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1651

This book was presented by

Robert S. Curtis

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CATTLE.

BT

W. YOUATT.

AND

W. 0. L. MARTIN,

BEING A TREATISE ON THBIR

BREEDS, MANAGEMENT, AND DISEASES,

COMPRISINO A

FULL HISTORY OF THE VARIOUS RACES;

rElIR ORIGIN, BREEDING, AND MERITS; THEIR CAPACITY FOR BEEF AND
MILK ; THE NATURE AND TREATMENT OF THEIR DISEASES ;

THE WHOLE FORMING A COMPLETE GUIDE

FOR THE

FARMER, THE AMATEUR, AND VETERINARY SURGEON,

WITH 100 ILLUSTRATIONS

EDITED BY A. STEVENS.

^E\Y YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO, 25 PARK ROW.

SAN FRANCISCO : H. H. BANCROFT & CO.
1860.

Eatered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by
C. M. SAXTON,
the ChrVs Office of the District Court for the Scuth^rn District c>f ?; ? ;v. Yorli

PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION,

ii. j>rtA^J-kii!ng an edition of Youatt to the American public, the
Amencan editor may justly say, that, of all the treatises on cattle,
none is so valuable as his. Mr. Youatt was a man of rare ability ;
a scholar, distinguished for the extent, variety, and elegance of his
attainments ; for his power of research, historical, and scientific ; for
the brilliancy of his style ; and as a veterinary surgeon of profound
knowledge, in both the science and practice of his art, and of devotion
to its pursuit. Scarcely any man of all the world was so happily
fitted as he, to produce a great historical and medical work on
cattle.

And while he was so peculiarly qualified to write such a work,
the circumstances that originated it were eminently the ones to
insure him success in the undertaking. An association existed in
England, under the name of The Society for the diffusion of
USEFUL Knowledge. Men of eminence in every variety of learning
were its members ; the publication of practical treatises in all depart-
ments of useful knowledge, its object. Appreciating the ability of
Mr. Youatt to give the world a valuable work on the history, breeds,
management, and diseases of cattle, this Society enlisted him in its
production.

In preparing this treatise for publication, the Arnerican editor has
abridged it of the history of local and inferior breeds of cattle in
England, in which the American farmer and amateur has no interest.
There is not a page in the whole, but has been carefully considered,
and, where it required, its matter advanced to the present state of

PREFACE.

knowledge on the subject. In doing this, many works on tho
subject, published since Mr. Youatt's, have been examined. The
chief of these is. The Ox, by Mr. W. C. L. Martin, one of the
ofl&cers of the London Zoological Society.

The editor has consulted three recent German treatises on the
diseases of cattle. The most valuable of these is by Gunther, who
has applied homoeopathy to animals. In addition to the ordinary
modes of practice, the editor has given the treatment of Gunther.
It is within his knowledge, that the prescriptions of homoeopathy
have been eminently successful in the diseases of both horses and
cattle. This method of managing theii diseases will be valuable to
those who adopt tlie school of Hahnemann, while it detracts nothing
from the work as a manual of ordinary veterinary practice.

Thousands of copies of Youatt and Martin are annually sold in
England, and, there, opinion has estabhshed them as standards in their
branch of knowledge. This American edition commends itself by
its small price, and its intrinsic value, and should sell in thousands.

Great credit is due to the American publisher, for giving to the
public this edition, beautiful alike for its embellishment and iU
typography.

CONTENTS.

Preiace .......... 3

Chapteu I. — The NAXiniAL History of the Ox. — His Zoological character —
* domesticated before the Flood . .....§

Cha:Pter II.— The British Ox. — No satisfactory description of cattle by early
writers — in the feudal times — occasional wild cattle — those of Chillingham Park
— Present cattle classed according to the size of their horns — the middle-horns
probably the original breed— they are found where the natives retreated from
their invaders — essentially the same wherever found . . • • 11

Chapter III. — The Middle-horns. — The Devons — The proper form and shape
of cattle— the Devons tried by this test— the Devon bull— the Devon cow — the
working properties of the Devon ox — his disposition to fatten — value of the cow
for the dairy— attempted crosses — the vale of Exeter— South Devon cattle —
Somersetshire cattle — pure Devons on the borders of Devon — gradual change
of character — the present cattle — The Herefords — description of them — com-
parison between them and the Devons — fattening properties — Sussex cattle —
description — comparison with Devons and Herefords — Sussex cow — "West Sus-
sex cattle — Wales — general character of the Welsh cattle — Pemrrokes —
Glamorgatts — former character of them — present breed — late improvement —
Anglesey cattle— Scotland— the "We.st Highland cattle — the Hebribes —
Description of the true Kyloe — Hebridean management — The outer Hebrides —
the tacksman— Argylesh I RE — the cattle — rearing — Cantire — the Shetland-
ers — description — management — Aberdeen— description of the cattle — the
Kintore ox — Ayrshire — present state — cMttle — opinions of their origin — their
value as dairy-cows — produce— profit — fattening properties of the Ayrshires —
management . . . . . . . . .IS

Chapter IV. — Polled Cattle. — Galloways— Description of the Galloways--
general excellence of the Galloways— comparisons between the feeding qualities
of Devons and Scots— Angus — the polled cattle — comparison between them and
the Galloways — Norfolk — the original breed horned- source of the present
breed — Suffolk — description — extraordinary instances of produce . 63

CONTENTS.

Chaptkr v.— The Irish Cattlk.— The aboriginal breed mid.llo-horns— the
Kerry Cow— the prevailing bre -d were probably the Cravens — Improvement
slower in Ireland than in England— Mr. Waller's improvements in Meath—
Lord Masserene— Lord Farnham— the Earl of Rosse— Sir H. V. Tempest . 77

Chapter VI.— The Lono-horns.— Originally from Craven— the larger and
smaller breed^arly improvers — the blacksmith of Linton — Sir Thomas Gres-
ley — Mr. "Webster— Bloxedge— Robert Bakewell— his principles— his success —
anecdotes— Twopenny — Mr. Fowler— Shakspeare — Description of D — Mr. Fow-
ler's sale— Mr. Prinsep— Description of the Improved Leicesters— strangely
rapid deterioration and disappearance of them — Derbyshire — description of
cattle— SHROPSHiRK—the old Shopshires — the present breed . . .81

Chapter VII.— The Short-horns. —Description of the old breed— Sir W. St.
Quintin — Mr. Milbank — Mr. C. Colling — history of his purchase of Hubback
— Favorite— the Durham ox — cross with the polled Galloway— Bolingbroke —
Johanna — Lady— prices fetched by Lady's progeny— sale of Mr. C. CoUiug's
stock— Mr. Charge of Newton— Mr. Mason of Chilton— Mr. G. Coates's
Short-Horn Herd-Book — history of remarkable short-horns— the milking pro-
perties of the improved short-horn undervalued— not calculated for work — cor-
rections of Berry— his two histories of Short-horns — Dutch cattle not imported
— Dobison — Bailey — Culley — law against importation — Short-horns not crossed
with white wild cattle — C. Colling not exclusive improver of Short-horns —
Colling increased the size of his cattle — Hubback had no Dutch blood— an
account of him — Galloway crosses or alloy — made by chance — R. Colling.
The improved Yorkshire cow— she unites the two qualities— quantities of
milk yielded by her — description of her — Yokkshire— ^Xorth Ridino once
occupied by black cattle alone — succeeded by the old Holderness— crossed with
the improved breed — West Ridino — Mr Mitton's Badsworth — Lincot.nshire
— the unimproved Lincolns — the present improved Lincolns — the Lincolnshire
ox ....... . . 95

Chapter VIII.— The Forkiox Breeds of Cattle.— The Alderney- quantity
and excellence of milk — fattens readily — Nagore cattle .... 138

Chapter IX. — The Structure and Diseases of the Head of the Ox. — The
skeleton — the head — shortness and breadth of forehead in the bull — fine small
head in the female — extent of frontal sinuses — inflammation of them — the horns
— their growth — treatment of fracture of them — age as indicated by the horns
— the distinguishing character of the different breeds — influence of sex— horned
Galloways — comparison between the horned and hornless cattle — The brain —
•peculiar conformation of the brain and spinal marrow — T'le ear — difference of
in different cattle — diseases of — The eye — fracture of the orbit — wounds, tumors
— The eyelids — eruptions on them— enlargement of haw — inflammation of the
eye — cataract— gutta serena — cancer — Fracture of the skull — Hydatids in the
brain— water in the head— apoplexy— inflammation of the brain — locked jaw —
epilepsy — palsy — ne\irotomy — madness . . ... 143

CONTENTS. yn

Chapter X. — The Anatomy, Uses, and Diseases, of the Nostrils anti

Mouth.— The nasal bones — sense of smelling acute — bleeding from the nose

leeches in it— polypus— coryza— glanders— farcy— The bones of the mouth— the
lips — the bars of the mouth— the pad in the upper jaw— the teeth — the age
indicated by them— the tongue— the os hyoides— gloss-anthrax or blain— thrush

in the mouih — the glands and blood-vessels of the neck — the parotid gland

barbs or paps — the soft palate — the pharynx .... 179

Chapter XI.— Anatomy ajto Diseases of the Neck and Chest.— The muscles
of the neck and chest— the crest of the bull— form and size of the neck— arteries
of the neck— bleeding— bleeding places— the milk-vein with reference to bleed-
ing— The heart— inflammation of its bag — the bone of the heart— the pulse —
the capillary vessels — inflammation — Fever — inflammatory fever— quarter-evil
— black quarter— typhus fever— The veins— varicose veins— The structure and
form of the chest — the brisket— indications of its different forms— The ribs —
proper form and direction of— the spine— the larynx— the round curled form of
the epiglottis — the windpipe— tracheotomy — the sweetbread — the bronchial
tubes — catarrh or hoose — epidemic catarrh — the malignant epidemic — murrain
-epidemic sore mouth and feet of 1840— sore throat— inflammation of the pha-
rynx— puncturing the pharynx — bronchitis — multitude of worms often found in
the air-passages— inflammation of the lungs — acute pneumonia — epidemic ditto
— pleurisy — chronic pleurisy — consumption — importance of recognizing the
peculiar cough of consumption ... . , 208

