CATALOGUE

TERTIARY MOLLUSCA

IV THE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY.

PART I.

AUSTRALASIA.

■^^' CATALOGUE

TERTIARY MOLLUSCA

IN THE

DEPAETMENT OF GEOLOGY

BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTOHY).
PART I.

THE AUSTEALASIAxX TERTIAEY MOLLUSCA.

GEOEGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S.,

MEMB. SOC. GEOL. PKANCE ; MEMB. SOC. BELGE GEOL.
TKEAS. MALACOL. SOC. LOND.

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1897.

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PEEFACE.

The Catalogue of the Cephalopodous Mollusca by Dr. A. H.
Foord, commenced in 1888 (two parts of which are
issued, the third part being now in the press), together
with the Systematic List of British Oligocene and Eocene
Mollusca by Mr. E,. Bullen Newton, in 1891, are the
only volumes already published on the fossil Mollusca in
this Department.

The present work by Mr. Gr. F. Harris, on Tertiary
Mollusca, commences a new Catalogue ; the first part
being devoted to descriptions and figures of the shells of
Australasia (exclusive of the Cephalopoda), to be followed
by other geographical series in the collection, of equal
interest.

Although thirteen volumes on Fossil Yertebrata, eight
volumes on Fossil Invertebrata, and three upon Fossil
Plants, have already been published by the Trustees, the
larger part of the Mollusca and Bryozoa, and the whole
of the Brachiopoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinoderma,
and Ccelentera, remain to be recorded, as well as the
greater portion of the fossil plants, so that probably
not less than thirty volumes will be needed to contain.
even a brief account of these very varied and extensive
collections.

HENRY WOODWARD.

British Museum (Natural History),
Dki'artment op Geology.
March 25, 1897.

INTRODUCTION.

The Tertiary MoUusca of Australasia present many features of
special interest, both to geologists and zoologists. The remarkable
abundance and perfect state of preservation of the Gastekopoda,
especially of Victoria, enable us to shed much light on certain
questions relating to phylogeny, which cannot fail to assist the
zoologist as indicating the oiigin of many of the principal groups
of that division of the Mollusca, and as imparting some idea
of the past history of the modern molluscan fauna of Australasia
generally. The larval shells, especially, have proved to be
of great interest, and I venture to think that many of the
details concerning them as recorded in this Catalogue will prove
serviceable, not only from the phylogenetic standpoint, and in
regard to the early history of the individual, but as a contributii)u
to the systematic classification of the Gasteropoda. The phenomena
of growth in this division of the mollusca have never been studied,
except in regard to restricted groups; and I have occasionally
criticized modern methods that give undue importance (as it would
seem) to the number and disposition of plications on the columella,
the absence or presence of liriE within the outer margin of the
aperture, the relative length of the anterior canal when present,
and modifications in detail of external sculpture. These and
kindred phenomena aie frequently utilized by the systematist for
purposes of specific and even of generic classification, whereas
in many instances a careful study of ontogeny would show that
they were mere peculiarities either of the individual or as
characterizing a distinct stage of growth. I do not intend
to imply that the features of growth just mentioned are never
of importance for purposes of classification ; but until each case
is studied on its own merits, in other words until the ontogeny
of each has been carefully worked out, it is impossible to say

INTRODUCTION.

■whether any particular phenomenon observed is of value to the
systematist, or not. A phenomenon may be of the highest
importance in the classification of certain genera, and be of little
value from that point of view in reference to others. The study
of the development of the Gasteropoda would show better than
anything else what value is to be ascribed to any particular
structural feature in the shell, in that sense ; but little has hitherto
been attempted in that direction.

An exhaustive study of auxology cannot, obviously, be
chronicled in a Catalogue like the present; but I have seized
this opportunity of selecting the most promising species and
genera of Australasian Tertiary Gasteropoda from' the material
in the Museum, and, as far as is consistent with the plan of the
book, have detailed certain structures of general interest which
may hereafter prove of service to workers in elaborating the genesis
of the modern Gasteropod fauna of the antipodes.

To the geologist, also, particulars concerning the growth of these
Tertiary shells are not without their significance. It is very
difficult for paleontologists, by the methods now commonly adopted
in classifying the Mollusca, to say how much of a variation from
a normal type shall constitute a species : the personal equation
is always with us. And seeing that Tertiary beds are commonly
classified according to the relative percentage of extinct species
of mollusca found in them, and that for the reason just given
it is almost impossible to arrive satisfactorily at such percentages,
it seems to me that, rightly understood, the phylogeny of that
division of the animal kingdom is a broader and surer basis for
classification of the various horizons, and might be made to run
pari passu with the Lyellian method. Its most useful application,
no doubt, would be in reference to homotaxis. This suggestion is
to a large extent prompted by the great difficulty which geologists
experience in working out the synchrony of the Tertiary beds
of Australia, to this day a source of much controvei'sy between
them.

As instances of the application of phylogeny in matters of this
kind let me refer to pp. 17, 18, where in reference to the so-called
Pteropoda it will be noted that the assemblage of genera found
in certain rocks classified by competent authorities as Eocene is
not such as might have been expected in rocks of that age, when
the known history and origin of the Pteropoda are taken into

INTRODUCTION. IX

consideration. As a further illustration T may refer to p. 9G,
"where, after giving some account of the larval shells of the
VoLUTiDJK (p. 92 et sqq.) and the light they throw on the origin
and evolution of that family, I state that tlie development of these
larval Volutes in the majority of instances in specimens found at
the localities mentioned .... is much more advanced than
one would have expected to find in beds as old as the Eocene — that
is, on comparison with what is found in the true Eocene in other
parts of the world. And it would not be difficult to give other
evidence of the same nature. No doubt some families make more
rapid strides in one area than in another ; but it is surprising to
find in the Gasteropoda how uniform over large areas the rate of
progression has been in regard to many of the widely distributed
families. There is, for example, the genus that has survived from
early Mesozoic times, with hut little modification in the later stages
of its journey ; it has had its day, and has settled down as a more
or less fixed form. Such a genus is of little use for homotaxial
purposes, though eminently interesting from a purely phylogenetic
point of view. What we want to study specially for the purposes
of Tertiary homotaxis are those families, quite numerous enough,
the chief members of which, having parted from the main stock
in late Jurassic or Cretaceous times, arrive in the Eocene, with
strong tendencies to variation, and, at the same time, are rapid
travellers and become ubic|uitous, as is the case with many
prominent genera of the Australasian Tertiary Gasteropoda. But
this is not the place to enlarge on the value of phylogeny to
the geologist, and the subject is introduced here only as in some
measure the outcome of a study of the Tertiary MoUusca from the
Antipodes now catalogued.

In the foregoing observations special stress has been laid
on the study of Gasteeopoda, but it must not be understood
that the fossil Lamellibeanchiata are one whit inferior in
point of interest from the phylogenetic or the geological stand-
point. The want of sufficient suitable material in the Museum
for the study of the auxology of the Australasian Tertiary
LAMELLiBEAXcniATA, is the sole cause for the omission. It should,
however, be added that in many specimens the prodissoconch is
excellently preserved.

The n.imes employed to designate stages of growth of the
individual, and the sense in which they are applied in this work,

X INTRODUCTION.

are, as nearly as may be, those of Professor Alpheus Hyatt, ^
as amended by Messrs. S. S. Euckman and F. A. Uather.'' The
terminology alluded to is as follows : —

1. Embryonic. "This stage includes all individual history from
the ovum up to the time when the organism can be referred
definitely to its class." In the fossil state we can only have left
for investigation the hard part of the organism, which in the case
of the Gasteropoda is here called the Protoconch, and in the
Lamellibranchiata the Pyo(iissoeo7i'ch.

2. Brephic. This stage immediately succeeds the Embryonic,
and it is generally undei-stood that during it no specific characters
can be distinguished ; but this point will be discussed presently.

3. Neanic. "Luring this stage specific characters and all other
morphological features present in the adult, appear and undergo
development."

4. Eplielic. That stage denoting "the period of full develop-
ment of the individual, when all specific characters are clearly
recognizable."

5. Gerontie. "During this stage changes take place which are
due to gradual failure of powers." It is subdivided into : " a,
Catahatic stage, in which the individual loses its ephebic characters ;
and h, Hypodrophic stage, in which the continued loss of characters
causes pronounced reversion."

In view of the fact that so little is known concerning the
phylogeny of the Gasteropoda, I have found it somewhat difficult
in certain cases to apply this terminology satisfactorily. Por
instance, in the case of shells that are quite smooth it is hard
to say where the protoconch ends and the brephic stage begins ;
but in very many instances a characteristic varix is present,
denoting the termination of the former. The brephic stage, as
a rule, in reference to these fossils, was a short one, the growth
having been very vigorous immediately on the animal's escape from
the capsule, and conchological specific characters consequently
make their appearance at a very early stage.

Some of the more prominent results obtained from this study
of Australasian shells may now be refisrred to.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xxiii. 1888, p. 396.
Zoologiscliea Auzeiger, Nos. 405-6, 1892, pp. 420, 429.

INTKODUCTIOX. XI

It ■will be noticed (p. 7) that I have retained Adaon in its usual
place, amongst the OpismoBRANcniAXA ; but it must be confessed
that this is done with some misgiving. It is generally concluded,'
judging from the structure of its shell and its persistent operculum,
that that genus should be placed amongst the lower Opisthobranchs;
but it should be observed that the earlier portion of the protoconch
is distinctly sinistral, and has all the essential characteristics of
the Pyramidellid^. On that ground alone one might feel inclined
to classify Aetceon, and possibly some of its associated genera,
amongst the Peosobranchiata. We should be strongly fortified
in so doing by the important discovery by Bouvier,- in a careful
anatomical investigation, that Aetceon has a twist in its visceral
nerve-loop, and is, consequently, streptoneurous. In view of
what is known of the general organization of the genus, even
in spite of the evidence afforded by the protoconch and the study
of the nervous system, we are hardly warranted, however, in
removing it from the Opisthobranchs ; and for the present it will
be safe to conclude that we are here dealing with inherited
streptoneury.'

The value of the elevation of the spire in the classification of
the C0NID.E is discounted by what we find in the ontogeny of
Conus cuspidatus (p. 32), where the amount of elevation is shown
to be merely a peculiarity of the individual.

The impossibility of satisfactorily diiferentiating Stcrcula from
Pleurotoma when dealing with fossil specimens, is insisted upon
(p. 37) ; and, incidentally, the position of the sinus as a prime
element in the classification of the Pleurotomid^ is criticized.
Although the majority of protoconchs in species of the Gastero-
poda appear to be smooth and without sculpture, many exceptions
are noted. In particular, Pleurotoma icangamiieiisis (p. 46) is
remarkable in that respect. The initial turn of the protoconch
is smooth and obsoletely striated, and this is followed by an obtuse
angulation, which rapidly develops into a bold, acute, median spiral
carina, with accompanying lineation. See also Columharium acan-
thoslephes (p. 52), Telcoclulus gracillimuin (p. 65), Harpa ahhreviata

' Howes, Proc. Make. Soc. London, vol. ii. 1896, p. 68.
* Bull. Soc. Pliilom. Taris, t. v. 1893, p. 64.

XU INTRODUCTION'.

(p. 81), Latlriis tatei (p. 147), Leucozonia staminea (p. 151),
Pseudovaricia mirabilis (p. 160), and Murex otwayensis (p. 177).

Althougli Tve occasionally find that the main features of the
sculpture of the adult are foreshadowed even in the protoconch,
that is by no means a general rule. The protoconch of Pleurotonia
alta (p. 45), for instance, is perfectly smooth, yet in the brephic
stage a most pronounced peripheral carina makes its appearance ;
on the other hand, in P. wanganuiensis (p. 46) the strong spiral
ornament obtains from the protoconch to the ephebic stage, though
profuse additional ornament was suddenly produced in the brephic
stage. On this evidence, and seeing how closely allied the two
species are in some other respects, one would assume that the latter
species most probably descended from an earlier stock of the former.

By way of contrast we find in Bathytoma angustifrons (p. 49)
and Morio gradatu (p. 201) that but few of the main features of the
ornament in the adult were foreshadowed even in the brephic stage,
and that ornament is not of a permanent character, but was modified
at the caprice of the individual. That, and similar evidence given
in this Catalogue, points pretty conclusively to a general rule that
may be established (at least, so far as these Australasian fossils are
concerned, and it is possibly of much wider application), namely :
that when the main features of the ornament are foreshadowed
in the early brephic stage, and especially when they obtain even
in the protoconch, that ornament may be regarded as of value
in the determination of species ; but when, on the contrary, the
ornament does not make its appearance until the late neanic stage,
and is not, even in an elementary sense, completed until what may
be regarded, by analogy, as the early ephebic, that ornament merely
characterizes the individual, and is only of negative use for the
purposes of classification.

The size of the protoconch is very variable (e.g. Cancellaria
wannonensis, p. 66), as is well known, even in the offspring
of a single individual ; that difference being commonly attributed
to carnivorous proclivities on the part of the larger specimens when
in the embryonic stage. In this connection it is noteworthy that
the size of the protoconch does not seem to have much influence
in determining the size of the shell in the adult. The larger
protoconch is not ver}' frequently, it would seem, accompanied
by the production of a larger adult shell than comes from a much
smaller protoconch, that is, in the same species. There are,

INTRODUCTION.

however, exceptions to tliis, and correlatively it may be noted that
the shape of the protoconch occasionally determines the general
shape of the shell. In Bathytoma angustifrons (p. 49), for instance,
the Museum specimens show that the elevation or depression (as
the case may be) of the turns of the protoconch to a large extent
determines the relative elongation of the growth of the whole shell,
in that particular species.

Evidence is given (pp. 95, 96, and description of the species
of Scaphella) that some of the Australasian Tertiary Volutid^
possessed horny protoconehs ; and the classification of that family
as deduced from a study of the larval shells, together with some
account of the origin and development of the groups they represent,
will be found (p. 92 et sqq.). Cf. Fusus hezagonalis (p. 131) in
this connection.

The ontogeny of Mitra multisiilcata (p. 120) forms an interesting
study. As a result of the details of gi'owth, it is shown that the
number of columellar plications is not necessarily of value in
classification in such a genus as Mitra ; for in the brephic stage
there were only two plaits, and the suspicion of a third, whilst
in the ephebic no fewer than five are observable.

A very remarkable mode of growth is recorded in reference to
Tylospira coronata (p. 222) ; whilst Cerithium apheles (p. 224)
is full of interest. The shell in the latter exhibits longitudinal
costfe in the brephic stage, which are lost in the neanic, but
reappear strongly in the ephebic, only to die out again in the
gerontic stage. There is thus a high possibility of this species
having descended from a well-marked longitudinally costate stock,
with a tendency for its descendants to assume a much plainer type
of ornament.

I have stated in an earlier part of this Introduction that, although
it is generally understood that during the brephic stage of growth
no specific characters can be distinguished, it was desirable to
discuss the matter. Some of the observations just made prove that
the shell is often highly sculptured in that stage, and many other
examples are recorded in the text. It is by no means rare to find
that the chief ornament relied upon for the classification of the
species (in regard to individuals) suddenly makes its appearance
in the brepliic stage, and, not infrequently, starts abruptly from
the termination of the protoconch. A glance through the plates
accompanying this work will, perhaps, help to make this observation

INTRODUCTION.

clearer. Dr. Jackson's investigations' led him to the con-
clusion that characters almost inseparable from those of the
adult frequently make their appearance in the brephic stage of
the moUusca. In view of these facts it seems desirable to modify
the general statement that during the brephic stage no specific
characters can be distinguished. As a rule, no doubt, that statement
is perfectly accurate, and the brephic stage is unquestionably well
defined in the Gasteropoda as a whole ; but a little qualification
seems necessary. I have found that the greatest difficulty in
defining the brephic stage is in those cases where a strong varix
has been thrown up at the conclusion of the embryonic stage, and
it seems right that that should be so. Por the varix certainly
indicates a pause in the growth of the shell, and it is reasonable
to assume that during that pause the animal was passing through
the brephic stage, but did not continue to make the normal shell
of that period, except partially, it may be, in some instances.
I have even doubted whether in certain instances the varix
alluded to was not, in fact, the only manifestation of the growth
of the shell during the brephic stage.

Turning now to some other points brought out in this Catalogue,
it may be noted that it introduces frequent changes in nomen-
clature, especially in regard to genera and subgenera. Many
well-known names, I am sorry to say, have disappeared as the
result of bibliographic research. But I am not proud of having
made these changes — they were inevitable if the rule of priority
must be applied.

In particular, I have been at some pains to discover the names of
the type species of both genera and subgenera, in consequence of
which a new interpretation has, occasionally, had to be placed
on a well-known group. Some new genera and species are
proposed; and species hitherto described have been considerably
revised in regard to their generic position. In the description of
species my general plan has been to give only the salient features,
usually in the nature of a short diagnosis, where the species had
formerly been fully treated of ; but where the material in the
Museum collection permitted, and the species had hitherto received
but scanty notice, it has been dealt with at greater length,

' "Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda " : Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. iv.
No. 8, 1890, p. 290.

INTEODDCTION. XY

Some difficulty has occasionally been experienced in assigning
species to their correct geological position in the Tertiary. In.
regard to the Australian "Eocene" and Miocene I have, where
possible, followed the classification of Professor Tate in his various
works quoted, although, as will already have been noticed,
I have considerable doubt whether the "Eocene" of that continent
is really homotaxial with that of North-Western Europe. Again,
in certain localities where two formations occur, as at Muddy Creek,
Trclissick, etc., it has sometimes been doubtful from which horizon
the particular specimens being catalogued came. In such cases
I have been much assisted by the useful list of Muddy Creek fossils
drawn up in Mr. John Dennant's memoir^ on the beds in that
locality, which has been quoted from time to time. Again, Sir
James Hector's list^ of New Zealand localities with their geological
horizons have proved valuable in the same connection ; whilst
Professor Button's Catalogue ' has of necessity been i-eferred to on
many occasions. Nevertheless, there are a few specimens from that
colony, the exact provenance of which I have not been able to fix,
as will be observed ; such specimens have, for the most part, been
in the Museum for many years, and the name of the locality,
which they bear, may possibly represent a place where a camp was
temporarily made. The collection from Parimoa appears to come
from two horizons, the Miocene and Pliocene, and in the case of a
new record for that locality it has been found impossible to give the
geological age with certainty. At Wanganui, again, both Pliocene
and Post-Pliocene beds are found ; in general it has not beea
difficult to assign a particular species from this locality to its correct
horizon, but there are exceptions. These, and similar points, I
must leave to Colonial geologists, who alone, by study on the spot,
can satisfactorily clear them up. The locality of Limestone
Creek, Glenelg river, Victoria, is here called Post-Pliocene, instead
of Newer Pliocene ; I believe it will ultimately be found to be
younger than the true Pliocene.

It should be explained that by " Australasia " throughout this
work is meant, the Australian continent, Tasmania, New Zealand,
and the Chatham Islands.

1 Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. Tol. xi. 1889, p. 30.

- Kep. Geol. Exp. 1890-91, p. 121 (and other Reports in the same Series).

» Catalogue Tert. Moll, and Echin. X.Z. 1873.

XVI INTRODUCTION.

This ■work will not embrace the description of the Tertiary
Cephalopoda in the British Museum, as they are being catalogued
by Dr. A. H. Foord and Mr. G. C. Crick'; but it may be mentioned
that so far as Australasia is concerned only two Tertiary species,
viz., Aturia atari, Basterot, var. australis, M'Coy, and Nautilus
geelongensis, Poord, are found in the collection, and they have
already been dealt with.-

Finally, I must express my indebtedness to several friends who
have assisted me, from time to time, during the preparation of this
Catalogue. Foremost stands Mr. Edgar A. Smith, whose courtesy
in permitting me frequently to consult the modern moUusca in the
Zoological Department of the Museum, and for much advice in
regard to matters of nomenclature, I most thankfully acknowledge ;
Mr. R. Bullen I^ewton has also rendered me assistance in regard to
nomenclature, for which I tender him my best thanks ; Mr. B. B.
Woodward has on several occasions given me the advantage of his
extensive knowledge of bibliography, which has been of signal
service, and for which I am greatly indebted to him ; Mr. C. D.
Sherborn has kindly permitted me to refer to the MS. of his
Index Animalium. Professor Tate, of the University of Adelaide,
kindly sent me a collection of specimens and copies of his publi-
cations on the Tertiary moUusca of Australia, which have been
of much use ; whilst I am indebted to my friend Mr. H. W.
Burrows for his ready assistance in reference to the classification
of mollusca. To Miss G. M. Woodward I must also tender my
thanks for the preparation of the beautiful drawings which adorn
this Catalogue,

GEO. F. HARRIS.
2hth March, 1897.

' Catalogue of Fossil Cephalopoda, British Museum.
2 Id. Part II. 1891, pp. 332, 354.

TABLE

FAMILIES, GENEEA, AND SUBGENERA.

»

Class GASTEROPODA.
Order Puliionata.

Family Helicid^e: page

Helix 1

Liparus ........ 2

Family Bdlimulid^ :

Placostylus ....... 4

Family Limn^id.e :

Limnrea . 4

Family Amphibolid.e :

Amphibola 5

Oi'der Opisthobranchiata.
Family Act^onid^e :

Actseon 7

Solidula 8

Tornatellsea ....... 9

Triploca 9

Adelactreon 10

Family Scaphandrid^. :

Scaphander 12

Family Bullid^e :

Bulla 13

Bullinella 13

Family RixGiccLiDiE :

Ringicula 15

b

XVlll

TABLE OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SUBGENEIU.

PAGE

Family LuiACiNiDiE : .^g

Limaciua .•••■■'
Family Cavoliniid^ : ^g

Clio

Chelyconus ,

Cythara
Clathurella .

Narona .
Admetula
Sveltia .

An cilia

Glabella
Cryptospira

20

Styliola ■••■■■' 21
Vaginella .•••■'■'
Family UiiBRACULiDiE : 22

Umbraculum .••■■■'

Order Prosobranchiata.

Family Terebrid^ : 2^

Terebra .•••■'''
Family Conid^ : 27

Conus .••••■■■ 27

Leptocouus . . ■ • • ■
Lithoconus •••■•■

34

Family Pleurotomid^ : gg

Pleurotoma ••■■'' 43

Bathytoma ■'■"'' 51

Columbarium ' " " ' ' 55

Drillia • • ' g^

Mausilia .■■•■■■'

58

.59

• 60
Daphuella .■•••" .

Teleochilus " ' '

Family Cancellariid.e : ^^

Caucellaria •■■■■"■„_

68
. 69

Family Olivid^ : ^^

Olivella

72

Family Harpid/e : ^g

Harpa •■■■"" 78

Eocithara ••••'■

Family Marginellid^ : g2

Marginella

90

lAULE OF FAMILIKS, GENERA, AND SOBGENEllA. xix

Family Volutid.*; : page

Volutilithea 97

Lyria 98

Voluta •■•..... 99

Pterospira 100

Aulica 101

Volutocouus ..... 107

Amoria 108

Scapliella HO

Eopsei^hia 115

Family Mitrid.e :

Mitra 119

Caucilla . . . . . .123

Uromitra 124

Conomitra . . . . . .129

Family Fasciolariid.b :

Fusus 131

Latirofusus . . . . . . . .1.15

Streptochetus 1,37

Fasciolaria ... .... 138

Latirus ]42

Leucozonia . . . . . . _ .148

Latirolageua . . . . . 150

Family Buccinid.-e :

Tritonofusus .152

Siplionalia . . . . . . 154

Pseuflovaricia . . . . . .159

Cautharus Igj

Eiithria . . . . . . . Iii2

Donuautia . . . . . 162

Phos

1()4

Loxotaphnis . . . . . 165

Zemira .167

Family Nassid.e :

Nassa .168

Family Ml'ricid.b :

Typhis 170

Murc.x . . .172

Tiiplox 172

Chicoieus 178

Muricopsis 179

Muricidea . . . .181

TABLE OF FAMILIES, GENEKA, AND STJBGENEKA.

Family Muricid^ {continued) : page

Sistrum 184

Family Lotoriid^ :

Lotorium 185

Colubraria 194

Apollo 195

Family Cassidid^ :

Cassis 197

Semicassis 198

Casmaria 200

Morio 201

Family Ctpr^id^ :

Cyprsea 203

Bernayia 204

Luponia 205

Erosaria 208

Umbilia 209

Trivia 212

Erato 214

Family Strombid^ :

Strombus 216

Seraphs 218

Family Strdthiolariid.e :

Struthiolaria 218

Tylospira 222

Family CERiTHiiDiE :

Cerithium 223

Colina 227

Batillaria 228

Newtoniella 229

Triforis 231

Diastema 231

Family Trichotropid^ :

Trichotropis 233

Family Vermetid^ :

Tenagodes 233

Family Turritellid^e :

Turritclla 234

Family Solariid^ :

Solarium ........ 243

Heliacus 245

TABLE OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SUBGENERA.

Family Hipponycid^ :

Hipponyx
Family Capulid^ :
Crepidula .

lauacus
Family CALYPTRiEiD^ :
Calyptrrea .

Calyptropsis
Family Xenophorid^ :
Xenojihora

Tugurium
Family NATiciDiE :
Natica

Lunatia
Stigmaulax .
Sigaretopsis
Euspira

Ampiillospira

SEQUENZIIDiE :

Seqiienzia .

SCALID^ :

Cirsotrema

Crosseia

Eglisia

EULIMIDiE :

Eulima

Niso

TURBINIDiE ;

Turbo

Phasianella

Collonia

Family
Family

Family
Family

Family

Trochid^ :

Trochus .

Authora
Coelotroclius

Claiiculus .

Thalotia .

Bankivia

Liopyrga

Ethalia

Solariella

PAGE

246

246
248

249
251

253

254

255
260
262
263
264
265

266

267
269
270

271

272

272
275
276

276

277
278
279
279
280
281
282
283

TABLE OF FAMILIES, GENEKA, AND SUBGENERA.

Family Delphinulid.e : page

Liotia 283

Family HALiOTiDiE :

Haliotis 284

Family Pleurotomariid^ :

Pleurotomaria . 286

Family Fissdrellid^ :

Fissurellidea . . . . . . . 2 "^7

Emarginula ....... 288

Subemarginula ...... 289

Tugalia 289

Class SCAPHOPODA.

Family Dentaliid^ :

Dentalium 290

Cadulus 297

Class LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Order Tetrabranchia.

Family OsTREiDiE :

Ostrea 298

Gryphgea 3U2

Family Anomiid^e :

Placimanomia ....... 303

Family Dimyid^ :

Dimya 305

Family SpoNDTLiDiE :

Spondylus 307

Family Limid^e :

Lima . 309

Limatula . . . . . . 311

Limea 312

Family Pectinid^e :

Peoten 313

Pseudamussium ...... 322

Amussium ....... 324

Family Aviculid^ :

Margaritifera 325

Vulsella 326

Pinna . 326

TAliLE OF I'AMILIES, GENERA, AND SOBGIONEUA. XXiU

Family MYTiLiDiE : page

Mytilus 327

Septifer 328

Modiola 329

Creiiella 329

Family ARCiDiE :

Area 330

Barbatia 331

Plagiarca ...... 335

Fossularca ..... 335

Cucullsea 336

Pectimculus 339

Limarca ... .... 343

Limopsis 344

Family NuculiDjE :

Nucula 347

Family Nucolanid.e :

Nuculana 348

Family Trigoniid^e :

Trigonia ........ 352

Family Unionid^ :

Uoio 355

Anodonta 356

Family Carditid^ :

Cardita 357

Carditella 362

Family Crassatellitid.E :

Crassatellites 363

Family Cardiid.i: :

Cardium 366

Protocardium 368

Family Chamidje :

Chama 369

Family VEXERiDiE ;

Meretrix 370

Sunctta 372

Chione 372

Family Ungulinid.'e :

Diplodonta 375

Family Donacid^'e :

Doiiax 376

7 TABLE OF FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SOBGENEKA.

Family Gariidj. : page

Gari 377

Family Mesodesmatid^e :

Mesodesma ....... 378

Family Mactrid^ :

Mactra 379

Zeoatiopsis ....... 380

Family Myid^ :

Corbula 381

Family SAXiCAViD.a; :

Capistrocardia 383

Family PnoLADiDiE :

Barnea 384

Order Dibranchia.

Family LuciNlD^ :

Lucina 385

Family Tellinid^ :

Tellina 386

Family Scrobiculariid^ :

Semele 388

Family Cuspidariid.5; :

Cuspidaria 389

Family Pandorid^ :

Myadora 390

LIST OF COLLECTIONS.

The following are the principal sources whence the Collections
catalogued in this work were obtained : —

1. A series of mollusca from the Miocene and Pliocene of New
Zealand, chiefly from Parimoa and Onekakara. Presented by the
Hon. W. B. B. Mantell, about the year 1860.

2. From various horizons of the Tertiary in South Australia.
Presented by the Governors of Adelaide ITuseum, in 1861.

3. A few specimens from the Tertiaiy of Adelaide, South
Australia. Presented by M. Marshall, Esq., in 1861.

4. From the Tertiary of the River Murray, South Australia.
Presented by Commodore Goodenough, R.N., in 1876.

5. From the Pliocene and Post-Pliocene of New Zealand. Pre-
sented by Lieut.- Col. L. W. Wilmer, late 12th Regiment, in 1882.

6. Several specimens from the Tertiary of Bairnsdale, Victoria.
Presented by W. H. Grigson, Esq., in 1882.

7. A large and important series from the Eocene and Miocene
of Muddy Creek, Hamilton, Victoria. Presented by John Bennant,
Esq., F.G.S., in 1886.

8. A large series from various horizons of the Tertiary of
South Australia, and a few specimens from Western Australia.
Presented by H. Y. L. Brown, Esq., F.G.S., in 1887.

9. Many specimens from the Tertiary of Gippsland, Victoria.
Presented by the liev. J. S. M. Rogce, in 1887.

10. From the River Murray cliffs. South Australia. Presented
by Wm. Evans, Esq., in 1887.

c

XXVI LIST OF COLLECTIONS.

1 1 . Several specimetis from the Eocene and Miocene of Muddy-
Creek, Victoria. Presented by Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.Ii.S.,
in 1887.

12. From the Tertiary of Border Town, South Australia. Pre-
sented by E. Litton, Esq., in 1888.

13. From a raised beach at Opua, near Russell, Jfew Zealand.
Presented by F. A. Bather, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., in 1894.

In addition to the above donations : —

14. A very large and valuable collection from various horizons
of the Tertiary of New Zealand, obtained in exchange from Sir
James Sector, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., in 1875.

15. Many specimens from the later Tertiary of New Zealand.
Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, in 1880.

16. By purchase on several occasions, chiefly in 1876 {Strzelecki
Collection), 1879, 1881, 1890, and 1896.

Class GASTEROPODA.

Order PULMONATA.
Family HELICIDJE.

Genus HELIX, Linnajus {em. Miiller).

[Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 768; Miiller, Verm. Terr. Fluy. vol. ii.
1774, p. 12.]

Several recent writers have referred to H. pomatia, Linnaeus,
as the type of Helix ; there seems to be no reason, however,
for departing from the emendation of Miiller, as recognized by
authors such as Pfeiffer,' who made an exhaustive study of the
genus.

Type. — Helix lampas, Miiller.

Helix tasmaniensis, 6. B. Sowerby.

1845. Helix tasmaniensis, G. B. Sowerby, in Strzelecki, Phys. Desc.

X.S.W. p. 298, pi. six. fig. 5.
1878. Helix tasmaniensis, K. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 178.
1880. Eelix tasmaniensis, Johnston, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 88.
1888. Helix tasmaniensis, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxiv. fig. 9.

The description by Sowerby being based on very imperfect
materials, the following amplification may be quoted: — "Shell
thin, globosely conical, umbilicated ; whorls 4h, rapidly increasing,
oniamented with fine obliquely-arcuate striaj, crossed by fine spiral
lines . . . , flatly convex above, convex below, last whorl
tumid and slightly descending in front ; suture somewhat im-
pressed, spire depressly conical ; umbilicus deep, narrow, scarcely
one-sixth of the diameter ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate ;

' Monog. Helic. Viv. 1«18, p. xv.

peristome simple ; margins slightly approximating, basal margin
slightly dilated and reAexed."— Johnston, 1880.

Only one fragmentary specimen of the numerous examples in
the Museum bears any trace of shell structure ; the remainder
are internal casts. The ornamentation of the shell fully bears
out Mr. Johnston's description, except that no spiral lines are
to be seen on the fragment alluded to. The casts present consider-
able variation in the elevation of the spire, occasionally, indeed,
being somewhat depressed, when they closely resemble the living
ffelix confusa, Pfr., of Queensland, North Australia, etc. In the
last-mentioned shell, however, certain adult forms attain to con-
siderable spiral elevation, especially in the specimens in the
Museum from North Australia. Judging from the sculpturing
and general aspect of the casts, it is highly probable that
IT. tasnianiensis should be classed in the subgenus Rhytida, but
the materials are not perfect enough to enable one to be quite
certain on this point.

Mr. Johnston {op. cit. 1880, p. 89) describes two new species
of Helix from the same locality as the Museum specimens come
from : one of these, H. huxleyana, is very minute ; and the other,
S. geilstonensis, is described as orbicularly depressed, the whorls
being markedly convex below ; a variety of H. sinclairi is also
created which has, inter alia, a narrow umbilicus. Neither of
these is represented in the British Museum Collection.

Dimensions (of the type specimen). — Height 22i mm. ; breadth
34 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Yellow Limestone (Travertine), probably of
Pliocene age : all from the neighbourhood of Hobart Town,
Tasmania.

96906. The type specimen figured by Sowerby. Purchased.

46592-3. Two specimens. Presented hj Norton Allport, Esq.
98217. Two casts ; from Geilston Quarry. Purchased.

G. 71. Several casts of adult specimens. Purchased.

Genus LIPARITS, Albers.

[Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 172.]

Test ovately conical, with an obtusely conical spire, whorls to
the number of 6 or 7, aperture ovate, peristome simple, acute,

I

columella twisted so as to form an obscure but somewhat callous
plication, the slight callosity almost covering the very minutely
perforated umbilicus, and extending more or less over the body-
whorl towards the posterior portion of the aperture.
Type. — Bulimus atomatus, Gray.

Liparus gunni, G. B. Sby. (sp.).

1845. Bulbms gumiii, G. B. Sowerby, in Strzelecki, Phys. Desc. N.S.W.,

etc., p. 298, pi. xix. fig. 6.
1878. Bulimus gunnii, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 177.
1880. Bulimtis gunnii, Johnston, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 90.
1888. Bulimus gunnii, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxiv. fig. 7.

This species is represented by one example only in the British
Museum — the type figured by Mr. Sowerby. It is a cast of the
interior, and no vestige of the shell itself appears thereon. Mr.
Johnston was only acquainted with fragments of the cast, l^ever-
theless the present writer is of opinion that the structure of the
shell may, to some extent, be inferred from a careful examiuation
of the type specimen. From the deepness and general aspect of
the sutures it is certain that the test must have been very thin,
and, as in certain other representatives of the genus Liparus, the
lines of growth no doubt existed both interiorly and exteriorly.
These latter are strongly reflected in the cast under consideration,
from which it is legitimate to conclude that the shell was by no
means smooth, although Mr. Sowerby says " leeviffatis?"

Unfortunately, a large part of the cast is imbedded in the hard
calcareous matrix in such a manner as to mask the phenomena of
the aperture, so that the reference of the species to the genus
Liparus is not altogether without doubt. When the specimen is
compared with the living Liparus leeuivinensis, E. A. Smith,'
of N.W. Australia, however, the doubt almost decreases to the
vanishing point, for, as far as can be judged from an internal
cast, the two must be of the same genus, and, indeed, they are
closely allied specifically. The chief specific difference is the more
conical and tumid shape of the fossil. On comparing the latter
with the living L. kingi, Gray, from King George's Sound, which

' Proc. Malac. Soc. Loud. vol. i. 1894, p. 94, pi. vii. fig. 27.

4 PLACOSTTLTJS.

it also resembles in some respects, it is found not to be so elongate,
and the lines of growth are more oblique.

Dimensions. — Height 26 mm. ; breadth 14^ mm.

Form, and Loc. — Yellow Limestone (Travertine), probably of
Pliocene age : Hobart Town, Tasmania.

96907. The type specimen figured by Sowerby. Pureliased.

Genus PLACOSTYLUS, Albers.

[Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 147-]

Flacosffhts, Eeck (MS.), Index MoUuscorum, 1837, p. 57 (list
name only).

Test imperforate, oblong, conical, rugosely striated; whorls to
the number of 7 or 8 ; columella twisted, plicated ; aperture
irregular but mostly ovate, or oblong ; peristome thick, having
an expanded and reflected callous margin, tuberculated neai' the
anterior extremity of the aperture.

T>/pe. — Bulimus fihratus, Martyn.

Placostylus, sp.

An imperfect specimen in the Museum collection presents the
generic characters of Placostylus, but its condition precludes the
possibility of referring it accurately to any known species. It
nearest resembles the living P. hovinus, Brug., of N^ew Zealand,
and its close ally the variable P. fibratus, Martyn.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene: King's Creek, Darling Downs,
Queensland.

75373. One specimen. Presented by Richard Daintree, Esq.

Family UMJSmiDM.

Genus LIMN^A, Lamarck (em. Rang).

[Lamlc, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 75; Sander Rang, Man. Hist.
Nat. Moll. 1829, p. 176.]

liimnaea, sp.

Two indeterminate specimens of this genus exist in the collec-
tion from South Australia ; one an imperfect internal cast from
Tertiary beds in Fowler's Bay district, the other a monstrosity
from Willunga. S. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Family AMPHIBOLIDiE.

Genus AMPHIBOLA, Schumacher.

[Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, pp. 58, 190.]

Ampullacera, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool.

t. ii. 1832, p. 196, pi. xv. figs. 1-9.
Thallicera, Swainson, Malacology, 1840, p. 196.

The test of this genus -is not unlike an Ampullaria, thoiigh it
differs in many essential particulars. It is thick, subglobose, and
rugose ; spire somewhat depressed ; outer margin of the aperture
with a deep sinus posteriorly ; inner margin callous and expanded ;
columella broad and reflected at the base ; umbilicus large.

Type. — Amphilola australis, Schumacher.

Amphibola avellana, Bruguiere (sp.).

1775. Spengler, Beschaftigungeii d. Natur. Freunde, Berlin,

Bd. i. p. 395, pi. ix. figs. 4, 5.
1781. Nerita nnx avellana merito, etc., Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. Bd. v.

p. 262, pi. clxxsviii. figs. 1919-20.
1784. Limax crenata, Martyn, Univ. Conch, pi. Ixix.

1789. Bulimus avellana, Bruguiere, Ency. Meth. [Vers] t. i. p. 297.

1790. Helix avellana, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3640.
1790. Helix crenata, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3623.

1802. Helix avellana, Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Coq. Paris, t. iv. an. s. (1801-2)

p. 38.
1802. Bulimus avellana, Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Coq. Paris, t. iv. an. x.

(1801-2) p. 92.
1817. Amphibola australis, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit.

Testaces, p. 190.
1832. Ampullacera avellana, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool.

t. ii. p. 196, pi. XV. figs. 1-9.
Ampullaria avellana | Deshayes and Milne Edwards, Lamk. Hist.
Ampullacera avellana) Nat. Anim. sans Vert. 1838, pp. 537-41.
1840. Thallicera avellana, Swainson, Malacology, p. 196.

6 A31PHIB0LA.

1873. Amphibola avellana, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 40.

1873. Amphibola avellana, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 58.

1873. Amphibola avellana, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 17.

1879. Amphibola avellana, Hutton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. 5th ser.

p. 181, pi. xxii.

1880. Amphibola avellana, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 35.

1893. Amphibola avellana, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.
p. 36.

The inner margin of the aperture, in certain individuals, is
extremely callous and folded into a rough plication in the vicinity
of the umbilicus ; the latter is broad and keeled outwardly.

The species is frequently quoted as A. nux-avellana, Chemnitz;
but as that author's designation of it is not binomial it cannot be
accepted, and the description as a whole must be ignored. Martyn
in 1784 figured the species under the name of Limax crenata,
without description. The first author to regularly describe it
was Bruguiere, and he included it under Bulimus, a circumstance
which Schumacher overlooked, apparently, in creating the generic
name. Deshayes and Milne Edwards express their willingness
to acquiesce in the genus AmpuUacera proposed by Quoy and
Gaimard, but, as in other cases, adhere to the description given by
Lamarck.

It inhabits salt marshes near the sea, or lives in brackish water.
Professor Hutton, in 1879, published particulars concerning its
anatomy, amplifying those previously given by Quoy and Gaimard,
in which he remarks that " The animal lives between tide-marks
in salt or brackish water on mud flats in sheltered bays. When
found at all, it is always found in large quantities. It is very
sluggish in its habits, and feeds on the vegetable matter contained
in the mud, passing large quantities through its alimentary canal.
Although air-breathing, it will live for a week or ten days in
fi-esh water, and for more than a fortnight in salt water, without
being exposed to the air."

Dimensions. — Height 23 mm. ; breadth 2ih mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Wanganui ; Opua, near Russell,
I^ew Zealand.

G. 466. Two specimens. Presented by Lieut.- Col. W. Wilmer.

G. 8281. Several specimens from a raised beach at Opua, 60 ft.
to 100 ft. above sea-level.

Presented ly F. A. Bather, Fsq., M.A., F.G.S.

Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

Family ACTiEOMD^.

Genus ACTION, Montfort.

[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 315.]

"Tornatelle," Lamarck, Cours Zool. 1812, p. 117.

Tornatella, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vi. pt. 2,

1822, p. 219.
Speo, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 235.
Myosota, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1847, p. 160.

Characterized by a not very prominent protoconch with sinistral
nucleus; thick columella with one strong spiral, slightly oblique
plication.

Type. — Valuta tornatilis, Linn.

Actaeon scrobiculatus, Tenison-Woods.

[Plate I. Figs, la-c]

1877. Actceon scrobiculatus, Temson-Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876,

p. 102.
1889. Tornatella scrohiculata, Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 48.
1893. Tornatella scrohiculata, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. p. 223.

This species is described as follows by Mr. Tenison- Woods : —
" Shell oblong, ovate, solid, apex acute, smooth only at the
extreme summit; whorls seven, cancellate with very distinct
spiral liraj, much finer longitudinal striae ; interstices rounded or
punctate, lii-aj on the last whorl broad and subdivided by a fine
groove, longitudinal striae subdistant (so that the interstices are
transversely oblong) and passing occasionally over the lirse, so as
to make them subgranular, especially at the anterior margin ;
aperture subauriform, posteriorly acutely attenuate ; peristome
anteriorly everted and recurved, plait conspicuous, solid, obtuse."

The species is compared with A. pinguis, D'Orbigny, of the
European iliocene, from which it may be distinguished in being
narrower, and in the disposition of the columellar plication. The

8

size of the plication, its situation, and the excavated columella
behind it, recall the genus Solidula to some extent, though it
materially differs in only possessing one plication, which is not
bifurcate. Mr. Tenison- Woods does not give a figure of this
species, but from his description the identification appears certain ;
it is now figured.

Dimensions (of the figured specimen). — Length 9|^ mm. ; breadth
4^^ mm. ; length of aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G; 4296. One specimen. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

Genus SOLIDULA, Fischer de Waldheim.
[Museum Demidoff (Moscow), t. iii. 1807, p. 226.]

Dactylus, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817,

pp. 70, 234.
Buccimdus [Plancus), H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. ii.

(1854) p. 5.

The columella of this genus carries two plications, the anterior
prominent and bifid, the posterior comparatively inconspicuous
when the shell is entire ; between them the columella is spirally
excavated. These, amongst other characters, distinguish Solidula
from Adeeon.

Type. — Voluta solidula, Linn.

Solidula alba, Hutton (sp.).

1873. Buccimdus albus, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 51.
1873. Buccinulus albus, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 16.
1880. Buccinulus albus, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 119.
1893. Tornatella alba, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.
p. 37, pi. vi. fig. 2.

This is a typical example of the genus. It is spirally and
closely sulcated, and longitudinal strise are distinctly seen in the
grooves. On one of the British Museum specimens several flat
ridges between the sulci bear a minor sulcation. The sutures are
not deep ; the outer margin of the aperture is extremely thin, and
is not sinuous anteriorly.

TORNATELLiEA. 9

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm. ; breadth 7 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : " Lower beds " at Wanganui, N.Z.

G. 464. Two specimens. Presented ly Lieut.- Col. W. Wiliner.

Genus TORNATELL^A, Conrad.
[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (n.s.) vol. iv. p. 294.]

Several authors have confounded Tornatellma with Solidula, but
it may be readily distinguished from the latter by the marked
depression on the anterior portion of the aperture ; by the difference
in disposition of the columellar plications, which are brought more
prominently forward, the foremost anterior plication being situated
relatively nearer the anterior extremity of the shell ; and by the
greater thickness of the shell in the neighbourhood of the outer
border of the aperture, which is frequently crenulated. These
characters suffice, also, to justify separation from Actceon, sensu
stricto. It may be remarked, that the fossil usually known as
Actceon simulatus, from the Barton beds, is undoubtedly a re-
presentative of this American genus in England. Tornatellcea,
moreover, has sometimes been confused with Tornatella, Lamarck,
which is a synonym of Actceon.

Tijpe. — Turnatellcea hella, Conrad.

Subgenus TRIPLOCA, Tate.
[Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii. 1894, p. 186.]
The principal difference between this and Tornatellcea, sensu
stricto, consists in the former having three columellar plications
instead of two, the two anterior of which are situated close
together ; the spire is longer, and the outer border of the aperture
is not crenulated.

Type. — Triploca ligata, Tate.

Tornatellsea (Triploca) ligata, Tate (sp.).

1894. Triploca ligata, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. sxvii. p. 186,

pi. xi. fig. 7.

1895. Tornatclhea {Triploca) ligata, Cossmann, Ess. Paleoconch. Comp.

p. 50.

1 0 ADELACT^ON.

Shell thick, spirally linear sulcate ; sulci not punctated, close
together and varying in prominence, sometimes obliterated.

M. Cossmann states that this species possesses minute punctations
in the spiral sulci, but neither of the specimens in the Museum
exhibit that peculiarity, though when seen under the microscope
slight irregularities exist where the faint lines of growth intersect
the sulci. The shells are slightly more tumid than that repre-
sented by the figure given by Professor Tate; the other specific
characters, however, are identical in the main, and the present
writer hesitates to make a specific distinction on such unimportant
diiferences. The species is evidently very variable; even the
deep sulcation bordering the suture (so prominent in the speci-
mens selected for description by the last- mentioned author) is
occasionally reduced to such dimensions that it barely surpasses
in size the ordinary spiral sulcations. The latter, too, are by no
means always persistent over the whole of the whorls, one of the
Museum specimens showing the body-whorl sulcated over two-
thirds of the surface only. It would seem that when ornamented
in the manner lastly described, the sulcation bordering the suture
is stronger, as though the missing sulci had gathered together
at that point. On the other hand, when sulcated throughout, the
sutural sulcus is relatively smaller — a phenomenon observable also
in certain European forms of Act^onid^, where it seems to be
merely an individual characteristic. Q'he visible portion of the
protoconch (Plate I. Figs. 2a-l) consists of about H turns, and
is remarkably small, hiding the sinistral nucleus — at least in the
Museum specimens.

Dimensions. — Length 5-5 mm. ; breadth 3 mm. ; length of
aperture 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Adelaide.

G. 9305. Three specimens. Purchased.

Genus ADELACT..ffiON, Cossmann.

[Ess. Paleoconcli. Comp. 1" liv. 1895, p. 54.]

Mijonia, A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. v. 1860,
p. 406 {non Dana, 1847).

Protoconch with sinistral nucleus ; not very large. Sutures of
the shell canaliculated, or impressed ; whorls decussated by fine

ADELACTiEON. 11

stria3, lines of growth inconspicuous; columella slightly excavated
and carrying a small but well-marked plication ; columellar border
expanded and frequently covering the small umbilicus.

This genus resembles Actaon in its general characters, but may
be readily distinguished when the earlier portion of the protoconch
can be satisfactorily determined ; the protoconch, as a whole, is
not so well developed as in Adceon.

In proposing this new name for Myonia, M. Cossmann remarks
that the fossil forms slightly differ from the living, and he bases
a new description and diagnosis on a Miocene species, Acteeon
papyraceus, Basterot, from the neighbourhood of Bordeaux, quoting
that species as the type of the genus. But, in substituting a
generic name for one preoccupied, it is desirable to conform to
usage by quoting as the type of the genus that appertaining to the
genus displaced ; therefore the type species proposed by the French
author alluded to should be superseded by that referring to Myonia.

Type. — Myonia japonica, A. Adams.

Adelactaeon olivellaeformis, Tate (sp.).

1894. ActcBopyramis oUvellaformis, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W.

vol. xxvii. p. 181, pi. xi. fig. 2.

1895. Adelactieon oUvellaformis, Cossmann, Annuaire Geol. Univ. t. x.

p. 756.

Protoconch (Plate I. Figs. 3a-b) small, earlier portion hidden
by later turns in many specimens, but comparatively free in the
one now figured. It is smooth and polished ; more elevated than
in A. papyraceus, and is implanted obliquely on succeeding whorls.
Shell as a whole elongate ; aperture less than half the total length
of the shell ; whorls slightly turriculate, smooth, with minute
spiral strias, which become more prominent on the anterior portion
of the body-whorl.

The classification of this species, as remarked by M. Cossmann
{op. cit. supra), is a matter of doubt ; the embracing character of
the last whorl is distinctly that of the Act^onid^, but the earlier
part of the protoconch is different to that of Adelactaon, which,
sensu stricto, is obtuse, and is implanted in such a manner as
to render its sinistral character hardly perceptible.

12 SCAPHANDER.

Dimensions. — Lengtli 10 mm.; breadth 3 mm.; length of
aperture 4 mm.

Form, and Log. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9307. Two specimens. Purchased.

Family SCAPHANDRID^.

Genus SCAPHANDER, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 335.]

This genus may be readily distinguished from Bulla and
Bullinella by the enormous capacity of the body-whorl, which
is much dilated anteriorly ; there exists no columella properly
so-called, the whorls not being in contact with each other.

Type. — Bulla lignaria, Linn.

Scaphander tenuis, sp. nov.

[Plate I. Figs. 4(j-(;.]

Shell with small but deep apical umbilicus ; spirally striated,
the striae frequently being regular and equidistant over part of
the surface and closing in antero-posteriorly, farthest apart in the
median portion of the whorl, closest together towards the apex ;
lines of growth conspicuous on the smooth exterior and in the
thin spiral grooves, causing the latter to assume a minutely
punctated appearance ; aperture extending the whole length of
the shell, constricted posteriorly, expanded, curved, and produced
anteriorly; inner margin furnished with a conspicuous and slightly
reflected smooth band ; in consequence of the thinness of the shell,
both striae and lines of growth are seen in the polished interior of
the aperture.

Mr. John Dennant, in giving ' a list of species of mollusca found
in the Muddy Creek beds, alludes to a MS. species of Professor
Tate as Scaphander fragilis. As that has, apparently, neither been
figured nor described, the present writer is unable to state in what
way it may be related to this species.

1 Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. 1889, p. 48.

13

Dimensions. — The largest specimen is not perfect, but attained at
least to the following dimensions : length 21 mm. ; breadth 12 mai.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4171. Tour specimens. Presented lij John Demiant, Esq.

Family BTJLLID^.

Genus BULLA, Linnseus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i. 1758, p. 725.]

Bulla australis, Gray.

1825. Bulla austrnlis, Gray, Ann. Phil. vol. xxv. p. 408.

1850. Bulla oblonga, A. Adams, Thes. Conch, vol. ii. p. 577, pi. cxxiii. fig. 74.

Two fragments, and an internal cast, referable apparently to
this species, are in the Museum collection. One is rather more
cylindrical than the typical form of the species, but is too imperfect
for description.

Dimensions. — Length 53 mm. ; breadth 32 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene (?) : South and "West Australia.

97721. Two specimens, from Logues, Champion Bay, "Western
Australia.

Presented hij R. Ether idge, E'^q., jun., and R. Y. L. Brown, Esq.

42691. An internal compressed cast, from "Tertiary beds,"
South Australia. Presented ly the Governors of Adelaide Museum.

Genus BTJLLINELLA, U. B. Newton.

[Syst. List Edwards Coll. B.M. 1891, p. 265.]

BulUna, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 51

[non Ferussac, 1822).
Cylichna, Loren, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1847, p. 142

{tion Burmeister, 1844).

Form cylindrical ; spire deeply perforated at the summit ; last
whorl covering all the others ; surface generally ornamented by
spiral striaj especially marked at the anterior portion of the whorl ;

14 BULLINELLA.

outer marprin longer than the axis of the shell ; columella having
near its anterior extremity a small plication ; often umbilicated.

This genus may be distinguished from Bulla, with which it is
often confounded, by being more cylindrical in form and by the
possession of the columellar plication alluded to.

Type. — Bulla cylindracea, Pennant.

Bullinella exigua, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1880. Cylichna exigua, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S."W. vol. iv.

p. 19, pi. ii. fig. 6.
1893. Cylichna exigua, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. p. 223.

This species appears to play the same rdle in the Australian
Eocene as does B. uniplicata, J. de C. Sby. {—B. hruguierei,
Deshayes), in the Eocene of North-western Europe, and B. galba,
Conrad, and B. saint-hilairei, Lea, of homotaxial beds at Claiborne,
Alabama, in the "United States. It is a long, cylindrical shell ; the
aperture is dilated anteriorly ; columellar border flattened in the
vicinity of the rather deep umbilicus and carrying a well-marked,
twisted plication ; spiral striaj on the body-whorl most conspicuous
towards the anterior portion, and on and in the deep apical de-
pression ; rugosities of growth strongly developed.

Dimensions. — Length 17 mm. ; breadth 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4297. Several specimens. Presented ly John Dennant, Fsq.
G. 4748. One specimen. Pres. hy Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.

Bullinella arachis, Quoy and Gaimard (pp.).

1832. Bulla arachis, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool. t. ii.

p. 361, Atlas, pi. xxid. figs. 28-30.
1850. Bulla {Cylichna) arachis, A. Adams, Thes. Conch, vol. ii. p. 590,

pi. exxv. figs. 133-4.
1873. Cylichna striata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. .52.
1873. Cylichna striata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 16.
1880. Cylichna striata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 120.
1887. Cylichna arachis, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. xxiii. p. 240.
1893. Cylichna arachis. Button, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 37.
non Cylichna arachis, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 102

(=Cylichna ivoodsi, Tate).

KINGICULA. 15

The specimens in the Museum are larger than the average of
the living B. arachis ; also, they are relatively broader in pro-
portion to their length and are not quite as cylindrical. In
all other characters, however, they are essentially similar, and the
differences indicated merely constitute a local variation of the
species.

Dimensions. — Length 22 mm. ; breadth 10 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg
river, Victoria.

G. 5579- Two specimens. Purchased.

Bullinella, sp.

A mutilated cast of what is evidently a very large example
of this genus, probably allied specifically to B. arachis, forms
part of the Museum collection. It is cylindrical, the sides being
remarkably parallel to each other ; the apical perforation is
relatively small, and there is a trace of a prominent denticle
on the anterior portion of the columella.

Ditiioisions. — Length 30 mm.; breadth 15 mm.

Form, and Loc. — "Tertiary" : Null arbor Plains, South Australia.

G. 9303. Internal cast, mutilated. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Family RITs^GICULIDiE.

Genus RINGICULA, Deshayes.

[Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. viii. ed. 2, 1838, p. 342.]

Shell small, mamillated protoconch ; aperture canaliculated
posteriorly, excavated anteriorly ; outer margin usually very
thick, occasionally denticulated within ; columellar border thick
and callous, the callus extending from the anterior extremity to
the posterior canaliculation ; columella arched and furnished with
from two to four plications. M. Morlet has grouped ' the species

' Journ. de Conchyl. 3^ ser. t. xviii. 1878, p. 113 et sqq. ; id. 3^ ser. t. xx.
1880, p. 150 ; id. 3^ ser. t. xxii. 1882, p. 2U0.

16 EINGICTTLA..

according to the presence or absence of denticulations on the outer
margin of the aperture, and with reference to the number and
disposition of the columellar plications.
Type. — Auricula ringens, Lamarck.

Ringicula lactea, Johnston.

[Plate I. Figs, ba-d.']

1880. Ringicula lactea, Johnston, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 34.
1888. Ringicula lactea, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 239.
1893. Ringicula lactea, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xvii. p. 223.

Mr. Johnston describes this species as follows : — " Shell white,
shining, minute, conical, sub-turreted, of about 6 rapidly increasing
■whorls; whorls convex, ornamented by regular, distant, punctate,
spiral sulci, about 12 on last whorl ; under lens broad, distant,
obsolete, transverse lirae may be traced ; suture deeply impressed ;
columella abbreviate, with two thick, tortuous folds, the lower
being the larger ; aperture roundly notched posteriorly and
anteriorly ; outer margin thick and reflexed, forming a broad
varix continuous with the last tortuous fold of columella." He
does not give a figure of the shell, but the description agrees
generally with specimens in the Museum. It may be added that
beyond the two columellar folds alluded to, a third one exists
posteriorly, the direction of which is approximately at right angles
to the others, and, as seen in perfect specimens, it resembles a
" tooth."

Some specimens from Muddy Creek are but veiy faintly striated,
the columellar callosity being thick and partly spread over the
body-whorl, from which it is sharply defined. The protoconch
of those from the locality mentioned is very small, composed of
a turn and a half, smooth and somewhat obtuse.

R. lactea may be distinguished from the living R. denticulata,
Gould, of Port Jackson and elsewhere in Australia, in that the
latter is more tumid, the anterior canal is more deeply cut, the
columellar callosity being much drawn out, whilst the spiral
lineations are closer together.

Dimensions. — Length 3^ mm. ; breadth 2 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9304. Three specimens. Ftirchased.

LIMACINID^. 17

Family LIMACINID^.

The anatomy of the soft parts of Pteeopoda has led Dr. Paul
Pelseueer to the conclusion ^ that pteropods are not entitled to
be regarded as a class of mollusca of the same value as the
Cephalopoda, Gasteeopoba, Scaphopoda, and LAMELLiBEAifCHiATA.
Pteropods, he believes, are not primitive mollusca, but are a derived
and recent group, and he completely abstracts certain Primary
fossils usually referred to the Pteeopoda from that group, as
represented by living forms. Boas had arrived- at a similar con-
clusion, though not on such abundant material. Dr. Pelseneer
discusses the matter at some length {op. cit. p. 90), and expresses
the opinion that real pteropods had no existence as such until the
commencement of the Tertiary epoch. He bases his arguments
on comparative anatomy, embryology, and palaeontology, in that
section dealing with the origin and phylogeny of the whole group.

He finds that the pteropods are Gasteeopoda in which the adap-
tation to pelagic life has so modified their external characters as
to give them an apparent symmetry ; that they do not constitute
a distinct subclass, nor even an order. They belong to the
Tectibranchiate Opisthobranchs, and they differ less from Tecti-
branchs than these differ from the other Opisthobranchs. And,
he is of opinion that the Thecosomata to which the Australian
fossils presently to be described may be referred, have descended
from the Bdlloidea ( = Cephalaspidea).

The general classification of the Pteeopoda amongst Opistho-
branchiate mollusca is here adopted, but without prejudice as to
the disposal of pre-Tertiary fossils usually relegated to the group,
the consideration of which does not fall within the scope of the
present work.

It is not a little remarkable as a phase in the evolution of
the Pteeopoda, that immediately the Thecosomata as a group
was well established, members of it became extremely numerous
in the Lower Tertiaries of Australia. But the assemblage of
genera is not such as might have been expected in rocks
as old as the Eocene, and it is highly probable that, regarded

' "Challenger" Reports — Zoology, vol. xxiii.: Pteropoda, part 3: Anatomj-,
p. 96.

^ Spolia Atlantica, pp. 94, 95.

1!

from the evolutionary standpoint of the Pteropoda alone, the
Australian " Eocene," as exemplified by the Lower beds of Muddy
Creek, Schnapper Point, etc., is younger than the Eocene of
typical districts like the London, Hampshire, and Paris basins.
A very common genus, for instance, in the Australian beds
mentioned is Vaginella, which, as will be seen hereafter, has
a distinct Miocene facies, and it is found in typical beds of
that age in Europe and America. Stijliola, again (when rightly
interpreted), is rather a Miocene than an Eocene subgenus ; as for
Spirialis, its range in time, from the Middle Eocene to the present
duy, imparts no evidence of homotaxial value.

It will be observed that Styliola is here included as a subgenus
of Clio ; neither its embryonic nor its structural differences entitle
it to rank as a genus. Its structural features go to show that
Styliola is much more nearly related to Clio (^sensu stricto) than to
Creseis ; the forms included under the latter designation have
retained some of the more archaic characters of the LiMACiNiDiE.

Genus LIMACINA, Lamarck.
[Anim. sans Vert. t. vi. pars 1, 1819, p. 291.]

Seterofusus, Fleming, Mem. "Wernerian Soc. Edin. vol. iv. 1822,

p. 498.
8piratella, Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat. t. xxxii. 1824, p. 284.
Heliconoides, D'Orbigny, Voy. Amerique Meridionale, t. v. 1836,

p. 174.
Spirialis, Eydoux and Souleyet, Eevue Zoologique, t. iii. 1840,

p. 235.
Helicophora, Gray, Synopsis of the Contents of the Brit. Mus. 1842,

p. 59.
Sca:a, Philippi, Fauna Moll. Sicilias, 1844, p. 164.
Protomedea, G. 0. Costa, Microdoride Mediterranea, 1861, p. 73.
JEmholus, Jeffreys, British Conchology, vol. v. 1869, p. 114.

" Shell umbilicate, with turns gradually increasing ; with a
fairly large aperture ; and with a columella not prolonged into
a rostrum ; surface smooth or striated. The height of the spire,
the form of the surface and that of the aperture, and the size
of the umbilicus, vary according to the species." — Pelseneer.

Limacina is universally regarded as a genus established by

19

Cuvier, but on reference to the French savant's work ' it will
be noticed that he refers merely to " Les Limacines"; the author
who really established the genus was Lamarck, as above quoted.
The last-mentioned author, however, did not give the name of
the species correctly.

Tijpe. — Limacina helicialis (= Clio heliciyia, Phipps).

Limacina tertiaria, Tate (sp.).

1887. Spirnli.i tertiaria, Tate, Traas. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 196, pi. XX. figs. I2a-e.
1889. Spiralis tertiaria, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 48.

Shell umbilicated, thin, and shining ; spire depressed to the
level of the body- whorl, which is greatly expanded; the last
whorl rapidly enlarges, is regularly curved, except near the
suture, where it is rapidly descending ; umbilicus small, but deep ;
the peristome is slightly reflected in its vicinity ; surface of shell
ornamented with fine lines.

Australian authors include this species in a genus Spiralis ;
it is presumed that Spirialis is intended. Dr. Pelseneer divides -
Spirialis, Eydoux and Souleyet, into two groups, according to the
presence or absence of an umbilicus, and other characters. The
species above described, following that classification, falls into
the genus Limacina.

Dimensions. — Diameter about 1 mm.

Form. a}i(l Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9308. Three specimens. Purchased.

Family CAVOLINIID^.

Genus CLIO, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. eil. 12, 1767, vol. i. pt. 2, p. 109-1 ; tion 0. F. Miiller, 1776.]

Cleodora, Pi'ron and Lesueur, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, t. xv.

1810, p. 66.
Balantium, Eenson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi. 1837, p. 151.

' Eegne Animal, t. ii. 1817, p. 380. - Op. cit. pp. 15, 32.

20

Shell some'n'hat angular, compressed dorso-ventrally, with lateral
keels. An anterior transverse section is thus always angular
laterally, A crest or rib generally extends longitudinally along
the back, and usually projects. The embryonic shell is variable
in form, but may always be distinctly separated.

Type. — Clio pyramidata, Linn.

Subgenus STYLIOLA, Lesueur.
\Ih Blainville, Manuel de Malacologie, 1825, p. 655.]

Shell conical, straight, elongated ; surface smooth or faintly
striated ; dorsal groove not parallel to axis of shell, but slightly
oblique, with only the anterior extremity (which ends in a rostrum)
in the median line ; embryonic portion ends in a pointed apex.

Type. — Styliola recta, Lesueur (MS.) = Cleodora suhula, Quoy
and Gaimard.

Clio (Styliola) rangiana, Tate (sp.).

1887. Styliola rangiana, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 194, pi. XX. fig. 2.
18S9. Styliola rangiana, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 48.

Its rounded sides and dorsal groove serve to distinguish this
species from C. licarinata, Tate, found in the same beds. Near
the summit of the shell is a conspicuous inflation, whilst the
apex is much swollen and abruptly tapers to a fine point. Pro-
fessor Tate's figure barely does justice to this structure, and it
is interesting enough to demand another figure, which is now
given (Plate I. Figs. 6«-5) as seen under a microscope with a
one-inch objective.

The phenomena in the neighbourhood of the apex recall the
genus JEucMlotheca, Fischer, to some extent, but many fundamental
differences exist. In particular, C. rangiana has no reversed or
collareted border round the aperture ; whilst its pronounced
longitudinal sulcus, extending from the aperture almost to the
apex, is very distinctive. The whole shell is somewhat compressed
dorso-ventrally, and its almost smooth and polished surface is
ornamented with oblique transverse striations.

Professor Tate remarks that, compared with shells of the living

VAGTNELLA. 21

Cleodora siihcla, this species is distinguished by its elliptical
aperture, proportionately greater breadth, and by its abruptly
tapering apex.

Dimensions. — Length 5 mm.; diameter of aperture about Imiu.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9306. Three specimens. Purchased.

Genus VAGINELLA, Daudin.

[Bull, des Sciences (Soc. Philom.) Paris, t. ii. No. 43, 1800, p. 145,
pi. xi. fig. I.]

Shell long, ventricose, depressed ; apex sharp-pointed, con-
stricted in front ; aperture slightly canaliculated and compressed
laterally.

The occurrence of this genus in Australia is very remarkable,
the more so that it is found in beds of Eocene age, whereas in
Europe it is characteristic of the Upper Tertiaries, especially tlie
Langhian division of the Miocene.

Type. — Vaginella depressa, Daudin.

Vaginella eligmostoma, Tate.

1887. Vaginella eligmostoma, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 195, pi. xs. fig. 7.
1889. Vaginella eligmostoma, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 48.
1893. Vaginella eligmostoma, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. p. 223.

This species, which is very common in beds near the base of
the section at Muddy Creek, has been aptly compared by Professor
Tate to V. depressa, Basterot. The present writer, who has found
large numbers of the latter species at Moulin de Lagus, the
Coquilliere at Leognan, and other localities near Saucats, south
of Bordeaux, is enabled to state from comparison of abundant
material of both the Australian and European species mentioned,
that V. eligmostoma is narrower, longer, more depressed in pro-
portion to its size, and more prominently constricted beneath the
expansions of the aperture. The representation of V. depressa as
having simple margins meeting at an angle on either side of the
aperture is not borne out by the facts, though the margins are
not sinuated to the same extent as in the Australian species. The

22 TJMBEACULtTM.

author of the latter remarks that the shell is angulated at the sides
and sculptured by very fine arched striae descending to the lateral
angulations. "The aperture is narrowly oval-oblong, with trun-
catedly rounded ends ; each lip has a median curvature bounded
on each side by a broad insinuation." The apex is in nearly all
cases well preserved. The shell is very variable in length, some
specimens being much narrower in proportion than others ; such
differences may be adjusted, however, in reviewing a large number,
and are not of specific value.

Dimensions. — Length 7 mm.; breadth about Hmm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9310. Several specimens. Purchased.

Family TJMBRACULIDJE.

Genus UMBRACULUM, Schumacher.

[EssaiNouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 177.]

" Ombrelle," Lamarck, Cours Zool. 1812, p. 114.
Umhrella, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. t. vi. 1819, p. 339.
Gastroplax, Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat. t. xviii. 1820, p. 176.
Omhrella, Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat. t. xxxii. 1824, p. 267.
Umbella, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, t. i. 1841, p. 115.
Operculatum, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Bee. Moll. vol. ii. 1854,
p. 41.

Shell orbicular, broad, patelliform, apex very small ; ornamented
exteriorly with concentric lines of growth ; internal surface with
concentrically undulating striae radiating from the centre to the
circumference of the shell, but more prominent towards the centre.

The genus is generally called Umhrella, but, as the synonymic
references above indicate, Umhraculum has priority. The designa-
tion "Ombrelle," if it were not a mere list name, could not stand,
in consequence of its being French, and not Latin. The term
Operculatum created by Linnaeus ^ and brought on by the brothers
Adams cannot be accepted, first because it was not made in a
binomial sense, and secondly as it was proposed prior to the date

1 Mus. Tess. 1753, p. 116.

TJMBEACULUir. 23

of the tenth edition of Linnaeus' " Systema Naturae." Acardo,^
commonly quoted as being synonymous with Umhraculum, is said
by its author to be a bivalve ; from the figure given it might be
the epiphysis of a whale's vertebra.

M. Cossmann^ states that Vmbrella has priority over Umhraculum,
as it was proposed by Chemnitz in 1788, whereas the latter dates
from 1817. On referring to the joint work of Martini and Chemnitz
that observation is hardly borne out. Martini^ alludes to "Umbella,"
but in his description^ he is clearly not binomial, and did not
intend to name a genus Umhella ; he rather calls it Lepas, as
" Lepas vertice et limbo,'" etc. And a few pages farther on' the
same kind of thing is described as ^^ Lepas Indiea vertice,''^ etc.
Subsequently Chemnitz^ refers to " Umhella Chinensis, testa In-
tegra," etc. ; though in the explanation of the plates the term is
abbreviated to " Umhella Chinensis." As these authors were not
binomial, their work must be ignored; and Umhraculum should
be adopted.

Type. — Umhella chinensis, Schumacher {ex Martini).

Umbraculum australe, sp. nov.

[Plate I. Figs, la-c.']

? Umbrella austrina, Tate, MS. (list name).

Shell broad, moderately elevated ; small but prominent protoconch,
which is slightly oblique ; lines of growth well marked on both the
outer and inner surfaces ; two inconspicuous sulcations diverge
from the protoconch anteriorly at an angle of about 35° ; inner
surface of the shell smooth and shining, radially striated, orbicular
muscle marks large and rather depressed, causing corrugations ;
margin thin and rough.

* Commer9on MS., Bniguiere, Ency. Meth. (Vers) t. i. 17S9, p. 1 ; cf. also
Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1798, p. 81 ; id. Syst. Anim. sans
Vert. 1801, p. 130.

2 Ess. Paleoconeh. Comp. 1895, p. 131.

5 Conch. Cab. Bd. i. 1769, p. 90, pi. vii. fig. 49 ; also pi. vi. fig. 41.

* Op. cit. p. 103.
« Op. cit. p. 106.

6 Op. cit. Bd. s. 1788, p. 341, pi. clxix. figs. 1645-6.

24

It is interesting to find this genus in the fossil state. Compared
•with the living U. mediterranea, Lamarck, the Australian shell
is rather more elevated, is not so elliptical, and the inner radiating
striae are not as well pronounced in the neighbourhood of the
muscular impressions.

Dimensions. — Height 10 mm.; maximum breadth 33 mm.;
minimum breadth 29 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4183. One specimen. Presented hij John Bennant, Esq.

Order PROSOBRANOHIATA.

Family TEREBRID^.

Genus TEREBRA, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 71.]

Shell subulate, many-whorled, with a short anterior canal and
smooth columella.

This genus has been divided into many sections, but the writer
agrees with Tryon^ that it cannot be advantageously dealt with
in that manner, though an exception may be permitted in the
case of the subgenus JEuryta.

Type. — Buccinum suhulalum, Linnaeus.

Terebra catenifera, Tate.

1886. Terehra catenifera, Tate, Southern Science Record, January, p. 5.
1889. Terehra catenifera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 160,
pi. viii. fig. 14.

Shell pyramidal, whorls flattened convexly ; " slightly over-
lapping ; double-banded and nodulose in front of the suture, the
posterior band rather the broader, and separated by a shallow
sulcus, in the centre of which winds a subangular ridge defined
by linear grooves; about 20 pairs of nodulations on the penultimate
whorl ; anterior half of each whorl distantly and superficially

' Manual of Conchology, vol. vii. 1885, p. 7.

25

spirally ridged ; the Tvhole surface arcuately striated by lines of
growth; base spirally ridged and transversely wrinkled." — Tate.

It may be compared with the living T. mariesi, E. A. Smith, of
Japan.

Dimemiom. — Length 43 mm.; breadth 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4229. Five specimens. Prefiented hj John Dennant, Esq.

Terebra platyspira, Tate.

1886. Terebra platyspira, Tate, Southern Science Eecord, January, p. 6.
1889. Terebra platijspira, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 159,

pi. viii. fig. 12.
1893. Terebra platyspira, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. x\\i. pt. 1, p. 221.

Neither of the specimens in the Museum presents a perfect
protoconch, but Professor Tate remarks that it consists of " a
relatively large papillary pullus of two turns ; the first turn of
the pullus subglobose, with the tip reverted and immersed, much
broader than the next two or three whorls." The sutures of the
shell are slightly canaliculated and distantly bordered by a linear
sulcation ; the whorls are ornamented with transverse curvilinear
ridges and a few indistinct spiral striae most conspicuously de-
veloped in adult specimens.

This species has considerable analogy with certain European
Miocene forms of Terehra — in particular T. perhisa, Lamarck,
from the Langhian beds south of Bordeaux. It is narrower than
that species, however, and the whorls are flatter and more turri-
culate. It is allied also to the living T. cingulifera, Lamarck,
from the Philippines, China, etc.

Dimetmons. — Length 40 mm. ; breadth 5 '5 mm. Professor Tate
states that the largest examples attain to 60 mm. in length.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4230. Two specimens. Presented hj John Dennant, Esq.

Terebra additoides, Tenison-Woods.

1877. Terebra additoides, Tenison- Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 95.
1889. Terebra additoides, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 163.
1893. Tcreha additoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

26

The specimen in the Museum is too mutilated for minute
description. The posterior portion of the later whorls have a
narrow ante-sutural band ; the plications are narrow, slightly
bent, and subnodose, and between them are very fine and close
reticulations.

Dimensions. — Length about 9 mm. ; breadth 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

83991. One specimen. Purchased.

Terebra ustulata, Deshayes.

1857. Terehra ustulata, Deshayes, Journ. Concliyl. p. 97, pi. iii. fig. 12.
1859. Terehra ustulata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 294.

The sutural band is not so deeply impressed as in typical
specimens in the Museum from Tasmania, as found living, whilst
the body-whorl is more convex ; these differences may constitute
a variety from which the living forms may have descended, but
they are not worthy of specific rank.

Dimensions. — Length 33 mm. ; breadth 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post- Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Victoria.

G. 5555. Three specimens. Purchased.

Terebra geniculata, Tate.

1886. Terebra geniculata, Tate, Southern Science Record, January, p. 6.
1889. Terebra geniculata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol xi. p. 161,
pi. IX. fig. 8.

The protoconch (Plate II. Figs. \a-l) of this species is subacute
and composed of three convex turns. The whorls of the shell are
much constricted posteriorly, and between the constriction and the
suture there is a row of tubercles ; the remainder of the surface
of the whorls has distant rugose ribs which are angulate, and
the whole presents rather the aspect of certain forms of Drillia
than of Terehra. That it ought not to be classified with the
Pleueoxomid.^, however, is clear from the general phenomena of
the aperture.

It diff'ers from T. mutica, Tate, from the same locality but of

27

Eocene age, in the whorls being more angulate, the anterior canal
being more excavated, and in other minor features.

Dimensions. — Length 9 mm ; breadth 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9309. Two specimens.

Family CONID..S.

Genus CONUS, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 712.]

Shell convolute, turbinate; aperture narrow and long, edentulous ;
columella smooth.

An attempt to divide the Eocene fossils of this genus into
subgeneric groups based on observations made on living examples
of Conus, must always, the writer believes, be attended with great
uncertainty: for the genus itself had only just been established;
and although in a very unstable condition, it had not yet had full
opportunity of modifying, with development in diiierent directions.
No doubt, to a large extent, certain features of modern groups of
Cones were conceived in Eocene times, but they were not sufficiently
well differentiated to enable the species to be allocated clearly to
the subgenera as established on living species. Conus was pregnant
with evolutionary possibilities in the early Eocene. Nevertheless,
the writer has essayed a subdivision in spite of the difficulties and
uncertainties existing.

Ti/pe. — Conus marmoreus, Linnaeus.

Subgenus LEPTOCONUS, Swainson.
[Malacology, 1840, p. 312.]

The author describes Leptoconus as follows : — " Shell light,
conic, sometimes striated ; spire elevated, acute, concave ; the
basal whorl carinated, detached, and sinuated above, and con-
tracted near the suture." Other characters which seem to be
fairly persistent in this group are the deeply-cut canal bordering
the suture and the more or less staged convolutions.

Type. — Conus grandis, G. B. Sowerby.

28

Conus (Leptoconus) ligatus, Tate.

1890. Comes ligatus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 196, pi. ■vii. figs. 4, \a-b; pi. viii. fig. 9.
1893. Conus ligatus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Protoconch (Plate II. Pigs. 2a-l) composed of two smooth
volations, the earlier of ■which is somewhat oblique and inflated.
The spire of the shell proper is of variable height, in some
specimens being comparatively depressed and in others so elongated
as to be one-third the length of the shell. Spire-whorls with an
obtuse, thick shoulder and ornamented with closely-set, spiral striae,
which persist over the whole surface of the body-whorl also, being
especially accentuated on the anterior half. The body-whorl
varies in shape from pyriform to elongate ovate, the peripheral
keel defined anteriorly by a linear constriction, posterior to
which there are one or two threads on the peripheral band. The
aperture is narrow, with a comparatively shallow anal sinus.

The range of variation in this species is so great that innumerable
"varieties" could be established. One of them, as pointed out by
Professor Tate, closely resembles C. deperditus, Bruguiere, of the
Eocene of North-western Europe.

This species partakes of the characters of both Leptoconus and
Lilhoconus ; it has been assigned to the former subgenus on account
of its elevated and staged spire and striated surface.

Dimensions. — Length 40 mm. ; breadth 2r5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Several specimens, in various stages of growth ; from
Schnapper Point. Purchased.

70424. Pour specimens ; from Meribee Plains. Purchased.

G. 4242. Two specimens ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hxj John Dennant., Esq.

G. 5490. One specimen ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Conus (Leptoconus) heterospira, Tate.

1890. Conus heterospira, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 197, pi. vii. figs. 6, 5a.
1893. Conus heterospira, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

29

This species differs from C. ligatus in being more elongate,
■whilst it is minus the rim-like keel of that species, and the
lineatious on the whorls of the spire are not conspicuous. The
staging of the whorls is a peculiar feature ; when in the brephic
and neanic periods of growth there is little or no attempt at
staging, but in the adult, and especially in senile forms, the
anterior whorls drop very sharply. It is highly probable that
this catabatic phenomenon is the precursor of the establishment
of an elevated spire in its descendants ; but that is a point
which cannot be definitely settled until the phylogeny of the
Gasteropoda has been worked out.

Dimensions.— \iGii^th 31 mm. ; breadth 15 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. A series of ten specimens ranging from the neauic
to the catabatic stages ; fi'om Schnapper Point. Furchased.

70423. Four specimens ; from Meribee Plains. Furchased.

Conus (Leptoconus) ne^wtoiii, sp. nov.

[Plate II. Figs. ?,(i-d.']

Protoconch small, composed of two and a half smooth turns,
indistinctly striated with growth -lines anteriorly ; posterior portion
slightly oblique with reference to the axis of the shell.

Spire elevated, acute, convex, about one- sixth the total length
of the shell ; spire-whorls seven in number, staged, excavated,
spiral lineatious bold and continuous, growth-lines prominent,
sinuated. Keel sharp and plain, not being crenulated even in
the brephic stage. Body-whorl elongate, ornamented throughout
its length by distant spiral sulcations which are punctated where
crossed by the lines of growth. Aperture long and narrow ; outer
margin thin and arched ; posterior sinus very deep ; anteriorly
the aperture is somewhat dilated and the columella is slightly
twisted.

The elongation and narrowness of the body-whorl are dis-
tinctive features. Its nearest ally in the Australian Tertiaries
is C. extenuatus, Tate, which, however, is broader, whilst its
body-whorl is not so long, its periphery is not so sharply keeled,
the earlier whorls are crenulated, and the ornamentation of the
spire differs. C. newtoni closely resembles C. sieholdi, Reeve,

30

living in the seas round the coasts of China and Japan, but in the
modern form the whorls are not so much staged and the spiral
lineations are not so well marked ; the principal point of difference,
however, is the shape and shallowness of the posterior sinus.

Dimensions. — Length 62 mm.; breadth 26 mm.; length of
aperture 52 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4239. One example. Prese7ited hj John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5494. One example. Purchased.

Conus (Leptoconus) murravianus, Tate.

1890. Conns mnrravianiis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii.
pt. 2, p. 200, pi. vii. fig. 2.

Protoconch (Plate II. Pigs. 4a^b) composed of three smooth
turns implanted obliquely with reference to the axis of succeeding
whorls; the initial portion is exceedingly small in comparison
with the anterior turns. These latter are depressed and deeply
canaliculated. The shell proper has an elevated spire with six
whorls, which are somewhat staged, slightly excavated ; and spiral
lineations are not prominent, except towards the anterior half of
the body-whorl. It is noteworthy that in the brephic stage the
periphery of the body-whorl was obscurely crenulated, a character
which disappeared, however, as the neanic period was reached.
Aperture narrow, slightly expanded in front ; outer margin thin ;
with a shallow posterior sinus.

This species presents characters of no less than three subgenera :
by its very elevated spire and the obscure crenulations it recalls
Conospirus, which does not appear to stand on a very firm basis ;
its protoconch presents the features of Lithooonus as represented in
the Australian Tertiary by C. dennanti and C. piillidescens ; but
the general contour of the shell and the staged whorls reflect
Leptoconus, to which subgenus the species is here referred.
Specifically it has a near ally in C. hrocchii, Bronn, of the Italian
Pliocene.

Dimensions. — Length 41mm.; breadth 16 mm. Professor Tate
records a length of 61mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Eiver Murray clifPs,

G. 9136. One specimen. Presented ly William Evans, Esq^.

31

Conus (Leptoconus) convexus, sp. nov.

[Plate II. Figs, oa-d.']

Protoconcli composed of two smooth turns, the initial portion of
■which is lateral and immersed ; much elevated above the remainder
of the shell. The whorls of the spire, five in number, are slightly
convex, and are thus not excavated as in other species mentioned ;
they are ornamented by five or six deeply-cut sulci, somewhat
irregular in places owing to the intersection of growth marks ;
these latter, however, do not approach tessellation. The whorls
are not staged, but the suture is distinctly canaliculated, especially
as the growth approaches the ephebic stage. The body-whorl has
an elevated band at its periphery, which is rugosely lineated ;
its whole surface is covered by small, undulating, irregular sulci,
which broaden anteriorly and are interrupted by sinuous growth-
lines. Aperture long, narrow, its two margins parallel with
each other ; outer margin thin, curved, and distinctly crenulated
within ; anal sinus broad and comparatively shallow, inner margin
straight.

Its protoconch is very different to that of C. pulhdescens ; and
the convexity of the whorls, deep sulci, canaliculate suture, and
crenulated margin of the aperture, are highly distinctive. On
comparison with C. complicatus, Tate, in addition to the characters
just mentioned, it will be observed that C. convexus is broader,
and the spire less elevated, whilst the ornament is peculiar to it ;
moreover, the whorls are not staged, neither is the sinus deeply,
arcuately notched.

Dimensions (of the type specimen). — Length 17 mm.; breadth
9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Meribee Plains, Victoria.

70424. Two specimens. Purchased.

Subgenus LITHOCOXUS, Morch.
[Cat. Yoldi, Fasc. i. 1832, p. 66.]

Shell conical, spire more or less elevated, but often depressed,
not coronate nor staged ; body-whorl sharply carinate ; aperture
dilated in front, with a rather deep posterior sinus.

Type. — Conus milkpunctatus, Linnxus.

32

Conus (Lithoconus) cuspidatus, Tate.

1890. Conus cuspidatus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutti Aust. vol. siii. pt. 2,

p. 194, pi. vii. fig. 1.
1893. Conus cuspidatus, Tate and Deunant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Protoconch (Plate IT. Figs. 6a-b) conspicuously elevated, rising
to a sharp point, composed of four to five slowly and regularly
increasing turns, forming a very distinctive feature. Spire of the
shell proper with seven to eight volutions, slightly concave and
deeply lineated spirally.

In the brephic stage the spire is much elevated in all the
specimens examined, and this character may he perpetuated to
the gerontic stage, or the whorls may become flatter and less
elevated during the neanic, and absolutely depressed during the
later stages of growth. Such a wide range in elevation of the
spire is not often observable in Conus ; the amount of elevation
is merely an individual peculiarity. This may be noted by those
who seize upon this unstable property as a subgeneric character
and often allow it to influence them in defining a species.

Body-whorl either obtusely or acutely angulate at the periphery,
depending on the elevation of the spire ; lines of growth well
marked, spiral striae plainly developed anteriorly. Aperture
narrow, dilated in front, channelled behind ; columella twisted,
bordered by an elevated ridge in young specimens, and very pro-
nounced in the catabatic stage where the anterior portion is usually
much fractured, owing apparently to difficulties of growth. The
columellar twist leads to a slight constriction of the body-whorl.

Dimensions. — Length 49 mm.; breadth 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 5489. Three specimens. Purchased,

Conus (Lithoconus) pullulescens, Tenison-Woods.

1880. Conus pullulescens, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv.

p. 3, pi. i. tig. 4 {non fig. 3).
1890. Conus pullulescens, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 190, pi. xi. fig. 9.
1893. Conus pullulescens, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

This species may be distinguished from C. cuspidatus, amongst
other things by its extremely characteristic and prominent proto-
conch (Plate 11. Pigs. la-h). This is very large, composed of

33

three turns, somewhat turbinate, with deeply canaliculate sutures.
The protoconch is oblique with reference to the axis of the shell.
The spire of the shell pi'oper is not much elevated, its whorls are
narrow, separated by a linear suture, ornamented with a few
spiral threads and closely-set sinuous lines of growth. Body-
whorl sharply keeled at the periphery, and covered with fiat spiral
threads which become obsolete with age, except anteriorly.

The figure accompanying Mr. Tenison-Wood's memoir above
cited refers to a young shell, and is practically unrecognizable.
The interpretation placed upon it by Professor Tate is here adopted.

Dimensions. — Length 39 mm.; breadth 21mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70423. Two specimens ; from Meribee Plains. Purchased.

73220. Three specimens ; from Schnapper Point. Purchased.

Or. 4240. One specimen ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5491. One specimen ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 4745. Two specimens ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.

Conus (Lithoconus) dennanti, Tate.

1890. Conus dennanti, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. siii. pt. 2,

pi. xi. fig. 7 (plate issued July, 1892).
1893. Conus dennanti, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221 (list

name) .

This species does not appear to be described, except in the
explanation of the plate above cited, where the following words
occur: " Conus dennanti, sp. nov. {C. piillulescens, var., Tate)."

The protoconch (Plate II. Figs. 8«-5) differs from that of
C. piillulescens in not being angulate, or turbinate ; it is com-
posed of three smooth, convex turns, imbedded in the crown of
the shell, being in fact the only part whicli stands above the flat
surface produced by the convolution of the shell-whorls proper.
This upper surface is much depressed, has linear sutures, and is
boldly, spirally striated. The periphery of the body-whorl is more
sharply keeled than any other Australian Tertiary Conus; the
surface of the whorl is covered by rather closely-set spiral linea-
tions and sinuous growth-lines. Aperture very narrow, outer

34

border parallel with the inner, but slightly dilated anteriorly ;
columella twisted in front.

Dimensions. — Length 33 mm. ; breadth 20 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70423. One specimen ; from Meribee Plains. Purchased.

G. 5493. Two specimens ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Conus (Litliocoiius) ptychodermis, Tate.

1890. Conus ptychodermis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii.
pt. 2, p. 196, pi. vli. fig. 3.

This species may be readily distinguished from all other Australian
Tertiary Conus, by the peculiar, rugged aspect of the body-whorl
caused by the inter-crossing of growth folds and the irregular
character of the distant spiral lineations and ridges. The spire
is much depressed, with canaliculated sutures; the periphery of
the body- whorl is sharply keeled ; the anterior portion of the
columella is twisted and prominently lineated. The protoconch
is not well preserved in the Museum specimen, but it evidently
had the general features of that of C. pullulescens, though more

Dimensions. — Length 20 mm. ; breadth 9 mm. ; length of
aperture 17mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 5489. One specimen. Purchased.

Subgenus CHELYCONUS, Morch.

[Cat. Yoldi, Fasc. i. 1852, p. 69.]

Spire elevated, last whorl convex near suture, rounded at the
shoulder, posterior sinus not very deep.

Type. — Conus testudinarius, Gmelin {ex Martini).

Conus (Chelyconus) ralphi, Tenison- Woods.

1879. Comis ralphii, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 228, pi. xxi. fig. 14.
1890. Conus ralphii, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 198, pi. vli. fig. 6.

35

Protoconch (Plate IT. Figs. 9a-h) conical, moderately elevated
and composed of two smooth turns, somewhat similar to that of
C. heterospira. In the brephic stage, and, possibly, to the
commencement of the neanic, the whorls of the spire are coronate,
but as the adult form is reached these disappear and the shoulders
become rounded. Mr. Tenison-Woods was only acquainted, ap-
parently, with young forms of the species, and the figure in his
memoir cited above does not convey a correct idea of the shell, as
each whorl is represented as being carinate and nodosely crenulated.
Professor Tate has traced the young forms to the adult and firmly
established the species. The spire is elevated, composed of eight
whorls striated spirally above. The body-whorl is also spirally
striated, the striae being most conspicuous on the anterior half.
Aperture narrow, posterior sinus shallow and following growth-
lines ; columella slightly twisted anteriorly.

Dimensions — Length 43 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 5492. One specimen. Purchased.

G. 4241. One specimen. Presented hj John Dennant, Esq.

Conus (Chelyconus) catus, Hwass.

1792. Conus catiis, Hwass, Eney. Meth. (Vers) t. i. pt. 2, p. 707.

Shell bulbous, spire convex, striated above ; body-whorl finely
striated on the posterior half, and having deep spiral sulcations
anteriorly. Aperture narrow, but widening in front and some-
what dilated ; posterior sinus conspicuous ; columella twisted
anteriorly where a well-marked ridge or fold is produced.

The species differs from the earlier C. raJphi, with which it
is closely related, in being much broader anteriorly and by the
prominent coluraellar fold. The specimens in the Museum are
not well enough preserved to show the protoconch or the condition
of the shell in the brephic stage.

This species has living representatives over a large geographical
area, including the Red Sea, Mauritius, Java, China, Xew Cale-
donia, and Polynesia generally, and it is interesting to find it as
a fossil.

Dimensions. — Length 44 mm. ; breadth 24 ram.

36 CONUS.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : obtained from a well-cTigging 10 feet
in depth, Chatliani Islands.

G. 9502. Two specimens.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

Conus, sp.

The following specimens, for the most part casts, are indeter-
minable specifically, but are interesting to record as establishing the
marine character of Tertiary deposits in certain parts of Australia,
and are worthy of notice also on other grounds : —

G. 9499. Five casts of a species allied to C. pullulescens, but
larger, the body-whorl being more convex; the columella is
distinctly twisted. From NuUarbor Plains, South Australia.

R. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9500. Cast of a species which may be specifically identical
■with the preceding. From Fowler's Bay District, South Australia.

S. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9152. Cast imbedded in a mass of fragments of Brtozoa.
From near Border Town, South Australia.

Presented ly R. Littotv, Esq., F.G.8.

G. 353. Cast of a species allied to C. murravianus in having
an elongated spire ; but it is relatively broad, and the inner border
of the aperture is curved. From Bairnsdale, Victoria.

Presented hy W. H. Grigson, Esq.

G. 9501. Cast imbedded in ferruginous sandstone. From
Flemington, near Melbourne.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

G. 9493. Two casts, from the Miocene " Cow?«-beds" of
Mokihinui river, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9494. Fragment of a species composed of six elevated
■whorls, having a protoconch composed of three smooth turns
implanted obliquely on the spire. It is closely allied to and
may be specifically identical -with C. trailU, Hutton. From
Awamoa, i^ew Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 4237. A new species of Conus, too imperfect for detailed
description. It is 60 mm. in length, with a rather elevated spire
and elongate body-whorl ; anterior of the columella twisted ;

PLEUEOTOJIID.E. 37

aperture dilated in front. It may doubtless be referred to the
subgenus Leptoconns. From the Tertiary of Muddy Creek, Victoria.

Fresented btj John Bennant, Enq,

Family PLEUROTOMID^.

In assigning the species here described to their systematic
positions in the Pleueotomid^, it may be remarked that in view of
the present unsatisfactory condition of the classification of many of
the so-called genera and subgenera in the family, some of the con-
clusions anived at must, of necessity, be of a tentative chai'acter.
The group has been divided into subfamilies according to the
presence or absence of an operculum, and the nature of that
when present. The systematic position of many of the species
is dependent on the situation of the sinus, its depth, and so forth.
The length of the anterior canal, details of ornament, peculiarities
of the radula, and the like, have also been permitted to rank high
— even as generic characters.

The family as a whole is not of very great antiquity, its main
features having been carved out in the Eocene ; whilst many of
its broad characteristics were not evolved until the Miocene, or
early Pliocene. Possibly, no group of the moUusca has been
so prolific in yielding so many diversified forms in such a short
space of geological time. The variation of individuals in the
living as well as in the fossil state is often so wide as to render
it impossible to satisfactorily define the limits of range permissible
in species. That difficulty, combined with the latitude of the
personal equation, has led to the establishment of innumerable
so-called species of the Pleurotomid^, which appear to the writer
to be founded merely on ontogenetic characters. The problem,
already difficult with the living forms, is intensified when the
fossils are considered. Here we have no operculum to assist,
and many other points utilized in the classification of modern
Plkukotomid^ are missing. Shorn of the characters of their
opercula, the chief difference between Pleurotoma and Surcula,
for example, lies in the form and position of the sinus ; in the
former genus it is deeper, and is placed farther away from the
suture than in the latter. If these characters were in any way
constant they might be rendered useful ; but, as it is, we are

38 PLEUEOTOMi.

left without any material conchological differences between the
two genera mentioned, and the assignment of any but typical
si^ecies to either of them must remain doubtful. It is highly
probable, however, that a special study of the protoconchs, and
the mode of growth of the shells as found in the fossil condition,
will assist in clearing up many difficulties.

Very few of the Australian Tertiary species of PLEUEOTOiiin^
have been described ; of these some have never been figured, and
the descriptions of the remainder are often so imperfect as to
render identification impossible. Several forms new to science
are now recorded.

Genus PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 73.]

Shell turriculated, spire long ; collumellar margin smooth ; outer
margin of the aperture with a narrow, deep sinus, situated some
distance from the suture ; canal long and straight.

Type. — Murex habylonius, Linnseus.

Pleurotoma murndaliana, Tenison-Woods.

1879. Fleurotoma murndaliana, Tenison-'Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.

vol. iii. p. 226, pi. xx. fig. 5.
1889. Pleurotoma murndaliana, Deimant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 44.
1893. Pleurotoma murndaliana, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. x\ii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Protoconch composed of three elongate turns, the initial portion
being slightly inflated, whilst the anterior turns are obtusely
carinate. Shell narrow, elongate ; whorls ten in number, slightly
convex, and having several bold, irregular, spiral threads or
ridges, rather rugose where crossed by growth-lines, and some-
what granulated in the neighbourhood of the sinus. Canal long,
slender, and twisted ; outer margin serrate, sinus large and deep,
and situated some distance from the suture.

Dimensions. — Length 47 mm.; breadth 13 5 mm.; length of
aperture 20 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Yictoria.

73232. A variation in which the whorls of the spire carry three
acute spiral ridges, or keels, the posterior of which has developed
a median sulcus, and is granulose. From Brighton. Purchasid.

PLEUEOTOIIA. 89

G. 4232. Two specimens ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy Johi Dennant, Esq.

G. 5502. A very elongate example, from Muddy Creek.

Furchased.

Pleurotoma septemlirata, sp. nov.

[Plate II. Figs. lOa-i.]

