. 482. 647.

Aplocerus Americanus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Mazama seu Cervus cornutus, Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42: f. 3.

Rocky Mountain Sheep, Jameson, Wern. Mem. ui. 306.

Hab. N. America; Rocky Mountains. Mus. Linn. Soc. Mus.
Zool. Soe.

27. RUPICAPRA.

Horns elongate, slender, round, nearly erect from above the
orbit, suddenly hooked backward at the tip. Nose ovine, hairy.
Muffle none. Fur soft. Skull with “a minute suborbital fissure,
but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the
orbit; the auditory bulla very small and compressed; the basi-
occipital bone flat; the meisors equal-sized, vertical ; the molars
without supplemental lobes.” — Turner.

Antilope, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. 7. 17.

A. Rupicapra, Eraleb. S. A. 268, 1777; Desm. 1804; Illiger,
1811.

Capra, sp., Linn. ed. 6. 14. 17.

Rupicapra, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 198, 1822; H. Smith, Griffith
A. K. v. 182; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232.

Rupicaprade, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

l. Rupicapra TraGcus. The CHAMOISE or GEMs.
Yellowish brown, with a dark dorsal streak ; in winter blackish.

Antilope Rupicapra, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. i. 7, xii. 12; Gmelin,
S. N. i. 182.

A. (vera) rupicapra, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171; Schreb. Saugth.
1200. t. 279; Burchell, Trav. ii. 23; Desm. Mam. 477.

A. Rupicapra Rupicapra, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 76.

A. (Rupicapra) Rupicapra, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 281 t., v. 863;
Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. 1. 249 t.; Reg. Anim. i. 264; Fischer,
Syn. 481, 646.

A. Rupicapra Persica, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 863.

Rupicapra pyrenaica, H. Smith, G. A. K.v. 863; Bonap. Fauna
Ital.

Rupicapra Europea, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845.
Rupicapra (hemulicornis), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

116 MAMMALIA.

Capra Rupicapra, Linn. S. N. i. 95. errs? )

Rupicapra tragus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 167; Cat. Osteol.
: a 57; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Proc. Zool. Soe.

49. |

Rupicapra, Plinit H. N. vin. 53; Gesner, Quad. 321. fig. 329.

Rupicapra Tragus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Rupicapra capella, Bonap. Fauna Ital.

Tragus seu Dorcas, Klein, Quad. 17.

"ALE dypwos, Oppian, Cyneg. ii. 338.

Chamois, Perrault, Anim. i. 201. t. 29; Buffon, H. N. xii. 136,
eae 16; Penn. Syn. 17; Quad. i. 72; Shaw, Zool. ii. 361.
t,: 187.

Gems, Riding Jagdb. Th. t. 12; Kleine, Th. t. 72; Wilde, Thier.
t. 25; Meyer, Thier.i. t. 66; Lewenwald. Damegraph. 1793;
Allisser. v. Salins Marschlin Hopfn. Mag. i. 111.

Hab. South Europe; Switzerland; Pyrenees and Pindarus.

In summer coat, yellowish. Alps, Europe.

In change (nose imperfect). Alps, Europe.

In winter coat, blackish. Alps, Europe.

Two skins. Mount Pindus. Presented by S. S. Saunders, Esq.
Young. Alps, Europe.

OsTEOLOGY.
Chamoise, Daub. in Buffon Hist. Nat. xu. t. 17.
Two skulls and horns. Alps. Presented by General Hard-
wicke.
Three horns. Alps.
Skull, with horns. Alps. Presented by John Gould, Esq.
Skeleton. Alps. From Mr. Brandt’s Collection.
Three pair of horns of different ages. Alps. Presented by.
J. E. Gray, Esq.

I have compared specimens from Switzerland, the Pyrenees
and Mont Pilatus, and cannot discover any difference between
them.

28. ANTILOCAPRA.

Horns erect, arising directly over the orbit, compressed at the
base, with a flattened process in front, and ending in a conical
recurved tip. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none.
Fur very close. Hair stiff, coarse, flattened, wavy. Tail very
short. False hoofs none. Inguinal pores none. Legs rather
slenderer than the other Goat Antelopes. Female horned. Skull
with “no suborbital depression; the fissure lengthened; the
nasal bones widest posteriorly; the orbit a little elevated above
the line of the face, and the masseteric ridge not rising before

MAMMALIA. 117

it; the auditory bulla moderate, compressed and angular; the
incisors equal-sized, slopmg; the molars without supplemental
lobes.” — Turner.

Dicranocerus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn.
623; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Antilocapra (Americana), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ;
Knowsley Menag. 19.

Antilopecapra, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Oreammos, Rafin.

Mazama, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.

Cervus, sp., Blainville.

Antilopecapradz or falcicornis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

4 1. ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA. The CABRIT or PRONG-HORN.
Pale brown; beneath and caudal disk white.

Antilope (Dicranocerus) furcifer, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xiii. 28.
t.2; Griffith, A. K. iv. 170 t., 352 t., v. 808.

A. rupicapra furcifer, Desm. Mamm. 479 ; Fischer, Syn. 481.
646.

Antilocapra furcifer, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. t.21; Gray,
List Mamm. B. M. 170.

Cervus bifurcatus, Rafinesque.

Antilope (Dicranocerus) palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xiii. 31.
t. 3, horns; Griffith A. K. iv. 352 t., v. 809; Desm. Mamm.
479; Fischer, Syn. 481. 647; Coulter, P. Z. S. 1826, 121.

Antilopecapra furcifer, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Antilocapra americana, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 58; Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 137.

Cervus hamatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 73.

Antilocapra Americana, Ord & Bluinv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818,

146 ; Journ. Phys. Ixxxvui. 314.

Mazama furcifer, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.

Prong-horned Antelope, Lewis & Clark, Travels.

Springbock, Anglo-Americans.

Cabrit, Canadian Hunters.

Kistu-he, N. Amer. Indians.

Hab. N. America; in the plams in summer, and in the moun-
tains in winter.: Called the Goat. Mexico (Coulter).

A fawn, just born. N. America. Presented by Sir John
Richardson, M.D.

Male and female. Rocky Mountains. Presented by the Hud: |

son’s Bay Company.
_ Male, adult, and young. Rocky Mountains.

<j
a

118 MAMMALIA.

ANAT? 2
Antilope furcifer, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xiii. t. 2.
A. palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xui. t. 3, horns only.

*Skull, female. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hudson’s
Bay Company.

Dr. Coulter brought a head from Mexico which had the face
dark brown, and the horns large, wide-spreadmg and much
hooked at the tip, like the A. palmata of H. Smith (Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1826, 121). This is probably only a larger variety in the
summer fur. .

II. The Antelopes of the Desert. Nose broad ; nostrils subval-
vular, and lined with bristles within.

Antelopes of the Desert (Antilopez desertorum), Gray, Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 138.

Damalide, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

’ T am not aware that this division was ever hinted at until pub-
lished in the Ann. & Mag. N. H. for 1846. Mr. Turner observes :
*«T will now proceed to the ‘Antelopes of the Desert’ of Mr. Gray,
a very well-marked natural group, consisting of two distinct ge-
nera, which have usually been widely separated. Mr. Blyth,
however, in the translation of Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, hints at
their affinity, and Mr. Waterhouse informs me that he has long
held that opinion. Indeed he has placed the species next each
other in the Catalogue of the Society’s Museum.” And again:
“ A. pygargus has usually been placed among the Gazelles, where
it was left by Mr. Blyth, who speaks of it as leading ‘through
A. Caama, Bubalis, &c. to the Gnus.? Mr. Waterhouse, who in
the Catalogue of the Society’s Museum uses the generic name
Antilope throughout, places this species between the Gazelles
and the others of its natural genus, to which the Gnu follows.
Mr. Gray, who had left it with the Gazelles in the List of Mam-
malia in the British Museum, has removed it to its true place in
his paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.”

The reference to the Catalogue of the Zoological Society’s
Museum does not justify these observations. In the edition
for 1839 I find the species placed in the middle of the genus
Antilope, intermixed with other subgenera, thus: 272. A. Dama;
273. A. Pygarga; 274. A. Caama; 275. A. Gnu; 276. A. Oryz;
277. A. leucoryx ; 278. A. Sing-Sing (p. 41).

The only observation I can find in Blyth respecting the sub-
ject is as follows: “A. pygargus, which seems to tend through

MAMMALIA. 119

A. Caama and bubalus, &c., to the Gnus”’ (p. 139); but in neither
is there the slightest idea of the character which unites them to-
gether as a natural group.

.

A. Equine Antelopes. Muzzle broad, depressed, spongy, bristly ;
nostrils large, covered with a large spongy valve.

Equine Antelopes (Antilopee Equine), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.
H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849,
138.

Catoblepas et Damalis (et acronotus), H. Smith, G. A. K.

Damalide, part., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64.

29. CoNNOCHETES.

Horns bent down and outwards on the sides, broad at the
base, bent up at the tip. Nose broad, dilated, spongy, bristly.
Nostrils large, operculated. Tail elongate, bushy, hairy from the
base. Hoofs compressed in front. Intermaxillaries elongate,
extending to the nasal, the front half expanded and flattened,
the front part much dilated, flattened and sharp edged. Nose-
hole rather large. Frontal bone much produced behind. Fe-
males: teats 4. Skull: “the general characters the same as in
Alcelaphus ; but the depression before the orbit less marked ;
the occiput rather less prolonged, and its base, together with the
auditory bulla, broader.”— Turner.

Hab. 8. Africa.

Connochetes, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi., 1814.

Catoblepas, Plin.; Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821; H. Smith,
Grifith A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. u. 625; Gray, Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; Knowsley Menag.; Turner, P. Z. 8.
1850; Cuvier, Reg. Anim. ed. 2. 1. 274.

Catablepas, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. P

Boselaphus (type), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 75.

Bos, sp., Forster MSS.

This genus, which bas all the characters of the true Antelopes,
in the slenderness and proportion of the leg-bones, has been
placed with the Oxen by Forster, and im the Bovine section by
Professor Sundevall. Lichtenstein’s name has undoubted priority
of publication.

a. Nose with a crest of reversed hair. Chest maned. Catoblepas.

1. ConnocHETES Gnu. The Gnu or Koxoon.
Nose with a tuft of reversed hair. Chest maned. Brown or

120 MAMMALIA.

blackish; the lower part of the mane and tail often paler or
aa Young pale fulvous. Nasal, gular and nuchal mane
ack.

meres Gnou, Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. 1.102; Gmelin, S. N.

2.189. ,

A. Connochetes Gnu, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 165; Reise, ii. 66 ;
Schreb. Saugth. 1165. t. 280; Cuvier, Dict. S. N. 1. 247. t.;
Harris, W. A. Anim. t. 1, and heads; Burchell, Trav. i. 24,
431, 432, ii. 278; Desm. Mam. 472.

A. Boselaphus Gnu, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Fischer, Syn.
475, 642.

A. Capensis, Gatterer, Brev. Zool. 1. 80.

Catablepas operculatus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64.

Bos Connochetes, Forster, MSS. 66.

Bos Gnu, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iu. 339.

Catoblepas Gnu, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 885; Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. 154; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 232.

Catoblepas Gnou, Gray, List Osteol. Sp. B.M. 59. *

Antilope Boselaphus Taurina, Fischer, Syn. 476.

Antilope Taurina, Burch. Travels, ii..277. fig.

Antilope Gnu var. grisea, Goldfuss.

Catoblepas Taurina, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 886; Gray, List
Mamm. B. M. 154, not A. Smith.

Katoblepas, 4#lian, Anim. vu. 5; Plinui H. N. vui. 39.

T’Gnu, Hottentots, Sparrm. K. Svensk. V. Hand. 1779, 76. t. 3.

Gnou or Niou, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 39. t. 8; Cuvier, R. A.
i. 264; Daniel, African Scenery, t. 3.

Boschbuffell, Vosmaer, Besch. 1784, t.

Gnou Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 70; Shaw, Zool. i. 319; Barrow,
Travels; Burchell, Trav.

2Koknu, Truter & Sémm. Geog. Ephem. 1807, 273.

Wildebeest, Dutch at Cape.

Kokong, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 166.

Hab. S. Africa.

S. Africa. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., LL.D.
Half-grown. S. Africa.

Young? S. Africa.
Young. South Africa. From the South African Museum.
Young. S. Africa. ay

Three parts grown. S. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.

Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. Presented by J.
Hillier, Esq.

Skull, with horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

MAMMALIA. 12]

Skeleton. S. Africa. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.
Skull, with horns. S. Africa.

Icon.

Drawing of the head in colours by Rymsdyk, 1775.—Bank.
Icon. ined. B. M. t. 56.

Bos Connochetus.—G. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M.i. t. 19, 19a,
20-28.

The Antilope Gnu of Burchell, H. Smith, F. Cuvier and Harris,
“and the Kokong of Lichtenstein,” has a white tail and mane.
Burchell and H. Smith have given the name of A. taurina to the
specimens which have those parts black. When young they are
fulvous, and become black as they reach maturity. The speci-
men of the Kokoon in the Museum of the London Missionary
Society (Blomfield Street, Moorfields), named by Colonel H.
Smith Kokoon (Cat. taurina, Griff. A. K. iv. 369, v. 368), is an
adult common Gnu, C. Gnu (Var. mane and tail white; Kokong,
Licht. Trav. Cape), and his description of Dr. Burchell’s speci-
men in the British Museum agrees with the Gnu in having the
ridge of hair on the face. Indeed, Dr. Burchell (Travels, ii. 278)
appears to consider the difference between the Gnu and A. tau-
rina, that the former has a white and the latter a black tail.
Dr. Andrew Smith (Il/ust. Zool. S. A.) has regarded the C. tau-
rina and C. Gorgon as the same species. Dr. Sundevall, in his
Synopsis, has, by mistake, given the name of C. taurina to the
Gorgon, or Brindled Gnu (C. Gorgon, H. Smith).

b. Nose with smooth hair. Chest not maned. 30. Gorgon.

2. CONNOCHETES GoRGON. The GorGoN or BRINDLED GNU.

Face convex, smooth, covered with hair lying towards the
nose. Chest not maned. Black, varied and striped with grey.
Half-grown blackish; crown grey. Young dark grey; face,
gular and nuchal mane, and end of tail, black.

Catoblepas Gorgon, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 371. t., v. 887 ; Gray,
List Mamm. B. M. 154; Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1846, 232;
Knowsley Menag. 20. t.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139.

Antilope Boselaphi Gorgon, Fischer, Syn. 643.

Antilope Gnu var., Smut, Mam. Cap. 94.

Gorgon fasciatus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t.

-Bastard Wilde Beest, Dutch at Cape.

Kokoon or Brindled Gnoo, Harris, S. Africa, t. 4, and head.

Catoblepas Taurina, Sundevall, Pecora; not Burchell nor H. Smith.

Hab. S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope.

Male. From the South African Museum.

22; MAMMALIA.

Female. S. Africa.
Young. S. Africa. From the S. African Museum.
Half-grown. S. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull. S. Africa.

The Brindled Gnu lives to the north of the Black River or
Nugariep, and though herds feed almost on its banks, yet it is
not known to cross it. It occurs in large herds on the plains
north of the Orange River, and when alarmed each herd de-
camps in long regular files. The flesh is much sought after. The
Bechuana use the skins for their cloaks or mantles.—And. Smith.

Note.—Catoblepas Brooksii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 366. t.

f. , from horn only, is a very doubtful species.

gr. The Bovine Antelopes. Nose moderately broad, with a moderate
or small, bald, moist muffle. Horn high on the frontal ridge.
Grinders rather small, without supplemental lobes. The cen-
tral cutiing-teeth enlarged at the end. Skull with “ a large
deep impression before the orbit, but no fissure ; the masse-
teric ridge not extending high ; the bones of the face length-
ened downwards and forwards, and the occiput also pro-
longed and drawn downwards ; the process upon the alisphe-
noid bone, which terminates the pterygoid ridge, prolonged
and ensiform ; the auditory bulla large and prominent, en-
closing a large rounded space for the attachment of the sty-
lohyal bone; the hasioccipital tubercles high and sharp, the
groove between them narrow in front, wide behind, with a flat
space between the occipital condyles ; the median incisors
expanded at their summits; the molars rather small, narrow,
and without supplemental lobes, showing, when somewhat
worn, a pit in the middle.”’—Turner.

Bovine Antelopes, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846; Knowsley
Menag. 20.

Damalis § acronotus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.-v.

Alcelaphus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Damalide, part., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64.

31. ALCELAPHUS.

Horns lyrate, on the upper edge of the rather produced frontal
bones, thick at the base, end suddenly curved at a nearly right
angle. Nose moderately broad, cervine. Muffle moderate, bald,
moist. Crumen covered with a tuft of hair. Female: teats 2.

Alcelaphus (Bubalis), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816.
Acronotus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 625.

MAMMALIA. 123

Boselaphus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley
Menag. 20; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139; not Blainv.

Alcelaphus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Buselaphus, Rai Syn.

Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.

?Bubalis, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

1. ALcELAPHUsS BuBatis. The BuBALE.
Pale brown, nearly uniform. Rump like back.
Antilope Bubalis (part.), Pallas, Misc. 7; Spic. Z. xii. 16 (not

syn.).

Letina Bubalis, Goldfuss, Schreb. Saugth.1171.t. 277 ; Gmelin,
S. N. i. 288; Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. 1. 241. t.; F. Cuvier,
Mam. Lithog. t.; Fisch. Syn. 473, 641.

A. Bubalides Bubalis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 163; Burchell, Trav.
i. 420, ni. 82, 334.

A. (Alcelaphus) Bubalis, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm.
Mam. 466.

Damalis (acronotus) bubalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 876.

Damalis bubalis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64.

Bubalis Mauritanicus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139.

Alcelaphus Bubalis, Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1848.

BovBados, Oppian, Cyneget. u. 300.

Bubalus, Plin. H. Nat. viii. 15; Aldrov. Bisulc. 363. fig. 365.

Buselaphus Cagu, Rait Quad. 81.

Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray, Ann. 8& Mag. N. H. 1846, 233;
Knowsley Menag. 20. t. 20. f.1; Proce. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139.

Acronotus Bubalis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157; Cat. Osteol.
B. M. 58.

Vache de Barbarie, Perrault, Mém. Hist. Anim. 1. 203, ii. 24. t. 39.

Bekker el Wash, Yachmur bilicus, Shaw, Reise, 151, 358.

Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xii. 294. t. 37. t. 38. f.1; Supp. vi. 133.
t. 14; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.

Bubale des Anciens, Cuvier, Rég. Anim. i. 161.

Cervine Antelope, Penn. Syn. 37; Quad. i. 102; Shaw, Zool. ii.
331. t. 184.

Hab. North Africa.

Young. N. Africa. From Mr. Fraser’s Collection.

OSTEOLOGY.

Bubale, Daub. in Buffon H. N. xii. t. 37, t. 38. f. 1, 2.
Skull and horns, one deformed. North Africa?
Frontal bone and horns. North Africa?

Var. 1.2 Tunisianus. Uniform pale brown; with a dark brown
streak down the outer side of the front of the fore-legs, like
F2

124 MAMMALIA.

the streak on the leg of the Lecama or Harte beest from South
Africa, which is not generally found in this species.

Boselaphus Bubalis var. 1, Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1849, 139.
Hab. Tunis.

A skin, without a head or hoofs, brought by Mr. Fraser from
Tunis; it probably indicates a third species, or perhaps the dark
streak is only marked in the very adult or fully-coloured specimens.

2. ALCELAPHUS CAAMA. The LecamMa or HARTE BEEST.

Grey brown. Dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs,
black. Large triangular spot on the haunches whitish.

Antilope Caama, Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. 242, 1816.
A. (Alcelaphus) Caama, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm.
Mam. 467; Fischer, Syn. 474, 841; Burchell, Trav. i. 420.
Antilope (Bubalides) Bubalis (part.), Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 163;
Schreb. t. 277.

Acronotus Caama, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157; Cat. Osteol.
B. M. 58.

Boselaphus Caama, Gray, Ann. &§ Mag. N. H. 1847, 233;
Knowsley Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 2, young; P. Z. Soc. 1849, 140.

Antilope Dorcas, Thunb. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. iui. 316.

Damalis acronotus Caama, H. Smith, G.A.K. iv.338.t.197,v.877.

Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xu. t. 38. f.2; Suppl. vi. 135. t. 15.

Harte beesten eller Dorcas, Sparrm. in K. V. Handl. 1779, 151.
t. 5, bad.

Caama, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.; Rég. Anim. i. 261; Pallas, Misc.
7; Spicil. i. 12 (not syn.).

Antilope Senegalensis, Cuwier, Dict. Sci. Nat., from Pennant.

Antilope Koba, Eraleb. Syn. 293, from Pennant.

?Senegal Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 103. t. 50. vig. 40, head.

Harte beest, Dutch at Cape.

Kaama, Hottentots.

Licama, Caffers.

Hab. South Africa.

(Not in good state.) S. Africa. Part of Sir Hans Sloane’s
Museum.

Male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum.

Adult male. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Male, young. S. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.
Frontal bone and horns. South Africa.
Frontal bone and horns, wide apart, very rough. South Africa.
Horns, with the head stuffed. South Africa.

MAMMALIA. 125

Frontal bone, with the skin on. South Africa.
Horns. South Africa. re

Two pair of horns. S. Africa. Mr. Warwick’s Collection.
Skull, without lower jaw. S. Africa.

Nine pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Icon.
Antilope Bubalis, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M.n. 10,975. t. 164, 165.

Pennant figures the head and horns of this species under the
name of Senegal Antelope, and erroneously refers to Buffon’s
figures of the horns of the Koda as representing the species, which
has occasioned some confusion; for the A. Senegalensis (Cuvier,
Dict. Sci. Nat. 11. 235) is an abbreviation, and A. Koba (Erxle-
ben, Syn. 293) is a translation, of Pennant’s description of this
species. Pennant’s specimen is said to come from Senegal, but
he describes the nuchal line and the knees as black, and the
figure indicates the dark colour on the face of the Cape species.

The Hartebeest has an extensive range; it is found everywhere
in the fiat and wooded districts between the Cape of Good Hope
and the Tropic of Capricorn. Its movements are ungraceful, and
give a notion of great exertion, but when urged by danger it
shows no want of either agility or endurance. The flesh is
esteemed.—A. Smith.

32. Damauis, H. Smith.

Horns lyrate, diverging, subcylindrical. _Nose moderately
broad, cervine, with a small bald moist muffle between and be-
low the nostrils; an exposed tear-bag. Female: two teats.

Damalis acronotus, sp. (Koba), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182.

Damalis, Gray, Ann. 8 Mag. N. H.1846, 233; Knowsley Menag.;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 140.

Alcelaphus, sp., Fischer, Syn.; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Bubalis, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 83.

Gazella, sp. (pygarga), Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816; H. Smith, G.
A. K.v.; Fischer, Syn. 642.

* Horns recurved above, diverging from the base. Face dark in

front.
\
1. Damatis tunatus. The SassayBy.
Rufous, glaucous. Outer side of limbs dark. 7

Antilope lunata, Burchell, Trav. 11. 334, 591. fig.

Damalis acronotus lunatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 352. t. 198,
v. 880.

A. Alcelaphus lunata, Fischer, Syn. 642.

126 ‘ MAMMALIA.

Acronotus lunatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157.

Alcelaphus lunatus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848.

Damalis lunatus, A. Smith, Zool. S. Africa, t. 31; Harris, W.
A. Africa, t. 8, and head; Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 57; Ann.
& Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 21; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1849, 140.

Bubalis lunata, Sundevall, Pecora, 83.

Sassaybi, Daniel, Afric. Scenery, t.

Hab. S8. Africa.

Female. S. Africa. From the South African Museum.
Male. S. Africa.

OstroLtocy. Burchell, Trav. ii. 591. fig.

Horns and skin of legs. South Africa. Presented by W. Bur-
chell, Esq., LL.D.

Horns. §. Africa. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

Two pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

The Bastard Hartebeest inhabits between Latikoo and the
Tropic of Capricorn. It lives in herds of six or ten in the flat or
wooded districts. Its flesh is esteemed. Where not disturbed it
is confidmg and curious, but where hunted it becomes vigilant
and shy.—A. Smith.

** Horns regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, and then
diverging and. approaching at the tips. Face black marked.
Crumen moderate.

2. DAMALIS SENEGALENSIS. The KorriGum.

Reddish grey. Front of face from nose to occiput, a small
spot behind the eyes, a small streak above the angle of the
mouth, and streak on outside of the limbs above the knees, and
tuft of the tail, black. Very young: uniform pale brown, with-
out any dark marks.

Damalis (Acronotus) Senegalensis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v.
6:°199):2.'3-

Antilope Koba, Children in Denham & Clapperton’s Travels (not
Erzaleben).

Bubalis Koba, Sundevall, Pecora, 83.

Bubalis lunata, Sundevall, Act. Stockh. 1842, 201, 243 (not
Burchell).

Damalis Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 59; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 21. t. 21.

Damalis Korrigum, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158.

Antilope Corrigum, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 103; Gray, List
Mamm. B. M. 158.

MAMMALIA. 127

A. Gazella Korrigum, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 176.

Alcelaphus Senegalensis, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848.

Hab. West Africa; Gambia River, Macarthy’s Island, Mr.
Whitfield, called Yonga; Senegal; Senaar. Mus. Stockholm.

Young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.

Skull and horns. Bornou. Presented by Capt. Clapperton,
R.N., and Major Denham. (The specimen figured: by Col. H.
Smith, and noticed by Mr. Children.)

Skull and horns. Bornou. Presented by Capt. Clapperton,
R.N., and Major Denham.

Skull. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Mr. Whitfield informs me this species is found on Macarthy’s
Island, on the Gambia; they afford very good venison; are
called Yonga or Yongah by the Ioliffs, and Tan Rong by the
Mandingoes.

_In Denham & Clapperton’s Travels I regarded this species as
the Koba of Buffon, and Colonel H. Smith and Dr. Sundevall
are of the same opinion: but on comparing the six pairs of horns
of this species which I have been able to examine with Buffon’s
figure and descriptions, I find them all longer and much thicker
at the base than Buffon describes them ; the thinner specimen (a
female?) bemg 7 and the others 9 or 93 inches in circumference,
while that Buffon described is only 5 inches. The rings are also
more elevated, and reach nearer to the top than im Buffon’s
figure. All the characters lead me to believe that the horns figured
as those of the Koba by Buffon belong to Damalis Pygarga.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, mn Grifith’s Animal Kingdom, de-
scribed and figured the heads brought home by Messrs. Denham
and Clapperton as Antilope Senegalensis, but they are different
from the one so called by Cuvier. Mr. Ogilby, in the Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society (1826, 103), proposed to call these
heads A. Corrigum.

Under the name of Antilope Koba, Schinz (Syn. Mam. ui. 407)
combines the A. defassa, Riippell, Damalis Senegalensis and
Antilope adenota, H. Smith, the Koba of Buffon, and the Anti-
lope Koba or Caama of Erxleben.

*** Horns regularly lyrate, parallel at the base. Face of the
adult white.
3. DAMALIS PyGarGa. The Nunni or BonTE Boc.

Purple red. Outer side of the limbs darker. Streak between
horns, face, and rump above the tail, white. Temple and upper

128 MAMMALIA.

part of throat whitish. Legs whitish, upper and lower part brown
varied. Female: throat and under part of body white. Fawn
pale yellowish brown.

Antilope Pygarga, Pallas, Spic. xii. 15 (not syn.); Sparrm. Act.
Holm. 1780, 3.

A. (vera) Pygarga, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 166; Gmelin, S. N. i.
189; Schreb. Saugth. 1187. t. 273; Desm. Mam. 456; Bur-
chell, Trav. 1. 290, 1. 335.

A. Gazella Pygarga, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G.
A. K. vy. 820; Fischer, Syn. 461, 629.

Alcelaphus Pygargus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848.

Antilope pygargus, Pallas, Spic. i. 10.

Gazella Pygarga, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 161.

Bubalis pygarga, Sundevall, Pecora.

Antilope Dorcas, Pallas, Mise. 6—not Spicil. i. 11.

Damalis Pygarga, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 233;
Knowsley Menag.t.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 140.

White-faced Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 93; Shaw, Zool. ii. 352.

Bonte bok or Pied Antelope, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 17.

Antilope personata (Bonte bok), H. Woods, Zool. Journ. iv. 524,
v. 2. t. 1, young, not arrived at its colour; P. Z. S. ui. 45.

Nunni, Bushmen.

Hab. 8. Africa.
Horns, long and slender. Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

OsTEOLOGY.
Koba, Daub. in Buffon H. N. xii. 268. t. 32. f. 2.
Skull. Cave of Good Hope. Presented by William Burchell,
Esq., LL.D.
Horns. South Africa.
Two pair of horns. 8. Africa. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.
Horns, ten pair. 8. Africa.
Male.
Male and female. S. Africa. From Dr. Smut’s Collection.
Young, pale brown. S. Africa.
Very young. S. Africa. From M. Verreaux’s Collection.
Male, adult. S. Africa.

These animals are often brought to the Cape market for food. ©

The names Kod and Koba appear to be generic among the
negroes for Antelopes. Colonel Smith, Professor Sundevall, and
Mr. Children in Clapperton’s Travels, have considered the horns
figured by Buffon under the name of Koba the same as Damalis
Senegalensis of this work. The comparison of six pairs of horns
of that animal with Buffon’s figure and description has led me
to doubt the identification. I believe they are the horns of the

MAMMALIA. 129

Bontebok, D. Pygarga; if so, all the following names which
have been given to these horns must be regarded as synonyma
of this species.

A. Tragelaphus Senegalensis, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 181.

Koba, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210, 268. t. 32. f. 2, horns cop. FE. M.
too. f. 2. ,

Damalis Koba, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

_ 2?Senegal Antelope, Penn. Syn. 38. fig. at 39, head.

Antilope Koba, Eral. Syst. 293; Desm. Dict. H. N. ii. 187;
Fischer, Syn. 463, 630.

A. Gazella Koba, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Antilope Senegalensis, Cuvier, Dict. Sc. Nat. u. 235; Desm.
Mamm. 457,

4. DAMALIS ALBIFRONS. The BLESS BOCK.

Purple red. Front of face, spot between horns and on tem-
ples, the hinder edge of rump below the tail, white. Throat,
stripe down the outer side of front of legs, brown.

Antilope albifrons (Bless bok), Burchell, Travels, ii. 3352; Har-
ris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 21, and head.

Bubalis albifrons, Sundevall, Pecora.

Damalis albifrons, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 233;
Knowsley Menag. 22. t. 22. f. 1, half-grown; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 141.

A. Pygarga, part., Mus. Paris, 1851.

Hab. South Africa.

Dr. Burchell, when speaking of the Bless bock, proposed to
call it A. albifrons, as the name Pygarga has been used for both
the Springer and the Bless bock; but it is not. certain if he m-
tended by Bless bock this or the preceding species. Captain
Harris’s figure shows the distinction of the two species, and he
applies Dr. Burchell’s name to the one now described.

A half-grown specimen of this species, when compared with a
siumilar-sized specimen of D. Pygarga in the same paddock, was
darker, with a pale spot between the horns, separated by a dark
spot from the white on the face; the temple was white, with a
white spot; the legs had a brown stripe down the outer side of
the front; and the throat and rump brown, the latter without
any white spot.

*x** Horns unknown.

5. DAMALIS? ZEBRA. The Dorta.

Bright golden brown, with several black cross-bands narrow-
ing at the end. Outside of the fore- and hind-legs dark brown.
FS

130 MAMMALIA.

Antilope, n.s., Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, 122.

Antilope Zebra, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 27, 1836.

Cephalophorus? Zebra, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 154.

Antilope (Calliope) Doria, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 121
(not described); Frazer, Zool. Typica, t.

Antilope Zebrata, Robert, Echo du Monde Savante, 1836; Ger-
vais, Dict. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 267.

Damalis? Zebra, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

Canis or Viverra Zebra, Whitfield, MSS.

Antilope fasciata?, Geof. D. H. N. 53.

Hab. W. Africa.

Flat skin, without limbs. Sierra Leone.

Skins without head and feet are alone known ; they are brought
down the river by the negroes. In the Catalogue of the Mam-
malia in the British Museum, 1 have referred this species with
doubt to Cephalophus. Mr. Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1836, 121) thinks
it should be referred with the Harness Antelopes to Calliope. I
am inclined, on account of the dark mark on the outside of the
limb, to think it belongs to the genus Damalis. Mr. Whitfield
believes it, on the authority of the negroes, to be a species of
Viwerra.

The specific name is supposed to be commemorative of Mrs.

Fig. 1.

Skull of Eleotragus arundinacea. Female (see p. 92).

MAMMALIA, 131

Ogilby, whose christian name was Doria. In the Catalogue of
the Zoological Society it is called the Gilded Antelope.

Section 2. Horns subangular, with a more or less distinct
ridge on the front angle. Knee in the middle of the fore-leg—
Angulicornia.

Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.

Subtribe III. Strepsiceree. Horns subspiral, inclined back-
wards. Crumen distinct. Nostrils near together in front. Fore-
head flat. Males not bearded on the chin. Fur white banded
or spotted. Females: teats 4, im a smali udder.

Antilope, § C. spiralibus, Gray in J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63,
1828

Strepsicereee, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.

Strepsiceres, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 142; Knowsley Menag.

Antilope, part. (Tragelaphus), et Damalis, part. (Boselaphus,
Strepsiceros et Portax), H. Smith, G. A. K.v. ; Fischer, Syn.
625.

Strepsiceros et Portax, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Bovina, part. (Portax), Sylvicaprina, part., Sundevall, Pecora.

Addax, sp., Laurill.

Bos, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 32, 1830.

The animals of this subtribe are peculiar as being the only hol-
low-horned or Bovine Ruminants which are marked with white
stripes and spots. The bands are not very distinct in the Im-
poofo or Eland, but they are easily to be observed in the female,
if it is looked at obliquely, which was brought home by Burke,
and presented to the British Museum by the Earl of Derby.
The skull, which somewhat resembles that of the Deer, has a-
rather small nasal opening, no suborbital pit, and only a small
suborbital fissure.

Colonel H. Smith forms of the larger species three of his four
subgenera of Damalis : he places the smaller kinds as a subgenus
(Tragelaphus) of Antelopes.

Prof. Sundevall placed the genera here brought together in
two different families; the genus Portar with the Bovina, and
the others in the Sylvicaprina, or True Antelopes.

M. Agassiz has observed, that the horns of the Strepsiceres and
the Sheep are twisted in the contrary direction. Mr. Ogilby has ~
justly observed, that the right horn of the Strepsiceres is twisted
in the same direction as the left horn of the Sheep, and vice versd.
—Trans. Zool. Soc. ui. 57.

132 MAMMALIA.

Synopsis oF GENERA OF STREPSICERZ.
I. Limbs equal. African.

a. Nose cervine. Neck with a linear mane.

1. Srrepsiceros. Horns spiral, keeled.
2. Oreas. Horns straight, with a spiral keel.

b. Nose bovine. Neck with long hair.

3. TRAGELAPHUS. Horns subtriangular, subspiral.

II. Hinder legs short. Asiatic.

4. Portax. Horns short, subtriangular.

I. The African Genera have large heavy horns, only the rudi-
ment of a tear-bag, and the limbs nearly equal. Skull with
“the nasal opening of moderate size; a suborbital fissure, but
no fossa; the masseteric ridge not extending high; the auditory
bulla swollen and prominent; the basioccipital bone with its an-
terior and posterior pairs of tubercles well developed, the former
separated by a deep median groove; the median incisors ex-
panded at their summits; the molars without supplemental
lobes.” — Turner.

Strepsiceros, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.
Antilope et Damalis, part., H. Smith.
Sylvicaprina, Sundevall, Pecora.

A. Horns with strong spiral keel. Nose cervine, hairy. Muffle
small, between and under the front half of the nostrils. Body
large, heavy. Neck maned.

|. STREPSICEROS.

Horns large, heavy, spirally twisted, with a distinct, raised,
rounded keel in front. Tear-bag a naked space. Throat with a
central linear mane. Females hornless. (Skull, t. 17. f. 1, 2.)

Damalis Strepsiceros, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. _, 182.

Strepsiceros, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; Turner, P.
Z. 8. 1850.

Boselaphus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 181, 1842.

Risia, Laurill.

Calliope, sp., Ogilby.

MAMMALIA. 133

l. Strepsiceros Kupu. The EecHLONGOLE or Koopoo.
eer bgt. T° 2.) ;

Grey, white striped. Face with a broad, white, lunate cross
- band.

Antilope Strepsiceros, Pallas, Misc. 9; Spic. i. 17, xu. 19;
Gmelin, S. N. 1. 192.

A. (gazella) Strepsiceros, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172; Schreb.
Saugth. 1207. t. 267; Burchell, Trav. i. 267, 337, 374.

A. (Tragelaphus) Strepsiceros, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75;
Desm. Mam. 468; Fischer, Syn. 472. 640.

Strepsiceros Capensis or Koodoo, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 20,
and head. .

Damalis (Strepsiceros) Strepsiceros, H. Smith, G. A. K. v,
883.

Calliope Strepsiceros, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138.

Strepsiceros excelsus, Sundevall, Pecora, 71.

Bos Strepsiceros, Aldrov. Bisulc. 368. fig. 369.

Capra Strepsiceros, Jonst. Quad. t. 24; Houtt. Nat. Hist. ui.
eo. 7. 1. o.

Strepsiceros kudu, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155; Osteol. B. M.
59

Condoma, Buffon, H. N. xii. 301. t. 39. f. 1, 2 (cop. E. M. t. 56.
f. 2); Supp. vi. t. 13.

Coudu, Vosmaer, Besch. 1783, t.

Cerf du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Colint, Comm. Palat. i. 487. t.

Afrikanischer Kutu, Knorr, Délic. i. t. K.

Striped Antelope, Penn. Syn. 31. Quad. i. 88. t. 14 ; Shaw, Zool.
i. 324. t. 185; Daniel, African Scenery, t.

Knorr, Délices, i. t. K. 1. f. 1, t. K. v. f. 1, t=. K. xi.

Hab. §. Africa.

In bad state. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the College
of Surgeons.
Male. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Ostrro.Locy. Skull, t. 17. f. 1, 2.
Condoma, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 39.

Three pairs of horns. South Africa.

Frontal bone and horns. South Africa.

Two skulls and horns. South Africa.

Head and horns. Presented by the Trustees of the Hunterian
Collection.

Single horn of young. South Africa.

*Skull, female. S. Africa.

Skull, with horns, male. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent’s Col-
lection.

134 MAMMALIA.

Var. 1. Smaller—Mus. Ind. Comp. Lond. and Frankfort.
Antilope Tendall, Riippell, Abyssinia, 22; Fischer, Syn. 475.
Antilope chora, Riippell, Abyssinia, 22; Fischer, Syn. 475.
Hab. Abyssinia.

Var. 2. Lighter and smaller.
Koodoo var., Oswell, Journ. Geog. Soc. xx. 150.
Hab. Banks of River Zonga, Oswell.

2. OREAS.

Horns large, straight or slightly curved, bent back from the
forehead, with a strong, raised, rounded spiral keel. Throat with
a longitudinal crested dewlap. Crumen Females with
smaller, thinner, less keeled horns. Skull, t. 17. f£. 3, 4.

Oreas (Oreades), Desm. Mam. 471; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181.
Boselaphus, sp., Blainv. Bull. 8S. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam.
Damalis (Boselaphus), H. Smith, Grifith A. K. v. 182.
Boselaphus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.

Damalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 74.

Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 153, 1814.

1. OrEAS Canna. The Impooro or ELAND.

Pale brown, nearly uniform, with very indistinct, narrow white
stripes on the sides.

Antilope oreas, Pallas, Spic. Z. xii. 17 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 190.

A. Bubalides oreas, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 153; Schreb. Saugth.
53.6: 256:

A. Oreas oreas, Desm. Mam. 471; Burchell, Trav. i. 248.

A. Boselaphus oreas, Blainv. B. S. P. 1816, 75; Fischer, Syn.
477. 644.

Boselaphus Oreas, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155; Cat. Osteol.
B. M. 59; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846.

Boselaphus Canna, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155, female.

Antilope Oryx, Pallas, Mise. Z.9; Spic. Z.i.15; Forster, MSS.
55; Eraleb. Mam.

Damalis Boselaphus Canna, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198. t. 181.
f. 5, horn 9; v. 882.

Antilope Canna, Fischer, Syn. 644.

Afrikanisches Elend thier, Kolbe, Vorgeb. Hoffn. i. 145. t. 3. f.1.

Coudou, Buffon, H. N. xii. 357. t. 46 6, horn.

Canna, Buffon, Suppl. vi. t.12 $ adult; Cuv. R. A. 1. 263.

Eland, Sparrm. Kongl. V. Handl. 1779, 155. t. 5; Harris, W. A.
A.t.6and head; Vosmaer, Besch. 1785, t.

Cape Elk, var., Daniel, African Scenery, t.

MAMMALIA. 135

Indian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 26; Quad. i. 78; Shaw, Zool. ii.
319. t. 183; Barrow, Travels; Licht. Reise, i. 155, ii. 39. 462 ;
Burchell, Travels.

Elandt, Dutch at Cape G. H.

Canna t’Gann or Y’gann, Hottentots.

Impophos or Poffo, Caffers.

Empophos, Zimmerm. Geog. Zool. ii. 109; Lobo, Abyss. i. 293.

Bastard Eland, Dutch at Cape G. H.

Hab. S. Africa.

Skin and horns, in bad state. S. Africa. Presented by Wil-
liam Burchell, Esq., LL.D.

Female. S. Africa.

Male and female. South Africa. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

OstroLocy. Skull, t. 17. f. 3, 4.
Coudou, Daub. in Buffon H. N. xii. t. 46. f.

Three pairs of horns, separate. South Africa.

Frontal bone and horns. South Africa.

Skeleton. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Horns on base of skull. 8. Africa.

Horns and skin of nape. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by
Wilham Burchell, Esq., LL.D.

Separate horn of an adult. (Antilope Canna of Col. H. Smith,
and figured by Griffith, A. K. t. 181. f. 5.)

Icon.
Horns.— Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 166.
A. Orix.—Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. i. t. 30.

Mr. Livingston observes, “ It is a well-ascertained fact, that
the Eland, Gemsbock, Duiker, Steinbock, &c., can live for months
together without water. The Eland becomes enormously fat
during the driest season, viz. the winter, when all the herbage is
withered and so dry that it crumbles to powder im the hand; and
yet the stomach of all these animals, when opened, contamed a
good deal of moisture. Our party was well supplied with Eland
flesh during our passage through the desert; and it bemg supe-
rior to beef, and the animal as large as an ox, it seems strange
it has not yet been introduced into England.” —Journ. Geog. Soc.
xx. 139, 1850.

They have bred at Knowsley, but are ravenous feeders, and
liable to an epidemic.

2. OrEAS DERBIANUS. The GINGI JONGA.

Pale reddish brown. Front of the face, the neck, the front
part of the under side, a spot on the front and hinder side of the ~

136 MAMMALIA.

upper part of the fore-leg, and the dorsal streak, dark black. The
belly, the front and back edge of the upper part of the legs, and
under side of tail, whitish. A broad half-collar in front of the
shoulder, narrowed above. Fourteen or fifteen narrow, waved,
perpendicular streaks on each side of the body white. Withers
with intermixed black hairs. Throat of female dark brown;
crown reddish brown.

Boselaphus Derbianus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. xx. 286;
Silliman, Amer. Journ. v. 279. .

Oreas Derbianus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. g and 9°.

Hab. Western Africa; River Cassaman.

Horns. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Horns. Gambia.

B. Horns subangular, obscurely keeled. Nose bovine. Muffle
rather large, bald between and beneath the nostrils, and on a
narrow band up the middle of the hairy upper lip, Neck
with longer hair, forming a mane. Body high. Legs slender.
Hoofs and false hoofs small.

3. TRAGELAPHUS.

Horns conical, tapering, with only one spiral turn, subangular,
very obscurely angular in front at the base, with a keel above
arising from the hinder part of the base. Tear-bag distinct.
Neck and throat with longer hair. Nape and back with a more
or less distinct mane. Legs slender. Hoofs and false hoofs
small. Females hornless. Skull, t. 18. f. 1, 2.

Antilope (Tragelaphus), sp., 4. Smith, Griffith A. K. y. 182;
Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181.

Tragelaphus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.

Calliope, Ogilby, Proc. Z. Soc. 1836; Riippell, Verz. Senck.
Samml. 1845, not of Swainson.

a. Horns large, elongate. Face with an arched band between the
eyes. Back cross-banded. Kuryceros.