Chapter XII — The Structure and Diseases of the Gxh^let and Stomach,
— The peculiar structure of the gullet of ruminants — choking — the oesophagus-
probang— stricture of the gullet — rupture of ditto — the oesophagean canal — the
rumen or paunch — the reticulum or honeycomb — the manyplus or manifolds —
the abomasum or fourth stomach — the oesophagean canal continued — the mus-
cular pillars of its floor — they yield to a solid substance — circumstances under
which fluids pass over them into the third and fourth stomachs, or between
them into the rumen — the food macerated in the rumen — passes through all the
compartments of it — thrown into the reticulum — its honeycomb structure — the
pellet formed — forced into the oesophagean canal — re- ascends the gullet — remas-
ticated — relumed — passes along the canal into the manyplus — the leaves of the
manyplus— the fibrous parts of the food— indigestible substances in the paunch
— concretions in ditto — distension of the rumen from food— ditto from gas —
hoove — the stomach pump — the chloride of lime — loss of cud — poisons — yew —
corrosive sublimate— diseases of the reticulum — diseases of the manifolds — clew-
bound— fardel-bound— malformation of manyplus— diseases of the fourth
Btomach ... ...... 278

Chapter XIII.— The Anatomy and Diseases of the Spleen, Liver, and
Pancreas. — Anatomy and function of the spleen — inflammation of it — enlarge-
ment—The liver — inflammation of it — haimorrhage— jaundice or yellows — The
pancreas .... ... 319

wiil CONTENTS.

Chapter XIV. — The Anatomy and Diseases of the Intestines. —The duode-
num— jejunum — ileum — caecum — colon — rectum — enlargement of the mesenteric
glands — inflammation of the bowels- -wood-evil — moor-ill — diarrhoea— dysentery
— colic — strangulation — the cords or gut-tie — introsusception— inversion of the
rectum — constipation— calculi— worms— dropsy— hernia or rupture . . 329

Chapter XV. — The Urinary Organs and their Diseases.— The kidneys— red
water—black water — inflammation of the kidneys — the ureters— the bladder —
urinary calculi — stone in the kidney — ureters— bladder — urethra — rupture of the
bladder — inversion of ditto ..... 366

Chapter XVI. — Parturition. — Abortion or slinking — symptoms of pregnancy —
treatment before calving — natural labor — the ergot of rye — mechanical assist-
ance— unnatural presentation — free-martins — the Caesarian operation — embry-
otomy— inversion of the womb — rupture of ditto — protrusion of ttie bladder —
retention of the foetus — attention after calving — the cleansing — flooding —
dropping after calving — puerperal or milk fever — sore teats — garget — milk-
sickness or trembles — cow-pox ..... 382

Chapter XVII. — The Diseases and Management of Calves. — Navel-ill— cot>
Btipation — diarrhoea — hoove — castration — method of castration by torsion . 122

Chapter XVIIL— The Diseases of the Muscular System and the Extrem-
ities.—Rheumatism — swellings of the joints— ulcers about the joints— opened
joints— sprains— diseases of the feet— foul in the feet .... 428

CHAPTER XIX.— The Diseases of the Skin.— Structure of the skin— sensible
and insensible perspiration — hide-bound— mange— mad itch — lice— warbles —
angle-b«rries — warts ...... . 438

Chapter XX. — A List of the Medicines Used in the Treatment of the
Diseases of Cattle — .^thiop's mineral — aloes — alteratives — alum— ammonia
—anodynes— antimonial powder— blue vitriol— butyr of antimony— antispas-
modics— astringents — blisters — calamine — Colombo — calomel — camphor — can-
tharide^— carraways — castor oil — catechu — caustics— chalk — chamomile —
charges — chloride of lime — clysters— cordials — corrosive sublimate — croton —
diaphoretics — digitalis — diuretics — drinks — elder — emetic tartar — Epsom salts
— fomentations— gentian — ginger — Glauber's salts — Goulard's extrtict— helle-
bore, black — iodine — ipecacuanha — laudanum — linseed — linseed oil — 1 unar
eaustic — mashes — mercurial ointment — mint — myrrh — nitre — pitch — poultices
— ergot of rye — common salt — setons — spirit of nitrous ether — spirit, rectified
— sugar of lead — sulphur— tar — tonics — turpentine, common — turpentine, spirit
of — rinegar — white lead — white vitriol ... . . 447

CHAPTER I

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE OX.

The Ox belongs to the class mammalia, animals having mammae,
or teats ; the order ruminantia, ruminating, or chewing their food
a second time ; the tribe hovidoe, the ox kind ; the genus hos, the
ox, the horns occupying the crest, projecting at first sideways, and
being porous or cellular within ; and the sub-gi^nus hos taurus, or
the domestic ox.

Distinguished according to their teeth, they have eight incisors, or
cutting teeth, in the lower jaw, and none in the upper. They have
no tusks, but they have six molars, or grinding teeth, in each jaw,
and on each side.

The whole would, therefore, be represented as follows : —

The ox, incisors f, canines f, molars f-|. Total, 32 teeth.

The native country of the ox, reckoning from the time of the flood,
was the plains of Ararat, and he was a domesticated animal when he
issued from the ark. He was found wherever the sons of Noah
migrated, for he was necessary to the existence of man ; and even to
the present day, wherever man has trodden, he is found in a domes-
ticated or wild state. The earliest record we have of the ox is in the
sacred volume. Even in the antediluvian age, soon after the expul-
sion from Eden, the sheep had become the servant of man ; and it
is not improbable that the ox was subjugated at the same time. It
is recorded that Jubal, the son of Laraech, who was probably born
during the life-time of Adam, was the father of such as have cattle.

The records of profane history confirm this account of the early
domestication and acknowledged value of this animal, for it was wor-
shipped by the Egyptians, and venerated among the Indians. The
traditions of every Celtic nation enroll the cow among the earliest
productions, and represent it as a kind of divinity.

Cattle.

The parent race of the ox is said to have been much larger than
any of the present varieties. The Urus, in his wild state at least,
was an enormous and fierce animal, and ancient Iccrends have thrown
around him an air of mystery. In almost every part of the Con-
tinent, and in every district of England, skulls, evidently belonging to
cattle, have been found, far exceeding in bulk any now known.
There is a fine specimen in the British Museum : the peculiarity of
the horns will be observed, resembling smaller ones dug up in the
mines of Cornwall, preserved, in some degree, in the wild cattle of
Chillingham Park, and not quite lost in our native breeds of Devon
and East Sussex, and those of the Welsh mountains and the High-
lands. We believe that this referred more to individuals than to the
breed generally, for there is no doubt that, within the last century,
the size of the cattle has progressively increased in England, and kept
pace with the improvement of agriculture.

We will not endeavor to follow the migrations of the ox from
Western Asia, nor the change in size, and form, and value, which it
underwent, according to the difference of climate and of pasture, as
it journeyed on toward the west, for there are no records of this on
which dependence can be placed ; but we will proceed to the subject
of the present work, the British Ox.

CHAPTER II.

THE BRITISH OX.

In the earliest and most authentic account that we possess of the
British Isles, the Commentaries of Caesar, we learn that the Britons
possessed great numbers of cattle. No satisfactory description of
these cattle occurs in any ancient author ; but they, with occasional
exceptions, possessed no great bulk or beauty.

Caesar tells us that the Britons neglected tillage, and lived on milk
and flesh ; and other authors corroborate this account of the early
inhabitants of the British Islands. It was that occupation and mode
of life which suited their state of society. The island was divided
into many petty sovereignties ; no fixed property was secure ; and
that alone was valuable whicli might be hurried away at the threat-
ened approach of an invader. Many centuries after this, when,
although one sovereign seemed to reign paramount over the whole of
the kingdom, there continued to be endless contests among the feudal
barons, and still that property alone was valuable which could be
secured within the walls of the castle, or driven beyond the invader's
reach ; an immense stock of provisions was always stored up in the
various fortresses, both for the vassals and the cattle ; or it was con-
trived that the latter should be driven to the demesnes of some
friendly baron, or concealed in some inland recess.

When the government became more powerful and settled, and
property of every kind was proportionably secured, as well as more
equally divided, the plough came into use ; and agricultural produc-
tions were oftener cultivated, the reaping of which was sure after the
labor of sowing. Cattle were now comparatively neglected, and, for
Bome centuries, injuriously so. Their numbers diminished, and their
size appears to have diminished, too ; and it is only within the last
150 years that any serious and successful efforts have been made
jiaterially to improve them.

In the comparative roving and uncertain life which our earlier and
ater ancestors led, their cattle would sometimes stray and be lost.
The country was then overgrown with forests, and the beasts betook
themselves to the recesses of these woods, and became wild, and
fomeiimeb ferocipus. They, by degrees, grew so numerous, as to bo

12 CATTLE.

dangerous to the inhabitants of the neighboring districts. One of
the chronicles informs us, that many of them harbored in the forests
in the neighborhood of the metropohs. Strange stories are told of some
of them, and doubtless, when irritated, they were fierce and dangerous
enough. As, however, civilization advanced, and the forests became
thinned and contracted, these animals were seldomer seen, and at
length almost disappeared. A few of them yet remain in Chatel-
herault Park, belonging to the Duke of Hamilton, in Lanarkshire ;
and in the park of Chillingham Castle, in Northumberland, the seat
of the Earl of Tankerville.

The wild breed, from being untameable, can only be kept within
walls, or good fences ; consequently, very few of them are now to be
met with, except in the parks of some gentlemen, who keep them for
ornament, and as a curiosity. Their color is invariably white, muzzle
black ; the whole of the inside of the ear, and about one-third of the
outside, from the tips downward, red ; horns, white, with black tips,
very fine, and bent upward ; some of the bulls have a thin, upright
mane, about an inch and a half or two inches long. The weight of
the oxen is from thirty-five to forty-five stone, and the cows from
twenty-five to thirty-five stone the four quarters (fourteen pound to
the stone). The beef is finely marbled, and of excellent flavor. The
six year old oxen are generall}^ very good beef ; whence it may be
fairly supposed that, in proper situations, they would feed well.