Shell large, fusiform, tumid ; protoconch small, smooth, devoid
of ornament, terminating abruptly at its junction with the shell
in the brephic stage ; whorls eleven in number, suture canaliculate
and bimarginate, rugosely spirally Urate ; there are seven principal
spirally striated lirae on the penultimate whorl in the adult, but
at younger stages of growth they are fewer in number, decreasing
gradually to four ; the body-whorl is irregularly Urate throughout.
Between the large compound liration on the margin of the suture
anteriorly, and the elevated ridge denoting the position of the
sinus, is a broad, deep sulcation, which, like the sulci between
the lirce, is finely spirally striated and interrupted by lines of
growth. Aperture large, broad, ovate, contracted anteriorly ;
outer margin thin, sulcate within, crenulated or serrated, arcuate ;
sinus broad, deep, situated distantly from the suture ; columellar
margin smooth, curved, slightly callous in senile individuals ;
canal very short and broad.

Typically this species has some analogy with P. murndaliana,
but is larger, more tumid, has a shorter canal, and is not sub-
granose, whilst the deep, broad sulcation in front of the suture
is characteristic. Its great range of variation is remarkable, and
might at first sight lead to the establishment of several new
species. The type specimens, as above indicated, are strongly
Urate, but with sufficient material these may be traced almost
to the vanishing point, some individuals, indeed, being only very
faintly striated, and to all intents and purposes smooth. Pari
passu the shell is shorter and more tumid, presenting the aspect
of Pusionella, though it could not be classified with that genus,
on account of its deep sinus, amongst other things.

Dimensions. — Length 60 mm.; breadth 22 mm.; length of aperture
25"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

40 PLEUKOTOMA.

G. 4231. Typical adult and senile specimens, and an example
in which the lirse are not so bold, and the shell is relatively
more tumid. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 4233. Four specimens, in which the ornamentation is much
reduced in importance, and numbers of additional spiral lineations
are introduced. Presented hy John Pennant, Esq.

G. 5501. Two specimens, strongly lirate, but more elongate
than typical examples. Purchased.

G. 5499. A smooth specimen, in which the lirse have dis-
appeared, or are only represented by obsolete lineations, whilst
the growth-lines are more prominent. Purchased.

Pleurotoma trilirata, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. l«-rf.]

Shell small, elongate. Protoconch large, composed of two and
a half smooth turns ; the earlier portion is much depressed, and
even in the initial part the suture is canaliculate and marginate ;
at a later stage the protoconch is longitudinally costate and
subnodose at the periphery, and this continues up to the brephic
stage, where it gives way to the bold spiral lirse which form the
sole ornamentation of the whorls in subsequent stages of growth.
Whorls six, flat, suture canaliculate and marginate ; spiral lirae
three in number on the penultimate whorl, with a smaller lineation
between the posterior two, which becomes more accentuated on
the body-whorl. The latter is boldly lirated throughout ; lines of
growth inconspicuous. Aperture small, pyriform ; outer margin
arcuate ; sinus shallow, situated not far from the suture ;
columellar margin smooth, not callous, slightly twisted in front ;
anterior canal very short.

The most interesting feature of this species is the highly
sculptured protoconch, which differs from that of any other
Australian form here described. The longitudinal costse, how-
ever, precede the spiral lirse as in some other species of Pleurotoma.

Dimensions. — Length 10-5 mm. ; breadth 4 mm.; length of
aperture 3-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Hobson's Bay, Victoria.

48052. The type specimen. Purchased.

I

PLKUROTOMA. 41

Pleurotoma consutilis, Teiiison-"WoocTs.

1880. Pleurotoma consutilis, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Liun. Soc. X.S.W.

vol. iv. p. 9, pi. ii. fig. 5.
1889. Pleurotoma coiisuiilis, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 44.
1893. Pleurotoma consutilis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. x\ii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Protoconch composed of one and a half smooth, shining whorls,
the anterior portion of which is obtusely keeled medially ; this
keel develops into a strong feature in the brephic and neanic
stages, but on approaching the adult is not so clearly marked.
Shell small, fusiform ; whorls obliquely cancellate, the transverse
and longitudinal lines being regularly spaced; aperture broad,
outer margin much produced towards the middle, sinus broad,
deep, and some distance from the suture ; columella distinctly
twisted ; anterior canal short.

Dimensions. — Length 1 2 mm. ; breadth 5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9328. Three specimens. Purchased.

Pleurotoma subconcava, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. 2a-J.]

Shell large, elongated; from 11 to 12 whorls; the later portion
of the protoconch (the only part preserved in the type specimen)
is distinctly longitudinally ribbed ; beyond the sinuous fracture
denoting the commencement of the brephic stage these costae
suddenly cease and give way to spiral lineations, with a prominent
median sulcation indicating the position of the sinus. The whorls
throughout the brephic and neanic stages are flat, with a deeply
impressed suture, but in the adult stage they become convex, and
have a postero-median subangulation at the periphery. Between
this and the suture is a well-marked concave depression. The
ornament consists of closely-set spiral lineations, which are nearest
together in the depression alluded to ; the suture is margined by
one or two lineations bolder than the rest. The lines of growth
are fairly conspicuous, producing rough, irregular corrugations here
and there ; these are most noticeable in the neighbourhood of the

42 PLEUROTOMA.

peripheral subangulation, and on the anterior portion of the body-
whorl. Aperture small, being about one-third the length of the
whole shell, pyriform and produced in front ; outer lip thin, sinus
broad, arcuate, situated on the periphery; columella covered by
a thin deposit of shell enamel, not callous posteriorly, slightly
twisted in the middle ; anterior canal rather long and deep.

Dimensions. — Length 58 mm. ; breadth 16 mm. ; length of aperture
with canal 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Meribee river, Victoria.

70421. The type specimen. Purchased.

Pleurotoma salebrosa, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. Za-d.']

Shell fusiform ; whorls eight in number, in the young growth
flat ; in the neanic and ephebic stages subangulately convex, rapidly
increasing in size ; protoeonch two smooth turns, globose, the
later turn being wider than the succeeding whorl. Ornament
consisting of from 13 to 14 deep, undulating sulcations on each
whorl of the spire, the body-whorl being sulcated throughout in
a similar manner ; lines of growth not very conspicuous, but the
surface of the shell is peculiarly, distantly corrugated, the corru-
gations being five in number on the penultimate whorl, and rising
into indistinct, broad, oblique ribs. Aperture pyriform, much
contracted in front ; outer lip thin, slightly sulcated within ; sinus
situated about half-way between the peripheral subangulation and
the suture, broad and shallow ; columella smooth, striated vertically,
but not callous, twisted in front ; anterior canal long, broad at its
extremity.

This shell differs from P. stihconcava in being relatively more
tumid, having a larger aperture and fewer whorls ; by the oblique
broad, corrugated costse ; and by the position of the sinus, which in
this case is indicative of Surcula of authors. The protoeonch, also,
is widely different, as will have been noticed.

Pimensions. — Length 33'5 mm. ; breadth 12 mm.; length of
aperture 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Hobson's Bay, Victoria.

48052. The type specimen. Purchased.

[

PLEUEOTOMA. 43

Pleurotoma clarse, Tenison-Woods.

1880. Pleurotoma clarce, Teuisou- Woods, Proc. Liun. Soc. N-S-W. vol. iv.

p. 11, pi. iii. fig. 11.
1893. Pleurotoma clarce, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. XTO. pt. 1, p. 221.
1895. Pleurotoma (Surcula) clarce, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1,

p. 111.

Shell elongate, fusiform, and thin ; posterior part of the spire
ribbed, anteriorly the ribs become obsolete ; shoulder of last whorl
obtusely angulate ; entire external surface of whorls covered with
small, closely-set spiral liraa ; aperture broad, the broad sinus being
situated near the suture.

From the position of the sinus this species might be classed with
Surcula ; but in view of the difficulties of making use of that
variable characteristic (which in the case of the present species
ranges between the shoulder and the suture, but is nearest to the
latter), as already stated, no attempt is here made to separate
Surcula from Pleurotoma.

Dimensions. — Length 17"5mm. ; breadth 6 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4235 and G. 4236. Several specimens, showing range of
variation. Presented by John Letma'it, Esc[.

Pleurotoma samueli, Tenison- Woods.

[Plate III. Figs. 5a-J.]

1879. Pleurotoma samueli, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
[ vol. iii. p. 226, pi. xx. fig. 3.

1893. Pleurotoma samueli, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South.
Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Shell fusiform, elongate ; protoconch turbinate, composed of
three smooth turns, the suture of which is marginate. In the
brephic stage the margination is much accentuated, and at a later
period of growth gives way to a row of small, distant granules.
In the same manner, the median, tuberculated carina of the
adult commences in the brephic stage by large obtuse uodulations.
The shell is thus described by Mr. Tenison- Woods : — "It is a
polished shell, with whorls angular in the middle, supporting

44 PLEUEOTOMA.

a single, somewhat distant series of coarse, blunt, somewhat square
tubercles. These are exactly oa the line of the sinus, and at each
side the lines of growth curve away from it. The sinus itself
is deep, broad, and somewhat quadrate. The aperture is long and
round, rather square posteriorly, and the canal is long and only
slightly curved."

The marginate character of the protoconch is noteworthy ; from
its metamorphosis in later stages of growth, it would appear that
the species has descended from a stock in which the suture was
accompanied by a large flat keel, though no shell of that character
has been recorded as occurring in the Australian Tertiaries.

Another point of interest in this species is its compound character :
it possesses the tubercular sutural coronation and produced spire
characteristic of Clavatula, and shows what value is to be placed
on that feature ; the special nature of the peripheral carina and
the arcuate, long canal somewhat resemble Surcula; whilst the
position of the suture and other general features of the shell
recall Pleurotoma. Clearly it was pregnant with evolutionary
possibilities.

Dimensions. — Length 12 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. ; length of
aperture 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9329. Three specimens. Purchased.

Pleurotoma optata, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. 4«-A.]

Shell fusiform ; aperture (with anterior canal) more than one-
half the length of the whole shell ; whorls seven in number,
slightly convex, keeled above and below the suture, which is
near the centre of the whorls, the anterior keel being the most
prominent ; the other ornament consists of several closely-set
small spiral lineations, crossed by rather conspicuous growth-lines,
and accompanied by a peculiar damascened structure. Protoconch
composed of two smooth turns, the anterior being subangulate
and vertically striated ; terminating abruptly against the shell of
the brephic stage, which is longitudinally, obliquely costated
and marginate. Aperture elongately pyriform, much constricted

i

PLEtTKOTOMA. 45

anteriorly; outermargin thin, undulating; sinus broad and shallow;
columella covered by a thin deposit of vertically striated callus,
twisted anteriorly ; canal long, curved, broad in front.

This shell agrees with others here described in being longi-
tudinally costated in the earlier stages of growth, which costse
disappear in the adult. It has the aspect of what is generally
included under Surcula, but the sinus is far removed from the
suture, as in typical Pleiirotoma.

Dimensions. — Length 16'5mm. ; breadth 6 mm.; length of
aperture 9 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Hobson's Bay, Victoria.

48052. The type specimen. Purchased.

Pleurotoma alta, nom. mut.

1873. Pleurotoma pagoda, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 5 {non Reeve).
1893. Pleurotoma pagoda, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 48, pi. vi. fig. 21.

Protoconch composed of two elevated smooth turns ; whorls
six in number, smooth, or only marked with growth-lines, very
strongly and acutely keeled at the periphery, and with one or
two inconspicuous spiral lineations, as an individual characteristic,
above or below the keel ; body- whorl subangulate in front, denoting
the position of growth as the suture became developed ; aperture
ovate, contracted anteriorly, and terminating in a rather long canal;
sinus deep, situated between the keel and the suture, but nearer
the former ; columella twisted, covered with a smooth, thin deposit
of shelly enamel.

On conchological grounds this species might be relegated to
Surcula, but, as previously remarked, any such reference must
always be exceedingly doubtful with fossil specimens. An
interesting point is that, whilst many strongly keeled species
of PLEUEOTOMiii.a; bear traces of angulation in the protoconch
which lead up to the keel in subsequent stages of growth,
P. alta is without this in spite of the fact that the carina is
most strongly developed in the brephic stage. This species has
considerable analogy with Surctila jani, Bellardi, from the Upper
Miocene of the Piedmont basin. The specific name alta is here
proposed in substitution for pngoda, preoccupied, as iudicatud.

46 PLEUBOTOMA.

Dimensions. — Length 18 mm. ; breadth 7-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 10mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : New Zealand.

G. 9498. Several specimens, from Parimoa, Middle Island.

W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

G. 9495. A tumid variety, from Awamoa. Sir James Hector Coll.

Pleurotoma •wanganuiensis, Hutton.

1873. Pleurotoma wanganuiensis, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 4.
1893. Pleurotoma wanganuiensis, Hutton, Linn. See. N.S.W., Macleay
Mem. Vol. p. 50, pi. vi. fig. 28.

Professor Hutton describes this as follows: — "Shell fusiform,
the spire longer than the body-whorl. Whorls strongly spirally
ribbed, and obliquely longitudinally ribbed in the centre. From
13 to 16 longitudinal ribs in a whorl. Suture very finely obliquely
striated, and with a spiral rib. Aperture oval, canal short and
recurved."

Specimens in the British Museum agree very well with this
description, but the figure given in the memoir above cited
represents a more tumid variety. The protoconch (Plate II.
Pigs. Wa-h) is most remarkable, and merits detailed description.
Of the four specimens in the collection, two exhibit the
characteristic fracture or undulation at the termination of growth
of the protoconch. As thus defined, the latter is composed of
from two and a half to three turns; the initial turn is smooth
and obsoletely striated, and this is followed by an obtuse angulation
which rapidly develops into a bold, acute, median spiral carina,
with a conspicuous lineation both above and below it, and another
bordering the suture. Up to this point, no longitudinal costse or
other ornamentation are developed, and if the growth had con-
tinued in the same manner a shell somewhat resembling P. alia
would have resulted. Instead of that, however, the brephic stage
is characterized from its commencement by the profuse ornamen-
tation, suddenly introduced, which obtains in the adult. This
should prove of material value in working out the genetic relation-
ships of the group.

PLEUEOTOMA.

47

By the short canal and longitudinal costae this shell presents
some analogy with Drillia, but it differs in the position of the
sinus, which is distant from the suture, and in the absence of
a posterior callosity on the columellar border. The length of the
anterior canal is not of much value in systematics, and in some
species of Fleurotoma may only indicate sexual differences. The
ribs and position of the sinus are characteristics recalling Surcula.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm. ; breadth 5 mm. ; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 1618. Two adult examples, from Wanganui.

G. 9497. An exceptional form, from Shakespeare Cliff.

Siir James Sector Coll.

Pleurotoma buchanani, Hutton.

1873. Pleurotoma buchanani, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 4.
1893. Pleurotoma buchanani, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.
Vol. p. 50, pi. vi. fig. 26.

" Shell elongate -fusiform. Whorls obliquely longitudinally
plaited, and with fine spiral ribs below the sinus area ; above the
sinus area smooth, concave, with a slight ridge at the suture.
Between 11 and 15 longitudinal plications on a whorl. Aperture
oval, canal produced, rather bent." — Hutton.

Protoconch composed of two oblique smooth turns, the anterior
portion having four deep spiral sulci, cutting through the small
longitudinal costte of the brephic stage, into which the protoconch
imperceptibly passes.

This species might be classified with Sxtrcula ; the sinus is
situated half-way between the suture and the periphery, and is
not deep ; the development of longitudinal costae removes it from
Pleurotoma, sensu stricto.

Dimensions. — Length 20 mm. ; breadth 7'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 10" 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 1617. Adult and juvenile specimens, from Wanganui.

G. 9496. Three specimens, from Shakespeare Cliff.

Sir James Hector Coll.

48 BATHYTOMA.

Pleurotoma, sp. indet.

Impression, in compact "white limestone, of a large species,
probably one of the Pleueotomid^. It is furnished with large
equidistant tubercles at the periphery of the whorls, and has
a marginate suture, but the specimen is not well enough preserved
to warrant specific description. Prom the Tertiaiy of Nullarbor
Plains, South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Genus BATHYTOMA, Harris and Burrows.

[Eoc. and Oligo. Paris Basin, 1891, p. 113.]

Bolichotoyna, Bellardi, Bull. Malac. Ital. t. i. 1875, p. 21 {non
Hope, 1839).

Tryon,* in reviewing the genera of Pleueotomid^, follows
Pischer'' in including Dolichotoma as a subgenus of Genotia, and
remarks that in common with Pseudotoma, Oligotoma {=Astheno-
tomd), Roumiltia, and Cryptoconus its characters are not important.
The American author alluded to does not monograph the fossil
species, nor does he explain the matter further, so that it is
impossible to arrive at his precise meaning. Professor Tate^
remarks that he was not satisfied that Dolichotoma is clearly
definable from Genotia, and therefore describes the Australian
species which follow as Genotia.

I^ow the type of Genotia is Murex mitriformis, Wood, which
is an elongate shell with oblique suture, narrow aperture, straight
columella, and wide and shallow sinus situated some distance
in front of the suture. The type of Bathrjtoma {olim Bolichotoma)
is more solid and turbinate, it has a wider and relatively shorter
aperture, a very deep sinus situated near the shoulder of the whorl,
its outer margin is highly arcuate, and its columella is distinctly
twisted. These are differences enabling the two genera to be
distinguished at sight.

M. Cossmann,* whilst drawing attention to the fact that the
Australian Tertiary species are, perhaps, examples of Bathytoma,

' Manual of Conch, vol. vi. 1884, p. 154.

- Manuel de Conchyl. 1883, p. 589.

=* Journ. Koy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii. 1894, p. 174.

'' Ann. Geol. Universe!, t. x. 1895, p. 756.

BATHTTOMA. 49

states that they have not a twisted columella. As the possession
of this is a typical generic factor, it may be observed that the
French author's statement is not correct; and though, it is true,
the figures accompanying Professor Tate's memoir ^ do not exhibit
a twist or plication, that author expressly states- that the specimens
have a slightly twisted columella.

Pleurotoma atradoides, Watson, dredged by the "Challenger"
off the Philippines in 375 fathoms of water, should be relegated
to this genus.

Type. — Murex cata2)hr actus, Brocchi.

Bathytoma angustifrons, Tate (sp.).

1893. Dolichotoma angustifrons, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc.

South Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221 (Hst name).
189-1. Genotia angustifrons, Tate, Joum. Eoy. Soc. N.S.W. p. 175, pi. x.

figs. 7, 7a-i {non 7c).

Protoconch composed of two turns, somewhat oblique and
slightly longitudinally striated anteriorly. The elevation or
depression of these turns to a large extent determiues the
relative elongation in the growth of the whole shell. Where
it is depressed, the whorls tend to become broad and strongly
keeled; where, on the other hand, it is much elevated, the
carinations are not so sharp and the shell becomes very long.
It is interesting to observe also that but few of the main features
of the ornament were foreshadowed in the brcphic stage, and the
extremely diversified character of that ornament as the animal
became adult is mei'ely an individual characteristic, of no value
for systematic purposes. If the shells of a number of very young
specimens be compared, no one would have any difficulty in
relegating them to a single species; but as they get larger the
ornament tends to become so variable that many malacologists
would feel inclined to admit the extreme types of variation as
of specific rank. Professor Tate's description and figure refer
to a commonly prevailing form.

The sinus in this species is unusually deep, though not more
so than in some forms of the type species from the Pliocene of

• Journ. Roy. Soc. X.S.W. vol. xsvii. 1894, pi. x. fig. 7, etc.
' Op. cit. p. 174.

60 BATHTTOMA.

the Mediterranean area. Comparing the shell with that of
B. catapJiracta of the Upper Tertiary of Italy, the latter will be
found to be relatively more elongate and not so rich in ornament,
whilst the body-whorl is, in the majority of specimens, more
tumid. The aperture of the Australian shell is somewhat
narrower. But it is unquestionably a near ally of the European
species mentioned ; and bearing in mind the great range of varia-
tion in both shells, it would even be desirable on many grounds
to unite the two species.

The living B. atractoides, Watson, of the Philippines is, perhaps,
synonymous in its general characters, though in that case the
name proposed by Mr. "Watson would take precedence. The
present writer hesitates to deal with the matter, however, as only
one specimen of B. atractoides is at his disposal, and that has
a much broader, though shallower sinus than any of the fossil
examples here quoted. This species may also be compared with
B. viabrunnea, Dall (sp.), living in the West Indies.

Dimensions. — Length 37 mm.; breadth 16 mm.; length of
aperture 19 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

48052. Several specimens, from Hobson's Bay. Purchased.

70422. Several specimens, from Meribee river. Purchased.

73224. Four examples, from Brighton. Purchased.

G. 4234. Several specimens, from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Pennant, Esq^.

G. 5500 and G. 5503. Two specimens, from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

G. 9134. One specimen, from Murray river, near Adelaide.

Presented hj William Evans, Esq.

G. 9330. Three examples, from Mornington. Purchased.

Bathytoma decomposita, Tate (sp.).

1893. Bolichoioma decomposita, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 221 (list name).

1894. Genotia decomposita, Tate, Journ. Eoy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 175, pi. X. fig. 7c.

Protoconch similar to that of the last-named species. The
transverse ornament is not of such a rugged character as in

I

COLrilBAKITJM. 51

B. angustifrons, but the essential points of difference are the more
turbinate character of its spire, and its relatively longer aperture.
The body-whorl in typical specimens is rather inflated, and the
transverse fold on the columella is very conspicuous.

It is closely allied to B. engonia, Watson.

Dimensions. — Length 25 mm. ; breadth 1 3 mm. ; length of
aperture 16'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Gellibrand river, Victoria.

G. 9326. Two specimens. Purchased.

Bathytoma fontinalis, Tate (sp.).

1893. Dolichotoma fontinalis, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221 (list name).

1894. Genotia fontinalis, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii. p. 175,

pi. X. fig. 4.

Protoconch slightly more oblique, but is, otherwise, similar to
that of the other two species mentioned. The shell may be
readily distinguished by its more fusiform character ; the spire-
whorls carry a rough angulation, between which and the suture
posteriorly is an excavated area with a number of spiral lineations.
The lines of growth being rather prominent, a species of oblique
reticulation is set up, and where these pass over the peripheral
angulation, rudimentary compressed tubercles result. The spiral
lineations of the body-whorl are prominent, and occasionally
granulose. The sinus is not quite as deeply cut as in the other
species mentioned ; aperture pyriform, constricted posteriorly ;
columella erect and bearing a well-marked fold.

Dimensions. — Length 20 mm. ; breadth 18-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 11 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9327. Two specimens. Purchased.

Genus COLUMBARIUM, E. von Martens.
[Conch. Mittheil. Bd. ii. 1881, p. 105.]
Fiisus, in part, of authors.

Protoconch bulbous; shell with a comparatively short body-
whorl, and long, straight, narrow, nearly closed canal, similar

52 COLUMBAKITJM.

to that of the genus Fusus ; margin of the shoulder slightly curved,
but there is no sinus, properly so-called.

Tryon,' although including Columbarium amongst the Pleuko-
TOJirn^, remarks that he feels " pretty well satisfied " that he was
correct in placing the typical species of the genus in Fusus. It
may be remarked, however, that regarding Murex colus, Linn.,
as the type of Fusus, the type of the present genus does not,
even conch ologically, resemble it very closely.

The inclusion of this genus in the Pleukotomidje rests almost
exclusively on the character of the radula, which is distinctly
toxoglossate. The passage can be understood, conchologically,
if Ancistrosyrinx, Dall, be studied in that connection. If we
exclude Pleurotoma cedonulli, Reeve, which, as Professor Dall
shows,^ should be classed in the genus last mentioned, then the
living examples of Columbarium would appear to belong exclusively
to the seas of Australia and Japan.

Tt/pe. — Pleurotoma spinicinda, E. von Martens.

Columbarium acanthostephes, Tate (sp.).

1888. Fusus acanthostephes, Tate, Traus. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 133, pi. vii. fig. 7.

1889. Fusus acanthostephes, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 41.

1893. Fusus acanthostephes, Tate aud Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.
1895. Fusus acanthostephes, Tate aud Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

This is a very typical example of the genus. Its protoconch
(Plate III. Pigs. 6a-J) is composed of two smooth turns, the earlier
of which is bulbous and the later carinate medially. This carina-
tion in the brephic stage is developed to an abnormal extent, and
is even spinose, as in adult individuals.

The spire is turreted ; the whorls, six in number, are " ex-
cessively angulated, and coronated at the keel with large erect
or radially extended, compressed, hollow spikes. Last and
penultimate whorls with three rounded serrated ridges on the
posterior slope, reduced to one on the middle whorls, and entirely
absent on the earlier ones. Base of last whorl very contracted
and precipitous, ornamented with four or five angular keels, the

' Manual of Concbology, vol. yi. 1884, p. 175.

- Bull. Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xviii. 1889, p. 78.

I

i

COLUMBAEirM. 53

third from the coronal fringe serrated, the others carrying
short, crowded, recurved prickles. Beak encircled with prickly
ridges." — Tate. Inner margin of the aperture covered with a
leaf-like expansive callosity, extending into the anterior canal,
which is very long.

This species has considerable analogy with the living C. pagoda
var. spinicincta, Von Martens, of West Australian seas, and it is
highly probable that C. acanthostephes is merely a synonym of
that ; in the absence of an example of a shell of the living species
alluded to, the present writer hesitates to further deal with the
matter, however.

Dimensions. — Length 38 mm.; breadth 13 mm.; length of
aperture 7 mm. ; length of anterior canal 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70416. Three specimens, from Port Jackson. Purchased.

73229. Several specimens, from Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 4274. One example, from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Pennant, Esq.

Columbarium foliaceum, Tate (sp.).

1888. Fusus foUaeeus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 132,

pi. vii. fig. 10.

1889. Fusus foliaceus, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 41.

1893. Fusus foliaceus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Protoconch of the same general character as in C. acanthostephes,
but not so bulbous and relatively much smaller. A remarkable
feature is, that in the brephic stage, and immediately after the
animal emerged from the capsule, bold longitudinal ribs make
their appearance ; but as the neanic stage is approached these
disappear, and are not resuscitated in the adult. These costae,
which seem to be connected with longitudinal striae on the
protoconch (seen when the latter is well preserved), are nodosely
angulate medially. The growth of the shell from the neanic stage
onwards exhibits no variation worthy of record.

The shell differs from C. acanthostephes in having what Professor
Tate calls the " coronal fringe " well developed by the absence
of "prickles," and the plain character of the area from the
peripheral angulation to the suture. The shell as a whole is

54 COLUMBARIUM.

not so ornate ; and the protoconch differs, as already described.
It is closely allied to C. pagodoides, "Watson, obtained by the
"Challenger" expedition off Sydney in 410 fathoms of water;
from which it differs in having a much smaller protoconch and
a non-spinose anterior canal.

Fusus craspedotus, Tate,^ is stated by its author to belong to the
same group as his, F. foliaceus (= Columharium foliaceum). Several
examples of that species are in the Museum collection ; and the
present writer, from a careful examination of that and other
material, believes that the differences in the respective proto-
coachs, and the general phenomena of the aperture and ornament,
are sufficient to warrant generic separation. At the same time
it must be remembered that as the status of this genus largely
depends on the character of the radula, and as that part of the
animal is not found in fossil specimens, the classification of fossil
species which conchologically resemble the recent forms, must
always remain doubtful.

Dimensions. — Length 45 mm. ; breadth 13'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 9 mm. ; length of anterior canal 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

73228. A series exhibiting stages of growth from the very
young to the adult, from Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 4287. One specimen, from Muddy Creek.

Presented ly John Bennant, Esq.

Columbarium spiniferum., Tate (sp.).

1888. Fusiis spiniferus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. s. p. 124,
pi. vii. fig. 1.

Similar to C. acanthostephes, but with shorter spire ; the posterior
slope of the whorls has no spiral ornament ; angular ridge spinose,
the spines being irregularly developed in regard to size ; in front
of this, and coinciding with the posterior angle of the aperture, is
a slender, crenulated, spiral carina, and minor spiral threads are
developed anteriorly; aperture subquadrate, contracted in front;
outer margin dentate ; anterior canal long and spinose.

1 Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. 1888, p. 134.

55

Dimensions. — Length 30 mm.; breadth 10 mm.; length of
aperture 7 mm. ; length of anterior canal 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Hiver Murray cliffs, near Morgan.
G. 9334. Three specimens. Purchased.

Genus DRILLIA, Gray.
[Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i. 1838, p. 28.]

This differs from Pleurotoma in having longitudinal ribs ; the
last whorl is, typically, short; and the columella is furnished
with a posterior callosity. The outer lip is thick, flexuous, and
a deeply-cut sinus is situated near the suture ; whilst the
columella is curved and frequently umbilicate.

Type. — Drillia umbilicaia, Gray.

Drillia trevori, Tenison "Woods.

1879. Drillia trevori, Tenison -Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 227, pi. XX. fig. 4.
1889. Drillia trevori, Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 44.

Protoconch composed of two tumid, shining turns, the posterior
portion being laterally immersed. The longitudinal costae, which
become so well developed at later stages of growth, commence
in the brephic by prominent tubercles. Shell regularly and spirally
grooved ; suture hidden by an elevated prolongation of the posterior
part of the whorls, between which and the ribs referred to is
a rather broad and flat space. Aperture very small ; outer margin
greatly curved, sinus deep and near the suture ; columella covered
by a leaf-like expansion and having a tuberculose callus posteriorly ;
anterior canal short and somewhat twisted.

This species is said to occur both in the Eocene and Miocene
beds of Muddy Creek. Mr. Tenison- Woods states (o/;. cit. p. 228)
that it considerably resembles D. beraudii of the south-east
coast of Tasmania.

Dimensions. — Length 13 mm.; breadth 6 mm.; length of
aperture 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4220. Three young and one adult specimens.

Presented by John Dennant, Fsq.

56

Drillia oblongula, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. 7fl-i.]

Shell small, turreted, fusiform ; protoconch witli two smooth
subangulate turns, closely resembling that of D. trevori. Whorls
six in number, longitudinally obliquely costated in the brephic
and neanic stages, closely spirally lineate, the lineations being
irregularly granular at the points of intersection of the growth-
lines; typically the costated whorls are deeply sulcated spirally,
and in later stages of growth a lineation is developed in each
sulcus. On arrival at the adult stage this lineation becomes
more conspicuous, but never attains to the same proportions as
the originally-formed lineations. These latter persist over the
whole body-whorl down to the tip of the anterior canal. Suture
marginate and accompanied, anteriorly, by a broad band, medially
sulcated, denoting the former positions of the sinus. Aperture
narrow, but inflated towards the middle ; outer margin arcuate,
the deep, broad sinus being situated near the suture ; inner margin
covered by a thin coating of enamel ; columella slightly twisted ;
anterior canal very short.

This differs from D. integra, Tenison- Woods, in not being con-
spicuously ribbed, and by the absence of costae in the adult, though
the shell is somewhat corrugated longitudinally at that stage. It
differs also in not being broadly sulcate above, nor regularly spirally
lirate ; whilst the outer margin is not thickened to an appreciable
extent. A form from the same locality has smoother whorls.

Dimensions. — Length 13'5 mm. ; breadth 5 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4219. Adult and young examples.

Presented hy John Bennajit, Esq.

Drillia vixumbilicata, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. 8a-4.]

Protoconch composed of two smooth elongnted turns, the anterior
of which is faintly spirally striated. Shell lanceolate, having seven
subangulate convex whorls ; the earlier of these are distinctly

MANGILIA.

57

costate ; the whole surface of the whorls is spirally striated, but not
so conspicuously between the angulation and the suture ; the latter
is marginate. Aperture small and narrow ; inflated towards the
middle ; outer margin produced, arcuate ; deep, broad sinus in
the proximity of the suture; inner margin curved, enamelled, with
a posterior callosity ; umbilicus very small ; anterior canal small,
almost truncate.

Dimensions. — Length 15-5 mm. ; breadth 4"5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 4221. An adult specimen. Presented hy John Dennant, Eaq.

Genus MANGILIA (Leach MS.), Eisso {em.).

I [Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 219.]

Bda (Leach MS.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 13-1.
Shell fusiform, not perforated ; aperture commonly narrow, with

a short truncated canal ; inner margin varicose ; sinus near the
suture. Typically the shell is longitudinally costate. It is
usual to include species with a well-marked, deep sinus ; the type
of the genus, however, has a mere curvature as a sinus. In regard
to Bela, see p. 60.

Ti/pe. — Mangelia costulata, Eisso.

Mangilia obsoleta, sp. nov.

[PI. Ill, Figs. 9«-Zi.]

Shell small ; protoconch composed of two smooth turns, deeply
umbilicated ; whorls four and a half to five in number, spire-whorls
short, subangulate not far from the suture, oblique costae not very
prominent and becoming obsolete on the anterior portion of the
body-whorl ; the latter is very large in proportion to the size of
the shell ; spiral strife not prominent, equidistant, more numerous
between the peripheral subangulation and the suture. Aperture
elongate ; outer margin curved, slightly varicose, with an elevated
deep sinus, also varicose, near the suture; columellar margin
covered with a thin deposit of smooth callus; canal short.

This is by no means a typical Mangilia ; but for the absence

58 MANGILIA.

of denticulations -within the outer margin of the aperture and
the comparatively inconspicuous longitudinal costse, it might have
been included in the subgenus Cythara.

Dimensions. — Length 10 mm.; breadth 4-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4222. One specimen. Presented by John Demiant, Esq.

Subgenus CYTHARA, Schumacher.
[EssaiNouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 245.]

Shell elongate ; longitudinally costate ; aperture narrow ; outer
margin more or less denticulated within ; columellar border
striated. Typically the shell is columbelliform.

Type. — Cythara striata, Schumacher.

Mangilia (Cythara) glabra, sp. nov.

[Plate III. Figs. \Qa-b.]

Shell solid, narrow, elongate ; whorls four in number, obliquely
costellated, the costae being large, rounded, curved (especially near
the suture), equidistant, and extending over the suture, which is
much hidden in consequence ; between the ribs are several spiral
lineations. Aperture narrow, widening somewhat in the middle ;
outer margin thick, callous, obscurely denticulated within; sinus
deep, oblique, near the suture and bordered by a thick callosity;
columellar border covered, the callus being thick posteriorly;
columella excavated ; anterior canal short and truncated.

It is closely allied to M. hicohr, Reeve, living in the seas
of IS'orthern Australia and the Philippines, but is narrower, whilst
tlie columella is excavated instead of being convex or sinuate.
More distantly it is related also to If. capillacea, Reeve, of the
same geographical regions.

Dimensions. — Length ITS mm.; breadth 5 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene (?) : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4201. Slightly rolled specimens.

Presented hy John Dennant, Fsq.

CLATHCEELLA. 59

Genus CLATHURELLA, Carpenter.

[Mazatlan Cat. 1857, p. 399.]

Differs principally from Mangilia in its whorls being more
rounded and cancellate ; sinus varicose and sutural ; inner margin
of the aperture denticulate posteriorly. It is closely allied to that
genus, however.

Type. — Pleurotoma purpurea, Montagu.

Clathurella bidens, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1879. Mangelia bidens, Tenison-'Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 227, pi. sx. fig. 2.
1895. Mangilia bidens, Tate and Deunant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

Protoconch composed of two smooth, angulate, elevated turns.
Shell fusiform, tumid ; whorls six in number, obliquely costate
and distinctly Urate ; between the subangular periphery and the
deeply-cut suture the lirse are smaller and more numerous.
Aperture rather broad ; outer margin varicose, produced, and thin
at the edge, dentate within ; sinus large, broad, and situated near
the suture ; inner margin curved, with a callous denticle posteriorly ;
columella slightly twisted ; canal broad and short.

Dimensions. — Length 15 mm.; breadth 7 mm. ; length of
aperture 8 mm.

Form. a?id Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4202. Four examples. Presented by John Bennant, Esq.

Clathurella obdita, sp. nov.

[Plato III. Figs. lU-J.]

Shell fusiform, elongate, solid ; protoconch composed of one and
a half smooth, convex turns terminating abruptly against the shell
proper, which, even in the brephic stage, is distinctly angulate,
and possesses the general characteristics of the ornamentation of the
adult. Whorls live in number, spirally lirate throughout, the lirte
being larger and farther apart in front of the peripheral sub-
angulation. The growth-lines develop into equidistant, oblique,
inconspicuous costae, best seen in the early stages of growth ; and

60 DAPHXELLA,

'where they cross the larger spiral lirae, and especially at the
periphery, teeth-like tubercles result. Aperture narrow ; outer
margin thick, dentate within, varicose, produced, the anterior
portion bent and partly encircling the short canal; sinus sutural,
very conspicuous, deep and bordered by the posterior extension
of the outer margin, which covers the suture in that region, and is
reflected towards the thin enamel of the inner margin ; a prominent
denticle is placed on the latter near the sinus ; columella somewhat
excavated, sharply twisted anteriorly.

This species differs from M. lidens in being more elongate, the
spire is much longer in proportion to the aperture, is narrower,
the columella is more sharply twisted ; the longitudinal costse are
not so conspicuous, the subangulation at the periphery is more
towards the centre of the whorls, and the surface of the shell
between that and the suture is more sloping. The shell as a whole
is not so rugged.

Dimensions. — Length 9 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. ; length of aperture
4-5 mm.

Foi'm. and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4204. Two specimens. Presented ly John Bennant, Esq.

Genus DAPHNEL.LA, Hinds.
[In Belcher, Voy. " Sulphur," Mollusca, vol. ii. 1844, p. 25.]

Shell thin, fusiform ; whorls convex ; body -whorl usually
elongate, surface finely cancellated; outer margin slightly curved,
broad shallow sinus near the suture ; columella excavated ; canal
short, truncate.

None of the species here described are typical examples of the
genus ; they appear to be intermediate between Baphnella {seiisu
strido) and its subgenus Pleuroiotnella, Yerrill. They are not
included in the latter, by reason of the sinus not being deep enough,
and from the absence of the "smooth concave surface" between
the shoulder of the whorls and the suture. By some authors they
would possibly be classified with Bela ; that genus, however,
appears to be much misunderstood. It does not seem to be
recognized that the type of Bela (Leach MS.), Gray,' is Murex

' Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 134.

DAPHNELLA. 61

neiula, Montagu, which is practically synonymous with Mangelia
costidata, Risso, the type of the genus Mangilia {em.). Jfoue
of the Australian Tertiary forms now figured and described bear
the slightest resemblance to " Murex nebula," which Tryon '
classifies with Raphitoma, Bellardi, a subgenus of JDaplmeUa.
Type. — Pleiirotoma lymnmiformis, Kiener.

Daphnella sculptilis, Tate (sp).

[Plate lY. Figs. l«-5.]

1888. Bela sculptilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 173,

pi. iv. fig. 1.

1889. Bela sculptilis, Demiant, id. vol. xi. p. 45 (list name).

Protoconch composed of one and a half smooth, depressed, obtuse
turns, the earlier portion of which is laterally disposed, and the
later longitudinally striated. Whorls tumid, six in number,
subangulate at the periphery and somewhat excavated between
that and the suture. The latter is canaliculate and margined.
Surface covered by closely -set spiral lineations, remarkably regular
from the brephic stage onwards, and crossed by conspicuous growth -
lines, which occasionally produce minute granulations at their
points of intersection, but are for the most part more clearly
defined in the sulci between the lineations referred to. Aperture
nearly one-half the length of the shell, narrow, obliquely
terminated posteriorly and curved anteriorly where a short
broad canal exists ; outer margin thin, moderately curved, sinus
broad but shallow, and occupying the whole of the sutural
depression ; inner margin covered by a very thin deposit of
enamel, best developed anteriorly ; columella twisted.

This species, although figured, has not, apparently, been
previously described.

Dimensions. — Length 47 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4194. Three specimens. Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

1 Manual of Concliology, vol. vi. 1881, p. 307.

62 DAPHNELLA.

Daphnella crassilirata, Tate (sp.).

[Plate IV. Figs. 2«-S.]

1888. Bela crassilirata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 173,

pi. iv. fig. 7.

1889. Bela crassilirata, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 45 (list name).

Protoconcli similar to that of B. sculptilis, but somewhat canali-
culate, and the anterior portion is more strongly striated spirally.
Shell tumid ; whorls five to six in number, angulate at the
periphery, between which and the suture is a deep depression ;
suture canaliculate and marginate ; surface of the whorls uniformly
and deeply sulcated spirally, and crossed by regular growth-lines
which produce a cancellation especially well developed in the
neighbourhood of the suture. Aperture rather broad, pyriform,
obtuse posteriorly ; outer margin very thin, sinus broad, but
shallow between the suture and the periphery ; inner margin
covered by thin deposit of callus, through which the spiral
sulcations are visible posteriorly ; columella excavated, twisted
anteriorly.

This species, though figured, does not appear to have been
hitherto described. It differs essentially from D. sculptilis in
being shorter, having the peripheral angulation placed nearer
the suture, in being much more deeply excavated between ; the
surface of the shell is more deeply sulcated, and the aperture
is wider.

Dimensions. — Length 25 mm.; breadth ll'Smm. ; length of
aperture 13'5 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4193. Two specimens. Fresented, hij John Bennant, Fsq.

G. 5496. One example. Furchased.

Daphnella pulchra, Tate (sp.).

1888. Bela pulchra, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 173,

pi. iv. fig. 2.

1889. Bela pulchra, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 45 (list name).

Protoconch composed of one and a half smooth, polished turns,
turbinate, depressed, and canaliculate. Shell as a whole short and

DAPnNELLA. 63

tumid ; whorls five in number, convex ; suture slightly canaliculate
and bordered by a shallow excavation. Surface covered by spiral
striaj, the penultimate whorl carrying six prominent striations,
between each of which are three or four minor ones. Growth-lines
regular, producing a species of cancellation, the points of inter-
section of the larger with the revolving striae being crowned by
a small tubercle. These groAvth-lines, also, are of two orders,
three or four minor ones being situated between the more prominent
of them. Aperture broad, rounded posteriorly and truncated
anteriorly ; outer margin thin, curved, the sinus being marked
by a mere sinuosity in the neighbourhood of the suture; columella
excavated.

This species does not appear to have been described before,
though figured by Professor Tate, as above indicated. It may
be readily distinguished from the two species of Laplmella already
described, by the granulated aspect of the whorls, as seen under
a lens, by the comparatively shallow excavation bordering the
suture, and by the special character of the sinus.

Dimensions. — Length 18 mm.; breadth 9 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4157. Two examples. Presented htj John Bennant, Esq.

Daphnella striata, Hutton.

1873. Bela striata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 5.
1893. Daphnella striata, Hutton, Linn. See. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.
p. 52, pi. vii. fig. 33.

Shell cominelliform, body-whorl longer than the spire ; whorls
convex, six in number, finely spirally striated ; aperture ovato-
elongate, wide anteriorly; outer margin sinuous, but there is no
sinus properly so-called, reflected ; columellar margin covered
by a leaf-like expansion of smooth shell enamel, which is
continuous with the outer margin, near the suture is a small
callosity ; columella twisted ; canal short, recurved.

Dimensions. — Length 20 mm. ; breadth 9 mm. ; length of
aperture 10 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Shakespeare Cliff, Wanganui, New
Zealand.

G. 9509. Two specimens. Sir James Hector Coll.

64 TELEOCHILUS.

TELEOCHILUS/ nov. gen.

Protoconch (Plate III. Figs. I2c-d) large, from one to one and
a half depressed turns, spirally and longitudinally striated from
the initial portion onwards, the spiral striae developing into well-
defined sulcations as the shell passes from the brephic to the neanic
stages of growth. Shell as a whole elongate, the aperture being
much longer relatively than, the spire ; whorls slightly convex
and spirally sulcated throughout, lines of growth well marked ;
suture typically canaliculate ; aperture with thin, erect, outer
margin, constricted posteriorly, and broad towards the anterior ;
columella plain, with a thin deposit of callus through which
the sulci appear.

It is difficult to satisfactorily classify this genus. By its general'
configuration it has considerable analogy with Daphnella ; but
may be easily differentiated by the unique characteristics of the
protoconch, and the absence of a posterior sinus. The last-
mentioned circumstance might be taken advantage of to remove
Teleochilus from the Pleueotomii)^, did we not know that the
possession of a sinus is not an absolutely necessary qualification
for inclusion in that family.

In some respects Teleochilus recalls certain forms of Mitra, but
it has no columellar plications, nor even the semblance of a fold ;
whilst its protoconch is distinctive. At the same time, it approaches
the genus Dilaphus, Philippi, which, although deprived of folds
on the pillar, is classified with the Mitrid^, chiefly on anatomical
grounds. Dihnphus differs only from Mitroidea, Pease, by the
absence of plaits. The soft parts of the animal were first described
by Mr. A. Garrett,^ who was unable to detect any difference
between them and those of Cylmdra, Schumacher. Unfortunately,
it is not possible to ascertain the relationships of Teleochilus in the
same manner, as its soft parts are denied to us; on conchological
considerations alone it is included in Plettrotomid^, and may
be assigned a position in the neighbourhood of Daphnella.

Type. — Daphnella gracillima, Tenison- Woods.

1 t6'a.eios ' complete ' ; x*"^"^ ' hp-'
= Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 843.

CANCELLARIA. 65

TeleocMlus gracillimum, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1876. Daphnella graciUima, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876,

p. 106.
1879. Daphnella graciUima, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.

vol. iii. p. 226, pi. xx. fig. 10.

Mr. Tenison -Wood's description of this species is as follows :
" Shell fusiform, thin, fragile, shining, whorls sis, gracefully
sloping, last longer than the spire, finely striate lengthwise with
irregular ridges of growth which become fine, close, and rounded
at the lip ; regularly and somewhat distantly grooved with rather
broad, flat, shallow, conspicuously striate grooves, one of which
is much broader just below the suture, which is distinctly
canaliculate ; apex obtuse and Natica-Wke ; mouth narrow, finely
rounded at the suture ; outer lip thin ; canal short, base of the
pillar finely and obliquely decussate behind."

The general characteristics of the protoconch have been alluded
to in the generic description. The figure of the species given
by its author is a representation of a much worn specimen ; it is
deemed advisable, therefore, to refigure it (Plate III. Figs, \2a-d).

Dimensions. — Length 25 mm. ; breadth 10 mm. ; length of
aperture 16mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 4161. Four examples, shell of the adult.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 4162. Two examples, exhibiting the neanic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

Family CANCELLAEIID^.

Genus CANCELLARIA, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soc. Hist. Xat. Paris, 1799, p. 71.]

Shell oval, fusiform ; aperture slightly canaliculated ; columella
stnmgly plicated ; outer margin not reflected, crenulated.
Type. — Voltda reticulata, Linnasus.

66 CANCELLAEIA.

Cancellaria wannonensis, Tate.

1889. Cancellaria wannonensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. si.
p. 156, pi. viii. fig. 11.

Shell solid, ventricose ; protoconch elevated, more vigorously
developed in some individuals than others, typically composed of
two and a half turns, but occasionally two and sometimes three
turns, faintly longitudinally ridged anteriorly ; whorls strongly
ribbed and spirally lirate ; aperture wide, outer border arcuate,
inner border callous, especially in the adult stage ; columella
imperforate, having three prominent plications, the posterior of
which is the largest, frequently with a smaller ridge between the
central and the posterior plications, and some rugosities on the flat
portion of the callus in the umbilical region.

It has considerable affinities with the living C. semperiana,
Crosse, from New Caledonia, but the aperture of the latter is
much more dilated, the longitudinal costse are bolder, and the
shell as a whole not so solid.

Dimensions. — Length 32 mm.; breadth 21mm.; length of
aperture 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4259. A senile example. Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

G. 5524. One specimen. Purchased.

G. 9374. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purchased.

Cancellaria gradata, Tate.

1889. Cancellaria gradata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 155, pi. X. fig. 12.
1889. Bivetia gradata, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1091.

This species is very different to any other Cancellaria from
Australasia in the British Museum. The shell is thin, cancellate,
sharply carinate, with a broad spiral platform at the suture ; the
spire in consequence is staged ; the protoconch is composed of one
and a half turns, the early portion of which is implanted obliquely
and is somewhat inflated, the remainder being decidedly convex
with deeply-cut suture ; aperture quadrately oval, outer border
crenulated, lirate within ; columella slightly callous, furnished
with three prominent plications.

CANCELLAEIA. 67

This is by no means a typical Cancellaria. M. Cossmann remarks
{op. cit. supra) that it should be classified with Bivetia ; but the
type of that subgenus has a posterior canal, varices, and other
characteristics absent in C. gradata. For the present it may
remain with Cancellaria proper, the present writer having no
inclination to increase the number of subgenera with which this
group is burdened.

Dimensions. — Length 12 mm.; breadth 6-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4262. One specimen. Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9372. An adult example with well-preserved protoconch.

Purchased.

Cancellaria, sp.

G. 5680. Two imperfect, rolled specimens ; from the post-
Pliocene beds of Limestone Creek, Glenelg river, Victoria.

Purchased.

Subgenus NARONA, H. and A. Adams.
[Genera Recent Moll. vol. i. 1854, p. 277.]

Shell not umbilicated, oblong, costulated, or cancellated ; whorls
depressed near the suture ; columellar border with two oblique
plications.

Type. — Cancellaria clavatula, Sowerby.

Cancellaria (Narona) capillata, Tate.

1889. Cancellaria capillata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. xi.

p. 158, pi. X. %. 10.
1889. Karona capillata, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1091.
1893. Cancellaria capillata, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. -xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Shell small, solid ; protoconch smooth, except anteriorly, where
it is longitudinally costated, composed of one and a half convex
turns, the earlier portion being somewhat oblique with reference
to the axis of the shell; whorls convex, lirate, and slenderly

68 CANCELLAEIA.

costated ; the spiral liise produce small nodose crenulations on the
costaj. The external ornament is much interrupted by inflated
variciform ridges on several individuals in the Museum. Aperture
oblong, outer border lirate within ; columella with two small
transverse plications ; umbilicus partly covered over by the
columellar border.

Dimensions. — Length 5 mm. ; breadth 2-75 mm. ; length of
aperture 2'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9369. Four adult examples. Purchased.

Cancellaria (Narona) etheridgei, Johnston.

1880. Cancellaria etheridgei, Johnston, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 32.
1889. Cancellaria etheridgei, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 157, pi. is. fig. 6.
1889. Karona etheridgei, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1091.
1893. Cancellaria etheridgei, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt, 1, p. 221.

This species is closely allied to C. capillata, but the longitudinal
costae are relatively larger and oblique ; columella with two
plications situated posteriorly. The specimen in the Museum
is not sufficiently well preserved to enable the protoconch, or
minute ornament, to be described. The general character of the
embryonic shell was, evidently, similar to the last- mentioned
species, however.

I)imension,s. — Length 5 mm. ; breadth 3 mm. ; length of aperture
2"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Spring Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9373. Two worn specimens. Furchased.

Subgenus ADMETULA, Cossmann.

[Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiv. 1888, p. 22-1.]

This subgenus differs from Admete, MoUer, in the possession of
varices and by the thickness of the test.
Ty2}e. — Buccinum evidsum, Solander.

CANCELLAEIA. 69

Cancellaria (Admetula) varicifera, Ten.-Woods.

1S79. Cancellaria varicifera. Ten. -Woods, Proc. Linn. See. X.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 231, pi. xxi. fig. 12.
1889. Cancellaria varicifera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 15.5.
1893. Cancellaria varicifera, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Professor Tate remarks that this is the antipodean analogue of
C. erulsa, Solander, from Barton, and that it differs "only by its
much finer ornament, and by the lirte within the outer lip." No
doubt there is a close I'esemblance between the two species, but a
study of the protoconch is sufficient to separate them immediately.
The Australian shell commences with a relatively large protoconch,
the earlier portion of which is obtuse and even slightly inflated,
and is composed of only one and a half turns ; the Bartonian .shell,
on the other hand, has a somewhat pyramidal protoconch com-
posed of from two and a half to three turns, the earlier portion is
not oblique, and the whole is regularly coiled. There must be some
error respecting the lirae alluded to : both the Australian and
European shells possess these within the outer lip, typical examples
of C, evulsa from Barton having them especially prominent opposite
the varices. The Australian shell is thinner.

Bimensmis. — Length 14 mm. ; breadth 8 mm. ; length of
aperture 5'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Specimens much more tumid than the type ; this has
considerable analogy with C. evulsa ; from Schnapper Point.

Purchased.
G. 4260. An elongate specimen ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.
G. 9371. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purchased.

Subgenus SVELTIA, Jousseaume.
[Le Xaturaliste, t. i. ser. 2, 1887, p. 214.]

Shell not umbilicated, long, turriculated ; suture deep ; aperture
ovate ; posterior canal hardly perceptible ; anterior canal large
and cutting into the peristome ; columella with two unequal,
rather salient plications.

Type. — Cancellaria varicosa, Brocchi.

70

Cancellaria (Sveltia) epidromiformis, Tate.

1889. Cancellaria epidromiformis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 154, pi. viii. fig. 9.
1889. Sveltia epidromiformis, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1091.

Shell long, thick with sub-turreted spire ; protoconch obtuse,
composed of one and a half turns, the earlier portion being planted
obliquely with reference to the axis of the shell, smooth, except
anteriorly, where frequent, microscopic, longitudinal lineations
appear ; whorls deeply excavated at the suture, where an inward-
sloping spiral platform occurs ; spirally and longitudinally ribbed,
granulated at the points of intersection, the former being the more
prominent ; interrupted here and there by varices ; aperture
relatively small, ovate ; outer border plicate within ; columella
imperforate, with three plications ; anterior canal truncate.

This is a typical example of the subgenus Sveltia, except that
it has three columellar plications instead of two. In the young
these are even more marked than in the adult.

Dimensions. — Length 20 mm.; breadth 10 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4260. An adult example. Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

G. 9370. Two specimens, one of which is a well-preserved
example of the neanic stage of growth. Furcliased.

Family OLIVID^.

Genus OLIVELLiA, Swainson.

[Malacology, 1840, p. 34.]

Olivina, D'Orbigny, Voy. Amerique Meridionale, t. v. 1841, p. 417
[non Morch).

A comparison of the soft parts of Olivella and Oliva exhibits
many features of interest, fully sustaining the generic separation
of the two. The head of Oliva, for instance, is furnished with
slender tentacles and eyes, the median tooth of its radula is

OLIVELIA. Yl

tricuspidate; on the other hand, a typical OUvella has neither
tentacles nor eyes, ami the median tooth of the radula carries a
great number of small denticles, in addition to which the radula
has accessory lateral plates. In spite of these important anatomical
differences, the shells of certain species of both genera closely
resemble each other, and it is, therefore, almost impossible to
classify them with any degree of accuracy from an examination
of the test alone. Fortunately, however, the more extreme forms
of the shells are not difficult to determine generically, and the
Australasian Tertiary fossils about to be described are allocated
to the genus OUvella without much doubt.

In general, the shells may externally be distinguished from
those of OUva by the columella not being plicate (or lirate)
throughout its entire length, whilst the columellar border is more
obliquely inclined with reference to the axis, and is sometimes
slightly excavated (as in 0. nymphalis, Tate) ; the spire is more
elevated, though this last character is by no means constant.

Ti/pe.— Oliva Uplicata, G. B. Sowerby.

Olivella angustata, Tate (sp.).

1889. OUva angmtata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 144,

pi. \m. figs. 7a-*.
1889. OUva angustata, Dennant, id. vol. si. p. 43.

The spire in this species is long, in adult specimens being more
than one-third the entire length of the shell ; suture deep ; aper-
ture narrow, wider where the columella is slightly excavated;
plications variable in number, situated on the anterior half of the'
columellar border only.

Compared with 0. nitidula, Desh., of the Parisian Eocene, it is
found to be longer, its aperture is narrower and straighter, and
Its columella is less excavated ; in other respects it presents con-
siderable analogy with the shell of that species.

Dimensions. — Length 26 mm.; breadth 8-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 15-5 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : ]\:uddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4170. Three specimens. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9367. Examples showing stages of growth. Purchased.

72

Olivella nymphalis, Tate (sp.).

1889. Oliva nymphalis, Tate, Tians. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. -xi. p. 145,

pi. vii. fig. 7.
1889. Oliva iii/mphalis, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 43.
1889. Olivella >i!/mphalis, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1090.

This is a more stunted form than 0. angustata, whilst the
plications are only two or three in number, being confined to
the anterior portion of the columella. The whorls have a tendency
to become invaginate, and the spiral sulcation near the middle
of the body-whorl is prominent.

A close European ally is 0. nritreola, Lamarck, a more elongate
shell, from the Eocene of the Cotentin and Paris Basin.

Dimensions. — Length 8"5 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. ; length of
aperture 4 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9368. Two specimens. Purchased.

Olivella, sp.

G. 9511-2. Two pieces of argillaceous limestone containing
casts of several shells, including a species of Olivella closely allied
to 0. angustata; from the Lower Miocene (Mangapakeha beds) of
Akuakua, east coast of Auckland, N.Z. Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus ANCILLA, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 70; also Syst. des Anim. sans
Vert. 1801, p. 73.]

Ancillaria, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. 1810, t. xvi. p. 302.
Sparella, Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, 1857, p. 26.

Shell oblong, occasionally acuminate ; suture sometimes canali-
culate, but more frequently covered over by callus ; columella
excavated, twisted, and carrying several plications anteriorly,
which are not hidden by callous growth, whereas the posterior
portion of the columella is thick, callous, or gibbose. A depression,
or groove, usually separates the callosity of the spire from what is
commonly termed the " smooth zone," though this zone is often
not as smooth as the callous spire, especially when strongly
exhibiting the lines of growth as in certain fossil species. The

73

relative size of this zone is of specific walue taken in conjunction
with cognate characters ; aperture grooved posteriorly, and truncate
and deeply sinuous in front.

Ancilla may bo distinguished from Olivancillaria, with which it
is frequently confounded, in that the latter, sensu stricto, has the
columella callous thi-oughout its entire length, the spire is usually
much more acuminate, and the sutures are deeply canaliculate.
The columella of the section Agaronia, however, is not callous,
except to a feeble extent posteriorly. Ancilla is readily dis-
tinguished from that subgenus, as the latter has such well-
developed sutures, and the comparative absence of callosity on
the spire and body-whoii is well marked.

The subgenus Sparella, almost universally adopted by modern
authors, must disappear in synonymy, for the following reasons : —
The type of Ancilla is A. cinnamomea, Lamarck, and the type
of Sparella is A. alhisuleala, Sby. ; but these two species are
synonymous with each other, the only distinguishing feature
between them being that the impressed groove of the latter is
white — a character without constancy. It is generally stated
that a more or less prominent denticle on the outer margin of the
aperture characterizes Sparella, but that is found also in the type
species of Ancilla ; the spread of the callosity over the spire is
usually regarded as a special feature, but what value that may
possess from a morphological point of view does not in any way
affect the synonymity of the type species mentioned.

Ti/pe. — Ancilla cinnamomea, Lamarck.

Ancilla pseudaustralis, Tate (sp.).

1889. AnciUaria pseudaustralis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 148, pi. vi. fig. 13; pi. vii. fig. 1.
1893. Ancillaria pseudaustralis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1,

p. 220.

This is the largest Australian Ancilla in the Museum. Professor
Tate compares it with the European Eocene A. luccinoides, Lamk.,
but it differs markedly from the latter : the broad band trespassing
anteriorly on the smooth zone of the body- whorl, terminating at
the inner margin of the aperture by a pronounced denticle forming
a slight postei'ior prolongation of the band, or of the groove which
borders it posteriorly, at once distinguishes this species from

74

A. huccmoides. The granulations on the callus, the manner in
which a portion of the latter is spread over the whorls of the
spire from the columellar border nearly to the protoconch, and
the relatively smaller size of the twisted anterior of the columella,
are also distinctive features.

Dimensions. — Length 46 mm. ; breadth 20 mm. ; length of
aperture 26 '5 mm.

Form., and Loc— Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4197. Two adult specimens. Presented hj John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5507. Two younger examples. Purchased.

G. 9331. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purchased.

Ancilla semilsevis, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1879. AncUlaria semilievis, T. "Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 229, pi. XX. fig. 7.
1889. AncUlaria semilcevis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 148.
1893. AncUlaria semilcevis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

This shell has an acuminate spire, the callus is not strongly
developed, and the sutures are bordered by a slight angulation
producing a spiral ridge on the surface. The smooth zone is rather
narrow, and the spiral band and denticle are well pronounced. It
presents some analogy with A . arenaria, Cossmann, from the Eocene
of the Paris basin ; the latter, however, is a smaller species, whilst
the aperture of the shell is not so large relatively, and its columella
is not excavated so deeply.

Dimensions. — Length 18 mm.; breadth 7"5 mm. ; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4224. Three specimens. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9333. Several examples showing stages of growth. Purchased.

Ancilla lanceolata, Tate (sp.).

1889. AncUlaria lanceolata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.
p. 147, pi. vii. fig. 2.

The callus of this species presents some analogy with that of
A. hehera, but the spire is contracted slightly at the apex; the
shell is not so cylindrical, and is much more elongated. None of
the specimens in the Museum exhibit the denticle ; its existence,

75

however, may be inferred from the feeble groove running round
the anterior portion of the body-whorl. The columella is exca-
vated, and for the size of the shell its plicated anterior extremity
is not very large. Professor Tate remarks that this species is
intermediate in character between A. hehera and Apseudaustralis.
Dimensions. — Length 32 mm. ; breadth 10 mm. ; length of
aperture 17-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.
G. 4199. An example of the senile stage of growth.

Presented by John Bennant, Esq.
G. 5509. One specimen, with columella abnormally excavated.

Purchased.
G. 9332. Two forms in which the spire is very callous.

Purcliased.

Ancilla papillata, Tate (sp.).

1889. Ancillaria papillata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.
p. 146, pi. vii. fig. 4.

This may be readily distinguished from all other Australian
Tertiary Ancillte by the peculiar aspect of the callous growth
around the spire, which is sculptured with narrow, sharply
rounded, spiral ridges of unequal size, the larger with two or
three smaller ones interposed. The spiral band, though deep,
is very narrow, and terminates with a sulcated denticle. The shell
is almost cylindrical.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm. ; breadth 12*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4194. Two specimens. Presented hij John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5508. Two adult examples. Purchased.

G. 9324. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purchased.

Ancilla ligata, Tate (sp.).

1889. AncUlaria ligata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. U7,
pi. vii. fig. 6.

This small shell resembles A. semihcvis, but it has a more
obtuse apex, and is strongly angulate at the suture ; callus com-
paratively thin, denticle not prominent.

76

Dimensions. — Length 1 7 mm. ; breadth nearly 6 mm. ; length of
aperture 8 mm.

Form, and Log. — Eocene: Aldinga, South Australia.

G. 9325. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purchased.

Ancilla hebera, Hutton (sp.).

1873. Ancillaria hebera, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 6.

1880. Ancillaria mucronata, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxi. fig. 12

{non Sowerby).
1889. Ancillaria hebera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 147,

pi. vii. fig. 5.

Although differing in several important particulars, this species
is not unlike A. papillata. It lacks the solidity of the latter,
however, whilst the spire is not sculptured in the same manner,
the shell is not so cylindrical in shape, and the aperture is wider
and proportionately larger. Professor Tate compares it with
A. olivula, Lamarck, of the Paris basin, which it closely resembles,
though, as he remarks, the callosity is larger, more gibbous and
granulated in the Australasian fossil. The twisted anterior portion
of the columella is relatively much smaller than in the European
form.

Dimensions. — Length 38 mm. ; breadth 13"5 mm. ; length of
aperture 22 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania and Victoria.

83979. A tumid example, from Table Cape. Purchased,

G. 4198. An elongate form, from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9376. Several examples, showing stages of growth ; from

Piver Murray cliffs. Purchased.

Ancilla australis, G. P. Sby. (sp.).

1830. Ancillaria australis, G. B. Sowerby, Spec. Concliyl. p. 7, figs. 44-6.
1834. Ancillaria albisulcata, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool.

t. iii. p. 19, pi. xlix. figs. .5-12 [non Sowerby).
1834. Ancillaria australis, Quoy and Gaimard, id. p. 20, pi. xlix. figs. 13-17.
1844. Ancillaria australis, Deshayes, in Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans

Vert. ed. 2, t. x. p. 592.

77

1S50. Ancillaria albisidcata, Gray, Fig. Moll. vol. iv. p. 4, pi. xix. figs. 1-3

(«o« Sowerby).
1850. Ancillaria australis, Gray, id. vol. iv. p. 4, pi. xix. fig. 5.
1859. Ancillaria australis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. iii. p. 63, pi. ccxi.

figs. 1, 2.
1864. Ancillaria australis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. xv. pi. iii. figs. la-h.
1873. Ancillaria australis, Von Martens, Crit. List. Moll. N.Z. p. 23.
1873. Ancillaria [Anaulax) australis, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. j). 17.
1873. Ancillaria australis, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 6.
1880. Ancillaria australis, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 58.
1893. Ancillaria australis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 44.

The variable proportion of the callus on the spire, even in
specimens from the same locality, causes this shell to assume
a variety of forms. Sometimes it renders it mucronate, the callus
being finely granular and extending over the posterior half of the
columella, in which case it is impossible to observe the actual
shape and number of the whorls. In other specimens, owing
to the comparative absence of callus, the spire is almost acuminate,
the suture being distinctly cut in, but in any case the protoconch
is entirely covered up. The examples from Parimoa have the
greatest thickness of callus on the spire above the body-whorl,
and it is so disposed as to render the shell somewhat cylindrical
with an angulate ridge above the anterior suture. In the two
specimens from Glenelg river the callus is closely corrugated,
leading to the formation of a number of spiral ridges ; an accidental
mutilation of the spire of one of them reveals the protoconch,
which, as far as can be seen, is composed of two turns, the earlier
portion being very minute and the later somewhat inflated.

The denticle on the outer margin of the aperture is practically
a prolongation of a deeply-cut sulcus ; the anterior canal is broad
and deep ; columella excavated and carrying several small plications
anteriorly. In well-preserved specimens with but little callus,
what is commonly termed the " varnished zone " of the body-whorl
is light-brown in colour, in front of which is a band of the same
tint, but darker. The whorl is finely striated, both longitudinally
and spirally.

Compared with the older A. pseudaustralis, the latter is more
elongate, and its spire is more acuminate. Living examples of
the species are found in Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania.
Some of the specimens of A. australis in the Museum very closely

78

resemble A. mucronata, Sowerby, and it is possible that the latter
is a local variation of the former.

Dimensions. — Length 41mm.; breadth 19'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene and post-Pliocene : New Zealand and
Victoria.

G. 5563. Two specimens of stunted growth, with callus spirally
corrugated ; from Limestone Creek, Glenelg river. Purchased.

G. 9521. Several fragments of the spire, exhibiting subangulate
mucionation ; from Parimoa, Middle Island. W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

G. 9514. A number of specimens showing wide range of
variation, the spires of some being acuminate, of others mucronate ;
from Wanganui. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9520. An example of the adult, from Onekakara.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

Family HARPID^.

Genus HARPA, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 71.]

Shell ovate, ventricose ; last whorl very large, ornamented with
regularly spaced longitudinal ribs, prolonged over the suture and
joined to preceding whorl; spire short; aperture wide, channelled
anteriorly, columellar border callous, the callosity extending over
part of the whorls, occasionally up to the protoconch ; columella
twisted.

Type. — Puccinum liar pa, Linnaeus.

Subgenus EOCITHARA, Fischer.
[Man. Conchy!. 1883, p. 601.]

Columellar callosity more sharply defined and elevated than in
Harpa [sensu stricto) ; posterior prolongations of the transverse ribs
frequently flattened against and practically covering the suture.
This, together with the subgenus Silia, Mayer, includes almost all
fossil forms of the genus.

Type. — Harpa mutica, Lamarck.

79

Harpa (Eocithara) lamellifera, Tate. .

1889. Harpa lamellifera, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 149,
pi. vi. fig. 2.

The protoconch of this species (Plate lY. Figs. 3«-J) is very
different to that of either S. siilcosa or H. tenuis, descriptions of
■which follow. It is more depressed than that of the type of the
genus, from which it differs also in being striated. It recalls
the protoconch of the Pliocene and living Valuta musica, Linn.,
though it is not quite as large. Compared with the protoconch
of specimens of H. mutiea, Lamk. (the subgeneric type), of the
Parisian Eocene, it is relatively much larger and is more depressed,
though of the same general character.

The ornamentation of the whorls consists of thin, elevated,
curved lamellae close together, the anterior portions of which are
twisted so as to obscure the suture ; between each of these
are three or four fine longitudinal lineations and many spiral stri«
closely set, the latter being continued up the posterior side of
the lamellae. The columellar border is covered with callus ; the
anterior portion, however, is comparatively free therefrom, being
sharply defined and elevated. The successive stages of growth of
the anterior canal have left a well-marked, broad, rounded ridge,
between which and the elevated columellar border is a deep
rugose sulcus.

Dimensions. — Length 34-5 mm.; breadth 23 mm.; length of
aperture 27 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : IMuddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4215. Two examples of the adult.

Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.
G. 9336. Two specimens of the neanic stage of growth.

Purchased.

Harpa (Eocithara) sulcosa, Tate.

1889. Harpa sulcosa, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 150,
pi. vi. fig. 10.

It is noteworthy that the subgeneric distinction previously
observed should be emphasized also in the protoconchs of this

80

and its congener H. tenuis. The embryo of S. sulcosa has only
two and a half turns visible, the nucleus appears to be covered
over, and is slightly oblique, as exemplified by weathered speci-
mens ; the last turn is longitudinally lineated, the earlier portion
being smooth and shining.

This species is readily distinguished from any other Harpa of
the Australian Eocene by the flat area bordering the suture ; the
transverse lamellae are very close together, and are exceedingly
thin over the area alluded to. The columellar callosity is thin,
but sharply defined, with the formation of a deep sulcation and
perforation anteriorly.

Dimensions. — Length 2.5 mm.; breadth 16 mm.; length of
aperture 17 mm.

Form., and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4218. Specimen having protoconch abnormally developed.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq^.

G. 9337. Two examples. Purchased.

Harpa (Eocithara) tenuis, Tate.

1889. Sarpa tenuis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 151,
pi. vi. fig. 1.

The anterior of the protoconch (Plate IV. Eigs. Aa-l) is slightly
oblique, and almost entirely hidden by subsequent turns; there
are two and a half of these latter, and the whole are micro-
scopically granulated, the later turns being also transversely and
longitudinally lineated. This is a larger species than S. lamellifera,
and it has fewer longitudinal lamellae ; the interlamellar striae,
both longitudinal and transverse, are not so prominent, except
towards the anterior portion of the body-whorl, where a species
of corrugation results ; the shoulder of the last whorl is roughly
angulate, and this is accentuated by scaly projections from the
lamellfe in that region.

There seems to be a great deal in common between this and
H. puUigera, from the blue clays at Schnapper Point ; judging from
Professor Tate's figure {op. cit. pi. vi. fig. 9) it may, perhaps, be
regarded as an extreme form of this species.

Dimensions. — Length 36 mm. ; breadth 22 ram. ; length of
aperture 28-5 mm.

81

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 5511. An adult specimen, longitudinal costiB distantly

separated. Purchased.

G. 9335. Two examples, one of whicli illustrates the senile

stage. Purchased.

Harpa (Eocithara) abbreviata, Tate.

1889. Sarpa abbreviata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 150,
pi. vi. fig. 7.

Protoconeh (Plate IV. Figs. 5a-h) composed of two turns ; it
has the general features of that of H. tenuis, but differs in that
the initial portion is much inflated and is sharply defined from
the remainder. The anterior portion of the turns may be divided
into two parts, the earlier of which (like the first turn) is smooth,
and the later is obscurely ribbed. The last-mentioned character is
of much value in working out the phylogeny of the Gasteropoda ;
the more pronounced generic characters were imparted to the shell
whilst yet in the embryonic stage, prior to the escape of the
animal from the capsule. In the brephic stage the incised suture
is initially accompanied by an elevated border, which becomes
modified as the animal approaches the neanic stage, and altogether
disappears in the adult. The shell in the brephic stage also
has some rather bold spiral elevations on the whorl, which, in
conjunction with the closely-set longitudinal ribs, cause cancella-
tion, but this is wanting in the adult form.

A cursory examination might lead one to think that this species
was merely a variation of H. tenuis, with which it could not
possibly be confounded, however, when the protoconeh and shell
in the brephic stage are compared. The ordinary spire-whorls are
subangulated medially, and ornamented by rather distant, slightly
elevated lamellae.

Dimensions. — Length 24 mm.; breadth 14-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 18-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4216. Two specimens. Presented hy John Pennant, Esq.

82 MAEGIiVELLA.

Family MARGlNELLIDiE.

Genus MARGINELLA, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 70.]

Shell oval or jblong; smooth; spire short, sometimes incon-
spicuous ; outer margin frequently thickened and dentate ;
columella plicate ; aperture slightly canaliculate anteriorly.

Type. — Valuta glabella, Linnaeus.

Marginella wentworthi, Tenison-Woods.

1877. Marginella weniworthii, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876,

p. 109.

1878. Marginella wentworthii, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aiist. Foss. p. 165.
1878. Marginella wentworthi, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8,

p. 92.

1888. Marginella wentworthii, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxi. figs. 5, 5a.

1889. Marginella wentworthi, Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 43.
1895. Marginella wentworthi, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

Protoconch composed of a globose, obtuse, smooth turn, barely
distinguishable from the succeeding whorl. Shell small', elongate,
and polished ; spire moderately elevated ; whorls five in number
in adult specimens, convex, body-whorl obtusely angulate at the
periphery, surface longitudinally striated by lines of growth, and
obscurely spirally lineated, suture accompanied by an anterior
spiral depression ; aperture elongate, somewhat inflated towards
the middle ; outer margin thickened, furnished with a number of
small crenulations terminated posteriorly by a rather large denticle,
or tubercle, behind which is a broad, slightly canaliculate depres-
sion ; inner margin with four prominent plications ; anterior
portion of the aperture widely channelled.

This species resembles M. contahulata, Deshayes, from the
Middle Eocene of the Paris Basin ; but the latter is more lanceo-
late, is minus crenulations on the inner side of the outer margin,
and has bifid and divergent plications.

Dimensions. — Length 7 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. ; length of aper-
ture 4 mm.

MABGINELLA. 88

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

6. 4213. A series exhibiting stages of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9341. Several specimens of the adult stage. Purchased.

Marginella muscarioides, Tate.

1878. Marginella muscarioides, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8,

p. 91.
1889. Marf/inella muscar aides, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aiist.

vol. xi. p. 43.

This species is characterized by its broad aperture, which opens
out anteriorly and is deeply channelled ; the body-whorl is gibbose,
and well-preserved specimens exhibit inconspicuous, narrow, longi-
tudinal bands of brownish tint.

It differs from M. wentworthi in the characters above noted, as
well as by the absence of crenulations on the outer margin. The
latter in M. muscarioides is much thickened, especially towards
the middle, where an obscure denticle is observable in some
specimens ; the inner margin is somewhat callous, and carries
lour conspicuous plications. Professor Tate remarks that in a
broad sense this species is a diminutive M. muscaria, Lamarck,
from which, however, it differs, amongst other things, in that the
callous outer margin of the latter species is extended "on to
the penultimate whorl, thence spreading over the base of the
shell, and giving rise to a flattened appearance varicosely margined
on the left side." The sutural region in M. muscarioides is
somewhat depressed.

Mr. Dennant quotes this species as occurring in the younger
beds at Muddy Creek.

Pimensions. — Length 7"5 mm. ; breadth -i'S mm. ; length of
aperture 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4212. Several specimens. Presented hj John Pennant, Esq.
G. 9338. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

84 MAEGINELLA.

Marginella winteri, Tate.

1878. Marginella tvinteri, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8, p. 94.
1880. Mitra coarctata, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv.

p. 8, pi. ii. fig. 10.
1889. 2[nr(jinella winteri, Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 43.

Shell elongate, subcylindrical, smooth ; protoconch obtuse, com-
posed of two smooth turns, the anterior being disproportionately
large ; spire elevated, three-whorled, body-whorl comprehensive,
ornamented by longitudinal curved growth-lines, suture con-
spicuous ; aperture elongate, tapering posteriorly, the sinus being
very small, broad anteriorly, and channelled ; outer margin
moderately thickened, but variable in individuals, closely crenu-
lated within ; columella callous, especially towards the anterior,
where five plications occur in the adult : these latter are close
together, and only four are well developed, the fifth one,
posteriorly, being very small, and altogether absent in young
specimens.

This is by no means a typical Marginella, but it does not fall
conveniently into any of the recognized sections of the genus.
The writer does not, however, feel inclined to add to these latter,
already too numerous for systematic purposes. It differs from
Marginella {sensu stricto) in its cylindrical shape and exsert spire,
and by the possession in the adult of five columellar plaits. It
has certain affinities with Volvarina, Hinds, ^ which, however,
has only four plications on the columella, whilst its outer
margin is not crenulated, at least in the type species, M. avena,
Valenciennes.

Specifically it closely resembles the living M. gracilis,
C. B. Adams {=z M. hibalteata. Reeve), from the "West Indies,
which is much smaller, more lanceolate, and is only quadriplicate.

Dimensions. — Length 15'5mm. ; breadth 7 mm.; length of
aperture 10-5 ram.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 75.

MAEGINELLA. 85

G. 4211. A large series of specimens showing stages of growth.

Presented hij John Dennant, £sq.

G. 9340. Four examples of the adult. Purchased.

Marginella propinqua, Tate.

1878. Margiiiella propinqua, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8,

p. 94.
1832. Marginella propinqua, Kirk, Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. xiv. p. 409.
1889. Marginella propinqua, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soq. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 43.
189-5. Marginella propinqua, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

This species differs from M. winteri in being broader, and in
having a much shorter spire. In studying the stages of growth,
which are illustrated by an excellent series of specimens in the
Museum, the following particulars concerning the columellar
plications may be noted. In the neanic stage of some individuals
four equal-sized, well-developed plaits occur, whilst in others the
two posterior plaits are much smaller than the anterior. As the
ephebic stage is attained a fifth, posterior plication appears, which
is placed farther within the aperture of the shell, and is very
small. In many individuals, however, only four plaits occur,
even towards the gerontic stage, and one specimen in the collection
possesses three large anterior plaits and one very small posterior.
Another point of interest is the development of the crenulations
on the outer margin. In the majority of specimens these are
found from the neanic stage onwards ; but it is clear from others
that crenulations were not developed, even up to the early portion
of the ephebic stage, although the thickening of the outer margin
took place under both conditions.

The foregoing observations, in the opinion of the writer, are
calculated to shed some light on the systematic value of the colu-
mellar plications and the crenulations on the outer margin, in this
group. It is customary with authors, dealing with Marginella,
to lay especial stress on both these characters, in assigning species
to subordinate divisions of the genus. Yet in M. propinqua
these features are very unstable, and certainly ought not to
rank higher than ontogenetic characters. Some authors might
be disposed to create another specific name for the non-creuulate
forms; but in carefully examining a series of the shells, it is

86 MAEGINELLA.

impossible not to recognize the phenomena alluded to as mere
variations of individuals of one species. The protoconch, the
shape of the shell, form of aperture, the suture — in fact, every
other characteristic except the number of plications and the
occurrence of marginal crenulations — are identical in the forms
here retained in M. propinqua.

Biinensiotis. — Length 12 mm.; breadth 5"5mm.; length of
aperture 9' 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9339. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purcliased.

Marginella inermis, Tate.

1878. Marginella inermis, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8,

p. 93.
1889. Marginella inermis, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 43.
18'J5. Marginella inermis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

Shell pyriform, attenuating anteriorly, smooth ; spire very short,
composed of from two to three whorls, body-whorl comprehensive,
extending almost the whole length of the shell, longitudinal growth-
lines conspicuous, suture well defined, polished ; aperture elongate,
broadly rounded posteriorly and slightly produced anteriorly where
it is widely channelled ; outer margin thickened and crenulated,
though comparatively smooth towards the posterior extremity ;
columellar margin furnished with four plications in the majority
of individuals, though one adult specimen in the Museum has
only three, and another three with the trace of a fourth.

Its shape, the elongation of the aperture, and its rounded form
in the neighbourhood of the posterior sinus, serve to readily
distinguish 21. inermis from all other Australasian Marginella!,
Except for the dentated outer margin, this species might perhaps
be included in the subgenus Prunum.

Dimensions. — Length 12 mm.; breadth 6*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 10'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4207. Several examples of the adult.

Presented hy John Pennant, Fsq.

MAEGINELLA. 87

Subgenus GLABELLA, Swainson.
[Malacology, 1840, p. 324.]

The principal distinguishing features of this subgenus are the
more or less conical form of the spire, which is well developed,
and the longitudinal plaits on the peripheral subangulation of the
body-whorl present in the majority of the species. The first
species mentioned by Swainson is quoted as "P. ruffina, Sw." ;
as it is not clear what he intended by that specific name,
M. hifasciata, Lamarck (one of the typical species mentioned
by Swainson), is here adopted as the type of this subgenus.

In reference to M. ovata and M. cornea, two new species here
described from the Tertiary of New Zealand, it may be noted tliat
certain kinds of Marginella have been recognized in the newer
beds of that colony ; but for the most part these have neither been
figured nor described, unless, indeed, two or three lines of
remarks can be called a description. The present writer has not
been able to identify either of the species above mentioned
with the meagre descriptions alluded to, and is of opinion that
these latter ought to be suppressed as being of no real value to
systematists.

Type. — Marginella lifasciata, Lamarck.

Marginella (Glabella) turbinata, G. B. Sowerby.

1846. MarijincUa turbinata, G. B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 3S.5,

pi. Ixxv. figs. 70-1.
1865. Marghuila turbinata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. xv. pi. sxii. fig. 122.
1867. Marginella turbinata, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 196.

1878. Marginella turbinata, Tate, Traus. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8, p. 86.

1879. Marginella turbinata, Weinkauff, Conch. Cab. (ed. Kiister), p. 86,

sp. 115, pi. xvi. figs. 9, 12.
1883. Marginella [Glabella) turbinata, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. v.

p. 23, pi. vii. figs. 4, 5.
1886. Marginella {Glabella) <Mr4tHfl'<a, "Watson, Toy. "Challenger," Zool.

(Gasteropoda), vol. sv. p. 265.

Shell volutiform ; spire very short, from two to three whorls,
body-whorl comprehensive, subangulate, and longitudinally plicated
on the shoulder ; aperture nearly as long as the shell, rather wide,
roundly contracted posteriorly, wider and broadly channelled
anteriorly ; outer margin much thickened, callous, the callosity
extending nearly to the apex of the whorls, and returning covering

88 MARGINELLA.

the columellar region, columella with four distinct plaits, the
three anterior ones close together, the remaining (posterior) plait
usually being smaller and less oblique.

This fossil form is more solid than are typical examples of the
species in the living state from Australia, as represented in the
Museum.

Dimensions. — Length 1 1 mm. ; breadth 7 mm. ; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Yictoria.

G. 5559. Several specimens illustrating later stages of growth.

Purchased.

Marginella (Glabella) ovata, sp. nov.

[Plate IV. Figs. 6a-5.]

Shell small, solid, ovate ; protoconch smooth, obtuse ; spire
short, conical, composed of two slightly convex whorls ; body-
whorl large, ornamented by obscure, irregular, longitudinal folds,
especially well developed at the peripheiy; suture obscurely
marginate; aperture narrow, elongate, posterior sinus small, curved,
anterior broad, deep, and oblique ; outer margin thickened, not
crenulated ; columellar margin with four conspicuous plaits, the
most anterior of which borders the channel.

This species differs from all other Australasian Marginellm here
described, by its solidity, ovate form, and truncated anterior sinus,
together with its veiy short and conical spire.

Dimensions. — Length 7 mm.; breadth 4*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Parimoa, New Zealand.

G. 9522. A number of examples of the adult.

W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Marginella (Glabella) conica, sp. nov.

[Plate IV. Figs. ?«-*.]

Shell small, solid, volutiform, smooth ; spire short, conical ;
protoconcb obtuse, semi-transparent, with one and a haK turns;

MAKGINELLA. OSJ

"whorls convex, subangulate, body-whorl large, obscurely, irregu-
larly plicate at the periphery ; lines of growth inconspicuous,
except where the outer enamel is very thin ; suture well marked,
and between it and the peripheral subangulation is a broad,
smooth concavity ; aperture elongate, abruptly terminated at the
posterior end, somewhat inflated in the middle, and truncated
anteriorly, where there is a broad, oblique channel ; outer margin
thickened, bent over towards the aperture, crenulated throughout
its length except near the posterior extremity ; inner margin
callous, and bearing four large columellar plaits, the most anterior
of which borders the channel.

In its general shape M. conica somewhat resembles II. goodalli,
Shy., though the former is much smaller. It has a near ally in
M. micula, Tate, from the Eocene of Muddy Creek, which, how-
ever, is a much smaller and broader form, with a less elevated spire.

Dimensions. — Length 7 mm.; breadth 4*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Parimoa, Kew Zealand.

G. 9522. Several examples. W. B. B. Mantell Coll.

Marginella (Glabella) micula, Tate.

1878. ITargineUa micula, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8, p. 93.
1889. MargincUa micula, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.
p. 43.

Shell minute, smooth, conically ovate ; spire very short, composed
of one and a half whorls ; body- whorl comprehensive, subangulate
at the periphery and slightly concave between the shoulder and
the suture, which is covered over, growth-lines conspicuous with
the aid of a lens ; aperture elongate, abruptly terminating posteriorly
and deeply channelled anteriorly; outer margin minutely crenu-
lated, much thickened, the callosity bounding the posterior sinus
and extending over a great part of the surface of the body- whorl
in the vicinity of the columella ; inner margin callous, furnished
with four rather distant plications, the most anterior of which
borders part of the anterior channel.

This species is allied to M. conica from the Tertiary of New
Zealand, as previously described. It has relationships, also, with
M. vitrea, Hinds, from the west coast of Africa, as mentioned

90 MAEGINELLA.

by Professor Tate; but it lias a smaller and shorter spire, and
is more gibbose.

Dimensions. — Length 3"5ijim.; breadth 2-75 mm.; length of
aperture 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4209. A series exhibiting stages of growth.

Presented by John Bennant, Esq.

Marginella (Glabella) cassidiformis, Tate.

1878. ilarginella cassidiformis, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8,

p. 91.
1889. Marginella cassidiformis, Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 43.

Shell small, tumid, conical, solid; spire of medium height, two
to three whorls, ornamented by bold, obtuse, distant, longitudinal
plications, nodose at the subangular periphery ; suture distinct ;
aperture narrow, attenuated posteriorly, truncated anteriorly; outer
margin abnormally thickened and slightly reflected, not crenu-
lated ; columella quadriplicate.

The bold longitudinal plications on the whorls, and stunted,
solid form, serve to distinguish this from any other Australasian
Marginella. It differs from M. aldinga, Tate, in its general shape
and form of aperture ; the species resemble each other, however,
in being nodosely plicated on the periphery of the whorls.

Dimensions. — Length 4 mm. ; breadth 3 mm. ; length of aper-
ture 2-75 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

G. 9342. Several examples of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus CRYPTOSPIRA, Hinds.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 76; Belcher, Voy. " Sulijhur," Mollusca, vol. ii.
1844, p. 46.]

Shell ovate or globose ; spire very short or completely hidden ;
columella with several plications ; anterior extremity covered by
a callosity passing from the outer margin round the canal, and
extending over the front of the columellar border; outer margin
thick, and often crenulated.

Type. — Marginella tricincta, Hinds.

MAllGINELLA. 91

Marginella (Cryptospira) septemplicata, Tate.

1878. Marginella [Persieula) septemplicata, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide,

1877-8, p. 95.
18S9. Marginella sepfeiiiplicata, Deunant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. p. 43.

Shell solid, ovately globose ; spire hidden ; aperture elongate,
slightly curved, widest in front, anterior canal deep ; outer margin
crenulated within ; inner margin callous, with from seven to eight
plications, the two situated most anteriorly being the largest, and
extending outwardly over the thick callosity which spreads all
round the aperture.

This is unlike any other species of Australasian Marginella. The
spiral limb or callosity on the anterior of the columella, which
passes underneath another growth of callus on the inner margin,
is very distinctive, and is one of the reasons why the species is
here classified with Cryptospira. The number of plications on the
columella and the hidden spire are also specially characteristic.
Although not a typical Cryptospira, it is more closely allied to
that than to Persieula, which, typically, has an enormous callous
tubercle situated on the anterior portion of the inner margin, and
has not the limb referred to.

Dimensions. — Length 6'5mm. ; breadth 4'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 6'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4214. Three specimens. Presented by John Bennant, Usq.
Marginella (Cryptospira) ventricosa, Hutton (sp.).

1873. Mitra ventricosa, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 8.
1873. Marginella ventricosa, Hutton, id. p. 47 (index).
1878. Marginella ventricosa, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1877-8,
p. 94.

" Ovato-ventricose ; spire very short; smooth; outer lip thickened,
strongly dentate; columella plaited. Axis 0-65 ; breadth 0-5." —
Hutton. This short description appears to apply to some specimens
in the Museum collection which are, however, too imperfect to
enable all the characters to be identified.

Dimensions. — Length 23'5mm. ; breadth 16'5mm. ; length of
apertui'e 21 mm.

92 TOLtTTID^.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Broken river, Trelissick (ITo. 5), South
Island, New Zealand.

G. 9513. Two casts. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9515. An example of the senile stage ; outer margin ex-
tremely thick ; the callosity communicating anteriorly with the
widespread deposit on the columellar surface.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Family YOLUTID-Sl.

The fine collection of larval shells appertaining to this family
in the Museum collection of Australasian Tertiary moUusca,
suggests a few words concerning the origin and evolution of the
groups they represent, as deduced from the study of the proto-
conch, and early stages of growth of the shell generally.

The striking characters presented by the protoconch in living
forms of the family have long attracted attention, and were to
a limited extent taken advantage of in describing genera and
species. Amongst others who place a high value on the larval
shells for systematic purposes is M. Crosse, of Paris, who reviewed'
the living species referred to the family, and was willing to
concede, in at least one instance,^ that the phenomena of the
protoconch might be of generic importance. Eut it was reserved
for Professor W. H. Dall,' of "Washington, who studied fossil as
Avell as living representatives of the Voltjtid^ to throw the
greatest light on this matter. He stated his conviction that the
family descended from the Mesozoic " Fusing. " In the Mesozoic
transition forms the larval covering was shelly and minute, its
upper surface like a minute Co7iulus or Hyalinia. This indicates,
he believes, that those forms found their benefit in the production
of a large number of small shell-bearing larvae, rather than in
a small number of large ones. This holds good for all the
Mesozoic forms, at least in America, and for all the exotic

1 Journ. de Conehyl. Z" ser. t. xi. 1871, p. 263 et sqq.

2 Op. cit. p. 275.

3 Bull. Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xviii. 1889, p. 452; Proc. U.S.
Kational Museum, vol. sii. 1890, p. 311; and especially Trans. "Wagner Free
Inst. Sci. PMlad. vol. iii. 1890, p. 57 et sqq.

TOLUTID^. 93

Mesozoic forms he has been able to examine. These small larval
shells are persistent, and often of a different texture to the
succeeding whorls of the adult. Professor Dall remarks' that
" "When the Volutid^ first begin to appear, and branch off from
Fusus, Fasciolaria, and Turhinella, the nucleus or larval shell in

all these forms was small and shelly "W"e may classify the

larval shells broadly into two groups — those which were shelly
from the beginning ; and those which have succeeded to a horny
or uncalcified protoconch, which is lost before the larval shell

escapes from its ovicapsule There are several forms of the

shelly nucleus. It undoubtedly preceded the horny one in this
group."

This is followed up by dividing the larval shells into two
groups — (1) the Volutoid series, and (2) the Scaphelloid series.
Representatives of both these groups occur amongst the Austra-
lasian Volutes presently to be described.

The Volutoid Series. — This series is characterized by the
possession of a shelly protoconch, the earliest form of which is
called the " trochiform," and is met with in Liopeplum of Upper
Cretaceous age, aud in the earlier types of Volutilithes. This
kind of protoconch is practically identical with that of the
original stock from which those genera sprang. A variation
from this, in which the earlier portion becomes flat, is termed
" planorboid " ; another, where the turns of the protoconch are
more numerous and are considerably elevated, is known as
"pupifoi-m"; whilst another important step is taken when the
larval shell becomes larger, one-sided, and much inflated, as in
the type known as "bulbous." Finally, as a more recent develop-
ment in the Volutoid series, there is the enormous protoconch

in which the "trochiform" type has become greatly exaggerated
— known as the " melo " type.

Turning to the Australasian species here catalogued, the writer
recognizes amongst the Volutoid series, representatives of Voluti-
lithes, Lijria, Fterospira (a new subgenus), Aulica, Volutoconus,
and Amoria.

The protoconch of the Volutilithes represented, is not of the most
archaic type ; it is a modification in which the small trochoid

1 Trans. "Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. 1890, p. C6.

94

original has given way to a small inflated, asymmetrical form
(see Plate IV. Figs. 8a-b). Neither Volutilithes antiscalaris nor
V. anticingulakis can therefore be said to be examples of the real
stock of the genus, which was of greater geological antiquity
than they. This is important in view of the habit of modern
palaeontologists to link the Australian species mentioned too closely
to such typical European forms as V. scalaris and V. spinosus,
from a consideration of the sculpture of the whorls and the character
of the columellar plaits alone. It is quite a question whether
the antipodean forms alluded to ought not, indeed, on the evidence
afforded by the protoconchs, to be separated from Volutilithes
{sensu stricto) and placed in a new subgenus.

In regard to Lyria^ but little need be said ; the larval shells
(Plate IV. rigs, 'da-h) and adults are very similar to European Eocene
types, and they do not differ materially from living representatives
found in the Indian and Pacific oceans, China seas, etc. The
genus appears to have separated from the Jiostellites- Volutilithes
stock in the Cretaceous. In common with the remainder of the
VoLUTiDiE in existence in the early Eocene, it was then in a very
unstable condition, as witness the variable character (within limits)
of the protoconch of Lyria harpula, Lamarck, from the Calcaire
Grossier of the Paris Basin. After having provided Fulgoraria with
its small bulbous protoconch (to be afterwards greatly enlarged as
in the living V. npestris, Gmelin), it seems to have settled down,
and to have come on from late Eocene times to the present day
without material modification. It succeeded, however, amongst
other things, in giving rise to Valuta {sensu stricto) during the late
Miocene or early Pliocene ; and the living Enata was separated
from it in the post-Pliocene.

The only Pteronpira here recorded has a Fulgoraria^^ik& bulbous
protoconch (Plate IV. Eigs. lOa-5), and the subgenus was probably
intimately connected with Fulgoraria, which is not represented in
the collection.

In reference to Aulica, so little is known concerning its geological
histoiy, and the material for studying it in the fossil state is so
limited, that it is impossible for one to say definitely by which line
of descent it came from the early Volutilithes stock — whether
along that of Volutilithes proper, or through the medium of Lyria.

The Australian Tertiary Voluta strophodon and V. weldi, very
characteristic forms^ appear to be the precursors of the modern

VOLUTIDJE. 93

species of Vespertilio, as well as of Aulica, and they are in
a measure liaked together by the Tertiary Valuta macdonaldi, as
■\viU be seen later on (see p. 106). There is nothing antagonistic
in the view that the protoconch (Plato IV. Figs. Wor-b) of either
of the antipodean species mentioned is a gigantic representation of
Volutilithes far advanced in an evolutionary sense. Neither, on the
other hand, can it be denied that there is much in common between
it and typical examples of Valuta (as in the living V. musica,
Linnaeus). The spinose character of the whorls in V. stropliodon
and its congener — if such a property can be said to be of any value
whatever for systematic purposes — certainly reminds one of true
Volutilithes also. In the present state of our knowledge, however,
the writer prefers to leave the mode of descent of Aulica an open
question ; though the latter undoubtedly came from the Rostellites-
Volutilitliss stock, and was evolved in late Eocene, or more
probably in Oligocene, times.

The corrugations of the anterior part of the protoconch of
Volutoconus (Plate IV. Figs. 13<j-5) suggest affinities with Vespertilio
(see p. 108) ; and the larval shell as a whole, at least in the fossil
Valuta conoidea, betrays its origin in Aulica, of which Vohctoconus
may be regarded as a minor but persistent offshoot.

Amoria has a more pointed protoconch (Plate IV. Figs. 14«-5)
than Aulica, and the anterior portion is more spread out; but
it is obviously a modification of the Valuta strophadon type of
larval shell, of late Tertiary origin. By the general con-
figuration of the shell of the adult, both in fossil and living
forms, Amoria appears to be sharply defined from all other groups
of the VoLUTiDiE. It has been a characteristic of the Australian
fauna since Upper Miocene times, if the upper beds at Muddy
Creek are as old as that period.