Strepsiceros, sp., Ogilby.
Euryceros, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

1. TRAGELAPHUS EurycerRus. The BROoAD-HORNED ANTE-
LOPE.

Head pale brown. Broad band before the eyes, and two large
spots on cheeks, chin, and front of upper lip, white. Horns

MAMMALIA. 137

elongate, thick, scarcely bent forward at the tip. Throat with
long black hairs.

Antilope, sp., Afzelius, Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 269. t. 8. f.3; H.
Smith, G. A. K. v. 361.

Antilope Eurycerus, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 120; Waterhouse,
Cat. Mam. Zool. Soc. 391.

Tragelaphus (Euryceros) Eurycerus, Gray, Knowsley Menag.t. ,
head.

A. Tragelaphus Eurycerus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181.

Hab. W. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.
Horns. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

The horns are very similar to those of T. Angasiu, but the
head is considerably larger, nearly as large as that of the Kudu,
and the horns are thicker and larger; they are 27 inches long in
a straight line from base to tip, and 9 inches in circumference at
the base. The hair of the head is also paler and more uniformly
coloured, and with very large white spots on the cheek, much
larger than those of the Kudu or of T. Angast. 'Vhe throat has
a distinct mane of blackish rigid hairs. The muffle is very like
that of T. Angasii, and larger than that of the Kudu. The skull
is imperfect ; it has no appearance of any suborbital pit or slit.

Var. 1. Skull about two-thirds the size of the former.

Antilope from Bight of Biafra, Allen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88 ;
Turner, P. Z. S. 1850.

Hab. Bight of Biafra.

A skull, with horns. Bight of Biafra. Presented by Capt.
Allen, R.N. (The specimen noticed in P. Z. S. 1848, 88.)

2. TRAGELAPHUS ANGASII. The INYALA.

Black. Back with a vertebral streak and four or five bands on
each side. Head blackish. Narrow band before eyes and small
spot on cheeks, front of upper lip and chin, white. Forehead
and feet bay. Throat with a mane of long, rigid, blackish hair.
Horns rather slender, elongate, rather bent forward at the tip.
Female bay. with many white bands. Muffle band small, only
extending half-way up between the nostrils and about one-third
the length beneath them, and entirely separated from the edge
of the upper lip by a broad, hairy band (with a slight central
groove). The horns are 8 inches in diameter at base, rather
slender, elongate, black with white tips, rounded in front, with
a very obscure indication of a keel, and with a keel arismg from
the back edge of the horns, on the imner side of the upper part,
rather bent forwards in front.

138 MAMMALIA.

Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 89. t. 4, 5.
Hab. 8. Africa; Port Natal; Angas, Proudfoot. VA

A skin of male and female without feet. S. Africa; Port
Natal. Mr. Proudfoot’s Collection.

The slenderness of the horns and smaller size of the head, and
the dark colour and small size of the bands and spots on the head,
chiefly distinguish the head of this species from T. Euryceros.

b. Horns moderate, rather short. Face without any cross band.
Tragelaphus.

+ Back with cross bands and lateral streaks.

3. TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTA.

Pale bay. Back with four cross bands and a central white
streak. Haunches white spotted. Cheek with two white spots.
Spot on chest, nose, feet, and spots on the legs, blackish. Dor-
sal streak and end of tail black. Adult: chest, outside of
shoulder, and haunches and legs, black.

The adult males (four years old) have a high ridge of long,
coarse, white hair extending the whole length of the back to the
tail.— Dict. Sci. Nat. t.; Knowsley Menag. t.

Antilope seripta, Pallas, Misc. 8; Spic. i. 15, xu. 18.

A. vera scripta, Licht. B. M. vi. 169; Gmelin, S. N. i. 191;
Schreb. Saugth. 1212. t. 258.

A. (tragelaphus) scripta, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm.
Mam. 470; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 859; Fischer, Syn. 473.
640.

Tragelaphus scriptus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 160; Cat.
Osteol. B. M.; Knowsley Menag. t. $ 2; Ann. & Mag. N. H.
x. 267, 1843.

Antilope maculata, Thunb. Mem. A. Petersb. i. 313.

Antilope (Tragelaphus) phalerata, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 860;
Fischer, Syn. 640.

Calliope scripta, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845.

Guib, Negro at Senegal; Buffon, H. N. xii. 305, 307. t. 40, jun.,
41. f. 1, horn; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Dict. Sci. Nat.
t. d adult.

Harness Antelope, Penn. Syn. 27; Quad. i. 81; Shaw, Zool. ii.
322. t. 186.

Bontebock, Dutch in Africa.

Oualofes or Zalofes, Negro in Gambia.

Hab. West Africa; Senegal and Gambia.

Female. W. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

s >
+ ,

MAMMALIA. 139

OsTEOLOGY.
Guib, Daub. in Buffon Hist. Nat. xii. t. 41. f. 1.

Skull of female with the intermaxillaries reaching to the nasal.
Suborbital pit none. Nasals, slit up each side in front.

Varies, some having seven, and others nine white cross bands,
and some are spotted and others not. They breed together at
Knowsley, and produce specimens different in these respects
from their parents.

4. TRAGELAPHUS DecuLa. The Drecuna.

Grey brown. Back with three or four indistinct cross bands.
Arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch
on the haunches, dorsal line, streak on nose and on front of fore
legs, blackish.

Antilope Decula, Riippell, Fauna Abyss. t. 4.

Calliope Decula, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Sammi. 182, 1845.
Tragelaphus Decula, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. 160; Knows. Menag.
Hab. Africa; Abyssinia.

Male. Abyssinia. From the Frankfort Museum.

Var. Back without the cross bands.
Hab. Africa; Abyssinia; Riippell.

tt Back without any cross bands or lateral streaks.

5. TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICA. The Boscu Boc.

Blackish brown. Head pale brown. Band across forehead
black. Small spot on haunches, larger spot on insides of legs
and on feet white. Dorsal line longly crested, black, white va-
ried. Female paler brown. Young pale bay.

Antilope sylvatica, Sparrm. Act. Holm. 1780, iii. 197. t.7; Gme-
lin, S. N. 1. 192.

A. (Gazella) sylvatica, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 173; Schreb. Saugth.
1209. t. 257; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 315; H. Smith, G. A.
K. v. 858.

A. Tragelaphus sylvatica, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm.
Mam. 469; Fischer, Syn. 472. 640; Harris, W. A. Afr. t. 26.

Tragelaphus sylvaticus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 160; Cat.
Osteol. B. M. 59; Knowsley Menag.

Calliope sylvatica, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845.

Bosbok, Allam, Buff. H. N. v. 35. t.15; Supp. vi. t. 25; Shaw,
Zool. ii. 348.

Forest Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 86.

Bosch bock, Dutch at Cape.

Hab. South Africa.

a

~

*

140 MAMMALIA.
Niet (bad state). S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq.,

Female and males. 5S. Africa.
Young. From M. Verreaux’s Collection.
Half-grown female. S. Africa.

Var. 1. Smaller. Horns shorter, less diverging and more
ascending.

Serolomootlooque (Antilopus Roualeynei), Rowaleyn Gordon
Cumming, Hunter’s Life S. A. ii. 168, 178, 179.

Hab. Limpopo. Head Mus. Cumming.

OsTEOLOGY.
Base of skull, with horns.
Pair of horns, separate.
Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

The two pairs of horns, named by Colonel H. Smith Boseda-
phus canna (a, 6, in the List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. 155); one,
presented by Dr. W. Burchell, is certainly the horns of this spe-
cies, and the other appear to be those of a young male, Strepsi-
ceros Kudu.

II. In the Asiatic Strepsiceres the horns are short, conical, an-
gular, subspiral, with an obscure oblique ridge. Tear-bag deep,
longitudinal. The hind leg much shorter than the fore ; shoulder
higher than rump. The nose bovine, with a large moist muffle.
Skull with “ the nasal opening rather small, with the nasal bones
small and narrow ; a minute suborbital fissure; no fossa, but a
smooth line upon the lacrymal bone; the masseteric ridge not
extending high; the auditory bulla moderate, bulbous, com-
pressed; the basioccipital bone with the posterior tubercles mo-
derately developed, the anterior ones scarcely at alls the molars
with supplemental lobes. The smooth line upon the lacrymal
bone terminates in a small foramen, but one side is continued for
some distance forwards upon the maxillary bone, where it ter-
minates in the same way.”— Turner.

Asiatic Strepsiceres, Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850, 146.

4. PorTAx.
The Character of Section.
Damalis (Portax), H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182; Fischer, Syn.
625; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Portax, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.
Antilope Boselaphus, sp., Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.

MAMMALIA. 141

Antilope Bubalides, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 164.
Tragelaphus, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836.

Fig. 2.

Skull of Portax Tragocamelus.

1. Portax TRAGOCAMELUS. The NILGHAU.

Grey. Rhombic spot on the forehead and above the hoofs
black, and white rmged; tail end black. Female browner. Young
dull reddish fawn. Lower part of legs brighter. Under lip,
spot on jaw, and line along the belly, on outside of leg, and fore
part of hock, white. Tip of tail, lme on back, of nose, and on
front of legs, black.

Antilope Tragocamelus, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 5; Spic. Zool. i. 9,
xii. 13; Gmelin, S. N.1. 184.

Antilope picta, Pallas, Spic. xii. 14; Gmelin, S. N. i. 184;
Schreb. Saugth. 1159. t. 262, 263 a, 2638; Desm. Mam. 471;
Wolf. Abbild. i. 57. t. 16; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ;
Fischer, Syn. 476. 645; Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, 37.

A. Boselaphus picta, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75.

Antilope albipes, Eral. Mam. 280; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 113.

A. Bubalides Tragocamelus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 164.

Portax Tragocamelus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 28. t. 29.

142 MAMMALIA.

Damalis picta (Nylgau), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828.

Antilope leucopus, Forst. MSS.; Zimmerm. Zool. 541.

Portax Tragelaphus, Sundevall, Pecora.

Damalis (Portax) Risia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 884.

Portax picta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 154; Cat. Osteol. B. M.
59

oJ.

Tragelaphus Hippelaphus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138.

The Nyl ghau, Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1xi. 170. t. 5 3, cop. Naturf.
wn, 230. t. 2.

Neelghau, Antilope Hippelaphus, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 73.

Hippelaphus, Aristotle, Hist. Anim. ui. c. 5.

Nilghau, Shaw, Zool. ii. 307 -- ABP:

Neel ghae, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 338.

Nilghaut, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 101. t. 10 3, t. 11 9, jun.;
Cuvier, R. A. 1. 264; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

White-footed Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29. t. 6. f.1, 2; Quad. i. 83.
t.13.

Biggel, Mandelslo Itin. 1. 122, 1658.

Tragelaphus Cai, Ray, Quad. 82?

pees from Bengal, Parson, Phil. Trans. xii. 465. t. 3.
f.

Hindostan Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29; Quad. i. 83; Shaw, Zool.
n. 329. t..190.
Hab. India.

Young. India. Presented by the Zoological Society.
Skin of head. India.

OstroLocy. Skull, fig. 2. p. 141.
Skull. India.

Icon.

Neelghau, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M.n.10,975. t.149 2, n. 10,974.
t. 90, 96.

Subtribe IV. Capree. Forehead convex, elevated behind.
Chin of males bearded. Suborbital smus none. Horns erect,
compressed, curved backwards and rather outwards, and fur-
nished with a longitudinal keel in front, deeper than wide at the
base, and with transverse ridges in front. Hoofs four-sided,
scarcely higher before than behind. The skull has “a small
suborbital fissure, no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending high
before the orbit ; the auditory bulla promiment and compressed ;
the basioccipital flat, with its processes developed ; the middle
incisors not expanded; the molars without supplemental lobes.”
— Turner.

“ The occipital plane of skull forms an acute angle with fron-

MAMMALIA. 143

tal plane. Cores of horns thick, porous, cellular. Horns seated
superiorly on the crest of the forehead, and by their union co-
vering the top of the head. Canines wanting. Teats 2, rarely 4.”
—RHodgson.

The males have a strong stench; they butt first raising them-
selves on their hind-legs and then coming down sideways against
their enemies.

Caprex, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.

Capride et Bovide, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836.

Ovesidez, part., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182.

Hircide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 72, 1828.

Hireus, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

Capra, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76; Sundevall, Pecora, 90.
Bos, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amp. 32, 1830.

Mr. Hodgson, in his remarks on the Craniological character
of Ovis and its allies, observes, “‘ That the great depth or extent
of the posteal plane of the skull (comprehending half the frontal
- and all the parietal bones), and the acute angle it forms with the
anteal plane in the genus Ovis, will be found to be characters of
more permanence and moment in separating this genus and Capra
from the nearest adjacent groups of Rummants, than most of the
diagnostics now employed. I subjoin an outline of the typical
Antilopme and Cervme form of skull on one hand, and that of
the normal form of Ovis and Capra. Of these forms, Cervus and
Ovis represent the extremes, and Antilope and Capra the means ;
but there is a regular gradation from Cervus to Antilope, from it
to Capra, and from it again to Ovis.”—J. A. S. B. x. 234. t. 2.

Mr. Hodgson, in his remarks on the genera Capra and Ovis,
observes, “ The males not being odorous is one of the best cha-
racters to separate the Sheep from the male Goats, which are
always odorous.”—J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1835; x. 234, 1841.

The horns of some domestic varieties have an inclination to
twist more or less spirally, like some varieties of Sheep and Strep-
siceres.

The keel of the horns of the Sheep, and especially of the
Goats, is on the inner part of the front edge of the horns; but in
the Marbur or Snake-eater of Affghanistan the strongest keel
which forms the spiral ridge arises from the hinder part of the
inner side of the horns, the front one being obscure.

The hybrid produce of the Sheep and Goat are fertile, black-
faced, and differ little in form from the black-faced Sheep. The
intercourse is stated to be common.—Muirhead, Statistical Acc.
Parish of Urr. xi. 66; Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 198; see also
Cuvier, R. A. i. 267.

144 MAMMALIA.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF CAPRE.
A. Muffle naked.

1. Hemrirracus. Horns trigonal, compressed, and knotted in
front.

2. Kemas. Horns square, flat, and cross-ridged in front.
B. Muffle hairy.

3. Aicoceros. Horns roundish, conical.

_

. Capra. Horns square, flat, and nodose im front.

or

. Hircus. Horns trigonal, compressed, sharp-edged, and
knotted in front.

A. Muffle naked.

1. HEMITRAGUS.

Nose cervine. Muffle small, moist between the nostrils. Horns
short, recurved, compressed, triangular, shelvmg on the outer
side, and nodose in front. Interdigital and suborbital pores none.
Tail very short. Female: horns smaller. Teats 4. Male not
bearded, neck maned; odour like the Goats.

Hemitragus, sp., Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; Knows-
ley Menag.; Sundevall, Pecora, 101.

Kemas, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836.

Kemas, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182.

Hemitragus, b, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 3).

1. HemirrRAGus JEMLAICUS. The JHARAL or TEHR.
Brown or ashy. Dorsal streak and feet black.

Capra Jemlaica, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. . t. ;"Grag, Cae
Mamm. B. M. 168.

Capra Jemlahica, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 308. t. , v. 872;
Fischer, Syn. 649.

Capra Jharal, Hodgson, Asiat. Res. 1833, t. 3; Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Beng. i. 347; iv. 1835, 491; v. 259; P. Z. S. 1834, 99-
106; Schinz, Verz. ii. 462.

Capra quadrimammis vel Jharal, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1836,
954. x. 913; Caleut. Journ. N. H. iv. 291.

Hemitragus Jemlaicius, Hodgson, Zool. Nep. ined.; Gray, Knows.
Menag. 32; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 60; Hodgson, Coll. B. M. 28.

Hemitragus iharal, Sundevall, Pecora, 101.

Hemicapra Jemlaicus, Hodgson, Zool. Nep. ined. t.

MAMMALIA. 145

Semicapra Jemlaicus, Hodgson.

Kemas Jemlaica, Waterh. Cat. Mus. Z. S. 43, 1838.
Kemas Jemlaicus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 259, note.
Kemas iharal, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 182.

Capra Agagrus var., Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1833, 105.

Capra Aigagrus tubericornis (part.), Schinz. Verz. ii. 467; Wagn.
Supp. '

Thar, Ogilby in Royle’s Flora, i. 73.
Hab. Yndia; Nepal, the Kachar, or northern hilly region.

An adult specimen, blackish.

An adult specimen, reddish brown, long hair of neck and back
whitish.

A half-grown specimen, pale brown.

A young specimen.
Male, in winter fur. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq. ©

OsTEOLOGY.

Head and horns. Nepal.

Base of skull, with horns. Nepal.

Skull and horns. Nepal.

Basal part of skull, and horns of female. Nepal.

Skull of a young female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

Broken skull of a young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Bones of body. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Bones of body, young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

Icon.
Drawing of male, female and young.— Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.
M. t. 165.
Drawing of male and female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 166.
Drawing of male-—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 167.
Drawing of male, with details of head.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. _
B. M. t. 168; copied with more details of head, t. 170.
Drawing of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 169.
Drawing of skull of young female.— Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
Eo ie/. f..1, 2.

“The Jharals inhabit the loftiest mountains of India, in the
most inaccessible bare crags beyond the forest, close to the per-
petual snows. They feed in the open glades below such crags at
early morning and evening, returning in the day to their awful
fastnesses. They are gregarious, in flocks of twenty or thirty,

G

146 MAMMALIA.

but sometimes of forty or fifty. If alarmed when feeding, they
go off at speed with a noise like thunder, but anon halt to gaze_
on the intruder, whose shot sends them off agai under the gui-
dance of an old male, whom they follow blindly. They rut in
winter, and the female gestates six months, producing one young
in June or July. They are more dauntless and skilful climbers
than the Wild Sheep. If they can but touch a rough edge or
crevice now and then, they will run up nearly perpendicular pre-
cipices of many feet elevation, and they will stand on a bit of
rock not larger than one’s palm, looking confidently down over
sheer space, with not a shrub to break the awful absence of rest
for the foot.

“The Jharal breeds with the domestic Goat, and perhaps
more nearly resembles the ordinary model of the tame than any
wild species yet known.”—Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1839.

** T never could get any progeny from the Goats by the Jharal,
though my male had commerce with Goats of several breeds re-
peatedly during the six years he lived with me, quite tame and
going abroad with the Sheep and Goats.”— Hodgson.

“In February 1842, a male Jharal in possession of the Court
of Nepal had intercourse with a female Cervus Axis, which in
July produced a young hybrid of mixed appearance, but more
like the mother than the father, which lived and grew up a fine
animal; I saw it last in October 1843. I note the circumstance
as a strong corroboration of the affinity of the Hemitragus to the
Deer, which is indicated by the four teats and moist muzzle.”—
Hodgson.

2. KEMAS.

Nose cervine. Muffle small, moist between the nostrils.
Horns short, recurved, thick, subquadrangular, flat in front, and
rounded on the outer side, closely rmged. Interdigital pores and
suborbital pores none. Hair short, adpressed. Tail . Male
bearded. Odour like Goats. Female: horns smaller, very like
male.

Hemitragus (part.), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; Sun-

devall, Pecora, 101.

Hemitragus, § a, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 31.
Kemas, part., Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 81.

1. Kemas WarrRYATO. The WARRYATO or JUNGLE KEMAs.

Brown, yellow grisled. Male: back with a dirty white patch.
Female paler. Young ashy grey.
Capra (Ibex) Warryato, Gray, Mag. N. H. x. 267, 1843, dand 9.
Capra Warryato, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.:168.

MAMMALIA. 147

Kemas hylocrius, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1837, 81 (female only);
Waterh. Cat. Mus. Z. 8.43; Blyth, Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii.
259, note; Wagner, Supp. 503; Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. A. 182.

Capra hylocria, Schinz, Verz.

Hemitragus Warryato, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 60.

Warryato, Hardw. MSS.

ee hylocrius, Sundevall, Pecora, 101; Gray, Knowsley

enag.

Wild Sheep of Tenasserim, Low, Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1836, 50.

Hab. India; Neilgherries.

OsTEOLOGY.

Head and horns of male and female. Neilgherries. Presented
by Richard Partridge, Esq.

Head of female, without the sheath to the horns. Nepal?

Icon. ;

Warryato or Hill Goat of the Tamooleans, Hardw. Icon. ined. B.
M. n. 10,975. t. 192 (sketch improved from former by Col.
H. Smith, t. 193).

B. Muffle hairy, ovine.

Hircus, Brisson, R. A. i. 38, 1762.

Capra, sp., Pallas; Illiger, 1811; Linn. S. N.; Desm. N. D. H.
. N. 1804. -

Capra, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.

3. ANRGOCEROS.

Nose ovine, hairy, without any muffle. Horns (of male) very
large, spirally curved, flat, and with nodose tubercles in front ;
base very thick, roundish, then conical, attenuated, with sharp
and strongly converging tips; of females smaller. Tear-bag and
inguinal pores none. Ears densely pilose. Hair of forehead
simple. Tail very short, flattened. Chin bearded.

AEgoceros, sp.» Pallas, Act. Petrop. 1779; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i.
224

Capra, § a, Sundevall, Pecora, 91.
‘Capra (sect. Turs), Gray, Knowsley Menag.

* Horns keeled behind.

' }. AGoceros Prrenaica. The PyRENEAN TuR.

Face black in front, paler on the sides. Horns keeled behind,
flat on the inner side. : “4
G P

148 MAMMALIA,

oa Ibex, Linn. S. N. i. 95, part. (see Sundevall, Pecora,

Capra Pyrenaica, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ui. t. 1.
f. 1, 2, skull; 1836, t. 2, animal and horns; t. 3, skull; t. 4,
young; Verz. Syst.u.457 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 91; Brehm, Isis,
1844, 481; Wiegmann, Arch. 1845, ii. 41.

Hab. Pyrenees.

!

Male and female. Pyrenees.

OsTEOLOGY.
*Skull, female. Pyrenees.

Var. 1. Legs paler, only black up the centre of the front.
Adult. Spain. Presented by R. Owen, Esq., from Professor
Grael’s Collection.

** Horns not keeled behind.

2, AXcoceros Caucasica. The Tur or ZACK.

Wool chestnut-brown. Beard of male long. Horns black,
wrinkled, moderately thick, semicircular behind and descending
externally, the tip turning upwards and inwards; the base almost
triangular; middle roundish and compressed. Female with no
beard. Horns small, with a slight curve.

Capra Caucasica, Giildenstadt in Pallas, Act. Petrop. 1779; 16278:
t- 17 a, female, 6, head, male; cop. Schreb. v. t. 281 B;
Gmelin, S. N.i. 197; Meyer, Zool. Ann.i. 398 ; Desm. Mamm.
487 ; Keyserling et Blasius, Wirbelth. Europas, 23; Nord-
mann, Iter Demidoff, ui. 58; Fischer, Syn. 485, 648; H.
Smith, G. A. K. v. 871.

ZEgoceros ammon, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 229. t. 17, t: 18. £6:

AEgoceros Pallasii, Rouillier, Bull. Moscou, 1841, 110; Wagner,
Supp. 497 ; Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ii. t. 1,
animal; Verz. ii. 459; Ray Soc. i. 64.

Ovis Cylindricornis (Caucasian Argali), Blyth, P. Z. Soc. 1840,
68.

2?Ovis ammon var., H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 317; Ainsworth, Tra-
vels Assyria, 42. |

Caucasian Ibex, Shaw, Zool. ii. 367. —

Bouquetin du Caucase, Cuv. R. A. i. 266.

Hab. Caucasus.

Male and female. Aladagh. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

“They live in droves of five or six females and their young,
under the care of an old male.”

MAMMALIA. 149

4. CAPRA.

Nose ovine, hairy, without any muffle. Horns (of male) very
large, elongate, recurved, curved nearly on the same plane; base
subquadrangular, broad, flattened, and with broad cross ribs in
front ; outer side rather compressed and rounded; tip com-
pressed, broad; of female smaller. Hair of forehead elongate,
whorled. Crumen and inguinal pore none. Chin bearded.

Ibex, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; List Osteol. B. M.
59

Capra, § 1. Ibex, Gray, Knowsley Menag.
AKgoceros, sp., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 228.
Capra, sect. 8, Sundevall, Pecora, 93.

* Ears densely villose.

i. Capra Ipex. The Ipex or STEINBOCK.

Ears small, acute, not one-fourth the length of the head.
“Horns of the male very strong, thick, subquadrangular, trans-
versely rugose, flattish and nodose in front; of female small,
compressed, slightly nodose. Fur in summer short, adpressed,
without any under coat, ashy grey. In winter, elongate, fulvous
brown, with long, dense, intermixed under-fur. Beard short,
brown, in summer wanting.” —Schinz.

Capra Ibex (part.), Linn. S. N. i. 95; Gmelin, S. N.1i. 196;
Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 397; Desm. Mam. 480; Fischer, Syn.
483, 647; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 300. t., v. 868; Griffith, A.
K. v. t.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 167; Schinz, Nov. Mem.
Soc. Helv. ii. t. 2, horns, 1838.

Capra alpina, Girtanner, Journ. Phys. xxvii. 224.

Ibex alpinus, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 59.

Ibex, Plin. Hist. Nat. vii. 53; Gesner, Quad. 351, fig.; Brisson,
R. A. 64; Shaw, Mus. Lever. ii. 105. t. 2; Zool. ii. 364.
t. 198; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 667, 668, 669, bad.

Wild Goat, Penn. Syn. 13.

Bouquetin, Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 13, 14; Cuvier, R. A. i. 266;
Mam. Lithog. t.

Knorr, Delic. ui. t. K. 5. f. 2.

Capricornis, Gesner, Quad. 1099. fig.

Hab. Europe, Alps.

Male. Europe, Alps. Presented by Mrs. A. G. Campbell.
Male. Europe, Alps. Presented by Messrs Murray and Brocke-
don.

Male. Europe, Alps.

150 MAMMALIA.

OsTEOLOGY.

Bouquetin, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 14.

C. Ibex, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. N. S. ii. t. 2, horns.
Base of skull and horns, very large.
Two skulls and horns.
Single horn, rather compressed.

2, Capra Siprrica. The Tex or TAKIGA.

Pale grey. Ears oblong. Beard of both sexes dependent.
Lower maxilla of male, and spot on each side of the jaw in the
female, black brown.

Tbex Sibiricarum (Der Sibirische Stembek), Pallas, Spie. Zool. xi.
Bebe. tds $5.1. 4, horne.

Capra Sibirica, Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 397.4; Schinz, Nov. Mem.
Soc. Helv. ii. t. 2, horns, 1838 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 94; Gray,

List Mamm. B. M. 167.
Capra Ibex, Schreb. Saugth. t. 281, from Pallas.

Capra Pallasii, Schinz in Cuvier, Thierr. iv. 511.

&goceros Ibex, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 224.

Capra Ibex f. Sibiricus, Fischer, Syn. 485.

Hab. Siberia.

Male and female. Siberia. From the St. Petersburg Academy.

3. CapRA HIMALAYANA. The SAKEEN or SKYN.

Brownish grey. Tail, beard, dorsal stripe, band on shoulders,
anterior part of limbs, black or dark brown.

Capra Ibex, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. x. 913, xi. 183.

Capra Sakeen, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. 283, not deseribed.

Capra Ibex Himalayanus, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii.
414, iv. 291.

Himalayan Ibex or Skeen, Hutton, Calcutta Journ. N. H.u. 542;
Kennedy, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. 242.

Himalaya Ibex, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 81.

Capra himalayanus, Schinz, Syn. 463?

Skyn, Skeen, Saken, Sikeen, or Kyl, Vigne, Travels, i. 311,

Skin, Herbert, Asiat. Res. xv. 397.

Skyn ¢, Damma ?, Moorcroft, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1839,
928. .

Capra (Aigoceros) Skyn, Wagner; Sundevall, Pecora, 94.

Capra Higagrus, Hutton, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 521. t. 19.

Ibex (from Simla), Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 75.

Hab. Himalaya; Little Thibet; Mountain districts of Afghan.
istan, called Borz by the Afghans.

Probably not distinct from Ibea Sibirica.

MAMMALIA. Ldk

“The Tehr or Wild Goats of the Himalaya (of Simla and Mus-
curi) have the anterior edge of the horns decidedly nodose, though
less so than the Jharal.’’—Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1835.

*“‘ Horns of the [bea are attached to the Zearuts and places of
sacred note in Afghanistan.” —Bengal Journ. 1841, 978.

“The Ibex is so abundant in Thibet, as to be killed for their
potham or fine wool, which is used to make shawls. They sur-
round them when the mountains are covered with snow. The
horns are slit down longitudmally, and formed into bows for
archery.” —Lord A. Hay.

In the Collection from Thibet im the India House Museum
there are the skins and skulls of what appear to be two species
of Capra, but the skulls and skins are not attached together, and
the horns of both are very similar. One has short hair and a
black beard, and the skull has an elongated face. The other has
a black, abundant beard, and very elongated soft fur, like Capra
Sibirica, and the skull which appears to belong to it has a short
face, very broad at the orbits.

4. CapRA? L&2vIcoRNIS. The SMOOTH-HORNED IBEx.

Grey brown. Feet, head, large beard, dorsal and posterior
ventral line, black. Nose pale. Anal disk small, white. Lateral
streak none. Horns very long, curved, smooth; base rounded,
three-sided.

Capra levicornis, Sundevall, Pecora, 95.
Hab. 2? Menagerie of the French Museum. Two males.

The horns are intermediate between C. Ibex and C. hircus;
they are probably hybrids. The smoothness of the horns of the
specimens in the Paris Museum (1851) appears to arise from the
animal having rubbed them against the wall and bars of his pad-
dock.

** Ears very shortly pilose.

5. Capra NuBIANA. The BEDEN or JAELA.

Fulvous grey (in winter brown). Dorsal line and sides of tail
blackish, beneath white. Feet black and white spotted. Ears
three-streaked. Male bearded, beard black. Horns very long,
subtriangular above, knotted, reclinate on the base. Female
beardless. Horns slender, smooth, rather compressed, apex
slightly inclined.

Capra Ibex (Baeden), Forsk. Faun. Arab. iv.

Capra Nubiana (Boue de la Haute Egypte), F. Cost Mam.
Lithog. 1825 ; Gray, Spice. Zool. t. 9; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 168:
Fischer, Syn. "483, 648,

152 MAMMALIA.

Ibex Nubiana, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60.

Capra arabica, Mus. Vindob.

— Jaela, H. Smith in G. A. K. v. n. 869 (not figure at iv.
301).

Capra Sinaitica (Sinaica), Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. t. 18; Gene, Mem.
Turino, xxxvii. t. 2.

“Capra Beden, Forsk.,” Wagner; Sundevall, Pecora, 95.

Cretan Wild Goat, Belon, fig.

Hab. Egypt; Arabia; Crete.

Young female.— Gray, Spie. Zool. t. 6. f. 1. N. Afriea. Pre-
sented by James Burton, jun., Esq.
Adult male, young male, and younger male. N. Africa.

OsTEOLOGY.

Five pairs of horns. Egypt. Presented by James Burton,
jun., Esq.

Pair of horns, separate. North Africa.

Pair of horns, half-grown.

Skull and horns. Mount Sinai.

Skull. N. Africa. Presented by Major Macdonald.

Var. 1. Legs less black.
Hab. Senegal. Mus. Paris.

6. Capra VALIE. The WALIE.

Brown, beneath whitish. Feet white. Legs and feet with a
black mark in front. Beard moderate. Horns thick, nodose,
subrhomboidal at the base. Forehead with a protuberance in
front.

Capra Walie, Riippell, Fauna Abyss. t. 6.
Capra Valie, Sundevall, Pecora, 95.
Hab. Abyssinia. Male, Mus. Frankfort. Female unknown.

OstTEoLoGy. Riippell, Abyss. Fauna, t. , skull.

5. Hircus.

Horns compressed, with a narrow, thin, nodose or torn keel
in front; outer side convex, rounded behind. LEars covered
with short, adpressed hairs. Hair of forehead like back, rather
whorled. :

Hireus, Wagner, Supp.

Hircus, sp., Brisson; Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.
Capra 6., Sundevall, Pecora, 96.

Aigoceros, sp., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 224.
Tragus, Klein, Quad.15; Schrank, Fauna Boic. i, 45,

.

= *.

MAMMALIA. 153

“ Goats are distinguished by the horns being inclined very ob-
liquely, not angular, compressed, and presenting a sharp keeled
edge to the front, whereby they may be distinguished at once
from all kinds of Sheep and Ibexes. They have usually a true
beard, common to both sexes, not present in the Sheep. They
have callosities on the knees, and sometimes also on the chest.”
—Hodgson.

1. Hircus Heacrus. The Goat.

Capra Hireus, Linn. Faun. Suec. 15; S. N. 1.94; Gray, List
Mamm. B. M.168; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60; List Hodgson
Coll. B. M. 28; Sundevall, Pecora, 96; Fischer, Syn. 484. 648.

Capra caucasica, H. Smith in G. A. K.; Gray, List Mamm. B.
M.168. .

/Egoceros Capra, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat.; Wagner, Supp.

Capra Zigagrus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 193; Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 396;
Schreb. Saugth. t. 282; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. R. A. 1. 267;
Desm. Mam. 483; Fischer, Syn. 484. 646; F. Cuvier, Mam.
Inthog. t.; Sundevaill, Pecora, 97.

Agagrus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 45. t. 5. f. 2, 3.

Ziege, S. G. Gmelin, Reise, iii. 493.

Capra Hircus vulgaris, Schreb. t. 283.

C. Agagrus B. Hireus, Gmelin, S. N.i. 193; Desm. Mamm. 483.

C. Capricornus, Meyer, Zool. Ann. 39.

Tragus Aigagrus, Schrank, Fauna Boic. i. 45.

Capra, Plinw H. N. vi. 50; Gesner, Quad. 270. fig.; Hodgson,
J. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1847, 1017.

Hireus, Gesner, Quad. 301. fig.

Hireus vel Capra domestica, Brisson, R. A. 62.

Tragus domesticus, Klein, Quad. 15.

Pasen, Kampf. Amen. Exot. 398. fig. at p. 407. n. 2.

Capra bezoartica, Linn. S. N. i. 96, part. from Kampfer.

Gazella bezoartica, Brisson, R. A. 69, part. from Kampfer.

Goat, Penn. Brit. Zool. 13.

Domestic Goat, Penn. Syn. 14.

Common Goat, Shaw, Zool. 11. 369. t. 199.

Capricorne Goat, Penn. Syn. 16; Shaw, Zool. ii. 377.

Bouc et Chévre, Buffon, H. N. v. 59. t. 8, 9.

Capricorne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 146. t. 15, skeleton.

Hab. Domesticated.

Stuffed, ears pendent.

Stuffed. (Africa.) Presented by Miss Inglis.

Adult, stuffed. From the Zoological Society’s Collection. °

Half-grown male. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.

Cashmere Goat. India. From Capt. Boys’s Collection.
G5

154 MAMMALIA.

Hybrid Goat, male and female, between Common Goat and
European Ibex; bred in the Zoological Society’s Gardens.
Young. From Riddle Museum.

OsTEOLOGY.
Chévre, Daub. Buffon H. N. v. t. 13.
Capricorne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 15.
Capra hircus, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ii. t.1, skull.
Bouc de Juda, Daub. Buff. H. N. xu. t. 22.

Skull. England.

Skull, with horns. India. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Horns. India. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Horns, elongate, erect.

Horns, expanded on the side.

Three skulls, var. Smal, with the horns regularly bent back.
Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull, with horns, var. Changra or Shawl Goat. Thibet.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull, with horns, var. Chappoo, Capra Chungra. Thibet.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A young skull of same. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

A pair of separate horn-sheaths. Thibet. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Two skulls and horns. (The specimens described (Capra Cau-
casica) by Col. H. Sinith.)

Single horns, in bad state, with only three very distant knots
on front keel. Specimen described as Capra Caucasica by Col. H.
Smith.

Capra Caucasica, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v.; Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. 167; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60, not Guldenst.

DomESTIC VARIETIES.

1. The Maykay or Maycay, Buchanan, Mysore, i. 120. t. 5. f. 10.
Hab. India; Mysore; kept with sheep.

2. The Sircenagur Goat, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,974.
t..110, 112, 113.
Hab. India.

3. Jamnapari, C. Hg. Arietinus, Desm. Mam.
Bouc de Nepaul, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 3 ¢.
Goat of the country west of the River Jumna, Hardw. Icon.

ined. B. M. 10,974. t. 111.
Jamnapari, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1847, 1024, note.
Hab. Vndia, bred in Nepal.

~

MAMMALIA. 155

4. The Bukee, or Goat of the Dukhun, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.
Hab. Dukhun.

5. Egyptian Goat, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 307.
Capra Hig. Thebaica, Desm. Mam. 848.
C. Hg. Thebaicus, Fischer, Syn. 493.
C. Indica, Gesner, Jonst. Quad. t. 26.
Bouc de la Haute Egypte, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t.
Adimain, Nieremb. H. N. 183. fig.
C. Hg. Megyptiacus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 649.
Hab. N. Africa.

6. The Doogoo, Hodgson, J.A.S.B.x.913; Icon. ined.t.171. 3 ¢.
Capra hircus var. Doogoo, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27.
Capra Digi, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1024.

Hab. Central Hill, Nepal; common, domesticated.

. The Sinal, Hodgson. Aas
C. hireus var. Sinal, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 28;
Hodgson, Icon. ined. 172; J. A. S. B. 1. 347, xvi. 1022. t.,
xu. S12:
Hab. Nepal; Central Mountain region; domesticated, with
~ hair and shorn.

Three skulls, with the horns regularly bent back.
A skin, with skull and horns.
Drawing of varieties.— Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 172.

‘A tall, largish species, with ordinary horns, long, flowing,
straight hair, drooping, longish ears, and semi-erect short tail.””—
Hodgs. l. c. 1. 347.

8. The Cossia Goat. White. Feet pale brown. Horns short,

recurved.

Capra Zig. Cossia, Buchanan, Hamilton, MSS. ii. 9, and horn, t.

C. Aig. Cossus, Blainy. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 21.

C. Aries Cossus, Fischer, Syn. 493.

C. tubericornis, part., Schinz, Verz. 467.

Hab. High Mountain districts; called Cossea in the East of
Sylhet.

They are bred by the middling and lower classes of the inha-
bitants of the highest Cossia mountains. Neither the skin nor
hair is applied to any use. The hair is coarse and straight, long
and pendulous, and has no woul mixed with it, by which it is
easily distinguished from the Shawl Goat. Ears spread, covered,
like the legs, with short hair. Tail small and short.

“The female long-haired Goat is said sometimes to produce
at a birth one kid like itself, and another short-haired, like the
Common Goat of Bengal.’’—Buchanan, Hamilton, MSS.

“I

156 MAMMALIA.

9. Greater Shawl Goat or Changra.

Capra AZgagrus Changra, Buchanan, MSS. Tae ined. t. 11;
Hodgson, Icon. ined. t. 173. f. 1, t. 174. f. 1; Journ. Asiat.
Beng. xvi. 1017.

Changra, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. 1. 75.

Changra or Shawl Goat, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 347, x. 913,
xi. 283.

Hab. Nepal and Thibet.

A skull with horns.

An adult skull with horns.

Drawing of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 173. f. 1, and
t. 174. f. 2.

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t.175. f.1, 2.

Chungra, Paruttes; Cholay, Newars; Camgoo, Thibetians ;
Shawl Goat, English.

“ Domesticated in Thibet; wool exported to Cashmere, where
it is manufactured into cloth and felts. Many castrated speci-
mens are brought to Nepal for food. Manners exactly like com-
mon Goat, and thrive best in a very cold climate.”

“ Hair of body, neck, and upper part of head remarkably long,
especially that arising from the spine, pendulous, straight and
rather harsh, and intermixed with remarkably fine and soft short
~ wool, which alone is used by the manufacturer ; hair on legs and
face rather short, and not mixed with wool. Ears very short.
Nose straight. Horns longer than the head, much compressed,
inner edge sharpest, approach at the base and diverge at the
summit with a twist round; they are nearly straight, and stand
on the plane of the for ehead. Tail short.”

“The drawing from a castrated male (made by Mr. Burton). 7
—Buchanan, Hamilton MSS.

10. Lesser Shawl Goat, Capra Aigagrus Chapu, Buchanan, Icon.
ined. t.; Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1020. t.

Capra Hircus Chappoo, Gray, Cat. Hodgson B. M. 28.
Chappoo, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. 913.
Boue de Caehemire, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.
Cashmir Goat, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 664, 665.
White, black varied. Horns suberect, subspiral.
Hab. Cashmere; Buch. Tibet; Hodgson.

Stuffed. India. From Capt. Boys’s Collection.

A skull with horns.

A young skull.

A pair of separate horn-sheaths.

ure of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 173. f. 2, and
$174. f. 1

Drawing of horns. —Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t.175. f. 3, 4.

MAMMALIA. 157

11. Khassia Hill Goat, Robinson, Assam, 99.
Hair long, rather coarse, white.
Hab. Assam.

12. Berbura Goat.
Capra imberbis Berbura, Hamilton, MSS. 1. 10, and Icon. t.
C. Hg. imberbis Barbara, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom.1816, 61.
C. Aries Barbarus, Fischer, Syn. 493.
C. Jemlaica var., H. Smith, G. A. K.
Hab. India; West of the Jumna; called Berbura o , Berburi 9 ,
and Ram Sagul, Bengalese.

The horns of the male near the ear at the base, inclining a
little back and spread out laterally near the tip, much com-
pressed at the root, convex before, concave behind, and having
a spiral turn, not remarkably wrinkled. Ears short. Forehead
prominent, covered with longish hair. No beard. Throat of
males with a deep dewlap. Fur smooth. MHair harsh, of the
spine forming an erect mane, and on fore-part of hind thighs
long. Male: scrotum divided into two distinct bags. Female:
want the long hair on spine, thighs, and the dewlap.

They differ from the common Indian Goat by the want of the
beard and the length of the legs; and from the Maycay of My-
sore by the shortness of the ears. They are white, variegated
with black and reddish brown. Length from nose to horns 9 in.;
from horns to tail 3 ft. 4in.; height at shoulders 2 ft. 9 in.

** They are said by Mr. Fleming to have been introduced from
Abyssinia by an ambassador from that country.”—Hamilton, 1. c.

13. Naga Goat.
“ Body marked with beautiful streaks.””— Robinson, Assam, 99.
Hab. Assam.

14. Whidaw Goat, Penn. Syn. 16.
Capra reversa, Iann. S. N. 95.
C. Hg. reversa, Gmelin, Desm.
C. H. reversus, Schreb. S. t. 206a; Buffon, H. N. xii. 154.
Bouc de Juda, Buffon, H. N. xu. t. 20, 21,22; Suppl. iii. t.13.
Hab. Whidaw.

15. African Goat, Penn. Syn. 16.
Capra depressa, Linn.
C. H. depressa, Schreb. t. 287.
Bouc d’Afrique, Buffon, H. N. xii. 154. t. 18.
Chévre nain, Buffon, H. N. xu.154.t.19; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.t.
Hab. Africa.

16. Common Goat, Shaw.
Capra hircus, Linn.
Capricorne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 146. t. 15, skeleton.

ly;

18.

19;

23,

MAMMALIA.

Capra capricornus, Meyer, Ann. 39.

C. Zigagrus capricornus, Gmelin, S. N.i. ; Eral. 364.
C. Hircus capricornus, Fischer, Syn. 486. '
Capricorne Goat, Penn.

Goat, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. 73.

Boue et Chévre, Buffon, H. N. v. t. 8, 9.

Hab. Europe.

Thibet Goat, C. H. Thibetanus, Desm. 484.
Chévre de Thibet, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.
Bouc de Cachemere, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.
Hab. Thibet.

Angora Goat, Penn. Syn. 15; Shaw, Zool. ii. 275. t. 200.

C. Angorensis, Linn.

C. Hircus Angorensis, Eraleb.; Schreb. Saugth. t. 284 a, B.

C. Aig. Angorensis, Gmelin, Desm.

C. Angolensis, Hasselq. N. Palest. 285.

Chévre d’Angora, Tour. Voy. ii. 185. fig.; Buffon, H. N. v.
71. t. 10, 11; F. Cuw. Mam. Lith. t.

Hab. Angora.

Syrian Goat, Penn. Syn. 15. t. 5. f.1, 2.

Capra Mambrica, Linn.

C. Hireus Mambrica, Schreb. t. 285; Desm.

C. Mambrine ou de Levant, Buffon, H. N. xii. 152. t. 10.

C. auribus demissis, Aldrov. Bisulc. 769. fig.

C. Syriaca, Brisson.

Long-eared Syrian Goats, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 661,
662, 663.

Hab. Syria.

. Persian Goat, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 306.

C. Hg. Persicus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 648.
Hab. Persia.

. Indian Goat, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 307.

C. Aig. Indicus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 649.

Indian Goats (various), Capra Aigagrus var., Hardw. Icon.
ined. B. M. n. 10,974. t. 114, 115. t. 189, 190, 191.