At the first appearance of any person, they set off in full gallop,
and, at the distance of about two hundred yards, make a wheel
round, and come boldly up again in a menacing manner ; on a sud-
den they make a full stop at the distance of forty or fifty yards, look-
ing w^ildly at the object of their surprise ; but upon the least motion
they all again turn round, and fly off with equal speed, but not to
the same distance, forming a shorter circle, and again returning with
a more threatening aspect than before ; they approach probably
within thirty yards, when they again make another stand, and then
fly off ; this they do several times, shortening their distance, and
advancing nearer and nearer, till they come Avithin such a short dis-
tance that most people think it prudent to leave them.

When the cows calve, they hide their calves for a week or ten
days in some sequestered situation, and go and suckle them two or
three times a day. If any person come near the calves, they clap
their heads close to the ground, to hide tliemselves : this is a proof
of their native wildness.

The dams aHow no person to touch their calves, without attacking
them with impetuous ferocity. When any one happens to be
wounded, or is grown weak and feeble through age or sickness, the
rest of the herd set on it and gore it to death.

The breeds of cattle, as they are now found in Great Britain, are
almost as various as the soil of the different districts, or the fancie*

THE BRITISH OX.

of the breeders. They have, however, been very conveniently
classed according to the comparative size of the horns ; the long
horns, originally from Lancashire, much improved by Mr. Bakewell,
of Leicester-hire, and established through the greater part of the
midland counties ; the short horns, mostly cultivated in the northern
counties, and in Lincolnshire, and many of them found in every part
of the kingdom where the farmer attends much to his dairy, or a
large supply of milk is wanted ; and the middle horns, not derived
from a mixture of the two preceding, but a distinct and valuable
and beautiful breed, inhabiting principally the north of Devon, the east
of Sussex, Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire; and, of diminished bulk,
and with somewhat different character, the cattle of the Scottish and
the Welsh mountains. The Alderney, with her crumpled horn, is
found on the southern cost, and, in smaller numbers, in gentlemen's
parks and pleasure-grounds every where ; while the polled, or horn-
less cattle, prevail in Suffolk, and Norfolk, and in Galloway, whence
they were first derived

These, however, have been intermingled in every possible way.
They are found pure only in their native districts, or on the estates
of some cpulent and spirited individuals. Each county has its own
mongrel breed, often difficult to be described, and not always to be
traced — neglected enough, yet suited to the soil and to the climate ;
and, among little farmers, maintaining their station, in spite of at-
tempts at improvements by the intermixture or the substitution of
foreign varieties.

The character of each important variety, and the relative value of
each for breeding, grazing, the dairy, or the plough, will be consi-
dered before we inquire into the structure or general and medical
treatment of cattle. Much dispute has arisen as to the original breed
of British cattle. The battle has been stoutly fought between the
advocates of the middle and the long horns. The short horns and
the polls can have no claim ; the latter, although it has existed in
certain districts from time immemorial, was probably an accidental
variety.

We are very much disposed to adjudge the honor to the " middle
horns." The Icmg horns are evidently of Irish extraction, as in due
place we shall endeavor to show.

Britain has shared the fate of other nations, and oftener than they,
has been overrun and subjugated by invaders. As the natives re-
treated, they carried with them some portion of their property,
which, in those early times, consisted principally in cattle. They
drove along with them as many as they could, when they retired to
the fortresses of north Devon and Cornwall, or the mountainous re-
gions of Wales, or when they took refuge in the wealds of east Sus-
sex ; and there, retaining all their prejudices, customs and manners,

CATTLE.

were jealous of the preservation of that wliich reminded them of
their native country before it yielded to a foreign yoke.

In this manner was preserved the ancient breed of British cattle.
Difference of climate wrought some change, particularly in their
bulk. Th^ rich pasture of Sussex fattened the ox into its superior
size and m Aght. The plentiful, but not so luxuriant herbage of the
north of Devon, produced a smaller and more active animal, while
the privations of Wales lessened the bulk and thickened the hide of
the Welsh runt. As for Scotland, it set its invaders at defiance ; or
its inhabitants retreated for a while, and soon turned again on their
pursuers. They were proud of their country, of their cattle, their
choicest possession ; and there, too, the cattle were preserved, un-
mixed and undegenerated.

Thence it resulted, that in Devon, in Sussex, in Wales, and in
Scotland, the cattle have been the same from time immemorial;
while in all the eastern coast, and through every district of England,
the breed of cattle degenerated, or lost its original character ; it
consisted of animals brought from every neighboring and some re-
mote districts, mingled in every possible variety, yet conforming
itself to the soil and the climate.

Observations w^ill convince us that the cattle in Devonshire, Sus-
sex, Wale?, and Scotland, are essentially the same, lliey are middle
horned ; not extraordinary milkers, and remarkably f"^>- the quality
rather than the quantity of their milk ; active at work and with an
unequalled aptitude to fatten. They have all the characters of the
same breed, changed by soil, climate, and time, yet little changed by
man. We may almost trace the color, namely, the red of the Devon,
the Sussex, and the Hereford ; and where the black alone are now
found, the memory of the red prevails. Every one who has com-
pared the Devon cattle with the wild breed of Chatelherault park, or
Chillingham cas1<le, has been struck with the great resemblance ia
many points, notwithstanding the difference of color, while they bear
no likeness at all to the cattle of the neighboring country.

For these reasons we consider the middle horns to be the native
breed of Great Britain, and they shall first pass in review before us.

CHAPTER III.

THE MIDDLE HORNS.

THE DEVONS.

The north of Devon has been long celebrated for a breed of cattle
beautiful in the highest degree, and in activity at work and aptitude
to fatten unrivalled. The native country of the Devons, and where
they are found in a state of the greatest purity, extends from the
rive'r Taw westward, skirting along the Bristol Channel : the breed
becoming more mixed, and at length comparatively lost before we ar-
rive at the Parrett. Inland it extends by Barnstaple, South Molton,
and Chumleigh, as far as Tiverton, and thence to Wellington, where
again the brewed becomes unfrequent, or it is mixed before we reach
Taunton. More eastward the Somersets and the Welsh mingle with
it, or supersede it. To the south there prevails a larger variety, a cross
probably of the Devon with the Somerset ; and on the west the
Cornish cattle are found, or contaminate the breed. The Devonshire
man confines them within a narrower district, and will scarcely allow
them to be found with purity beyond his native county. From Port-
lock to Biddeford, and a little to the north and the south, is, in his
mind, the peculiar and only residence of the true Devon.

From the earliest records the breed has here remained the same ;
or if not quite as perfect as at the present moment, yet altered in no
essential point until within the last thirty years. That is not a little
surprising when it is remembered that a considerable part of this
district is not a breeding country, and that even a proportion, and
that not a small one, of Devonshire cattle, are bred out of the county.
On the borders of Somerset and Dorset, and partly in both, extend-
ing southward from Crewkern, the country assumes the form of an
extensive valley, and principally supphes the Exeter market with
calves. Those that are dropped in February and March, are kept
until May, and then sold to the drovers, who convey them to Exeter.
They are there purchased by the Devonshire farmers, who keep
them for two or three years, when they are sold to the Somersetshire
o-raziers, who fatten them for the London market ; so that a portion
of the Devons, and of the very finest of the breed,corae from Somer-
set and Dorset.

16 CATTLE

The truth is, that the Devonshire farmers were, until the last cen-
tury, not conscious that they possessed anything superior to other
breeds ; but, like agriculturists everywhere else, they bought and
bred without care or selection. It is only within the last one hundred
and fifty or sixty years that any systematic efforts have been made
to improve the breeds of cattle of the kingdom ; and we must ac
knowledge, that the Devonshire men, with all their advantages, and
with such good ground to work upon, were not the first to stir, and.
for a time, were not the most zealous when they were roused to ex
ertion. They are indebted to the nature of their soil and climate foj
the beautiful specimens which they possess of the native breed ol
our island, and they have retained this breed almost in spite of
themselves.

A spirit of emulation was at length kindled, and even the Devon?
have been materially improved, and brought to such a degree o^
perfection, that, take them all in all, they would suffer from inter-
mixture with any other bieed.

Whatever be the breed, there are certain conformations which are
mdispensable to the thriving and valuable ox or cow. When we have
a clear idea of these, we shall be able more easily to form an ac-
curate judgment of the different breeds. If there is one part of tkj
frame, the form of which, more than of any other, renders the animal
valuable, it is the chest. There must be room enough for the heart
to beat, and the lungs to play, or sufficient blood for the purposes of
nutriment and of strength will not be circulated ; nor will it thorough-
ly undergo that vital change which is essential to the proper discharge
of every function. We look, therefore, first of all to the wide and
deep girth about the heart and lungs. We must have both : the
proportion in which the one or the other may preponderate, will de-
pend on the service we requii'e from the animal ; we can excuse a
slight degree of flatness on the sides, for he will be lighter in the
forehand, and more active ; but the grazier must have width as well
as depth. Not only about the heart and lungs, but over the whole of
the ribs, must we have both length and roundness ; the hooijcd, as
well as the deep barrel is essential ; there must be room for the capa-
cious paunch, room for the materials from which the blood is to be
provided. There should be little space between the ribs and the hips.
This seems to be indispensable in the ox, as it regards a good healthy
constitution, and a propensity to fatten ; but a largeness and droop-
ing of the belly is excusable in the cow, or rather, though it diminishes
the beauty of the animal, it leaves room for the uddei ; and if it is
also accompanied by swelling milk veins, it generally indicates her
value in the dairy.

This roundness and depth of the barrel, is most advantangeous in
proportion as it is found behind the point of the elbow, more than .
between the shoulders and legs ; or low down between the legs.