The Scaphelloid Series. — In typical forms of this series the
larva is clothed with a horny protoconch, the existence of which
was first made known by Professor Dall,' with reference to the
living Scaphella magellanica, Sowerby. That author remarks that
the horny type was probably similar in form to that which, when
shelly, results in the "bulbous nucleus" of the Volutoid line of
descent. " Later on," he says, " but while still in the ovicapsule,

' Bull. Museum Cornp. Zool. llarvard, vol. xviii. 1889, p. -45:;

V0LCTID2E.

the deposition of limy matter begins as a slender cone or elevated
point along the line of the axis of the protoconch, and as the
larva grows the posterior part of the mantle secretes a shelly
dome. Being thus cut off from the horny protoconch, the
latter falls into shreds, and is lost. The nucleus of the larva,
still in the ovicapsule, then presents a slightly irregular dome,
with a slender point rising from the apical part." The horny
portion is never found in the fossil state ; but its former presence,
where it existed, may be inferred from the scars and irregular,
often granulated, aspect of the shelly portion of the protoconch
which remains. In those cases where the shell has been rolled,
or (with reference to examples of living Volutes) where it has
been treated by acid to "clean" it, as with large numbers of
shells in our museums, it is often impossible to detect the
Scaphelloid type of protoconch, and thus to assign species to
their proper systematic position in the VoLUTiDiE.

Without going into details, it may be observed that Professor
Dall has detected three types of Scaphelloid protoconch. Those
in which it is pointed he calls the " CaricelW type; the larger
and pointless kind is termed the ^^ Scaphella^^ type; and the
dome-shaped form is named the " Cyniba " type. That nomen-
clature, as well as the terms employed in reference to the Volutoid
series, is here adopted.

The Scaphella type is represented in the Museum collection by
several species, of which 8. polita (Plate IV. Figs. Iba-h) is a
good example; and the Caricella type (Plate IV. Figs. 16«-J) is
well illustrated by a number of species of Eopsephia (see p. 115).

This is not the place to discuss the geological age of the beds in
which the bulk of the Volutes occur ; in deference to the authority
of Professor Tate such beds, as at Muddy Creek, Schnapper Point,
Cape Otway, etc., are here termed "Eocene." But the writer
cannot help remarking that the development of the larval shells
of the family now under discussion, in the majority of instances,
in such specimens as occur in the beds at the localities mentioned
(excluding the upper beds at Muddy Creek), is much more
advanced than one would have expected to find in beds as old
as the Eocene — that is, on comparison with what is found in the
true Eocene in other parts of the world.

TOLUTILITHES. 97

Genus VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.
[Malacology, 1840, p. 318,]

Shell fusiform ; spire conical ; protoconch small, rising to a more
or less acute apex ; whorls costate, typically spinose ; columellar
plications variable, several in number, those towards the anterior
generally being the most pronounced.

The special character of the protoconch, and the peculiar dis-
position of the columellar plications, are highly distinctive features.

Type.—Conus sjJtnosus, Linnaeus { = Strombus spinosus, Linnffius).

Volutilithes antiscalaris, M'Coy (sp.).

1874. Voluta antiscalaris, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. i. p. 26.
1878. Voluta antiscalaris, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 170.
1889. Voluta antiscalaris, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 133.

This species somewhat resembles V. scalaris, Sowerby, from
Barton, in Hampshire ; but, as Sir F. M'Coy points out, it may
be distinguished by its slightly longer spire, less ventricose body-
whorl, and the costae are less twisted. The protoconch (Plate lY.
Figs. %a-b) also in the Australian species is more obtuse, consisting
of one and a half smooth, rounded turns. The columellar pHcations
are remarkable ; in the neanic stage they are commonly from three
to four in number, but in the adult they range from six to twelve,
and possibly more. In the ephebic and gerontic stages the whole
of the plications are mounted on an elevated callosity. The
anterior portion of the columella is slightly excavated, a feature
especially noticeable in adult specimens.

Compared with V. dejmuperatus, Sowerby, of the European
Upper Eocene, with which it presents considerable analogy, it is
found to possess a relatively longer aperture and a more obtuse
protoconch.

Dimensions. — Length 53 mm. ; breadth 29 mm. ; length of
aperture 41 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.
G. 4276. Two specimens ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hj John Dennanf, Esq.

98

G. 5483. An example having several subsidiary columellar
plications ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9130. A specimen possessing a very much elevated spire ;
from Murray river, near Adelaide. Fre&enteA hy William Evans, Esq.

G. 9354. A series showing stages of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

Volutilithes anticingulatus, M'Coy (sp.).

1874. Toluta enticing ulata, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. i. p. 24, pi. vi.

figs. 2-4.
1878. Valuta anticingtclata, R. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 170.

1888. Toluta antiscalaris, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxs. figs. 5, 5S.

1889. Valuta untieing ulata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 133.
1895. Valuta anticingulata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

This differs from V. antiscalaris in not being so spinose, its spire
is moi-e elevated, and the comparatively obscure longitudinal ribs
on the body- whorl are furnished with obtuse tuberculations forming
a rough angulation on the shoulder, though the ribs are more
pronounced in young specimens. The aperture is wider, and the
outer margin not so thick as in the other Australian species
alluded to ; columellar plications generally fewer in number.

Dimensions. — Length 53 mm. ; breadth 26 mm. ; length of
aperture 37 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

83997. A specimen having only three columellar plications.

Purchased.
G. 9358. Two examples. Purchased.

Genus LYRIA, Gray.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 141.]

Shell ovate ; protoconch small, from one and a half to two
elevated, canaliculate turns ; whorls costate ; aperture narrow,
anterior channel broad; columella with several plications, two in
front being much compressed and very large, the others decreasing
in size antero-posteriorly ; outer margin thickened.

99

The disposition of the columellar plications and the strongly
costate whorls are highly characteristic.
Type. — Valuta nucleus^ Lamarck.

Lyria harpularia, Tate.

1888. Lynn, harpularia, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 176,

pi. xii. fig. 12.

1889. Lyria harpularia, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 118.

The protoconch of this species (Plate IV. Tigs. %a-V) is
practically identical with that of Lyria harpula, Lamarck, of the
Eocene of Europe. The shell as a whole, however, is larger,
more volutiform, and the transverse costse are more numerous.
The latter terminate posteriorly in obtuse points leading to a
flattening in the vicinity of the suture ; spiral lines prominent
on the body-whorl anteriorly. The outer margin of the aperture
is not very thick ; whilst the columellar border is furnished
towards the anterior canal with two plications more prominent
than the remainder, which become very minute as they gradually
disappear within the aperture posteriorly.

Bimemions. — Length 42 mm.; breadth 19 mm.; length of
aperture 22-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70426. An example of the adult ; from Meribee Plains.
6. 4174. A series illustrating stages of growth ; from ^uddy
Creek. Presented hy John Bmnant, Esq.

G. 9359. A similar series ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Genus VOLUTA, Linnaeus {em. Lamarck).

[Linn. Syst. ^'at. ed. 10, 1758, p. 729; ed. 12, 1767, p. 1186; Lamarck,
Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 70.]

Shell solid, broad, longitudinally plicate, the plications being
elevated into obtuse tubercles on the periphery of the whorls ;
spire short ; protoconch elevated, turbinate, smooth ; aperture
narrow, canaliculate behind and broad in front ; inner mar"uu
often covered by thin callus ; columella carrying many plaits,
four or five being prominent, the remainder much smaller.

Type. — Voluta musica, Linnteus.

100

Subgenus PTEROSPIRA,' nov. subgen.

Shell broadly fusiform; protoconch bulbous, granular, much
larger than succeeding whorls, initial portion lateral and hidden ;
whorls spirally striated, tuberculose at the periphery, body-whorl
very large, outer margin in adults forming a wing-like expansion,
with a broadly rounded, auriculate posterior margin, rising nearly
up to the suture of the penultimate whorl for attachment; inner
margin covered by a thin deposit of callus; columella excavated
in the middle and furnished with three large, equal, prominent
plications.

The wing-like expansion of the outer margin of the aperture
and the enormous globose protoconch serve to distinguish Pterospira
from all other groups of the A^olutid^. The general character
of the larval shell is that of Fulgoraria, as typified by Valuta
rupestris, Gmelin.

Type. — Valuta hannafordi, M'Coy.

Voluta (Pterospira) hannafordi, M'Coy.

1874. rolnta hannafordi, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. i. p. 23, pi. vi.

fig. 1.
1876. Voluta hannafordi, M'Coy, id. dec. iv. p. 25, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.
1889. Voluta hannafordi, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 121.

Distinguished by its immense, inflated protoconch (Plate IV.
rigs. lOa-i), and the wing-like expansion of the outer margin
of the aperture. The whorls are obtusely angulate, crowned by
nodose tubercles, which near the summit appear as rugose costae.
In the young of this species the last whorl is spirally liueate, the
lines being close together in the neighbourhood of the suture and
towards the anterior portion of the columella, and more distant
between those two points ; in the adult the anterior part of the
whorl is smooth ; the columella has three plications.

It differs from its congeners V. macraptera, M'Coy, and
V. mortani, Tate, in that the whorls of the latter are practically
smooth, though all possess the wing-like expansion. The present
writer is unable to speak as to the precise character of the

1 tTTepiv ' wing ' ; cnrupa ' volute.'

101

protoconclia of the two species last mentioned, no representatives
of them being in the Museum.

Dimensions. — Length 50 mm.; breadth 28 mm.; length of
aperture 30 mm.; protoconch, length 11mm., breadth 14 mm.
Professor Tate describes a specimen exceeding 150 mm. in length
and 90 mm. in breadth.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9351. An example of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Subgenus ATJLICA, Gray {em. Crosse).

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 141 ; II. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Moll. vol. i.
1853, p. 160 {partim) ; em. Journ. de Conchy!. Z" ser. t. xi. 1871, p. 281.]

Shell oval - oblong, more or less ventricose ; protoconch
regularly coiled, turbinate or trochoid, elevated, smooth or
obscurely lineated ; whorls of the spire smooth, spinose at the
periphery, the nodulations being distant and situated on broad,
short costse in the adult ; columellar plications commonly four
in number.

This is very closely related to the subgenus Vespertilio, Klein
{em.), the principal differentiating character being the protoconch,
which in Aulica is, typically, smooth, whilst in Vespertilio it is
crenulated. The fossil forms here described appear to be the
common ancestors of the living forms of the two subgenera
mentioned, and in general shape they approach also the earlier
(stock) Volutilithes, from which they differ, however, very
markedly in the characters of the larval shells.

Ti/pe. — Valuta aulica, Sowerby.

Voluta (Aulica) strophodon, M'Coy.

1876. Voluta strophodon, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iv. p. 25, pi. ssxvii.

figs. 2-4 e.
1878. Voluta strophodon, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 170.

1888. Voluta iveldii, Johnston, Gaol. Tasmania, pi. xxx. fig. 7 {iion

figs. 6, 64).

1889. Voluta strophodon, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 134.

Considerable analogy exists between this species and certain
well-known forms of Volutilithes ; the protoconch is the chief dis-
tinguishing feature. The form of V. stropliodon varies considerably :

102 TOLUTA.

some specimens have a spire approaching that of V. sj^inosus,
Lamarck, of the European Eocene, as remarked by Sir F. M'Coy ;
■whilst others are conoidal and have been compared with V. athletus,
Solander. A strong variety of V. athletus (perhaps a distinct
species) found in the Sables Moyens (Upper Eocene) of Le Ruel,
Paris Basin, which more nearly approaches the typical V. spinosus,
is not unlike the Australian species now diagnosed ; but the latter
has not much in common with the typical V. athletus found at
Barton, in Hampshire, which has a more depressed (and not conical)
spire with enormous, obtuse spines. The columellar plaits of
V. strojjJiodon are four in number, sharp, of approximately equal
size, and oblique ; the first one anteriorly being directed so as
to merge into the fiat callosity bordering the deep, broad canal.
The disposition of these plaits alone suffices to distinguish it from
the European Eocene forms alluded to, which have one large
anterior plait or fold, with several smaller ones behind it.

Certain forms of this variable species so closely resemble
V. symmetricus, Conrad, of the Eocene of Jackson, Mississippi, that
they are not easily separated from it at first sight. An examination
of the protoconch (Plate IV. Figs. Wa-h), however, soon places all
doubt at rest : this Australian species has a large, obtuse, turbinate,
spirally striated protoconch, whilst the European and American
species mentioned all have the sharp, small protoconch so charac-
teristic of Volutilithes.

Dimensions. — Length 43 mm. ; breadth 23 mm. ; length of
aperture 31mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4275. Three examples of the adult.

Presented ly John Bennant, Ksq.

G. 9350. A series illustrating stages of growth ; one specimen
in the ueanic stage has a perfect protoconch, obscurely tuberculated
towards the anterior extremity. Purchased.

Voluta (Aulica) weldi, Tenison-Woods.

1876. Voluta ii-eklii, Temson-"Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 24

pi. i. ii^. 2.
1878. Voluta weldii, R. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 170.

1888. Voluta weldii, Jolinston, Geol. Tasmariia, pi. xxx. fig. 6.

1889. Voluta weldii, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. pp. 134-6.

103

The present writer is almost inclined to regard this as a
variation of V. sirophodon (or vice versa) brought about by the
extremely favourable conditions under which it lived. It has
a thicker shell, the callus spread over the columella extends some
distance beyond on to the body-whorl, from which it is sharply
defined ; the costa? are almost obsolete, but each has a pronounced
pointed tubercle at the subangulate periphery of the whorls. One
specimen in the Museum has five columellar plaits — four normal
and one subsidiary, the latter becoming developed as the gerontic
stage was attained.

Dimensions. — Length 35 mm.; breadth 18"5mm. ; length of
aperture 25'5mni.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania.

88983. One specimen ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

G. 9129. An example of the adult; from Murray river, near

Adelaide. Presented hy William Evans, Esq.

G. 9347. A series exhibiting growth from the brephic to the
gerontic stages ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Voluta (Aulica) lirata, Johnston.

[Plate IT. Fig. 12.]

1880. Vohita lirata, Johnston, Proc. Eoy. See. Tas. 1879, p. 37.

1888. Voluta allporli, Johnstoii, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxx. tig. 10.

1889. Voluta lirata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 130,

pi. ii. fig. 4.

Shell fusiform, elongate; protoconch large, turbinate, or trochoid,
composed of three and a half turns, inconspicuously spirally lineate
and, anteriorly, longitudinally striated ; whorls of the spire concave
posteriorly in the neighbourhood of the suture, and convex towards
the middle, ornamented by undulating, unequal, closely-set liras
accentuated at the periphery, and absent on the anterior half of
the body- whorl in the adult ; aperture elongately oval, contracted
behind and broad in front; columella curved towards the middle,
furnished with four well-developed oblique plications.

Special attention may be directed to the vestiges of coloration,
which do not appear to have been previously described in this
species. As will be seen on reference to the figure now given

104

(Plate IV. Fig. 12), they consist of closely-set zigzag lines
somewhat similar in character to those of the living V. undulata.
They are preserved in conseL^uence of those portions of the shell
where they are found being more durable than the remainder of
the surface ; the markings are slightly in relief.

This species is assigned to the subgenus Aulica because the
protoconch is identical with that of the other Australian forms
here included therein, and agrees very closely with that of the
type species. The general shape of the shell is more suggestive
of Scaphella, however. It is minus tubercles, or spines, and
lacks the solidity of V. aulica. In some respects it resembles
V. bednalli. Brazier, living in North Australian seas.

The writer has not seen an authenticated specimen of V. lirata
as described (but not well figured) by Mr. E. M. Johnston ; but
accepts Professor Tate's interpretation of the species. It may
be pointed out, however, that Mr. Johnston describes the
"puUus" of his species as having only one and a half turns,
whilst the species as here accepted possesses three and a half.
In all other respects the Muddy Creek examples appear to corre-
spond with his description.

Dimensions. — Length 52 mm.; breadth 22 mm.; length of
aperture 33 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

G. 5485. Example of the adult, with colour-markings on the
body-whorl ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9129. A specimen in which the lirse are very large and
distant ; from Murray river, near Adelaide.

Presented by William Evans, Esq.

G. 9346. Two examples of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Voluta (Aulica) pseudolirata, Tate.

1888. Voluta pseudolirata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 176.

1889. Valuta pseudolirata, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 131.

Shell somewhat fusiform, narrow, thin ; whorls slightly convex
or subangulate medially, costte close together, inflated, and a
little elevated on the periphery, but becoming almost obsolete

105

anteriorly, where they are mingled with the numerous longi-
tudinal strios more pronounced on that part of the shell ; columella
with four oblique, thin, and sharp plaits.

Professor Tate remarks that this is intermediate between
V. lirata and (what is here called) Scaphella sarissa, though
differing from the latter by its "puUus" and the absence of
pronounced spiral sculpture. So far as general form is concerned,
that observation may be endorsed ; but, if close genetic relationship
with >Si. sarissa be implied, that view must be dissented from,
as the species arose from another line of development in the
VoLUTiDiE, There can be no question, however, of its immediate
connection with V. lirata, from which it differs in shape and
by the well-developed costae.

Dimensions. — Length 43 mm.; breadth 16-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4277, Three specimens, including a fine example of the
neanic stage of growth. Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

G. 9356. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Voluta (Aulica) ellipsoidea, Tate.

1888. Voluta ellipsoidea, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 176

(explanation of plate only), pi. xiii. fig. 4.

1889. Voluta ellipsoidea, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 127.

The only example in the Museum is a young specimen, well
preserved, and exhibiting the characters of the elevated trochoid
protoconch and brephic and neanic stages to perfection. From
this it may be gleaned that the ornauient first to appear, and
just prior to the escape of the animal from its capsule, was the
longitudinal ribbing; the ribs are small and close together, and,
with the growth of the shell, gradually develop into fine longi-
tudinal striae. In the brephic stage, bold spiral lineations make
their appearance, and these persist to the neanic stage ; at the
same rate of progression they should, however, become almost
obsolete in the adult. The suture is slightly incised, and the
whorls are somewhat constricted posteriorly in its vicinity. The
columella is slightly callous, and has four distinct plaits.

The protoconch is very similar to that of V. lirata and

106

V. pseudoUrata ; but the shell differs from them in being devoid
of longitudinal costas and by the development of the spiral striae
alluded to.

Dimensions. — Length 42 mm. ; breadth 1 7 mm. Professor Tate
describes a specimen 62 mm. in length.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4255. An example of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq^.

Voluta (Aulica) macdonaldi, Tate.

1888. Voluta macdonaldi, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 176,

pi. xii. fig. 11.

1889. Voluta macdonaldi, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 123, pi. iii. fig. 5.

The only specimen in the Museum is a very young example in
which many interesting characters are not brought out, though the
unique larval shell is well preserved. The following abstract of
Professor Tate's description may therefore be given : — " "Whorls
three, excluding pullus; the two posterior whorls angulated in the
posterior third, the front parallel with the axis and costated, the
posterior area concavely sloping upwards; the costae terminate at
the shoulder in high- vaulted spinous scales ; on the first spire-
whorl the spines are about twenty in number, and terminate each
a pair of costse. The body-whorl is somewhat ventricose, with
a high shoulder, concavely sloping upwards to the suture ; the
angulation crowned with sixteen spinous scales, which terminate
broad undulations, not ribs, rapidly becoming obsolete. Columella
with four distant plaits . . . whole surface [of shell] is sculptured
with striae and growth-lines ; the only spiral sculpture is confined
to the last whorl of the pullus. The pullus is not sharply separated
from the ordinary spire-whorls, as there is a gradual change in
the shape and ornament of the whorls ; the actual junction being
somewhat indicated by a slight eccentricity of the first spire-
whorls."

The depression of the initial portion of the protoconch is not
a point of much systematic value, and the species is here included
in Aulica, though it is by no means a typical example of that
subgenus, on account of the general agreement of the earlier patt
of the larval shell with certain forms of Aulica. The first three

107

or four whorls taken together remind one of Vespertilio, except
that the protoconch is not lirate or tuberculate at the commeuce-
nient. The larval characters indicate the influence of both of those
branches of the Volutidjs, and it appears to lie in an intermediate
position between them.

In general form, except that the whorls of the spire are more
elevated, V. macdonaldi is somewhat like the living V. rossinimia,
Bernardi, of New Caledonia, a close ally of V. imperialis, Lamarck,
of the seas in the neighbourhood of the Philippine Islands. The
protoconch in the fossil species, however, is much larger,

BiineHsio7is. — Length 36 mm. ; breadth 21 mm. ; length of
aperture 21mm. Professor Tate describes a specimen 115 mm.
in length.

Fvrm. and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9345. An example of the neanic stage of growth.

Purchased.

Subgenus VOLUTOCONUS, Crosse.
[Journ. de Conchyl. 3<= scr. t. xi. 1871, p. 306]

Shell oblong, subcylindrical ; spire short and obtuse ; protoconch
broad, depressed, planorboid ; whorls ornamented by minute,
closely-set spiral lineations crossed by rather conspicuous growth-
lines ; outer margin of the aperture simple, slightly reflected
towards the midtUe ; columella with four plications, not well
developed, anterior portion swollen and corrugated by former
positions of the deep, wide anterior channel.

Type. — Valuta coniformis, Cox.

Voluta (Volutoconus) conoidea, Tate.

1888. Voluta {Volutoconus) conoidea, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 176, pi. xiii. fig. 9.

1889. Voluta [Volutoconus) conoidea, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 125.

Protoconch (Plate IV, Figs. 13a- J) broad, depressed, composed
of three turns, the earliest being exceedingly small in comparison
with the others, the whole being bordered at the periphery next
the caualiculated sutui-e by an elevated ridge ; last turn irregularly

108

spirally cornigatecl. It is difficult to define, from the specimen
in the Museum, the exact limits between the protoconch and
the shell in the brephic stage, but approximately at the junction
between the two the larval shell is longitudinally corrugated,
which suggests analogy with Vespertilio. The whorls of the spiie
proper envelop the suture, the junction being uneven ; they are
sculptured with delicate, undulating, irregular growth-lineations,
crossed by faintly discernible spiral strife ; body- whorl obscurely
tuberculose at the periphery, the broad nodulations being far
apart, and (judging from the figure given by Professor Tate ^)
more conspicuous in some specimens than in others. Outer
margin of the aperture sharp, slightly inflected medially, inner
border with four sharp, oblique plaits on the anterior half of the
columella.

This species is narrower and more coniform than either
F. stroplwclon or V. weldi.

Dimensions. — Length 32 mm.; breadth 15 mm.; length of
aperture 23 mm.

Form, and Loc, — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9353. One example. Furcliased.

Subgenus AMORIA, Gray.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 64.]

Shell fusiform, smooth, and polished ; protoconch turbinate,
elevated, canaliculate, smooth, whorls of the initial portion pointed,
small, becoming slightly inflated with growth, and spirally and
longitudinally striated towards the anterior extremity ; shell
ornamented with coloured bands, or more or less undulating
longitudinal lineations ; suture callous ; columella with four or
five plications.

This subgenus is confined, in the living state, to Australasia,
and it is interesting to note the occurrence of fossil forms. The
coloured lineations are persistent, even in many fossil examples —
in all of those in the Museum collection.

Type. — Volida turneri, Gray.

^ Op. eit. pi. siii. fig. 9.

109

Voluta (Amoria) undulata, Lamarck.

180-i. Voluta undulata, Lamarck, Ann. du Musee, t. v. p. 157, pi. xii. fig. 1.

1822. Valuta undulata, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. t. vii. p. 345.

1832. Voluta undulata, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool. t. ii.

p. 623, pi. xliv. figs. 1 and 2.
1832. Voluta undulata, Deshayes, Ency. Meth. Vers. t. iii. p. 1142.
1840. Voluta undulata, Kiister, Conch. Cab. (ed. Kiister), Voluta, p. 163,

pi. xsv. fig. 3 ; pi. XXX. figs. 3 and 4.
1849. Voluta undulata, Eeeve, Conch. Icon. vol. vi. pi. xi. fig. 26.
1856. Voluta undulata, Wood and Hauley, Ind. Test. p. 109, pi. xsi.

fig. 166.

1864. Voluta {Amoria) undulata, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 52.

1865. Amoria undulata, Angas, id. p. 165.

1867. Voluta {Amoria) anffasi{?), Angas, id. p. 193.

1871. Voluta {Amoria) undulata, Crosse, Jouru. de Conchyl. 3*^ ser. t. xi.

p. 288.
1877. Voluta {Amoria) undulata, Kobelt, Jahrb. deutsch. malak. Gesellsch.

p. 307.
1882. Voluta {Amoria) undulata, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. iv.

p. 92, pi. xx^iii. figs. 87, 88.
1886. Voluta {Scaphella) undulata, Watson, Voy. "Challenger," Zool.

vol. XV. (Gasteropoda), p. 257.

Shell "with short spire, sutures covered over; aperture broad
and long; outer margin curved, solid, truncated anteriorly, and
having a broad, slightly reverted canal ; columella with four
large plications rising from a rather thick deposit of callus. The
surface of the body-whorl is covered by a number of distant
zigzag brown lines, which appear to be more durable than the
uncoloured portions of the whorl, from which they stand out in
relief, in one specimen in the Museum.

Dimensions. — Length 109 mm.; breadth 55 mm.; length of
aperture 83 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post- Pliocene : Yictoria.

G. 4787. One specimen ; from Bairnsdale, Gippsland.

Fresented by the Rev. J. S. S. Eoyce.

G. 5542. Two examples of the adult, one of which, of very
large size, is much broader than typical forms of the species ; from
Limestone Creek, Glenelg river, Furchased.

110 SCAPHELLA.

Voluta (Amoria) masoni, Tate.

1S89. Voluta mnsoni, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 128,
pi. iii. fig. 9.

Shell fusiform, ovate, smooth; protoeorich (Plate IV. Tigs, \ia-l)
turbinate, pointed, the anterior portion being larger than the
succeeding whorl in the brephic stage in some individuals. Spire
very short, solid, smooth, polished ; the greater part of the shell
enveloped by the body- whorl ; aperture large, broad, channelled
where it joins the preceding whorl, outer margin expanded in
front ; anterior notch deep and broad ; columella with four stout
plications. The body - whorl is ornamented with transverse,
closely-set, thin, undulating, chestnut - coloured lines — a very
distinctive feature.

Compared with the living V. undulata, of which it appears to
be a direct ancestor, the body-whorl is more rounded and inflated
at the periphery, the posterior channel is deeper, and the coloured
lineations are of a widely different pattern. It somewhat
resembles the living V. zebra, Leach, from which, however, it
may be readily distinguished by the character of the protoconch ;
the fossil shell is more inflated.

Dimensions. — Length 65 mm.; breadth 32-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 51 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4258. An example of the adult.

Presented ly John Bennant, Esq.

G. 5482. A similar specimen. Purchased.

Genus SCAPHELLA, Swainson.

[Zool. Illust. 2nd ser. 1832, pi. Ixxsvii. (with description) ; Malacology, 1840,
p. 318.]

Shell with somewhat elevated spire; smooth, earlier whorls
generally faintly striated or longitudinally ribbed, which characters
may be effaced in the adult or, on the other hand, become more
accentuated; columella arched, prolonged anteriorly, covered with
callus, plications three to six in number, commonly four ; margin
of the outer lip sometimes thickened and reflected outwardly.

SCAPHELLA. Ill

There seems to have been some difficulty in deciding what
should be the type species of Scaphella. On reviewing the subject,
Professor DalP emends the genus and selects S. undulata, Lamarck ;
that species, however, clearly falls in Anioria, Gray,- and is not,
therefore, available for a typical Scaphella. In a subsequent work
Professor Dall ' quotes Valuta junonia, Hwass, as the type, which
species was included by Swainson in his genus, and that view
is accepted in this work.

Ty-}}^- — Voluta junonia, Hwass.

Scaphella maccoyi, Tcnison-Woods (sp.).

1877. Voluta m'coyi, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 95.

1878. Voluta m'coi/i, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 170.

1888. Voluta agnewi, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxx. fig. 9 {non 1880.

Pap. Roy. Soc. Tag. 1879, p. 37).

1889. Voluta m'coi/ii, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 126,

pi. ii. fig. 2.
1895. Voluta m'coi/ii, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xis. pt. 1, p. 111.

This, and S. polita are very distinctive species, differing from
all other Australian members of the family here described in
being smooth and polished, and in possessing true Scaphelloid
protoconchs. S. maccoyi has a thin shell, minutely striated by
lines of growth and flatly depressed near the suture ; columellar
plications four in number in the brephic and neanic stages, but
frequently five in the ephebic, due to the development of a small
plication posteriorly ; the plications are more oblique in the young
than in the adult forms ; outer margin thickened and reflected
outwardly.

Dimensiotis. — Length 44 mm. ; breadth 18 mm. ; length of
aperture 26 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Yictoria.

G. 4256. Three examples of the adult, one of which is
extremely lanceolate and furnished with five stout columellar
plications ; from Muddy Creek. Presented hj John Bennant, Esq.

G. 5487. Three specimens ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

* Bull. Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xviii. 1889, pp. 147-8.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 64.

' Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. 1890, p. 79.

112 SCAPHELLA.

73227. A series exhibiting stages of growth ; from Schnapper

Point. Purchased.

G. 9352. Three specimens showing variation, in development

of columellar plications ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Scaphella polita, Tate (sp.).

1889. Valuta pohta, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 127,
pi. ii. fig. 7.

This is a close ally of S. maccoyi, from which it differs only in.
being proportionately broader, in having more ventricose whorls,
and by the protoconch being larger ; columellar plications typically
five, but sometimes six in number, the largest plait being placed
anteriorly.

The protoconch (Plate IV. Figs, \5a-h) in general shape is
turbinate, and is distinctly scaphelloid. It consists of two turns,
the earlier portion of which is irregularly granular, and rises to an
obtuse point, the later portion being regular, deeply canaliculate,
and spirally and longitudinally lineate anteriorly.

Dimensions. — Length 30 mm.; breadth 14 mm.; length of
aperture 19'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9355. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Purchased.

Scaphella ancilloides, Tate (sp.).

1889. Vohita ancilloides, Tate, Trans. Koy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 126,
pi. iii. fig. 7.

Spire composed of four slightly convex whorls ; in the young
stage these are obliquely ridged and furnished with spiral
lineations, both of which characters almost disappear as the
ephebic stage is attained. Body-whorl in the adult closely longi-
tudinally striated, and with obscure spiral lines ; suture incised ;
aperture large, contracted posteriorly, expanded anteriorly where
it is truncated and broadly channelled ; outer margin thick and
slightly sinuous, inner margin covered by effuse polished callus ;
columella with three plications which in the young are much

113

compressed, very thin, and more oblique than in the adult. A
very noticeable feature in the shell is the arch-shaped, much
produced columella.

It is unfortunate that the only specimen in. the Museum is
minus its protoconch ; and the present writer is not able, in
consequence, to assign the species to a systematic position without
doubt. From Professor Tate's description, and from the figure
accompanying it, the protoconch would appear to be bulbous,
which is not a characteristic of Scaphella. It is possible, on
that account, that the species should be assigned to Voluta,
and placed somewhere in the neighbourhood of Fulgoraria,
Schumacher ' ; but the other features of the shell are in close
agreement with the genus in which it is here placed, and in the
absence of direct evidence it may be provisionally retained as
a Scaphella.

I) i mens ions. — Length 67 mm. ; breadth 30 mm. ; length of
aperture 42 mm.

Form, and Zoo. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4254. An example of the adult, showing abundant callosity
on the posterior half of the columella.

Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

Scaphella pacifica, Lamarck (sp.).

1822. Voluta pacifica, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. t. vii. p. 344, No. 35.
1832. Voluta pacifica, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool. t ii,

p. 625, pi. xliv. fig. 6.
1849. Voluta pacifica. Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. xvii. figs. 3Sff-J.
1871. Voluta (Alcithoe) pacifica, Crosse, Journ. de Concliyl. 3'^ ser. t. xi.

p. 293.
1873. Voluta pacifica, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 7.
1873. Voluta pacifica. Von Martens, List. Moll. N.Z. p. 22.
1873. Voluta (Alcithoe) pacifica, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 18.
1880. Voluta pacifica, Hutton, Man. X.Z. Moll. p. 61.
1882. Voluta [Alcithoe) pacifica, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. iv.

p. 94, pi. xxviii. figs. 97-9.
1893. Voluta pacifica, Hutton, Linn. Soc. X.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol. p. 46.

Shell elongate, fusiform; protoconch scaphelloid, composed of
two and a half smooth turns ; spire of five whorls, the first two

» Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 242.

114 SCAPHELLA.

or three of which are plicatecl, the plications dying out as the adult
stage is attained. Pari passu with this phenomenon we find
in some individuals the incoming of tubercles at the periphery
of the whorls ; these are distantly situated, small at first and then,
becoming very large, the maximum size being reached with full
growth of the shell. On the other hand, we find individuals
in which these tubercles are not developed ; after the plications
on the earlier whorls had died out the remainder of the whorls
became perfectly smooth, as may be seen in examples of the species
in the living state. Clothed with prominent, spinose tubercles,
this species bears but little resemblance to typical forms of the
genus Scaphella; but when smooth it is readily comparable with
S. junonia. The last-mentioned characteristic, taken together with
its distinctly scaphelloid protoconch, enables the writer to assign
it to Scaphella, and it may be placed in the neighbourhood of
JEopsephia. The outer margin of the aperture is thin and reflected
outwardly ; columella covered over by a thin deposit of callus,
plications to the number of four.

Dimensions. — Length 132 mm.; breadth 54 mm.; length of
aperture 88 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Wanganui, New Zealand.

G. 9504. Two specimens, with well-developed spines at the
periphery of the whorls. Sir James Hector Coll.

Scaphella gracilis, Swainson (sp.).

1821. Valuta gracilis, Swainson, Exotic Conch, p. 20, pi. xlii.

1824. Valuta gracilus, Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. vol. xvii. p. 32.

1832. Valuta fusus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool. t. ii.

p. 627, pi. xliv. figs. 7, 8.
1849. Valuta gracilis, Eeeve, Conch. Icon. pi. xvii. fig. 40.
1864. Valuta (Seapha) gracilis, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 52.
1871. Valuta {Alcithae) gracilis, Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 3' ser. t. xi.

p. 295.
1873. Valuta [Alcithae) pacijica var. gracilis, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll.

N.Z. p. 18.
1873. Valuta gracilis. Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 22.
1877. Valuta {Alcithae) gracilis, Kobelt, Jahrb. deutsch. malak. GeseUsch.

p. 309.
1880. Valuta gracilis, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 62.
1882. Valuta [Alcithae) pacijica var. gracilis, Tryon, Manual of Conchology,

vol. iv. p. 94.

SCAPHELLA. 115

1886. Voliita {AlcitJioe) gracilis, "Watson, Yoy. " Challenger," Zool. vol. xv.

(Gasteropoda), p. 258.
1893. Valuta gracilis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay ileiii. Vol. p. 40.

This is a close ally of S. 2^acijica, of -wliicli it has been regarded
as a mere variation in form by some authors. It is usually
much smaller and more ventricose than that species, is plicated
to a later stage of growth, the peripheral tubercles when present
being comparatively inconspicuous. Outer margin of the aperture
usually thickened and not reflected, inner margin covered by a
thin deposit of callus ; columella sinuous, slightly produced in
front, and furnished with four plications ; anterior channel broad
and rather deep.

Di))i ens ions. — Length 50 mm.; breadth 19"5mm. ; length of
aperture 31"5mm.

Form, and Zoc. — Miocene and Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 9510. Several specimens exhibiting variations in form of
growth ; from ^N'anganui. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9518. Example having an elongate spire and corrugated
columella ; from Parimoa, near Waitaki. JF. £. I). Mantell Coll.

G. 9519. Similar, but with larger nodulations at the periphery
of the body-whorl ; from Parimoa.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geolorjij.

Subgenus EOPSEPHIA, Fischer {em.).
[Manuel Conchyl. 1883, p. 607.]

Shell long, fusiform ; ornamented by longitudinal ribs commonly
spinose at the periphery of the whorls; typically the columella
has seven plications, the anterior being the more salient. So far,
it agrees in general with the subgenus Pseph^a, Crosse ' (type
Voluta concinna, Broderip) ; but the protoconch is very distinctive.
The latter is of the '^csqiheWoiA-Caricella type, somewhat inflated
and rising to a sharp point, laterally situated.

The Australian species here included in this subgenus differ
from typical forms of Eopsephia in regard to the number and
disposition of the columellar plications, and the shells as a whole

' Journ. do Concliyl. 3' ser. t. si. 1871, p. 302.

116 SCAPHELLA.

are more elongate. Possibly they are entitled to rank as a separate
subgeneric group ; but the characters of the protoconchs present
no serious diiferences from those of true Eopse/phia as found in
the Eocene of the Paris Basin, and the phenomena connected with
the columellar plications do not seem important enough to warrant
even subgeneric separation.

Type. — Valuta muricina, Lamarck.

Scaphella (Eopsephia) sarissa, Tate (sp.).

1889. Volxfa sarissa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 129,
pi. ii. figs. \a-b.

Protoconch (Plate IV. Pigs. 16a-b) composed of three turns,
the earliest being small, somewhat granular, and rising to a sharp
point in well-preserved specimens, later turns larger, flat, with
a bordered and deeply canaliculate suture, anterior portion spirally
lineate and longitudinally corrugated. Shell fusiform, turreted ;
whorls flatly convex, ornamented with spiral threads and angular
costpe, described by Professor Tate as follows: — "The rounded
spiral threads (about twelve on the first whorl), which are about
as Avide as the interspaces, increase in number with the revolution
of the spire. On the fourth and fifth whorls, adjacent to the
anterior suture, the threads are reduced to striae ; and on the
body-whorl the anterior half is smooth, or nearly so. The costse
begin to appear on the front half of the second posterior whorl,
and on the three anterior whorls have attained to stoutish, wedge-
shaped, slightly curved, angular ridges, which are continued in
subdued strength to the anterior sutxu'e, but do not reach the
posterior one. Last whorl with about nine transversely elongate
costte on the periphery, not much attenuated to the broadish open
canal, which is bent to the right and slightly reverted." The
columella carries five large, somewhat flattened plaits, the first
and fifth being smallest ; between these are occasional obscure
folds, especially noticeable in adult specimens.

Dimensiojis. — Length 88 mm.; breadth 21*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 40 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4246. Three examples of the adult.

Presented hi/ John Dennant, Esq.

SCAPHELLA. 117

G. 9349. Four specimens ; one, of the neanic stage of growth,
possessing a perfect protoconch ; another, an example of the
senile stage, having subsidiary folds on the columella. Purchased.

Scaphella (Eopsephia) pagodoides, Tate (sp.).

1888. Valuta pagodoides, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 176,

pi. xiii. fig. 7.

1889. Voluta pagodoides, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 132.

1895. Voluta pagodoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. six. pt. 1, p. 111.

Protoconch similar to, but smaller than, that of S. sarissa,
though not perfect enough in the Museum specimens to enable
details to be given. The shell in the brephic stage is strongly
longitudinally ribbed. The aperture of this species is much
longer in proportion to the length of the shell than in that
species; the longitudinal costae are reduced to pointed tubercu-
lations on the shoulder, in front of which the last whorl is
depressed; longitudinal striae conspicuous, irregular, and undu-
lating. The author states that there are "four subequal,
equidistant, rather slender plaits"; but all the specimens seen
by the present writer have iive, the first and fifth being smaller
than the remainder, as in S. sarissa, the fifth (posterior) being
smallest of all.

Dimensions. — Length 49 mm. ; breadth 15-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 28 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Cape Otway, Victoria.

G. 9357. Examples of the young and adult. Purchased.

Scaphella (Eopsephia) cathedralis, Tate (sp.).

1888. Voluta cathedralis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 1"6,

pi. xiii. fig. 10.

1889. Voluta cathedralis, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 131.

Protoconch large, turbinate, granular at the commencement,
composed of two and a half turns, not pointed, sharply coiled,
longitudinally and spirally striated anteriorly, canaliculate; thus
slightly differing from the protoconch of either S. sarissa or
5. pagodoides. The shell is of the same general configuration
aa the last-mentioned species, but is narrower and the spinose

118 TOLTJTA.

tubercles are less prominent, in adult specimens often reduced
to obscure nodulations ; spiral lineations especially noticeable near
the suture ; columella with tour oblique, thin plications.

Dimensions. — Length 44-5 mm. ; breadth 14 mm. ; length of
apt'rture 22 mm.

Fortu. and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9348. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Voluta, sp. indet.

The following specimens of Volutid^, for the most part in the
state of casts, are indeterminable, and cannot be assigned to
systematic positions in the family without considerable doubt,
namely : —

From South Australia —

G. 9523, G. 9524, and G. 9525. Casts of Scaphelloid forms;
from the Tertiary of Nullarbor Plains. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

48803. Four casts, one of which is large and elongate, and
has two prominent plications on the columella ; it is probably
referable to Scaphella. From the Eiver Murray.

Presented hj Commodore Goodenough, R.N.

G. 9528. Cast of a smooth species. — G. 9529. An elongate
form, the internal cast showing four columellar plications and
distant obtuse tubercles on the periphery of the body-whorl, allied
to Volutiltthes antic ingulatm. — G. 9530. Cast of Scaphella, aff.
S. maccoiji. — G. 9682. Cast of an elongate Scaphella (?). — All
from the Eocene of the River Murray, near Adelaide.

Transferred from tlie Museum of Practical Geology.

From Victoria —

G. 4786 and G. 4787. Casts of four volutoid shells ; from the
Tertiary of Bairnsdale, Gippsland.

Presented hy the Pev. J. S. IT. Royce.

From Tasmania —

70403. Mutilated cast of volutoid shell, aff. V. stephensi,
Johnston ; from the Eocene of Brown's river. Purchased.

119

From N'ew Zealand —

G. 9505. Two mutilated shells of a species of Scap\ella (?)
aff. 8. gracilis, imbedded in shelly argillaceous limestone. —
G. 9506. Two blocks of similar limestone with remains of
Scaphella (?). — G. 9508. Cast of a volutoid shell in limestone.
— All from the Lower Miocene of Akuakua, east coast of Auckland.

Sir James Sector Coll.

70414. Mutilated cast of shell having affinities with Scaphella
gracilis ; from the Tertiary of Mount Wellington. Purchased.

Family MITEID^,

Genus MITRA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1V99, p. 70.]

Shell thick, mitriform, solid ; aperture narrow, channelled
anteriorly ; columella obliquely plicated, the posterior plaits often
being larger than the anterior; lip commonly thickened, and
devoid of lirse or denticles within.

Type. — Valuta episcopalis, Linnaeus.

Mitra alokiza, Tenison-Woods.

1880. Mitra aloHza, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv. p. 9,

pi. ii. fig. 12.
1889. Mitra {Ewnitra) alokiza, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

pp. 135-6, pi. iv. fig. 8.
1893. Mitra alokiza, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Protoconch, according to Professor Tate, with two small, narrow,
rounded turns ; whorls ten in number, slightly convex, last whorl
subangulate medially ; sutures margined, the whorls being some-
what staged ; spiral grooves regular and distant, elegantly and
closely punctated, the antorior half of the body-whorl having
more numerous and closely-set grooves ; aperture narrow,
elongate, truncated anteriorly, outer border very thin for such
a solid shell ; columella with four plications, the most anterior
of which is much smaller than the others.

This species closely approximates M. scrohiculata, Brocchi, from

120 MITRA.

the Pliocene of North Italy ; the latter, howeTer, is not so
narrow, it is minus the subangulation of the last whorl, whilst
the anterior half of the columella is twisted, and the plications
are not so prominent. It is analogous, also, with M. melaniana,
Lamarck, and M. digna, A. Adams, both of which are found
living in Australian waters.

Dimensions. — Length 66 mm.; breadth 16 mm.; length of
aperture 28 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4244. An example of the neanic stage.

Presented hy John Bennant, ]£sq.

G. 9360. A series illustrating stages of growth ; one specimen,
of the late brephic stage, having only two columellar plications.

Purchased.

Mitra multisulcata, sp. nov.

[Plate V. Figs, la-d.l

The protoconch of this species forms an interesting study ;
it is composed, typically, of six gradually increasing volutions,
polished, slightly granulated, and the anterior turns are longi-
tudinally striated. In the first two volutions the calcium carbonate
assumes a white, rather pearly colour and lustre, the succeeding
turns being light yellow and porcellaneous. The large number of
volutions indicate a long intracapsular existence. The protoconch
is clearly cut off from the shell proper. In some specimens ex-
amined there were only five volutions, and these were implanted
obliquely with reference to the axis of the shell. Immediately
the larval form escaped from the capsule it commenced to grow
vigorously, and at once assumed the cancellate structure so well
developed in succeeding whorls.

The formation of the columellar plaits at this (brephic) stage
may be described as follows : — Shortly after the shell emerged
from the capsule the anterior portion of the columella became
slightly callous, and this was prolonged posteriorly into an incon-
spicuous ridge, which, as the animal grew, developed into a true
columellar plication. That portion free from callus bears, even
at this early stage, two small plications, which must not be
confounded with the bold spiral liueations, seven in number,

MITEA.

121

wound round the pxllar. The posterior of these plications is
nominal y placed between the second and third (counting postero-
antenorly) hneations; whilst the anterior is practically conter-
minous with the fifth lineation.

At a later period of the brephic stage, when the normal shell
had developed to the extent of a whorl and a half, the whole
p.llar became covered with a slight deposit of callus, with three
plications the hindermost being decidedly the largest and the
anterior the smallest. At two and a half volutions the plications
became still more accentuated, though not increased in number
But between that period, and until five normal shell-whorls were
formed neanic stage), a fourth columellar plication was developed
anteriorly. Finally, with the production of seven normal whorls
-the most adult example of the species in the Museum-yet
another, the fifth, plication was formed.

From the foregoing it would appear, therefore, that the number
of columellar plaits in the brephic stage was only two and the
suspicion of a third, and that as the shell increased in size the
number of plaits increased also, until in the adult there were
no fewer than five of them. Whatever might be the true origin
and function of the plaits, we find, in this case at any rate, that
they were always developed anteriorly.

These facts ought effectually to dispose of the view that the
number of plications in such a genus as Mitra is per se of specific
importance It is quite clear that in many instances the number
developed depends on the stage of growth, and, when the animal
ot JUdra becomes senile, subsidiary plications are frequently
lormed between the normal plaits.

The ornament of the whorls of M. mxdlhulcata consists, essentially
of closely-set small sulcations running spirally, interrupted by
fairly equidistant, longitudinal striae or lines of growth, the whole
assuming a minutely cancellated aspect. This ornament extends
Irora the brephic stage, and persists with extreme regularity to the
senile, only that, in the more adult individuals, the growth-lines
are somewhat corrugated. The spiral sulcations are multiplied
•'s the shell increases in size, additional ones from the protoconch
onwards being developed between those already formed The
sulcations become much broader on the anterior aspect of the
body-whorl The sutures are very slightly cut iu, the whorls
oeing a little convex, and not angulate.

122

The aperture is rather more than one-third the length of the
■whole shell ; it is elongately ovate, outer border arcuate, smooth
within, acute at the suture posteriorly, broad and truncated
anteriorly. The margin of the aperture is oblique with reference
to the axis of the shell.

This species has hitherto been confounded apparently with
its congener M. alokiza, Tenison- Woods, fi*om which it differs,
however, in many important particulars. The protoconch of
M. muUisiilcata, as will have been noticed, is more fully developed ;
its spiral sulcations are much closer together from the earliest
stage ; the body- whorl is minus a subangulation, the margin of
the aperture is not parallel with the axis of the shell, and it
is wider and more arcuate ; finally, it is relatively more truncate
anteriorly.

Dimensions. — Length 24'5 mm.; breadth 8mm.; length of
aperture 10 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9361. A series illustrating stages of growth, from the brephic
onwards. Furchased.

Mitra uniplicata, Tate.

1889. Mitra {Ettmitra) uniplicata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.
pp. 135, 138, pi. iv. fig. 12.

This is distinguished from M. alohiza and M. multisulcata in that
its nine whorls are much more convex, and the columella has only
one, prominent plication, with the suspicion of a second. The]
surface of the shell is covered by almost imperceptible spiral striae,
which, however, become much more pronounced and developed
into prominent spiral ridges on the anterior half of the body-
whorl. The sutures are deeply cut in, and peculiar indentations,
where spots of colour appear to have been, border the whorls in
that region.

Professor Tate does not mention Muddy Creek as a locality for
this species, but the specimen in the Museum undoubtedly came
from there, and not from Schnapper Point. It is much larger, has
more whorls than the figured type, and is more perfect, though the
protoconch is wanting.

Fimensions. — Length 69 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 32 mm.

123

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4244. An example of the adult stage.

Presented hij John Dennant, Esq.

Subgenus CANCILLA, Swainson.
[Malacology, 1840, p. 320.]

Spire elevated ; ■whorls ornamented by spiral ridges ; outer
margin of the aperture thin.

The heterogeneous forms usually included in this subgenus
sufficiently attest the absurdity of utilizing ornament of the whorls
for systematic purposes — at least, so far as chief subdivisions are
concerned. Cancilla may, however, be provisionally retained in
its present state, until the Miteid^ as a whole are classified
according to more modern methods.

Type. — Mitra sulcata, Swainson,

Mitra (Cancilla) atractoid.es, Tate.

1889. Mitra [Cancilla) atracfoides, Tate, Trans. Roj-. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. pp. 135, 139, pi. iv. fig. 11.
1893. Mitra atractoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

The protoconch (Plate V. Pigs. 2a-b) in this species is large,
obtuse, and composed of four turns, the first three of which are
implanted obliquely, in the majority of individuals; its suture
is somewhat canaliculate, the surface of the shell being smooth
and polished, but the fourth turn is spirally lineate, the lineations
being in strict continuity with those, more plainly marked, on
the whorls in the brephic stage.

The shell as a whole is somewhat fusiform, with a rather
elevated spire of five convex whorls ; spiral ridges conspicuous
and regular, crossed by sinuous growth-lines. Aperture half
the length of the shell, narrow, slightly dilated anteriorly ;
columella with four prominent plications in the ephebic stage ;
and sometimes with five in the gerontic, owing to a very small
one being developed anteriorly.

The fusiform shape of the shell, the subcancellate aspect of
the external ornament, and the size and general character of the
protoconch, are very distinctive.

124 TJEOMITBA..

Dimensions. — Length 18 mm.; breadth 7 mm.; length of
aperture 9'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4250. Three examples of the adult stage.

JPresented hy Jolm Dennant, Esq.

G. 9363. Two specimens. Purchased.

Genus UHOMITRA, Bellardi.

[Mem. Eeale Accad. del. Sci. Torino, ser. ii. t. sxxviii. 1887, p. 277.]

Fusimitra, auct., non Conrad, Proc. Acad. jS'at. Sci. Philad. vol. vii.
1855, p. 261.

Much confusion has arisen, over Conrad's Fusimitra, and it is
commonly believed that that author never properly described it.
Thus, Tryon^ remarks that Fusimitra is " uncharacterized,"
and gives the date as 1865, from the "American Journal
of Conchology, vol. i. p. 25 " ; he also quotes M. cellulifera,
Conrad, in connection therewith. Dr. Paul Fischer'^ gives the
same date, and quotes Conrad's species mentioned as the type.
M. Cossmann ^ seems to have felt the necessity, under the circum-
stances, of putting Fusimitra on a firmer basis, and gives a
complete diagnosis of it, also quoting M. cellulifera as the type.
Professor Dall* states that Fusimitra "never had any value,
and Conrad's original list contained the precursors of species as
different as M. wandoensis and M. swainsoni, Brod.," from
■which it is clear that he also accepted the date as 1865; and
Dr. Dall further states* that " ilf . cellulifera, Conrad, was the first
species " mentioned.

The modern authors quoted do not appear to have been aware
that Conrad' described Fusimitra ten years prior to 1865, and
that it is perfectly recognizable. In describing it Conrad says :
"Elongate-fusiform, smooth and polished, with impressed revolving

1 Manual of Conchologv, vol. iv. 1882, pp. 109, 217.

2 Man. de Conehyl. 1884, p. 613.

' Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiv. 1889, p. 184.

* Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. 1890, p. 94.

5 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii. 1855, p. 261.

I

125

lines ; aperture narrow ; plaits, two prominent and two obsolete,
or much smaller than the others ; beak elongated." The author
then remarks: "To this subgenus belongs M. conquisita, Con.,
and M. mississippiensis, Con., of the Vicksburg deposit," and
describes in detail a new species called " M. {Fusimitra)
weUingtoniV And these three are all the species mentioned by
Conrad on that occasion. Consequently we must take one of
them as the type of Fusimitra; M. cellulifera is not admissible
for that purpose.

This interpretation puts a different aspect on Fimmitra as
usually understood ; and that term must be reserved for long
forms of MiTEiDiE like M. mellingtoni, closely allied to Mitra
(^sensu stricto).

The shorter forms, contracted anteriorly and for the most part
longitudinally costated (formerly called Fusimitra), must receive
another name. Such forms bear considerable resemblance to
Costellaria, Swainson,* which, however, is typically not so much
contracted in front, being thus devoid of a beak-like pro-
longation. They approach still nearer to the genus JJromitra,
Bellardi, in which the Australian forms here described are
included. The protoconchs of typical species of Uromitra from
the Piedmont Basin are more pointed and elevated than those
of the Tertiaries of the Antipodes, otherwise the resemblance is
very close.

Type. — Uromitra aiitegressa, Bellardi.

Uromitra leptalea, Tate (sp).

1889. Mitra {Costellaria) leptalea, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

pp. 135, 140, pi. V. fig. 3.
1893. Mitra leptalea, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Shell narrow, fusiform ; protoconch (Plate V. Figs. Za-h) com-
posed of two smooth turns, the earlier of which is much the smaller,
the later one being considerably inflated ; there is no sharp line
of demarcation between the protoconch and the shell in the
brephic stage, the smooth turn leading up to the shell proper,
gradually assuming the longitudinal costate sculpture which

Malacology, 1840, p. 320.

126 TJEOMITEA.

characterizes the later -whorls. These latter are nearly flat,
■with an impressed suture, ornamented with subacute, longi-
tudinal ribs and small, closely- set strias, crossed by uneven spiral
threads. The body-whorl is subangulate, constricted anteriorly,
and attenuated so as to form a rather long canal, which is
encircled by prominent spiral ridges ; aperture small, prolonged
anteriorly ; outer margin slightly sinuous, thin ; columella with
four plications, increasing in size antero-posteriorly.

Dimen&ions. — Length 16 mm. ; breadth 6 mm. ; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 4249. Two specimens. Presented ly John Bennant, Esq.

G. 9362. A series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Uromitra paucicostata, Tate (sp).

1889. Mitra [Costellaria) paucicostata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xi. pp. 136, 141, pi. V. fig. 2.
1893. Mitra paucicostata, Tate and Dennaut, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Protoconch as in U. leptalea. In the neanic stage the columella
has three plications ; but as the adult form is attained four make
their appearance by the development of a fold anteriorly. The
shell differs primarily from that of the species mentioned, in
having the longitudinal costfe farther apart, more convex and
turriculate whorls, and in the body-whorl being biangulate. The
aperture is lirate within.

Bimensions. — Length 12 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. ; length of
aperture 4 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9364. Two specimens. Purchased.

Uromitra exilis, Tate (sp.).

1889. Mitra [Costellaria) exilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

pp. 135, 140, pi. viii. fig. 5.
1893. Mitra exilis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Protoconch similar to that of U. leptalea. In the brephic stage
it must be difficult to separate this species from young individuals
of TJ. paucicostata, and they are unquestionably of common origin.

127

The differences between the two species, however, become more
accentuated as the neanic stage is reached in each case, aad with
the adults the separation is well marked.

In general, it may be stated that the shell is small and turri-
culate ; but the costis are closer together and more striate than
in the last-mentioned species. Peculiar characters are the com-
paratively sharp angulation in the vicinity of the suture, and the
absence of nodosities on the anterior portion of the body-whorl,
which is occupied by prominent transverse threads. The number
of columellar plications varies from three to four ; but the material
at the writer's disposal is not abundant enough to enable their
development to be traced.

Dimensions. — Length 5'5mm. ; breadth l"75mm. ; length of
aperture 2 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9375. Three specimens. Purchased.

Uromitra semilsevis, Tate (sp.).

1889. Mitra [Pusio] semihevis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. si.

pp. 136, 143, pi. v. fig. 9.
1893. Mitra semilicvis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Shell very small, fusiform, narrow ; protoconch. similar to that
of W. exilis and TI. leptalea ; whorls three in number, slightly
convex, ornamented by obtuse longitudinal costae on the earlier
whorls, and these become comparatively inconspicuous on the
body-whorl of the adult, being reduced to mere undulating
corrugations ; the suture is slightly marginate. The last whorl
is much attenuated and drawn out anteriorly ; aperture elongate,
outer margin lirate within, columella with four plications, which
have the appearance of being continued as spiral ridges round
the anterior portion of the body-whorl.

The obtuse, rather distant costos on the earlier whorls, the
comparatively smooth body-whorl of the adult, and the peculiar
anterior prolongation, are features enabling U. semilcevis to be
readily distinguished amongst its congeners.

Dimensions. — Length 5 mm.; breadth 1-75 mm. ; length of
aperture 2-75 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9344. Three examples of the adult. Purchased.

128

Uromitra terebriformis, Tate (sp.).

1889. Mitra terebrceformis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. xi.
p. 141, pi. V. fig. 5.

The external configuratioii of this shell is that of a typical
Terehra, but the protoconch is distinctive, and closely resembles
that of the species of Uromitra already described, whilst the
columella is furnished with four stout, oblique plaits, becoming
progressively larger antero-posteriorly. The whorls are longi-
tudinally costate, and a narrow band accompanies the well-marked
suture. The anterior portion of the body-whorl is constricted,
and is spirally corrugated. It has certain affinities with Pyrami-
mitra, Conrad, which, however, is not much constricted anteriorly,
and only carries two columellar plaits.

Dimensions. — Length 19 mm. ; breadth 6'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4251. A series, mostly examples of the adult.

Fresented hy John Fennant, Esg.

Uromitra clathurella, Tate (sp.).

1889. Mitra clathurella., Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol.

p. 142, pi. viii. fig. 8.
1893. Mitra clathurella, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xra. pt. 1, p. 220.

Ifone of the specimens in the Museum possess a well-preserved
protoconch, which, however, appears to be small and obtuse. The
ordinary whorls are four in number, convex, depressed posteriorly
in the neighbourhood of the suture, and marginated. They are
ornamented with oblique costfe, fine transverse strisE, and spiral
threads in front of the antesutural depression. Professor Tate
remarks [op. sxipra cit.) that the aperture is "narrow-oblong,
contracted in front to a short broadish, bent, and slightly reverted
beak. Outer lip slightly ascending on the penultimate whorl,
slightly emarginate at the suture, smooth within ; columella with
four rather distant, transverse plaits."

The species appears to be very variable. The drawing accom-
panying Professor Tate's description is more granose in aspect

129

than are the actual specimens, and the costate character of the
whorls is not very well brought out.

Dimensions. — Length 6 mm.; breadth 2'75mm. ; length of
aperture 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9365. Pour specimens. Purchased.

Genus CONOMITRA, Conrad.
[Amer. Journ. Conch, vol. i. 1865, p. 25.]

Shell biconical, smooth, finely longitudinally plicate, or net-
like ; aperture narrow ; outer margin erect, sharp, bent round
in the neighbourhood of the rather broad anterior canal ; columella
with four or five plaits.

T!/j)e. — Mitra fusoides, Lea.

Conomitra othone, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1S80. Mitra othone, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv.

p. 8, pi. ii. fig. 4.
1889. Mitra {Cancilla) othone, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South. Aust. vol. xi.

pp. 135, 139, pi. iv. fig. 10.
1893. Mitra othone, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Shell biconical ; protoconch composed of two and a half to
three smooth turns ; aperture more than half the length of the
shell, elongate, acute posteriorly, and truncate anteriorly; columella
somewhat twisted in front, carrying four well-developed plaits,
the smallest being the most anterior. The whorls are almost
flat, ornamented with more or less granulose, closely-set, spiral
threads, crossed by growth-lines ; suture bordered by a slightly
raised ridge or thread.

Conomitra othone has been compared with Mitra atractoides,
but the biconical form and less obtuse protoconch of the former
are very distinctive.

Dimensions. — Length 9"5 mm. ; breadth 5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9366. Two specimens. Purchased.

1 30 CONOMITRA.

Conomitra dennanti, Tate (sp.).

1889. Mitra [Eumitra) dennititi, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xi. pp. 135, 137, pi. iii. fig. 3.

Shell biconical, spire short ; protoconch (Plate V. Figs, ia-h)
composed of four smooth turns, minutely spirally striated anteriorly,
the initial portion being very small and suddenly broadening out
with growth ; whorls slightly staged, ventricose, strongly spirally
lineate and finely longitudinally striate, the striae in the lineate
siilcations causing a punctate appearance ; body- whorl large, em-
bracing, tapering anteriorly ; aperture long, narrow ; outer margin
straight, very thin, the deep spiral sulcations on the body-whorl
appearing within and forming pseudo-lirse ; columellar margin
covered by a thin deposit of callus throughout its length, and
furnished with four medially-situated plications increasing in size
antero-posteriorly ; anterior channel broad and truncate.

In general shape Conomitra dennanti approaches the so-called
Mitra florida, Gould, said to be living in the seas of Florida and
the Philippine Islands.

Dimensions. — Length 36 mm. ; breadth 16 mm. ; length of
aperture 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4245. An example of the adult.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq^.

Conomitra ligata, Tate (sp.).

1889. Mitra [Strigatella) ligata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. xi.

pp. 135, 139, pi. V. fig. 4.
1893. Mitra ligata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 220.

Distinguished from other species of Conomitra here described,
in being smooth ; the only ornament it possesses is a depressed
spiral band in the region of the suture, causing the latter to
assume a margin ate aspect, also some extremely faint spiral striae
on the body-whorl, which become accentuated near the anterior
extremity of the shell. The aperture is narrow ; outer margin
thin, Urate within ; columella with five plications in the adult,
but only four in the brephic stage, judging from specimens in the
Museum collection.

rusus. 131

C. ligata is not columbelliform, and cannot be included in
Btrigatella on other grounds also. Its protoconch is truly
characteristic of Conomitra, and the shell is biconical as in typical
examples of that genus. The species is comparable with the
smooth Conomitra of the Paris Basin, as exemplified by
C. marginata, Lamarck.

Bi mem ions. — Length 6-5 mm. ; breadth 3-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 35 ram.

Form, mid Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9343. Three specimens. Purcliascd.

Family FASCIOLAmiDJE.

Genus FUSUS, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 73.]

Shell narrow, elongate, spire acuminate; aperture ovate; outer
margin thin, sometimes crenulate, and often striate within ;
columella smooth, typically with a detached border ; canal very
long, straight, and open.

Type. — Murex colus, Linnaeus.

Fusus hexagonalis, Tate.

1888. Fusus hexagonalis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 139,

pi. iii. figs, loa-b.

1889. Zaiirofusus (?) hexagonalis, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1089.
1893. Fusus hexagonalis, Tate and Dennaut, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell lanceolate, fusiform, prismatic. Professor Tate describes
the protoconch (Plate V. Figs, ba-h) as follows: "Apex of two
and a half whorls, medially angulated ; the anterior unicostate
and projecting beyond the succeeding whorl, the next narrower,
smooth, and ending in an upturned lateral point." Whorls from
six to seven in number, convex, deeply spirally sulcated, and
crossing the longitudinal costaj ; the latter are well elevated,
sliarp, and distantly spaced ; those on the body-whorl are ap-
proximately in line with those on preceding whorls, producing
a prismatic appearance, though this phenomenon is not so well

132

marked in the younger stages of growth ; aperture ovate, con-
tracted in front ; columella slightly twisted ; anterior canal very
long, sinuous, and almost closed.

The protoconch of this species is peculiar, and it may hereafter
lead to the establishment of a new subgenus for the inclusion
of this and kindred forms of Fusus. The sharp point at its
commencement, the granulated character of the earlier portion
generally, together with the irregular scar-like ridge (Plate V.
Figs, bor-h), are suggestive of a pre-existing horny protoconch,
similar to that found in living Scaphella.

M. Cossmann ' doubtfully referred F. hexagonaUs to Latirofusiis,
but although the columella is twisted it carries no plication, at
least in any of the Museum specimens. A remarkable feature in
this shell is that the growth-lines are raised into arched scales at
the suture.

The figure accompanying Professor Tate's description indicates
that the longitudinal costa3 are absent on the body-whorl. This
appears to be merely an individual characteristic, as a specimen in
the Museum, of older growth, apparently, than the type specimen,
still retains the angulate costse to the end ; though, unfortunately,
the anterior canal is broken off.

Dimensions (of a perfect specimen). — Length 19 mm.; breadth
4 mm. ; length of aperture 3 mm. ; length of canal 7 '5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4744. Two specimens.

Presented hy Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.

G. 9436. Examples of the neanic and adult stages. Purchased.

Fusus dictyotis, Tate.

1888. Fusus dictyotis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 135,

pi. vii. figs. 2, 6.
1893. Fusus dictyotis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.
1895. Fusus dictyotis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

If we restrict Fusus to those forms having a perfectly straight
columella and anterior canal, the species now under description
would not fall therein ; but there seems to be no necessity for

' Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. 1889, p. 1089.

Fusus. 133

drawing such a fine distinction, especially if we consider that
slight curvature in the columella is due to the merely mechanical
requirements of the animal. The protoconchs of the only two
specimens in the Museum collectioa are not well enough pre-
served for description; but they appear to be of the same "general
character as in F. hexagonal^. The shell is narrow, with an
elevated spire; whorls convex, angulate, with a median serrate
keel and subsidiary spiral lines elevated on the longitudinal
ribbings, and crossed by fine growth-lines; aperture angularly
ovate; outer margin thin, striate within; columellar border ex-
cavated, covered by a thin deposit of callus; anterior canal very
long and sinuous.

Except for the excavated columella, the curved canal, and
the longitudinal costae, this shell resembles F. serratm, Deshayes
of the Middle Eocene of the Paris Basin.

Bimemions. — Length 5 1 mm.; breadth 13-5 mm.; length of
aperture 1 1 mm. ; length of anterior canal 21 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9435. Examples of the neanic stage. Furchased.

Fusus senticosus, Tate.

1888. Fusus senticosus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x p 135
pi. vii. fig. 3. ■ V >

1893. Fhsus senticosus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

_ Shell small, elongate, fusiform, thin; protoconch similar to that
m typical forms of the genus, it is much elevated, composed of
one and a half smooth turns longitudinally striated towards the
anterior; the shell in the brephic stage suddenly develops a strong
median carina which rapidly becomes tubular at intervals and
continues to increase in size to the body-whorl, imparting an
angulose character throughout. In front of this in the brephic
stage is developed a minor keel of a similar description, and at
a slightly later period of growth a small one makes its appearance
posteriorly between the median carina and the suture. Sub-
sequently others are gradually interposed until the penultimate
whorl in the adult carries five such keels. The mode of growth
IS thus of a different character to that of most species of the same
group, in which the main features of the ornament are foreshadowed
at a very early stage.

134

Professor Tate, in describing the ornament, says: — "Whorls
squarely rounded, deeply imj^ressed at the suture, with five
encircling ribs covered with tubular hollow spines, or slender,
vaulted, pointed scales ; the middle rib on the angle of the whorl
stouter than the rest, and furnished with long spines. Last whorl
shouldered and subtabulated, with two or three threads rarely
wanting on the posterior slope; the rounded base and canal with
equidistant similar spiral lirse, one or two on the canal are stouter
and provided with larger spines. The transverse ornament is very
peculiar, consisting of imbricating lamellae, more or less radially
disposed around the bases of the spines, and the bundles of one
row somewhat alternating with those of the next."

The apertui'e is pyriform ; outer margin slender, crenulated ;
columellar border covered with a thin deposit of callus which
is continuous with the outer margin ; columella slightly excavated,
twisted anteriorly, and terminating in a very long anterior canal.

The special character of the ornament and mode of growth
of the shell are not very typical of Fusus, but the protoconch
certainly is, as previously remarked ; and the differences mentioned
are not sufficiently important to remove the species from Fusus,
sensu stricto.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm.; breadth 5 mm.; length of aperture
3 mm. ; length of canal 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9437. Two specimens. Purchased.

Fusus craspedotus, Tate.

1888. Fusus craspedotus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 134,

pi. vii. fig. 4.
1893. Fusus craspedotus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell very thin, fusiform ; with an elevated spire ; protoconch
composed of two smooth rounded turns ; whorls angular, compressed
into a narrow keel, serrate on the margin. The other ornament
is desciibed by Professor Tate as follows: — "Last whorl with the
posterior slope convex, depressed behind the keel, and much more
so at the suture; the rounded and contracted base is produced
into a long, rather broad, somewhat flexuous beak ; ornamented on
the posterior slope with numerous inconspicuous sj)iral threads,

LATIEOFUSUS. '135

and towards the middle by two or three prominent ones, crossed
by growth-lines which are raised into minute scales on the larger
lira?; bases of serrations with rounded ridges, conformable with
their curvature. Base of body-whorl encircled by a slender keel,
which is coincident with the posterior angle of the aperture ; the
whole surface roughly cancellated by numerous unequal spiral
threads and lamellae of growth ; beak encircled with spiral threads
and two or three ridges carrying vaulted scales." The aperture
is pyriform, opening widely anteriorly and angulate at the outer
margin ; columella slightly twisted ; anterior canal long, open.

As mentioned on p. 54, this species bears considerable external
resemblance to certain forms of Columbarhm, and it would have
been included in that genus only that the protoconch is different
and more nearly resembles that of a Fums. Further, the aperture
is more open and the columella is not covered in the same manner.
The species is by no means a typical Fusus, as exemplified, for
instance, by F. colon. For further observations on its systematic
position see ante, p. 54.

Dimensions. — 'Lengt]x 44 mm.; breadth 16 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm. ; length of canal 21 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Several examples illustrating stages of growth ; from

Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 4284. Specimens with spire very much elongated; from

Muddy Creek. Presented hy John Lennant, Fsq.

Gr. 4747. An example of the adult; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.
G. 5522. Two specimens of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

Genus LATIROFUSUS, Cossmann.
[Ann. Soc. Roy. Make. Belg. t. xxiv. 1889, p. 175.]

Shell very narrow ; protoconch smooth and globose, ornamented
by spiral striae and small longitudinal ribs; aperture small and
rounded; anterior canal long, straight, almost closed, the external
aspect merely presenting a narrow slit; columellar border often
detached and having one or two oblique plications anteriorly.

In general configuration Latirofusus is not unlike Fusus, but

1 36 LATIEOFUSUS.

it may be readily distinguished from that genus by the unique,
costated protoconch and the columellar plaits.
Type. — Fusus funiculosus , Lamarck.

Latirofusus aciformis, Tate (sp.).

1888. Fttsus aciformis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 139,

pi. vii. figs. 5a-b.

1889. Latirofusus aciformis, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1089.

1893. Latirofusus aciformis, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 219.

1894. Latirofusus aciformis, Tate, Journ. Eoy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 171.

Shell elongate with tapering spire ; protoconch not well preserved
in the Museum specimens, but evidently smooth or slightly pointed
at the commencement and longitudinally costated anteriorly ;
whorls but slightly convex, costate, spiral ridges well pronounced,
crossed by irregular lines of growth, and, in the brephic stage,
slightly cancellate ; body- whorl inflated, descending sharply in front
to join the long anterior canal, spiral ridges very prominent and
becoming oblique and undulating on the canal proper ; aperture
rounded, contracted in front; outer margin rather thick. Urate
within ; inner margin detached from the columella, carrying a small
plication anteriorly and another on a slight callosity posteriorly ;
canal almost closed.

The species is variable in regard to its ornamentation, some
individuals having hardly a trace of longitudinal costse ; the bolder
spiral ridges commonly have a single lineation between them.
Compared with L. funiculosus, Lamarck, with which M. Cossmann'
thought it might possibly be synonymous, we find that L. aciformis
is proportionately narrower and does not possess the latiriform
longitudinal costse so characteristic of the Paris Basin shell. The
protoconch of the latter is, relatively, much smaller, and the shell
as a whole is more solid.

Dimensions. — Length 30 mm. ; breadth 7"5 mm. ; length of
aperture 5 mm.; length of anterior canal 11 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

1 Op. supra eit. p. 1089.

STEEPTOCHETUS. 137

G. 4288. A specimen liaving strong spiral ridges, longitudinal
costoB being suppressed. Presented hy John Dennant, J^.sq.

G. 9469. A series exhibiting stages of growth ; the largest
specimen is finely costate, and one of the others, apparently a
monstrosity, is bent or twisted in its length and slightly cancellate.

Purchased.

Genus STREPTOCHETUS, Cossmann.
[Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiv. 1889, p. 170.]

Shell fusiform ; with an obtuse protoconch ; ornamented by
nodose costse ; aperture shorter than the spire ; canal twisted,
rather long; columella excavated, inflected in front, often carrying
oblique plications, one of which is more salient than the others ;
outer margin slightly sinuous, not crenulated.

It is distinguished from Latirus by its more simple ornamenta-
tion, by the columella, its outer margin not being crenulated, and
by the protoconch, which is analogous to that of Clavella.

Type. — Fusus intortus, Lamarck.

Streptochetus exilis, Tate (sp.).

1888. Fasciolaria exilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Anst. vol. x. p. 149,

pi. X. fig. 3.
1893. Fasciolaria exilis, Tate and Denuant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell fusiform, elongate ; spire acuminate, protoconch composed
of two smooth, elevated, convex turns, faintly costate in front ;
wliorls flatly convex, longitudinally obtusely plicate, and crossed
spirally by bold thread-like lineations of varying size ; eostse about
eight in number on the penultimate whorl of the adult ; body-
wliorl gradually descending to the long tapering canal ; aperture
elongate, broadly opened in front; outer margin simple, except
for the intersection of the spiral ornament, which renders it slightly
sinuous ; columella concave, and with two or three small oblique
plaits, only one of which is very prominent.

Professor Tate describes the aperture as being lirate within,
wliich may be characteristic of the adult, but the specimens in
the Museum collection are quite smooth. The species is like

138 FASCIOLAETA.

a niiniiiture S. incertus, Dcshayes, of the Paris Basin, except for
minor details of ornament on the whorls. The figure accompanying
Professor Tate's memoir hardly does justice to the shell.

Dimensmis. — Length 12 mm.; breadth 3-75 mm. ; length of
aperture 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : River Murray cliffs, near Morgan,
South Australia.

G. 9439. Two specimens. Purchased.

Genus FASCIOLAIIIA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 73.]

The animal of Fasciolaria closely resembles that of Fusus, and
the two genera are unquestiouably of the same origin. It
is difficult to satisfactorily separate the shells in the recent state,
and increasingly difficult as we pass from recent through older
deposits into the Eocene. In general, Fasciolaria may be dis-
tinguished in having a shorter spire, more inflated body-whorl,
a wider and more sinuous or flexuous canal ; but the oblique
plications on the anterior portion of the columella are the principal
differentiating characters.

Type. — Murex tulipa, Linnaeus.

Fasciolaria cristata, Tate.

1888. Fasciolaria cristata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol.

p. 151, pi. viii. fig. 4.
1893. Fasciolaria cristata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell fusiform, broad ; protoconch composed of two smooth,
bulbous turns, the anterior part being longitudinally corrugated,
though the rough costae are not immediately connected with the
ornamentation of the whorls proper ; spire elevated and tapering ;
whorls medially serrate, the serrations being flattened, their
posterior surface leading by a sloping, undulating platform, up
to the suture ; this broad platform is spirally lineate, the lines
being of unequal size ; in front of the median serrate carina are
three minor ones of similar character, between which are numerous
undulating spiral lines j the anterior portion of the body-whorl is

i

FASCIOLAEIA. 139

also encircled by cycles of lineations, and the •whole are rendered
slightly uneven by the passage of the closely-set growth-lines ;
aperture ovate, but contracted and drawn out in front; outer
margin thin, striate, and Urate within; columellar border smooth,
with three conspicuous, drawn-out plaits, situated anteriorly ; canal
long and sinuous, especially in the adult.

One specimen in the Museum collection is larger than the type
as measured by Professor Tate ; its dimensions are given below.
This species is of the same general character as the living
F. papulosa, Sowerby, which Tryon' says is the young of
F. gigantea, Kieuer ; the former name, however, has priority.
The spire of the fossil is relatively shorter, the whorls are more
serrate, and the anterior canal is longer.

Dimensions. — Length 73 mm.; breadth 31mm.; length of
aperture 20 mm. ; length of canal 24 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Victoria.

70420. A fine example of the senile stage ; fi'om Meribee
river. Purchased.

73231. Two specimens of the neanic stage; from Schnapper
Point. Purchased.

G. 4289. An example of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Demiant, Esq.

Fasciolaria rugata, Tate.

1888. Fasciolaria ruyata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 152, pi. viii. fig. 3.
1893. Fasciolaria rugata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

This species differs from F. cristata in having a less elevated
spire, a shorter anterior canal, and in being less spinose, though
the general character of the ornament is somewhat similar. The
protoconch is composed of two smooth globose turns, the front
portion being striate and obscurely costate ; its junction with the
ehell in the brephic stage is very abrupt. The columella carries
three plaits, the largest being situated anteriorly, and bordering
a sharp twist leading to the curved canal.

1 Manual of Conchology, vol. iii. 1881, p. 75.

140 FASCIOLAEIA.

Dimensions. — Length 36 mm.; breadth 17 mm.; length of
aperture 13 mm.; length of canal 11 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Two specimens ; from Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 5525. An example in which the spiral lines are much
reduced in size ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9438. Specimens having the rugose costse more spinose ;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Fasciolaria cryptoploca, Tate.

1888. Fasciolaria cryptoploca, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Aust. toI. x.

p. 151, pi. viii. flg. 2.
1893. Fasciolaria cryptoploca, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell fusiform ; spire moderately elevated ; protoconch similar
to that of F. cristata and F. rugata ; earlier whorls flatly
convex, and graduating to tabulated in the two anterior volutions.
Professor Tate describes the ornament as follows: — "Anterior
whorls with nine plications to each whorl ; plicae narrowly
rounded, elevated into sharpish conical tubercles at the shoulder,
separated by wide, shallow, and open furrows, dying out on the
posterior slope and on the base of the body-whorl ; the ornament
consists of acute spiral ridges, alternately large and small (about
twenty on the penultimate whorl), separated by rather wider angular
furrows, roughened by transverse lamellas of growth." Aperture
ovate, contracted both in front and behind ; outer margin crenu-
lated, oblique, and having closely-set, interrupted lirse within ;
inner margin detached from the columella in adult specimens, with
a prominent fold at the posterior extremity near the suture, and
a very oblique plication bordering the entrance to the canal from
within, with two or three smaller ones behind ; the detached inner
border is continued to the extremity of the long, twisted, anterior
canal, creating a pseudo-umbilicus.

This species has considerable analogy with F. rngata, and,
indeed, they are barely worthy of separation specifically. The
latter, however, has fewer and more rapidly enlarging whorls,
which are about equally sloping from the periphery to the suture.

Dimensions. — Length 53 mm.; breadth 24 mm.; length of aper-
ture 18 mm. ; length of canal 16 mm. (anterior extremity broken oif).

FASCIOLAEIA. 141

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4253. An example of the senile stage, callous at the posterior
extremity of tlie columellar border.

Presented hij John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5526. An example of the adult stage with thick outer
margin, and coarse granose lirse within. Purchased.

Fasciolaria decipiens, Tate.

1S88. Fasciolaria decipiens, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 1.50, pi. viii. fig. 1.
1893. Fasciolaria dtcipiens, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

The spire of this shell is more elevated than in F. cnjptoploca,
it is more tapering and narrower ; the ornament on the whorls
is of the same general character ; the aperture is narrower and
drawn out ; the columellar border is often detached, and carries
two small plaits in front. In the adult the columellar plications
are barely perceptible, being situated well within the aperture,
so that the shell is somewhat like Aptijxis, Troschel, with which
subgenus it is unquestionably closely allied. The passage from
Fusns to Fasciolaria may be readily understood from a consideration
of this species.

F. decipiens bears considerable external resemblance to Fasus
vigrirostrafus, E. A. Smith, living in the seas of Japan, south of
Corea; but the latter species, though having a twisted columella,
posses.scs no plaits, and is a true Aptyxis.

Dimensions. — Length 48 mm.; breadth 19 mm.; length of
aperture 16 mm.; length of canal 11mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

G. 4252. E.xamples of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hij John Dennant, Esq.
G. 4285. A specimen of the ncanic stage ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.
G. 5523. A very elongate form ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9440. An example showing extreme variation ; the longi-
tudinal costoc are subnodose at the periphery, and the shell
is broader thau in typical specimens; from Kiver Murray cliffs.

Purcliased.

142

G. 9441. Mutilated specimens exhibiting columellar plaits;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Fasciolaria johnstoni, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1877. Fusns johnstonii, Tenison -Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 94.

1878. Fusns johnstonii, R. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 164.

1888. [?) Fusns johnstoni, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxi. figs. 7, 8, 10,

17 (indet.).
1888. Fususjnhnsfoni, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 136,

pi. xii. figs. 4a-b.
1896. Ftisics johnstoni, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 83.

Shell fusiform; spire narrow, elevated; whorls convex, angulate
at the periphery, longitudinally costate, and closely spirally
lincate ; costse broad, rounded, from 8 to 10 on the penultimate
whorl ; aperture pyrifortn, opening in front to the broad, long,
anterior canal; outer margin thin, simple, striate within ; columella
with two plications.

This species differs from F. decipiens in the mode of development
of the longitudinal costse, in minor details of ornament, and in
having a comparatively straight columella and canal. It cannot
be classified with Fusns, because of its columellar plications.

Dimensions. — Length 26 mm.; breadth 11-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 8 '5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9434. Three specimens, only one of which, with columellar
plaits, is well preserved. Purchased.

Genus LATIRUS, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 531.]

Shell fusiform, turreted, spire costate ; aperture oblong, outer
margin thin by comparison with the general solidity of the
shell, crenulate ; columellar border slightly twisted, carrying two
or three small oblique plaits anteriorly ; sometimes umbilicate ;
anterior canal rather long.

LafArus differs from Peristernia (in which the majority of the
species of Latirus here described have been included by Australian

143

authors) in having a longer spire and canal, whilst the columellar
plaits are more central. The presence of an umbilicus in Latirus
has also been regarded as a differentiating character, but it is not
constant. On the other hand, Peristernia is credited with having
a recurved canal, in which particular many of the Australian
fossils here called Latirus agree with it, though their canals are
long. It is questionable whether the slight and inconstant
differences indicated warrant generic separation, the distinction
between Latirus and Peristernia being entirely arbitrary. How-
ever that may be, the Australian forms alluded to are, in the
ensemble of their characters, more nearly related to the former than
to the latter.

Ti/pe. — Latirus aurantiacus, Montfort.

Latirus approximans, Tate (sp.).

1888. Peristernia approximans, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.
p. 153, pi. ix. fig. 2.

Shell fusiform ; spire elevated ; whorls medially subangulate,
spirally lineate, longitudinal costae broad, distant, subacute at
the peripheral subangulation ; body-whorl sloped and constricted
anteriorly, the costae becoming obsolete on the front half, though
corrugated lines of growth persist, and the spiral lineations are
very conspicuous ; aperture ovate, deeply channelled in front ;
outer margin curved, lirate within ; inner margin enamelled, the
enamel continuing from the suture, in the neighbourhood of which
is a small denticle ; columella excavated, umbilicate, having a
small oblique fold opposite the entrance to the canal ; the latter
is long, broad, curved, and slightly turned up at its extremity.

The columellar fold can hardly be termed a plication, and is not
so well pronounced as in the majority of characteristic species of
Latirus. Professor Tate discusses its affinities at some length.

Dimensions. — Length 27 mm.; breadth 14 mm.; length of
aperture 9-5 mm. ; length of canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9459. An example of the adult, and two specimens
illustrating the neanic stage. Purchased.

144

Latirus murrayanus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Peristcriria tmirrayana, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aiist. vol. x.

p. 155.

1889. Peristernia murrayana, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 117, pi. iv. fig. 4.

1893. Peristernia murrayana, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.
1896. Peristernia murrayana var. costata, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict,
vol. viii. N.s. p. 87, pi. ii. fig. 4.

Spire more elevated than in L. approximans ; whorls obtusely
costate, nodose at the periphery, and spirally lincate ; aperture
rounded; outer lip rather thick, faintly Urate within, and having
a prominent denticle in front ; columella concave, carrying a bold
plait juxtaposed to the denticle referred to, and two or three
smaller plaits or elongate tubercles behind ; canal rather long
and bent.

Its nearest ally is L. morundianus, Tate (not represented in the
Museum collection), which, however, is much larger; whilst the
whorls more rapidly increase in L. murrayanus, its tubercles are
relatively smaller and are trisected. The protoconch of the present
species (Plate V. Figs. 6a-i) is large, convex, composed of two
and a half turns, the earlier portion being oblique with reference
to the axis of the shell, the later part bearing longitudinal striae ;
the shell in the brephic stage is boldly, longitudinally costate and
spirally lineate.

Conchologically L. murrayanus resembles "Murex^^ (ife^-, Gmelin,
the type of the genus Afer, Conrad ' ; whilst it also has some
affinities with " Tudicla " porphyrostoma, Adams and E-eeve, the
type of the genus Streptosiphon, Gill,^ which the present writer
believes to be synonymous with Afer. The claims of the term
Streptosiphon to priority do not appear to rest on very secure
grounds. Fischer' admits that Afer is synonymous, but retains
the name Streptosiphon, as Conrad did not define Afer. As Tryon *
says, although Conrad did not describe his genus, he made Murex
afer (or Fusus afer), Gmelin, the type of it; from which it is not

1 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. n.s. vol. iii. 1858, p. 332.

2 Amer. Journ. Conch, vol. iii. 1867, p. 162.

3 Manuel de Conchyl. 1884, p. 619.

* Manual of Couchology, 1881, vol. iii. p. 69.

145

difficult to see what Conrad meant. "Whatever views we may-
hold as to the propriety or otherwise of making genera in that
fashion, Afer has as much right to stand as many other genera
established in the same way.

L. murrayanus differs from both Afer afer and A. porphyrosUma
in the character and development of the protoconch, in which
respect it more nearly resembles the Australian species here classed
as Latirus. With this exception the separation of the species from
Conrad's genus is purely arbitrary, and conchologically it is inter-
mediate between the two genera mentioned.

The form found at Table Cape, Tasmania, and described by
Mr. G. B. Pritchard in the memoir above cited, is more costate,
and the whorls are not so distinctly angulate as in typical examples
of the species from the River Murray. The species appears to be
very variable.

Dimensions. — Length 27 mm.; breadth 14 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm. ; length of canal 85 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : River Murray cliffs, near Morgan,
South Australia.

G. 9137. An example of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented by William Evans, Esq.

G. 9460. Three specimens of the adult. Purchased.

Latirus inter lineatus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Feristernia iiifcrUucata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 159, pi. vi. fig. 1.
1893. Peristernia interUncata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell fusiform, spire elevated, staged ; protoconch similar to
that of L. murrayanus ; whorls spirally ridged. Described by
Professor Tate as foUows : — " Ridges angular, acute, three or four
of which on the median portion of the spire-whorls forming keels ;
the broad concave furrows with a thread, crossed by straight
distant striaj. On the body-whorl the ridges are more serrately
cut by the transverse striae than those are on the spire." Aperture
ovate, broadened outwardly ; outer margin Urate within, with a
large denticle at the entrance of the canal ; inner margin covered
with a thin deposit of callus, sometimes partially detached, carrying

146

an obscure tubercle posteriorly and a strong oblique plait (juxta-
posed to the large denticle referred to), together with a few small,
irregular tubercles, anteriorly ; canal very long, bent, and slightly
twisted. It may be readily distinguished from the species of
Latirus already described by its bold spiral ridges and by the
absence of pronounced longitudinal costje.

Dimensions. — Length 24 mm.; breadth 12 mm.; length of
aperture 8 mm. ; length of canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4264. Two examples of the adult.

Presented lij John Bennant, Esq.

Latirus SUCCinctuS, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1880. Trophon miccinclus, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. See. N.S.W. vol. ir.

p. 16, pi. iv. figs. 6, 6a.
1888. Feristernia succincta, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 158.
1893. Feristernia succincta, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Much more tumid than either L. interlineatus or Z. suhui
though belonging to the same group. The shell is turbinate ;
protoconch similar to those of the two species mentioned ; whorls
substaged, strongly spirally ridged, the ridges being relatively
far apart and unequal in size, interspaces roughly corrugated,
especially on the body- whorl of senile examples, lines of growth
occasionally breaking through, obscurely longitudinally costate,
this feature being most noticeable in the neanic stage of growth ;
aperture rounded ; outer margin striate within ; columella smooth,
deeply excavated, and carrying a conspicuous fold anteriorly
bordering the entrance to the canal, with a few very small
denticles behind ; canal bent and twisted, and rather deep.

Dimensions. — Length 28 mm.; breadth 17 mm.; length of
aperture 11mm.; length of canal 8-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4189. An example of the neanic stage of growth, showing
longitudinal corrugations. Presented by John Dennant, Fsq.

G. 5521. A specimen illustrating the adult stage, with anterior
canal much twisted. Purchased.

147

Latirus subundulosus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Perisier/iia subundulosa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 159, pi viii. fig. 12.
1893. Peristcrnia subundulosa, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

This so closely resembles L. interlineaius that it might almost
be regarded as an extreme form of that species; the whorls are
more regularly convex, the spiial ridges more flatly rounded,
and there are other minor differences in the ornament which led
its author to regard L. subundulosus as a distinct species.

Dimensions. — Length 23mm.; breadth ITS mm.; length of
aperture 8 mm.; length of canal 6-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9461. Three specimens illustrating stages of growth.

Purchased.

Latirus tatei, sp. nov.

[Plate V. Figs, la-b.']

Shell small, fusiform ; protoconch smooth, composed of two and
a half turns, the earlier portion being lateral and very small,
the suture is bordered by a slightly elevated keel seen only in
well-preserved specimens, surface microscopically granulate ; the
anterior portion of the protoconch is at first somewhat inflated,
and then becomes constricted and longitudinally striated as it
passes into the brephic stage ; spire moderately elevated, with five
sliort, convex whorls; ornament consisting of widely distant, broad,
obtuse costse, extending from sutui-e to suture, except over the
narrow, undulating, striated band bordering the suture posteriorly,
regarded from above the whorls appear polygonal, commonly
hexagonal ; the body- whorl in the adult is frequently deprived
of these, but is furnished witli a thick, almost varicose anterior
margin ; surface of the shell strongly spirally lineate, a thin
lineation alternating with a bolder one in the later stages of
growth, the interruptions of the lines of growth producing a
semi-granulate and undulating appearance ; aperture ovate, broadly
channelled in front ; outer margin thick, lirate within, the callosity
being continued round the acute posterior channel and terminated

148 LEtJCOZONIA.

on the inner border by a conspicuous denticle ; columella excavated
and carrying an acute fold anteriorly, with traces of accompanying
granulations in the gerontic stage ; canal moderately long and
slightly bent.

Compared with L. murrayanus, it is much smaller, though of the
same general build ; it is relatively more elongate, whilst the
obtuse costae, plain body-whorl, thickened outer margin, and
the fewer number of plications on the columella in the present
species are very characteristic, readily serving to distinguish it
from all the other species of Latirus.

Dimensions. — Length 12'5 mm. ; breadth 6 mm. ; length of
aperture 4 mm.; length of canal 2-75 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Spring Creek, Victoria.

G. 9860. A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purcliased.

Genus LETJCOZONIA, Gray.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 136.]

This genus, closely allied to Latirus, is more globose, has
a short, keeled spire, a very short anterior canal, excavated
columella with three or four obliqiie plications, the outer margin
being jjlicated internally and especially characterized in typical
examples by a prominent and often very long denticle on the
forepart, opposite the columellar plications.

Type. — Murex nassa, Gmelin.

Leucozonia nassa, Gmelin (sp.).

[Plate V. Figs. lla-J.]

1790. 3Lirex nassa, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. pars 6, Vermes,

p. 3,5-51, No. 93.
1822. Ttirbinella cinguUfera, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vii.

p. 107.
1881. Leucozonia cinguUfera, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. iii. p. 94.

Shell fusiform, solid ; whorls angulate at the periphery, where
broad, undulating, longitudinal costae are compressed, producing
serration in typical examples; body-whorl carrying one or more

lEUCOZONIA. 149

nodose, distant, spiral carinte in front of the peripheral angulation,
and sharply depressed half way between the latter and the end
of the canal ; surface of the whorls bearing several more or less
conspicuous, undulating spiral lineations ; aperture ovate, broad
in front ; outer margin thin, bearing a small tooth-like projection
anteriorly, lirate within, grooved posteriorly ; inner margin
furnished with one or two salient, elongate ridges bordering the
posterior channel, excavated ; columella umbilicate, smooth, and,
typically, carrying four plications, the one in front being smallest ;
anterior canal short, broad, and slightly bent.

This species is exceedingly variable, but the specimens commonly
found in the West Indies, and particularly from St. Vincent,
are typical, and are almost identical with the specimen from
the Pliocene beds of the Chatham Is., in the Museum collection.
Living examples have been obtained from the west coast of
Africa, Florida, and Brazil, as well as in the West Indies.

Compared with Latirus barclayi, Reeve, the whorls of the
spire are similarly ornamented, but the aperture of the last-
mentioned species is narrower, the columellar plaits are smaller
and more numerous, and are not in the same position, whilst the
canal is very much longer.

This shell is commonly known as L. cingidifera, Lamarck, but
the name here adopted has priority. This fact has been recognized
by authors,' but L. nassa appears to have been ignored because
Grnelin included other species in his description and references,
a view which cannot be entertained. Following usage, we consult
the first reference given by Gmelin,- which is undoubtedly the
species under description, and which should therefore bear the
name of nassa.

Dimensions. — Length 49 mm.; breadth 27 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 27 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : obtained from a well-digging ten
feet in depth, Chatham Islands.

G. 9672. An example of the adult.

Transferred from the Mmeum of Practical Geology.

' E.g. Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. iii. 1881, p. 95.
2 Lister, Hist. Coucb. lib. iv. 1688, Xo. 828, fig. 50; also ed. 1770 (same
No. and fig.).

150 LEtrCOZONIA.

Subgenus LATIROLAGENA, nom. mut.

Lagena, Schumacher, Essai jS'ouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817,
p. 240; non Walker and Boys, 1784; non Bolten, 1798.

Distinguished from typical examples oi Leucozonia by the absence
of keels on the whorls, the latter being rounded ; the shell is
bucciniform and devoid of conspicuous ornament, whilst the
denticle or tubercle (when present) on the outer margin is
extremely rudimentary.

The name Lagena, Schumacher, commonly employed, is pre-
occupied by that given to the well-known genus of foraminifera
by Walker and Boys, and it refers also to one of the Tritonidse,
if Bolten's work is to be accepted. Plicatella, Swainson ' {non
Schmidt, 1870), is sometimes alluded to as being synonymous
with Lagena, but the first species mentioned by that author as
ascertained on reference to the work he quotes,^ is Fusws polygonus,
Lamarck (erroneously given as ^^ polyzona'" by Swainson), and
that has been selected by Dr. Gray^ as the type of Plicatella.
Swainson substituted the last -mentioned name for Polygona,
Schumacher,* rejected on account of being preoccupied in Botany,
which, however, is not a valid ground for exclusion following the
rules of nomenclature as usually interpreted at the present day.
If, therefore, we have recourse to Polygona, we find on reference to
the type quoted by Schumacher that that generic name could
not possibly apply to such forms as he included in the genus
Lagena. The Lagena of Klein,^ being pre-Linnean, ought not to
be recognized. Under these circumstances the present writer
cannot, in suppressing Lagena, Schumacher, utilize either Polygona
or its synonym Plicatella, and now suggests the name Latirolagena
instead, as indicating its affinities with Latirus.

It is related to Mazzalina, Conrad, but the type of that genus
{M. pyrula, Conrad) is strongly plicate, the several plaits being
implanted obliquely on a profoundly excavated columella ; that

' Malacolojjy, 1840, p. 304.

^ Ency. Meth. pi. ecccxxiii. fig. 1.

3 Proc. Zool. See. 1847, p. 136.

* Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 241.

* Ostracologicse, 1753, p. 49, tab. iii. No. 01.

LEUCOZONIA. 151

genus is not umbilicate, and the outer margin is of a different
character.

Type. — Buccinum smaragdulum, Linnaeus.

Leucozonia (Latirolagena) staminea, Tate.

1888. Leucozonia staminea. Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust vol 5

p. 163, pi. ix. fig. 13.
1893. Leucozonia staminea, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell bucciniform, globose, solid ; protoconch (Plate V. Figs. 8a-5)
composed of one and a half turns, the earlier portion being
exceedingly small, subsequently becoming large, much inflated and
oblique with reference to the axis of the shell, the later portion
is distinctly longitudinally costated, which ornament obtains to the
fracture denoting the commencement of the brephic stage of growth ;
whorls to the number of four, convex, slightly concave in the
neighbourhood of the suture posteriorly, and ornamented with
closely-set spiral lines, some of which are regularly and distantly
spaced and much more accentuated on the anterior half of the
body-whorl, smaller ones appearing between; lines of growth
conspicuous, causing minute granulations at the points of inter-
section with the spiral lineations ; aperture ovate, broad in front ;
outer margin sinuous, Urate within; columellar border smooth,'
excavated, carrying three slightly oblique plaits anteriorly, each
terminating with a compressed denticle ; canal short and broad.