Hab. India.

. Spanish or Hornless Goat, C. Hircus ecornis, Schreb. Saugth.

1 bs. Sa
C. A. acera, Desm.
Chévre sans cornes, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith.
Hab. Spain.
Caschmere Goat, C. Aig. lanigera, Desm. Mam.

»

_—

; MAMMALIA. 159

Chévre de Cachemere, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.; Desmoul. Dict.
Class. H. N. ii. 578.
Hab. Thibet.

24. Jamaica Goat, C. Hircus Jamaicensis, Fischer, Syn. 486.
Hab. Jamaica.

25. South American Goat, Capra Hgagrus, Renger, 366.
Hab. 8. America.

Dr. Gardiner observes, “ Goats in Brazil lose the long hair
natural to them in cold countries, which proves how much the
ceconomy of animals can suit itself to change of circumstances.”
—Travels, 163.

Var. 1. Horns very large, more or less twisted, varying from the
curvature of those of the Koodoo (A. Strepsiceros), only in an
opposite direction, to the straight with spiral keel of the Im-
poofo (Antilope Oreas). Size large. Brown, like Domestic Goat.

Aigoceros Falconeri, Wagner, Murch. Gel. Anzeig. 1839, ix. 430;
Wiegm. Arch. 1841, 54.

Capra Falconeri, Hugel; Wagner in Hugel Kaschmir, iv. 579.
tab. , 1844; in Wiegmann, Arch. 1845, ii. 7.

Markhur, Vigne, Ghuzni, Kabul, Afghanistan, 1840, p. 86; Tra-
vels in Kashmir, 279; Lord in Burns’ Cabool (1842), p. 386.

Wild Goat, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. viii. 88.

Capra magoceros, Huffon, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 521. t. 20.

Markbur, Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 196, note.

Capra Hgagrus, var., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 80.

_ Markhor, Ray Soc. 1. 65. ¢

Capra hircus y. asiatica, Sundevall, Pecora, 97.

Hab. India; Mountains of Cashmere; Dr. Falconer. Called
Markhore or Snake-Eater by the Afghans, and “‘ Marbul at
Cabul,” Blyth. Rewachi of Little Thibet.

Mr. Blyth justly observes, that the horns of all domestic Goats
have a tendency to assume the spiral form, especially at the tip,
and he has never observed this in the wild kinds. He further
remarks, that he has never seen two specimens of the Markbur |
with the horns alike.

Mr. Blyth says, “I consider the Markbur to be a feral race
of domestic Goats of remarkable large size, but otherwise not
essentially different from the Shawl Goats of the same countries.”
—Ann. N. H. vii. 196, note.

OsTEOLOGY.
Skull, with horns. India. Presented by the E. I. Company.
Single horn. India. Presented by H. Falconer, M.D.

ca
160 MAMMALIA.

Doubtful species.
1, Capra?
Antilope torticornis, Herm. Obs. Zool. i. 87.
A. (Tragelaphus) torticornis, Fischer, Syn. 473.

2. Antilope? grandicornis, Herm. Obs. Zool. 87; Fischer, Syn.
466, 633.
A. Aigocerus grandicornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 812.

Subtribe V. Ovee. Forehead flat or concave. The horns are
more or less spiral, wider than deep at the base, and slightly an-
nulated in front. The females are often hornless. The skull has
a more or less deep rounded suborbital pit, without any fissure ;
the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit; the audi-
tory bulla small; the basioccipital flat, more or less expanded
anteriorly by the extension of the anterior pair of tubercles, the
posterior ones small; the cutting-teeth are nearly equal-sized
and shelving ; and there are no supplemental lobes to the grind-
ers. The hoofs are triangular, and being shallow behind, they
have distinct interdigital fossee. Males emitting no stench.

Ovis, Linn. S. N.; Desm. 1804.

Aries, Brisson, R. Anim. i. 48, 1762.

Capra, sp., Illiger, 107, 1811.

Ovis, Raii Syn. Quad. 73; Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.
Ovis, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 32, 1830.
Over, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1846, 230.
Ovide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 72, 1828.

Capride, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137.
Ovesidez, part., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182.
Sheep, Penn. Hist. Quad. i. 32.

Ovis v. Ammon, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76.
Aries, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

In fighting they run a-tilt, adding hither the force of impulse
to that of weight; incurious and timid; rarely bark trees.

Pallas, and more lately Géné, Hodgson, Blasius, and Blyth,
have pointed out the characters that define the limits of this genus,
which Desmarest, Fischer, and several other authors are inclined
to place with the Goat.

The females are sometimes hornless. Gmelin noticed this with
respect to O. Ammon, Blyth. O. Nahor and the female Corsi-
can O. Musimon are generally hornless. :

Blasius has remarked that the right horn of O. Argali, O. mon-
tana, O. Nahor, O. Aries, O. Musimon and O. Vignei, winds to
the left, but in the two latter species only slightly, while in O. —
Tragelaphus, O. orientalis, O. Burhel and O. Cyprius, the night
horn winds to the right.

MAMMALIA. — 161

Synopsis oF GENERA OF OVE.

1. Ovis. Crumen distinct. Tail elongated. Skin covered with
wool or adpressed hair.

2. Caprovis. Crumen distinct. Tail very short. Skin covered
with thick hair, covering the wool.

3. Pseupo1s. Crumen none. Tail rather elongated. Forehead
convex. Skin covered with thick hair.

4. AMMotraGus. Crumen none. Tail rather elongated. Fore-
head concave. Skin covered with short hair, and elongated
tuft of hair.

a. Crumen distinct. Infraorbital pit distinct.

1. Ovis.

Forehead convex. Horns more or less spiral, bent imwards at
the tips, varying greatly in size and form. Crumen distinct.
Tail more or less elongated. Body covered with wool or close-
pressed hair. Skull with a more or less deep suborbital pit, but
no fissure.

Ovis, sp., Linn.

Capra, sp., Blumenb.; Fischer.
Musmon, Schrank, Fauna Boica.
Aries, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

1. Ovis (Artes) ArniES. The SHEEP.

Egoceros Aries, Pallas; Wagner.
Ovis Aries, Linn. S. N. 1.97; Gmelin, S. N.i.197; Eral. 242;
Desm.. Mam. 488 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.169; List Osteol.
B. M. 61; List Hodgson Mam. & Birds B. M.; Sundevall,
Pecora, 89.
Ovis domestica, Brisson, Rég. Anim. 74.
Capra Ovis, Blumenb. Naturg. x. 116.
Capra Aries, Fischer, Syn. 489. 649.
Musmon Aries, Schrank, Faun. Boic. i. 46.
Pecus, Aries, Ovis, Plin. H. N. vu. 47, 48.
Ovis Aries, &c., Gesner, Quad. 872. f. 873, 925, 926; Jonst.
Quad. 54. t. 22; Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 169.
| Sheep, Penn. B. Z.10; Youatt, Sheep, their breeds, §c.; Low,
Dom. Anim. Brit. Islands.
Ram, Penn. Syn. 10.
Belier et Brebis, Buffon, H. N.v.1. t.1,2; Schaf. Meyer Thiere,
i. t. 51; Walther, Wetterau Ann. 1. 283.
_ Hab. Domesticated.

162 - MAMMALIA.

Female Turkish Sheep, brown and white varied ; tail slender ;
with two throat-beards.

QO. Aries Africanus, Linn.
Q. Aries longicaudatus, Brisson ?

Male, many-horned, white and black varied.

Q. Aries polyceratus, Linn.; Buffon, H. N. xi. 354. t. 31, 32;
Penn. B. Quad. t. 3. f. 2, 3.

Young.

OSTEOLOGY.
Mouton, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 1. f. 1-4, skull.
Brebis, Daub. H. N. v. 1.

Horns of many-horned variety.

Horns of many-horned variety.

Horns, small.

Skull and horns of spiral-horned variety.

Skull and horns of spiral-horned variety.

Horns of spiral-horned variety.

Horns of spiral-horned variety.

Skull, with the horns united together at the base.

Var. Huniah Sheep.

Skull of adult male, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Skull of young, without the cases of the horns. Nepal. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull of young, without the cases of the horns. Nepal. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Two skulls of many-horned variety, horns of each side arising
from the same base, showing that they are produced by the divi-
sion of the core. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Two skulls of four-horned varieties, with horns separate from
one another at the base (each wanting one sheath). Nepal.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Var. Dumba. Skull of a “Cabul Dumba Sheep.” Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Var. Cago. Skull of adult (without the sheath of the horns),
imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull of the young, hornless.

Var. Horns united at the base. Skull, with the horns cut off
near the base. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull. England.

Skull. From Mr, Argent’s Collection.

Skull. Fat-tailed variety. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Horns, separate.

Skull and horns.

a tel

MAMMALIA. 163

Skull and horns.
Skull and horns. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

The Domestic Sheep offer many varieties in the form and even
the number of the horns, and especially in the texture of their
fur. Many in cold and temperate climates, which are covered
with wool, when they are moved to a warmer climate become
permanently covered with short hair.

Dr. Gardiner in his journey from Pernambuco to Crato passed
through a flock of several hundred sheep. ‘“ The excessive heat
of the climate had wrought a remarkable change in their appear-
ance, their skin being wholly destitute of wool, and replaced by
a short hair not unlike that of a cow.” —Trav. 163.

But some kinds even in England, which are covered with wool
in the winter, are covered with short adpressed hair in the sum-
mer. This is the case with the West India Sheep, noticed by
Mr. Blyth (Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 255). They also present several
varieties in the form of the tail.

Pallas divides the Russian Sheep into four varieties, according
to the shape of the tail, thus :—

a. O. dolichura occidentalis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 60; Zool.
Ross. Asiat. 233.

b. O. platyura media, Pallas, S. Z. xi. 78; Itin. poster. ii. ;
Zool. Ross. Asiat. 233.

O. Steatopyga orientalis, Pallas, S. Z. xi. 63. 80. t. 4; Nov.
Comm. Petrop. v. 31. 343. t.8; Zool. Ross. Asiat. 233.

d. O. brachyura borealis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 61; Zool. Ross.
Asiat. 233.

$

DoMESTIC VARIETIES.

1. Spanish Sheep, Shaw, Zool.
Ovis Hispanicus, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 174.
Merino, Desm. N. Dict. H. N. t. 918. f. 1, 2.
Merino Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 682.
British Middle-wooled Sheep, Knight, Mus. An. Nat. f. 684.
Merino Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. Brit. Islands, ii. t. 12.

2. Common Sheep, Penn. Syu.; Hist. Quad. i. 33,
Ovis rusticus, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 174.
O. Gallica, Desm.
O. brachyura, Pallas, Spic. Zool.
O. leptura, Schreb. Saugth. t. 290 a. B.

a. Hornless Sheep, O. Anglicana, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 174,
Ovis A. Anglicus, Eraled,
Lincolnshire Sheep.

164 . MAMMALIA.

See ec 3

. Muggs Sheep and Shetland Sheep, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 25.

Shetland Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 68.
Soft-wooled Highland Sheep, Low, Dom. Anim. B. Islands.

. Ryeland Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 13.
. Southdown Ram, Ewe and Lamb, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii.

£14, Lo.
Old Lincoln Ram, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 16.
Romney Marsh Ewe and Lamb, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I.i. t. 17.

. Cobwold Ewe and Lamb, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 18.
. New Leicester Ram and Wether, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. i.t.19.

Leicester Ewe and Lambs, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1278.
fig. & t. 33.
Improved Leicestershire Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 63.

Cheviot Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 58. fig.

. Old Teeswater Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 60. fig.

Improved Teeswater Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 61. fig.

. Mr. Culley’s Wedder, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 66. fig.
. The Dunky or Dwarf Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 70. fig.
. Zetland and Orkney Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I.

TO eae

. Higher Welsh Mountain Ewes, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii: t. 2.
. Soft-wooled Sheep of Wales (Ewes), Low, Dom. Anim. B. I.

Th ints

. Wicklow Mountain Sheep (Ram and Ewe), Low, Dom. Anim.

Bf. H.t.i4.

. The Kerry Sheep (Wethers), Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 5.

t. Exmoor Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 6.

. Black-faced Sheep, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 25.

Ovis collaris, Walker, Essays, 522.

Black-faced Heath Sheep (Ewe and Lamb), Low, Dom. Anim.
B.T.i.t.7. Ram, t. 3, Supp.

Black-faced or Heath Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 56. fig.

Improved Heath Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 57. fig.

Black-faced Ram and Ewe, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1281.

. Cheviot Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 8.

Cheviot-tup, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1o7e.

. Old Norfolk Ewe, Low, Dom, Anim. B. I. ii. t. 9.

7

MAMMALIA. 165

#, Old Wiltshire Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. i. t. 10.
y. Dorset Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 11.

z. The Rass or Roosh, Ovis Polii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 62; Ann.

& Mag. N. H. vii. 195. t. 5. f. 1, 2, horns; Gray, List Os-
teol. B. M. 61.

Ovis Sculptorum, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 63; Ann. & Mag. N.
Pion. 196, ¢. 538. ae &

Wild Sheep, Marco Polo, Travels, 142.

Rasse, Burnes, Travels Bokhara, ii. 208.

Hab. India; Plains of Pamer, east of Bokhara, 16,000 feet
above the sea level.— Blyth.

OsTEOLOGY.

Horns, separate. Bokhara. Presented by the East India Com-
pany.

The skull named Ovis Polit in the Museum of the India Com-
pany, Leadenhall Street, which was sent from the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, agrees with Blyth’s figure, and is probably one of the
heads he describes as being in that Collection; the facial line is
very convex.

The India Company received from Capt. Strachan (Dec. 1850)
the skin, with head and horns, which exactly resembles the pair
of horns and skull from the Bengal Society, and with Blyth’s
figures ; but it is evidently a variety of the Domestic Sheep co-
vered with wool.

The animal does not agree with the Katchgar or Wild Sheep
of Wood’s Sources of the Oxus, 368, quoted by Mr. Blyth in the
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

3. Barwall Sheep, Ovis (Aries) Barwal, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. x. 913.

Ovis Barual, Hodgson, J. A. S.B.xvi.1010.t. ,& t. . £3,
head.

Kachar or Barwal Sheep, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 347.

O. Ammonoides var. 1, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 29.

Barwall, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 75.

Hab. Nepal.

Skin, with head and horns, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by

J. B. Hodgson, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY. . ;
Skull, with horns, half-grown, imperfect. Nepal.
Two pair of horns of different ages. Nepal.

Icon.
Drawing of adult.— Hodgson, MSS. ined. B.M. t.179,t.181.f.2.

166 MAMMALIA.

4. Huniah apnea Ovis hunia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 348, xvi.
1847, 1005-1; P. Z. S. 1834, 99.
The Hoonia or Black-faced Sheep of Tibet, Hodgs. J. A. S. B.
x1. 284. t. , young male.
Hoaniah Sheep, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. 1. 75.
Hab. Nepal, Northern hilly region.

“ Large tall breed, with slender, compressed, ~spinatly twisted
horns, and short narrow tails; wool white, superb ; individuals
have often three, four, and even five horns.””-—Hodgson.

OsTEOLOGY.

A skull of adult male, with horns.

Two skulls of young, without the cases of the horns.

Two skulls of many-horned variety, horns of each side arising
from the same base, showing they are produced by the division
of the core.

Two skulls of four-horned varieties, with horns separate from
one another at the base (each wanting one sheath).

Icon.
Drawing of Hoonia Sheep, two varieties. _HbtipioR Icon. ined.
B. M. t. 180, one copied t. 181. f. 1.

“ Barwall and Hoaniah Sheep are used as beasts of burden for —
carrying grain and other produce across the mountains.’’—Ogilby,
l.c. 74

5. Cago, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 913.
Ovis Cagia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xvi. 1013.
The Kago, or Tame Sheep of Cabul region, Hodgs. J. A. S. B.
i. 348.
Cago Sheep, Gray, List Hodgson Mam. & Birds B. M.
Hab. Nepal, Central hilly region.

OsTEOLOGY.
A skull of adult (without the sheath of the horns), imperfect.
A skull of the young, hornless.

Icon.
Drawing of male Cago or Cajia Bhira, female and young.—
Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 182.

6. Seling Ovis § ee Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 913, xvi. 1008.
Peet Oe ‘
Hab. Nepal, paren hilly region; Tibet, canter

A Specimen with head and horns.
Icon.

Drawing of Silingia Sheep, male and female. — Hodgson, Icon.
ined. B. M. t. 183.

MAMMALIA. 167

7. Curumbar(Sheep), Buchanan, Mysore, ii.277.t.17 $ 9 .£.42,43.

Wool thick, curly, with little or no hair. Ears small.
Hab. India; Mysore.

8. The Sheep called Garar, Buchanan Hamilton?, Icon. ined. Mus.
Ind. Company, t. 3 2.

Black. Wool short. Tail very long, slender. Horns short,
close-pressed on side of head. Face arched. Lars large, de-
pendent.

Hab.. India.

9. The Dukhun Sheep, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.

Legs short. Body throughout short, chaffron arched. Wool
short, crisp and coarse, nine-tenths black, with a white streak
from angle of the eyes to the mouth, and a white patch on crown.
They are extensively bred; as many as 20,000 or 30,000 Sheep
and Goats may be seen together in the uncultivated tracts of
the Dukhun.

Hab. Dukhun.

10. West-Indian Sheep, Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 255, note.
Hab. West Indies. Mus. Zool. Soc.

11. Brazilian Sheep, Gardiner, Travels Brazils, 163.
Hab. Brazils.

12. Demerara Sheep. Brown. Horned. Ears small, erect, co-
vered with long, harsh hair, much longer on the sides; of
face short, adpressed. Tail elongate, slender. In summer,
hair short and adpressed.

Hab. W. Africa.

A male. From the Gardens of the Zoological Society.
13. South American Sheep, Ovis Aries, Renger, 366.

14. Smooth-haired Sheep, Ovis Africanus, Raii Syn. 75; Linn.
Amen. Acad. vi. 173.
O. thiopica, Charlét. Exerc. 9.
QO. Africana a, Sloane, Jam. ii. 328.
Hab. Africa.

15. African Sheep, Penn. Syn. 12.
Ovis Guineensis, Raii Syn.75; Linn. S. N.98; I. Geoff. Dict.
Class. H. N. xi. 268.
A. longipes, Desm. Mam. 489.
A. Guineensis seu Angolensis, Marg. Bras. 234. fig.
Caper Mambrinus, Charlet. Exerc. 10.
Adimmayn, Marmol. Afric. i. 39.
Mouton, Adans. Seneg. 37.

168 MAMMALIA.

Mouton a longe jambes, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.
Belier du Senegal, Buffon, H. N. xi. 359.
Sheep of Sahara, Shaw, Travels, 241.

Hab. Africa.

16. Guinea Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim, Nat. f. 676.
Belier et Brebis des Indes, Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 35, 36; cop.
O. A. Guineensis, Schreb. Saugth. t. 294 a, b, c.
Hab. Guinea.

17. Morvant de la Chine, Buffon, Supp. ui. t. 10.
Hab. China?

18. Shaymbliar (Sheep), Buchanan, Mysore, ii. 277. t. 18. f. 44,_.
4589.

Wool very scanty, principally covered with reddish brown or
black hair.
Hab. India; Mysore.

19. Sheep of Zeyla, Buckingham, Trav. Arab Tribes, 93.

White. Head and neck black or brown, covered with hair.
Tail slender at the tip, short, broad, and fat at the base.

Hab. Zeyla; entrance of Red Sea. Domestic at Mokha; Buck-
imgham.

20. Fezzan Sheep, Bennett, List Anim. Gard. Zool. Soc. 1830,
12. 474.
Hab. Tripoli. Presented by Hanmer Warrington, Esq.

21. St. Helena Sheep. Covered with short smooth hair. White,
black spotted. Tail subcylindrical.
Hab. St. Helena.

A lamb born in Enfield, from one of Mr. Warren’s flocks at
Enfield. Purchased of Mr. Argent, 1850. A ioe Shep very
like a Goat, with a cylindrical tail.

22. Marocco Sheep, Ovis Ar. Numide, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv.
326,
Hab. Marocco.

23. Congo Sheep, Ovis Aries Congensis, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv.
326.
Hab. Congo.

24, Angola Sheep, Ovis Aries Angolensis, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv.
326.
Hab. Angola.
25. Zenu or Goitred Sheep, Ovis Aries Steatinion, H. Smith,
Griff. A. K. iv. 327. t. 196.
Hab. Angola.

26.

MAMMALIA. 169

The ae Ixalus probaton, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836,
119, 135

Ovis , sp., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 12; 1843, 73; Ann. &
Mag. N. H. vii. 255.

Ovis ixalon, Sundevall, Pecora, 90.

Ovis Aries var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 40.

Hab. Mus. Zool. Soe.

Mr. Ogilby made a genus of this skin, but it appears to be
only a short-haired Sheep with rudimentary horns.

27.

28.

20.

Cretan Sheep, Penn. Syn.11. t. 3. f. 1; Hist. Quad. 33; Shaw,
Zool. ii. t. 203.

Ovis Strepsiceros, Rati Syn. 75; Bias. Syst. Nat.i.98; Belon.
Obs. 20. fig.

O. A. Strepsiceros, Schreb. Saugth. t. 291 a. b.

QO. Cretensis, Jonst. Quad. t. 45.

Capra Cretensis, Brisson.

Strepsiceros Cretica, Besch. Naturf. Freund. iv. 624. t. 20.

Cretensis Aries, Aldrov. Bisulc. 406. fig.

Strepsiceros, Buffon, H. N. xi. 358.

Belier et Brebis de Valachie, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 7, 8.

Zackl, Austrians.

Wallachian Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 73. fig.

Chevre de Créte, Buffon, H. N.

Hab, Island of Crete.

Long-tailed Sheep, Ovis longicaudatus, Brisson, R. A. 76.
O. dolichura seu tscherkessica, Pallas, Spic. xi. 60.

Ovis dolichura occidentalis, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 233.
O. Arabica, Jonston, Quad. t. 23.

Arabiz Oves, Aldrov. Bisulc. 404.

Arabisch Schaf, Gesn. Thierb. 326. fig.

Mouton a long queue, Munk. Palestine, t. 3.

Hab. Russia.

Broad-tailed Sheep, Shaw, Travels, 241; Penn. Syn. 4. t. 1.

Ovis laticaudatus, Erzl., Geoff. Mem. “Egypt. t.; Lesson,
Comp. Buffon, x. 312.

O. laticauda platyceros s. arabica, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv. 173;
J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. 343. t. 8.

O. Turcica, Charlet. Exerc. 9.

O. cauda obesa, Ludolf, Aith. 146. fig.

Arabi Oves, Aldrov. Bisulc. 404. fig.

Mouton de Barbarie, Buffon, H. N. xi. 355. t 33.

Sheep, Russel, Aleppo, 51.

Belier de Tunis, Ency. Méth. t. 47. f. 2.

Hab. Barbary.

‘ H

170 MAMMALIA.

a. Fat-rumped Sheep, Penn. Quad.; Shaw.
O. ile Pallas, Spic. 55. 4. £ 1, 2; Schreb. ‘Songth. .
$. 292 )
Ovis steatopyga orientalis, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 31.
343. t. 8; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 233.
O. Aries Kurgiesia, Gene, l. c.
Tartarian Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 71. fig.

b. Persian Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 677.
Ovis A. ecaudatus, I. Geoff. Dict. Class. H. N. xi. 268.

QO. Aries recurvicauda, Gene, Mem. Acad. Torino, xxxvii. 286.
ro te 2.

e Fat-tailed Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 678, 679.
QO. A. macrocereus, Schreb. Saugth. t.295; Gene, Mem. Acad.
Torino, xxxvil. 285.
Mouton a grosse queue, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.

d. The Aora fiyel, or Abyssinian Sheep.
Ovis steatopygus, Des Mur. et Flor. Prevost, Voy. en Abys-
sinie, vi. 36. t. 6. 1851.
Hab. Abyssinia. r

e. Bucharian Sheep, Ovis Bucharica, Pallas, Spic. xi. 78.
Mouton d’Astrachan, Desm.
Ovis Aries Astrachanica, Gene, Mem. Acad. Torino, XXXVil.
Ovis platura media, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 233.
Hab. Bucharia, Caucasus, and Persia.

The skin of the unborn lambs with grey curled hair is wad
prized as a fur.

f. Thibetan Sheep, O. Thibetanus, Fischer, Syn. 491.
Cachemerisches und Thibetanisches Schaf, Walth.
Tus Aessel, Thibetian.

Hab. Thibet.

g. Cape Sheep, Penn. Syn. t. 4. f. 2. :
Ovis Capensis, Eraleb. 250; Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii.
318.
Hab. Cape.

h. Ovis Aries appendiculata, Gene, Mem. Acad. Tortsa, XXXVII.
285.

i. Sheep of Belkah, Buckingham, Trav. Arab. Tribes, 93.

Body white. Head and neck black or brown. Covered with |
thick wool. . Tail short, fat, broad, with a thin excrescence at
the end like a pig-tail, about an inch long.

Hab. Palestine; Plains of Belkah.

MAMMALIA. ‘S71

30: Many-horned Sheep, Penn. Syn. t. 3. f. 2,3; Bewick, Hist.

Quad. 72. fig.

Ovis polyceratus, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv.174 ; Schreb. Saugth.
t. 289.

O. sexcornis et O. tricornis, Aldrov Bisule. 397. fig.

Brebis a plusieurs cornes, Buffon, H. N. xi. 354.

Belier et Brebis d’Island, Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 31, 32.

Four-horned Ram, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 680.

Dumba Sheep, Gray, List Hodgson Mam. & Birds B. M.

Hab. India; Nepal.

31. The Puchia or Hindostan Dumba.
Ovis puchia or O. pucchia, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. B. xvi.
1016. t.
Cabul Dumba, Hodgson, 1. c. . 390, iv. 330.

Skull of a “ Cabul Dumba”’ Sheep.

Drawing of “‘ Indian Doomba Sheep.” —Hodgson, Icon. ined.
B. M. t. 184. f. 1, copied t. 185. f. 1.

Drawing of “ Cabool Doomba Sheep.’’—Hodgson, Icon. ined.
B. M. t. 184. f. 2, copied t. 185. f. 2.

Four-horned Sheep, with long mane on neck below. Drawing
in India ink, with a pencil sketch on the back.—Bank. Icon.
Mam. t.

Drawing in colours, by S. Parkinson, after nature.—Bank.
Icon. Mam. t., copied Pennant, Quad. 1. t. 3. f. 2.

Drawing in colours, by F. Masson, in lat. 50°, long. 115°.—
Bank. Icon. Mam. t.

Hab. India.

32. The Short-tailed Sheep.
Ovis brachyura borealis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 61; Zool.
Ross. Asiat. 1. 233.
Hab. Northern Russia.

33. Sheep of Tartary, Moorcroft; Lesson, ee a Buffon, x. 313.
Hab. Tartary. ~

“ Eat bones like a dog.”

2. Caprovis. Mourrions or WILD SHEEP.

Horns (in male only) bent in a half circle over the back, heavy,
wrinkled, angular and compressed. Mutfile none. Nose ovine.
Eye-pits small, indistinct. Tail short, deer-like, without any
tail-disc. Hair thick, entirely concealing the woolly under-coat.
Beard none. Caprine odour none. Skull with small deep pit
in front of orbit.

Caproris, Hodgson, Var. Gen. Ruminants, 1847, 18.
Ovis § Musimon, Gray, Knowsley Meets:
H2

WP MAMMALIA.

A. Musimon. Tail very short. Horns with the outer edge not
prominent and rounded. Throat and sides with a dark streak.

1. Caprovis (Musimon) Vienet. The Sua or Kocu.

Throat with a fringe of black hairs. Fur rufous brown. La-
teral streak, rings on lower part of feet, blackish. Belly and
back of shanks, and ring above hoofs, white. Skull: suborbital
pit deep and rounded.

Ovis Vignei, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840; Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii. 251.
t. 5. f. 9, horns; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169; List Osteol.
B. M. 61.

? Mountain Sheep, Lord in Burnes’ Cabool, 384; Ray Soe. Rep.
i. 64,

Ovis Musimon Vignei, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

Wild Sheep of Hindu Koosh, Vigne, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
1840, 440; Ray Soc. Rep. i. 64. .

Ovis cycloceros, Hutton in M‘Clelland, Calc. Journ. N. H. iui. t. 19.

Sha (not Sna), in Little Thibet.

Koch, at Suliman’s Range.

Koh i poombar, by the Afghans.

Hab. Thibet.

Male. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company.
Horns, with skin of forehead. Thibet ?

OstroLoey. Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 71.
Skull and horns. North India. Presented by the East India
Company.
Horns, separate. .North India. Presented by the East India
Company. :
Horn, single. North India. Presented by the E. India Company.
Skull. Thibet. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.
Skull. Thibet. From Mr. Argent’s Collection. :
Horns. Thibet. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.
Horns, separate. Thibet. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.
Two skulls. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company.

2. Caprovis (Mustmon) OrIENTALIS. The ARMENIAN.
SHEEP. .

Fulvous chestnut, darker on the back. Limbs and under parts
whitish. Tuft of black and white hair above the wrist. Males
with a dark line of more or less elongated hair on front of neck,
widening into a patch on the chest. “ Horns of male subtrigo-
nal, compressed and very deep, with strongly-marked angles,
and cross striz, diverging backwards, with slight arcuation near
the tips, which incline inwards.” —Blyth.

MAMMALIA. i73

Ovis orientalis, Gmelin, Reise Russland, iii. 486. t. 55; Pallas,
Spic. Zool. xii. 15. t. 5. f. 1, horns; Keyselin. Europ. Wirb.
Ovis Gmelinii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 69; Ann. & Mag. N. H.

vii. 250. t. 5. f. 8, horns.
» Aigoceros Musimon, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 360.
Ovis Musimon, Brandt & Ratz. Zool. Med. t.
Ovis (Musimon) orientalis, Gray, Knowsley Menag.
Hab. Armenia; Erzeroom.

Half-grown male. Armenia. Presented by the Hon. R. Curzon.
Skull. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser’s Collection.

3. Caprovis Musimon. The MourFr.on.
Brown.

Hireus Capra orientalis, Brisson, R. A. 71 (not Gmelin).

Capra Ammon (part.), Linn. S. N. 1. 47.

Capra Ammon, Blumenb. Naturg. x. 117.

Ovis Ammon (part.), Hral. Syst. 250; Gmelin, S, N. 1. 200.

Ovis Musimon, Schreb. Saugth. vii. 242. t. 286; Blyth, P.Z.S.
1840, 72; Ann. & Mag. N. H. vi.

Ovis Musimon, Musimon, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

_ Qvis aries fera, Desm. Mamm. 488.
fEgionomus Ammon (part.), Ranz. Elem. Zool. i. 652.

Ovis Musmon, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 875; Bonap. Faun.
Ital. i.

Capra Musmon, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 488; Bonap. Fauna Ital.
AD. t..1 3.

Mouflon or Musmon, Bewick, Quad. 74. fig.

Siberian Goat (part. Corsican var.), Penn. Syn. i. 18.

Wild Sheep (part. Corsican var.), Penn. Hist. i. 39.

Ophion, Plin. Hist. Nat. xxviii.—xxx.

Musmon, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii.

Musmon or Musimon, Gesner, Quad. 1. 823. fig.

Musimon, Rati Quad. 75.

Muflone, Cette H. Sard. Quad. i. 111.t.23.t.39.

Moufion, Buffon, H. N. xi. 352. t. 29; Cuvier, R. A. 1. 262, ed. 2.
i. 277; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.; Knight, Mus. A. Nat.
f. 673, 674.

Wildes Scharf, Gesner, Thierb. 155. fig.

Muffione in Sardinia = Murvoni d, Murva 9, Blyth.

Muffolo in Corsica = Mufro 3, Mufra 2, Blyth.

Hab. Sardinia and Corsica.

Var.? Horns more like O. orientalis, Blyth.

Moufflon (from Cyprus), Brandt 8° Ratz. Med. Zool.

Oyis Ophion, Blyth, P. Z. Soc. 1840, 73; Ann. & Mag. N. H.
vil. 250, from Brandt.

174 . MAMMALIA.

Ovis Cyprius, Blasius, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1841, 568, from Brandt.
Tragelaphus, Bellon.
Hab. Cyprus, Mus. Berlin; Candia, Bellon; Corsica.

OsTEOLOGY.
Moufflon, Daub. Buff. H. N. xi. t. 30.

s. Argali. Tail very short. Horns long, heavy, with the tips
bent inwards, and with the two edges equally prominent.
Throat and side without any dark streak. The suborbital
pit in the skull is moderately broad and concave. “ Tear-
bag and interdigital pores distinct.”—Hodgson, J. A. Soc.
Caleutta, 1846, 308.

4. Caprovis (ARGALI) ARGALI. The ARGALI.

goceros Argali, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 231. t. 20, 21; -
Tilesius, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii, 279. t. 23, head; Bo-
janus, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 291. t. 24, 25, skull.

Ovis fera Sibirica, Argali dicta, Pallas, Spic. xi. 3. t. 1, 2.

Ovis Argali, Bodd.

Capra Ammon, part., Linn. .S. N. 1. 97.

Capra Ammon, Fischer, Syn. 487; Cuvier, R. A.

Ovis Ammon, part., Eraleb. Syst. 250; Schreb. Saugth. t. 288.

Acriodorcas pygargus seu Ovicapra rupestris, S. Gmelin, 337.
n. 14, cited by Pallas; Steller, Besch. Kamtsch. 127.

Rupicapra cornubus arietinis, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop.
iv. 388. 53. t. 8b. f. 2, 3.

Siberian Goat (part.), Penn. Syn. i. 18 (Synonyma).

Wild Sheep (Siberian), Penn. Quad. i. 38; Arctic Zool. i. 12.

Argali, Shaw, Zool. u. t. 101. |

Argali de Sibérie, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. 267.

Hab. Siberia.

Male and female. Siberia.

OstroLocy. Tilesius, 1. c. xii. t. 23; Bojanus, l. c. xii. t. 24, 25.

Var. 1. Musimon, Steller, Kamtsch. 127.

Ovis Nivicola, Eschsch. Zool. Atlas, t.; Lesson, Comp. Buffon,
5 en te ;

Argali seu Belier sauvage, Wangl. Nord Siberie, ii. 158, 168.

Hab. Kamtschatka.

Var. 2. Ovis Argali, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 347.

Ovis Ammon var., Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, 105; 1834,
99; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 283; Institute, n. 101, 102;
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. x. 863; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 313.

Ovis Bambhera, Hodgson, Cat. MSS.; Institute, n. 101, 102.

MAMMALIA. _ 175

Nahoor Sheep (young male), Hodgson, Asiat. Research. xviii. t.

Ovis Ammonoides, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 1841, 236. t. 1.
f. 1, skull; x. 913, xi. 283; Calcutta Journ. N. Hist. iv. 291;
Gray, Hodgson Coll. B. M. 29.

Ovis Hodgsonii, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840, 65; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. xu. 199. t. 5. f.9; Journ. A. S. Beng. x. 284. 863.

Bambhera (or Ovis Ammon), Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. 75.

Bambhera or Bhaaral, Hodgson, MSS.

Hab. Himalaya; Nepal.

‘Fragments of the skin of a male.

A flat skin of a young male.

A flat skin of a female.

Skin of young, without head. Northern hill region of Nepal.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Maie. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company.

OstEoLoGy. Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal. x.t.1.f.1; Blyth, Ann.

& Mag. N. H. xii. t. 5. f. 9.

Pair of horns of adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.
Pair of horns, adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Pair of horns of young ram. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Skull and horn of a half-grown ram. Nepal. Presented by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
' Two skulls. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company.

Ons. a

The Bhaaral. Drawing of skull of young male.—Hodgson,
Icon. ined. B. M. t. 186. f. 1, t. 187. f. 9, 10.

Drawing of male, female and young.— Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.
M. t. 176, with details of the head, t. 177. '

Drawing of head of adult.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t.178.

Drawing of skull of old male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 186. f. 3, 4.

Drawing of skull of female.—Hodgson, Icon. med. B. M.
t. 187. f. 3, 4.

“The Wild Sheep inhabit the snowy barriers‘of High Asia,
Ammon of Siberia being confined to the remoter, and Ammo-
noides of Thibet to the nearer ranges. They are distinguished by
their angular, compressed, nearly wrinkled horns, turned almost
into a perfect circle, and their flat points directed forwards and out-
wards, the short-disked tail, and absence of a beard.’’—Hodgson.

‘The Wild Sheep proper, or Nyens of the Thibetans, never mix
with the Nahoors. They are far more hardy, active and inde-

176 MAMMALIA.

pendent than any tame breeds of their kind, as may well be sup-
posed from their terrific abode amid the snowy peaks of He-
machal. They are gregarious, feed in the glens, seek refuge on
the tops, and leap and run with deer-like power, though as climb-
ers inferior to the Jharal (Hemitragus), or as leapers to the Musk.
They are often snowed up for days without perishing, unless
their breathing-holes betray them to man, a more terrible foe
than the direst inclemency of the season. They rut in winter,
gestate about 160 days, or perhaps six months, and breed early
im summer.

The Nyens or Bambheras, or Wild Sheep, seldom or never
cross the Hemachal, the Indian side of which range is the spe-
cial habitat of the Nahoors, while to the north and west beyond
Thibet our animal is replaced by other species, so that Thibet
may be considered as the special habitat of one species (O. Am-
monides), and the plateaux north of Thibet as far as the Altai
of another (O. Ammon), eited as types of the true ovine form;
and it may be added, that the six sorts of tame Sheep of Thibet
and the sub-Himalayas, all without exception exhibit the essen-
tial characters of that form.

There are several species that may be confounded under this
head; the Siberian Argali is found in the most northern part
of that country, and it is probably different from the Himalayan
animal; but I have not been able to discover any difference be-
tween the specimen received from Mr. Hodgson and those which
were sent from Siberia by the Russian naturalist.

Pallas regards this and the next as one species, and observes :
—‘** Nobilissimum et statura et agilitate animal ab Altaico et Me-
dio Asiz alpestri jugo; per omnem orientalem montium tractum
usque m Peninsulam Camtschatcam imo verosimillime in Conti-
nente Americz locis maxime desertis vagatur, parvis gregibus
hominis frequentiam fugiens, frigoris patiens, montibus apricis
gaudens et asperrima loca frequentans. In occidentem vix pro-
cessit, ubi przcedenti speciei (Caprovis orientalis), australiores
situs amanti, locum concessit.”—Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 232.

5. Caprovis (ARGALI) CANADENSIS. The Taye or Bic
Horn.

Grey-brown. Hair thin (in summer). Rump with a very large
white disk, with a narrow vertical line to the base of the tail, it
and the very short tail grey-brown like the back. Horns of male
very large, subtrigonal at the base, ringed, nearly equilaterally
triangular, bulging a little between the angles; the inner front
angle obtusely prominent, the hinder double, forming a second
plane at a slight angle with the superior one, and the inferior
angle much rounded off.

MAMMALIA, Garis if

Ovis montana, Geoff. Ann. Mus. ii. 351. t. 60; Schreb. Saugth.
t. 294 B., cop. Desm. E. M.t. .f. ; Desm. Mamm. 486;
Richardson, Fauna Amer. Bor.; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169.

Ovis Ammon, Harlan, Fauna Amer. 259.

Ovis Pygarga, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.

Ovis cervina, Desm. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxi. 553.

Big-horned Sheep, Ord in Blainv. Journ. Phys. 1817, 146.

Ovis Canadensis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xv. t. 610, cop. E. M. t. 14.
f.4; Schreb. Saugth. t. 214; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer.
t. 23; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 311.

The Argali, Godman, Nat. Hist. ii. 329. t.1; Cook, Voy.

Rocky Mountain Sheep, Richardson.

White Buffalo, Mackenzie.

Big Horn, Lewis & Clerk, Travels.

Var. 2. Ovis Californiana, Douglas, Zool. Journ. iv. 332; Blyth,
P. Z. S. 1840, 65; Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii. 199. t. 5. f. 5,
horns; Féruss. Bull. Sci. Nat. xvui. 447; Lesson, Compl.
Buffon, x. 213.

Berindo, Forbes, California.

Wild Sheep, Venegos, California.

Missiliones, M. A. Pigafetie in Ramusium, i. 354 6, i. 361 6.

Hab. N. America; California.

Male. California. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N.

Male and female. California. Presented by the Hudson’s
Bay Company.

Probably the same as the Ammon of Northern Siberia.

5. Crumen none. Skull without infraorbital pit. Tail moderate.

3. PsEuDOIS.

Horns smooth, subcylindrical, directed towards the sides
(nearly at right angles with the axis of the body), and recurved
backwards at the tip, with a distinct longitudinal ridge on inner?
side. Forehead convex. Neck not maned. Tear-bag none. Inter-
digital pores distinct. Body covered with hair, dark lateral streak
distinct. Tail well developed, not tufted at the end. Skull with-
out any infraorbital pit or fissure. Females sometimes hornless.

Pseudois, sp., Hodgson, Var. Gen. Ruminants, 1846; Journ.
Asiat. Soc. n. 173.
Ovis 8, Sundevall, Pecora, 90.

1. Pszeupo1s NaHoor. The Nanoor or NERVATE or SNA.

Ovis Nahura, Hodgs.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 170.
O. Nayaur, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 347.
H 5

178 MAMMALIA.

O. Nahoor, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1834, 107; J. A. S. B. iv. 1835,
492; x. 1840, 231. t..1. f. 2, t.2; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soe.
1840, 66; Ann. N. H. vii. t. 5. f. 6, 7, x. 913, xi. 283; J. A.
S. B. x. 867; Sundevall, Pecora, 90.

O. Nahur, Hodgs. Calc. J. N. H. iv. 291.

O. Thur, non var., Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1833, 105; 1834, 992

Nepal Ram or Nervate, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 194,
horns.

Ovis Ammon (part.), Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 1. 274.

Ovis Burrhell, part., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1838, 79.

Burrhal or Nahoor, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 75.

The Nahur or Nahoor, Gray, List Hodgson Mamm. &c. B. M.

Hab. Nepal, Northern hilly region.

Female. Nepal.

Female, horns directed on one side. Nepal.

Horns of male on base. Nepal.

Horns of male on base. Nepal.

Male, skin in fragments. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq. :

Male. Ladank. Presented by the Kast India Company.

OsTEOLOGY.

Base of skull of male, with horns. Nepal. }

Skull of a young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

Various separate bones of body and limbs. Nepal. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull, female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Horns.

Skull. India. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Horns. India. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Two single horns. India. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Var. 1. Smaller, more robust, with shorter ears and very dark
horns, without white.

Burul, Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1839, 994; 1840, 568 ;
Bengal Sporting Mag. 1839, 295.

Ovis Bhurrel (Bhurrell Sheep), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, 79; Wa-
terhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. Supp. 9. n. 406,.1839.

Ovis Burrhel, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 67; Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii.
248. t. 5. f. 7, horns; Sundevall, Pecora, 90.

Pseudois Burhal, Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, 1846, 308.

Hab. Barenda Pass.

The Nahoor inhabit the Himalayas; they are distinguished
from the Sheep by the want of the eye-pits ; the rounded, uncom-

*-

MAMMALIA. 179

pressed, smooth horns, directed upwards and backwards with
great divergency, and with their round points again bent inwards;
by their short, deer-like tail, which is rather longer than that of
the Wild Sheep and not disked. They rut in winter, gestate 54
months, and breed in the summer.

Their habits resemble those of the Nyens or Wild Sheep, but
the two never commingle nor approach each other, nor will the
male, however long and completely they are tamed, have sexual
commerce with domestic Sheep. Ribs 13 pair— Hodgson.

The Nahoor is much less easily acclimatized in foreign parts
than the Jharal, im confinement more resigned and apathetic.
I have tried in vain to make the Nahoor breed with tame Sheep,
because he will not copulate with them.—Hodgson, J. A. S. B.
iv. 493.

4. AMMOTRAGUS.

Forehead concave. Crumen none. Horns subcylindrical,
turning outward backward, with the tips inward towards each
other. Chin not bearded. Neck maned beneath. Tail rather
elongate, tufted at the end. Skull with no suborbital pit nor
fissure.

Pseudois, sp., Hodgson.
Ammotragus, Blyth; Gray, Knowsley Menag.
Ovis § y, Sundevall, Pecora, 90.

1. AMMoOTRAGUS TRAGELAPHUS.

Ovis Tragelaphus, Desm. Mamm. 480.1; Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii.
258.261; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.169 ; List Osteol. B. M. 61.

Ovis ornata, Geoff. Egypt. t.; I. Geoff. Dict. Class. H. N. xi.
264; Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. 312.

Capra Jaela, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. t. 192, not text.

Ammotragus Tragelaphus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 40.

