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Bo^jmo /9^o

Alex. Agassiz.

Iftlrrarg of % HUtseum

OP

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
jFoun&eti bv pribate suhscrfptfon, In 1861.

Deposited by Alex. Agassiz
from the Library of LOUIS AGASSIZ.

No. s-^7^

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¥ (_ vmaki.) I, at a vLl.

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CATALOGUE

OF THE

TORTOISES, CROCODILES,

AND

AMPHISBiENIANS,

IN

THE COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

PRINTED BY ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES.

<iwi

LONDON 1844.

LONDON :
EDWARD NEWMAN,

DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE STREET.

r

INTRODUCTION.

The chief object of preparing the present Catalogue, has been
to give at one view a complete Synopsis of all the specimens
of Shielded Reptiles at present in the British Museum col-
lection, and an account of the species known to exist in other
collections, but which are at present desiderata to the British
Museum, so as to enable travellers, collectors, and others, to
assist in completing the national collection.

For this purpose a synoptic description has been given of
all the genera and species of the shielded reptiles at present
known to exist in the different museums and private collec-
tions, and at the end of each description is added an enume-
ration, stating the state, age, country, and other peculiarities
of each specimen of the kind in the Museum collection ; or
when the species is not at present in that collection, the mu-
seum in which it has been observed is added after the general
habitat of the species. The different individuals of each spe-
cies containedin the British Museum collection, are indicated
by the letters a, b, c, &c.

When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to be un-
derstood that it is full grown, or nearly so ; when otherwise,
its state is marked immediately after the letter by which it is
distinguished ; and if the sexes are known, it is stated to be
male or female. These particulars are followed by the habi-
tat, which is given as particularly as the materials possessed
by the Museum permit.

Those specimens which have been presented to the Museum
have the name of the donor marked immediately after the ha-
1 .tat. When there is no such indication, the specimens have
I een either purchased, or procured in exchange ; and in this
case, whenever the place or person from whom they have been
received gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything

a2

IV INTRODUCTION.

of moment to their history, they are noted as being from such
or such a collection.

In the adoption of generic and specific names, it has been
thought right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was
first applied to the species. As far as regards the specific
names, there is comparatively little difficulty in the applica-
tion of this simple rule ; but generic names have been used by
different authors in senses so widely different, and the groups
which they were meant to designate have been so variously
extended or restricted, that it is no easy matter to determine,
where several names have been used, which of them ought to
be preferred. And as every original observer will constantly
make use of characters which others mav have overlooked, or
not thought of so much importance as he may be inclined to
attach to them, even when a generic name is used, it will of
necessity be often employed in a different sense, or with a
more restricted or extended meaning than its original proposer
applied to it.

It is needless, however, to enter into the details of nomen-
clature, further than to observe that to the name adopted for
the genus is appended the specific name under which the ani-
mal is believed to have been first described. If the generic
name adopted be different from that employed by the esta-
blisher of the species, his name immediately follows it as a
synonyme ; and where the animal has received more than one
specific name, these names are also given. But it has been
thought unnecessary to load the Catalogue with any other ge-
neric names, where no change has been made in the specific,
as it has been considered that these names will be sufficient
for all the purposes of identification.

In those cases where the two sexes of the same specie.53, or
any particular individual state or variety belonging to it, has
been differently named, such names (belonging exclusively to
the state or individual so described) are placed after the refe-
rence to the specimen to which they generally apply.

To determine with accuracy the names and synonymes of
the species, the Museums of Paris, Leyden, Vienna, Berlin,
Francfort, &c, have been personally examined. Many of the
specimens in the Museum collection have been received from
the original describers, and most of them have been examined
by M. G. Bibron, one of the authors of the Erpetologie

INTRODUCTION. V

Generate, on Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles, now
in the course of publication at Paris. So that there is every
reason to believe they are named in perfect accordance with
those in the various continental collections.

The specimens presented by

Sir Joseph Banks, may be regarded as the type of the species

described by Dr. Shaw.
Thomas Bell, Esq., as the types of species described by him

in his various papers, and in his very beautiful Mono-
graph of the Testudinata.
The Earl of Derby,
Sir Everard Home,
Capt. William Chambers, R.N.
Alexander Collie, Esq.
John Gould, Esq.
General Thomas Hardivicke,
Dr. John Richardson,
John Reeves, Esq.
John Russell Reeves, Esq.
Colonel Sykes, and
J. Whitfield, Esq., as the types of the species described by me

in the Synopsis Rept ilium, the Illustrations of Indian

Zoology, the Proceedings of the Zoological Society,

and other journals and books of travels.
The Royal Society, as the types of the species described by

Pennant in the Philosophical Transactions, or figured

by Grew in his Museum.
Dr. Riippell, as the types of the species described in his

Fauna of Abyssinia.
The Hon. East India Company, as the types of the species

described by Dr. Cantor, in his Fauna of Chusan.
Dr. Richard Harlan, and
Messrs. Edward and Henry Doubleday , as the types of the

North-American species described by Say, Harlan, and

others.

The specimens purchased or procured in exchange from

The Francfort Museum, as the types of the species described
by Dr. Riippell.

a 3

VI

INTRODUCTION.

The Ley den Museum, as the types of the species described by
Dr. Schlegel in his Fauna of Japan, or other works
on reptiles.

The Paris Museum, as the types of the species described by
M. G. Bibron.

The South African Museum, as the types of the species de-
scribed by Dr. A. Smith, in his Illustrations of the
Zoology of South Africa,

The following list exhibits the geographical distribution of
the species. When the species is found in two of the larger
divisions of the list, on account of its extensive range, it is
preceded by an asterisk. The names of the species which are
desiderata in the Museum collection, are printed in Italics.

Europe.
Testudo marginata, page 9

55

giEEca, 9

Emys caspica, 19

Cistudo europa?a, 31
*Sphargis coriacea 51
*Blanus cinereus, Spain, 72

Asia.

Asia Minor.
*Blanus cinereus, 72

River Tigris,
Tyrse Rafeht, 49

Cabul.

Testudo Horsfieldii, 7

India.
*Testudo indica, 5
Ernys tectum, 15
tentoria, 15
Duvaiicellii, 15
trijuga, 16
lineata, 16
Dhongoka, 17
limrgi, 1/
trivittata, 17
ocellata, 18
Hamiltonii, 19

55

55

55
55
55
55

55
55
55

Tetraonyx Batagur, 29

Emyda punctata, 46

Tyrse gangetica, 47

Dogania subplaua, 49

Chitra indica, 49

Gavialis gangeticus, 37

Crocodilus porosus, 58
„ bombifrons, 59

,, palustris, 62

Ceylon.
Testudo stellata, 7
Emys Seba, 19

China.
*Geoemyda Spengleri, 14
Bealii, 17
Reevesii, 18
mutica, 18
nigricans, 18

Cistudo trifasciata, 31

Platysternon megacephalum 35

Tyrse perocellata, 48

Japan.
Emys japonica, 19

Sumatra.
Geoemyda spinosa, 14
Emys crassicollis, 1 6
„ platynota, 16

55
55
J5

INTRODUCTION.

VH

Amboina.
Cistudo amboinensis, 30

Java.
Cistudo dentata, 32
Tyrse javanica, 47

Singapore.
Cvocodilus trigonops, 62

Siam.
Crocodilus siamensis, 63

New Guinea.
Mecistops Jouraei, 58

Africa.

North.
*Testudo grffica, 7
Tyrse nilotica, 48
Crocodilus vulgaris, 62
Trigonophis Wiegmannii, 68

Eastern.
Pelomedusa Gehafiae. 38

Western.
Testudo sulcata, 7
Kinyxis Homeana, 11

„ erosa, 12

„ Belliana, 12
Stemotherus Derbianus, 37
Emyda senegalensis , 47
Tyrse Argus, 48
Mecistops Bennettii, 59
„ cataphractus, 58

Southern.
Testudo pardalis, 7

semiserrata, 8

geometrica, 8

Verroxii, 8
Homopus areolatus, 10
„ signatus, 10

Chersina angulata, 11
*Geoemyda Spengleri, 14
Emvs oculifera, 28
Stemotherus castaneus, 37
Pelomedusa subrufa, 38
Crocodilus marginatus, 31

55

)>

?>

Madagascar,
Testudo radiata, 6
Pyxis arachnoides, 12
Stemotherus niger, 37
? „ subniger, 37

*? Hydraspis gibba, 40

Australia.

North-west coast.
Chelymys Macquaria, 42
Chelodina oblonga, 43

New Holland.
Chelodina longicollis, 42

Oceanic.

Mediterranean and Atlantic.
Sphargis coriacea, 51

Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
Caouanna Caretta, 51

Atlantic Ocean.
Caouanna elongata, 53
Chelonia virgata, 52
„ viridis, 54

Indian Ocean.
Caouanna olivacea, 53

Red Sea.
Caretta imbricata, 53

North America.

East Coast.
Testudo Gopher, 4
Emys Muhlenbergii, 20
„ pulchella, 20
„ geographica, 26
? „ megacephala, 21
? „ Bennettii, 21
„ serrata, 21
„ rivulata, 21
„ scripta, 23
„ Holbrooldi, 23
„ Troostii, 24
„ mobilensis, 25
„ conci?inat 25

Vlll

INTRODUCTION.

55

55

Emys reticularia, 25
„ macrocephala, 26
„ fioridana, 26
„ hieroglyphica, 26
„ guttata, 26
„ picta, 27
„ Bellii, 27
Malaclemys concentrica, 28
Cistudo Carolina, 30
Kinosternon oblongum, 33

Doubledayii, 33
pensylvanicum, 33
odoratum, 34
Chelydra serpentina, 34
Trionyx ferox, 49

„ muticus, 50
Alligator missisipensis, 66

West coast.

*? Emys ornata, 22
„ oregonensis, 23

Tropical America.

Testudo tubulata, 5, W. Indies
?Kinyxys Homeana, 11
Emys scabra, 20

„ rugosa, 24, W. Indies.
„ decussata, 24, W. Indies
? „ vermiculata, 25
Kinosternon scorpioides, 32
„ triporcatum, 34

Hydraspis planiceps, 39
radiolata, 39
Spixii, 39
depressa, 39
gibba, 40
nasua, 40
Waglerii, 40
Gaudichaudii, 40
„ Hilairii, 40
,, lata, 41
„ qffinis, 41
*?Phrynops Geoffroyana, 41
rujipes, 41

55

55

55

5?

55

55

55

55

55

? Phrynops Bellii, 42
? „ Miliusii, 42
Hydromedusa Maximiliana, 44

„ jlavilabris, 44

Chelys Matamata, 44
Peltocephalus Tracaxa, 45
Podocnemis expansa, 45

„ Dumeriliana, 45

Ampbisbaena americana, 70
Petrei, 70
vermicularis, 70
Sarea caeca, 71
Crocodilusrhombifer, 60, Cuba

„ americanus, 60
Jacare fissipes, 64
„ sclerops, 64
„ nigra, 65
„ punctulata, 65
„ vallifrons, 65
Caiman trigonatus, 66
„ palpebrosus, 66
„ gibbiceps, 67
Ampbisbaena alba, 70
Cadea punctata, 72 [73

Lepidosternon microcepbalum
Cepbalopeltis scutigera, 73
Cbirotes lumbricoides, 74
Cynisca leucura, 71, Guiana.

South America.

East coast.
Emys Dorbignii, 22
Phrynops Geoffroyana, 21
Amphisbaena Darwinii, 71
Anops Kingii, 72
Lepidosternon phocama, 73

Galapagos.
PTestudo indica, 5. Naturalized

Locality unknown.

Emys Kinosternoides, 27
,, annulifer, 27
„ Kuhlii, 28

British Museum, July 1, 1844.

John Edward Gray.

SYNOPTIC CATALOGUE

OF

REPTILES

Class III. — REPTILES, (Reptilia).

Animal furnished with a distinct bony skeleton. The skin
clothed with horny imbedded plates or imbricated scales, which
are covered with a thin and often deciduous epidermis. They re-
spire by cellular lungs. The heart has a single ventricle divided
into two or more cells, giving origin to two arteries and receiving
the cold red blood by two veins from two auricles. Penis distinct.
Oviparous, but the egg sometimes hatched in the body of the mo-
ther, often covered with a thick more or less calcareous shell. The
young like the parent, and not undergoing any transformation.

Synopsis of the Orders.

Sect. I. Scaly Reptiles, (Squamata).

Body covered with overlapping scales. Skull formed of sepa-
rate bones ; the ear-bone external and only articulated to the rest.
Vent a cross slit. The generative organs bifid. Tongue free.

1. Lizards, (Sauria). Mouth not dilatable: lower jaw-bones

united by a bony suture in front. Limbs 4, distinct, rarely in
such a rudimentary state as to be hidden under the skin.

2. Serpents, (Ophidia). Mouth very dilatable : bones of the

lower jaws separate from each other, only united by ligaments.
Limbs none, or only in the form of short spurs on the sides of
the vent.

B

2 REPTILES.

Sect. II. Shielded Reptiles, (Cataphracta).

Body covered with square imbedded shields. Bones of the
skull adglutinated together, hard, with the ear-bone sunk into
its substance. Jaws united into a solid mass : mouth not dilata-
ble. Vent roundish or linear, plaited. The generative organs
simple.

3. Tortoises, (Chelonians). Body short, depressed. The
bones of the thorax external, surrounding the muscles of the
body like a case, out of which the head, limbs and tail are pro-
truded. Jaws toothless, covered with a homy coat.

4. Emydosaurians. Body fusiform, covered with square bony
plates placed in longitudinal lines. Limbs 4, free. Vent li-
near, longitudinal. Jaws with teeth.

5. Amphisbenians. Body elongate cylindrical, covered with

square imbedded plates placed in cross rows. Limbs none or
verv short, weak. Vent transverse. Jaws, with teeth.

TORTOISES.

3

Sect II. Shielded Reptiles, (Cataphracta).

Body covered with square imbedded plates, generally forming
a dorsal and ventral shield. The bones of the skull thick, united
together into a hard mass, and including the quadrate bones and
pterygoid processes. The tongue is short, affixed to the mouth,
scarcely exsertible. The lungs are enveloped by a thick perito-
neum, which performs the part and has the appearance of a dia-
phragm. The vent is round or linear, plaited. The male organ and
vagina are simple, the former having only a groove along its up-
per edge. Oviparous: the egg covered with a hard shell: the
young, when hatched, having a large umbilical slit, which soon
disappears.

Order III. TORTOISES, (CHELONIA).

The body enclosed in a case, formed of two shields united by
their margins, and leaving only the head, neck, limbs and tail free,
which are covered with a scaly skin: the upper shield or thorax
formed of the ribs more or less dilated on the sides, united toge-
ther and adherent to the dorsal vertebrae by a toothed suture, pre-
venting any motion ; they are surrounded by a series of bones
forming the edge of the shields : the lower shield or sternum is
formed of four pair and a central anterior bone. The jaws are
toothless, covered with a horny bill, rarely hid by fleshy lips: the
upper bill covers the lower like a box. Eyes with distinct eyelids.
The drum of the ear visible, nearly superficial. The legs short,
thick. Tail conical. The vent is a circular hole.

Synopsis of the Families.

1. TestudinidjE. Feet club-shaped; claws 5-4 or 4-4, blunt.

Caudal shields united into one, incurved. Neck retractile.

2. Emydid^:. Feet palmated ; claws 5-4 or 4-4, acute. Caudal
shields separate. Neck retractile. Pelvis attached to the ver-
tebrae only. Sternal shields 11 or 12.

3. ChelydidjE. Feet palmated ; claws 5-4 or 5-5, acute. Caudal

shields separate. Neck contractile. Pelvis attached to the ver-
tebrae and sternum. Sternal shields 13.

4. Trionycidid^e. Feet palmated ; claws 3-3, acute. Bones co-

vered with a soft skin having a flexible margin.

5. Cheloniad;e. Feet fin-shaped, compressed.

B 2

4 REPTILES.

Fam. I. Land Tortoises, (Testudinid.e).

Head ovate, shielded: jaws naked: nostril apical. Neck re-
tractile into the cavity of the shell. Feet short, club-shaped, arm-
ed with blunt claws. Shell very solid, thick, ovate, the ribs united
together to the margin, in the adult state covered with horny
concentrically grooved shields, marked with a permanent are-
ola : marginal plates 24 to 26, the caudal pair always united
together into one broad generally incurved plate. Sternum broad
and solid, closed in the centre of the adult, and firmly attached to
the thorax by a bony suture, covered by the end of the pectoral
and abdominal plates. Tail short and thick. They are slow in
their motion; eating vegetables and roots. In the colder climates
they burrow and sleep during the winter.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Testudo. Thorax and sternum solid : sternal plates 12; in-

guinal plate moderate. Toes 5-4.

2. Homopus. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 12; in-

guinal plates moderate. Toes 4-4.

3. Chersina. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 11.

Toes 5-4.

4. Kinixys. Thorax hinder part mobile : sternal plates 12 ; in-

guinal plates very large. Toes 5-4.

5. Pyxis. Thorax solid. Sternum front lobe moveable : sternal

plates 12.

1. Testudo, Linn.

Thorax convex, subglobose, solid. Sternum solid, covered
with 12 sternal shields, the gular pair separate, inguinal shields
moderate. Head scaly, with 2 frontal shields above, and 1 ver-
tical shield between the eyes. Claws 5-4, blunt.

A. The last vertebral shield almost always as wide as the caudal and
two hinder marginal plates. American. Gophers.

The Gopher or Mungofa. Testudo Gopher, Bartram, Voy.
i. 55. T. Polyphemus, Hollbrook, Amer. Rep.i. 1. 1. Daud. R. i.
256. Gray, Syn. 5. Dam. $• Bib. E. G. ii. 105. Schw. Arch. Ko-
nisb.i. 317. T. depressa, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. Guerin, Icon.
t.l.f.l. T. Carolina, Linn. Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. H. v. 97.
T. tabulata, Schoepf. t. 13 ? T. tabulata, var. Schlegel, F. Japon.
70. ?T. Schweigeri, Gray, Syn. 10. var.

Shell oblong, depressed; shields pale brown, grooved ; nuchal
shield broad : sternum produced in front, deeply nicked behind ;
pectoral shields short ; head and cheeks covered with scales ; tail
very short.

TORTOISES. O

Specimens in British Museum. a. Adult, 8i inches. ^N . Ame-
rica. Presented by Richard Harlan, M.D.

b. Adult, \0\ inches. N. America. Presented by Edward Dou-
bleday, Esq,

The Brazilian Tortoise. Testudo tabulata, Walb. Ch. 70,
*. 22. Baud. Rept. i. 242. Gray, Syn. 10. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2.
Wagler, Syn.f. 45, 48. Neuw. Abbild. t. . Dum. $• Bib. Erp.
Gen. ii. 89. T Hercules, Spix, Braz. t. 14. Gray, Syn. 9. T.
Boiei, Wagler, Amp. t. G,/. 7, 8. Icones, t. 13. T. denticulata,
Schoepf. t. 28, jf. 1. T. carbonaria, *Spia:, 2. 16. Bell, Test. t. 1,2.
Bum. $• £i&. .#. G. ii. 99. T. tessellata, S'e/m. Schoepf. t. 12,/.
2. J. 13. Neuw. Abbild. t. . T. Cagado, Spia?, i?ra^. £. 17. T.
sculpta, Spix, Braz. t. 18. T. Grasca, Herm. Obs. Zool. T. ero-
sa, and T. gigantea, Schiveig. P T. foveolata, Licht. Berl. Acad.
1820, 251. Sphargis Mercurialis, Schinz. t. 8,/. 1.

Shell subquadrate, oblong, depressed, sides contracted when
adult ; shields black, grooved, areola small, nuchal plate none ;
animal red or yellow, spotted.

Var. 1. Large, shell contracted on the sides, sternum roundly lobed
behind. T. Hercules, Spix.

a. c. and/. Adult, 11^ inches. Shell only. Sternum rather con-

cave. S. America.

b. d. and/ Adult, 12i inches. Sternum very concave. S.America.

Var. 2. Smaller (young?), shell oblong, sternum acutely lobed be-
hind. T. tabulata, Walb.

a. Adult, 11 inches. Sternum very concave. Trop. America.

b. Adult, 9 inches. Sternum flat. Trop. America.

c. Adult skeleton 10 inches. Sternum flat. Trop. America.

d. Young, in spirits. Gular plates truncated, not produced, mar-

ginal plates denticulate; shields brown, areola yellowish.

Var. 3. The last vertebral nearly as broad as the caudal and half
of each of the hinder marginal shields.

/. Half-grown animal and shell. West Indies. Presented by J.
Gould, Esq.

B. The last vertebral generally only as wide as the caudal and half
of each of the hinder marginal shields. Confined to the Old
World.

The Indian Tortoise. Testudo Indica, Gmelin, S. N. Gray,
Syn. 9. Cat. Zool. Soc. 40, fig. 9. Chersina retusa, Merrem. T.
Elephantopus, Harlan, J. Acad. Phil. iii. 284, t. 9. T. nigra,
Quoy, Voy. Uran. t. 40. Bum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 115. T. Ca-
lifornica, Quoy. T. Dussumieri, Schlegel, Mus. Leyd. i. Pet.

b3

O REPTILES.

Gaz. t. 76,/. 4. T. gigantea, Schw. Arch. Konisb. i. 327. Dum.
$< Bib. E. G. ii. 120. Schoepf. t 22. Shaw, Zool. t. 3. Weig-
mann, Bon. Trans, t. 13. T. Vosmaeri, Fitz. Cat. 44. Dum. $r
Bib. E. Gen. ii. 140. T. nigrita, Dum. $• Bib. E. Gen. ii. 81.
T. Daudinii, Dum. #■ Bib. E. Gen. ii. 125. T. Elephantina,
Dum. $• Bib. E. G. ii. 110. T. Perraultii, Dum. $• Bib. E. G.
ii. 126. La ronde, Lacep. Quad. Ovip. i. 126, t. 5. T. orbicula-
ris, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 154. T. rotunda, Latr. Rept. i. 107.

Black ; pectoral shields short ; nuchal plates variable or want-
ing; animal black ; last vertebral often as broad as the three last
margiual.

a. Adult, 32 inches. Nuchal plate, shell only, not a good state.

b. Very young, only upper part of shell, no nuchal plate, 4 inches.

Presented by J E. Gray, Esq.

c. Adult, 21 inches. Nuchal plate distinct.

d. Very young, 4 inches. Nuchal plate distinct. Last vertebral

narrower than the three last marginal. Bengal. Presented by
General J. Hardwicke.

e. Young, 14 inches. Nuchal plate distinct. Shell only.
/. Young, 7 inches. Nuchal plate none.

g. Young, 6 inches. Nuchal plate none, feet bad.

h. Young, 5^ inches. Nuchal plate none. Shell only ; nucleus

of marginal and gular plates pale.
i. Very young, 4^ inches. Whitish; nuchal plate none; nucleus

of plates dark.
j. Adult animal and shell, 23 inches.
k. Upper shell only, very large and broad. Presented by E.

Cross, Esq.

The Coui. Testudo radiata, Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 2. Grew, Mus.
t. 3,/. 2. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2. Dum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 83. T. Coui,
Daud. R. ii. 271, t. 26, f. 2. T. Madagascariensis, Comm. Mus.
Par. T. calcarata, part, Merrem.

Shell hemispherical ; shields flat, grooved, black, yellow-rayed,
areola small, rufous ; nuchal shield triangular ; sternum produced
in front, truncated behind.

a. Upper shell only, 9 inches. Madagascar. From the Museum

of the Royal Society.

b. and c. Shell only. Madagascar. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard-

wicke.

d. Shell and animal, Q\ inches. Madagascar.

e. Shell only, wanting some plates, 5| inches. Madagascar.

/. Young, shell only, 4 inches. Gular plate short, truncated.

Madagascar.
g. Young, shell only.
h. Very young, shell only.
i. Half grown, shell only.

TORTOISES. 7

k. Adult, shell and animal. Margin and shields much worn. Gu-
lar plate produced, rounded, not nicked ; anal plate very short,
very convex. Madagascar.

The Grooved Tortoise. Testudo sulcata, Miller ■, Cum.
Phys. t. 26. Gray, Syn. 68. Dum. <$• Bib. E. G. ii. 74, t. 13,/ 1.
T. calcarata, Schn. t. 12. Bechst. in Lacep. i. 346, t. T. radi-

ata Senegalensis, Gray, Syn. II. Schlegel, F. Japon.71. T.
Schoepfii, Ruppell.

Shell oblong, depressed, dirty yellow, dorsal line flattened,
with a deep triangular notch in front ; front and hinder margin
strongly reflexed and deeply toothed ; lateral edge slightly keeled ;
caudal plate very broad, inflexed; shields deeply grooved, areola
small ; sternum produced and bifid in front: animal pale yellow ;
feet with very large scales in front, thighs with 2 large spines.

a. Young, stuffed, 8 iuches. Abyssinia. From the Francfort Mu-

seum.

b. Adult, 19 inches. Upper shell only. S. Africa.

Dr. Horsfield's Tortoise. Testudo Horsfieldii. T. Ibe-
ria, Pallas ? Faun. Casp. t. 5 ?

Shell oblong, rather depressed, pale, varied with blackish,
especially upon the lower side ; the gular plates elongate, trian-
gular, longer than broad, the anal plates broader than long, the
hinder notch broad, triangular, the hinder marginal plates broad,
with the nucleus on the centre of their margin ; the front edge
of the fore arms with smaller scales than the hinder ; the vent
with two blunt spines on each side.

a. Young. India, Affghanistan. Presented by the Hon. E. India
Company.

The Leopard Tortoise. Testudo Pardalis, Bell, Zool. Journ.
iii. t. 25. Test. t. 1,2. Gray, Syn. 12. T. armata, Boie, Erp. Jav.
MS. T. bipunctata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10. Gray, Syn. t. 3,/. 3, loit-
er. Gotw. Schildk. t. k.f. 15.

Shell nearly hemispherical, blackish or yellow, black-spotted ;
shields grooved ; areola of the costal shields near the upper edge ;
nuchal shields none.

a. Sternum only, 13 inches. S. Africa.

b. Adult, animal and shell, 12^ inches. S.Africa. From the

South African Museum.

c. Young, shell without front lobe of sternum ; yellow, shields

black-edged, areola spotted ; shields grooved.