The costae on the anterior portion of the protoconch are very
remarkable, this characteristic not being perpetuated in later
stages of growth, and seeming to indicate that Latirolagena had its
origin in costate forms such as Latirus, or Faseiolaria. Turning to
living examples of the subgenus, we find in certain individuals
of L. leucozonalis, Lamarck, a persistent attempt to preserve and
even to accentuate the costate character referred to, the costa;
remaining even in later stages of growth. Typical examples
of that species, now living in the West Indies, and of its ally
L. mhodrata, Gray, found in the Bay of Montija, West Columbia,
closely resemble L. staminea. L. smaragdula, Linnjeus, of the
Philippines, is more globose, has a more profoundly excavated
columella, a shorter canal, and wider aperture than has the
last-mentioned fossil species.

152 TEIT0N0FUST7S.

Dimensions. — Length 15 mm.; breadth 9 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 9-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Gellibrand river, Victoria.

G. 9490. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Family BUCCINID^.

Genus TRITONOFUSUS, Beck.

[Amtl. BericM 24ste Vers, deutsehe Naturf., Kiel, 1847, p. 217 ; id. Vers.
Naturf. Samml. p. 114 (author's name not giyen) : vide Herrmannsen,
Indicis Generum Malac. vol. ii. 1847, p. 611.]

Sipho (Klein), Morch, Cat. Toldi, 1852, p. 104 {non 0. Fabricius,
1823, nee T. Brown, 1827, 1833, 184-1).

Shell thin, usually fusiform, whorls rounded, typically smooth
aud striated ; spire elevated ; columella plain ; canal produced
and often recurved.

The term Sipho, commonly employed for this genus, was first
proposed by Klein,' but that author's work, being pre-Linnean,
cannot be accepted. The name was brought on by Morch in
1852, as above indicated. But in 1847 Beck had already
proposed Tritonofusus, which is synonymous with Sipho, Klein, as
interpreted by Morch, and must therefore take priority.

Even if that were not the ease, Sipho (Klein), Morch, could not
be adopted, as T. Brown had employed the term in 1827.^ If
that be objected to on the ground that the work in which it was
suggested was merely a collection of plates without descriptions,
Sipho [Si/pho), Brown, must fall in synonymy with Puncturella,
Lowe, 1827, though Brown subsequently attempted^ to establish
his term.

In reference to Sipho, 0. Fabricius, 1823 (not 1822, as commonly
quoted), that name was proposed in an auction catalogue,* referring
to the books, natural-history specimens, etc., which belonged
to Bishop Fabricius.* Murex infundihulum, Gmel., appears to be

' Ostracologic«?, 1753, p. 53.
- Illust. Conch. 1827, tab. 36.

8 Conch. Text Book, 1833, p. 100 ; Illust. Conch. 1844, p. 61.
* Fortegnelse over afg. Biskop Fabricius' efterladte Naturalier, 1823, p. 83.
^ Information kindly supplied to the writer by Dr. G. Bruun, Director of the
Eoyal Library at Copenhagen.

TEITONOFUfSUS. 153

the type of this Si'pho, but that sppcies is distinctly a Latirus,
and if any value attaches to an auction catalogue, for systematic
purposes, Sipho, Fabrieius, must be quoted in synonymy with
Latirus, Montfort, 1810.

The name Tritonofusus was, according to Herrmannsen (see
above), proposed by Beck in 1846, and was at that time apparently
a MS. name attached to some specimens in the Eoyal Museum at
Copenhagen. During the meeting at Kiel above referred to, the
conchological section saw the specimens, and an account of them
was published in the " Amtl. Bericht " quoted, where the name
Tritonofusus, with its type, are set forth, but the reporter's name
is not given. In all probability the writer of the account was
Herrmannsen, who was present at the meeting. In any case, he,
in 1847 {o}}. supra cit.), quotes Beck as the author of the genus.

Tt/pe. — Fusus islandicus, Chemnitz.

Tritonofusus crebrigranosus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Sipho crehrigranosus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aiist. vol. x.

p. 145, pi. iii. fig. 8.

1889. Sipho crebrigranosiis, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1089.
1893. Sipho crehrigraiwsHs, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutli

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell narrow, elongate ; protoconch (Plate V. Figs. 9fl— i) com-
posed of two and a half smooth, but slightly convex turns, the
earlier portion being much smaller relatively than the later,
which is fliintly longitudinally ridged; and this characteristic is
much more accentuated in the brephic stage, where spiral
lineations become developed, producing a tubercle at the points
of intersection, the ornament being bolder than in later stages of
growth ; whorls convex, rounded, with closely-set longitudinal
and spiral lineations; aperture pyriform ; outer margin thin,
lirate within, prolonged by a slight callosity over on to the inner
margin ; columella smooth, twisted ; canal long and curved.

Dimensions. — Length 15 mm.; breadth 5'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 4-5 mm. ; length of canal 4 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

6. 9444. Three specimens illustrating stages of growth.

Purchased.

154 SIPHONALIA.

TritonofusTis labrosus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Sip/io labrosKs, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 144,

pi. iii. fig. 7.

1889. S'lpho labrosus, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1089.

Shell thin, narrow, elongate; protoconch composed of one and
a half smooth globose turns, terminating abruptly against the
shell proper, the ornament of the whorls not being foreshadowed ;
whorls angulate at the periphery, and carrying prominent,
elevated, distant, irregular spiral threads, broken up by longi-
tudinal lineations and growth - lines ; aperture rounded; outer
margin having a tendency to become varicose, peristome con-
tinued, detached from the columella ; canal long and slightly
curved.

This differs from T. (yrebrigranasus in having subangulate whorls,
in the lineations not being so closely set, and in their irregularity,
also in the special character of the protoconch and continued
peristome.

Dimensions. — Length 6 mm.; breadth 25 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9445. An example of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Genus SIPHONALIA, A. Adams.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xi. 1863, p. 202.]

Shell ovately fusiform, rather thin ; body-whorl ventricose,
usually nodosely costate and spirally lineated ; aperture oval,
outer margin thin ; columella smooth, excavated, not plicate ;
canal twisted, generally short.

2ype. — Buecinum cassidariaforrms, Reeve.

Siphonalia longirostris, Tate (sp.).

1888. Siphonalia longirostris, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 143, pi. xi. fig. 8.
1893. Siphonalia longirostris, Tate and Deunant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

This species is very variable in character, but in general the
shell is elongate-fusiform, with a high scalariform spire ; protoconch
composed of two smooth turns, the later being spirally subcarinate

SrPUONALIA. 155

and faintly lonoitudinally striate; whorls axially costate, the cost*
of the spire-whorls extending from suture to suture, and rounded ;
body-wliorl in the adult prominently costate at the periphery only;'
the whole of the whorls are deeply spirally lineate, and are crossed
by frilled growth-lines, rendci'ing the shell somewhat rugose;
aperture pyriform, drawn out in front; outer margin very thin,'
sulcated, and sometimes slightly lirate within ; columella deeply
concave, covered by a striated thin coating of enamel, not plicate ;
anterior canal twisted and sinuous.

The great length of the canal is a special feature of this species,
and it is abnormal for the genus. Its rugose and scalariform
spire distinguishes it from all other Australian Tertiary forms of
Siphonalia. S. maxima, Tryon, living in Tasmanian seas, is an
analogous species.

Dimensions (of a mutilated specimen).— Length of spire and
aperture 63 mm.; breadth 28 mm.
Form, atid Zoo. — Eocene : Victoria.

^ 48052. Three examples of the neanic stage of growth ; from

S( hnappcr Point. d ' i i

' ^ I^ur chased.

G. 9433. An example of the senile stage, minus anterior canal ;

more rugose than specimens from the other localities; from'

Mornington. n ? ?

'^ Fur chased.

G. 9442. Specimen of the adult, having the canal well

preserved; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Siphonalia tatei, Cossmann, MS.

1888. Sipho aspmihis, Tato, Traus. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. s. p 14.5
pi. vi. fig. 5. '

1893. SiphonaJia tafci, Cossmann, in UtV

1893. &lpho>,ulia tatei, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust
vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

Shell elongate, narrow, fusiform; protoconch composed of one
and a half smooth whorls, elevated, the earlier portion oblique
the later longitudinally co.state, varicose at its termination

Ion

spire

_ whorls flat, or but slightly convex, polvgonal; ornament
consisting of irregularly spaced spiral threads, the most prominent
one of wjncli is situated anteriorly in the neighbourhood of the

' InformatioD kindly suppKed by Professor Tate, at the writer's request.

156

SIPHONALIA.

suture, and which rises into compressed subacute projections on
distant, longitudinal costse ; the spiral ornament is rendered
granulate by the crossing of the frequent, scaly lines of growth ;
aperture ovate, broad ia front ; outer margin thin, lirate within,
peristome continued over to the columellar border, from which
it is slightly detached ; canal long, oblique, and twisted.

Dimensions. — Length 17 mm.; breadth 6 mm.; length of
aperture 4 mm.; length of canal 5-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9443. Three examples of the adult. PurchasedA

Siphonalia styliformis, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1880. Tiisus styUformis, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol iv.J
p. 12, pi. iii. fig. 6.

1888. SipJw sii/liformis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 145.1

1889. Si'pho styliformis, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 41.

Shell fusiform, spire elevated; whorls convex, with broad,
obtuse, distant, longitudinal costse extending from suture to
suture, and twisted in series, lines of growth very small, except
on the suture, where they rise into reverted scales, spiral lines
fairly equal in size, distant, and having a flat area between each ;
aperture ovate ; outer margin thin, lirate within, grooved
posteriorly ; columella excavated, smooth, sharply turned at the
entrance of the long bent canal.

Pi'ofessor Tate describes the protoconch as follows: "Apex of
two smooth whorls, joined to the spire by a thick varix, behind
which, for about half a whorl, the surface is costated, thence
rapidly enlarging into a globose whorl terminating in a narrow,
subimmei-sed tip."

The shell is relatively broader than in S. tatei, the canal is
shorter and more oblique, the longitudinal costse are more con-
spicuous, and the whorls are not so markedly polygonal.

Dimensions. — Length 13 mm.; breadth 5'5 mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4286. An example of the adult.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

SIPHONALIA. 157

Siphonalia mandarina, Duclos (sp.).

1831. FiisKs niandariniis, Duclos, Mag. Zool. classe v. pi. -siii.

1832. Fusiis zealandicus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool.

t. ii. p. 500, pi. xxxiv. figs. 4, 5.

1873. Fusiis mandarinus. Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 18.

1873. Fhsus zealandicus, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 8.

1873. Fiisus mandarinus, Hutton, id. p. 8.

1873. Fusus zealandicus, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 2.

1873. Fusus mandarinus, Hutton, id. p. 3.

1880. Neptuncea zealandica, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 50.

1880. Neptunea [Austrofusus] mandarinus, Kobelt, Conch. Cab. (ed. Kiister),

p. 137, pi. xliv. figs. 2, 3.

1881. Siphonalia [Austrofiisus) mandarina, Tryon, Manual of Concholog)-,

vol. iii. p. 138, pi. Ivi. fig. 384 ; pi. Ivii. fig. 385.
1886. Fusus [Neptunea) mandarinus, Watson, Voy. " Challenger," Zool.

vol. XV. (Gasteropoda), p. 200.
1893. Siphonalia mandarina, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem,

Vol. p. 41.

The young of this species somewhat resembles S. longirostris,
though the sculpturing on the whorls of the latter species is
more rugose, and the dentate tubercles on the periphery are much
more pronounced. The protoconch of S. mandarina is relatively
larger, and it is turbinate. The costate and tuberculate ornament
is lost with advancing age, and adult specimens possess bolder
spiral ridges. The inner margin, smooth in the young, becomes
covered with a detached plate in the adult and senile stages.

Fusus zealandicus, Quoy and Gaimard, is inseparable from the
present species, as is now generally recognized.

Dimensions. — Length 114 mm.; breadth 54 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 70 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : I^ew Zealand.

G. 9556. Specimen of the gerontic stage, in which the detached
plate on the inner margin is granose ; from Wanganui (?).

Sir James Sector Coll.

G. 9597. An example of the neanic stage, with long anterior
canal ; from Onekakara. Sir James Hector Coll.

6. 9609. Having protoconch in good preservation ; from
Waugauui (?). Sir James Hector Coll.

158 SIPHON ALIA.

Siphonalia nodosa, JIartyn (sp.).

1784. Buecinum nodosum, Mart)Ti, Univ. Coneli. pi. v.
1832. Buecinum raphanus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool.
t. ii. p. 428, pi. iii. figs. 3, 6.

1841. Buecinum tritoit. Lesson, Rev. Zool. p. 37.

1842. Buecinum triton, Lesson, id. p. 237.
1847. Fusus nodosus, Reeve, Concli. Icon. fig. 41.

1873. Fusus nodosus, Von Martens, List Moll. X.Z. p. 18.

1873. Fusits triton, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. X.Z. p. 11.

1873. Fusus nodosus, Hutton, id. p. 11.

1873. Fusus triton, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 3.

1873. Fusus nodosus, Hutton, id. p. 3.

1880. Ncptuncea nodosa, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 50.

1881. Siphonalia nodosa, Tryon, Manual of Concholocry, toI. iii. p. 136.
1893. Siphonalia nodosa, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N. S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 41.

This is a shorter and smaller species than S. viandarina ; it is
relatively broader, and the spinose tubercles on the periphery
extend to the body-whorl even in the adult; the columella is
more deeply excavated, whilst the anterior canal is sharply twisted.
But the most characteristic difference, perhaps, is the protoconch,
which is conoidal, and composed of four and a half smooth turns,
commencing as an extremely minute point, and regularly increasing
in size, instead of being large, obtuse, and irregular, as in
S. mandarina.

Dimensions (of a typical specimen). — Length 40 mm. ; breadth
21 mm. ; length of aperture and canal 21 mm.

Form, and Log. — Pliocene : JS'ew Zealand.

G. 9535. Three specimens of an elongate form, in which the
spinose tubercles become obsolete on the body-whorl and small
rugose costse take their place ; from "Wanganui.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9633. A series exhibiting stages of growth, and several
variations in form ; from Shakespeare Cliff. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9714. Two examples ; from Parimoa, Middle Island.

W. JB. B. Mantell Coll.

G. 9724. Specimens of the neanic stage of growth ; from

Wanganui. {^Old Collection.)

PSEUDOVAEICIA. 159

Siphonalia, sp.

Sereral casts and more or less imperfect specimens in the
Sir James Hector Coll., from the Tertiary of 'New Zealand, appear
to be referable to the genus Siphonalia, as follows : —

G. 9532. Block of impure limestone with cast and fragments
of a very large species. Miocene : Awatere.

G. 9533. Grit, with two easts of a strongly costate species.
Miocene : Port Hills, Nelson.

G. 9563. Dark limestone, having cast of a small species.
Miocene : Mokihinui.

G. 9611. Cast of a small species resembling the young of
S. mandarina. Miocene : Akuakua (upper beds), east coast of
Auckland.

G. 9632. Two blocks of shelly limestone, having casts of
costate and angulate species, probably related to Siphonalia.
Miocene : Akuakua (upper beds).

Also —

G. 9679. Cast of a large species possessing immense, distant
tubercles on the periphery of the body-whorl. Eocene : River
Murray, South Australia.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

Genus PSEUDOVARICIA, Tate.

[Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. s. 1888, p. 146.]

The following description of this interesting genus is given
by its author: — "Shell cylindroid-fusiform, smooth, spire obtuse,
wliorls with a few remote and non-continuous imbricating varices ;
canal very short, wide, columella smooth, slightly arched. The
varices are not produced as ordinarily by an outward thickening
or bulging of the shell wall, but appear as abrupt step-like
interruptions to the regularity of the spiral curve, and seem to
indicate that each periodic mouth was slightly margined with
enamel, and the new growth to have been commenced from
within, so that the successive growths are not in the same plane."

160 PSEUDOVAKICIA.

The phenomena connected with the columella, though roughly
indicated in the figure accompanying Professor Tate's description,
seem to need further explanation. Although the pillar is smooth,
yet even in the brephic stage it is seen to be slightly twisted,
a character perpetuated through the neanic stage, though not
prominent until the ephebic stage was attained, when a small,
inconspicuous fold was developed with another just visible on
the margin of the columella anteriorly. It was not until the
extreme ephebic or, perhaps, the commencement of the catabatic
stage, however, that these two folds or corrugations became well
developed, and their accentuation, as seen in the largest specimen
in the Museum (larger than that described by Professor Tate)
appears to be due to senility. It somewhat resembles Andonia,
Harris and Burrows, from the Upper Tertiaiy of Italy and the
Eocene of North- Western Europe, but the nature of the protoconch
and the peculiar development of the varices are highly distinctive.

Type. — Fseuduvaricia mirahilin, Tate.

Pseudovaricia mirabilis, Tate.

18S8. Pseudovaricia mirabilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.
p. 146, pi. vii. figs. 9a-f.

Protoconch (Plate VI. Figs. \a-l) composed of two and a half
broad and narrow, slightly angulate turns flattened at the apex;
smooth, but bearing microscopic spiral lineations and longitudinal
strife, best developed on nearing the shell proper. It is almost
impossible to define the precise limits between the protoconch
and the brephic stage ; the longitudinal striae run in sets divided
by the varices, and the striations undoubtedly begin on the
protoconch, though they are extremely minute to commence
with. In that vicinity the "varices" are close together, and
are mere striae larger than the others. As this is the only species
hitherto described as belonging to the genus, much of what has
been said in the generic review applies specifically also. In
addition, it may be mentioned that the shell is composed of
seven slowly-increa.sing whorls, flatly convex, with a very narrow,
high-sloping shoulder defined by a strong thread. The whole
surface is finely transversely striated ; the strite become larger
near the suture and prominent on the body-whorl anteriorly.

CANXnAKUS, 161

Lines of p;rowth close and conspicuous ; where they cross the
hirjier stride near the suture subgranulation occurs. Aperture
elliptical, smooth within ; canal wide and short.

Dimension!). — Length 52 mm.; breadth 16'5mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 4169. An example of the neanic stap;e of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9482. Senile specimen, spiral lineations accompanying the
suture well pronounced. Purchased.

Genus CANTHARUS (Bolten), H. and A. Adams.
[Gen. Eec. Moll. vol. i. 1853, p. 84 ; vol. iii. pi. ix. fig. 5.]

Shell thick, short, anterior canal large ; outer margin thick,
varicose ; columella callous, ridged, slightly twisted in front,
often carrying a denticle, or small sharp plication anteriorly.

Tijpe. — liuccinum imdosiim, Linnaeus.

Cantliarus semicostatus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Fisaiiia semicostata, Tate, Trans. Hoy. Sec. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 164, pi. iv. fig. 9.

1889. TritoiiiJea semicostata, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. TJniv. t. v. p. 1090.
1894. Canthariis semicostatus, Tate, Joum. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 172.

The examples of this species in the Museum collection are not
in a good state of preservation. Professor Tate describes it as
follows : — " Shell oblong-fusiform, similar to P{isania) rostrata,
with more rapidly increasing whorls, base less abruptly attenuated,
canal shorter, costae fewer and stouter. Whorls below the apex
four, costae slightly curved, rounded, about as wide as the inter-
spaces, 16 on the penultimate whorl, obsolete or only faintly
developed on the body-whorl."

M. Cossmann ' includes Cantharus as a section of Tritonidea,
hence the above synonymic reference.

> Ann, Soc. fioy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiv. 1889, p. 137.

162

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm. ; breadth 7 mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9382. Two specimens. Furcliased.

Genus EUTHRIA, Gray.
[Fig. Moll. An. vol. iv. 1850, p. 67.]

Shell bucciniforra, smooth ; aperture ovate, outer margin
posteriorly sinuated, lirate within ; inner margin excavated, smooth,
callous in the neighbourhood of the posterior sinus and twisted,
■with an oblique fold at the entrance of the canal, the latter being
rather long, bent, and recurved.

Type. — Fusus lignarius, Chiaje.

Subgenus DENNANTIA, Tate.
[Trans. Roy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. x. 1888, p. 161.]

This differs from Euthria, sensu stricto, in being much more
elongate, in having a relatively smaller aperture, by the possession
of a more distinct and dentate plait on the anterior portion of
the columella, and by a small denticle projecting from the outer
margin anteriorly. At the same time it is not worthy of generic
separation, and the present writer has some diffidence in regarding
it otherwise than as an extreme form of Futhria. In this
connection it is interesting to note that Euthria, sensu stricto,
a common Mediterranean species, has recently been discovered in
Australian seas.

Type. — Fusus ino, Tenison- Woods.

Euthria (Dennantia) ino, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1880. Fusns ino, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv. p. 13,

pi. iii. fig. 10.
1888. Dennantia ino, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 161, |

pi. xii. figs, la-c and 3.
1893. Dennantia ino, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. s™. pt. 1, p. 219.

163

The figure accompanying Mr. Tenison-Woods' memoir above
referred to is very poor, representing a shell with the greater
part of the body-whorl broken away. Professor Tate's inter-
pretation is here accepted. Shell solid, turriculate; from 8 to 9
convex whorls, the suture being impressed ; ornament consisting
of distant, bold spiral ridges between which smaller spiral striae
occur, towards the base of the body-whorl is a conspicuous spiral
carina ; aperture small, ovate, wide in front ; outer margin thin,
having a small denticle as a prolongation of the carina ; inner
margin smooth, slightly callous and denticulate near the posterior
channel, Urate in front ; canal short, bent, and twisted.

Bimennons. — Length 32 mm.; breadth 13 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 15 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. A series illustrating stages of growth ; from Schnapper
Point. Purchased.

G. 4294. Several specimens ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5498. Three examples ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Euthria (Dennantia) cingulata, Tate (sp.).

1888. Beminntia cingulafa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 162, pi. xii. figs. 2, ba-b.
1893. Dennantia cingulata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xrii pt. 1, p. 219,

Closely allied to E. ino, of which it may be only a variation
in form, but it is more slender and elongate, the sculpturing
consists rather of small sulci than ridges. Protoconch (Plate VI.
Figs. 2a-h) identical with that of E. ino, consisting of two smooth,
rapidly increasing whorls, the later portion of which is inflated
and terminates abruptly, the brephic stage commencing suddenly
by having broad and deep spiral sulci.

Dimensions. — Length 28 mm.; breadth 10 mm.; length of
aperture 1 2 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Schnapper Point, Victoria.

73234. Four examples of the adult. Purchased.

164

Genus PHOS, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. 1810, vol. ii. pp. 495.]

Shell elongate, bucciniform, turriculate ; spire sharp, elevated,
whorls oi-namented with prominent longitudinal costae, and less
salient spiral threads and sulci, often varicose ; aperture oblong ;
outer margin lirate within ; columella excavated, plicate in front ;
canal short, slightly twisted.

Type. — Murex se7iltcosus, Linnaeus.

Phos liraecOStatUS, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1877. Cominella lyracostata, Tenison-'Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876,

p. 108.

1878. Cominella lyr(Scostata, R. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 160.
1888. Phos lircecostatus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 167,

pi. xi. fig. 12.
1896. Fhos UrcBcostatus, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.
p. 90.

Shell elongate, bucciniform, tapering; protoconch composed of
two and a half subcylindrical, smooth turns ; whorls elevated,
slightly convex, longitudinally costate, the costse being oblique,
large and far apart, spirally lineate, the conspicuous threads rising
over the costse producing a characteristic roughness, the spiral
ornament is irregular and interrupted in the neighbourhood of the
suture, that on the anterior half of the body-whorl is more
uniform ; aperture small, quadrate, opening widely in front ; outer
margin thin, striated within ; inner margin comparatively smooth ;
columella sharply twisted and plicated in front, reverted; canal
very short, broad, oblique, and supported at the back by a strong
spiral ridge.

Dimensions. — Length ]6'5mm.; breadth 7 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 7-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9378. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Purchased,

165

Phos gregsoni, Tate.

1888. Phos gregsoni, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p, 1G8.

1889. Flios gregsoni, Tate, id. vol. xi. p. 118, pi. iv. fig. 5.

This species, allied to P. lireecostatus, differs from it in having
more prominent and erect longitudinal costse, in being augulate at
the periphery, and the whorls are more tumid. Its aperture is
relatively shorter and broader, and wider in front, whilst the
columellar twist is even more pronounced, and the spiral ornament
is comparatively regular. The protoconch is not preserved in
either of the specimens in the Museum collection.

Dimensions. — Length 17 mm. ; breadth 8 mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Miocene : Gippsland, Victoria.

G. 9862. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus LOXOTAPHRTIS,' nov. subgen.

Shell narrow, elongate ; protoconch smooth, obtuse ; spire
turriculate, whorls angulate, ornamented by longitudinal costae
and spiral threads ; aperture narrow, acute at both ends, wider
towards the middle, channelled in front ; outer margin thin,
slightly reflected outwardly, bordered by a strong varix, faintly
lirate within, and continued round the posterior channel, or acute
groove ; inner margin continuous with the outer and consisting
of a shining plate affixed to the body-whorl, and covering the
•whole columellar border from which it rises, and is often detached ;
this leaf-like covering is slightly corrugated, but in no sense
plicate or tuberculate, it borders the twisted, oblique canal, and
gives rise to a small umbilicus.

The entire peristome, and especially the disposition of the
enamelled plate constituting the inner margin, with its raised
edge, sugf^est affinities with Nassaria, Link {Hindsia, H. and
A. Adams), but the latter has not the same contour, and is
furnished with denticles on the columella. It differs from Phos,
tensu strido, which is of the same general configuration, in the
phenomena of the aperture already described ; but the chief point

' Aofoj 'oblique' ; raippot 'canal.'

166 PHOS,

of difference, and which has more weight than any other in
deciding the writer to suggest its separation from Phos, properly
so called, is the character of the protoconch. In Phos the
protoconch is, typically, turbinate, the turns gradually increasing
in size from an exceedingly small beginning ; moreover, the coils
are regular, their axis being in alignment with the axis of the
whole shell. In Loxotaphrus, on the other hand, the protoconch
(Plate VI. Figs. 3«-5) has fewer turns (typically one and a half),
and is by no means turbinate, it commences by an obtuse inflation,
and quite one-half of it is oblique with reference to the axis of
the shell.

Type —Phos variciferus, Tate.

Phos (Loxotaphrus) variciferus, Tate.

1888. Phos (?) variciferus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 169,

pi. xi. fig. 3.
1893. Phos variciferus, Tate and Dennant, id. toI. xvii. pt, 1, p. 219.

Shell turriculate, narrow, bucciniform ; protoconch (Plate VI.
Figs. 3ff-J) composed of one and a half smooth turns, the earlier
portion being inflated and implanted obliquely with reference to
the axis of the shell, later portion finely striated longitudinally
and ending abruptly ; the main features of the ornament of the
whorls suddenly make their appearance in the brephic stage (a
very unusual character), and do not apj)ear to be foreshadowed
in the protoconch. That ornament consists of prominent, slightly
oblique, longitudinal costae, with smaller longitudinal lineations
running between and obliquely over them ; and broad, irregular,
spiral threads, considerably elevated on the costae, especially at the
angular periphery, where the points of intersection are surmounted
by small tubercles, complete the sculpturing of this ornate shell.
The phenomena of the aperture have been sufficiently described
under the subgeneric heading.

Dimensions. — Length 26 mm.; breadth 11mm.; length of
aperture and canal 12 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4160. An example of the gerontic stage.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.
G. 9377 A series exhibiting stages of growth. Purchased.

167

Genus ZEMIRA, H. and A. Adams.
[Gen. Eec. Moll. vol. i. 1853, p. 110.]

Related to Ehurna, from which genus it may be distinguished
by having a much smaller umbilicus, and by the possession of
a prominent denticle towards the anterior of the outer margin.
This projection is the continuation of the spiral channel on the
forepart of the shell.

Type. — Pseudoliva australis, Sowerby.

Zemira prsecursoria, Tate.

1888. Zemira prcecursoria, Tate, Trails. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 163, pi. xi. fig. 5.
1893. Zemira precursoria, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

The only example of this species in the Museum collection is
not well preserved. Z. prcecursoria, according to Professor Tate,
ditfers from Z. australis, Sby., which inhabits the temperate seas
of Eastern Australia, by possessing a longer spire and narrower
body-whorl, narrower sutural sulcus, and in having more pro-
nounced spiral ridges.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm.; breadth 9 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4163. One specimen. Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

Buccinum, sp.

The following indeterminate bucciniform shells occur in the
Sir James Hector Coll. : —

G. 9557. Large cast 48 mm. in length, of a tumid specimen,
having smooth convex whorls and canaliculate suture. Miocene :
" Upper tieds," Akuakua, east coast of Auckland, New Zealand.

G. 9558. Cast of a smaller form, having very convex and
longitudiually costate whorls. Miocene : Port Hills, Nelson, New
Zealand.

G. 9606. Cast of small shell possessing enveloping body-whorl.

168

upon wliich are traces of cancellate structure. Eocene : Broken
river, Trelissick (No. 5), l^ew Zealand.

G. 9623. Three blocks containing casts of shells with smooth,
shouldered whorls and canaliculate suture. Miocene : " Conus-
beds," Mokihinui, New Zealand.

Family NASSID^.

Genus NASSA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 71.]

Shell solid, bucciniform, elongate or turriculate ; spire generally
acute ; aperture oral ; outer margin thick, often varicose, lirate,
striate or denticulate within ; inner margin callous, the latter
commonly spreading over a large portion of the ventral surface
of the shell, becoming especially thick in front, and having a
more or less salient denticle posteriorly ; columella truncate and
furnished with an oblique plication in front ; canal very short
and twisted.

The writer does not attempt any subdivision of this genus.

Ti/pe. — Buccinum mutabile, Linuseus.

Nassa crassigranosa, Tate.

1888. Nassa [Phrontis) crassigranosa, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Anst.
vol. X. pp. 169, 170, pi. xii. figs. &a^b.

Distinguished by its varicose outer margin, which presents a
thin edge, by the widespread callosity on the inner margin and
by the granose aspect of the whorls. Professor Tate remarks that
" Senile examples occur which have added another whorl, and by
reason of the posterior varix have a somewhat distorted spire."
He compares it with the living N. granifer, Kiener.

It also resembles N. vibex, Say, of the Atlantic coast of the
United States, but the protoconch of the latter is more acute,
the longitudinal cost* on the whorls are more distant and not
so oblique, and granulate ; further, the spire in the American
shell is not so much elevated, and the borders of the aperture

1

169

are more corrugate and callous. Dr. Dall * recognizes iV. vihex
iu the Pliocene beds of Florida, as "well as in the living state.

Dimensions. — Length 15 mm.; breadth 9 mm.; length of aperture
and canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 4187. A large series exhibiting stages of growth.

Presented hy John JDennant, Esq.

G. 9467. A number of examples of the brephic and gerontic
stages. Purchased.

Nassa tatei, Tenison- Woods.

1879. Nassa tatei, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 230, pi. xxi. fig. 13.

1880. Nassa tatei, Tenison-Woods, id. vol. iv. pi. ii. fig. 2.

1888. Nassa {Hima) tatei, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Anst. vol. x.

pp. 169, 170, pi. xii. fig. 9.
1893. Nassa tatei, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.

This small species is extremely variable both in shape and
ornament, but the series examined by the writer exhibits such
gradual passages that no doubt exists that the divers forms all
belong to one species. The protoconch (Plate VI. Figs. Aa-h)
is turbinate, composed of four smooth, gradually increasing turns,
the anterior portion being faintly longitudinally striated ; the
shell in the brephic stage becomes strongly longitudinally costate,
the ribs being cut up by spiral sulci and lineations. Professor
Tate describes the ornament in some detail, and discusses the
aflBnities of the species. He finds that iV. compacta, Angas, of
Australian seas, is its nearest modern representative.

Dimensions. — Length 9 mm.; breadth 4-5 mm. ; length of
apeitui'e 4 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Two specimens ; from Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 4186. Examples of the adult; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9470. A series showing range of variation ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

1 Trans. Wagner Free lust. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. 1890, p. 132.

170

Family MURICID^.

Genus TYPHIS, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. vol. u. 1810, pp. 614, 615.]

Shell generally small, muriciform ; spire elevated ; varices spinose
or tubulose ; between the varices on the posterior part of the
■whorls, in the neighbourhood of the suture, there is commonly
a more or less salient tubule ; aperture oval or circular, peristome
continuous in typical species ; canal short, closed.

Type. — Murex tubifer, Bruguiere.

Typhis maccoyi, Tenison-Woods.

1876. Typhis maccoyii, Temsoii-"Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 22,

pi. i. fig. 5.
Typhis hebetatus, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. ix. pi. xvi. fig. 1.
Typhis maccoyi, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 170.
Typhis maccoyi, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. pp. 91, 92.
Typhis maccoyi, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 237, pi. xxix. fig. 11.
Typhis maccoyi, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.
Typhis maccoyi, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 79.

1877
1878

1888
1893

This species has considerable analogy with T. pungens, Solander,
of the European Eocene, and young specimens ai-e not readily
dilFerentiated at a cursory glance. The protoconch, however, is
very different : in T. maccoyi it consists of two smooth turns,
the earlier portion being implanted obliquely with reference to
the axis of the shell ; whereas in T. pungens the three smooth
turns are elevated and rise to a sharp erect point. Further, the
Australian species is relatively broader, and the spines and tubes
ai"e not curved in the manner peculiar to tlie European species.
Young specimens resemble T. tuhifer, Bruguiere, of the Middle
Eocene of the Paris Basin, but that species is longer, less spinose,
and the protoconch is much more erect.

Dimensions. — Length 18'5 mm. ; breadth 16 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Spring Creek, Victoria.

G. 9379. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Purchased.

171

Typhis laciniatus, Tate.

1888. Typhis laciniatus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 93,

pi. i. fi;;-. 10.
1893. Typhis laciniatus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

This species differs from T. maccoyi, Tenison-Woods, in being
relatively narrower, the spire is much higher, it is not so
prominently spinose, though the varices bear several minute frills
which curl round, forming short tubules, leading up to which
on the whorls are some oblique costae. The intermediate tube
is very near the suture, and is larger thun any of the others.
The aperture is ovate, and the plate affixed to the columella rises
high, as in T. horridus, of the Italian Miocene.

Dimensions. — Length 10 mm.; breadth 5'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 2*5 mm.

Furm. and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9380. Two specimens. Purchased.

Typhis evaricosus, Tate.

1888. Typhis evaricosus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. x. p. 94,

pi. i. fig. 6.
1893. Typhis evaricosus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

Much smaller than any of the preceding species of Typhis, from
which it may readily be distinguished by the plainer character
of the ornament on the whorls. It is solid, not distinctly varicose,
though there are frequent breaks in the growth. Between each
of these latter the whorls rise into a curved, obtuse, plain,
longitudinal ridge, on the crown of which is a large, blunt,
recurved, flattened tubule, completely covering the suture though
detached from it. The suture may only be observed between
these large tubules, and then not very distinctly. The protoconch
is of the same character as in T. maccoyi; aperture very small,
almost circular, canal quite covered in.

It is of the same general type as T. Jistulosus, Biocchi, of the
Italian Tertiary and of our own Barton Beds, but the spire in
the Australian species is more elevated, it is minus the leaf-like
expansion ou the outer margin of the aperture, and it has not the

172

longitudinal ridge between the prominent tubules so characteristic
of the European species mentioned.

Dimensions. — Length 8-5 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. ; length of
aperture 2 mm.

Form, mid Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9381. Three examples of the adult. Fur chased.

Genus MUIIEX, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Xat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 7-16.]

Shell rounded ; spire prominent ; whorls variced, commonly
three on each whorl ; aperture ovate ; anterior canal much
prolonged, partially closed, usually spinose.

Several of the Australian species are with difficulty allocated
to the known subgenera. The passages between Murex, sensu
stricto, Chicoreus, and Triplex are so gradual, that it is hard to
say where one begins and the others end, though typical species
of each group are easily differentiated.

Type. — Murex haustellum, Linnaeus.

Subgenus TRIPLEX (Humphrey), Perry.

[Mus. Calonnianum, 1797, p. 40 ; Perry, Conchology, 1811, pis. vi., vii. (with
description).]

Pteronotus, Swainson, Malacology, 1840, p. 296 {n«n J. E. Gray,
\i

Shell trigonal, spire elevated; canal long, partially closed;
three foliaceous and typically spinose varices succeed each other
at regular intervals, those on the body-whorl being in alignment
■with, and joined to, the corresponding varices on the preceding
Tphorls, thus producing the trigonal shape.

It is impossible to distinguish Triplex from Cerostoma, Conrad,
in the fossil state, the principal differential characters being in
the operculum.

It is not without some hesitation that the writer admits the
synonymity of Triplex with Pteronotus.^ Perry (see above) includes

» E. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards Coll. Brit. Mus. 1891, p. 149.

173

in Triplex species that undoubtedly full within the earlier
Ckicorem, Montfort, but there are others which are unquestionably
like the later Ptrronotm. Perry does not state the type of his
genus, but in a footnote he alludes to Mtirex frondosus, Linna3us,
and to the fossil Murex tripteris, Lamarck (J/, tripteroides), the
former possessing tlie essential characters of Chicoreus and the
latter of Pteronotus. If we take the first species mentioned
as the type of the subgenus, Triplex must fall in synonymy
with Chicoreus, that name having been proposed by Montfort '
one year earlier ; but if, on the other hand, either If. tripteroides,
M. fiexuo&us, or M. pinnatus (which two last are both figured
and described by Perry under his genus) be selected, we are
enabled to retain Triplex. We are fortified, to some extent, in
so doing by referring to Humphrey's work, which, although it
cannot be accepted, as being a mere auctioneer's catalogue, enables
us to see what directed Perry in his definition of the genus. The
first recognizable species mentioned by Humphrey- under Triplex
is Murex triqueter, Born ; that occurs, apparently, in Perry's
description as Triplex flexuosa, and is here selected as the type
of the genus.

Type. — Triplex Jlexuosa, Perry.

Murex (Triplex) velificus, Tate.

1888. Murex (Pteronotus) velificus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aiist. vol. x.

p. 95, pi. i. fig. 8.
1893. Murex velificus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

Shell very thin, elongate ; protoconch composed of one and
a half smooth turns, somewhat inflated at the commencement,
and microscopically longitudinally striated in the vicinity of the
first minute yarix, which appears to denote the beginning of the
brephic stage. The foliae of the three varices are extremely thin
and much spread out ; the posterior aspect of the projections are
covered, like the surface of the shell between them, with rather
large scaly punctures, and the irregular spiral ridges of the whorls
are prolonged also on to the aliform expansions posteriorly ;

> Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, pp. 610, 611.
' Mus. Calonnianum, 1797, p. 40.

174

the fronts of the expansions are granose. Half-way between
the varices an obscure longitudinal rib occurs, rising into a small
tubercle at the point of intersection with the prominent spiral
ridge at the periphery. The aperture is elongately ovate, is lined
with a thin plate of enamel, which is somewhat detached from the
columella in adult specimens, and is slightly grooved posteriorly ;
outer margin crenulate, denticulate within ; canal long, almost
closed.

Except that the wing-like expansions are more fully developed,
and the aperture is not spread out, it is like M. tripteroides,
Lamarck, of the Eocene of the Paris Basin.

Dimensions. — Length 28 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.; length of canal 12 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4292. An example of the adult.

Presented ly John Bennant, Esq.

G. 9448. A series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Murex (Triplex) calvus, Tate.

1888. Murex [Pleronotus) calvus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.
p. 6, pi. i. fig. 11.

1895. Murex (Pteronotus) calvus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1,

p. 111.

1896. Murex [Pteronotus) calvus, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii.

N.s. p. 79.

This species is closely allied to M. velificus, from which it differs
in not having the foliated varices so greatly expanded, a relatively
shorter spire, the intervariceal nodulations, or short, tuberculate,
longitudinal ribs, are much more prominent, whilst the plate lining
the aperture is spread out all round, and is more deeply sinuated
posteriorly.

It has considerable analogy, as Professor Tate remarks, with
the living M. rubridentatus, Reeve, in regard to shape and obliquity
of varices, but has only one intervariceal longitudinal short rib.
It differs primarily from the modern M. pmnatus, Wood, in not
having the aliform expansions interrupted, and its spire is shorter.
It is more closely allied to the Paris Basin M. trifteroides, Lamarck,
of which, indeed, it may only be a local variation. In the

175

absence of better material, however, the writer hesitates to quote
M. ctilvm in absolute synonymy with the French species mentioned.

Dimensions (of a mutilated specimen). — Length 27 mm. ; breadth
14 mm. ; lenijth of aperture 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — P]ocene : Cape Otway, Victoria.

G. 9455. Two specimens. Purchased.

Murex (Triplex) bifrons, Tate.

1888. Murex {Pteronotm) bifrons, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 97, pi. i. fig. 12.
1895. Murex {P(eronotits) bifrons, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1,

p. 111.

Shell tumid, paitly trigonal ; protoconch composed of at least
two obtuse, smooth whorls, the earlier portion commonly being
turned round and buried horizontally in the succeeding turn, the
sudden twisting interfering with the symmetry of the turns as
a whole. In some cases the last turn of the protoconch envelops
tlic earlier portion of the apex. The shell is specially charac-
terized by having a well-pronounced longitudinal rib on the earlier
whorls between each varix ; there are the usual three foliated
varices on the body-whorl, but these latter are not bi'oad, and
they are discontinuous. The body-whorl is ornamented with
about twenty equidistant slender spiral threads, transversely
striated.

Dimmxions. — Length 17 mm. ; breadth 11 mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 1 1 mm.

Form, and Loc — Eocene : Cape Otway, Victoria.

G. 9456. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Murex (Triplex) amblyceras, Tate.

1888. Murex {Chicoreus) amblyceras, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 101, pi. ii. fig. 12.
1893. Murex amblyceras, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

Shell elongate, with elevated spire, rounded whorls, and rather
long canal ; protoconch composed of one and a half smooth, obtuse

176

turns, the anterior poi'tion being spirally striated and terminated
by a sharp varix ; shell in the brephic stage strongly spirally
lineated, and having rudimentary spines ; remainder of whorls
cut up by three slightly foliated varices, crenulated at the edge,
and each bearing a large, long, hollow spine at the periphery;
the spiral ornament consists of bold, thread-like lineations, with
minor ones between and in the vicinity of the suture posteriorly ;
body- whorl contracted medially, and the prolongations of the varices
lead to projecting, curved, hollow spines on the dorsal aspect of
the columella ; aperture large, ovate ; outer margin slightly
sulcated ; inner margin covered by a thin plate of enamel, which
is detached from the columella anteriorly and spread out, bordering
the narrow, curved slit of the almost closed canal.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm.; breadth 14'5mm. ; length of
aperture 7 mm. ; length of canal 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4291. Example of the adult. Presented hi/ John Bennant, Fsq.
G. 9449. One specimen. Purchased.

Murex (Triplex) dennanti, Tate.

1888. Murex (Chicoreus) dennanti, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. X. p. 98, pi. ii. fig. 7.

This species is so closely allied to M. amllyceras that a large
series of specimens would probably show that the two were
synonymous. The principal point of difference is the less pro-
nounced character of the ornament, whereby the spire at the
periphery of the whorls is much reduced in size, the varices
are not so deeply foliated, nor the edges of the latter so markedly
crenulate. M. amhlyceras has no intervariceal nodulations.
M. dennanti has a spiral carina, which becomes spinose on passing
over the varices, on the anterior portion of the body-whorl, best
developed in the earlier stages of growth ; canal long.

Dimensions. — Length 25 mm.; breadth 10 "5 mm. ; length of
aperture 6'5 mm. ; length of canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 5520. Example of the adult. Purchased.

G. 9451. Specimens of the neanic and ephebic stages. Purchased.

177

Murex (Triplex) otwayensis, sp. nov.

[Plate VI. Figs. 5a-d.]

Shell small, narrow, spire elevated ; protoconch composed of
one and a half smooth turns, invaded by scalariform longitudinal
laraellfe, which appear to proceed from the brephic stage of
growth, crossing the suture and affixing themselves to the pre-
ceding turns of the protoconch; varices three to each whorl
in the neanic and ephebic stages, but more numerous on the
earlier whorls, foliated, crenulated on the edges due to the
prolongation of the spiral lineations, which are far apart, not
more than four or five being developed on the penultimate whorl ;
the anterior aspect of the variceal folia exhibit the usual undu-
lating scales of growth, whilst there is a prominent hollow spine
of medium length projecting from each folium, situated posteriorly,
in the neighbourhood of the suture ; the intervariceal longitudinal
costae are about six in number on the penultimate whorl, and
their intersection with the spiral lines cause tessellation of
a peculiar character, each point of junction being crowned by an
obtuse nodulatiou ; the anterior half of the body-whorl is compara-
tively denuded of ornament ; aperture quadrate, open anteriorly,
peristome continuous except at the entrance of the canal ; outer
margin slightly reflected ; canal short, almost covered up.

This shell is more ornate than either of the preceding species
of Triplex, and forms a link between that subgenus and Chicoreus
through the medium of its variceal spines. The protoconch is
highly distinctive ; it is doubtful whether part of the scalariform
structure did not originate within the capsule, but the folia
being longitudinally continuous and unbroken from the brephic
Btage across the suture, the point cannot be definitely resolved
by the few specimens in the Museum collection. Compared with
M. contahulatus, Lamarck, of the Paris Easin, with which it
presents some analogy, the latter is found to possess more convex
whorls, is broader, larger, and is minus the intervariceal tessellation.

Dimensions. — Length 11mm.; breadth (including spines) 5 mm.;
length of aperture 3'2o mm. ; length of canal 2'75 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Cape Otway, Victoria.

G. 9457. Three examples of the adult. Purchased.

N

178

Murex (Triplex) trinodosus, Tate.

1888. Murex {Triplex) trinodosus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. X. p. 96, pi. i. fig. 4.

Headily distinguished from other Australasian species of Triplex
by the elementary character of its ornamentation ; it is solid,
varices three in number, and continued obliquely from whorl to
whorl, they are very narrowly foliated, and are furnished pos-
teriorly with a short blunt spine or tubercle ; between the varices
are three stout, nodulous, short costse ; aperture ovate, channelled
in front and having a deep notch posteriorly bordering the suture ;
canal short, slightly curved, and almost closed.

Tlie deep notch on the after part of the outer margin is very
distinctive. Professor Tate remarks (op. cit. p. 97) that M. tri-
nodosus is separable from the living M. angasi, Crosse, by "being
broader across the posterior part of the body-whorl, by the variceal
spine not being hooked, by the less angulated whorls, longer
canal, and by having three stout intervariceal nodulations instead
of two inconspicuous ones."

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm. ; breadth 7 mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9458. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus CHICOREUS, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, pp. 610, 611.]

The varices of the shells included in this subgenus are foliated,
though not to the same extent as in Triplex, and a principal
distinguishing feature is the elaborate character of the spinose
varices or foliations. It differs also from Triplex in having a
relatively larger aperture ; canal short, curved, and nearly closed.

Type — Murex ramosus, Linnaeus.

Murex (Chicoreus) lophoessus, Tate.

1888. Murex {Chicoreus) lophoessus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. s. p. 98, pi. ii. fig. 5.
1893. Murex {Chicoreus) lophoessus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1,

p. 218.

179

Shell tumid, rounded, short conical spire, and broad body-whorl ;
protoconch composed of one and a half smooth turns, the earlier
p irtion rising high and is much inflated, a strong varix denotes its
termination ; shell in the brephic stage cancellate, but the varices
gradually become accentuated in the neanic stage, and carry
leaf-like expansions which increase in size as the adult condition
is approached ; there are three varices to each whorl, and these
are rendered somewhat spinose at the edge by the prolongation
of the elevated spiral ridges which form such a conspicuous part of
the ornament; between each ridge there is one prominent linea-
tion, commonly accompanied by one or two smaller threads; and
there are usually three intervariceal costae, which are subspinose
at the periphery on the later whorls ; the lines of growth give
rise to scales on intersecting the spiral ornament ; aperture slightly
oblique, ovate, peristome continuous except for the narrow slit
which communicates with the almost closed canal ; outer margin
crenulate ; inner margin lined with a thick, enamelled, reflected
plate; canal short, corrugated.

The comparative simplicity of the spinose ornament removes
this species from typical examples of Chicoreus ; but, on the other
hand, the configui-ation of the shell and the nature of the varices
are not typical of Triplex.

Dimenfttotis. — Length 25 mm. ; breadth (including varices)
19 mm.; length of aperture 10 mm.; length of canal 16 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4274. Three specimens. Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9446. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus MURICOPSIS, Bucquoy and Dautzenberg.

[Moll. Marins Eoussillon, t. i. 1882, p. 19.]

Spire elevated; canal short, open; umbilicate; varices numerous ;
columella with denticles in front ; outer margin crenulated.
2'yp». — Murex blainvillei, Payraudeau.

Murex (Muricopsis) irregularis, Tate.

1888. Mnrcx {C/riroims) irnyularis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Anst.
vol. X. p. 102, pi. vi. fig. 3.

Protoconch consisting of one and a half smooth turns, terminated

180

anteriorly by a small varix, beyond whicli the salient features
of the ornament of the adult are foreshadowed ; Tarices irregular,
not being in alignment from whorl to whorl, three on the body-
whorl, increasing in number posteriorly ; they are not foliated, but
rounded off, bold spiral threads passing over them, there are three
varices on the last whorl in the adult, increasing to four or six
on the preceding whorls ; whorls eight in number, subangulated
at the periphery, longitudinally lineate, scaly, and obscurely
nodose at the points of intersection with the spiral threads ; sutures
deep; body-whorl constricted, i^MSM«-like on the anterior half;
aperture ovate, open in front ; outer margin thin, curved, crenu-
late, lirate within; inner margin covered by a thin plate of enamel,
bearing three or four denticles on the forepart of the columella ;
canal of medium length, broad, open, nearly erect.

The canal is rather longer than in typical examples of Muri-
copsis, whilst the varices are not quite as numerous ; but the
tubercles on the columella, the lirae within the outer margin,
and the partial umbilicus are characteristic.

Dimensions. — Length 27 mm.; breadth 12"5mm. ; length of
aperture 8 mm. ; length of canal 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

6. 9454. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

6. 4273. An example of the senile stage.

Presented ly John Bennant, Esq.

Murex (Muricopsis) graniformis, nom. mut.

1888. Murex [Ocinebra] alveolatns, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 108, pi. iii. fig. 12 {non J. de C. Sowerby, 1823).

1889. Murex {Muricopsis) alveolatus, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v.

p. 1088.
1894. Murex [Muricopsis) alveolatus, Tate, Joum. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol.
xxvii. p. 170.

This species resembles the young of M. irregxdaris, from
which it chiefly differs, according to Professor Tate, in having
four varices on the last whorl and seven on the preceding two
whorls, in the adult; the canal, also, is shorter, and the trans-
verse ornament is more regular and closer. The vaulted scales

MUEEX. J g J

of growth produce an irregular, granulated aspect between the
distant spiral lira;.

The specific name of this fossil is now altered, as Marex alreo-
him had already been utilized by J. de C. Sowerby > for a different
shell.

Limensions.-J.^ngih 9 mm.; breadth 4mm.; length of aperture
and canal 4 5 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9452. Example of the neanic stage of growth. run/uued.

Subgenus MURICIDEA, Swainson.

[Malacology, 1840, p. 296.]

Shell piriform; canal short; varices more than three in number
I he hgure referred to by Swainson in his description of Ifun-
adea is obviously not what that author intended, as the type of
the subgenus and the particular reference are no doubt a clerical
error, as he subsequently^ refers to the shell indicated as a true
Murpa, in which genus it should unquestionably be placed. Under
these circumstances it is desirable to adopt the suggestion made
by M. Cossmann,3 and select the following species as the type
01 the subgenus.

Type. — Murex hexagonus, Lamarck.

Murex (Muricidea) eyrei, Tenison-W

oods.

1877. Murex eyrei, Tenison-TVoods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 93.
1888. Murex {PhyUonotus) eyrei, Tate, Trans. Eov. Soe. South Ai.st vol x
p. 103, pi. iv. fig. 8.

1888. Murex eyrei, John.ston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 237 [uon pi. xs^i. fi<.s.

3, 3a). "

1893. Murex eyrei, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust vol

svii. pt. 1, p. 218.

1896. Murex {Fhyllonotm) eyrei, Pritehard, Proc. Rov. Soc. Vict vol viii
N.s. p. 79. ...

' Min. Conch. 1823, vol. v. tah. ccccsi. fig. 2, p. 9

' Malacology, 1840, p. 298.

^ Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiv. 1889, p. 121.

182

This well-known shell of the Australian and Tasmanian Tertiary
is characterized by its erect, staged spire, by the frequent, long,
hollow spines which crown and terminate obtuse longitudinal ribs
at the periphery of the body- whorl, and by the free sloping
area, but slightly spirally lineated, between these spines and
the suture ; in front of the spines are bold, undulating, spiral
threads, passing over the broad longitudinal costas, and continuing
over the whole of the anterior portion of the body-whorl. The
aperture is large, ovate, well open in front ; outer margin thin,
curved ; columella excavated, covered by a thin plate of enamel,
which is detached anteriorly and causes a pseudo-umbilicus ; canal
slightly oblique, broad, of moderate length.

The absence of conspicuous varices, the nature of the spiral
ornament, the bold threads in front of the prominent peripheral
spines, and their comparative absence beliind them, are very
distinctive.

Dimensions. — Length 27'5 mm. ; breadth 16 mm. ; length of
aperture 10 mm. ; length of canal 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4267. Two specimens. Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5518. Specimen of the adult, having a much enlarged
umbilicus, and broader whorls and wider aperture than in typical
examples of the species. Purchased.

G. 9453. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Murex (Muricidea) zelandicus, Quoy and Gaimard.

1832. Murex zelandicus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool.

t. ii. p. 529, pi. XKxvi. figs. 5-7.
1845. Murex zelandicus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. iii. pi. xxxiv. fig. 177.
1873. Murex nova: zeelandim. Von Martens, List Moll. N Z. p. 17.
1873. Murex zealandxcus, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 7.
1873. Murex zealandicus, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N Z. p. 2.
1880. Murex zealandicus, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 46.
1880. Murex (Fhyllonotus) zelandicus, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. ii.

p. 108, pi. xxix. fig. 268.
1893. Murex neozelanicus, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 37.

The canal and spines of this species are rather longer than in
typical examples of the subgenus j but it is a close ally of M. eyrei,

\

183

from which it differs not only in the characters just mentioned, but
in having frondose varices, smaller umbilicus, and a thinner shell.

Dimensions. — Length 32 mm. ; breadth (not including spines)
15 mm. ; length of aperture 10 mm. ; length of canal 10 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Pliocene : Shakespeare Cliff, Wanganui, N.Z.

G. 9546. Several specimens illustrating stages of growth.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9716. Example in which the frondose varices are much
reduced in size. (O/aJ Collection.)

Murex (Muricidea) asperulus, Tate.

[Plate V. Figs. lOa-c?.]

1888. Murex [Ocinebra) asperulus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soe. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 106, pi. iii. fig. 1.
1893. Murex asperulus, Tate and Deiinant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

Shell fusiform, tumid, rugged ; protoconch composed of one
and a halt' smooth canaliculate turns, the earlier portion inflated
and obtuse, the later slightly contracted and ending abruptly by
u very prominent varix, or thickening ; the shell in the brephic
stage is cancellate, but at later stages of growth the prominent
longitudinal lineations involved in the cancellate structure become
developed into broad rugose varices or costiB, of which there are
six on the body-whorl ; the spiral lineations are bold, and there
are about nine of these on the penultimate whorl; lines of growth
close together, and producing minute vaulted scales in crossing
over the spiral lineations, which form the characteristic rugged-
ness on the exterior of the shell ; suture cut in, the whorls at
first sloping gently away from it and then becoming rounded ;
body-whorl constricted towards the anterior, but lineate and
rugged throughout ; aperture round, slightly opened in front ;
outer margin thin, the spiral ornament reflected within ; inner
margin smooth ; columella covered by a thin plate of enamel
detached near the twist at the entrance of the moderately long,
curved canal ; large vaulted scales appear in the front part of
the columella bordering the canal.

This species is reiigured, as the view given by Professor Tate
hardly does justice to it, showing but one side only, and that of
not a very typical example, apparently. It approaches the genus
UrosaJpinx in that it is fusiform, and that the varices are not very

184

distinct, resembling costse. At the same time, varices are present,
an'\ IT. asperulus may, conchologically, be regarded as intermediate
between Muricidea and UrosaljJtnx.

Dime?isions. — Length 18 mm. ; breadth 8 mm. ; length of
aperture 5 mm. ; length of canal 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9450. Three specimens. Purchased.

G. 10068. The figured specimen. Presented hy John Dennaiit, Esq.

Murex (Muricidea) camplytropis, Tate.

1S88. Murex (Ocinebra) camplytropis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 105, pi. iii. fig. 2.
1893. Murex campli/tropis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.'
1896. Murex emnpli/tropis, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 145.

This species is larger than M. asperulm, from which it differs,
piincipally, in not being so elongate, in having a relatively shorter
canal, by the varices being less erect, and in some minor details
of ornament. The only specimens in the Museum collection are
badly preserved, and full particulars of dimensions cannot be
given. The dimensions as here stated, however, indicate a larger
shell than that mentioned by Professor Tate.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm. ; breadth 16 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9447. Two examples, from the larger of which the columella
is missing. Purchased.

Genus SISTRUM, Montfort.

[Concli. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 595.]

" Ricinule," Lamarck, Cours Zool. 1812, p. 119.
Picinula, Lamarck, Ency. Meth., Vers. Coq., Moll., etc. t. iii. 1816,
pi. 395, figs. \a-l.

Shell ovate or subfusiform, solid; whorls tubercular, spinose,
or longitudinally costate, aperture narrow, contracted by callous
projections ; canal short ; outer margin strongly dentate witiiin ;
inner margin wrinkled or plicated.

Type. — Sisiruiit lubum, Montfort [Buccinum echinatum, Lamarck).

185

Sistrum purpuroides, Johnston (sp.).

1880. Richiida jmrpnroides, Jolinston, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 33.
1888. Tisania purpuroides, Tate, Traus. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. s,

p. 165, pi. xi. fig. 6.
18S9. Latirus purpuroides, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. p. 1090.
189-J. Eicinula purpuroides, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 173.
1896. MiciiiHla purpuroides, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 90.

The specimens in the Museum collection are not well preserved,
the phenomena of the aperture (the most distinctive character of
the genus) being incomplete. In reference to the latter, Professor
Tate remarks^: "Aperture narrowly ovate; outer lip varicosely
dilated behind, slightly crenulated on the acute margin, and with
seven tooth-like ridges within ; inner lip spreading over the
columella and thinly continuous with the outer lip, with one
elongated plication near the posterior angulation, and about eight
small irregular callosities thence to the point of the pillar."

These features are not characteristic of Pisania or Latirus, but
of Si drum.

Dimensions. — Length 11 mm. ; breadth 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9492. Two examples. Purchased.

Family LOTOEIID^.

Genus LOTORIUM, Moutfort.
[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 583.]

Tritonium, Link, Besch. Rostock, vol. iii. 1807, p. 121 {non

Miiller, 1776).
Triton, Moutfort, Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 587 {non Linnasus,

1767).
Monoplex, Perry, Conchology, 1811, pi. iii. {in partem).
Zamjjiwa, Schumacher, Essai jS^ouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817,

pp. 76, 250.
Zuterium, Herrmannsen, Indicis Generum Malac. vol. i. 1846,

pp. 625, 626.

' Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. 1888, p. 165.

186 LOTOEIUM.

The circumstance that Triton had been used in other depart-
ments of zoology, before it was proposed for the well-known group
of molluscs which for so many years has borne the name,' has
been known for a long time to students of mollusca, but it is
only in recent years that the priority rule has been applied, when
Mr. R. B. jS^ewton^ suggested that Lampusia, Schumacher, should
be adopted. That name, however, was not proposed until 1817,
and we find that Montfort had already, in 1810, in the work
above quoted, suggested Aqiiillus, Lotorium, and Apollim, all of
which are regarded by some writers^ as subgenera of Triton,
though by others Apollon has been placed under Ranella. It is
obvious, therefore, that before accepting Lampusia, we must
examine the claims of Montfort' s genera mentioned.

Commencing with Aquillii&, the etymology of the word is
uncertain,* and in any case is hybrid. "When it is emended, in
the manner suggested by Agassiz^ and others, we hsi^e Aquilus,
or Aquila, which is anticipated by the well-known Aquila,
Brisson,* in ornithology, and by several other authors prior to the
appearance of Montfort's work. To prevent difficulty, therefore,
it is not advisable to select Aquillus, the more so that Montfort
suggested another name at the same time, in the same work,
which will do very well.

In reference to Apollon, although that has been included by
authors as a subgenus of Triton, it has also been called a Ranella.
It is certainly worthy of generic rank, and under the name of
Argohuccinum has recently '' been restored to that status (see
also p. 195), and is thus not available to take the place of Triton.

We are left with Lotorium, which we would now suggest
should be adopted for the group hitherto denominated Triton, or
Lampusia. In this view Mr. Edgar A. Smith fully concurs.

Type. — Murex lotorium, Linnaeus.

' E.g. Tryon, Manual of Concliology, vol. iii. 1881, p. 7.
- Syst. List Edwards Coll. B.M. 1891, p. 145.
3 E.g. Fiseher, Manuel de Couehyl. 1884, p. 655.

* Herrmannsen, Indicis Generum Malac. vol. i. 1846, p. 71.

* Nomenclator Zoologicus, 1846, p. 31, Moll. p. 7.
6 Ornithologie, vol. i. 1760, p. 419.

'' Cossmann, Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malac. Belg. t. xxxi. 1896, p. 82.

187

Lotorium radiale, Tate (sp.).

1888. Triton radia/is, Tate, Traas. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 118,
pi. V. fig. 8.

Protoconch (Plate VI. Figs. 6a-h) consisting of two and a half
turns, the posterior portion is smooth and commences with
a somewhat inflated, elevated, obtuse point, situated laterally,
and in some instances overlapping the anterior portion. The
latter is irregularly lineated, the threads corresponding to the
principal features subsequently developed in the shell in the
brephic stage. One specimen in the Museum collection, in which
the protoconch is well preserved, shows the central lineation
broken up into small granuhxtions, homologous with the spinose
tubercles afterwards so distinctly pronounced in the ephebic stage.

The shell proper has five whorls carinated medially, from which
arise distant, compressed, tooth-like tubercles, the body-whorl
carrying a similar but smaller row of tubercles anteriorly. The
whorls are spirally and closely lineated. Prominent varices occur
at intervals, and it is noteworthy that just prior to putting on
a new varix the spinose tubercles become smaller than others
up to the preceding varix. The aperture is almost circular, outer
border lirate within, having a denticle where the deep, oblique,
anterior canal commences ; inner border thin, lirate, dentate in
front, and having a prominent callous plait posteriorly; columella
umbilicate, excavated, and twisted.

Dimensions. — Length 39 mm. ; breadth 25 mm. ; length of
aperture r2'5 mm. ; length of canal 8"5 mm.

Form, and Log. — Eocene: Eiver Murray cliffs. South Australia.

G. 9123. Example of the adult.

Presented lij JViUiam Evans, Esq.
6. 9400. Two specimens. Furcluised.

Lotorium cyphus, Tate (sp.).

1888. Triton cyphus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 119,

pi. V. fig. II.
1893. Triton cijphus, Tate and Dennaut, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

This species is allied to L. radiale in many respects ; but its
protoconch, although lateral, is highly distinctive. It is composed

188

of two turns, the posterior of which is smooth and slightly oblique,
whilst the anterior is spirally lineate. In regard to ornament
of the whorls, the compressed angulate tubercles are not rela-
tively as large as in the species mentioned, and the spiral lineations
are stronger. But the principal distinguishing features beyond
the protoconch are the prolonged anterior canal, the thin outer
border of the aperture, and the absence of pronounced lirae in
the interior; a thin columellar callosity is observable in many
individuals.

Dimensions. — Length 38'.5 mm. ; breadth 23 mm. ; length of
aperture 15 mm. ; length of canal 10 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9397. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth,
the shell of the latter being extremely thin. Purchased.

Lotorium tumulosum, Tate (sp.),

1888. Triton tumulosus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. x. p. 122,

pi. V. fig. 2.
1893. Triton tumulosus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 219.

The protoconch is not very well preserved in any of the speci-
mens in the Museum collection ; the author of the species describes
it as follows: "Apex of two polished whorls; the anterior one
is high, bicarinated, and transversely striated ; the posterior one,
encircling a shallow concavity, at first suddenly narrowed, then
somewhat depressly dilated, and ending in a blunt appressed
point." Z. tumulosum is allied to Z. ci/pkus, but the shape of
the whorls is different, the latter species being much more angu-
late, and the peripheral tubercles being so flattened as to resemble
serrations, whereas in Z. tumulosum the tubercles at the periphery
are nodose and cut up by small spiral sulci. Further, the spiral
ornament of the latter species is different, the threads being
markedly granose, whilst the anterior canal is shorter.

Compared with the living Z. fusiformis, Kiener, of Australian
seas, the fossil has a longer canal, larger aperture, the denticles
on the outer margin are not so large and they are more numerous,
whilst the spiral ornament is more profuse.

LOTORirir. 189

Dimensions. — Length 52 mm. ; breadth 28 mm. ; length of
aperture I6mm. ; h-ngth of canal 14 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

G. 352. A specimen in which the anterior spiral ornament is
abnormally granulose ; from Bairnsdale.

Presented hy H. W. Grigson, JEsq.

G. 4265. Example of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Lennant, Esq.

G. 4272. A young specimen, in which the whorls are not
as convex and tuberculose as the type, whilst the shell is more
solid; from Muddy Creek. Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5513. Example of the adult, having a very thin outer
margin and sharply bent canal ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9398. A series exhibiting stages of growth of the young ;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Lotorium gibbum, Tate (sp.).

1888. Triton gihbio,, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. s. p 118
pi. V. fig. 9. '

Shell remarkably distorted, of the same group as Z. cyphus;
it is distinguished by its gibbose whorls, which are much com-
pressed and angulated at the periphery, where immense projecting,
acute, flattened serrations are developed; the other ornament of
the whorls consists of undulating spiral lineations, crossed by fine
hues of growth; varices prominent, about three in every two
whorls in the adult ; aperture broad, ovate ; outer margin slightly
reflected, dentate within, denticles being mostly developed near
the entrance to the canal; inner margin smooth, plated, and
granulate; columella excavated, twisted in front, umbHicate ;
canal long, bent, and narrow.

Dimensions. —l^tm^ih 31mm.; breadth 19 mm. ; length of
aperture 11mm. ; length of canal 9 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Victoria.

190 LOTOEIUM.

48052. A series exhibiting various stages of growth ; from
Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 4269. Three examples of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

Lotorium viroodsi, Tate (sp.).

1880. Triton uwodsii, Tate, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv. p. 15, pi. iii.

figs. 1, 2.
1888. Triton woodsii, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 119,

pi. V. figs. 4, 6.
1893. Triton woodsii, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

More elongated and less spinose than L. radiale or L. cypht(s,
though the surface of the shell is spirally lineate in a manner
somewhat similar to the latter. The protoconch rises to an
acute, erect point, but the remaining turns are depressed ; whorls
elevated, somewhat attenuated, six in number; varices distant,
broad and clearly defined, not spinose ; angulation at the periphery
compressly nodose, one or two spiral tuberculose and granose
lineations (more or less accentuated following individuals) in front
of the peripheral angulation, and three or four smaller rows of
spiral granulations behind ; aperture almost circular ; outer margin
thin, with a rudimentary posterior groove and a large obtuse
tubercle near the narrow entrance of the anterior canal ; inner
margin covered by a thin, elevated, partially detached plate,
bearing a large plait bordering the groove alluded to, and having
three or four dentate elevations anteriorly, the largest being in
front ; columella excavated, umbilicate ; anterior canal long, bent,
and narrow.

Dimensions. — Length 42 mm.; breadth 19'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 11 mm. ; length of canal 125 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : South Australia and Yictoria.

G. 4266. Several examples of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Enq.
G. 9125. Examples having larger nodose tubercles than in
typical specimens ; from Eiver Murray cliffs, near Adelaide.

Presented hy William Evans, Enq.

G. 9402. Specimens illustrating stages of growth ; from Gelli-

brand river. Purchased.

191

Lotorium protensum, Tate (sp.).

1888. Triton profoisus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 124,
pi. V. fig. 10.

The oniament of the whorls of this species is somewhat similar
to that of L. woodsi ; but the shell is much narrower.

Dimensions. — Length 32 mm.; bi'eadth 14-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 9 mm. ; length of canal 8 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4268. An example of the adult.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

Lotorium. tortirostris, Tate (sp.).

1877. Triton minimum, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 107

[non Hutton).
1888. Triton tortirostris, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 123,

pi. V. fig. 7.
1888. Tritonium minimum, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 237.
1893. Triton tortirostris, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 219.
189.5, Triton tortirostris, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Yict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 82.

Of the same general character as L. woodsi, but readily dis-
tinguished in having a different type of protoconch, which in
this species is roundly turbinate, composed of three and a half
turns, spirally striated, commencing in the centre and gradually
increasing in size, instead of being excentric, and commencing
as an elevated point, as in L. woodsi; further, the anterior canal
is much shorter, and there are three spiral rows of small, trifid
nodulations on the body-whorl.

Dimensions. — Lengtli 30 mm.; breadth 16*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 10 mm. ; length of canal 8'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania, Victoria, and South
Australia.

83987. An example of the adult ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

G. 9124. A local variation, in which the nodulations on the
periphery of the body-whorl are more pronounced than in the
type, and are arranged to form longitudinal costre ; from the River
Murray, near Adelaide. Presented hy William Ecans, Esq.

G. 9399. Examples of stages of growth ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

192

Lotorium annectans, Tate (sp.).

1888. Tritoyi annectans, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 121,

pi. V. fig. 3.
1893. Triton annectans, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 219.
1895. Triton annectans, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

The protoconch (Plate VI. Figs, la-h) of this species is similar
to that of L. tortirostris in being somewhat elevated, round!
turbinate, and spirally striated ; it is composed of three and a ha
to four whorls, and the strife, which are four in number, equi
distant, and very pronounced on the last turn, decrease in size
on being traced backwards, the top of the larval shell is extremely
minute and central. The ornament of the whorls is also much
like that of the species just mentioned, but there are only two
rows of tubercles, or nodulations, instead of three, on the body-
whorl, and seven intervariceal tubercles occur on the posterior
peripheral angulation. The specimens from Cape Otway are more
elongate than the type found at Muddy Creek, the body-whorl
of which is subquadrate. Examples of the young stages of
growth are almost inseparable from those of L. tortirostris, and
the latter may only be an extreme form of this species.

Dimensions. — Length 35 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 13 mm. ; length of canal 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. An example of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Schnapper Point. Purchased.

G. 5514. Adult specimen, largely umbilicate ; from Muddy
Creek. Furchased.

G. 9403. Examples of the neanic stage ; from Cape Otway.

Purchased.

Lotorium textile, Tate (sp.).

1888. Triton textilis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x. p. 120,
pi. V. fig. 12.

Closely allied to L. gilhmn, from which it differs in being less
gibbose, in having a longer canal, and in the development of
distant, bold spiral lineations amongst smaller ones, more especially
on the anterior slope of the body-whorl. It is more distorted
in the growth than is L. woodsi, the whorls are more compressed

A

le ^H

LOTORIUM. 193

and annulate at the periphery, and there is no distinct anterior
carination on the body-whorl.

Dimensions. — Length 35 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 10'5 mm. ; length of canal 9'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. An example of the adult, in which the serrations on
the angulation of the body-whorl aie much reduced in size ; from
Schnapper Point. Purchased.

70417. Two specimens; from Dundenony. Purchased.

Lotorium quoyi, Reeve (sp ).

1844. Triton giioi/i, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. ii. fig. 93.

1881. Triton qtioyi, Tryon, Manual of Concliology, vol. iii. p. 24, pi. xiii.

fig. 116.
1888. Triton quoyi, Tate, Trans. Eoy. See. South Aust. vol. x. p. 127.

The specimens in the collection are much rolled, but appear
to be identical with the living L. quoyi, so common on the
southern shores of Australia. The symmetrical cancellate orna-
ment on the body-whorl, the smallness of the aperture, the
armature of the latter, and the abbreviated canal, are distinctive.

Dimensions. — Length 18 mm. ; breadth 9 mm. ; length of
aperture and canal 8'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene and post-Pliocene, Victoria.

G. 4271. Two examples of the neanic stage of growth.
Miocene : from Muddy Creek. Presented lij John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5545. Examples of the adult. Post-Pliocene : from Lime-
stone Creek, Glenelg river. Purchased.

G. 9396. Specimens of divers stages of growth; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

Lotorium spengleri, Chemnitz (sp.).

1795. Miircx spenr/leri, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. Bd. xi. p. 117, pi- cxci. figs.
1839, 1840.

1843. Triton spengleri, Lamarck, Deshayes, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert.

t. ix. p. 627.

1844. Triton spengleri. Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. ii. fig. 36.
1873. Tritoniiim spengleri, Yon Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 24.
1873. Triton spengleri, Ilutton, Cat. ^Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 13.
1873. Triton spengleri, Ilutton, Cat. Tert. MoU. N.Z. p. 5.

0

194 COLUBEAEIA.

1880. Tritonium spengleri, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 64.

1881. Triton spengleri, Tryon, Manual of Concliology, vol. iii. p. 16, pi. ix.

fig. 61.
1893. Triton spengleri, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N. S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol. p. 53.

Characterized by its large, sulcated spiral carinse, which are
distinctly but regularly uodose ; spiral sulci deep and broad,
the whole ornament passing over the much elevated, compressed
varices. Neither of the specimens in the Museum collection are
in good preservation.

Dimensions (of a mutilated specimen). — Length 71 mm.; breadth.
42 mm. ; length of aperture and canal 39 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Pliocene and Miocene: N"ew Zealand.

G. 9554. An example of the adult, in which the spiral carinsB"!
are not so bold as in typical specimens ; from Wanganui.

Sir James Hector Coll.\

G. 9706. A typical example of the adult ; from Parimoa.

W. B. D. Mantell ColV

Lotorium, sp.

70415. Cast of a specimen having large nodosities at thel
periphery of the whorls ; from the Tertiary of Mount Wellington,!
!N^ew Zealand. Purchased.X

G. 467. Crushed specimen, in which the spiral ornament is'
very -conspicuous ; from the Tertiary of Wellington, N.Z.

Presented ly Lieut.- Col. Wilmer.

Genus COLUBRARIA, Schumacher.
[Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, pp. 76, 251.]

Spire elongate ; ornament subdued, varices not obtrusive, rather
distant ; aperture small ; outer margin lirate within, posterior
sinus absent or rudimentary ; inner margin plated ; columella
frequently granulate ; anterior canal short.

Type. — Colubraria granulata, Schumacher.

Colubraria tenuicostata, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1879. Pisania tenuicostata, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.

vol. iii. p. 224, pi. xx. fig. 6.
1888. Upidromus teniiicostatus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. x.

p. 38, pi. vi. fig. 12.
1893. Epidromtis tenuicostatus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. l,p. 219.

195

Shell elongate ; protoconch very small, composed of two smooth,
shining turns, somewhat inflated, elevated and subceutial at the
couimencement ; shell in the brephic stage strongly, longitudinally
ribbed, interstitial ornament obsolete ; the latter, however, becomes
accentuated with growth, consisting of closely-set spiral linea-
tious, which, in conjunction with the flexuous and closely-set
longitudinal ribs, produce subcancellation, and granulation in the
adult; varices broad, rounded, crossed by the spiral lineations ;
aperture small, narrow, deeply channelled in front; outer margin
typically varicose, dentate, Urate within, posterior sinus absent ;
inner margin plated, smooth; columella slightly granulose, twisted;
canal short.

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm. ; breadth 6 mm. ; length of aperture
and canal 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4165. Two specimens. Presented hy John Deniiant, Esq.

G. 9391. Examples of the adult. Purchased.

Genus APOLLO, Montfort {em.).
[Conch. Svst. t. u. 1810, p. 571.]

The principal distinctive features of this genus are the con-
tinuous or subcontinuous varices by which it may be distinguished
from Lotorium. Its general contour is that of Ranella, from
which it differs, amongst other things, by the absence of a posterior
groove, canal, or sinus.

Apollo is sometimes regarded' as a section of Argohuccinum,
Klein ; but that cannot be admitted, the latter being the work
of a pre-Linnean author and not brought on until Apollo had
already been suggested. If Argoluccinum is not to be regarded
as synonymous with Apollo, the differences are certainly not of
generic value, and it is here suggested that Apollo should be
regarded as the genus, and Argoluccinum, Gijrina, Schumacher,
Aspella, Morch, etc., as subgenera.

Type. — Murex gyrinus, Linnaeus.

' E.g. Fischer, Mauuel de Concbyl. 1884, p. 6.5-5.

196

Apollo pratti, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1879. Triton prattii, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.AV. vol. iii.
p. 223, pi. xxi. fig. 15.

1888. Randla {Argobuccinum) prattii, Tate, Trans. Koy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. X. p. 115, pi. v\. fig. 6.

1889. Argobuccinmn pratti, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. v. 1888, p. 1089.

1893. Ranella {Argohuccitmm) prattii, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc.

South. Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 218.

1894. Argobuccinum pratti, Tate, Journ. Eoy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 172.

This species is much flattened, varices ohliquely continuous ;
outer margin distantly grooved within ; columella excavated,
plated, twisted, granulose ; canal short and bent. Professor Tate
remarks, in his work of 1888 above cited, that it is related to the
living Ranella hihihereularis, Lamarck, of the Indo-Pacific region,
"from which it differs in being multicostated, and not bi- or tri-
tuberculated between the varices."

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 9 '5 mm. ; length of canal 4'5 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Eocene: Victoria and South Australia.

48052. Several specimens in which the longitudinal ribbings
are much suppressed, and the spiral lineations bolder and more
numerous; from Schnapper Point. Purchased.

70417. An example of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Diindeuouy. Purchased.

G. 4290. Example of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, JEsq.

G. 4298. Specimen of the neanic stage, with the ornament on
the whorls much reduced ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5527. Examples of the senile stage of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

G. 9127. Several examples in which the longitudinal ribs
are very conspicuous ; from River Murray cliffs, near Adelaide.

Presented hy William Evans, Esq.

G. 9401. Specimens of the same local variation as the pre-
ceding ; from liiver Murray cliffs. Purchased.

197

Family CASSIDID^.

Genus CASSIS, Martini.

[Coach. Cab. vol. ii. 1773, pis. xxxii., xli. p. 15 ; also Lamarck, Mem. See.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 72.]

Cassidea, Bruguiere, Ency. Meth. Vers. t. i. pars 2, 1792, p. 414.

Shell ovoid, ventricose, having irregular varices ; spire short ;
aperture elongate ; outer margin reflected outwardly, denticulate
in the interior ; columella callous, plicate, dentate or granulate ;
columellar callosity extending over a great portion of the ventral
surface ; canal very short, broad, reflected.

Ti/pe. — Buccinu)n cornutum, Linnaeus.

Cassis exigua, Tenison-"Woods.

1S79. Cassis exigua, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv. p. 17,

pi. ii. fig. 7.
1889. Cassis exigua, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 164,

pi. vii. fig. 13.

The specimen figured by Mr. Tenison-Woods refers evidently to
a very young shell, and the interpretation placed upon it by Pro-
fessor Tate (oj». supra cit.) is here adopted, though the specimens in
the Museum do not enable the pi'esent writer to control the matter.

The protoconch consists of one and a half oblique, smooth turns,
abruptly joined to the succeeding whorl. The shell is solid,
ventricose, with a short conical spire ; suture in the later whorls
hidden and surmounted by an undulating, granulose, and tuber-
culate ridge ; shoulder of the body-whorl coronate, with large,
prominent, compressed, tooth-like tubercles ; smaller tubercles ai'e
developed in front of this on the body-whorl. Aperture narrow,
outer margin flattened, inflected, and slightly reflected, dentate
within ; inner margin much expanded, projecting in front as a thin
plate over the umbilical region ; columella twisted, and f urnishetl
with a number of irregularly disposed plications.

C mamiUarig, Gruteloup, of the Upper Tertiary of Europe, is
a close ally.

198

SEMICASSIS.

Diiiie»sioiis. — Length 45 mm.; breadth 33 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 40 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.
G. 4178. Example of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented ly Juhn Dennant, Eaq.
G. 5504. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Cassis, sp.

The following specimens in the Museum collection are
indeterminable specifically, and are all in the state of casts : —

G. 9646. A narrow form, nodose at the subangulation of the
body-whorl near the suture ; from the Tertiary of Willunga, South
Australia. S. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9636. Cast of Cassis, or Bolium, having much depressed
spire, and the whorls broadly sulcated ; from the Eocene of
Oamaru, jN'ew Zealand. S>ir James Heetur Coll.

G. 9640. Casts of a species allied to C. exigua, Tenison-Woods ;
from the Tertiary of Nullarbor Plain, South Australia.

H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9658. Cast of a large varicose species, with ventricose body-
■whorl and short spire ; from the Tertiary of NuUarbor Plain (Price
Maurice's well), South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Genus SEMICASSIS (Klein), Miirch.
[Cat. Yoldi, fasc. i. 1852, p. 112.]

Spire promraent ; whorls spirally sulcate and lineate ; aperture
large ; outer margin reflected, dentate ; columella plicate and often
granulate.

Tu2}e. — Cassis japonica, Reeve.

Semicassis SUfflata, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1877. Cassis svfflaUis, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, pp. 9.3, 94.
1889. iSeinicitssis transenna, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.

p. 166, pi. viii. tig. 2.
1896. Semicassis sujlatus, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 106.

SEMICASSIS. 199

Protoconcli of two and ti luilf smooth, depressed turns, gradually
increasiug in size from the initial portion, abruptly separated from
the succeeding whorl. The cancellate ornament, so well developed
OQ the hody-whorl of the adult, commenced to form in the earliest
part of the brephic stage. Spire elevated, subangulate at the
shoulder ; suture accompanied by a small, acute ridge ; aperture
oval-oblong, obtuse posteriorly, and rounded in front; outer margin
thickened, reflected, and dentate within ; columellar expansion
smooth, forming a thin plate anteriorly ; columella twisted, and
having several irregular plications, with here and there a tubercle
anteriorly.

A characteristic feature of the shell is the fine cancellate
ornament.

Mr. G. B. Pritchard has indicated that S. transenna, Tate, is a
synonym of this species as above shown. As Mr. Tenison-Woods
did not give a figure of S. sufflata, the present writer cannot control
the matter; but the description given by its author certainly
appears to bear out Mr. Pritchard's views.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm.; breadth 17 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 19 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4179. Several examples of the adult.

Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

G. 5505. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Semicassis muelleri, Tate,

1889. Scnucaxsis muelleri, Tate, Traus. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.
p. 167, pi. vii. fig. 9.

This species diff'ers fi'om the preceding principally in the absence
of cancellate ornament, its aperture being broader and the whole
shell more ventricose. The whoiis have bold spiral bands of
unequal size crossed by fine growth-lines which lead to cancellation
accompanied by dentate elevations on the bands referred to. This
ornament is almost entirely confined to the area between the
subangulation of the shoulder of the body-whorl and the suture ;
the latter is bordered by a granulose lineation best developed in
tlie young state. The body-whorl has regularly-spaced growth-
lines with obsolete spiral linealions in front of the subangulate

200 SEMICASSIS.

shoulder, and several better-marked lineations near the anterior
extremity. Columella twisted medially, furnished with a number
of small, iri'egular plications.

It is, apparently, the precursor of the living *S'. 7iivea, Brazier,
of the Australian seas.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm.; breadth 20 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 21 -5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 5506. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus CASMARIA, H. and A. Adams.

[Gen. Eec. Moll. vol. i. 1853, p. 216.]

Whorls almost smooth, or plicated longitudinally; outer margin'
smooth, or only slightly crenulated ; columella smooth.
Type. — Biiccinum vibex, LinniBus.

Semicassis (Casmaria) pyrum, Lamarck (sp.).

1822. Cassis pyrum, Lamarck, Anira. sans Vert. t. vii. p. 226.

1844. Cassis pyrum, Lamarck, id. 2nd ed. t x. p. 33.

1848. Cassis pyrum, Eeeve, Conch. Icon vol. v. pi. xi. figs. 29a-c.

1873. Cassis pirum, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 24.

1873. Cassis pyrum, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p 20.

1873. Cassis pyrum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 8.

1873. Cassis striatus, Hutton, id. p. 8.

1880. Cassis pyrum, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 66.

1885. Cassis {Semicassis) achatina, Lamarck, var. pyrum, Tryon, Manual of

Conchology, vol. vii. p. 278, pi. viii. figs. ft6-8 ; pi. ix. fig. 7.

1893. Cassis pyrum, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol. p. 53.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; whorls obscurely angulate posteriorly,
nodose on the angulations ; whorls of the spire irregularly spirally
sulcate, body-whorl of the adult spirally sulcate near the suture
and towards the anterior portion only, the middle being smooth;
aperture dilated; columella smooth, having a large plait anteriorly;
outer margin reflected, smooth.

Dimensions. — Length 42 mm.; breadth 31mm.; length of
aperture and canal 29 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : "Wanganui, New Zealand.

G. 9536. An example of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

201

Semicassis, sp.

G. 5541. Mutilated example of what is possibly a new species
of Semicassis. It is 4 3 mm. in length; the whorls are convex,
those of the spire have five to six prominent spiral lines broken up
into granulations, and these are confined to the posterior portion of
the body -whorl, between the shoulder and the suture; the middle
of the body-whorl is smooth, or only very faintly lineated, but the
spiral sulci are well marked in the neighbourhood of the anterior
canal. It is allied to S. suhgranosa, Tate, but has no longitudinal
costfe. From Muddy Creek, Victoria. Purchased.

G. 9548. Cast of a species of Semicassis, allied to S. suffiata,
Tenison-Woods. From the Eocene of Waipara, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus MORIO, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. vol. ii. 1810, p. 479.]

Galeodea, Link, Besch. Rostock, Abth. iii. 1807, p. 113 {nan Olivier,

1791).
Cassidaria, Lamarck, Cours Zool. 1812, p. 119.
Echinora, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817,

pp. 75, 249.

Shell vcntricose, not varicos<? ; outer margin reflected, often
ere mil ate ; columellar border plicate; canal long, twisted.
Type. — Buccinum eclunophoriim, Linnaeus.

Morio gradata, Tate (sp.).

1889. Cnsfiidnria grndata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi.
p. 169, pi. viii. tig. 1.

Protoponch small, composed of one and a half turns implanted
obliquely on the succeeding whorl ; it is sharply defined from
the shell proper. The most interesting facts concerning the mode
of growth are to be gleaned by observation of the brephic stage.
On escape from the capsule the animal appears to have been
undecided on even the main lines of its subsequent ornament ;
and it is found at that period of growth to consist, first of all of

202 MORIO.

a number of small closely-set spiral lines intersected here and
there by obsolete growth-lines, and this in some individuals
persisted for at least one whorl. Gradually the longitudinal lines
develop into small ridges, which, after establishing small tubercles
ia the neanic stage, pass away into almost imperceptible striae
of growth. The tubercles on the shoulder of the whorl become
divided into two parts spirally at a very early period, and as
the animal arrived at maturity they are further subdivided in the
same direction. The spiral cords in the young shell develop
irregularly, but in the neanic stage they are transformed into
broad spiral ridges with concave sulci between. It is not until
the ephebic stage is reached that these ridges are crowned with
regularly spaced tubercles of similar character to those at the
shoulder of the whorl. It is interesting also to trace the develop-
ment of the broad area surrounding the suture. In the brephic
stage no indication of this is apparent, at least in any of tlie
specimens in the Museum ; but immediately afterwards an oblique
sulcus is gradually formed, which broadens and becomes flat
with age.

It would not be difficult to trace the development of other
details of the ornament in the same way, but enough has been
said to show the absurdity of placing much reliance on the
character of the ornament in such a genus as Morio as a crileriou
for differentiating species, or even so-called "varieties." The
facts given suggest that if the growth of the shell in this and
some allied genera be studied in detail, it will be seen that
the difference observable in many so-called species are mere
individual characters, brought about by the suppression of bold
features, or the lack of accentuation in the adult of certain
characters which made their appearance at a much earlier stage.
lu judging the relative value of ornament in this connection, it
would seem that the most reliable differentiations are to be made
out in the younger stages of growth. Professor Tate is to be
congratulated in the moderation displayed in estimating the
number of species of Morio in the older Tertiary of Australia ;
contrast the work of Professor Sacco,' of Turin, in describing the
Cassidid^ of the Piedmont Tertiarv.

1 Moll. Terz. Piedmoat e Liguria. Torino, 1890, p. 11 et sqq.

CYPE.EA. 203

The species has a superficial reserablance to the common
M. echinophura, Liun., of the Upper Tertiaiy of the Siediterrauean
area.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm.; breadth 19 mm.; length of
aperture and canal 18 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

73225. Specimens showing stages of growth ; from Schnapper
Point. Purchased.

G. 4180. An example of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Morio, sp.

G. 9559. Cast of a species of Morio allied to M. gradata, Tate ;
from the Miocene of Port Hills, Nelson, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Family CYPE^ID^.

Genus CYPR-ffiA, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 718 ; id. ed. 12, vol. i. 1767, p. 1172.]
Vulgusella, Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, t. ix. 1884, p. 90.

Shell ovoid, Tentricose, enamelled ; spire (except in young
stages of growth) enveloped by the body-whorl, or covered over
by a thin coating; aperture narrow, extending the whole length
of the shell, Canaliculate at each extremity ; both inner and outer
margins crenulate.

The following was selected as the type of the genus by Lamarck:^

2\i2)e. — Cyprcea mappa, Linnasus.

Cypraea scalena, Tate.

1890. Cijprcea scalena, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,
p. 203.
i 1892. Cijpraa scalena, Tate, id. vol. xiii. siipp. pi. v. figs. 2, 2a.

Shell oval -oblong, spire completely hidden; aperture and
I phenomena connected therewith very similar to that of C. suhsidua;

i Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 69.

204

but the spire of the last-mentioned species is well developed, and
the shell generally is somewhat narrower.

Dimensions. — Length 28 mm. ; breadth 18 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9416. An example of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.
Cyprsea parallela, Tate.

1890. Cyprcta parallela, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Sou. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 203.
1892. CyprcBa parallela, Tate, id. vol. xiii. supp. pi. v. fig. 1.

Almost cylindrical, much narrower, and smaller than C. scalena ;
the outer border rises higher posteriorly, and vestiges of the whorls
of the spire are apparent. Its author compares it with dwarfed
examples of C. isahella, Linnfeus.

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm.; breadth 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9420. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus BERNAYIA, Jousseaume.
[Bull. Soc. Zool. France, t. ix. 1884, p. 88.]

Spire visible, elevated ; columella having a large excavation in
front ; aperture deeply channelled at its two extremities, slightly
turned or curved posteriorly.

Type. — Cyprcea media, Deshayes.

Cypraea (Bernayia) subsidua, Tate.

1890. Cypr<ea subsidua, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 204.
1892. Cyprcea subsidua, Tate, id. supp. pi. v. fig. 3.

Shell ovate, oblong, under-surface flattened ; spire exsert, from
three to four whorls partly visible ; aperture narrow, curved,
broadest in front ; outer margin rising slightly above the level of
the spire, crenulate throughout its length ; inner margin and
columella crenulate, the latter broadly concave anteriorly, bordered
by a strong flattened callosity in the neighbourhood of the posterior
and anterior channels.

CTPE^A. 205

This species is allied to C. hartoneniiis, Edwards, of the English
and Parisian Eocene, from which it differs in having a less promi-
nent spire, and by the large posterior protuberance on. the inner
margin.

Dimensions. — Length 27"5mm. ; breadth 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9417. An example having a conspicuous spire. Purchased.

Cyprsea (^Bernayia) contusa, M'Coy.

187". Cypr(ca {Lupoiiia) contusa, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. v. pi. xlix.

tigs. 3-3(;, 4, ia.
1890. Ci/pnea contusa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 206.
1893. Cyprma contusa, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. l,p. 221.

Very globose, with a narrow aperture extending the whole
length of the shell, dentate on either side ; the outer margin rises
a little above the level of the top of the spire ; the anterior
portion is but slightly drawn out ; anterior canal very short and
wide ; posterior short, and curved towards the apex. The surface
is "irregularly reticulated with small contusions, or irregular
polygonal bruise-like depressions." — Tate. Rough spii-al lines are
clearly shown on the specimens from Muddy Creek.

Dimensions. — Length 31 '5 mm. ; breadth 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70408. An example of the neanic stage of growth, in which
the spiral lineations and other surface ornament are not strongly
developed ; from Mount Martha. Purchased.

Or. 4306. Two examples ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5479. Specimen of the senile stage, with corrugated surface ;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9419. Two specimens ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Subgenus LUFOXIA, Sowerby and Gray.

[Conch. Illust. and Desc. Cat. Shells, by G. B. Sowerby, jun., and J. E. Gray,
1832, p. 12.]

Spire barely visible through the covering of enamel, and
sometimes quite hidden ; columella but slightly excavated ; outer

206 CTPE^A.

margin extending above the level of the spire and of the inner
margin, and frequently bent over towards the former.
Type. — Cypr<ea algoensis, Gray.

Cyprsea (Luponia) brachypyga, Tate.

1890. Cyprtea hrachijpyga, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii.
pt. 2, p. 206.

1892. Cyprcea brachypyga, Tate, id. supp. pi. vi. fig. 3.

1893. Cyprcea brachypyga, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

This species differs from C. sulsidua in being pyriform, the
anterior portion of the shell being attenuated, by not having such
abundant callosity bordering the inner margin, and by the indistinct
longitudinal and spiral lineations on the surface. The aperture is
very narrow, both margins are crenulated, the outer one rising
somewhat above the exsert spire.

Dimensions. — Length 23 mm. ; breadth 12 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Series showing stages of growth ; from Schnapper
Point. Purchased.

70409. An example of the neanic stage ; from Meribee Plains.

Purchased.

G. 9421. Specimens of earlier stages of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

Cyprsea (Luponia) pyrulata, Tate.

1890. Cyprcsa pyrulata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. siii. pt. 2,
p. 207.

1892. Cyprcea pyrulata, Tate, id. supp. pi. vi. figs. Aa-b.

1893. Cyprcea pyrulata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Broader, larger, and less attenuate anteriorly than C. hrac
•whilst the spire is almost entirely hidden ; the aperture is
relatively more open, being broad and deeply grooved in front,
and the crenulated outer margin rises much higher above the
level of the spire, at which point the former is not canaliculate ;
inner margin crenulated, the ridges being divided medially by
a plane surface concave in front ; this margin is not produced
posteriorly.

CTPR^A. 207

Professor Tate records this species as occurring at ^luddy Cieek
only ; but from examination of specimens from other localities
mentioned below, it seems clear that C. pyrulata has a wider
iieographical range ; it is impossible to distinguish those speci-
mens from authenticated examples, except that they are slightly
more inflated, and in that respect form a connecting link with
C. murraviana, Tate.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70407. A specimen rather more inflated than in typical
exumples ; from Mount Martha. Purchased.

73223. A series illustrating stages of growth ; from Brighton.

Purchased.
G. 5480. Example of the adult; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9418. Three specimens, the largest of which is much drawn
out anteriorly, and its cunal is broad and reflected ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

Cyprsea (Luponia) leptorhyncha, M'Coy.

1877. Cyprcea {Lupoyna) leptorhyncha, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. v. pi. xlix.

figs. \-\c.
1890. Cypr<ea leptorhyncha, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii.

pt. 2, p. 208.
1893. Cypraa leptorhyncha, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

Globose, attenuated anteriorly ; spire usually traceable, depressed ;
aperture broad, slightly constricted medially, broadest in front ;
sharply curved posteriorly ; outer margin strongly crenulate, flatly
callous anteriorly, much produced posteriorly where it is bent
or arched and fortified behind, the superior portion of the mai'gin
descending almost vertically to one side of the spire ; inner margin
crenulate, the ridges extending partly over the ventral surface,
furnished with a protuberant callosity at the margin of the rudi-
mentary posterior canal ; columella flatly callous and excavated
in front ; anterior canal short, broad, truncate, reflected ; a small
tubercle appears on the dorsal aspect of the shell in which the
canal is cut.

It may be compared with C. inflata, Lamarck, and C. gJohuIaris,
Edwards, of the European Eocene ; it is more globose than either
of them.

208 CYPR^A.

Dimensions. — Length 63 mm.; breadth 39 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 5478. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Subgenus EROSARIA, Troschel.