Moufion d’Afrique, Cuv. R. A.i. 268; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

Moufion a manchettes, Explor. Sci. Alger. Mam. t. 7.

Bearded Sheep, Penn. Quad. i. 46.

Siberian Goat, Penn. Syn. Quad. 1. 18 (the skin described as
from India, not synon.).

Tragelaphus seu Hircocervus, Caiz Opuse. 59.

Aoudad, Jackson, Morocco; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 671.

Fichtall or Lerwea, Shaw, Trav. 243.

Antilope Lervia, Pallas, Spic. xii. 12; Gmelin, S. N. i. 182;
Fischer, Syn. 480.

Hab. N. Africa.

Bad state. North Africa.
Male, adult. North Africa.

cA

180 MAMMALIA.

- OSTEOLOGY.

Horns. North Africa.
Horns. North Africa.
Horns. North Africa.
Horns.

Pennant, in his Synopsis, i. 18, confounded this animal with |

the Musimon; and Pallas (Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 230) on his au-
thority gave India as the habitat of the latter, but the subgenus
was not known to inhabit the Himalaya at that period.

Tribe 2. GIRAFFINA,

Horns covered with a hairy skin, with a tuft of hair at the tip.

Camelopardina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvi.

Camelopardalis, Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798.

Giraffide, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307, 1821; H. Smith, Griffith
A. K. v.; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63, 1828.

Devexa, Illiger, Prod. 104,-1811].

Plenicornia 6, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1821.

Camelopardalide, Selys Longchamps, 1842.

Elaphiens, part., Pomet. l. c. 184.

Ruminalia stereoceria, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

Ruminantia B. Pygnocerate, part., Bronn, Index Paleont. 1. 709.

Cameli 8, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 4-31, 1830.

Cervide (part.), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134.

Cervicornia §, Sundevall, Pecora, 52.

Unguligrada, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 52.

Ossicornia, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845.

Camelopardalina, Sundevall, Pecora, 52. .

Camelopardineze, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168, 1842.

Les Girafes, F. Cuvier, D. Sci. Nat. lix. 513. |

1. GIRAFFA.

Lip not grooved, entirely covered with hair, much produced
before the nostril. Tongue very extensile. Neck very long. Body
short. Hinder legs short.- False hoof none. Tail elongate, with

-a tuft of thick hair at the end. Africa. Living in families on
the leaves of trees and shrubs.

Giraffa, Brisson, R. A. i. 37, 1763; Storr, 1780; Scopoii; Ra-
finesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

Cervus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 12.92; Eraleb. S. A. 294, Vari.

Camelopardalis, Ray, Syn. 90; Aldrov.; Cuvier, Tab. Elem.
1798; Schreb. Saugth.; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168; Desm.
1804 ; Illiger, 1811; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134; J. Brookes,
Cat. Mus. 63; F. Cuvier, D. S. N. lix. 513; Fischer, Syn. 455.

.
‘

MAMMALIA. 181

Camelopardalus, Charlet.
Giraffe, Penn. Hist. Quad. i. 58.

1. Grrarra CAMELOPARDALIS. The GIRAFFE or CAMEL-
LEOPARD.

Cervus Camelopardalis, Linn. 8. N.i. 92; Eraleb. Syst. 294.

C. Capensis, Geoff.; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134; Lesson, N. Tab.
R. A. 168.

Camelopardalis Giraffa a, Sundevall, Pecora, 52.

Giraffa Camelopardalis, Brisson, R. a 61; Zimm. Geog. Gesadt
3205.

Camelopardalis Girafa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 181; Schreb. Saugth.
1140. t. 255-255*; Desm. N. Dict. xiii. 165. t. E. 6; Mamm.
449; F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. xviii. 555; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A.
168; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 170; List Osteol. B. M. 62;
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. uu. t. 40; Thunb. Mem. Pétersd. iii.
311; I. Geoff. Dict. Class. H. N. vii. 354; Cretzschm. in
Riippell, Zool. Atlas, 23. t. 8,9; Fischer, Syn. 455. 623; H.
Smith, G. A. K. v. 807.

Var. 1. Paler.

Camelopardalis Girafa 8. Ethiopica, Sundevall, Pecora, 52; Act.
Stockh. 1842, 244.

Camelopardalis Sennaarensis, Geoff’.

Camelopardalis Hthiopicus, aes: P. Z. S. 1836, 134.

Camelopardalis, Plin. H. N. vin.; Gesner, Quad. 160. fig.; Alpin.
Aig. i. 236. t. 14. f. 4.

ao Jonst. Quad. t. 39; Cateret, Phil. Trans. \x.
Qf +t

Camelus Indicus, Jonst. Quad. t. 40.

Gyraffe, Belon. Obs. 118. fig. 119.

Tragus Giraffa, Klein, Quad. 22.

Camelopard, Penn. Syn. 10; Quad. 1. 65. f. 11.

Kamel paard, Vosmaer. Besch. t. , 1787.

Giraffe, Thevet. Cosmogr. i. 388. fig. 389; Buffon, H. N. xiii. 1;
Supp. ui. 320. t. 64, 65; vu. 345. t. 81; Levaill. Trav. t ;
Shaw, Zool. 11. 303. t. 181, 182; Lichtenst. Reise, ii. 451, 463;
Clot Bey, Acad. Sci. Petersb. vi. 6 (anat.).

Giraffe or Cameleopard, Harris, W. A, S. A. t. 11, and head;
Thibaut, Proc. Z. S. 1836.

Hab. Africa; Cape of Good Hope; Athiopia; Sennaar. West
Africa; Senegal and Bornou.

Male (16 feet high) and female. S. Africa. Presented by W.

Burchell, Esq., LL.D.

Male (in bad state). S. Africa. Presented by the College of

Surgeons. Col. Paterson’s specimen.

182 MAMMALIA.

Young male. Central Africa. Presented by Capt. Clapperton,
R.N., and Col. Denham.

Male (18 feet high). S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
- Male. N. Africa. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.

OstreoLocy. Alton, Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 332. t. 36; Owen,
Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t.40; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t.9; Geoff.
Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. 210; Salze, Mem. Mus. xiv. 68; Owen,
Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40.

Skull of male. South Africa. Presented by Dr. Burchell.
Skull of male. Presented by Dr. Burchell.

*Skeleton. N. Africa. From the Zoological Society’s Col- |

ection.

Icon.

Cervus camelopardalis, Linn.—G. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 15, from a painting of Baron de Flettenberg, improved from a
dry head ; t. 16, a head.

“Mr. Wahlenberg has seen the dark and light coloured varie-
ties mixed together in the same herd in tropical parts of Africa.
The males are generally dark and the females pale, but this is
not always the case. He has sent to Stockholm the skin of a
female from Caffreland, which is as pale as the specimens from
Sennaar.”’—Sundevall in a Letter, 1850.

Subfamily II. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a
deciduous hairy skin, or entirely wanting.

Tribe 3. CERVINA.

Cutting-teeth none in upper jaws. Horns deciduous, often
wanting in the females. Tarsus hairy on the hinder side. False
hoofs distinct.

Cervus, Linn.; Cuv. T. E. 1798.

Cervidee, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 307; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Beng. 1850.

Cervina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.

Plenicornia a, Latr. Fam. Nat. 63, 1825.

Cervide, H. Smith, Griff. A. K.v. 182; Selys Longchamps, 1842.

Cervina, Selys Longchamps, 1842 ; Wiegm. ; Cabais in R. Schom-
burgk, Reisen in British Guiana, i ul. 784.

Elaphiens, Pomet. 1. c. 184.

Les Chevrotains et Les Cerfs, F. Cuv. 1829.

Ruminantia B. Pygnocerate, part., Bronn, Index Paleon. ii. 709.

Capreoli, Illiger, Prod. 104, 1811; Riippell, Verz. Senck. Sammi.
183, 1845.

MAMMALIA. 183

Les Cerfs (Cervus), F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829.
Cervide seu Ceratoénta, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828.
Les Cerfs, Lesson, Mamm. i. 259.

Blainville proposed to divide the species thus:—A. Horns
sessile. a. Horns divided. 1. Elans. 2. Rennes. 3. Daims.
4. Cerfs. 5. Axis. 6. Chevreuils. 6. Horns simple. 7. Da-
guets. 3B. Horns pedicelled. 8. Cervules. In the same note
he divides the species according to their geographic distribution.
—Desm. Mamm. 449, 1822.

M. Bravard divides the Fossil Deer of Puy du Déme into two
subgenera, thus :—1. Catoglochis, with the lower anterior snag
on the crown. 2. Anoglochis, with it above the crown.—Fide
Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mamm. 1836, p. 259.

Lesson, in the Manuel de Mammalogie, 1827, p. 355, thus
arranges the species of the genus Cervus:—A. 1. Elans.
B. 1. Rennes. 2. Daims. 3. Cerfs propr. dit. 4. Axis * ta-
chetées, ** sans taches. 5. Chevreuils * ancient continent,
** nouveau contment. 6. Daguets. 7. Cervules.

Colonel Hamilton Smith has adopted the section proposed by
De Blainville; he regarded them as sections or subgenera, and
gave them the followmg Latin names:—l1. Alces. 2. Rangifer.
3. Dama. 4. Elaphus. 5. Rusa. 6. Axis. 7. Capreolus. 8.
Mazama. 9. Subulo. 10. Stylocerus.—Griffth, A. K. v. 1827;
translated Fischer, Syn. Mam. i. 612, 1830; and Lesson, Compl.
Buffon Mamm. x. 259, 1836.

Professor Sundevall proposed the following genera and sub-
genera:—l. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3. Cervus. A. a. Cervus.
8. Hippelaphi. y. Hyelaphus. 6. Dama. 8B. a. Mazama.
8. Blastoceri. y. Fureiferes. 6. Subulones. 4. Capreolus.
5. Prox. (6. Moschus. 7. Tragulus.)

Mr. Gray, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (1836,
67), proposed to arrange the species of Deer into three sections,
according to the position of certain tufts of hair on the hind-legs,
thus :—l. A tuft of hair below the middle of the outside of the
metatarsus. 2. Above the middle of the outside of the meta-
tarsus; and 5. With a tuft of hair on the inside of the hock.
Dr. Sundevall in his Pecora has adopted these divisions. These
tufts have the advantage of being found in all ages and in both
sexes, so that they can be consulted when the horns are deficient.

M. Pucheran (Dict. Univer. Hist. Nat. m1. 314, 1843) divides
the Deer as follows:—A. With flat horns. 1. C. Dama (and
var. mauricus). B. With round horns. a. With more than two
andouilleres. 1. C. Virginianus. 2. C. Duvaucellii. 3. C. Wal-
lichii. 4. C. Elaphus. 5. C. Wapiti. 6. C. macrotis. 7. C.
macrurus. 8. C. occidentalis. 9. C. Elaphoides. 6. With only
two andouilleres. 10. C. Hippelaphus. 11. C. Aristotelis. 12.

184 MAMMALIA,

C. equinus. 13. C. marianus. 14. C. Peroni. 18. C. uni-
color. 16. C. Axis. 17. C. porcinus. 18. C. nudipalpebra.
19. C. Leschenaultii. 20. C. Capreolus. 21. C. Mexicanus.
22. C. paludosus. 23. C. campestris. c. Cerfs daguets. 24.
C. Nemorivagus. 25. C. rufus. This essay is a mere compila-
tion without any examination.

M. Pucheran, in his “ Monographie des espéces du Genre
Cerf” (Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 1849, u. 775), divides the
tribe Cerviens into four genera:—1l. Alces. 2. Tarandus. 3.
Cervulus; and 4. Cervus.

Since the publication of Cuvier’s Essay on Deer (Ossemens
Fossiles, iv.), where he exhibited the development of the horns
of several species, and in which he described several species from
the study of the horns alone, many zoologists have almost entirely
depended on the horns for the character of the species; and Mr.
Hamilton Smith has been induced to separate some species on
the study of a single horn. But the facilities which menageries
have afforded of studyimg these animals, and watching the va-
riations which the horns of the species present, have shown that
several most distinct but allied species, as the Stag of Canada
and India, have horns so similar, that it is impossible to disti-
guish them by their horns. On the other hand, it has shown
that animals of the same herd, or even family, and sometimes
even the same specimen, under different circumstances, in suc-
ceeding years have produced horns so unlike one another in size
and form, that they might have been considered, if their history
was not known, as horns of very different species. These obser-
vations, and the examination of the different cargoes of foreign
horn which are imported for the uses of the cutler, each cargo
of which is generally collected in a single locality, and therefore
would most probably belong to a single species peculiar to the
district, have proved to me that the horns afford a much better
character to separate the species into groups than to distinguish

1
:

so

Se

—_——s ee

the allied species from one another.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, in his Monograph of the Genus, se-
parated them into genera according to the form of the horns.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836 1 drew |
attention to the glands on the hind-legs, as affording very good |
character to arrange the genera proposed by Colonel Smith into |
natural groups, which in most particulars agreed with the geo-
graphical distribution of the species.

Dr. Sundevall, in his Essay on Pecora, has availed himself of
the characters suggested in my paper, and has also pointed out
some other external characters, such as the form and extent of
the muffle, which afford good characters for the distinction of
these animals, characters which, I firmly believe, are much more

MAMMALIA, 185

important for the distinction of the genera and species than those
derived from the form of the skull or the modifications of the
teeth, or the form and size of the horns, as they are not, like
those parts, so liable to alteration from age, local circumstances,
and other changes during the growth of the animal; and the
characters derived from these parts can be seen in the females as
well as the males, which is not the case with the horns, as they
can only be observed in the male sex.

These examinations have shown that the form and extent of
the muffle, the position and presence of glands on the hind-
legs, the general form of the horns, and the kind of hair which
forms the fur, taken together, afford the best characters for the
arrangement of the species into natural genera, and these genera
into groups. And I believe that the progress of zoology, and
the natural arrangement and affinities of animals, are best pro-
‘moted by the general study of all the parts of the animal taken
together, rather than confining one’s attention to any set of charac-
ters, and believing them as much more important than the others.

The Deer may be thus divided :— |

A. The Deer of the Snowy Regions have a very broad muzzle en-
tirely covered with hair. The horns are expanded and pal-
mate; and the fawns are not spotted.

a. The Alcine Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns,
and a small bald muffle between the nostrils, as the genus
Alcis.

b. The Rangerine Deer have a large, basal anterior snag to the
horns, close on the crown or bur, and no muffle, as Tarandus.

B. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions have a tapering
muzzle ending in a bald muffle. The fawns, and sometimes
the adults, are spotted. = eet

c. The Elaphine Deer have a distinct, anterior basal snag to the
horns, the muffle broad and separated from the hp by a
hairy band, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hmd
leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Cervus and Dama.

d. The Rusine Deer have a distinct, anterior basal snag to the
horns, the muffle very high and not separate from the edge
of the lips, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hmd
leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Recervus, Pa-
-nolia, Rusa, Axis, Hyelaphus, Cervulus.

e. The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, ~

the first branch bemg some distance above the bur, the cru-

men (and pit in the skull) generally small, as Capreolus,
Cariacus, Blastocerus, Furcifer, Coassus, and Pudu,

186 MAMMALIA.

The Alcine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the northern
part of both continents; the Elaphine and Rusine Deer to the
Eastern World (the latter almost exclusive to the warmer part
of Asia). All the Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The
only exceptions to these rules are, the Wapity Deer of the Ela-
phine group is found in Northern America, and the Roebuck and
pi of the Capreoline group are found in Europe and North

sla. .

I. The Deer of the Snowy Regions. Muzzle very broad, entirely
covered with hair. Fawns not spotted. Horns expanded and
palmated. Tail short. Skull: nose-cavity very large. In-
termaxillaries not reaching to the nasals.

Deer of the Snowy Region, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1850;
Gleanings Knowsl. Menag.
Cervus § 1, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 74, note.

1. Aleme Deer (Alcee). Horns without any basal snag near the
crown. Muzzle with a small bald muffle between the nos-
trils.

Aleine Deer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H.1850; Knowsl. Menag.
Anoglochis, sp., Bravard.
Alcede, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828.

1. ALCEs.
Alee, H. Smith.

Muzzle very broad, produced, and covered with hair, but there
is a small, moist, naked spot im front of the nostrils. Neck
‘short and thick. Hair thick and brittle. Throat rather maned
im both sexes. Huind-legs have the tuft of hair rather above the
middle of the metatarsus. Males have palmated horns, subey-
lindrical at the base, expanded and palmated above, without any
basal snag. The nose-cavity in the skull is very large, reaching
behind to a line over the front of the grinders. The intermax-
illaries are very long, but do not reach to the nasal. The nasals
are very short.—See Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. t. 9. f. 49.

They live in woods in the northern parts of both continents.

Cervus § 1. Alces, H. Smith in Griffith A. K.v. _, 1827.

Alees, Gray, L. Med. Repos. 1821; List Mamm. B. M.; Lesson,
Mamm. i. 259; N. Tab. R. A. 269, 1842; Ogilby, P. Z. S.
1836, 135; Sundevall, Pecora, 54.

Elans, Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. ii. 448, 1822.

Cervus, sp., Fischer, Syn. 441.

‘
r

:

:
§
r
t
:

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a

MAMMALIA. 187

1. Auces Matcuis. The ELK or Moose.
Dark brown. Legs yellower.

Alces antiquorum, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845.

Cervus Alces, Linn. S. N. i. 92; Gmelin, S. N.i.175; Brisson,
R. A. 93; Pallas, Zool. R. A. i. 201; Zimm. Geog. Gesch. i.
127; Schreb. Saugth. 968. t. 246 a, b, c, d; Desm. N. Dict.
H. N.v. 519; Mamm. 430; F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vu.
461; Davelli, K. Sv. Vet. Handl. 1819, 207; Desmoul. D. Class.
H. N. iii. 374; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 441. 613; Richardson,
Fauna Bor. Amer. 232.

Cervus Alces Alces, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 771.

Alces (Cervus) Alces, Sundevall, Pecora, 54.

Alces Malchis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135.

Alces palmatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 182; Cat. Osteol. B.
M. 70.

Alces Europeus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61.

Moose Deer, Dudley, Phil. Trans. n. 368.165; Dale, Phil. Trans.
n. 444, 384.

Moose or Elk, Catesby, Carol. App. 27.

Elk, Laws. Carol. 123; Penn. Syn. 40. t.7; Quad. 1. 105, t2 17:
Shaw, Mus. Lever. i. 33. t. 8; Gen. Fool, n..26]\ t. 1/4, 175;
Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 585, 586, 605.

Elan, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. t. 7; Supp. vii. 318. t. 80; Potaaie
Anim. i. 179. t. 25; Cuvier, R. A. 1. 254; Oss. Foss. iv. 64.
Orignal, Lu. Houtan, Voy. 72; Charlev. Nowe. France, iii. 126;
Dierville, Acad. 122; Allam, Buff. H. N. xv. 50. t. 2; Buffon,

Supp. ui. 133 ; Fischer, Syn. 441. 613.

American Black Elk(C. Alces 8.), Ham. Smith, Griffith A.K.v.771.

Elch, Wangenheim, Neu. Schrift. Berl. Naturf. Fr.i. 1. t. 1.

Loss, Russians in Siberia.

Flat-horned Elk, Jeffers. Notes Virginia, 49.

Cervus palmatus Alce, Klein, Quad. 577. t. 28 &.

Alces, Cesar, Bell. Gall. vi. ec. 27; Gesner, Quad. i. fig. 2. fig. ;
Jonston, Quad. 92. t. 30, 31.

Alce, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. ec. 15; Heinsit Dissert. de Alce, 1767.

Hab. The Northern Regions of America and Europe.

Female, adult. N. Europe. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Head, stuffed, with horns. Russia. Presented by Edward
Cayley, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY.

Elan, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 8,9; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 64.
t, 4,1. 22-29. t. 6. £, 8,625.1, 49, ith:

Moose Deer, Dale, Phil. Trans. n. 444. 384. fig.

C. alces, Schreb. Saugth, t. 246. f. db.

188 MAMMALIA.

Horns. Sweden. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Fro
the Leverian Museum. Fig. Shaw, Mus. Lev. t. 8.

Skeletons of male and female. From the Zoological Society’s
Collection.

Two skulls. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.

Several pair of horns.

Two single horns of young.

Single horn. Udoholm, Sweden. Presented by the Earl of |

Selkirk.

Icon.
American Moose Deer, drawing of horns in India ink, by S.
Parkinson.—Bank. Icon. ined. B. MV’. Mammalia, t.

Several naturalists, especially Colonel Hamilton Smith, thought
they had observed a diiference in the horns of the Russian and
American Elks; I have compared numerous specimens from both
countries, but can discover no appreciable distinction between
them.

The Elks, like most of the other Deer, and especially of the

animals which inhabit the cold and mountain regions, present a
very considerable difference in size, according to the scarcity or
abundance of the food which the locality they imhabit affords ;
and the development of the horns appears to be greatly imflu-
enced by this cause, so that the horns of the animal inhabiting
the more barren districts are much less developed than those
found in more fertile situations, and I think I have observed this
to be the case with both the Russian and the American horns;
but on this head naturalists are hkely to be much misled, as the
horns which are imported are generally chosen for their size and
perfect development, and the small and less-developed speci-
mens are only to be observed in the cargoes of horns which are
imported for economic purposes.
These observations are equally applicable to the Rein Deer.

2. Rangerine Deer or Reins. Horns with a large, basal, ante-
rior branch on the crown. Muzzle entirely hairy, without
any naked muffle.

The Rangerine Deer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1850; Knows-
ley Menag.

Catoglochis, sp., Bravard.

Rangiferinide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828.

1. TARANDUS.
The muzzle is entirely covered with hair. Crumen small, co-

le ails

MAMMALIA. 189

vered with a pencil of hairs. The fur brittle, in summer short,
in winter longer, whiter; of the throat longest. The hoofs are
broad, depressed, and bent in at the tip. The external metatarsal
gland above the middle of the leg. Horns im both sexes, elon-

_ gate, subcylindrical, with the basal branches and tip dilated and

palmated ; of the females smaller. Skull with rather large nose-
cavity, at least half as long as the distance to the first grinder ;
the intermaxillary moderate, nearly reaching to the nasal; a
small, very shallow suborbital pit; a very large, oblong, deep
fissure. They live in the arctic regions in both hemispheres,
migrating in flocks, and eating lichens.

Cervus § 2. Rangifer, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. , 1827; in
Fischer, Syn. 11. 612.

Rangifer, Lesson, Mamm. i. 260; N. Tab. R. A. 169, 1842; Gray,
Inst Mamm. B. M. 181; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 69; Sundevall,
Pecora, 64, 113, 131.

Tarandus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134.

Rennes, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822.

1. TARANDUS RANGIFER. The CariBou REIN DEER.

Dark brown in summer; grey in winter. Young, brown yel-
low varied.

Cervus Tarandus, Linn. S. N.i. 93; Gmelin, S. N.i.177; Amen.
Acad. iv. 144. t. 1; Eral. Syst. 305; Retz. Fn. Suec. i. 42;
Fab. Faun. Grenl.16; Schreb. Saugth. 1828, t. 248 a, B,c,D,E;
Desm. N. Dict. H. N. ii. 521; Mamm. 431; Ency. Méh.t. 58.
f. 3,4; F. Cuvier, Dict. Se. Nat. vii. 463. fig.; Mam. Lithog.
t.; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. ui. 375; Fischer, Syn. 443.
631; Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106; Eversmann, Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mosq. 1840, 59; Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.; Bennett,
Gard. Z. S. 241. fig.; Richardson, F. Bor. Amer. 238.

C. Tarandus sylvestris (Woodland Caribou), Rich. F. B. A.
250.

Tarandus rangifer, Bonap. Index Mamm. Europ. 35, 1845.
Cervus rangifer, Rai Syn. 88; Klein, Quad. 23. t. 1; Brisson
i; A982. ;

Capra Groenlandica, Raii Syn. 90.

Cervus Greenlandicus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 88.

Cervus platyrhynchos, Vrolich, Rendier, t. 2, 1828.

Cervus coronatus, Geoff. MSS. in Schreb. Saugth. 1135; Desm..
Mamm. 439; Fischer, Syn. 613; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v.
S223 ty: 90.t. °-. 1. 4. .

Rangifer Tarandus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181; Cat. Osteol,

B. M. 69; Sundevall, Pecora, 54. .
Cervus mirabilis, Jonston, Quad. t. 36.

190 MAMMALIA. 5

Cervus palmatus, Jonston, Quad. t. 37.

Cervus cornibus rectis, &c., Caribou, Brisson, R. A. 91. — 1

Tarandus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. ¢. 34; Aldrov. Bisule. 859. fig.
861; Scheff. Lapp. 321. fig. p. 327.

Rangifer, Gesner, Quad. 950. fig.; Hulden. Util. Rangifer Jena,
1694,

Renthier, Strals. Magaz. i. 394. t. 1; Wildung, Taschenb. f.
1805.

Renhirsch, Mellin, Schrift. Berlin Naturf. Fr.i.1. t. 2; iv. 128.
4.03

Rendier, Camp. Natursk. Verhand. 193. t. 1.

Tarandus borealis, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845.

Tarandus Rangifer, T. Spitzbergensis, T. Norvegicus, T. Green-
landicus, T. Sibiricus, T. nodosus, et T. Canadensis, J. Brookes,
Mus. Cat. 61, 1828.

Rein Deer, Penn. Syn. 46. 36. t. 8. f.1; Quad. 1. 99. t.10, f. 2; ©
Knight, M. A. N. f. 587-590; Shaw, Zool. ii. 269. t. 1763
Brooke, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1827, 30.

Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751; Buffon, H. N. xv. 50. t. 3.

Renne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. t. 10, 11, 12; Supp. ii. t. 18*.

Renn Thier, Eversmann, Bull. de Moscou, 1840, 58.

Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A. i. 254; Oss. Foss. Iv. ‘61. t. 4. f. 1-18,

Ua tee Bae Ve

Ren, Hollstein, K. Svensk. Vet. Handl. xxxv. 124.

Caribou or Carreboeuf, French Canadians.

Oleen, Russians in Siberia.

Greenland Buck, Edwards, Birds, i. t. 51, young.

Hirsch, Martin, Spitzb. 72. t. O. f. 2, young,

Var. Smaller. Horns more slender, less palmated. Hair short,
smooth, close, brown, with throat and belly white ; in summer
hair very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect, and white in
winter.

Cervus Tarandus Americanus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 773? ;
Fischer, Syn. 615 ?

Cervus Tarandus a. Arctica, Barren Ground Caribou, Richard-
son, Fauna Bor. Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns.

Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 208.

1. Woodland Caribou, Richardson.
Caribou des Bois, H. Smith, G. A. K.
Tarandus nemoralis, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845.

2. Great Caribou of the Rocky Mountains, H. Smith.
3. Labrador or Polar Caribou, H. Smith.
4. Siberian Rein Deer (ridden by the Tungusians).

MAMMALIA. 19]

5. Newfoundland Caribou.
Hab. Arctic Circle, America and Europe.

Male, horns half grown. North Europe. Presented by the
Earl of Derby.

Foetus, m spirit. Greenland. From Dr. Moller’s Collection.
. Adult, white (no skull nor horns). Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Adult male, dark brown. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the
Hudson’s Bay Company.

Male, nearly white. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hud- |
son’s Bay Company.

Female, dark brown. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hud-
son’s Bay Company.

Female, nearly white. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hud-
son’s Bay Company.

Two, very young. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hud-
son’s Bay Company.

Female, dark brown. Sweden. Presented by Sir T. Wilson.

Young. Bred at Charlton. Presented by Sir T. Wilson.

Young. Bred at the Zoological Gardens.

OsTEOLOGY.

Renne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xu. t. 10,11, 12; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
iv. 61. t. 4. f. 1-18, t. 5. f. 47, skull +.

C. Tarandus, Schreb. Saugth. t. 248 a, c, D.

C. rangifera, Klein, Quad. t. 1. fig.

Skeleton. Norway. Presented by Sir T. M. Wilson, Bart.

a. Skull, large; horns small, slender branches small subulate,
middle branch largest.

6. Skull and horns large, long, slender (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4.
f. 20); no basal branch to right horn.

c. Skull and horns; horns large, long, slender, apex broad,
branched behind, no basal branch to right horn.

d. Horns, middle-sized, the lower branch of left elongate,
forked; of right horn very broad, palmated. North America.
Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.

e. Horns, small; the lower and middle branch of right horn
confluent, palmated. North America. Presented by Captain
Sir John Franklin, R.N.

f. Horns, large (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f.17); basal branch of
left horn large, palmated; of right smaller, lobed.

g. Horns, large (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 9); basal branch of
left horn very large, palmated ; of right simple, subulate. Siberia?

h. Horns, long, elongated, slender, erect ; lower branches elon-
gate, lobed, top broad, lobed.

192 MAMMALIA.

i. Horn, middle-sized (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 8); lower branch
of left horn simple; of right broad, palmated. North America.
Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.

j. Horns, large, long, slender, upper back branches recurved.
North America. Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.

k. Horns, large, long, slender (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 13).
Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.

1. Horns, very small, basal branch subulate, upper and medial
branch bifid. .

m. Horns; large, with the basal branch of each horn dilated,
palmated (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f.17). From Mr. Brookes’s Mu-
seum.

n. Horns of the year (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f.1). Knowsley.
Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Horns of the year.

Horns, very large, with the head stuffed. Newfoundland.

Five pairs of horns. N.W. Coast of America. Presented by
Lieut. Wood and Capt. Kellett, R.N. ]

Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are
specimens varying from 41 to 50 inches high at the withers.

Dr. Richardson observes, “ There are two well-marked and
permanent varieties of Caribou that inhabit the fur countries:

one of them (Woodland Caribou) confined to the woody and

more southern district ; and the other (Barren Ground Caribou)
retiring to the woods only in the winter, but passing the summer
on the coast of the Arctic Seas, or on the Barren Grounds so often
mentioned in this work.”— Faun. Bor. Amer. 299.

The large Siberian variety is ridden on by the Tungusians ;
they also use them for draught, as the Laplanders do the smaller
variety.

rag
3

aT
_

They have a large variety in Newfoundland nearly as large as_

an heifer. They have very large and heavy horns. There are
some horns of this variety in the British Museum. Dr. Midden-
dorf informed me that the horns of the large Siberian variety
were as large and greatly resembled the horns from Newfound-
land (Nova Scotia) in the Museum Collection.

Pallas observes, “ Americe forte continua, gregatim verno tem-
pore per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi a Siberiz inquilinis et
verosimillime Americani.””—Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208.

In winter the hair of the Rein Deer is long, thick, grey-brown ;
neck, rump, belly, rmg round the hoof, and end of nose, white. In
summer the same animal has short, dark sooty-brown hair, with

the parts which are white in winter being rather paler grey-

brown.

MAMMALIA. 193

Ij. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions. Muzzle ta-
pering, ending in a bald, moist muffle. Fawn (and sometimes
the adult) spotted. Skull with a moderate nose-hole. Inter-
maxillaries reaching to the nasal. Tail well developed. Cru-
men and suborbital pit in skull distinct. The spots of the
young generally disappear in the adult, or are only to be
seen when thé animals are in high condition. The fur is
shorter and brighter in summer, and greyer in winter.

Deer of Temperate and Warm Regions, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N.
H. 1850; Knowsley Menag.
Cervus, Sundevall, Pecora, 54.

3. The Elaphine Deer. Horns with a distinct anterior basal
snag close on the crown. Muffle broad, shallow, separated
from the upper lip by a hairy band, with only a narrow in-
terruption in front. External metatarsal gland above the
middle of the bone. Skull with a large, deep suborbital pit.

Elaphine Deer, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H.1850; Knows. Menag.
Catoglochis (part.), Bravard, Foss. du Dome.

Cervus § 1. (C. Veteris orbis), Swndevall, Pecora, 54.

Elaphide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828.

1. CERVUS.

Horns round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a medial an-
terior snag, with the apex divided mto one or more branches,
according to the age of the animal. Crumen well-developed.
Hoofs narrow, triangular, compressed, covered with brittle, opake
hair. The rump is generally ornamented with a pale mark. Skull
with a large, deep suborbital pit. Horns with one or two branches
on the middle of the front of the beam.

Cervus (§ 4. Elaphus), H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. . 1827; in
Fischer, Syn. 612; Lesson, Mamm. 1. 262; N. Tab. R. A. 169.

Cervus (Elaphus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135.

Cervus § 1. a. (C. nobilis), Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

Cerfs, Blainv. Desm. Mamm. ii. 448, 1822.

Elaphus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61.

a. Hoofs rather broad, semicircular. Tail very short. Hair in
winter soft. America. STRONGYLOCEROS.

1. Cervus CANADENSIS. The WAPITI.

Red brown. Rump with a very large, pale disk extending far
above the base of the tail, and with a black streak on each side
I

194 MAMMALIA.

of it. Male with hai of throat elongated, black, with reddish

tips.

Stag, Dale, Phil. Trans. n. 444. 384.

Cerf de Canada, Perr. Anim. ii. 55. t. 45? (no rump disk); Cu-
vier, R. A.i. 256; Oss. Foss. iv. 26. t. 3. f. 13-22.

Cervus Canadensis, Brisson, R. A. 88; Schreb. Saugth. 990.
t. 246; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.177; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 65;
Desm. Nouv. D. H. N. v. 546; Mam. 433; Ency. Méth. t. 58.
f. 2; F. Cuv. Dict. Sc. Nat. vii.; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N.
ii. 377; Fischer, Syn. 442.

Elaphus Canadensis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62.

emis Hlaphps var. Canadensis, Eral. Syst. 305; Gmelin, S. N.
1. 176.

Cervus Strongyloceros, Schreb. t. 247; Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer.
251; Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

C. Major, Ord in Desm. Mam. 432.

Cervus Wapiti, Leach, Journ. Phys. lxxxv. 66 ; Mitchell, Mam. N.
York; Barton, Journ. u. Supp. 36; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog.
t.; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. wi. 377; Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. x. 750. t. . f. 1-6, horns.

American Elk, Bewick, Quad.

North-western Stag, C. occidentalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 101.
t. .f.2, hom; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 614, not Syn.

Wapiti, Warden, Etats Unis, v. 638; Wied, Voy. Amer. Sept. ii.
302; Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 607, 611, 580.

Stag of Carolina, Lawson, Carol. 123.

Stag of America, Catesby, Carol. App. 28.

Alces Amer. corn. teretibus, Jeffers. Notes Virginia, 57, 1788.

Var.? Smaller.
Red Deer (or Canadian Stag), Warden, Etats Unis, v. 637.
Elk, Lewis & Clerk.
Stag, Penn. Act. Zool. i. 27.
Wewaskiss, Hearne, Journ. 360.
Hab. North America.
Young. N. America. Born at the Surrey Zoological Gardens.
Male, adult. N. America. Born at Windsor Park. Presented
by Edward Cross, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY.
Cerf du Canada, Daub. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 26; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
iv. t. 3. f. 18, 17-20, 22. ;
Cerf, Perrault, Anim. 11. 65. f. 45.
C. strongyloceros, Schreb. Saugth. t. 247 G. .
Horns, large. St. Diego. California. Presented by C. Pent-
land, Esq.

a ee ee

MAMMALIA. 195

_ Horns, long, two lower branches near together. North Ame-
rica.
Horns, small, two lower branches rather near. North America.
Horns, large, beams without the upper frontal branches, the
- tip of right horn subpalmate (perhaps a different species).

The American Elk still exists on the upper branches of the
Susquehanna River, and thence westward may occasionally be
found in all favourable situations to the Pacific Ocean. Those
observed on the mountains south of the Columbia River were of
unusual size.—Peale.

Var. Smaller.
Hab. Plas of California and the upper parts of the Missouri —
River, in large herds.

The Elks in California are very abundant; they are not gene-
rally so large as those inhabiting the mountain districts, but we
can find no specific character to separate one from the other.—
Peale.

b. Hoofs narrow, triangular. Tail moderate. Covered with harsh
hair. Western World. Crrvus.

x 2. Cervus Evapuus. The Sraa.

Brown. Rump with a pale spot extending rather above the
upper surface of the base of the tail. Soy

Cervus Elaphus, Linn. S. N. 1. 93; Gmelin, S. N.i. 176; Era.
Syst. 301; Schreb. Saugth. 996. t. 247 a, B, c, D, E; Desm.
Mam. 434; Ency. Meéth. t. 57. f. 3,4; F. Cuvier, Mam. Li-
thog.t.; Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x.750.t. .f.10,11(12?);
Sundevall, Pecora, 55; Gray, List Mamm. B. M..177; Cat.
Osteol. B. M. 65; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cervus vulgaris, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. 11.

Elaphus communis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61, 1828.

Cervus nobilis, Klein, Quad. 23.

Cervus, Plini Hist. Nat. viii. c. 32; Gesner, Quad. 354. fig. ;
Agricola, des Hirchen, &c. 1603; Aldrov. Bisulc. 769. fig. 774 ;
Grabe Elaphographie, 1667 ; Hill, Animal. 577. t. 28; Bris-
son, R. A. 86.

*Edados, Aristot. Hist. Anim. ii. c. 7. n. 37; Atlian, Anim. vi.
e. 11,15; Oppian, Cyneg. i. 176.

Stag or Red Deer, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 34; Syn. 49; Quad. i.

— 114; Shaw, Zool. ii. 276. t. 117.

Biche, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 10.

Faon du Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 12.

Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. 65. t. 9.

rz

~

196 MAMMALIA. i

Cerf commun, Cuvier, R. A.i. 255; Oss. Foss. iv. 24. t. 3. f. 1-
12; F. Cw. Mam. Lith. t.

Hirsch, Riding, Jagdb. Th. t. 4,5; Meyer, Thiere, i.t.22; Wil-
dunger, Taschenb. 1794, 1. t. 1. f. 2,3; Schrank, Faun. Boic.
te OD |

Rothhirsch, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. 453.

Cervus Elephas Hippelaphus, Eral: Syst.304; Fischer, Syn. 447
(Old male. Neck rather maned).

C. Elaphus 8, Gmelin, S. N. i. 176.

Cervus Germanicus, Brisson, R. A. 87.

Tragelaphus, Gesner, Quad. 296 ¢. fig.

Hippelaphus, Jonston, Quad. t. 35.

Brandhirsch, Gesner, Thier. 119. fig.

Pferdhirsch, Gesner, Thier. 210. fig.

Cerf d’Ardenne, French Authors.

Hab. Europe.

Male (not good state). Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Adult female. France.

Fawn. France.

OsTEOLOGY.
Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 13, 14, 18-25; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv.
$..2./f..11—20, £..3. f..1-12.

Horns, with two frontal antlers. England.

Horns; left divided into four long cylindrical branches; right
with two frontal antlers, tip subpalmate; perhaps of.C. Cana-
densis ?

Horns, deformed. Germany.

Horns, deformed. Germany.

Horns, with a third horn on the right side. Germany.

Single horns, apex much branched. Germany.

Single horn, adult. Germany.

Single horn, adult. Germany.

Single horn, deformed, with only three branches. Germany.

Single horn, simple, compressed, notched at the tip. Ger-
many.

Single deformed stunted horn. Germany. ‘

Skull and horns. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Skeleton. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.

Two pairs of horns. From Mr. Leadbeater’s Collection.

Horns. From a bog. Presented by Jabez Allies, Esq.

Horns. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Var.? Hungarian Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841,
pO. +... £11, Borns,

we KEKE 197

Var.? Horns very large, larger than those of the Wapiti.
Hab. Assyrian Mountains; Lord Arthur Hay.

Var.? Half-fed specimens.
Bai! de Corse, Buffon, H. N. vi. 95. t.11; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv.

oad Elaphus Corsicanus, Eral., from Buffon.

Elaphus Corsicanus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61.

Cervus Mediterraneus, “ Blainv, ”; Pucheran, Comptes Rendus,
1849, 779.

Cervus ‘Corsicus, Bonaparte; Gervais.

Hab. Corsica.

Buffon observes, of the Cerf de Corse, which has been regarded
as a variety to be distinguished by the smallness of its size, that
he “‘ believes the size to depend on the scarcity of nourishment ;
for when moved to better pastures, in four years they become
higher, larger, and stouter than the Common Stag.”—Buffon,
Hist. Nat. vi. 95.

Var. Algeria. Caudal disc to base of the tail pale brown. Horns
large.

Cerf commune d’Algerie, Geoffroy in Jardin des Plantes, Paris,
1851.

Hab. Algeria. Living in Garden of Plants, Paris.

3. Cervus BARBARUS. The BARBARY DEER.

Dark brown, obscurely white spotted, with a very indistinct,
greyish brown, broad dorsal lme; with a pale yellow spot ex-
tended considerably above the base of the tail. Back of haunches
white, with a dark stripe on each side.

Cervus Barbarus, Bennett, Catal. Gardens Zool. Soc.

Bush Goat (Al Wassai), Moors, see Griffith A. K. v.775; Fra-
zer, Zool. Typica, t.; Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850.

Hab. Coast of Barbary; Tunis.

OsTEOLOGY.

Horns (of animal in Zool. Soc. Gardens). Tunis.

Chiefly distmguished from the common Stag, or the Algerian
variety of it, by its smaller size, stouter form, and more perma-
nently spotted fur.

4. Cervus WA.uLIicHII. The Bara SincGaA or Mort.

Brown, with a very large white spot on the rump, extending
on back of the haunches, and far above the base of the tail. The
horns with two basal and one or two apical branches.

198 MAMMALIA.

Cervus Pygargus, Hard. Linn. Trans., not Pallas.

Barah Singha, Waller, Asiat. Res. xvii. 499.

Cervus Wallichii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 50; F. Cuv. Mam. Li-
thog., from Hardw. Icon. in B. M.; Sundevall, Pecora, 55;
H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 103. t. 166, v. 788 (from Indian draw-
ing); Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 73.

Jaareal Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. t
f. 7, young horn, f. 8, 9, horns adult.

Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x0 9% xe 284;
Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180.

ao Wallichii, or the Gyana, Hodgson, Icon. Mamm. ined.

8

Cervus, n. s., Falconer, Journ. Asiat. Sac. iv. 710; Ogilby in
Royle’s Himél. vis¥

2Cervus Casperianus, or Hangool, Falconer, MSS.; Gray, Cat.
Osteol. Sp. B. M. 147.

?Cervus Cashmerensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65.

Kashmir Stag?, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 72; J. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, 1841, 750. t. .f. 8, 9.

Persian Deer, Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, MacNeil, Proe.

_ Zool. Soc. 1840, 11; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750.
“reese hU

Hab. Cachir, Hodgson; Persia, MacNeil.

The skull of Dr. Falconer’s Cashmeer Stag is 15 inches long;
the suborbital pit is oblong, triangular, and rather deep; the
skull and horns are very like Mr. Hodgson’ s specimen of Cervus
affinis, but considerably smaller.

Sir John MacNeil informs us, they are called by the Persians
Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, and are frequently noticed in their
literature. They are found in all the wooded mountain districts
of Persia, but apparently do not occur in the central parts of
the country, and rarely descend into the plams. During the
summer they are found in the highest wooded parts of the
- mountains, and during the winter in the lower ravines near their
bases, where they are frequently tracked in the snow.

The horns of the adult males closely resemble those of the
Red Deer of this country, insomuch that I doubt whether an un-
scientific observer could distinguish them, except by the superior
size of those of the Maral.—P. Z. S. 11.

Lesson confounds C. Wallichii and}C. Duvaucellit as the same
species.—Nouwv. Tab. R. A. 171, 1842,

Flat skin. Nepal. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke.
Hunter’s skin. Nepal. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke.
_ “The Nepal Deer, Cervus ——, Hardw. MSS.”—Gray, List
Mamm. B. M. 180.

MAMMALIA. 199

OsTEOLOGY.

Cervus Cashmerensis, (Falconer. MSS.); Gray, Osteol. Cat. B.
M. 65.

Cervus Casperianus, Falconer, MSS.; Gray, Osteol. Cat. B. M.
147.
Skull and horns of male. Cashmere. Presented by H. Fal-

‘econer, M.D.

Skull of female. Cashmere. Presented by H. Falconer, M.D.

Icon.

Jerrael or Tailless ie of Nepal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M.
n. 10,975. t. 128.

The Red Deer of India, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975.
t. 143, copied by Colonel Hamilton Smith, and called by him
C. Hardwickii.

5. Cervus AFFINIS. The Saut Forest Srac.

Pale brown. 2? Horns very large, as large and heavy as
those of the Wapitt.

Cervus affinis (Mool Barasingha or Royal Stag of the Morung),
Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, x. 721. t. .f.1. 914;
Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 291; Icon. ined. Brit. Mus.
n. 197; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 79; Sundevall, Pecora, 131.

Cervus (Wallichii ?) affinis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65.

Shoa or Tibetan Stag (Cervus affinis), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. 1850, 518. t

Cervus Tibetanus, Hajek, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 466.
t., horns.