THE DEVONS.

rather than upward toward the withers : for it diminishes the heaviness
before, and the comparative bulk of the coarser parts of tlie animal,
which is always a very great consideration.

The loins should be wide, for they are the prime parts ; they
should extend far along the back : and although the belly should not
hang down, the flanks should be round and deep. The hips, without
being ragged, should be large ; round rather than wide, and present
ing, when handled, plenty of muscle and fat. The thighs should be
full and long, close together when viewed from behind, or have a
good twist, and the farther down they continue close the better.
The legs short, varying like other parts according to the destina-
tion of the animal ; but decidedly short, for there is an almost inse-
parable connection between length of leg and lightness of carcass,
and shortness of leg and propensity to fatten. The bones of the
legs, and they only, being taken as a sample of the bony structure of
the frame, generally, should be small, but not too small — small enough
for the well-known accompaniment, a propensity to fatten ; but not
so small as to indicate delicacy of constitution, and liability to disease.

Last of all, the hide — the most important thing of all — thin, but
not so thin as to indicate that the animal can endure no hardship ;
movable, mellow, but not too loose, and particularly well covered
with fine long and soft hair. We shall enter more fully and satisfac-
torily into this subject in the proper place ; but this bird's-eye view
mav be useful. We return to the Devon cattle.

DEVON BULL.

18

CATTLE.

The more perfect speciraens of the Devon breed are thus distin-
guished. ' The horn of the hull ought to be neither too low nor too
high, tapering at the points, not too thick at the root, white below,
and of a yellow or waxy color at the tip. The eye should be clear,
bright, and prominent, showing much of the white, and have around
it a circle of a dark orange color. The forehead should be flat, in-
dented, and small, for, by the smallness of the forehead, the purity
of the breed is very much estimated. The cheek should be small,
and the muzzle fine : the nose must be of a clear yellow. The nos-
tril sliould be high and open : the hair curled about the head. The
neck should be thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault.

Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull does not
materially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller.
There are exceptions, however, to this rule.

WORKING DEVON OX.

The head of the ox is small, very singularly so, relatively to his
bulk ; yet it has a striking breadth of forehead, It, is clean and free
from flesh about the jaws. The eye is very prominent, and the ani-
mal has a pleasing vi\ acity of countenance, distinguishing it from
the heavy aspect of many other breeds. Its neck is long and thin,
admirably adapting it for the collar, or the more common and rudei
yoke.

It is accounted one of the characters of good cattle, that the line
of the neck from the horns to the wi.hers should scarcely deviate

THE DEVONS. )»

from that of the back. In the Devon ox, however, there is a pecu-
Har rising of the forehand, reminding us of the blood-horse, and
essentially connected with the free and quick action by which this
breed has ever been distinguished. It has little or no dewlap
depending from its throat. The horns are longer than those of the
bull, smaller, and fine even to the base, and of a lighter color, and
tipped with yellow. The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders
a little oblique ; the breast deep, and the bosom open and wide, par-
ticularly as contrasted with the fineness of the withers. The fore-
legs are wide apart, looking like pillars that have to support a great
weight. The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is
no projection of bone, but there is a kind of level line running on to
the neck.

These are characteristic and important points. Angular bony pro-
jections are never found in a beast that carries much flesh and fat.
The fineness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and
the broad and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to
fatten. A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for
workincr or trrazinsr.

With all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a pomt about him,
disliked in the blood or riding-horse, and not approved in the horse
of light draught — the legs are far under the chest, or rather the
breast projects far nnd wide before the legs. We see the advantage
of this in the beast of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a trot, ex-
cept when he is goaded on in catching times, and the division of
whose foot secures him from stumbling. The lightness of th^ other
parts of his form, however, counterbalances heaviness here.

The legs are straight, at least in the best herds. If they are in-
kneed, or crooked in the fore-legs, it argues a deficiency in blood, and
comparative incapacity for work ; and for grazing, too, for they will
be hollow behind the withers, a point for which nothing can compen-
sate, because it takes away so much from the place where good flesh
and fat should be thickly laid on, and diminishes the capacity of the
chest and the power of creating arterial and nutritious blood.

The fore-arm is particularly large and powerful. It swells out
suddenly above the knee, but is soon lost in the substance of the
shoulder. Below the knee, the bone is small to a very extraordinary
degree, indicating a seeming want of strength ; but this impression
imtiiediately ceases, for the smallness is only in front — it is only in
the bone : the leg is deep, and the sinews are far removed from the
bone, promising both strength and speed. It may perhaps be
objected that the leg is a little too long. It would be so in an ani-
mal destined only to graze ; but this is a working animal, and some
ength of leg is necessary to get him actively over the ground.

There is a very trifling fall behind the withers, but no hollowness,
and the line of the back is straight from them to the setting on of the

20 CATTLE.

tail. If tliere is any seeming fault in the beast, it is that the sides
are a little too flat. It will appear, however, that this does not in-
terfere with feeding, w^hile a deep, although somewhat flat chest ia
best adapted for speed.

The two last ribs are particularly bold and prominent, leaving
room for the stomachs and other parts concerned in digestion to be
fully developed. The hips, or buckles, are high up, and on a level
with the back, whether the beast is fat or lean. The hind quarters,
or the space from the hip to the point of the rump, are particularly
long, and well filled up — a point of importance both for grazing and
working. It leaves room for flesh in the most valuable part, and in-
dicates much })0wer behind, equally connected with strength and
speed. This is an improvement quite of modern date. The fullness
here, and the siveUing out of the thigh below, are of much more consequence
than the jyrominence of fat which is so much admired on the rump of
many prize cattle.

The setting on of the tail is high ; on a level with the back ; rarely
much elevated or depressed. This is another great point, as con-
nected with the perfection of the hind quarters. The tail itself is
long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the bottom.

The skin of the Devon, with his curly hair, is exceedingly mellow
and elastic. Graziers know that there is not a more important point
than this. When the skin can he easily raised from the hips, it shows
that there is room to set on fat below.

The skin is thin rather than thick. Its appearance of thickness
irises from the curl}^ hair with which it is covered, and curl}^ in pro-
portion'to the condition and health of the animal. 'iliese curls run
like little ripples on water. Some of these cattle have the hair
smooth, but then it should be fine and soft. Tliose with curled
hair are more hardy, and fatten more kindly. The favorite color is
a blood red. This is supposed to indicate purity of breed ; but there
are many good cattle approaching almost to a dark bay. If the
eye is clear and good, and the skin mellow, the paler colors wnll bear
hard work, and fatten as well as others ; but a beast with pale hair,
and hard under the hand, and the eye dark and dead, will be a slug-
gish worker, and an uprofitable feeder. Those of a yellow color are
said to be subject to diarrhoea, or scouring.

These are the principal points of a good Devon ox ; but he used
10 be, perhaps is yet, a little too flat-sided, and the rump narrowed
too rapidly behind the hip bones ; there was too much space between
the hip bones and the last rib ; and he was too light for tenacious
and strong soils.

A selection from the most perfect animals of the true breed — the
bone still small and the neck fine, but the brisket deep and wide, and
down to the knees, and not an atom of flatness all over the side —
these have improved the strength and bulk of the Devon ox, without

THE DEVONS.

impairing, in the slightest degree, his activity, his beauty, or his pro-
pensity to fatteL.

DEVON ox.
Commencing to Feed.

There are few things more remarkable about the Devon cattle than
the comparative smallness of the cow. The bull is a great deal lesi
than the ox, and the cow. smaller than the bull. This is some disad-
vantage, and the breeders are aware of it ; for, although it may not
be necessary to have a large bull, and especially as those of any
extraordinary size are seldom handsome in all their points, but some-
where or other present coarseness or deformity, it is almost impossi-
ble to procure large and serviceable oxen, except from a somewhat
■roomy cow. These cows, however, although small, possess that
roundness and projection of the two or three last ribs, which make
them actually more roomy than a careless examination of them would
indicate. The cow is particularly distinguished for her full, round,
clear eye, the gold-colored circle round the eye, and the same color
on the inside skin of the ear. The countenance cheerful, and the
muzzle orange or yellow. The jaws free from thickness, and the
throat from dewlap. The points of the back and the hind quarters
different from those of other breeds, having more of roundne« and
beauty, and being free from angles.

22

CATTLE.

The qualities of the Devons may be referred lo three points; their
working, fattening, and milking.

DEVON cow.

Where the ground is not too heav}^ the Devon oxen are unrivalled
at the plough. They have a quickness of action which no other
breed can equal, and verj^ few horses exceed. They have a docility
and goodness of temper, and stoutness and honesty of work, to which
many horses cannot pretend. It is a common day's work, on fallow
land, for four Devon steers to plough two acres with a double furrow
plough. Four good steers will do as much work in the field, or on
the road, as three horses, and in as quick, and often quicker time,
although farmers calculate two oxen equal to one horse. The prin-
cipal objection to Devon oxen is, that they have not sufficient strength
for tenacious, clayey soils : they will, however, exert their strength to
the utmost, and stand many a dead pull, which few horses could be
induced or foi ced to attempt. They are uniformly worked in yokes,
and no« in collars. Four oxen, or six growing steers, are the usual
team employed in the plough.

The opponents of ox-husbandry should visit the valleys of north or
-outh De\on, to see what this animal is capable of performing, and
now he performs it.

The profit derived from the use of oxen in this district arises from
the activity to which they are trained, and which is unknown in any
other part of the kingdom. During harvest time, and in catching
weather, they are sometimes tt :tted along with the empty wagons.

THE DEVONS.

at the rate of six miles an hour, a degree of speed which no other
ox but the Devon has been able to stand.

It may appear singular to the traveler, that in some of the districts
that are supposed to be the very head-quarteis of the Devon cattle,
they are seldom used for the plough. The explanation, however,
is plain enough. The demand for them among graziers is so great,
that the breeders obtain a remunerating price, for them at an
earlier age than that at which they are generally broken m for the
plough.