[Gebiss der Schnecken, Bd. i. 1863, p. 210.]

Aricia, Sowerby and Gray, Conch. Illust. and Desc. Cat. Shells,
1832, p. 7 {non Savigny, 1817).

Shell smooth on the dorsal surface ; flattened underneath ;
columella not excavated in front; aperture crenulate, dentate or
ridged on both the inner and outer margins.

Type. — Cupran erosa, Linnaeus.

Cypraea (Erosaria) gigas, M'Coy.

1867. Cyprma gigas, M'Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xx. p. 438.

1875. Cijpraa {Aricia) gigas, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. ii. p. 19, pi. xv. ;

pi. xvi. fig. 2 ; pis. xvii. and xviii. fig. 1.

1876. C'gpraa (Aricia) gigas, M'Coy, id. dec. iii. p. 35, pis. xxviii. and xxix.

fig. 1.
1890. Cypraa gigas, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 212.
1893. Cyprma gigas, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

This is the largest known species of Cyprcea, living or fossil.
It is much inflated dorsally, base flattened ; inner margin smooth
within, flattened near the anterior canal, which is deep, narrow,
elongate, and projects upwards ; outer margin tumid, furnished
with nine or ten obsolete obtuse teeth near the anterior end, and
a few also near the posterior extremity ; posterior canal obliquely
truncate, bent upwards, and adherent to the spire.

This is by no means a typical Erosaria, the inner margin not
being dentate or plicate; but Sir E. M'Coy states' that under
certain circumstances, "faint indications of teeth may be detected";
in other respects, and in the broad sense, it conforms fairly well to
that subgenus. It is allied to Gisortia, Jousseaume, which, how-
ever, is t3pically largely tuberculate or keeled on the surface.

Dimensions. — Length 8f inches; breadth 5| inches.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

1 Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. ii. 1875, p. 19.

I

CTPEiEA. 209

G. 4304. Example of a fully-grown individual.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

Csrprsea (Erosaria) platypyga, M'Coy.

1876. Cyprtea [Aricia) platijpyga, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Viet. dec. iii. pi. xxx.

figs. 1-1 c.
1890. Cyprma platypyga, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii.

pt. 2, p. 211.
1893. Cyprcea platypyga, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.
1896. Cyprcea platypyga, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 106.

This large species is characterized by its solidity, the narrowness
of the aperture, grooved and ridged on either side, the grooves on
the columellar border extending well over the surface outwardly.
The shell is globose, smooth, furnished with solid, broad, flattened
extensions posteriorly, through which the short posterior canal
is cut ; anterior canal sharply bent towards the dorsal surface,
and flanged by thick, flattened callosities.

The short, very wide, truncate posterior extension, and the
prolongation posteriorly of the inner margin of the aperture,
which rises above the level of the callosity on the opposite side,
are distinctive. The enormous grooves on the columellar border
are not characteristic of Erosaria, in which it is here placed, but
in other respects it recalls that subgenus.

Dimensions. — Length 79 mm. ; breadth 46 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70405. Example of the adult ; from Mount Martha. Purchased.
G. 4305. An example of the adult, having the inner border
much prolonged anteriorly ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5477. Specimen in which the anterior canal is bent almost
at a right angle with reference to the axis of the shell ; from
Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Subgenus UMBILIA, Jousseaume.

[Bull. Soc. Zool. France, t. ix. 1884, p. 90.]

Shell depressed anteriorly; spire umbilicated; extremities pro-
duced and beaked; aperture sinuous, ridged on either side, or,

p

210 CYPR^A.

rarely, sulcated on the inner margin and over a large portion of
the ventral surface.

Type. — Cypraa umhilicata, Sowerby. ■

Cyprsea (Umbilia) eximia, G. B. Sowerby.

18i5. Cyprtea eximia, G. B. Sowerby, in Strzelecki, Phys. Desc. N.S.W

p. 296, pi. xix. figs. 1-3.
1876. Cyprma {Aricia) eximia, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. iii. p. 35,

pis. xxviii. and xxix. figs. 2-2i.
1878. Cyprcea eximia, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 161.
1878. Cyprceovula eximia, R. Etheridge, jun., id. p. 162.
1890. Cypraa eximia, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 209.
1893. Cyprcea eximia, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 221.

This is one of the most striking shells found in the Australian
Tertiary ; it is prolonged, and channelled both anteriorly and
posteriorly, and in these features bears a certain resemblance to
Amphiperas, Gronovius. The form of the spire, which is depressed,
is barely visible through the thin deposit of callous enamel with
"which it is covered ; the anterior prolongation has two large
irregular, obtuse tubercles of a compound character on the dorsal
surface, and is bordered by broad callous extensions of the ventral
surface. These features, together with long, deep sulcations cut
in the ventral surface and extending over the inner margin, which
take the place of crenulations (and, in fact, produce the effect of
a number of bold ridges), serve to readily distinguish this species
from its congeners. It has a general subgeneric resemblance to
C. umhilicata, Sowerby, which, as Professor Tate' points out, falls
into Umbilia, Jousseaume, in which subgenus it is here included,
though it is not typical, and may by some authors be regarded as
furnishing material for a new section of Cyprcea.

Dimensions. — Length 83 mm. ; breadth 39 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene. "It was found in a muddy sand, in
sinking a well to 140 feet in depth, at Franklin's Tillage, Yan
Diemen's Land." — Soiverhy.

G. 9694. The type specimen figured by Sowerby. Furchased.

1 Op. cit. 1890, p. 209.

4

211

Cyprsea (TJmbilia) sphgerodoma, Tate.

1890. Cyprcca sphmroiloma, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii.

pt. 2, p. 209.
1892. Cijpraa sph<erodoma, Tate, id. vol. xiii. supp. pi. viii. fig. 5.
1896. Cyprcea sphcerodoma, Pritcliard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 107.

This species is closely allied to C. eximia, but is not so elougate,
the body-whorl being much more inflated, whilst the posterior
third of the aperture is strongly curved to the left. Another
point of difference is the mode of development of the columellar
lirae or sulcations : in C. eximia these are typically very close
together, and extend over a large portion of the ventral surface
of the body- whorl, especially towards the anterior ; whilst in
C sphmrodoma they are more like ridges, are shorter, broader,
farther apart, fewer in number, and do not extend over such
a wide area.

This species forms a connecting link between C. eximia and the
living C. umhilicata, Sowerby, as the author indicates.

Dtmensions. — Length 95 mm. ; breadth 52 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

70408. Example of a very globose variation, in which both
anterior and posterior canals are short, the latter being sharply
curved ; from Mount Martha. Purchased.

G. 4303. Example of the adult; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Bennant, Esq.

G. 5476. Specimen of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Cypraea, sp.

The following specimens of Tertiary Cyprcea are not deter-
minable specifically ; they are all iu the state of casts.

From South Australia —

48803. Two examples of a very gibbose sjiecies allied to
C. leptorhyncha ; from the Iliver Murray cliffs.

Presented by Commodore Goodenoujh, R.X.

2 1 2 TEITIA.

G. 9128. Closely related to, if not identical with, C. m^irraviana;
from the River Murray, near Adelaide.

Presented ly William Erans, Esq.

G. 9151. Cast of an elongate subcylindrical species ; from near
Border Town. Presented hy R. Liltoio, Esq., F.G.S.

G. 9637. Four casts, the largest, some 58 mm. in length, is
of a species related to C. sphcerodoma ; from NuUarbor Plains.

R. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9638. Two casts of a species not unlike C. suhsidua, but
larger; from NuUarbor Plains. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.^

G. 9683. Cast of a broad, depressed species ; from the Hiver
Murray cliffs. Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geoloyy.

From Victoria —

G. 4410. Two casts, one of which is 75 mm. in length andl
65 mm. in breadth, of a species with a much expanded outerl
margin ; from Mount Eliza, Hobson's Bay. PurchasedA

G. 4784. Two casts of a large species, flattened by pressure;!
from Lake Tyers, Gippsland. Presented hy the Rev. J. S. S. Royce.

G. 4786. Several casts ; from Gippsland.

Presented hy the Rev. J. S. H. RoyceA

G. 9689. Casts, in ferruginous sandstone, of a species related
to C. suhsidua ; from Flemington (?), near Melbourne.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

Genus TRIVIA, Sowerby and Gray.

[Concli. Illust. and Desc. Cat. Shells, by G. B. Sowerby, jun., and J. E. Gray,
1832, p. 13.]'

Shell usually small, transversely ridged and frequently marked
by a depression running antero-posteriorly across the dorsal region ;
whorls of the spire submerged, but may often be traced through

' The title of this pamphlet, which is often erroneously quoted as "Desc.
Cat. Cyprma, 1832," is as follows : " The Conchological Illustrations or Coloured
Figures of all the hitherto unfigured Recent Shells, by G. B. Sowerby, jun. ;
with the corresponding text of a Descriptive Catalogue of Shells, by J. E. Gray,
Esq., F.R.S., etc. Loudon, 1832." The title-page is sometimes missing from
copies of this work.

TEIVIA. 213

their thin outside covering ; anterior channel not prolongecl, wide
and slightly reverted.

Dr. Gray' selected the following as the type of the genus : —

Type. — Cyprcea europaa, Montagu.

Trivia avellanoides, M'Coy.

1867. Ctjpraa [Trivia) avellanoides, M'Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser.
vol. XX. p. 436.

1876. Cijprtea {Trivia) avellanoides, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iii. p. 36,

pis. xxviii., xxix., figs. 3-3tf.

1877. Trivia europcea, Tenison- Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 109.

1878. Trivia avellanoides, R. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 168.

1879. Trivia minima, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv.

p. 4, pi. i. fig. 8.
1890. Trivia avellanoides, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 213.
1893. Trivia avellanoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222,

1895. Trivia avellanoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

1896. Trivia avellanoides, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 146.

Distinguished by its immense size (for the genus), it is more
globose, and has more distant ridges than has T. australis ; the
young closely resemble T. europcea, from which they can only be
separated with difficulty, the principal differentiating characters
being a more pronounced dorsal furrow, a prominently thickened
lip, and obscurely traceable spire-whorls. Professor Tate states
that dwarfed examples differ from T. europma by much the same
characters as the species does from T. australis, but that is hardly
borne out on comparison with a number of specimens of the
European species referred to. T. minima. Professor Tate says, is
an early stage of growth of T. avellanoides.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

Furm. and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

73222. Series illustrating stages of growth ; from Brighton.

Purchased.

G. 4307. Examples of the neanic and gerontic stages ; from

Muddy Creek. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9415. Four specimens ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

> Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 142, genus No. 104.

214

Trivia australis, Lamarck (sp.).

1822. Cyprma australis, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vii. p. 404.

1828. Trivia australis, Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. iii. p. 570, sp. 108.

1834. Cyprcea australis, Quoy and Gainiard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool. t. iii.

p. 48, pi. xlviii. figs. 19-26.
1846. Cyprma australis. Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. iii. pi. sxiv. fig. 138.
1867. Trivia australis, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 206.
1881. Cyprcea australis, WeinkauS, Conch. Cab. (ed. Kuster), p. 142,

pi. sxxix. figs. 14, 15.

1885. Cyprma {Trivia) australis, Roberts, iw Tryon, Manual of Conchology,

vol. vii. p. 206, pi. xxiii. figs. 53, 54.

1886. Ctjpraa {Trivia) australis, "Watson, Voy. "Challenger," Zool.

(Gasteropoda), vol. xv. p. 427.

Ovate, slightly narrowed in front, thin; costse prominent near
the aperture, nearly obsolete o^n the centre- of the dorsal surface,
or, in some specimens, the costae are much reduced in size on that
area ; aperture narrow, curved at both extremities ; columella
flattened, deeply excavated in front ; outer margin thickened.

Dimensions. — Length 13'5mm.; breadth 10 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Victoria.

G. 5564. Three examples of the adult. Purchased.

Genus ERATO, Eisso.

[Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 240.]

Shell ovoid, or pyriform ; spire conical ; aperture narrow ; outer
margin denticulate ; columellar border with small plications an-
teriorly ; canal notch-like, broad.

The similarity of the animal of Erato, including its radula, to
Trivia precludes the possibility of classifying the genus with the
Maeginellid^, as is frequently done by authors. As Dr. Paul
rischer' observes, it may readily be separated conchologically from
Marginella from the method of development of the columellar
plications.

Type. — Cyprcea cyprceola, Brocchi.

1 Manuel de Conchyl. 1884, p. 668.

EEATO. 215

Erato minor, Tate.

1878. Erato minor, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, p. 96.

1S90

£ra(o minor, Tate, Truna. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol siii nt 2
p. 215. ■ ^ ■ '

1892. i:rato minor, Tate, id. vol. xiii. supp. pi. xiii. figs. 10, 10a.

1895

£ralo minor, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.
1896. Erato minor (?), Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 146.

Shell small, pyriform, tumid, abruptly contracted, and slightly
reverted in front; spire very short, later whorls partially envefoped
by the callosity extending from the thick, dentate, outer margia,
and covering a large portion of the ventral surface of the shell •
aperture narrow, broadening posteriorly, notched in front \
columella finely plicate anteriorly, where it is also spirally ridged!

It is broader than E. lavis, Donovan, of the Upper Tertiary and
recent seas of Europe, with which it has considerable analogy, and
its columella is more saliently and numerously plicated.

Dimensions.— Langth. 4: m\n.; breadth 2-75 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9475. Several examples of the adult. Purchased.

Erato australis, Tate.

1878. Erato australis, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, p. 96.
1890. Erato australis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii pt 2
p. 216. '

1892. Erato australis, Tate, id. vol. xiii. supp. pi. xiii. fio-. 9.

1893. Erato australis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.
1895. Erato australis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xis. pt. 1, p. 111.

Distinguished from K minor in being ovately fusiform instead
of pyriform, but especially in having a much elevated spire and
less callosity. The outer margin is moderately thickened, and
the shelly deposit extends to the penultimate whorl, being
dentated at the inner edge of the aperture ; columella with four
thread-like plications with a few denticles behind, though these
latter are not always developed.

Dimensions.— Length. 6-5 mm. ; breadth 3-75 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene : Spring Creek, Victoria.

G. 9472. Three examples of the neanic stage of growth.

Furchased.

216 STKOMBUS.

Erato pyrulata, Tate.

1890. Erato pyrulata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 216.
1892. Erato pyruMa, Tate, id. vol. xiii. supp. pi. xiii. figs. 12, 12a.
1895. Erato pyrulata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 111.

This species is characterized by its columella ending anteriorly
in a strong spiral plait, in having a moderately wide aperture,
and by the thickening of the outer margin being squarely
shouldered behind. In shape it is globose-pyriform, and the
spire in the adult is so short that it does not rise above the level
of the curved posterior notch of the aperture.

As Professor Tate remarks {op. supra cit.), its "terminal spiral
plait on the columella, running out to form the left margin of
a slightly efEuse canal," is not characteristic of the genus. "The
denticles on the two margins appear when the adult stage is
reached, but the columella-plait belongs to all ages." Compared
with Marginella edentula, Tate, it is less inflated, and has not
such a convex columella.

Dimetismis. — Length 6-5 mm. ; breadth 4-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

G. 9474. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Family STROMBID^.

Genus STROMBUS, Linnteus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 742.]

Shell ovoid, tuberculose or spinose, solid ; spire with several
whorls; aperture elongate, obliquely truncated and channelled
anteriorly, canaliculate posteriorly ; outer margin dilated, usually
thick, often produced behind, sinuate and sometimes channelled in
front ; columellar border simple, enamelled.

The following species is selected by Lamarck h —

Ti/pe. — S trombus pugilis, Linnaeus.

> Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 72.

217

Strombus denticostatus, sp. nov.

[Plate VI. Fig. 8.]

Shell elongate ; whorls eight in number, those of the spire
longitudinally costate in the earlier stages, the costae there being
numerous, and extending almost from suture to suture ; in sub-
sequent stages these are modified, being much contracted, and
becoming dentate at the periphery ; on the body-whorl the costse
have shrunk, and are represented by immense, dentate, very
distant tubercles ; the other ornament of the spire consists
essentially of closely-set spiral lineations, which are broken up
into wavy undulations on the body-whorl of the adult by the
crossing of the lines of growth ; the outer margin is expanded and
wing-like, extending as a broad wide lobe posteriorly, rounded at
the extremity, and joining the spire at the posterior suture of the
penultimate whorl ; this aliform expansion tapers towards the
front by a graceful curve, the shell in that region becoming much
narrower in consequence ; the exterior aspect of the wing shows
that the spiral lineations become bolder and spi'ead out until they
attain the margin ; in particular, a bold keel fortifies the prolonged
lobe alluded to, whilst the growth-lines become prominent, almost
rugose ; anterior canal truncate.

It is unfortunate that the only example of this ornate species
in the Museum collection is an impression in limestone of the
back of the shell ; but, as will be seen from the figure (Plate VI.
Fig. 8), which is drawn from a plaster cast, the impression is very
perfect, and it seemed desirable to place this distinctive species on
record.

Dimensions. — Length 43 mm. ; breadth (including aliform ex-
pansion) 23 '5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Tertiary : Tallowan Well, Fowler's Bay
District, South Australia.

G. 9654. Impression of the shell, apparently of the adult, in
a block of shelly limestone. U. Y. L. Brown Coll.

218 STKUTHIOLAEIA.

Genus SERAPHS, Montfort.

[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 375.]

Terehellum, Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 69 {non
Linnaeus, 1767).

Shell elongate, subcylindrical ; spire short, summit obtuse ;
suture linear ; aperture longitudiual, narrow posteriorly, and
•slightly dilated anteriorly ; outer margin thin, simple, obliquely
truncated in front, sometimes prolonged in the spire posteriorly by
a callosity ; columellar border smooth, straight.

Ti/pe. — Terehellum cunvolutum, Lamarck {^Bulla sopita, Solander).

Seraphs, sp.

Casts of a narrow elongate species having a salient spire
and oblique sutures ; closely allied to the European Eocene
S. fusi/ormis, Lamarck.

G. 9643. Three specimens ; from the Tertiary of NuUarbor
Plains, South Australia. M. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Family STRUTHIOLAEIID^.
Genus STRUTHIOLAIIIA, Lamarck.

[Ency. Meth., Vers. Coq., Moll., etc. t. iii. 1816, pi. ccccxxxi. figs. \a-b {sine
descr.) ; Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vii. 1822, p. 147.]

Pelicaria, Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, 1857, p. 77.

Shell oval-oblong ; spire turreted ; aperture truncate in front ;
outer margin greatly thickened, partly reflected, sinuous, prominent
in the middle ; inner margin thickly callous, greatly expanded.

In proposing the name Pelicaria, Dr. Gray gives a very brief
description, and quotes only one species, which must, therefore,
be regarded as the type of the genus. It is evident, however,
that the description does not refer to that species, and the specific
references serve to accentuate the fact. Now, the type species
referred to is Pelicaria vermis (misquoted as P. vernis), which is
admittedly a Struthiolaria. Pelicaria must, in consequence, fall in
synonymy with that genus.

Type. — Struthiolaria nodulosa, Lamarck.

STEUTHIOLAEIA. 219

Struthiolaria papulosa, Martyn (sp.).

1784. Buccinum papulositm, MartjTi, Uuiv. Conch, pi. liv.

1790. Murcx straimneus, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, t. i. pt. 6, p. 3542.

1822. Struthiolaria nodutosa, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anini. sans Vert. t. vii.

p. 147.
18.57. Struthiolaria papillaris, Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus. p. 76.
1873. Struthiolaria papulosa, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 25.
1873. Struthiolaria nodulosa, Hutton, Gat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 24.
1873. Struthiolaria nodulosa, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 10.
1876. Struthiolaria papulosa, Paulucci, Bull. See. Malac. Ital. ser. 2, vol. ii.

p. 225.
1880. Struthiolaria papulosa, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 67.
1885. Struthiolaria p<jpulosa, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. vii. p. 133,

pi. xii fig. 34.
1893. Struthiolaria papulosa, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S."W., Macleay Mem.

Vol. p> 60.

The ornament of the whorls of this well-known species is very
variable, though the contour is fairly constant ; the spiral threads
are sometimes very close and regularly spaced, more often at
irregular intervals, and occasionally far apart in bands of two and
three ; the prominent angle at the shoulder may be faintly,
distantly tuberculose, or the tubercles may attain to a great size.
The extent of the callosity covering the inner margin of the
aperture is also variable, but it is always thickest posteriorly,
where it spreads over part of the penultimate whorl, and anteriorly
on the front half of the columella.

Dimensio7is. — Length 88 mm.; breadth 49 mm.; length of
aperture 42 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Wanganui, Kew Zealand.

G. 9539, G. 9544. Two examples of the adult, with somewhat
depressed spire, and strongly tuberculose at the periphery.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9715. A large specimen, having an elongate spire, and
tubercles not strongly develo]^)ed. 7T^. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Struthiolaria vermis, ^Martyn (sp.).

1784. Buccinum vermis, Martyn, Univ. Conch, pi. liii.
1790. Murex australis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, t. i. pt. 6, p. 3542.
1822. Struthiolaria creiwlata, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vii.
p. 148.

220 STSUTHIOLAEIA.

1842. Struthiolaria inermis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 23, pi. v.

figs. 12, 13, and 19.
1873. Struthiolaria australis, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 26.
1873. Struthiolaria vermis, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 24.
1873. Struthiolaria vermis, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 10.
1876. Struthiolaria vermis, Paulucci, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. ser. 2, vol. ii.

p. 229.
1880. Struthiolaria australis, Hutton, Man. N.Z. MoU. p. 68.
1880. Struthiolaria inermis, Hutton, id. p. 68.
1885. Struthiolaria vermis, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. vii. p. 133,

pi. xii. figs. 35, 36.
1893. Struthiolaria vermis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S."W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 61.

This species is charactemed by its smaller size, excavated
suture, obtuse shoulder, which is more or less nodose, by the
younger whorls being spirally bicarinate, and in being faintly
spirally striate ; the front part of the body-whorl is more strongly
and distantly lineate, and the middle is flattened and somewhat
depressed.

Dimensions. — Length 45 mm. ; breadth 30 mm. ; length of
aperture 23"5mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Wanganui, New Zealand.

G. 9543, G. 9551. Two examples of the adult.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Struthiolaria frazeri (Hector MS.), Hutton.

[Plate VI. Figs. lOa-3.]

1885. Struthiolaria frazeri, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. xvii. p. 329.

1886. Struthiolaria fraseri. Hector, Outlines of Geol. of N.Z. (Ind. and Col.

Eshib. New Zealand Court, Cat. of Exhibits), p. 48, fig. 1.
1893. Struthiolaria fraseri, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.
Vol. p. 61.

This shell differs from S. papulosa in being strongly spirally
grooved, the sulcations are very deep and wide ; the whorls are
elevated, keeled, flattened, and gradated, the area between the
suture and the broad, distant tuberculose spiral band or keel at the
shoulder posteriorly being almost flat, and also deeply spirally
grooved, there are three or four grooves behind the keel and four
or five in front of it in the whorls of the spire ; body- whorl
similarly sulcated, subangulate, and broadly banded at the fourth
or fifth sulcation in fiout of the peripheral keel, the whole being

STEUTHIOLAEIA. 221

finely spirally lineate ; aperture broad, channelled in front ; outer
margin much thickened, sulcated within, the sulci corresponding
with the elevated bands on the exterior of the body-whorl, callosity
continuous and spreading over part of the penultimate whorl ;
inner margin thickly callous and spreading.

Dimensions. — Length 75 mm. ; breadth 42 mm. ; length of
aperture 36 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : MacLean's station, ISTapier, 'Sew
Zealand.

G. 9545. An example of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

Struthiolaria cincta, Hatton.

1873. Struthiolaria cincta, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 11.

"Ovate turreted; spire acute; whorls six, keeled; body-whorl
hollowed in the middle ; spirally ribbed, ribs thin, narrower than
the intermediate grooves, smooth ; keel subnodular ; columella
somewhat callous, slightly bent ; outer lip not much thickened ;
axis 2'1 ; breadth 1'4." — Hutton.

Several examples apparently referable to this species are found
in the Museum collection ; but they are not well preserved, and
none are sufficiently perfect to allow of dimensions being accurately
taken. The largest of them is about If inches in length.
I Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Akuakua, New Zealand.

! G. 9542, G. 9617, G. 9623, G. 9624. Many specimens showing

variation in the ' development of the slightly tuberculate carinas
of the body-whorl, many having mere traces of tuberculations,

I others approaching S. tuber ciclata, Hutton. Sir James Sector Coll.

Struthiolaria, sp.

The following specimens from the Miocene of New Zealand, for
the most part fragments imbedded in shelly limestone, form part
of the Sir James Hector Coll. : —

G. 9552. Whorls broadly tuberculate at the periphery ; from
Taipo, east coast of Wellington.

G. 9600. Globose species, probably referable to Tijlospira, but
not well preserved ; from Waipara.

222 TTLOSPIBA.

G. 9628. Several fragments of a species allied to S. cinefa,
Hutton ; from the " Comis-heds," Mokihinui.

G. 9629. Broadly costate and tuberculate at the periphery of
the body-whorl ; from Port Hills, Nelson.

Genus TYLOSPIRA,' nom. nov.
Pelicaria, auctorum.

Spire elevated, conical, whorls partially or entirely covered by
a deposit of enamel, in which List-mentioned character it differs,
chiefly, from Struthiolaria. This enamel may be quite thin, so
as to form a mere film, or it may consist of thick, callous material
covering the whole spire, rendering the shell almost spherical.

In reference to Pelicaria, see p. 218.

Ti/pe. — Buccinum scutulatum, Martya.

Tylospira coronata, Tate (sp.).

[Plate VI. Figs. 9fl-*.]

18S9. Pelicaria coronata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 171,
pi. X. figs. 6, 13.

The mode of growth of the shell of this species is very
remarkable. Unfortunately the protoconch is not preserved in
any of the specimens in the Museum collection ; the whorls which
immediately succeed, and which, presumably, constitute the brephic
stage, are boldly spirally lineate, each of the small whorls having
from six to seven lineations ; with growth, longitudinal striations
make their appearance, and these eventually give rise to small
nodulations on crossing the spiral lines, the surface of the shell
at about the commencement of the neanic stage being cancellate,
with the exception of a broad, sloping area surrounding the suture
posteriorly, which continues smooth and bears three or four spiral
cords with smaller lineations between ; the growth of the neanic
stage was evidently very vigorous, longitudinal costte are developed
on the anterior half of the whorls, and the nodulations at the
periphery become fewer in number but progressively larger until

' TuAoj ' callosity.'

CERiTHrcrsi. 223

they form large dentate tubercles, the ornament towards the close
of that stage being typically fusoid. Then a revolution was
effected by the commencement of the deposition of a thick coating
of enamel, all ornament being covered up, the posterior prolongation
of the enamel hiding the suture, and being flattened and fixed to
the preceding whorl ; with growth, the callosity becomes broadly
and deeply canaliculate, a feature which continues to the ephebic
stage. The body-whorl of the adult is entirely covered with
enamel, and it would appear that the large peripheral tubercles
are no longer developed, as they are not traceable through the
enamel, which is sinuously corrugated by growth-lines and bears
a few spiral threads, in which last-mentioned feature we seem to
see a recurrence to a former state. The callous enamel spreads
over the whole of the body-whorl and the anterior half of the
penultimate whorl, in the adult. Columella thickly covered ;
outer margin sinuous.

Bimensmis. — Length 38 mm.; breadth 28 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Victoria.

G. 4293. Two examples of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Bennant, Esq.

G. 4783. Specimen of the senile stage, having a more elevated
spire and corrugated callosity than the typical form ; from Lake
Tyers, Gippsland. Presented by the Rev. J. S. IT. Payee.

G. 5530. Example having a much elevated spire ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

Family CERITHIID^.

Genus CERITHIXJM, Bruguiere.

[Eney. Meth. Yers. t. i. pt. 2, 1792, p. 467.]

Sliell imperforate, turriculate ; whorls numerous, the last always
shorter than the spire ; aperture oblong, ovate, prolonged into
a short posterior canal ; anterior canal short, oblique ; columella
concave. In typical species a dentiform tubercle is developed on
the inner margin in the vicinity of the posterior canal, the outer
margin is dilated in front and the whorls are Taricose.

224 CEEITHTUM.

Lamarck, in his "Prodrome,"' selects the following species as
typifying the genus : —

Type. — Murex aluco, Linnaeus.

Cerithium apheles, Tenison-Woods.

[Plate VII. Figs. 1,2.]

1879. Cerithium apheles, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 232, pi. XX. fig. 15.
1893. Cerithium apheles, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.

Shell tapering, about twenty-four narrow, convex whorls ;
protoconch composed of four smooth turns, the earliest portion
slightly inflated, and the later turns being medially, spirally
carinate ; in the brephic stage the whorls are closely spirally
sulcate, and these are broken up irregularly by the undulations
of growth ; the undulations, being of variable breadth, have, at first,
the aspect of varices ; beyond the brephic stage (and this is very
remarkable) the irregular longitudinal ribs as a rule become almost
obsolete, several whorls being practically smooth, or broadly
longitudinally undulating, the spiral sulci being well developed
with several smaller striae between. Then, as the animal
approached the ephebic stage, there was a recurrence to the
longitudinally costate condition which characterized the brephic
stage, and these costae become very large and prominent at
maturity. Subsequently the ornament undergoes rapid trans-
formation. With declining powers, ushering in conditions of the
gerontic stage, the conspicuous costae alluded to drop to insignifi-
cance and die out, the surface of the whorls bearing only the
spiral cords and lineations and the undulating lines of growth.
As a final effort, an enormous variciform elevation was then thrown
up, much larger and more prominent than any of the longitudinal
ornament which preceded it ; after which, permanent senile
conditions having been attained, the surface of the body-whorl
becomes smooth again, only being interrupted by the lines and
slight corrugations of growth and the abnormal development of
two or three spiral cords which persist to the end. The aperture

1 Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 73.

CEEITHIUM. 225

in adults is ovate ; the callosity of the posterior canal is deeply
channelled, outer margin smooth, slightly callous, and spread
outwardly ; inner margin concave, callous, and columella twisted ;
anterior canal short, bent at an angle of about 45° from the
axial line.

The figure accompanying Tenison- Woods' memoir above quoted
refers to a mere fragment, and it seems advisable to refigure the
shell (see Plate VII. Figs. 1, 2).

Dimensions. — Length 103 mm.; breadth 22 mm.; length of
aperture 18 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4154. Two examples of the adult.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5534. Several examples of a variation in which the
longitudinal costsB are more pronounced, and extend from the
earlier whorls to the body-whorl in the adult ; the costse are
closer together, and the granulated threads accompanying the
suture are bolder than in typical examples, whilst the shell is
relatively broader. Purchased.

Cerithium pritcliardi, nom. mut.

[Plate VII. Fig. 3.]

1885. Fofamidfs semicostafum, Tate, Pap. Eoy. See. Tas. 1884, p. 226 {non

Deshayes) .
1896. rotamides semicostafum, Piitcliard, Proc. Koy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii.

N.s. p. 116.

Shell large, solid ; composed of about twelve flattened whorls ;
much widened towards the anterior aspect; suture undulating,
slightly incised; ornament of the whorls consisting of immense
distant, elevated, rather oblique, obtuse costse extending over
the anterior half of the whorls only, 10-11 in number on the
penultimate whorl, the whole surface of the whorls covered by
close, irregular, spiral striations, interrupted by the slight corruga-
tions of growth ; suture in the adult bordered anteriorly by more
or less obsolete tubercles ; ornament of the last whorl abruptly
ended by a large variciform ridge ; inner margin of the aperture
callous, carrying a prominent ridge posteriorly ; columella
excavated.

Q

226 CEEITHIUM.

The circumstance that the aperture is not perfect in the
specimens described by Professor Tate has, naturally, rendered it
difficult to state the generic position of this species. The
specimens in the Museum collection are not perfect in that respect,
but the present writer assigns the species to Cerithium rather than
to Potamides on account of its close resemblance to G. semicostatum,
Deshayes, of the Lower Eocene of North-West Europe. It is
always difficult to discriminate between the two genera mentioned
in the fossil state, but, typically, Cerithium is a marine organism,
whilst Potamides inhabits brackish and fresh waters. The beds at
Table Cape are certainly of marine origin, and that lends support
to the view that the present species is a Cerithium. As before men-
tioned, however, the circumstance that C. semicostatum, Deshayes,
of the European Eocene is undoubtedly a Cerithium * (of the
subgenus Vulgocerithium '), is one of the chief reasons for the
present classification of the Tasmanian form.

On being assigned to Cerithium, the specific name proposed by
Professor Tate is preoccupied by C. semicostatum, Deshayes; the
species is now named in honour of Mr. G. B. Pritchard, a well-
known worker on the Table Cape beds.

Dimensions (of an imperfect specimen). — Length 75 mm.;
breadth 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9491. Two examples. Purchased.

Cerithium flemingtonense, M'Coy.

1876. Cerithium Jlemingtonensis, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iii. p. 28,

pi. xxvi. figs. 3-9.
1878. Cerithium Jlemingtonensis, E. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 160.

Form, and Loc. — Lower Pliocene : Elemington, north of
Melbourne, Victoria.

G. 9688. Cast of the adult in hard ferruginous sandstone ; too
imperfect for description.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

^ See Cossraann, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiv. 1889, p. 16.
^ Id. t. xxxi. 1896 (separate copy), p. 28.

CEEITHIUM, 227

Cerithium hectori, nom. mut.

1873. Cerithium nodulosum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Foss. N.Z. p. 12 {non
Brugiiiere) .

Shell turrctcd ; whorls flattened, ten to eleven in number,
having a spiral row of large dentate, subspinose tubercles, about
eight per whorl, situated medially on the body-whorl, but more
towards the suture anteriorly, in the whorls of the spire ; body-
whorl short, keeled, with two spiral ridges in front of the
tubercles ; aperture quadrate ; outer margin thin ; columella
excavated ; anterior canal short, slightly oblique.

The specific name is now altered for the reason indicated in the
synonymy.

Dimensions. — Length 46 mm. ; breadth 15 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Broken River, New Zealand.

G. 9601. Two examples, one of which is evidently more
perfect than Hutton was acquainted with, since, although not
complete, the aperture is preserved. Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus COLINA, H. and A. Adams.

[Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. i. 1854, p. 286.]

Aperture dilated ; columella plicated ; canal short, slightly
twisted ; inner margin detached.
Type. — Cerithium macrostoma, Hinds.

Colina huttoni, Cossmann.

1873. Cerithium cancellatum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 12 {mn

Lamarck, nee Bronn, nee Lea).
1893. Cerithium eancellalum, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.

Vol. p. 59, pi. vii. fig. 55.
1895. Colina huttoni, Cossmann, Feuille Jeunes Natur. No. 299, p. 174.

Shell small, turreted ; protoconch smooth, minute ; whorls in
the brephic stage longitudinally ribbed at the beginning, and
gradually becoming cancellate with growth ; the cancellation
obtains to the body-whorl, the threads being regularly spaced;
longitudinal threads to the number of twenty-three or twenty-four

228 BATILLAEIA.

ou the penultimate whorl ; the spiral threads, which are sunken
below the level of the longitudinal, are five in number on the
spire-whorls, and thirteen on the body- whorl ; the anterior half
of the latter and around the pillar is spirally lineate only, the
longitudinal threads not being continued over that part ; suture
cut in ; aperture broad, subijuadrate, abruptly contracted at the
entrance of the anterior canal ; outer margin thin ; dilated
anteriorly ; inner margin covered by a thin plate of enamel,
faintly ridged posteriorly ; columella slightly oblique, twisted ;
anterior canal short, oblique.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm.; breadth 6"5mm. ; length of
aperture 4'5 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Pliocene : Wanganui, New Zealand.

G. 9592. An example of the adult. Sir James Hector Cell.

Cerithium, sp.

70442. Cast of a large species of Cerithium, probably referable
to the subgenus Campanile ; from Kadina, South Australia.

Presented by the Trustees of the Adelaide Museum.

G. 9150. Cast of a species allied to C. Jlemingtonensis, in a
block of limestone ; from the Tertiary of Border Town, South
Australia. Presented by R. Litton, Esq.

G. 9655. Impression of a tumid species, in which the whorls
are but slightly convex, and are ornamented by closely-set, small,
longitudinal ribs ; from the Tertiary of Crawford's Wells, Ooldea,
jSFullarbor Plains, South Australia. S. Y. L. Broivn Coll.

Genus BATILLARIA, Benson.

[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. 1842, p. 488.]

Zampania, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, ed. 42, p. 148 (list name);
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 153.

Shell turriculate, not varicose ; canal straight, or but very
slightly turned ; columella arched; outer margin sinuous.
Type. — Cerithium zonule, Lamarck.

NEVVTONIELLA. 229

Batillaria pomahakensis, nom. mut.

[Plate VII. Fig. 4.]

1873. Cerithium ricgatum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 11 («o» Mart.,
nee Cpr., nee Desh.).

Shell tiirreted ; whorls to the number of nine or ten, plicate and
nodose at the periphery, spirally striated, body-whorl large and
having two prominent spiral keels in front of the median row of
tubercles, lines of growth well marked leading to rugosities,
sinuous and deeply cut in towards the middle ; aperture sub-
orbicular; outer margin slightly channelled posteriorly; inner
margin reflected, covered by a thin plate of enamel, ridged
posteriorly ; columella straight, slightly arched ; anterior canal
very short.

The specific name rugatum having been used by several authors
for divers forms of Cerithium, which differ from the present
species, as above indicated, a new name is here suggested.

Dimensions. — Length 45 mm. ; breadth 17'5 mm. ; length of
aperture 13 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Pomahaka, Otago, New Zealand.

G. 9634. Several examples of the adult. &ir James Hector Coll.

Genus NEWTONIELLA, Cossmann.
[Mem. Soc. Hoy, Malac. Belg. t. xxviii. 1893, p. 18.]

Lovenella, G. 0. Sars, Norges Arktiske Fauna, 1878, p. 187,

pi. xiii. fig. 5 («ow Hincks, 1868).
Cerithiella, Verrill, Trans. Connecticut Acad. vol. v. 1882, p. 522

{no)i Morris and Lycett, 1850).
Newtonia, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. viii. 1892, p, 721 {non

Schlegel, 1866).

Shell subulate, cancellate ; spire sharp ; columella not plicate
in the middle ; canal strongly curved backwards, bordered by
a conspicuous twist of the columella.

The columella is too much twisted, and the anterior canal is
too long to enable Newtoniella to be confounded with Cerithiopsis,

230 NEWTONIELLA.

which has, typically, merely a rudimentary notch on the anterior
margin of the aperture.

Type. — Cerithiiim metula, Loven.

Newtoniella cribarioides, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1879. Cerithium cribarioides, Tenison-"Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.

vol. iii. p. 231, pi. XX. fig. 14.
1893. Cerithium cribarioides, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.

Shell elegant, turreted, slender ; whorls to the number of four-
teen, typically convex, but frequently slightly angulate anteriorly,
having bold spiral threads crossed by longitudinal threads, pro-
ducing retiform ornament ; spiral threads three or four in number,
the most anterior being at the margin of the angulation when that is
present ; sutures much cut in ; anterior of the body-whorl flattened,
smooth, interrupted by growth-lines, keeled at the periphery, and
having a single spiral thread inside ; aperture subquadrate ;
outer margin thin ; columella twisted ; anterior canal long and
slightly twisted.

The protoconch is not preserved in any of the examples in the
Museum collection. N. cribarioides may be compared with the
European Eocene N. acceiens, Deshayes. It is an extremely
variable species.

Dimensions. — Length 33'5mm.; breadth 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Several examples in which the anterior angulation of
the whorls is well developed ; from Hobson's Bay. Purchased.

73226. Example of the adult ; in the earlier stages of the
growth of this shell the longitudinal threads are very close
together, and persist with regularity until the ephebic stage, where
they are much opened out. During that stage these threads
gradually become still closer together, and smaller in size,
producing granulation by crossing the spiral threads. From
Brighton. Purchased.

G. 4155. Specimen of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Muddy Creek. Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

231

G. 5536. Example in which the whorls are regularly convex
and not angulate ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9477. Several specimens ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Genus TRIFORIS, Deshayes,
[Coq. Foss. Paris, t. ii. 1833, p. 429,]

Shell small, turriculate, frequently attenuated at its anterior
extremity ; almost always sinistral ; aperture small, terminated
by a short anterior canal.

Type. — Triforis plicatiis, Deshayes.

Triforis planata, Tenison-Woods.

1880. Triforis planata, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.'W. vol. iv.

p. 6, pi. i. fig. 12.
1893. Triforis plamdata, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Key. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.

This species is readily distinguished by the comparative smooth-
ness of the whorls, which are spirally lineated anteriorly, and
crossed by faint closely-set longitudinal costae, the points of
junction being granulate ; aperture quadrate ; columella twisted ;
anterior canal bent.

Dimensions. — Length 19'5mm.; breadth 3"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9464. Two examples of the neanic stage of growth, and
one of the ephebic. Purchased.

Genus DIASTOMA, Deshayes,

[Desc. anim. sans Vert. 1861, vol. ii. p. 411.]

Shell turriculate, varicose, with a sharp spire ; aperture ovate,
oblique, canaliculate, and detached behind, sinuous but not
canaliculate in front ; columella slightly concave, covered by
a thin, shining, and somewhat detached plate, or an affixed
callosity, and carrying, towards the middle, an oblique plication
not always well marked.

232

In shape it resembles Melania, with which genus it has been
commonly confounded ; but the characteristic A-aricose whorls and
the phenomena of the aperture indicate closer affinities with the
Cekithiid^, in which family the late Dr. Paul Fischer' and
M. Cossmann^ have classified it.

Type. — Melania costellata, Lamarck.

Diastema provisi, Tate.

1894. Diastoma provisi, Tate, Jouru. Eoy. Soc. N-S-W. vol. xxvii. p. 177,
pi. X. fig. 6.

Shell solid, turriculate ; whorls about ten in number, excluding
protoconch (which is not preserved in the specimens in the Museum
collection), the fine longitudinal and spiral ornament is described
in detail by its author ; suture cut in ; aperture oblique, ovate,
angular behind, and slightly depressed in front ; outer margin
thin ; inner margin callous, a thick, obtuse ridge bordering the
posterior channel; columella with a single plication or fold,
accentuated in the adult, the attendant callosity spreading over
the anterior portion up to the sinuosity in the front of the aperture.

The costfe of the whorls are more slender and numerous than
in the living D. melanoides, Reeve, and the callosity spreading
behind the front of the columella is more sharply defined than in
the recent shell, with which it presents many striking points of
resemblance. Compared with D. costellatum, Lamarck, of the Hamp-
shire and Paris basins, amongst other things it is more solid,
broader, has less convex whorls, the longitudinal ribs are smaller
and closer together, whilst the large ridge and thick callous inner
margin are highly characteristic.

Dimensions. — Length 45 mm. ; breadth 14*5 mm. ; length of
aperture 14 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Older Pliocene : near Adelaide, South Australia.

G. 9479. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

1 Manuel de Conchyl. 1881, pp. 682-3.

2 Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malac. Belg. t. xsiv. 1889, p. 30.

TEICHOTKOPIS. 233

Family TRICHOTROPID^.

Genus TEICHOTKOPIS, Broderip and Sowerby.
[Zool. Journ. vol. iv. 1829, p. 373.]

Shell umbilicate, turbinate, carinate, the carinje bearing epi-
dermal fringes in well-preserved specimens ; spire short or conical ;
aperture large, angulate or slightly canaliculate in front; outer
margin simple, sharp ; columellar border arched.

Type. — 'Turbo bicarinatm, Sowerby.

Trichotropis clathrata, G. B. Sowerby.

1873. Trichotropis inornata, Hiitton, Cat. Marine JIoll. X.Z. p. 26.

1873. Tricholropis inornata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 11.

1874. Trichotropis clathrata, G. B. Sowerby, Couch. Icon. vol. xix. pi. ii.

fig. 10.
1880. Trichotropis inornata, Hutton, Man. X.Z. Moll. p. 69.
1887. Trichotropis clathrata, Tryou, Manual of Gonchology, vol. ix. p. 43,

pi. vii. fig. 51.
1893. Trichotropis inornata, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.

Vol. p. 59.

An easily recognized species ; the whorls are cancellate, the
spiral threads predominate ; granulate at the points of intersection ;
body-whorl enormous in size ; aperture very large, channelled in
front ; outer margin thin, spread out ; columella narrowly umbili-
cate and twisted ; inner margin reflected.

Dimensions. — Length 16 mm.; breadth 10 mm.; length of
aperture 8-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Shakespeare Cliff, New Zealand.

G. 9558. Two examples of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

Family VERMETID^.

Genus TENAGODES, Guettard, m.i

[Mem. Sci. at Arts, t. iii. 1770 (or 1774), p. 128.]

Siliquaria, Bruguiere, Ency. Meth. Yers. i. 1789, p. 15.

Shell tubular, cylindrical ; for the most part uncoiled, furnished
with a long fissure extending from the aperture backwards ; the

' Fischer, Manuel de Conchyl. 1885, p. 692.

234 TENAGODES.

"fissure " may he simple or consist of a series of perforations set
close together in alignment ; aperture circular ; not septate within.
Type. — Serjmla anguina, Linnaeus.

Tenagodes OCCIUSUS, Tenison-Woods.

1S77. Tenagodus occlusus, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 100.
1878. Teuagofltis occlusiis, R. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 167.
1893. Tenagodus occlusus, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.
1896. Tenagodes occlusus, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 116.

The first two or three whorls are slightly adherent, but the
shell becomes rapidly uncoiled ; the fissure is very long, prominent,
wide, and the sides are irregularly cut ; the lines of growth form
corrugations and small cracks, and are somewhat scaly ; spiral
lineations very faint except on the under-surface, where they are
broken up into short lengths. The ornament is, therefore, of an
exceedingly simple character.

Dimensions. — Extreme length 34 mm. ; breadth of aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9484. Two examples. Purchased.

Family TURKITELLID^.

Genus TTJIIRITELLA, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 74.]

Shell long, attenuated, many-whorled ; whorls often ornamented
by spiral ridges, lines of growth arched and sinuous ; aperture
entire, subquadrangular, or ovate ; outer margin thin, excavated
behind and slightly produced in front; columella arched, com-
monly callous.

The protoconch is not preserved in many of the species in the
Museum collection.

Type. — Turho terehra, Linnffius.

TUERITELLA. 235

Turritella murrayana, Tcite (sp).

1885. Torcula murrayana, Tate, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1884, p. 227.

1893. Turritella murrayana, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.
1893. Turritella murrayana, Tate, id. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 340, pi. viii. fig. 3.
1895. Turritella mwTayana, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 115.

This common species is liable to great variation, each distant
locality seeming to possess a dominant form. Professor Tate
describes it as follows: — "Shell pyramidally turreted, apical angle
about 15°. "Whorls twelve to fourteen, flatfish, medially depressed,
and acutely elevated at about the anterior-fourth ; suture thread-
like, or somewhat grooved ; apical whorls two, very small,
globulose ; first spire-whorls rapidly enlarging, 1-3 carinate.
Surface ornamented by about twenty-four spiral threads, with or
without smaller intermediary ones, crossed by close-set striae, the
latter on the anterior whorls thiuly squamose. Last whorl bluntly
truncated on the periphery ; base with spiral threads and trans-
verse strife on the upper part of the whorl. Aperture quadrately
oval, continuous ; outer lip with a deepish subtriangular median
sinus. The sectional outline of the whorls varies from flat or
slightly concave to somewhat quadrate, and correspondingly in
the depth of the suture ; the ante-medial keel is sometimes
obsolete, but the medial depression is always present."

The last-mentioned feature and the numerous spiral lineations
are, perhaps, the chief difl'erentiating characters.

Dimensions. — Length 55 mm.; breadth 17 ram.; length of
aperture 1 1 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

G. 5535. A very narrow form in which the sutures are much
cut in ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9126. Several examples illustrating stages of growth ; from
River Murray cliffs. Presetited hy William Evans, Esq.

G. 9428. Three examples of the adult ; from Eiver Murray
cliffs. Purchased,

236 TUEEITELLA.

Turritella septifraga, Tate.

1893. TitrrileUa septifraga, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 336, pi. viii. fig. 5.

A large species, distinguished by its rather concave whorls and
the absence of very conspicuous spiral ornament ; there is, however,
a slightly elevated bisected ridge bordering the suture on the
anterior of the sijire-whorls, behind which is a small but distinct
spiral lineation, and there are a few obsolete spiral threads ; the
lines of growth are deeply sinuous and numerous, but are not very
striking.

Dimensions. — None of the specimens in the Museum collection
are perfect enough to enable the dimensions of the shell to be
taken; the author states that its length (incomplete) is 100 mm.
and width 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Spring Creek, Victoria.

G. 9427. Several fragments. Purchased.

Turritella platyspira, Tenison-Woods.

1879. Turritella platyaplra, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Liriii. Soc. X.S.W.

vol. iii. p. 234, pi. sx. fig. 13.
1893. Turritella platyspira, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.
1893. Turritella platyspira, Tate, id. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 341.

Shell smoother and the ornament of the whorls less conspicuous
than in any other Australian species of Turritella here described.
Spire subulate and much attenuated ; protoconch (Plate VII.
Pigs, bor-h) composed of two smooth, porcellanous, somewhat
globose turns, the later portion being larger than the succeeding
whorl ; earlier whorls of the shell proper flat, and but slowly
increasing in size ; in the neanic and ephebic stages the whorls
become convex ; a sulcation which develops into a broad groove
occurs on the anterior portion of the whorls throughout ; surface
of whorls faintly spirally striated, and often bearing two or three
more prominent spiral lineations, the anterior one lying between
the sulcus alluded to and the suture ; lines of growth deeply

TUEKITELLA. 237

Dimension.i. —Length 14 mm.; breadth 4 mm.; length of
aperture 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4743. Specimen of the neanic stage of growth in which the
protoconch is well preserved.

Presented hj Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.
G. 9423. Several examples illustrating stages of growth.

Purchased.

Turritella conspicabilis, Tate.

1893. Turritella conspicabilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 339, pi. Yiii. fig. 7 ; pi. is. fig. 6.
1895. Turritella conspicabilis, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 115.

Typical forms of this species possess but one prominent keel,
whilst those of T. tristira, Tate, have three which are equal in
size ; and that appears to be the chief point of difference between
the two species. Occasionally, however, forms of T. conspicahilu
are found possessing two minor keels, behind the prominent
one, and as these develop in size the shells closely approximate
T. tristira as having three keels, but they are of unequal size. Its
author reluctantly considered T. conspicabilis as distinct. It might
have been advisable to regard it as synonymous with T. tristira,
but not having seen actual specimens of the latter, the present
writer hesitates to definitely make the alteration. Variation in
the number of spii-al keels is well exhibited by the Miocene
and Pliocene T. triplicata, Brocchi, of Europe, with which the
Australian species mentioned have considerable affinity. In the
Tortonian beds of Stazzano, in Piedmont, for example, one can
find T. triplicata with practically every variation from one
prominent spiral keel to thi'ee well-formed keels; and parallel
cases could be cited from other localities in reference to other
species. The number of keels is certainly not a good differentiating
character with Turritella.

Dimensions. — Length 35 mm.; breadth 10-omm.; length of
aperture 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Gippsland, Victoria.

G. 9430. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

238 TUREITELLA.

Turritella acricula, Tate.

1893. Turritella acricula, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 339, pi. viii. fig. 4 ; pi. ix. figs. 4, 7, 12.

This variable species may be distinguished by its slender
lanceolate form, by the large number of whorls, amounting to
twenty in typical forms of the adult, and by their flatness.
Commonly there are from fifteen to twenty spiral lines of unequal
size, the larger ones forming lirse or carinae, which latter may be
from two to five in number, the largest bordering the suture
anteriorly. The variation consists principally in the mode of
development of the spiral ornament and the consequent change
in shape of the whorls.

It is closely related to T. acuta, Tenison-Woods [non Mayer),
a species living in South Australia and Tasmania, but the fossil is
relatively narrower, and the spiral lineations and carinae are more
numerous.

Dimensions. — Length 27 mm. ; breadth 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Kiver Murray cliffs, South Australia.

G. 9429. Examples illustrating stages of growth ; one shell
is narrower than the others, the usually prominent spiral carina
being much reduced in size. Purchased.

Turritella aldingse, Tate.

1882. Turritella aldingce, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. v. p. 42.
1893. Turritella aldingce, Tate, id. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 336, pi. viii. fig. 1.
1895. Turritella aldingce, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xis. pt. 1, p. 112.

Shell pyramidal, spire acute ; whorls flat, furnished with three
prominent, unequal, spiral carinae, and distant spiral striae ; lines
of growth conspicuous, deeply sinuated, producing rugosity, and
granulating the medial keel; suture incised; aperture (according
to the author of the species) subquadrate, margins united by a
somewhat thick callus, which extends over much of the flattened
forepart of the shell; columella arched; outer margin somewhat
flatly compressed, and deeply and broadly sinuated. Its pyramidal
shape, the granulose median keel, and the deep sinus, serve to
readily distinguish this from T. warlurtoni and T. conspieahilis.

T0REITELLA. 239

Dimensions. — Length 27 mm.; breadth 10 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

G. 9424. Four examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.
Turritella •warburtoni, Tenison-Woods.

1877. Turritella warburtonii, Tenisoii-"Woo(is, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876,
p. 99.

1877. Turritt'lla stiirtii, Tenison-Woods, id. p. 99.

1878. Turriiella ivarburtonii, E. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 169.
1878. Turritella sturtii, E. Etheridge, jun., id. p. 169.

1893. Turritella tvarburtoni, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 337, pi. ■riii. fig. 2.
1893. Turritella sturtii, Tate, id. p. 338, pi. viii. fig. 6.
1895. Turritella ivarburtoni, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. x.s.

p. 113.

Mr. Pritchard, in the work above cited, has discussed the
synonymity of T. sturtii with T. warburtoni at some length. The
chief difterences noticeable in the two so-called species are mere
details of ornament of the whorls, which certainly are not
important enough to warrant specific separation in such variable
forms as we are now dealing with.

Dimensions. — Length 18 mm. ; breadth 5 5 mm.

Form, and Doc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9425. Three examples of the adult. Purchased.

G. 9426. Examples of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Turritella gemmulata, Tate.

1893. Turritella gemmulata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 338, pi. viii. fig. 11.

The distinct, rounded granulations on the four or five spiral
carina?, which occupy the greater part of the whorls, serve to
distinguish this minute shell at a glance from amongst other
Australian forms of the genus alluded to in this work.

Dimensions. — Length 7 mm. ; breadth 2 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9422. Several specimens. Purchased.

240 TUEKITELLA.

Turritella pagodula, Tate.

1893. Tiirr'itcUa pagodida, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 336, pi. viii. fig. 10.

Shell small ; characterized by a very promiaent obtuse spiral
carina near the suture on the anterior portion of the spire-whoils,
between, which and the suture is a small spiral thread, the space
between the two developing into a sulcus on the periphery of
the body -whorl in the adult. Behind the carina are several more
or less obsolete spiral striae, one of which, towards the middle of
the whorls, is usually more accentuated than the others ; an
■ obscure ridge borders the suture posteriorly. Several spiral
lineations occur near the anterior extremity of the body-whorl.
Lines of growth sinuous, cut in towards the middle of the whorls.

Professor Tate compares this species with the living T. exoleta,
Linnseus, and with T. granulifera, Tenison- Woods.

Dimensions. — Length 11 mm. ; breadth 4 mm.

Form, and, Loc. — Miocene : Gippsland, Victoria.

G. 9431. Three examples of the adult. Purchased.

Turritella rosea, Quoy and Gaimard.

1834. Turritella rosea, Quoy and Gaimard, Yoy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool. t. iii.

p. 136, pi. Iv. figs. 24, 26.
1849. Turritella rosea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. v. pi. viii. fig. 41.
1873. Turritella rosea, Von Martens, List Moll. X.Z. p. 27.
1873. Turritella (Kaustator) rosea, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 29.
1873. Turritella rosea, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 12.
1880. Turritella [Haustator) rosea, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 83.
1886. Turritella [Haustator) rosea, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. viii.

p. 199, pi. Ixi. fig. 59 ; pi. Ixii. figs. 67, 68.
1893. Turritella rosea, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Mac'eay Mem. Vol.

p. 63.

Distinguished by its flat whorls, the body-whorl in the majority
of adult specimens being sharply keeled, and having a broad,
flat area anteriorly ; a spirally striated keel borders the suture,
and there are several undulating spiral threads of irregular sizes,
some being very prominent.

It recalls young specimens of the common T. earinifera,
Deshayes, of the European Eucene. A remarkable feature both

I

TUEEITELLA. 241

in some living and extinct forms of the adult of this variable
species is the diminishing importance of the prominent spiral
carina and the corresponding roundness of the periphery of the
body-whorl, and slight convexity of the usually flat area of the
forepart of that whorl. These features may possibly be charac-
teristic of the gerontic stage, but the adult specimens at the
writer's disposal are not numerous enough to enable him to
satisfactorily determine that point.

Dimensions. — Lenjjth 84 mm. ; breadth 22 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene (?) and Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 9588. Specimens in which the peripheral keel of the body-
whorl is veiy acute, and the anterior area flat and even slightly
concave ; from Wanganui. Sir James Sector Coll.

G. 9700, G. 9701. Examples of the neanic and gerontic stages,
the periphery of the body-whorl in the last-mentioned being
rounded ; from Parimoa. W. B. B. Mantell Coll.

G. 9723. Two examples of the adult ; from Onekalcara.

\_Ol(l Collection.']

Turritella kanieriensis, nom. mut.

18o0. Turritella rosea, Mantell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 331,
pi. xxviii. fig. 16 (non Quoy and Gaimard, 1834).

1873. Turritella [Zaria] tricincta, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 13
(lion Borson et auct.).

1893. Turritella tricincta, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S."W., Macleay Mem. Yol.
p. 63, pi. viii. fig. 60.

Distinguished by three subequal and equidistant strong spiral
carinse, the interstices being spirally striated ; the forepart of the
body- whorl is flattened, and covered by closely-set spiral striae ;
aperture subquadrate.

It is closely allied to T. trij)licata, Brocchi, of European and
North African Miocene and Pliocene, and still living in the
Mediterranean and in the Atlantic; but differs in regard to
the sinuosity of the lines of growth and in not having the spiral
carinae flattened. Further, in the New Zealand species the carinae
are fairly equal in size, whilst in T. triplicata the middle one is
the largest, the posterior one being smallest, and this latter
IS frc([uently duplicate. Hutton's specific name is here altered,

242 TURRITELLA.

as iricinda had been used to designate several kinds of Turritella
prior to 1873, as above indicated.

Dimensions. — Length 29 mm. ; breadth 8-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene and Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 9594. Several examples illustrating stages of growth ; from
Shakespeare Cliff. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9599. A specimen of the adult ; from Kanieri.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Turritella caver shamensis, nom. mut.

1873. Turritella gigantea, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 12 {non

Bellardi and Michelotti).

This large species has slightly concave whorls, elevated in the
neighbourhood of the suture, and covered by unequal spiral stria) ;
lines of growth deeply sinuous. The specific name gigantea being
preoccupied, as indicated, a new designation is here given.

Dimensions. — Hutton gives the dimensions of a specimen as j
6 inches in length ; the largest fragment in the Museum collection ]
is Sg- inches in length, and when perfect the shell must have
been fully 6 inches.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : New Zealand.

G. 9618. Fragment of the adult; from Oamaru.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9635. Imperfect example of the adult ; from Caversham.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Turritella, sp.

The following Australasian Tertiary TiirritellcB, although speci-
fically indeterminable, are interesting on account of the localities
represented : —

48803. Cast of a species of Turritella, aff. murrayana ; from
Eiver Murray cliffs, South Australia.

Presented hj Commodore Goodenougli, R.N.

98221. Mutilated examples of a species imbedded in lime-
stone ; from Flinders I. FnrcJnised.

243

G. 9649. Cast of a large species ; from Fowler's Bay district,
South Australia. R. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Or. 9659. Several casts of a species, off. murraijana ; obtained
in McLaren Vale, 500 feet above sea-level, near Willunga, south
of Adelaide. M. Y. L. Sroivti Coll.

G. 9660, G. 9662, G. 9666. Blocks of earthy limestone con-
taining several casts ; from Ardrossan, Torke's Peninsula, South
Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9668, G. 9669. Blocks of argillaceous limestone containing
many fragments of Tarritella; from "Willunga.

H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

G. 9674. Casts of a large species ; from River Murray ehffs.
South Australia.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

From New Zealand —

G. 9619. Turritella, sp., with Cueullaa, in argillaceous sand-
stone. Miocene : from Akuakua, east coast of Auckland.

Sir James Sector Coll.

G. 9652. Fragment of Tarritella imbedded in argillaceous sand-
stone. Miocene : from the " CoMe«-beds," Mokihinui.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9690, G. 9691. Fragments of a small species, in argillaceous
limestone ; from Bank's River. Presented ly Iltigh Cuming, E^q.

Family SOLARIID^.

Genus SOLARIUM, Lamarck.
[M6m. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 74.]

Shell orbicular, depressed, thin, angulate at the periphery :
aperture subquadrangular, outer margin simple ; umbilicus having
crenulated margins, spiral and wide.

Type. — Irochus perspectivus, Linnaeus.

244

Solarium acutum, Tenison-Woods.

[Plate VII. Figs. 6a-c.]

1879. Solarium aciUinn, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 236, pi. xxi. fig. 11.
1893. Solarium acutum, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1,

p. 222.

Shell thin, discoidal ; spire depressed, periphery acutely carinate,
spiral lineations granulose ; base depressed so as to form a broad
gutter following the peripheral keel, with several simple, small
lineations crossed by closely-set undulating lines of growth ;
inside this plain depressed portion, towards the umbilicus, are
seven rows of spiral granulations, the first one (outside) consisting
of minute elongate ridge-like elevations, the longer axis pointing
towards the centre ; then follows the second row, in which the
granulations or ridges are of the same shape but much larger ; ia
the third row the granules are a little smaller and farther apart;
in the fourth row the granules are much larger ; the fifth row
has very minute granules, the sixth and seventh progressively
larger, the largest of all bordering the umbilicus ; the umbilicus
is funnel-shaped, very broad, spiral, each whorl being separated
from the next by a deep channel ; aperture broad.

The detail not being well expressed in the figure accompanying
Mr. Tenison- Woods' memoir alluded to, a new figure is here given.

Dimensions. — Height 9-5 mm. ; breadth 22 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoi'ia and South Australia.

G. 4295. Two examples ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5533. An example of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Piirchased.

G. 9135. Specimen in which the detail surrounding the
■umbilicus is bolder than in the examples from Yictoria; from.
Eiver Murray dig's. Presented hij William Evans, Esq.

G. 9481. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth ;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

245

Genus HELIACUS, D'Orbigny.

[Moll. Cuba, t. ii. 1842, p. 68.]

Torinia, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, p. 147 (list name); id.
1842, pp. 60, 90 (list name, not specified); vide Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 151.

This differs from Solarium principally in having rounded whorls
instead of being sharply keeled at the periphery ; the whorls are
granulated and spirally lineate ; aperture almost circular, lip
simple, umbilicus large. Typically the spire is much elevated,
and even turbinate ; but several species have a depressed spire,
and the shell is then planorboid. It would appear that, in
some cases {e.g. the living S. variegata, Gmelin) the elevation or
depression of the spire is only a varietal character.

The term Torinia must fall in synonymy, as Heliacus was
proposed before the former was established on a firm basis, as
above indicated.

Type. — Solarium helerti, Deshayes.

Heliacus ■wannonensis, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1879. Solariiim ivannonensis, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
vol. iii. p. 237, pi. sxi. fig. 10.

Shell small, discoid; spire depressed, spiral lineations granulated,
the largest bordering the slightly canaliculate suture ; whorls
rounded at the periphery, where there is a row of rather large
granulations ; base of the body - whorl spirally granulate, the
two rows having the largest granules surrounding the umbilicus,
which is wide and deep ; the granulations are so arranged from
row to row as to form broken radiating lines.

Dimensions. — Length 3'5 mm. ; breadth 6"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9463. Two examples. Purchased.

246 HIPPONTX.

Family HIPPONYCID^.

Genus HIPPONYX, Defrance.

[Journ. Pliys. Hist. Nat. vol. Ixxxviii. p. 215, figs. 1-4.]

Shell conical, thick; summit slightly arched, directed backwards,
rarely curved ; surface rough or longitudinally striated.
Tyjpe. — Patella mitrata, Gmelin.

Hipponyx, sp.

G. 4300. A waterworn shell in an imperfect condition,
probably referable to H. a?itiqtiatus, Linnfeus; from the Miocene
of Muddy Creek, Victoria. Presented by Juhn Pennant, Esq.

Family CAPULID^.

Genus CREPIDUIjA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 78.]

Shell ovate, elongate, patelliform ; generally having a lateral
spiral apex ; interior with a lamina or shelf covering the posterior
half of the aperture.

Type. — Patella fornicata, Linnaeus.

Crepidula monoxyla, Lesson (sp.).

1830. Calyptrcea [Crepidula) monoxyla. Lesson, Voy. Coqidlle, t. ii. pt. 1,

p. 391.
1834:. Crepidula contorta, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de TAstrolabe, Zool. t. iii.

p. 418, pi. Ixxii. figs. 15, 16.
1873. Crepidula contorta. Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 28.
1873. Crypla contorta, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 32.
1873. Crypta contorta, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 14.
1873. Crypta profunda, Hutton, id. p. 14.
1880. Crypta monoxyla, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 87.
1886. Crepidula monoxyla, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. viii. p. 128,

pi. xxxvii. figs. 36, 36.
1893. Crepidtda monoxyla, Hutton, Liun. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.

Vol. p. 62.

CREPIDULA. 247

Shell elongate, dorsal aspect much elevated, high-convex,
contot'tcd, fi-equently assuming the shape of the object it grows
upon ; internal lamina stout, extending over about one-half of the
aperture.

DiiiietiHions. — Height 16 mm.; length of aperture 33 mm.;
breadth 22-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene and Post-Pliocene : Victoria and New-
Zealand.

G. 5574. Two examples of the adult ; Limestone Creek,
Glenelg river. Purchased.

G. 9621. Decomposed shells in coarse grit; from Port Hills,
Nelson. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9567. Two internal casts of the adult ; from Awatere.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Crepidula aculeata, Gmelin (sp.).

1790. Patella acnkata, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3693.

183t. Crepidula costata, Quoy and Gairaard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool. t. iii.

p. 414, pi. Ixxii. tigs. 10, 12.
1836. Crepidula costata, Deshayes, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert.

t. vii. p. 644.
1873. Crepidula costata, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 28.
1873. Crypta costata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 32.
1873. Crypta costata, Ilutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 14.
1880. Crypta costata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 87.
1886. Crepidula {Crypta) aculeata, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. viii.

p. 129, pi. xxsix. figs. 61-5.
1893. Crepidula aculeata, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Maeleay Mem. Vol.

p. 62.

Shell ovate, not so deeply convex as C. tnono.v>/la, apex lateral ;
surface covered with radiating ridges of variable character, for
the most part spinose or prickly in the examples now living,
somewliat more simple in the fossil state, apparently. The sub-
genus Crypta of (Humphrey) Gray, Fischer, etc., was suggested
for those Crepidula with a spinose surface — a variable feature
having but little importance, at any rate, from a sectional point
of view.

Dimensions. — Height 12 mm.; length of aperture 26 mm.;
breadth 16-5 mm.

248 CEEPIDDLA.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Parimoa, New Zealand.
G. 9705. Several examples illustrating stages of growth and
variation in the development of the surface ridges.

W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Crepidula incurva, Zittel.

1865. Crepidula incurva, Zittel, Reise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 44, taf. xv. figs. ^a-h.
1873. Crijpta incurva, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 14.

Shell elongate, extremely convex,, flattened on one side ; apex
incurved, not situated on the margin, thickened; "internal septum
concave, or almost flat, extending to the middle of the shell." —
Mutton. The growth-lines produce corrugations on the surface.

Dimensions. — Height 26 mm.; breadth 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene (?) : Motanau, Marlborough, New
Zealand.

G. 9566. A large specimen affixed to a piece of argillaceous
limestone, the upper surface of the shell only being visible ; the
surface is very irregular, owing to the development of corrugations
of growth. &ir James Hector Coll.

Subgenus lANACTJS, Morch.

[Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 146.]

Shell depressed, frequently concave above, apex posterior,
slightly lateral.

Type. — Crepidula plana, Say.

Crepidula (lanacus) unguiformis, Lamarck.

1822. Crepidula unguiformis, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vii.

p. 642.
1873. Crypta [Janacus) unguiformis, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 32.
1880. Crypta unguiformis, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 87.
1886. Crepidula {Janacus) unguiformis, Tryon, Manual of Conchology,

vol. viii. p. 130, pi. xxxix. figs. 66-8.
1893. Crepidula unguiformis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.

Vol. p. 62.
1893. Crepidula unguiformis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. toI. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 330.

CALTPTR^A. 249

Shell elongate, curved ; upper surface flat, or slightly concave ;
apex marginal; smooth, externally concentrically striated; interior
highly polished ; plate small, convex.

Dimensions. — Length 15-5 mm.; breadth 8-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Wanganui, ]S"ew Zealand.

G. 9725. An example of the neanic stage of growth.

lOld Collection.']

Crepidula, sp.

The following species from the Sir James Rector Coll., from
New Zealand, are indeterminable : —

G. 9565. Cast in micaceous sandstone of a highly convex
species, angulate towards the apex, which is lateral. Miocene:
Port Hills, Nelson.

G. 9579. Cast of a narrow, highly convex species, allied to
C. incurva. Miocene ("Upper lledcliffe beds): Red Cliff, Rakaia
river, Canterbury.

G. 9630. Cast of a specief; 42 mm. in length, broad, flattened,
apex curved and lateral. Miocene : Akuakua,

Family CALYPTR^ID^.

Genus CALYPTR^A, Lamarck.

[Mem. Soo. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 78; non Lamarck, 1801.]

Infundibulum, Sowerby, Min. Conch, vol. i. 1812, pi. xcvii. (non

Montfort, 1810).
Trochita, Schumacher, Essai jSTouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817,

p. 184.
Galerus (Humphrey), H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. i.

1854, p. 367.

Shell conical, trochiform, protoconch central ; aperture almost
circular, the inferior aspect furnished with a spiral plate, the
anterior border of which adheres to the periphery on the one side,
and ends in a false columella on the other, in the neighbourhood
of which it is deeply sinuous.

^i/pe. — Patella chinetisis, Linnasus.

250 CALTPTR^A.

Calyptrsea corrugata, Tate.

1893. CahjptrcBa corrugata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 331, pi. vii. fig. 9.

Shell thin, depressed, orbicular; protoconch subcentral ; surface
of shell irregularly concentrically ridged; edge of internal plate
slightly curved.

Comparing it with the living C. pellucida, Reeve, the author,
states that it differs by interruptedly convex whorls and strong
growth -folds.

Dimensions. — Height 375 mm. ; breadth 10 mm.

Form, and Log. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9384. Three examples of the adult. Purchased.

Calyptrsea crassa, Tate.

1893. Cahjptrxa crassa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.
pt. 2, p. 332, pi. vii. figs. 2, 7.

Shell much larger than C. corrugata, solid ; spire elevated ;
protoconch coiled, somewhat depressed, subcentral; whorls slightly
inflated, suture clearly marked, growth-lines irregular and pro-
ducing corrugations on the surface ; edge of internal plate concave.

Dimensions. — Height 11mm.; breadth 27'5 mm.

Form, and Log. — Miocene : Gippsland, Victoria.

G. 9395. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Purchased.

Calyptrsea subtabulata, Tate.

1877. Trochita calt/ptrceformis, Johnston, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 86

(«o« Lamarck, 1822).
1888. Trochita calyptrxformis, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xsix. figs.

14, 14a.
1893. Cahjptrcea subtabulata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 332, pi. vii. fig. 1.
1895. Calyptreea subtabulata, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii.

N.s. p. 113.

Closely allied to C. crassa, but the whorls increase more rapidly
in size, they are less corrugated, and become flat in front of the

CALTPTRiEA. 251

suture ; there are a few coarse spiral striae, wliilst tlie internal
plate has au almost straight edge. The spire varies considerably
in height.

•Bimemions. — Height 11mm.; breadth 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

83986. Example having an elevated spire and slightly inflated
body-whorl. Purchased.

G. 9394. Three specimens. Purchased.

Subgenus CALYPTROPSIS, Tate.
[Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 2, 1893, p. 333.]

" Shell like Calyptrcea, but umbilicated, and with a columella-
insinuosity at the umbilical border." — Tate.

In the work above quoted the author cites the Joirrn. Roy. Soc.
N.S. "Wales, vol. xxvii. 1893, p. 181, as the publication in which
he first established Calyptropsis ; but the latter work was not, in
reality, published until early in the year 1894, whereas the Trans.
Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 2, above quoted, was published
in Dec. 1893, thus taking priority. The following species is here
selected as the type of the subgenus : —

Type. — CalyptrcBa arachnoideus, Tate.

Calyptraea (Calyptropsis) turbinata, Tenison-Woods
(sp.).

1879. Trochita turbinata, Tenison -Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.
p. 238, pi. xxi. fig. 1.

1893. Calyptrcea {Calyptropsis) turbinata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 333.

1894. Calyptropsis turbinata, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 181.

Shell thin, suborbicular, turbinate, depressed ; protoconch small,
coiled, leaning to one side ; whorls two and a half, rapidly
increasing, ornamented by slender radial and concentric threads;
internal plate relatively small, striated, edge curved over towards
the umbilicus, which is narrow.

252 CALTPTR^A.

Dimennons. — Height 8".5 mm. ; breadth 15-5 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9392. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Purchased.

Calyptrsea (Calyptropsis) umbilicata, Johnston (sp.).

1885. Crepidula umbilicata, Johnston, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1884, p. 232

(two figs.).
1888. Crepidida umbilicata, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxii. fig. 10.

1893. Calyptrma {Calyptropsis) umbilicata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South

Axist. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 333.

1894. Calyptropsis umbilicata, Tate, Joiirn. Eoy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii.

p. 181.

1895. Calyptropsis umbilicata, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii.

N.s. p. 146.

This differs from C. turlinata principally, in that the protoconch
is more laterally situated, the shell increases in size more rapidly ;
the surface is prominently ornamented by a few distant spiral
ridges crossed by lamellae of growth and fine striae ; internal plate
small, surface covered by striae radiating from the rather large
umbilicus.

Dimensions. — Height 4'5 mm. ; breadth 14 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9393. An example of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Calyptraea (Calyptropsis) calyptrseformis, Lamarck.

1822. Calyptrcea calyptrafonnis, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert.

t. vii. p. 12.
1834. Crepidula maculata, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool.

t. iii. p. 422, pi. Ixxii. figs. 6, 9.
1859. Trochita maculata, Eeeve, Conch. Icon. vol. xi. fig. 15.
1873. Trochita maculata, Von Martens, List. Moll. N.Z. p. 28.
1873. Calyptrcea maculnta, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 31.
1873. Calyplraa maculata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 13.
1880. Trochita novm zealandicB, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 86.
1886. Calyptrcea [Siyapatella) calyptr<eformis, Tryon, Manual of Conchology,

vol. viii. p. 122, pi. xxxv. figs. 96-9.
1893. Calyptrcea calyptrceformis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay

Mem. Vol. p. 61.

XENOPHOEA. 253

This common species is distinguished by its compressed form
and lateral apex; the "whorls rapidly enlarge, growth-lines
corrugating the surface ; internal plate moderately large, part of
the edge slightly overhanging the umbilicus.

Some of the specimens mentioned hereunder, which are in the
state of casts only, are doubtfully referred to this species.

Dimensions. — Height 7 mm. ; breadth 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene and Miocene : I^ew Zealand.

G. 9602. Specimens showing rariation in position of the apex ;
from Wanganui. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9608. Casts in which the spire is much elevated ; from
Blind Bay. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9620. Cast of a small specimen in a block of argillaceous
limestoue ; from Akuakua, east coast of Auckland.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9626, G. 9631. Casts of large specimens having a depressed
spire ; from Akuakua. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9627. Cast of a small example in which the earlier whorls
increase very rapidly ; from the Upper liedcliffe beds, Bed Cliff,
Rakaia river, Canterbury. Sir James Hector Coll.

G 9698. Three examples of the adult, in one of which the
body- whorl is much inflated; from Parimoa. W.B.B.Mantell Coll.

Family XEl^OPHORID^.

Genus XENOPHORA, G. Fischer (Yon Waldheim).
[Museum Demidoif, vol. iii. 1807, p. 213.]
TUrus, ilontfort. Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, pp. 158-9.

Shell trochiform, concave or flattened below ; whorls broad,
commonly carrying pieces of stone, shells, or other objects which
are agglutinated to, or imbedded in, the upper surface of the shell,
sometimes completely hiding it from view ; last whorl compressed,
keeled at the periphery ; aperture large, oblique ; outer margin
very oblique and sharp ; umbilicate, or narrowly rimate.

Type. — Xenophora Icevigata, G. Fischer {Trochus conehyliophorus,
Giuelin).

'2^)1 XENOPHOEA.

Subgenus TUGURIUM, P. Fischer.
[Kiener and Fischer, Coq. Yiv. Trochidse, 1880, p. 450.]

Shell umbilic;ite, foreign substances being agglutinated only in
the neighbourhood of the suture ; periphery of the last whorl
much prolonged, tectiform.

Ti/pe. — Xenophora indica, Gmelin.

Xenophora (Tugurium) tatei, sp. nov.

[Plate Til. Figs. 7a-J.]

Shell trochiform, with moderately elevated spire ; whorls broad,
seven in number, very small to commence with, but rapidly
increasing in size ; the surface of the whorls, as seen between the
foreign fragments adhering (mostly in the vicinity of the suture),
is irregularly, obliquely undulating and ornamented by closely-set
wavy, roughly spiral lineations, which are crossed by more or less
conspicuous growth-lines ; the keel at the periphery of the last
whorl is sharp and undulating ; the under surface is concave, the
depression being most marked near the keel, curved lines of growth
are conspicuous ; aperture subquadrate; outer margin thin, strongly
curved, deeply concave, and much produced at the margin owing
to the prolongation of the last whorl in that region ; inner margin
slightly thickened, the thin callosity spreading over as a plate or
lining on the inner posterior surface of the aperture ; umbilicus
funnel-shaped, small.

Compared with the European Tertiary X agglutinans, Lamarck,
with which it is allied, the Australian species has a relatively
higher spire, the whorls are not so flat, and the under surface is
narrower; X agglutinam has a much larger umbilicus, whilst its
outer margin is not so deeply concave, nor so greatly produced;
the ornament of the whorls is different. On the other hand,
X. tatei is broader than the European Eocene X conjusa, Deshayes,
whilst the latter is not umbilicate.

Dimensions. — Height 25 mm. ; breadth 44 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

G. 4156. Example of the neanic stage of growth, the foreign
substances adhering being, for the most part, bryozoa ; from
Muddy Creek. Presented ly John Bennant, £sq.

NATICA. 255

G. 5538. The type specimen, figured ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

G. 9404. Specimen having; small pieces of stone, bryozoa, and
slu'U frajiiiients adhering; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

G. 9650. Cast of an umbilicated species, probably referable to
X tatei ; from the Tertiary of Fowler's Bay District.

S. T. L. Brown Coll.

Family NATICIDiE.

Genus NATICA, Scopoli.
[Introd. Hist. Nat. 1777, p. 392.]

Shell ovate, globose, shining, solid, usually smooth ; umbilicate ;
spire short ; aperture entire ; columellar border thick, subvertical ;
outer margin thin, not sinuous.

Kecent authors,' following Lamarck,- regard N. canrena, Linnaeus,
as the type of Natica. Adanson^ was the first to propose Natica,
but liis work must be ignored, according to the usual rules of
nomenclature adopted in this country. In introducing Adanson's
name into binomial nomenclature Scopoli cited four examples,
neither of which includes N. canrena, which cannot, therefore, be
cited as the type. Another reason (if one were requii-ed) for not
accepting that species is, that N. canrena of Linuteus was a
compound of several species, as is generally recognized. Of the
four examples cited by Scopoli two are of Natica, as at present
restricted, and it will prevent confusion if one of them be selected
as the type.

The chief divisions of the IS'aticid^, being based for the most
part on the character of the operculum, can only be doubtfully
recognized in fossil forms.

Ti/pe. — Nerita vitellus, Linnaeus.

' Cosstnann, Ann. Soc. Roy. Make. Belg. t. xxiii. 1888, p. 159; and Dall,
Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. IMiUad. vol. iii. pt. 2, 1892, p. 362.
» Mi'm. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 77.
* Hist. Nat. Senegal (Coquillages), 1757, p. 172.

256

Natica hamiltonensis, Tate.

1879. Natica wintlei var. hamiUoneiisis, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S.W. vol. iii. p. 229, pi. xxi. fig. 8.
1893. Natica hamiltonensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 319, pi. X. flg. 6.

Shell globose ; spire somewhat elevated, suture clear, accom-
panied by a depression ; aperture broad, rounded in front, angulate
behind ; outer margin thin ; inner margin covered partially by
enamel, but there is no posterior callosity ; umbilicus semilunate,
funiculus broad, the outer portion conterminous with the columellar
border, slightly overhanging, defined in front by a narrow sulcus.

Immature specimens resemble N. caillati, Deshayes, of the
European Eocene ; but the aperture of the Australian species is
broader, whilst the excavation behind the funiculus is charac-
teristic, and the spire is not so much elevated.

Dimensions. — Length 20 mm.; breadth 18 mm.; length of
aperture 15 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9410. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Natica subnose, Tate.

1893. Natica subnoa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 2,

p 320, pi. vi. fig. 1.
1896. Natica siibiioce, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 112.

The shell of this species is flattened, and, in consequence, is
not so globose as JSf. hamiltonensis ; neither is the spire elevated.
It is very closely allied to the European Eocene N. noes,
D'Orbigny, but the spire of the latter is more salient, its
funiculus is not so much dilated, and the suture is cut in, whereas
in iV. subnoce the suture is almost concealed.

Dimensions. — Length 125 mm. ; breadth 11mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

G. 9413. Two examples with funiculus well developed.

Purchased.

257

Natica cunninghamensis, nom. mut.

1893. Natica [Ncvcrifa] varians, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 322, pi. vi. figs. 2, 9 {non Dujardin).

Shell large, solid, narrow; spire very short, body -whorl
enveloping, few spiral striae ; aperture oblique ; outer margin
oblique ; inner margin extremely callous posteriorly ; umbilicus
large, funiculus broad, terminating on the columella in a moderatf-
sized callosity, bounded posteriorly by a deep, striated sulcus,
anteriorly by an undulating groove.

The specific name given by Professor Tate is now changed, as it
is preoccupied by Dujardin, ]V. varians being a common form in
the Miocene of the Touraine, and having nothing in common with
the Australian species. The name here proposed is derived from
Cunningham, in Gippsland, one of the localities where the species
has been found.

The umbilicus in Neverita is practically filled, or is nearly
covered over, by a funicular callosity, the outside portion of which
is conterminous with the columellar border ; the shell, also, is
depressed. These characters are not possessed by N. cunningham-
ensis, as will be observed from what has already been said. The
present species does not differ essentially from Natica, sensu stricto,
except perhaps in having the posterior callosity, which does not
seem to be of much systematic value ; other species included by
Professor Tate in Neverita are here placed under Natica for
similar reasons.

Dimensions. — Length 36 mm.; breadth 30 mm.; length of
aperture 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4281, G. 5528. Examples of the adult.

Presented hij John Dennant^ Esq.

G. 9414. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growtli.

Purchased.

Natica wintlei, Tenison- Woods.

1876. Natica ivintlci, Tenison-Woods, Troc. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 187o, p. 23,

pi. i. fig. 3.
1878. Natica wintlei, R. Etheridge, jim., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 166.
1888. Natica xvintki, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xsix. fig. 10.

258

1893. Natica [Neverita) wintlei, Tate, Trans. Koy. Soc. South Aust.
vol, xvii. pt. 2, p. 322.

1895. Natica wintlei, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. six. pt. 1, p. 112.

1896. Natica wintlei, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 112.

Shell narrower than in N. hamiltonensis, the spire is relatively
more elevated, and the aperture is not so broad ; suture clearly-
marked ; posterior callosity of the aperture well developed ;
umbilicus small in adults, furnished with a funicle narrow in the
early stages of growth and becoming relatively broader with
age, bounded anteriorly by a deep sulcus.

Dimensions. — Length 25 mm.; breadth 21 "5 mm.; length of
aperture 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania and Victoria.

83983. Examples of the neanic stage of growth ; from Table
Cape. Purchased.

G. 9411. Two specimens ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

G. 9412. Variation in which the funiculus is broad at its
confluence with the inner margin of the aperture ; from Spring
Creek. Purchased.

Natica COnica, Lamarck.

1838. Natica conica, Lamarck, Deshayes, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. viii.

p. 632.
1886. Natica [Mamma) conica, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. viii.

p. 44, pi. xviii. tigs. 76-7.

Shell solid, spire conical; whorls compressed near the suture;
aperture semilunate ; umbilicus partly covered by a callous
extension confluent with the inner margin of the aperture, and
also by the spreading of the thick posterior callosity. Both in
the young and the adult the umbilicus is frequently filled with
these callous extensions.

Bimensio7is. — Length 31 mm. ; breadth 22-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 20 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Western Australia and Victoria.

97721. Two specimens ; (? locality), Western Australia.

H. Y. L. Broivn Coll.

G. 5667. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth ;
from Limestone Creek, Glenelg river. Purchased.

i

259

Natica zelandica, Quoy and Gaimard.

1832. Natiea zelandica, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool. t. ii.

p. 237, pi. Ixvi. figs. 11, 12.
1873. Ndtira zelandica. Von Martens, List. Moll. N.Z. p. 25.
1873. Natiea zealandica, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 21.
1873. Natiea zealandica, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 8.
1880. Natiea zealandica, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 71.
1886. Natiea zealandica, Tryou, Manual of Conchology, vol. viii. p. 22,

pi. iv. fig. 70.
1893. Natiea neozelaniea, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. VoL

p. 54.

Shell globose ; spire short, -whorls ornamented by five encircling
bands on which, in the fossil specimens, are equidistant pale pink
spottings ; umbilicus funiculate, with a large entering callosity.

i)mm.s«ows. — Length 22-5 mm. ; breadth 20 mm. ; length of
aperture 16 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Shakespeare Cliff, New Zealand.

G. 9573. A series illustrating stages of growth.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Natiea ovata, Hutton.

1873. Natiea {Mamilla) ovata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 9.
1893. Natiea (Mamma) ovata, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.
Vol. p. 55, pi. vii. fig. 40.

" Shell pyriformly ovate, smooth, thick. "Whorls five or six,
the suture covered. Aperture semi-lunar ; columellar callus large,
but never completely covering the umbilicus." — Hutton.

It may possibly be referred to Polinices, Montfort ; but is not
here definitely relegated to that subgenus, as the umbilicus is not
comjiletely filled with callus.

Dimensiotis. — Length 38 mm. ; breadth 32 mm. ; length of
aperture 28 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene and Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 9560. Imperfect shells, imbedded in argillaceous limestone,
probably referable to this species ; from Mokihinui.

Sir James Hector Coll.
G. 9614. Several examples of the adult; from Wanganui.

Sir James Hector Coll.

2fiO

G. 9561, G. 9613, G. 9615, G. 9616. Many specimens asso-
ciated with Dentalium, Axintsa, etc., in blocks of argillaceous
shelly limestone ; from the Mangapakeha beds, Akuakua, Auckland.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9702. Series illustrating stages of growth, showing that
the umbilicus was largely covered in with callus even at aa early
age ; from Parimoa. TF. B. J). Mantell Coll.

Subgenus LUNATIA, Gray.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 149.]
Natieina, auctorum, non Guilding, 1834, nee Gray, 1842.

Shell more or less globose ; umbilicus open, without funiculus.

The type of Naticina, Guilding, as specified by that author,'
is i\^. lactea, Guilding, and as this species falls within the earlier
Polinices, Montfort, Naticina, Guilding, is synonymous with
Polinices (Mamma), as pointed out by American authors.''
JV. catena, Da Costa, regarded by some authors' as the type of
Naticina, does not fall within that subgenus. The Naticina of
Gray refers to naticiform Sigareti, and is in no sense applicable to
the moUusca falling under Naticina, as defined by Guilding. The
majority of the fossil species usually included under Naticina
may be referred to Limatia when that term is liberally interpreted.

Type. — Natica ampullaria, Lamarck.

Natica (Lunatia) substolida, Tate.

1893. Natica [Neverita) substolida, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 323, pi. vi. fig. 3.

This species is closely allied to N. abducta, Deshayes, of the
Lower Eocene of North-Western Europe, from which it differs,
principally, in not having such a wide umbilicus, and in being

' Traus. Linn. Soc. vol. xvii. 1834, p. 31.

« E.ff. Dall, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Pliilad. vol. iii, pt. 2, 1892, p. 367
Tryon, Manual of Concliology, vol. viii. 1886, pp. 49, 89.

» Cossmann, Ann. Soc. Eoy. Make. Belg. t. xxiii. 1888, p. 164.

261

rather more callous at the posterior of the inner margin ; its
outer margin is much drawn out in front, and the rounded
anterior of the aperture is reflected.

Professor Tate compares it with JY. rejoanda, Deshayes, to wliich
it also bears some resemblance.

JDimensions. — Length 25 mm.; breadth 22 mm.; length of
aperture 18 -5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4281. Two examples, in one of which the inner margin of
the aperture is extremely callous. PresenUd hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9407. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.
Natica (Lunatia) polita, Tenison- Woods.

1876. Natica polita, Tenison- Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 23, pi. i.

fig. 4.
1893. Natica [Naiicina) polita, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 325.
1895. Natica polita, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 112.

The spire of this small species is frequently more elevated than
in N. perspeotiva or N. suhstolida; the suture is canaliculate, growth-
lines very oblique, and the whorls are faintly spirally striated;
umbilicus almost circular, deep, and without a funiculus. It is
not unlike the young of N. catena. Da Costa, though the suture
of the latter is not cut in, and its shell is relatively broader.

Dimensions. — Length 9 mm. ; breadth 7'75 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9409. Several examples of the adult. Purchased.

Natica (Lunatia) perspectiva, Tate.

1893. Natica (Naticina) perspectiva, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 326, pi. s. fig. 7.

Shell globose ; spire short, suture well defined ; lines of growth
prominent, oblique, whorls indistinctly spirally striated ; umbilicus
broad, deep, striated, defined in front by an encircling keel, not
funiculute.

It may be compared with iV. liniata, but its protoconch is not

262

so mucli elevated as in the latter species ; whilst the characteristic
cuts bordering the suture, and the clearly-defined spiral striae and
lineations in the hrephic stage of JV. limata, are missing in this
species. It forms a connecting link between Lmiatia and
Stigmaulax.

Dimensions. — Length 13 mm.; breadth 12 mm.; length of
aperture 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4280. Three examples. Presented lij John Dennant, Fsq.

G. 9408. Examples of different stages of growth ; one of which
has an abnormally wide umbilicus. Purchased.

Subgenus STIGMAULAX, Morch.
[Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 133.]

The shell of this subgenus is of the same general character as
Naticina, but the whorls are strongly spirally lineate, wliilst the
lines of growth are prominent, producing a rough species of
cancellation ; the umbilicus has no funiculus.

Type. — Natica sulcata, Born.

Natica (Stigmaulax) limata, Tate.

1893. Natica {Naticina) limata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 324, pi. x. fig. 4.
1895. Natica [Stigmaulax) (?) limata, Cossmann, Ann. Geol. Univ. t. x.

p. 754.

Shell thin, globose ; protoconch (Plate VIII. Figs. \a-h) smooth,
depressed, suture canaliculate, composed of two turns, merging
imperceptibly into the shell of the brephic stage where the suture
is bordered by short longitudinal cuts, which must not be con-
founded with lines of growth ; these cuts, as the neanic stage is
approached, are modified into irregular small sulci extending riglit
across the whorls ; the spiral lineations, which are very irregular
and much cut up by growth-lines in the body- whorl of the adult,
commence as indistinct, regular lineations in the brephic stage ;
aperture ovate ; outer margin oblique, thin ; inner margin not

263

callous ; umbilicus not f uniculate, deep, and bordered by a tliin
expansion on the inner margin.

Dimensions. — Length 21 mm.; breadth 19mm.; length of
aperture 16 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4278. Examples of the adult.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5529. Specimen having a narrow umbilicus and very thin

inner margin. Purchased.

G. 9406. Two specimens. Purchased.

Subgenus SIGARETOPSIS, Cossmann.
[Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiii. 1888, p. 168.]

The chief distinguishing features of this subgenus are the Tery
short spire, depressed form, immense umbilicus, and the absence
of a funiculus, whilst in front of the latter the columellar border
is thin and lamellose ; inner margin callous posteriorly.

Type. — Natica ivfundihulum, Watelet.

Natica (Sigaretopsis) subinfundibulum, Tate.

1893. Natica {Sigaretopsis) siihinfundibuhtm, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South
Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 327, pi. s. fig. 11; pi. vi. fig. 6.

Shell much depressed, spire very short, suture not cut in,
body-whorl enveloping ; lines of growth oblique, undulating ;
aperture ovate ; outer margin thin ; umbilicus very large, striated,
and open, displaying the spiral formed by successive whorls ;
posterior callosity of the inner margin not prominent.

It is rather more conical in form than N. tnfundibuhim, Watelet,
the type of the subgenus, of the European Eocene, with which,
however, it is closely allied.

Dimensions. — Length 15'5 mm. ; breadth 13 mm.; length of
aperture 1 1 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9405. Examples illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

264

Natica, sp.

G. 9580. Imperfect examples of a species having a thick
posterior callosity on the inner margin of the aperture, and the
umbilicus filled with callus ; allied to JY. solida, Sowerby. From
the Miocene, Upper Redcliffe beds, Eed Cliff, Eakaia river,
Canterbury, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 9607. Large species probably identical with the last-
mentioned, the posterior callosity being enormous, filling thei
umbilicus and extending anteriorly. Fi-om the Eocene, TrelissickJ
New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus ETJSPIRA, Desor and Agassiz.

[Jas. Sowerby's Mineral -Concliologie Grossbrittaniens, 1837, pp. 14, 16; 1842,
p. 320 [non Cossmann, etc.).]

"Ampulline" (Lamarck), Defrance, Diet. Sci. Nat. t. xx. 1821, j

p. 446.
(?) Ampullina, Deshayes, Ency. Meth. Vers. t. ii. 1830, p. 36 {non\

Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat. t. xxxii. 1824, p. 235; nee\

H. and A. Adams, Gen. Kec. Moll. vol. i. 1853, p. 208).
Globulus, J. de C. Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, vol. vi. 1834,

"System Index," p. 246 {non Schumacher).
Ampullina, Cossmann, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiii. 1888,

p. 170 ; et auctorum.

Shell naticiform ; umbilicus without a funiculus, open or closed
by callosity; aperture large; outer margin sinuous, produced at
the middle ; umbilical region limited by a spiral rib or limb more
or less developed ; columellar border curved, typically S-shaped.

The writer cannot find that the name Ampullina (so commonly
applied to fossil naticiform shells of the Tertiary of North-Western
Europe) was properly established before Desor and Agassiz had
proposed the term Euspira. Defrance, who is generally credited
with having introduced Ampullina {op. supra cit.) does so in the
vernacular as "Ampulline," and even if that could be admitted
as proper establishment we are left in difficulty as to the meaning
of the term. "Ampulline" is not diagnosed, nor is it stated in
what way we are to distinguish it from Ampullaria as described by
Defrance.

265

Deshayes {op. supra cit.) mentions AmpulUna as having been
suggested by Lamarck, but never published by him ; also, that the
latter had subsequently abandoned the terra. But Deshayes does
not quote any species illustrating Lamarck's proposal, and we are
thus left in doubt as to what AmpuUina really was.

In 1822 Eowdich' divided Ampullaria into two parts, one of
■which he (jailed AmpulUna. He gives a figure as representing it,"
but neither in the text nor in the explanation of the plate does he
mention a single species in connection with it, and AmpulUna is
not there diagnosed nor established.

In 1830 Blainville {op. supra cit.) used the term AmpulUna in
another connection, so that after that date it was not available for
the molluscs indicated by Deshayes and as exemplified by Natica
sigaretina.

In 1837 Desor and Agassiz {op. supra cit.) suggested the term
Euspira, comprising in it such species as Natica glaucinoides,
Sowerby {nan Deshayes), iV^. depressa, Sowerby, Ampullaria patula,
Lamarck, A. acuta, Lamarck, A. sigaretina, Lamarck, A. ambula-
crum, Sowerby, etc., etc. French authors ' have interpreted
Euspira through the medium of E. canaliculata, Morris and
Lycett.* That species cannot possibly be regarded as the type of
the genus, however, as it was not mentioned by Desor and
Agassiz when they founded Euspira — the species was not even
denominated at that period. Euspira as delimited by the last-
mentioned authors includes species of Natica ; to prevent miscon-
ception the following well-known species is here selected as the
type, from amongst those mentioned by the authors of the genus.