Cervus Elaphus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. iv. 1835, 648. t. 53.
f.3; x. 914.

Cervus Wallichi, part., Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 32.

Cervus Wallichii var., Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 747.

Bara Singha, Hindoos; Hodgson.

Barah Singa or var. of Stag, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 346.

Had. Tibet n Dingeham; Hodgson.

ANAT.
Pair of horns, very large size. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Icon.

Drawing of a male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 197. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 158. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 11.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

4

200 _ MAMMALIA.

The Indian species of Cervus are confined to the vast primitive
forests in the plains. Tail very short; a large dise or pale space
round the tail, and no proper mane.—Hodgson.

Mr. Hodgson, in his figure of C. affinis, does not represent
the pale space round the tail, but it is evident by this observa- .
tion that it is present. Probably C. Wallichu, C. Casperianus,
C. affinis and C. Tibetanus, are only one species.

Mr. Hodgson observes, “‘ The horns of C. affinis, which I re-
ceived from the Morung or Eastern Taria, most probably were
brought from Thibet.”—Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 466.

The latter observation induces me to place all the above syno-
nyma to one species.

6. Cervus Sika. The SIKA.

Dark brown. Cheeks and throat rather paler. Rump brown,
without any pale spot. Tail pale, white beneath. Hair harsh.
Horns rather slender, with a basal and medial snag, and a sub-
apical internal one.

Cervus Sika, Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t.17; Sundevall, Pecora, 131.
C. Sitza, Temm. Mus. Leyden.

Cervus (Hippelaphi, no. 4), Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

_ Hab. Japan. Mus. Leyden. ’

OstTEoLocy. Schlegel, Fauna Japon, t. 17, skull and horns.

2. Dama, H. Smith.

Horns round below, expanded above, smooth, and branched
on the hinder edge. Tail rather elongated. Crumen well-deve-
loped. Hoofs narrow, triangular, compressed, covered with thin,
rather adpressed hairs, reversed on the nape. The fur is spotted
in summer. The skull with a short, broad face, an oblong, rather
shallow, infraorbital pit, and short, broad nasals.

_ Dama, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821, 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, not
Bennett; J. Brooke, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828.

Cervus, § Dama, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182; Lesson, Mamm.
i. 261; N. Tab. R. A. 169; Sundevall, Pecora, 58.

Daims, Blainville, Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822.

Platycerinide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828.

Tarandus, sp., Riippell, Verz. 183.

1. Dama vuLGARIS. The Fattow DEER.

Fulvous. White spotted, a longitudinal line on the lower part
of the side, and a line across the haunches, white.
Var. Nearly black to nearly pure white.

MAMMALIA. 201

Platyceros, Pliny.

Cervus platyceros, Rai Quad. 85. .

Cervus dama, Linn. S. N.i. 93; Sundevall, Pecora, 58; Schreb.
Saugth. t. 249 a, B.

Dama vulgaris, Gesner, Quad. 335. f. 1; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus.
62; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M.
- ; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Bonap. Fauna

tal. t, P

Dama platyceros, Bonap. Index Mamm. Europ. 35, 1845.

Tarandus Dama, Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1846.

Fallow Deer and Buck, Pennant; Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 581,
597, 599.

Daim et Daime, Buffon, Hist. Nat. vi.

Daim fauve, F. Cuvier, Hist. N. vi. 167. f. 27, 28.

Dama maculata, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61, 1828..

Cervus coronatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. . f. 4, from mon-
strous horns.

Var. Blackish.

Cervus mauricus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. i. 1816, 72.
C. Dama maura, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 448.

Daime noire, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t.

Hab. Persia. Domesticated in Europe.

This species is represented in sculpture from Nineveh. See
Vaux, Nineveh, fig. at p. 233; Bonomi, Nineveh, p.

Young. —

Head and horns, dark variety. .
Cervus mauricus, F. Cuv. Mam. Lathog. t.

Adult male in winter. Italy.

Young female im winter. France.

OsTEOLOGY.
Daim, Daub. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 29-31; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 29.
t. 5. f. 23-31, 32-35; Mellin, Berlin Naturf. ii. t. 6, 7.

Horns.

Horns, a distorted variety.
Horns, adult.

Horns, adult, a distorted variety.
Horns, adult.

Horns, adult.

4. The Rusine Deer or Samboo. Horns subcylindrical, with a
distinet, anterior basal branch close on the burr or crown,
without any medial branch, and with a rather elongated pe-
duncle. Muffle large, high, not separated from the upper lip

15 ,

202 MAMMALIA.

by a hairy band. External metatarsal gland above the mid-

dle of the bone. Ears broad, short. Skull with a very deep
suborbital pit. Fur hard, rather shining. No pale mark on
rump. South-eastern Asia and its islands.

Rusine Deer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1850; Knows. Menag.;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Catoglochis, part., Bravard. '

Cervus 8. Hippelaphi, Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

Prox, Sundevall, Pecora, 57.

Rusade et Axide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828.

Dr. Sundevall observes, “The young of the typical Ruse are
not spotted.”—Pecora, 130. But according to the observations
and figures of Mr. Hodgson and other Indian zoologists, they are
pale spotted, but not so distinctly as several other genera of Deer.
Some few specimens retain the spots through life.

* The upper part of the horns variously branched.

1. PANouia, Gray.

Horns round, curved backwards and outwards, with a large
anterior basal snag close on the burr, the upper part bent im,
forked, becoming rather expanded, and branched on the mner or
hinder edge. The fur formed of rather rigid, flattened hair.
Muffle large. Skull with a narrow face, a large, oblong, very
deep suborbital pit, and the nasals short, broad, and dilated be-
hind. The frontal snag of the horns often has a tubercle or
branch at the base.

Panolia, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xxvu.; Knowsley Menag. ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

1. Panouia Etpit. The SuUNGNAI.

‘Nondescript Deer, P. Eld, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1. 1842,
415. t. 12.

Panolia acuticornis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180.

Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181, adult; Cat.
Osteol. B. M. 66.

Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, McClelland, Calcutta Journ. N. H. i.
’ ¢. 12. f. 1, 1. 539; Sundevall, Pecora, 132.

Cervus Eldii 135 Calcutta Journ. N. Hist. ui. 417, 1842.

Panolia Eldu (The. Sungnai), Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M.
34; Osteol. B. M. 66; Knowsley Menag. (P. Eedu, misprint).

Cervus lyratus, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 395.

Cervus Smithii, Gray, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 45?

Hab. India.

~~

|

ae

— a Te
—

MAMMALIA. 203

ANAT.

Horns on frontal bone. India.

Panolia acuticornis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 180.

A large pair of horns, cylindrical,.and with two small snags
near the tip. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Panolia Eedii, Gray, List Mamm..B. M. 181; Cat. Osteol. B.
M. 66 (misprint for P. Edit).

A smaller pair of horns, rather compressed, and with one large
- and two short snags near the tip. India. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Skull and horns, with one large and one small snag near the

tip. India. .
Skull and horns, with one large and two small snags near the
tip. India. ;

Skull and horns, with one small snag near the tip. India.

Horn. India.

Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181.

Cervus, n. s., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1837, 45; Calcut. Journ.
N. H. 1842, t. 12. f.

Horns. India. From Mr. Warwick’s Collection.

Icon.

?Bara Singha.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. nu. 10,975. t. 130,
the original, copied and altered by Colonel Hamilton Smith, t.131.
The C. Smithit of Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1837, 48. It may be only a
bad figure of C. Duvaucellit.

2. Rucervus, Hodgson.

Horns cylindrical, with an anterior basal branch, and repeat-
edly forked at the tip. Muffle large, high, continued to the edge
of the upper lip below. Tail rather short, thick. Face shortish.
Crumen well-developed. Ears broad, rounded, covered with hair.
Hoofs narrow, compressed. The fur is formed of rather soft,
adpressed hairs, without any pale mark on the rump, and only
shghtly spotted. Skull with an elongate face, a large nose-open-
ing, and an oblong, rather shallow, suborbital pit.

Rucervus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5.

Recervus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec.; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M.;
Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Elaphus, sp., Lesson, Mamm. i. 263. 3

Cervus, § Hippelaphus, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

1. Rucervus DuvAvcELLII. The BAHRAINGA.

Yellowish brown, without any rump spot. Dorsal streak in-
distinct, dark, with a row of white spots on each side; sides not

7

204 MAMMALIA.

spotted. Hair black, with yellow tips. Neck with rather longer

hair. Throat, chest and belly with longer, scattered, greyish white
hairs. Muzzle and front of legs dark. Chin white. Wanter:
Brown; tips of hair yellowish. Crown yellow. Dorsal line
blackish, narrow. Muzzle black; chin white.

Cervus Duvaucellii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 29. f. 6-8; Griffith,
A. K. iv. 116, note; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1836, 240. t. 66-
68; Ogiiby in Royle’s Himal. 72.

Recervus Duvaucellu, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 33; Cat.
Osteol. B. M. 65.

Rucervus Duvaucelli, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. :

Rucervus Elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. 1835,
648. t. 53. f. 4; x. 914; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 47; Calcutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 292.

Cervus Bahrainga, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1834, 99.

Cervus enclodocerus, Hodgson.

Cervus Bahraiya, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1836, 46.

Axis? Duvaucellii, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 178.

Cervus Euryceros, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t.

Cervus Elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. Beng. 1835, 648.

t. 78.
The Bahraiya, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1. 345.
Cervus Wallichii, part., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 171, 1842.
Hab. India; Nepal.

An imperfect skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.
Male. India; Nepal. From Gardens of Zoological Society.

OstroLocy. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 505. t. 39. f. 6, 7, 8, horns.
Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.
Skull and horns of male. Nepal.
Skull of a female. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Separate horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Separate horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Icon. :

Barara Singha.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 132,
134 (see also t. 131).

Spotted Deer of the Sunderbands.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M.
n. 10,975. t. 133, 135. ©

Cervus Elaphoides.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 199, male
and female, and one male copied t. 200. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

— ES ee

MAMMALIA. 205

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 210. f. 66.
—Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

The Bahraiya inhabits reedy marshes and islands of great
rivers; never enters the mountains or forests. Tail short, with
no caudal disk, and no heavy mane.—Hodgson.

** The upper part of the horns simply forked.

3. Rusa.

Horns placed on a moderately long peduncle, with an anterior
frontal snag close on the crown, and simply forked at the tip.
Fur formed of hard, rigid, very thick hair, not, or only obscurely,
spotted.

Cervus § Rusa, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv.; Lesson, Mamm. 1.
264; N. Tab. R. A. 171.

Rusa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 6; Gray, Knows.
Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cervus, sp., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135.

Cervus § Hippelaphus* *, Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

Axis d’une seule couleur, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448. 182.

Procervus (Dimorpha), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5.

* Hair of the neck elongated, forming a kind of mane, at least in
the males ; size large.

1. Rusa ARIsToTELIs. The SAMBOo.

Tail not floccose, brown, rather darker at the end. Fur black-
ish brown, with the feet, the regions of the vent, and a spot over
the eyes fulvous. Male maned. Young obscurely white spotted
(Hodgson). Skull: suborbital pit very large, broad, deep, ob-
long, subtrigonal.

Gona Rusa, Daniel, Ceylon, t.

Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 502. t. 39. f.10; F. Cuv.
Mam. Lith. t.; Sundevall, Pecora, 55.

Cervus Hippelaphus, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 73.

Cervus Hippelaphus, C. Aristotelis et C. heteroceros, Hodgson,
Icon. ined.

Rusa Aristotelis, H. Smith; Gray, List Mamm. B. M.; Cat.
Hodgson Coll. B. M. 67; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 67.

Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, List Mamm. B.M.179; Cat. Hodgson
Coll. B. M. 33.

Rusa equinus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 179.

Cervus unicolor, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 780.

Cerf de Coromandel, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 41. t. 5. f. 32, horns.

206 MAMMALIA.

Cervus Bengalensis, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 390.

Daim noir de Bengal, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 157.

Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Menag. Lith. t. ;

Cervus equinus (Samboo Deer), Bennett, Tower Menag. 185. fig.

Cerf Mulet ?, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43. t. 5. f. 38, horn.

Elk, Indian Sportsmen; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc.

?Rusa Nepalensis, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Beng. x. 914; Calcutta
Journ. N. H. iv. 292.

Cervus heterocerus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, 722. t.

C. Hippelaphus, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 174.

Biche de Malacca, Cuvier, Oss. Foss.iv.41; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. —

Cervus Malaccensis, Fischer, Syn.

Cervus Saumer, Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 75.

Mr. Hodgson notices the following varieties :—
Var. 1. Brown; the frontal branch short.
Cervus Hippelaphus, or Phursa Jarai, Hodgs. Icon., not Cuv.
C. Saumur, Ogilby; Royle, Illustr.
Phursa Jarai, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 1132. 66. t. 5. f. 1-3, 346.

Var. 2. The hinder part of the beam produced, longer than the

upper prong.
Cervus Hippelaphus var., Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 5. f. 34.

s
ee ee ee

Var. 3. Rump rufous; the frontal branch of horn elongate.
Cervus Aristotelis (or Rato Jarai), Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1834, 98;

1836, 39. d
The Rato Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1. 66. f. 4, 346.

Var. 4. The upper part of the beam simple.

Cervus heterocerus, or Kalo Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 1841,
127. t..°. £. 2,x.914; Cale. J. N. H. iv. 292; ‘Cat. Osteor.
Spec. B. M. 68.

Kalo Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 1832, 66. t. 5. f. 5, 346.

India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
A young male, with simple horns. Deccan. Presented by
Colonel Sykes.—Sykes, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1831.

There is only one species of Rusa found in the western forests:
which is common also to all the heavy jungles of Southern India.

The horns of different individuals present great diversity of
forms. I have met with instances of medial antlers, of trifurcated
extremities, and in one case with the extremity showing a four-
fold division (see t. 4. f. 1).—Ellot, Madras Journ. 1840, 30.

OsTEOLOGY.
Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 509. t. 39. f. 10, horns.
Sambur Horns (gigantic), weight 25 lbs., circumference above a

burr 103 inches, in middle of beam 8 inches.—Zoophilus, India :

MAMMALIA. 207

Sporting Review, Calcutta, 1849, x. 256. t., from Cuttack
coast, or Madras.

ANAT.

Single horn. India. Exeter Change Menagerie. Presented
by Edward Cross, Esq.

Horns on frontal bone. India.

Two single horns, upper branches more equal. India.

Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but thicker, heavier and
more granular.

Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but the left horn has a
large posterior branch at the fork.

Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but rather smaller, hinder
branch of fork longest, the left one with a posterior branch in the
middle. India. Presented by Mrs. Wright.

Horns of frontal bone, like the last, but larger and without
posterior branch.

Horns of frontal bone, one-third smaller.

Single horn, simple, from a castrated animal ?

4 Skull of young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,

sq.
Skull of adult female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
E

sq.
Skull of young female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,

sq.

Brocket horns on frontal. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

Three pairs of horns, second year. Nepal. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq. ;

Single horn of the first year.

Horns on frontal bone, hinder upper branch turned back.

Horns, very long, thick, with very short, thick frontal and
submedial branch on one.

Horns, apex forked. Himalaya. Presented by the Rev. R.
Everest.

Horns on frontal bone, apex simple. India.

A pair of horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of very large thick horns, with rather long frontal snag,
the left with a large posterior process. India. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of very large, thick horns, with rather long frontal snag.
India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Three pairs of large horns, with moderate frontal snag, the
hinder upper snag rather the longest. India. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of similar, but rather slenderer and more elongate.
horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

208 MAMMALIA.

A pair of large horns, with rather elongated front snag, the
front upper snag rather longest, the horns rather close together.
India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of large horns, with very long frontal snags, the upper
sl rather the longest. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,

sq.

A pair of horns, the right like the former, the left quite sim-
ple, subulate. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of horns, one with a moderate, and the other with a
long frontal snag, the upper snag nearly equal. India. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of rather slender, more elongate horns, with moderate
frontal and short upper snags. India. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of horns, the beam not branched.

Head of a female. India; Himalaya.

Head and horns, with skin. India. Presented by Edward
Cross, Esq.

Skeleton. India. From Mr. Bartlet’s Collection.

a A pair of the horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.

Icon.

Drawing of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 206. f. 1.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. |

Drawing of skull.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 11,12.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male, female and young.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.
M. t. 207. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of males.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 208. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of female.— Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 209. Pre- —

sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. |
Gouse or Indian Black Deer.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n.
103975: t. 139°$ .
Walawah Tinkee.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,775. t. 140

9, t. 141 ¢ 9 (this figure altered by Colonel Hamilton Smith), —

l. c. n. 10,975. t. 142.

Shabur or Saubur.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975.
t. 136 3, t. 137 9, copied t. 138 ¢; n. 10,974teeee gy
t,:98° 2

The Samburs or Jerrows inhabit the great forests and the
mountains above them; are not gregarious; have a long, bluff
tail, like a docked horse, no disk round it; and a heavy mane
over the whole neck. They rut in spring, then drop their horns.
The female gestates eight months and produces young in winter.

:
.

.

“_——_~* =e

i a,

eS Se a Te,

MAMMALIA. 209

The horns take six months for their perfect replacement, and are
not complete im form until the fourth year, nor in size till the
eighth year.—Hodgson.

Colonel Sykes believes the Sambur of the Mahrattas to be the |
C. equinus of H. Smith; he observes, “it wants the size and is
not so dark as the Sambur of Bengal.”—P. Z. S. 1831.

2. Rusa DimorpuHe. The Sporrep Rusa or GERVER.

- Red brown. Back with distinct series of small white spots.
Sides indistinctly white spotted. Limbs paler. Neck and belly
blackish. Chin white. The horns (deformed?). Young bright
fawn red, white spotted.

Cervus dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1844, t. ;
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 74; Wiegm. Arch. 1845, uu. 40;
Sundevall, Pecora, 132.

Rusa Dimorpha (Hodgson’s Rusa), Hodgson in Gray Cat. Hodg-
son Coll. in B. M. 33.

Procervus dimorpha, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5.

Hab. India; Saul Forest ; Morang.

Stuffed, not good state. India. The specimen described and
figured by Mr. Hodgson.

It is very doubtful if the above specimen is more than an ac-
cidental variety, with distorted horns, of the Sambur. °

The Gowers are not gregarious, confined to the Saul Forest.
—Hodgson. ie

3. RusA HIPPELAPHUS. The MIJANGAN BANJOE.

Greyish brown. Tail not floccose, brownish at the tip. Anal
region not pale. Cheeks and upper part of the neck of the males
maned. Young: hair smooth.

Rusa ubi, R. saput et R. Tunjuc, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii.
268. ;

Cervus hippelaphus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 31, 34, 42; F.
Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.; Raffles, Mem. 645.

Cervus Tunjuc, Vigors in Raffles Memoir, 645; Gray, P. Z. S.
1836, 67.

Greater Muntjac, Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. 1828, 13.
n. 302, 303 6 2; 1839, 39.

Cervus Rusa, S. Miller, Nederl. Verh. 45. t. 43.

Cerf Noir de Bengal, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 2, in summer.

Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 62; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850.

Cervus Leschenaultii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 508. t. 39. f. 9, from
horns only.

210 MAMMALIA.

Var. Smaller. ,

Cervus Molluccensis, Quoy & Gaim.; Eydour, Guérin Mag. Zool.
1836, 26; Sundevall, Pecora, 56. .

Cervus Rusa Molluccensis, S. Miller, Nederl. Verh. t. 43 3, t. 35.
f. 1-4; Mus. Leyden, 1845. .

Cervus Rusa Timorensis, Mus. Leyden, 1845.

Hab. Java.

Female. Java. From Gardens Zool. Soc.

This species was living some time at Knowsley and bred there. -
In all its states was very distinct from the Samboor of continental

_ India.

The horns are similar to those of R. equina, but the body and
horns are smaller, and the hair of the young is smoother.

OsTEOLOGY.

Cervus Hippelaphus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 40. t. 5. f. 31, 34, 35
(C. auritus?), t. 5. f. 42.

Cervus Leschenaultii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 508. t. 39. f. 9, horns
only.

eich Rusa, Miiller, Verh. I. A. t. 43. f. 1, 4.

_ Cervus (Rusa) Molluccensis, Miiller, Verh. I. A. t. 43. f. 5.
Cervus Rusa Timorensis, Miiller, Verh. I. A. t. 43. f. 6.

The specimen at Knowsley, received from Amsterdam, in sum-
mer had the fur formed of thick, rigid, waved quills. The fur
is reddish brown, minutely punctated; on the head, neck, dorsal
line and shoulders blacker; the orbits yellowish; the lips, chin,
gullet, edge of nose, whiskers, and inside of the ears, white,
without any black spot on the side of the lower lip.

4. Rusa Eauinus. The SAMBOE.

Brown, not spotted. Tail rounded, floccose, black at the We
Young very obscurely spotted. Hair rigid and rough. Skull:
suborbital pit moderate, oblong, narrow.

Rusa, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xii. 263.

Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 44. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38.
f.42; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv.112. t.; Sundevall, Pecora,
55; S. Miller, Nederl. Verh.

Eland or Elk, of the Dutch Sportsmen.

Hab. Sumatra; Borneo.

OsTEOLOGY.
C. equinus, Cuv. O. F. v. t. 5. f. 30, 42.

The specimens received from Amsterdam in the Knowsley Me-
nagerie had the hair short, rigid, close-pressed, not waved; dull —
blackish brown; the lips, chin, and spot above each eye, white; —

/

MAMMALIA. 211

lower lip with a black spot in the middle of each side; whisker
black; ears nearly naked; inside and large spot at the upper
inner part of the base whitish.

Size smaller. Mane none. The peduncle of the horns rather
elongated, and covered with hair.

5. Rusa Peronir. The SMALLER Rusa.

Brown, pale beneath. Hair rigid, thick, rmged. Muzzle dark.
Tail brown, floccose. Anal disk white. The hind part of the
feet hairy. The horns are thick and heavy. Skull: suborbital
pit large and deep.—Cuvier, fig.

Cervus Peroni, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. t. 5. f. 41, horns, f. 45,

skull; Sundevall, Pecora, 56.

Cervus Kuhlu, S. Miiller, Nederl. Verh. 45. t. 44; Sundevall,

Pecora, 56. :

Rusa Kuhlii, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 68; Knowsley

Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Hab. Timor and Luboc; Bavian and Ternate.

Male. Timor. From the Leyden Museum.

OstroLoey. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. t. 5. f.41-45; S. Miiller,
Nederl. Verh. t. 43. f. 12, 14.

Femur and tibia. Timor.

6. Rusa PHILIPPINUS. ‘ PHILIPPINE Rusa.

Forehead brown. End of nose and eyebrows brownish. Hair
rigid, rather short.. Neck not maned. Feet naked behind.

Cerf de Philippine, Desm. Mam. 442.

Cervus (Muntjac) Philippius, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 147.
t. 164. f. 5 (head), v. 803; Fischer, Syn. 622.

C. (Hippelaphus) Philippinus, Sundevall, Pecora, 56.

Cerf de Manille, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46.

Rusa Philippinus, Knowsley Menag. 63; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Var.? Tail black, dependent. Front of face dark.

Cervus Marianus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 45. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38, 46;
H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 115. t., from Mus. Paris; Fischer,
Syn. 453; Sundevall, Pecora, 57.

Hab. Philippmes.

OstTEoLoGy. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 45. t. 5. f. 39, 40, f. 46, skull.

Horns. Philippines. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher,
K.C.B. &e.

| POP ro ree ae
. set ee
‘

212 ; MAMMALIA.

This species has the horns or elongated peduncles like the
Muntjacs, but it is easily distinguished from them by the absence
of the ridge, and of the grooves on the face.

7. RuSA LEPIDA. SUNDEVALL RUSA.

Reddish brown. Back and sides varied, with pale spotted hair.
Vent disk small, white, black edged above. ‘Tail longly hairy,
white, above black. Face brown, with a roundish white spot in

is

front of the usual oral black spot. Horns smooth, slender, nearly —

straight, elongate, the basal snag bent down on the forehead.

Cervus (Hippelaphus) lepida, Swndevall, Pecora, 57.
Rusa lepida, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 63; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Hab. Java? Young male specimen in Mus. Frankfort.

Scarcely as large as a Roebuck.

4, Axis.

Fur formed of thick polished hairs, fulvous, and beautifully
white spotted at all seasons. Face elongate, narrow. Ears large,
rather elongate and acute. ‘Tail rather elongate. Legs nearly
equally long slender. The horns are placed on moderately long
peduncles. The skull is elongate, narrow, with an oblong, rather
small, deep suborbital pit.

Axis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 7; Gray, Knows-
ley Menag. 64; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cervus § Axis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827; Lesson, Mamm.
i. 267; N. Tab. R. A. 172, 1842.

Cervus Hippelaphus § * * *, Sundevall, Pecora.

Axis tachetée, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822.

1. Axis MACULATA. The Axis or CHITTRA.

Fulvous, with a black dorsal streak ornamented, and two series —

of white spots. Sides with many white spots in oblique curved
lines, and with a short whité streak obliquely across the haunches.
Young fawn spotted exactly like the adult. .

Axis, Pliny; Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 38, 39; Cuvier, Menag. Mus.'. ;
Oss. Foss. iv. 38. t. 5. f. 24, 29.

Cervus Axis, Eral. Syst. 312; Schreb. t. 250; H, Smith, Griff.

. A. K.v. 786; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 39. t. 5. f. 29, horns;
Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. 73 ; Bennett, Gard. Z. 8.253; Sun-
devall, Pecora, 57. . ; .

Axis maculata, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828; Gray, List
Mamm. B. M.178; Cat. Osteol. Coll. B. M.178; Cat. Hodg-
son Coll. B. M.32; Knowsley Menag. 63; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

MAMMALIA. 213

_ Axis —_ Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H.

iv. 292.

_ Axis minor, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914.

Axis medius, Hodgson, Icon. ined.

Cerf Cochon, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Supp. ii. 122. t. 18.

C. axis Ceylonensis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.

Spotted Axis or Chittra, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 346.

The Chittra or Axis, Hodgson, Mam. Icon. ined. n. 204.1.

pengn, or Pada, or Spotted Poreme Deer, Hodgson, J. A. S. B.
i. 346.

The Thou or Spotted Porcine Axis, Hodgson, Mam. Icon. ined.
n. 204. 2 (horn smaller).

Axis medius, or Spotted Hog Deer, or Thou Langna of the Tarai,
Hodgson, 1. c. 205, horns smaller.

Axis Deer, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 614.

Hab. India; Ceylon.

Male. India. Presented by P. Ducane, Esq.

Var. 1. Blackish.
Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 136; 1839,
150; Sundevall, Pecora, 57.131.

Female. India. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq.
Male and female. India.

Young. India.

Young? (yellow). India.

Foetus from spirits? India.

Var. Smaller. Fulvous; spots and a streak across the haunc
and along the lower part of side, white.

Axis minor, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 914; Cale. J. N. H. iv. 292.

Axis medius, Hodgs. Icon. ined. 205.

Lesser Spotted Deer, Hodgs.

brome dr or Puda, or Spotted Porcine Deer, Hodgs. J. A. S. B.
i. 346.

Hab. Nepal; Tarai.

OsTEOLOGY. . .
Axis, Daub. Buff. H. N. xi. t. 40; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 38. t. 5.

- f, 24-29,

Cerf Cochon, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 18 (not Pennant); Cu-

vier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 29.

Horns on frontal bone, slender, elongate, warty. India.
Horns on frontal bone, slender, elongate. India.

Horns on frontal bone, slender, elongate, simple. India.

_ Skull and horns of the normal state. Nepal. Presented by
_ B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

214 MAMMALIA.

Horns of the usual form, with two snags near the base of the
right, and one on the left side. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

Horns, with three small snags near the base, and a short ter-
minal beam. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Horns on frontal bone, elongate, and very warty. Nepal. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull and horns. India.

Horns on frontal. India.

Horns on frontal. India.

Horns on frontal. India.

Horns on frontal, smooth. India.

Horns on frontal, very warty. India.

Horns on frontal bone, with two snags near the base of the
left, and one on the right side. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq. |

Horns on frontal bone.

Skull of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Horns on frontal bone. India,

Horns, very long, thick, with very short, thick frontal and
submedial branch on one.

Axis Pennantii.—Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 180.

Icon.

Drawing of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 204. f. 1.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 22.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 204. f. 2.

Drawing of male and female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 205.

Drawing of horns.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 33?

Large Axis.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n.10,975. t.126, t.127,
horns.

The horns of this species vary greatly in size.
_ Pennant describes two Deer, under the names of—

1. Greater Axis, Penn. Syn. 52; Quad. 106=C. Axis y. Gmelin ;
2. Middle-sized Axis, Penn. Quad. 106=C. Axis B. Gmelin;

from the horns alone. These are probably only large-horned
examples of the common species, ;

The Chitals inhabit the plains of India; gregarious, the herds
being often very large. Tail elongate, reaching to the hocks,
ending in a point. The fur smooth and spotted, without any
mane. They rut in December and breed in May, and gestate
six months.

MAMMALIA. 215

3. AXIS PSEUDAXIS. The SpoTTeD AXIS.

Fulvous, white spotted, a series of spots on the lower part of
each side, and an oblique series of spots on the haunches.

Cervus pseudaxis, Gervais, Voy. Bonite, 64. t.12; Institute, 1841,
419; Sundevall, Pecora, 57. :
Hab. Mus. Paris.

This species chiefly differs from Azis maculata in having a se-
ries of spots in the place of the oblique streak on the haunches.

Mule between Cervus Axis and C. pseudaxis, Pucheran, Compt.
Rendus Acad. Sci. 1849, 774.

M. Pucheran considers these two species to belong to differ-
ent sections of the genus!—Compt. Rendus, 1849, 778.

5. HyELAPHUuS, Sundevall.

Fur of moderately thick, palish hair, fulvous, and spotted in
the summer. Tail rather elongate. Legs rather short, the front
being rather the shortest. Face short, broad, and arched in front.
Ears short and rounded. Horns placed on moderately elongated
peduncles.

Hyelaphus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 67; Knowsley Menag. 64;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 4

Cervus § Hyelaphus, Sundevall, Pecora.

Axis, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. 11. 448, 1822; Lesson, Mamm. i.
268; H. Smith, G. A. K. |

1. HyeLapuus porcinus. The Luena Para or SHGORIAH.

Brown or yellowish brown, with an indistinct, darker dorsal
streak, and with obscure whitish spots, but without any white
streak on the sides or haunches; im the winter brown and spot-
less. Forehead, face and front of legs darker. Line down the
front of and the inside of the thighs white.

Porcine Deer, Penn. 42. t. 8. f. 2.

Cervus Hippelaphus var., Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43. t. 5. f. 31,
horns.

Cervus porcinus, Zimmer. Schreb. t. 251; Horsf. Proc. Z. Soc.
1839, 150; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.; Ogilby in Royle’s
Himal. 72; Proc. Z. Soc. 1839, 150.

Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus, Sundevall, Pecora, 58. :

Axis porcinus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828 ; Hodgson, J. A.
S. B. x. 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 292; Gray, Cat.
Hodgson Coll. B. M. 33.

Cervus niger, Hamilton, Icon. ined.; Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom.
1816, 76; Fischer, Syn. 454; Sundevall, Pecora, 60. 132.

216 MAMMALIA.

Brown Porcine Axis, Hodgson, Journ. A. Soc. Beng. i. 346.

Hyelaphus porcinus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 67; Knowsley
Menag. 64. t. 42; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cervus Hippelaphus, var. 3, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43 (for C. niger).

Var. Albino, McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, 150.

Hab. India; Plains of Hindostan; Ceylon; Assam and Tarai —

of the Kemaon Mountains; McClelland.

Male. India.

A flat, imperfect skin of young, with horns. Nepal. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

2A flat skin of female, greyish, with broad dorsal streak ; fur
rough; head imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A flat skin of female, reddish, with narrow dorsal streak. Ne-
pal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY.
Porcine Deer, Penn. Hist. Quad. t. 19. n. 59, not Buffon, Supp.
Cervus niger, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76. fig.

Skull of the female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Horns, separate. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull, with horns.

Skull, with horns. India.

Horns on frontal bone. India.

Horns, separate. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
Horns, separate. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
Horns, separate. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
Two horns, single, not forked at the tip.

Skull and horns, var. frontal snag elongated and thick.

Four pair of horns. India. From Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Icon. .
Hog Deer, Cervus porcinus (head of female).—Forster, Icon.
ined. B. M. t. 14, from India.

Porcine Deer.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 121 o,
t. 122, head 3, t. 123 2; n. 10,974 (t. 84). t. 99.

Drawing of male in winter, and female in summer.—Hodgson,
Icon. ined, B. M. t. 201. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of female in young and adult age.—Hodgson, Icon.
ined. B. M. t. 202. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

The tail bushy and often carried erect. The males and females
in summer are reddish brown, with numerous white spots; the
middle of the back rather darker. In winter the whole fur be-
comes blackish brown, and the spots disappear.

The Para live in families or small herds on the plains. They

MAMMALIA. 217

rut in December or January and breed in May, whence they
gestate six months.—Hodgson.

Do not ascend the mountams.—Ogilby.

Easily known from the Axis by being lower on its legs, and
there is no distinct black dorsal streak, nor white streak on
haunches. The horns are generally short, with only short snags
or branches, but they are sometimes as large as those of the Aas
Deer.

The Cervus Dodur, Royle, Himal. t. 5. f. 1, and Ogilby in
Royle, i. 73, of the Himalayas, “ of an ashy grey colour, the size
of the female Antilope Cervicapra, and more graceful than the
Hog Deer,” is only known from the above description and figure
of a female. As Hog Deer are said not to ascend the mountains,
it is probably a distinct species.

Cervus Pumilio, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. n. 788; MeCilel-
land, P. Z. Soc. 1839, 150, is perhaps only a variety of the Hog
Deer.

6. CERVULUS.

Horns on elongated pedicels, supported by longitudinal ridges
on the face, which have a naked moist groove on their side.
Canine teeth exserted. Crumen large and deep. Tail elongate
and tufted. Hoofs triangular and partly united m front by a
web; the false hoofs are small and transverse. Fur of thin,
shining hair, and not spotted. They have no tuft of hair on the
outside of the hind legs. Skull with a very large, deep, nearly
hemispherical suborbital pit. The young, before the horns ap-
pear, have a bald groove on the head.

Muntjacus, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821; Cat. Mamm. B. M.
XXVil.

Muntiacus, Rajinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815.

Stylocerus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 182; Lesson, Mamm. i. 273;
Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 174.

Prox (Moschatus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135; Sundevall, Pe-
‘cora, 6

Cervulus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 65; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cervus § Cervulus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 74.

Cerf, § Les Cervules, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 449, 1822; Lesson,
Mam. 368.

Cerf 4 longues canines, Lesson.

Stylocerinidee, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62.

Dioplon, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62.

1. CERVULUS VAGINALIS. The K1sanc or Munrsac.
Dark reddish brown. Narrow streak on the front edge of the
thigh white.
K

t

218 MAMMALIA.

Kuang, Marsden, Sumatra, 94.

Cervus Muntjac, Zimm. Schreb. t. 254; Horsf. Java, vi. t. 1;
Raffles, Mem. 645. :

Dioplon Muntjak, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828.

Prox muntjac, Sundevall, Pecora, 61.

Cervus vaginalis, Bodd. Elenc. i. 136.

Cervus (Cervulus) subcornutus, Blainv. Schreb. t. 254 B. f. 2.

Cervus plicatus, Forster, MSS. Icon. ined. Mus. Banks.; H.
Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 147.

Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 173.

2Cervus (Muntjac) aureus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 148.
t. 1762, v. 805.

Ribbed-face Deer, Penn.

Chevreuil des Indes, Allam, Buff. Supp. v.41. t. 17, vi. 195. t. 26;
Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 48, t. 3. f. 49, 54.

Cervulus vaginalis, Gray, Knows. Men. 65; Proe. Zool. Soc.
1850.

Hab. Sumatra; Java.

OsTEOLOGY.

Cervus Muntjack, Horsf. Java, t.; Anat. 6. f. a, B.

Muntjak of Sumatra, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. t. 164. f. 7, jun.,
t. 175, adult ¢@.

Muntjak of Java, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. t. 164. £9 2.

Icon.

Cervus Muntjac, Desch. MSS. Icon. ined. B. M. t. 35.

This chiefly differs from the following in bemg darker-coloured.

2. CERVULUS MOSCHATUS. The KEGAN or KAKER.

Bright reddish yellow. Streak on front of the thigh and under
part of the tail white. Chin and gullet whitish. Hair not ringed.
Var. With a triangular white spot on each side of the chest.

Musk Deer of Nepal, Ousley, Orient. Collect. ii. t., 1798.

Cervus § Cervulus moschatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 77 ;

Schreb. Saugth. t. 254 8. f. 1.
Cervus Moschus, Desm. Mam. 441. ;
Cervus Ratwa, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 346. t., head; P. Z. S.
1834.

Cervus Rutwa, Royle, Himal.t.5.f.2; Ogilby in Royle’s Himal.
73

Cervus moschatus, Nepal Muntjak, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 149.
t. 177, v. 806; Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. i. 346.

Stylocerus Ratwah, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914; Calcutta Journ.
N. Hist. iv. 292.

Cervus Muntjac (Kacher), Ogilby in Royle’s Himal. i. 73.

oe ai alae

MAMMALIA. 219

Muntjacus vaginalis, part., Gray, List Hodgson Coll. B. M.173;
Cat. Osteol. B. M. 68; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 31.

Prox Ratwa, Sundevall, Pecora, 62.

Prox albipes, Wagner, Suppl.; Sundevall, Pecora, 62.

Prox stylocerus, Wagner, Suppl.; Sundevall, Pecora, 62, 64.

Cervulus moschatus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 65; Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850.

Jungle Sheep, India.

Hab. India.

Deep chestnut, becoming browner as the animal grows.— Elliot.

Var.? “ Entirely black.”

Cervus melas, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc.; in Royle’s Himal. 73.
Prox melas (Ogilby), Sundevall, Pecora, 62.

Hab. Continental India; Ogilby.

Male. India.

Female. India.

Head of male, with horns. India; Northern Cirears.

Head and horns of male. India; Deccan. Presented by Colonel
Sykes, F.R.S. &e. Deccan.

A male. Nepal.

An adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A female; dorsal streak none. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq.

A foetal specimen, with an obscure, dark dorsal streak. Nepal.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY, t. 32. f. 2
Chevreuil des Indes, Buffon, Supp. ti. t. 36; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
iv. t. 3. f. 49-53, t. 5. f. 48.
Cervus moschatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 77; Schreb.
Mam. t. 254 B. f. 1.
Two skulls, half-grown, and young. Nepal. Presented by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
* Skull.
Head of male and horns. Northern Circars.
Head and horns of male. Deccan. Presented by Colonel
Sykes, F.R.S.
Skull and horns. Nepal. Northern Circars.
Skull and horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Es

Base of skull and horns. Nepal.
Skull.
Two skulls of a male, with horns, differently developed. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull, female. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
K2

220 MAMMALIA.

A pair of large horns on shortish peduncles. Nepal. Pre-
sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A pair of small horns on very long, slender peduncles. Nepal.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Vertebra, pelvis, and leg bones. Nepal. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq. |

Icon.

Drawing of skull.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 14.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of male and female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 193, 194. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of head of male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 195.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of horns of different ages.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.
M. t. 196. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Drawing of head in pencil, Cervus plicatus, Bank. Icon. ined.
BoM £8. )

Drawing of Kaleeatoo or Stag Deer of the Tamouleans.—
Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 145, copied n. 10,974.
t. 88; n. 10,975. t. 146, 147, copied n. 10,974. t. 87.

Drawing of Chickera or Mountain Deer.—Hardw. Icon. ined.
B. M. un. 10,975. t. 144, copied n. 10,974. t. 89; n. 10,975. t. 162,
163.

The Ratwa live in the mountains, or the forests at their bases;
they live six or eight together, preferrimg dell and close cover.
They bark all the year, but particularly in winter, when the males
are wanton. The horns fall m May, and are perfect agam in
August. They rut in January or February and breed in June or
July, gestating six months. The females have bristly tufts, end-
ing in a knob, instead of a horn. The fascial creases are large,
mobile, glandular, placed above the inner side of the horn pedicels.

See also—
1. Muntjak of Ceylon, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. 164. f.8 ¢.
2. ?Muntjak, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. 164. f.10 9.

3, Cervuuus Reevesi. The CH1nese Munrsac.
Greyish brown. Hair short, pale, rmged.

Cervus Reevesii, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1838, 105.

Prox Reevesii, Wagner ; Sundevall, Pecora, 62.

Cervulus Reevesii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 65; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850.

Hab. China.

Mr. Ogilby observes, “ This species has a longer head and tail
than the common Indian Muntjac, also has less red and more

4
MAMMALIA. 9921

blue in the general shades of colouring, and is readily distin-
guished by the want of the white over the hoofs, which is so ap-
arent in its congeners. The fawn is spotted.”
The Earl of Derby has these three kinds at Knowsley, but
they breed together, and it has hence become inpossible to dis-
criminate the mules from the original species.

5. The Capreoline Deer. Horns without any anterior, basal snag,
the first branch being considerably above the burr, very
shortly peduncled. Crumen very small. Mufie broad and
naked. Suborbital gland and pit in the skull generally smali
and shallow, except in the genus Pudu. The tuft of hair on
the inside of the hock distinct. The tuft on the outer side
of the tarsus sometimes present.

Capreoline Deer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H.1850; Knows. Menag.

Anoglochis, Bravard, Foss. Puy du Déme; Lesson, Mam. 259.

Cerfs (Les Chevreuils et Les Daguets), Blainv.; Lesson, Mam.
365, 367.

Capreolide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828.

A. Horns branched.

a. Tarsal tuft above middle of bone. Old Continent.

Capreea, Ogilby. .
Les Chevreuils, Blainv. in Desm. Mam.
Capreolidz, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828.

1. CAPREOLUS.

Horns nearly erect, small, cylindrical, slightly branched, with
a very short peduncle. Tail none, but a large, white anal disk.
Crumen very indistinct. Hoofs narrow, triangular. The tuft on
the hind-legs rather above the middle of the metatarsus. Fur
of thick, brittle hair m winter, and thinner and more flexible hair
in the summer. The adults are not spotted, and have a black
spot at the angle of the mouth. The skull has a very small,
shallow, suborbital pit. Intermaxillary nearly to the nasal. In-
fraorbital impression very slight, rather deeper in the middle.
Nasal not dilated behind. Two central lower cutting-teeth di-
lated above, outermost very narrow.

Found in Europe and North Asia.

Caprea (capreolus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135.

Capreolus, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821; Ann. & Mag. N.H.
1850; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Lesson,
Mamm. i. 269; N. Tab. R. A. 172.

222 MAMMALIA.

Cervus, § Capreolus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 1827.
Cerf Chevreuil (de ancien Continent), Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii.
448, 1822; Lesson, Man. Mamm. 365.

1S 1. Capreotus Caprawa. The Roesuck, t.33. f. 1, t. 34. f. 4.

Inside of the ears fulvous. Chin white, with a black spot
below the angle of the mouth.

Capra, Plinit Hist. Nat. vii. ce. 55; Gesner, Quad. 324. fig. ;
Jonston, Quad. 77. t. 31, 35.

C. Plinn, Ray, Syn. Quad. 89.

Capreolus, Brisson, R. A. 89.

Cervus minimus, Klein, Quad. 24.

Cervus capreolus, Linn. S. N. i. 94; Gmelin, S. N.i. 180; Era.

| Syst. 313; Schreb. Saugth. 1104. t.2124,8; Pallas, Zool.
Ross. A. i. 219; Brandt, Bull. Acad. Petersb. iii. 280; Desm.
Mamm. 439; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.; Fischer, Syn. 450, 619;
H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 124. t., v. 790.

Capreolus Capra, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176; Cat. Osteol.

- 8B. M. 64.
Capreolus europeus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828; Sundevaill,
Pecora, 61. 184.

Roe, Penn. Syn. Quad. 53; Quad.108; Shaw, Zool. un. 291.

Roebuck, Penn. Brit. Zool. 18. ti; Knight, M. A. N. f, 615;
Bell, Brit. Quad. fig.

Chevreuil et Chevrette, Buffon, H. N. vi. 198. t. 32, 33.

Chevreuil d’Europe, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. 257 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 47.
t. 1. £. 37-40.

Rehbock, Riding, Jagd. Th. t. 9; Meyer, Thier. ii. eee 74;
Wildung, Taschenb. 1797, i. t. 1, 2.

Hab. Europe.

Female. Scotland.

Male (bad condition). Scotland.

Male, new horns, with fur coat. Presented by the Earl of Derity:
Adult male in winter. France.

Adult female in summer. France.