They are usually taken into work at about two years old, and are
worked until they are four, or five, or six ; they are then grazed, or
kept on hay, and in ten or twelve months, and without any further
trouble, are fit for the market. If the grass land is good, no corn,
or cake, or turnips, are required for the first winter ; but, of course,
for a second winter these must be added. The grazier likes this
breed best at five years old, and they will usually, when taken from
the plough, fetch as much money as at six. A t eight or nine years,
or older, they are rapidly declining in value.

After having been worked lightly on the hills for two years, they
are bought at four years old by the tillage- farmer of the vales, and
taken into hard work from four to six ; and, what deserves considera-
tion, an ox must be thus worked in order for him to attain his fullest
size. If he is kept idle until he is five or six, he will invariably be
stinted in his growth. At six he reaches his full stature, unless he is
naturally disposed to be of more than ordinary size, and then he con-
tinues to grow^ for another half year. The Devon oxen are rarely
shod, and very rarely lame.

Their next quality is their disposition to fatten, and very few rival
them here. Some very satisfactory experiments have been made on
this point. They do not, indeed, attain the great weight of some
breeds ; but, in a given time, they acquire more flesh, and with less
consumption of food, and their flesh is b^^autiful in its kind. It is
mottled, or marbled, so pleasing to the eye and to the taste.

For the dairy, the Devons must be acknowledged to be inferior to
several other breeds. The milk is good, and yields more than an
average proportion of cream and butter ; but generally it is defi-
cient in quantity. There are those, howevei-, and no mean judges,
■who deny this, and select the Devons even for the dairy.

Such is not, however, the common opinion. They are kept
principally for their other good qualities, in order to preserve the
breed ; and because, as nurses, they are indeed excellent, and the
calves thrive from their small quantity of milk more rapidly than
could possibly be expected.

This aboriginal breed of British cattle is a very valuable one,
and seems to have arrived at the highest point of perfection. It
is heavier than it was thirt' years ago, yet fully as active. It«

U CATTLE.

aptitude to fatten is increased, and its property as a milker might
be improved, without detriment to its grazing qualities.

Those points in wliicli the Devons were deficient thirty years ago,
are now fully supplied, and all tliat is now wanting, is a judicious
selection of the most perfeci of the present breed, in order to pre-
serve it in its state of greatest purity. Many of tiie breeders are as
careless as they ever were ; but the spirit of emulation is excited in
others. Mr. Davy, of North Molton, lately sold a four-year old bull,
for which the purchaser had determined to give one hundred guineas
had it been asked.

The J3evon cattle are more than usuall}^ free from disease. The
greater part of the maladies of cattle, and all those of the respira-
tory system, aie owing to injudicious exposure to cold and wet; the
heiorht and thiclness of the Devonshire fences, as affordinsr a com-
fortable shelter to the cattle, may have much to do with this exemp-
tion from disease.

The Devons have been crossed with the Guernsey breed, and the con-
sequence has been, that they have been rendered more valuable for the
daily ; but they ha\ e been so much injured for the plough, and for
the grazier, tliat the breeders are jealous to preserve the old stock in
their native purity.

The treatment of the calf is nearly the same in every district of
North Devon. The calves that are dropped at Michaelmas, and
some time afterward, are preferred to those that come in February,
notwithstanding the additional troul;le and expense during the winter.
The calf is permitted to suck three times every day for a week. It
is then used to the fingei*, and warm new milk is given it for three
weeks lonoer. For two months afterward it has plenty of warm
scalded milk, mixed with a little finely-powdered linseed-cake. Its
morning and evening meals are then gradually lessened ; and, when
it is four months old, it is quite weaned.

Of the other districts of Devonshire little need be said. Toward
the south, extending from Hartland towards Tiverton, the Devons
prevail, and in their greatest state of purity. There are more dairies
than in the north, and supplied principally b}"- the Devon cows.
Such are the differences of opinion even in neighboring districts, that
the later calves are here uniformly prefeiTed, which are longer suckled,
and afterward fed with milk and linseed-meal.

Advancing more to the south, and toward the borders of Corn-
wall, a different breed presents itself, heavier and coarser. We have
arrived now in the neighborhood of Devonpoi t, where larger cattle
are required for the service of the navy ; but we must go a little more
to the south, and enter on the tract of country which extends from
Tavistock to Newton Abbott, before we have the South Devons in
full peifection. They are a mixture of the Devons with the native
breed of the country ; and so adapted do they seem to be to the

THE DEVONS.

uoW, that all attempts to improve them, so far as grazing and fatten-
ing go, have utterly failed. They are often 14 cwt. to the four
quarters ; and steers of 2| cwt. are got with fair hay and grass to
weigh from six to nine cwt. They bear considerable resemblance to
the Herefords, and sometimes the color, and the horn, and the white
face, are so much aUke in both, that it is difficult to distinguish
between them, except that they are usually smaller than the Herefords.

There are few parts of the country in which there is such bad
management, and utter neglect of the preservation of the breed, as in
this and the most eastern part of Devon. It is not properly a grazing
district, except in the neighborhood of Tavistock ; but young cattle
are rather brought forward for after-grass or turnips elsewhere than
finished here for the market, and the method in which this is con-
ducted is not to be commended. If a calf look likely to fatten, it is
suflfered to run with the cow ten or twelve months, and then slaugh-
tered. If others, that had not before shown a disposition to thrive,
now start, they are forwarded as quickly as may be, and disposed
of ; and therefore it is that all those that are retained, and by which
the stock is to be kept up, are the very refuse of the farm. Yet
the breed is not materially deteriorated. It has found a congenial
climate, and it will flourish there in spite of neglect and injury. Th6
grand secret of breeding is to suit the breed to the soil and climate.
It is because this has not been studied, that those breeds, which
have been invaluable in certain districts, have proved altogether
profitless and unworthy of culture in others. The South Devons
are equally profitable for the grazier, the breeder, and the butcher ;
but their flesh is not so dehcate as that of the Devons. They do for
the consumption of the navy ; they will not suit fastidious appetites.

The farmers in the neigborhood of Dartmoor breed veiy few cat-
tle. Their calves are usually procured from East Devon, or even
from Somerset or Dorset. They are reared at the foot of the moors
for the use of the miners. All, however, are not consumed ; but the
steers are sold to the farmers of the South Hams, who work them as
long as they are serviceable ; they are then transferred to the graziers
from Somersetshire, or East Devon, or Dorset, by whom they are
probably driven back to their native country, and prepared for the
market of Bristol or London. A very curious peregrination this,
which great numbers of the west-country cattle experience.

As we now travel eastward, we begin to lose all distinctness of
breed. The vale of Exeter is a dairy district, and, as such, contains
all kinds of cattle, according to the fancy of the farmer. There are
a few pure Devons, more South Devons, and some Aldemeys ; but
the majority are mongrels of every description : many of them, how-
ever, are excellent cows, and such as are found scattered over Corn-
wall, West Devonshire, Somerset, and part of Dorset.

As we advance along the south and the east, to Teignmouth, Ex-
2

CATTLE.

mouth, Sidraouth, and over the hill to the fruitful vale of Iloniton.
we do not find oxen so much used in husbandry. The soil is either
a cold hard clay, or its flints would speedily destroy the feet of the
oxen. The same variety of pure Devons and South Devons, and
natives of that particular district, with intermixtures of every breed,
prevail, but the South Devons are principally seen. Some of these
cows seem to unite the opposite qualities of fattening and milkinsf.
A South Devon has been known, soon after calving, to yield more
than two pounds of butter a day ; and many of the old southern
native breed are equal to any short horns in the quantity of their
milk, and far superior to them in its quality.

The Devon cattle prevail along that part of the county of Somer-
set which borders on Devon, until we arrive in the neighborhood of
Wincaunton and Ilchester, where the pure breed is almost lost sight
of. In the north of Somerset, few of the Devons are to be seen ;
but along the coast, and even extending as far as Bristol and Bath,
the purest breed of the Devons is preferred. They are valued for
their aptitude to fatten, their quickness and honesty at work ; and
they are said to be better milkers than in their native county. They
are of a larger size, for the soil is better, and the pasturage more
luxuriant. It is on this account that the oxen bred in some parts,
and particularly in the Yale of Taunton, although essentially Devons,
are preferred to those from the greater part of Devonshire, and even
from the neighborhood of Barnstaple and South Molton. They are
better for the grazier and for the dairy ; and, if they are not quite
BO active as their progenitors, they have not lost their docility and
freeness at work, and they have gained materially in strenf^th.

The farmers in the south and south-west of Somerset are endeavor-
ing to breed that sort of cattle that Avill answer for the pail, and the
plough, and grazing — a very difficult point ; for tliose that ai-e of
the higltest proof (exhibiting those points or conformations of par-
ticular parts w^hich usually indicate a propensity to ffitten) are gene-
rally the w^orst milkers, both as to quantity and quality. This being,
however, a dairy county, as well as a grazing one, or more so, the
principal point with them is a good show for milk. They are, for
the most part, of the Devon red, and the best suited for all purposes
of any in the West of England. All that is necessary to keep them
up in size and proof, and of a good growth, is to change the bull
every two years. This is a very important, although an overlooked
and unappreciated principle of breeding, even where the stock is
most select. No bull should be longer used by the same grazier, or
some degree of deterioration will ensue.

It must, nevertheless, be confessed, that in the greater part of the
county, and where the Devons are liked best foi husbandry and for
grazing, experience has taught many farmers to select another breed
f<y the dairy.

THE DEVONS.

27

Our cuts of the tAvo Devon bulls given, are portraits of animals of
distinction ; the first characterized by great substance, and the
second by eminent fineness and style; and both are wanting in
nothing essential to the Devon bull, while they are both marked bv
great excellence.

DEVON BULL.

While our vicAvs regard the general breeding of Devons, as seen
in the practice of the mass of breeders in Devonshire, it is yet proper
to say that there are some few breeders who have carried their cattle
forward to a degree of excellence that would seem incapable of
further advancement ; and which is now so high that we may perhaps
call it perfection. In point of working form they are not deteriorated,
and yet they have all the maturity of the short horn, and are equal
to any breed in the abundance of meat on the prime parts, and in the
high quality of that meat, it being marbled and sparkling in the
highest degree.