Tgpe. — Ampullaria sigaretina, Lamarck.

Subgenus AMPULLOSPIRA, nom. mut.

Euspira, Cossmann, etc. (wow Desor and Agassiz).

Distinguished by its much elevated and canaliculate spire ;
columellar border thick, in part covering the umbilicus, which
has no limb.

' Elements of Conchology, pt. i. Univalves, 1822, p. 31.

* Bowdich, op. cit. pi. ix. fig. 2.

' E.g. Cossmann, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. t. xxiii. 1888, p. 175.

* Moll. Great Oolite (Pal. Soc), pt. i. 1850, p. 45.

266 SEGUENZIA.

The reasons for changing the name of this subgenus are given
on pp. 264-5.

Type. — Euspira canalicuhta, llorris and Lycett.

Euspira (AmpuUospira) eflfusa, Tate.

1S93. Atnpullina [Euspira) effusa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 327, pi. x. figs. 2, 2a.
1894. Ampiillina effusa, Tate, Journ. Eoy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii. p. 181.

The specimens in the Museum are not in good preservation, but
Professor Tate, comparing A. effusa with the European Eocene
A. acuminata, Lamarck, and A. levesquei, D'Orbigny, states that
"It agrees with them in the elevated and canaliculate spire, but
is readily distinguished by its regular spire (not subulate),
effusively dilated aperture, and elegant sculpture ; from A.
acuminafa, it is further removed by being umhilicated, but
resembles A. levesquei in its simple umbilicus." The surface is
ornamented by closely-set spiral striae broken up by slightly
curved incised lines.

Dimensions (after Tate). — Length 35 mm. ; breadth 24 mm. ;
height of aperture 21mm.; width of aperture 13 mm.; width of
umbilicus 2 mm. {vix).

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : boring in Adelaide, South Australia.

G. 9432. Two specimens of the neanic stage of growth.

Furchased.

Eamily SEGUENZIID^.

Genus SEGUENZIA, Jeffreys.
[Proc. Eoy. Soc. vol. xxv. 1876, p. 200.]

Shell small, trochiform, thinly nacreous ; ornamented by spiral
keels; "with an infra-sutural sinus resembling that of some
Pleurotomidae, a sharp and shallow sinus at the periphery, and
a third, more open, at the base ; the columella is more or less
twisted, with an interior tooth-like projection; the base is either
deeply umhilicated or imperforate." — Tate. Professor Tate'
discusses its affinities at some length.

Type.- — Seguenzia formosa, Jeffreys.

1 Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2, 1890, p. 192.

I

CIRSOTEEMA. 267

Seguenzia radialis, Tate.

1890. Sez/iieiizia radin/is, Tate, Traus. Koy. Soc. Soutli Aust. vol. xiii.

pt. 2, p. 192.
1894. Seguenzia radialis, Tate, Joiirn. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. xxvii. p. 185.

Shell broadly conical; "flat and sharply angulated at the base;
perspectively umbilicated ; ornamented by radial sigmoidal threads,
latticed by spiral ones. . . . The umbilicus is wide . . . ,
margined by about sixteen stout granulations, from which proceed
the radial threads in twos and threes. Aperture rhomboid,
peristome completed by a thin nacreous growth. Outer lip
roundly insinuated near the suture . . . . ; sharply and
shortly notched at the posterior carina ; at the exterior of the
base roundly insinuated, separated by a similar sinus at the inner
angle by a tubercle corresponding with umbilical carina." — Tate.
The columella has a strong, twisted denticle at about two-thirds
of its length.

The shell is very rare.

Dimensiom. — Length 3 mm.; breadth 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9483. An example of the adult. Purchased.

Family SCALID^.

Genus CIRSOTEEMA, Morch.

[Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 48.]
Caloscala, Tate, Southern Science Record, vol. i. n.s. 1885, p. 3.

Shell imperforate ; lamellae frequently crisped ; spiral threads
occasionally very large ; anterior portion of the body-whorl some-
what flattened and bounded by a concentric thread, which limits
an expansion generally covering over the flattened edges of the
lamellae, or the area limited by that spiral thread may only be
comparatively smooth ; the thread terminates in a dentiform
projection on the outer margin.

The genus is here interpreted in the broad sense, none of the
species to be alluded to being sufiiciently well preserved to admit
of their being satisfactorily assigned to subgenera.

Type. — Scalaria varicosa, Lamarck.

268 CIESOTEEMA.

Cirsotrema lyrata, Zittel (sp.).

1865. Scalaria lyrata, Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 41, taf. is. fig. 8.
1873. Scalaria lyrata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 9.

Shell large, solid, imperforate ; whorls convex, longitudinal,
twelve in number, lamellae distant from each other, thick,
crenulated on the edge, each covering the suture by a flattened
expansion which invades the preceding whorl ; spiral lineations
bold, with smaller ones between ; encircling thread on the anterior
of the last whorl prominent, the area between that and the
columella being comparatively smooth.

Dimensions. — Length cannot be stated from the specimens in the
Museum, as they are incomplete ; Hutton gives the length (axis)
as 2 inches, breadth 0"95 inches.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene (?) : N'ew Zealand.

G. 9696. Example of the adult, in which the spiral threads
are very strong, varices accentuated ; from Parimoa.

W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

G. 9720. Varices not so clearly marked; spiral threads smaller;
from Takiroa. W. B. B. Mantell Coll.

G. 9721. Lamellae much elevated ; strongly crenulated at the
edges ; from Takiroa. [ Old Collection?^

G. 9722. Pragment of the adult, in fine sandstone; locality (?).

\_Old Collection.^

Cirsotrema browni, Zittel (sp.).

1865. Scalaria browni, Zittel, Reise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 42, taf. ix. fig. 9.
1873. Scalaria browni, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 9.

Shell elongate ; whorls convex, strongly variced, longitudinal
lamellae relatively smaller than in C. lyrata and closer together;
strongly spirally lineate, causing subcancellation ; last whorl
keeled, the area enclosed between the keel and the columella
being flattened and comparatively simple. The bad preservation
of the shell does not permit of the detail being satisfactorily
made out.

269

Dimensions. — "Axis I'l ; breadth 0"35." — Hiitton. These
meiisurements are in inches.

For))!. a)id Loc. — Eocene : Brighton, !New Zealand.

G. 9596. Fragment of the adult — three whorls, including the
last whorl. Sir James Hector Coll.

Cirsotrema, sp.

G. 9697. Fragment of a small species imbedded in soft
sandstone, probably referable to Cirsotrema or Crisposeala ; from.
Parimoa, New Zealand. W. B. B. Mantell Coll.

G. 9578. Crushed fragment of a large species, in which the
ornament is simple and the last whorl very broad. The generic
position is doubtful j from the Miocene of Port Hills, Nelson, New
Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus CROSSEIA, A. Adams {em.).
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xv. 1865, p. 323.]

Shell small, nmbilicate, conical or turbinate ; whorl convex,
reticulated, simple or varicose ; aperture rounded, prolonged
anteriorly, where it is deeply notched and somewhat canaliculate ;
umbilicus bordered by a long, curved, raised rim, often crenulated.

Type. — Crossea miranda, A. Adams.

Crosseia princeps, Tate.

1890. Crossea princeps, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xiii. pt. 2,

p. 220.
1892. Crossea princeps, Tate, id. supp. pi. viii. figs. 6, 6^.

Shell depressed, conoidal, solid, polished ; whorls five in number,
strongly convex, sharply sloping towards the suture ; anterior
notch of the aperture slightly canaliculate ; umbilical slit bordered
by a long, raised, crenulated rim.

It has considerable analogy with the living C. concinna, Angas.

Bimensions. — Length 5 mm. ; breadth 4'75 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9486. An example of the adult. Purchased.

270

Genus EGLISIA, Gray.

[Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, p. 147 ; id. 1842, p. 61 (list names) ; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1847, p. 155.]

Shell imperforate, solid ; whorls numerous, rounded, spirally-
grooved or lineated, frequently having scalariform longitudinal
■varices ; aperture small, orbicular ; coluraellar margin curved,
thickened, flattened and angulate in front ; umbilical region
occupied by a twisted funiculus.

Type. — Turho suturalis, Gray.

Eglisia triplicata, Tate (sp.).

1890. Scalaria {Eglisia) triplicata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xiii. pt. 2, p. 231.
1892. Scalaria triplicata, Tate, id. supp. pi. ix. fig. 2.

Shell solid, turreted ; whorls to the number of fourteen or
fifteen, spirally bicarinate in the earlier stages of growth, but
becoming markedly tricarinate as the ephebic stage is approached ;
these carinae are rounded and equidistant, and are interrupted by
the crossing of longitudinal scalariform plates ; the front of the
body-whorl is flattened, spirally lineated, and crossed by lineations
radiating from the pillar; aperture small, rounded, angulate
anteriorly ; inner margin reflected ; columella slightly twisted.

The general aspect of this shell is rather that of MathiUia,
Semper. Neither of the examples in the Museum collection have
the protoconch preserved, but it would appear from Professor
Tate's description {op. cit.) of the ' apex,' which he remarks is
' acute,' that the protoconch is not heterostroph, so that the
species cannot be included in Mathildia.

Dimensions. — Length 38 mm.; breadth 10 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4228. Example of the adult.

Presented lij John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5537. Specimen in which interstitial spiral lineations are
very pronounced. Purchased.

271

Family ETJLIMID^.

Genus EULIMA, Risso.
[Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 123.]

Shell not nmbilicate, subulate, composed of many whorls,
polished, porcellanous ; commonly the spire is slightly twisted
to one side ; varices not well marked externally, but forming
small ribs inside the whorls; aperture ovate, entire, angulate
posteriorly and rounded in front ; columellar border reflected.

Type. — Eulitna elegantissima, Montag.

Eulima danae, Tenison-Woods.

I

I 1880. Eulima dance, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N-S.^W". vol. iv. p. 'z,

I pi. i. fig. 1.

I 1893. Eulima danm, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

I vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 222.

1895. Eulima dance, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

Shell erect, spire in typical examples not curved, whorls very
narrow, concave posteriorly, convex in front, suture but slightly
oblique, polisherl, varices indented, curved, not in line from whorl
to whorl; last whorl large, rounded anteriorly; aperture oval;
outer margin oblique with reference to the axis of the shell.

Diniensmis. — Length 28-5 mm. ; breadth 8 mm.; length of
aperture 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4227. Two examples of the adult, both somewhat narrower
than the type described by the author.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5540. Shell very narrow, spire curved, with varices deeply
iii'l^'"ted. Purchased.

G. 9476. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Genus NISO, E,isso.
[Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 218.]

This genus is readily distinguished from Eulima by its large
and deep umbilicus, angulated at the boundary ; the whorls are
almost flat, and the last whorl is commonly angulate at the
periphery ; aperture diamond-shaped, though rounded on the inner
and outer margins.

Type. — Niso eburnea, Risso.

Niso psila, Tenison-Woods.

1880. Mso psila, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv. p. 18,

pi. i. %. 6.
1893. Niso psila, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xvii.

pt. 1, p. 222.

This species bears considerable analogy to iV. terehellata,
Lamarck, of the Eocene of Noi'th- Western Europe, but is more
rounded at the periphery of the whorl, and the apei'ture is
markedly angulate in front. It is regularly, distantly, spirally
striated, the striae being almost microscopic in size ; umbilicus
sharply keeled at the border.

Dimensions. — Length 2r5 mm. ; breadth 8 mm.; length of
aperture 5'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4227. An example of the adult, obtusely keeled at the
periphery of the last whorl. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9478. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Eamily TURBINID.?!.

Genus TURBO, Linnasus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 761.]

Shell imperforate, or narrowly umbilicate, solid ; spire short,
whorls rounded, nacreous in the interior ; aperture almost circular,
entire ; columella arched, broad ; outer margin simple, thin.

Type. — Turlo marmoratus, Linnteus.

273

Turbo smaragdus, Martyn.

1784. Turbo smaragdtis, Martyn, Univ. Conch, pis. Ixxiii., Ixxiv,

1790. Turbo fmaraydus, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3595.

1873. Turbo smaragdus, Von Martens, List Moll. N Z. p. 29.

1873. Turbo smuragdus, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 33.

1880. Turbo smaragdus, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 90.

1888. Turbo smnrugdus, Pilsbry, Tryon's Manual of Concliology, vol. x.

p. 217, pi. Ixii. fig. 13.
1893. Turbo smaragdus, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.'^^., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 67.

Shell heliciform, depressed, solid ; covered with strong bluish-
black cuticle, beneath which (in living examples) it is green ;
usually eroded at the apex; whorls four or five in number, the
earlier ones spirally sulcate ; last whorl very large, flattened in
the neighbourhood of the suture ; lines of growth irregular,
undulating and causing wrinkles, which feature is especially well
marked in the older stages of growth ; umbilical area excavated,
concave.

Dimensions. — Length 39 mm. ; breadth 38 mm. ; length of
aperture 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : New Zealand.

98049. An example of the adult; "from an old beach covered
•with lava," Lyttleton. \_Old Collection.']

G. 8280. Four specimens; from a raised beach at Opua, near
Russell, from 60 ft. to 100 ft. above sea-level.

F resented by F. A. Bather, Esq.

Turbo etheridgei, Tenison- Woods.

1877. Turbo etheridgei, Tenison - Woods, Tap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876,

pp. 98, 99.
1896. Turbo etheridgei, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 118.

Shell turbinately conical, solid, granular ; spire elevated ;
■whorls six or seven in number, couve.\, each furnished with from
five to seven granulate spiral carina, interrupted by fine, oblique
lines of growth ; aperture circular, nacreous, entire ; outer
margin thin, oblique ; inner margin covered by a thin deposit of

X

274

nacreous callus ; columellar area smooth, broad, excavated,
concave ; imperforate.

This species, not having been figured by the author, is now
drawn on Plate VIII. Pigs. 2ar-h.

Dimensions. — Length 13 mm.; breadth 10-5 mm. ; length of
aperture 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Table Cape, Tasmania.

83994. An example of the ephebic stage of growth. Purchased.

Turbo hamiltonensis, sp. nov.

[Plate VIII. Figs. Zor-c.^

Shell turbinate -conical, imperforate; spire elevated, whorls
five in number, convex ; ornament consisting of subgranulate
spiral carinse causing angulations at the periphery, these are two
iu number on the spire-whorls and three on the last whorl ;
between them are developed minor spiral granulose lineations ;
the sloping area between the posterior carina and the deeply
incised suture has three rows of small spiral granulations, and
a fourth, larger than the others, bordering the suture ; the
flattened base of the shell between the anterior of the three
carinas and the columellar region bears a fourth carina with more
distinct granulations than the others, and other rows of spiral
granules , eight in number, in the type specimen ; there is a spiral
depression bordering the columella ; aperture circular, entire ;
outer margin thin ; inner margin excavated, slightly callous ;
columellar region broad, with two or three irregular, small
granules in front.

This species differs from T. etheridgei, amongst other things, in
having a much broader columellar area, by the spiral depression
at the base, in having relatively broader whorls, the deeply
incised suture, the angulations of the periphery, and by the
granulate ornament being difi'erently disposed.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm.; breadth 13-5 mm.; length of
aperture 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4299. The type specimen. Presented by Johi Dennant, Esq.

i

PHASIANELLA. 275

Turbo superbus, Zittel.

18C5. Turbo ajiperbus, Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Paliiontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 39, taf. xiv. fig. 2.
1873. Ti<rbo superbus, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 15.

G, 9605. A large specimen, very much crushed, that may
probably be referred to this species ; from the Miocene of Kawau,
New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Turbo, sp.

The following New Zealand specimens from the Sir James
Hector Coll. are unrecognizable specifically : —

G. 9581. Mutilated example of a species allied to T. granosus,
Lamarck; Pliocene, Wanganui.

G. 9582. Small species having closely - set spiral sulci ;
Eocene, Trelissick.

G. 9589. Cast of a large species with depressed spire ; Eocene,
Oamaru.

G. 9595. Cast of a large species with elevated spire and flat
base, the whorls are but slightly convex, and the ornament
exceedingly simple ; Miocene, Lake Lyndon, West Coast Road,
Canterbury.

Genus PHASIANELLA, Lamarck.
[Ann. du Musee, t. iv. 1804, p. 295.]

Shell imperforate, not nacreous, oval or oblong, polished;
aperture entire, oval, longer than broad, angulate in front ;
columella smooth, compressed, attenuated at the base; outer
margin simple, sharp.

Type. — Phasianella turbinoides, Lamarck.

Phasianella australis, Gmelin.

1788. Buccinum australis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3490.
1888. Phasianella australis, Pilsbry, Tryon's ^Manual of Conehology, vol. x.
p. 164, pi. .\sxvii. figs. 22-8; pi. xxxviii. tig. 40.

276

G. 5571. Imperfect specimen, probably referable to this species;
pallus rather thick on the inner margin of the aperture. Post-
Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river, Victoria. Purchased.

Genus COLLONIA, Gray.
[Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. 1857, p. 143.]

Shell globose, solid, not nacreous, smooth or spirally striated,
narrowly but deeply umbilicated ; spire depressed or short ;
aperture circular, peristome thick, thinnest where it reposes on
the penultimate whorl ; umbilicus typically crenulate at the border
and having a ridge interiorly.

Type. — Delphinula marginata, Lamarck.

Collonia parvula, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1880. Crossea parvula, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.'W. vol. iv.

p. 4, pi. i. fig. 7.
1893. Collonia parvula, Tate and Denuant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.

Shell depressed, whorls faintly spirally striated, having a
moderately wide umbilicus, which is simple ; aperture circular,
solid.

Dimensions. — Length 2 mm. ; breadth 3 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9462. Several examples of the adult. Purchased.

Family TROCHID^.

Genus TROCHUS, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 756.]

Shell conical, spire elevated, whorls but slightly convex and
frequently flat ; last whorl keeled or angulate ; base concave,
broad ; aperture rhomboidal ; outer margin sharp, very oblique ;
with a more or less deep, false umbilicus ; columella twisted,

277

terminated by a dentiform projection or a small plication; anterior
of the columella, or basal border, often plicate or deiitate.
Type. — Trochus niloticus, Linnajus.

Subgenus ANTHORA, Gray.
[Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. 1857, p. 148.]

False umbilicus shallow, carrying two costae on the inside ;
columella oblique, with a small fold or dentiform plication
posteriorly, otherwise simple.

Type. — Polydonta tulerculata, Gray.

Trochus (Anthora) viridis, Gmelin.

1790. Trochus viridis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3572.

1843. Polydonta tuberculata, Gray, Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand,

p. 239.
1852. Trochus aciuosus, Gould, U.S. Espl. Exped. p. 179.

1854. Trochus fulvolabris, Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. au Pole Sud,

Zool. t. V. p. 56, pi. xiv. figs. 14-16.

1855. Pobjdonta tritonis, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 132.

1873. Trochus [Polydonta) tuberculatus, Von Martens, List. Moll. N.Z.

p. 32.
1873. Polydonta tuberculata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 36.
1880. Anthora tuberculata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 93.
1889. Trochus [Anthora) viridis, Pilsbry, Tryon's Manual of Concbology,

vol. xi. p. 43, pi. iii. figs. 16, 17.
1893. Trochus viridis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S."W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 68.

Shell conical, solid ; whorls having five or six closely - set
rows of bold spiral granulations, the one nearest the suture
posteriorly being rather larger than the others, which are
approximately equal in size ; base flat, concave, spirally striated ;
aperture quadrate, nacreous ; outer margin very oblique, Urate
■within ; inner margin tuberculose ; false umbilicus shallow,
furnished with spiral ribs.

Dimensions. — Length 23 mm. ; breadth 20 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Turanganui, Poverty Bay, New
Zealand.

G. 9569. Two examples of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

278

Subgenus C(ELOTROCHUS, Fischer.

[Coq. Viv. 1880, p. 417.]

False umbilicus deep and narrow ; the columella is inserted to
one side instead of in the centre of the axis of the shell.
Tijfe. — Trochus tiaratus, Quoy and Gaimard.

Trochus (Coelotrochus) tiaratUS, Quoy and Gaimard.

1834. Trochus tiaratus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, Zool.

t. iii, p. 2j6, pi. Ixiv. figs. 6-11.
183.5. Pohjodonta elegans, Gray, Yate's Account of New Zealand, p. 309.
1846. Trochus delicatulus, Philippi, Zeitschr. fiir Malac. p. 10.5.
1873. Trochus [Polydonta) tiaratus. Von Martens, List. Moll. N.Z. p. 32.
1873. Polydonta tiarata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 36.
1873. Polydonta tiarata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 15.
1880. Anthora tiarata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 94.
1880. Coelotrochus tiaratus, Fischer, Coq. Viv. p. 417.
1889. Trochus {Coelotrochus) tiaratus, Pilsbry, Tryon's Manual of Concliology,

vol. xi. p. 42, pi. xii. figs. 72-4.
1893. Trochus tiaratus, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.

p. 68.

This well-known species differs from T. vtridis in being broader,
less granose, by having a deeply-cut suture, the base is less concave,
and by the absence of small tubercles on the inner margin of the
aperture. It is specially characterized by the nature of the false
umbilicus, which is plain and deep ; by the possession of a broad
simple surface on and near the columellar border ; by a rim and
tooth-like thickening on the posterior of the inner margin ; and
by the comparatively flat base, which is spirally granulate.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm.; breadth 15 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Wanganui, New Zealand.

G. 9568. An example of the adult. Sir James Sector Coll.

Trochus, sp.

6. 9572. Cast of a new species, too imperfect for detailed
description. The spire is much elevated ; whorls distantly
tuberculose ; last whorl keeled ; base flat. Eocene : Trelissick,
New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

CLANCULtJS. 279

G. 9571. Cast of a smaller species, with rounded base and
plain whorls. Eocene : Trelissick, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus CLANCULTJS, Montfort.
[Conch. Syst. t. ii. 1810, p. 191.]

Shell conical or turbinate, usually spirally granose both on
the whorls and base; last whorl keeled or subangulate at the
])eriphery ; falsely umbilicate; aperture oblique; outer margin
dentate or Urate within ; inner margin with a deutiforni fold
posteriorly, and a prominent tooth in front.

Type. — Trochus pharaonicus^ Linnaeus.

ClancTilus variegatus, A. Adams.

1851. Clamtdus variegatus, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 160.

1878. Clanculus variegatus, Tenison- Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1877,

p. 40.
1880. Clanculus variegatus, Hutton, Man. X.Z. Moll. p. 95.

Shell depressed, conical ; whorls ornamented with spiral rows
of granules, last whorl acutely keeled at the periphery ; base
almost flat, spirally gi-anulate; columella twisted posteriorly
where it enters obliquely one side of the false umbilicus, margin
crenulated, furnished with a biplicate prominent denticle
anteriorly.

Bimetisionfs. — Length 12 mm.; breadth 16 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Victoria.

G. 5568. Four specimens of the adult. Purchased.

Genus THALOTIA, Gray.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 145.]

Shell imperforate, elevated, conical, whorls spirally granulate
or lincate ; peripheiy of last whoil subangular; aperture ovate;
outer margin crenulate within, columella truncate, can-ying a
small denticle in front.

Type. — Trochus pictus, Gray.

280

Tlialotia exigua, Tenlson-Woods.

1879. Tlialotia exigua, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 235, pi. XX. fig. 11.
1889. Tlialotia exigua, Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. xi. p. 48.

Shell small, spire much elevated ; whorls nearly flat, furnished
•with four or five rows of closely-set spiral granulations ; suture
not well marked ; last whorl subangulate at the periphery ; base
having numerous, small spiral threads ; aperture nacreous,
quadrate, flat in front ; outer margin obliiiue ; columella with
a single dentiform fold.

It is closely allied to the living T. conica, Gray.

Dimensions. — Length 8 mm. ; breadth 5 -5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9485. Three examples of the adult. Purchased

Genus BANKIVIA (Beck), Krauss.

[Die Siidafrikanisclien Moll. 1848, p. 105.]

Shell imperforate, elongate, multiwhorled, conical, slightly
nacreous ; aperture small ; columella twisted, truncate anteriorly.
Type. — Bankivia varians, Beck.

Bankivia fasciata, Menke.

1830. Phasianella fasciata, Menke, Synops. Math. Moll. p. 141.

1830. Phasianella fubninata, Menke, id. p. 141.

1830. Phasianella nndatella, Menke, id. p. 141.

1848. Bankivia varians (Beck), Krauss, Die Siidafrikanischen Moll. p. 105,

pi. vi. fig. 1.
1851. Bankivia piirpurascens, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 171.
1851. Bankivia major, A. Adams, id. p. 171.
1861. Bankivia nitida, A. Adams, id. p. 172.
1886. Trochus (Bankivia) fasciatus, Watson, Voy. "Challenger," Zool.

Gasteropoda, vol. xv. p. 64.
1889. Cantharidiis [Bankivia) fasciatus, Pilsbry, Tryon's Manual of

Conchology, vol. xi. p. 139, pi. xl. fig.s. 28-33.

A very variable species, as the synonymy above quoted
indicates. The columella of the specimens in the Museum
collection is more excavated and much more strongly twisted

281

than in typical examples. Traces of coloration remain ; they
consist of zigzag pink lines longitudinally displayed. The last
whorl near the columella is spirally striated.

Dimensions. — Length 21 mm.; breadth 8 mm.; length of
aperture 5-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Ci'eek, Gleuelg river,
Victoria.

G. 5577. Pour examples of the adult. Purchased.

Genus LIOPYRGA, H. and A. Adams.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xi. 1863, p. 19.]

Shell similar to Phasianella, nacreous, umbilicate, thin ; aperture
semicircular, shorter than the spire ; columella excavated, curved,
frequently raised near the umbilicus.

Tt/pe. — Liopyrga picturaia, H. and A. Adams.

Liopyrga quadricingulata, Tate.

1891. Leiopi/rga quadricinrjulata, Tato, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xiv. p. 266.

Shell elongate, spire elevated ; protoconch turbinate, composed
of two and a half smooth turns, the anterior portion being spirally
striated and developing a deep sulcus near the suture posteriorly ;
whorls slightly convex, spirally carinate, the carinas being four,
five, or rarely six in number, three or four of them posteriorly
situated being separated from the most anterior keel by a broad,
flat space ; last whorl subangulate at the periphery, base spirally
lineate ; growth-lines undulating, very fine ; aperture ovate,
contracted behind, round but slightly produced in front ; outer
margin thin ; columella twisted, producing a small fold in front,
elevated near the umbilicus, which is curved and narrow.

Dimensions. — Length ITS mm.; breadth 6 mm.; length of
aperture 4-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4175. Four examples of the adult.

Presented hi/ John Dennant, Fsq.

G. 9489. Several specimens of divers stages of growth.

Purchased.

282

Genus ETHALIA, Adams.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 189.]

"Shell orbicular, turbinately depressed; whorls convex, smooth,]
or trausversely striated, the last rounded at the periphery;!
umbilicus partly [or almost entirely] closed by a callous deposit ;|
columellar lip endiug anteriorly iu an obtuse dilated callus." — -i
PiUhry.

The restriction of this genus, as proposed by Mr. Pilsbry,' is I
here adopted.

Tyjje. — TImhonium g immense, Quoy and Gaimard.

Ethalia zelandica,

1853. JJmbonium zelandicum, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 189.

1854. Rotella zelandica, Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. au Pole Sud, Zool.

t. V. p. 53, pi. xiv. figs. 5, 6.
1873. Rotella zelandica, Yon Martens, list Moll. N.Z. p. 34.
1873. Rotella zealandica, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 35.
1873. Rotella zealandica, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 35.
1880. Rotella zealandica, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 92.
1890. Ethalia zelandica, Pilsbry, Tryon's Manual of Conchology, vol. xiJ

p. 459, pi. Iviii. figs. 9, 32, 33 ; pi. lix. fig. 66.
1895. Rotella neozelanica, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.'W., Macleay Mem. Vol.]

p. 68.

Shell nacreous, orbicular, depressed ; last whorl subangulate
at the periphery, suture linear, growth-lines conspicuous, spiral
striae obsolete in fossil examples, except on the base ; umbilicus
suiTounded by a free, undulating area circumscribed by an
irregular lineation, almost entirely filled with callus ; inner
margin of the aperture profoundly excavated, callous.

Dimensions. — Length 13 mm. ; breadth 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Wanganui, Ifew Zealand.

G. 9604. A large series illustrating stages of growth.

Sir James Sector Coll.

1 Tryon's Manual of Conchology, vol. xi. 1889, pp. 15, 457.

SOLA.EIELLA. 283

Genus SOLARIELLA, S. Wood.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. 1842, p. 531.]

Shell tliin, nacreous, commonly and typically widely umbilicate,
the umbilicus being keeled and crenulate on the margin ;
ornamented by spiral threads which are sometimes granulate ;
aperture subangular.

Type. — Solariella rnaculata, S. Wood.

Solariella strigata, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1879. Miiiolia siriffata, Tenison- Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.'NY. vol. iii.

p. 235, pi. sxi. fig. 7.
1893. Eumargarita strigata, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 223.
189-1. Etanargurita [Solariella) strlgata, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.^y.

vol. sxra. p. 185.

Shell turbinate, nacreous, spire elevated, composed of five or
six convex whorls, which are flattened near the suture posteriorly,
the flat area being bounded by a crenulated spiral carina ; beyond
this are two other peripheral carinse, and the whole surface of the
whorls has smaller spiral threads, including the convex base of
the last whorl; aperture entire, subquadrate ; umbilicus very
wide, spirally and longitudinally lineate, bordered by a sharply
crenulate keel.

Dimensions. — Length 5 mm. ; breadth 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4173. A series including various stages of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 9466. Several examples. Purchased.

Family DELPHIlS'ULIDiE.

Genus LIOTIA, Gray.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 145.]

Shell umbilicate, solid, globose or discoidal ; whorls convex,
ornamented by trellised elevations, or merely longitudinal ribs;

284

aperture circular, peristome continuous, thick, with broad
marginal expansions ; umbilicus deep.
Type. — BelpMnula cancellata, Gray.

Liotia roblini, Johnston.

[Plate VIII. Figs, ^.a-c]

1880. Liotia roblini, Johnston, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 39.
1885. liotia roblini, Tate, id. 1884, p. 211.

1893. Liotia roblini, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.

Shell small, with depressed spire; whorls rounded, trellised,
there being seven spiral threads on the penultimate whorl,
including those which border the suture and the umbilicus, the
interspaces being finely longitudinally striated, points of inter-
section of the longitudinal and spiral threads nodose ; aperture
circular ; peristome continuous, very thick, especially the basal
portion of the outer margin ; umbilicus deep, trellised.

The shell is not solid, nor are the longitudinal ribs so large as
in X. gervillei, Defrance, of the Paris Basin, to which it bears
some resemblance.

Dimensions. — Length 5'5 mm. ; breadth 6"5 mm. ; length of
aperture 2 "75 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 4301. Three examples of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.
G. 9465. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Family HALIOTID^.

Genus HALIOTIS, Linnseus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1858, p. 779.]

Shell oval or oblong, nacreous; spire small, much depressed,
suture well marked ; aperture with continuous borders ; columellar
border broad, compressed, and arched; outer margin very oblique;

285

muscular impression on the interior, subcentral and frequently
rugose ; typically perforated near the periphery, the holes being
numerous and in series.

Type. — JSaliotis tuberculata, Linnteus.

Haliotis iris, Martyn.

1784. Saliotis iris, Martyn, Univ. Conch, vol. ii. pi. Ixi.

1873. Haliotis iris, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 34.

1873. Haliotis iris, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 16.

1880. Haliotis iris, Hutton, Man. N.Z. MoU. p. 104.

G. 9549. Imperfect internal cast of a large Saliofis, no doubt
referable to tliis species. Miocene : Cape Rodney, North Island,
New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Haliotis naevosoides, M'Coy.

1876. Haliotis n<evosoides, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iii. p. 27, pi. xxvi.

figs. l-2fl.
1878. Haliotis nmvosoides, R. Etheridge, jun. , Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 164.

Shell Ruborbicular, depressed ; spire composed of two and a
half moderately prominent whorls ; upper surface with numerous
short irregularly undulating ridges in radiating series, spirally
striated ; perforations close together near the periphery.

Its congener, II. ovinoides, M'Coy, has more prominent
radiating ridges on the surface, but they are not undulating,
and are larger near the distal end than in the middle. It is
very closely allied to H. narosoides, however, and the differences
arc chiefly made out by means of casts of each species.

Dimensions. — Maximum diameter of surface 36 mm. ; minimum
diameter 29 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene: Flemington, near Melbourne.

48837. Internal casts of three specimens ; from Mayne's
Quarry. Presented hy Dr. J. E. Gray.

G. 1935. Casts of two examples of the adult. Purchased.

G. 9686, G. 9687. Several casts.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

286 PLEUROTOMARIA.

Haliotis mooraboolensis, M'Coy.

1876. Haliotis mooraboolensis, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iii. p. 25,

pi. XXV. figs. 3-34.
1878. Haliotis mooraboolensis, R. Etheridge, jim., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 164

This species differs from S. nmvosoides, principally in being
less corrugated on the surface, the radiating ridges being absent,
spiral sulci or ribs being more prominent, regular, and evenly
disposed over the whole surface ; the shell is much larger, -whilst
the numerous apertures are placed nearer the periphery.

It is allied to S. scalrtcosta and S. roei, living in Australian
waters.

Dimensions. — Maximum diameter of surface 58 mm. ; minimum
diameter 45 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : (? locality), Victoria.

G. 1934. Internal cast of specimen having much depressed
spire, and the perforations are not so near the periphery as in
the specimen figured by Sir P. M'Coy. Purchased.

Family PLEUEOTOMAEIIDJE.

Genus PLEUROTOMARIA, J. Sowerby.
[Min. Conch, vol. iii. 1821, p. 139.]

Dr. Dall ^ has shown that the name Pleurotomaria should be
attributed to James Sowerby, and not to Defrance, to whom it is
usually assigned by authors.

Type. — Trochus gihsi, Sowerby.

Pleurotomaria, sp.

G. 9667. Example, 3 inches in length and 5J inches in
breadth, of a species that may be attributed to this genus. The
greater part of it, however, is merely an internal cast, and the
remains of the shell are too imperfect for detailed description.
The comparatively uncrushed shell of the earlier whorls exhibits
the characteristic filled sinus. From the Tertiary of Ardrossan,
Yorke's Peninsula, South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

1 Bull. Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xviii. 1889, p. 396.]

I

FISSURELLIDEA.

287

Family FISSURELLID.E.

Genus FISSURELLIDEA, D'Orbigny.

[Yoy. Ameriqiie Mcrkliouale, t. v. 1841, p. 477.]

Shell oval, somewhat depressed, surface not rugose ; apical
perforation immense, ovate, subcentral, and having a thickened
border internally.

Type. — Finsurellidea megatrema, D'Orbigny.

Fissurellidea malleata, Tate.

[Plate Vlir. Figs, ha-c]

1882. Fissurellidea malleata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. v.

p. 46.
1893. Fissurellidea malleata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.

Shell patelliform, ovate, contracted at one end ; surface
ornamented by conspicuous, concentric growth-lines and encircling
punctures, these latter being very small, close together, and
regular, each one being almost square ; border smooth ; apical
perforation oval, very large, thickly bordered internally ; interior
scored by encircling muscular attachments and roughened by
ridges radiating from the apical perforation.

This species does not appear to have been figured hitherto.

Dimensions. — Length 30 mm.; breadth 19 mm.; length of apical
perforation 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4225. Specimen in which the radiating ridges on the
interior are obsolete, and the apical perforation is relatively
broader than in the type. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

G. 5539. Example of the adult, shell much thickened and
corrugated internally. Purchased.

G. 9468. Example of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Fissurellidea, sp.

G. 4226. Example of a new species, much rolled and too
imperfect for detailed description ; it is narrower than F. malleata.
From the Miocene (?) of Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

Presented lij John Dennant, Esq.

288 EMARGINTJLA.

Genus EMARGINULA, Lamarck.

[Syst. Anim. sans Vert. 1801, p. 69.]

Shell more or less conoidal, no septum in the interior; apex
not absorbed ; a slit or fissure in front, preceded by an elevated
band, which differs in ornamentation from the other radiating
longitudinal ribs.

Type. — Patella fissura, Linnseus.

Emarginula striatula, Quoy and Gaimard.

1834. Emarginula striatula, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool.;

t. iii. p. 332, pi. Ixviii. figs. 21, 22 {non Sowerby).
1873. Emarginula striatula, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 34.
1873. Emarginula striatula, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 16.
1880. Emarginula striatula, Hiitton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 106.
1893. Emarginula striatula, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. j

Vol. p. 72.

Shell conical, thin, apex oblique, recurved ; radiating longi-
tudinal ribs close together, granulate ; spiral ridges of grovrthj
prominent, irregular, producing with the ribs subcancellation ;j
margin orenulated ; fissure broad and of medium length.

Dimensions. — Height ITS mm. ; maximum breadth of base'
19 mm.; minimum breadth 15mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 463. A specimen of the adult, having rather depressed
spire ; from Wanganui. Presented hy Lieut.- Col. L. JV. Wibner.

G. 9593. Two examples, one of the gerontic stage ; Shakespeare
Cliff. Sir James Hector Coll.

Emarginula ■wannonensis, sp. nov.

[Plate VIII. Figs. (>a-c.'\

Shell conical, much elevated, apex oblique, recurved, marginal ;
radiating longitudinal ribs in two series, one series being large,
standing out well from the surface of the shell and having

SUBEMAEQINULA. 289

closely-set compressed transverse granulations ; and the other
series being smaller, each rib alternating with those of the larger
series, these also are granulate, and are transversely scaly, the
latter ornament being due to small transverse ribs crossing them ;
lines of growth lead to slight rugosities on the surface ; margin
crenulated, the anterior and posterior portions are produced, the
middle slightly excavated ; fissure very short, but broad.

It is of the same group as E. striatula, but the apex of the
latter is not so near the margin, and the margins of the New
Zealand shell are not so much excavated in the middle, whilst
the surface ornamentation is different.

Dimensions. — Height 12 mm.; maximum breadth of base
16 mm. ; minimum breadth 12'5 mm. ; length of fissure 2 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4167. The type specimen. Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

Genus SUBEMARGINULA, BlainviUe.
[Manuel de Malacologie, 1825, p. 501.]
Hemitoma, Swainson, Malacology, 1840, p. 356.

Shell oval, conical, apex subcentral, directed posteriorly ;
surface radiately ribbed ; anal fissure when present, short ;
continued upwards as a groove in the interior, the rib formed
as the slit fills, with gi'owth, is not diS^erently ornamented to
the other ribs ; large muscle - scar in the interior, the ends of
wliich are curved inwards towards the cavity of the apex.

Type. — Emarginula emarginata, BlainviUe.

Subgenus TUGALIA, Gray.
[Guide Syst. dist. Moll. 1857, p. 1G3.]

Shell typically elongate oblong, depressed, apex situated nearer
the posterior margin ; the anterior margin has no notch, fissure,
nor slit, and tliere is no internal anal groove.

Type. — Tagalia elegans, Gray.

290 DENTALIUir.

Subemarg-inula (Tugalia) parmophoidea,

Quoy and Gaimard.

1834. Emargiiuda parmophoidea, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe,

Zool. t. iii. p. 325, pi. Ixviii. figs. 15, 16.
1851. TucjaWa parmophoroidea, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 89.
1873. TugaJi elegans, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 16.
1880. Tugalia parmophoidea, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 106.
1891. Subemarginula {Tugalia) parmophoidea, Pilsbry, Tryon's Manual of

Conchology, vol. sii. p. 285, pi. xliii. figs. 78-80.
1893. Subemarginula parmophoida, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay

Mem. Vol. p. 72.

Shell oval, rounded at the ends, apex near the margin ; close
radiating and transverse ribbings of about equal size, though
occasional smaller ones occur between, gi-anulated and cancellated ;
margin arcuate, denticulate; "fissure" a mere sinuation of the
margin, no internal sulcus.

Dimensions. — Height 6*5 mm. ; maximum breadth of base
19 mm.; minimum breadth 12 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene: Shakespeare Cliff, JS^ew Zealand.

G. 9590. Two examples of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

Class SCAPHOPODA.

Family DENTALIID^.

Genus DENTALIUM, Linna;us.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 785.]

Enlalis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 158 ; non Defrance,

1819, nee G. B. Sowerby, 1839.
Entaliopsis, ITewton and Harris, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vol. i.

1894, p. 66.

It has been customary for many years past for authors to
regard as genera and subgenera forms having the general characters
of Dentaltum (^sensu stricto), but differing from it in possessing
peculiar phenomena at the posterior orifice, and in the presence
or absence of sculpture externally. Thus Entalis, Gray, was

DENTALrUM. 291

made to include those forms having a short, broad fissure at
the posterior extremity in addition to being practically smooth.
In Fitntiaria, Stoliczka,' the shell is also smooth, but the posterior
extremity is furnished with a long linear slit. Lcevidentalium,
Cossmann,- has a smooth surface, marked only by faint lines of
growth ; it has no posterior fissure, and is oval in section. In
Schizodentalium, G. B. Sowerby,^ there are a ni;mber of small
longitudinal slits in line with each other in the place usually
occupied by the long posterior fissure, when that is present.
In other words, the longitudinal slit is bridged over here and
there. Lohantale, Cossmann,* appears to be very different to
other allies of Be.ntalium in being compressed, smooth, and carrying
two lateral ribs in the interior of the shell.

Now, the type of the genus Dentalmm is described by authors
as having a truncated posterior orifice, without a notch or slit. In
a revision of the British Eocene Scaphopoda, ilr. R. Bullen
Newton, r.Gr.S., and the present writer^ agreed with those authors
after examining typical specimens in the British Museum, and
allowed the absence of a notch to mark the difference between
it and Entails, Gray. The latter name being preoccupied,
us will be noticed in the synonymy above given, we proposed
a new one, Entaliopsis. Subsequently, however, we noted some
undoubted specimens of the type species in the British Museum
which were furnished with a small but well-marked notch. It
became apparent that iudividuals of that species may or may
not possess a notch. The question then arose as to whether
the absence of a notch was due to mutilation of tlie shell, or
was brought about by the repairs continually carried out by
the animal. In this connection the observations of Professor Dall
may be of service. He remarks' that "species (of Bentalium)
with very thin shells usually live buried in soft mud, which
measurably protects them, but others with heavy shells appear
to be more versatile ; at all events, if the small end of the

' Cretaceous Gastropoda, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 1868, p. 439.

* Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. vol. xxiii. 1888, p. 7.
' I'roc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vol. i. 1894, p. 158.

♦ Aun. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. vol. xxiii. 1888, p. 7.
' Proc. :N[alac. Soc. Lond. vol. i. 1894, p. 63.

'= Traus. Wagner Free lust. Sci. Pliilad. vol. iii. pt. 2, 1892, p. 43G.

292 DENTALIUM.

shell is acciflentally broken off, the animal can repair it, and
in species which have a simply tubular mantle and a thick
shell the repairs take the shape of a small tube projecting from
the blunt end of the large one, as it is impossible for the mantle
to secrete a shell which is as large and thick as the original
at the point of truncation." From this it is obvious that in
such a thick shell as is possessed by the typical species of
Dentalimn, a small portion of the posterior orifice having been,
by accident, broken off, it would not be within the animal's
power to rehabilitate it in its entirety.

On the other hand, the possibility of the small notches on the
typical specimens having been produced, not by any modification
in the mantle of the animal, but by erosion, should be considered.
It is well known that erosion, especially in specimens from
deep water, modifies and sometimes imitates such slits. As
Professor Dall observes,' there "seems to be a peculiarity of
some kind in the external prismatic layer of Dentalium, which
lends itself to the propagation of erosion in longitudinal lines
very much more effectively than at right angles to such lines."

In regard to the systematic value to be attached to the notch,
slit, or fissure, it may be remarked that these variations depend
upon the shape of the edge of the mantle, which is an extremely
contractile membrane, capable of secreting shelly matter. When
the shell is quite perfect, the posterior end reflects the form
of the membrane which secreted it. There can be no doubt
whatever that the length of the slit varies in individuals of
the same species, apart from any appearance produced by erosion.
It cannot, however, be asserted that a mere notch could by
individual peculiarity be elongated to such a length as obtains
in typical specimens of Fustiaria. So that it may now be
admitted that the presence or absence or length (within certain
limits) of the slit is not of generic, nor even subgeneric importance,
but it may with other characters be of specific value. In any
case it seems desirable that Entaliopsis { = Entalis) should be
regarded as a synonym of Dentalium ; the sole difference between
them, as now shown, being merely one of external ornament.
In this Mr. E. BuUen IN'ewton fully concurs with the present
writer.

Type. — Dentalium elrphantinum, Linnaeus.

1 Op. cit. p. 437.

LENTALItTM. 293

Dentalium. aratum, Tate.

1887. BenlaUnm aratum, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 192,

pi. XX. fig. 8.
1893. Dentalium aratum, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.
1895. Dentalium aratum, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

Shell small, slightly curved, furnished with seven or eight bold
longitudinal ribs, between which are several minute longitudinal
striae crossed by conspicuous lines of growth.

This species was, apparently, without a posterior fissure, and
would be regarded as a typical Dentalium. Although small, the
shell is solid, and forms no exception to the rule that solidarity
is accompanied by frequent repairs to the shell. When broken,
it will be seen that the hard internal layer tends to form a tube,
which would probably lead some authors to classify it with the
genus Antale ; but, as previously remarked, such tube is of little
or no systematic value.

Dimensions. — Length 22mm.; width of anterior aperture 2'5mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9386. Several specimens. Furchased.

Dentalium mantellL, Zittel.

18-50. Dentalium, sp. nov., Mantell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 331,

pi. xxviii. fig. 15.
1865. Dentalium mantelli, Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 45, taf. xiii. fig. 7.
1873. Dentalium mantdU, Hutton, Cat. Tert. MoU. X.Z. p. 1.
1873. Dentalium tenuis, Hutton, id. p. 1.
1873. Dentalium irregularis, Hutton, id. p. 1.
1876. Dentalium kicksii, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 15

{non Nyst. 1843).
1878. Dentalium Icickii, R. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 162.
1887. Entalis mantelli, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 190.
1893. Entalis mantelli, Tate and Deunant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.

1895. Entalis mantelli, Tate and Deunant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

1896. Entalis mantelli, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 126.

This species differs from D. aratum in being larger, having more
numerous longitudinal costse of variable size, crossed by frequent
and conspicuous lines of growth, and especially by the possession
of a rather long and wide posterior fissure. This is a common
species in the older Tertiary of Australasia.

294 DENTALITJII.

Dimensions. — Length .53 mm. ; width of anterior aperture 7 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene : Australia and IS^ew
Zealand.

48052. Several examples ; from Hobson's Bay. Purchased.

73219. A series of specimens showing variability of the
external ornament ; from Brighton, Victoria. Purchased.

G. 4283. Three examples of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esqt

G. 9140. A variation in which the longitudinal costae are closeri
together than in typical specimens ; from River Murray cliffs.

Presented hy Wm. Evans, Esq.

G. 9387. Four examples of the adult, exhibiting minor varia-
tions in external sculpture and in the proportional width of thel
anterior aperture ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.\

G. 10253. Having lines of growth rather oblique, and producing
slight granulation at the points of intersection with the longitudinal!
costae; from the " CoK;<.s-beds," Mokihinui. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 10254. Examples of the neanic st;ige of growth, in a block]
of shelly argillaceous limestone ; from Duncan's, New Zealand.

Sir James Sector Coll.

G. 10258. Specimen having broad and prominent longitudinal!
costae, probably the D. irregularis of Hutton ; from Awamoa.

Sir James Hector Coll.
G. 10260. Several specimens of the adult ; from Onekakara.

[_Old Collection.l

Dentalium giganteum, G. B. Sowerby.

18i6. Bcntalium gigantemn, G. B. SoweAy, in Darwin, Geol. Obs. etc..

South America, p. 263, pi. ii. fig. 1.
1873. Dentalium solidum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. X.Z. p. 2.

Shell large, nearly straight, solid, longitudinal sulci numerous,
the interstices being rounded ; in many specimens the annular
striae of growth are undulating, whilst encircling ridges are not
infrequent ; none of the specimens exhibit a posterior fissure.

I), solidum, Hutton, appears to differ from the present species
in having more numerous longitudinal sulci, which, however,

DENTALnnn. 295

is lianlly a specific characteristic. D. gtganieum is closely related
to D. mantelli, but the tessellated ornament of the latter, amongst
other things, is highly distinctive.

Dimensions. — Length 109 mm.; width of anterior aperture
12 mm.

Funn. and Loc. — Miocene and Pliocene : New Zealand.

G. 10251. Many examples imbedded in blocks of argillaceous
shelly limestone ; from Akuakua, east coast of Auckland.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 10256. Two fragments ; from Kanieri, South Island.

Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 10257. Specimen constricted at irregular intervals ; from
Hick's Bay. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 10259. An example of the adult having closely-set longi-
tudinal sulci and ridges ; from Parimoa. W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Dentalium bifrons, Tate.

1887. Dentalium bifrons, Tate, Traas. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 192,

pi. XX. fig. o.
1893. Dentalium bifrons, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.

Shell large, but slightly curved, longitudinally ribbed or striated
at the posterior end, smooth at the anterior ; the striiB are small
and close together, and gradually die out at about one-third the
length of the shell, where annular rings of growth become a marked
feature, and obtain to the anterior aperture. The posterior fissure,
wliich does not appear to have been known to Professor Tate, is
several millimetres in length and twisted, running obliquely with
reference to the longitudinal costae alluded to.

The ornament of the striated portion is not tessellated as in
D. mantelli; whilst the posterior end of D. anmdatum, Tate, with
which this species is related, is not costate, and the shell is
narrower anteriorly.

Dimensions. — Length 74 mm. ; width of anterior aperture 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 4282. Three examples, one having a nearly perfect apex,
with clearly-marked fissure. Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

296

DENTALIUM.

Dentalium subfissura, Tate (sp.).

1887. Entalis subfissura, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 191,

pi. XX. figs. ia-b.
1893. Entalis subfissura, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.
1895. Entalis subfissura, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

The shell of this species is smooth and polished, but possesses
almost obsolete annular strife with more prominent lines of growth.
The posterior fissure is a triangular notch, the sides of which
are slightly reflected outwardly. It may be easily differentiated
from D. fissura, Lamarck, of the Paris Basin, with which the
author compares it, in that the fissure in the European species
is much longer.

Dimensions. — Length 45 mm. ; width of anterior aperture 4 mm.

Form, mid Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

48052. Two examples of the adult ; from Hobson's Bay.

Purchased.

G. 9389. Two specimens, one of which is sharply curved

near the posterior end ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Dentalium acriculum, Tate (sp.).

1887. Entalis acriculum, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 192,
pi. XX. fig. 11.

This species very closely approaches D. fissura, Lamarck, of the
European Eocene, differing from it principally in not having such
a long fissure, in the latter being slightly twisted and enlarged
anteriorly, and in the shell being annularly constricted at irregular 1
intervals. It is narrower and not so much curved as B. subfissura,
whilst its fissure is not triangular, but linear; otherwise the two]
species are closely allied to each other.

Dimensions. — Length 33 mm. ; width of anterior aperture]
2*5 mm.

Fortn. and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

G. 9388. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

297

Dentalium Isevis, Hutton.

1873. BcntaUiim hcvis, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 2.

"Small; slightly curved, tapering slowly; smooth, -with fine
distant longitudinal lines." — Hutton.

G. 10253. Fragment probably referable to this species, in
micaceous, argillaceous, friable sandstone ; Miocene, Poi't Hills,
Nelson, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

G. 10255. Several fragments, too imperfect to enable the
writer to figure and describe the species; Miocene, Kanieri,
South Island, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus CADULUS, Philippi.
[Enum. Moll. Sicilioe, vol. ii. 1844, p. 209.]

The following species is referred to Cadulus with all reserve.
It is practically impossible to distinguish between that genus
and Siphonodentalium with the shell alone. Authors have placed
some reliance on the nature of the margin of the posterior orifice ;
but Dall has shown ' that the anal orifice of the shell may
be waved or simple on its margin in different specimens of the
same species ; and Fischer has called attention ^ to the fact
that those which have the margin interrupted by several slits,
or notches, exhibit considerable variation in the details. However,
if it is admitted that on the whole the shell of Cadulus should
be short, inflated medially, and thickened internally towards the
posterior oi-ifice, which is crenulated, the Australian species about
to be described may be assigned to that genus.

Type. — Cadulus ovulum, Philippi.

Cadulus mucronatus, Tate.

1887. Cadulus mun-onatus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 193,

pi. XX. fig. 10.
1893. Cadulus mucronatus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.

' Trans. "VTagnor Free Inst. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. pt. 2, 1892, p. 443.
^ Manuel Conchyl. 1885, p. 895.

298

It is impossible to recognize this species from the caricature
given on the plate above referred to ; but Professor Tate describes
it so nainutely that the figure may almost be dispensed with. He
remarks that the shell is "long, narrow, slightly bent; slightly
swollen at a little nearer the anterior than the posterior end, more
conspicuously so on the convex curve, which is a little nearer to
the posterior end than is the bulging on the concave curve.
Anterior to the inflation the tube is slightly laterally compressed.
The mouth is slightly oblique, oval, with a thin and sharp edge ;
the posterior opening is round, thickened within, and bevelled to
a sharp edge, inconspicuously mucronately produced on the convex
side, corresponding with a faint internal rib, and slightly insinuated
laterally. Surface smooth, polished, microscopically concentrically
striated, and with faint indications of opaque transverse bands."

Dimensions. — Length 7 mm.; width of median inflation r75mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

G. 9390. Several examples of the adult. Furchased.

Class LAMELLIEEANCHIATA.
Order TETRABRANCHIA.

Family OSTREID^,
Genus OSTE,EA, Linnseus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 175S, p. G96.]

Shell irregular in shape, attached by the left valve, which
is the larger and the more convex ; right valve usually flat
or concave, often smooth, and minus the radiating ridges which
are usually so conspicuous on the other valve ; lines or corrugations
of growth prominent on both valves ; ligamental area triangular or
elongate, symmetrical; structure laminated, subnacreous; muscle-
scars large, well pronounced, subcentral.

Type. — Ostrea edulis, Linnseus.

299

Ostrea hyotis, Linnfcus,

1758. Mytilus hyotis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 704.

1870. Ostrea hyotis, Reeve, Couch. Icon. vol. xviii. pi. iv. fip^. 7.

1886. Ostrt-a hyotis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 96,

pi. vi. fig. 0.
1889. Ostrea hyotis, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.

Shell subquadrato, solid, typical examples having tube-shaped
spines upon large folds. As Professor Tate remarks, the fossil
specimens rarely exhibit tubular spines ; but the general contour
of the shell (which, however, is extremely variable in regard to
details) is that of the living 0. hyotis, and it has the characteristic
foliaceous scales of that species.

Dimensions. — Height 112 mm. ; length 97 mm.

Form, and Log. — Eocene: South Australia and Victoria.

48803. Left valve showing traces of tubules; River Murray
clitis. Presented hy Commodore Goodenoitgh, R.N.

L. 6581. Two left valves, with foliaceous plates, which are
not spiuose ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 10524. Two imperfect left valves, probably referable to
this species ; from XuUarbor Plains. M, Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10525. Large left valve, not spinose, which is doubtfully
referred to 0. hyotis ; from Kiver Murray cliffs.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

Ostrea sturtiana, Tate.

1886. Ostrea sturtiana, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 97,
pi. vi. fig. 1.

The only specimen in the Museum collection which approxi-
mates 0. sturtiana is so very much larger than that indicated by
Professor Tate, that the writer has some diffidence in assigning
it to that species. But in other respects it agrees so closely with
the diagno^^is given by the author, and the figure accompanyiijg
it, that for the present it may be regarded as a local variation,
characterized chiefly by the immense size of the shell. The
specimen in ([lU'stion is moderately excavated interiorly, whilst on
the exterior it is broadly and roughly ridged, and is scaly j the

300

hinge is narrow for the size of the shell, and is deeply and hroadly
channelled in the middle ; muscular impression large and deep.

The author compares it with some varieties of the living
0. edulis, Linnteus.

Dimensions. — Height 172 mm. ; length 125 mm.; thickness of
left valve 47 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Bairnsdale, Gippsland, Victoria.

L. 5146. Left valve of the adult. Purchased.

Ostrea arenicola, Tate.

1886. Ostrea arenicola, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 97, pi. X. fig. 6.

Shell large, elongately ovate, slightly ohlique, and produced
anteriorly ; umbones depressed, bent forward. Left valve usually
attached in the neighbourhood of the umbo ; radial ridges irregular,
broad, and undulating throughout their length ; lamellar plates
frequent. Eight valve flat or but slightly concave, except by
contraction in senile individuals ; growth-lines prominent.

It differs from the living 0. angasi in having the umbones
depressed and directed forward, whilst the left valve is more
costate.

Dimensions. — Height 119 mm.; length 95 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : South Australia.

42698. Double-valved specimen, the scar of attachment being
small ; from near Adelaide. Presented hy M. Marshall, Esq.

L. 10523. Examples of the senile stage, larger than that
indicated by Professor Tate ; from Willunga, near Adelaide.

R. T. L. Brown Coll.

Ostrea manubriata, Tate.

1887. Ostrea manubriata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 184,

pi. xix. fig. 10.
1889. Ostrea manubriata, Dennant, id. vol. si. p. 49.

This species is more elongate than either of the preceding, and
the left valve is a great deal larger than the right ; hinge
frequently one-third the length of the shell in the left valve,

301

broadly excavated in the middle, whilst it is so disposed as to
bridge over a conical cavity ; muscle-marks elongate, excentric ;
external ornament consisting of irregular undulating ridges of
growth.

The author compares it with 0. undata of the European Tertiary,
■which it closely resembles.

Dimensions. — Height 52 mm.; length 26 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 6582. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

L. 9832. Several specimens of the adult, both valves. Pur chased.

Ostrea nelsoniana(?), Zittel.

1865. Ostrea nelsoiiiana, Zittel, Eeise der Xovara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 55, taf. xi. fig. 7.
1873. Ostrea nehoniana. Button, Cat. Tert. Moll. X.Z. p. 34.

Shell elongate, ovate, solid. Left valve convex, irregular,
thickened, growth-lines laminated. Right valve flat, frequently
thick, growth-lines rugose. Umbones oblique, hinge broad,
furrowed ; pit triangular ; muscular impression large, lunate.

Isone of the specimens in the Museum collection are exactly
like that figured by Professor Zittel, but they possibly come
within the permissible range of variation. They appear to be
more closely related to 0. nehoniana than to any other JS^ew
Zealand Ostrea.

Dimensions. — Height 102 mm.; length 90 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : New Zealand.

L. 10517. Examples of both valves, of a rather elongate
variation ; from the upper end of Manawatu Gorge.

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10519. Complete specimen, left valve very convex, ovate ;
from Massacre Bay.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

Ostrea -wrullerstorfi, Zittel.

1865. Ostrea u-uUerslorf, Zittel, Reise dir Xovara, Palaontolog-ie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 54, taf. xi. fig. 6.
1873. Ostrea wulUrstorJii, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. X.Z. p. 34.

Shell orbicular, flat, large. Left valve slightly convex, radially

302 GKTPH^A.

rugosely ridged, growth-lines distant, except near the ventral
margin in the adult ; hinge small, triangular, transversely striated.
Right valve flat, almost the same size as the left ; concentric
growth-lines distant.

Dimensions. — Height 80 mm. ; length 82 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Napier, New Zealand.

L. 10518. Several perfect, double-valved examples.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Ostrea, sp.

42682. Imperfect left valve of a new species, closely radially
ridged on the exterior and interrupted by frequent irregular growth-
lines, anterior margin serrate; from the Tertiary of (locality ?)
South Australia. Presented hy the Governors of Adelaide Museum.

L. 348. Right and left valves of young Ostrea, indeterminable ;
from the Tertiary of Bairnsdale, Victoria.

Presented hy W. H. Grigson, Esq.

L. 10527. Large specimen of Ostrea, allied to 0. arenicola,
Tate ; Miocene (?), Parimoa, New Zealand. W. B. B. Mantell Coll.

Genus GRYPHiEA, Lamarck.
[Syst. Auim. sans Vert. 1801, p. 398.]

Yalves of unequal length, the left often free in the adult;
umbo of left valve incurved, often oblique; right valve flat or
concave, short.

Type. — Gryphcea angulata, Lamarck.

Gryphsea tarda, Hutton.

1873. Gryplma tarda, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 35.
1886. Gryphcea tarda, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 98,
pi. vi. figs. 2a-i.

Shell irregular in outline, general form ovate ; umbo of left
valve curved inwards and bent forward ; right valve rather concave
and much smaller than the other. Hutton says : " Area broad,
triangular, distinctly transversely striated ; muscular impression

PLACUNANOMIA. 303

sub-orbicular, rather flattened above, where it is deeply sunken,
posterior placed high up."

It is not without some hesitation that the specimens in the
Museum are assigned to this genus, their state of preservation
being such that many of the essential characters cannot be satis-
factorily made out. In the absence of more perfect material these
South Australian fossils may, however, be provisionally identified
with G. tarda.

Dimensions (as given by Professor Tate, op. cit.). — " Inferior
valve, height 45 mm. ; breadth 32 mm. ; thickness 23 mm."

Form, and Loc. — Tertiary : liullarbor Plains, South Australia.
L. 10524. Several imperfect examples of the left valve.

H. Y. L. Brown Coll.
L. 10526. Left valve of the adult. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Family ANOMIID.^.
Genus PLACUNANOMIA, Broderip.

[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 28.]

One valve carries two tangential muscular impressions towards
the centre, the upper one appertaining to the muscle of the byssus,
the lower to the adductor of the valves ; opposing valve perforated.

Type. — Placunanomia cumingii, Broderip.

Placunanomia ione, Gray.

1849. riacunanomia ioiie, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 12.3.
1873. Placunanomia imie, Ilutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 84.
1880. Placunanomia ionr, Ilutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 174.
1886. Placunanomia ione, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 101, pi. V. figs. la-b.

Shell orbicular, irregular, slightly convex, or rarely very convex,
horny-pellucid. The specimens in the Museum collection are not
well preserved, but Professor Tate remarks that the surface of the
unattached valve is "ornamented with imbricating scaly lamellne
and radial threads or ridges ; umbo sub-marginal, depressed, with
a slight back curvature. Ligamontal scar within the umbonal
cavity transverse, oblong, circumscribed by a raised border, radially

304 PLACTJNANOMIA.

striated, adjacent to the anterior margin of -which is a small
conspicuous pedal scar." He refers this fossil to the recent F. tone
with some hesitation.

Dimensions. — Height 40mm.; length 40mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 6583. Unattached valve, much worn. Purchased.

L. 9831. Two examples of the unattached valve. Purchased.

Placunanomia sella, Tate.

1886. Placimanomia sella, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 102, pi. V. figs. \a-c.
1893. Tlacunanomia sella, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 223.
1896. Placunanomia sella, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 127.

Shell ovate, thin, inequivalve, umhones depressed, marginal,
overhanging. Left valve hent, slightly convex, margin undulating ;
muscular impressions large, two in number, towards the centre,
comprised within a linear, circumscribed, elongate area. Eight
valve irregularly concave, perforation large, elongate, muscle-
markings prominent. Exterior of both valves ornamented with
numerous radial threads and lamellae of growth.

The surface ornament and the ovate or suborbicular shape of tlie
shell serve to readily distinguish this species from P. ione.

Dimensions. — Height 27 mm. ; length 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4817. Two specimens of the adult, both valves.

Presented hj John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9842. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Placunanomia elyros, Gray (sp.).

1849. Anomia elyros. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 118, pi. iv. fig. 1.

1859. Anomia elyros, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. xi. pi. i. fig. 3 ; pi. ii. fig. 9.

The specimens in the Museum collection now assigned to this
species are more finely plicated exteriorly than are the Australian
examples the writer has seen : the shell is so variable that this
IS^ew Zealand form might well be included in P. elyros in
preference to being relegated to a new species. The attached

305

valve has two prominent muscle-markings in the "circumscribed
area" ; whilst tlie calcified, plugged perforation is narrow, elongate,
and slightly oblique. The external ornament of both valves is
more scaly and imbricated, and the irregular radiating plications
are more prominent and much more numerous than in P. zealandica.
Gray ; whilst it differs also from P. tone, not only in the main
features of the external ornament, but in having a relatively smaller
byssal notch and in the shell not being rounded.

Dimensions. — Height 49 mm. ; length 47 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene (?) : Parimoa, New Zealand.

L. 10520. Complete specimen of the adult, byssal notch calcified.
Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

L. 10521, L. 10528. Several examples of both valves.

W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Placunanomia, sp.

L. 10516. Cast of the interior of the non-perforated valve
of a species, showing well-marked radiating ridges ; too imperfect
for identification. Miocene : Akuakua, east coast of Auckland,
New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Family DIMYID^.

Genus DIMYA, Rouault.

[Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 2^ ser. t. iii. pt. 2, 1850, p. 470.]

Shell inequivalve, suborbicular, equilateral, flat, adhering by one
of the valves ; ligament internal, median, lodged in an elongated
groove ; no cardinal teeth ; interior of the valves typically showing
a linear row of denticles parallel to the margin of the shell.

After discussing the systematic position of the genus. Professor
Tate remarks that the two new Australian species which he assigns
to Limy a "have the general aspect of Plicatula rather than of
Ostrea ; whilst the two diverging cardinal ridges make an approach
to Placuna, though functionally different." That author is mistaken,
however, in supposing that Bimya was founded on a shell from the
Parisian Eocene ; it came from Bos d'Arros, in the south of France.

Type. — Bimya deshayesiana, Ilouault.

z

306

Dimya dissimilis, Tate.

1886. Dimya dissimilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aiist. vol. viii. p. 100,

pi. iii. figs. 9a-c.
1893. Dimya dissimilis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. Dimya dissimilis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xis. pt. 1, p. 112.

Attached valve largely scarred by the broad area of attachment
in the neighbourhood of the umbo, remainder of surface plicated,
the ridges extending to the margin, they are scaly, undulating, and
irregular ; interior extensively occupied by the circumscribed white
area in which the muscle-marks are situated, which is flanked
on either side by a short row of elongate denticles; hinge-pit
triangular and transversely striated. Unattached valve flat, having
a prominent umbo, from which the growth-lines gradually increase
in vigour until they undulate and become plicated, forming radial,
imbricating lamellae, much as in common species of Chama; muscle-
scars as in opposing valve.

Dimensions (attached valve). — Height 21mm.; length 17 mm.

Form, and Lac. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4806. Several examples of both valves.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9838. A series of both valves showing stages of growth.

Purchased.

Dimya sigillata, Tate.

1886. Dimya siyillata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 100,
pi. viii. figs. 9ia-h.

This differs principally from D. dissimilis in having much finer
ornament on the attached valve, which latter is usually more
convex, and in having conspicuous ridges or riblets in the interior,
radiating from the circumscribed area to the pallial line.

Dimensions (attached valve). — Height 8-5 mm. ; length 6'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 10030. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

6P0NDTLUS. 307

Family SPOKDYLID^.

Genus SPONDYLUS, Linnteus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 690.]

Shell irregular, inequivalve, attached by the right valve,
auriculate, ornamented by radiating costae which are typically
spinose or scaly ; right valve more convex than the left, cardinal
area triangular, having in the centre a longitudinal groove ; left
valve smaller than the right, less convex; hinge of each valve
consisting of two large teeth, with corresponding pits on the
opposing valve ; muscle impression near the centre of each valve ;
pallial line entire.

Type. — Spondylus gaderopus, Linnaeus.

Spondylus gaederopoides, M'Coy.

1876. Spondylns gndcropoides, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. iv. p. 27,

pi. xxxviii. figs. l-\d.

1877. Spondylus gecdcropoides, M'Coy, id. dec. v. p. 17, pi. siv. figs. 1-3.
1886. Spondylus gmdtropoides, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii

p. 121.
1893. Spondylus gaderopoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Spondylus gcedcropoides, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 128.

" Obliquely ovato-trigonal, gibbous, surface radiated with very
irregular, close, small ridges of very unequal sizes, often in groups
of five, with middle one largest, occasionally alternate, roughened,
with close, spinose, transverse scales, usually one to five very small
between each pair of larger stria?, from one half to one line in width ;
from 4 to 10 thick ridges set with moderately close, variable, long,
arched spines, depressed near base, often compressed beyond,
generally fewer on the upper than on the lower valve, but
sometimes the lower valve with no spinose ridges in the middle
portion, but two or three on each side ; the large valve often with
prominent concentric, scale-like laminae near the beak and on the
sides ; average length of large valve from beak to front margin,
5 inches ; proportional length from hinge-line (and length of

308 SPONDTLUS.

smaller ralve), -nfo-; greatest widtli, -nro; depth of larger ralve,
"A-Q-; depth of small valve very variable." — M^Cmj.

The specific characters and dimensions are taken from Sir F.
M'Coy's description, as none of the specimens in the Museum
collection are perfect, except two very small examples, which are
not characteristic.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : "Victoria and South Australia.

L. 357. Eight valve, costse small, but principal ones bearing
very long spines; from Bairnsdale. Presented ly W. H. Grigson, Esq.

L. 6586. Examples of both valves of the neanic stage of
growth ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 10600. Imperfect right valve, of large dimensions ; from
Willunga, JS. T. L. Brown Coll.

Spondylus pseudoradula, M'Coy.

1877. Spondylus pseudoradula, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. v. p. 17,

pi. xlv. fig. 2.
1886. Spondylus pseudoradula, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 121.
1893. Spondylus pseudoradula, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell thinner than S. gcederopoides, from which it may readily
be distinguished in being less ventricose, and by the small spinose
and granose ridges between the major spinose costfe, which are
much reduced in size in many individuals ; the auricles are nearly
equal and are relatively larger than in that species.

Dimensions. — Height 39 mm. ; length 35 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4816. Three examples of the left valve.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9837. Examples of both valves, showing extreme variation
in regard to external ornament. Purchased.

Spondylus, sp.

L. 10601. Internal cast of a species allied to S. pseudoradula;
from the Tertiary of NuUarbor Plains, South Australia.

JI. Y. L. Brown Coll.

309

Pamily LIMID^.

Genus LIMA (Chemnitz), Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 88.]

Shell equivalve, compressed, ovate, oblique, slightly inflated ;
ornamented with radiating costae, which may be simple or scaly ;
umbones prominent, auriculate, small lateral appendages unequal ;
cardinal area triangular, having a central pit for the ligament ;
hinge without teeth ; muscle impressions large. Bruguiere figured
but did not describe this genus.'

Type. — Ostrea lima, LinuEEus.

Lima colorata, Hutton.

1873. Lima colorata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 33.

So far as the writer is able to judge from Hutton's brief
description, the fossils here alluded to belong to his L. colorata,
which appears to be closely related to L. zealandica, Sowerby.
The shell is broad and solid; radiating costa? simple, or only
ornamented by the crossing of growth-lines, distant, rounded at the
sides and flat on top ; triangular ligament pits large, visible from
the exterior ; anterior auricles slightly produced, posterior small,
ridge-like ; dorsal surface flattened and finely costated ; umbones
acute, bent inwards.

Dimn?isions. — Height 84 mm. ; length 66 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene (?) and Miocene : K'ew Zealand.

34886. Many examples of both valves, in various stages of
growth ; from Parimoa. W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

L. 10597. Specimens of the adult, both valves ; from Awamoa.

Sir James Hector Coll.

' Ency. Meth. Yers., etc. t. ii (plates), 1792, pi. ccvi.

SIO

Lima bassi, Tenison-Woods.

1S77. Lima bassii, Tenison-'Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 112.
1886. Lima bassii, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 117,

pi. V. tig. 8; pi. viii. fig. 1.
1893. Lima bassii, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

1895. Lima bassii, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

1896. Lima bassii, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 128.

This common shell of the Australian and Tasmanian Tertiary
is oblique, compressed, and rather thin ; the radiating costae are
distant, large, rounded, occasionally imbricated, scale-like ex-
pansions of the growth - lines, forming semilunate projections,
which are usually more numerous at the sides than near the
umbones and the middle of the shell ; area short, broad ; ligament
pit triangular, large, shallow ; auricles small ; dorsal surface
slightly concave. It is closely allied to L. color ata and Z. zea-
landica, but is not so solid, whilst the scales on the radiating
costse are distinctive.

Dimensions. — Height 41 mm. ; length 31 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4820. Specimen of the right valve, having very numerous
radiating costae, which possess but few scale-like projections.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 6587. Two examples, in one of which the scales rise
prominently into hollow, dome-shaped projections. Purchased.

L. 9840. Series illustrating stages of growth, and the extreme
variability in regard to number, size, and shape of costae. Purchased.

Lima linguliformis, Tate.

1886. Lima linguliformis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 118, pi. iii. figs. \a-b.

Shell fragile, much smaller than L. bassi, and having minute
undulating costae ; these latter, as in L. scahra, Born, diverge from
a median line extending from the umbo to the ventral margin,
where they become somewhat granose ; the frequent and closely-set
lines of growth divide the costae into short lengths. The valves
are almost equilateral ; anterior auricle prominent, posterior
obsolete.

Dimensions. — Height 18 mm. ; length 13 mm.

LIMA. 311

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 6584. Examples of the adult. Purchased.

L. 9841. Specimens of botli valves. Purchased.

Subgenus LIMATULA, S. Wood.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. 1839, p. 260.]

Shell erect, not so oblique as Lima, properly so called, sub-
equilateral ; ornamented with radiating striae, which are most
conspicuous towards the centre of the valves.

Type. — Pecten suhauriculatus, Montagu.

Lima (Limatula) buUata, Bom (sp.).

1778. Ostrea bullata, Born, Mils. Caes. Vindobon. pt. 1, p. 95.
1843. Zima bullata, Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 84, pi. sxii. fig. 33.
1873. Lima [Limatula) bullata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 83.
1873. Lima bullata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 33.
1893. Lima {Limatula) bullata, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem.
Vol. p. 88.

Shell elongate, very slightly oblique ; ornamented by numerous
fine radiating costfe which become obsolete at the sides ; hinge area
straight, ligament pit broad, not deep ; auricles small, slightly
produced, nearly equal in size.

It is rather remarkable to find this Eocene species still living,
but, on comparing examples of each, the differences observed are
certainly not sufficiently important to warrant specific separation.

Dimensions. — Height 15 mm.; length 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Trelissick, Ifew Zealand.

L. 10598. Example of the neanic stage of growth.

Sir James Sector Coll.

Lima (Limatula) jeffreysiana, Tate.

1877. Lima [Limatula] subauriculata, Tenison- Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas.
1876, p. 113 [non Montfort).

1885. Lima jeffreysiana, Tate. id. 1884, pp. 213, 230.

1886. Lima [Limatula) jeffreysiana, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. viii. p. 119, pi. iv. fig. 8.
1893. Limatula jeffreysiana, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Limatula jeffreysiana, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 128.

SI 2 LIMEA.

The radiating costae in this species are very acute, interrupted
by frequent, conspicuous growth - lines which produce minute
granulations ; the growth-lines are curved in the hollows between
the costae. The shell is moi'e ventricose than in L. hullata, it
is ovate, and instead of having approximately parallel sides they
are arched ; umbones acute ; area broad ; ligament pit shallow,
broad, boldly transversely striated.

Dimensions — Height 24 mm.; length 15 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4821. Example of both valves of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Bennant, Esq.

L. 6585. Two specimens of the adult. Purchased.

L. 9844. A series illustrating stages of growth, from the
brephic to the ephebic. Purchased.

Lima, sp.

L. 10496. Example of a new species, 8|- inches in height and
at least 8 inches in length. Judging from Hutton's description
of L. Icevigata, it appears to be allied to tliat species, as the shell
is thin, equivalve, and compressed, but although it is smooth it
is scored by very numerous, irregular undulating striae, a feature
not mentioned in Hutton's brief description alluded to. The
auriculae are broken off from the specimen, which is otherwise
too imperfect to figure and describe in detail. Erom the Miocene,
of Port Hills, Nelson, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus LIMEA, Bronn.

[Ital. Tert. 1831, p. 115.]
Limoarca, Miinster, Leonh. and Bronn, Jahrb. 1832, p. 421.

The principal distinguishing features of this genus are the
transverse ridges (as in Limopsis and Pectunculus) on the inside of
the auricles, and the small hinge area ; impression of the adductor
muscle of the valves subcentral.

Ti/pe. — Ostrea strigilata, Brocchi.

313

Limea transenna, Tate.

1886. Limca transenna, Tate, Traus. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 119,
pi. is. tigs. Qa-b.

Shell small, oblique, broad, ventricose ; radiating costtB minute,
numerous, the interstitial spaces with a median line, rendered
granose by the passage of the frequent, regular, elevated growth-
lines ; auricles small ; hinge-line narrow, frequently overhanging
and flanked on either side by four or five long ridges, which
occupy the position of lateral teeth.

Dimensions. — Height 10 mm.; length 7 mm.

Furm. and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

L. 346. Right valve, larger than that indicated by the author
of the species, and slightly more tumid — a local variation ; from
Bairnsdale. Presented by W. H. Grigson, JEsq.

L. 9839. Several examples of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

JPurchased.

Family PECTINID^.

Genus PECTEN, Miiller.

[Zool. Dan. Prodr. 1776, pp. xsxi.-248.]

Chlamys, auct. (See below.)

Shell suborbicular, auriculate, ornamented by radiating costae ;
right valve typically convex, inflated and produced in the umbonal
region, which curves inwards ; left valve typically flat and smaller
than the other, but in certain sections of the genus it is subequal
and convex ; cardinal liue straight ; ligamental pit commonly
triangular, internal.

This genus has been divided into a number of sections, the
largest of which, Chlaixys, included by authors as a separate genus,
certainly possesses some title to distinction, though the difi'erences
consist, principally, in its having the wing-like expansions of
unequal size, and especially in that both the valves are convex.
But the name is inadmissible: it was first proposed by Polten
in his Catalogue of the " Museum BoUenianum," 1798, which work
is not accepted by British malacologists, following the accepted
rules of nomenclature. Before Bolten's name was adopted the term

814

Chlamys was proposed for a genus of Coleoptera in 1801, and
cannot therefore be used for the mollusc.

There is no absolute synonym of Chlamys that could be employed,
but the writer is not inclined to suggest a new term, believing that
by a greater breadth of treatment than is now in vogue, one of the
numerous sectional names already in existence will ultimately
be applied to those Pectinid^ that have hitherto been called
Chlamys. The Australian forms here alluded to are therefore
retained in Pecten, for the present.

Type. — Ostrea maxima, Linnaeus.

Pecten murrayanus, Tate.

1886. Fecten murrayanus, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 105,

pi. vii. figs. 5«-5.
1889. Pecten murrayanus, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.
1893. Pecten murrayensis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell orbicular, one valve convex, the other flat ; radiating
costse from twenty to twenty-four in number, rounded, prominent,
crossed by conspicuous, regular, closely-set, undulating lineations
which are approximately coincident with the margin ; interior
ridged and furrowed, corresponding with the main features of the
external ornament; auriculae well developed, unequal in size, rayed
and vertically striated on the exterior.

It may be distinguished from P. solarium, Lamarck, of the
European Tertiary, by the Australian fossil having fewer costse,
and smaller auriculse.

Dimejisions. — Height 51 mm. ; length 55 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

L. 4812. Several examples of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Pennant, JEsq.

L. 6578, L. 9916. Many specimens of the adult, both valves ;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 10531, L. 10532. Examples of both valves ; from Fowler's
Bay District. H. T. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10548. Flat valve ; from the River Murray cliffs, near
Adelaide. Presented ly William Fvans, Esq.

L. 10549. Imperfect flat valves ; from NuUarbor Plains.

S. Y. L. Brown Coll.

315

Pecten sturtianus, Tate.

1886. Pecten sturtuinu.i, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 109,

pi. vii. figs. 2a-c.
1889. Pecten sturtianus, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.
1893. Pecten sturtianus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Characterized by the regular radiating costse being scaly, the
interspaces being transversely or obliquely lineated ; auriculae
unequal, the posterior on the left valve being elongately produced,
narrow, and deeply excavated by a byssal sinus.

Dimensions. — Height 17 mm.; length 16 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene (?) : Victoria.

L. 340. Two examples; from Bairnsdale.

Presented hy W. H. Grigson, Esq.

L. 4814. Left valve ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

Pecten asperrimus, Lamarck.

1819. Pecten asperrirnus, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Yert. t. vi. p. 174.
1842. Pecten australis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 76, pi. xix. figs. 219,

220 {non Philippi).
1853. Pecten asperrimus, Eeeve, Conch. Icon. vol. viii. pi. xx. fig. 75.

1885. Pecten asperrimus, E. A. Smith, Voy. " Challenger," Zool. vol. xiii.

Lamellibranchiata, p. 294.

In the adult the primary radiating costse are flanked by two
or three minor ribs on each side, the small ones being closely
scaly, the interstices from summit to summit of the primary costse
being broadly V-shaped.

Dimensions. — Height 83 mm. ; length 78 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Victoria.

L. 6567. Examples of the adult, both valves. Purchased.

Pecten antiaustralis, Tate.

1882. Pecten aspen-imus, var., Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. iv.
p. 34.

1886. Pecten antiaustralis, Tate, id. vol. viii. p. 106, pi. ix. figs. la-c.

Distingui.shed by the ornamentation of the costae, each of which
consists of a large central rib flanked by one or two small lineations

316

in the adult ; tlie costse are convex, crossed by erect lamellse, the
furrows being flattened and transversely striated ; auriculse very
unequal in size, the large projection on one side of the umbo being
well-marked by fine costae.

Dmensions. — Height 59 mm. ; length 56"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : South Australia and Victoria.

33789. Example of the neanic stage of growth ; (locality ?)
South Australia. Presented by J. B' Urban, Esq.

42698. Three specimens ; from near Adelaide.

Presented by M. Marshall, Esq.

L. 6679, L. 9918. Series illustrating stages of growth, both
valves ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 10533. Examples of the ephebic and neanic stages; from
Willunga. S. T. L. Brown Coll.

Pecten polymorphoides, Zittel.

1833. Pecten coarciattis, Sturt, Two Expeditions S. Aust. vol. ii. p. 254,

pi. iii. fig. 13.
1862. Fecten coarctalus (?), J. E. Woods, Geol. Obs. S. Aust. p. 74, fig.
18b5. Pecten polymorphoides, Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 61, taf. si. fig. 3.
1865. Pecten incertus, Tenison-'Woods, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, pi. i.

fig. 1.
1886. Pecten polymorphoides, Tate, Trans. Koy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 113, pi. viii. fig. 2.
1889. Pecten polymorphoides, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.
1893. Pecten polymorphoides, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell inequivalve, very inequilateral, irregularly convex, typically
bent inwards along the ventral margin ; ornamented by from five
to seven broad undulating costse, which, together with the inter-
spaces, bear numerous minor radiating riblets; ridges commonly
covered with imbricating scales ; auriculaj very unequal in size, the
smaller one is grooved in front from the umbo, and that leads
to a general lateral inflection, which is highly characteristic,
producing a distorted appearance in the shell. It is an exceedingly
variable species. The synonymy is fully discussed by Professor
Tate {op. cit. 1886, p. 113).

Dimensions. — Height 36 mm. ; length 37'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

317

L. 341. Specimens of both valves in wliich the costoe are much
elevated ; from Bairnsdale. Presented hy W. U. Grigson, Esq.

L. 512. Three examples of the adult ; (locality ?) New Zealand.
Presented hy Colonel L. W. Wilmer.

L. 4815. Example of the neanic stage of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9917. Both valves, costae not much imbricated ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

Pecten peroni, Tate.

1886. Pecten peroni, Tate, Trans. Rny. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. pi. x.

figs. \a-b.
1893. Pecten peroni (?), Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

This may readily be distinguished hy its closely-set and fine
scaly radiating costa3 ; the primary ribs, with the growth of the
shell, become flanked by minor scaly costae, which are very
minute at first, but rival in size their accompanying primary rib
near the margin, in the adult ; auricula) well developed, unequal ;
shell longer than broad.

Dimensions. — Height 44 mm. ; length 38 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9914. Example of the adult, both valves. Purchased.

Pecten consobrinus, Tate.

1886. Pecten consobrinus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 104, pi. iii. fig. 6.
1893. Pecten consobrinus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell equilateral, slightly convex, the left valve rather flattened ;
there are eight primary, radial ridges, and altogether about 100 minor
costaj which are unequal in size, the interspaces being minutely
granular; the last-mentioned feature is very characteristic.

The author compares it with P. hifrons, with which it is closely
allied.

Dimensions. — Height 42 ram. ; length 41 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : South Australia.

318

L. 9919. Examples of the neanic stage of growth, showing
variation in regard to disposition of the radial costse ; from Aldinga.

PurcJiased.

L. 10533. Eight valve of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Willunga. H. T. L. Brown Coll.

Pecten palmipes, Tate.

1886. Pecten palmipes, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 105,
pi. V. iig. 4 ; pi. vii. figs. Aa-b.

Readily distinguished by its wide, undulating, distant, radiating
costas, which are faintly longitudinally lineated, and become flatter
as they approach the margin ; and especially by the minutely
granular structure of the spaces between the costse, which also
bear a few obscure longitudinal lineations ; auriculae well developed.

The author compares it with the living South Australian
P. hifrons, Lamarck, from which it differs by the obliquity of
its valves, and in being broader ; the interior is plicated, but not
costated as in P. lifroyis.

Dimensions. — Height 40 mm. ; length 38 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Tertiary : Willunga, South Australia.

L. 10533. Right valve of the neanic stage of growth.

H. Y. L. Broion Coll.

Pecten eyrei, Tate.

1886. Pecten eyrei, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 107,
pi. viii. figs. 3a-S, 6.

Ornamented by closely-set, rounded, radiating costse, bearing very
numerous erect scales decreasing in size and relative development
on being traced back from the margin until in the umbonal region
the ribs are, practically, simple. The auriculae are unequal, radially
ridged, and transversely lamellated.

Pimensions. — Height 23 mm. ; length 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Tertiary : South Australia.

L. 10534. Eight valve ; from Willunga. B. Y. L. Brown Coll.
L. 10536, L. 10537. Specimens in limestone showing the

319

intirior of the valves, probably referable to this species ; from
Nullarbor Plains and Fowler's Bay District. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10538. Typical examples in soft limestone resembling chalk ;
from jS^ullarbor Plains. U. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Pecten beethami, Hutton.

1873. Pecten beethami, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 31.

This species is not figured, but the specimens in the Museum
collection, alluded to below, answer the description given by
Hutton. They are suborbicular, the right valve is convex, and
has numerous small radiating costae, which become broader towards
the ventral margin.

Dimensions. — None of the specimens are perfect ; one has
a length of 120 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : New Zealand.

L. 10497, L. 10504. Large fragment imbedded in limestone ;
from Culverdcn, Nelson. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10509. An imperfect example of the adult ; from Tata
Island. Sir James Hector Coll.

Pecten semiplicatus, Hutton.

1873. Pecten semiplicata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 30.
1893. Pecten semiplicatus, Hutton, Linn. See. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol.
p. 89.

Ornamented by five or six strong radiating plications near
the umbones, which gradually disappear as the ventral margins,
in the adult, are reached ; between these are small ribs, commonly
rounded at the summit.

Dimensions. — Height 55 mm. ; length 54 mm,

Form, and Loc. — Miocene: "Duncan's," East Coast, North
Island, New Zealand.

L. 10542. An imperfect example of the adult.

Sir James Hector Coll.

320

Pecten accrementa, Hutton.

1873. Pecten accrementa, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 31.

Distinguished by its broad, fiat, rounded, radiating costag, ■which
are from twenty-three to twenty-five in number ; these are simple
near the umbo, but divide into several small ones with growth ;
a smaller rib, extending nearly to the umbo, is placed in each
space between the larger costae ; it is inequivalve ; the expansions
are well developed.

Dimensions. — Height 62 mm. ; length 55 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene: "Duncan's," East Coast, Is'orth
Island, New Zealand.

L. 10501. Imperfect example, in which the larger costse are
medially sulcated. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10502. Several impressions of the interior of both valves
in friable, shelly, argillaceous sandstone, probably referable to
this species. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10543. Shell relatively broader than in typical examples ;
whilst the costae are smaller and more numerous. It appears
to be a local variation. Sir James Hector Coll.

Pecten triphooki, Zittel.

1865. Fecten triphooki, Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 52, taf. xi. fig. 4.
1873. Pecten triphooki, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 31.
1893. Pecten triphooki, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Yol.

p. 88.

Closely allied to P. accrementa, but the valves are slightly more
convex and relatively broader, the radiating costas are more distant
from each other, and much raised ; the costae are sulcated and
striated, and the interstices between them have each an elevated
median lineation.

Di)nensions. — Height 118 mm.; length 122 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Napier, New Zealand.

1. 10530. Example of the adult, both valves, [ Old Collection.^

321

Pecten cra-wfordi, Hutton.

1873. Pecten craivfordi, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 32.

Sliell slightly convex, having five or six principal radiating
riil^es, which are much elevated in the neighbourhood of the
umbo, but become gradually depressed and even obsolete on
attaining the ventral margin, in the adult ; these broad, flat costse
or ridges become divided into several small rounded ribs on nearing
the margin ; the interstices have several minor costag.

Dimensions. — Height 55 mm. ; length 61 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Akuakua, east coast of Auckland,
New Zealand.

L 10541. Examples of both valves, apparently referable to
this unfigured species. Sir James Hector Coll.

Pecten, sp.

L. 10498. Internal cast and part of the shell of a species
allied to P. crawfordi. Eocene : Akuakua, Auckland, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10539. Part of the shell of a species having distantly
separated, rounded, and elevated radiating costae, with a lineation
in each of the interspaces. Eocene : Akuakua.

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10503, L. 10544. Casts and interior of an orbicular species,
having several broad radiating costae, boldly lineated, as are
also the interspaces. Eocene : Culverden, Nelson, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10531. Imperfect specimen of a new species, allied to
r. mitrrayanus ; from Pidinga, Fowler's Bay District, South
Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10533-5. Several imperfect examples of a species allied
to P. aldingensis, Tate ; from Willunga, South Austialia.

H. T. L. Brown Coll.

L 10549. Exterior of right valve of a Pecten, aff. inurrai/anus;
Nullarbor Plains, South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10550. Cast of a species allied to, or identical with,
P. antiaustralis. "Lower Tertiary" : Ardrossan, Yorke's Peninsula,
Soulh Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

322 PSETJBAMUSSnJM.

Genus PSEUD AMTJSSIUM (Klein), H. and A. Adams.
[Gen. Eec. Moll. vol. ii. 1858, p. 653.]

Distinguished from its near ally Amussium by not having
radiating ribs on the interior of the shell ; whilst the auriculae
are unequal in size.

Bruguiere ^ is generally credited with having been the first to
adopt Klein's Pseudamussium {em.), but on reference to his work
it will be seen that he is merely dealing with Klein's method
of classification of the Mollusca, and that although he gives a brief
description he does not quote any species in connection therewith
so as to typify the genus. At a later date, in the same work,
Deshayes^ mentions Pseiidatnussium, but although he gives a
diagnosis and illustrates it by quoting some species, he remarks
that "this genus has not been adopted."

Messrs. H. and A. Adams appear to be the first to have actually
adopted it, though they quote a number of species some of which
are not typical of Pseudamussium as intended, apparently, by Klein.
The type of the genus, as selected by Stoliczka^ and as given below,
occurs in H. and A. Adams' list as a synonym, which, however,
is easily recognized.

Type. — Peden exoticus, Chemnitz.

Pseudamussium yahlensis, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1865. Pecten yahlensis, Tenison- Woods, Trans. Phil. See. Adelaide, pi. i.

fig. 4.
1876. Pecten yahlensis var. semilavis, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iv.

p. 13, pi. xxxiv.
1886. Pecten yahlensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. See. Soutli Aust. vol. viii. p. 110.
1893. Pecten yahlensis, Tate and Deunant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Pecten yahlensis, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. See. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 127.

Shell suborbicular, thin; valves unequal, with dissimilar ornament.
Eight valve more convex than the left, surface having numerous

1 Ency. Meth. Vers. i. 1792, p. 536.

2 Ency. Meth. Vers. iii. 1832, p. 854.

3 Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. Pelecj-poda, 1871,
p. 426.

PSEUDAMUSSITJM. 323

radiating, small, straight, rounded ridges flattened on top, crossed
by distant concentric growth-lines ; posterior auricle slightly larger
than the anterior. Left valve nearly flat, with radiating ridges
similar to the right valve, but not flattened on top, whilst they are
crossed by closely-set concentric lamellae ; auriculae nearly equal
in size.

Dimensions. — Height G9 mm. ; length 76 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Victoria.

L. 351. Example of the adult ; from Bairnsdale.

Presented by W. S. Grigson, Esq.

L. 4811. Eoth valves; neanic stage of growth; from Muddy
Creek. Presented hy John Dennant, Fsq.

L. 6580. Examples of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 9915. Large fragments of the adult; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

Pseudamussium. liochstetteri (?), Zittel (sp.).

1865. Feeten hochstetleri, Zittel, Reise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 50, taf. xi. figs. 5a-b,
1873. Pecfen liochstetteri, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 30.

Shell suborbicular, thin, compressed ; both valves smooth ;
auriculffi nearly equal in size, obtuse.

The specimens in the Museum collection are very small, and are
referred to this species doubtfully. They somewhat resemble
fig. 5a in Zittel' s work above quoted.

dimensions. — Height 26 mm. ; length 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : New Zealand.

L. 10499. Cast of the interior of a valve ; from Port Hills,
Nelson. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10505. Interior of valve, attached to a block of argillaceous,
micaceous sandstone ; fi'om Mokihiuui. Sir James Hector Coll.

324

Genus AMUSSIUM (Klein), Megerle von MiiUfeldt.
[Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, Magazin, 1811, p. 59.]

Shell almost orbicular, depressed,. auriculse small, equal in size;
valves smooth on the exterior, but having radiating ribs in the
interior, which is the principal differentiating feature of the genus ;
ventral border not plicated.

Of the two species mentioned by Megerle von Muhlfeldt the
following is selected as the type of the genus.

Type. — Ostrea ohliterata, Linnaeus.

Amussium zitteli, Hutton (sp.).

ISbo. Pecten, sp., Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i. Abth. ii.

p. 63, taf. ix. figs. \b and 3.
1873. Pecten zitteli, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 32.
1880. Amussitim atkinsoni, Johnston, Pap. Boy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 41.
1886. Pecten zitteli, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 115,

pi. vii. figs. Za-c.
1893. Pecten zitteli, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. AniKssium zitteli, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

Shell small, interior smooth, shining and furnished with from
nine to eleven costas which are truncated near the margin ; left
valve concentrically striated, auriculse unequal ; right valve striate-
reticulate, or ridged, but the exterior ornament is very variable.
Professor Tate,' in detailing this peculiarity, says that "the right
valve varies very much in respect of the number and thickness
of the radial and concentric threads ; usually the radial threads are
stouter than the raised concentric lines, but this form merges on
the one hand into a fenestrated ornament, and on the other to
one in which the radial ridges are very prominent and minutely
scaly." The posterior auricle of the right valve is larger than
the anterior ; it is triangular and cancellate.

It is allied to A. sqiiamula, Lamarck, of the Parisian Eocene, but
the latter is devoid of conspicuous reticulate ornament on the
exterior, and is relatively longer.

Dimensions. — Height 8 mm. ; length 9 mm.

Form and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9876. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

1 Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. 1886, p. 115.

MAEGAEITIFEKA. 325

Family AVICULID^.
Genus MARGARITIFERA, P. Browne.

[Nat. Hist. Jamaica, ed. 1789, p. 412.]

Unioniutn, Link, Besch. Rostock, Abth. iii. 1807, p. 155.
Margaritiphora, Megeiie von Miihlfeldt, Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin,

Magazin, 1811, p. 66.
Margarita, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. i. 1814, p. 107.
Perlamatcr, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817,

p. 107.
Meleagrina, Lamarck (1812), Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. vi.

pt. 1, 1819, p. 150.

Shell pearly, less oblique than in Avicula, whilst the valves
are broader and almost equal in size ; posterior auricle short, not
separated by a sinus ; hinge teeth visible in the young, but not in
the adult.

It is unfortunate that the ■well-known Meleagrina, Lamarck,
should have to disappear in synonymy, as above indicated, but it
cannot be helped if we are to be consistent in putting the law of
priority in force. At least four names were suggested for this
genus before Lamarck's name of 1819. If objection be taken
to Patrick Browne's work, as he did not actually name a species
in connection with Margaritifera, but referred to plates and figures
in earlier works as indicating what he meant, then Unionium,
Link, is available, the type of which is, very clearly, Mytilus
margaritiferus, Linnaeus. But, seeing that Linnaeus ' had inter-
preted the plates and figures alluded to, we are not left in doubt
concerning the appellation of the shells represented, and the name
Margaritifera is, therefore, here adopted.