OstrroLoey, t. 33. f. 1. t. 34. f. 5. Volkmann, Anat. Anim. 1.
C1. t.3, bs bo f.4; Kaup, Alig. Zool. t. » Me HAE

Chevreuil, Daub. Buff. H.N. vi. t. 35. £. 36 5 Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
iv. 47.t. 3.f.37,40; Gay & Gervais, Ann. "964: Nat. 1846, 93.

Horns, adult. Scotland.

Horns, second year. Scotland.

Single horns. “Scotland.

Base of skull of adult, with horns. Scotland. Presented by
General Hardwicke.

a

MAMMALIA. 223

Horns on skull (diseased), very warty. Scotland. Presented
by Lord Willoughby d’Eresby.
Two skulls, female. Mr. Argent’s Collection.

Var. Horns divided into several short branches at the top.
Roe Buck in Berlin Mus., H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. t. 164. f. 6.
Cervus from Brazils (?), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 48.

e
2. CAPREOLUS PYGARGUS. The AnU.

Interior of the ears fulvous. Chin pale, blackish behind, nearly
to the angle of the mouth.

Cervus pygargus, Pallas, Reise, i. 97, 198, 433; ii. 159; Spice.
xu. 7; Eral. Syst. 317 ; Gmelin, S. N.i. 175 (not Hardwicke) ;
Schreb. Saugth. 1118. t. 253; Desm. Mamm. 440; Fischer,
Syn. 450, 619; Brandt, Bull. Acad. Petersb. iit. 280; Wiegm.
Arch. 1845, ii. 40.

C. capreolus 8, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 219.

Cervus Ahu, Griffith, A. K. iv. 122. t., v. 789.

Ahu, S. G. Gmelin, Reise, ii. 496. t. 56.

Capreolus pygargus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62,1828; Sundevall, °
Pecora, 61; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1849, 64.

Tailless Deer, Penn. Quad. i. 121.

Tailless Roe, Shaw,. Zool. ii. 287.

Chevreuil de Tartarie, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 257.
Ahu, Persians.

Siaga, Tartars.

Dikaja Kosa, Russians.

Hab. Central Asia.

A male and female. Siberia. From M. Brandt’s Collection.

b. Tarsal tuft absent or below middle of bone. New Continent.
Mazamade, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus.

2. BLASTOCERUS.

Horns straight, erect, three-branched, without any basal snag.
Tail very short. Ears rather large. Fur consisting of very thin,
soft hair. They have a distinct pencil of hairs on the inside of
the hock, but none on the outside of the metatarsus. Skull with
oblong suborbital pit, rather deep. Confined to South America.
The young are described. by Azara as not spotted! °

Blastocerus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Blastocerus, sp., Wagler ; Sundevall, Pecora, 59; Gray, Knowsley
Menag.

224 MAMMALIA.

Furcifer, part., Vagler; Sundevall, Pecora, 59; Gray, Knowsley
Menag.

Mazama, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v.

Cariacus, sp., Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842.

Chevreuils du Nouveau Continent (part.), Blainv. Desm. Mamm.
i. 448, 1822.

1. BLASTOCERUS PALUDOSUS. The GUAZUPUCO.

Fulvous. Orbit, sides, muzzle, belly, and under side of tail,
white. Face-marks and feet blackish.

C. Mazama paludosus (Guazupuco Deer), H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.
134. t. 169, v. 796:

Cervus paludosus, Desm. Mamm. 443; H. Smith; Fischer, Syn.
444,616; Licht. Darst. t. 17; Renger, 344.

Cervus Blastocerus paludosus, Sundevall, Pecora, 59.

C. palustris, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. ii. 379.

Cervus dichotomus (Guatzupucu), Illiger, Abhand. Akad. d. W.
1804-1811, 117; Pr. Maw. Nieuw. Ins. 1821, 650. t. 6.

Cervus mexicanus, Goldfuss in Schreb. Saugth. 1124; Gmelin,
Be ive i 179s “F. Cuv. Dae Sci. Nat. vu. 483.

Gouazoopoucou, D’Azara, Essai, i. 45, 70, 73; Apuntamientos,
i. 35.

Guazu-ete, Brazilians.

Guazu pucu, Renger, 344.

?Mazama (or Cervus) fureata, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176;
Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64.

Hab. South America.

ANAT.

Horns. S. America?

The Thick-horned Guazuti, Mazama? furcata, Cervus furea-
tus, Gray, List Osteol. B. M.

Colonel Hamilton Smith’s figures, from life, represent the tail
erect, showing a great quantity of white hair; and the face is
dark in front, with a dark ring round the gape, which are not
indicated in Lichtenstein’s figuré.

2. BLASTOCERUS CAMPESTRIS. The MAZAME or GUAZUTI.

Fulvous brown. The hairs of the lower part of the nape and
front of the back reversed. The hoofs narrow. Young: middle
of back not spotted. Sides with small white spots, the upper
series forming a regular line.

Mazame, Hernandez, Mew. ix. ec. 14. 324; Buffon, H. N. xii. 317.

Veado branco, V. do campo, Anchieta, Notas 1127.

oe. bezoarticus, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. 67 ; Zimm. Geog. Gesch.
n. 132.

MAMMALIA. 295

Cervus campestris, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vi. 4842; Desm.
Man.; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 51. t. 5. f. 46, 47; Pr. Maz.
Beitr. u. 583; Abbild. t.; Waterhouse in Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
29. fig. horns; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 136. t., v. 797; Ren-
ger, 350; Licht. Darst. t. 19. ¢ 9 and jun.

Cervus leucogaster, Goldf. Schreb. Saugth. 1127.

Cervus (Mazama) campestris (Guazuti Deer), H. Smith, Griffith
AK: iv. 136. +170, :¥. 797

Mazama campestris, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.176; Cat. Osteol.
B. M. 64.

Blastocerus campestris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Furcifer campestris, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 58.

Cervus (furcifer) campestris, Sundevall, Pecora, 60.

Cuquacu apara, Marcgr. Bras. vi. 235.

Biche de Pampas, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 52.

Biche de Savanne, De la Borde, Buff. Supp. iui. 126.

Gouazou-ti, Azara, Essai, i. 77.

Guazu-y, Renger, 350.

Guazuw’ti, in Paragua.

Guazu para, tn Brazils. 4

Hab. South America; North Patagonia.

Male, female and young. Northern Patagonia. Presented by
Sir William Burnett and Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. (Specimens de-
scribed by Darwin and Waterhouse.)

OsTEOL. t. 35. f. 1-3. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 46 (scarcely
f. 47 or 48); Pr. Max. Abbild. t.

Horns on frontal bone. Northern Patagonia. From Haslar
Hospital Museum. (Capt. Fitzroy’s Expedition.)
Skull with horns. “Columbia.” The Parzudaki Collection.

Cervus campestris is exceedingly abundant, often in small
herds, throughout the countries bordering the Plata and in North-
em Patagonia. If a person crawling close along the ground
slowly advances towards a herd, the deer, frequently out of cu-
riosity, approach to reconnoitre him. I have by this means killed
from one spot three out of the same herd. Although so tame
and inquisitive, yet when approached on horseback they are ex-
ceedingly wary. At Bahia Blanca, a recent establishment in
Northern Patagonia, I was surprised to find how little the deer
care for the noise of a gun. An overpoweringly strong and of-
fensive odour proceeds from the buck; it is quite indescribable ;
several times while skimning a specimen I was almost overcome
by nausea. I tied up the skin im a silk pocket-handkerchief and
so carried it home. This handkerchief, after bemg well washed,
I continually used, and it was of course as repeatedly washed, yet

K5

226 MAMMALIA.

every time, for a space of one year and seven months, when first
unfolded I distinctly perceived the odour. Frequently when
passing at the distance of half a mile to the leeward of a herd, I
have perceived the whole air tainted with the effluvium. I be-
lieve the smell from the buck is most powerful at the period
when its horns are perfect and free from the hairy skin; when
in this state the meat is of course quite uneatable, but the Gau-
chos assert, that if buried for some time in fresh earth the taint
is removed.—Darwin, Journal, 49.

A skull at Haslar has the horns of one side normal, on the
na (the left one) with the front lower branch elongated and
orked.

The figures of C. campestris in F. Cuvier, Man. Lithog., is
evidently a Cariacus, and not of this genus.

3. FuRCIFER.

Horns erect, forked, without any basal snag. Ears narrow,
acute. Tail short. Fur consisting of thick, rather brittle, waved
hairs. Skull with a moderate suborbital pit. There is a distinet
parcel of hairs on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer
side of the metatarsus. Confined to South America.

They differ from Capreolus in wanting the tuft of hair on the
outer side of the hind tarsus.

Cervus, § Furcifer, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 60.

Furcifer, part., Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cervus Mazama, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K.

Mazama, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii., not Rafinesque.

Cariacus, sp., Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173.

Chevreuil du nouveau continent (sp.), Blainv. Desm. Mam. u.
448, 1822.

Cervus, sp., D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid.

Hippocamelus, Leuckart, de Equo Bisulco, 1816.

Camelus, sp., Leuckart.

Cervequus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A.

Capreolus, sp., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ;

Equus, sp., Molina, Chili, 520; Fischer, Syn. 430; Shaw,
Zool.

Auchenia, sp., H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 764.

1. Furcirer ANTISIENSIS. The TarusH or TARUGA.

Yellow grey. Hairs rigid, quilled, brown, with a yellow sub-
terminal rmg. Edge of muffle and throat white. Face with a
brown longitudinal streak and a lunate band between the eyes.
The hoofs rather broad, worn in front.

MAMMALIA, 997

Cervus Antisiensis, D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid.; Dict. Univ.
H. N. iii. 328; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, t. 18.

Cervus (furcifer) " Antisiensis, Sundevall, Pecora, 60.

Hab. 8S. America; Bolivian Alps.

OsteoLocy. D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 20. f. 22.

Fur rigid, quilled, grey. Hair brown, with yellow tips. Throat
and edge of the muffle white. Female: face with a brown lon-
gitudinal streak and a lunate band between the eyes. Crumen
large. Hock with a large tuft on the inner side. Tail with white
soft hair beneath. Mus. Paris.

2. Furcirer Huamen. The GuEeMut.
Brown, minutely yellow dotted. Hair long, brittle, waved.

Guemul seu Heumul, Vidaure, Gesch.; Konig, Chili in Neue
Samml. von Reiseb. Hamb. 1782, iv. 87, 88; Ray, Zool. Univ.
& Portat. iv. 255, 1788.

Gemul or Equus bisulcus, Molina, Chili, 520; Fischer, Syn.
Mamm. 430.

Auchenia Huamel, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 764.

Camelus Equinus, Leuckart; Treviranus, Biologie, ii. 179, 252,
1803.

Hippocamelus dubius, Leuckart, de Equo Bisulco, 24, 1816.

Un nouveau genre, Gay, Echo du Monde Savant, 1835, June 19;
Lesson, Mamm. 1. 249.

Cervequus andicus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 173.

Cervus chilensis (Guamul), Gay & Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846,
ot:

Capreolus leucotis, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1849, 64. t. 12.

Capreolus? Huamel, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 66.

Fureifer Huamel, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cloven-footed Horse, Shaw, Zool. u. 441.

Guemul, Chilians.

Hab. Hast coast of S. America; Cordillera; Patagonia.

Female, imperfect skim. Chili. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Anat. Gay & Gervais, l.c.

“Skull the size of that of C. campestris, but the forehead is
flattened ; interocular region is squarer. The pit of the tear-
bag is more considerable, and the naso-maxillary foramen is
smaller.”

228 MAMMALIA.

4. CARIACUS.

Horns cylindrical, arched, with a central internal snag, the tip
bent forward, and with the lower branches on the hinder edge.
Fur soft, of thin hair. Tail moderate, furnished with long hair
on the under side, anal disk white. Ears rather elongated, large,
rounded. They generally have a tuft of white hair on the outer
side of the hind legs, rather below the middle of the metacarpus,
but it 1s sometimes not to be seen. The skull has a very small,
shallow, suborbital pit, and the nasal bones are broad and sub-
triangular behind. ‘The tail is elongate, slender, pale, with the
lower part dark, and reaching nearly to the hocks in summer;
much shorter and broader, and all dark olive, in the winter.
Confined to Northern America.

Mazama, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Lesson, Mamm.
11270;

Mazama, Sundevall, Pecora, 50.

Cariacus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.

Cariacus, sp., Gray, Med. Repos. 1821; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.;
Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842.

Chevreuils du nouveau continent (part.), Blainv. Desm. Mam. n.
448, 1822.

Mazamade, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828.

Elephaleede, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828.

‘

* Hoofs narrow, elongate. Tatil hairy beneath.

1. Cartacus VIRGINIANUS. The AMERICAN DEER.

Bright fulvous in summer, greyer in winter. Tail fulvous,
above the tip black, beneath white, carried erect when running.
Metatarsal tuft large, white, round. Nose brown. Side of mouth
white, with an oblique black band from the nostrils. Hoofs nar-
row, elongate.

Dama virginiana, Raii Syn. 86.

Fallow Deer, Lawson, Carol. 23; Catesby, Carol. App. 28.

Cervus Dama americanus, Eral. Syst. 312.

Cervus Strongyloceros, part., Schreb. Saugth. 1074, not figure.

C. Mangivorus, Schrank, Ann. Wetter. 1. 327, 1819.

Cervus Virginianus, Gmelin, S. N.i. 179; Desm. Mamm. 442; F.
Cuvier, Man. Lithog. t.; Bennett, Gard. Z. S. 205; Fischer,
Syn. 449; Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. 39.

C. (Mazama) Virginiana, Sundevall, Pecora, 58.

Cariacus virginianus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.175; Cat. Osteol.
B. M. 63, 64.

—=.

MAMMALIA. 929

Mazama Virginiana, J. Brookes, Cat. 62, 1828.

Virginian Deer, Penn. Syn. 51. t. 9. f.2; Quad. i. 104. t. 11.
£7.

Cerf de la Louisiane, Cuvier, R. A. i. 256; Oss. Foss. iv. 33.
t. 5. f. 1-5.

Cariacou, Buffon, H. N. xin. 347. t. 44.

Mexican Deer, Penn. Syn. 110. t. 9. f. 1, horns.

Hab. N. America.

Female, imperfect, white gland on tarsus very distinet. N.
America. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLoey, t. 33. f. 2, 3.

Chevreuil d’Amérique, Daub. Buff. H. N. vi. t. 37 ; Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 19-22.

Cariacou, Daub. B. H. N. xii. t. 45.

Cerf de la Louisiane, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 33. t. 5. f. 1-16;
Dale, Phil. Trans. un. 444. fig., 1735.

Virginian Deer, Penn. Hist. Quad. t. 20. f. 2.

Var. Mexican Deer, Penn. Hist. Quad. t. 20. f. 1.

Horns of young, simple. North America.

Horns of adults, moderate-sized, with two branches on upper
edge of beam. North America.

Horns of adult, large, with three branches on upper edge of
beam.

Horns, larger and thicker, with five branches on upper edge of
beam, inner basal branch very long and forked.

Horns, very large, with many branches on upper edge of beam,
imner basal branch thick and forked. Mexico. From the Royal
Society’s Museum. (Cervus mexicanus.)

Single horn, like the preceding one, but anterior basal branch
very long, produced, and an additional elongate branch from the
lower edge of the middle of the beam. (Cervus mexicanus, Mexi-
ean Deer, Penn. Syn. 110. t. 9. f.1; H. Smith, Griffith A. K.
iv. t. 163. f. 3.)

Single horn, with’ the upper branches on the beam rather irre-
gular, and three produced and elongate, forked branches from
the lower edge of the upper part of the beam. (Cervus clavatus,
H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. t. 163. f. 4?)

Skeleton. Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Skull, male. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hudson’s Bay
Company.

Skull, female. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hudson’s
Bay Company. "

Horns. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hudson’s Bay
Company.

Seven pairs of horns. N. America.

230 MAMMALIA.

Two skeletons. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.
Skull. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hudson’s Bay Com-

pany.
Skull. Hudson’s Bay. Presented by the Hudson’s Bay Com-

pany.
*Skull. South America. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

The White-tailed Deer mhabit the Oregon, and they were
found to be most numerous near the cvast of the Pacific Ocean.
Their range on that coast.is up to the fifteenth degree of latitude,
and probably much further north. At the Umpqua River, in
lat. 43°, they give place to the Black-tailed Deer, C. Lewisit,
which occupy the country south of that parallel to the almost
entire exclusion of these.—T. Peale, U. S. Explor. Exped. 38.

We believe that the same species of Deer inhabits all the tim-
bered or partially timbered country between the coast of the At-
lantic and Pacific Oceans. They vary in size, as all the animals
of this genus do, in different feeding-grounds, but they are spe-
cifically the same. When alarmed, this species always erects its
tail, which being white beneath, is a conspicuous object, and
when running the tail is kept erect and wagged from side to side.
—T. Peale, rbid. 38.

9. 2Cartacus Mrexicanus. The Mexican DEER.

Fulvous grey; in winter ——? Tail fulvous evey (without
hair), half as long as the head. Muzzle fulvous grey, scarcely
spotted. Metatarsal tuft evident, brown. Horns broad.

Aculliame, Hernand. Hist. Nov. Hisp. 324.

Cervus mexicanus, Gmelin, S. N.; Licht. Darst. t. 18,3 9 &
jun.; Sundevall, Pecora, 59; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. “Of. tae
f. 23, horns ?

Elephalces mexicanus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62.

Hab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin.

3. CARIACUS LEUCURUS. The LONG-TAILED DEER.

Fur brownish fulvous: does not change in winter or age. Tail
yellow above, elongate. Metatarsal tuft small. Nose brown, side
of muzzle white, with an oblique black band from the nose to
the mouth. :

Roebuck, Dobbs, Hudson’s Bay, 41, 1744.

Fallow or Virginian Deer, Cook’s Third Voyage, ii. 292, 1778.

Long-tailed Jumping Deer, Umfreville, Hudson’s Bay, 190,
1790.

Deer with small horns and long tail, Gass. Journ. 55, 1808.

Long-tailed Red Deer, Lewis & Clark, Travels, i. 41.

Small Deer of Pacific, Lewis & Clark, Travels, ii. 342.

MAMMALIA. 231

Common Red Deer, Lewis & Clark, Travels, iii. 26.

Common Fallow Deer with long tails, Lewis & Clark, Travels,
in. 85.

Cervus leucurus (Long-tailed Deer), Douglas, Zool. Journ. iv.
330; Richardson, Northern Zoology, Mam. 258; Wagler;
Sundevall, Pecora.

Cervus campestris (Mazame), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., not
Desmarest.

Jumping Deer, Hudson’s Bay Traders.

Chevreuil, Canadian Voyagers.

Mowitch, Indians west of Rocky Mountains.

Apeesee-mongsoos, Cree Indians.

Hab. N. America; Hudson’s Bay; Columbia River.

OstEoLocy. a, b. Skull, male and female. Columbia River.
Presented by Hudson’s Bay Company.

This species does not, on the east side of the Rocky Mons:
tains, range further north than latitude 54°, nor is it found m
that parallel to the eastward of the 105th degree of longitude.
Mr. Douglas states, “It is the most common Deer in the di-
strict adjoming the River Columbia, more especially on the
fertile prairies of the Cowalidske and Multnornah rivers, within
100 miles of the Pacific Ocean.”

In running the tail is erect, wagging from side to side. Its
gait is two ambling steps and a bound exceeding double the di-
stance of the steps.— Richardson.

Dr. Richardson described a female killed in February as fawn-
coloured, mixed with black; tail fawn-coloured, white at the tip
and beneath. Mr. Douglas, however, described the upper part
of the animal as reddish brown in summer, and changing to light
grey in winter; so his animal may be a different species.

Skull elongate, narrow. Face rather produced, tapering, flat-
tened on the sides. Intermaxillars rather broad, not reaching to
the nasal bones, and fitting into a notch in the front upper edge of
the maxilla. Infraorbital pit moderate ; fissure very large, trian-
gular, open. Nasals, each notched in the middle of the fronts.

Male: length entire 11 inches; from front of orbit to nose 6;
width at lower edge of orbit 42; of nose just before first erinder
132; of skull 35.

Female: length entire 9§ inches; from front of orbit to nose 53;
width at lower edge of orbit 3383; upper side of orbit 33; of
nose just before first grinder eke 3 of skull 24; suborbital pit
rather smaller than in the male.

A male and female in winter dress, from Fort Colville on the -
Columbia River, were sent by the Hudson’s Bay Company to the
Museum May 26, 1843: they arrived without hair or skin.

932 MAMMALIA,

4. CARIACUS? NEMORALIS. The CartAacou DEER.

Fulvous grey in winter. Tail above blackish (without the hair),
half as long as the head. Nose brown. Muzzle white, with a
black oblique streak from nose to mouth. Metatarsal tuft mi-
aad obsolete. Ears covered externally with very short greyish

air. .
C. Nemoralis (H. Smith?), Sundevall, Pecora, 59.
Cerf blanc ou Cerf des Paletuviers, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 36. 't. 5.

f. 22 a.

Chevreuils d’Amérique, Daubent. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 37 ; Cuvier,

Oss. Foss. iv. 36. t. 5. f. 19-22.

Cervus mexicanus, part., Pennant, Quad., from Buffon.
Biche des Savannes, La Borde, Buffon H. N. Supp. w. 126;

“ young in winter,” Cuvier, 1. c.

Biche des Paletuviers, La Borde, Buff. H. N. Supp. ii. 126;
“adult male,”’ Cuvier, I. c.
Hab. Shores of Mexican Gulf; Guiana; Mexico. Cayenne; M.

Poiteau. Surinam; M. Baillon.

5. CARIACUS PUNCTULATUS. The CALIFORNIAN ROE.

Dark reddish brown (in summer), minutely punctulated by the
yellow tips of the hair; in winter greyish brown. Chin-mark
distinct. Ears elongated, nakedish. Base of the ears, orbits,
round the muzzle, underside of tail, and the upper part of the
inside of the legs, white. Forehead, line down the face, and
narrow streak on upper part of the nape, black. Legs brown. A
very narrow, indistinct streak on the middle line of the rump
yellowish. Metatarsal tuft none. Tail like back, with a black-
ish tip.

Cariacus punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t.
Hab. California. Lieut. Jones of H.M.S. ‘ Samson.’

There is a female of this species in the Zoological Gardens ; it
is much smaller and darker than C. Virginianus, and it differs in
the hair being dark, with a distinct, yellow, subtermimal band.

Cervus gymnoitis is described as very like C. nemoralis, only
differmg in the tail bemg rather longer and pale above; the
outer surface of the ears brown and nakedish. Metatarsal tufts
none.

Cervus Gymnotis, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833; Wagner, Supp.; Sun-

devall, Pecora, 39.

Hab. Columbia. Mus. Berlin. Doubtful if distmet from the
former or C. nemoralis.

MAMMALIA. 233

6. Cartacus Lewisit. The BLACK-TAILED DEER.

The tail black above towards the extremity, yellowish white
beneath, covered with hair at all seasons, and not carried erect
when running. Fulvous (in summer). Hair very soft, not rigid.
Forehead and upper part of face before the eyes blackish. (In
winter, fur very thick, quilled, waved, brittle.) Inside of the legs
and belly white. Chin-band distinct, black. Front hoofs nar-
row, elongate. Horns like C. Virginianus, but generally more
slender, and commonly without the basal antler.

Black-tailed Deer, Anglo-American in Oregon.

Black-tailed Fallow Deer, Lewis & Clark, Travels to the Pacific,
in. 26. 125 (London edit. 1807).

Cervus Macrotis 8. Colombiana, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer.
1. 257.

Long-tailed Deer (Cervus macrourus), H. Smith, Griffith A. K.
iv. 134, v. 795, part.; Fischer, Syn. 615; Blyth in Cuvier
Animal Kingd. 138. f. 56.

Cervus Lewisii, T. Peale, U. States Explor. Exped. 39. t. 9,
ined. fig. at p. 43, fore-foot.

Hab. California, between Columbia River and Umpqua River ;
seldom seen east of the Cascade range of mountains.

Ostreo.Locy. a, b. Skull, male and female. Columbia River.
Presented by the Hudson’s Bay Company.

The Short or Black-tailed Deer in the winter is covered with
very thick, waved, tubular, brittle quills or hair, of a grey colour,
with a rather darker subterminal band. ‘The legs are yellow
brown. The tuft on the inside of the hock very large. The tuft
on the outside of the tarsus large, covering an oblong, bald, cal-
lous spot, about an inch or an inch and a half long, which is hard
and horny in the dry specimen.—T. Peale.

Skull rather broad. Forehead concave. Face rounded on the
sides. Intermaxillars broad, not reaching to the nasal. Nasal
dilated and bent down on the side behind, with a deep central
notch. Suborbital pit large, deep, triangular. Suborbital slit
large, triangular, open.

Skull of Male: Larger. Suborbital pit very large, triangular,
deep. Intermaxillar not reaching near the nasal. Length entire
123 inches; from front of orbit 63; width at lower side of orbit
54; upper side of orbit 53; of nose just before first grinder 2,8 ;
of skull 3%.

Skull of Female: Smaller. Suborbital pit smaller, narrower,
oblong, linear, rather deep. Intermaxillar reaching nearly to the
nasal. Length entire 1] inches; from orbit 6} inches; width at
lower side of orbit 442; at upper side 342; of nose just in front
of first grinder 2,5; of skull 2}.

234 MAMMALIA.

Length 6' 13"; tail 10"; height at shoulders 3’ 2”; glandular
sac on tarsus 1} inch long.

Male and female winter dress was sent from Fort Colville,
Columbia River, May 26, 1843, by A. Macdonald, Esq., and pre-
sented by the Hudson’s Bay Company, but arrived without hair.

The Black-tail Deer never carries its tail erect when running,
and viewed from behind shows two narrow white lines of hair,

instead of the large, white, and elevated tail of the Virginian
Deer.

Var. 1. With a basal antler on the inner side of the horn, which
was directed upwards and backwards.
Hab. Oregon; T. Peale, 1. c. 41.

Var. 2. No internal basal antler.
Hab. California; T. Peale, 1. c. 41.

There is a skull of a young male American Deer which was in
the Zoological Gardens, the skin of which has not been preserved.
It is intermediate in character between the other species; it has
the rather slender face of the Virginian Deer; but it has a much
larger, subtrianglar, suborbital pit, of the same form, but only
about two-thirds the size of the pit in the skull of the broad-
faced Long-tailed Deer. It indicates the existence of another
species, that may be characterized by the skull. Nasals: each
bifid in front. Intermaxillar nearly reaching to the nasals. The
length entire 95%; in.; of face from orbits 52; in.; width of lower
edge of orbit 4,4, in.; of upper edge of orbit 334 in.; of face in
front of the first grinder 149 in.; of skull 249 in.

** Front hoof broad, cordate. Tail not hairy beneath.
7. CARIACUS MACROTIS. The MuLE DEER.

Brownish fulvous. Chin without any, or only an indistmet
band. Tail pale ferruginous, with a black tuft at the end, and
without any hair beneath. Ears very large. Hoofs of the fore
feet. broad, cordate, nearly as broad as long, flattened and con-

cave beneath. Horns larger and more spreading than in C. Vir-
gintanus.

Var.? Jumping Deer, Umfreville, Hudson’s Bay, 164.

Black-tailed or Mule Deer, Gass. Journ. 55; Lewis & Clark, 1.
91, 92, 106, 152, 239, 264, 328, ii. 152, iti. 27,125; James,
Long’s Exped. ii. 276; Godman, Nat. Hist. ii. 305.

Mule Deer, Warden, United States, i. 245.

Cerf Mulet, Desm. Mamm. 443, notes.

Le Daume fauve & queue noire, Warden, Etats Unis, ed. Gall. 640.

Mule Deer, Anglo-Americans of the Rocky Mountains,

MAMMALIA. 935

? Mule or Black-tailed Deer, Le Raye; Lewis & Clark, Travels ;
Wied, Voy. Amér. Meérid. iti. 273, & vig. a, B.

Cervus macrotis, Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount. 1. 88. 254;
H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 794; Fischer, Syn. 444. 615; Sun-
devall, Pecora, 59; Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 254. t. 20;
Peale, U. St. Expl. Exped. 41. t. 10. med. fig. at p. 43, fore-
feet; Sabine, Franklin Journ. 667 ; Harlan, Fauna, 243 (Great-
eared Deer); H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 133, v. 794 (Black-
tailed Deer).

C. auritus, Warden, Etats Unis, ed. Gall. vy. 640; Desmoul. Dict.
Class. H. N. 11. 379.

Hab. Arkansas; Rocky Mountains; on rocky hills covered with
trees.

Rather larger than Cervus Virginianus, and having more the
general aspect of the Wapiti; destitute of the black submaxil-
laryfmarks which are always present on C. Lewisii and C. Vir-
gimianus. Horns larger and more spreading. Hoofs rounded,
the under surface concave. Tail pale ferrugmous, destitute of
hair beneath, and having a tuft of black hair at the extremity.
In summer pale ferrugimous, darkest on back. Chin, throat, and
inside of thighs and belly, white. Hair fiattened and undulated.
Total length 67 in.; tail 73in.; height at shoulders 36 in.—T.
Peale.

This species is most abundant on the eastern slope of the
Rocky Mountains, and delights im rocky hills covered with cedars
and pine-trees. By the flattened and concave formation of the
hoofs, they are enabled to climb the rocky steeps with much
greater facility than other species of Deer, and for the same rea-
son we infer that they are more at ease in the snowy regions of
the mountains.—T. Peale, l. c. 43.

Mules between Cervus Virginianus and C. gymnotis have been
described.— Pucheran, Compies Rendus, Acad. Sci. 1849, 774.

According to M. Pucheran, the chief difference between C.
Virginianus and C. gymnoiis is, that the former has the chest
and belly white, and C. gymnotis the belly white and the chest
brown.

Doubtful Species.

1. The Cariacou Deer, Cervus nemoralis, H. Smith in Griffith
A. K. iv. 137.t.. . & v. 798; Fischer, Syn. 617, described and
figured from a pair said to come from Virginia, and is also said
to inhabit Honduras (see p. 138). It appears by the figure of
the horns rather to belong to this genus than to Coassus. It
is a species yet to be identified. Professor Sundevall regards it
as a species of Cariacus,

236 _ MAMMALIA.

2. Cervus spinosus, Gay & Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 94,
from horn of M. Poiteau, figured Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5.
22a.

C. virginianus var., G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
Hab. Cayenne; M. Poiteau.

Only described from a single horn from Cayenne. -

3. Cervus Savannarum, Cabanis § Schomburgk, Reisen in Bri-
tisch Guiana, iii. 785.

4. Orenoka Deer.—There is imported into London under the
above name, from Central America, the flat skins of a large spe-
cies of Deer, of a bright dark red brown colour, with the chin
and under part of the body white, and a blackish tail. The hair
of the back is short and rather adpressed. The animal appears
to be about the size of a small Stag, C. Elaphus. These skins
are imported by the North-West American Fur Company To be
tanned into leather.

5. The Yutacan Deer.—The North-West American Fur Com-
pany import, under the above name and from Yutacan, the skin
of a smaller Deer, about the size of the Virginian Deer. The fur
of the back is very short, of a red brown colour with blackish
tips. They differ from the skms of the Virgmian Deer, im-
ported by the same Company from different parts of America, im
the shortness and greater stiffness of the hair.

6. Cervus affinis, Pucheran, Compt. Rendus, Acad. Sci. 1849,
777, not Hodgson.

Hair very short, close-pressed, grey, minutely white grisled.
Hab. Mus. Paris.
7. Cervus Guidotii, Gay & Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 94.

Horns lyrate, half the size of those of C. awis, and with only
a single basal posterior snag.

Hab. New Grenada; M. Justin Guidot. Horns in Mus. Paris.
These two species are only known from the above descriptions.

B. Horns simple.
Subulide, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828.
Les Daguets, Blainv.; Lesson, Man. Mam.
5. Coassus.

Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving back. Ears short, broad,
rounded, nakedish. Tail short. The facial line rather convex. The
fur short, of the forehead (in both sexes) elongate, formimg a

MAMMALIA. 237

rhombic tuft between the horn and face. Legs without any tuft
on the outer sides of the metatarsus, but with a pencil on the
inside of the hocks. Skull with a very small, shallow, suborbital
pit, and supraorbital foramen in a groove. Confined to South
America.

They all emit a strong odour like porecupines. They cast their
horns like the other Deer:

Coassus, § 1. Coassus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Subulo, H. Smith, Grifith A. K.v. . 1827..

Subula, Lesson, Mamm. i. 273; Nov. Tab. R. A. 174.
Subulus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828.

Coassus, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.
Daguets, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. u. 449, 1822.

Cervus, sp., Renger, 343.

« * Skull face rather elongate. Suborbital pit large.

1. Coassus NEMORIVAGUS. The GAUZU-VIVA.

Pale brown. The hair dirt-coloured brown, with a yellow
subterminal band which wears off; a paler spot over the eye.
Young : Brown, white spotted, spots of sides unequal. Nape dark.

Skull elongate. Suborbital pit broad, subtrigonal, shallow.
Grinders moderate. Infraorbital ridge very distinct, sharp-edged.
Intermaxillars not reaching to the nasal, but fit into a notch in
the maxilla.

Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 485; Cuv.
Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f.50; Fischer, Syn. 446.618; H. Smith,
G. A. K.iv.142.t.; Sundevall, Pecora, 60; Licht. Dargst. t.21.

Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia,
t. 1, t. 2. f.1; List Mamm. B. M. 174; Cat. Ost. B. M. 64.

Cervus nemorum, Desm. Mamm. 446.

Cervus simplicicornis, Illiger, Pr. Max. Abbild. t.; H. Smith,
G. A. K. v. 800. t.; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana,
ii. 785; Renger, 269.

Cervus mangivorus, Schrank, Wett. Trans. iv. 326.

Cuguacu-Apara, Marcg. Bras. vi. 235.

Young! Moschus delicatulus, Shaw, Mus. Lever. t. 36.

Guazu-viva, Renger, 369.

Hab. Brazils.

a, 6. Females. Brazils.

e. Young, with a distinct line of white spots on middle of the
back; sides spotted. Brazils.

Tragulus Surmamensis, Klein. Moschus Americanus, Fral.
M. delicatulus, Shaw, Mus. Lever. t. 36; Seba, i. t. 44. f. 2,

d. Male, adult. Brazils.

238 MAMMALIA.

ANAT.
C. nemorivagus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50.

e, f. Skull. Brazils.

Var.1. Dark brown. Streak on each side of the forehead, upper
part of the legs, and spot on the angle of the lower lip, black-
ish ; streak over the eye yellowish. Under hp, a spot on upper
lip near muzzle, under side of tail, and inner side of the upper
part of the thighs, white. Muffle smooth, black, with the
upper edge slightly arched. Ears small, lower half of the mer
side black. Size of a full-grown Roebuck.

Coassus nemorivagus, var. a, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850,t. ,
male.

Hab. Brazil; Knowsley Menag.

Var. 2. Female. “ Dark grey, tinged with brown, greyer on the
head and neck; the lower part, and the inside of legs, the
belly, and round the eyes, rust-coloured; the purple brown
patch in the ears smaller and less distinct than in C. rufus. A
small white stripe in front of the eyes, and the under surface
of the tail white. From the eyes to the nose short and thick
compared with the other specimens. A female.”—Frazer,MSS.

Coassus nemorivagus var., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. , &
Sa: ee

** Skull face short, broad. Suborbital pit smail.

2. Coassus RuFuS. The CUGUACU-ETE or PITA.

The fur bright shining red. Crown and neck, sides of face and
chest, paler. Muffle carunculated, rather angularly produced
above.

Skull: infraorbital pit triangular, small, slightly impressed.
Intermaxillary scarcely reaching to the skull, elongate. Nasal
bone only slightly dilated behind. Supraorbital foramen large,
in a deep groove. Grinders moderate. Cutting-teeth very nar-
row, two central much dilated.

Young: Reddish, white spotted, spots of sides unequal. Nape
with a distinct, white-edged, dark central streak.

Var. with white rings above the hoofs.

Cervus rufus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 485; Cuvier, Oss.
Foss. iv. 53. t. 3. f. 41, 42, t. 5. f£. 44; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.
140. t.; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; Licht. Darst. t. 20; Sunde-
vall, Pecora, 60; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana,
784; Pr. Max. Abbild. t.; Renger, 356.

Coassus rufus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 174; Cat. Osteol. Sp.

MAMMALIA. 239

64; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia,
Sito. £2.

Cervus simplicicornis (Apara B.), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv.
141. t.

Cervus dolichurus, Wagner, Supp. iv. 389.

Subulus americanus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828.

Cariacou de la Guyane, Buff. ix. 90.

Biche rouge, Buffon, Supp. ii. 126.

Gouazou-pita, Azara.

Guazu-pyta, Renger, 356.

Hab. South America.

Young, in spirits? S, America.
Male and female. S. America.

Anat. t. 35. f. 4.

Cervus rufus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 41, 42, horns; t. 5.
f. 44, skull. e
Skeleton, male. From Mr. Brandt’s Collection.

Skull. Para, South America. Presented by R. Graham, Esq.
Skull of young. S. America.

3. COASSUS SUPERCILIARIS. The EyE-BROWED BROcKET.

Bright shining red, with neck and head grey, forehead darker.
Hocks and front of fore legs grey. Stripe in front of the eye,

and under surface of the tail, white. Mufile slightly arched above.
Ears moderate.

Coassus superciliaris, Gray, Gleanings Knowsley Menag. t. 48*;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t. , t. 5
Hab. Brazils.

This species chiefly differs from the former in the form of the
muffle, and in the presence of the white streak over the eyes.
There is a male at Knowsley, t. ,t. ; anda pair in the Gar-
dens of the Zoological Society, t. .f. 5

4. Coassus auRiITus. The LarGE-EARED BRockerT.

Bright pale red brown. Head and neck grey. Orbits pale
brownish. Spot on side of upper lip, chin, belly, hinder side of
fore, and front side of hinder thighs, and under side of tail, white.
Crown dark grey brown. Ears very large, broad, acute, more
than half the length of the head, with two lines of hairs within.
Coassus et Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t. ~

ti. £..6. :
Hab. Brazils? ; Knowsley and Gard. Zool. Soc.

240 MAMMALIA.

There is a female of this species in the Gardens of the So-
ciety ; it greatly resembles the Indian Muntjac in the distribu-
tion of its colour.

In the British Museum there are two skulls which belong to
the species of this division. They have the face shorter and
thicker than the skull of C. nemorivagus, and the nasals are wider
behind; the suborbital pit small or less compressed, and the
grinders larger. ‘The first belongs to a young specimen in the
Museum Collection apparently of C. rufus; it has a small, slightly
impressed pit just in front of the edge of the orbit. The second
belongs to a more adult female, without any skin, sent from Para
by Mr. Reginald Graham ; it is considerably larger than the pre-
ceding, and there is scarcely any visible impression im front of
the orbit, only a slight concavity of the general surface.

Cervus nanus, Lund; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842 (not
described ?).
Hab. Brazils. Mi&y be one of the preceding.

6. Pupv.

Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving backwards. Ears rounded,
thickly covered with short hair. Head short; facial line convex.
The crown with a tuft of long hair. Crumen distinct. Fur short.
Legs with a tuft of hair on the inside of the hocks, without any
tuft on the outer side of the tarsus. Tail short. Skull short,
‘high. Infraorbital impression oblong, very deep. Nasal bones
much dilated behind on side of nose. Intermaxillary short, not
reaching near to the nasal. Cutting-teeth rather narrow, two
central rather dilated. Grinders very large. Supraorbital fora-
men small, scarcely forming a groove. Confined to the west
coast of America.

Coassus, § 2. Pudu, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Cervus, sp., Bennett.

C. § Capreolus, sp., Lesson.

Capra, sp., Molina.

Antilope, sp., Blainville.

Antilocapra, sp., Lesson.

1. Pupv uumiuis. The VENADA.

Brown black and pale grisled. Neck blackish brown, punctu-
lated with white. Lips, orbit, ears, legs, and under part of body,
bright pale bay. Throat and inner side of thighs paler. Hair of
back with a broad, blackish, subterminal band and pale brown

MAMMALIA. 241

tips. Tail very short. Ears moderate, covered with short, close-
set hair. Face dark. Crown dark red brown.

Cervus humilis, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 27, fem. ; Sunde-
vall, Pecora, 60; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana,
i. 786.

Cervus (Capreolus?) humilis, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 172, 1842.

C. rufus, Wagner, Supp. iv.

Capra Pudu, Molina.

Chevreuil (de Chih), Poppig, Froriep’s Notiz. 1829; Férussac,
Bull. Univ. xix. 95, 1829.

Cervus Pudu, Gay & Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90.

Antilope (Rupicapra) Pudu, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76;
Gervais, Dict. Sci. Nat. Supp. 1. 264.

Antilocapra Pudu, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182.

Antilope Dicranocerus Temamazama, H. Smith, Linn. Trans.
xiii. 36; Griffith, A. K. 1. 866; Fischer, Syn. 482, 647.

Mazame, Hernand. Mex. ix. 14, 394 ; Seba, Thes. 1. 69. t) 42; &3;

Cervus Macatlchicheltic, Seba, Thes. 1. 69. t. 42. f. 4.

Hab. Chili, Conception and Chiloe ; King.

Amale. Chili. From the Zoological Society. (The specimen
described by Mr. Bennett.)

Anat. Gay & Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90.
Skull. Chili. (The specimen described by Mr. Bennett.)

Tribe 4. MoscuHina.

Cutting-teeth none above. Horns none. The hinder edge of-
the metatarsus more or less naked. ‘False hoofs distinct.

Moschus, Linn. Syst. Nat.; Cuvier, Regn. Anim.; F. Cuv. Dict.
Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829.

Camelinia, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55, 1815.

Moschidz seu Ecornis, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 60, 1828.

Moschide (part.), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 1365.

Inermia, part., Latr. Fam. Nat. R. A. 62, 1825.

Moschina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.
172, 1843; Selys Longchamps, 1842.

Ruminantia c. acerata, part., Bronn, Index Paleont. ii. 710.

Les Chevrotains, F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829; Dent.
Mam. 230. t. 93*.

Moschisideze, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175.

The only character by which the Musks, as established by
Linneus and others, differ from the genus Cervus, consists in
the absence of horns, for the elongated canines are common to
it and most of the Indian species of Cervus, especially the Cer-
vus Muntjac.

L

949 MAMMALIA.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

I. Fur erect, elastic, thick. Throat and hinder edge of tarsus
hairy. Males with an odoriferous gland. Young spotted.

1. Moscuus. Canines of males very long.

Il. Fur close-pressed. Throat and hinder edge of tarsus bald.
Males without any odoriferous gland. Young coloured
like the adult. Throat white streaked.

. Meminna. Throat hairy. Hinder edge of metatarsus covered
with hair, naked on the outer side near the heel. Body
spotted. Intermaxilla elongate.

te

3. Hyemoscuus. Chin and lips nakedish. Hinder edge of me-
tatarsus hairy, naked on the outer side near the heel. In-
termaxilla very short.

4. Tracuuus. Throat and chin nakedish. Hinder edge of the
metatarsus naked, callous. Fur soft. Intermaxilla elongate.

I, Fur elastic, thick, brittle. Throat and hinder edge of the tar-
sus covered with har. Males with an odoriferous gland.

1. Moscuus.

Muffle naked. Crumen none. Throat covered with hair. Fur
very elastic, formed of erect, spreading, closely-packed, elastic,
brittle, tubular, waved hair. Hinder edge of the tarsus covered
with hair. Hoofs small, compressed, narrow, triangular, acute ;
false hoofs elongated, well-developed. ‘Tail very short, rudiment-
ary. Males with a large pouch, secreting musk, im the middle
of the abdomen, and with a celluliferous and netted gland on the
outer side of the thighs, secreting a serous fluid (see Brandt,
Act. Acad. Petersb. 1836; Ann. Anat. & Phys. 1837, 283).
Young spotted, which are often obliterated im the adult.

Moschus, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1846; Knowsley Menag.; List Mamm.
BoM.

Moschus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 6. 13. 1748, ed. 10. 66. 1758, ed. 12.
91.1766; Erazleb. S. A. 319,1777; Storr, 1780.

M. Moschiferus, Illiger, 1811; Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175.

Tragulus, sp., Brisson, Reg. Anim. i. 67, 1762.

The Musk are confined to the snowy regions, amid the
glassy precipices of which they leap with a power and security
far more than Caprine, though, owing to the unequal length of
their legs, they can descend slopes only with difficulty, and fall-
ing are caught; they cannot chmb at all as Goats do, and are
solitary. They rut in winter, and produce young m May or June,

MAMMALIA. 243

gestating 160 days. In six weeks the young can shift for them+
selves, and the mother drives them off. They can procreate ere
they are a year old, and live ten or fifteen years. One is usually
produced at a birth, in cavities of the rocks. Gall-bladder con-
stant.