The leading breeders are Mr. James Quartly, of Champson Mol-
land, and his brother, Mr. John Quartly, of MoUand ; Mr. Richard
Merson, of Brinsworthy ; and Mr. James Davy, of Flitton Barton, all
in Devonshire. Mr. James Quartly has been, more than any other
breeder, distinguished as a winner of prizes at the shows of the
Royal Agricultural Society of England, and the other gentlemen
named have been successful often at these shows, though as the

2S . CATTLE.

breeders of the animals shown, more than as the exhibitors. Indeed,
Mr. Merson has himself never shown, and yet has bred several ani
mals that have won in the hands of others.

The Messrs. Quartl^'s, the inheritors of an ancient stock, suc-
ceeded to the herds of tlieir father, the late Mr. Quartly, and their
uncle, the present Mr. Francis Quartly, who, from age, has declined
further breeding. Fi-om their predecessors they have obtained both
reputation and excellence in their cattle, and they are more than
maintaining the high character derived from their father and uncle.*

Mr. Merson, also, succeeded his father as a breeder, and, like his
father, ranks at the top of the profession. His cattle are remarkable
for an abundance of fine meat on the choice parts, great evenness,
very early maturity, and milking quality unsurpassed by any Devons ;
and indeed their milking capacity, as a herd, is extraordinary, many
of his cows equaling the short horns in quantity, wdiile the milk
still preserves the known superior richness of the Devon race.

Mr. Davy likewise inherits both the herd and the reputation of
his father, a distinguished breeder, and his aim has been, like Mr.
Merson's, to have animals not only of great excellence of carcass, but
of superior milking capacity.

Mr. George Turner, of Barton, near Exeter, in Devonshire, has in
the last few years entered the field of competition with these ancient
breeders, and, deriving his cattle from them, is breeding with dis-
tinction.

Of late years, Devon bullocks have appeared in the Smithfield
Club shows, and, when the numbers exhibited are considered, have
been far more successful than any other breed. At a recent show
of the Club, there were only thirteen Devons shown, and three
won prizes, and that, too, in a competition with one hundred and
seven beasts, which were mainly short horns and Herefords. Two
of these were exhibited by the Earl of Leicester, and one w^as good
enough to carry off the Gold Medal, as the best ox in the yard.
The Earl of Leicester, and his father before him, and their tenant,
Mr. Bloomfield, all of Norfolk, are well known breeders of Devons.
They have derived much of their late blood from the Messrs. Quartlys,
Mr. Merson, and Mr. Davy.

* Jt may be meutionod thai animals bred by Messrs. James and John Quartly, won
every prize for Devons save one, at the last show of the English Agricultural .Society
at Exeter, in Devonshire, July, 1850, and this was by far the best and most numeroui
■how of Devons ever made.— Ji ditor. .,

THE I'lEREFORDS.

THE HEREFORDS.

The Hereford wliite-foced breed, witli the exception of a very few
Alderney and Durham cows, liave almost exclusive possession of the
county of Hereford. The Hereford oxen are considerably larger than
the Devons. They are usiially of a darker red ; some of them are
brown, and even yellow, and a few are brindled ; but they are prin-
tipally distinguished by their white faces, throats, and bellies. In a
few the white extends to the shoulders. The old Herefords were
brown, or red-brown, with not a spot of white about them. It is
only within the last fifty or sixty years that it has been the fashion
to breed for white faces. Whatever may be thought of the change
of color, the present breed is certainly far superior to the old one.
Tlie hide is considerably thicker than that of the Devon. Compared
with the Devons, they are shorter in the leg, and also in the carcass;
higher, and broader, and heavier in the chine ; rounder and wider
across the hips, and better covered with fat ; the thigh fuller and
more muscular, and the shoulders larger and coarser.

Mr. Marshall gives the following account of them : it is tolerably
correct, but does not sufficiently distinguish them from their kindred
breed. " The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open ; the forehead
broad ; eye full and lively ; horns bright, taper, and spreading ;
head small ; chap lean ; neck long and tapering ; chest deep ; bosom
broad, and projecting forward ; shoulder-bone thin, flat, no way pro-
tuberant in bone, but full and mellow in flesh ; chest fidl ; loin
broad ; hips standing wide, and level with the chine ; quarters long,
and wide at the neck ; rump even with the level of the back, and
not drooping, nor standing high and sharp above the quarters ; tail
slender and neatly haired ; barrel round and roomy ; the carcass
throughout deep and well spread ; ribs broad, standing flat and
close on the outer surface, forming a smooth, even barrel, the hind-
most large and full of length ; round bone small, snug, not promi-
nent ; thigh clean, and regularly tapering ; legs upright and short ;
bone below the knee and hock small ; feet of middle size ; flank
large ; flesh everywhere mellow, soft, and yielding pleasantly to the
touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder, and the ribs ; hide mel-
low, supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on the neck and huckle ;
coat neatly haired, bright and silky ; color, a middle red, with a bald
face, characteristic of the true Hereford breed."

They fatten to a much greater weight than the Devons, and run
from fifty to seventy score. (A tolerable cow will average from
thirty-five to fifty score.) They are not now much used for husbandry,
though their form adapts them for the heavier work ; and they have
all thp. honesty and docility of the Devon ox, and greater strength.

a)

CATTLE.

if not his activity. The Hereford ox fattens speedily at an early age,
and it is more advantageous to the farmer, and perhaps to the coun-
try, that he should go to market a three years old, than to be kept
longer to be employed as a beast of drauglit.

They are far worse milkers than tlie Devons. This is so generally
aknowledged, that while there are many dairies of Devon cows in
various parts of the country, (none of which, however, are very
profitable to their owners,) a dairy of Herefords is rarely to be
found.

R.S&lLBEKt

HEREFORD "WORKING OX.

To compensate for this, they are kindly feeders. Their beef may
be objected to by some as being occasionally a little too large in the
bone, and the forequarters being coarse and heavy ; but the meat of
the best pieces is often very fine grained and beautifully marbled.
There are few cattle more prized in the market than the genuine
Herefords.

The Devons and the Herefords are both excellent breeds, and the
prejudices of the Devonshire and Herefordshire farmers for their
peculiar breed being set aside, a cross for the yoke or beef of the one
will often materially improve the other. The Devon w^ill acquire
bulk, and the Hereford a finer form and activity.

The Herefords are evidently an aboriginal breed, and descended
from the same stock as the Devons. If it were not for the white

THE IIEREFORDS.

31

face, and somewhat larger head and thicker neck, it would not at all
times be easy to distinguish between a heavy Devon and a light
Hereford. Their white faces may probably be traced to a cross with
their not distant relations, the Montgomeries.

The Hereford cow is apparently a very inferior animal. Not only
is she no milker, but even her form has been sacrificed by the
breeder. Herefordshire is more a rearing than a feeding county,
and therefore the farmer looks mostly to the shape and value of
his young stock ; and, in the choice of his cow, he does not value
her, or select her, or breed from her according to her milk-ing
qualities, or the price which the grazier would give for her, but
in proportion as she possesses that general form which experience
has taught him will render her likely to produce a go©d ox.
Hence the Hereford cow is comparatively small and delicate, and
some would call her ill-made. She is very light-fleshed when in
common condition, and beyond that, while she is breeding, she is
not suffered to proceed ; but when she is actually put up for fatten-
ing, she spreads out, and accumulates fat at a most extraordinary
rate.

HEREFORD FEEDING OX.

The breeder has been taught by experience, that when the
cow, although she should be somewhat roomy^ is too large and
ma^:culine, the ox will be brawny and coarse, and perhaps a little

so.

BATTLE.

sluggish at work, and even somewhat unkind and slow in the
process of fattening, and these are objections which, most of aH,
he would be unwilling to have justly made. The Hereford cow
is therefore somewhat undersized ; and it not unfrequently hap-
pens that she produces a bull-calf that grows to three times her
own weight.

t^ f HSE. SO

HEREFORD COW.

Kindly as the Hereford ox fattens, very few are grazed in their
native country : even the beasts which the home consumption requires
are principally heifers and old cows. The oxen are sold at five and
six years old, in tolerable condition, at the Michaelmas fair in Here-
ford, to the graziers of Buckinghamshire and tlie neighborhoring
counties, by whom they are principally preferred for the Londoa
market.

The fertility of the soil in Herefordshire has been very mucli over-
rated. The traveler, and the superficial observer have been misled
by the luxuriant woods and rich alluvial soil upon the banks of its
rivers. The pasture-grounds are generally poor, and the herbnge is not
nutritious, and therefore the farmer naturally confines his chief atten-
tion to his rearing-stock. The dairy has been comparatively neglected ;
for experience has proved that the breeding qualities of a cow are
materially lessened, and even her form is deteriorated, by her being
inchned to give a large quantity of milk.

SUSSEX BREED.

THE SUSSEX OX.
THE SUSSEX CATTLE.

Some of the ancient Britons sought refuge from the attacks of
their invaders, amid the fastnesses of the Weald of East Sussex.
Thither they drove, or there they found, some of the native cattle of
the country ; and, they anxiously preserved them free from all admix-
ture.

The resemblance betv^^een the Sussex and the Devon oxen is very
great. They unquestionably betray the same origin.

The Sussex ox has a small and well formed head, compared with
many other breeds, and even with the Hereford, but evidently coarser
than that of the Devon ; the horns pushing forward a httle, and
then turning upward, thin, tapering and long — not so as to confound
this breed with the long horns. The eye is full, large and mild in
the ox ; but with some degree of unquietness in the cow. The
throat clean, and the neck, compared with either the long horns or
the short ones, long and thin, yet evidently coarser than that of the
Devon.