2'ype. — Mijtilus margaritiferus, Linnteus.

Margaritifera crassicardia, Tate (sp.).

1886. Meleagrina crassicardia, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 121, pi. is. figs. 9, 10.
1889. Meleagrina crassicardia, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.

1 Syst. Nat. ed. 1768, p. 704.

326 PINNA.

Shell pearly, inequivalve, inequilateral, right valve flatter than
the left; hinge-line long, straight, with a cardinal tooth in the
young ; surface distantly, faintly striated.

Dimensions. — Height 18 mm.; length 21mm.

Form, and Log. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 9843. Examples of both valves, of the neanic stage of
growth. Furchased.

Genus VULSELLA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 82.]

Shell subequivalve, not auriculate, longer than broad ; cardinal
border not furnished with teeth ; ligament similar to that in Ostrea
and lodged in a triangular, oblique pit ; structure of the test
nacreous interiorly, prismatic externally.

Type. — Mya vulsella, Linnaeus.

Vulsella laevigata, Tate.

1886. Vulsella lavigata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 122,
pi. iii. figs. Za-h.

In general form this shell resembles V. deperdita, of the Eocene
of Europe, from which, however, it may be distinguished in being
relatively narrower and in having less divergent umbones. The
author remarks that its resemblance to V. angustata, Deshayes,
of the Parisian Eocene, is very close, but that it differs by the
large, straight ligamental pit.

Fimensions. — Height 26 mm. ; length 14 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 10029. Two examples of the adult. Furchased.

Genus PINNA, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1768, p. 707.]

Shell equivalve, trigonal, umbones acute ; posterior side truncate ;
ligament linear, long, lodged in a groove ; cardinal border without
teeth ; nacreous, splitting into thin plates on decomposition, so
that fossil examples are commonly fragile, and often present the

327

structure of the inside of the shell alone, as revealed by the
surfaces of the layers, the outermost layers having been I'emoved
by decomposition, or shivered into minute fragments too imperfect
for examination.

Type. — Finna rudis, Linnaeus.

Pinna distans (?), Hutton.

1873. Pinna distans, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 26.

" Large, with distant plications, the ridges being much narrower
than the furrows. Height 9 (inches) ; length 4'5 (inches) ; angle
of apex 40°."— iZ««o».

L. 10483, L. 10488. Casts of several specimens which may
possibly be identified with this species ; though the meagre
description given by its author practically defies identification.
Miocene : Akuakua, east coast of Auckland, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Pinna, sp.

97721. Fragment of a species having semilunate undulating
ridges ; from (locality ?) Western Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 9583. Shell conglomerate, in which are several fragments
of a large species of Pinna, too imperfect for specific identification ;
from the Post-Pliocene (?) of Flint Cliff, Shark's Buy, Western
Australia. Presented hy W. Saville-Kent, Esq., F.L.S.

Family MTTILIDiE.

Genus MYTILUS, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 704.]

Shell equivalve, cuneiform, very inequilateral ; umbones acute ;
posterior margin rounded ; cardinal teeth small, or obsolete ;
ligament linear, marginal ; interior of the valves commonly lined
with nacreous matter ; anterior adductor of the valves small,
posterior very large.

2'y]}e. — MyliluB edulis, Linnceus.

328

Mytilus hamiltonensis, Tate.

1887. Mytilus hamiltonensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.
p. 186, pi. xviii. fig. 9.

Distinguislied by its external ornament, consisting of very
numerous, frequently bifurcating, radial threads, crossed by closely-
set striae of growth ; the inner margin of the valves is denticulated
all round ; and there are two or three small teeth under the umbo
in the right valve.

The author compares it with the living M. hirsutus, Lamarck.

Dimensions. — Height 56 mm. ; length 27-5 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 4823. Specimen of the gerontic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9833. Two examples of the adult. Purchased.

Genus SEPTIFER, Eecluz.

[Eev. Zool. 1848, p. 275.]

Ventral border concave or sinuous for the passage of the byssus ;
surface of the valves radiately striated ; umbones slightly inflected,
having in the interior a thin plate on which is the impression
of the anterior adductor of the valves ; the cardinal border has
a few dentiform crenulations.

Type. — Mytilus lilocularis, Linnaeus.

Septifer fenestratus, Tate.

1886. Septifer fenestratus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 124, pi. ix. fig. 1.

1887. Septfer fenestratus, Tate, id. vol. ix. p. 187.
1889. Septifer fenestratus, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.

Shell elongate, much flattened on one side; surface ornament
consisting of closely-set, divaricate lineations, much broken up
by the platy ridges of growth ; internal plate small, sinuous at
the edge ; margin of the valves closely crenulated inside, dentate
under the umbo ; byssal sinus small.

829

Dimensions. — Height 23 mm. ; length 10'5 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9846. Three examples in which the growth ridges are very-
rugose. Purchased.

Genus MODIOLA, Lamarck {em.).
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 87.]

Shell oblong, transverse, inequilateral, equivalve, tumid in front ;
umbones obtuse, not terminal ; hinge either without teeth, or with
merely a few crenulations anteriorly ; ligament marginal, linear.

Type. — Mytilus modiolus, Linnaeus.

Modiola, sp.

L, 10484. Cast of a large species, off. alhicosta, Lamarck.
Miocene : Trelissick, jS'ew Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10485. Imperfect example of what may possibly be
II. australis, Gray, though it is somewhat narrower than are
typical specimens. Miocene : Napier, New Zealand.

Sir James Hector Coll,

Genus CRENELLA, Brown.

[Ilhist. Conch. Great Britain, 1827, pi. xxxi. figs. 12-14 ; 2n(l ed. 1844, p. 75,
pi. xxiii. figs. 12-14.]

Myoparo, Lea, Contrib. to Geol. 1833, p. 73.

Shell oval, or rhomboidal, surface ornamented by longitudinal
and concentric striae ; umbones incurved ; cardinal border den-
ticulate, the denticles appearing to be the continuation of the
crenulations on the margin of the valves; the single denticle
present is also crenulated ; interior of the valves nacreous.

Type. — Mytilus decussatus, Montagu.

330

Crenella globularis, Tate.

1886. Crenella globularis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 126, pi. X. figs. Za-b.
1889. Crenella globularis, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 49.
1893. Crenella globularis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell subglobose, nacreous within, equivalve, inflated ; inequi-
lateral, the umbones being placed anteriorly, they are obtuse and
incurved ; ligamental groove internal, extending posteriorly ; hinge-
line minutely transversely denticulated ; a denticle terminates
the groove under the umbo ; margin of the valves faintly crenu-
lated ; the surface is regularly cancellated.

It is a close ally of C. elegaiis, Deshayes, of the Paris Basin.

Dimensions. — Height 5 mm. ; length 3-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9874. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

Crenella elongata, Hutton.

1873. Crenella elongata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. MoU. N.Z. p. 25.

Dimensions. — Length 14 mm.; breadth 8 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Trelissick, New Zealand.

L. 10486. Internal cast of the left valve.

Sir James Sector Coll.

Family ARCID^.

Genus ARCA, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 693.]

Shell commonly equivalve, subrhomboidal, ventricose, costulate
or cancellate ; borders of the valves either smooth or dentate ;
hinge straight, horizontal, furnished with very numerous, short
teeth ; umbones prominent, curved inwards, separated from each
other by a more or less broad area, which carries several liga-
mental striae or well-marked, narrow, linear grooves commonly
V-shaped ; impressions of the adductor muscles of the valves

331

subeqiial, the anterior being rounded, the posterior divided ;
impression of the posterior adductor of the byssus elongate and
situated near the cardinal line ; that of the anterior adductor of
the byssus small ; pallial line simple.

The genus has been much subdivided according to the character
of the external ornament, the shape of the shell, and the nature
of the ligament area.

Type. — Area noce, Linna3us.

Area equidens, Tate.

1886. Area equidens, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 139,
pi. xi. fig. 9.

In this small species the valves gape ventrally ; -whilst the
umbones are high and wide apart, and the few hinge teeth are
oblique. There is a characteristic depression from the umbo to
the ventral margin ; surface ornament bold, consisting of concentric
imbricating ridges and acute radial costae. The author remarks
that the " ornament varies in respect to the relative strength
of the radial ribs and concentric ridges, whilst in the other extreme
it consists of radial ribs variously thickened at the intersections
with the concentric lines." The inner margin of the valves is not
crenulated; hinge area broad, longitudinally lineated.

Judging from the obliquity of the hinge teeth and their increase
in size laterally, this species forms a connecting link between Area
(^sen-iu stricto) and the subgenus Barlatia.

Dimensions. — Height 3-5 mm. ; length 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9872. Several specimens of different stages of growth.

Purchased.

Subgenus BARBATIA, Gray.
[Syn. Brit. Mas. 1840, p. 151 (list name) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 197.]

Teeth numerous, those in the centre under the umbo small and
increasing in size laterally, more or less oblique ; ligament area
naiTow.

2'ype. — Area harlata, Linnajus.

332

Area (Barbatia) celleporacea, Tate (sp.).

1886. Barhafia celleporacea, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 141, pi. s. fig. 10.
1893. Barbatia celleporacea, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Barbatia celleporacea, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 147.

Shell elongate-oblong, inequilateral ; anterior side short ;
posterior side elongated, obtusely angular, posterior slope cari-
nated ; ventral margin slightly sinuated ; surface ornamented with
concentric folds raised into frills which are most prominent
posteriorly. The author remarks that the frills "in aged speci-
mens pass into uncinate scales or hollow tubercles, the fimbriations
within the interstitial spaces not infrequently perforated, the
entire ornamentation simulating a polyzoal growth, as in Celleporay

Dimensions. — Height 12 mm. ; length 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4797. Three specimens of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.
L. 6595. Example of the adult, both valves. Purchased.

L. 9907. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Area (Barbatia) consutilis, Tate (sp.).

1886. Barbatia consutilis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 142, pi. ii. fig. 15.
1893. Barbatia consutilis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvu. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell oblong, hinge area narrower than in A. celleporacea, whilst
the posterior side is not so much prolonged ; anterior side short,
rounded, not angulate ; external ornament consisting of crowded
longitudinal lineations crossed by closely-set concentric lineations
of about the same strength, slightly granulated at the points
of intersection, the anterior and posterior extremities of the shell
having this structure exaggerated.

Dimensions. — Height 15-5 mm. ; length 31 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4795. Examples of the adult, both valves.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

L. 6594. Two specimens. Purchased.

L. 9908. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

333

Area (Barbatia) crustata, Tate (sp.).

1886. Barbatia crustata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 140, pi. ii. fig. 16.
1889. Barbatia crustata, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 50.
1893. Barbatia crustata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell rliomboidal, though broader posteriorly, medially longi-
tudinally depressed, ventral margin sinuated ; hinge-line long,
straight ; external ornament consisting of bold, undulating
concentric lineations, crossed by longitudinal lines, which become
slightly swollen at the points of intersection, and have the
appearance of being broken up into short lengths.

The median depression is characteristic, and serves to distinguish
it from the young of A. celleporacea, to which it bears a super-
ficial resemblance ; another point of difference, on comparison
with that species, is the relatively larger reticulated area between
the obtuse keel and the superior border posteriorly in A. crustata.

Dimetisions. — Height 5 mm. ; length 10 mm.

Furm. and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L.9909. Several specimens of divers stages of growth. Purchased.

Area (Barbatia) simulans, Tate (sp.).

1886. Barbatia simulans, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 142, pi. xi. fig. 10.
1889. Barbatia simulans, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 50.
1893. Barbatia simulans, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Differs from A. consutilis in being slightly less tumid and
relatively longer ; the hinge-line is straighter and longer, and is
angulate at both ends. The ornament consists of closely-set
radiating costa), each rib of the posterior half being longitudinally
sulcated ; growth-lines raised and prominent, causing granulation
at the points of intersection with ribs.

Dimensions. — Height 15 mm. ; length 27 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 6596. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

334

Area (Barbatia) decussata, Sowerby.

1833. Byssoarca decussata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 18.

1844. Area decussata, Reeve, Conch. Icon, vol. ii. pi. xii. fig. 81.

? 1873. Barbatia sinuata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 27.

1880. Barbatia decussata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. p. 162.

1893. Area decussata, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Macleay Mem. Vol. p. 86.

The shell of this species closely resembles that of B. simulans,
but that portion anterior to the umbones is relatively shorter, and
the latter are very broad and incurved ; perhaps the most striking
differences are the larger number of teeth on the hinge and the
greater distance between the umbo and the beginning of the ridge
which denotes the commencement of the anterior section of the
hinge-line ; the anterior margin is less rounded than in B. simulans,
and the ventral margin is usually more deeply sinuated.

Dimensions. — Height 22 mm. ; length 38 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene : Shakespeare Cliif, New Zealand.

L. 10442. Examples of both valves of the adult.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Area (Barbatia) pumila, Tate (sp.).

1886. Barbatia pumila, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 142,

pi. X. fig. 7.
1889. Barbatia pumila, Dennant, id. vol. xi. p. 60.
1893. Barbatia pumila, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Distinguished by the crenulations on the inside of the margin,
which are very conspicuous on the posterior portion ; dorsal and
ventral margins straight ; the radial ribs and concentric strise
produce granular thickenings at the points of intersection, the
ribs being much larger on the posterior slope than in the middle
of the valve ; umbones obtuse.

Dimensions. — Height 5'5 mm. ; length 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4796. Eight valve, of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

S35

Subgenus PLAGIARCA, Conrad.

[Geol. Siirv. North Carolina, vol. i. 1875, App. A, p. 4.]

Shell transversely elongate ; cardinal border straight, narrow,
angulate at the extremities ; teeth oblique ; surface ornamented
by radiating ribs and often punctate ; ligamental area narrow.

Tjipe. — Barhatia carolinensis, Conrad.

Area (Plagiarca) cainozoica, Tate (sp.).

1886. Macrodon cainozoiciis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 143, pi. X. fig. 4.
1889. Macrodon cainozoicus, Dennant, id. vol. si. p. 50.
1893. rifigiarca cainozoica, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

The concentric ridges on the surface of the valves are more
prominent than the broken radial lineations ; umbones close to the
anterior border ; hinge area narrow, liueate ; posterior border
olilique, rounded and produced underneath ; centre of the cardinal
bordt'r edentulous.

Dimensions. — Height 10 mm. ; length 22 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 4807. Two specimens of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented ly John Demiant, Esq.
L. 6597. Examples of the adult. Purchased.

L. 9875. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Subgenus FOSSULARCA, Cossmann.
[Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malac. Belg. t. xxii. 1887, p. 138.]

Shell subquadrangular, inequivalve; surface trellisod ; ligamental
area narrow, having under the umbo a small triangular pit ; teeth
almost equal in size ; more or less oblique.

Closely allied to Limopsis, but the cardinal pit is not so deep,
the disposition of the teeth is different, and the form of the valves
is that of Area.

Type. — Area quadrilafera Lamarck.

336

Area (Fossularca) dissimilis, Tate (sp.).

1886. Barbatla dissimilis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 140, pi. xi. figs. 4, 6.

Shell rather tumid, rounded in front, truncated behind ; ventral
and dorsal margins nearly parallel ; left valve radially ribbed,
crossed by concentric threads, granulated at the points of inter-
section; right valve with equidistant concentric folds, pitted between.

Dimensions. — Height 5 "5 mm. ; length 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9868. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

Genus CUCULL^A, Lamarck.
[Syst. Anim. sans Vert. 1801, p. 116.]

Shell rhomboidal, gibbose, almost completely equivalve ; umbones
far apart ; area broad, large, having divergent ligament grooves ;
cardinal border narrow, anterior and posterior teeth large, oblique,
almost horizontal, long, those in the centre short and vertical ;
posterior muscular impression large, usually bordered in front
by a ridge.

Type. — C«CM&« auriculifera, Lamarck.

CucuUsea corioensis, M'Coy.

1876. Cucullcea corioensis, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iii. p. 32, pi. xsvii.

figs. 3-5J.
1886. Cucullcea corioensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 144.
1888. Ctwulleea corioensis, R. M. Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 235, pl.xxix.

figs. 4-4a.
1893. Cucullcea corioensis, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Cucullcea corioensis, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 131.

This species is allied to the European Eocene C. decussata,
Parkinson, but the surface is not so highly sculptured. The shell
is very gibbose, umbones prominent and incurved ; area broad,
almost flat, with numerous diverging, slightly undulating grooves ;

CUCULL^A. 337

the teeth arc very small and vertical in the centre, antl large and
horizontal at the extremities of the hinge-line ; margin of the
valves crenulated. The surface ornament consists of numerous,
closely-set, radial ribs and lineations, crossed by transverse lines
and ridges of growth.

Dimensions. — Height 49 mm. ; length 63 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania, Victoria, and South
Australia.

42684. Cast of an adult ; (locality ?) South Australia.

Presented by the Governors of Adelaide Museum.
42698. Cast of a left valve ; from near Adelaide.

Presented hy M. Marshall, Esq.

70399. Cast of both valves, in ferruginous sandstone; from
Mordialloc, near Melbourne. Purchased.

70411. Double - valved specimen; from " Meribee river,"
Victoria. Purchased.

83978. Right valve, neanic stage of growth ; from Table Cape.

Purchased.
98219. Left valve of an adult ; from Flinders I. Purchased.

L. 4789. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth,
both valves ; from Muddy Creek. Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

L. 5644. Cast of both valves ; from Gippsland.

Presented hy the Rev. J. S. H. Royce.

L. 6598. Eight and left valves, in which the ventral margin
is strongly plicated in the interior ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 9835. Series illustrating stages of growth, from the brephic
to the ephebic. The smaller specimens indicate that at an early
stage the interior of the shell is radially lineated, whilst the
external ornament is very pronounced. From Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 10568. Specimens of both valves ; from Uivor ^furray cliffs,
near Adelaide. Presented by Wm. Evans, Esq.

L. 10571. Cast of a rather elongate variation ; from Hiver
Murray cliffs. Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

L. 10572. Casts of left valves ; from the Tertiary of Fowler's
Bay District. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

z

338 CUCTJLL^A.

Cucullsea alta, G. B. Soworby.

1846. CucnUaa alta, G. B. Sowerby, in Darwin, Geol. Obs. South America,

Appendix, p. 252, pi. ii. figs. 22, 23.
1873. Cucidliea alta, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 27.

None of the specimens in the Museum collection are well
enough preserved to enable the writer to identify with certainty
the New Zealand form with that from South America, and the
determination is chiefly based on the authority of Professor Hutton.
The shell is remarkable for its extreme tumidity, great breadth
of the area, and immense internal ridge, on which are the scars of
the posterior adductor of the valves.

Dimensions.' — -Height 67 mm. ; length 77 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene : New Zealand.

83328. Eight valve ; from the mouth of the Kakanui river,
Oamaru. Presented by Dr. W. L. Lindsay.

L. 10440. Two casts of the adult; from Akuakua (upper beds),
east coast of Auckland. Sir James Sector Coll.

L. 10509. Portion of left valve; from Akuakua (lower beds).

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10511. Left valve of the adult; from Taipos.

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10561. Both valves, in shelly argillaceous sandstone ; from
Akuakua (lower beds). Sir James Hector Coll.

CucuUsea attenuata, Hutton.

1873. Cumdlcea attenuata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 28.

Shell not so tumid as in C. corioensis ; it is much attenuated
posteriorly; umbones very broad, distant; area broad, with a few
divergent, deeply - cut sulci ; external ornament consisting of
closly-set radiating costse, crossed by frequent minute transverse
lineations and growth-lines.

Dimensions. — Height 80 mm. ; length 109 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene : New Zealand.

PECTFNCULUS. 339

L. 10506. Several casts, presumably of this species ; from
Akuakua (upper beds). Sir James Sector Coll.

L. 10508. Casts of typical examples; from Akuakua (lower
beds). Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10510. Example of the right valve ; from Taipos.

Sir James Hector Coll.

CucuUsea wortliingtoni, Hutton.

1873. Cuculkea tvorfhingtoni, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 27.

" Ventricose, much larger than high; posterior side produced,
rather dilated ; umbones distant ; hinge at right angles to the
axis of the shell." — Mutton.

It is difficult to satisfactorily determine specimens from such
a meagre description, but that alluded to below is probably refer-
able to this species.

Dimensions. — Height 66 mm. ; length 87 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Pliocene (?) : Parimoa, New Zealand.

L. 10445. Left valve of the adult. W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Genus PECTUNCULUS, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 87.]

This differs fi'om Cucullcea, in being orbicular, or suborbicular,
equivalve and almost equilateral ; the umbones are closer together,
and the area is, in consequence, narrower and relatively smaller.
The ligamental area, which is external, carries diverging grooves ;
cardinal border semicircular ; teeth prominent, strong, becoming
obliterated uuder the umbones as the gerontic stage is approached,
by the invasion of the ligamental area ; margins of the valves
crenulated.

Type. — Area peciunculus, Linnaeus.

340 PECTUNCULTJS.

Pectunculus cainozoicus, Teni son- Woods (sp.).

1877. Cucullma cainozoica, Teuison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 111.
1886. Pectunculus cainozoicus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 136, pi. X. figs. 9,a-b.
1888. Pectunculus cainozoicus, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxi. figs. IZa-b.
1893. Pectunculus cainozoicus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Pectunculus cainozoicus, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 130.

Shell roundly trigonal, oblique ; surface faintly and closely
marked with radiating ribs and concentric striae and ridges ;
umbones acute, incurved; area conspicuous, broad, traversed by
divergent ligament grooves ; teeth large, oblique ; adductors of
the valves large, shell on the inside of each depressed, the edges
of the depressions bordering the scars and meeting the simple
pallial line.

It is closely allied to P. cor, Lamarck, and young specimens
of that are separated with difficulty from the present species.
P. cainozoicus, however, has a relatively larger hinge, the umbones
are more elevated and acute, and the depression on either side
of the adductor scars is characteristic.

Dimensions. — Height 51 mm. ; length 52 mm.

Form, and Log. — Eocene and Miocene : Tasmania and Victoria.

83981. Two examples of the neanic stage of growth; from
Table Cape. Purchased.

L. 4825. Three specimens of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq^.

L. 6590. Left valve ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 6616. Pdght valve, abnormally thickened ; from Muddy

Creek. Purchased.

L. 9896. Pour examples ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

Pectunculus subtrigonalis, Tate.

1886. Pectunculus suhtrigonalis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 137, pi. xi. figs. %a-h.

Shell solid, subtrigonal, subequilateral, oblique, slightly pro-
duced, convex ; surface having about thirty conspicuous, broad,
rounded, radiating costse, separated by rather smaller, concave

PECTUNCULUS. 341

depressions, the whole being crossed by very closely-set lineations,
and few ridges of growth ; umbones small ; area constricted,
grooved ; hinge-line very short ; teeth few in number ; inner
margin of the valves broadly and strongly crenulate.

The surface ornament recalls the European Oligocene P. angusti-
costa, Lamarck, but the latter shell is orbicular, has a smaller
ligament area, and more numerous teeth.

Dimensions. — Height 27 mm. ; length 27 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : South Australia and Victoria.

L. 4826. Two valves, much waterworn ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9897. Several examples of the adult ; from Eiver Murray
cliffs. Purchased.

Pectunculus laticoStatUS, Quoy and Gaimard.

1834. Fectuncubts laticostatiis, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe,

vol. iii. p. 466, pi. Ixxvii. figs. 4-6.
1875. Pectunculus laticostatus, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. ii. p. 26, pi. six.

figs. 10-14.
1884. Pectunculus maccoiji, Johnston, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. p. 199.
1886. Pectunculus laticostatus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 137.
1886. Pectunculus maccoyi, Tate, id. p. 137.
1888. Pectunculus maccoyi, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 235, pi. xxxi.

figs. \-\d.
1893. Pectunculus laticostatus, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

1895. Pectunculus laticostatus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. six. pt. 1, p. 112.

1896. Pectwiculus laticostatus, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 130.

This species is closely allied to P. sultrigonalis, but it is thinner,
suborbicular (instead of subtrigonal), much more depressed, and
has a narrow hinge-line. Comparison of authenticated specimens
of P. maccoxji, Johnston, with the living P. laticostatus, enables the
writer to state, definitely, that they are synonymous.

JJimetisions. — Height 72 mm. ; length 74 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene : Tasmania,
Victoria, South Australia, and Xew Zealand.

83998. Left valve narrower than typical specimens ; from
Table Cape. Purchased.

98220. Left valve ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

342 PECTTJNCULUS.

L. 4828. Three specimens; from Muddy Creek:.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.
L. 5590. Example of the neanic stage of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Presented hj Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.

L. 6591. Specimens of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

L. 9895. Series illustrating stages of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

L. 10446. Eight valve of the adult ; from Parimoa.

W. B. D. Mantell Coll.
L. 10569. Many examples of both valves ; from River Murray
cliiis, near Adelaide. Presented hy William Evans, Esq.

L. 10564. Both valves of the adult ; from Wanganui.

Sir James Hector Coll.

Pectunculus convexus, Tate.

1886. Tectunculas convexus, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 138, pi. xi. figs. la-h.
1893. Pectunculus convexus, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

More tumid and more boldly sculptured than any other species
of Pectunculus here mentioned ; the ligamental area is very small,
and the inner side of the margin strongly crenulated. The bold
radiating costse are about 24 in number and are crossed by fine
growth-lines closely-set.

Dimensions. — Height 28 mm. ; length 28 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 4827. Left valve. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 6592. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Pectunculus flabellatus, Tenison- Woods.

1878. Pectunculus fabellatus, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. xir.
p. 61.

Shell more depressed than P. convexus, and the interspaces between
the costae are not as wide ; the ligament area, also, is much smaller.

Dimensions. — Height 24 mm. ; length 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Victoria.

L. 6569. Two specimens, rather waterworn. Purchased.

343

Pectunculus globosus, Hutton.

1873. rectunculus globosus, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 28.

" Vcntricose, subeqiiilateral, as high as long; posterior end
rounded, rather broader than the anterior ; umbones rather distant,
hinge at right angles to the axis of the shell, slightly curved, teeth
oblique." — Hutton.

Dimensions. — Height 96 mm. ; length 97 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : !New Zealand.

L. 10451. Example of the neanic stage of growth, in which
the growth-lines are remarkably regular and distinct; locality (?).

\_Old Collection.^

L. 10512. An immense double-valved specimen ; from Hick's
Bay. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10513. Left valve ; from Trelissick (upper beds).

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10515. Less tumid than typical specimens, both probably
referable to this species. Sir James Hector Coll.

Pectunculus, sp.

L. 5649. Casts of a large species allied to P. laticostatus ; from
Gippsland. Presented hy the Rev. J. S. H. Hot/ce.

L. 10514, L. 10540, L. 10562. Casts of a species resembling
P. globosus ; from the Eocene of Akuakua (lower beds).

Sir James Hector Coll.

Genus LIMARCA, Tate.
[Trans. Roy. See. South Aust. vol. viii. 1886, p. 135.]

"Yery inequilateral; cartilage pit lanceolate, excavated on the
hinge-line, directed backwards ; hinge-line with anterior denticles
and posterior elongated longitudinal teeth. "So area under the
umbo."— 7«^«.

It is allied to Limopsis, though the characters of the cardinal
regiou recall Crenella. It agrees with Trinacria by the absence
of an umbonal area, but differs in having fewer cardinal teeth.

Type. — Limarca angustifrons, Tate.

344

Limarca angustifrons, Tate.

1886. TAmarca angustifrons, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aiist. vol. viii.
p. 135, pi. viii. figs. 5a-J.

Shell small ; anterior margin rounded, posterior truncated ;
surface radially ribbed and concentrically lineated ; ligamental pit
excavated in the hinge-line, oblique, directed backwards ; anterior
to this pit are three prominent, almost horizontal denticles, and,
posteriorly, are four longitudinal teeth ; inner margin of the valves
crenulated.

Dimensions. — Height 5-5 mm. ; length 5 mm.

Form. a7id Loc. — Eocene : Adelaide, South Australia.

L. 9873. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Genus LIMOPSIS, Sasso.
[Giomale Ligustico di Scienze, An. i. 1827, p. 476.]

Distinguished from Pectunculus, with which it is closely related,
by the presence of a deep triangular pit underneath the umbo,
by the less restricted but relatively broader cardinal border, and
fewer teeth, which are oblique and best developed at the sides.

Type. — Area aurita, Erocchi.

Limopsis insolita, G. B. Sowerby (sp.).

1846. Trigonocoelia insolita, G. B. Sowerby, in Darwin, Geol. Obs. South

America, p. 252, pi. ii. figs. 20, 21.
1865. Limopsis insolita, Zittel, Eeise der Novara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 48, pi. xiii. fig. 1.
1873. Limopsis insolita, Button, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 28.
1886. Limopsis insolita, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. '^dii. p. 134.
1893. Limopsis insolita, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. Litnopsis insolita, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

Shell ovate, oblique ; surface concentrically ridged, and faintly
longitudinally striated, the striae being most pronounced towards
the ventral mai-gin ; hinge-line curved, carrying a few conspicuous
teeth almost vertical in the centre ; under the umbo is a well-

345

marked triangular pit. One of the adductors of the valves is
situated close under the termination of the hinge ; -whilst the
other is considerably removed therefrom, towards the oblique
prolongation of the shell ; pallial line simple, inside which is
a number of radiating striae.

Dimensions. — Height 28 mm. ; length 31 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene (?) : South
Australia and New Zealand.

L. 10444. Variation, in which the shells are abnormally high ;
from Parimoa. W. B. L. Mantell Coll.

L. 10447. Several examples of both valves, showing con-
siderable variation in regard to tumidity ; from Willunga.

H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10450. Series illustrating stages of growth ; (locality ?)
New Zealand. \_Old Collection.']

Limopsis belcheri, Adams and Reeve (sp.).

1850. Fectuncuhis belchei-i, Adams and Eeeve, Voy. Samarang, p. 76, pi. xxii.

fig. 5.
1875. Zimopsis belcheri, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. ii. p. 25, pi. xix.

figs. 8, 9.
1886. limopsis belcheri, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. ISl.
1893. Limopsis belcheri, Tate and Deunaut, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 22-i.

Similar to L. insolita, but rather more produced and oblique ;
the hinge-line is arcuate, the teeth are vertical in the centre and
become almost horizontal at the sides ; the triangular pit is
narrower; but the most conspicuous distinctions are the pro-
nounced radiating lineations on the surface, and the subordination
of the concentric growth-lines thereto, the reverse of which is the
case in L. insolita.

Dimensions. — Height 22 mm. ; length 24 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene (?) : Victoria and South
Australia.

L. 350. Two examples of the neanic stage of growth ; from
Buirnsdale. Presented lij W. H. Grigson, Esq.

L. 4836. Specimens of both valves of the adult ; from Muddy
Creek. Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

346

L. 6593. Both valves of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.
L. 9860. Several specimens ; from River Murray cliffs.

Purchased.
L. 10570. Many examples ; from River Murray cliffs.

Presented by Wm. Evans, PJsq.

Limopsis multiradiata, Tate.

1886. Limopsis multiradiata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 13.5, pi. xii. figs. \a~b.

Readily distinguished from L. insolita and L. lelclieri, by its
orbicular shape, small size, Pectunculus-YikQ tessellated surface
sculpture, with bifurcate radial costac, and crenulated inner margin.
Triangular pit large, equilateral.

Dimensions. — Height 4 mm. ; length 4 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9859. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Limopsis aurita, Brocchi (sp.).

1814. Area aurita, Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Snbappenn. p. 485, pi. si. fig. 9.

1873. Limopsis zealandica, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 28.

1875. Limopsis aurita, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. ii. p. 23, pi. six.

figs. 5-7.
1886. Limopsis aurita, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 134.
1893. Limopsis aurita, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

There appears to be no conchological diiference between the
European and Australasian examples of this variable species.
Typically, the shell is not so oblique as L. helcheri; radial linea-
tions are barely perceptible (or absent) in many individuals. The
writer agrees with Professor Tate (o^. supra cit., 1886) that
L. zealandica, Hutton, is a synonym.

Dimensions. — Height 21 mm. ; length 22'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Awamoa, New Zealand.

L. 10566. Examples of both valves. Sir James Sector Coll.

347

Tamily NUCULID^.

Genus NTJCULA, Lamarck,
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 87.]

Shell oval, or elongate, equivalve, inequilateral, posterior side
very short ; umbones inclined posteriorly ; surface smooth or
striated ; hinge angulate ; ligamental pit internal, triangular, and
on each side are developed numerous compressed, sharp teeth ;
interior of the valves nacreous, adductor impressions subequal ;
pallial line simple.

Type. — Area nucleus, Linnaeus.

Nucula tenisoni, Pritchard.

1877. NucuJa tumida, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. Ill

{non Hinds nee Philippi).

1878, Kucida grayi, Tenison-Woods, id. 1877, p. 55 [non D'Orbigny).
1886. Kucula tumida, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 127,

pi. vi. figs. Gar-b.
1893. Nucula tumida, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

1895. Numla tumida, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. six. pt. 1, p. 112.

1896. Nucula tenisoni, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 128.

Shell solid, tumid, smooth ; surface with several concentric
growth-folds, lunule conspicuous ; margin acute, not crenulated ;
" hinge teeth diverging progressively in an increasing series,
interrupted by a narrow, deep ligamental pit, which is obliquely
produced" {Tate) ; the posterior row has about eight teeth, and the
anterior thirty.

Mr. 6. B. Pritchard {op. cit. supra, pp. 128-130), has treated
of the synonymy at some length ; the present writer has not the
materials to enable him to express an opinion as to whether
iV. tumida and N. grayi, Tenison-Woods, are, or are not, identical.

Dimensions. — Height 17 mm.; length 22 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania and Victoria.

83995. Right valve ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

L. 4808. Several examples of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented ly John Dennant, Fsq.

L. 9827. Series illustrating stages of growth; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

848

Nucula atkinsoni, Johnston (sp.).

1881. Portlandia atkinsoni, Johnston, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1880, p. 39.
1886. Nucula atkinsoni, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 127,

pi. iv. figs. Za-c.
1893. Nucula atkinsoni, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Nucula atkinsoni, Pritchard, Proo. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 147.

Much smaller than N. tenisoni, it may be distinguished from
that species by the crenulated margin, and the tessellated sculpture
of the exterior, in which the concentric lineations are the most
prominent ; ligament pit relatively smaller.

Dimensions. — Height 6 mm. ; length 7 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 9828. Examples of both valves. Furcliased.

Family NUCULANID^.

Genus NUCULANA, Link.

[Besch. Rostock, Abth. iii. 1807, p. 155.]
Leda, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 173.

Differs principally from Nucula in being more or less produced
and angulate in front, the surface is concentrically or obliquely
ridged, and carries a well-defined keel curving from the umbo
to the rostrate prolongation. The cardinal border is slightly
angulate, hinge teeth numerous ; pallial line sinuous.

Tyjie. — Area rostrata, Linnaeus.

Nuculana vagans, Tate (sp.).

1880. leda lucida, Tenison-'Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iv. p. 3,
pi. i. fig. 6 [non Loven).

1886. leda lucida, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 131,

pi. vi. figs, la-b {non Loven).

1887. leda vagans, Tate, id. vol. is. p. 188.

1893. leda vagans, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell solid, subveutricose ; umbones small, very slightly directed
posteriorly; anterior side rounded, posterior rostrate; ventral

NTJCULANA. 349

margin straight, but sharply sloping upwards posteriorly; surface
having concentric strias and lines of growth ; lunula elliptical,
striated ; ligament pit internal, directly under the umbo ; cardinal
teeth very numerous.

Professor Tate's interpretation of the immature shell figured
by Tenison- Woods, in the memoirs above cited, is here accepted.

Dimensions. — Height 10"5 mm. ; length 17 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : River Murray cliffs, South Australia.

L. 9858. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

Nuculana acinaciformis, Tate (sp.).

1886. Leda acinaciformis^ Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.
p. 130, pi. V. figs. 6a-i.

Shell more elongate posteriorly than N. t'agans, ventral margin
gracefully curved, not so solid, hinge-line narrower ; exterior of the
shell equidistantly deeply striated, posterior keel conspicuous ;
lunule lanceolate, longitudinally ridged.

Dimensions. — Height 12 mm.; length 23 ram.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4799. Right valve. Presented by John Dennant, Fsq.

L. 6602. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

L. 9820. Specimens of the brephic and neanic stages of growth.

Purchased.

Nuculana woodsi, Tate (sp.).

1879. Zeda inconspicua, Tenison -Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.'W. vol. ui.

p. 139, pi. xxi. fig. 3 {lion A. Adams).
1S86. Leda woodsii, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutti Aust. vol. viii. p. 133,

pi. is. fig. 8.
1893. leda woodsi, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvLi. pt. 1, p. 224.

Allied to i\^. varans, from which it differs in having an arcuate
(instead of a straight) ventral margin, a somewhat less elongate and
biangulate posterior rostrum, in being closely, evenly, concentrically
striated on the surface, and in having a distinct posterior curved
keel commencing at the umbo, between which and the posterior

350 KTJCUIANA.

dorsal margin the concentric striae are commonly bolder than
on any other part of the shell ; lunule inconspicuous, elongate.

Dimensions. — Height 4-5 mm. ; length 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9821. Several specimens of both valves. Purchased.

Nuculana apiculata, Tate (sp.).

1886. Leda apiculata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 131,

pi. ix. figs. 4a-i.
1893. leda apiculata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. Leda apiculata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 112.

Shell ovate - subtrigonal, ventricose ; gradually acuminately
rostrated ; umbones moderately inflated ; posterior dorsal area
depressed, but slightly elevated at the extremity ; surface carrying
numerous small concentric threads ; lunule distinct.

Dimensions. — Height 5 mm. ; length 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 9826. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

Nuculana leptorhyncha, Tate (sp.).

1886. Leda leptorhyncha, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 131,
pi. X. figs. ba-h.

This species is not unlike the young of N. apiculata, from which,
however, it differs by the contraction and compression beneath
the rostral prolongation, and by its irregular sculpturing.

Dimensions. — Height 3 mm. ; length 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9824. Several examples. Purchased.

Nuculana crassa, Hinds (sp.).

1843. NucMla crassa. Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 99.
1871. Lccda crassa, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. vol. xvui. pi. v. fig. 27.
1877. Leda crassa, Angas, id. p. 193.

1885. Leda crassa, E. A. Smith, Voy. " Challenger," Zool. vol.
LameUibranchiata, p. 237.

NTJCrLANA. 351

Shell large, solid, binge-line angulate, carrying a large number
of V-sbaped teetb ; ligament pit directly under the umbo, very
deep ; lunule large, striated ; surface closely regularly lineate ;
keel from the umbo to the rostrum prominent, curved ; ventral
margin arcuate.

Dimemions. — Height 22 mm. ; length 35 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Post-Pliocene : Limestone Creek, Glenelg river,
Yictoria.

L. 6574. Examples of both valves of the adult. Purchased.

Nuculana huttoni, Tenison- Woods (sp.).

1879. Leda hutloiii, Tenison-'Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vol. iii.

p. 239, pi. xxi. fig. 2.
1886. Leda huttoni, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Soutk Aust. vol. viii. p. 130,

pi. vi. fig. 4.
1893. Leda huttoni, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xto. pt. 1, p. 224.

Much more elongate than any other species of Nuculana here
described. The umbones are placed well forward ; anterior side
rounded ; posterior elongate, truncate, and biangulate ; surface
concentrically in-egularly striated and sulcate, and having micro-
scopic radiating striations.

Dimensions. — Height 4*5 mm. ; length 11 '5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9822. Many examples of both valves, illustrating stages
of growth. Purchased.

Nuculana praelonga, Tate (sp.).

1886. Leda prcelonga, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 133,
pi. xii. figs. ■ia-b.

This shell is very small, transversely ovate, the posterior side
being the shorter — features which render it easily recognizable
amongst its congeners. It is compressed, smooth, the umbones
are inconspicuous ; whilst it has a well-deiined pallial sinus.

Dimensions. — Height 3 mm. ; length 4 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 9857. Several specimens of both valves. Purchased.

352

Nuculana obolella, Tate (sp.).

1886. Zeda obolella, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 129,

pi. T. figs. Zor-b.
1893. Leda obolella, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. Leda obolella, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

This shell can be distinguished with facility, being oval and
fragile ; the hinge is narrow, much contracted, and the teeth are
very small ; in addition, it is not rostrated, and the surface is only
very faintly striated concentrically. It is by no means a typical
example of the genus.

Dime7isions. — Height 9 mm. ; length 12-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9825. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Purchased.

Family TRIGONIID^.

Genus TRIGONIA, Bruguiere. *

[Ency. Meth. Vers. t. i. 1789, p. xiv. ; Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans Vert. 1801,
p. 116.]

Shell thick, subtrigonal, oval, or subtrapezoidal, inequilateral ;
umbones directed posteriorly ; cardinal teeth divergent, transversely
striated ; impression of the anterior adductor of the valves smaller
than that of the posterior, deeper, and placed on the cardinal '
border ; ligament marginal, thick ; surface of the valves commonly
ornamented by radiating ribs, or tubercles ; interior of the shell
nacreous.

Type. — Trigonia nodulosa, Lamarck.

Trigonia subundulata (M'Coy MS.), Jenkins.

1865. Triffonia subundulata (M'Coy MS.), H. M. Jenkins, Quart. Journ.

Sci. vol. ii. p. 362, pi. viii. fig. 6.

1866. Trigonia semiwidulata, H. M. Jenkins, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 201.
1866. Trigonia semiimdulata, M'Coy, id. vol. iii. p. 481.

1876. Trigonia semiundulata, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dee. ii. p. 22, pi. xix.

figs. 4-5.
1878. Trigonia semiundulata, E.. Etheridge, jun., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 158.
1886. Trigonia semiundulata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 145.

853

1888. Tiigonia seniiundidata, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 235, pi. xxix.

fig. 5.
1893. Triffoiiia semiundulata, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Roy. Soc. South

Aust. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Trigonia semiundulata, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 131.

Shell abruptly trimcated and crenulated posteriori)' ; umbones
near the anterior margin, which, in consequence, is short ; external
ornament consisting of prominent, curved, radiating, and occa-
sionally granulate costae, which occupy nearly one-half of the
surface posteriorly, and abruptly terminate against a number of
rather smaller curved ridges parallel to the ventral margin ; these
latter also bear some inconspicuous radiating costas about the
middle of the shell, which produce granulations at the points
of intersection with the curved ridges alluded to.

Bimemions. — Height 88 mm. ; length 46 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania and Victoria.

83996. Portion of right valve ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

L. 4838. Two right valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.
L. 6599. Examples of both valves, one of the neanic stage
of growth, and the other of the ephebic ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 9847. Specimen of the adult, both valves ; from Muddy

Creek. Purchased.

Trigonia tatei, Pritchard.

1895. Trigonia tatei, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. n.s. vol. vii. p. 225,
pi. xii. figs. 1-3.

Closely related to T. semiundulata, fi-om which it differs in being
more solid, regularly convex, not so elongate posteriorly, and
consequently the shell is proportionately higher; there are fewer
posterior radial costte on the surface, whilst the transverse ridges
are bolder.

Dimensions. — Height 37 mm. ; length 40 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Maude, Victoria.

L. 10024. Eight valve of the adult. Purchased.

354

Trigonia tubulifera, Tate.

1885. Trigonia tubulifera, Tate, Southern Science Record, January, p. 3.

1886. Trigonia tubulifera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 145, pi. xi. figs. 13rt-J.
1893. Trigonia tubulifera, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. Trigonia tubulifera, Tate and Dennant, id. vol xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

Shell veiy small ; flat posterior area having sixteen radial
costsB, remainder of surface with about twenty concentric ridges,
the whole of the costse and ridges carrying numerous, equidistant,
short tubular projections.

Dimensions. — Height 6 mm. ; length 6 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9848. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Trigonia how^itti, M'Coy.

1876. Trigonia hoivitti, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict. dec. iii. p. 31, pi. xxvii.,

figs. 1-2;;.
1878. Trigonia hoivitti, R. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 158.
1886. Trigonia hoivitti, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 146.!

Shell solid, transverse, posterior margin sloping ; ornamented
by about twenty granulated radial ribs, the largest being in the
middle, the others decreasing in size as the posterior and anterior
margins are approached, the granulations are largest on the
anterior costse ; ventral margin undulating, broadly crenulated in
the interior. It will be noticed that transverse ribs or ridges are
absent in this species, the costse all being radial.

Dimensions. — Height 44 mm. ; length 50 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Victoria.

L. 4839. Examples of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 5648. Fragment of right valve ; from Jemmy's Point, Lake
Tyers, Gippsland. Presented hy the Rev. J. S. H. Royce.

L. 6600. Both valves of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 9849. Two specimens; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

355

Trigonia acuticostata, M'Coy.

1866. Trigonia lamarckii, H. M. Jenkins, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 201, pi. x.

figs. 3-7 [non Math.).
1866. Trigonia acuticostata, M'Coy, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 482, fig. 1.
1875. Trigonia acuticostata, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Yict. dec. ii. p. 21, pi. xix.

figs. 1, 2.
1878. Trigonia acuticostata, E. Etheridge, jun.. Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 157.
1886. Trigonia acuticostata, Tate, Trans. Roy. See. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 145.

Distinguished by the absence of transverse ridges, the ornamcut
consisting of elevated radial costai, on which are numerous, equi-
distant, sharp denticles ; the costae are rather widely separated,
the interstices exhibiting closely-set lines of growth.

Dimensions. — Height 24 mm. ; length 28 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Yictoria.

L. 353. Two examples of a variation in which the shell is
rather less oblique than in typical specimens, whilst the denticles
on the costse are well elevated ; from Baimsdale.

Presented hy JF. H. Grigson, Esq.

L. 9850. Eight valve ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Trigonia, sp.

L. 10558. Internal cast of right valve, species indeterminable.
Eocene (?) : Waipara, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Family UNIONID^.
Genus UNIO, Retzius.

[Diss. Nova Test. Genera, 1788, p. 16.]

Shell commonly equivalve ; nacreous in the interior ; umbones
placed anteriorly, frequently corroded ; surface smooth, plicated
or tuberculose ; ligament prominent, long ; hinge of right valve
carrying two anterior lateral teeth, and cue long posterior lateral
tooth ; hinge of left valve composed of one anterior lateral tooth,
one cardinal tooth placed under the umbo, and two long lateral
posterior teeth ; pallial line entire ; surface ornament usually
simple.

'Type. — Mya margaritifera, Liunseus.

356 ANODONTA.

TJniO jolinstoni, Etheridge, jun.

1881. Unie johnstoni, E. Etheridge, jim., Pap. Roy. Soe. Tas. 1880, p. 20,
plate, two upper figures.

1887. Unio johnstoni, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 153.

1888. Unto johnstoni, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. sxxiv. figs. 1-la.

The author states that this does not resemble any of the living
Australian species, but approaches nearest to U. mutahilis, Lea,
found in the neighbourhood of Brisbane. The condition of the
specimens, which are in the state of ironstone casts, renders it
impossible to describe the features of the hinge-line or the surface
characteristics, so that even the generic reference is a little doubtful.

Dimensions. — Height 51 mm. ; length 99 mm.

Form, and Loc. — " Tertiary " : Tasmania.

96928. Several double-valved specimens, including the type
figured {op. supra cit.) by Mr. Eobert Etheridge, jun. ; from the
Tamar river, between Whirlpool Reach and George Town.

Presented ly Br. J. Milligan.

98219. Six specimens ; from Launceston. Purchased.

L. 6099. Two casts of the adult ; locality (?). Purchased.

Genus ANODONTA, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 87.]

Shell inequilateral ; umbones small ; cardinal border long, eden-
tulous, but giving indications of a horizontal ridge which represents
the posterior lateral tooth of Unio ; ligament exterior ; scars of
the adductors of the valves not deep ; impression of the anterior
adductor of the foot small, near that of the valves ; scar of the
posterior adductor of the foot practically confluent with that of
the adductor of the valves in the same region ; a muscle-scar also
in the umbonal cavity ; impression caused by the attachment of
the visceral mass well marked.

Type. — Mytilus cygnetis, Linnasus.

Anodonta tamarensis, Etheridge, jun.

1881. Anodonta (?) tamarensis, R. Etheridge, jun., Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas.
1880, p. 22, plate, two lower figures.

1887. Tlnio tamarensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 153.

1888. Anodonta tasmanica, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, pi. xxxiv. figs. 2-2a.

CAEDITA. 357

The specimens In the Museum coUectioa are all ironstone casts,
and, the hinge-line not being visible, the generic position of this
species is doubtful also. In his diagnosis Mr. Etheridge, jun.,
remarks: — "Our fossil approaches some of the flat forms of
Anodonta, and it is with these that it must be compared. The
more or less compressed valves, strong posterior angulation of the
dorsal margin, obliquely truncated posterior margin, and obliquely
rounded anterior margin, pending a knowledge of the dental
characters of the hinge, all point in this direction."

Dimensions. — Height 57 mm. ; length 96 mm.

Form, and Log. — " Tertiary" : Tasmania.

96929. The type specimen, figured by Mr. Eobert Etheridge,
jun. ; from the Tamar river, between "Whirlpool Reach and George
Town. Presented hy Dr. J. Mdliyan.

L. 6099. Two examples; locality (?). Purchased.

Family CAEDITID^.

Genus CARDITA, Bruguiere.

[Ency. Meth. Vers. t. i. 1792, p. 401.]

Shell oval, transverse, solid, inequilateral ; ornamented by salient
and frequently scaly costte ; lunule more or less depressed ; hinge
oblique; right valve carrying one small anterior lateral tooth and
two long posterior cardinal teeth ; left valve with a short anterior
cardinal tooth, one long posterior cardinal tooth, and one small
posterior lateral tooth ; muscle-scai's large and conspicuous ; pallial
line simple.

As given by Bruguiere, Cardita is a mixture of several genera ;
following the rule applicable in such cases we must accept the
interpretation of Lamarck,' who was the first to break up Cardita,
and the type of the genus as given by that author is as here stated.

It is impossible to satisfactorily separate Venericardia from

' Mem. Soc. Ilist. Xat. Paris, 1779, p. 86.

358

Cardita in the fossil state, as Stoliczka' has pointed out, and the
writer prefers to call the Australasian forms here described Cardita,
for the present.

Tijpe. — Chama cali/culata, Linnaeus.'

Cardita scabrosa, Tate.

1886. Cardita scabrosa, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Amst. vol. viii. p. 152,

pi. ii. fig. 4.
1893. Cardita scabrosa, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Cardita scabrosa, Pritchard, Proc. Hoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 132.

Distinguished by the shell being oval-subquadiate, the radiating
costse being thirty in number, and by their bearing erect scales.
Dimensions. — Height 16 mm. ; length 20 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4802, L. 4804. Specimens of both valves.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9904. Examples of the right valve. Purchased.

Cardita polynema, Tate.

1886. Cardita pohjnema, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 153, pi. ii. fig. 7.
1893. Cardita pohjnema, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1895. Cardita polynema, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

The chief differences between this and C. latissima, with which
it is closely allied, are that the shell is narrower anteriorly, and
there are a larger number of costse. It is less produced anteriorly
than is C. gracilicostata, Tenison- Woods.

Dimensions. — Height 34 mm. ; length 40 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Spring Creek, Victoria.

L. 9902. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

' PaliEont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ili. Pelecypoda, 1871, p. 282.
- Cf. Fischer, Manuel de Conchyl. 1S87, p. 1012.

359

Cardita latissima, Tate,

1886. Cardita latissima, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii. p. 153,
pi. ii. fig. 5.

Shell roundly-oblong ; surface ornamented witli about thirty
costae having lamellar scales. It differs from C. polynema in being
•widened posteriorly, and in having fewer radial costae.

Dimensions. — Height 13 mm.; length 14 mm.

Form, and Loc. — P]ocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9903. Specimens of both valves, of the neanic stage of
gro w th . Purchased.

Cardita delicatula, Tate.

1886. Cardita delicatula, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 154, pi. ii. fig. 10.
1893. Cardita delicatula, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.
1896. Cardita delicatula, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

Shell ovate, depressed ; umbones oblique, curved inwards ;
posterior margin rouadly truncated ; surface " with twenty-six
compressed radial ribs, densely beset with granules passing into
scales ou the posterior slope ; interspaces a little wider than the
ribs ; inner margins of valves coarsely crenulated." — Tate.

Dimensions. — Height 10 mm. ; length 12 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eoceue : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9905. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

Cardita calva, Tate.

1887. Cardita calva, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ii. p. 189,

pi. XX. fig. 14.

Shell small, subtrigonal, depressed ; umbones elevated, acute ;
umbonal area smooth, with distant sulci, from which proceed about
twenty radial costae, closely granulated ; the intercostal spaces are
widest anteriorly and posteriorly.

Dimensions. — Height 5 mm. ; length 5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 9906. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

360

Cardita solida, Tate.

1887. Cardita solida, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 189,
pi. XX. fig. 18.

Shell readily distinguished from all other Australian species
of Cardita here alluded to by its solidity, elevated umbonal
region, with correspondingly large hinge area, but especially by
its smooth, bold, radial costae, to the number of about eighteen ;
margins strongly crenulated.

Dimensions. — Jleight 9 mm. ; length 9'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9901. Series of both valves, illustrating stages of growth.

Fur chased.

Cardita maudensis, Pritchard.

1895. Cardita maudensis, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. n.s. vol. vii.
p. 229, pi. xii. figs. 6, 7.

In his diagnosis the author remarks that this shell resembles
that of C. delicatula, Tate, but differs in not being so abruptly
truncate posteriorly, the umbones are placed a little farther backj
from the anterior margin ; it has fewer, broader, and much more
coarsely ornamented costae. It has also fewer and broader ribs thani
has C. tasmanica, Tate, whilst the interspaces are narrower, andj
the form of the two shells diff'ers.

Dimensions. — Height 10*5mm. ; length 10 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene: Maude, Victoria.

L. 10027. Many examples of both valves of the adult. Purchased.\

Cardita awamoensis, nom. mut.

1873. Venericardia intermedia, Hutton, Cat. Tert. MoU. N.Z. p. 24 [non
Lamarck, nee Basterot, nee Duhoia) .

Shell ovate, very inequilateral, truncated posteriorly ; surface
ornamented with about twenty-two radial costas, typically nodose
in the early growth of the shell, but becoming transversely
striated on nearing the margin ; lunule very small.

The species name is here changed, the appellation intermedia
having been used for different kinds of Cardita, before Professor

CAEDITA. 351

Hutton suggested its application to the New Zealand shell now
described. The species name proposed refers to the locality
Awamoa, where the shell is said to be common.

Dimensio>is.— Height 40 mm. ; length 44 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Eocene and Miocene (?) : New Zealand.

L. 10553, L. 10554. Many examples of both valves having
smooth ribs (var. £ of Hutton) ; from Parimoa.

/T. £. D. Mantell Coll.
L. 10555. Two specimens (var. £ of Hutton) from Parimoa.

Trans/erred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

I. 10556, Cast in glauconitic sandstone ; from Curiosity Shop,
Canterbury. g^^, j^,^^^^^ j^^^^^^ ^,J^

Cardita australis, Lamarck (sp.).

1818. Venericardia australis, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. saas Vert t. y

p. 610.
1873. Cardita australis, Von Martens, List Moll. N.Z. p. 47.
1873. Venericardia australis, Button, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z. p. 74.
1873. Venericardia australis, Hutton, Cat. Tert. MoU. X.Z. p. 23.
1880. Cardita australis, Hutton, Man. X.Z. Moll. p. 158.
1893. Venericardia australis, Hutton, Linn. Soc. N.S.W. Macleav Mem Vol

p. 85. J ■ •

Shell strongly radiately costated, each rib bearing a number
of prominent, compressed tubercles, which frequently become sub-
spinose towards the posterior end of the shell.

Dtmensmis.—Reight 27-5 mm. ; length 31-5 mm.

Form, and Zoc— Pliocene : Wanganui, New Zealand.

I. 10552. Three specimens. W. B. D. Mantell Coll.

L. 10557. Two examples of both valves. Sir James Hector Coll.

Cardita, sp.

L. 5646. Cast of a species allied to Mijtilicardia compta, Tate,
but proportionately higher and more tumid, whilst the median
radud cost* are broader and flatter ; from Gippsland, Victoria.

Presented hxj the Rev. J. S. II. Royce.

L. 10551 Cast of a large species ; from the Tertiary of Nullarbor
Pluius, South Australia. m. Y. L. Brown Coll.

362 CAEDITELLA,

Genus CARDITELLA, E. A. Smith.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, pp. 42, 43.]

Shell trigonal, equilateral ; carrying two cardinal teeth on the
left valve and one on the right ; each valve has two lateral teeth,
one nearly marginal on the one side, the other on the opposite side
being well within the outer edge, with a groove between it and
the margin for the reception of the submarginal tooth of the other
valve ; pallial line simple.

Type. — Carditella pallida, Smith.*

Carditella lamellata, Tate (sp.).

1886. Gouldia lamellata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South, Aust. vol. viii. p. 148,

pi. ii. fig. 17.

1887. Carditella lamellata, Tate, id. vol. ix. p. 188.

Distinguished by its depressed, triangular form, with much pro-
duced acute umbo and rounded ventral margin ; surface ornamented
by several conspicuous concentric lamellae and growth-lines, in
some individuals set closely together, in others far apart.

Dimensions. — Height 4'5 mm. ; length 4'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9879. Several examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of
growth. Purehased.

Carditella radiata, Tate (sp.).

1886. Micromeris radiata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 148, pi. X. fig. 12.

1887. Carditella radiata, Tate, id. vol. ix. p. 188.

1893. Carditella radiata, Tate and Dennaut, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.
1895. Carditella radiata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

Shell trigonal, slightly convex ; umbones produced ; inner margin
distantly crenulated; surface smooth, radially ribbed, concentrically
ridged, or coarsely striated ; there is a deep elliptical depression
anterior and posterior to the umbones.

Dimensions. — Height 4*5 mm. ; length 4*5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, iSouth Australia.

L. 9878. Specimens of the adult, both valves. Purchased.

1 Voy. "Challenger," Zool. LameUibranchiata, vol. xiii. p. 216.

CEASSATELLITES. 363

Family CEASSATELLITIDiE.

Genus CEASSATELLITES, Kriiger.

[Geschichte der IJrwelt, Tlieil ii. 1823, p. 466.]

CrassateUa, audorum {no7i Lamarck, Mem. Soo. Hist. JS^at. Paris,
1799, pp. 85, 86).

American authors ' for some time past have recognized that the
name CrassateUites, Kriiger, must be applied to moUusca commonly
known as CrassateUa. In Lamarck's work above cited the type
of his CrassateUa is given as Madra cygnea, Chemnitz (^ M. cygmis,
Gmelin), which may, without hesitation, be referred to the Mactrida3,
and CrassateUa must therefore be employed for certain members of
that family, or fall in synonymy. Kriiger's type, mentioned below,
comes from the Bordeaux area.

Type. — CrassateUa sinuata, Lamarck.

CrassateUites dennanti, Tate (sp.).

1886. CrassateUa dennanti, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Anst. vol. ™i.

p. 146, pi. xi. fig. 2.
1893. CrassateUa dennanti, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell large, truncated posteriorly, ventral margin slightly crenu-
lated in the adult ; surface ornament consisting of concentric ridges,
the last two or three developed posteriorly commonly run off the
ventral margin as the anterior of the shell is reached ; posterior
ridge rounded, well developed.

Dimensions. — Height 37 ram. ; length 54 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4837. Eight valve of the adult ; and examples of the brephic
and ncaiiic stages of growth. Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

L. 6588. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

L. 9852. Both valves of the adult. Purchased.

> Cf. R. B. Newton, Journal of Conchology, vol. \m. 1896, p. 150.

364 CEASSATELLIXES.

Crassatellites oblonga, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1876. Crassatella oblonga, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 25,

pi. ii. fig. 11.
1886. Crassatella ohlonga, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 146.
1888. Crassatella ohlonga, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 234, pi. xxis.

figs. 1-la.
1896. Crassatella ohlonga, Pritchard, Proo. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 131.

Much more elongate posteriorly than C. dennanti, the concentric
lines of growth are prominent, but are not accompanied by pro-
nounced ridges, except in the umbonal region. The shells appear
to vary considerably in regard to tumidity, but all are very solid.
Mr. Gr. B. Pritchard remarks {op. supra cit.) that the Muddy
Creek forms are separable from those at the typical locality, Table
Cape, and he proposes to describe them as a new species. The
only specimen from the last-mentioned place in the Museum
collection is in such a bad state of preservation that the present
writer is unable to control the matter.

Dimensions. — Height 47 mm. ; length 68 mm.

Form, and Loo. — Eocene and Miocene : Table Cape and Yictoria.

83999. Large fragment of right valve, much worn ; from Table
Cape. Purchased.

L. 4834. Examples of the adult, both valves ; from Muddy
Creek. Presented hy John Lennant, Esq^.

L. 6601. Specimens of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 9851. Specimens of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth ;
from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

Crassatellites communis, Tate (sp.).

1886. Crassatella astartiformis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 147, pi. xi. figs. 12-15 {nan Nyst.).
1893. Crassatella communis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 224.

Shell small, subquadrate, margins not crenulated ; surface
ornamented by fine concentric folds. The change of nomenclature

CEASSATELLITE3. 365

above indicated is confirmed by a label attached to some specimens
kindly sent by Professor Tate to the writer.

Dimensions. — Height 7'5 mm. ; length 8 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9853. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

Crassatellites amplus, Zittel (sp.).

1865. CrassateUa ampla, Zittel, Eeise der Xovara, Palaontologie, Bd. i.

Abth. ii. p. 46, taf. xiv. figs. 3a-b.
1873. CrassateUa ampla, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 24.

Shell trigonal, subequilateral, solid, irregularly concentrically
striated ; anterior end broad and obtuse, posterior slightly at-
tenuated. The hinges in the Museum specimens are covered with
hard matrix. Professor Hutton describes them as follows : "Hinge
very broad and thick, cardinal tooth of the right valve attenuated,
and bifid at the base ; cartilage pit large and deep ; left valve
with two teeth."

Dimetisions. — Height 68 mm. ; length 87 mm.

Furm. and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene : l^ew Zealand.

L. 10490. Examples of the right valve, affixed to block of
shelly argillaceous limestone ; from Akuakua (lower beds).

Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10492. Large fragment of right valve ; from Kawau.

Bir James Hector Coll.

Crassatellites attenuatus, Hutton (sp.).

1873. CrassateUa attenuata, Hutton, Cat. Tert. MoU. N.Z. p. 24.

"Ovate; inequilateral; broad and rounded in front, produced
and tapering behind ; posterior dorsal margin straight ; hinge
moderate; irregularly concentrically striated." — Hutton.

The following specimen appears to correspond to the above brief
description.

Dimensions. — Height 107 mm.; length 130 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Trelissick, l^ew Zealand.

L. 10493. Left valve of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

366

Crassatellites traili, Hutton (sp.).

1873. CrassatcUa Iraili, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 24.

Allied to C. dennanti, from which it differs in having a produced
(instead of truncated) posterior margin ; and by the fineness of its
concentric lineations.

Dimensions. — Height 32 mm. ; length 45 mm.

Form, mid Loc. — Miocene : Awaraoa, 'Eaw Zealand.

L. 10495. Left valve of the adult. Sir James Hector Coll.

Crassatellites, sp.

L. 9582. Block of shell conglomerate, containing many fragments
of a species of Crassatellites. Post-Pliocene : Flint cliffs, Sharks'
Bay, Western Australia. Presented ly W. Saville-Kent, Esq.

L. 10494. Imperfect left valve of a species allied to C. attenuata.
but strongly concentrically ridged. Eocene : Trelissick, Newj
Zealand.

I

Family CARDIID^.

Genus CARDIUM, Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 678.]

Shell convex ; umbones elevated, incurved and slightly inclined
anteriorly ; right valve having one or two cardinal teeth, two
anterior lateral teeth, and one or two posterior lateral teeth ; left
valve, two cardinal teeth, one anterior lateral tooth, and one
posterior lateral ; ligament external ; surface ornamented by more
or less conspicuous radial costae ; pallial line entire.

Type. — Cardium edule, Linnsus.

367

Cardium victorige, Tate.

1887. Cardium vicforice, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 151,
pi. xiv. figs. la-b.

Shell longitudinally ovate, depressed, slightly oblique ; costoe
small, very numerous, several on the anterior slope commonly
granulated, and some near the posterior margin tuberculate.

Dimensiotis. — Height 21 mm. ; length 19 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 10025. Left valve. Purchased.

Cardium. spatiosum, Hutton.

1873. Cardium spatiosum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 23.

Dimensions. — Height 115 mm. ; length 138 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Miocene ; Taipos, Wellington, !N^ew Zealand.
L. 10574. Double-valved example of this gigantic species, not,
ho-svever, perfect enough for description. Sir James Hector Coll.

Cardium, sp.

42688. Cast of left valve of a species allied to C. victorice ; from
near Adelaide, South Australia.

Prenented hij the Governors of Adelaide Museum.

42698. Cast of right valve of a radially costate species ; from
near Adelaide. Presented by M. Marshall, Esq.

L. 10575. Casts in, and impressions on, argillaceous limestone,
of a small undescribed species. Miocene : Akuakua (upper beds),
;New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

L. 10578, L. 10579. Casts of a species allied to C. viclorics;
from NuUarbor Plains, South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10581, L. 10583. Two casts ; from Willunga, near Adelaide.

H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10582. Casts of a species similar to L. 10578 ; from Fowler's
Bay District, South Australia. H. Y. L. Broivn Coll.

L. 10584. Cast of the right valve of a species in which the
radial costtB are large, numerous, and regular; (locality?) South
Australia. Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology.

368 PE0T0CAEDIX7M.

Genus PROTOCARDIUM, Beyrich.
[Menke's Zeitsch. Malakozoologie, 1845, pp. 17-20.]

Distinguished from Cardium in being more globose, but especially
by the character of the surface ornament, which, typically, con-
sists of radiating costse posteriorly, and tine concentric lineations
abutting against them on the remainder of the surface.

Tijpe. — Cardium hillanum., Sowerby.

Protocardium antisemigranulatum, M'Coy (sp.).

1877. Cardium [Protocardium) antisemigranulatum, M'Coy, Prod. Pal. Vict.

dec. V. p. 16, pi. xUv. figs. 2, 3.
1887. Cardium antisemigranulatum, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.

vol. ix. p. 152.
1893. Cardium antisemigranulatum, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1,

p. 225.

Posterior costse partly tuberculate, remainder of surface smooth,
but bearing minute concentric and radial striae ; margin crenulated.
Dhnensions. — Height 30 mm. ; length 32 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 10026. Right valve of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.
Protocardium hemimeris, Tate (sp.).

1887. Cardium, hemimeris, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 153,
pi. xiv. figs. 2a-c.

Shell subglobose ; umbones much elevated; "the anterior half
of the surface of the valves is ornamented by numerous regular,
equal, flat riblets, crossed by finer and closer concentric threads
. . ; the intersection of the riblets and the lirse produce
a tesselated ornament. The posterior half is ornamented with
about fifty flat, narrow riblets, closely beset with small tubular,
conical spines." — Tate.

Dimensions. — Height 8"5 mm. ; length 8'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9867. Several examples of both valves. Purchased.

369

Protocardium serum, Hutton.

1873. Protocardium serum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z. p. 23.

L. 10577. Two large fragments probably referable to this
species. Eoceae : Trelissick, Ifew Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Family CHAMID^.

Genus CHAM A, Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 691.]

Shell irregular, inequivalve ; umbones spiral or subspiral, that
of the fixed valve always longer than the other; surface ornamented
by lamellae or spines, or both ; upper valve operculiform, slightly
convex ; lower valve highly convex and much larger ; ligament
external; pallial line entire.

Type. — Chama lazarus, Linnaeus.

Chama lamellifera, Tenison-Woods.

1877. Chama lamellifera, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. lU.
1887. Chama lamellifera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 149,

pi. xiv. figs. ba-b.
1893. Chama lamellifera, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.
1896. Chama lamellifera, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 133.

Both valves ornamented exteriorly with distant irregular lamellae,
occasionally elevated and subspinose ; spaces between having
numerous minute concentric striae.

Dimensions. — Height 17 mm. ; length 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Tasmania and Victoria.

83985. Upper valve ; from Table Cape. Furchased.

L. 4790. Lower valves, concentric lamellae very irregularly
develo])L'd ; from Muddy Creek. Presented hj John Dennant, IHsq.

L. 6603. Both valves of a typical example ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 9836. Examples of the adult; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

BB

370 MEEETETX.

Family VENEEID^.

Genus MERETRIX, Lamarck.
[Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 85.]
Cytherea, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. t. vii. 1806, p. 132.

Shell oval-subtrigonal, smooth or concentrically striated, lunula
conspicuous; margin of the valves not cremilated; hinge carrying
three cardinal teeth on each valve ; ligament external ; sinus
deep.

Type. — Venus meretrix, Linnaeus.

Meretrix paucirugata, Tate (sp.).

1887. Cytherea paucirugata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.
p. 158, pi. xiv. fig. 14.

Characterized by lamellate rugae on the posterior slope, and by
the acuminate posterior prolongation ; pallial sinus very deep.
Dimensions. — Height 29 mm. ; length 39 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 4831. Both valves of the adult.

Presented ly John Betmant, Esq.
L. 6607, L. 9894. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Meretrix submultistriata, Tate (sp.).

1887. Cytherea submultistriata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.
p. 160, pi. xviii. figs. 6, 8.

Eeadily distinguished from M. paucirugata, Tate, by the absence
of lamellate rugae ; the shell being elongate-ovate, smooth, the
surface being irregularly lineated by growth-lines; anterior and
posterior lateral teeth very short.

Dimensions. — Height 28'5 mm. ; length 38 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 4832. Both valves of the adult.

Presented by John Pennant, Esq.

L. 6608. Two specimens of the left valve. Purchased.

MERETEIX. 371

Meretrix eburnea, Tate (sp.).

1887. Cythcrca ehiirnea, Tiite, Traus. Roy. Soc. Soutb Aust. vol. i.^. p. 160,

pi. xviiL fig. 7.
1893. Cytherea eburnea, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Allied to M. suhmiiltistriata, but is more tumid, oval in form,
rounded, and not acuminate posteriorly ; surface smooth, interrupted
by irregular concentric lines of growth.

Dimensions. — Height 19 mm. ; length 23 mm.

Form, and Loc — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9892. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Meretrix tenuis, Tate (sp.).

1887. Cytherea tenuis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 159,

pi. xiv. fig. 16.
1893. Cytherea tennis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

1895. Cytherea tenuis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

1896. Cytherea tenuis, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. See. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. p. 135.

Shell thin, fragile, narrow anteriorly, produced, but truncated
posteriorly ; umbo incurved, situated at about one-fourth of the
whole length from the anterior margin ; ventral margin arcuate ;
surface shining, finely concentrically striated ; pallial sinus large,
broad and deep.

Dimensions. — Height 15 mm. ; length 20 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Spring Creek, Victoria.

L. 9893. Examples of both valves. Furchased.

Meretrix, sp.

L. 10586. Several casts of a species allied to AT. sulmultistriata,
but much larger and more compressed ; from Willunga, South
Australia. H. Y. L. Drown Coll.

48803. Casts of a large species, too imperfect for determination
specifically ; from Eiver Murray cliffs, South Australia.

Preseiited hy Commodore Goodenough, F.N.

L. 5645. Several casts of a very tumid species ; from Sale,
Gippsland. Presented by the Fev. J. S. H. Royce.

L. 10589. Internal cast of left valve ; from the Lower Tertiary
of Ardrossan, Yurke's Peninsula, South Australia.

R. Y. L. Brown Coil.

372

Genus SUNETTA, Link.

[Besch. Rostock, Abth. iii. 1807, p. 148.]
Meroe, Sclmmacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 149.

Shell oval, trigonal, depressed, almost equilateral ; posterior
margin much shorter than the amterior; readily distinguished from
Meretrix by the phenomena of the hinge, the position of the
umbones, and by the sinus.

Type. — Chama sunet, Adanson.

Sunetta gibberula, Tate (sp.).

1887. Meroe gihberula, Tate, Trans. Eoy. See, South Aust. vol. is. p. 162,
pi. XV. figs. 4a-J.

Posterior lateral area of the hinge large, broad, slightly convex ;
umbones acute ; margin crenulated ; surface smooth, shining, with
inconspicuous lineations and undulating growth-lines, which are
mostly developed near the ventral margin in the adult.

Dimensions. — Height 24 mm. ; length 29 mm.

Form, and Log. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4824. Examples of both valves.

Presented hy John Dennant, JEsq.

L. 6610. Both valves of the adult. Purchased.

L. 9870. Specimens of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Genus CHIONE, Megerle von Miihlfeldt.
[Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, Magazin, 1811, p. 51.]

Shell oval, triangular, cardinal border narrow, having on each
valve three divergent cardinal teeth, and, sometimes, on the left
valve a rudimentary anterior lateral tooth ; pallial sinus short,
triangular, or obsolete; surface of the valves lamellose, cancellated,
striated, or smooth.

Type. — Venus dysera, Linnaeus.

373

Chione dimorphophylla, Tate.

18S7. Chione dimorphopliylla, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 155, pi. XV. figs. ia-h.
1893. Chione diinorphophylla, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Shell large, ovate, regularly rounded anteriorly ; umbones directed
■well forward, incurved ; pallial sinus deep, angulate, reaching almost
to the centre of the shell ; margin crenulated ; surface of the ex-
terior ornamented by prominent, elevated concentric lamellae,
between ■which are closely-set radial lineations ; lunule ■well im-
pre.'ised, concave.

Dimensions. — Height 49 mm. ; length 60 mm.

Fvrm. and Loe. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

L. 4833. Eight valve of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hj John Dennant, Esq.
L. 6604, L. 9870. Left valves ; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

L. 10591. Several examples of both valves; from the River
Murray, near Adelaide. Presented by Wm. Evans, Esq.

Chione dictua, Tate.

1887. Chione dictna, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 158,
pi. xvi. fig. 2.

Shell transversely-oblong, depressed, narro-wed and obliquely
truncate posteriorly ; chiefly characterized by the surface being
ornamented with small radial costae, decussated by concentric
striie ; lunule lanceolate, defined by a deep groove, ■within ■whiclj
are u fe^w lamellae of gro^wth.

Dimensions. — Height 9'5 mm. ; length 12"5 mm.

Fonn. rtwrfZoc— Miocene: Iliver Murray cliffs. South Australia.

L. 9889. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Chione cainozoica, Tenison-Woods (sp.).

1877. ^'^■nl(s [Chione) cainozoica, Tenison-'U^oods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1876,
p. 113.

1887. Chione cainozoica, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 150,

pi. xvi. figs. 'ia-b.

1888. Chione cainozoica, Johnston, Geol. Tasmania, p. 233, pi. xxxii.

figs. 8-8«, 11-lltf.

374

1893. Chione cainozoica, Tate and Dennant, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust.
vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

1895. Chione cainozoica, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xix. pt. 1, p. 113.

1896. Chione cainozoica, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 135.

Shell suborbicular, highly convex; surface with thin erect
concentric lamellae, which are much more closely-set than any
other Australian Eocene Chione hitherto described ; lunule broadly
heart-shaped, defined by a groove which interrupts the regular
course of the concentric lamellae.

Dimensiotis. — Height 18 mm. ; length 20 mm.

Form, and Zoo. — Eocene : Victoria and South Australia.

L. 9888. Examples of dilFerent stages of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

L. 10587. Eight valve, much crushed, probably referable to this
species ; from Willunga. IT. Y. L. Brown Coll.

Chione subroborata, Tate.

1887. Chione subroborata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 156,
pi. xiv. fig. 17.

Shell cordately trigonal, solid, broader anteriorly than posteriorly,
Timbones flattened, well forward; readily distinguished from
C. cainozoica not only by its shape, but by the surface concentric
lamellae, which are very solid and distant from each other, there
being only fifteen or sixteen on each valve in the adult; lunule
small ; pallial line some distance from the ventral margin.

The author compares it with the living C. rohorata, Hanley.

Dimensions. — Height 22'5 mm. ; length 25-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Victoria.

L. 355. Dwarfed specimens, a local variation of this species (?)
from Bairnsdale. Presented by W. H. Grigson, JEsq.

L. 4830. Both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 6605, L. 9884. Donble-valved specimen, and separate right
and left valves of the adult; from Muddy Creek. Purchased.

DIPLODONTA. 375

Chione propinqua, Tenison-Woods.

1877. Ch'one propinqua, Teuison-Woods, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 113.
1887. Chione propinqua, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 157,

pi. xiv. figs. 7, 8.
1893. Chione propinqua, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.
1896. Chione propinqua, Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 135.

Shell transversely oval ; surface •with closely-set concentric
ridges, lamellar at the extremities, which are finely radially
lineated, the latter feature being most conspicuous between the
ridges ; pallial line near the margin, sinus rather shallow.

Mr. G. B. Pritchard [op. cit.) is of opinion that the Victorian
fossils described by Professor Tate under this name are specifically
distinct from the Table Cape shell on which Tenison-Woods
founded C. propinqua. The materials at the writer's disposal are
not such as to enable him to express an opinion on the subject.

Dimensions. — Height 18 mm. ; length 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4829. Examples of both valves.

Presented hy John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9883, L. 9885. Several specimens; from both horizons.

Purchased.

Family UNGULINID^.

Genus DIPLODONTA, Bronn.

[Ital. Tert. 1831, pp. ix.-xii.]

Shell inequilateral, suborbicular, smooth, or concentrically
striated; hinge having two cardinal teeth on each valve; ligament
external ; pallial line simple ; no lunule.

Type. — Venus lupinus, Brocchi.

Diplodonta subquadrata, Tate.

1887. Diplodonta fuhquadrata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 147, pi. xiv. figs. lOrt-i.
1893. Diplodonta subquadrata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.
1896. Diplodonta subquadrata, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii.

N.s. p. 133.

376

Shell quadrately-orbicular, tliin, translucent, inequilateral,
equivalve ; posterior broad, with subtruncated margin ; anterior
narrower and rounded ; surface has rather coarse concentric
growth-lines ; umbones small, acute. The author compares it with
D. tasmanica, Tenison-Woods, from which it differs by its quadrate
outline and regular sculpture, and in being less inequilateral.
D. zealandica, Gray, has a rounded ventral margin and is more
inflated, but otherwise resembles the present species.

Dimensions. — Height 22 mm.; length 23"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4805. Left valve of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented ly John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9854. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Diplodonta sub orbicularis, Tate (sp.).

1887. Sacchia suborbicularis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 147, pi. xviii. figs. lOa-c.
1894. Mysia [Felania) suhorbicularis, Tate, Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W.

vol. xxvii. p. 187.

Shell differs in shape on comparison with D. sulquadrata, being
triangularly (not quadrately) orbicular, depressed, posterior side
rounded, somewhat produced anteriorly; umbones smooth, remainder
of surface marked with distant growth-folds ; left valve with two
divergent cardinal teeth ; in the right valve the two cardinal teeth
are separated by a triangular cardinal pit ; no lateral teeth ;
cartilage pit broad ; pallial line entire.

Dimensions. — Height 8 mm. ; length 7'5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9856. Specimens of both valves of the adult. Purchased.

Family DOISTACID^.

Genus DONAX, Linnaeus.

[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 682.]

Shell inequilateral, trigonal, oval, or cuneiform ; umbones
directed backwards (as iu Nucula, etc.); posterior side much
shorter than the anterior ; margin usually creiiulated ; right valve

377

•with one anterior lateral tooth, two cardinal teeth the posterior
of which is bifid, and one short posterior tooth ; the left valve
has an obsolete anterior lateral tooth, two divergent cardinals
(between which a smaller tooth occasionally occurs), and one
posterior lateral tooth ; pallia! sinus rounded, very deep.
Type. — Bonax trunculus, Linuffius.

Douax dixoni, Tate.

1887. Doiifix dixoiii, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 168,
pi. xvi. fig. 15.

Shell triangularly ovate, suhequilateral ; surface having broad,
flatly rounded, radial costaj, interrupted by concentric strias and
grooves ; ventral margin coarsely crenulated.

Dimensions. — Height 8 mm. ; length 11 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9877. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Family GAllIID^.

Genus GARI, Schumacher.

[Essai Xouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, p. 131.]

Psammolia, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Yert. t. v. 1818, p. 511.

Shell transversely elongated, suhequilateral; anterior margin
rounded ; posterior margin generally subtruncate and angulate ;
hinge of the right valve liaving two bifid teeth, the posterior being
the larger; of the left, two teeth, of which the anterior is the
largest, bifid, whilst the posterior is oblique ; pallial sinus deep.

Type. — Tdlina gari, Liuuasus.

Gari hamiltonensis, Tate (sp.).

1 88.5. Psammohia hnmiUonetins, Tate, Southern Science Record, January, p. 4.
1887. Tsammobia hainiltonciisis, Tate, Traus. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. Lx.
p. 167, pi. xvi. fig. 13.

Shell narrower, more attenuated anteriorly and less abruptly
truncated posteriorly than G. tontdis, Lamarck, from which it

378 MESODESMA.

differs also in other particulars. It is sculptured externally with
concentric linear incisions, which become roughened on the
angulate posterior area.

Dimensions. — Height 15 mm. ; length 30-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4818. Specimens of both valves.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq^.

L. 9890. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of growth.

Fur chased.

Gari sequalis, Tate (sp.).

1885. Psammobia cequalis, Tate, Southern Science Record, January, p. 4.
1887. Psammobia cequalis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is.

p. 168, pi. xvi. fig. 10.
1893. Psammobia (equalis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 225.

The absence of a posterior keel serves to readily distinguish this
species from G. hamiltonensis ; surface with closely -set raised con-
centric lineations.

Fimensions. — Height 14'5 mm. ; length 28 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4819. Right valve, of the neanic stage of growth.

Presented hy John Dennant, Fsq.

L. 9891. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

Eamily MESODESMATID^.

Genus MESODESMA, Leshayes.
[Ency. Metli. Vers. t. ii. 1831, p. 441.]

Shell subtrigonal, depressed ; anterior side the longer ; hinge
thick, carrying a spoon-shaped depression for the ligament, in the
centre, a small bifid or double cardinal tooth in front of the ligament
pit ; anterior and posterior lateral teeth double on the right valve,
single on the left ; pallial sinus more or less deep.

Type. — Mactra donacia, Lamarck.

379

Mesodesma, sp.

L. 10473. Cast of left valves no doubt referable to this genus,
not recognizable specifically ; from the Upper Miocene of Red Clitf,
llakuia river, Cautei'buzy, New Zealand. Sir James Hector Coll.

Pamily MACTRIDJE.
Genus M A C T R A , Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1767, p. 1125.]
Crassatella, Lamarck, Mem. See. Hist. J^at. Paris, 1799, p. 85.

Shell ovate-trigonal ; surface smooth or concentrically striated ;
hinge having a deeply bifid cardinal tooth placed in front of the
internal cartilage pit ; the latter is triangular, large, and slightly
oblique ; lateral teeth strong, compressed, both anterior and
posterior, double on the right valve and single on the left ; pallial
sinus round or angulate.

In reference to the synonym Crassatella, see p. 363.

Type. — Maclra slultorum, Linnaeus.

Mactra axiniformis, Tate.

18S7. Mactra axiniformis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 170,

pi. xvii. figs. \a-b.
1893. Mactra axiniformis, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Shell broadly ovately trigonal ; somewhat acuminately produced
posteriorly ; surface almost smooth in the umbonal region, remainder
of valve having concentric slender growth-ridges and striae ; ridges
fewer, more pronounced and rugose on the characteri.stic anterior
angulation, obliquely striated on the posterior carination.

Dimensions. — Height 28 mm. ; length 39-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4840. Right valve of the adult.

Presented by John Dennant, E-^q.

L. 6612, L. 9881. Examples of both valves on wliicli concentric
colour bands are distinct. Purchased.

880 ZENATIOPSIS,

Mactra howchiniana, Tate.

1887. Mactra hoivchinkina, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 171,

pi. xvii. figs. Za-b.
1893. Mactra howchiniana, Tate and Dennaut, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Distinguislied from the preceding species in being elongately
ovate, and attenuate at the extremities ; surface finely concen-
trically ridged and striated ; pallial sinus large.

Dimensions. — Height 21-5 mm. ; length 36"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9880. Specimens of both valves. Purchased.

Mactra hamiltonensis, Tate,

1887. Mactra hamiltonensis, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.
p. 171, pL xvii. figs. A.a-b,

Shell shorter and broader than in M. axiniformis ; posterior
side straight; whilst the concentric striae are simple at the
sides instead of being exaggerated in thickness or obliquely
striated. The author remarks that it differs from the living
M. polita, Chemnitz, of South Australian seas, in having flatter
valves, in being less triangular in outline, proportionately larger,
and the ventral margin is not so broadly curved.

Dimensions. — Height 15-5 mm. ; length 21 mm.

Form, and Xoc.-^Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9882. Examples of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

Genus ZENATIOPSIS, Tate.
[Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1879, p. 129.]

"Shell equivalve, insequilateral, oblong; umbo anterior, supported
internally by a thick rib, extending, with a slightly backward in-
clination, half way across the valve ; narrowly gaping at both ends ;
cartilage-plate prominent ; cardinal teeth distinct, no lateral teeth ;
pallial sinus deep, horizontal." — Tate.

The thick rib supporting the umbo internally is, perhaps, the

381

most cliaracteristic feature of this genus ; the shell has the hinge
characters of Zenatla.

Type. — Zenatiopsis angustata, Tate.

Zenatiopsis angustata, Tate.

1879. Zenatiopsis angustata, Tate, Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, p. 129, pi. v.

figs. &a-b.
1887. Zenatiopsis angustata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is.

p. 172.

Narrower, more attenuated posteriorly, and the anterior side not
so abruptly arcuate as in the living Zenatia acinaces, Quoy and
Gaimard; from which it is also distinguished, at sight, by the thick
internal rib. Professor Tate quotes Table Cape as a locality for
the fossil, but Mr. Gr. B. Pritchard ' is of opinion that the Tas-
manian form is distinct, and calls it Z. fragilis.

Dimensions cannot be given as all the specimens in the collection
are imperfect.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 6613, L. 9830. Several fragments. Purchased.

Family MYID^.

Genus CORBTJLA, Bruguiere.
[Ency. Meth. Vers. Coq., etc. t. ii. 1797, pi. ccxxx '^'\

Shell inequivalve, solid, gibbose, rostrate and obliquely angulate
posteriorly ; surface commonly concentrically ridged ; right valve
much larger and more convex than the left, and carrying a strong
anterior cardinal tooth, followed by the internal cartilage pit, and
one posterior cardinal tooth; left valve with a large anterior cardinal
pit, followed by a projecting, commonly spoon-shaped receptacle,
for the cartilage, and one posterior cardinal tooth ; pallial line
slightly sinuous posterioily.

Type. — Corhida sulcata, Lamarck.

' Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s. pp. 139, 140.

2 Cf. Deshayes, Ency. Meth. Vers. t. ii. pt. 2, 1831, p. 8.

882

Corbula ephamilla, Tate.

1865. Corbula sulcata, M'Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xvi. p. 114

{non Lamarck).
1876. Corbula sulcata, Tenison-Woods, Pap. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 16.
1878. Corbula sulcata, R. Etheridge, jim., Cat. Aust. Foss. p. 154.
1885. Corbula ephamilla, Tate, id. 1884, p. 229.
1887. Corbula ephamilla, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 176,

pi. xvii. figs. \Za-b and 14.
1893. Corbula ephamilla, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.
1896. Corbula ephamilla, Pritcliard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 140.

Shell of the same group as C. ficus, Solander, of the Upper
Eocene of North- Western Europe ; the right valve is very large
as compared with the left, which has two or three irregular riblets
running from the umbo to the ventral margin ; the posterior margin
of both valves is abruptly, obliquely truncated ; surface of the
right valve more strongly, concentrically ridged than the left valve ;
a well-marked keel arising in the umbo and curving round to the
extremity of the posterior ventral margin characterizes both valves.

Dimensions. — Height 19 mm.; length 25 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene and Miocene : Tasmania, Victoria, and
South Australia.

83984. Double-valved specimen ; from Table Cape. Purchased.

L. 4792. Many examples of both valves ; from Muddy Creek.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

L. 6614. Both valves of the adult ; from Muddy Creek.

Purchased.

L. 9899. Series illustrating stages of growth ; from Muddy
Creek. Purchased.

L. 10461, L. 10462. Several examples of the left valve ; from
the Murray river, near Adelaide. Presented hj William Evans, Esq.

Corbula pyxidata, Tate.

1887. Corbula pixidata, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 177,

pi. xvii. figs, \2a-b.
1893. Corbula pyxidata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.
1895. Corbula pyxidata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. six. jjt. 1, p. 113.

Shell closely resembling the European Eocene C. lamarclci,
Deshayes, which, however, has a concave post-dorsal surface,
whilst that surface in the Australian species is slightly convex,

CAPISTROCAKDIA. 383

and there are corresponding differences in the disposition of the
concentric lineations, which in C. pyxidata are somewhat smaller.
The author compares it with the young of C. ephamilla, from
which it may be distinguished in being less inequivalv^e, more
convex, with larger umbones, and proportionately shorter. Keel
on the surface of the shell conspicuous ; radial strice very minute.

Dimensions. — Height 7 mm. ; length 10 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9898. Examples of the neanic and ephebic stages of
growth. Purchased.

Family SAXICAVID^.
Genus CAPISTROCARDIA, Tate.
[Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. 1887, p. 179.]

The shell in this genus has the dentition of Ghjcymeris {Panopcea,
and.), with an external resemblance to Saxicava ; but it differs
from both of those genera by having closed valves ; it has an um-
bonal rib confluent with the cardinal tooth, extending vertically
across the interior to near the ventral margin ; pallia! line broken
up, and there is, apparently, no sinus.

Type. — Capistrocardia fray His, Tate.

Capistrocardia fragilis, Tate.

1887. Capisfrocardia fragilis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is.
p. 180, pi. xix. fij,'s. Ua-b.

" Shell small, thin, translucent, traversely elongate-oblong. Um-
bones depressed, approximate, near to the anterior margin. Anterior
margin rounded ; dorsal margin sloping backwards, forming an
obtuse angle with the posterior margin, which is straight or slightly
convex outwardly ; ventral margin straight, save for a broadish
post-medial inflexion. The umbonal ridge, extending to the
post-ventral margin, is moderately raised and roundly angulate.
The exterior surface of the valves is smooth and concentrically
distantly striate; a few lamellae appear towards the margins." — Tale.
The figures given by the author are not of much service, but the
following specimens agree with the description above quoted.

884

Dimensions. — Height 5 5 mm. ; length 11-5 mm.

Furm. and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9834. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Eamily PHOLADIDiE.

Genus BARNEA, Leach.

[/w Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. t. iv. 1826, p. 376.]

Shell not gaping anteriorly, and having a single, lanceolate
dorsal plate.

Type. — Barnea spinosa, Risso.

Baruea tiara, Tate.

1887. Barnea tiara, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 182,
pi. xviii. figs. \a-c.

Shell narrowly elongate, inequilateral, attenuated at both ends ;
post-dorsal area very precipitous and concave behind the umbo ;
surface ornamented with concentric ridges, which are angulate
on the medial and anterior areas, where they are crossed by
radiating threads, being subspinose at the points of intersection ;
interstitial spaces concentrically striated ; the surface of the
posterior half of the shell is granulated. The author remarks
that the dorsal plate (which is fragmentary in the Museum
specimens) is "narrowly oblong, rounded at the front, the Tcry
short posterior side is bent down at right angles, roundly truncated
and medially insinuated at the end. The anterior portion of
the plate has a wide, shallow median depression, bounded by
an obtuse ridge on each, radiating from the umbo, the whole
crossed by closely-set sharply-arched lamellae ; the narrow lanceo-
late depressed marginal areas exterior to the umbonal ridges are
granulated."

Dimensions. — Height 15 mm. ; length 39 mm.

Form, atid Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 6615. Perfect examples of both valves, but the post-dorsal
plate is missing. Purchased.

L. 9829. Imperfect right valves, and large part of a post-
dorsal plate. Purchased,

S85

Order DIBRANCHIA.

Family LUCINID^.

Genus LUCINA, Bruguiere.

[Ency. Meth. Vers. Coq., etc. t. ii. 1798, pi. cclxxxiv. ; Lamarck, Mem. Soc.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 84.]

Shell suborbicular, or oval, slightly inequilateral, ornamented
by striiE or small concentric lamellae, sometimes crossed by radiating
ribs ; luaule well defined ; hinge very variable, but carrying
normally two cardinal and one or two lateral teeth on each valve ;
ligament marginal, long ; interior of the valves punctate ; pallial
line large, simple.

Type. — Venus edentula, Linnseus.

Lucina nuciformis, Tate.

1886. Lucina nu-ciformis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. viii.

p. 158, pi. xii. figs. lOfl-5.

1887. Lucina nuciformis, Tate, id. vol. ix. p. 144.

Shell globose, abruptly compressed in the post-dorsal area ;
surface ornamented by thick concentric lamellas and radial lines ;
margin strongly crenulated ; lunula small. It bears a superficial
resemblance to Z. {Linga) columbella, Lamarck, of the European
Miocene.

Dimensions. — Height 8*5 mm. ; length 9 ram.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Aldinga, South Australia.

L. 9871. Several specimens of divers stages of growth.

Purchased.

Lucina, sp.

42689. Cast of a large flattened species, possibly referable to
the subgenus Miltha; (locality?) South Australia.

Presented hy the Governors of Adelaide Museum.

L. 10435. Several casts of a large globose species ; from
AVillunga, South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

cc

386

L. 10436. Three casts of a depressed orbicular species ; from
Fowler's Bay District, South Australia. H. Y. L. Brown Coll.

L. 10428. Casts in argillaceous limestone of a large depressed
species. Miocene : Akuakua (upper beds), New Zealand.

8ir James Hector Coll.

L. 10431. Imperfect shell of a species referable to the sub-
genus Divaricella ; (locality ?) New Zealand.

JF. B. D. Mantell Coll.

Family TELLINID^.

Genus TELLINA, Linnseus.
[Spt. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 674.]

Shell elongately oval, suborbicular, or transverse, compressed,
attenuated and furnished posteriorly with a decurrent oblique
plication ; hinge having two cardinal teeth on each valve, and two
lateral teeth (one anterior and one posterior) which are generally
obsolete on the left valve ; pallial sinus very deep.

Type. — Tellina virgata, Linnseus.

Tellina albinelloides, Tate.

1887. Tellina albinelloides, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.
p. 164, pi. xvi. figs. 4a-J.

Shell oval, compressed, subangular, and slightly folded posteriorly ;
umbones inconspicuous ; exterior ornamented with fine, regular,
concentric striae, which are raised on the posterior slope ; siphonal
inflection confounded with the pallial line. The author compares
it, at some length, with T. alhineUa, inhabiting Southern Australian
seas.

Dimensions. — Height 12-5 mm. ; length 23 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9864. Left valve of the neanic stage of growth. Purchased.

387

Tellina masoni, Tate.

1887. Tellina masoni, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. is. p. 165,

pi. xvi. figs. 6a-b.
1893. Tt'lliiia masoni, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 22.3.

In this species the umbones are situated about one-third the
length of the shell from the posterior margin; the ventral
margin is arched ; exterior ornamented by closely-set, slightly
elevated, concentric lamellre ; pallial sinus very large, reaching to
near the anterior adductor scar.

Dimensions. — Height 14 mm. ; length 21 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9865. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Tellina sequilatera, Tate.

1887. Tellina <eqnilafera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 166, pi. xvi. figs, ba-b, 9a-b, pi. xx. fig. 19.
1893. Tellina aqmlatera, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 22.5. '

Shell oval-oblong, nearly equilateral, smooth, and somewhat
convex ; there is a slight radial depression near the post-dorsal
margin, proceeding from the umbo ; exterior ornamented -srith
concentric striae ; siphonal inflection very deep, narrow, rounded
at the extremity, reaching to near the anterior adductor scar, and
(contrary to what obtains in T. alhinelloides and T. masoni) is quite
detached from the pallial impression.

Dimensions. — Height 24 mm. ; length 35-5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Yictoria.

L. 9863. Examples of both valves. Purchased.

Tellina stirlingi, Tate.

1887. Tellina stirlingi, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 166,

pi. xvi. figs. la-b.
1893. Tellina stirlingi, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Shell differs principally from T. cequilatera in being elongate-oval,

388

inequilateral, and in being distinctly concentrically ridged. As
in that species, however, the siphonal sinus is quite free from
the pallial line ; it is large, and ascends into the umbonal cavity.

Dimensions. — Height 6"5 mm.; length 11 mm.

Form, and Loe. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9866. Several specimens of different stages of growth.