The taal-gland of the Musk is very large, and covers the whole
tail nearly, and has a linear, longitudimal pore on each side, and
an abundant secretion.

The preputial gland of the Musk is analogous to that of the
Civets and the Screw-tail (Paradoxurus); it is placed on the
prepuce, the penis opening in the midst of it: this organ is
clearly subservient to sexual purposes, and so probably are seve-
ral others, though the eye-pits have been variously referred to
the facilitation of breathing and of smelling. The supposed end
of the interdigital glands and pores, or feet-pits, viz. the lubrica-
tion of the feet and preservation of the hoofs in hot sandy de-
serts, is clearly erroneous, since the Thar has these organs of
enormous size in all the four extremities, though it be the tenant
of moist, cool mountain forests. It is probable that the secre-
tion from the foot-pores enables these animals to find one an-
other in those wildernesses of vast forest-trees and dense under-

rowth which constitute their range.— Hodgson.

The Musk is said to derive its peculiar odoriferous secretion
from feeding on the Kastooree plant, a kind of ground-nut which
is strongly impregnated with the same pungent scent, and which
the animal digs up with its long tusk.—Ogilby in Royle, Himal.
i. Ixxi.

1. Moscuus Sipiricus. The KuBARGA.

Ash brown, beneath paler. Throat black or ashy, with a de-
finite white streak on each side.

Animal Moschiferum Kubarga dicta, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Com.
Petrop. iv. 393.

Moschus Sibiricus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiii. 29. t. 4,5,6; Gray,
Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172; List Osteol. Spec. 63; Knowsley
Menag.

Moschus moschiferus, Schreb. Saugth. 944. t. 242, 242a; Shaw,
Lever. Mus. i. t. 32; Wrangle’s Siberia, 374.

Moschus moschiferus var. Altaici, Sundevall.

Moschus Altaicus, Eschsch. Jobst. Isis, 1830, 606; Fér. Bull.
Sci. xxii. 46.

Hab. Siberia; Altai Mountams; Lake Baikal; Gmelin. Bor-
ders of Arctic Ocean; Wrangle. Mongolia, Eschsch.

Male and female. Siberia. From the Museum of the Roya
Academy of Petersburg.
L 2

244 MAMMALIA.

OsTEOLOGY. .
Skull of male. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal
Academy of St. Petersburgh.
Skull of female. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal
Academy of St. Petersburgh. '

The Musk Deer are found nearly to the arctic circle; they are
abundant near Verkhoiansk in North Siberia (Lat. 67° 7', E.
Long. 134°), and called Kabarga. A pound of musk is com-
monly sold from 10 to 15 roubles.—Wrangle’s Siberia and Po-
lar Sea, by Sabine, 374, 1844.

2. MoscuHvus MoscHIFERUS. The Musk.

Dark brown, chest and belly rather paler. Throat and chest
with indistinct, pale cross bands.

Moschus moschiferus, Linn. S. N. i. 91; Gray, List Mamm. B.
M.172; List Osteol. Sp. B. M. 62,63; List Hodgson Col-
lection, 30.

Animal moschiferum, Raiz Quad. 124; Caleot. Mus. 661. t. 666.

Capreolus Moschus, Gesner, Quad. 695; Jonston, Quad. 55. t. 39.

Capra moschus, Aldrov. Bisule. 743.

Muskus, &e., Ysdr. Reis. 45. fig.

Musk, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xu. 361, Supp. vi. 221. t. 29.

Moschus, Schrek. Monag. t. 44.

Caprea moschifera, Seger. Misc. Acad. Nat. Cur. i. 169. Obs.
128. t. 11.

Tragulus moschiferus, KJezn.

Tibet Musk, Penn. Syn. 56. t. 10. f. 1; Quad. 1.112. t.12. f. 1.

Moschus saturatus, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, viii. 203, x.
yh Ms SAE BE Be

Moschus Kacharensis, Hodgson, Cat. MSS. v. t. 3.

Moschus Moschus var., Ogilby in Royle, Himal. 1. uXX1.

Musk ?, Falconer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iv. 710.

Hab. Thibet; Nepal.

Male (in bad state). India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke.
A flat hunter’s skin. India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke.
Male (in bad state). India.

Female. Nepal. Presented by the Hon. East India Company.
Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

‘wo specimens from Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq.

A male, brownish and dark. Nepal. Presented by B. H.

Hodgson, Esq.

A male, with a dark streak on the nape, and a large dark spot
between the shoulders. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq. |

MAMMALIA. 245

A fiat skin without skull, blackish, with rows of pale spots.
Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

OstEoLoGcy. Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 795. t.

Skull of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull of female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skeleton, wanting bones of feet. Nepal. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skeleton, wanting bones of feet. Nepal. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skeleton, wanting bones of feet. Nepal. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Skulls of male and female. Nepal.

Two skeletons, wanting bones of the feet. Nepal.

Icon.
Drawing of skull of male-—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 186.
f. 5, 6.
Drawing of young male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t.188.f. 1.
Drawing of male and female-—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t.189.
Drawing of female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 192. f.1.
Musk.—Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,974. t. 82, t. 83, skull.

3. MoscHuSs LEUCOGASTER. The WHITE-BELLIED Musk.

Dark brown. Throat, chest, belly, and inside of the ears, pure
white.

Moschus leucogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, viii.
203, x. 914, x1. 285; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172; Cat.
Hodgson Collection in B. M. 31.

Moschus niveiventer, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. n. 188, 190, 193.

Hab. Nepal.

Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

A male and female.

An imperfect flat skin of a female, rather darker (like a
bleached specimen of M. saturatus).

Icon.
Drawing of young male.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 188. f.2.
Drawing of male, female and young.—Hodgson, Icon. ined.
B. M. t. 190.
Drawing of female.—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 193. f. 3.

4. Moscuus cHRYSOGASTER. The GoLDEN-EYED Musk.

Grey brown. The ears, orbits, throat, chest, abdomen, and
imner sides of the legs, brilliant yellow.

246 MAMMALIA.

Moschus chrysogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Sec. Bengal, vii.
203 (1839), x. 914, xi. 285; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172;
Cat. Hodgson Collection in B. M. 31; List Osteol. B. M. 63.

Moschus moschiferus var., Sundevall, Pecora, 118.

Hab. Nepal.

Two specimens. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

OsTEOLOGY, t. 25. f. 1.
Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Skull. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Icon.
Drawing of male and female.— Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t.191.
Drawing of female.-—Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. t92. f. 2.

Il. Fur close-pressed. Throat and hinder edge of the tarsus more
or less naked. Males without any peculiar odoriferous
gland. Throat white streaked. Young coloured like the
adult. Pigmy Musks.

Pigmy Musks, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

2. Meminna, Gray.

Throat entirely covered with hair. Fur white, striped and
spotted. The legs are short and rather stout. The himder edge
of the metatarsus covered with hair, but on its outer side, a little
below the hock, a rather large, smooth, naked prominence, red
when alive.

Meminna, Knox; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.; Lesson, Nov.
Tab. R. A. 175.

Moschus, sp., Eraleb. S. A. 322, 1777; Zimm.; Desm. 1804.

Musk, sp., Penn.

Moschiola, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. iv. 292.

Tragulus, sp., Brisson, R. A. 95, 1756.

Tragulus, Sundevall, Pecora, 118, 119.

The Pisora inhabit the forests of India, near to, but without
the various ranges of hills.— Hodgson.

The flesh is excellent; it lives in the dense woods of the
Dukhun, not in the plains.—Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.

1. MemMINNA INDICA. The Meminna or PisoRA. ~
Moschus Meminna, Erzl. Syst. 322; Schreb. Saugth. 960. t. 243;

Gatterer, Brev. Zool.i. 92; Tickell, Calcutta Journ. N. H. i.
1840, 420.

MAMMALIA. 247

Chevrotain, &c., Buffon, H. N. xiii. 315.

Memina ou Chevrotain de Ceylon, Buffon, Supp. i. 102.315. t.15.

Meminna, Knox, Ceylon, 21; Shaw, Zool. ii. 256, t.

Indian Musk, Penn. Syn. 59. t. 10. f. 2; Quad. i. 127. t. 127;
Knight, M. Anim. Nat. f. 572, 574.

Pissay, Hamilton, Voy. E. Ind. 1. 261.

Mingee, Tickell, Calcutta Journ. N. H. u. 420.

Tragulus Memina, Sundevall, Pecora, 63.

Meminna Indica, M. Malaccensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172;
List Osteol. B. M. 63.

Tragulus mininoides (or Bijay), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengul, x. 914.

Moschiola Minimoides, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 292.

Hab. India; Madras; Ceylon.

Half-grown (not in good state). Madras. Presented by Wal-
ter Elliot, Esq.

Young. India.

Adult. India.

Young. India.

Meminna Malaccensis.— Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 172.

OsTEOLOGY, t. 24. f. 3.
Skull of adult. India.
- *Skull and bones of body. India.

Icon. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 117 a, b, c.

3. HyEMOSCHUS.

Underlip and chin rather nakedish, with scattered hairs. The
hinder edge of the metatarsus hairy, with a large callosity on the
outer side near the heel. Two lateral toes elongate, with large
tapermg hoofs. The intermaxillary is very short, oblong, trun-
cated behind, and placed on the front end of the truncated max-
illa. The sides are spotted (like the Meminna).

These animals have much the habit of pigs. They take their
food in the water; are called Deer Pigs by the French colonists
in West Africa. ;

Dr. Hugh Falconer (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843) gave some account
of the osteology of the foot of this animal; and in his MSS. he
informs me he has proposed to call the genus Amphimoschus.
M. de Blainville has regarded it as the recent type of Anoplothe-
rium. In the form of the feet it is very nearly allied to a fossil
genus found in Auvergne, which M. A. Bravard has described
under the name of Cainotherium (1835).

The metacarps of Moschus aquaticus are distinct along their
whole length; its fore-leg, from the carpus downwards, is un-

248 MAMMALIA.

distinguishable from that of the Pecary; and its succentorial
toes are as much developed as in the last-mentioned animal.

As Dorcatherium of Kaup breaks down the empirical distine-
tion between the Ruminants and Pachyderms as regards the
number of the teeth, so does ‘the Moschus aquaticus as regards
ey evingia of the feet.— Falconer & Cautley, Proc. Geol. Soc.

43, 240.

Hyemoschus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.; Ann. & Mag. N. H. xvi.
350; List Osteol. B. M. 63.

Moschus (aquaticus), Falconer, Proc. Geol. Soc. 1843, 240.

Amphimoschus, Falconer, MSS. 1843.

Cainotherium, sp., Bravard, 1835.

Moschus, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175, 1842.

Lesson refers M. agquaticus with doubt as a synonym of Mos-
chus Javanicus.—Nov. Tab. R. A. 175.

1, Hyemoscuus aavuaticus. The BoomoraH.

Brown. Two diverging streaks on the throat, chest, spots on
back, a streak along each side, front edge of thighs, a spot over
each hoof, and end of tail, white.

Moschus aquaticus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1840, 35; Falconer, P.
Geol. Soc. 1843; Wagner, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 51.

Hyemoschus aquaticus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xvi. 350; List
Osteol. B. M. 63.

Moschus Stanleyanus (misprint for aquaticus), Sundevall, Pecora,
64 :

Boomorah, Negroes of Sierra Leone.

Water Deer, Colonists at Sierra Leone.

Biche Cochon, French Colonists in W. Afriea.

Moschus Javanicus var.?, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175.

Hab. W. Africa. Bulham Creek, Sierra Leone; common.
Whitfield. .

Two adult. West Africa; Gambia. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

OsTEoLoey, t. 25. f. 2.

*Skull. The specimen described in the Ann. 6 Mag. Nat.
Hist. xvi. p. 350, 1845. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl
of Derby.

*Skull and scapular. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Marl
of Derby.

4. Tracuuus, Pallas.

Throat with a nakedish, concave, subglandular, callous dise
between the rami of the lower jaw, from which a band extends

MAMMALIA. 349:

to. the fore part of the chin. The hinder edge of the metatarsus
nearly bald and slightly callous. Fur soft, adpressed. The in-
termaxilla elongate, subtriangular, extending up to the side of
the nose.

Tragulus, Pallas; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.

Moschus, sp., Desm. 1804; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 65;
Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 175.

Tragulus, sp., Brisson, Reg. Anim. 95,1756; Sundevall, Pecora,
118.

Tragulus § B, Sundevall, Pecora, 63.

Napu, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175, 1842.

Tragus, sp., Klein.

Anat. Rapp. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, 43. t. 2 (three stomaclis).
1. TrRaGuuus STANLEYANUS. The STANLEY MusK.

Reddish fulvous. Hair black tipped, beneath white. Neck and
chest shining fulvous. Crown darker. Tail moderate, pale beneath.

Moschus Stanleyanus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 15 (not
Sundevall).

Moschus ecaudatus, Temm. MSS. Mus. Leyden (1845); Sunde-
vall, Pecora, 63.

Hab. Ceylon.

Adult. Ceylon. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

ANAT. t. 25. f. 3.
*Skull. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

2. TraGuuus JAVANICcus. The Napv.

Pale brown, black grisled. Sides of head and rump shinmg
fulvous. Neck and nape ashy. Throat with three white stripes.
Belly white. Tail elongate.

Tragulus Javanicus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiii. 18; Sundevail, Pe-
cora, 121; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 15.65; Cat. Mamm.
BM 173.

Moschus Javanicus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 174; Bennett, Zool. Gar-
dens, 41; Raffles, Linn. Trans. xi. 261; Donnd. Zool. Beytr.
i. 583, 1792; Rapp. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, 43. t. 2; Mus. Leyd.
1852.

Moschus Indicus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 172; Schreb. Saugth. 962.
t. 245, not Brisson.

Moschus Napu, F. Cuv. Man. Lithog.t.; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 440.

Tragulus Napu, Sundevall, Pecora, 63.

Hab. Sumatra; Borneo; Java.

Male. Java. Presented by the Hon. East India Company.
Sumatra. Presented by Lady Rafiles.
LS

250 MAMMALIA.

This species, so well described by Pallas, is easily known by
its larger size and the ashy grisled neck. The Kanchil has a
yellow neck with a black nuchal streak.

3. TRAGULUS PYGM#&US. The KANCHIL.

Fulvous varied with black. Sides of neck and body pale yel-
low, black tipped. Streak along nape blackish.

Moschus pygmeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 92.

Kantil, Lichtenberg in Voigt’s Mag. Naturg. ii. 2. 1}.

Moschus Kanchil, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xin. 262; Fischer, Syn.
Mamm. 441; Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soe. 31, 1838.

Chevrotain, Buffon, H. N. xii. 344. Supp. vi. 219. t. 30.

Chevrotrain de Java ou Kanchil (M. Javanicus), F. Cuvier, Mam.
Lithog. t.3.t. 9.

Moschus Griffiths, Fischer, Syn.; Griffith, A. K. t.

Javan Musk, Shaw, Zool. i. t. 173.

Tragulus Kanchil, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836; List Mamm.
B. M. 176.

Tragulus affinis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176.

Tragulus pygmeus, Sundevall, Pecora, 62; Gray, Knowsley
Menag. t.

Hab. Asiatic Islands; Java; Malacca; Penang; Borneo.

Java. Presented by General Hardwicke.

Female. Java. Presented by the East India Company.
Young.

Adult. India? Presented by Edward Burton, Esq.

Var. 1. Belly with a broad fulvous streak.
Moschus intermedius, “ Gray, MSS.” ; Waterhouse, Cat. Mus.
Zool. Soc. 38, 1838.

Var. 2. Under surface pale fulvous, with four white streaks.

Chevrotain, Buffon, H. N. xii. 342. t. 42, 43. |

Moschus fulviventer, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 65; Waterhouse,
Cat. Zool. Soc. 38, 1838.

22Pelandoc, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xin. fide Mus. Zool. Soc.

22M. Pelandoe, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 769; Lesson, Mamm.
i. 258.

Female ; belly streak wider. Presented by General Hardwicke.
Young. Presented by General Hardwicke.

OSTEOLOGY.
Three skulls. India.

Icon. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 118, 119, 120.
n. 10,974. t. 85.

MAMMALIA. 951

The synonyma of the species of Tragulus are exceedingly con-
fused. From the very imperfect manner in which they are de-
scribed and figured, it is impossible to identify with any of the
foregoing species, or separate from them as distinct,

1. The Pelandoc figured in Marsden’s Sumatra.

2. The Pigmy Musk of Sumatra, figured in Mr. Griffith’s edi-
tion of Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom (v. 62. t.), on which Fischer
has established his Moschus Griffithsi (Syn. Mam. 414).

The Moschus pygmeus is an Antelope; the hinder part of the
tarsus being covered with hair; the false hoofs very small and
rudimentary, and entirely hidden under the fur of the feet.

Moschus Americanus and Moschus delicatulus, or Leverian
Musk of Shaw, are undoubtedly the fawn of Deer. It is curious
that Dr. Shaw quotes as a synonym of the last-named species
the figure of Seba, on which alone the Moschus Americanus is
founded, while, at the same time, he enumerates Moschus Ame-
ricanus as a distinct species.

Tribe 5. CAMELINA.

Cutting teeth eight above and below. Horns none. Hoofs
small, compressed; false hoofs none.

Nose produced. Upper lip dependent, naked in front, and
entirely covered with hair. Horns or crumen none. Ears ob-
long, moderate. Cutting-teeth eight in each jaw; canine teeth
in each jaw. Neck long. Legs rather long; thigh free by the
body (like those of men and apes). Toes two, elongate, callous
beneath. Horns small, compressed, somewhat claw-like. False
hoofs none.

Camelus, Linn.; Cuv. T. E. 1798.

(Unguiculata bifida) Camelinum, Raiz Syn. 60, 1693.

Camelina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii.

Tylopoda, Ilager, Prod. 102, 1811; Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml.
184, 1845. .

Hydrophore, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307.

Camelide, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307 ; H. Smith, Griff. A. K.v.;
Selys, 1842; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 133.

Inermia, Latr. Fam. Nat. R. A. 62, 1825.

Les Chameaux, F. Cuv. 1829.

Cameliers, Pomet, 1. c. 183.

Camelinia, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55, 1815.

Les Chameanx, F. Cuv. Dent. Mam. 227. t. 93; D. S. Nat. lix.
512, 1829.

Ruminantia c. acerati, part., Bronn, Index Paleont. i. 710.

Cameli, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 31, 1830.

252 MAMMALIA.

Camelisideze, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 167, 1842. -
Camelidz seu Ecornis, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 60, 1828.

They fold the feet under their body whefi they rest, with their
chest on the earth, hence the knees and chest are generally cal-
lous.

SyNopsiIs oF GENERA.

1. Camextus. Back humped. Anterior grinders conical, far
apart. Toes broad; soles nearly orbicular. Old World.

2. LuamMa. Back not humped. Grinders similar. Toes elon-
gate; soles narrow. New World.

1. CAMELUS,

, ; 6—6 :
Back with one or two humps. Grinders ;—;; anterior ones

conical, far apart. Toes broad; sole nearly orbicular, only
slightly separated in front. Tail short, tufted.

Living on leaves. Peculiar to the temperate and warmer parts
of Asia and Africa, and naturalized in Southern Europe. ~

Camelus, sp., Linn.
Camelus, Cuvier; Illiger, Prod.; F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. lix.
512; Fischer, Syn. 434.

1. Camexus ARABICUS. The SGHIMEL or DROMEDARY.
Back with a single hump.

Camelus Dromedarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 90; Gmelin, S.
N.i. 168; Forsk. Faun. Orient. 4; Eral. Syst. 218; Zimm.
Geog. Gesch. ii. 139; Schreb. Saugth. t. 303; Cuvier, Menag.
Mus. t.; Reg. Anim. i. 250; F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. viii.
94; Mam. Lith. t.1, 2; Desm. N. Dict. H. N. vi. 42; Mamm.
424 ; Fischer, Syn. 435 ; Bronn, Jam. 488; Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. 171; List Osteol. B. M. 62.

Camelus Luk, Eversmann, Bucharia.

Camelus arabicus, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. i. 452; Mem.
Mus. x. 221; Sundevall, Pecora, \04.

Camelus vulgaris, Forsk. Faun. Orient. 4.

Camelus monotophus, Walther, Wetter. Ann. iv. 105. |

Camelus Dromas, Gesner, Quad. 171. fig. 172; Alpin. Aigypt.
2: 393, t. 12: Pallas.

Camelus Arabi, Plin. H. Nat. vi.

Camelus Bactrianus, Aldrov. Bisulc. 908. fig.

Camelus minimus, Klein, Quad. 42. f

Camelus vetus, Frisch. Naturg. iv. 1.

Camelus, Jonst. Quad. 93. t. 42, 44.

7
at OS a

MAMMALIA. 233.

Dromedarius, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 55.

Chameau, Perr. Anim. i. 69.t.7; Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 9.
Camel, Penn. Quad. t.

Arabian Camel, Penn. Syn. 60; Shaw, Zool, ii. 166.

Var. 1. Stronger and slower.
Camel (Gimel or Jermal of the Arabs).
Camelus Luk, Eversmann.

Var. 2. Slighter and fleeter.
Dromedary, or Hadgin of the Arabs.
Hab. Desert of Arabia.
Young.
Adult, white. From the Berlin Museum.

OsTEOLOGY. Grundler, Obs. Anat. Tubing. 1817.
Dromedaire, Daub. Buffon H. N. xi. t. 21.

Skull. From Dr. Mantell’s Collection. .
Skeleton. N. Africa. From Mr. Fraser’s Collection.
*Skull.

Domesticated in Senegal, India. Varies in colour from brown
to black and white.

2. CAMELUS Bacrrianus. The MECHERI or CAMEL.
Back with two humps.

Camelus Bactrianus, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 90; Gmelin, S. N. i.
169; Forsk. Faun. Or.4; Eraleb. Syst. 221; Zimmerm. Geogr.
Gesch. 4. 140; Schreb. Saugth. t. 304; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.;
Reg. Anim. i. 250; Fr. Cuvier, Dict. Sct. Nat. viii. 93; Desm.
N. Dict. H. N. vi. 22. t. P. 12. f. 2; Mamm. 423; Desmoul.
Dict. Class. H. N.iii.451; Fischer, Syn.435; Gray, List Mamm.
B. M. 171; List Osteol. B. M. 61.

Camelus Ditophus, Walther, Wetter. Ann. iv. 163.

Camelus Bactriz, Plin. H. N. vii.

Camelus Turcicus, Alpin. Aig. 1. 223. t. 13.

Camelus, Gesner, Quad. 162. fig. 163; Brisson, Reg. Anim. 53.

Dromedarii, Jonst. Quad. t. 42, 44.

Bactrian Camel, Penn. Syn. 63; Shaw, Zool. ii. 239. t. 67.

Chameau, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 211. 426. t. 22; Sante, Mem.
Mus. xvii. 320.

Trampelthier, Knorr, Delic. ii. t. K. 6.

Hab. Mongolian Deserts.

OsTEOLOGY.

Le Chameau, Daub. Buffon H. N. xi. t. 24; Kaup, Allg. Zool. t.
Skeleton. Persia.
Domesticated in Eastern Europe, Persia, Tartary and India.

254 MAMMALIA.

Varies from brown to white, and also greatly in size, strength
and quickness, according to the breed and the climate.

2. LAMA.
Back even, not humped. Tail short, hairy. Toes slender;
é as ;
soles narrow, separate in front. Grinders —. South America.

Lama, Cuvier; Desm. N. Dict. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804; Fischer,
Syn. 436.

Auchenia, Jlliger, Prod. 103, 1811 (not Marshall).

Laema, Tiedemann, Zool. i. 421.

“ Llacma, Cuvier,” Illiger, Prod.

Vicunia, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 1815.

Dromedarius, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph.

Aucheria, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 512 (misprint).

Les Lamas, F. Cuvier, Dent. Mam. 229.

Elaphocamelus, Mathiola, Episc. 381; Marcgrave, Brasils, 243.

Cervocamelus, Jonst. Quad.

Molini, and most systematic writers after him, have considered
that there are five distinct kinds: viz.—1l. Vigoyne, 2. Guanaco,
3. Llama, 4. Alpaca, 5. Heuque.

Desmarest (N. D. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804) allows two. 1. Lama
(C. llama and huanacus, Linn.). 2. Vigogne (C. paco, C. Vico-
nia, and C. araunacus, Linn.).

M. F. Cuvier allows of three kinds: he considers the Vigoyne
as very doubtful, but the latter is often brought alive to this
country.

Dr. Tschudi, in the Fauna of Peru, indicates four kinds: viz.
—1. A. huanaco, 2. A. Lama, 3. A. pacos, and 4. A. Vieunia.
He states that the Lama and Alpaca are only known in the do-
mesticated state.

Dr. Sundevall (Pecora) considers there is only ‘two species, the
A. Lama and A. Vicunna, regarding the Lama and Alpaca as
domestic varieties of the Huanaco (A. Lama).

Prof. F. L. Walther (Neue Annal. Wetter. Gesellsch. 1819, 105),
on the other hand, proposes to divide the genus Lama into three
sections. 1. Lama, with a callosity on the breast. 2. Guanak,
with one on the (Rucken); and 3. Araukan, containimg the Vi-
gogne and Pako, without any callosities (Hocker) !

The period of gestation in the three kinds which have bred at
Knowsley, namely the Llama, Alpaca, and Guanaco, is eleven
months; the Llama and Alpaca breed regularly; but by the

Guanaco only a single fawn has been produced, to which one of

the male Llamas is sire. None of them produce more than one
at a birth.

<<

MAMMALIA. 255

In confinement, the Vicuna and the Alpaca often have the
lower cutting-teeth elongated and projecting, giving the face a
bulldog-like appearance. I have not observed this in the Gua-
naco or Llama.

The Alpaca may be a tame, heavy variety of the Vicuna, as it
has the same short, hairy head; but the neck is thicker, and the
whole animal heavier, and the hair of the head longer and more
bushy, and it wants the pectoral fringe.

All the tribe have the disagreeable habit of spittmg, when irri-
tated, a quantity of half-digested cud; the Llama and Alpaca do
this only when much annoyed; the Guanaco, on the contrary,
upon the slightest occasion.

Unlike Sheep, these animals, in confinement at least, do not
shed their coat.

Though the Llama, Alpaca and Vicuna are generally harmless
and inoffensive, the males will very readily quarrel with each
other.

Mr. Walton, a zealous advocate for the naturalization of the
Alpaca, in his little book on the subject, published by Blackwood
in 1844, apprehends better success will be the result when the
Alpacas are turned on to waste and mountain lands than when
they are kept on richer pasture and well cared for. But the fact
that few, if any, specimens are now living in Great Britain be-
side those at Knowsley, does not favour this conclusion.

The Llama,the Alpaca and the Vicugna, are exclusively confined
to the colder and more elevated regions of the Peruvian Andes ;
the Guanaco has a wider geographic range, extending to the
plains of Patagonia, and even the southernmost extremity of the
continent. The Llama inhabits the high valleys of the Peru-
Bolivian Andes, its favourite region being the valley of the lake
of Titicaca. It was the only beast of burthen possessed by the
Aborigines; hence we find it wherever the Incas carried their
conquests and civilization, from the equator to beyond the
southern tropic. It is still extensively employed by the Indians
as a beast of burthen, and its wool, though coarse, 1s used by the
Aborigines. Like all domestic animals, it varies in colour; its
flesh is nauseous, black, and ill-tasted.

The Alpaca or Paco, a gentle and handsome animal, although
more closely allied to the Llama than any of its congeners, is a di-
stinct species ; it inhabits at still more elevated places than the
Llama, its favourite haunts being on the streams descending from
the snowy peaks; it is only found in a domestic state; it is
reared for its wool, which is extremely fine, silky and long, and
which now bears a high price, from its introduction into some of
our finest woollen tissues. The Vicugna is only found in the
wild state, in the plaims on the Andes, as high as 1500 feet; its

9

256 MAMMALIA.

wool is much prized for its fineness. The animal has a shmill
whistle; it is easily domesticated. The Guanaco, by some na-
turalists considered erroneously as the parent stock of the Llama
and Alpaca, is also only found in the wild state; it is seen as far
north as lat. 12°S., is very abundant, and in Jarge flocks on the
Bolivian and Chilian Andes, and has been seen as far as the
southern extremity of the continent. All these animals feed on
a species of coarse, wiry grass called ichu.

In the Peru-Bolivian Andes the Llama and Alpaca are daily
disappearing to make room for the more useful and profitable
breed of the common European Sheep, while as a beast of bur-
then the Ass is everywhere taking its place.—Pentland, in Mrs.
Somerville’s Physical Geography, u. 340, 342.

M. G. Geoffroy has announced, on the authority of Dr. Wed-
del, that a cross-breed between the Alpaca and Vicuna had been
obtained, and that the mules of this cross-breed are capable of
reproducing this newly-created species, the wool of which is re-
presented as of a valuable quality; but Mr. Pentland has examined
the ease referred to and the evidence adduced, and does not con-
sider it sufficient to establish the fact.

* Of a nearly uniform brown colour. Wild.

: 1. Lama Vicuena. The ViIcuGNa.

Head short. Face covered with soft hair, like the neck, and
of the same colour. Cheeks rather paler. Hair of temples not
longer than that of the rest of the head. Eyelashes black. Ears
hairy, brown, blackish washed. Neck and head without any long
hairs. Sides of the body with longer, projecting, rather rigid
brown hairs. Hind legs without any appearance.of elongated
warts. The hindér part of the belly and inside of the thighs
less naked.

Skull (adult) 9 inches long; nose short; nasal bones short,
broad; lacrymal opening none.

Camelus Vicugna, Molini, Chili, 277; Gmelin, S. N. 1. 171;
Schreb. Saugth. t. 307; Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Univer. 1.
252; Zool. Journ. i. 242. .

Lama Vicugna, Fischer, Syn. 437; Gray, Knowsley Menag.

Laema Vicunna, Tiedem. Zool. i. 421.

Auchenia Vicunna, Desm. Mam. 426.

Lama Vicunna, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 62.

Auchenia Vicugna, Desm.

Auchenia Vicunna, Sundevaill, Pecora, 107.

Auchenia Vicunia, Tschudi in Wiegm. Arch. 1824, 245; Faun
Peru, t. 17.

MAMMALIA. 957

Vicunna, Laet. Nov. Orb. 406; Nieremb. H. N.184.f.185; Ulloa,
Voy. i. 506. 525. t. 24. f.3; Shaw, Zool. ii. 243. t. 169.

Vicogne, Buffon, H. N. vi. 208. t. 34; Sonnini, Nouv. Dict. H.
N. xii. 254; Cuvier, R. A. 1. 251; F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat.
xxv. 268; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. i. 456.

Vicognes or Viconas, Frezier, Voy. i. 266.

Vieunias, Falkner, Patagonia, 112.

Hab. Peruvian Alps.

Two, adult. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges’ neo

OstTro.Loecy, t. 24. f. 2. Skull. f
Skull, male. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges’ Collection.
Skull, female. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges’ Collection.

Confined to the most elevated table-land and mountaims of
Bolivia and Northern Chili.

The Vicuna is purely a wild species; it has hitherto resisted all
the efforts of the Aborigines, the most patient and docile of the
human race, to render it prolific in its own climate and im do-
mesticity.— Pentland, l. c. 341.

These animals jump and kick with their hind legs.

2. Lama Guanacus. The GUANACO.

Head elongate, tapering, slate-coloured, nakedish, covered
with very short, uniform hair (which is often longer and rather
tufted on the temple under and behind the eyes). Ears naked- -
ish, blackish slate, white edged. Circumference of face from
base of ears, and on the back of the temple, the lower jaw and ~
chin, whitish. Eyelashes black. The neck and body covered
with elongated, rather rigid hairs, projecting beyond the fur.
The hinder part of the body in front of the thighs, the inner side
of the fore-legs and thighs nearly naked. Chest only very
slightly frmged. The hind legs with distinct, elongated warts.

Skull (adult) 113 or 12 inches long; nose elongate; nasal bones
elongate; lacrymal opening large.

Camelus Guanaco, Trail, Wern. Trans. iv. 492. t.

Camelus Huanacus, Molini, Chili, 281; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i.
170; Schreb. Saugth. t. 305.

Lama Peruana a, Fischer, Syn. 436.

Lama Pacos (fera), Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171.

Lama huanacus, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

Auchenia Lama fera, Sundevall, Pecora, 107.

Auchenia glama var., Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 273. fig.

Auchenia Lama, Brandt ; Wagner.

Auchenia huanaco Tschudi, Fauna Peru.

258 MAMMALIA.

Guanaco seu Huanacu, Laet. Nov. Orb. 406, 1633 ; Ovalle, Chili,
16 Ulloa, Voy. i. 366. t. 24. f.5; Shaw, Zool. ii. 246. t. 169,

Guianicoes, Hawkesw. Voy.

Guanaco, Byron, Voy. round the World; Darwin, Zool. Beagle,
Mamm. 26. .

Hab. Peruvian Alps; the Pampas and mountains in Chili, Men-
doza, and Straits of Maghellan.

Adult. Presented by Sir William Burnett and Capt. Fitzroy,
a
Adult. §. America. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq.
Half-grown. S. America.

Osrro.oey, t. 24. f. 1.
Skeleton. Chili.
Skull. Chili. From Mr. Bridges’ Collection.
Two skulls. Chili.
Skull. From the Zoological Society’s Collection.

The Guanaco or Wild Llama is the characteristic quadruped
of the plains of Patagonia; it is very common over the whole of
the temperate part of the continent, as far south as the islands
near Cape Horn. It generally lives in small herds, of from half
a dozen to thirty in each; but on the bank of the St. Cruz we
saw one herd which must have contained at least 500. They are
generally wild and extremely wary. If, however, by chance the
_ sportsman abruptly meet a single animal, or several together,
they will generally stand motionless and imtensely gaze at him,
then perhaps move a few yards, turn round and look again.
They are curious; for if a person lies on the ground and plays
strange antics, such as throwing up his feet in the air, they will
almost always approach by degrees to reconnoitre him: this ar-
tifice has the advantage of allowing several shots to be fired,
which are all taken as part of the performance. On the moun-
tains of Tierra de Fuego, I have more than once seen a Guanaco
on being approached not only neigh and squeal, but prance and
leap about in the most ridiculous manner, apparently im defiance
as a challenge.

The Wild Guanaco are very easily domesticated, and I have
seen some thus kept in Northern Patagonia near a house, though
not under any restraint. They are in this state very bold, and
readily attack a man by striking him from behind with both
knees. It is asserted that the motive for*these attacks is jealousy
on account of the females. ast

The Wild Guanacos, however, have no idea of defence ; even
a single dog will secure one of these large animals till the hunts-
man can come up. .

a

MAMMALIA. 959

In many of their habits they are like sheep in a flock. Thus,
when they see men approaching in several directions on horse-
back, they soon become bewildered and know not which way to
tun; this greatly facilitates the Indian method of hunting, for
they are thus easily driven to a central poimt and encompassed.

The Guwanacos readily take to the water ; several times at Port
Valdes they were seen swimming from island to island. Byron, ©
in his Voyage, says he saw them drink salt water. Some of our
officers likewise saw a herd apparently drinking the briny fluid
from a salina near Cape Blanco. I imagine, in several parts of
the country, if they do not drink salt water they drink none at
all. In the middle of the day they frequently roll in the dust in
saucer-shaped hollows. The males fought together. Herds
sometimes appear to set out on exploring parties at Bahia Blanca,
where within thirty miles of the coast these animals are extremely
unfrequent. I one day saw the tracks of thirty or forty which
had come im a direct line to a muddy salt-water creek ; they then
must have perceived that they were approaching the sea, for
they had wheeled with the regularity of cavalry, and had returned
back in as straight a line as they had advanced. The Guanaco
has a singular habit, which to me is quite inexplicable, namely
that on successive days they drop them dung on the same defined
heap. I saw one of these heaps which was eight feet in diame-
ter, and was composed of a large quantity. This habit, accord-
mg to M. D’Orbigny, is common to all the species of the genus;
it is very useful to the Peruvian Indians, who use the dung in
fact, and are thus saved the trouble of collecting it. i

The Guanaco appear to have favourite spots for lymg down to
die, on the banks of the St. Cruz, in certain circumscribed spaces,
which are generally bushy and all near the river; the ground
was actually white with bones; on one such spot I counted between
ten and twenty heads. I particularly examined the bones; they
did not appear, as some scattered ones which I had seen, gnawed
or broken, as if dragged together by beasts of prey. The animal
in most cases must have crawled, before dying, beneath and
among the bushes. M. Bynoe informed me, that during a former
voyage he observed the same circumstance on the banks of the
Rio Gallegos. I do not at all understand the reason of this, but
I may observe that the wounded Guanacos at the St. Cruz inva-
riably walked towards the river.—Darwin, Journ. 168.

** Colour various, often variegated. Domestic.

Almost every person who has lived where these animals abound
consider there are two or more kinds found in the domesticated
state, and they are all distinct from the two wild kinds already
noticed. They will not allow that they are like the long-legged

260 MAMMALIA.

Sheep of France and the short-legged Sheep of Lincolnshire,
mere breeds of the same kind. Some authors, as Tschudi (Fauna
Peruana), declare that they will not breed together, nor with the
wild kinds, but Lord Derby has shown at Knowsley that this is
not the fact.

Iam led to believe that the Lama and Alpaca are only domestic
races of the two preceding species, and that the Alpaca is pro-
bably a mule between them, for it has many characters common
to the two wild kinds. J

\X€ 3. Lama Guama. The Lama or Yamma.

Fur brown or variegated. Forehead and cheeks with short
hair, like the rest of the head. Legs elongate, slender.

Camelus Glama, Linn. S. N. ed. 12.1. 91; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i.
163; Eraleb. Syst. 224; Schreb. Saugth. t. 306; Zimmerm.
Geogr. Gesch. ii. 140; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.; Reg. Anim. 1.
251; F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxv. 165; Mam. Lith. t.;
Sonnini, N. Dict. H. N. xii. 249. t. E. 25. f. 1.

Camelus Peruvianus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 56.

Camelus Llacma, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

Lacma Peruana, Tiedem. Zool. i. 421.

Auchenia Glama, Desm. Mam. 425.

Auchenia Lama, Tschudi, Fauna Peru, t.; Brandt, Bull. Acad.
Sci. Petersb. vi. 13.

Auchenia Lama 8. domestica, Sundevall, Pecora, 107.

Lama Peruana B. domestica, Fischer, Syn. 436.

Lama Pacos 8. domestica, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171.

Lama Glama, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t.

Ovis Peruana, Hernand. Mewic. 660. fig.; Jonst. Hist. Nat. t. 46.
fig.

SAC a Jonston, Quad.t. 29; Marcgrave, Brasil, 243. fig. ;
De Chile Regn. 38. fig.

Elephocamelus, Mathiola, Episc. 1561, 381. fig., 1564, 630. fig.

Llama, Ulloa, Voy. i. 365. t. 24..f.5; Laet. Nov. Orb. 1639,
405; Penn. Syn, 64; Shaw, Zool. ii. 241. t. 168.

Lama, Buffon, H. Nat. xiii. 16. Suppl. vi. 204. t. 27.

Hab. South America.

Adult, white.
OstrreoLocy. Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersbd. vi. 13.

4. Lama Pacos. The ALPACA.

Black, or black and white or brown varied. Forehead and
cheeks with elongated hair. Body large. Sides with long pen-
dulous hairs. Legs short. Belly and inside of the legs nakedish.

MAMMALIA. 261
Skull (adult) 10 inches long; nose short; nasal bones very
short, broad; lacrymal opening large.

Camelus Pacos, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 91; Gmelin, S. N.i. 171;
Eral. Syst. 226; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. 11. 140; F. Cuvier,
Dict. Sci. Nat. xxv. 166.

Lama Pacos, Lesson, Mamm. 352; Fischer, Syn. 437; Gray,
List Osteol. Brit. Mus. 62; Knowsley Menag. t.

Auchenia Lama y. domestica, Sundevall, Pecora.

Auchenia Alpaca, Desm. Mamm. 426.

Auchenia Pacos, Tschudi, Fauna Peru, t.

Auchenia Glama (var. Llama), Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 283. fig.

Pacos, Raii Syn. 147; Hern. Mex. 663; Penn. Syn. 66; Shaw,
Zool. ii. 245.

Paco, Laet. Nov. Orb. 405; Buffon, H. N. xii. 16.

Alpaque, Frezier, Voy. i. 266.

Hab. South America.

Two, adult, black, male and female. Presented by the Earl
of Derby.
Black, young, just born. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
Young, white and brown varied.
Adult, black. S. America. Presented by W. Danston, Esq.
Var.? Hybrid? _
Alpaca, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. (hybrid); Gray, Knowsley
Menag. t.
Var. ?
Camelus Arucanus, Molini, Chili, 279; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 170.
Lama Arucana, Fischer, Syn. 438.
Auchenia Arucana, H. Smith, Griff. A. K.
Aries Moromorus, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 182. fig.
Sheep, Ovalle, Chili, 44.
Sheep of Peru, Cieza, Peru, 232.
Mouton, Feuill. Journ. in. 23,
Mouton de Perou, Frezier, Voy. 1. 264. t. 22. f. a.

Chilihueque, Shaw, Zool. ii. 418; Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N.
iii. 455.

OsTEOLOGyY.
*Skull. S. America. Presented by W. Danston, Esq.

262 MAMMALIA.

Fam. 2. Equip...

Two middle toes soldered into one; covered with a single hoof;
lateral toes subequal. Cutting teeth 66. Canines 5. Gullet
and stomach simple. Using the hind feet in defence.

Q. Solipeda seu Solidungula, Ray, Syn. 62, 1693. ;
Solidungula, Iliiger, Prod. 100, 1811; Bronn, Index Pal. u. 707.
M. Belluz pars, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 27, 1766.

M. Jumenta, Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780.

Les Solidipedes, Cuv. Tab. Elem.1798; Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv.
55, 1804; Dum. Z. A. 1806 ; Latr. Fam. N. 62, 1825; F. Cun.
Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 516; Geoff. Mem. Mus. H. N. x. 165.

Les Pachydermes Solipedes, Cuvier, R. A. i. 243, 1817, ed. 2.
2D:

Stereoplia, Stereopodia, Solipedia, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55,
1815.

Pachyderma Solipedia, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam. 383, 1846.

Pachyderma Solidipedes, Eichw. Zool. Spee. i. 351, 1831.

Q. Monochene, Gray, I. Med. Repos. xv. (1821) 306.

Equide, Gray, LL. M. Repos. xv. 307, 1821; Ann. Phil. 1825;
List Mam. B. M. 182; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 70; Ham.
Smith, Jardine’s Nat. Library, xu.

Equi, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 4, 1830.

Solipedia, Equide, Selys Longchamps, 1842.

Solipedia, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 17, 1828.

M. Perissodactyles Paleotheriens, Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 182.

Solidungula, Fam. Equide, Lesson, N. T. Reg. Anim. 165, 1842.

Anomalipoda, part., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 254, 1831.

Equus, Linn. ; F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. lix. 54, 1829.

The Equide form two genera, but the species of them, viz.
the Horse and the various species of the second group, breed
together freely in confinement, but the produce is almost always
(if not always) barren.

SyNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

1. Eavus. Tail covered with long hair to the base; the fore
and hind legs with a wart (sallenders) on the inner side. .

2. Astnus. Tail with short hair at the base and long at the
end ; the hind leg without any wart on the inner side.
1. Eauus.

Tail covered with long hair to the base. Fur dappled, that fs,
marked with round pale spots having a dark net-like ground. —

MAMMALIA. 963

Fore and hind legs with hard horny bodies called warts. chestnuts,
or sallenders, placed above the knee (wrist) on the fore-legs and
below the hock (heel) in the hind ones.

Equus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 261, 1825; List Mam. B. AI. 182;
List Osteol. B. M. 70; List Hodgson Collection, 35.

Equus, sp. Linn.; Lesson, N. Tab. R. Anim. 165, 1842.

Caballus, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 1815.

The warts are rarely absent on the hind legs, for it is stated
that “‘the bay mare Eaglet was without sallenders on the hock
joint.”—Jamaica Times, 1845, Aug. 26.

1. Eavus Casatuus. The Horse.
Brown, grey, or black, with roundish pale spots.

Var. Equiferus, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 260; Eichw. Faun.
Casp. Caur. 29.

Wild Pferde, S. G. Gmelin, Reise Rusland, i. 44.t. 9 (cop. Shaw
Zool. t. 414; Schreb. t. 109); Pallas, Reis. i. 211.

Takija or Wild Horses, Hanway, Hist. Caspian Sea, i. 349; Bell,
Travels, 1.212; Smith, Equide, 146.