The Starred Tortoise. Testudo stellata, Schiceigr. Prod.i.
325. Gray, Syn. 12. Seba, t. 80, j. 3, t. 79, f. 3. T. actinoides,
Bell, Zool. Joum.il t. 14. Test. t.],2. Dum. £ Bib. E. G. ii.
66. T. elegans, Schoepf. t. 25, /. 1. Gray, Syn. t. 3,/. 1,2. T.

8

REPTILES.

geometrica, Shaiv, Zool. v. t. 2, /. 1. Le Geometrique, Lacep.
Q. O. 155,*. 9.

Shell ovate, convex, shields convex, grooved, black, yellow-
rayed, areola large, placed near the hinder edge; nuchal shield
none; head and feet black, yellow-spotted; tail short.

a. Adult, 6 inches. Yellow, black-rayed. Ceylon. Presented by

J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Shell only.

c. Upper shell only ; depressed, broad, pale ; nucleus very large,

pale margin of shields blackish marked.

d. Young: nucleus moderate; nucleus and margin brown-edged,

with 4 broad yellow rays.
Test, elegans, Schoepf. t. 26. Cop. Shaiv, Zool. ii. t. 6.

e. Adult, shell only, 10 inches. Shields very high, truncated.

Philippines.

The Toothed Cape Tortoise. Testudo semiserrata, A.
Sm. Illust. South African Zoology, t. 4.

Brown, yellow-rayed, below yellow, black-rayed; nuchal shield
triangular; the forefeet with large tubercular scales above the
claws.

a. Adult. Shields rather convex. S. Africa. From the South

African Museum.

b. and c. Shields scarcely raised. S. Africa. From the South

African Museum.
d. Young, shell only. Thorax orbicular ; margin more acutely
serrated. S. Africa. From the South African Museum.

The Geometric Tortoisk. Testudo geometrica, Linn. S.
N. i. 353. Gray, Syn. 12. Bum. $• Bib. E. G. ii. 57. T. luteola,
Daud. Rept. ii. 277, t. 2b, f. 3. T. tentoria, Bell, Zool. Joum. ii.
t. 13. Mm. Gohr.f. 13—16. Seba, t. 80,/. 8. Lacep. Q. O. t. 3,
/. 2. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 2. Schoepf. t 10. Daud. t. 2b, f. 1. Bell,
Test. t. 1.

Shell oblong, convex; shields yellow, grooved, black-rayed,
areola yellow, truncated ; nuchal shield long.

Var. 1. Shell oblong, elongate, narrow: sternum concave: nuchal
plate elongate, narrow : caudal shield much incurved, (T. geo-
metrica).

b. c. d. Sr e. Shells wanting the front lobe of sternum. S. Africa.

Var. 2. Shell oblong, ventricose : sternum convex, black-rayed :
nuchal plates elongate, narrow : shields convex, truncated :
caudal shield incurved, convex. T. tentoria, Bell.

a. Shell wanting the first lobe of sternum, 4| inches. S. Africa.
ef. Shell. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard-
wicke.

TORTOISES. 9

g. Shell only, wanting a few plates, 5 inches. Vertebral shield

very high. Cape of Good Hope.
k. Shell, young, 2f inches. Plates flattish. Cape of Good Hope?
I. Animal and shell, young, 2\ inches. Plates rather convex.

Cape of Good Hope.

Var. 3. Shell oblong, ventricose : sternum convex, dark in the

middle, white on the sides : nuchal plates short, truncated :

shields convex, often high, truncated.
h. Shell, adult, oh inches. Dorsal shields high, conical ; caudal

plate produced. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Robert

Brown, Esq.
i. Srj. Shell, young. Dorsal shield rather convex ; caudal plate

inflexed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Robert Brown,

Esq.

Verreaux' Tortoise. Testudo Verroxii, A. Smith, Illustr.
Zool. S. Africa, t. 8. £.

Shell black browrn, varied with pale yellow rays and spots, be-
neath yellow, black in the centre ; head above yellow ; feet with
large imbricate scales in front ; marginal shields placed at an an-
gle with respect to the costal shield; nuchal plate triangular; dis-
cal plate simple, convex.

Inhabits South Africa. Probably only a variety of T. geome-
trica, from a single specimen in Dr. A. Smith's collection.

The Margined Tortoise. Testudo marginata, Schoepf. t.
11, 12, f. 1. Gray, Syn. 11. Exped. Morea, t. 7,/. 2. Dum. 8c B.
E. G. ii. 37. Wagler, Ampk. t. 25. T. Graii, Herm. Obs. Zool. 219
T. Grasca, Lacep. Q. O. t. 5, /. 2. T. Graeca, var. Schlegel, F.
Japon. 7. T. campanulata, Walb. Chel. 124. T. lutraria, Gmel.
T. rotunda, Lacep. Scheuch, P. S. ii. 261.

Shell oblong, ventricose, hinder edge horizontally expanded ;
shields black, yellow-varied, grooved, areola small, yellow; nuchal
plate slender, long ; animal blackish, limbs largely scaled.

a. Young, 3^ inches. Caudal plate produced, flat. S. Europe.
Presented by J- E. Gray, Esq.

The Tartaruga. Testudo Graeca, Linn. S. N. ii. 552. Gray,
Syn. 13. Exped. Morea. t. 7,f. 1. Shaiv, Zool. ii. t. 1. Schoepf. t.
8, 9. — Dum. §• Bib. E. G. ii. 49, not Pallas. T.Carolina, Herm.
T. geometrica, Brunnich, Adriat. 92. T. Hermanni, Schneid.
348. Seba, t. 80,/. 1. Knorr, Del. Nat.il t. 52, /. 1. T. pusilla,
Shaw, Zool. iii. 53. T. Ibera, Pallas P Zool. Ross. Eichw. Z.
Spec. ii. 196. Fauna Casp. Cauc. 43, t. 5.? T. Mauritanica, Dum.
<§• Bib. H. Gen. ii. 44. Edw. Birds, t. 204. T. ZohafTa, Forskael,
F. Arab. 12.

Shell oblong, subglobose ; shields rather convex, black and
yellow- varied ; nuchal shield distinct.

10 REPTILES.

a. Sternum flat, black, 5 inches. S. Europe. Presented by J. E.

Gray, Esq.

b. Sternum rather concave, black, 4£ inches. S. Europe. Pre-

sented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

c. Vertebral shields convex, sternum black, 5 inches. S. Europe.

Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

d. Sternum black varied, 6 inches.

e. Sternum black varied, b\ inches. S. Europe.

/. Sternum black varied, 7 inches. Some of the marginal plates

wanting. S. Europe.
g. Shell only, b\ inches. S. Europe.
h Shell only, 5 inches. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray,

Esq. Testudo Mauritian a, Dum. Sr Bib. E. G. ii. 44.
i. Shell only, 1\ inches. S.Europe. Presented byGen.Th.

Hardwicke.
j. Shell only, young, 2\ inches. S. Europe. Presented by Gen.

Th. Hardwicke.
k. In spirits, 4 inches. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.
/. In spirits, young, 2^. S. Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

2. Homopus, Dum. Sr Bib.

Shell depressed, solid. Sternum solid, hinder lobe sometimes
mobile, sternal shields 12, gular plates separate. Claws 4-4.

The Areolated Tortoise. Homopus areolatus, Dum. 8r
Bib. E. Gen. ii. 146, t. 15, f. 2, 3. Testudo areolata, Thumb. N. A.
Sued. viii. 180. Gray, Syn. 13. Bell, Test. t. 1,2. Seba, i. t. 80,
/. 61. Sckoepf. t. 23. Chersina tetradactyla, Lesson, Bull. Sci.
xxv. 1 19. Merrem, Test. 43. T. fasciata, Daud. R. ii. 294. T.
pusilla, Daud. R. ii. 299. T. Juvencella, Daud. R. Le vermil-
lion, Lacep. Q. O. p. 166.

Shell oblong, depressed, bent up on the sides ; shields convex
grooved yellow ; sutures deep, areola sunk fulvous ; nuchal shield
slender ; animal pale brown ; legs largely scaly.

a. Not good state, 3 inches. Cape of Good Hope. Presented

by R. Brown, Esq.

b. Shell only, 3f inches. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

c. Animal and shell, 3^ inches. From the South African Museum.

The Speckled Tortoise. Homopus signatus, Dum. jr Bib.
E. Gen. ii. 182. Testudo signata, Walb. Chel. 71, 120. Schoepf.
120, t. 28, /. 2. Gray, Syn. 13. Bell. Test. t. . T. denticulata,
var. Gmel. S. N. i. 1045. T. cafra. Daud. Rept. ii. 291. T. par-
dalis, Jun. Schlegel, F. Japon. 73.

Shell oblong, uniformly inclined on the sides ; shield flattish,
yellow, black-lined or dotted, areola blackish, sunk.

a. In spirits, young. S. Africa.

b. Dry, very young. Isle of France ?

TORTOISES. 11

3. Cheksina, Gray.

Thorax convex, very solid. Sternum solid, sternal shields 11,
the gular pair united into a single produced one, inguinal plates
moderate. Clavvs 5-4.

The Angulated Tortoise. Chersina angulata, Gray, Syn.
15, 69, t. 1,2. Testudo angulata, Dum. Mus. Paris. Schw. Arch.
Konisb. h 321. Bell. Test. t. 1. Dum. fr Bib. E. Gen. ii. 330.
T. Bellii, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 3,/. 4. Knorr, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52,
/. 2. T. flavo-fusca, Mus. Berl. T. pusilla, Linn. S. N. ii. 353.
T. Graii, Dum. 8r Bib. E. Gen. ii. 135. T. tabulata, var. Africa-
na, Schw. Arch. Kon. i. 322. T. peltastes, Dum. Sr Bib. E. Gen.
ii. 138.

Shell oblong, ventricose ; shields black-grooved, yellow-varied,
areola yellow, sunk.

a. Adult, worn. Pale horn-color, with a brown spot in each are-

ola, 7\ inches. S. Africa. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Half-grown animal, not good state, 5^ inches. Cape of Good

Hope. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq.

c. Half-grown, shell only, 5^ inches. Cape of Good Hope. Pre-

sented by R. Brown, Esq.

d. Young, solid ; shell only, 4 inches. Cape of Good Hope. Pre-

sented by J. E, Gray, Esq.

4. Kinixys, Bell. Cinixys, Wagler.

Thorax convex, hinder lobe becoming mobile, with a carious
suture. Sternum solid ; sternal plates 12 ; gular pair produced
and separate ; inguinal plates very large. Claws 5-4, outer front
one very small.

In the young, the dorsal suture is scarcely observable, but then
the genus can be distinguished by the large size of the inguinal
plates, the suture becomes more observable as the animal increases
in age; unlike the box tortoises, where the moveable lobes of the
sternum often become anchylosed in the older specimens. Cuvier
only having seen one specimen (Reg. An. ii. 10), considered this
structure as an accidental deformity, and Wagler by mistake says
it is the front part that is moveable.

* Fifth vertebral plate produced.

Home's Kinixys. Kinyxis Homeana, Bell, Linn. Trans.
xv. t. 17. Gray, Syn. 15. Dum. fr Bib. E. G. ii. 161, t. 14, f. 2.
Test Homeana, Gray, Z. M. 1825. Test, angulata, adult, Schle-
gel, F. Japon. 72.

Shell oblong, subquadrate, brown, hinder edge reflexed; upper
edge of the fifth vertebral shield compressed, produced ; nuchal
shield generally distinct.
a. and b. Shell only, 7 inches. Demerara. Presented by Sir E.

Home, Bart.

12 REPTILES.

** Fifth vertebral plate regularly rounded.

Eroded Kinyxis. Kinyxis erosa, Gray, Syn. 16. Dum. et
Bib. E. Gen. ii. 165. K. castanea, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. 18.
Test, erosa, Schn. Arch. Konisb. i. 321. T. denticulata, Shaw,
Zool. ii. 1. 13, not Linn. T. angulata, adult, Schlegel, F. Japan. 72.

Shell oblong, brown (yellow-rayed ?), hinder edge reflexed,
toothed, the fifth vertebral shield equally rounded, nuchal shield
none.

a. Adult shell with fore feet only, 9£ inches. W. Africa, Gambia.

b. Half grown, shell only, 6 inches. W. Africa.

Kinixys castanea, Bell, Linn.Trans. xv. t. 18.
. Half grown, shell only, 5 inches. W. Africa ?

Bell's Kinixys. Kinixys Belliana, Gray, Syn. 69. Grif-
fith, A.K.t. Dum. 8f Bib. E. G. ii. 168.

Shell oblong, subquadrate, yellow, brown-rayed, rather de-
pressed in front, margin nearly entire, (worn ?) ; fourth and fifth
vertebral shields equally convex ; nuchal shield elongated.

a. Yellow, much rubbed. Presented by John Edward Gray, Esq.

b. Yellow, brown-rayed. Gambia. Presented by J. Whitfield, Esq.

5. Pyxis, Bell.

Shell subglobose, solid. Sternum with the front lobe mobile,
the suture below the humeral and pectoral shields. Toes ?

The Pyxis. Pyxis arachnoides, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t, 16.
Gray, Syn. 16. Dum. £ Bib. E. G. ii. 156, t. 14,/. 1. P. Ma-
dagascariensis, Lesson, Bull. Sci. xxv. 120. Testudo geometrica,
var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 74.

Shell hemispherical, yellow and black varied, very variable in
colour.

Inhabits Madagascar. Mus- Bell, two specimens.

TORTOISES. 13

Fain II. Terrapexs, (Emydid^e).

Head rather depressed, covered with a hard or soft skin : jaws
naked : nostril small, apical. Neck retractile into the cavity of
the thorax. Feet depressed, expanded : toes 5-5 or 5-4, almost
always webbed to the claws : claws sharp. Tail conical, shielded be-
neath. Thorax generally depressed, solid, with a distinct bony mar-
gin, covered with horny plates. Discal plates 13, marginal 24-26,
caudal always separate ; sternal shields 11 or 12, gular pair some-
times united. The vertebras of the neck bent in a perpendicular
bow. Pelvis only united to the vertebras. Rapid ; living in fresh-
water ponds. Carnivorous, only taking their food while in the
water. Egg oblong, white.

Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Head and tail moderate, stemo-costal suture simple.

a. Sternum solid, truncated before and nicked behind, attached
to the thorax by a bony symphysis ; sternal plates 12 ; axil-
lary and inguinal plates moderate or none.

Geoemyda. Head covered with a thin skin : toes 5-4, free, short.

Emys. Head covered with a thin hard skin : toes 5-4, webbed.

Tetraonyx. Head covered with a thin hard skin : toes 4-4,
webbed.

Malaclemys. Head depressed, covered with a soft skin : toes
5-4, webbed.

b. Sternum divided by a central cross suture, attached to the tho-
rax by a ligamentous suture ; sternal plates 12 ; axillary and
inguinal plates very small.

Cistuda. Sternum rounded before.

c. Sternum divided by two cross sutures, central lobe attached to
the thorax by a bony symphysis ; sternal plates 11 or 8 ,• the
axillary and inguinal plates large.

KlNOSTERNON.

B. Head and tail very large, stemo-costal symphysis covered with
one or three peculiar plates.

d. Sternum cross-like, acute before; sternal plates 10, with a
broad one on each side, over the sides of the sternum.

Chelydra. Tail crested.

e. Sternum broad, truncated before ; sternal plates 12 ; sterno-
costal suture covered with three additional plates.

Platysternon. Tail cylindrical, shielded.

C

H REPTILES.

1. Geoemyda, Gray.

Head covered with a thin continued skin; chin not bearded,
Legs strong, not fringed behind. Toes 5-4, strong, short, free,
covered above by a series of shields ; claws short. Tail tapering.
Shell depressed, three-keeled ; hinder edge stronglj toothed.
Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked behind ; gular
plate, linear, band-like, small ; axillary and inguinal plates small.

The Toothed Land Emys. Geoemyda Spengleri, Gray, Pr.
Z. Soc. 1834. Testudo S. Walb. Hist. Naturf. vi. t. 3. Gmelin,
S. N. i. 1043. Schw. 310. Gray, Syn. 21. bum. fy Bib. E. Gen,
ii. 308. T. serrata, Shaw, Zool. iii. 50, t. 9. T. serpentina, var.
Latr. Rept. i. 163. T. tricarinata, Bory, Atlas, t. 37, /. 1.

Shell oblong, depressed, pale brown, three-keeled ; keels con-
tinuous, distant, black-edged, hinder edge deeply serrated ; verte-
bral shields quadrate ; sternum black, yellow-edged : animal olive,
red dotted, with a white streak on each side of the neck.

a. Adult, dry animal (shell lost one scale). 3§ inches. China.

Presented by John R. Reeves, Esq.

b. Shell only. Africa.

The Spinose Land Emts. Geoemyda spinosa, Gray, Pro. Z.
Soc. 1834. Must. Ind. Zool. t. , f. 2. Emys s. Gray, Syn. 20.
Illust.Ind. Z. t. f. 1 (young). Bell, Test. t. 1. Dum. fy Bib. Erp.
Gen. ii. 327. " E. bispinosa," Schlegel. Testudo Emys, Muller,
Verh. Rept. t.4? Vertebral plates not keeled.

Shell oblong, subquadrate, keeled, flattened above, chesnut
brown, front and hinder edge strongly serrated ; vertebral plates
broad, first suburceolate ; costal plates with a posterior, subsupe-
rior areola, with a slight subconic tubercle ; beneath yellow, brown
rayed ; young depressed, pale brown, bluntly keeled, with a dis-
tinct spine in the areola of each discal plate.

a. Adult, 8 inches. Sumatra.

2. Emys, Brongn.

Head moderate, covered with a thin hard skin ; chin not
bearded. Feet short, covered with scales ; toes 5-4, strong, shielded
above, webbed to the claws. Tail moderate. Shell depressed.
Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to
the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the ends of the pec-
toral and abdominal plates ; axillary and inguinal plates moderate,
distinct.

A. Vertebral plates elongate, lozenge-shaped. (Asiatic).

a. Shell very solid, shelving on the sides ; keel tubercular,
margin entire.

b. Shell depressed, three-keeled.

TORTOISES. 15

B. Vertebral plates 6-sided, margin subdentate.

a. Asiatic.

b. European.

c. American.

* Sternum niched behind.

f Shell with a continuous keel,
ff Shell tubercularly keeled,
ftf Shell keelless or only keeled when young1, neck streaked,
tfft Shell keelless, like the neck, yellow spotted.

** Sternum truncated at each end, shields pale-edged.
*** Sternum acute at each end. E. Kinosternoides.

A. Vertebral plate lozenge-shaped. Asiatic.

The Pangshure. Emys tectum, Bell. Test. t. 1, /. 1 — 4.
Gray, Syn. 23, t. 25. Illust. hid. Zool. ii. t. 72, /. 1,2. Dum.
Sr Bib. E. Gen. ii. 321. Schlegel, F. Jap. 51. E. trigibbosa,
Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. xxv. 121, if Belanger, Voy. 29. Testudo
Pangshure, n. 4, and T. khagraskata, n. 16, B. Hamilton, MSS.

Shell ovate, oblong, solid, olive, with a central interrupted red
streak ; back angularly elevated, compressed ; vertebral shields
elongated, six-sided, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd keeled, each produced
and subtubercular behind, margin quite entire, shelving ; sternum
flat keeled, sides high sloping ; head olive, with two broad orange
converging streaks ; neck with close olive lines.

a, b, c. Adult, stuffed and in spirits. India. From M. Piquot's
collection.

d. Adult, in spirits.

e. Adult, stuffed. India. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

The Dura. Emys tentoria, Gray, Pr. Z. Soc. 1834. E. tec-
tum, adult, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 72, /. 3. Testudo Dura,
B. Hamilton, MSS.

Shell ovate oblong, olive ; back rather angularly compressed ;
shields slightly rugose, the first vertebral one four-sided, as broad
as long, the rest elongated, six-sided, keeled, the keel (of the
third especially) produced behind into a tubercle ; the marginal
and sternal plates yellow keeled; sternum nearly flat, slightly ele-
vated, and keeled on the sides.

a. Adult, 6 inches. Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes.

Duvaucell's Emys. Emys Duvaucellii, Dum. §• Bib. Erp.
Gen. iL 334.

Shell subcordiform, smooth, entire, convex, tent-like, greyish
edged with black, and with three black streaks, the side ones on
the upper edge of the costal plates ; vertebral plates quadrilateral,
oblong, very long, keeled on the hinder edge.

Inhabits India, Bengal. In Mus. Paris.

16

REPTILES.

The Thick-Decked Emys. Emys crassicollis, Bell MSS. in
Gray, Syn. 21, t. 7, /. 3. Must. Ind. Zool. t. 9, /. 2. Bum $•
Bib. E. Gen. ii. 325. E. Spengleri, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51.

Shell ovate, oblong-, rather convex, revolute on the sides and
deeply toothed behind, black, slightly three-keeled ; keels close ;
first vertebral plate elongate, six-sided ; sternum flat, pale, and
keeled on the sides ; head and neck thick, black.

a. Shell only. 4^ inches long. Sumatra. Presented by Thomas

Bell, Esq.

b. Animal and shell, half grown, in spirits. Sumatra. From the

Leyden Museum.

The Three-keeled Emys. Emys trijuga, Schweig. Prod.
310. Bum. fy Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 310. E. Belangeri, Lesson,
Voy. Ind. 291 . Testudo scabra, Shaiv, Zool. iii. 55, from Seba. i.
126, *. 79, /. 1,2.

Shell convex, oval, brown, three-keeled ; keels rather inter-
rupted, margin slightly toothed ; shields rugose ; areola marginal,
posterior, rugose ; sternum rather convex on the sides, blackish ;
head brown, with a yellow streak over each eye ; jaws yellow varied.

a. Animal and shell. Under side of marginal shield, and edge

of sternum yellow. Compared with specimens in the Paris
Museum. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Shell. Under side of margin and edge of sternum black.
India. From the Vienna Museum.

" Emys Hermanni,'' Schiv. ? Mus. Vienna.

B. Vertebral plate broad, 6-sided. Asiatic.

The Flat-backed Emys. Emys platynota, Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1834. Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Shell ovate, convex, yellow dotted, with the centre of the back
quite flat, as if truncated ; shields striated, nucleus central ; ver-
tebral shields broader than long, 6-sided, 5th keeled ; the front
and hinder margin strongly toothed ; sternum flat, truncated be-
fore, and slightly nicked behind ; tail moderate, tapering.
a. Adult. Sumatra.

The Kachuga. Emys lineata, Gray, Syn. 23. Bum fy Bib.
E. Gen. ii. 335. Testudo kachuga, B. Hamilton, MSS. cop.
Emys k. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 74. E. tectum, var., Schlegel, F.
Japon. 51.

Shell oblong, olive, smooth, tubercularly keeled ; vertebral shields
quadrate, 3rd broadest, 2nd and 4th longest, six-sided ; margin
dilated, behind entire ; sternum yellowish, truncated before and
behind, slightly keeled on the sides ; head bluish-ash ; cheek and
chin yellow-varied ; eye-brow and nape scarlet lined ; chin with
two yellow spots ; tail long.

Inhabits India. From Dr. Buchanan Hamilton's drawings.

TORTOISES. 17

The Dhongoka. Emys Dhongoka, Gray, Illmt. Ind. Zool.
ii. t. cop. Testudo D., B. Hamilton, MSS. E. lineata, var.
Dum. $ Bib. E. G. ii. 335. E. tectum, var. ? Schlegel,F. Jap. 51.

Shell ovate, depressed, dark brown, expanded over the legs,
and subdentate behind ; back shelving, slightly keeled ; sternum
pale, sides high sloping, keeled : animal olive-green, pale beneath;
head with a daTk streak from the nostril ard eyes to the ears, and
a broad blue streak from the angle of the mouth, and on the cen-
tre of the chin.

Inhabits India. From Dr, Buchanan Hamilton's drawing.

The Thurgi. Emys Thurgii, Gray, Syn. 22, 72. Dum. Si-
Bib. E. Gen. ii. 318. Test. Thurgii, B. Hamilton, MSS. cop.
Gray, Must. Ind. Zool. t. . Emys flavo-nigra, Lesson, Bull.
Sci. xxv. 12, and Belanger, Voy. 22. E. Spengleri, var., Schle-
gel, F. Jap. 51.

Shell oblong, rather convex, olive-brown, margin yellowish,
rather toothed behind ; vertebral plates 1st quadrate, 2nd and 3rd
broad, six-sided ; sternum olive, slightly keeled on the sides ; head
olive, with a yellow band from the nostrils, over the eye-brows,
along the side of the neck ; feet olive, yellow spotted.

a. Adult, 13 inches. India, Bengal. From M. Piquot's col-

lection.

b. Young, 5 inches. India, Bengal.

The Three-streaked Emys. Emys trivittata, Dum. #• Bib.
E. Gen. ii. 331.

Shell smooth, entire, subcordiform, swollen, yellowish green,
with three broad blackish bands, yellowish beneath : animal olive ;
jaws toothed.

Inhabits India, Bengal. In Mils. Paris

The Chinese Emys. Emys sinensis, Gray, Pr. Z. Soc. 1834.

Shell ovate, convex, rather strongly keeled, olive, black-spec-
kled ; shields smooth, with a central orange streak ; vertebral
shields broad, six- sided, 1st narrowest, as long as broad ; margin
entire, rather revolute in front, and expanded over the leg behind,
beneath yellow, with an oval, rather posterior, black-edged olive
spot ; sternum high, slightly keeled on the sides ; head and neck
olive, with narrow yellow lines.

a. Adult, 4 inches long. Presented by John Reeves, Esq.

Beale's Emys. Emys Bealii, Gray, Proc. Z. Soc. 1834.
Dum. $■ Bib. E. Gen. ii. 325. Cistuda ? Bealii, Gray, Syn. 71.