Furchased.

Family SCROBICULAKIID^.

Genus SEMELE, Schumacher.

[EssaiNouv. Syst. Habit. Testaces, 1817, pp. 165, 166.]

Shell somewhat inflated, suborbicular, subequilateral ; umbones
small, turned anteriorly ; slightly plicated posteriorly ; two very
small cardinal teeth on each valve, and two lateral, most distinct
on the right valve ; cartilage pit long, oblique, pallial sinus very
deep.

Tyj}e. — Tellina reticulata, Spengler.

Semele vesiculosa, Tate.

1887. Semele vesiculosa, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 169,

pi. xvi. lig. 12.
189.3. Semele vesiculosa, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. svii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Shell transversely ovate, inequilateral ; the anterior side is the
longer and is rounded, the posterior being obtuse-angled; right
valve not so convex as the left, and not so conspicuously angulate
at the umbonal slope ; surface shining, few lines of growth ; lunule
broadly lanceolate ; pallial sinus extending two-thirds across the
interior, rounded at the apex.

Fimenslons. — Height 7 mm. ; length 9 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9862. Specimens of both valves. Purchased.

Semele krauseana, Tate.

1887. Semele krmiseana, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 169,

pi. xvi. figs. 18«-J.
1893. Semele krauseana, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

CUSPIDAEIA. 389

Shell moderately convex; distinguished by the valves being
conspicuously turned to the right at tlie posterior extremity,
■where they are slightly gaping, and by the posterior portion of
the shell being subrostrate, and having a slight fold continued
from the umbo to the post-ventral margin.

Dimensions. — Height 13 mm. ; length 21 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Mornington, Victoria,

L. 9861. Three examples of the right valve. Purchased.

Family CUSPIDARIID^.

Genus CUSPIDARIA, Nardo.

[Ann. Sci. Lorabardo-Veneto, t. x. 1840, p. 49.]

NecBra, J. E. Gray, in Griffith's "Animal Kingdom," voL xii. 1834,
pi. xxii. fig. 5 [non K.obineau-Desvoidy, 1830).

Shell piriform, right valve smaller and less convex than the left ;
rounded and globose in front, rostrated and slightly gaping behind ;
hinge-teeth not constant, a small cardinal tooth sometimes occurs
in front of the spoon-shaped depression of the cartilage which is
internal, and whilst the posterior lateral tooth is generally well
developed on the right valve, it is obsolete on the left ; pallial
sinus small.

Type. — Tellina cuspidata, Olivi.

Cuspidaria subrostrata, Tate (sp.).

1887 Neara stcbrosh-ata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 177,
pi. sv. figs. 2a-b.

Shell ovate, moderately convex, thin ; much produced posterioily;
ventral margin sinuated in front of this rostral prolongation ; umbo
carinated, the keel being directly posteriorly, but it rapidly becomes
obsolete ; surface ornament consisting of coarse, concentric lines of
growth, lamellose at the umbo and rostral insinuation.

Dimensions. — Eeight lOo mm. ; length 210 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 4810. Eight valve. Presented hy John Dctwanf, Efq.

L. 9845. Specimens of both valves of the adult. Purchased.

890

Family PANDORID^.

Genus MYADOE-A, Gray.

[Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. 1840, p. 306.]

Shell equilateral, trigonal, rounded anteriorly, truncated pos-
teriorly, nacreous in the interior; left valve commonly flat, the
right convex ; cartilage pit narrow, median, internal, furnished
■with a falciform projection placed between two divergent teeth;
pallial sinus small.

Type. — Pandora hrevis, Sowerby.

Myadora tenuilirata, Tate.

1887. Myodora tenuilirata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.

p. 174, pi. xvii. figs. 'da-h.
1893. Myadora tenuilirata, Tate and Dennant, id. vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 225.

Hight valve convex, oblong; left valve flat; finely concentrically
ridged and radially striated, the last-mentioned feature being more
conspicuous on the left valve.

Dimensions. — Height 9 mm. ; length 14"5 mm.

Form, and Loc. — Eocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9910. Specimens of both valves. Purchased.

Myadora australis, Johnston.

1880. Myodora australis, Johnston, Pap. Eoy. Soc. Tas. 1879, p. 40.
1887. Myodora australis, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 174,

pi. xvii. figs. 10a-*.
1896. Myodora australis, Pritchard, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Vict. vol. viii. n.s.

p. 140.

Distinguished from M. tenuilirata by its shape, the right valve
being ovately oblong, and moderately convex ; whilst it is faintly
ridged from the umbo to the post-ventral angle, and has numerous
close concentric ridges ; left valve almost flat, it has minute radial
and fine concentric lineations.

Dimensions. -^Hei^ht 12 mm. ; length 15 mm.
. Form, and Loo. — Eocene: Table Cape, Tasmania.

L. 9913. Examples of the adult, both valves. Purchased.

391

Myadora corrugata, Tate.

1887. Myodora corrugata, Tate, Trans. Eoy. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix. p. 173,
pi. xvii. figs. Wa-h.

In this species the right valve is ovate and convex ; with hut few,
distant concentric ridges on the exterior ; left valve flat.
Dimensions. — Height 14 mm. ; length 17 mm.
Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.
L. 4809. Two examples of the left valve.

Presented by John Dennant, Esq.

L. 9911. Specimens of both valves. Purchased.

Myadora praelong:a, Tate.

1887. Myodora pr(elonga, Tate, Trans. Roj-. Soc. South Aust. vol. ix.
p. 173, pi. 3UX. figs, \2a-d.

Readily distinguished from other species of Myadora here alluded
to, in that the shell is suLinequivalve and elongate. The author
remarks that the anterior side is five times as long as the posterior,
and the shell as a whole is broad. In its congener M. avgustior,
Tate, the anterior side is not much longer than the posterior,
and the shell is very narrow.

Dimensions. — Height &b mm. ; length ITS mm.

Form, and Loc. — Miocene : Muddy Creek, Victoria.

L. 9912. Series illustrating stages of growth. Purchased.

INDEX

abbreviata, Harpa, 81.
abducta, Natica, 260.
acantbostepbes, Columbarium, 52.

Fusus, 52.

Acardo, 23.

accedens, Newtoniella, 230.
accrementa, Pecten, 320.
aebatiua, Cassis, 200.
acifoniiis, Fusus, 136.

Latirofusus, 136.

aeinaces, Zenatia, 381.
acinacifonnis, Leda, 349.

Xuculana, 349.

aeinosus, Trochus, 277.
acrieula, Turritella, 238.
acriculum, Dentalium, 297.

Entalis, 297.

ActcBon, 7.

aculeata, Crepidula, 247.

Patella, 247.

acuminata, AmpulUna, 266.
acuta, Ampullaria, 265.

Turritella, 238.

acuticostata, Trigonia, 355.
aciitum, Solarium, 244.
adtbtoides, Terebra, 25.
Adelactatm, 10.
Admete, 68.
Admetula. 68.
aequalis, Gari, 378.

Psammobia, 378.

aequilatera, Tellina, 387.
Afer, 144.
afer, Afer, 145.

Fusus, 144.

"Murex," 144.

Agaronia, 73.

agglutinans, Xennpliora, 254.
agnewi, Voluta, 111.
alba, Solidula, 8.

Toniatella, 8.

albicosta, Mvtilus, 329.
albinella, Tellina, 386.
albinelloides, Telliua, 386.

albisulcata, Ancilla, 73.

Ancillaria, 76.

album, Sistrum, 184.
albus, Buccimilus, 8.
Alcithoe, 113.
aldingae, Marginella, 90.

Turritella, 238.

aldingensis, Pecten, 321.
algoensis, Cyprasa, 206.
allporti, Voluta, 103.
alokiza, Mitra, 119.
alta, Cucullsea, 338.

Pleurotoma, 45, 46.

aluco. Mures, 224.
alveolatus, Murex, 180.
amblyceras, Murex, 175.
ambulacrum, AmpuUaria, 265.
Amoria, 93, 108.
Amphibola, 5.
Amphiperas, 210.
ampla, Crassatella, 365.
amplus, CrassateUites, 365.
Ampullacera, 5.
Ampullaria, 5, 264.
ampullaria, Natica, 260.
Ampullina, 264.
Ampulliue, 264.
Ampullospira, 265.
Amussium, 322, 324.
Anaulax, 77.
Ancilla, 72.
Ancillaria, 72.
ancilloides, Scaphella, 112.

Voluta, 112.

Ancistrosmnx, 52.
angasi, Murex, 178.

Ostrea, 300.

Voluta, 109.

anguina, Serpula, 234.
angulata, Gryphica, 302.
angustata, Oliva, 71.

Olivella, 71.

Vulsella, 326.

Zenatiopsis, 381.

391

angusticosta, Pectunculus, 341.
angustit'rons, Bathytoma, 49.

Dolicliotoma, 49.

Genotia, 49.

Limarca, 343, 344.

angustior, Myadora, 391.
annectans, Lotorium, 192.

Triton, 192.

annulatiim, Dentalium, 295.
Anodonta, 356.
Antale, 293.

ante.gressa, Uromitra, 125.
Antiiora, 277.
antiaustralis, Pecten, 315.
anticiugiilata, Vohita, 98.
aiiticingulatus,Volutilithes, 94, 98.
antiquatus, Hipponyx, 246.
antiscalaris, Voluta, 97, 98.

Volutilithes, 94, 97.

antisemigranulatum, Cardiiim, 368.

Protoeardium, 368.

apheles, Cerithium, 224.
apiculata, Leda, 350.

Nuculana, 350.

approximans, Latirus, 143.

. Peristernia, 143.

Apollo, 195.
Apollon, 186.
Aptyxis, 141.
Aquila, 186.
Aquillus, 186.
Aquilus, 186.
arachis, Bulla, 14.

Bullinella, 14.

Cyliehna, 14.

arachnoideus, Calyptrtea, 251.
aratum, Dentalium, 293.
Area, 330.

arenaria, Ancilla, 74.
arenicola, Ostrea, 300.
Argobuccinum, 186, 195.
Aricia, 208.
Aspella, 195.
asperrimus, Pecten, 315.
asperulus, Murex, 183.

Sipho, 155.

astartiforniis, Crassatella, 364.
Asthenotoma, 48.
atliletus, Volutilithes, 102.
atkinsoni, Nucula, 348.

Pecten, 324.

Portlandia, 348.

atomatus, Bulimus, 3.
atractoides, Bathytoma, 50.

Mitra, 123, 1-29.

Pleurotoraa, 49.

attenuata, Crassatella, 365.
Cucullaea, 338.

attenuatus, Crassatellites, 365.
Aulica, 93, 101.

Voluta, 101.

aurantiacus, Latirus, 143.
auriculifera, Cucullaea, 336.
aurita. Area, 346.

Limopsis, 346.

australe, Umbraculum, 23.
australis, Amphibola, 5.

Ancilla, 76.

Ancillaria, 76, 77.

Buccinura, 275.

Bulla, 13.

Cardita, 361.

Cvpr»a, 214.

Erato, 215.

Murex, 219.

■ Myadora, 390.

• Myodora, 390.

• Mvtilus. 329.

Pecten, 315.

Pbasianella, 275,

Pseudoliva, 167.

Struthiolaria, 220.

Trivia, 213, 214.

Venericardia, 361.

Zeraira, 167.

austrina, Umbrella, 23.
Austrofusus, 157.
avellana, Amphibola, 5.

Ampullacera, 5.

. Ampullaria, 5.

Bulimus, 5.

Helix, 5.

Thallicera, 5.

avellanoides, Cyprsea, 213.

Trivia, 213.

avena, Marginella, 84.
Avicula, 325.
awamoensis, Cardita, 360.
axiniformis, Mactra, 379.

babylonius, Murex, 38.
Balantium, 19.
Bankivia, 280.
barbata. Area, 331.
Barbatia, 331.
barclayi, Latirus, 149.
Barnea, 384.

bartonensis, Cypraea, 205.
bassi, Lima, 310.
Bath)i;oma, 48.
Batiliaria, 228.
bedn^aii, Voluta, 104.
beethami, Pecten, 319.
Bela, 57, 60.

395

belcheri, Limopsis, 345.

Pfctuuculus, 345.

bcllii, Toruatelhua, 9.
bcnmilii, Urillia, 55.
Bermiyia, 21)4.
bibaltcata, Marginella, 84.
biciuiiiata, Clio, 20.
bicariiiatiis, Turbo, 233.
bicolor, 5[aiigilia, 58.
bideas, Clathurella, 69.

Mangilia, 59.

bifasciata, Jlarginella, 87.
bilious, Deutaliuui, 295.

Muiex, 175.

Ptrten, 317.

bilocularis, Mytilus, 328.
biplicata, Oliva, 71.
bitubercularis, Kanella, 196.
Bivetia, 67.

blaiuvillei, Murex, 179.
boviuus, I'lacostylus, 4.
brachypvga, Cypia;a, 206.
brevis, Paudora, 390.
brocchii, Couus, 30.
browni, Cirsotrema, 268.

Scalaria, 268.

bniguiurei, BulUnella, 14.
bucciunides, Aucilla, 73.
Bufuiuulus, 8.
Butciuum, 167.
buchanaui, Pleurotoma, 47.
Bulimus, 3.

Bulla, 12, 13, 14.
buUata, Lima, 311.

Ostrea, 311.

BulliuH, 13.
Bulliuflla, 12, 13.

Cadulus, 297.
caillati, ><atica, 256.
caiuozoica, Area, 335.

Chione, 373.

Cuciilla^i, 340.

Plagiarca, 335.

Veuus, 373.

caiuozoicus, Macrodon, 335.

Pcctunculus, 340.

Caloscala, 267.
calva, Cavdito, 359.
calvus, Muifx, 174.
calyculata, Cliama, 358.
Calypti-iea, 246, 249.
calyptriclcM-mis, Calyptraea, 252.

Trochita, 2oO.

Calyptropsis, 251 .

Campiwiie, 2'J8.

camplytropis, Murex, 184.
canalioulata, Euspira, 265, 266.
Caucellaria, 65.
cancellata, Delphinula, 284.
caucellatum, Ceritbium, 227.
Cancilla, 123, 129.
canreua, Natica, 255.
Cantliarus, 161.
capillacea, Mangilia, 58.
capillata, Cancellaria, 67.

Narona, 67.

Capistrocardia, 383.

Cardita, 357.

Carditella, 362.

Cardium, 366.

Caricella, 96.

carinifera, Turritella, 240.

carolinensis, Barbatia, 335.

Casmaria, 200.

Cassidaria, 201.

cassidariicforrais, Buccinum, 154.

Cassidea, 197.

cassidiformis, Marginella, 90.

Cassis, 197.

cataphracta, Batbytoma, 50.

cataphractus, Murex, 49.

cateua, Natica, 260.

cateuifera, Terebra, 24.

catliedralis, Scaphella, 117.

Voluta, 117.

catus, Conus, 35.
eaversharaensis, Turritella, 242.
cedonulli, Pleurotoma, 52.
C'ellepora, 332.
celleporacea. Area, 332.

Barbatia, 332.

cellulifera, Mitra, 124.
Cerithiella, 229.
Ceritbiopsis, 229.
Cerithium, 223.
Cerostoma, 172.
Chama, 306, 369.
Chelyconus, 34.
Chicoreus, 172, 178.
ehineiisis, Patella, 249.

Umbella, 23.

Chione, 372.

Chlainys, 313.

cincta, Strutbiolaria, 221.

ciugulata, Dinnautia, 163.

Euthria, 163.

cingulifera, Leucozouia, 148.

■ Terebra, 25.

Turbinella, 148.

ciunamomca, Aucilla, 73.
Cirsotrema, 267.
Clanculus, 279.
clara;, Pleurotoma, 43.

396

clathrata, Trichotropis, 233.
Clathurella, 69.
clathurella, Mitra, 128.

Uromitra, 128.

Clavatula, 44.
clavatula, Cancellaria, 67.
Clavella, 137.
Cleodora, 19.
Clio, 18, 19.
coarctata, Mitra, 81.
coarctatus, Pecten, 316.
Ccelotroclius, 278.
Colina, 227.
Collonia, 276.
colon, Fusus, 135.
colorata, Lima, 309.
Colubraria, 194.
Columbarium, 51, 135.
columbeUa, Lucina, 385.
colus, Murex, 52, 131.
communis, Crassatella, 364.

. ■ Crassatellites, 364.

compacts, Nassa, 169.
compUcatus, Conus, 31.
compta, Mytilicardia, 361.
concbyHophorus, Trocbus, 253.
concinna, Voluta, 115.

confusa, Helix, 2.

Xenophora, 254.

conica, Natica, 258.

Margiuella, 88.

Tbalotia, 280.

coniformis, Voluta, 107.

conoidea, Voluta, 95, 107.

Conomitra, 129.

conquisita, Mitra, 125.

consobrinus, Pecten, 317.

conspicabilis, TurriteUa, 237.

consutilis, Area, 332.

Barbatia, 332,

— Pleurotoma, 41.

contabulata, Marginella, 82.
contabulatus, ]\Iurex, 177.
contorta, Crepidula, 246.

Crypta, 246.

contusa, Crypra3a, 205.
Conulus, 92.
Conus, 27.
coEvexus, Conus, 31.

Pectunciilus, 342.

convolutum, Terebellum, 218.
cor, Pectunculus, 340.
Corbula, 381.
corioensis, Cucullsea, 336.
cornutum, Buccinum, 197.
coronata, Pelicaria, 222.

Tylospira, 222.

corrugata, Calyptruea, 250.

corrugata, Myadora, 391.

Myodora, 391.

costata, Crepidula, 247.

Crjpta, 247.

Peristernia, 144.

Costellaria, r.'5.
costellatum, Diastema, 232.
costulata, Mangelia, 57, 61.
craspedotus, Fusus, 54, 134.
crassa, Calvptrfea, 250.

Leda, 350.

Nucula, 350.

Nuculana, 350.

Crassatella, 363, 379.
Crassatellites, 363.
crassicardia, Margaritifera, 325.

Meleagrina, 325.

crassigranosa, Nassa, 168.
crassilirata, Bela, 62.

Dapbnella, 62.

crawfordi, Pecten, 321.
crebrigranosus, Sipho, 153.

Tritonofusus, 153.

crenata. Helix, 5.

Limax, 5.

Crenella, 329.

crenulata, Strutbiolaria, 219.

Crepidula, 246.

Creseis, 18.

cribarioides, Ceritbium, 230.

Newtoniella, 230.

Crisposcala, 269.
cristata, Fasciolaria, 138.

Crosseia, 269.

crustata, Area, 333.

Barbatia, 333.

Crypta, 246, 247.

Cr)'ptoconus, 48.

cnptoploca, Fasciolaria, 140.

Cryptospira, 90.

Cuciillffia, 336.

cumingii, Placunanomia, 303.

cunninghamensis, Natica, 237.

Cuspidaria, 389.

cuspidata, Tellina, 389.

cuspidatus, Conus, 32.

cygnea, Mactra, 363.

cygneus, Mytilus, 356.

cygnus, Mactra, 363.

Cylichna, 13.

Cylindra, 64.

cyHndracea, Bulla, 14.

Cymba, 96.

cvpbus, Lotnrium, 187.

Triton, 187.

Cj-prsa, 2('3.

cypraeola, Cyprsea, 214.

Cythara, 58.

397

Cytherca, 370.

Dactylus, 8.
danic, Euliina, 271.
Daphnclla, 60, 6i.
decipieus, Fasciolaiia, 141. 142
decomposita, Lathytoina, 50.

■ Dolifhotoma, 50.

Geuotia, 50.

decussata, Area, 334.

Barbatia, 334.

Byssoarca, 334.

Mytilus, 329.

delieatula, Cardita, 359.
delicatulus, Troehns, 278.
denuanti, Conoraitra, laO.

Conus, 30, 33.

Crassatella, 363.

Ciassatellites, 363.

Mitra, 130.

Alurex, 176.

Dennautia, 162.
Dentalium, 290.
denticostatus, Strombus, 217
denticulata, Eingicula, 15.
depauperatus, volutilithes, 97.
deperdita. Vulsella, 326.
deperditus, Conus, 28.
depressa, Xatica, 265.

— Vag-inella, 21.

deshayesiana, Dimya, 305.
Diastoma, 231.
Dibapluis, 64.
dictiia, (bione, 373.
dictyotis, Fusus, 132.
disfua, Mitra, 120.
diraorpbophylla, Cbione, 373.
Dimya, 305.
Diplodonta. .•^75.
dissimilis, Aroa, 336.

Barbatia, 336.

• Dimya, 306.

distans, Pimia,"327.
Divaricella, a86.
dixoni, Dimax, 377.
Dolicbotiiina, 48.
Dolium, 198.
doiiacia, Jlactra, 378.
Donax, 376.
Drillia, 47, 55.
dysera, Veuus, 372.

Eburna, 167.

eburnea, Cytherea, 371.

Meretris, 371.

eburnea, Niso, 272.
ecbinatum, Buccinum, 184.
ecLinopborura, Buccinum, 201
Echinora, 201.
edentula, Marginella, 216.

Venus, 385.

edule, Cardium, 366.
edulis, Mytilus, 327.

'Ostrea, 298.

effusa, AmpuUina, 266.

■ Euspira, 266. .

Eglisia, 270.
elegans, Crenella, 330.

Polyodonta, 278.

Tug-ali, 290.

Tngalia, 289.

elegantissima, Eulima, 271.
elepbantinum, Dentalium, 292.
eligmostoma, Vaginella, 21.
ellipsoidea, Voluta, 105.
elongata, Crenella, 330.
elyros, Anomia, 304.

Placunanomia, 304.

emarginata, Emarginula, 289.

Emargiuula, 288.

Embolus, 18.

Ena;ta, 94.

engonia, Bathytoma, 51.

Entaliopsis, 290.

Entalis, 290.

Eocithara, 78.

Eopsephia, 96, 114, 115.

epbamilla, Corbula, 382.

epidromiformis, Cancellaria, 70.

Sveltia, 70.

episeopalis, Voluta, 119.

equidens. Area, 331.

Erato, 214.

erosa, Cj-pra^a, 208.

Erosaria", 208.

Ethalia, 282.

etlieridgei, Cancellaria, 68.

Narona, 68.

Turbo, 273.

Eucbilotbeca, 20.
Eulima, 271.
Eumitra, 119.
europjca. Trivia, 213.
europea, Cypraea, 213.
Euryta, 24'.
Euspira, 264, 265.
Euthria, 162.
evarieosus, Typhis, 171.
evulsa, Cancellaria, 69.
evulsum, Buccinum, 68.
exigua, Bullinella, 14.

Cassis, 197.

Cylichua, 14.

398

exigua, Thalotia, 280.
exiiis, Fasciolaria, 137.

Mitra, 126.

• Streptochetus, 137.

Uromitra, 126.

eximia, Cyprsea, 210.

Cyprseovula, 210.

exoleta, Turritella, 240.
exoticus, Pecten, 322.
estenuatus, Coiius, 29.
eyrei, Mures, 181.
Pecten, 318.

fasciata, Bankivia, 280.

Phasianella, 280.

fasciatus, Cantliaridiis, 280.

Trochus, 280.

Fasciolaria, 93, 138.
Felania, 376.
feuestratus, Septifer, 328.
fibratus, Bulimus, 4.

Placostylus, 4.

ficus, Corbula, 382.
fissura, Patella, 288.

Dentalium, 296.

Fissurellidea, 287.
fistulosus. Typhis, 171.
flabellatus, Pectunculus, 342.
flemingtonense, Cerithium, 226.
flemingtonensis, Cerithium, 226.
flexuosa. Triplex, 173.
flexuosus, Murex, 173.
florida, Mitra, 130.
foliaceum. Columbarium, 53.
foliaceus, Fusus, 53.
fontinalis, Batbytoma, 51.

. Dolichotoma, 51.

Genotia, 51.

formosa, Seguenzia, 266.
fornicata. Patella, 246.
Fossularca, 335.
fragilis, Capistrocardia, 383.

Scaphander, 12.

Zeuatiopsis, 381.

fraseri, Struthiolaria, 220.
frazeri, Struthiolaria, 220.
frondosus, Murex, 173.
Fulgoraria, 94, 100, 113.
fulminata, Phasianella, 280.
fulvolabris, Trochus, 277.
fimiculosus, Fusus, 136.
fusiformis, Lotorium, 188.

Seraphs, 218.

Fusiraitra, 124.
fusoides, Mitra, 129.
Fustiaria, 291.
Fusus, 51, 93, 131.

fusus, Voluta, 114.

gsederopoides, Spondylus, 307.
gsederopus, Spondylus, 307
galba, Bullinella, 14.
Galeodea, 201.
Galerus, 249.
Gari, 377.
gari, Tellina, 377.
Gastroplax, 22.
geilstonensis. Helix, 2.
gemmulata, Turritella, 239.
geniculata, Terebra, 26.
Genotia, 48.
gervillei, Liotia, 284.
gibberula, Meroe, 372.

Sunetta, 372.

gibbsi, Trochus, 286.
gibbura, Lotorium, 189.
gibbus, Triton, 189.
gigantea, Fasciolaria, 139.

Turritella, 242.

giganteum, Dentalium, 294.
gigas, Cyprfea, 208.
Gisortia, 208.
Glabella, 87.
glabella, Voluta, 82.
glabra, Mangilia, 58.
glaucinoides, Natica, 265.
globosus, Pectunculus, 343.
globularis, CreneUa, 330.

Cypraja, 207.

Globulus, 264.
glycimeris. Area, 339.
goodalli, Marginella, 89.
gracilicostata, Cardita, 358.
gracilis, Marginella, 84.

Scaphella, 114.

Voluta, 114.

gracillima, Daphnella, 64, 65.
gracilUmum, Teleochilus, 65.
gradata, Bivetia, 66.

Cancellaria, 66.

. Cassidaria, 201.

Morio, 201.

grandis, Conus, 27.
granifer, Nassa, 168.
graniformis, Murex, 180.
granulata, Colubraria, 194.
granulifera, Turritella, 240.
grayi, Nucula, 347.
gregsoni, Phos, 165.
Grypha;a, 302.
guamense, Umbonium, 282.
gunni, Liparus, 3.
Gyrina, 195.
gyrinus, Murex, 195.

399

Haliotis, 284.
humiltouensis, Gari, 377.

Mactrn, 380.

Mytilus, 328.

A'iitica, 256.

Psammobia, 377.

Turbo, 274.

hannalordi, Voluta, lUO.
Ilarpa, 78.
harpa, Buecinum, 78.
harpula, Lyria, 94, 99.
liarpularia, Lvria, 99.
Uaustator, 240.
hebera, Aiicilla, 74, 76.

Ancillaria, 76.

heberti. Solarium, 245.
hebetatus, Typhis, 170.
heetori, Ceritliium, 227.
Heliacus, 245.
helieialis, Limacina, 19.
helicina, Clio, 19.
Heliconoides, 18.
Helicophora, 18.
Helix, 1.
hemimeris, Cardium, 368.

— ■ Protocardium, 368.

Hemitoma, 289.
beterospira, Conus, 28, 35.
hexagonalis, Fusus, 131.

Latirofusus, 131.

he.xagouus. Mures, 181.
liillanum, Cardium, 368.
Hima, 169.
Hiiid.sia, 165.
Hipponyx, 246.
hirsutus, Mytilus, 328.
kochstetteri, Pecten, 323.

Pseudamussium, 323.

horridus, Typhis, 171.
howchiniana, Mactra, 380.
howitti, Trigonia, 354.
huttoui, Colina, 227.

Leda, 351.

Nuculana, 351.

huxlevana. Helix, 2.
Hvali'nia, 92.
hyotis, Ostrea, 299.

lanacus, 248.
impmalis. Voluta, 107.
inuL-rtus, Pecten, 316.

Stri'ptochetus, 138.

inconspicua, Leda, 349.
incurva, Crepidula, 248.

Crypta, 248.

indica, Xenophora, 254.
iuermis, Margiuella, 86.

inermis, Slruthiolaria, 220.
inflata, Cypnea, 207.
lufundibuluni, 249.
ini'undibulura, Murex, 152.

Natica, 263.

ino, Dennantia, 162.

Euthria, 162.

Fusus, 162.

inornata, Trichotropis, 233.
insolita, Liinopsis, 344.

Trigonocoelia, 344.

integra, Drillia, 56.
interlineata, Peristernia, 145.
interlineatus, Latirus, 145.
intermedia, Venericardia, 360.
intortus, Fusus, 137.
ione, Placunanomia, 303.
iris, Haliotis, 285.
irregularis, Dentalium, 293.

Murex, 179.

isabella, Cyprtea, 204.
islandicus, Fusus, 153.

jani, Surcula, 45.
japonica, Cassis, 198.

Myonia, 11.

jeffreysiana, Lima, 311.
johns'toni, Fasciolaria, 142.

L^nio, 356.

jobiistonii, Fusus, 142.
junonia, Voluta, 111.

kanieriensis, Turritella, 241.
kickii, Dentalium, 293.
kieksii, Dentalium, 293.
kingi, Lipanis, 3.
krauseana, Seraele, 388.

labrosus, Sipho, 154.

Tritonofusus, 154.

laciniatiis. Typhis, 171.
lactea, Naticma, 260.

Ringicula, 15.

Laevidentalium, 291.
lievigata, Lima, 312.

Vulsella, 326.

Xenophora, 253.

la^vis, Dentalium, 297.

Erato, 215.

Lagena, 150.
lamareki, Corbula, 382.
lamarckii, Trigonia, 355.
lameUata, Carditella, 362.

Gouldia, 362.

lamellifera, Chama, 369.

400

lamellifera, Harpa, 79.
Lampaiiia, 228.
lampas, Helix, 1.
Lampusia, 185.
knceolata, Aneilla, 74.

Ancillaria, 74.

laticostatus, Pectunculus, 341.
Latirot'usus, 131, 135.
Latirolagena, 150.
Latirus, 142.

latissima, Cardita, 358, 359.
lazarus, Chama, 369.
Leda, 348.

leeuwineiisis, Liparus, 3.
Leiopyrga, 281.
leptalea, Mitra, 125.

Uromitra, 125.

Leptoconus, 27, 37.
leptorhyncha, Cyprasa, 207.

Leda, 350.

Nuculana, 350.

leucozonalis, Leucozonia, 151.
Leucozonia, 148.
levesquei, Ampullina, 266.
ligata, Aneilla, 75.

Ancillaria, 75.

Conomitra, 130.

Mitra, 130.

TornatelliBa, 9.

Triploca, 9.

ligatus, Conus, 28.
lignaria, Bulla, 12.
lignarius, Fusus, 162.
Lima, 3U9.
lima, Ostrea, 309.
Limacina, 18.
Limarca, 343.
limata, Natica, 261, 262.
Limatula, 311.
Limea, 312.
Limnsea, 4.
Limoarca, 312.
Limopsis, 335, 344.
Liuga, 385.

liuguliformis, Lima, 310.
Liopeplum, 93.
LiopjTga, 281.
Liotia, 283.
Liparus, 2.

liriBcostatus, Phos, 164.
lirata, Voluta, 103.
Litliocomis, 28, 30, 31.
Lobantale, 291.
longirostris, Siphonalia, 154.
lophoessus, Murex, 178.
Lotorium, 185.
lotorium, Murex, 186.
Lovenella, 229.

Loxotaphrus, 165.
lucida, Leda, 348.
Lucina, 385.
Limatia, 260.
lupinus, Venus, 375.
Luponia, 205.
Luterium, 185.

lymneeformis, Pleurotoma, 61.
lyrsecostata, Cominella, 164.
lyrata, Cirsotrema, 268.

Scalaria, 268. -

Lyria, 93, 98.

maccoyi, Pectunculus, 341.

Typhis, 170.

Scaphella, 111.

maedonaldi, Voluta, 95, 106.
macroptera, Voluta, 100.
macrostoma, Cerithium, 227.
Mactra, 379.
maculata, Calyptra;a, 252.

Crepidula, 252.

. Solariella, 283.

Troohita, 262.

magellanica, Scaphella, 95.
major, Bankivia^ 280.
malleata, Fissurellidea, 287.
Mamilla, 259.
mamillaris, Cassis, 197.
Mamma, 25S, 260.

raandarina, Siphonalia, 157.

mandarinus, Fusus, 157.

— Neptuuea, 157.

Mangelia, 57.

Mangilia, 57.

mantelK, Dentalium, 293.

Entalis, 293.

manubriata, Ostrea, 300.

mappa, Cyprsea, 203.

Margarita, 325.

Margaritifera, 325.

Margaritiferus, Mytilus, 325.

Margaritiphora, 325.

marginata, Conomitra, 131.

Delphinula, 276.

Marginella, 82.

mariesi, Terebra, 25.

marmoratus, Turbo, 272.

marmoreus, Conus, 27.

masoni, Tellina, 387.

Voluta, 110.

Mathildia, 270.

maudensis, Cardita, 360.

maxima, Siphonalia, 155.

maximus, Ostrea, 314.

Mazzalina, 150.

media, Cypra^a, 204.

401

meditteranca, Umbraculum, 24.
mt'gatreina, Fissurellidca, 'i^T.
melauiana, Mitra, 120.
raelauoides, Diastoma, 232.
Meleagrina, 325.
niolliugtoiii,*Mitra, 125.
Meretrix, 370.
mcretrix, Veuus, 370.
Meroe, 372.
Mesodesma, 378.
metula, Ceritliium, 2: 0.
micula, Margiuella, 89.
millepunctatus, Conus, 31.
Miltha, 385.
niiiiiraa, Trivia, 213.
iniuimum, Tritou, 191.

Tritouiura, 191.

minor, Erato, 215.
niirahilis, Pseiidovaricia, 160.
mirauda, Crossea, 269.
niississippieusis, Mitra, 125.
Mitra, 119.
mitrata, Patella, 246.
mitreola, Olivella, 72.
mitritormis, Murex, 48.
Mitroidea, 64.
Modiola, 329.
modiolus, M^-tilus, 329.
Mouoplex, 185.
monoxvla, Crepidula, 246.

'■ — Crypta, 24G.

moorabooleusis, Haliotis, 286.
Morio, 201.
mortoni, Voluta, 100.
moruudiauus, Latirus, 144.
mucronata, Aucillaria, 76, 78.
mucronatus, Cadulus, 297.
muelleri, Scmieassi.s, 199.
midtiradiata, Limopsis, 346.
miiltisulcata, Mitra, 120.
Murex, 172.
Muricidea, 181.
muricina, Voluta, 116.
Miiricopsis, 179.

murndaliana, Pleurotoma, 38, 39.
murraviana, Cyprioa, 207.
murravianus, Oomis, 30.
murrayana, Peristernia, 144.

Torculn, 235.

• Turritella, 235.

raurrayanus, Latirus, 144.

— — ■ — Pecteu, 314.

murrayensis, Pectcn, 314.
musoiiria, !Mars:iu(_'lla, 83.
muscarioides, Marp^iuolla, 83.
musica, Voluta, 79, 95, 99.
mutabile, Buuciiium, 168.
mutabilis, Uuio, 356.

mutica, Harpa, 78.

Tciebra, 26.

Myadora, 390.
Myodora, 390.
Myonia, 10.
Myoparo, 329.
Myosota, 7.
Mj-tilus, 327.

naevosoides, Haliotis, 285.

Narona, 67.

Nassa, 168.

nassa, Leucozonia, 148.

Murex, 148.

Nassa ria, 165.
Natica, 255.
Naticina, 260.
Nea?ra, 389.
nebula, Murex, 60, 61.
nelsoniana, Ostrea, 301.
neozelanica, Natica, 259.

Ilotella, -282.

neozelanicus, Murex, 182.
Nerita " nux avellana," 5.
neverita, 257.
newtoni, Conus, 29.
Newtonia, 229.
Newtonieila, 229.
nigrirostratus, Fusus, 141.
niloticus, Trochus, 277.
Niso, 272.

nitida, Bankivia, 280.
nitidula, Olivella, 71.
nivea, Semicassis, 200.
noa% Area, 331.
nodosa, Neptunaea, 158.

Siphonalia, 158.

nodosum, Buccinum, 158.
nodosus, Fusus, 158.
nodulosa, Struthiolaria, 218.

Trigonia, 352.

nodulosum, Ceritliium, 227.
novre zealandiiB, Trocbita, 252.
uovffi zeelandiai, Murex, 182.
nuciformis, Lucina, 385.
nucleus. Area, 347.

Voluta, 99.

Nucula, 347.
Nuculana, 348.
nux-avellana, Amphibola, 6.
nympbalis, Oliva, 72.
OliveUa, 71, 72.

obdita, Clatburella, 59.
obliterata. Ostrea, 324.
oblouga, Bulla, 13.
Crassatella, 364.

402

oblonga, Crassatellites, 364.
oblongula, Drillia, 56.
oboleUa, Leda, 352.

NuCTilana, 352.

obsoleta, Mangilia, 57.

occlusus, Tenagodes, 234.

Ocinebra, 180.

Oligotoraa, 43.

Oliva, 70.

Olivancillaria, 73.

Olivella, 70.

olivellaeformis, Actseoppamis, 11.

AdelactcBon, 11.

Olivina, 70.
oli^Tila, Ancilla, 76.
Ombrella, 22.
" Ombrelle," 22.
Operculatum, 22.
optata, Pleurotoma, 44.
Ostrea, 298.
othone, Couomitra, 129.

Mitra, 129.

otwayensis, Murex, 177-
ovata, Marginella, 88.

Natica, 259.

ovinoides, Haliotis, 285.
ovulum, Cadulus, 297.

pacifica, Scaphella, 113.

Yoluta, 113.

pagoda, Columbarium, 53.

Pleurotoma, 45.

pagodoides, Columbarium, 54.

Scaphella, 117.

Voluta, 117.

pagodula, TurriteUa, 240.
pallida, Carditella, 362.
palmipes, Pecten, 318.
papillaris, Stnitliiolaria, 219.
papillata, AucUla, 75.

Ancillaria, 75.

papillosa, Fasciolaria, 139.
papulosa, Struthiolaria, 219.
papulosum, Buccinum, 219.
papyraceus, Acteon, 10.
parallela, Cypraja, 204.
parmophoidea, Emargimila, 290.

Subemarginula, 290.

Tugalia, 290.

parmopboroidea, Tugalia, 290.
parvula, Collonia, 276.

Crossea, 276.

patula, Ampullaria, 265.
paucicostata, Mitra, 126.

Uromitra, 126.

paucirugata, Cj-therea, 370.

Meretris, 370.

Pecten, 313.

Pectunculus, 339.
Pelicaria, 218, 222.
pellucida, Calyptroea, 250.
Peristernia, 142.
Perlamater, 325.
peroni, Pecten, 317.
Persicula, 91.
perspectiva, Xatica, 261.
perspecti-\-us, Trochus, 243.
pertusa, Terebra, 25.
pharaonicus, Trocbus, 279.
Pbasianella, 275.
Phoras, 253.
Pbos, 164.
Phrontis, 168.
Phyllonotus, 181.
pictui-ata, Liopyrga, 281.
pictus, Trochus, 279.
pinguis, Actajon, 7.
Piuna, 326.
pinnatus, Murex, 173.
pirum. Cassis, 200.
Placostylus, 4.
Placuna, 305.
Placunanomia, 303.
Plagiarca, 335.
plana, Crepidula, 248.
planata, Triioris, 231.
Plancus, 8.

platypyga, Cypraja, 209.
platyspira, Terebra, 25.

TurriteUa, 236.

Pleurotoma, 37, 38.
Pleurotomaria, 286.
PleurotomeUa, 60.
Plicatella, 150.
Plicatula, 305.
plicatus, Triforis, 231.
Polinices, 259, 260.
polita, Mactra, 380.

• -Natica, 261.

Scaphella, 96, 112.

Yoluta, 112.

Polydonta, 277, 278.
Polygona, 150.
polygonus, Fusus, 150.
polymorpboides, Pecten, 316.
polyuema, Cardita, 358.
" polyzona," 150.
pomahakensis, BatUlaria, 229.
pomatia. Helix, 1.
porpbyrostoma, Afer, 145.

"Tudicla," 144.

praecui-soria, Zemira, 167.
prajlonga, Leda, 351.

Myadora, 391.

Myodora, 391.

Xuculaua, 351.

403

pratti, Apollo, 196.

Arj^'obucriuum, 196.

prattii, Kauella, 196.

Triton, 196.

precuxsoria, Zemira, 167.
prineeps, Crossea, 269.

Crosseia, 269.

pritcbardi, Cerithium, 225.
prolunda, Crypta, 246.
propinqua, Cliioiie, 375.

Marjriuella, 85.

proteusum, Lotoiium, 191.
protensus, Triton, 191.
Protocardium, 368.
Protomedia, 18.

provisi, Diastoma, 232.
Prununi, 86.
Psammobia, 377.
Psepba.\i, 115.
Pseudamussium, 322.
pseudaustralis, Ancilla, 73, 75, 77.

Ajifillaria, 73.

pseudolirata, Voluta, 10-1.
pseudoradiila, Spoiidylus, 308.
Pseudotoma, 48.
Pseudovaricia, 159.
psila, Xiso, 272.
Pterouotiis, 172, 173.
Pterospira, 93, 100.
ptycbodermis, Couus, 34.
pugilis, Strombus, 216.
pulchra, Bela, 62.

Daiihut'Ila, 62.

piilligera, ILirpa, 8U.

pulltilericens, Couus, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.

pumila. Area, 334.

Barbatia, 334.

Punctui-ella, 152.
pungeus, Ty])liis, 170.
purpurascen.5, Baukivia, 280.
purpurea, Ple'irotoma, 59.
purpuroidcs, Latirus, 185.

Pisauia, 185.

Rieinula, 185.

Sistrum, 185.

pjTamidata, Clio, 20.
pyrula, Mazzalina, 150.
pvrulata, Cvpraia, 206.

Erato, 216.

pyrum, Cassis, 200.

Semicassis, 200.

pyxidata, Corbula, 382.

quadricingulata, LiopjTga, 281.
quadrilatera. Area, 335.
quovi, Lotorium, 193.
'■ Triton, 193.

radialo, Lotorium, 187.
radialis, Segueuzia, 267.

Triton, 187.

radiata, Carditella, 362.

Micromeris, 362.

ralphi, Conus, 34.
ramosus, Murex, 178.
Ranella, 186.
rangiana, Clio, 20.

StyHola, 20.

raphanus, Bucciuum, 158.
Rapbitoma, 61.
recta, Styliola, 20.
repanda, Natica, 261.
reticulata, Tellina, 388.

Voluta, 65.

Rh^-tida, 2.
Rieinula, 184.
" Ricinule," 184.
ringens. Auricula, 15.
Ringicula, 15.
roblini, Liotia, 284.
roborata, Cbione, 374.
roei, Haliotis, 286.
rosea, Turritolla, 240, 241.
rossiniana, Voluta, 107.
Rostellites, 94.
rostrata. Area, 348.

Pisania, 161.

Rouaultia, -IS.
rabrideutatus, Murex, 174.
rudis, Pinna, 327.
"ruffiua. P.," 87.
nigata, Fasciolaria, 139.
rugatum, Cerithium, 229.
rupestris, Voluta, 94.

saint-hilairoi, Bullinella, 14.
salebrosa, I'leuroloma, 4 2.
samueli, Pleurotonia, 43.
sarissa, Seaphella, 1U5, 116.

— Voluta, 116.

Saxicava, 383.
scabra, Lima, 310.
scabricosta, Haliotis, 286.
scabrosa, Cardita, 358.
SciM, 18.

scalaris, Volutilitbes, 94, 97.
scalena, Cypriea, 203.
Scapba, li4.
Scaphander, 12.
Seaphella, 95, 109, 110.
Schizodentalium, 291.
serobiculata, ^Mitra, 119.

Tornatilla, 7.

scrobieulatus, Act;eon, 7.
sculptilis, Bela, 61, 62.
Daphnella, 61.

404

scutulatum, Buccinum, 222.
Seguenzia, 2i6.
sella, Placunanomia, 304.
Semele, 388.
Semicassis, 198.
semicostata, Pisania, 161.

Tritonidea, 161.

semicostatuni, Potamides, 225.
semicostatus, Canthartis, 161.
semilsevis, Ancilla, 74.

Ancillaria, 74, 75.

Mitra, 127.

Pecten, 322.

Uroraitra, 127.

semiplicatus, Pecten, 319.
semiundulata, Trigonia, 352.
semperiana, Cancellaria, 66.
senticosus, Fusus, 133, 164.
septemlirata, Plenrotoma, 39.
septemplicata, Marginella, 91.
Septifer, 328.
septifraga, Turritella, 236.
Seraphs, 218.
serratus, Fusus, 133.
serum, Protocardium, 369.
sieboldi, Conus, 29.
Sigapatella, 252.
sigaretina, Ampullaria, 265.

Iv^'atica, 265.

Sigaretopsis, 263.
sigillata, Dimya, 306.
Silia, 78.
Siliquaria, 233.
simiilans, Area. 333.

Barbatia, 333.

simulatus, Actason, 9.
sinclairi. Helix, 2.
siuuata, Barbatia, 334.

Crassatella, 363.

Sipho, 152.

Siphonalia, 154.

Siphonodentalium, 297.

Sistrum, 184.

smaragdula, Leucozonia, 151.

smaragdulura, Buccinum, 151.

smaragdus. Turbo, 273.

Solariella, 2S3.

Solarium, 243.

solarium, Pecten, 314.

solida, Cardita, 360.

■ Natica, 264.

Solidula, 8.
solidula, Voluta, 8.
solidum, Dentaliimi, 294.
sopita, Bulla, 218.
Sparella, 72, 73.
.spatiosum, Cardium, 367.
speugleri, Lotorium, 193.

spengleri, Murex, 193.

Triton, 193.

Tritonium, 193.

Spec, 7.

spha)rodoma, Cypra3a, 211.
spiuicincta, Pleurotoma, 52.
spiuiferus, Fusus, 54.
spiniferum. Columbarium, 54.
spinosa, Barnea, 384.
spinosus, Conus, 97.

Strombus, 97.

Volutilithes, 94.

Spiratella, 18.
Spirialis, 18.
Spondylus, 307.
squamala, Araussium, 324.
staminea, Leucozonia, 151.
Stigmaulax, 262.
stirlingi, Tellina, 387.
stramiueus, Murex, 219.
Streptochetus, 137.
Streptosiplion, 144.
striata, Bela, 63.

Cyliclma, 14.

Cythara, 58.

Dajibnella, 63.

striatula, Emarginula, 288.
striatus. Cassis, 200.
strigata, Eumargarita, 283.

Minolia, 283.

Solariella, 283.

Strigatella, 130.
strigilata, Ostrea, 312.
Strombus, 216.

stropbodon, Voluta, 94, 95, 101.
Struthiolaria, 218.
stultorura, Mactra, 379.
sturtiana, Ostrea, 299.
stui'tianus, Pecten, 315.
sturtii, Turritella, 239.
styliformis, Fusus, 156.

Sipho, 156.

Siphonalia, 156.

Styliola, 18, 20.
subaiu-iculata, Lima, 311.
subconcava, Pleurotoma, 41, 42.
Subemarginula, 289.
subflssura, Dentalium, 296.

Entalis, 2U6.

subgranosa, Semicassis, 201.
submultistriata, Cytherea, 370.

Meretrix, 370.

subnooe, Natica, 256.
suborbicularis, Diplodonta, 376.

My,sia, 376.

Sacchia, 376.

subquadrata, Diplodonta, 375.
subroborata, Chione, 374.

405

subrostrata, Cuspidaria, 389.

Leucozonia, 151.

Ncicra, 389.

siibsiilua, Cypnua, 204.
substiilida, iS'atica, 2(i0.
suhtabulata Calyptrina, 250.
sul)trii;-onaIis, rcctunculus, 340.
siil)ula, Cleoilora, 20.
sul)ulatura, Bucfiuura, 24.
siibuiMlulata, Trigonia, 352.
subundulosa, Peristernia. 147.
subuudulosus, Latirus, 147.
siu'ciucta, Peristernia, 146.
siRtiu(;tus, Latirus, 146.

Trophou, 146.

suftiata, Seniicassis, 198.
sufflatiis, Cassis, 198.

Semicassis, 198.

sulcata, Corbula, 381, 382.

Mirra, 123.

Xatiea, 262.

sulcosa, Ilarpa, 79.
Sunetta, 372.
sunetta, Charaa, 372.
superbus, Turbo, 275.
Sureubi, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47.
suturalis, Turbo, 270.
Sveltia, 69.

swaiusoui, Mitra, 124.
symraetrieus, Yol\itilithes, 102.
Sypbo, 152.

tamarensis, Anodouta, 350.

Uuio, 35t).

tarda, Grypha^a, 302.
tasmanica, Auodonta, 356.

Cardita, 360.

Diplndonta, 376.

tasmaiiicnsis. Helix, 1.
tatei, Latirus, 147.

Nassa, 169.

Siphonalia, 155.

Trigonia, 353.

Xeuophora, 254.

Teleochilus, 64.
Tellina, 386.
Teuagodes, 233.
tenisoui, Xucula 317.
tenuicostata, Colubraria, 194.

Pisania, 194.

tenuicostatus, Epidromus, 194.
teuuilirata, Mvadora, 390.

Myodora, 390.

teuuis, Cytlierea, 371.

Uentaliura, 293.

Ilarpa, 80.

tenuis, Meretrix, 371.

Scaphander, 12.

terebellata, Niso, 272.
Terebelluni, 218.
Terebra, 24.
terebra. Turbo, 234.
terebriformis, Mitra, 128.

Uromitra, 128.

tertiaria, Limacina, 19.

Spiralis, 19.

testudinarius, Conus, 34.
textile, Lotorium, 192.

Triton, 192.

Thallicera, 5.
Thalotia, 279.
tiara, Barnea, 384.
tiarata, Anthora, 278.

Polydonta, 278.

tiaratus, Ccelotrochus, 278.

Trocbus, 278.

Torinia, 245.
Tornatella, 7.
Tornatellaea, 9.
" Tomatelle," 7.
tornatilis, Yoluta, 7.
tortirostris, Lotorium. 191.

Triton, 191.

traili, Crassatella, 366.

Crassatellites, 366.

trailli, Conus, 36.
transeuna, Limea, 313.

Semicassis, 198.

trevori, Drillia, 55.
Triehotropis, 233.
tricincta, Margiuella, 90.

Turritella, 241.

Triforis, 231.
Trigonia, 352.
trilirata, Pleurotoma, 40.
Trinacria, 343.
trinodosus, Murex, 178.
triphooki, Pecten, 320.
Triplex, 172.
tripUcata, Eglisia, 270.

Scalaria, 270.

Turritella, 237, 241.

Triploca, 9.

tripteris, Murex, 173.

tripteroides, Murex, 173, 174.

triqueter, Murex, 173.

tristira, Turritella, 237.

Triton, 185.

tritou, Buicinum, 158.

Pusus, 158.

tritonis, Polydonta, 277.
Tritonium, 185.
■| ritouol'usus, 152.
Trivia, 212.

406

TrocHta, 249.
Troclms, 276.
truuciilus, Douax, 377.
tuberculata, Anthora, 277.

Haliotis, 285.

Poly don ta, 277.

Struthiolaria, 221.

tuberculatus, Troclius, 277.
tubifer, Murex, 170.

Typhis, 170.

tubulifera, Trigonia, 354.
Tiigalia, 289.
Tugumim, 254.
talipa, Murex, 138.
turaida, Nucida, 347.
tumulosura, Lotoriura, 188.
tiimulosus, Triton, 188.
turbinata, Calyptrasa, 251.

Calyptropsis, 251.

Trochita, 251.

Marginella, 87.

Turbinella, 93.

turbinoides, Phasianella, 275.

Turbo, 272.

turneri, Voluta, 108.

Turritella, 234.

Tylospira, 222.

TypMs, 170.

"Dmbella, 22.

Umbilia, 209.

umbilicata, Calj-ptraea, 252.

Calyptropsis, 252.

Crepidxda, 252.

Cypra^a, 210.

DrLllia, 55.

Umbraculura, 22.

Umbrella, 22.

uudata, Ostrea, 301.

undatella, Phasianella, 280.

undosum, Buecinum, 161.

imdulata, Voluta, 104, 109.

unguiformis, Crepidula, 248.

. Cryi)ta, 248.

Unio, 355.

TJnionium, 325.

uniplicata, Bullinella, 14.
Mitra, 122.

Uromitra, 124.

Urosalpiux, 183.

ustulata, Terebra, 26.

vagans, Leda, 348.

Nuculana, 348.

Vaginella, 17, 21.
varians, Bankivia, 280.

Natica, 267.

varieifera, Cancellaria, 69.

variciferus, Phos, 166.
varicosa, Cancellaria, 69.

Scalaria, 267.

variegata, Heliacus, 245.
variegatus, Clanculus, 279.
velificus, Murex, 173.
Yenericardia, 357.
veutricosa, Marginella, 91.

Mitra, 91.

vermis, Buecinum, 219.

Pelicaria, 218.

Struthiolaria, 219.

vernis, Pelicaria, 218.
vesiculosa, Semele, 388.
Yespertilio, 95, 101.
viabrunnea, Bathytoma, 50.
vibex, Buccimim, 200.

Nassa, 168.

victoria;, Cardium, 367.
virgata, Tellina, 386.
viridis, Trochus, 277.
vitellus, Nerita, 255.
vitrea, Marginella, 89.
vixumbilicata, Drillia, 56.
Voluta, 94, 99.
Volutilithes, 93, 97.
Volutoconus, 93, 107.
Volvarina, 84.
Vulgocerithium, 226.
Vulgusella, 203.
Vulsella, 326.
Mya, 326.

wandoensis, Mitra, 124.
■wangauuieni5is, Pleurotoma, 46.
wannonensis, Cancellaria, 66.

Emarginida, 288.

Heliacus, 245.

Solarium, 245.

warburtoni, Turritella, 239.
weldi, Voluta, 94, 101, 102.
wentwortbi, Marginella, 82.
winteri, Marginella, 84.
wintlei, Natica, 256, 257.
"woodsi, Cvlichna, 14.

. "Leda, 349.

Lotorium, 190.

Nuculana, 349.

woodsii, Triton, 190.
worthingtoni, Cuculla;a, 339.
widlerstorfi, Ostrea, 301.

Xenophora, 253.

yablensis, Pecten, 322.
Pseiidamussium, 322.

407

Zaria, 2-11.

zealauilica, Diplodonta, 376.

J.ima, 309.

Liniop.sis, 346.

Xatica, 2o9.

Neptuiiira, 157.

riacmianoinia, 305.

Rotella, 282.

zealamlicus, Fiisiis, 157.

Murex, 182.

zebra, Voluta, 110.
zelamlica, Etlialia, 282.

zelandica, Xatiea, 259.

Rotella, 282.

zelandicum, Umbonium, 282.
zelandiciis, Mure.x, 182.
Zemira, 167.
Zenatia, 381.
Zenatiopsis, 380.
zitteli, Amussium, 324.

Pecteu, 324.

zonale, Cerithium, 228.
zonalis, Gari, 377.

B.M TERTIARY SHE1.LS.

Plate I .

X^

-Q

36.

4;ct,

bo.

5(i.

/^

6h.

lb

\

K

CM-Woodwaj-d del.etlith

West, Wewnaan imp.

Opi s t"h olo ran chmta .

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fl«. PAGE

1. AcUvon scrobiculatus, TenisonAYoodii. Eocene: Muddy Creek.
a, front ; b, back of shell ( x 2 diam.) ; and detail of
sculpture. [G. 4296.] 7

■2. Toniatellcea (Triploca) ligata, Tate (sp.). Eocene : Adelaide.
Protoconcli ( x 22 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9305.] 9

3. Adelactmon olivellceformis, Tate (sp.). Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protoconcli ( x 20 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9307.] 11

4. Scaphander tenuis, sp. nov. Eocene : Muddy Creek. «, front ;

6, back (x 1| diam.) ; c, detail of sculpture. [G. 4171.] \-l

5. Ringicida lactea, Johnston. Eocene : Muddy Creek. Shell

( X 5 diam.) : a, front ; 6, back. Protoconch ( x 14 diam.) :
c, side view ; d, view from above. [G. 9304.] IG

0. Clio (Sti/Uola) ranyiana, Tate (sp.). Eocene : Muddy Creek.
a, b, summit of shell, showing inflations ( x ]2 diam.).

[G. 9306.] 20
7. Umbraculum australe, sp. nov. Eocene : Muddy Creek, a,
under surface ; b, upper surface ; c, side view (nat. size).

[G. 4183.] 2.3

B.M.TERTIARY SHELLS.

Plate II.

G-3vOV"oociwa,r(li3£l.etlitix West.Ke-wmaji irrtp.

Terebridse , Conidae , Pleurotomidas.

PLATE II.

^'iG- PAOfi

1. Terehra geniculata^ Tate. Miocene : Muddy Creek. Proto-

conch ( X 10 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9309.] 26

2. Conus (Leptoconus) ligatus, Tate. Eocene : Sclinapper Point.

Protoconch ( x 8 diam.) : a, side view ; h, view from above.

[48052] 28

3. Conus (Leptoconus) newtoni, sp. nov. Eocene (?) : Muddy

Creek. Shell (x l\ diam.): a, front; b, back. Proto-
conch ( X 9 diam.) : c, side view ; d, view from above.

[G. 4239.] 29

4. Conus (Leptoconus) murravianus, Tate. Eocene : River Jlurray

cliSs. Protoconch ( x 4 diam.) : «, side view ; b, view
ft-om above. [G. 9136.] 30

5. Conus (Leptoconus) convexus, sp. nov. Eocene : " Meribee

Plains," Victoria. Shell (nat. size) : «, front ; b, back.
Protoconch (x 6 diam.): c, side view; cl, view from
above. [70424.] 'M

6. Comis (Lithoconus) cuspidatus, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Ci'eek.

Protoconch ( x 10 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from
above. [G. 5489.] 32

7. Conus (Lithoconus) pidlulescens, Tenison- Woods. Eocene :

Muddy Creek. Protoconch (x 4 diam.) : a, side view;

6, view from above. [G. 5491.] 32

8. Conus (Lithoconus) dennanti, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 3 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 5493.] 33

9. Conus (Chelycom(s)ralphi, Temson-V^oodiS. Eocene: Muddy

Creek. Protoconch ( x 7 diam.) : «, side view ; b, 'view
from above. [G. 5492.] 34

10. rieurotoma septemlirata, sp. nov. Eocene: Muddy Creek.

Shell (nat. size) : a, front ; b, back. Protoconch ( x 7 diam):

c, side view ; d, view from above. [G. 4231.] 39

11. Pleurotoma wanganuicnsis, Hutton. Pliocene: Shakespeare

Cliff. Protoconch ( x 8 diam.) : a, side view ; 6, view from
above. [G. 9497.] 46

B .M .TERTIARY SHELLS .

Plate III.

GM-WoooLward del e tilth

West.Newman irrrp.

Pleu.rotoTrLid».

PLATE III.

Fig. page

1. Plenrotoma trilirata, sp. nov. Eocene : Hobson's Bay. Shell

( X 2 diam.) : a, front ; b, back. Protoconch ( x 7 diam.) :

c, side view ; d, view from above. [48052.] 40

2. Plenrotoma suhconcava, .sp. nov. Eocene : " Meribee river/'

Victoria. «, front ; h, back of shell (nat. size). [70421.] 41
;j. Pleurotoriia saJehrosa, sp. nov. Eocene : Hobson's Bay.
Shell (nat. size) : a, front ; b, back. Protoconch ( x 6 diam.) :
c, side view ; d, view from above. [48052.] 42

4. Plenrotoma optata, .sp. nov. Eocene : Hobson's Bay. a, front ;

i, back of shell (nat. size). [48052.] 44

5. Plenrotoma samueli, Tenison-Woods. Eocene : Muddy

Creek. Protoconch (x 15 diam.) : a, side view; b, view
from above. [G. 9329] 43

6. Cobcjubariiim acanthostephes, Tate (sp.). Eocene: Schnapper

Point. Protoconch ( x 7 diam.) : «, side view ; b, view
from above. [73229.] 52

7. Drillia oblongula, sp. nov. Eocene : Muddy Creek, a, front ;

b, back of shell ( x 2 diam.). [G. 4219.] 56

8. Drillia vixumbilicata, sp. nov. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

a, front ; b, back of shell ( x 2 diam.). [G. 4221.] 56

9. Mangilia obsoleta, sp. nov. Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek.

a, front ; 6, back of shell (x 2 diam.). [G. 4222.] 57

10. Mangilia {Gythara) glabra, sp. nov. Miocene (?) : Muddy

Creek, a, front ; b, back of shell ( x 2 diam.). [G.4201.] 58

11. Glathurella obdita, sp. nov. Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek, a,

front ; b, back of shell ( x 2 diam.). [G. 4204.] 59

12. Teleoc/iilus gracillimum, Tenison-Vioods{si>.). Eocene: Muddy

Creek. Shell (nat. size) : a, front ; b, back. Protoconch

( X 6 diam.): c, side view; d, view from above. [G. 4162.] 65

B.M.TERTIARY SHELLS.

P] ate W.

,2a, 2h^

-(U

3 a-

3h.

IIZj

lOfc

-3

/

10 «. 16£

GM. Woodward del.etlith.. West.Wewmaix jmp

Ple-urotoTTiidae , Harpidae , Margin ellidae.
Volij-tidas.

PLATE IV.

FlQ. PAGE

1. Daphiella sculptilis, Tate (sp.). Eocene: Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 6 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 4194.] 61

2. Daphnella crassilirata, Tate (sp.). Eocene: Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 6 diam.) : a, side view ; 6, view from above.

[G. 5496.] 62

3. Harpa ( Eocithara) lamellifera, Tate. Eocene : Muddy

Creek. Protoconch (x4 diam.): a, side view; h, view
from above. [G. 4215.] 79

4. Harpa (Eocithara) tenuis, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 5 diam.) : a, side view ; 6, view from above.

[G. 9335.] 80

5. Harpa (Eocithara) ahhreviata, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 5 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 4216.] 81

6. 2[arginella (Glabella) ovata, sp. nov. Miocene : Parimoa.

a, front ; b, back of shell ( x 3 diam.). [G. 9522] 88

7. Margiaella (Glabella) conica, sp. nov. Miocene : Parimoa.

«, front ; b, back of shell ( x 3 diam.). [G. 9522.] 88

8. Vohitilithexantiscalaris^lsVGoy {ii\\.). Eocene: Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 6 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 4276.] 97

9. Lyria harpularia, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek. Proto-

conch ( X 4 diam.) : a, side view ; 6, view from above.

[G. 4174.] 99

10. Voluta (Pterospira) hannaforcU, M'Coy. Eocene : Muddy

Creek. Protoconch (nat. size) : a, side view ; b, view from
above. [G. 9351.] 100

11. Voluta (Aulica)stropkodon, M'Coy. Eocene: Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 2i diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from
above. " [G. 4275.] 101

12. Voluta (Aulica) lirata, Johnston. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Side view of shell, showing disposition of colour-markings
(nat. size). [G. 5485.] 103

13. Voluta (Volutoconus)conoidea, Tate. Eocene: Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 3h diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9353.] 107

14. Voluta (Avioria) masoni, Tate. Miocene : !Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 2i diam.) : «, side view ; b, view from
above. " [G. 4258.] 110

15. Scaphella polita, Tate (sp.). Eocene ; JIuddy Creek. Proto-

conch (X 15 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9355.] 112
16 Scaphella (Eopxephia) sarissa, Tate (sp.). Eocene : Muddy
Creek. Protoconch ( x 45 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view
from above. [G. 9349.] 1 1 7

B.M .TERTIARY SHELLS.

PlateT.

rev

-^

8&

G.M Woodwa^SLdel.et Htln West.-Nevmaaii i«ro.

MitTi'idae , Fa-sciolariidas , B-acciTii(ias,
MuEicidae.

PLATE V.

Fig.
]. Mitra multisulcata, sp. nov. Eocene: Muddy Creek. Shell ^^^^
( X 2 diam.) : a, front ; b, back. Protoconch ( x 10 diam ) •
c, side view ; c/, view from above. [0.93611 l^o

± Mitra (Cancilla) atractoides, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek
Protoconch ( x 8 diam ) : «, side view ; b, view from above.'

^ r- ., , , ^ [G. 9363.] 123

3. Lrovutra leptalea, Tate (sp.). Eocene: Muddy Creek

Protoconch (x 11 diam.): a, side view; b, view from

4 ^'^T . . . [Gf-9362.] 125

4. Co«owu^m afew«a«i., Tate (sp.). Eocene: Muddy Creek

Protoconch ( x 9 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

. p. , ,. ^ [G. 4245.] 130

6. Fusus hexagonahs, Tate. Eocene : iluddy Creek. Proto-
conch ( X 12 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

(. T ,■ [G. 9436.] 131

6. Latirus murrayanus, Tate (sp.). Eocene : River Murray clifls
near Morgan. Protoconch ( x 6 diam.) : a, side view • b
„ view from above. [G. 9460.] 144

/. Latirus tutei, sp. nov. Eocene: Spring Creek. Shell (x 2
diam.): a, front; b, back. Protoconch (x 11 diam )'^
c, side view ; d, view from above. [q. 9860 1 147

8. Leucozonia ( Latirolagena) staminea, Tate. Eocene ■ Gelli
brand river. Protoconch ( x 8 diam.) : «, side view •
^., view from above. ^G. 9490.J 151

.». JrUonoJususcrebngranosus,i:a.iG{ii^.). Eocene: Muddy Creek
Protoconch ( x 12 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

fG 9444 1 1 53
10. Murex (Muricidea) aspendus, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek
Shell ( X 1| diam.) : «, front ; b, back. Protoconch ( x 7
diam.) : c, side view ; d, view from above. [G 10068 1 183

U. Lcucoioma nassa, Gmehn (sp.). Pliocene: Chatham i

a, back ; 6, front of shell (nat. size). [Q. 9672 ] 148

B .11 -TERTIARY SHELLS .

Plate VI.

G.MWoocLward. del etHth.. West.Newmaai imp.

BnccirLioLse , Nassidae, M-aT^icicLae , .Lotoriidae.,
Stronrfbidse, Strut]niolanid«.

PLATE VI.

Fig. page

1. Pseiidoraricia mirahilis, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protocouch ( X 7 diani.) : a, side view ; h, view from above.

[G. 4169.] 160

2. Euthria (Dennantia) cingulata, Tate (sp.). Eocene :

Schnapjjer Point. Protoconch ( x 9 diam.) : a, side view ;

h, view from above. [73234.] 163

3. Phos (Loxotaj^hnts) variciferus, Tate. Eocene : ^luddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 12 diam.) : a, side view ; h, view from above.

[G. 4160.] 166

4. Nassa iatei, Tenison- Woods. Eocene : Muddy Creek. Proto-

conch ( X 11 diam.) : «, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9470.] 169

5. Murcv (Triplex) otwayensis, sp. uov. Eocene : Cape Otway.

Shell ( X 3 diam.) : «, front ; 6, back. Protoconch ( x 8
diam.) : c, side view ; o?, view from above. [G. 9457.] 177

6. Lotorium radiale, Tate (sp.). Eocene : River Murray cliffs.

Protocouch ( X 8 diam.) : a, side view ; 6, view from above.

[G. 9400.] 187

7. Lotorium annectaiis, Tate (sp.). Eocene : Cape Otway.

Protoconch ( x 8 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from above.

[G. 9403.] 192

8. Strojnbus denticostatus, sp. nov. Tertiary : Tallowan Well,

Fowler's Bay District. Back view (nat. size). [G. 9654.] 217

9. Tylospira coronata, Tate (sp.). Miocene : Muddy Creek.

a, front view (nat. size) ; b, details of the spire ( x 2 diam.).

[G. 4293.] 222
10. Sirut/nolaria/i-azeri, Kuiion. Pliocene: MacLean's station,
Napier, a, front view of shell ; b, back view (* nat. size).

[G. 9545.] 221

B .M .TERTIARY SHEIiS ,

Plate VII.

G.MWooolwa.r(l deletlith West.TTevrman imp

CeT-ithiidae , TximfeUidse , Solariidi^i,
XenopTnoridae,

PLATE VII.

FlO. PAGE

1, 2. Cerithium apheles, Tenison- Woods. Eocene : Muddy Creek.
1, front ; 2, back (nat. size) ; 2a, detail of early whorls
showing longitudinal costte ( x 3 diam.). [G. 4154.] 224

3. Cerithium pritchardi, nom. mut. Eocene : Table Cape. Front

view of shell (nat. size). [G. 9491.] 226

4. Batillaria pomahakensis, nom. mut. Miocene : Pomahaka,

Otago. Front view of shell (nat. size). [G. 9634.] 229

5. Turritella platyspira, Tenison-Woods. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 12 diam.) : a, side view ; b, view from
above. [G. 4743.] 237

6. Solarium acutiim, Tenison- AVoods. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Shell (nat. size) : a, base ; 6, view from above ; c, detail

( X 3 diam.). [G. 9481.] 244

7. Xenophora (Tugiirium) tatei, sp. nov. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

a, base ; h, view from above (nat. size). [G. 5538.] 254

■B M .TERTIARY SHELLS ,

pia,tevnr.

G.MWboolwaxA adetlitlT..

N at! CI d se , T\xrta ini dse ~D elpKixiizli dae ,
Ft s s'UT elli das .

West .Newman imp.

PLATE VIII.

''IG- PAOE

1. Natica {Stigmaulax) liviata, Tate. Eocene : Muddy Creek.

Protoconch ( x 5 diam.) : a, side view ; h, view from above.

[G. 4278.] 262

2. Tiirbo etheridgei, Tenison-Woods. Eocene : Table Cape, a,

front ; b, back of shell ( x 2 diam.). [83994.] 273

3. T^irbo hamiltonensis, sp. nov. Eocene (?) : Muddy Creek.

a, front ; b, back ; c, base ( x 2 diam.). [G. 4299.] 274

4. Liotia roblini, Johnston. Eocene : Muddy Creek, a, front ;

b, back ; c, base ( x 3^ diam.). [G. 9465.] 284

5. Fissurellidea niaUeata,Ta.te. Eocene: Muddy Creek. «, view

from above ; b, interior ; c, side view ( x 1^ diam.).

[G. 5539.] 287
G. E'inargmula u'camonensis, SIX nov. Eocene (?): Muddy Creek.
a, side view ; b, view from above ( x 2 diam.) ; c, detail of
fissure ( X 2 diam.). [G. 4167.] 288

LIST OF THE CURRENT

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS

OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

The following publications can be jiurchased through the Agency of
Messrs. Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row ; Mr. Quaritcu,
\^, Piccadilli/ : Messrs. Kegan Paul, Tkencii, TkChnkk &
Co., Paternoster House, Cliariny Cross Road; and Mts.srs.
DuLAu & Co., 37, Soho Square ; or at the Natukai, History
Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S. W.

Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. 2nd edition. By
John Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an account of the
Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1863, 12mo. 2*. 3rf.

Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific
Ocean duiiug the voyage ofH.M.S. "Alert," 1881-2. Pp.
XXV., 684. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo.

Summary of the Voyage - By Dr. R. W. Coppingei-,

Mammalia - - - „ O. Thomas.

Aves - - - - „ R. B. Sharpe.

Reptilia, Batrachia, Pisces - „ A. Giinther.
Mollusca - - - „ E, A. Smith.

Echinodermata - - „ F. J. Bell,

Crustacea - - „ E. J. Miers.

Coleoptera - - - „ C. O. Waterhouse.

Lepidoptera - - - „ A. G. Butler.

Aleyonaria and Spongiida - „ S. O. Ridley.

MAMMALS.

1/. 10.9.

List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, P.R.S. Pp. xxviii.,
216. [With Systematic List of the Genera of Mammalia,
InJex of Donations, and Alphabetical Lidex.l 1843, 12mo.
2s. 6d.

Li.st of the Osteologic.al Spe(,'iinens in the Collection of tiie
British Museum. By .John Edward Gray. Pp. xxv,. 147.
[With Systematic Index and Appendix.] 1847, 12 mo. 2*.
o 920.^)7. 3000.— .')/96 Wt. 2276. E. & S. A

2 Llb'T OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. Pp. iv., 296. 1862,
8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
&e. Pp. viii., 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mam-
maha in the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.E.S.,
&c. Pp. vii., 398. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. 6s. 6d.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By John
Edward Gray, F.E.S., &c. 2nd edition. Pp. vii., 402. 101
Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8*.

Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vi.,

103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8 vo. 2s. 6(7.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of
the British Museum. By William Henry Flower, LL.D.,
F.R.S, &c. [With Svstematic and Alphabetical Indexes,]
Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo.'l*. 6c?.

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia {JPccora, Linnaeus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp.
viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Mouotremata in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas. Pp. xiii., 401.
4 coloured and 24 plain Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. lL8s.

BIRDS.

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum : —

Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds
in the Collection of the British Musuem. Cichlomorphce :
Part III., containing the first portion of the family Timeliidse
(Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii.,
420. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. IL
Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morpluE : Part IV., containing the concluding portion of
the family Timeliidae (Babbling Thrushes). By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and 15
coloured l^lates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 1/. 6*.
Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphce : Part V., containing the families Paridse and
Laniidaj (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and CevtliiomorpTup
(Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D.
Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and 9 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 17s.

BiUTlSlI MUSELM (NATUUAL HIbTOUVj. 3

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — cuntimied.

Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Cinnyrimorphce,
coutaining the families Nectariniidaj and Meliphagida?
(Sun Birds and Honey-eaters). By Han.s Gadow, M.A.,
Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates.
[AVith Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1884,
8vo. 145.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perchino- Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes :
Part I., containing the families Diceeida?, Hirundinidte,
Ampelidae, Mniotiltidaj, and Motacillidae. By R, Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 682. Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.! 1885
8vo. 1/. 2i'. '

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds
in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes :
Part II,, coutaining the families Cccrebidte, Tanagridse,
and Icteridaj. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., P.R.s!
Pp. xvii., 431. [With Sy.stematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates, 1886
8vo. 1/. '

Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. FringilH-
formes : Part 111., containing the family Fringiilids". By
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871. AVoodcuts aud 16
coloured Plates. [With Systematic ami Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 8s.

Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perchino-
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. SturiiF-
formes, containing the families Artamidaj, Sturni(]:e,
Ploceidffi, and Alaudida^. Also the families Atrichiidie
and Mcnurid;e. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 701.
Woodcuts aud 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo., 1/. 8s.

A"<)1. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Oligo-
myoiUc, or the families Tyranuid;e, Oxyr!iamphida3,Piprid.x^
CotingidiE, PhytotomidcB, Philepittidae, Pittidae, Xenicida-
and Eurylaemidae. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A.,
F.R.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts and 26 coloured Plates!
[AVith Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888,
8vo. 1/. 4s.

Vol. XA'', Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Trachco-
lihoiKc, or the families Dendrocolaptid;e, Formicariida^,
Conopophagidie, and Pteroptochida. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371. Woodcuts aud 20
coloured Plates. [AVith Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1/.

A 2

4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catiilogue of the Birds in the British Museum — contimied.

Vol. XVI. CiiTalogue of the Picarifein the Collection of the
British Musenm. UpupcB and Trochili, by Osbert Salviu.
Coracire, of the families Cypselidae, Caprimulgidge, Podar-
gidte, and Steatornithidse, by Ernst Hartert. Pp. xvi.,
703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 1/. 16*.

Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picaria; in the Collection of
the British Museum. CoracicB (contin.) and Halcyones,
with the families Leptosomatidse, Coraciid^e, Meropidse,
Alcedinidae, Momotidfe, Totids, and Coliidao, by R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by W. R. Ogilvie
Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892,
8vo. 1/. 10s.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picarise in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family
Picidaj. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., 597. Woodcuts
and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. IZ. 6s.

Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : contain-
ing the families Rhamphastidce, Gralbulidae, and Bucconidaj,
by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indicatoridse, Capitonidas,
Cuculidse, and Musophagidae, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii.,
484 : 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. \l. 5s.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 658 : woodcuts and 1 8 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 10*.

Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbae, or Pigeons, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 676: 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 10*.

Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds (JPterocletes,
Gallince, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xvi.,
585 : 8 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Vol. XXIII. Catalogue of the Fulicaria^ (Rallidae and
Heliornithidas) and Alectorides (Aramidee, Eurypygidae,
Mesitidse, Rhinochetidae, Gruidae, Psophiidce, and Otididce)
in the Collection of the British Museum. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii, 353 : 9 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894, 8vo. 20.«.

Vol. XXV. Catalogue of the Gavia; and Turbinares in the
Collection of the British Museum. Gavise (Terns, Gulls,
and Skuas), by Howard Saunders. Turbinares (Petrels
and Albatrosses), by Osbert Salvin. Pj). xv., 475: wood-
cuts and 8 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo. 1/. Is.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5

Ciitaloiruo of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. XXVII. Catalogue of the Chenomorplue (I'alamedeic,
Phoeiiicopteri, Anseres), Cry[(tuii, and Ratita^ in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvador!.
P]). XV., 636 : 19 coloured Plates. [With systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo. 1/. 12a-. '

List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray : —

Part III., Section I. Ramphastidas. Pp. 16. [With

Index.] 1855, 12mo. Qd.
Part III., Section IT. Psittacida?. Pp.110. [With Index.]

1859, 12mo. 2*.
Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonidaj and Picidae.

Pp. 137. [With Index.] 1868, 12mo. 1*. Qd.
Part IV. Columba?, Pp.73. [With Index.] 1856, 12mo.

Is. 9J.
Part V, Grallinffi. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical

Index.] 1867, 12mo. 1*. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George
Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 8vo. 1*. 6d.

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbasnians in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical Index.l

1844, 12mo. 1.9.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. Bv John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. : —
Appendix.' Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Part II. Emydo.saurians, Rhyuchocephalia, and Amphis-

bajnians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3*. 6rf.

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British

Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv.,

124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4*.

Catalogue of tiie Cheloniaus, Rhyncliocephalians, and Crocodiles
in the British jNIuseum (Natnnd History). ISTew Edition. By
George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. 73 Woodcuts and 6
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889,
8vo. 15*.

Catidogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the
Briti.sh Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc. I'p. xxviii.,
289. [With Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.]

1845, 12mo. Ss. 6rf.

Catalogue of the Lizards in the Briti.'sh Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger -. —
Vol. I. Geckonidte, Eublepniiricl;e, Uroplatidie, Pygopodidje,
Agamidse. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20.*.

6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. II. Iguanidaj, Xenosauridae, Zonuridie, Anguidae,
Anniellid^, HelodermatidEe, Varanidaj, Xantusiida, Teiidse,
Amphisba;nidiE. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20*.
Vol. III. Lacertidse, Gei-rhosauridiE, Sciucids, Anelytro-
pida;, Dibamida;, Chamaeleontida;. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 1/. 6.?.
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History),
By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. : —

Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidaj, Glauconiidce,

Boida;, Ilysiida?, Uropellidas, Xenopeltida?, and Colubridaj

aglyplia;, part. Pp. xiii., 448: 26 Woodcuts and 28

Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]

1893, 8vo. ]/. 1^.

Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubridae aglyphse.

Pp. xi., 382 : 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With

Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894, 8vo. 17*. Gd.

Vol. III., containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphaj and

Proter(.glypha>), Amblycephalidie, and Viperidse. Pp. xiv.,

727: 37 Woodcuts and 25 Plates. [With Systematic

Index, and Alphabetical Index to the 3 volumes.] 1896,

8vo. \l. 6.9.

Catalogue of Colubriiie Snakes in the Collection of the British

Museum. By Dr. Albert Giiuther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With

Geographic, Systematic,' and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,

12mo. 4s.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858^ 8vo. 6*.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,

8vo. 9.?.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.R.S., &c. :—

Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinida-, Gono-
riiynchida;. Hyodoutidae, Osteoglossidae, Clupeidie, Chiro-
ccntrida^, Alepocephalida?, Notopteridaj, HalosauridEe),
Pj). XX., 512. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8.?.

BRITISH MUSEUJM (NATURAL HIS'l'ORY). 7

Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum — contitiKcd.

Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gyiiinotiilae, Symbrauchidje, Muraj-
nidae. Pegasidas), Lophol)ranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi,
Gauoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Leptocardii.
Pp. XXV., 549. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1870, 8vb. 8*. 6d.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Mussum. Second edition.

Vol. I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British

Museum. Vol. I. containing the Centrarchidse, Percidae, and

SerranidiB (part). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp.

xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 plates. [With Systematic and

Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, Svo. 155.
List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British

Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x.,

160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]

1S51, 12mo. 3s.
Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore

Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 196. [With a

Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. Gd.

Catalogue of Lophobranehiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By .1. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

MOLLUSC A.

Guide to the Syst(?matic Distribution of Mollusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.B.S.,
&c. Pp. xii., 2-M. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, Svo. 5*.

Li.st of the Shells of the Canaries in the Collection of the British
Mu.seum, collected by MM. Wohb and Berthelot. Described
and figured by Prof. Alcide D'Orbigny in the " Histoire
Xaturelle des lies Canaries." Pp. 32. 1854, 12rao. Is.

List of the Shells of Cuba in the Collection of the British Museum,
collected by M. Bauion do la Sagra. Descrilied by Prof . Alcide
d'Orbigny'in the " Histoire de I'lle de Cuba." Pp. 48. 1854,
12mo. Is.

List of the Shells of South America in the Collection of the Briti.sh
Museum. Collected and described by M. Alcide D'Orbigny in
the " Voyage dans rAnu'ricjue Meridionalc." I'p. 89. 1854,
l2iuo. 2*.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlau Sliells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigon. Described by Philip
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, l2mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
^Museum, collected and described bj' MM. Eydoux and Souleyct
in the " Voyage autour du Monde, execute pendant 1(!S annees
" 1836 et"l837, sur la Corvette 'La Bonilo,' " and in the
" Histoire naturelle des Mollus(}ues Pteropodes" Par MM.
P. C. A. L. Rang ct Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, ]2mo Hd.

8 LIST OF PUBLI/.'ATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Phaneropneumona, or Terrestrial Operculated
MoUusca, in the Collection of the British Museuni. By Dr. L.
rfeiffer. Pp. 324, [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1852,
12mo. 5*.
Nomenclature of Molluscous Animals and Shells in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part T. Cyclophoridae. Pp. 69. [With
an Index.] 1850, l2mo. Is. 6d.
Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing MoUusca, in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pfeitfcr.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. Qd.
Catalogue of the Auriculidse, Proserpinidaj, and Truncatellidje in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. \s. 9d.
List of the MoUusca in the Collection of the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.

Part I. Volutida;. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d.
Part II. Olivida;. Pp.41. 1865, 12mo. 1«.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection
of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —

Part I. Veneridse, Cyprinid«, Grlauconomidse, and Petri-

coladffi. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, ]2mo. 3s.
Part II. Petricoladaj (concluded) ; Corbiculada3. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. \_Issued as " Catalogue of
the MoUusca, Part IV."] Pp. iv,, 128. 25 Woodcuts. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3*.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Mu.seum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S.
Pp. viii., .39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
8vo. 5s.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum.

Parti. Leucosiadaj. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. L.S.,

&c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodons Crustacea in the

Collection of the I3ritish Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,

A'.c. Pn. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]

1862. 8vo. 1/. 5*.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9

ARACHNIDA.

Descriptive Catalogues of the Spiders of Biuma, based upon the
{'oUection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in the
British Museum. By T. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 4C)(i. [With
Systematic List and Alphiibetical Index.] 1895, 8vo. lO*. 6c?.

MYRIOPODA.

Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the Collection of tlie British
Muslim. By George Newport, F.R.S., P.E.S., &c. Part I.
Chilopoda. Pp. iv., 96. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1856, 12mo. Is. 9(1.

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
liriti.sh Museum : —

Part IV. Cleridaj. By Adam White. Pp. 68. [With

Index.] 1849, l2mo. 1,«. Sd.
Part V. Cucujidffi, &c. By Frederick Smith. [Also issjied

a* "List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I."] Pd. 25.

1851, 12mo. Q,d.
Part VI. PassalidfB. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.

1 Plate [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. Sd.
Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 174.

4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. Qd.
Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.

6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3«. Qd.
Part IX. Cassididae. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of

Natural History, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With Index.]

1856, 12mo. 'ds.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part I. Lycida;. By Charles Owea
Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 16*.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous In.sects of Madeira in the Collection
of the British Muiseum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.
Pp. xvi., 234: 1 Plate. [W^ith a Topographical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 3*.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,
F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With Topographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10*. 6d.

Catalogue of Halticida; in the Collection of the British Mu.seum.
By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and
G-jdipodes. Part J. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates.
1860, 8vo. 7s.

10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of Hispidtc in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Joseph 8. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part I. Pp. x., 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 8vo. 6*.

Hymenopterotis Insects.

List of the Specimens of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collectioa
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. : —

Part II. Chalcidites. Additional Species. Appendix.
Pp. iv., 99-237. 1848, 12mo. 2s.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —

Part I. Andrenidaj and Apida3. Pp. 197. 6 Plates. 1853,

2s. 6d.
Part II. Apidffi. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1854, 65.
Part III. MutiUida- and Pompilida;. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.

1855,6s.
Part IV. Sphegida?, Larridse, and Crabronida3. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856,
65.
Part V. Vespida3. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857, 6.?.
Part VI. Formicidaj. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 6s.

Part VII. Dorylidaj and Thynnida3. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.

[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2s.

Descriptions of New Species of Hymenojitera in the Collection

of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.

[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 10*.

List of Hymenoptera, Avith descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens in the Britisii Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinidas and
Siricidffi. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 11. ISs.

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo. : —
Part IV. Pp. 689-1172. [With an Index to the four parts,

and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s.
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilida;. Pp. ii., 507-775.
1855. 3.V. 6d.

Lepiclopterotis Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum : — ■

Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xviii., 82.
41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index,]
1879,4to. 2/. IO5.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Hcteroccra
— continued.
Part V. By Arthur Gai-diner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 21. 10s.
Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21. As.
Pari VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.
Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera oi" the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampsou. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Sy.steraatic Li?t.]
1891, 4to. 2/.
Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon. By
George Francis Harapson. Pp. v., 182. 157-17G.
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Cevlon.] 1.S93,
4to. 21. 2s.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridas in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., itc. Pp. vi., 211. 5 Plates. [ With an Alphabetical
Index.] \H(jS,S\o.5s.(5d.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3Plat.es. 1869, 8vo. 7*. 6</.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycfeuida" in the British Museum. By
W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. S Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. 1/. \s.

List of Le[)idopterous Insects in the Collection of the; British
Museum. Part I. . Papilionida^. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1850, 12mo. 2s.

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. : —

Part VI. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 1258-1507. 1855,
3*. 66?.

Part X. NoctuidfP. Pp. 253-101. 1S5G, 'is. 6d.

Part XII. Pp. 765-9S2. 1857, 3s. 6d.

Part XIII. Pp. 983-1236. 1857, 3*. 6d.

Part XIV. Pp. 1237-1519. 1858, 4*. 6d.

Part XV. Pp. 1520-1S88. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts IX.-XV.] 1858, 4*-. 6d.

Part XVI. Deltoides. Pp. 253. 1858, 3s. (jd.

Pint XfX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-10.30. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, .3.s-. 6^7.

Part XXI. Geometrites. Pp. 277-498. I860, 3s.

Part XXII. Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3*. 6d.

PartXXTir. Pp. 756-1020. 1801. .3.v. Or/.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

List of Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects — continued.

Part XXIV. Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3*. 6f?.

Part XXV. Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3.s-.

Part XXVL Pp. 1478-1796. [With au

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVI.] 1862, 4*. 6d.

Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
186.3, 4.?.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863, As.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4*.

Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, As.

Part XXXI. Supplement, Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5*.

Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322-706. 1865,

5s.

Part XXXIII. Part 3. Pp. 707-1120. 1865,

6*.

Part XXXIV. Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533. 1865,

5*. 6d.

Part XXXV. Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040. [With

an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI.-XXXV.] 1866,

Nevropterous Insects.

Oatalof^uc of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12nio. : —
Part I. Phryganides— Perlides. Pp. iv., 192. 1852, 2s. 6d.
Part II. Sialidai— Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193-476. 1853,

3*. 6d.
Part III. Termitidse— Ephemeridaj. Pp. ii., 477-585. 1853,
1*. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part I.
Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d.

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. By John Obadiah Westwood,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 4to. 3/.

Catalogue of the Specimens of BlattariaB in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 239.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5a. 6d.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattarise in the Collection of the British
Museum. Gryllida3. Bl.attarise. Locustidaj; By Francis
Walker, F.L.S.,&c. Pp.224. [With an Alphabeticallndex.]
1869, Svo, 5.V.

BKlTISli MUSEUM (NATUliAL IIISTOIIY). 13

Catalogue of the Specimens oi' Di'imaptera Saltatoria iu the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., Ac-
Part II. Locustidai (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 44-. 6c?.

Part III. LoeustidiB (continued). — Acrididas. Pp. 42o-G04.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Acridida3 (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6,v.

Part V. Tettigidte. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
tariae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Salt^itoria (with remarks on the Geographical I)i.stril)ution
of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43 ; 116. [With Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6*.

Hemipterous Insectn.

List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. Part II. Pp.
369-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. 4*.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Ilemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.,
&c. 8vo. :—

Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5*.
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. As.
Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., III., and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4*. {jil.
Part IV. Pp.211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6.v.

Part V. Pp. 202. 1872. 5*.

Part VI. Pp. 210. 1873. o.v.

Part VII. Pp.213. 1873. 6.v.

Part VIII. Pp. 220. • 1873. Qs. Qd.

Homopterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. B}' Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12ino. 4.v. 6r/.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Jiaird,
Pp. IV., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
whi«h the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found ; jind
an Index of Genera and Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2*.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariid* in the Collection of thi^
British Museum. By .1. E. Gray, F.ll.S., Ac. Pp. iv., 4().
2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. l.v. 6(1.

It LIST OF I'LJliLICATiONS OF THK

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in tiie Collection of the
Eiitisli Museum. By J. B. Gray, F.R..S., &c. Pp. iv., 51.
It AVoo.lcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3*.
Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum
(Natural History) : —

Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook. Pp. xi.,
212. ,35 Collotype Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes and Explanation of the Plates.] 1893,
4to. 1/. 4s.
Vol. II. The Genus Turbinaria, the Genus Astrseopora.
By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Cantab., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Pp. iv., 106. 30 Collotype and 3 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1896, 4to, 1 8s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Pp.
xii., 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the Bi-itish
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenidfe and Apidaj.
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue. Pp. xi., 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo, 6s.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicida^, and
Vespidfe in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. Gs.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin.,
F.R.C.L. Ed., Ll.D. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Ecliinodernis in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Disti-ibution, Alphabetical Index, Description
of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum; with Synonyma and References to figures.
12mo. : —

Part IV. Crustacea. By A. White. Pp. iv., 141. (With

an Index.) 1850, 2s. (jd.
Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd Edition.
llevi.sed by H. T. Stainton and E. Sheplierd. Pp. iv., 224.
1856, Is. 9d.
Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. Pp. 134. 1851,
2s.

BlUTIbli MUSEUM (NATUllAL HISTOKY). 15

List of the Specimens of British Animals — cvnfiuued.

Part VII. Mollusca, Acepluila, and Rrafhiopoda. By Dr

J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851, 35. 6r/.
Part VIII. Fish. By Adam AVhite. Pp. xxiii., IGI.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851, 3*. 6(1.

Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Kobert Gray.

Pp. 113. 1852, 2s. Gd.
Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.

Pp. iv., 51. 1852, Is.
Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued.) By James F. Stephens.

Pp. iv., 54. 1852, 9c?.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. Bv Frederick

Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, Is. 4d.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White.

Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 6d.
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.

Pp. iv., 42. 1853, 1a'.
Part XVI. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton.

Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854, 3s.
Part XVII. Nomenclature of Anoplura, Euplexoptera, and

Orthoptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 17. 1855, 6d.

PLANTS.
A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British
Musemii. By the Kev. James M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519: 74 Woodcuts. [With
Glossai-y, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.] 1894, 8vo.
16.V.

A Monograph of the Mycetozoa s being a Descriptive Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum. By
Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224, 78 Plates and 51 Woodcuts.
[With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. 15.V.

List of British Diatomaceaj in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the llcv, W. Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 55. 1859, 12mo. 1*.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil IMammalia in ihe British Museum (Natural
History). By Kichard Lydt-kker, B.A., F.G.8. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptcra, lusec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268. 33
Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1885, 8vo. OS.

Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [VV^idi Systematic
•ind Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. (is.

Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, Toxodoutia, Condylartiirn, and Amblypotla. Pp.

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THK

Catalogue of" the Fossil Mauinialia — couiiuued.

xvi., 186. 30 Wooflcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, Svo. 4s.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5*.
Part V. Containing the Grouj) Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, Svo. 6s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, Svo. lOs. Gd.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S.: —

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria.
Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1888, Svo. 7*. 6d.
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sau-
ropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With Syste-
matic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, Svo. 7s. 6d.
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889,
8vo. 7s. 6d.
Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s. Gd.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
Hist'ory). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474. 13
Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species,] 1SS9, Svo. 21*.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii), Holo-
cephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and Teleo-
stomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinopterygii).
Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and
Species.] 1891, Svo. 21*.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), IT

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes — continued.

Part III. Coutaining the Actinopteiygian Teleostomi of
the Orders Chondrostci (concluded), Protospondyli^
Aetheospondyll, and Isospo?idi/li (in part). Pp. xlii., 544.
45 "Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index,
and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1895, 8vo
21*.

Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene and
Eocene MuUusca in the British Museum (Natural History),
with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons
contained in other collections belonging to the Geological
Department of the Museum. By Richard BuUen Newton,
F.Ca-.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of Families and Genera,.
Bibliography, Correlation-table, A^jpendix, and Alphabetical
Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6*.

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiioidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidie, Endoceratidte, Actino-
ceratidc-B, Gomphoceratidaj, Ascoceratidse, Poterioceratidae,
Cyrtoceratida^, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1888, 8vo. 10^. 6d.

Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
ioidea, consisting of the families Lituitidse, Trochoceratidse,
Nautilidse, and Supplement. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index
of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, 8vo. 15*.

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and
(he Eange in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry-
Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5*.

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the
British Museum (Natural History), with an account of tho
morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision
of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),
and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [AVith Preface by Dr. H. Woodward. Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanations of the Plates, <S:c.] Pp.
XV., 322. 20 Plates. 1886, 4 to. 25*.

Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Dopartm em of
the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George .Jennings Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. .S8 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological and Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. II. lOs.
o 92057. R

18 LIST OF PUBLIC ATIOKS OF THE

Catalogue of tlie Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of Geologj
and PaLxoutology, British Museum (Natural History). By
Robert Kidstou, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With a list of works
quoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). The Wealden Flora.
By A. C. Seward, M.A., F.G.S., University Lecturer in
Botany, Cambridge : —

Part I. Thallophyta— Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii., 179 : 17
Woodcuts and 11 Plates. [With Preface by Dr. Woodward,
Alphabetical Index of Genera, Species, &c., Explanations
of the Plates, &c.] 1894, 8vo. 10s.
Part II. Gymnospermse. Pp. viii., 259. 9 Woodcuts and
20 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the
Plates, &c.] 1895, 8vo. 15s.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

(To be obtained onli/ at the Iluseinn.)

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [By W. H. Flower.] With 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 80.
1895, 8vo. 3rf.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 5th Edition. Pp.126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1894, 8vo. 6(Z.

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Deimrtment of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Giinther.] 3rd Edition. Pp. iv., 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (MoUusca, Bchinoder-
mata, Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1888, 8vo. 4<7.

A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department of
Geology and Palteontology in the British ]\fuseum (Natural
History). Seventh Edition. [By Henry Woodward.] Pp. xii.,
103. 116 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table of
Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. 6c?.

A Guide to the Fossil Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palajontology in the British Museum (Natural
Histoi-y-)- [By Henry Woodward.] Pp. xiv., 129: 165 Wood-
cuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table o,f Stratified Rocks,
and index.] 1896, 8vo. 6c?.

BRITISH MUSEUM (XATURAL HISTORY). 19

•Gmde to Sowerby's Models of Britisli Fnno-i in thp Vi.^n . . <•
Botany, British Muse.^m (Natural His^oi-v^ llirT"^' ^^
g. Snuth F.L.S. Pp.W 93WSS, ^"r'brof
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893 8vo 4r7

Guide to the British Mycetozou ex-hih;t,vl';., fi 7.

the Mineral Gallery. 1895, 8vo. 2d ^^''" "^

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals with o p.„-^„ . .1

Ig.-...^Planorthe.i?;erf;^a-^^^

^ Jf?;;teiS-a^iU^%g|^^:^^^-eral Gallei,: table

Met^^r^'" '° '^' 5'"*^^ "^ Meteori;es,withaLi.stof the
Pd 94 rwT''^i''^ f the Collection.' [Bv L Fletcher 1
S?" Mp". ^ V ^^ ^^^" "^ *^" ^'""^'^^ Gallery, and an ncS
the Meteorites represented in the Collection.] Id94, Vvo 6./

W. H. FLOWER,
"British Museum J^irector.

(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.

•June 1st, 189G,

ZON0V.19t4