The figure of the Wild Horse as giver by Gmelin very much
resembles the ponies left at liberty on the commons of Cornwall
and mountains of Scotland, and it appears very doubtful if they are
not rather to be considered as domestic horses which have escaped
and deteriorated. Pallas observes that the very young are easily
tamed, but the adult never. (7. R. A. 260.) It is to be observed
that this is not the case with the horses which have become semi-
wild in the rich prairies of America, where they have retained the
size and form of the well-bred horse.

Domestic Varieties.

Equus antiquorum, Gesner, Quad. 132.

Equus Caballus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 100; Gmel. S. N. i. 209;
Desm. Mamm. 416; F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vin. 455; Fis-
cher, Syn. Mam. 429; Gray, Zool. Journ. 1. 260; List Mam.
B. M. 182; Lnst Osteol. B. M. 70; Last Hodgson Coll. 35 ;
Renger, l. c. 331.

Equus, Equa, Pliny, H. N.; Gesner; Pallas, Z. R. A. i. 255.

Horse, Penn. B. Z. 1.

Generous Horse, Penn. Quad.

Cheval, Buff. H. N. iv. 174; Cuvier, R. A. i. 243.

Pferd, Redinger.

Ross, Schrank.

The Horse, Youatt, The Horse, its History, Breeds, &c., Ham.
Smith, Equide, Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library.

264 MAMMALIA.

oe eg Wild Horse, primeval bay stock, H. Smith, Equide,

Ces

The Andalusian Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 247.

South American Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 247.

The Parameros of Peru, H. Smith, Equide, 248. t. 12.

Mexican Horse and Seminole Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 249.

Feral Horses of America, H. Smith, Equide, 173.

The Arabian Horse, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 4. fig.; Low, Dom.
Anim. Brit. Isl. t. 1; Smith, Equide, 210. t. 8.

The Race Horse, Bewick, Quad. 6. fig.; Low, Dom. Anim. B. 1.
£2.

English Race Horse, Smith, Equide, 251. t. 9.

Hunter, Bewick, Quad. 8. fig.

The Old Irish Hunter, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 3.

The Connamara Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 4.

Black Horse, Bewick, Quad. J0. tig.

The Old English Black Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 5.

The Cleveland Bay Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 6.

The Suffolk Punch, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 7.

The Clydesdale Breed, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 8.

Old English Road Horse, Bewick, Quad. 9. fig.

Common Cart Horse, Bewick, Quad. 13. fig.

Improved Cart Horse, Bewick, Quad. 14. fig.

The Barb of Morocco, H. Smith, Equide, 224. a. The Shrubat
Ur reech, t. 1].

The Bornou (white) Race of Africa, H. Smith, Equide, 228. t. 10.

The Dongolo (black) Race, H. Smith, Equde, 229. t. 10*.

The Turkish Race, H. Smith, Equide, 231.

The Persian Race, H. Smith, Equide, 233.

The Toorkee Races, H. Smith, Equide, 238.

The East Indian Races, H. Smith, Equide, 241i.

The New Holland Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 245.

The Transylvania Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 245.

The Moldavian Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 245.

The Greek Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 245.

The Spanish Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 246.

Cheval d’Islande (var. Islandicus), Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Island,
Mam. t. 11; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166.

Equus Mongolicus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166.

Thibet Horse, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1. 348, 349.

Cheval a port frisses, E. frisius, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.

Equus Caballus frisius, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166.°

Villous Horse (primeval of the white stock), H. Smith, Equide,
262. t. 4.

The White or Grey Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 262. (Marengo,
Bonaparte’s Arab.) t. 8.

MAMMALIA. 265

The Crisp-haired Horse (primeval of the black stock), H. Smith,
Equide, 266. t. 5.

The Black Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 266. t. 14. (the English
Draught Horse) 269.

The Dun or Tan Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 274.

The Decussated Horse, or the Eelback Dun Horse of Ukraine,
H. Smith, Equide, 274. t. 6.

The Myautzee, or the Pied Horse of China, H. Smith, Equide,

2

The Bhooteahs Ponies, H. Smith, Equide, 278.
The Pickarrow Ponies, H. Smith, Equide, 278.
The Yaboos of Affghanistan Ponies, H. Smith, Equide, 278.
The Hungarian Horse (with slit nostrils), H. Smith, Equide,
278. t.-11.
The Common Bashkir Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 278.
The Morea Ponies, H. Smith, Equide, 282.
The Swedish and Norwegian Ponies, H. Smith, Equide, 282. .
The Shetland Ponies, H. Smith, Equide, 283. t. 15.
The Galloway, H. Smith, Equide, 283.
The Dartmoor and Exmoor Pony, H. Smith, Equide, 284.
Sardinian Wild Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 285.
The Tatto or the East Indian Pony, H. Smith, Equide, 285.
Tuttoo or Mahratta Pony, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.
Sedulously propagated in the Dukhun: much used to transport
luggage, and very vicious.— Sykes,
Tattoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon.’ined. no. 10,975.
t. 116, no. 10,974. t. 81.
The Tangum Piebald or Skewbald Horse, Equus varius, H.
Smith, Equide, 288. t. 7.
The Tangum (or Tanghans), Primeval Piebald stock of Thibet,
H. Smith, Equide, t. 7.
Skewbald of Achin in Sumatra, H. Smith, Equide, 293.
Tangham of China, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 1.
Tangham of Lhassa, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 212. f. 3, t. 213.
Tangham of Gyanche, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3.
Hubstee of Deo Dharma, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 214.
The Koomrah, or Equus hippargus, H. Smith, Equide, 294,
The Koomrah, Equus Lalisi, H. Smith, Equide, t. 16.
Hippargus, Oppian.
Boryes, Herodotus.
Bourra of Koldagi, Riippell. Northern Africa. Not gregarious.
The specimen in the British Museum, which Col. H. Smith
mentions as being like the Koomrah (Equide, 296), was a Dart-
moor pony which Dr. Leach had stuffed to place in the collection
of British animals.
M

266 MAMMALIA,

The Kuda or Saran Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 287.

The Javan Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 287.

The Tamboro or Birma Horse, H. Smith, Equide, 287.

Horse with a curled moustache on the upper lip, of Asiatic
em Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 5. t. 5. f.6; Zool. Ross. Asiat.
1. 200.

Horse covered with curled woolly hair, of Asiatic Russia, Falk.
Itiner. iii. 529; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 250.

Naked Horse of a beautiful form, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zool.
Ross. Asiat. i. 250.

The Argamaki of Bocharis, a White Horse with very close,

minute, orbicular, brown spots, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zool.
Ross. Asiat. i. 250. ‘

OsTEOLoey, t. 37. f. 1.

Cheval, Daubenton, Buffon, H. N. iv. t. 10; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
i. t. 1, 2,3; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 11. f. 8; Stevens,
Book of the Farm, 1284. f. 577.

Skull of young with milk teeth.

Skeleton mounted

Skeleton mounted: pony.

Skull.

Skull, larger.

Skull of an English horse. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Pelvis. From Dr. Mantell’s Collection.

Icon. ;

Drawing of Chinese Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
tea bee gg

Drawing of Lhassa Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 212. f. 2, and +t, 2138.

Drawing of Gyanché Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.
t. 212. f. 3.

- Drawing of Hubstee of Deo Dharma, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.

t. 214.

Tuttoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M.
n, 10,975. t. 116, n. 10,974. t. 81.

Horses were introduced by the French in the Falkland Islands —
in 1764, since which time they have greatly increased. They
have never left the eastern end of the island, although there is
no natural boundary to prevent them from roaming, and that
part of the islanl is not more tempting than the rest. The

MAMMALIA. 267

stallions are said to be constantly roaming from place to place,
and compelling the mares to accompany them, whether or not
the young foals are able to follow, and they are left to die. The
predominant colours are roan and iron-grey.

All the horses bred here, both tame and wild, are rather small-
sized, though generally in good condition, and they are not so
strong as the horses from the Plata.—Darwin, Journal, 192.

The Horse was first landed at Buenos Ayres in 1537, and the
colony being then for a time deserted, it ran wild: in 1580,
only forty-three years afterwards, one hears of them at the Strait
of Magellan. The natives of Terra del Fuego are well-stocked
with horses, each man having six or seven, and all the women
and even children their own horse.—Darwin, Journal, 233; Ren-
ger, Natur. Saugth. Paragua, 334.

The soldiers in Bahia Blanca eat mare’s flesh for food.—Dar-
win, Journal, 101.

In Banda Oriental they think it ridiculous to break in or ride
a mare; they are of no value except for breeding, and, rarely, to
tread out the wheat from the ear, for which purpose they are
driven round a circular enclosure where the wheat sheaves are
strewn. Numbers are slaughtered for the sake of their hides,
_ although only worth about half-a-crown a-piece.— Darwin, Journ.
134.

Darwin gives an interesting description of the breaking in of
the wild young horses of Banda Oriental.—Journal, 151.

Horses do not breed on the southern face of the Himalayas,
but are imported from Thibet.— Munday, Journ. u. 75; Ogilby
im Royle Himal. i. \xxi.

Skins of horses are used for cloth, to make churns, &c.--
Simpson, Overland Journey, 11. 307.

The roundish marks are called copper-marked in brown, dap-
pled in grey horses. These marks become more visible in the
brown horses when they are in high condition.

Horses are technically called according to their colours. Bay,
—Brown, with black mane and tail; some have black legs, they
are then called bay with black points. Chestnut,—Red brown,
either dark or light. Brown,—Nearly black: if they have a
tan mouth they are called brown muzzles. Black. Dun colour.
Roan, Strawberry,—very red grey. Piebald,—With three colours.
Skewbald,—Two colours. Cream colour.—The white mark on
the forehead is a star; if down the face, a blaze.

268 MAMMALIA.

2. Asinus. The ZEBRAS.

Have the upper part of the tail covered with short hair, and
the lower part covered with longer hair forming a tuft; the fur
marked with darker stripes; the fore-legs only furnished with
hard horny warts in a similar situation to those in the front
legs of the Horse, but there are none im the lower part of the
hinder legs.

Asinus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 261; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166,
1842.

Chevaux (Asinus), F. Cuvier, Dent. Mam. 224. t. 92.

Equus, sp., Linn.

Asinine Group, H. Smith, Equide, 298.

* Colour nearly uniform with a dark longitudinal dorsal
stripe ; some have a black stripe across the shoulders. The
Asses of Asia.

Asses of Asia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 74.

+ Ears elongated, acute. The Tame or Domestic Asses.

These animals vary greatly in size and appearance according
to the climate. They are large and smooth-haired in the warmer
climates; small and shaggy in the colder countries.

It is very doubtful if the Domestic Ass is found in a truly
wild state ; the asses which have been described as wild, appear
rather to be domestic animals which have escaped, or mules be-
tween the Domestic Ass and the allied wild species; for when
caught they, after a short time, submit themselves to man, which
is not the case with what I have here considered as the wild
kinds.

Pallas justly observes, “‘ In extensis Asiz desertis primam pa-
triam esse querendam Equi feri et Onagri a Nomadibus in
domesticos usus domatorum, zque ac Hemioni hactenus indo-
miti.”—Zool. Ross. A.i. 255. This is equally applicable to the
African species.

1. ASINUS VULGARIS. The Domestic Ass.

Grey, with a longitudinal dorsal streak and a dark streak across
the shoulders; ears elongate; facial line arched. Skull with
suborbital foramen as in E. Hemionus.

Equus asinus, Linn.; Renger, Nat. Parag. 341; Pallas, Zool.
Ri: Ab 1s 263,

Asinus vulgaris, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 244; J. Brookes, Mus.
Cat. 19; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 71.

MAMMALIA. 269

Equus asina, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii.

Asinus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44.

Ass, Penn.; Bewick.

Asne, Buffon.

Ane, Cuvier.

Asinus onager, “ Gray,”’ Bonap. Index Mam. Eur. 34, 1845.
Asinus domesticus, Domestic Ass, H. Smith, Equide, 314.

Var. Without any cross.
Var. Legs and body more or less banded.

Domestic varieties.

Gudha of the Mahrattas, very little larger than a good mastiff or
Newfoundland dog, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831.

Domestic Ass of Ispahan, H. Smith, Equide, 314.

Domestic Ass of Beloochistan, H. Smith, Equide, 314.

Domestic Ass of Thibet, with a cross band, Stachey.

The Pico of ancient Egypt, H. Smith, Equide, 314.

Tasandunt of the Shelluhs, H. Smith, Equide, 314.

The Djaar of Arabia, H. Smith, Equide, 311.

The Lalisiones or Wild Ass Colts, H. Smith, Equide, 311.

Lalisio, Martial, xiii. 97.

Wild Ass, Lenant, Voy. on the Bahar el Ahad; Hoskins, Travels
in Ethiopia.

Egyptian Ass, H. Smith, Equide, 312.

OsTEOLoGy.
Asne, Daubenton, Buffon H. N. iv. t. 12, 13.

Skeleton, mounted.

The common Domestic Ass is sometimes of the usual grey
eolour, without any appearance of the cross. They are some-
times black, and at others white, rarely skewbald; but this
is the common albinism and melanism of domestic animals, and
when of these colours the cross is not apparent, or at least some-
times only to be seen when the animal is observed obliquely.

tt Ears moderately short, rounded. The Wild Asses.
2. ASINUS ONAGER. The KouLAn or WILD Ass.

Pale reddish (in winter greyish); dorsal streak black, rather
wider over the small of the back; skull with the infraorbital
foramen high up, about one-third the space between the face-line
and the back edge of the teeth; far back being directly over the
front end of the cheek ridge and the back edge of the third
grinder. ‘

Asinus sylvestris, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44.

270 MAMMALIA.

Onager, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44; Rati Quad. 6; Act. Acad.
Soc. Imp. Petrop. 1777, 258. t. 11; Neue Nord Beyir. ii. 22.
‘2. ay, BU:

E. Asinus onager, Schreb. Saugth. t. 312.

Equus onager, Brisson, Reg. Anim.; Pallas.

Wild Ass, Bell, Travels, i. 212; Heber’s Travels.

Koulan or Wild Ass, Penn. Quad.

Equus Hemionus (Wild Ass of Kutch and the Indus), Sykes,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 91, not Pallas; I. Geoff. Nouv. Ann.
Mus. N. H. iv. 97. t. 2, 3 years old.

Asmus Hemionus, Gray, Osteol. Spec. B. M.; H. Smith, Equide,
t.20; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29 ; Knowsley Menag.

Equus Khur (Ane Khur), Lesson, Manual Mamm. 347, 1827.

Wild Ass or Gour, Ker Porter, Travels Georgia, Persia, i. 460.

Wild Ass or Khur of the Persians, Isis, 1823, 764.

Onager, Xenophon; Barboza, Collect. Ramusio. i. 300, b. (Mala-
bar and Golconda).

Hemione or Dziggtai, Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. 379, from Geof-
froy; F. Cuvier, Mamm. 1823; not Pallas.

The Hymar or Hamar of Mesopotamia, H. Smith, Equide, 313.

Asinus Hamar (the Hamar), H. Smith, Equide, t. 19.

Chamor of the Hebrews.

Hab. The Plains of Mesopotamia, Persia, Kutch; shores of the
Indus, Punjab.

a. Young (eight months old, died in September). Mesopotamia.
Presented by J. H. Layard, Esq., M.P.
6. Adult. India, Kutch. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

OsTEOLOGY.

Skull and bones of body. India, Kutch. Presented by the Earl
of Derby.

They are abundant in Mesopotamia, and are evidently the Wild
Ass of Xenophon. The adults are very difficult to approach within
rifle range. The young are sometimes caught alive.—Layard.

The Khur inhabits the deserts of Persia im troops, frequenting
the hills in summer and the plains in winter.

Pallas, in a paper entitled ‘ Observations sur ’Asne dans son.
état sauvage, ou sur le véritable Onagre des 4neiens” (Act. Acad.
Sci. Imp. Petrop. 1777, 258. t. 11), figured a Wild Ass which
was sent by sea from Derbent to Astracan. The figure greatly
resembles the mule between the Hemione and the Ass now in
the Zoological Gardens, but the ears appear a trifle longer. It
is coloured in the same manner as the Hemione, that is to say,
the more prominent parts of the body are dark, and the middle

MAMMALIA. 271

of the back, the front of the haunches and thigh and the under
part of the body are paler. The figure represents but a very in-
distinct cross band on the shoulder.

On this Pallas observes, “ L’étalon différait encore de la fe-
melle en ce qu’il avait tout le corps plus robuste, Pencolure plus
grosse, la poitrail et la croupe plus large, et surtout par un barre
ou raye transyersale (tab. xi.), qui croisait sur les épaules avec
celle qui s’étend de long de l’épine dans lun et lautre sexe.
C’est cette croix que la plupart des 4nes domestiques males ont
conservés, et qui embellit surtout ceux qui ont la couleur du
poil claire. Cette barre transversale bien plus étroite que l’autre
manque entiérement aux Onagres femelles: quelques Tartares
m’ont au contraire assureés qu’elle se voyait assez souvent double
dans les males.” (/. c. 269.)

This paper is translated into German, and a copy of the plates
with a second figure of the back of the animal is given in Pallas,
N. Nord. Beytr. ii. 22, t. 2; but in this figure the cross band
on the shoulders is not marked. From this description it
would appear that the animal which is called the Wild Ass is not
always marked with the cross band on the shoulder which is so
permanent in the domestic kind, and has hitherto been consi-
dered as its specific character.

The chief difference between Pallas’s figure of the Wild Ass
and the Hemione is the greater length and more acute form of
the ears; of the latter the mule varies in this character.

“ No attempt has been made to break the Wild Ass (of Rajpoot-
ana) in for riding, nor did it appear that the natives ever thought
of such.”—Bishop Heber.—H. Smith, Equide, 31}.

“The Wild Ass of Cutch has the cross stripe on the shoulder,
and differs in colours and heavier proportion from the Wild Ass
of Kerr Porter.” —Bishop Heber.—H. Smith, Equide, 311.

Col. Ham. Smith confounds the domesticated Gudha with the
Wild Ass of the Deccan described by Colonel Sykes, and states
on the Colonel’s authority that “it is not larger than a mastiff.”
—Equide, 307.

Eversmann states that many specimens of the Kulan or Equus
Onager, Pallas, have been brought to Orenburg from the high
steppes between the Caspian and the Aral seas. A good speci-
men and a skull are in the Museum of the University of Kassan.

All these specimens are without the cross band, and have only
the longitudinal dorsal streak. LEversmann considers that the
cross band is either not the character of the species, or perhaps
a sexual mark, as he observes that he is not able to discover the
specific character which separates the E. Hemionus from the E.
Onager. He further observes that the Mongolians have no par-
ticular name for the E. Onager of Pallas; the Tartars no name

272 MAMMALIA.

for EK. Hemionus: the Mongolians called the EH. Hemionus
Dshiggetei, or more properly Tschikitet, meaning long ears, and
the Tartars call the LH. Onager, Kulan.

_ Eversmann remarks that Pallas (N. Nord. Beytr. ii. 34) states
that the male M. Hablizl brought from Persia had no cross, but
that the female which: was shot on the Murecy had one. He pro-
ceeds to calculate the length of the ears of these animals, com-
pared with the other measurements of them, and he finds that
the ears of the male appear to be considerably (near 2 inches)
shorter in proportion than the ears of the female.—Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Mosc. 1840, 57.

The Mule with Asinus domesticus has the short smooth fur
exactly like the sire, but with a short narrow cross band on the
shoulder ; the ears rather longer and black tipped.

*
3. Asinus Hemionus. The Krane.

Fur short, smooth, bright red bay; legs straw colour (in winter
long, rather woolly, greyish, legswhitish), with a broad longitudinal
dorsal streak, broadest over the small of the back, without any
cross band on shoulders. Skull: the infraorbital foramen
low down, in the centre of the space between the face-line and
the base of the teeth, and placed im a line over the back edge of
the second grinder, some distance in front of the end of the
cheek-ridge.

Mulus dauricus foecundus, Messerschm. MSS.

Equus Hemionus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix. 394. t. 7,
cop. Neue Nord. Beytr. i. 31. t.1; Reise, ii. 217, cop. Schre-
ber, Saugth. t. 311; Eichw. Faun. Casp. Caur.

Equus Hemionus (Kiang), Ogilby, in Royle Himal. i. 1xxi.;
Walker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1848, t. 1.

Equus Hemionos, Bodd.

Asmus Hemionus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 244; not Knowsley
Menag.

Equus onager, Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1840, 56.

? Asmus onager (Onager Koulan or Wild Ass of Tartary), H.
Smith, Equide, 307. t. 18?

Asinus Equioides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 287 :
Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng. xi. 287.

Wild Ass, Moorcroft, Travels.

Equus Kiang, Moorcroft, Residence at Ladack, i. 311. 443 ; Les-
son, Manuel; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29; Knowsley
Menag. 72; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Cale. 1842, 286.

Equus varius, part., Ham. Smith, Equide, 289.

Asinus polyodon, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. 1847, 469.
t. 6, animal and skull.

MAMMALIA. 973

Jikta, Shaw, Zool. ti. 427.

Dshikketee, Penn.

Degiggetai, Cuvier, R. A. 1. 244.

Dzigethai, Buffon, Supp. vi. 37.

Wild Mule, Half Ass, or Feeund Mule, Penn. Quad. i.

Wild Ass, English in Thibet.

Hemionos, Plin. Hist. Nat. vii. c. 44.

L’Hemione, Ency. Méthod. t. 42. f. 4.

The Ghoor or Khur, “ Moorcroft,” H. Smith, Equide, 310.

Wild Esel, Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. 1840; Wagner, Wiegmann
Arch. vin. 1842, 49.

The Kiang, H. Smith, Equide, 289.

Wild Horse, Gerrard, Asiat. Research. xvii. 247.

Hab. Thibet.

Male between winter and summer fur. Thibet. Presented
by Lord Gifford. :
Male. Thibet. Presented by the Hon. East India Company.

Var. 1. with a distinct cross band on the shoulder like the Do-
mestic Ass. Thibet. Capt. Strachey.

Var. 2. with the vertebral dorsal streak very obscure or entirely
wanting. Thibet. Capt. Strachey.

OsTEOLOGY, t. 37. f. 2.

Skull. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Two skulls, lower jaw wanting. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq. The specimens referred to by Mr. Gray im the P. Z. S.
1839.

*Skull. Thibet, N. of Ladack. Presented by the Earl of

Gifford.

The forehead of all the three specimens of the skull of E. He-
mionus from Thibet is rather convex between the eyes, and the
eentre of the face is narrow and keeled on the sides; while in
the skull of HE. Onager from Kutch the forehead is flat between
the eyes, and the centre line of the face is rather broader and
rounded gradually off on the sides, and the incisive bone is longer
and more gradually arched, making the incisor more perpendicu-
lar in the latter than in any of the former.

But the most distinctive character between the four skulls is
in the position of the infraorbital foramen. In E. Onager it is
high up, about one-third the space between the face-line and the
back edge of the teeth; it is far back, being directly over the
front edge of the cheek-ridge and the back end of the third
grinder; while in all the three specimens of the skulls of E.
Kiang this foramen is lower down, beimg nearly in the centre of
the space between the face-line and the base of the teeth, and it

274 MAMMALIA.

is placed in a line over the back edge of the second grinder, some
distance in front of the end of the cheek-ridge. The under sur-
face of the body of the posterior sphenoid is narrow and convex
in EH. Hemionus and broad and flat in H. Kiang. The vomer is
much more compressed in the latter than in HE. Hemionus. I am
not certain that the distinctions here described may be sufficient
to show that these two animals are separate species, but they m-
dicate the necessity of the subject being more fully examined.

In the position of the suborbital foramen the H. Hemionus
more nearly resembles the E. Asinus, and the E. Onager that of
E. Zebra and HE. Burchellit.— Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29.

Two of the skulls of the Equus Kiang show the small rudi-
mentary grinder in front of the other, but this tooth is to be more
or less distinctly observed in the skulls of the other Equide in
the Museum Collection. I may observe, that in the skull of
Equus Burchell in the British Museum Collection, this tooth is
placed on the inner side of the first true grinder.

The suborbital foramen in the skulls in the India House
from Thibet rather varies in position, but in all it is placed over
the middle or third tooth. In the old male it appears to be
rather higher than im the nearly adult female and im the young
skull, where the hinder grinder is just springing out.

This animal must not be confounded with the domestic asses
which are used for burden in Thibet.— Capt. Strachey.

The male Kiangs are larger and deeper coloured. They live
in troops of from eight to ten under the care of a solitary male,
where the thermometer is below zero. They live partly on the
plains and partly on the mountains, and the lower surface of the
hoof varies considerably in form and concavity, perhaps from that
circumstance.

The Ghoor Khur of Ludakh, according to Moorcroft, is white
about the nose and under the neck, the belly and legs; the back
is light bay and the mane dun. They herd in droves, fly at a
trot, stop, and look back.—H. Smith, Equide, 310.

Moorcroft saw the Kiangs on the highest summits of Thibet,
in their shining summer coats and with their antelope form,
scouring along in numbers.—H. Smith, Equide, 286.

Dr. Walker observes—The Kiang neighs like a horse. The
Wild Ass of Cutch brays like an ass. The Kiang has no zebra
stripes, neither in the adult nor in the foal. The Wild Ass of
Cutch: transverse zebra stripes are seen on the shoulder in the
adult, and still more in the foal. Sometimes also the shoulder
cross has been seen. The habitat of the Kiang is on the hgh
table-land of Thibet; of the Wild Ass of Cutch in the sultry
plains near the mouth of the Indus.

The Kiang of Chinese Tartary greatly exceeds that of the

MAMMALIA. 275

Donkey of Cutch im size; the stallions often stand 14 hands
high. Major Charlton and Major Biddulph state that they neigh
like ahorse. When taken young they will become so tame as to be
led about like ahorse, and will follow horses almost anywhere.
They live in a climate where the temperature is below the freezing
point in the middle of the summer ; yet they throw off their pale
woolly coat during that season and become bright bay — Major
Charlton.
The Donkey of Cutch is often domesticated in India.— Ibid.

224. Asinus EauuLEus. The Yo-To-TZE.

Yellowish red clay colour. Tip of ears, mane, long hairs of
tail, well-defined lime down the back to middle of tail, and cross
band on shoulder, three or four cross streaks on knees and hocks,
black.

Asinus Equuleus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equide, 304.
Asinus Hippargus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equide, t. 17.

The specimen described by Col. H. Smith was alive in a livery
stable near Park Lane, London; it was said to have been
brought from the Chinese frontier N.E. of Calcutta. It was
most probably a Kiang, or perhaps a mule between it and the
Domestic Ass.

** Body with a black dorsal streak and many more or less distinct

e transverse or curved streaks. Ears rather short and broad-
tipped. The Zebras of South Africa.

Hippotigris, H. Smith.

Hippotigrine group or Zebras, H. Smith, Equide, 320.

+ Hoofs slightly concave beneath ; legs white, not or only slightly
cross streaked.
Living on the open piains.

5. Asinus QuaGcGaA. The QuaAGGA.

Brown. Head, neck and withers or front of body black-
ish streaked ; lower part of body, legs and tail white. Hoofs
flattish beneath.

Asinus Quagga, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 246 ; List Mam. B. M. 183;

J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 20, 1828.

Equus Quoagga, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 347.
Equus Quagga, Gmelin, S. N. i. 213; Schreb. Saugth. t. 317 ;

F. Cuv. Dict. Sc. Nat. vu.473.t. ; Harris, W. An. Afr. t. 2.
Female Zebra, Edw. Glean. i. t. 223.

Le Couagga, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t.4; Cuvier, Menag. Mus,

t. ; F. Cuvier, Man. Lithog. t.

Kwagga or Couagga, Buff. Supp. vi. 85; Knight, Mus. Anim,

Nat. f. 480.

276 MAMMALIA. ;

Opeagha or Quagga, Masson, Phil. Trans. \xvi. 297.

Hippotigris quacha (the Quagga of the Cape Colonists), H. Smith,
Equide, 330, t. 24.

Quagga, Shaw, Zool. ui. 240.

Quacha, Penn. Quad. i. 14.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, on open plains.

? Young, stripes very indistinct. South Africa. Presented by
W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D.
E. Isabellinus, Temm. MSS.; H. Smith, Equide.
Hippotigris isabellinus (the Isabella Quagga), H. Smith, Equi-
d@, 332. t. 25. .
Ane isabelle, LeVaillant.

Lesson places the Quagga with the true Horses, because the
hair extends nearer to the base of the tail, overlooking the warts
and other natural characters.— Nov. Tab. R. A. 166, 1842.

The Quagga is found in herds near the Cape Colony.

LeVaillant, as Col. Smith observes, only saw, and did not
possess, the Ane Isabelle. The specimen in the British Museum
described and figured by Col. H. Smith was certainly only a
young Quagga in a very imperfect condition, having lost nearly
the whole of its fur before it was stuffed. It was presented by ©
Dr. Burchell as the skin of a Quagga.

6. Astinus BurcHELLII. The Preersi or PEECHI. :
Pale brown, under side of body whitish ; head, body and upper
part of leg black streaked; tail, imside and lower part of leg
white. Hoof rather broad, only slightly concave beneath. Skull :
suborbital foramen as in EL. Hemionus.

Equus Zebra, Burchell, Travels, i. 139, vig. at p. 252.

Asinus Burchellii, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. 247. t. 9. f. 1. animal,
f. 2. hoof, 1824; List Mam. B. M. 183.

Equus Zebroides, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 346; Nov. Tab. R. A.
166, 1842.

Equus Burchelli, Bennett, List Animals Zool. Gard. 1830, 40.
n. 62; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 432.

Equus Zebra, male, F. Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.

Equus montanus (the Dauw), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. .
female and foal (not Burchell); Lesson, Mammiferes, 1. 248.
Hippotigris Burchellii (the Dauw), H. Smith, Equida, 329. t. 23.

2 & jun.
Burchell’s Zebra, Harris, W. A. Africa, t.5; Knight, Mus. Anim.
Nat. f. 481.
Striped or Bonte Quagga of the Cape Colonists, Harris, 1. c. 7.
Peet-sey of the Matabuli and Bechianas. |
Dauw, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.
Hab. South Africa, plains.

MAMMALIA. 277

- a, South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D.
6. Young. South Africa. From the South African Museum.

OsTEOLOGY.
*Skull, female. South Africa.

Found in herds in every district north of the Orange river. It
admits of being tamed to a certain extent with considerable fa-
cility, and occasionally a half-domesticated specimen is exposed
for sale in Cape Town with a rider on its back: even in the most
tractable state to which it has yet been reduced, it is regarded as
wicked, treacherous, obstinate, and fickle.—H. Smith.

M. F. Cuvier has applied the Hottentot name for the true
Zebra to this species, and used for it the name EH. montanus,
that Burchell gave to that animal, though it only inhabits the
plains.

tt Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath ; legs cross-banded.
Living on the mountains.

7. Astnus ZEBRA. The ZEBRA.

White ; head, body and legs to the hoofs black-banded ; nose
reddish ; belly and inside of thighs not banded ; tail end black-
. ish. Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath. Skull: suborbital
foramen as in EH. Hemionus.

Zebra Indica, Aldrov. Solid. 416. fig.; Rati Syn. 64.

Equus Indicus, Jonston, Quad. t. 5

Equus Brasiliensis, Jacob. Mus. Reg. 3. t. 2. f. 1.

Hippotigris, Dio Cass. Hist. 1.77.

Equus Zebra, Linn. S. N.i. 101; Schreb. Saugth. t. 316.

Asinus Zebra, Gray, Zool. Journ. 11. 248. t. 9. f. 3, hoofs; Cat.
Mamm. B. M. 183; Osteol. Spec. B. M.70; J. Brookes, Mus.
Cat. 20, 1828.

Zebre, Buffon, HN. xe t/12:

Zebra, Ray, Quad. 69; Penn. Quad.; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat.
f. 479, 508.

Sebra, Stubb.

Hippotigris campestris, H. Smith, MSS. 1. c. 329.

Equus montanus, Burchell, Travels, i. 139. 265, ii. 270; Harris,
W. A. Africa, t. 24. f. 1.

Male Zebra, Edwards, Glean. i. t. 222.

Wild Paard or Wild Horse of the Dutch Colonists, Burchell,
Trav.; Harris, l. c.7.

Wilder Esel, Kolbe.

Daow (or True Zebra) of the Cape Colonists, Harris, 1. c. 7.

Zeura or Zuora, Lobo, Abyss. 1 ee 8 es

Wild Ass, Kolbe, Cape, ii. 112.

Var. A Hippotigris zebra (the Zebra), H. Smith, Equide, wud
t. 2

278 MAMMALIA.

Hippotigris antiquorum (the Congo Dauw or Zebra of Pigafetta),
H. Smith, Equide, 327.
Hippotigris antiquorum (Angola Dauw), H. Smith, Equide,
bel.
Hab. South Africa, mountains.

a. Adult. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq.,
LL.D.
6. Young. South Africa. Presented by G. B. Sowerby, Esq.

OsTEOLOGyY.

*Skeleton. South Africa.

Skull. South Africa.

Skull of male. Mule between Zebra and Ass.

*Skull. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Skull. Hybrid between Asinus Zebra and Asinus vulgaris.
Presented by the Zoological Society of London.

Mules or Hybrids of the different species of Horses.

1. The Common Mule,—the hybrid between the Ass and the
Mare.

Mules, Raiz Quad. 64.

Equus Asimus Mulus, Gmelin.

Equus Mulus, Schred. t. 214.

Mule, Pennant.

Grand Mulet, Buffon, H. N. iv. t. 12.

Maulthier, Bechstein.

Mule, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 16. fig.; H. Smith, Equide, 334.

Common Mule, H. Smith, Equide, 344.

Grey Mule of Egypt and Barbary, H. Smith, Equde, 345.

Black Mule of South of France and Spain, H. Smith, Equide,
345.

The Dun-coloured Mules of Volterra (Italy), H. Smith, a er
346.

2. The Hinny,—the hybrid between the Horse and the she-Ass.

Hinnus, Arist. H. A. 1. ec. 7.

Equus Asinus hinnus, Gmelin.

Equus hinnus, Schreb. t. 215.

Petit Mulet, Buffon, H. N. iv. t. 13.
Maulesel, Bechstein.

The Hinny, H. Smith, Equide, 346. t. 30.

3. Mule of a male Hemione and a female Zebra, Knowsley Menag.
t.57.f.1. The shoulders and legs are banded.

a. Adult. Bred at Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

MAMMALIA. 279

Mule of a male Maltese Ass and a Zebra, Knowsley Menag.
t. 57. f. 2.

The body and legs are striped; the stripes on the head and
body are narrow, except the shoulder-cross, which is very distinct
and forked; the rump is covered with small spots.

Ribbon-legged Ass (Asinus vulgaris, var. fasciata), Gray, Zool.
Journ. 1. 245.

a. Adult. Bred at Windsor Park.

4. Mule between a male Ass and Zebra.

- Grey indistinct cross, and a few narrow dark stripes on the
shoulders and fore legs; tail elongate, end tufted, upper part
slightly banded ; ears moderate.

Métis femelle d’Ane et de Zebra, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. 9.

This is very different from the Mule with the Maltese Ass. It
has scarcely any stripes. ;

5. Mule between a male ? Burchell’s Zebra and a common Ass,
Knowsley Menag. t. 58. f. 1.

Grey, with very indistinct bands on the front of the back; a
more distinct, short, narrow cross-band, divided into three below,
and with some black cross-bands on the outside of the legs.

a. Adult. Used to draw ina tandem. Bred im the Zoological
Gardens.

6. Mule between a male domestic Ass and an Hemione, Knowsley

Menag. t. 58. f. 2.

It is very like the mother, but has a distinct black cross-band
and some indistinct cross-bands on the outside of the hocks and
knees.

This animal is now living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society. It changes its colour and becomes greyer m winter,
like its female parent. I have seen another example of this
Mule, exactly like the one here described.

7. Mule between an Hemione and a Burchell’s Wb Knowsley
Menag. t. 59. f. 1.
Reddish grey; head, neck and front part of the body with

very narrow, rather darker streaks.

8. The Hybrid Ass and Zebra, H. Smith, Equide, 343. t. 28;
Mus. Paris, from F. Cuvier.

Quagga Mule, H. Smith, Equide, 343. t. 29.

280 MAMMALIA.

Zebra Donkey or Mule Zebras, bred between the two species
of Zebra and the Donkey, Bennett, List Anim. Zool. Gard.
1830, 13. n. 63 & 43.

9. Mules between Male Quagga and Mare, Morton, Phil. Trans.
1821.

The Hybrid first foal of Brood Mare and Quagga, H. Smith,
Equide, 342. t. 26.

The Filly bearing marks of the Quagga, H. Smith, Equide, 342.
t. 25.

The Colt, the third issue of Brood Mare and the second by the
Black Arab, H. Smith, Equide, 324. t. 27.

The Brood Mare and the third foal with marks of the Quagga,
H. Smith, Equide, 324. t. 14.

10. The offspring of a Mule (the produce of a male Ass and a
Zebra) with a bay mare Pony, Knowsley Menag. t. 59. f. 2.

Iron-grey; with a short narrow cross-band on withers, very
faint indications of stripes on the sides, and more distimet dark
stripes on outsides of the hocks and knees; tail bushy from the
base, like a horse; head heavy; mane brown and grey.

This animal is used to draw a small cart. It stands 8 hands
high.

281

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

~ DLPLL LDP SPI

Page 26, line 34, after Drawines, add—Drawing of large
horned Buffalo by Daniel at Luckow, Banks, Icon. ined. B.M.
Mam. t.

Page 40, after line 4, add—The livmg Yak, PokPHAGUS, shows
a much larger muffle than the dry skin leads one to expect ; it
is square, and occupies the space between the nostrils, but
is smaller than that of the Bisons.

Page 43, line 16, after OviBos MosScHATUS, add—
a. Skeleton. N. America. Presented by John Rae, Esq.

Page 49, line 14, for Aicocerus read HIPPOTRAGUS.
_ Page 50, line 12, for BoseLaruus read ALCELAPHUS.

Page 85, line 2, after CEPHALOPHUS NIGER, add as Syn. Anti-
lope Pluto, Temm. MSS. Mus. Leyd. 1852.

Page 102, line 2, for Acocerus read HippoTRAGus, as the
former name is applied to the wild goats ; and change generic
name of the two species to Hippotragus leucophzus, Hippo-
tragus niger.

Page 114, line 29, after MazAMA AMERICANA, add—

a. Skin without horns. N. America. Presented by John Rae,
Esq.

a. Stuffed, imperfect. N. America. From the Zoological So-
ciety Museum.

Page 192, line 17, for N.W. coast of America read Siberia, as
Sir John Richardson states they were tame deer, and they
are not domesticated in America.

Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

N
a

283

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

RAPALA LILI

Tas. I. fig. 1. Bos Taurus, p. 17, skull ¢.

. PAR

/ TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

» Pas.

TAB.

‘ TAB.

fig. 2. Bubalus brachycerus, p. 24, skull ?.

II. figs. 1 & 2. Bubalus Caffer, p. 28, adult.
fig. 3. Horns of young :—Pennant’s specimen.

IIL. figs. 1 & 2. Anoa depressicornis, p. 29.
fig. 3. Bibos frontalis, p. 31.

IV. figs. 1 & 2. Bison Americanus, p. 38.
figs. 3 & 4. Poéphagus grunniens, p. 40.

V. figs. 1 & 2. Ovibos moschatus, p. 43.
figs. 3 & 4. Budorcas taxicola, p. 45, from Hodgson.

V*. figs. 1 & 2. Ovibos moschatus, p. 43, ¢ jun.
figs. 3 & 4. Ovibos moschatus, ° .

VI. figs. 1 & 2. Saiga Tartarica, p. 51.
figs. 3 & 4. Pantholops Hodgsonii, p. 53,
fig. 5. Gazella Dorcas, p. 55.

VII. fig. 1. Tragops Bennettii, p. 62.
fig. 2. Procapra gutturosa (picticauda), p- 54.
fig. 3. Aipyceros Melampus, p. 65.

VIII. figs. 1-3. Antilope Cervicapra (bezoartica), p. 66.
figs. 4 & 5. Calotragus campestris (Tragulus), p. 71.

284

/ TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

v Tap.

TAB.

TAB.

y TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

IX. fig. 1. Tetracerus quadricornis, p. 68.
fig. 2. Oreotragus saltatrix, p. 74.
fig. 3. Neotragus Saltiana, p. 76.

X. fig. 1. Cephalophus Natalensis, p. 85.
fig. 2. Nanotragus perpusillus, p. 89.
fig. 3. Eleotragus arundinaceus, p. 91.

XI. figs. 1 & 2. Adenota Kob, p. 96.
figs. 3 & 4. Kobus ellipsiprymuus, p. 99.

XII. figs. 1 & 2. Mgocerus leucopheus, p. 102.
figs. 3 & 4. Oryx Leucoryx, p. 107.
fig. 5. Addax nasomaculatus, p. 108.

. XIII. fig. 1. Capricornis Bubalina, p. 111.

fig. 2. Nemorhedus Goral, p. 112.

XIV. fig. 1. Mazama Americana, p. 114.
figs. 2-4. Rupicapra Tragus, p. 115.

XV. figs. 1-3. Antilocapra Americana (Dicranocerus
furcifer), p. 117.
figs. 4 & 5. Connochetes Gnu, p. 119.

XVI. figs. 1-3. Alcelaphus Caama, p. 124.
figs. 4 & 5. Damalis Senegalensis, p. 126. -

XVII. figs. 1 & 2. Strepsiceros Kudu, p. 133.
figs. 3 & 4. Oreas Canna, p. 135.

XVIII. figs. 1 & 2. Tragelaphus scripta, p. 138.
figs. 3 & 4. Hemitragus Jemlaicus, p. 144.

XIX. figs. 1 & 2. Kemas Warryato, p. 146.
figs. 3-5. Capra (Ibex) Nubiana, p. 151.

XX. figs. 1-3. Hircus gagrus (Capra Hireus), p. 153.
figs. 4-6. Agoceros Pyrenaica, female, p. 147.

XXI. figs. 1-3. Caprovis (Musimon) Vignei, p. 172.
fig. 4, Caprovis Argali (Ovis), p. 174.

XXII. (XXIII) figs. 1 & 2. Pseudois Nahoor, p. 177.
fig. 3. Ammotragus Tragelaphus, p. 179.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

TAB.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 285

XXIII. figs. 1 & 2. Camelopardalis Giraffa, p. 182.
figs. 3 & 4. Camelus Bactrianus, p. 253.

XXIV. fig. 1. Lama Glama (Pacos), p. 260.
fig. 2. Lama Vicugna, p. 256.
fig. 3. Meminna indica, p. 246.

XXV. fig. 1. Moschus chrysogaster, p. 246.
fig. 2. Hyemoschus aquaticus, p. 248.
fig. 3. Tragulus Stanleyanus, p. 249.

XXVI. fig. 1. Alces Malchis, p. 187.
figs. 2 & 3. Tarandus rangifer, p. 191.

XXVII. fig. 1. Alces Malchis, p. 187.
fig. 2. Tarandus rangifer, p. 191.
fig. 3. Cervus Wallichii (Casperianus), p. 199.

XXVIII. fig. 1. Cervus Wallichii (Casperianus), p. 199.
figs. 2 & 3. Dama vulgaris, p. 201.

XXIX. figs. 1 & 2. Panolia Eldii (Eadii), p. 202.
figs. 3 & 4. Rucervus Duvaucellii, p. 203.

XXX. fig. 1. Dama vulgaris, p. 201.

fig. 2. Panolia Eldii, p. 202.

fig. 3. Rucervus Duvaucellii, p. 203.

fig. 4. Rusa Aristotelis (Equina), p. 205.

XXXI. figs. 1 & 2. Rusa Aristotelis, p. 205.
figs. 3 & 4. Axis maculata, p. 213.

XXXII. fig. 1. Hyelaphus porcinus, p. 215.
fig. 2. Cervulus moschatus, p. 219.

XXXIII. fig. 1. Capreolus Caprea, p. 222.
figs. 2 & 3. Cariacus Virginianus, p. 228.

XXXIV. fig. 1. Axis maculatus, p. 212.
fig. 2. Hyelaphus porcinus, p. 215.

fig. 4. Cariacus Virginianus, p. 228.

fig. 5. Capreolus Caprza, p. 221.

XXXV. figs. 1-3. Blastocerus campestris, p. 224.
fig. 4. Coassus rufus, p. 238.

286 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Tas. XXXVI. fig. 1. Pudu humilis (Chilensis), p. 240.
figs. 2 & 3. Pelea Capreola, p. 90.
fig. 4. Pelea———? Lower jaw of unknown species from
the Cape of Good Hope.

_/ Tas. XXXVII. fig. 1. Equus Caballus, p. 263.
" fig. 2. Asinus Hemionus, p. 269.

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