Shell ovate, oblong, solid, rather convex, olive, black dotted ;
back slightly contracted and keeled behind, hinder edge rather
expanded ; vertebral shields transverse, six-sided ; sternum rather

c3

18

REPTILES.

paler, black spotted; head yellowish, black spotted; chin and
cheek yellow-marked ; occiput with two large eyed spots ; neck
scarlet-lined.

a. Adult animal and shell, 5 inches. China. Presented by J.

Reeves, Esq.

b. Shell only. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

The Eyed Emys. Emys ocellata, Dum. Sc Bib. E. Gen. ii.
329, t. 15,/. 1.

Shell entire, nearly hemispherical, (keeled when young) ; dor-
sal plates brown, each marked with a yellow-edged black spot ;
vertebral plates 1 st pentagonal, rest six-sided; tail short ; jaws
toothed.

Inhabits India, Bengal. Mus. Paris.

Reeve's Ejuys. Emys Reevesii, Gray, Syn. R. 73. Burn.
8r Bib. E. Gen. ii. 315. E. Spengleri, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 51.

Shell oblong, very convex, black, (pale brown when dead), ob-
scurely three keeled, keels distant, lateral and continued ; vertebral
shields broad, six-sided, margin entire, the second pair of sternal
shields subtriangular, narrow at the inner edge ; inguinal and
axillary plates large ; head black, cheek and neck yellow-lined.

a. Animal, dry, 2\ inches. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

b. Shell only,2f inches. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

Dr. Cantor's Emys. Emys mutica, Cantor, Ann. N. Hist.
1842.

Shell oblong, keeled, (three-keeled when young), brown ; nu-
chal shield triangular ; middle of the sternal plates varied with
black ; pectoral shields four-sided, the inner side nearly as broad
as the outer ; inguinal and axillary plates very small.

Very like E. Reevesii, but differs in the shape of the pectoral,
axillary and inguinal shields.

a. Young animal, dry, from spirits, 2f inches long. China,
Canton. Presented by Hon. E. India Company. From Dr.
Cantor's collection.

The Blackish Emys. Emys nigricans, Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1834.

Shell ovate, oblong, rather convex, revolute on the sides and
slightly toothed behind, brown, slightly three-keeled, the central
keel prominent, blunt, interrupted in front and continued behind,
the lateral keels far apart, indistinct and interrupted ; shield radi-
ately striated, blackish-rayed ; nuchal plate none ; margin yellow,
spotted beneath ; sternum convex, rounded on the side ; axillary
plate moderate, inguinal large.

a. Shell only, margin broken, 1\ inches. China. Presented by
J. R. Reeves, Esq.

TORTOISES. 19

Seba's Emys. Emys Seba, Gray, Syn. R. t. 75. Seba, Thes.
i. t. 79, /. 12. Emys Thermalis, Rey. Lesson, Cent. Zool. 89,
t. 29.

Shell ovate, convex, brown, entire, three-keeled, keels continu-
ous, central one yellow, lateral ones arched ; sternum flat, keeled
on the sides, brown, with a pale streak on each side ; head red
spotted and streaked ; feet brown.

Inhabits Ceylon. Mus. Paris.

Hamilton's Emys. Emys Hamiltonii, Gray, Syn. 21, 72.
Dum. fy Bib. E. Gen. ii. 316/ E. guttata, B. Hamilton, MSS.
Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 9, /. 1 , not Schweig. E. Piquotti,
Lesson, Belanger, Voy. 294.

Shell oblong, convex, solid, with three interrupted keels,
slightly toothed behind, black, yellow-rayed ; sternum keeled on
the sides, black, yellow-varied ; head and body black, yellow
spotted.

a. Animal dry and in spirits. India, Bengal. From M. Piquot's
collection.

The Isigame. Emys Japonica. E. palustris, var. Japonica,
Schlegel, F. Japon. t. 8, /. 1 — 4 young, t. 9, adult. E. vulgaris,
var. Japon. Schlegel, F. Japon. 53.

Shell oblong, (when young suborbicular, strongly denticulated
behind), ochraceous yellow above, black beneath ; shield concen-
trically striated, becoming smooth ; vertebral shields broad, six-
sided ; temples black-lined ; upper jaw not nicked.

a and b. In spirits, adult and half grown Japan. From the
Leyden Museum.

C. Vertebral shield broad, 6-sided. European.

The Caspian Emys. Emys Caspica, Schw. Dum. Sf Bib.
E. Gen. ii. 223. Wagler, Amph. t. 5, /. 1 — 4. Icon. t. 24.
Eichw. Fauna Casp. Caus. 45, t. 3, 4. Testudo Caspica, Gmel.
Reese, ii. 59, t. 20, 11. S. N. i. 1042. E. lutraria, var. 8. Mer-
rem, Tent. 25. E. Syriaca, Licht. Berl. Mus. E. vulgaris, Gray,
Syn. 24. Schlegel, F. Japon. 53. E. palustris v. Dalmatia,
Schlegel, F. Japon. t. 8, f. 4. E. Sigritzii, Michaell, Isis, 1829,
1295. E. Sigritz, Dum. > Bib. E. Gen. ii. 240. E. lutraria, Bell,
Test. t. 1,2. Gray, Griffith, A. K. t. . E. leprosa, Schweig. Prod.
298. E. marmorea, Spix. Braz. 13, t. 10. Gray, Syn. 28. Dum.
$r Bib. E. Gen. ii. 248. Testudo Graeca, Pallas, Z.R. A. iii. 17.

Shell ovate, oblong, depressed, olive, with black-edged yellow-
netted lines ; shields flat, vertebral, broad, six-sided ; sternum flat,
black and yellow varied ; head yellow-lined.

a. Shell only, 4^ inches. Europe. Presented by Thomas Bell,
Esq.

20 REPTILES.

b. Shell only, young1, with three nodulose keels, 2\ inches. S. Eu-
rope. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

Griffith, A. K. t. , /. . E. lutraria, Bell, Test, t. 1,2. E.
Caspica, Wagler, Syst. t. 5, /. 1 — 3. Amph. t. 24.

c. Adult, 6-g- inches. S. Europe.

d. Adult, animal and shell. Europe (Nantes ?) Presented by J.

E. Gray, Esq.

D. Vertebral shield broad, 6-sided. America.

* Shell with a continuous keel, neck not streaked, sternum nicked

behind.

Two Spotted Emys. Emys Muhlenbergii, Schiveig. Prod.
310. Gray, Syn. 25. Bum. £ Bib. E. G. ii. 304. Holbrook,
N. Amer. Herpet. i. 59, t. 5. Testudo Muhlenbergii, Schoepf.
Test. 152, t. 51. Emys biguttata or bipunctata, Say, J. Acad.
N. S. Phil. iv. 205.

Shell oval-oblong, smooth, low, slightly keeled, contracted on
the sides ; shields slightly radiately and concentrically grooved,
chesnut, with yellow areola ; nuchal linear ; head blackish, with
two large, irregular, fulvous, occipital spots.

Inhabits North America, New Jersey and East Pensylvania.
Rare. Mus. Paris.

The Engraved Emys. Emys pulchella, Schweig. 303, (not
Schoepf.) Dum. Sc Bib. E. G. ii. 251. E. scabra, Say, J. Acad.
N. S. Phil. iv. 204, (not Linn.) E. insculpta, Leconte, Ann. Ly.
N. Y. iii. 112. E. speciosa, Bell, MSS. Gray, Sijn. 26. (Va'r.
shield smooth). Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 17, t. 2. E. in-
scripta, Mus. Par. E. Muhlenbergii, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 56.

Shell oblong, depressed, keeled in front, hinder edge slightly
reflexed ; shields radiately and concentrically grooved, minutely
yellow and black dotted ; areola small ; nuchal slender ; sternum
yellow, areola posterior, marginal, black.

Inhabits N. America. Mus. Bell.

The Rough Emys. Emys scabra, Gray, Syn. 25. Testudo
scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 148. Daud. iii. 129. Bell, Test. t. 1, 2.
La raboteuse, Lacep. Q. O. i. 161, t. 10. T. verrucosa, Latr. R.
i. 156. Daud. ii. 134. Emys dorsata, Schoepf. Test. 136.
Schweig. i. 297 — 425. E. dorsalis, Spix. Braz. i. t. 96, young.
Testudo punctularia, Daud. R. ii. 549. Schweig. 305. Gray,
Syn. 25, 13. Dum. 8? Bib. E. G. ii. 243. Schlegel, F. Jap. 55.

Shell oblong, convex, brown, slightly keeled, flattish above,
and shelving on the sides ; shields blackish edged ; nuchal very
short ; head blackish, with an orange spot on each nostril or band
over each eyebrow, and a large spot on each side of the nape ;
tail short.

Inhabits Tropical America. Mus. Bell.

TORTOISES. 21

** Back tubercularly keeled, neck streaked.

The Geographic Emys. Emys geographica, Lesueur, Jour.
Acad. N. S. Phil. i. 86, t. 5. E. Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. R. 31.
E. pseudographica, Lesueur, MSS.

Shell ovate, convex, smooth, tuhercularly keeled in front and
slightly toothed "behind, olive-brown, with black-edged anastomo-
sing pale lines ; 1st and 5th vertebral plate broad, five-sided, rest
broad, six-sided ; sternum yellow ; shields blackish-edged, under
side of the marginal plates olive, with rather concentric, black-
edged, broad and narrow pale lines ; head and feet with numerous
yellow lines, and a yellow streak on each temple.

a. Animal and shell. The head and throat with broad yellow
lines, a dark spot in the upper part of the hinder margin of the
two front costal shields. N. America. From Mr. Cuming's col-
lection.

b. Animal and shell. The head and throat with narrow
yellow lines, a dark spot in the middle of the hinder edge of the
two front costal shields. N. America. From M. Parzudati's col-
lection.

The Large-head Emys. Emys megacephala, Holbrook, N.
A. Herpet. i. 51, t. 3.

Shell suboval, flattened, keeled, serrated and acute behind,
very dark brown, with obscure orange lines ; sternum oblong,
slightly nicked behind, dingy yellow ; head very large ; jaws
entire.

Inhabits N. America. Cumberland river, Tennessee, Troost.

Bennett's Emys. Emys Bennettii, Gray, Des. Cat. Rept.
(ined.) 13, n. 32.

Shell oblong, rather convex, bluntly and subtubercularly
keeled, expanded and entire behind ; shields dark horn-colour,
concentrically grooved, with a broad blackish edge ; the vertebral
shields as broad as long, 1st squarish, convex, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
six-sided, 5th rounded in front, three-sided behind, nuchal plate
oblong ; beneath yellow, with the middle of the sternal plates, all
but the edge of the axillary and inguinal plates, and a very large
spot rather nearer the hinder edge of the marginal shields, black :
animal olive ; head and neck with black and yellow lines.

Inhabits North America ? Mus. Zool. Soc.

*** Shell keelless or only keeled when young, neck streaked, the three
front middle claws often elongated, straight.

The Potter or Red-bellied Terrapen. Emvs serrata,
Say, J.A.N. Philad. iv. 204. Harlan, Amer. Erpet. 78. Gray,
Syn. 2\). E. serrata, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 58. E. irrigata,

22 REPTILES.

Bell, MSS. Dum. fy Bib. E. Gen. ii. 276. E. reticularia, Bell,
MSS. (not Say). T. rubriventris, Leconte, Ann. L. N. York. iii.
101. Dum. fr Bib. E. G. ii. 281. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. 7,
t. 6.

Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, slightly toothed behind ;
olive-brown, varied with irregular pale cross bands, and a ring
round the areola; vertebral shields bluntly keeled, 1st urceolate,
rest long, sides shelving, beneath yellow, with slightly eyed spots
on the sutures of the marginal plates ; sternum flat, with a dark-
edged pale streak on the sutures, between the outer sides of the
sternal and marginal plates.

a. Animal and shell, 11^ inches. N. America.
b and d. Shell only, 14 inches. N. America.
c. Half grown, 6^ inches. N. America.

The Netted Emts. Emys rivulala.

Shell oblong, brown, varied with yellow, with a broad central
depression, sides longitudinally rugose, hinder edge rather ex-
panded, simply serrated ; nuchal plate elongate ; first vertebral
plate urceolate, 2nd and 3rd elongate, six-sided, the costal plates
with a subcentral, forked or branched, horizontal, yellow band ;
under side white, varied with irregular dusky clouds, forming ob-
scure rings on the marginal plates.

a. Shell only, 9^ inches long. N. America.

D'Orbigny's Emys. Emys D'Orbignii, Dum. <$r Bib. E. Gen.
ii.272. D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. Rept. t. 1.

Shell ovate, swollen, nearly smooth, keelless, slightly toothed
behind, chesnut-brown, with a black dorsal streak and large trian-
gular black spots on the edge of the disk ; first vertebral shield
pear-shaped ; sternum black, irregularly edged with yellow ; up-
per jaw nicked.

Inhabits S. America, Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris.

The Beautiful Emys. Emys ornata, Bell, MSS. Gray,
Syn. 30. Beechey, Voy. t. . bum. & Bib. E. G. ii. 286, (not
Synan.)

Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, olive ; vertebral shields
irregularly ringed, 1st four-sided, 2nd and 3rd rather long, six-
sided, costal and marginal shields with black-edged pale rings
having a black central dot ; beneath yellow, with round ringed spots
on the suture of the marginal plates, and with a dark-edged, irre-
gular, greenish line down the centre of the sternum, and a double
one the whole length of the sterno-costal symphysis ; head and
neck with narrow yellow lines.

TORTOISES. 23

a. Animal and shell, adult, 6 inches. Tropical America.

b. Shell only, adult, 12 inches. T. America. Presented by J.

E. Gray, Esq.

c. Young, dry, 1^ inch. T. America.

d and e. Young, in spirits, 2 inches. Mazet Land, Gray. Beechey,
Voy. t. Presented by Alexander Collie, Esq.. R.N.

The Oregon Emvs. Emvs Ori^inensis. Harlan, Amer.
Jour. Sci. xxxi. 382, tf. 31. Holbrook, Amer. Herpet. ii. t. 1.

Shell suboval, greatly depressed, serrated in front, slightly
nicked behind, dusky brown, with a narrow yellow forked line ;
anterior vertebral irregular, four-sided, marginal plates each with
two half oblong spots ; sternum broad, oblong, serrated anteriorly,
emarginate posteriorly, yellow, with a black blotch extending to
all the plates ; head small, elongate; upper jaw bidentate.

N. America. Oregon river, Dr. Nuttall.

The Lettered Emys. Emvs scripta, Merrein, Tent 24.
Gray, Syn. 29. Testudo s. Schoepf. J 6, t. 3. /. 4, 5. Shaw, Zool.
t. 12 baud. R. ii. 140. T. serrate, Daud. R. ii. 148, t. 21, f.
1, 2. Schoepf. t. 3, /. 5. Schweiger, 301. Dum. $ Bib. E. G.
ii. 267. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 31, t. 5. Testudo rugosa,
var. Shaw, Zool. iii. 29.

Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, keelless, slightly toothed
behind, brown, irregularly yellow ringed, and with irregular yellow
streaks on the sides ; nuchal shield linear, porrect ; vertebral
shields bluntly keeled, 1st urceolate, 4th and 5th six-sided: under
margin with a black spot on the back edge of each plate ; sternum
rather convex, yellowish, with a spot on the centre of each gular
plate, and four on each side of the costo-sternal symphysis ; head
with a yellow central line, and a triangular spot behind each eye.

a. Adult. N. America. Middle and front claws moderate, ster-

num with solid black spot in front.

b. Young, 8 inches. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke.

c. Half grown. N. America. Three middle front claws elongate,

sternum with black rinss.

d. Half grown. N. America. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

e. Half grown ; inspirits. Three middle front claws* elongate,

sternum with black spots. N. America. From the Leyden
Museum.

Holbrook's Emvs. Emys Holbrookii.

Shell oblong, rather convex, scarcely keeled, longitudinally
rugose, pale, each shield with two oblong concentric rings, those
of the vertebral plates longitudinal, of the costal transverse ; mar-
ginal plates each occupied with two half round spots, formed of
concentric rings ; sternum yellow, with a large black spot on each

24 REPTILES.

shield, and with two large oblong spots of irregular concentric
rings on each stern o-costal suture ; nuchal plate elongate, 1st ver-
tebral square, rather longer than broad, others wide, six-sided.

a. Shell only. N. America. Louisiana. From Mr. J. Drum-
mond's collection.

The Dark Hicotee. Emys rugosa, Gray, Syn. 30. Dum.
Sf Bib. E. G. ii. 284. Testudo r. Shaw, Zo'oL iii. 28, t. 4. E.
rugosa, Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 2. Var. sternal shield pale, black-
edged.

Shell ovate, oblong, rather tubercularly keeled, black above
and below, ornamented with yellow spots and lines, hinder edge
slightly serrated ; shields rugulose ; areola indistinct ; vertebral
shields 1st long, urceolate, 2nd, 3rd and 4th long, six-sided, 5th
broad, six-sided, marginal shields yellow, black-dotted. "Animal
brown, from head and nape greyish, with a pale streak from the
back of each eye.'' — Sagra.

Inhabits America. Mus. Col. Surg.

The Hicotee. Emys decussata, Bell, Test. t. 1. Gray, Syn.
28. D. C. ii. 22. Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 1. Testudo serrata,
Daud. (not figure). Emys s. Schweig. E. serrata, var. Schle-
gel, F. Jap. 58.

Shell oblong, bluntly keeled, hinder edge slightly toothed ;
dorsal shields rugulose, irregularly radiately grooved, uniform
pale brown, beneath yellowish, with obscure subocellate spots on
the axillary, inguinal, and on the suture of the marginal plates :
animal greenish ; cheek and throat indistinctly pale lined.

a. Animal and shell, half grown. 6^ inches. West-India Islands,

Cuba ? Presented by John Edw. Gray, Esq.
b and g. Half grown, or younger, 6 inches.

c. Shell and skeleton, adult, 10 inches. Presented by J. E. Gray,

Esq.

d. Shell only, adult, 9^ inches. C. America.

e. Shell only, adult ; and/. Shell only, half grown, more mottled.

Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

T roost's Emys. Emys Troostii, Holbrook, Amer. Herpet. i.
55, t. 4.

Shell broad, depressed, squarish, blackish, varied with greyish
blotches, slightly serrated before and deeply behind ; plates
slightly longitudinally rugose, vertebral plates broader than long,
the 1st small, narrow, urceolate, 1st and 3rd very bluntly keeled,
nuchal plate very narrow, convex ; sternum broad, dirty yellow,
plates edged and varied with black ; head long, narrow, olive ;
throat pale olive, with paler lines ; upper jaw emarginate, lower
with a tooth ; claws elongate, stout.

TORTOISES. 25

a. Animal and shell in spirits. With a large, oblong, black spot
on the centre of each sternal plate. N. America, Cumberland
River. From the Le3rden Museum.

The Vermiculated Emys. Ernys vermiculata.

Shell oblong, rather depressed, bluntly keeled, longitudinally
rugose, dark brown, pale spotted; hinder margin rather dilated,
toothed ; under surface rather convex, pale, with a multitude of
small confluent black spots often suffused ; sternal shields dark-
edged, front and marginal plates vermiculated with black dots ;
nuchal shield elongate ; first vertebral plate 4-sided, suburceolate,
broader than long, second elongate suburceolate, margin not ring-
ed beneath.

a. Shell only, 6^ inches. Vertebral plates irregular. Tropical

America ?

b. Shell only, 9^ inches. Sternum pale, dark clouded. Tropical

America.

The Mobile Emys. Emys Mobilensis, Holbrook, N. Amer.
Herpet. ii. 53, t. 9.

Shell oval, keelless, convex anteriorly, depressed posteriorly,
entire in front, emarginate and subserrated behind, olive with
forked lines, longitudinal upon the vertebral, transverse on the
costals ; the first vertebral plate urceolate ; jaws serrated, inferior
furnished with a hook ; sternum yellow, slightly clouded with black,
margin with a yellow-ringed black half spot on each edge. Ani-
mal very like A. Floridana, but streaks broader.

Inhabits N. America, at Mobile, Alabama.

The Neat Emys. Emys concinna, Dum. et Bib.E. G. ii.289.
Testudo concinna, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 106.

Shell oblong, depressed, keelless, very smooth, nicked behind,
dark brown varied with yellow netted lines ; first vertebral plate
6-sided, second, third and fourth broad 6-sided, nuchal shield
small, oblong : beneath yellow, with large black sutural spots on
the margin ; head and neck yellow-lined.

Inhabits N. America.

The Chicken Tortoise. Emys reticularia, Merrem, Tent.
29. Gray, Syn. 27. Testudo reticularia, Lair. i. 124. T. reti-
culata, Bosc. Daud. Rept.n. 144, t. 22, /. 3. Schweeg.bO. Say,
Jour. N. S. Phil. iv. 204, 109. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 291. Hol-
brook, N. Amer. Herpet. ii. 41. Emys geographica, Mus. Bell.

Shell oblong, keelless, olive brown, pale netted, longitudinally
rugose, hinder edge entire ; shields with a black. edged pale ring
round the areola sending out radiating lines ; first vertebral quad-
rate, rest squarish, 6-sided, with three or four round black spots
placed on the sutures of the under side of the lateral marginal

26 REPTILES.

plates, and some linear spots on the sutures of tlie hinder ones', an
oval eyed spot at each end of the ster no-costal symphysis.
Inhabits North America. Mus. Bell. Young.

The Large-headed Emys. Emys macrocephalus, E. mega-
cephalus, Gray, Desc. Cat. Rept. 13, n. 33 (ined.), not Holbrook.

Shell oblong, convex, subtubercularly keeled, reddish brown,
darker on the edge of the shields, concentrically grooved; nuchal
plate broad, margin slightly expanded ; vertebral plates 6-sided,
broader than long, first 5-sided, narrower, rather contracted on the
hinder side ; sternum yellow, black varied, symphysis, the small
long axillary plate, and underside of marginal plate black,
the latter with a large triangular central yellow spot; head very
large, blackish, with a pale streak from the back edge of the eye.
Animal grey, with small black scales.

Inhabits America? Mus. Zool. Soc.

The Florida Emys. Emys Floridana, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N.

Y. iii. 100. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 285. Holbrook, N. A. Her-

pet. ii. 47, t. 8. Test. Floridana, Leconte, Ann. Lye. iV. Y. ii.101.

Shell oval, gibbous, longitudinally rugose, slightly carinated
and entire behind, dark brown, with irregular yellow lines ; nu-
chal shield triangular, beneath yellow, with a half black spot on
each edge of the marginal plate above and below ; jaws toothless?
first vertebral urceolate, second and third hexagonal ; plates olive,
with several irregular black streaks, longitudinal on the vertebral
and transverse on the costal plates ; head and neck dark olive with
two pale streaks for each eye, and two on each side of the neck be-
low, the upper one with a branch to the eyes, the inferior pair unit-
ed together in front of the throat with a single streak to the chin.

Inhabits N. America, Florida.

The Hieroglyphic Emys. Emys hieroglyphica, Holbrook,
Amer. Herpet. i. 47, t. 2.

Shell oval, depressed, keelless, smooth, entire in front, elon-
gated and imperfectly serrated behind ; sternum oblong, nicked
behind, dingy yellow, sides olive varied ; head very small, upper
jaw slightly emarginate, lower jaw with a tooth; first vertebral
urceolate ; each costal shield with four or five, and each marginal
with dark spots with concentric yellow lines.

a. Animal and shell stuffed, (rather discoloured ?). America?'
Presented by John Edward Gray, Esq.

**** Shell keelless, neck and shell yellow-spotted.

The Speckled Tortoise. Emys guttata, Schneider, 309, 433.
Gray, Syn. 26. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 295. Holbrook, N. A. Her.
pet. ii. 25, t. 4. Testudo guttata, Bechst. in Lacep. Q. O. i. 310.
Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 10. T. punctata, Schneid. Schildk. 30. Daud*

TORTOISES. 27

R. ii. 159, t. 22. Schoepf. t. 5. Wagler, Syst. t. 5,/. 6, 7. T.
anonyrna, Schw. Seba, i. 130, £. 80,/. 7. Gothv. Schildk,f. 15.
Shell ovate, depressed, dilated behind ; shields smooth, black-
brown with round yellow spots ; nuchal linear ; sternum yellow
brown varied ; head yellow-spotted.

a. Animal and shell. Inhabits N. America. Presented by Henry

Doubleday, Esq.

b. Shell and dry animal.

E. Sternum broad and truncated at each end, (Chrysemys).

The Painted Tortoise. Emys picta, Schweig. 306. Gray,
Syn. 26. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 297. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii.
19, £.3. Testudo p. Herm. Schneid. Sch. 348. Schoepf. i. 4. Shaw,
Zool. t. 10,/. 1. Seba, i. t. 80,/. 5. T. cinerea, Brown, Illust. t.
48. Shavj, Zool. t. 12. Schoepf. t. 3,/. 2, 3. Young.

Shell oblong, depressed, keelless, very smooth, shields thin,
olive-brown, with a broad yellow or red margin ; head and throat
black, yellow-lined ; tail long, slender.

/. Animal and shell. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq.

b. Shell and dry animal. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.
a. d. fy e. Shell only. N. America.

g. Young, in spirits. N. America.

c. Young, from spirits.

Bell's Emys. Emys Bellii, Gray, Syn. 31. Dum. et Bib. E.
G. 302. E. speciosa, Clift, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1525, (not
Gray).

Shell oblong, solid, rather depressed in the centre, convex on
the sides, olive waved with irregular black-edged pale-dotted green-
ish lines placed on the edge and across the middle of each shield ;
vertebrals nearly square, first urceolate, the rest 6-sided ; beneath
black, yellow-dotted ; sternum flat, surrounded with an irregular
yellow edge, front edge deeply denticulate.

Inhabits America ? Mus. Col. Surg.

F. Sternum acute at each end. Emyoides.

The Sharp-chested Emys. Emys kinosteraoides, Gray, Syn.
32. E. cinosternoides, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 303.

Shell (very young) oblong, depressed, pale brown, with a blunt
white keel, margin whitish, serrated, beneath yellow, spotless
shields of the disk marked with irregular black-edged white lines :
head brown white-streaked, beneath pale. Leugth \\ inch.

Inhabits ? Mus. Col. Surg.