At the shoulder is the main difference, and the principal defect in
the Sussex cattle. There is more wideness and roundness on the
withers — it is a straighter line from the summit of the withers toward
the back — there is no projecting point of the shoulder when the ani-
mal is looked at from behind, but the whole of the fore-quarter is
thickly covered with flesh, giving too much weight to the coarser
and less profitable parts. This is counterbalanced by many admira-

34 CATTLE.

ble points. If there is more weight in front, the fore legs are neces-
sarily wider apart, straighter, and more perpendicular than in the
Devon ; they are placed more mider the body rather than seeming
to be attached to the sides. The fore-arm is large and muscular, but
the legs, although coarser tlian those of the Devon, are small and
fine downwards, and particularly below the fetlock. The barrel is
round and deep — the back straight — no rising spinal processes are
to be seen, but rather a central depression ; and the line of tlie back,
if broken, is only done so by a lump of fat rising between the hips.
The belly and flank are capacious — there is room before for the
heart and lungs to prepare and circulate the blood, and there is room
behind, in the capacious belly, for the full development of all the
organs of digestion ; yet the beast is well ribbed home, the space
between the last rib and the hip-bone is often very small, and
there is no hanging heaviness of the belly or flank. The loins of
the Sussex ox are wide ; the hip-bone does not rise high, nor is it
ragged extertmlly ; but it is large and spread out, and the space
between the hips is well filled up.

The tail, which is fine and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon,
yet the rump is nearly as straight, for the deficiency is supplied by a
mass of flesh and fat swelling above. The hind quarters are cleanly
made, and if the thighs appear to be straight without, there is plenty
of fulness within.

The Sussex ox holds an intermediate place between the Devon and
Hereford, with much of the activity of the first, and the strength
of the second, and the propensity to fatten, and the beautiful, fine
grained flesh of both. Experience has shown that it possesses as
many of the good quahties of both as can be combined in one
frame.

The Sussex ox is of a deep chestnut-red — some, however, pre-
fer a blood- bay : deviation from this color indicates some stain in
the breed.

The hide of the true Sussex is soft and mellov/ ; a coarse, harsh,
thick hide denotes here, as in every other district, an ill-bred or
an unthrifty beast. The coat is short and sleek. There is seldom
found on the Sussex ox that profusion of soft and wavy, and, occa-
sionally, long hair, which, although it may have the appearance of
rouo'hness, is consistent with a mellow and vieldinoj hide, and one of
the truest indications of more than usual propensity to fatten.

The Sussex cow, hke the Hereford one, is very inferior to the ox ;
she seems to be almost another kind of animal. The breeder has
endeavored, but with comparatively little success, to give to the
heifer the same points that the ox possesses.

The Sussex cow ought to have a deep red color, the hair fine, and
the skin mellow, thin and soft ; a small head, a fine horn, thin clean
and transparent, which should run out horizontally, and afterwards

SUSSEX BkZED.

turn up at the tips ; the neck very thin and clean made ; a small leg ;
a straight top and bottom, with round and springing ribs ;. thick
chine ; loin, hips, and rump wide ; shoulder flat — but the projection
of the point of the shoulder is not liked, as the cattle subject to this
defect are usually coarse ; the legs should be rather short ; carcass
large ; the tail should be level with the rump.

"'''"^^imm&S3ii>^=im^<^^^

THE SUSSEX COW.

The Sussex cow does not answer for the dairy. Although her
milk is of very good quahty, it is so inferior in quantity to that of
the Holderness or the Suffolk, that she is Httle regarded for the
making of butter or cheese.

There is one great fault about the Sussex cows, seemingly incon-
sistent with their propensity to fatten, and which cannot be remedied.
Their countenance indicates an unquiet temper ; and they are often
restless and dissatisfied, prowling about the hedge-rows, and en-
deavoring to break pasture, and especially if they are taken from the
farm on which they were bred.

They are principally kept as breeders, all the use being made of
them at the same time as dairy cows of which circumstances will
admit. And it cannot be denied that they are generally in fair con-
dition, even while they are milking ; and that no beasts, except their
kindred, the Devons and the Herefords, will thrive so speedily after
they are dried. The secretion of milk being stopped, the Sussex
cow will fatten even quicker than the ox. It must, however, be ac-
knowledged that the Sussex cows are not perfect, even as breeders ;

CATTLE.

and that, unless a great deal of care is taken that the cow shall not
be in too good condition at the time of calving, she is subject to
puerperal fever, or " drooping ;" while many a calf is lost from the
too stimulating quality of her milk.

WALES.

To the Principality we naturally look for some trace of the
native breed of cattle, for the Welsh were never entirely subdued
by any of the early invaders. The Romans possessed merely a por-
tion of that country ; the Saxons scarcely penetrated at all into
Wales, or not beyond the county of Monmouth ; the Welsh long re-
sisted the superior power of the English under the Xorman kings ;
and it was not until late in the thirteenth century that the Principali-
ty was annexed to the crown of England. We therefore expect to
find more decided specimens of the native productions of our island :
nor are we altogether disappointed.

The principal and the most valuable portion of the cattle of Wales
are the middle horns. They are, indeed, stunted in their growth,
from the scanty food which their mountains yield, but they beai
about them, in miniature, many of the points of the Devon, Sussex,
and Hereford cattle.

THE PEMBROKE OX.

GLAMORGANSHIRL BREED. 37

THE PEMBROKE CATTLE.

Great Britain does not afford a more useful animal than the Pem-
broke cow or ox. It is black ; the great majority are entirely so ; a
few have white faces, or a little white about the tail, or the udders ;
and the horns are white. The latter turn up in a way characteris-
tic of the breed, and indeed the general form of the cattle undenia-
bly betrays their early origin. They have a peculiarly lively look
and good eye. The hair is rough, but short, and the hide is not
thick. The bones, although not small, are far from large ; and the
Pembroke cattle are very fair milkers, with a propensity to fatten.
The meat is generally beautifully marbled. They thi-ive in evei-y
situation.

THE GLAMORGANS.

The Glamorganshire fanners, of half a century ago, took great
pride in their cattle, and evinced much judgment in their breeding
and selection. There was one principle from which they never
deviated : — they admitted of no mixture of foreign blood, and they
produced the Glamorgan ox, so much admired for acti^^ty and
strength, and aptitude to fatten ; and the cow, if she did not vie
with the best milkers, yielded a good remunerating profit for the
dairyman.

They were of a dark brown color, with white bellies, and a streak
of white along the back from the shoulder to the tail. They had
clean heads, tapering from the neck and shoulders ; long white
horns, turning upward ; and a lively countenance. Their dewlaps
were small, the hair short, and the coat silky. If there was any
fault, it was that the rump, or setting on of the tail, was too high
above the level of the back to accord with the modern notions of
symmetry. Their aptitude to fatten rendered them exceedingly pro-
fitable Avhen taken from the plough at six or seven years old, and
they were brought to great perfection on the rich English pastures
— frequently weighing more than twenty scores per quarter. The
beef was beautifully veined and marbled, the inside of the animal
was well lined with tallow, and the Glamorgans commanded the
highest price both in the metropolitan and provincial market. Among
the Glamorgan-vale browns good cow-beef weighed from eight to
ten score pounds per quarter, although some weighed as much as
twelve or thhteen scores. Ox-beef is from twelve to fourteen scores
per quarter ; some, however, reached eighteen and even twenty
scores.

During the French revolutionary war, the excessive price of com
attracted the attention of the Glamorganshire farmers to the increased

38 CATTLE.

cultivation of it, and a great proportion of the best pastures were
turned over by the plough.

The natural consequence of inattention and starvation was, that
the breed greatly degenerated in its disposition to fatten, and, cer-
tainly, with many exceptions, but yet, in their general character, the
Glamorganshire cattle became and are flat-sided, sharp in the hip-
joints and shoulders, high in the rump, too long in the legs, with
thick skins, and a delicate constitution. Therefore, it must be
acknowledged at present, and perhaps it must long continue to be
the fact, that the Glamorgans, generally, are far from being what
they once were. They continue, however, to maintain their character
for stoutness and acti\'ity, and are still profitably employed in hus-
bandry work. The beef is still good, marbled, and good tasted ; and
in proportion as the value of the ox to the grazier has decreased, the
value of the cow has become enhanced for the dairy. He who is
accustomed to cattle will understand the meaning of this ; and the
kind of incompatibihty between an aptitude to fatten in a little time,
and on spare keep, and the property of yielding a more than average
quantity of milk.

GLAMORGAX OX.

This is the breed which is established in the populous districts of
Glamorgan. The Glamorgan cattle bear a close resemblance to the
Herefords in figure, although inferior to them in size ; they feed •

ANGLESEY BREEa

kindly — the flesh and fat are laid equally over them — the beef is
beautifully marbled, and they yield a more than average quantity of
milk. They are fattened to perfection at five years old, but not often
at an earlier age : and will become sufficiently bulky on the good
pastures of the vale without any artificial food.

GLAMORGAN COW.

The cut is the portrait, and gives a faithful representation of the
present improved breed of Glamorgan dairy-cattle. The average
quantity of milk given by the cow is" about sixteen quarts per day.

Although we place the cattle of North Wales as " middle-horns,'*
we confess that we are a little approaching to the next division, *' the
long-horns." There is, however, a great deal of the character of
" the middle-horns " about them, and marking theh common origin.

THE ANGLESEY CATTLE.

The Anglesey cattle are small and black, with moderate bone,
deep chest, rather too heavy shoulders, enormous dewlap, round
barrel, high and spreading haunches, the face flat, the horns long,
and, characteristic of the breed with which we will still venture to
class them, almost invariably turning upward. The hair is apparently
coarse, but the hide is mellow : they are hardy, easy to rear, and
v>^ell-disposed to fatten when transplanted to better pasture than
their native isle aff'ords.

40

CATTLE.

^^*=^ PfASE SC.

THE ANGLESEY OX.

The Angleysey cattle are principally destined for grazing. Great
numbers of them are purchased in the midland counties, and pre-
pared for metropolitan consumption ; and not a few find their way
directly to the vicinity of London, in order to be finished for the
market. In point of size, they hold an intermediate rank between
the English breeds of all kinds and the smaller varieties of Scotch
cattle ; and so they do in the facility with which they are brought
into condition. If they are longer in preparing for the market, they
pay more at last ; and, like the Scots, they thrive where an English
beast would starve.