G. Species only known in the very young state.

The Punged Emys. Emys annulifera, Gray, Syn. R. 32.
Shell (very voung), oblong, depressed, entire behind, the shield

D-2

28 REPTILES.

pale brown, lined and ringed with yellow ; the vertebral shields
with a narrow central row of rings and a larger series on each side ;
the costal shields brown, white-lined, the marginal ones with con-
centric slightly eyed squarish brown rings placed upon the suture
and occupying half of two shields ; beneath pale, with an irregu-
lar brown spot and lines placed on the sutures ; sternum rounded
before truncated behind ; head with numerous unequal white lines.
a. Young, dry. Inhabits ?

The Eved Emys. Emys oculifera, Gray, Syn. 22. Testudo
oculifera, Kuhl, Beitr. 77

Shell (very young) hemispherical, strongly toothed behind ;
shields elevated, furrowed, granulated, grooved, each two connect-
ed longitudinally by a largish round black spot, and horizontally
by a largish black circle, consequently each displaying two half
eyes and anteriorly and posteriorly two half spots ; margin with a
spot on each suture, the points of which correspond with the spot
on the costal shield ; sternum yellow, with dark brown spots and
streaks.

Inhabits S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope ? Mus. Berlin.

Kuhl's Emys. Emys Kuhlii, Gray, Syn. 73,
Shell brown, with two broad white long streaks on each side of
the vertebral plates and one on each costal, netted with pale lines,
margin half-ringed on the suture ; sternum with irregular black-
eyed rings in the centre of each plate ; the head and neck black-
lined.

Inhabits ? Mus. Berl.

3. Malaclemys.

Head very large, depressed, covered with a soft spongy skin.
Jaws exposed. Chin not bearded. Legs short. Toes 5-4, short,
webbed, claws subequal, curved, sharp. Tail conical. Shell de-
pressed, oblong. Sternum solid, truncated before nicked behind,
affixed by a bony symphysis. Axillary and unguinal plates dis-
tinct. Living in salt-water marshes, moves quickly on land.
Torpid in winter. Egg oval : flesh well flavoured. America.

Salt-water Terrapin. Malaclemys concentfica. Testu-
do concentrica, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. 43, t. 9,/. 1. Gray, Syn.
27. Bell, Test.t. . Dum.etBib.E.G.n.26l. Terrapin, Brown,
Jam. 466. Le Terrepine, Lacep. Q. O. i. 129. T. Terrapin,
Schoepf. Test. 64, t. 15. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 13, t. 2. T.
palustris, Gmel. S. N. i. 1041 ? Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. T.
centrata, Latr. R. i. 145. Daud. R. ii. 153. Schweigr. i.304. Say
I. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 205. Emys livida, Bell, MSS.

Shell oval, rather convex, slightly tubercularly keeled ; shields
(and the bone under them) pale yellow, marked with brown con-

TORTOISES. 29

centric rings, which are often impressed ; animal grey, black-
spotted and lined.

a. Smooth, highly coloured. N. America. Presented by Gen.
Th. Hardwicke.

b. Like a. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

c. Like a. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

d. Smooth, distinctly ringed, 6 inches. N. America. Presented

by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

e. <Srf. Shell only: like d.

g. Shell and animal, dry : like d.

h. Shell only (young) ; the three central vertebral plates with a
central tubercle, the hinder tubercle orbicular. M. tuberculi-
fera, Gray, B. M. California. Mr. J. Drummond's collection.

i. Shell only. Mus. Sloane.

4. Tetraonyx, Lesson.

Head moderate, covered with a thin skin ; chin not bearded.
Feet largely webbed. Toes 4-4. Tail moderate. Shell oval,
rounded, depressed. Sternum solid, broadly truncated before,
nicked behind, affixed to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered
with the end of the pectoral and abdominal plates. Axillary and
inguinal plates ?

The Batagur. Tetraonyx Batagur. Emys batagur, Gray,
Syn. 24. Illustr. Ind. Zool. iii. t. Testudo Batagur, B.

Hamilton, MS. E. Tetraonyx, Schlegel, F. Japon. 43. Tetrao-
nyx longicollis, Lesson, Belangefs Voy. 297. Illust. Zool. t. 7. Tet.
Lessonii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 338, t. 16, f. 1. Trionyx Cuvieri,
Gray, Syn. Rept. 5. Emys Baska, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.
B. Hamilton MS. Icon, (very young). Dum.et Bib. E. G. ii. 341 .
E. Spengleri var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 51.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, slightly keeled, entire, dilated
behind, pale olive.

Inhabits India, " Calcutta, common," Blythe. Mus. Bell,
young. Mus. Paris, of a large size, and young.

5. Cistuda, Fleming. Kinosternon, part, Bell. Pyxidemys. Fitz.

Head moderate, covered with a thin hard continued skin. Tots
5-4, webbed to the claws, web thick, with a small intermediate lobe
between the claws. Tail short. Shell ovate, convex or hemi-
spherical. Sternum broad, rounded before and behind, complete-
ly closing the cavity of the thorax, affixed to it by a ligamentous
symphysis and divided by a cross suture between the pectoral and
abdominal plates. Sternal shields 12. Inguinal and axillary
plates very small and distinct. Marginal plates 23 — 27. Nuchal
plate small or wanting. Old and New World.

30 REPTILES.

* Shell convex, edge entire. Cistuda.

** Shell convex, edge toothed. Cyclemys.

*** Shell depressed, edge entire. Lutremys.

a. Shell convex, edge entire. Cistuda.

The Box Tortoise. Cistuda Carolina, Gray, Syn. 18.
Testudo Carolina, Linn. S. N. i. 352. Dum. et Bib. E~ G.
ii. 210. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii.9, t. 1. T.brevicauda, Lacep.
Q. O. i. 164. T. clausa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 1043. Baud. R. ii. 207.
Schoepf. t. 7. Shaiv, Zool. t. 7. Guerin, Icon. t. \.f. 2. T. vir-
gulata, Latr. R. 100. Baud. R. ii. 201. t. 23. T. incarcerata and
T. incarcerata striata, Bonnat, Ency. 29. T. carinata, Linn. S.
N. i. 353. Schn. 361. Emys dubia, Schw. E. Schneiderii, Schw.
317. Terrapene guttata (or T. maeulata) and T. nebulosa, Bell,
Zool. Jour. ii. 309. La Bombe, Lacep. Q. O. i. 164. C. Blan-
dingii, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 35, t. 5? Grew,Mus.38, t. 3,
/. 2. Edw. Birds, t. 205. Checkered Tortoise, Penn. Arct. Zool.
ii. 228.

Shell hemispherical, slightly keeled, brown, yellow-varied ;
shields grooved ; marginal plates 23 — 27. Animal black, yellow
or red spotted.

a. Stuffed, yellow, black-rayed, beneath brown. N. America.

Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Stuffed, black, yellow-spotted. N. America. Presented by

Jacob Green, M.D.

c. Shell only, small var. olive, yellow-rayed, beneath olive, yellow

spotted and streaked. N. America From Mr. Drummond's
collection.

d. Upper shell only, yellow, black-rayed. N. America.

e. Young, discoloured, animal dry. N. America. Presented by

Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

/. Shell only, bad state, black, yellow-spotted. N. America.

y. Upper shell only, some plates wanting, black, yellow-spotted.
N. America. From Dr. Mantell's collection.

h. Upper shell only, black, yellow-spotted. N. America.

i. Dry animal, yellow, black-rayed. N. America. Presented by
Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

j. Stuffed, brown, with few yellow spots. N. America.

k. Animal and shell, rather elongate, beneath brown. N. Ameri-
ca. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq.

The Couro. Cistudo Amboinensis, Gray, Syn. 19. Must.
Ind. Zool. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 215, t. 15, /. 2. Tes-

tudo amboinensis, Daud. Rept. ii. 309. T. Couro, Leschn.
Mus. Par. Emys Amboinensis, and E. Coura, Schw. Prodr. i.
214, 315. Terrapena bicolor, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. t. 16. E. Cou-
ro, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 64.

TORTOISES. 31

Shell hemispherical, slightly three-keeled, blackish, margin
broad expanded ; nuchal shield linear ; sternum black and yellow
varied; animal blackish, yellow-varied, head dark, with two broad
yellow streaks on the side.
a Adult, stuffed, 6^ inches. India. Presented by Thos. Bell,

Esq., F.RS.

b. Young, head and feet dry, 3-keeled, 2f inches. Illustr. Ind.

Zool t. 6. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

c. fy d. Young, in spirits, the youngest with granular shields, and

the costal shields with a keel rather above the centre. Philip-
pine Islands, from Mr. Cuming's collection.

e. Half-grown, stuffed. Singapore.

J. Adultin spirits. Amboina, from the Leyden Museum.

The Three-streaked Coura. Cistudo trifasciata, Gray,
Syn. 19 Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 219.

Sternotherus trifasciatus, Bell, Zool. Jour. ii. 299, t. 13. Emvs
Couro, var. Schlegel, F. Japon. 64.

Shell subovate, hemispherical, solid, keeled, dull yellow, red
and black varied, with three blackish dorsal streaks ; sternum bi-
fid behind ; head yellow, with two horizontal black streaks on the
side of the head and neck, upper wider, with a triangular paler
spot in front and two larger oval ones behind.

a. Shell and dry animal. Shell subovate. China. Presented

by J. Reeves, Esq. Ditto, upper shell only.

b. Shell only. Shell depressed and expanded. China. Pre-

sented by J. Reeves, Esq.

c. Shell only. Shell elevated, thick, worn on the surface. China.

Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

d. Upper shell only, like a. China.

b. Shell depressed, edge entire. Lutremys.

The Speckled Toetoise. Cistudo Europtea, Gray, Syn.
12. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 220. Eich. Fauna Casp. Vauc.
44. Schlegel, F. Japon. 52. Testudo Europaea, Schw. Schildk.
323. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 8. Schoepf. t. 1. Bojanus, Anat. t.
Sturm, Fauna, t. a, b, c. Wagler, Amph. t. 5, /. 8, 9. T. flava,
Lacep. Q. O. 135, t. 6. T. punctata, Gottw. Schildk. t. k, /. 12.
T. orbicularis, Linn. S. N. i. 351. Wulf. Borus. 3. T. lutraria,
Rondel. Pise. ii. 170. Gesner, Q. O. ii. 113, f. 5. Aldrov. 710.
Br'unn. Adriat. 91. Herm. T. pulchella, Schoepf. t. 26, young.
T. Meleagris, Shcnv, Nat. Misc. iv. 144, (shell polislied). Emvs
Hellenica, Valenc. Voy. Morea, t. 8, /. 2. E. autiquorum, Val.
Voy. Morea, t. 8,/. 1.

Shell depressed, ovate, brown, with radiating lines of yellow

32 REPTILES.

dots ; sternum slightly nicked behind ; head and body black, yel-
low-dotted ; tail elongate.

a. Shell only, adult, brown, yellow-dotted. S. Europe.

b. Shell and dry animal, brown, yellow-dotted, 6^ inches. Europe

c. Young, brown, paler rayed, hinder half only with dry animal.

T. pulchella, Schoepf. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

d. Young, in spirits. Albania. Presented by W. W. Saunders,

Esq.

c. Shell depressed, toothed. Cyclemys.

The Dhor. Cistuda dentata. Emys dentata, Gray, Illust.
Ind. Zool. t, , young. E. Dhor or E. dentata, Gray, Syn.

20, t. 8, 9. E. Hassehii, Boie, Mm. Leyd., young. E. Spengleri,
var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 51. Cyclemys orbieulata, Bell. Pr. Zool.
Soc. 1824, 17, adult. Cis. Diardi, Bum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 227.

Shell suborbicular, back flattened, keeled, hinder edge toothed
sternal shields yellow, brown-rayed.

a. Young, in spirits. Suborbicular, depressed, brown, black-dot-

ted, bluntly keeled, edge acutely toothed, sides of neck and
throat yellow-lined, feet yellow-spotted. Java. Presented
by Thomas Bell, Esq.

b. Young, in spirits. Java. From the Leyden Museum.

6. Kinosternon, Spix. TeiTapene, Merrem. Sternotherus, Bell.

Head moderate, covered with a hard thin skin. Chin bearded.
Feet and tail nearly naked, with a few scattered scales. Shell
ovate. Sternum rounded in front or two-lobed behind, middle
lobe covered by the abdominal plates, fixed by a bony symphysis
to the thorax, front and hinder lobe more or less free, articulated
to the middle lobe: sternal shields 11 : gular pair united. Axil-
lary and especially the inguinal plates very large, covering the
suture. America.

a. Sternum lobes as broad as the opening, rounded before and

acute and entire behind. K. scorpoides.

b. Sternum lobes narrower than the opening, nicked behind. K.
oblongum, and K. Peunsylvanicum.

c. Sternum lobes much narrower than the opening, truncated be-

hind. K. odoratum.

d. Sternum lobes very narrow, acute at each end. K. triporcatuni.

a. Sternum lobes as broad as the opening, rounded in front, entire

behind. Swanka.

The Swanka. Kinosternon scorpiodes, Gray, Syn. R. 24.
Wagler, Syst. 137, t. 5,/. 31—43. Bell. Test. t. f. . Dum.
et Bib. E. G. ii. 365. K. Shavianum, Bell. Zool. Journ. ii. 304.
K. longicaudatum, and K. brevicaudatum, Spix, Braz. t. 12, 13.

TORTOISES. 33

Testudo Scorpoides, Linn. S. N. i. 152. Eniys scorpoidea, Schiv.
Prod. i. 312. T. Pensylvanica, var. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 15. T.
tricarinata, Daud. ii. 178.' Schoepf. t. 2. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 1 J . T.
Retzii, Daud. Rept. ii. 174.

Shell oblong, rather compressed, with three continuous keels ;
dorsal shields longly 6-sided, slightly imbricate ; sternum as broad
and large as the opening, lobes entire, broad, longer than the mid-
dle lobe ; gular plate long, triangular, symphysis narrow, as long-
as the abdominal shields.

a. Shell only, swollen and convex, wanting some plates. C. Ame-

rica. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Stuffed (not good state), wants dorsal plates. C. America.

c. Animal dry, shell wants dorsal plates. C. America.

K. scorpoides, var. acuta, Gray, Syn. 14, t. 7,f. 1.

d. Adult, animal and shell in spirits. Back very convex, rounded.

Tropical America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

b. Sternum lobes narrower than the opening, truncated or nicked

behind. Kinosternon.

The Oblong Swanka. Kinosternon oblongum. Cinoster-
mon hirtipes, Wagler, Syst. t. b,f. 29, 30? Icon. A. t. 30 ? Dum.
etBib. E. G. ii. 570?

Shell oblong, smooth, olive, convex, flattish above, sternum
oblong, narrower than the opening, entire in front nicked behind,
head large, yellow-spotted, with a streak over each eye to the side
of neck.

a. Shell and animal dry. Gular plate triangular as long as broad.

America.

b. Shell and dry animal. Gular plate broad triangular. America.

Doubleday's Swaxka. Kinosternon Doubledayii.

Shell narrow, oblong, smooth, sides convex, back flattened ;
sternum high on the sides, lobes much narrower than the cavity,
rounded in front, bifid behind, the symphysis very short.

a. Shell only, much worn. California.

The Mud Tortoise. Kinosternon Pennsvlvanicum, Gray,
Syn. t. 6,/. 4. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 209, Holbrook, N. A. Her'p.
iii. 23, t.3. Wagler, Syst. 137. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 367. Tes-
tudo P. Bosc. * Gmelin, S. N. i. 1042. Schoepf. t. 24, f. a.
Shaw, Zool. t.\4,f.2. Daud. R. ii. t. 24, /. 1 $• 2. Say, J. A.
N. S. Phil. iv. 266 Merrem, Tent. 27. ' Tentudo glutinata,
Daud. R. t. 24, /. 4. Schoepf. t. 24, /. 6. Terrapene Boscii, Mer.

Shell roundish oblong, depressed, brown, keelless (3-keeled
when young), dorsal shields flattened, lobe of sternum rather nar-
rower than the cavity of the thorax, rounded in front bifid behind;
head pale lined, chin 2-bearded ; tail clawed ; jaws notched.

34

REPTILES.

a. Dry animal and much eroded shell. N. America.

g. Shell and stuffed animal. Presented by H. Doubleday, Esq.

b. Shell only, wanting hind lobe of sternum.

c. d. In spirits. Young. Shell black, white-spotted beneath. Ani-

mal grey-brown, white-dotted, head white-lined. East Florida.
Presented by Edward Doubleday, Esq.
e.f In spirits. Like c and d. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher, R.N., C.B.

The Stink-Pot. Kinosternon odoratum, Gray, Syn. R. 35,
t. 6,f 1. Bonap. Osser. 168. Testudo o. Latr. R. i. 122. Daud.
R. ii. 189, t. 24, /. 3. Say, J. Acad. N. S. Phil. iv. 206, 216. Bell,
Zool. Journ. ii. 299. Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 29, t. 4. Tes-
tudo Pennsylvania, var. Schoepf. 110, t. 24, /. B. T. glutinata,
Daud. R. ii. 194, t. 24, f. 5? Terrapene Boscii, Menem, Tent.23?

Shell ovate, keeled, sides sloping, pale brown, gular plate mi-
nute ; sternum very narrow, truncated behind, symphysis elongate
very narrow ; " head with a brown lateral line ; chin with several
small warts, neck and throat papillary ; tail simple ; fore arm with
three folds or large scales in front."

a. Shell only. N. America.

c. Sternum very narrow, cross -shaped, acute behind and before,
front lobe mobile. Staurotypus, Wagler.

The Cross Emys. Kinosternon triporcatum, Gray, Syn. R.
76. Terrapene t. Weigm. Isis, 1828, 364. Wagler, Syst. 137, t. 5,
/. 44,45. Icon. t. 23. Bum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 356.

Shell oblong, convex, brown, three-keeled, the central one ve-
ry large, high and cultrate behind, side oues highest in front; ver-
tebral plates long, imbricate, nuchal plates short, broad ; edge in-
dented on the side, expanded and toothed behind; head depressed
spotted and liued with white, chin 2-bearded ; neck thick.

a. Young, in spirits. Pale brown varied with black. Mexico.

7. Chelydra, Schw. Emydosaura, Dum. et Bib.
Head very large rugose covered with a hard skin ; chin 2-beard-
ed ; neck very thick, tubercular. Limbs large and strong, tuber-
cular. Tail long, large, with a central longitudinal series of rather
compressed tubercles. Shell depressed, toothed behind. Sternum
slender, cross-like, acute at each end, centre coriaceous. Sternal
plates 5 pair, very thin, skin-like, the narrow lateral prolongation
of the sternum covered by a peculiar plate, (perhaps the removed
abdominal). America.

The Alligator Terrapin. Chelydra serpentina, Gray, Syn.
R. 36. C. Lacertina, Schweigr. 293. Testudo serrata, Penn. (not
Shaw). Cat. Liverpool Mus. t. T. Serpentina, Linn. S. N. 351.
Schoepf. t. 6, (young). Daud. R. ii. 98, t. 20,/. 2. Shaw. Zool. t.

TORTOISES, 35

19. Bum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 350, t. 17,/. 1. T. longicauda, Shaw,
Mus. Col. Surg.

Shell oblong, depressed, centre impressed, doubly keeled,
bluntly toothed behind. Younger ; shell three-keeled, hinder edge
sharply toothed. Schoepf. t. 6.

a. Young animal, stuffed. N. America. Presented by Geu.

Hardwicke.

b. Adult.

8. PLATYSTERNON,Gray.

Head very large, covered with a thick hard horny case; jaws
very strong. Neck very thick, short, subretractile, with small
granular scales. Limbs very large, contractile, not capable of be-
ing retracted into the shell, covered with long lunate scales in front,
and fringed on the outer hinder sides. Toes 5-4, webbed to the
claws ; claws very strong. Tail elongate, cylindrical. Shell de-
pressed, expanded, thin, covered with thin horny shields. Ster-
num flat, broad truncated in front and behind, united to the thorax
by a bony symphysis, covered with three small additional shields,
Axillary and inguinal plates small or none. Sternal shields 12,
gular pair very short, broad, band-like. Asia.

The Cashed Terrapin. Platysternon megacephalum, Gray,
Pr. Zool. Soc. 1831, 106. Illustr. Ind. Zool. t. Bum. et Bib.

E. Gen. ii. 345. Schlegel, Fauna Jap. 49.

Deep brown, edge of the shields grooved and slightly radiately
striated; head brown rayed, cheeks pale spotted; sternum pale
yellowish.
a. Stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

36 REPTILES.

Fam. III. Chelydes, (Chelidid^;).

Head much depressed, broad, covered with a soft skin or hard
shields: nostrils elongate, tubular: eyes superior: jaws horny.
Neck long, broad, contractile, bent under the side of the shell in
repose. Feet webbed. Toes 5-5, deeply webbed, with a lobe be-
tween each claw. Claws 5-5, 5-4 or 4-4, elongate, acute. Shell de-
pressed, covered with horny shields; caudal pair always separate.
Sternum attached to the thorax by a short bony suture, covered
with the outer ends of the pectoral and abdominal plates, and with
an additional intergular plate in front. The axillary and ingui-
nal plates very small or none. Pelvis large, united to the verte-
bra and the hinder lobe of the sternum, leaving a scar. Living
in ponds and rivers, in warm climates. Eating flesh ; feeding on-
ly in the water : swimming with their whole shell under water.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Head moderate, flat. Jaws naked. Intergular plate marginal.

a. Toes 5-5. Head shielded.

1. Sternotherus. Front lobe of the sternum mobile, with a

long internal process on each side.

2. Pelomedusa. Front lobe of the sternum fixed.

b. Toes 5-4. Head with a thin skin or subshielded.

3. Hydraspis. Shell depressed, thin, light, sides revolute : front
edge of thorax and sternum dilated.

4. Chelymys. Shell convex, very solid, strengthened with two

compressed diverging bony folds in front, sides revolute.

5. Phrynops. Shell rather depressed, light, sides expanded ;
hinder lobe of the sternum narrowed.

B. Head large or very large.

c. Toes 4-4. Head flat, depressed. Jaws naked. Chin not bearded.

6. Chelodina. Intergular plate intermarginal : nuchal plate
small.

7. HydpvOmedusa. Intergular plate marginal : nuchal plate iu-

termargiual large, like the vertebral.

d. Toes 5-4. Head flat, much depressed. Jaws covered with fleshy

lips : chin bearded : intergular plate marginal.

8. Chelys.

d. Toes 5-4. Head convex, rounded, covered with hard shields :

eyes lateral. Jaws naked.

9. Peltocephalus. Head subquadrangular : upper jaw hooked.
Feet slightly webbed

Podocnemis. Head sub-depressed, with a groove in front :
upper jaw slightly arched. Feet broadly webbed.

TORTOISES. 37

1. Sternotherus. Pelusios, Fitz.

Shell roundish, rather convex, side plates narrow, front one
very short and square. Nuchal plate none. Sternum broad, front
lobe rounded before, moveable, and furnished on each side of its
hinder edge with an internal bony process; hinder lobe bifid, with
an internal star. Tntergular plate marginal between the gular.
Jaws naked. Toes 5-5.

The Black Sternotherus. Sternotherus niger, Dum. et
Bib.E. Gen. ii. 397, t. 20,/. 1.

Shell oval, short, swollen, narrower in front, deep, black : muz-
zle elongate ; upper jaw hooked, covering the lower ; head with 2
large parietal, a long fronto-nasal, and moderate frontal shields.

Inhab. Madagascar ? Mus. Paris.

The Blackish Sternotherus. Sternotherus subniger, Gray,
Syn, 38. Testudo subniger, Lacep. Q. O. i. 175, t. 13. Latr. R.
i. 89,/. 1. Daud. Rept. ii. 197. Schweig. i. 315, n. 40. Terrape-
ne nigricans, Merrem, Tent. 28. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 399.
Emys Couro, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 64.

Vertebral plates square, as long as broad, the fourth broader
than long : sternum contracted : muzzle rounded.

a. Animal dry, shell worn. Africa.

The Natal Sternotherus. Sternotherus castaneus, Gray,
Syn. R. 38. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 401. Emys c. Schweig. Prod.
324, n. 38. E. Couro, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 64. Test, subnigra,
/3. Daud. R. ii. 198. S. Leachianus, Bell, Z. Journ. ii. t. 14,
(young ?). S. sinuatus, A. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Afric. t. 1, $ .

Vertebral plates broad, nearly square, nearly as long as broad,
the fourth 6-sided, longer than broad.

a, b. Adult, stuffed, 8^ inches. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss'
collection.

Lord Derby's Sternotherus. Sternotherus Derbianus.

Shell oblong, convex, rounded ; vertebral shields narrow, 6-
sided, much longer than broad, the last subtrian gular: head broad,
the parietal and vertical plates united into one; muzzle bluntly
rounded ; the sternum broad, with the hinder portion scarcely con-
tracted in front, the front much rounded ; the central gular plate
broad ovate, angular behind.

a. Adult stuffed. W. Africa, Sierra Leone ? Gambia. Presented
by the Earl of Derby.

2. Pelomedusa, Wagler.

Head much depressed, shielded with two narrow frontal shields,
separated by a groove, a large vertebral shield, and a large cheek

E

38 REPTILES.

shield on each side. Chin 2-bearded. Jaws exposed. Neck
broad. Feet quite retractile. Toes 5-5, expanded, webbed to the
tips, with a large rounded lobe between each claw. Claws 5-5,
sharp. Shell depressed, sides narrow, revolute. Nuchal none.
Sternum solid, rather narrow, truncated in front, narrower and
nicked behind. Intergular shield small, marginal. Africa.

* Pectoral shields small, triangular, short ; humeral large ; occiput
with small shields. Pentonyx, Ruppell.

The Gehafiae. Pelomedusa Gehafiae. Pentonyx Gehafiae,
Ruppell, Mus. Frank. 1831.

Olive : shields radiately and concentrically grooved : beneath
pale yellowish white.

a. Stuffed, adult. Abyssinia. From Dr. Ruppell's collection.

** Pectoral and humeral shields equal, oblong , four-sided, transverse,
occiput largely shielded. Pelomedusa, Wagler.

The Reddish Pelomedusa. Pelomedusa subrufa. Testudo s.
Lacep. Q. O. i. 173, t. 12. Encyc. Meth. t. 6,/. 3. Latr. R.l 120.
Daud. R. ii. 132. Schweig. Prod. 308, 26. Gray, Syn. 40. T.
scabra, Retz. Testudo badia, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. iii. 34. Bechst.
T. galeata, Schoepf. Test. 12, t. 3,/. 1, (young). Latr. R. i. 152.
Shaiv, Zool. iii. 57, t. 12, /. 3. Daud. R. ii. 136. Schweig. 307, n.
25. Schlegel, F. Jap. 44. Wagler, Syst. 132, t. 2,/. 36, 44. Emys
olivacea, Schiveig. Prod. 307, 24, (young). Pentonyx capensis,
Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 390, t. 19,/. 21. T. senegalensis, Daud.

Shell brown olive, oval oblong, (back impressed on each side
of the vertebral line when full grown) ; first vertebral plates short,
very broad in front.

a. Adult, stuffed, plates worn smooth. Cape of Good Hope. Pre-

sented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Young, animal dry, (only two legs). Cape of Good Hope.

c — e. Very young. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by J. S.
Bowerbank, Esq.

Adanson's Pelomedusa. Pelomedusa ? Adansonii. Emys
Adamsonii, Schweig. Prod. 308, 27. Gray, Syn. 40. Dum. et Bib.
E. Gen. ii. 394.

Shell oval, fulvous, brown-spotted, back strongly keeled ; front
vertebral plates much longer than broad.

Inhab. Cape de Verde. Mus. Paris.

3. Hydraspis, Bell.

Platemys, Rhinemys, Wagler. Platemys part, Dum. et Bib.

Chelodina part, Fitz.

Head moderate, flattened, covered with a thin skin, often di-

TORTOISES. 39

vided into subregular plates, especially on the temples. Jaws na-
ked, slender, weak. Chin 2-bearded. Hind legs with a compressed
scaly tubercle on the outer side, above the foot. Toes webbed.
Claws 5-4, acute. Shell oblong, depressed, back flattish, lateral
margin revolute. Nuchal plate distinct, anterior vertebral plate
larger than the other, often very broad. Sternum solid, not mo-
bile; lobes broad, the front one rounded. Tropical America.

The Doubly Keeled Hydraspis. Hydraspis planiceps, Gray,
Syn. R. 40. Testudo planiceps, or platvcephala, Schneid. Berol.
Naturf. iv. t. 16. Schoepf. T. 115, t. 27." Schweig. Prod. 303, n.
16. Wagler, Sys. 135. E. platycephala, Schlegel, F. Jap. 45. T.
Martinella, Baud. R. viii. 344. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 407.
Emys canaliculata, Spix, Bras, t. 8,/. 1, 2. Wagler, Syst. t. 4,/.
1, 25. ? E. discolor, Thunb. MS. Schweig. ? E. Schoepfii, Weig-
mann.

Shell quadrangular, fulvous, marked on each side of the disk
with a large black spot ; back with two rounded keels, separated
by a broad groove ; costal plates not arched ; sternum black edged
with yellow ; head covered with a thin single plate.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Bell.

The Rayed Hydraspis. Hydraspis radiolata, Gray, Syn. R.

44. Emys radiolata, Mikan, Delect, t. Neuivied, Abbild. t.

— Wagler, Syst. 165. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 412. Hydraspis
planiceps, jun. Gray, Syn. R. 40. E. platycephala var. Schlegel,
F. Jap. var. 47.

Shell oval-oblong, narrowed and rounded in front, rather ob-
tusely angular behind, keelless, brown, varied with reddish ; shields
concentrically and radiately striated; head covered with numerous
scales ; neck tubercular.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Bell.

The Grooved Hydraspis. Hydraspis Spixii. Platemys
Spixii, Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 409. Emys depressa, Spix, Bras.
4, t 3,/. 1, 2, (not Neuweid).

Shell oval oblong, convex, middle of the back flattened, with
a narrow central groove ; costal plates arched ; sternum black ;
head with numerous small plates ; chin 2-bearded ; neck with co-
nical acute spines; the two outer toes of the fore feet small, with
short rudimentary claws; the lower part of the outer side of the
front edge of the hind legs with a compressed tubercle, formed of
three compressed scales.
a. Shell and animal. From M. Clausen's collection.

The Depressed Hydraspis. Hydraspis depressa, Gray, Syn.
41. Emys depressa, Merrem, Tent.22, (not Spix). Nemvied, Ab-
bild. t. — Schinz. Rept. 43, t. 4. Platemys Neuwiedii, Dum. et
Bib. E. Gen. ii. 425. E. Lyrae, Reuse. E. platycephala, var.
Schlegel, F. Jap. 47.

40 REPTILES.

Shell oval oblong1, rounded at each end, not keeled, olive brown,
black-rayed, hinder margin yellow ; blackish gray, side of the head
with three black rays, throat whitish, black-spotted.

a. Young, in spirits. S.America. Presented by Dr. Edw. Ruppell.

The Black Hydraspis. Hydraspis gibba, Emys gibba,
Schweig. Prod. 299, n. 7. Wagler, Syst. 135. Dum. et Bib. E. G.
ii. 416, t. 20,/. 2. Hyd. cayennensis, /3. Gray, Syn. 42.

Shell black, ovoid ; discal plates slightly striated, the three last
vertebral tubercularly keeled behind ; costals flat ; sternum brown,
varied with yellow on the edge ; head covered with many small
plates.

a. Animal and shell. "Madagascar?" From M. Parzudaski's
collection.

Schweiger's Hvdraspis. Hydraspis nasuta. Emys nasuta,
Schweig. Prod. 298, n. 4. Platemys Schweigerii, Dum. et Bib.
E. Gen. ii. 435. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel,F. Jap. 46.

Shell much depressed, keeled, waved, fulvous, hinder edge yel-
low ; sternum brown, with the sides and ends yellow ; head de-
pressed, thick, covered with numerous small plates.

Inhab. S. America.

Wagler's Hydraspis. Hydraspis Wagleri. Platemys Wag-
leri, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 422.

Shell oval, much elongated, narrowed at each end, keelless,
rounded in front and truncated behind, reddish brown ; shields
smooth ; the first vertebral protuberant, 3-sided ; sternum yellow ;
head flat, smooth ; temple with small scales.

Inhab. Brazil. Mus. Paris, (1 specimen).

Gaudichaud's Hydraspis. Hydraspis Gaudichaudii. Plat-
emys Gaudichaudii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 427.

Shell oval, oblong, truncated in front, rounded behind, keel-
less, brown marbled with black, and with yellow spots on the outer
edge of each marginal shield ; sternum black in the middle, orange
on the sides ; head large ; under part of the neck orange, marbled
with brown.

Inhabits Brazils. Mus. Paris, (one very young specimen).

St. Hilaire's Hydraspis. Hydraspis Hilairii. Platemys
Hilairii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 429.

Shell rather convex, pale brown, short, oval, narrowed at each
end ; shields smooth ; vertebral broad, each furnished with a keel-
like tubercle ; sternum yellow, black-spotted ; head depressed,
sub-squamose, muzzle short, round.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris.

TORTOISES. 41

The Broad Hydraspis. Hydraspis ? lata, Bell, MS. Gray,
Syn. R. 77.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, black ; head and neck when
fresh, orange-spotted.

Inhab. Brazils ? Mus. Zool. Soc.

The Allied Hydraspis. Hydraspis? affinis, Gray, D. C.
22, n. 10.

Shell brown, obscurely black-rayed, margin strongly reflexed
over the hinder feet ; two last vertebral shields with an elevated
compressed conical ridge ; neck long, black, with a yellow line on
each side, beneath yellowish.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Berlin.

4. Phrynops. Phrynops and Rhinemys, Wagler.

Head moderate rounded, covered with a thin skin, often divid-
ed into small subregular plates, especially on the temples. Jaws
naked. Chin 2-bearded. Toes webbed. Claws 5-4, acute. Shell
ovate, rather convex, solid, the sides and hinder margin expanded.
Nuchal plate distinct ; anterior vertebral moderate. Sternum so-
lid, not mobile, the hinder lobe narrowed behind. Tropical Ame-
rica.

Geoffroy's Phrynops. Phrynops Geoffrovana, Wagler, Sys.
135, t.5,f. 48 — 54. Icon. t. 26. EmvsGeofficeana, Schweig. Prod.
302, 15. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 418. Emys viridis, Spix, Braz.
3, t. 2,f. 4, t. 3,/. 1. Gray, Syn. 41. Hydraspis rufipes, adult,
Kaup. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 47.

Shell oval, oblong (of the same width at the two ends), rounded
before, obtusely angular and nicked behind; vertebral plates form-
ing a gutter on each side of the tubercular keel ; body yellowish,
spotted and rayed with brown, beneath yellow ; head with small
scales ; occipital and superciliary shields elongated.

Inhab. S. America, Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris, two specimens,
young and old.

The Red-footed Phrynops. Phrynops rufipes. Emys rufi-
pes, Spix, Braz. 7, t. 6,f. 1, 2. Wagler, Syst. 134, t. 3,/. 43, 45.
Gray, Syn. 41. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 435. Emys platycephala,
var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 46.

Shell brown, oval, truncated in front, angular behind ; back
keeled ; sternum narrower behind ; neck and members reddish,
with an oblong red spot above the ear; head smooth, with small
scales on the temples.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Munich.

Bell's Phrynops. Phrynops Bellii.

Shell (young) very depressed, very obscurely keeled, brown :
middle of the hinder edge of vertebral shield rather elevated, mar-

E 3

42 REPTILES.

giu very much expanded, deeply serrated behind; beneath, yellow
brown-rayed and varied ; sternum narrow, rather broader in front,
attenuated and deeply acutely lobed behind ; head brown, mode-
rate, with two subtrigonal hard occipital shields, and small shields
on the temples ; chin 2-bearded; neck warty, yellow beneath, with
a yellow streak on each side, from the angle of the mouth and un-
der the ear ; claws elongate, acute, compressed.
Inhab. ? Mus, Bell, a young specimen.

Milius's Phrynops. Phrynops ? Miliusii. Platemvs Mili-
usii, Bum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 431. Emys stenops, Spix, Braz. 12, t.
9,f. 3, 4 ? very young. E. platycephala, var. Schlegel, F. Jap. 47.

Shell oval, narrow and rounded in front, obtusely angular be-
hind, keelless, black-brown, shields smooth ; sternum brown, yel-
lowish washed on the edge and middle line ; abdominal plates
large ; head broad, thick, smooth ; temple with small scales.

Inhab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris.

5. Chelymys.

Head and temple covered with a smooth skin. Jaws naked,
homy, strong. Chin not bearded. Shell convex, solid, expanded
behind, side edges narrow, rather re volute. Nuchal shield distinct.
Front cavity much contracted by two rather diverging septa, only
leaving a space half the width of the outer opening. Vertebral
column sharply keeled within. Sternum solid, narrow, with broad
and shelving side wings, and a broad rounded notch behind.
Claws 5-4, acute. Australia.

The Victoria Chelymys. Chelymys Macquaria. Emys
Macquaria, Cuv. R. A. ii. 11. Gray, Syn. 40. Grey, Trav. W.
Aust. ii. 448. Bum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 438. Hydraspis Victoria?,
Gray, Z. 31. 55. H. australis, Gray, Grey, trav. W. Austr. ii.
445, f 6.

Shell ovate, convex, blackish brown, marbled with grey and ra-
ther rugose above, beneath convex, yellow olive, with slight, im-
pressed, narrow, netted grooves ; vertebral plates nearly square, the
fourth 6-sided, elongate; the marginal plates rather narrow in
front, broader and slightly bent upon the sides, dilated, rather pro-
duced and leaving two or three notches over the tail behind ; ster-
num yellow, rather convex.

a. Shell only, adult, back with a very narrow, slightly sunk, inter-

rupted vertebral line ; shield partly rugose ; vertebral plates
rather longer than broad. Victoria River, N.W. coast of Aus-
tralia. Presented by Capt. William Chambers, R.N.
Emys Macquaria, Dum. et Bib. H. Victoria?, Gray.

b. Animal and shell, younger : shields smooth, vertebral rather
broader than long. Australia. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.

H. australis, Gray, Grey, Journ. W. Aust. ii. 445, t. 6.

TORTOISES. 43

6. Chelodina, Gray. Cbelodina part, Dum et Bib.

Head elongate. Neck very long1, covered with a thin skin.
Jaws exposed. Claws 4-4. Shell depressed, broad, shields thin,
smooth. Sternum very broad, rounded in front, nicked behind.
Intergular plate large, long, 6-sided, placed in the angle between
the gular and humeral plates. Nuchal plate distinct. Australia.

The Yellow Chelo dine. Chelodina longicollis, Gray, Syn.
R. 39, t. 6,/. 2. Griffith, An. K. t.— Grey, trav. Austr. ii. 445.
Testudo longicollis, Shaw, N. Holl. 19, t. 7, and Gen. Zool. iii.
62, t. 6. Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. 189. Schweig. Prndr. 309, n. 28.
Schlegel, F. Jap. 43. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 512. Chel. Novae Hol-
landia?, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 445. Emys porphyrea, Daud, Rep.
ii. 142.

Shell oblong, depressed, brown ; first vertebral shield elongate ;
the second and eleventh marginal shields with their front edge op-
posite the suture of the costal shields ; sternum flattish, deeply
nicked behind, yellow, shields black-edged.

a. Animal dry, depressed, oblong. Australia. Presented by Sir

Joseph Banks. The specn. described by Shaw, Schweiger £cc.

b. Stuffed, more ovate and convex, 7 inches by 6. Australia. Pre-

sented by J. Gould, Esq.

The Oblong Chelodine. Chelodina oblonga, Gray in Grey,
Tr. Aust. ii. 446, t. 7.

Shell oblong, rather contracted in front, with a broad impressed
vertebral groove, olive brown, with irregular anastomosing lines,
beneath yellowish ; marginal plates longer than broad, second lar-
ger than the first or third, and rather angularly produced in the
middle of the inner edge, which is opposite the suture of the costal
plates ; sternum high, flat, strongly and sharply keeled on the sides;
neck warty, very thick.

a. Adult, stuffed. W. Australia. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.

The specimen figured.

b. Adult, stuffed. Port Essington. Presented by Capt. W. Cham-

bers, R.N.

c. Very young, in spirits ; the body scarcely larger than the head,

shell not solidified. W. coast of Australia. Presented by
John Richardson, M.D.

7. Hydromedusa, Wagler. Chelodina part, Dum. et Bib.

Head elongate, depressed, covered with a soft dotted skin.
Jaws narrow, exposed. Lips rather dilated and fleshy at the angle
of the mouth. Chin not bearded. Neck warty. Claws 4-4; outer
toes on each foot small, clawless. Tail elongate. Shell oblong,
depressed, expanded in front, slightly revolute on the sides. Nu-
chal plate large behind the marginal plate like a sixth vertebral.
Intergular plate large, long, marginal. Tropical America.

44 REPTILES.

Prince Maximilian's Hydromedusa. Hydromedusa Max-
imiliana, Wagler, Sys. 135, t. 3, /. 35, 42. Peters, Muller, Arch.
Anat. et Phys. 1839, t. 14, skeleton. Erays M. Mikans, Delect, t.
Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 449. Gray, Syn. 42.

Shell oval, entire, rounded in front, rather angular behind, pale
brown, black spotted; nuchal plate as large as the first vertebral,
the fourth costal and two last dorsal shields, protuberant; fore-
head flat ; throat yellow, brown marbled.

a, b. Half grown and young, in spirits. Brazils. From M. P.
Clausen's collections.

The Yellow-lipped Hydromedusa. Hydromedusa flavila-
bris. Chelodina flavilabris, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 446.

Shell elongate, oval, entire, rounded in front, rather angular
behind; nuchal plate rather narrower than the first vertebral; fore-
head convex ; jaws bright yellow.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris, (1 specimen).

8. Chelys, Daucl. Matamata, Merrem.

Head flat, broad, fringed with warty appendages. Eyes small.
Nose elongated into a tubular proboscis. Mouth roundish. Jaws
covered with soft lips, lower jaw elevated behind. Tongue-bone
very complicated, (Cuv. Oss. Foss. v t. 1.). Neck thick, flat, long,
bearded at each side. Legs scaly. Tail short, warty. Shell ovate,
convex, broader before, acutely 3-keeled, flattened in the middle
of the back. Shields thin, angularly gibbous. Sternum narrow,
broader and rounded in front, narrower and bifid behind. Inter-
gular plate marginal. South America.

The Matamata. Chelys Matamata, Gray, Syn. 431. Dum.
et Bib. E. G. ii. 455. Testudo Raparara, Ferm. H. N, A. Equin.
51. Test, fimbriata, Schn. Schildk, 349. Gmel. S. N. i. 1043.
Schoepf. Test. 97, t. 21. Shaw, Zool. iii. 70, t. 18. Schweig. Prod.
294. Spix, Braz. (.11. Wagler, 134, t. 3, /. 4,24. Merrem, T.21.
T. Matamata, Brug. Jour. H. N. 1792, 253, t.13. Latr. R. i. 9, t.
4,/. 1. Schlegel, F. Jap. 41. Daud. R. ii. 86, t. 20, /. 1.

Shell oblong, shields elevated, acute, forming three keels.

a, b. Adult, stuffed. S. America.

9. Peltocephalus, Dum. et Bib.

Head large, subquadrangular, pyramidical, covered with six
large, thick, rather imbricate plates. Jaws naked, very strong,
hooked, toothless. Eyes lateral. Feet slightly webbed, with two
large scales at the claws. Claws straight, strong. Tail clawed.
Shell ovate, convex. Nuchal plate none. Sternum solid.

TORTOISES. 45

The Tracaxa. Peltocephalus Tracaxa, Dum. et Bib. E. G.
ii. 378, t. 18,/- 2. Erays T. Spix, Braz. 6, t. 5. Wagler, Syst.
135. Emys macrocephala, Spix. Braz. 5, t. 4, (young).

Shell ovate, subsemicylindrical, smooth, entire, blackish brown.

a. Adult, stuffed. S. America.

10. Podocnemis, Wagler.

Head rather depressed, covered with flat shields, with a deep
groove on the forehead. Chin 2-bearded. Jaws naked, slightly
arched, toothless. Legs broadly webbed, the hinder with two broad
thin scales at each claw. Tail short, not clawed. Shell rather
solid. Nuchal plate none. Sternum broad, not mobile.

The Broad Podocnemis. Podocnemis expansa, Wagler, Syst.
135, t. 4,/. 1—31. Dum. et Bib. E. Gen. ii. 283, t. 19,/. 1. Emys
Amazonica, Spix, Braz. i. t. 1, 2,/. 1, 2. Schweig. Prod. 299,
n. 8. Schlegel, F. Jap. 48. Gray, Syn. R.41. Test. Arrace, Humb.
Pers. Nar. iv. 482 ?

Shell oval, entire, keelless, very depressed when adult, tecti-
form when young, much and horizontally expanded over the hind
legs.

Inhab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris.

The Cayenne Podocnemis. Podocnemis Dumeriliana, Wag-
ler, Syst. 135. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 387. Emys Dumeriliana,
Schiveig. Prod. 300, n, 9. Schlegel, F. Jap. 48. Gray, Syn. 42. E.
Cayennensis, Schiveig. Prod. 298, n. 6, (young). E. erythroce-
phala, Spix, Bras. t. 7, (young).

Shell oval, convex, swollen, nicked in front, brown, varied with
black; the second and third vertebral plate keeled ; sternum yel-
lowish, under side of marginal plates with a black spot.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris.

There is in the British Museum a fossil species of this family
from Sheppey, peculiar for having a flat sternum, round at each
end, and having the sterno-costal suture covered with several ad-
ditional plates (like Platysternon amongst the Emydidm). I have
long since named it after my excellent friend and former superior,
and now colleague, Megasternon Kamigii.

46 REPTILES.

Fam. IV. Soft Turtles, (Trionycid^;).

Head flattened, ovate : eyes small, superior : jaws horny, co-
vered with dependant fleshy lips : chin not bearded : nostrils elon-
gated into a thin cylindrical trunk. Neck long, contractile. Feet
short, strong. Toes 5-5, short, expanded, strongly webbed, two
outer clawless : claws 3-3. Tail short, conical, simple. Shell co-
vered with a hard cartilaginous skin, usually expanded and flex-
ible on the edge, the ribs only united together and to the vertebrae
above, separate below. Sternum formed of a ring of bones, cover-
ed with a continuous skin, and in the adults furnished with rough
callosities on the prominent part. Pelvis only attached to the ver-
tebrae. Living in rivers and lakes in warm climates, eating flesh,
and rarely vegetables. Eggs spherical.

The ribs become united together for a greater length, and the
sternal callosities appear and increase in size as the animal in-
creases in age, hence they do not afford specific, much less gene-
ric characters.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Sternum broad, with valves over the feet. The margin of the

shield supported by bones.

1. Emyda. Head moderate, sternal callosities 5.

B. Sternum narrow at each end. The margin of the shield expand-

ed, flexible, thin. Sternal callosities 4.

2. Tyrse. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front: lips thin.

Ribs 8 pair, forming a disk with the vertebrae when young.

3. Dogania. Head very large, dilated behind, narrow in front:
lips thin. Ribs 8 pair, not united in a solid disk until late in
life.

4. Chitra. Head dilated behind, broad and short in front : lips

very large, swollen. Ribs 8 pair.

5. Trionyx. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Ribs
7 pair.

1. Emyda, Gray. Cryptopus, Dum. et Bib.

Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Lips thin. Margin
of the shell supported with a series of bones. Sternum broad,
rounded before and behind, with a moveable valve over each foot.
Sternal callosities (of adult) 5.

The Bungoma. Emyda punctata, Gray, Syn. Rept. 50. ///.
Ind. Zool. ii. t. 62, young. Bell, Testud. t. Testudo punctata,
Lacep. t.7.f.\. Test, granosa, Schoepf. Test. 127, t. 30, A, B.

TORTOISES. 47

Schweig. Prod. 288. Wagler, Syst. 134, t. 2,f. 2, 33. Gray, Ind.
Zool. ii. t. 64. Schlegel, F. Jap. 35, £. 5,/. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G.
ii. 504. Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 194. Test. Dura, B. Ha-
milton, Icon. ined. n. Test, granulata, Shaiv, Zool. iii. 68, t.
14,/. 1. Daud. R. ii. 81, t. 19, /. 2. Trionyx Coromandelicus,
Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 16, t. o.f. 1.

Shell oval, convex, granular, green (young with eyed spots) ;
head with two orange spots on the occiput, (young with a yellow
streak for each eye, and the nape yellow-spotted).

a — c. Animal and shell, stuffed, adult. India. From M. Piquot's
collection.

d, e. Shell only. India. From M. Piquot's collection.

/, g. In spirits, young. India. From M. Piquot's collection.
h. Stuffed, young. From the Museum of the Bengal Society.
i. Upper shield only. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

The African Bungoma. Emyda Senegalensis. Cryptopus S.
Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 304.

Back, head and neck (of young) grey, with minute white spots;
sternum blackish, edged with dirty white.

Inhab. " Senegal." Mus. Paris.

2. Tyrse.

Head moderate, ovate. Muzzle conical. Lips moderate. Mar-
gin of the shell flexible. Ribs 8-8. Sternum narrow at each end.
Sternal callosities 4. Episternal bone diverging, forming a V.

TheKAAREY. Tyrse Gangetica. Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv.
R. A. ii. 16. Guerin, Icon. t. I,/. 6, (young). Schlegel, F. Japon.
35, Cuv. Oss. Fos. iii. 222, (adult). Wagler, Syst. t. 2,f. 12—18.
T. stellatus, var. Japon. Schlegel, F. Jap. t. 5,/. 7 ? T. Hurum,
Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 1. Syn. Rept. t. 10. B. Hamilton, Icon,
ined. n. 13. Gymnopus Duvaucelii, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 487.
Testudo Chin, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. n. copied Gray, Syn. R.
47, t. 10. Test, ocellatus, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. n. 14. Gray,
Illust. Ind. Zool. t. 7. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 189, young.

Olive, vermiculated with dark brown (when young with four or
five large eyed spots); head olive, white-dotted, with a yellow spot
(white in spirits) behind each eye, at the angle of the mouth and
on each side of the chin, and one on each side of the neck below
the cheek.

a — d. In spirits, young, 4 inches, back with 4 black spots. India.

e. In spirits, young, 4 inches, back with 4 large and 2 small pos-

terior black spots. India.

The Boulousse. Tyrse Javanica. Trionyx Javanicus,
Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 15, t. 3. Schweig. 287. Gray, Syn. R. 48.
Illust. Ind. Zool. t. t. /. 1, 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 493.

48

REPTILES.

Wagler, Syst. t. 2,/. 1—11. Test. Gataghol, B. Hamilton, Icon,
ined. n. 15? cop. Gray. Test, rostrata, Thunb. N. Act. Suec. viii.
179, t. 7,f. 2, 3. Schoepf. 93, t. 20. ZtewZ. .%>*. ii. 77, (young).
Test, cartilaginea, Bodd. Berl. Naturf. ii. 263. Test. Boddaertii,
Schneid. Scheld. t. 1,/. 1, 2. T. membranacea, Blumenb, Schned.
t. 2. Tri. stellatus, G<?o/f. ^4nn. ilfws. xiv. 13.

The front and hinder edge of the dorsal disk tubercular; olive
green, crown of the head with one central and two radiating
black lines.

a. In spirits, half grown ? back black-eyed, b\ inches. India.

b. c. In spirits, young, not eyed. India.

d. Stuffed, half grown, back with irregular rugose ridges. India,
Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes, F.R.S.

<?,/. Inspirits, ? very young, not good state. China. Presented
by W. Baird, M.D.

The Eyed Boulousse. Tyrse perocellata. Trionyx pero-
cellatus, Cantor. T. tuberculatus, Cantor. T. stellatus, var. Ja-
van. Schlegcl, F. Japon. t. 5,/, 6 ?? t. 7,/. 1, 2.

Back with six obscure spots ; head and neck olive ; lip and
chin with small white spots.

a, b. In spirits, half grown. Canton, China. Presented by the
Hon. East India Company, from Dr. Cantor's collection.*

c. In spirits, younger, sternum black-spotted. Canton, China.

Presented by the Hon. East India Company, from Dr. Cantor's
collection.

The Tyrse. Tyrse Nilotica. Trionyx Niloticus, Gray, Syn.
46. Schlegel, F. Jap. 32. Testudo triunguis, Forsk. 9. Trionyx
^gyptiacus, Geoff. Egypt, i. 116, *. 1. Guerin, Icon. t. 1, /. 7.
Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 484. T. labiatus, Bell, Test. t. from

life.

Shell rather convex, vertebral line often depressed; back green
spotted with white or yellowish.

a. Adult, b. Young, stuffed. Egypt. Presented by Turnbull
Christie, M.D. J

c. In spirits, half grown, brown, with small white specks on shields
and body, with some series of rather larger specks. W. Africa.

The Eyed Tyrse. Tyrse Argus, Gray. Lear, Icon. ined. t.

Olive-black, with numerous pale-edged, narrow, black rings ;
head and feet marbled with black, with a black-edged yellow streak
from the tip of the nose to the ear, inclosing the eye ; lips yellow,
black-edged ; nuchal bone, transverse, separate ; sternal callosi-
ties 4, hinder ones rather distant.

a. Stuffed. West Africa, Sierra Leone ? Presented by the Earl
of Derby.

TOETOISES. 49

The Rafeht. Tyrse Rafeht. Testudo Rafeht, Oliv. Voy.
Pers. iii. 453, t. 41. Shaw, Misc. t. 907. T. Euphraticus, Baud.
Rept. ii. 305. Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 17. Gray, Syn. 48. Dum. et
Bib. E. G. ii. 498.

Dull green ; tail rather elongate.

Inhab. Tigris and Euphrates. Mus. Zool. Soc.

3. Dogania.

Head large, broad behind. Muzzle elongate, conical. Lips
moderate ? Dorsal shield flexible on the edge. Ribs 8-8, not
united into a solid disk until late in life. Sternum narrow at each
end ; callosities 2, small ? Episternal lines forming a V, but not
contiguous at their base. Tail elongate ?

The Dogania. Dogania subplana. Trionyx subplanus, Geoff.
Ann. Mus. xiv. 11, t. 5, /. 2. Schweig. Prod. 289. Gray, Syn.
48. Illust. hid. Zool. t. Schlegel, F. Jap. 34. Gymnopus s.

Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 497.

Shell flattened ; disk varied with yellow, with brown vermicu-
lations; head yellow -varied; tail elongated.

a. Dry. India, Bengal ? Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

4. Chitra.

Head very depressed, large, dilated behind. Muzzle very short
broad. Lips very thick. Shield flexible on the edge. Ribs 8-8.
Vertebral bones distinct, narrow. Sternum narrow at each end.
Sternal callosities 4. Episternal lines elongate, far apart, nearly
parallel.

The Sewteree. Chitra Indica. Trionyx Indicus, Gray, Syn.
Rept. 47. T. iEgyptiacus, var. Indicus, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool.
i. t. 80. Testudo Chitra, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. Gymnopus
lineatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 491.

Shield much depressed, with a longitudinal central depression.

a. Adult, stuffed. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's col-
lection.

6. In spirits, very young. Olive, front of shield covered with close
round subconic warts ; head olive, minutely black-dotted ;
throat olive, minutely white-dotted. India.

5. Trionyx.

Head rather large, ovate, dilated behind. Muzzle rather elon-
gate, conical. Lips thick. Shield flexible on the edge. Ribs
7-7. Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosities 4, nearly
confluent. N. America.

The Fierce Trionyx. Trionyx ferox, Merrem, Tent. 20.
Gray, Syn. 43. Schlegel, F. Jap. t. 5,f. 5, head. Testudo f. Penn.

F

50 REPTILES.

Phil. Trans, lxi. 266, t. 10, /. 5. Schneid. S. 330. Schoepf. t. 19.
Shaiv, Zool. iii. 64, t. 17, /. 1. T. Bartramii, Daud. R. ii. 74.
LeConte. Chelys B. Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 18. La Molle, Lacep.
Q. O. i. 137. t. 7. Tri. Georgicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 7. T.
spiniferus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 258, t. 15. Dum. et Bib. E.
G. ii. 477, t. 22, /. 1. T. carinatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 14, t.
4. Wagler. { Syst. t. 2,/, 34, 35. Merrem, T. 21, (young). T.
Brongniartii, Schweig. Prod. i. 288. Fresh-water Turtle, Garden.
Fierce Turtle, Shaw.

Thorax very depressed, with a series of spinous tubercles on
the front edge of the back.

a. Adult, stuffed. N. America. Presented by the Royal Society.
The specimen described and figured by Pennant, (re-stuffed).

The Unarmed Trionyx. Trionyx muticus, Lesueur, Mem.
Mus. xv. 257, t. 7. Gray, Syn. R. 46. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 482.

Thorax much depressed, without any spinous tubercles on the
front edge.

Inhab. N. America. Mus. Paris.

Fitzinger has divided this family into the genera Trionyx
(granosus), Aspidonectes (Javanicus), Platypeltis {Brongniartii and
ferox), Pelodiscus (Sinensis and labiatus), Amyda (subplanus and
muticus), according to the union and separation of the cervical
bones and the ribs, and the rugoseness and partial smoothness of
the surface of the dorsal plates : but these characters alter with
the age of the animals, and they separate nearly allied species,
and those coming from the same countries.

TURTLES. 51

Fain. V. Turtles, (Cheloniadje).

Head globose, shielded : nostrils rather tubular: jaws horny, na-
ked. Neck short, subre tractile. Feet very long-, not retractile, com-
pressed, fin-shaped : toes depressed, expanded at the end and often
armed with flat claws ; front feet longest. Tail short, thick. Shell
low, cordate, with a defined bony margin, covered with horny shields
or a leathery skin. Ribs free at the end. Sternum ring-like, car-
tilaginous in the centre, and only united to the thorax by a carti-
laginous suture. Seas of torrid and temperate zones, some eating
Algae, as Ch. Midas, which are used for food, and imported as a
luxury ; others, Mollusca and radiated animals, as Ch. Caretta,
only collected for their oil. The horny shields are used for orna-
mental purposes.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Sphargis. Shell covered with a coriaceous skin. Claws none.

2. Caretta. Shell covered with 13 horny shields, imbricate and

produced behind. Sternum strongly keeled on each side in all
ages. First and sometimes the second toes clawed.

3. Caouana. Shell covered with 15 or more horny, truncated, not
imbricate shields, which are strongly keeled in the young. First
and second toes clawed.

4. Cheloxia. Shell covered with 13 truncated, not imbricate,

horny shields, smooth in all ages. First finger of each fin
clawed.

I. Sphargis, Merrem. Coriudo, Fleming. Dermochelys, Blainv.

Scytena, Wagler.

Shell cordate, depressed, deeply longitudinally grooved, cover-
ed with a continuous coriaceous skin. Feet long. Claws replaced
by small coriaceous scales.

The Luth. Sphargis coriacea, Gray, Syn. R. 51. Dum. et
Bib. E. G. ii. 560, t. 24, /. 2. Testudo coriacea, Linn. S. N.
350. Schneid. S. 312. Latr. Rept. i. 58, t. 2,/. 1. Shaiv, Zool.
t, 18,/. 1. Lacep. Q. O. i. t. 3. Coriudo c. Harlan, A. H. 85. T.
Lyra, Donnd. Sphargis Mercurii, Rond. t. 5,f. 3. S. mercuria-
lis, Merrem, Tent. 19. Tern. F. Japon. 6, t. 1 — 3. Dermochelys
atlantica, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 14. Testudo tuberculata, Penn.
Phil. Trans, lxi. (young). Schoepf. t. 29. Gravenh. Delic. t.
Spinose Tortoise, and tuberculated Tortoise, Penn. Coriaceous
Turtle, Shaw.

Thorax ovate, cordate, sharply 3-keeled.

f2

52 REPTILES.

a. Stuffed, adult. England ; coast of Dorsetshire.

b. Stuffed, adult, (not good state). West Indies ; Nevis. Pre-

sented by W. Cottle, Esq.

c. In spirits, young. Thorax covered with a rather cracked skin,

fore feet nearly as long as the shell.

Test, tuberculata, Gravenh. Delic. t. — Phil. Trans, lxi./.
4, 5. Schoepf. t. 29. Dermatochelys porcata, Wagler, Syst.
133, t. 1,/. 1,23.

2. Caouana, Gray. Thalassochelys, Fitz.

Thorax ovate, cordate, covered with 15 thin, truncated, not
imbricated shields, which are keeled in the young. Head large.
Jaws slightly curved towards each other at the tip; side of the
lower jaws covered with angular plates. Marginal plates 27 (rare-
ly 25). Carnivorous, eating Mollusca and Crustacea.

The additional pair of discal shields occupies the side of the
narrow first vertebral shields, the three covering the space occupi-
ed by the broad front vertebral shield of Chelonia.

The Caouanne or Loggerhead. Caouana Caretta. Testudo
Caretta, Linn. S. N. 351. Walb. Chelon. 4, 95. Schoepf. t. 16, t.
16 B. Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 23—25. Schoepf. L 17, f. 3. T. cephalo,
Schn. Schildk. 303. Tern. F. Japon. 25, t. 4, /. 1, 2, t. 6, /. 3.
T. Caouana, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 110. Daud. Rept. ii. 54, t. 16./.
2. Schiveig. Prod. 292. Wagler, Syst. 133, 1. 1, /. 1, 23. Gray,
Syn. R. 53. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 544. Ch. virgata, Wagler,
Icon. t. 29, (not Cuv.) Ch. pelagiorum, Vallenc. Rept. Morea, t.
10. Testudo corticata, Rondel. T. marina Caouanna, Ray, Qu.
257. The loggerhead turtle, Brown, Jam. 465. Catesby, Carol, ii.
40, t. 40. La Caouanne, Labat, Voy. Amer. i. 184, 311. Lacep.
Q. O. i. 96. Test, nasicornis, Lacep. Edw. Birds, t. 206. Rhi-
nocerus turtle, Shaw, Zool. t. 14, very young.

Claws two on each foot ; back convex, rounded, toothed be-
hind; vertebral plates 6-sided, keeled, rather longer than wide;
caudal plate squarish, longer than broad, hinder marginal plate
rather wider than the rest; costal shields of young keeled above.

a. In spirits, half grown. Costal shield keeled above, margin

toothed.

b. Back shield, half grown animal. Costal shield smooth.

c. Adult, stuffed. Back covered with Chelonobia : hinder margi-

nal plates less acute, caudal plate elongate, subtriangular. At-
lantic Ocean.

d. Half grown, stuffed. Hinder marginal plates acute, rather
produced, caudal scarcely elongated. Atlantic Ocean.

TURTLES. 53

e. Head, very large. Upper jaw with 2 convex ridges, the hinder
ones rounded, convex. C. Ruppellii, Gray, B. M. India?
Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

The Long Caouanne. Caouana elongata.

Shell elongate, rather flattened in the middle, convex on the
sides, and slightly dilated and flattened upon the side and con-
tracted on the hinder edges ; marginal plates 27, last pair much
longer ; caudal plates square, large, much longer than broad; ver-
tebral plates elongate, 6-sided, half as long again as broad : claws
? Head ?

a. Shell only, adult.

The Olive Caouanne. Caouana olivacea. Chelonia olivacea,
Esehscholtz, Zool. Ail. t. 3. Ch. caouana, var. Gray, Syn. 54.
Ch. Dussumierii, Dum. et Bib. E, G. ii. 557. Ch. subcarinata,
Rupp. MS. Mus. Francf.P

Claws one on each foot ; marginal shields 27 ; back flat, sides
rather concave, side-edges expanded, slightly bent up; vertebral
plates narrow, elongate, longer than wide ; caudal plate subtri-
angular, longer than broad, much larger than the other marginal
plates : head moderate.

a. In spirits, very young. Without any narrow anterior vertebral

plate, (the 2 united ?) Philippine Islands.

b. Stuffed, adult. With a narrow anterior vertebral plate.

3. Caretta.

Thorax ovate, cordate, covered with 13 thick, horny plates,
which are produced and imbricate on their hinder edge. Muzzle
elongate, compressed. Jaws with the edge straight, toothless, and
the tip slightly recurved, side of lower jaw with a single elongated
shield. Sternum keeled on each side.

The Caret. Caretta imbricata. Chelonia imbricata, Schic.
Prod. 291. Gray, Syn. 25, t. 7,/. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 547,
t. 13, y. 2. Tern. Fauna Jap. 13, t. b,f. 12, L 6,f. 4. Testudo
imbricata, Linn. S. N. 350. Schn. 309. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 26, 27.
Daud. K ii. 39. Schoepf. t. 18, A, B. t. 17, /. 1, young. T. Ca-
retta, Knorr, D. ii. 124, t. 50. Chelonia multiscutata, Kuhl,
Beytr. 78, (monstrosity ?) Ch. pseudo Caretta, Lesson, Voy. Bel.
302. The scaled tortoise, Grew, Mus. 38, t. 3,/. 4. Seba, i. t. 80,
f.9.

Shell subcordiform, yellow, brown-marbled, back keeled, shelv-
ing, strongly toothed behind.

a, b. Stuffed, half grown.

c. Upper shield only, younger.

d. Stuffed, young.

e. Lower shield only.

/. Stuffed, very young, (wants one fin).

54 REPTILES.

4. Chelonia.

Discal shields 13, not imbricate, truncated behind. Muzzle
short, rounded. Jaws moderate, upper slightly notched in front,
and feebly toothed on the side, lower denticulated, with a single
elongate plate upon each side. The front toe of each fin clawed.
Feeding on Algse.

* The last vertebral bone transverse, broad in front, with the last rib
parallel, and arising from the sides of its base, the front edge of
the second finger with four scales.

The Carey. Chelonia virgata, Schweig. Prod. 291. Cuv. R.

A. ii. 41. Guer. Icon. t. l.f. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 541, (not

Wagler). Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 3. Ch. Midas, D. Gray, Syn. 52.

" Ch. fasciata, Cuvier" Schleg. F. J. 26. Schoepf. 1. 16 B. Bruce,

Voy. t. 42.

Shell short, subtectiform, chesnut, varied with yellow and ray-
ed with brown, sides strongly arched.

a. Upper shield only, young. Vertebral shields broader than long.

Atlantic Ocean. Presented by W. Eling, Esq.

b. Stuffed, adult. Vertebral shield longer than broad. S. America.

Chelonia maculosa, Cuv. R. A. ii. 13. Dum. et Bib. E. G.
ii. 544. C. lacrymata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 13. C. Midas, var. /3.
Gray, Syn. R. 32. C. marmorata, Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 546.
t. 23, /. 1. Shaw. Zool. ii. 13, t. 22, (var.)

c. Upper shield only, half grown. Vertebral shields rather longer

than broad. S. America ?

** The last vertebral bone narrow, attenuated behind, with the last
rib diverging and arising at a distance from its base, the front
edge of the second finger with three scales.

The Green Turtle. Chelonia viridis, Tern. F. Jap. 18, t.
4,/. 4 — 6, t. 6, /. 1, 2. Testudo viridis, Schneid. Schildk. 309,
t. 2. Testudo Midas, Latr. R. i. 22, t. \,f. 1. Daud. ii. 10, t. 16.
Schoepf. t. 17, f. 2. Chelonia M. Schweig. Prod. 291. Gray, Syn.
52. Dum. et Bib. E. G. ii. 538. Caretta esculenta, Merrem, Tent.

18. Test. Japonica, Thunb. Test. Thunbergii, Merrem, Tent.

19. T. Cepedienne, Daud. Rept. ii. 50, t. 17, /. 1.

Shell subrotundiform, rather elongate, olive green, when dry
fulvous, with brown spots ; back rounded ; vertebral shields hex-
agonal, nearly as long as broad.

a, b. Stuffed, half grown. Brazils.

c. Stuffed, half grown ; wants some plates. From Dr. Mantell's

collection.

d. Dry, very young. Margin of the shell and fin white. Ascen-
sion Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

TURTLES. 55

e — h. In spirits, very young. Ascension. Presented by Capt.
Sir Edward Belcher.

i. In spirits, very young. Sternal plates 6. Ascension. Pre-
sented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.

j. In spirits, very young. First vertebral plate irregular. Ascen-
sion. Presented by Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher.

k, I. In spirits, very young. Vertebral plates irregular, 6 or 7. As-
cension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.

m. In spirits, very young. Costal plates 5-5 ; last vertebral nar-
row. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.

n, o. In spirits, very young. Plates normal. Ascension Island.
From H.M.S. Chanticleer.

p, q. Dry, very young.

r. Skull of young, weighed 66 lbs. From Dr. Mantell's collection.

s. Head, with the shields. Upper jaw with 2 internal ridges, the
inner narrow, even, toothed, the outer most prominent in the
middle.

t, u. Skulls of adult, weighed 375 lbs. The inner ridge of the

upper jaw nearly obliterated. Ascension. Presented by

Wauds, Esq.

v. Skull of adult. Imperfect, discoloured.

56 REPTILES.

OrderlV. EMYDOSAURIANS, (EMYDOSAURI).

Head large, covered with a thin skin : ears linear, closed with
2 valves : gape wide : tongue short: jaws with a single series of
conical teeth, inserted in sockets and replaced by teeth formed be-
neath them, hinder part of the lower jaw produced behind the con-
dyle : nostrils small, anterior : eyes small. Throat with 2 glands.
Neck and sides of the body with a wrinkled skin, covered with
small tubercular scales. Back with a hard disk, formed of longi-
tudinal series of square, keeled, bony plates, imbedded in the skin ;
under surface covered with smooth, thin, square plates ; back of
the neck with 2 groups of bony plates, the first called the nuchal,
and the other the cervical plates. Tail compressed, with 2 series
of compressed plates above. Vent longitudinal. Legs short ; feet
webbed ; toes 4-5, but only the inner three of each foot clawed.
Living in fresh and brackish water in tropical climates. Eating
animals which they have killed by drowning.

Synopsis of the Families.

1. Crocodilid^;. The lower canines fitting into a notch in the
edge of the upper jaw.

2 Alligatorid^. The lower canines fitting into a pit in the
upper jaw.

Fam. I. Crocodiles, (CROcoDiLiDiE).

The lower canines fitting into a notch in the edge of the upper
jaw. The hind legs with a fringe of compressed scales behind.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Teeth all uniform. Nose of the male very large, inflated.

1. Gavialis. Jaws very long, slender, subcylindrical. Cervical
and dorsal disks united together.

** The 9th upper and llth lower teeth longer, like canines. Nose

of both sexes simple.

2. Mecistops. Jaws oblong, slender, depressed. Cervical and
dorsal disks united. Hind feet webbed.

3. Crocodilus. Jaws oblong, depressed. Nuchal, cervical and

dorsal disks separated from each other by small scales.

CROCODILES. 57

1. G avi a lis, Merrem. Gaviala, Flem.
Ramphostoma, Wagl.

Jaws very long, subcylindrical, slender, rather dilated and con-
vex at the end. Teeth canines 2, quite anterior, small, lower
canines shutting into a nick in the edge of the upper jaw. Feet
fringed ; toes webbed to the tip. The cervical plates united to,
and forming a disk with, the dorsal ones. Males with a large
swelling in front of the nostrils. Asia.

The Garial or Nakoo. Gavialis Gangeticus, Gray, Syn. 56.
Geoff. Mem. Mus. xii. Bum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 134, t. 26, /. 2.
Lacerta Gan. Gmel, S. N. i. 1057. Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 197, t. 60.
Crocodilus longirostris, Schild. Am. 160. Baud. Rept. ii. 89. Cuv.
Ann. Mus. x. t. 1, 2. C. acutirostris, Daud. R. ii. 293. C. tenui-
rostris, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x.t.l. Tiedem. Amph. t. 15. Wagler, Sys.
t. 7,/. 111. Merrem, Tent. 38. Le Gavial, Lacep, Q. O. i. 235^ t.
15. Faugas, Mont. S. P. 235, t. 8, 46, 47. The narrow-beaked
Crocodile, Edw. Phil. Trans, xlix. 639, t. 19.

Olive, black-spotted.

a. In spirits, young. India. From Dr. Mantell's collection.

b. Stuffed, young, length 24 inches. India.

c. Stuffed, young. Length 27 inches. India.

d. Animal, dry. Length 31 inches. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

e. Stuffed. Length 33 inches. Nepal.
/. Stuffed. Length 52 inches. India.

g. Skull of adult. Length 29 inches. India. Presented by Capt.
Oriel.

A. Skull of half-grown animal. Length 18 inches. India. Pre-
sented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

i. Head of adult. India. Mus. Sloane.

2. Mecistops. Gavialis, Muller.

Jaws oblong, slender, depressed, flat, without ridges. Teeth une-
qual, lower canines fitting into a notch in the side of the upper jaw.
Feet fringed; toes webbed to the tip. The cervical plates in 3 or
4 cross series, united to the dorsal shield. Males without any
swelling in front of the nostrils.

Bennett's False Garial. Mecistops Bennettii. Croco-
dilus leptorhynchus, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, 129. C.
cataphractus var. Bennett, P. Z. S. 1834, 110.

Muzzle elongate, very slender, rather tapering, with a small
tubercle on each side over the second canines, which are rather in
front of the middle ; nuchal shields 2, far apart, small, with some
scattered ones; cervical shields 4, in two bands; dorsal shields
equal, square, bluntly keeled, the two first small.

a. Adult, stuffed. W. Africa, Gambia. Mr. Rendal's collection.

58

REPTILES.

The False Garial. Mecistops cataphractus. Crocodilus
cataphractus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. b,f. 1,2. Gray, S. 59. Dum. et
Bib. E. G.w. 126.

Nuchal shields 6, in two rows, two front far apart, four hinder
in a line ; cervical shields 10, in pairs, two front large, three hind-
er pairs smaller.

Inhab. W. Africa, in the River Galbar, near Sierra Leone.

Probably only a var. of the preceding.

Journey's False Garial. Mecistops Journei. Crocodi-
lus intermedius, Graves, Ann. Sci. Phys. ii. 248. Gray, Syn. 59.
C. Journei, Bory, Diet. C.N.H.v.Ul. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii.
129. C. Gavialis Schlegelii, Muller, Natur-Geschic. Ost. Ind. t.
1,2, £.3,/. 1—5.

Jaws elongate, subcylindrical, without any ridges, flat in front;
nuchal plates small, 3 pair, far apart ; cervical plates 3 pair ; dor-
sal shield furrowed, squarish, with 2 series of lateral ones.

a. Very young, in spirits. New Guinea. From the Leyden col-
lection.

3. Crocodilus.

Jaws oblong, depressed, tapering, rather dilated at the end.
Teeth unequal, lower canines fitting into a notch in the side of
the upper jaw. Feet fringed. Toes webbed to the tip. Nuchal
and cervical plates forming a disk separated from the dorsal one
by small granular scales. The head of the newly-hatched speci-
mens is short, but it gradually elongates, and after a short time
attains the form proper to the species, and through the bones be-
coming more solid by increasing age, they only slightly alter the
relative proportions of the different parts ; so that the form of the
head, taken with the shielding of the back, affords good characters
for the determination of the species.

* Dorsal shields 8-rowed, oblong, longer than broad, subequal, in
regular equal series. The small plates on the side in two lon-
gitudinal parallel lines. Nuchal shields small or none. Muzzle
fiat, narrow, with 2 long parallel ridges in front. Asia. Oopholis.

The Indian Crocodile. Crocodilus porosus, Schn. Amph.
159. C. biporcatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. Oss. Foss. v. 65, t. 2,f. 8,
(not t. \,f. 4—13, 18). Tiedem. Amph. 72, t. 9. Guerin, Icon. t.
2,/. 1. Wagler, Amph. Syst. 140, t. 8,/. 2. Gray, Syn. 58. Mai-
ler, Ost. Ind. Rept. t. 3,f. 6, adult. C. biporcatus raninus, Mul-
ler, O. Ind. Rept. t. 3, /. 8, junior. C. Oopholis, Schn. Amph.
Champse fissipes, Wagler, Amph. t. 17.

Head elongate, narrow, (in the half grown and adult specimens
twice as long as the width of the hinder part of the skull ; upper

CROCODILES. 59

jaw with a long, continued ridge from the front of each eye; nu-
chal plates small or wanting ; forehead square, with nearly paral-
lel sides, half as wide again as the muzzle at the anterior notch;
muzzle at the 9th tooth nearly half as wide as the space between
the nose and eyes ; scales of the back oblong, longitudinal, equal,
in 8 rows.

a. Stuffed, one-third grown. Length 39 inches. India.

b. Half grown. Length 34 inches. India.

c. d, A, m, n. In spirits, young. Old collection.

e,f. In spirits, young. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwieke.

g. In spirits, young. India. Presented by Capt. Stafford.

i—k. In spirits, very young. India. Presented by Gen. Th.
Hardwieke.

/. An egg. India.

n. In spirits, young, not good state. Presented by Edward Cook,
Esq.

0_gr. Stuffed, young. Length 1 8 to 20 inches. India. Pre-
sented by Gen. Th. Hardwieke.

r. Stuffed. Length 54 inches. India.

The Large-headed Indian Crocodile. Crocodilus bombi-
frons, Gray, D. C. 32, n. 6, hied.

Face short, oblong, convex, rugose, pitted, without any ribs in
front, sides only slightly converging, much swollen behind the
notch, half as long again as the head behind, and at the 9th upper
tooth as wide as from the back of the nose-hole to the orbit; fore-
head flat, with nearly parallel sides ; nasal hole orbicular ; suture
of the intermaxillary straight, transverse; nasal hole round, back
edge rather behind the middle of the notch of the canines.

a. Skull. Length 20 inches. India. Presented by Capt. Oriel,
ft.. Skull. Length 18 inches. India. From the Museum of the
Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.

In the Paris Museum there is a large specimen, not in a very
good state, which has been described by Dumeril and Bibron, as
an adult of C. biporcatus, which appears to belong to this species.
It has 6 smallish cervical shields, and 6 series of small oval elon-
gate shields, rather far apart, covering the upper part of the back;
the sides are smooth, without any line of smaller shields. It is
quite distinct from C. palustris of the same size, in having a
broader muzzle, and in the size and form of the dorsal shields. It
is immediately known from C. porosus by the breadth and convex-
ity of the face.

60 REPTILES.

■** Dorsal plates 6-rowed, the middle ones square, the side ones ob-
long, longer than broad, in equal series, the smaller plates on the
sides in two longitudinal and nearly parallel series. Nuchal
shields small. Muzzle convex, with 2 short diverging ridges in
front. Tropical America. Palinia.

The Aque Palin, (Hernand). Crocodilus rhombifer, Cuv. Ann.
Mus. x. 51. Oss. Foss. v. t. S,f. 1 — 4. Tiedem. Amph. 75, t. 10.
Gray, Syn. 59. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 97. Sagra, H. Cuba, t. 4.

Nape with small nuchal plates ; cervical plates 6, four iu the
front row and two behind ; scales of the sides of the neck and bo-
dy tuberculose in the middle ; the forehead with divergent sides,
half as wide again as the muzzle at the front notch ; muzzle con-
vex, with two short diverging ridges in front of the eyes, at the 9th
tooth one third as wide again as at the anterior notch, and two
thirds the width of the spa.ce between the eyes and nose ; scales of
the middle of the back 6-rowed, square, close, of the sides oblong,
square, the smaller plates on the sides in 2 short longitudinal series.

a. Stuffed, half grown. Cuba. From the Museum of the Jardin
des Plantes, Paris. Sent there by M. Sagra.

*** Dorsal plates square, as broad as long, the lateral dorsal series
irregular, scattered. Nuchal and cervical plates variable. —
Muzzle narrow, ridgeless ; forehead of adult convex. Tropical
America. Motinia.

The American Crocodile. Crocodilus Americanus (Plumi-
eri), Schneid. Amph. 167. Seba, i. t. 106,/. 1. C. acutus, Geoff.
Ann. Mus. ii. 53, t. 57, f. 1 , x. 67. Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. Oss. Fos.
v. t. 1,/. 3—14, t. 2,f. 5. Gray, Syn. 60. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii.
120. C. biscutatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. S>- Oss. Foss. x, t. 2, f. 6.
Tiedem. Amph. t. 12. La fouette queue, Lacep. Hist. Q. O. i. 240.

Muzzle slender, smooth, without any ridges in front of the
eyes, rather swollen, convex, and rounded in the adult ; dorsal
shield square, 4-rowed ; the lateral ones irregular and highest.

a, Stuffed, half grown. Length 31 inches. Trop. America. Mr.
Warwick's collection.

b, g. In spirits, young. Length 12 inches. Dr. Mantell's collec-

tion.

c, d. In spirits, young. Length 18 inches. Cuba. Presented by

W. S. MacLeay, Esq.

e. Skull and front part of back of adult. Nuchal shields 2 pair,
in an arch ; cervical shields 6, in a roundish group with 2
smaller ones between the group and the dorsal shield ; fore-
head very convex. West coast of America. Presented by
Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B.

/. Skull of young. From Dr. Mantell's collection.

CROCODILES. 61

**** Dorsal plates square, as broad as long, subequal, the smaller
plates on the sides irregular, in two oblique ascending series.
Nuchal shields 4 or 6, distinct. Muzzle triangular, with 2 more
or less distinct short irregular ridges in front of the orbit. Cro-
codilus.

The Margined Crocodile. Crocodilus marginatus, Geoff.
Croc. Egypt. 165. C. vulgaris var. Gray, Syn. i. 58. Dum.etBib.
E. G. iii. 110.

Head elongate, oblong, triangular, rather convex, rounded,
sides slightly swollen behind the notch, half as long again as the
width of the head behind ; muzzle at the first notch as wide as the
forehead, and at the 9th tooth as wide as two thirds the distance
between the eyes and nostrils ; forehead deeply concave, with the
sides high, prominent and nearly parallel ; dorsal plates very
strongly keeled.

a. Stuffed, adult. Length 9 feet 10 inches. South Africa. Pre-

sented by the Earl of Derby.

b. Stuffed, adult. Length 15 feet. South Africa.

c. Stuffed, adult. Length 14 feet. South Africa.

The Egyptian Crocodile. Crocodilus vulgaris, Cuv. Ann.
Mus. x. 40, t.l,f. 5—12, t. 2,/. 7. Oss. Fos. v. t.\,f. 5, 12, t. 2,
/. 7. Tiedem. Amph. t. 8. Gray, Syn. 57. Dum. ct Bib. E. G. iii.
104. Lacerta Crocodilus, Linn. S. N. C. Champses, Bory, Diet.
Class. H. N. v. 108. C. lacunosus, Geoff. C. complanatus, Geoff.

Head elongate, triangular, flat, smoothish above, narrow, ta-
pering at the sides, nearly twice as long as the width of the head
behind ; muzzle at the notch nearly two thirds the width of the
forehead, at the 9th tooth as wide as half the distance between
the eyes and nostrils ; forehead flat, with nearly parallel sides.

a. Adult, stuffed, bad state. Nuchal plates 6, cervical S, the 4 in
front small. Length 120 inches. N. Africa, Thebes. Pre-
sented by Sir Edwin Pearson.

6. Adult, stuffed, like a. Length 105 inches. N. Africa.

c. Half grown, stuffed, like a. Length 56 inches. N. Africa,

C. vulgaris, Bibron, MS.

d. Half grown, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 8, in 3 bands,
hinder pair small. Length 60 inches. N. Africa.

e. g. Young, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6, in 2 bands, with

a small one on the right side of the front. Length 40-41 inch-
es. N. Africa ?

/. Young, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 8. Length 40 inch-
es. N. Africa.

h. Young, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6, front of the dor-
sal disk rather narrow. Length 37 inches. N. Africa. Pre-
sented by Sir I. Gardnor Wilkinson.

G

62 REPTILES.

i. Young, stuffed. Length 24 inches. N. Africa. Presented by-
Sir I. Gardnor Wilkinson.

j. Young, stuffed, not good state. Length 19 inches. Nuchal
plates 4, cervical 6.

k. Half grown, stuffed. Face rather convex before the eyes.
Length 60 inches. N. Africa.

The Muggar or Goa. Crocodilus palustris, Lesson, Belanyer,
Voi/. 305. C. vulgaris, var. Gray, Syn. Rept. 58. Dum. et Bib.
E. G. iii. 108. C. biporcatus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 1, /. 4-(13?),
skull. C. biporcatus raninus, Muller, Ost. Ind. t. 3,/. 7, (not/. 8).

Head elongate-oblong, triangular, convex and rugose above,
with 2 short, irregular, nodulose, sinuous ridges in front of the or-
bit, sides rather swollen behind the notch, rather more than half
as long again as the width of the head behind; muzzle at the first
notch nearly two thirds the width of the forehead, at the 9th tooth
as wide as two thirds the space between the eves aud nostrils ; fore-
head concave, with the sides nearly parallel in the young and con-
verging towards the front in the adult.

a. Half grown, stuffed. Nuchal plates 4, cervical 6. Length 63

inches. India. From Dr. Mantell's collection.

b. Half grown, stuffed. Length 56 inches. India.

c. Young, stuffed. Length 22 inches. India. Presented by Gen.

Th. Hardwicke.

d. Skull of half grown animal. Length 12 inches. India.

e. Skull of adult. Length 26 inches, (" animal 33 feet"). Pre-

sented by Gibson Reeve, Esq.

/. Skull of adult. Length 23 inches. India.

g. Skull of adult. Length 21 inches. N. coast of Australia. Pre-
sented by Capt. Stokes, R.N.

h. Half grown, stuffed. Length 72 inches. Muzzle rather broad-
er ; shields strongly keeled. India ?

?'. Very young, in spirits. India. Presented by Gen. Th. Hard-
wicke.

k. Young, stuffed. Length 28 inches. From Mr. Miers' collec-
tion.

I. Shield and part of back of adult. Length 84 inches. India.

The largest in the Paris Museum is about 10 feet; muzzle at
the 9th tooth much wider than in C. vulgaris.

The Wide-faced Crocodile. Crocodilus trigonops.

Nuchal plates 4 ; cervical 6, large, strongly keeled ; head ob-
long, triangular, convex, rugose above, with 2 short, irregular, si-
nuous ridges in front of the orbit, and an oblong convexity upon
each side, above the 9th tooth ; sides of the face rather swollen be-
hind the notch, rather more than half as long again as the width
of the head behind ; muzzle at the first notch nearly two thirds

CROCODILES. 63

the width of the forehead, at the 9th tooth nearly as wide as the
space between the eye and nostrils ; forehead nearly square.

a. Young, stuffed. Length 26 inches. India.

b. ? Young, stuffed. Length 30 inches. Muzzle rather more at-
tenuated. Singapore.

In the College of Surgeons there is a skull of an animal almost
twice the size of a, which exactly agrees with it in proportions and
form. It differs from C. palustris in having a much wider, shorter,
and more triangular head.

***** Hind feet without any fringe.

Graves's Crocodile. Crocodilus planirostris, Graves, Ann.
Sci. Phys. ii. 348. Gray, Syn. Rept. 59. Crocodilus Gravesii,
Bory, Diet. Class. H. N. v. 109. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 101.

Muzzle short, depressed ; dorsal plates furnished with recurved
points ; the hind feet webbed, but not toothed on the hinder edge.

Inhab. ?

****** Feet unknown. Skull with 2 central ridges , one behind the

other.

The Siamese Crocodile. Crocodilus Siamensis, Schn. Amp.
157. Gray, Syn. 6. C. galeatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. 51, t. 1,/. 9.
Tiedem. Amph. 76, t. 11. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 113. Hist. Acad.
Sci. iii. 255, t. 64. Faujas, Mant. S. P. t. 43. Latr. Rept. i. t.

Skull surmounted by two strong central triangular ridges, pla-
ced one before the other.

Siam. Only known from a skull in Mus. Paris ?

G '2

64 REPTILES.

Fam. II. Alligators, (Alligatoridje).

Canine teeth of the lower jaw fitting into a pit in the edge of
the upper jaw. New World.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Jacare. Jaws oblong, depressed, with a ridge across the
face between the eyes. Hind feet scarcely webbed. Nostrils with
a cartilaginous septum. Eyelids fleshy.

2. Alligator. Jaws oblong, depressed, with a small longi-
tudinal rib between the orbits. Hind feet webbed. Nostrils se-
parated by a bony septum.

3. Caiman. Jaws oblong, depressed. Hind feet scarcely web-
bed. Nostrils a cartilaginous septum. Eyelids with 3 bony plates.

1. Jacare.

Head oblong, depressed, with a ridge across the face before the
eyes, rounded in front. Teeth unequal, canines of lower jaw each
fitting into a pit in the upper jaw. Toes scarcely webbed. Nu-
chal and cervical plates united into one group. Eyelids fleshy,
only partially bony. Nostrils only separated by a cartilage.

* Preorbital ridge to the edge of the jaw. Maxillary pits 3-3.
Frontal ridge bent backward.

The Broad-headed Yacare. Jacare fissipes. Caiman fissi-
pes, Spix, Braz. t. 3. Wagler, Icon. t. 17. Natterer, Ann. Mus.

Vien. 321, t. 22. A. sclerops, Nieuweid, Abbild. t. Schinz.

Rept. t. 12. A. cynocephalus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 86. C. la-
tirostris, Daud.

Head short, ovate, triangular; muzzle short, broad, thick, fron-
tal ridge sinuate, preorbital ridge longitudinal, to the edge of the
jaw ; maxillary pits 3-3 ; upper part of the eyelid rugose ; nape
with 2 rows of shields ; nuchal shields many, 3-rowed ; cervical 8,
in 3 rows ; scales of the back square, rather sharply keeled, 4 on
each of the three last cross bands ; sides with some scattered lar-
ger keeled scales ; back greenish, black-spotted.

a. Very young, in spirits. Trop. America.

J, e,f. Young, stuffed. Length 23 — 32 inches.

c. Nearly adult, stuffed. Length 59 inches. Brazils.

d. Adult, stuffed. Length 72 inches. Brazils.

The Yacare. Jacare sclerops. Crocodilus sclerops, Schn.
Amph. 162. Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. <f Oss. Fos. v. t. 1,/. 6, 7, t. 2,/.
3. Tiedem. Amph.60,t. o. Guerin, Icon. t. 2,/. 2, Sr 20. Gray,

ALLIGATORS.

65

Syn. 62. Dum. et Bib. iii. 79. Wagler, Syst. 140, t. 8,/. 1. bat-
terer, Ann. Mus. Vien. t. 23. C. Yacare, Daud. Rept. ii. 407. C.
Americamis, Laur. Seba, t. 104,/. 10. C. Caiman, Daud.

Head elongate; muzzle flat, moderately enlarged, frontal ridge
very slightly sinuate, preorbital ridge to the edge of the jaws; max-
illary pits 3-3 ; upper part of the upper eyelids finely striated ;
nuchal shields many, in 2 series ; cervical, small, oval, elevated
much compressed scales, in 4 or 5 rows ; dorsal plate obtusely
keeled, the two vertebral series nearly flat, forming a groove;
back black, with transverse yellow bands.

Inhabits Brazils.

The Black Yacare. Jacare nigra, Spix, Braz. t. 4. Natter-
er, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 347, t. 21. Alligator Sclerops, var. Gray.
Syn. 62.

Head ovate, triangular, depressed ; muzzle elongate, broad,
blunt ; frontal ridge very slightly sinuated, preorbital oblique, to
the edge of the jaw ; maxillary pits 3-3 ; upper eyelid striated ;
nuchal shields many, in 3 series; cervical in 5 series; dorsal acute-
ly keeled, the two lateral series higher, leaving a vertebral groove ;
black, with whitish spots, beneath white.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Vienna.

** Preorbital ridge indistinct or nom. Maxillary pits none.

The Spotted Yacare. Jacare punctulatus, Spix, Braz. t. 2.
Alligator punctulatus, Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 91. Natterer, Ann.
Mus. Vien. i. 347, t. 25.

Head triangular, oblong, rather gibbous, muzzle elongate, at-
tenuated, veiy flat, with a rounded point in front, a slight enlarge-
ment behind the nostrils; frontal ridge arched and slightly bent
back ; preorbital ridge none ; maxillary pits none ; upper part of
the eyelid rugose ; nape with 2 rows of plates ; back flat, without
any grooves or prominent keels, yellow, black-dotted ; sides with
some rows of larger scales ; olive, dotted and varied with black,
beneath yellowish.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Vienna.

Natterer's Yacare. Jacare vallifrons, Natterer, Ann. Mus.
Vien. i. 322, t. 24.

Head triangular, oblong, rather gibbous; muzzle elongate, at-
tenuated, frontal ridge bent forwards, preorbital ridge none ; max-
illary pits none ; upper eyelid rugose ; nuchal shields many, in 2
series ; cervical obtusely keeled, in 5 bands ; dorsal obtusely keel-
ed ; olive, dotted coarsely with black, beneath yellowish.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Vienna.

g3

66 reptiles.

2. Alligator.

Jaws oblong, very depressed, broad, nearly parallel, rounded in
front. Forehead with a small longitudinal ridge between the or-
bits. Teeth unequal, the lower canines received into a pit in the
edge of the upper jaw. Nuchal and cervical plates separate. Feet
fringed behind. Toes half-webbed, the outer front toe free. Nos-
trils separated by a bony septum arising from the upper edge. N.
America. The muzzle elongates by age.

The Alligator. Alligator Missisipensis, Gray, Syn. 62. Cro-
codilus Missisipensis, Daud. Rept. ii. 412. C. Cuvieri, Leach,
Zool. Misc. ii. 102, t. C. Lucius, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. §• Oss.

Fos. v. t. 1,/. 8, t. 2, /. 4. Tiedem. Amph. 58, t. 4. Merrem, 34.
Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 75, t. 25, 26. The Alligator, Catesby, Ca-
rol, t. 63.

In the young it is as long from the eyes to the nostrils, as the
width of the muzzle at the 9th tooth, in the old specimens the dis-
tance is half as long again.

a. Stuffed. Length 38 inches. N. America. From Dr. Man-

tell's collection.

b. Stuffed. Length 45 inches. N. America. Presented by E.

Doubleday, Esq.

c. Stuffed. Length 35 inches. N. America.

d. e. Very young, in spirits. N. America. From Dr. Mantell's

collection.
/. Adult, stuffed. Length 84 inches. N. America.
g. Half grown, stuffed. Length 63 inches. N. America.

A. Cuvieri, Leach, Zool. Misc. (the specimen figured).
A. Half grown. Length 66 inches. N. America.
i. Skeleton of young. N.America. From Dr. Mantell's collection.

3. Caiman.

Jaws oblong, depressed, subpyramidical, rounded and swol-
len at the end, without any frontal ridges or maxillary pits.
Forehead flat, smooth. Teeth ^ , unequal, lower canine teeth fit-
ting into a pit in the inner edge of the upper jaw. Eyebrows de-
fended with 3 bony plates. Toes scarcely webbed. Nuchal aud
cervical plates united into one group ? Trop. America.

The Trigonal Cayman. Caiman trigonatus. Crocodilus t.
Schn. Amph. 161. Seba, Thes. i. t. 105,/. 3. Tiedem. Amph. t. 7.
Wagler, Syst. 140. Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 323, t. 26. Shaw,
Zool. i. 58. Crocodilus palpebrosus, var. 2, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. Sf
Oss. Foss. v. t. 2,/. 1. Gray, Syn. 63. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 72.

One row of nuchal plates, which are separated from the cervi-
cal plates by a line of slender pointed scales ; head triangular, ob-

ALLIGATORS. 67

long, rather gibbous ; muzzle elongate, attenuate, rather convex
above; brown, black-banded, beneath whitish, black-varied.

a. Very young, in spirits.

The Eyebeowed Cayman. Caiman palpebrosus. Crocodilus
palpebrosus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. fy Oss. Fos. v. t. 2,/. 2. Tiedem.
Amph. 16. Gray, Syn. 63. Dum. et Bib. E. G. iii. 69. Wagler,
Syst. 140. Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vien. i. 324, t. 27. Lacerta cro-
codilus, Blumenb. Handb. 245. Jacaretinga moschifer, Spix,
Braz. t. 1.

Two broad rows of plates on the nape ; shields of the back
slightly keeled, equal, the 1 4th and loth cross rows on the back
composed of 4 shields ; head triangular, oblong, rather gibbous ;
muzzle elongate, attenuate, above rather convex.

Inhab. Brazils.

The Swollen-headed Cayman. Caiman gibbiceps. Champ-
sa gibbiceps, Natterer, Ann. Mus. Vienna, 1. 324, t. 28.

Head triangular, oblong, gibbous; muzzle elongate, attenuate,
excavated above ; nuchal shields many, in 2 rows, trigonal acute,
cervical very acutely keeled, in 5 bands, the 2nd and 3rd bands of
3 shields, middle shield bicuspid, the rest in pairs ; dorsal shields
very acutely keeled ; two vertebral series rather blunter; black-
brown, beneath pale whitish varied.

Tropical America. Mus. Vienna.

68 REPTILES.

Order V. AMPHISB.ENIANS, (AMPHISB^NIA).

Body elongate, cylindrical, naked, with square imbedded plates
placed in cross rings, divided into two sets by a slight longitudinal
groove on each side. Tail short, continuous, blunt. Tongue not
sheathed, flat, enlarged and nicked at the end, ending in 2 smooth
threads, the rest covered with large flat papillae or scales. Eyes
small, under the skin ; eyelid none. Ear hidden under the skin.
Mouth small ; jaws not extensile. Feet none, or rarely in front,
Penis double. Vent rather transversely plaited. Skull very solid ;
orbits incomplete ; tympanic bone inclosed in the skull, oblique ;
parietal bone simple ; temporal and mastoid bones scarcely separate.

Synopsis of the Families.

A. Teeth in the margin of thejaivs.

1. Trigonophidje. Limbs none.

B. Teeth on the inner side of the jaws.

2. Amphisb^nid^:. Limbs none. Body and chest covered with
similar square shields. Preanal pores distinct.

3. Chirotid^. Limbs 2 anterior.

4. Lepidosternid^e. Limbs none. Chest covered with larger

and differently shaped shields. Preanal pores none.

Fam. I. Trigonophes, (Trigonophidje).

Teeth on the edge of the jaws, solidly fixed and nearly united
to one another at their base, unequal, conical, rather compressed.
Nostrils lateral, small, oval, pierced in the naso-rostral plate. Pre-
anal pores none. Limbs none.

1. Trigonophis, Kaup.

Head short, conical, very blunt. Eyes distinct. Naso-rostral
plate encasing the muzzle. Tail conical, short.

The Elegant Trigonophe. Trigonophis Weigmanni, Kaup.
Isis, 1830, 880. Bum. et Bib. E. G. v. 469. Amphisbama ele-
gans, Gerv. Mag. Zool. t. 11, (1835). Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. 311.

Body tessellated, black and white or yellow, head brown, with
an oblique band across the temples ; tail very short, conical ; teeth
5 in the intermaxillaries, 10 on each side of the maxillaries, and
18 in the lower jaw.

a, b. Half grown, in spirits. Algiers. Presented by M. Bibron.

amphisBjEnas. 69

Fam. II. AMPHISBJENAS, (AMPHISB.ENIDiE).

Teeth fixed on the inner side of the jaws, conical, simple and
pointed. Nostrils lateral, small, in the naso-rostral plate. Body
and chest covered with square similar sized shields, with a lateral
line only. Nape with a longitudinal groove. Limbs none. Pre-
anal pores distinct, (sometimes obliterated on one side). Tail
short. Primary teeth \ or only § .

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Nasal plates extending across the muzzle, with 2 pair of frontal
plates behind them ; first labial under the nasal.

1. Amphisb^ena. Head depressed, muzzle rounded, rostral shield
triangular, flat, erect. Nasal 2, large, square, separate, ex-
tending across the muzzle.

2. Sarea. Head depressed, muzzle elongate, rounded, rostral
shield triangular, inferior. Nasal 2, large, united together,
extending across the muzzle.

3. Cynisca. Head flat, muzzle rather sharp, rostral shield trian-

gular, erect. Nasal rhombic, oblique, touching above, in front.

** Nasal plates 2, small, lateral, with a single large anterior
frontal plate between them.

4. Anops. Muzzle compressed, rostral shield forming an arched

crest to the forehead, separating the small nasal plates, which
are over the first labial and the anterior frontals. Tail cylin-
drical, truncate.

5. Cadea. Muzzle rather compressed, acute, rostral and anterior
frontal shields flat, the latter moderate, elongate. Nasal plate
over the first labial. Tail cylindrical, truncated.

6. Blanus. Muzzle depressed, rounded, the rostral and anterior
frontal shields flat, the latter very broad. Nasal plate large,
occupying the place of the first labial. Tail conical, acute.

1. Amphisb^ena.

Head depressed, broad. Muzzle rounded. Nasal plates 2,
large, broad, square, separate, extending across the muzzle ; ros-
tral triangular, flat (not soldered to the nasal) ; 2 pairs of frontal
shields, the first pair broadest. Eyes distinct. Tail round, trun-
cated. Preanal pores distinct.

70 REPTILES.

* Muzzle broad, rounded. Labial plates |, front lower high, nar-
row, triangular. Body thick, one coloured. Scales with a
pellucid dot in the front edge.

The White Amphisbena. Amphisbsena alba, Linn. Mus.
Adolph. 26, t. 4,f. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 484. A. rosea, Shaiv,
Nat. Mis. iii. t. — A. pachyura, Wolf.Abbild. ii. 61, t. 17. A. fla-
vescens, Nieuweid, Abbild. t. — Wagler, Icon. t. 16,/. 1. Schinz.
Amph. 129, L 46. Le Blancbet, Lacep. Q.O. ii. t. 21,/. 1.

White ; tail with 16 or 20 rings ; preanal pores 8 or 9 ; upper
labial plates 3, first touching tlie rostral ; orbital shield lozeuge-
shaped, over the suture of the second and third labial plates.

a. Adult, bleached, in spirits. Femoral pores 8 ; the shield in front

of the cloaca 4-sided, elongate. Old collection.

b, c. Adult, in spirits. Femoral pores 6; the 2 centre shields in

front of the cloaca narrow behind, the rest 4-sided, elongate.
Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's collection.

** Muzzle broad, rounded in front. Labial plates §, the front
lower labial broad, triangular. Vertebral shields small. Bo-
dy thick, black, white-varied.

The Sooty Amphisb^na. Amphisbsena Americana, Scheuch.
P. S. iv. 1179, t. 1129,/. D, t. 1249,/. 10. Seba, Thes. i. t. 18,/.
3 ; t. 22, f. 2, 3 ; t. 73, /. 4 ; t. 100,/ 3. A. fuliginosa, Linn. L.
S. i. 392. Daud. Rept. t.9l,f.2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 480. A.
vulgaris, A. varia, A. magnifica and A. flava, Laur. Syn. 119 —
122. Guerin, Icon, t. 18,/. 1. La enfumee, Lacep. Q. O, ii. 459.

Black and white varied ; tail with 26, body 29 to 33 rings ;
preanal pores 8 or 9.

a. In spirits. First upper labial plate divided in half, second low-

er labial distinct. S. America.

b. In spirits. Second lower labial plate distinct. Demerara. Pre-

sented by Lieut. Friend, R.N.

c. In spirits", bleached. Vertebral plates rather large, irregular.

S. America.

d. Adult, in spirits. Second lower labial indistinct. Berbice. Pre-

sented by Lady Essex.

e. In spirits. Lead-coloured, belly slightly white-spotted. De-

merara. Presented by S. J. Woodward, Esq.

*** Muzzle narrow, rounded. Body slender, brown, pale beneath.

Petree's Amphisb.ena. Amphisbsena Petrei, Dum. et Bib.
E. G. v. 487.

Brown, paler beneath ; tail with 26 or 28 rings ; preanal pores
S; upper labial shields 3 ; preanal shields 10 or 12.

Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Paris.

AMPHISBaENAS. 71

The Worm-like Amphisbjena. Amphisbaena vermicularis,
Wagler, Bras. 73, t. '2b J. 2. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 489.

Brown, beneath paler ; tail with 22 rings ; occiput and tem-
ple with 8 square plates on each side ; labial scales f, hinder up-
per small, square, rest triangular; preanal pores 2 or 4 ; preanal
plates 6, narrow, long, forming an arched line.

a. In spirits; Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's collection.

Darwin's Amphisbaena. Amphisbaena Darwinii, Dum. et
Bib. E. G. v.491.

Reddish brown, beneath paler ; tail with 22 rings of plates ;
occiput with 2 subtriangular compartments; temple with 5 square
scales; preanal pores 4 indistinct; preanal plates 6; labial plates §.

Inhab. Montevideo. Mus. Paris.

2. Sarea.

Head flat. Muzzle narrow acute. Eyes none. Rostral plates
small, triangular ; nasal rhombic ; lateral touching one another at
the front upper angle; 2 pair of frontal, the anterior pair elongate;
occiput and temple with square scales. Body and chest with equal
square scales. Preanal pores distinct. Tail truncated, blunt.

The Blind Amphisbaena. Sarea caeca, Amphisbaena caeca,
Cuv. R. A. ii. 73. Gray, Griffith, A. K. ix. 67. Dum. et Bib. E.
G. v. 492.

Pale reddish brown, darker spotted ; eyes none ; upper lip
scales 3 ; tail with 15 or 16 whorls ; preanal pores 4.

a. Adult, in spirits. Tail conical, blunt, perhaps reproduced.
Porto Bello, W. Indies. Presented by Capt. Austen, R. N.

3. Cynisca.

Head flat, narrow. Muzzle conical, 4-sided, elongate, round-
ed at the end. Eyes distinct. Temple and occiput with large
shields. Rostral plate triangular under the muzzle ; rostro-nasal
2, very large, soldered, covering the whole of the front of the head.
Body and chest with similar small shields. Preanal pores distinct.
Tail round, truncated.

The White-tailed Amphisbaena. Cynisca leucura. Am-
phisbaena leucura, Mus. Leyd. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 498. A.
macrura, Schle.gel, Mus. Leyd.

Brown, end of the tail white ; tail with 25 or 26 rings ; prea-
nal pores 20 ; upper labial plates 3-3.

Inhab. Guiana. Mus. Leyden.

4. Cadea.

Muzzle narrow, acute. Eyes indistinct. Rostral small, quad-
rangular, perpendicular, bent on the muzzle. Temple with square

72 REPTILES.

scales. Body and chest with similar square shields. Preanal pores
distinct. Tail truncated, blunt. Nasal plates small, lateral upon
each side of a single large anterior frontal plate, and a pair of ver-
tebral plates behind it; upper labial plates 4-4, the front under the
nasal.

The Dotted Amphisbjena. Cadea punctata. Amphisbaena
punctata, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 236, t. 20, /. 2. Dum. et Bib. E.
G. v. 494. A. caeca, Sagra, Cuba, 195, t. 21.

Whitish, yellow-dotted ; tail with 12 rings ; preanal pores 4 ;
upper labial plates 2-2.

a. In spirits. Cuba. Presented by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. The
specimen described by Mr. Bell.

5. Anops, Bell.

Head compressed, slightly elevated. Eyes none. Temples
with square scales. Rostral plate large, with an arched crest from
the mouth to the forehead. Body and chest with similar equal
scales. Preanal pores distinct. Tail truncated, blunt. Nasal
plates small, lateral, over the first labial shield, separated by the
single keeled anterior frontal plate.

King's Anops. Anops Kingii, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, 99.
Zool. Journ. v. 391, t. 16, /. 1. Amphisbaena Kingii, Dum. et
Bib. E. G. v. 497. Amph. galeata, Mus. Berl.

Chesnut brown ; tail with 18 or 20 rings; preanal pores 4 — 6 ;
upper labial plates 3-3.

Inhab. Buenos Ay res. Mus. Paris.

6. B lan us, Wagler.

Head depressed, flat. Muzzle short, rounded. Eyes distinct.
Rostral plates 4-sided. Anterior frontal very broad, covering all
the top of the forehead. Body and chest with similar square plates.
Tail conical, prolonged into a point. Preanal pores distinct. Na-
sal plate large, square, occupying the place of the first labial. Ver-
tebral and occipital plates square, similar, in pairs.

Vandelli's Amphisbaena. Amphisbaena cinerea, Vandelli
Mem. Acad. Lisb. i. 69. Gerv. Mag. Zool. 1836, t. 10. Dum. et
Bib. E. G. v. 500. A. oxyura, Wagler. Spix, Braz. 72, t. 35,/.
1. A. rufa, Hemp. Berl. Gesell. 1820, 130. B. rufus, Wiegem.
Arch. 1836, 157.

Brown, head and intervals between the scales whitish ; upper
labial shields 2 ; tail with 19 or 20 rings ; preanal pores 4-6.

a—f. In spirits. Xanthus. Presented by Chas. Fellowes, Esq.

LEPIDOSTERXONS. 73

Fain. III. Lepidosternons, (Lepidostermd^e).

Teeth fixed on the inner side of the jaws, conical, simple and
pointed. Nostrils lateral, small, inferior, in a rostro-nasal plate.
Chest covered with larger and differently shaped shields from the
rest of the body. Limbs none. Preanal pores none. Tail short,
truncated. Body with an impressed dorsal, ventral and lateral
line, the latter the widest

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Lepidosternon. Head-plates 10 or 12.

2. Cephalopeltis. Head-plates 2, very large.

1. Lepidosternon, Wagler.

Head triangular, convex, covered with 10 or 12 shields. Chest
with many plates of a different shape from those of the body. Tail
cylindrical, truncated.

The Small-headed Lepidosternon. Lepidosternon micro-
cepbalum, Wagler. Spix, Braz. 70, t. 26. Wagler, Icon. t. 16,/. 1.
Midler. Tiedem. Mag. Phys. iv. t. 22,/. 4. Dum. et Bib. E. G. v.
<505. Amphisbsena punctata, Nieuweid, Abbild. t L. Max-

imilian urn, Weigmann.

Yellow, back brown-spotted ; head with 10 head-shields; chest
with 10 long narrow shields; preanal shields 6 ; tail with 10 or
12 rings.

Inhabits Brazils. Mus. Munich.

The Dolphin-headed Lepidosternon. Lepidosternon pho-
caena, Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 507.

Whitish, back brown-spotted ; head with 12 shields ; chest
with numerous small rhombic shields ; tail with 10 rings.

Inhab. Buenos Ay res. Mus. Paris.

2. Cephalopeltis, Midler.

Head covered with 2 large hood-like plates; chest covered with
large shields ; tail cylindrical, truncated.

The Cephalopeltis. Cephalopeltis scutigera. Cephalo-
peltis Cuvieri, Midler, Zeitsch. Physiol, iv. 253, t. 21, /. 6, 7 ; t.
22, /. 5. Amphisb. scutigera, Hemp. Berlin Gesellsch. 1820, 129.
Dum. et Bib. E. G. v. 509. Lepidosternon Hempriehii, Weigm.

Whitish, brown-spotted ; chest with 8 or 10 large shields; tail
with 14 or 15 rings.

a. Adult, b Younger, in spirits. Brazils. From Dr. Gardner^
collection.

74 EEPTILES.

Fam. III. Chirotes, (Chirotidje).

Teeth conical, recurved, simple, pointed, unequal, separate,
placed on the inner edge of the jaws. Nostrils in the naso-rostral
plate. The front members short, weak, furnished with 5 subequal
toes, one clawless. Preanal pores distinct. Tail short, cylindrical.

1. Chirotes, Dumeril. Bimanus, Oppel.

Toes 5. Head short, depressed, rounded in front. Rostral
plate 4-sided, perpendicular; fronto-nasal and rostral large ; fron-
tal very small. Shields of the chest and body similar. Tail elon-
gate, rounded at the end.

The Chirotes. Chirotes lumbricoides, Flem. Ph. Zool. ii.
278. C. canaliculars, Cuv. R. A. Merrem, Tent. 181. C. Mex-
icain, Bory. Le Cannele, Lacep. Q. O. i. 613. Bipes canalicu-
lars, Bonnat. Erp. 68, t. 12, /. 6. Lacerta lumbricoides, Shaw,
Nat. Misc. vi. L. Mexicaua, Donn. Zool. Beyt. iii. 135. L.
sulcata, Suchow. Thier. iii. 147. Chamaesurus propus, Schinz.
Chalcides propus, Daud, Kept. iv. 372, t. 58, /. 4. Bimanus p.
Oppel. 46.

Yellow, brown-spotted, whitish beneath.

«, b. In spirits. Mexico, " Brazils."

LIST OF DONORS.

75

LIST OF DONORS.

Austen, Capt. 71

Baird, Dr. W. 48
Banks, Sir Joseph, 48
Belcher, Capt. Sir Edw. 34, 35,

60
Bell, Thos. 12, 16, 19, 31, 32,

33,35
Bibron, M. 68.
Bowerbank, J. S. 38
Brown, Robt 9, 10, 11

Chambers, Capt. Willm. R.N.

42,43
Christie, Dr. Turabull, 48
Cocks, Edw. 59
Collie, Alex. 23
Cottle, W. 52
Cross, Edw. 6

Derby, Earl of, 29. 37, 48
Doubleday, Edw. 34, 52, 66
Henry, 27, 30, 34

»

Eling, W. 54
Essex, Lady, 78

Friend, Lieut. 70
Fellows, Ch. 72

Gould, John, 5, 42, 43

Grav, J. E. 6,8,9,10,11,12,

15, 16,20,23,24,26,27,

30,31,33,38,57

Green, Dr. Jacob, 30

Hardwicke, Gen. Th. 6, 8, 10,
23, 29, 30, 35, 47, 49. 59,
62

Harlan, Dr. Rich. 5

Home, Sir Everard, 1 1

India Company, 7, 18, 48

MacLeay, W. S. 60, 72

Oriel, Capt. 57, 59

Pearson, Sir Edw. 61
Pratt, S. P. 57

Richardson, Dr. John, 43
Reeve, J. 17,18,31
Reeve, J. R, 14, 18, 35, 54
Rowe, Gibson, 62
Royal Society, 6, 50
Riippell, Dr. Edw. 40

Saunders, W. W. 32
Stafford, Capt. 59
Stokes, Capt. R.N. 62
Sykes, Col. 15, 48

Wauds, Esq. 55

Whitfield, J. 12
Wilkinson, Sir J. G. 61,62
Woodward, S. J. 70

INDEX.

Actinoides, Test. 7
acutirostris, Croc. 57
acutus, Croc. 60
Adansonii, Emys, 28
JEgyptiacus, Tri. 48, 49
affinis, Hyd. 41
alba, Aurph. 70
Alligator, 64, 65
Alligatoridffi,56
Amazonica, Emys, 45
Amboinensis, Test. 30
Americana, Amp. 70
Americanus, Croc. 60, 65>
Amphisbaena, 69
Amphisbrenia, 68
Amphisbfenians, 68
Amphisbaenidse, 68, 69
Amy da, 50

angulata, Test. 11, 12
annulifera, Emys, 27
anonvma, Test. 27
Anops, 72, 96
antiquorum, Emys 31
Aque Palin, 60
aracbnoides, Pyxis, 12
areolatus, Test. 10
Argus, Tyrse, 48
armata, Test. 7
Arrace, Test. 48
Aspidonectes, 50
Atlantica. D. 51
australis, Hyd. 42

BADiA,Test. 38

Bartramii, Test. 50

Baska, Emys, 29

Batagur, Test. 29

Bealii, Emys, 17

Belangeri, Emys, 16

Belliana, Kinyx. 17

Bellii, Emys 27; Phryn. 41 ; Test. II

Bennettii. Emys, 21 ; Mecis. 57

bicolor, Terr. 30

biguttata, Emys 20

Bimamis 74

biporcatus, Croc. 58, 62

bipunctata, Test. 7 ; Emys 2 J

biscutatus, Croc. 60

bispinosa, Emys 14

Blandingii, Test. 30

Blanus, 69, 72

Boddaertii, Test. 48

Boiei, Test. 5
bombifrons, Croc. 58
Boscii, Terr. 33, 34
Boulouse, 47
brevicauda, Test. 30
brevicaudatum, K. 32
Brongniartii, Tri. 50

Cadea,71,96

caeca, Amp. 71, 72

Cafra, Test. 10

Cagado, Test. 5

Caiman 64 ; Croc. 65

California, Test. 5

calcarata, Test. 6, 7

campanulata, Test. 9

canaliculata, Emys 39

canaliculars, Bipes, 74

Caouanna, 51,52

Capensis, Pent. 38

carbonaria, Test. 5

Caretta, 51, 53 ; Test. 52, 53

Carey, 54

carinata, Test. 30

carinatus, Tri. 50

Carolina, Test. 4, 9, 30

cartilaginea, Test. 48

Capsica, Test. 19
castanea, Test. 12
castaneus, Emys 37
Catapbracta, 3*
catapbractus, Croc. 57, 58
Cayanensis, Emys 45 ; Hyd. 40
centrata, Test. 28
Cepedienne, Test. 54
cephalo, Test. 52
Cbampses, Croc. 61
Chelodina 38, 43
Chelonia, 3, 51,54
Cbeloniadee, 3,51
Chelonians, 2
Chelydes, 36
Chelydidae, 3, 36
Cbelydra 13, 34
Cbelvmys, 26, 42
Cbelys 36, -14
Chersina 4 — 11
Chin. Test. 47
Chirotes, 74
Chirotidse 68, 47
Cbitra 46, 49 ; Test. 49
cinerea, Test. 27; Amp. 72?

INDEX,

77

Cistuda 13, 29, 30

complanatus, Croc. 61

concentrica, Test. 28

concinna, Test. 25

coriacea, Test. 51

Coriudo, 51

Coromaudelicus, Tri. 47

corticata, Test. 52

Coura, Test. 30, 31

Couro, Emys,37

crassicollis, Emys, 16

Crocodilicte, 56

Crocodilus, 56,58. ; Lac. 61, 67

Cryptopus, 46

Cuvieri, Allig. 66 ; Ceph. 73 ; Tri. 29

Cyclenvys, 30, 32

Cynisca, 96, 71

Cynocephalus, Allig. 64

Darwinii, Amp. 71
Daudinii,Test. 6
decussata, Emys, 24
dentata, Emys, 32
denticulata, Test. 5, 10, 12
depressa, Emys 39 ; Test. 4
Derbianus, Stern. 37
Dermochelys, 51
Dhongoka,"Test. 17
Dhor, Emys, 32
Diardii, Test. 32
discolor, Emys, 39
Dogania, 46, 49
D'Orbignii, Ernys, 22
dorsalis. Einys, 20
dorsata, Emys, 20
Doubledayii, Kin. 33
dubia, Emys, 30
Dumeriliana, Emys, 45
Dura, Test. 15, 47
Dussumierii, Chel. 53 ; Test. 5
Duvaucellii, Emys, 15, 47

Elegaxs, Amph. 68; Test 7, 8
Elephantina, Test. 5
elephantopus, Test. 5
elongata, Cao. 53
Emyda,46
Emydidse,3, 13
Emydides, 27
Emydosaura, 34
Emydosauri, 56
Emvdosaurians, 56
Emys, 13, 14 ; Test. 14
erosa, Test. 3, 12
erythrocephala, Emys, 45
esculenta, Caretta, 54
Euphraticus, Test. 49
Europeea, Test. 31
expansa, Pod. 45

Fasciata, Chel. 54 ; Test. 10

ferox, Test. 49

fimbriata, Test. 44

fissipes, Caiman 64; Champ. 58

flava, Amp. 40; Test. 31

flavescens, Amp. 70

flavilabris, Chel. 44
flavofusca, Test. 11
flavonigra, Emys, 17
Floridana, Test. 26
foveolata, Test. 5
fuliginosa, Amp. 70

GALEATA.Amp. 72; Test. 38

galeatus, Croc. 63

Gangeticus, Lacer. 57; Tri. 47

Garial, 57

Gataghol, Test. 48

Gaudichaudii, Plat. 40

Gaviala, 57

Gavialis, 56, 57

Gehafiffi, Pent. 38

Geoffroyana, Emys, 41

geographica, Emys, 21, 25

geometrica, Test. 8, 9 — 12

Geoemyda, 13, 14

Georgicus, Tri. 50

gibba, Emys, 40

gibbiceps, Champ. 67

gigantea, Test. 5, 6

glutinata, Test. 33, 34

Goa, 62

Gophers, 4

Gopher, Test. 4

granosa, Test. 46

Gravesii, Croc. 63

Graii, Test. 9 .

Gravi, Test. 11

Grasca, Test. 5, 9, 19

guttata, Emys, 19 ; Terr. 30; Test 26

HAMiLTONii,Emys 19
Hasseltii, Emys, 32
Hellenica, Emys, 31
Hemprichii, Lep. 73
Hercules, Test. 5
Hermannii, Emys 16; Test. 9
hieroglyphica, Emys, 26
Hilairii, Plat. 40
hirtipes, Kin. 33
Holbrookii,Emys, 23
Homeana, Test. 11
Homopus, 4 — 10
Horsfieldii, Test. 7
Hurum, Test. 47
Hydraspis, 36, 38
Hydromedusa, 36, 43

Jacare, 64

Japonica, Emys, 19; Test 54
Ja^anicus, Tri. 47
Iberia, Test. 7—9
Journei, Croc. 58
imbricata, Chel. 53
incarcerata, Test. 30
Indica, Test. 5
lndicus, Tri. 49
inscripta, Emys, 20
insculpta, Emys, 20
intermedius, Croc. 58
irrigata, Emys, 21
Juvencella, Test. 10

78

INDEX.

Kaarey,27
Kachuga, Test. 16
Khagraskata, Test. 15
Kingii, Blanops, 72
Kinosternon, 13, 19, 32
kinosternoides, Emys, 27
Kinixys4, 11,12
Kcenigii, Meg. 45
Kuhlii, Emys, 28

Labiates, Tri. 48
lacertina, Chel. 34
lacrymata, Chel. 54
lacunosus, Croc. 61
lata, Hyd. 41
latirostris, Croc. 64
Leachianus, Stern. 37
Lepidosternida?, 68, 73
Lepidosternon, 72
leprosa, Emys, 19
leptorkynchus, Croc. 57
Lessonii, Tet. 29
Lesueurii, Emys, 21
leucura, Amp. 71
lineata, Emys, 16, 17
lineatus, Gym. 49
livida, Emys, 28
Lizards, 1
Loggerhead, 52
longicauda, Test. 35
longicaudatum, K. 32
longicollis, Test. 43 ; Tetr. 29
Lucius, Croc. 66
lumbricoides,Lac. 74
luteola, Test. 8
Luth, 51

lutraria, Emys 19, 20 ; Test 31
Lutremys, 30
Lyra, Test. 51

Macquararia, Emys 42
macrocephala, Emys* 26, 45
macrura, Amp. 71
maculata, Terr. 30
maculosa, Chel. 54
Madagascariensis, Pyx. 12 ; Test. 6
magnifica, Amp. 70
Malaclemys, 13, 28
marginata, Test. 9
marginatus, Croc. 61
marmorata, Chel. 54
marmorea,Emj-s 19
Martinella, Test. 39
Matamata, Test 44
Mauritanica, Test. 9, 10
Maximiliana, Emys 44
Maximilianum, L. 73
Mecistops, 56, 57
megacephala, Emys, 21, 26
megacephalum, Plat. 35
Megasternon, 45
Meleagris, Test. 31
membranacea, Test. 18
Mercurialis, Sparg. 5, 51
Mercurii, Sph. 51
Mexicana, Lac. 74

microcephalum, Lep. 73
Midas, Chel 54
Miliusii, Plat. 42
Missisipensis, Croc. 66
Mobilensis, Emys 25
moschifer, Jacar, 67
Motinia, 60
Muggar, 62
Muhlenbergii, Test. 4
Mungofer, 4
multiscutata, Chel. 53
mutica, Emys 18
muticus, Tri. 50

Nakoo, 57

nasicornis, Test. 52

nasuta, Emys 40

nebulosa, Terr. 30

Nieuweidii, Plat. 39

niger, Stern. 37

nigra, Jacare 65 ; Test. 5

nigricans, Emys 18 , Stern. 37

nigrita, Test. 6

Niioticus, Tri. 48

Novae Hollandiae, Chel. 43

Oblonga, Chel. 43
oblongum, Kin. 23
ocellata, Emys 18
ocellatus, Test. 47
oculifera, Emys 28
odoratum, Test. 34
olivacea, Chel. 53 ; Emys 3P
Oopholis, 58
Ophidia, 1

orbicularis, Test. 6, 31
orbiculata, Cycl. 82
Originensis, Emys 23
ornata, Emys 22
oxyura, Amp. 72

Pachtura, Amp. 70
Palinia, 60

palpebrosus, Croc. 66, 67
palustris,Croc. 58, 62 ; Emys 19
Pangshure, Test. 15
Pardalis, Test. 7—10
pelagiorum, Chel. 52
Pelodiscus 50
Pelomedusa, 36—38
peltastes, Test. 11
Peltocephalus 36, 44
Pelusios, 37
Pensylvanica, 33, 34
Pentonyx, 38
perocellatus, Tri. 48
Perraultii, Test. 6
Petrei, Amp. 70
phocama, Lep. 73
Phrynops 36, 41
picta, Test. 27
Piquotii, Emys 19
planiceps, Test. 39
planirostris, Croc. 63
Platemys, 38
platycephala, Test. 39—42

INDEX.

ry

platynota, Emys 16

platypeltis, 50

Platysternon, 13, 35

Podocnemys, 26, 45

Polyphemus, Test. 4

porosus, Croc. 58

porphyrea, Emys 43

propus, Cham. *74

pseudo Caretta, Chel. 53

pseudographica, Emys 21

pulchella, Emys 20 ; Test. 31

punctata, Amp. 72, 73; Test. 26, 31, 46

punctularia, Test. 20

punctulatus, Allig 65

pusilla, Test. 9—11

Pvxidemvs , 29

Pyxis 4, 12

Eadiata, Test. 6, 7
radiolata, Emvs 29
Kafeht, Test. 49
Kamphastoma, 57
raninus, Ci-oc. 58, 62
Raparara, Test. 44
Reevesii, Emys 18
Keptilia, 1

reticularia, Emys 22; Test. 25
reticulata, Test. 25
retusa, Chers. 5
Retzii, Test. 33
Rhinemys, 38, 41
rhombifer, Croc. 60
rivulata, Emys 24
rosea, Amp. 70
rostrata, Test. 48
rotunda, Test. 6 — 9
rubroventris, Test. 22
rufa, Amp. 72
rufipes, Hyd. 41
rugosa, Test. 23, 24
Ruppellii, Chel. 53

Sarea, 69, 71

Saura, 1

scabra, Emys 23 ; Test. 16, 20, 38, 47

Schlegelii, G-av. 58

Schneiderii,Emvs 30

Schoepni, Emys 39 ; Test. 7

Schweiggerii, Plat. 40

Sclerops, Allig. 64, 65

Scorpoidea, Emys 33

Scorpoides, Test. 32

scripta, Test. 23

sculpta, Test. 5

scutigera, Amp. 73

Scytena 51

Seba, Emys 19

semiserrata, Test. 8

Senegalensis, Cryp. 47 ; Test. 28

serpentina, Test. 14, 34

Serpents, 1

serrata, Emys 21 ; Test. 14, 23, 24, 34

Sewteree, 49

Shavianum, K. 32

Siamensis, Croc. 63

Sigritz.Emys 19

Sigritzii, Emys 19

signatus, Test. 10

Sinensis, Emys 17

speciosa, Emvs 20, 27

Spengleri, Emys 29; Test. 14, 16—18

Sphargis, 51

spmigerus, Tri. 50

spinosa,Emys 14

Spixii, Plat. 39

Squamata 6

Staurotypus 34

stellatus, Test. 7, 48 ; Tri. 47

Stenops, Emys 42

Sternotherus 32, 36, 37

subcarinata, Chel<-53

subniger, Test. 37

subplanus, Tri. 49

subrufa, Test. 38

sulcata, Lac. 74 ; Test. 7

Swanka 32

Tabulata, Test. 4, 3—11
tectum, Emys 15—17
Tentoria, Emys 15; Test. 8
tenuirostris, Croc. 57
tetradactyla, Test. 10
Tetraonyx 13, 29 ; Emys 29
Terrapen, 28; Test. 28
Terrapene, 32
tessellata, Test. 5
Testudinidae 3, 4
Testudo 4
Thalassochelys 52
thermalis, Emys 24
Thumbergii, Test. 54
Thurgii, Test. 17
Tortoises 2, 3
tncariuata, Test. 14, 33
trifasciatus, Stern. 31
trigibbosa, Emys 15
trigonatus, Croc. 66
Trigonophidffi 68
Trigonophis 68
trigonops, Croc. 62
trijuga, Emys 16
Trionycidae 3, 46
Trion yx 46, 49
trivittata, Emys 17
Tracaxa, Emys 43
triunguis, Test. 48
Troostii, Emys, 24
tuberculata, Test. 51
tuberculifera, Thai. 29
Turtles 51
Tyrse,46,47

vallifrons, Jacare 65
varia, Amp. 70
vermicularis, Amp. 71
vermiculata, Emys 25
Verroxii, Test. 9*
verrucosa, Test. 28
Victoria, Hyd 42
virgata, Ch.*52, 54
vir»ulata, Test. 30
viridis, Emys 41; Test. 54

80 INDEX.

Vosmaeri, Test. 6 Wiegmanni, Trog. G8

vulgaris, Amp. 70 j Euiys, 19 ; Croc.

61,62 Yacare, Croc. 64

Wagleri, Plat. 40 Zohaffa, Test 9

ERRATA.

Page 26, for Emys macrocepha/us, read E. macrocepha/a.

Page 62, for Gibson Reeve, read Gibson Roice.

Page 72, before Amphisbaena cinereus, add Blanus cinereus.

R. NEWMAN, PRINTER, 9, DEVONSHIRE ST., B1SHOPSG ATP1..

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