THE WEST HIGHLANDERS. 41

SCOTLAND.

Scotland contains several distinct and valuable breeds of cattle,
evidently belonging to our present division, " The Middle Horns."

The West Highlanders, whether we regard those that are found
in the Hebrides, or the county of Argyle, seem to retain most of the
aboriginal character. They have remained unchanged, or improved
only by selection, for many generations ; indeed from the earliest
accounts that we possess of Scottish cattle.

The North Highlanders are a smaller, coarser, and in every
way inferior race, and owe the greater part of what is valuable about
them to crosses from the Western breed.

The North-Eastern Cattle were derived from, and bear a
stong resemblance to, the West Highlander, but are of considerably
larger size.

The Ayrshire Breed are second to none as milkers.

The Galloways, which scarcely a century ago were middle-
horned, and with difficulty distinguished from the West Highlanders,
are now a polled breed — increased in size, with more striking resem-
blance to their kindred, the Devons — with all their aptitude to fatten,
and with a great hardiness of constitution.

THE WEST HIGHLAND CATTLE.

The cattle of the islands on the Western coast have the honor of
being, or, at least, of retaining the character of the primitive breed,
and whence are procured the purest and best specimens to preserve
or to improve the Highland cattle in other districts.

Skirting the coast, from the promontory of Cantire to the northern
extremity of Scotland, is a range of islands — the Hebrides, about
half of them inhabited by man.

Little is known of the history of the Hebrideans, except that they
descended from the same stock with the Irish and the Highlanders ;
and, at no very remote peiiod, the inhabitant^ were singularly uncul-
tivated, ignorant, idle, and miserable.

After the union between the Eno-lish and Scottish kino-doms, and
when civilization had commenced on the mainland, the Hebrideans
began to be reclaimed, and that was chiefly manifested in, and pro-
moted by, a change of occupation. Although they did not abandon
their seafaring life, they began to be agriculturists. Their cattle,
which had been totally neglected, and their value altogether unknown,
retained their primitive character. The Hebrideans for the first time
became aware of this, and they bred them in greater numbers, and a
few of the most intelligent farmers endeavored to improve them by
selections from the best specimens of their native stock ; the result

42 CATTLE.

has been, that the breeds of some of these islands now bear the highest
price among the Highland cattle.

^mmmMxm

WEST HIGHLAND BULL OF THE ISl.ES.

In a group of islands, extending nearly two hundred miles from
north to south, there will be considerable difference in the character
and value of the breed ; but through the whole of them the striking
peculiarities of the Highland cattle are evident. The principal differ-
ence is in the size, and in that the cattle of the southernmost island,
Islay, claim the superiority. This island is sheltered by its situation
from the storms to which most of the others are exposed, and the
pasturage is better; the cattle are earlier ready for the market, and
attain a greater weight. This increase? of size would not be of advan-
tage on the northern islands, or even on the mainland — the cattle,
deprived of a portion of their hardihood, would not be proof against
the inclemency of the weather, and would starve on such scanty
forage as the Highlands in general supply. Breeders are so much
aware of this, that they endeavor to preserve the purity and value of
their stock, by selecting, not from the districts vv^here the size has
increased, but, by almost general consent, from the Isle of Skye,
where the cattle are small, but are suited to the soil and to the climate ;
and can he most easily and securely raised at the least expense ; and,
when removed to better provender, will thrive with a ra^ndity almost
incredible.

The origin of the term Kyloe is obscure, but is said to be a cor-

THE WEST HIGHLANDERS.

ruption of the Gaelic word which signifies highland, and is pronounced
as if spelled Kael.

The Highland bull, or kyloe, should be black, or pale red, the head
small, tlie eais thin, the muzzle fine, and rather turned up. He
should be broad in the face, the eyes prominent, and the countenance
calm and placid. The horns should taper finely to a point; and,
neither drooping too much, nor rising too high, should be of a waxy-
color, and widely set on at the root. The neck should be fine, par-
ticularly where it joins the head, and rising with a gentle curve from
the shoulder. The breast wide, and projecting well before the legs.
The shoulders broad at the top, and the chine so full as to leave but
little hollow behind them. The girth behind the shoulder deep ;
the back straight, wide, and flat ; the ribs broad, the space between
them and the hips small ; the belly not sinking low in the middle ;
yet, on the whole, not forming a round and barrel-like carcass. The
thigh tapering to tlie hock -joint ; the bones larger in proportion to
the size than in the breeds of the southern districts. The tail set on
a level with the back. The legs short and straight. The whole car-
cass covered with a thick, long coat of hair, and plenty of hair also
about the face and horns, and that hair not curly.

The value of the West Highland cattle consists in their being
hardy, and easily fed ; in that they will live, and sometimes thrive,
on the coarsest pastures ; that they will frequently gain from a fourth
to a third of their oi iginal weight in six months' good feeding ; that
the proportion of oftal is not greater than in the most improved
larger breeds ; that they will lay their flesh and fat equably on the
best parts ; and that, when fat, the beef is close and fine in the
grain, highly flavored, and so well mixed or marbled, that it com-
mands a superior price in every market.

Forty years ago, the treatment of cattle was, with very few excep-
tions, absurd and ruinous, to a strange degree, through the whole of
the Hebrides. With the exception of the milch cows, but not even
of the calves, they were all wintered in the field : if they were scantily
fed with hay, it was coarse, and withered, and half-rotten ; or if they
got a little straw, they were thought to be well taken care of. The
majority got httle more than sea-weed, heather, and nishes. One-
fifth of the cattle, on an average, used to perish every winter from
starvation. When the cold had been unusually severe, and the snow
had lain long on the ground, one-half of the stock has been lost, and
the remainder have afterward been thinned by the diseases which
poverty had engendered.

It proved the excellency of the breed, that, in the course of two
or three months, so many of them got again into good store-condi-
tion, and might almost be said to be half-fat, and could scarcely be
restrained by any fence : in fact, there are numerous instances of
these cattle, which had been reduced to the most dreadful state of

44 CATTLE.

impoverishment, becoming fattened for the butcher in a few months,
after being placed on some of the rich summer pastures of Islay,
Lewis, or Siiye.

The cows were housed during the winter ; the htier was never
removed from them, but fresh layers of straw were occasionally laid
down, and so the floor rose with the accumulation of dung and litter,
until the season of spreading it upon the land, Avhen it was taken
away.

The peculiarity of the climate, and the want of inclosed lands, and
the want, too, of forethought in the farmer, were the chief causes of
this wretched system of winter starvation. The rapidity of vegetation
in the latter part of the spring is astonishing in these islands. A
good pasture can scarcely be left a fortnight without growing high
and rank ; and even the unenclosed, and marshy, and heathy grounds,
are comparatively luxuriant. In consequence of this, the farmer fully
stocked, or overstocked, even this pasture. He crowded his fields
at the rate of six or eight beasts, or more, to an acre. From their
natural aptitude to fatten, they got into tolerable condition, but not
such as they might have attained. Winter, however, succeeded to
summer : no provision had been made for it, except for the cows ;
and the beasts that were not properly fed even in the summer, lan-
guished and starved in the winter.

The Hebrides, howevei-, have partaken of that improvement in
agriculture of which we shall have frequently to speak v/hen describ-
ing the different districts of Scotland. In the island of Islay, the
following is the general system of management among the better
kind of farmers, and the account will apply to the Hebrides generally,
and to Argyleshire.

The calves generally are dropped from the 1st of February to the
middle of April. All are reared ; and for three or four months are
allowed to suck three times in the day, but are not permitted to
draw any great quantity at a time. In summer, all the cattle are
pastured ; the calves are sent to their dams twice a day, and the
strippings, or last part of the milk, is taken away by the dairy-maid.
The calves are separated from their dams two or three weeks before
the cast-cows are sent to the cattle-tryst at the end of October, the
greater part of them being driven as far as the Lowland districts,
whence they gradually find their way to the central and southern
counties of England.

The calves are housed in the beginning of November, a-nd are
highly fed on hay and roots (for the raising of which the soil and
climate are admirably adapted) until the month of May. When
there is plenty of keep, the breeding cows arc housed in November,
but in general they are kept out until three or four weeks before
calving. In May the whole cattle are turned out to pasture, and, if
it is practicable, those of dififerer.t ages sre kept separate ; while, by

THE WEST HIGHBINDERS. 45

shifting the cattle, the pasture is kept as much as possible in eatable
condition, that is, neither eaten too bare, nor allowed to get too rank,
or to run into seed.

In the winter and the spring all the cattle except the breeding
cows are fed in the fields ; the grass of which is preserved from the
12 th of August to the end of October. When these in closures be-
come bare, about the end of December, a little hay is taken into the
field, with turnips or potatoes, once or twice in the day, according to
circumstances, until the middle or end of April. Few of the farmers
ha^ve these roots to give them, and the feeding of the out-lying cattle
with straw is quite abolished. If any of them, however, are very
materially out of condition, they are fed with oats in the sheaf. At
two, or three, or four years old, all except the heifers retained for
breeding are sent to market.

There is no variety of breeds of cattle in the Hebrides. They are
pure West Highlanders. Indeed, it is the belief of the Hebridean
farmer, that no other cattle will thrive on these islands, and that
the Kyloes could not possibly be improved by being crossed with any
others. He appeals to his uniform experience, and most correctly so
in the Hebiides, that attempts at crossing have only destroyed the
symmetry of the Kyloes, and rendered them more delicate, and less
suitable to the climate and the pasture.

By selection from the choicest of the stock, the West Highlander
has been materially improved. The Islay, the Isle of Skye, and
the Argylesliire beast, readily obtains a considerably higher price
than any other cattle reared in the Highlands of Scotland. Mr
M'Neil has been eminentl)^ successful in his attempts to improve the
native breed. He has often obtained £100 for three and four-year-old
bulls out of his stock ; and for one bull he received £200. He never
breeds from bulls less than three years, or more than ten years old ;
and he disapproves, and rightly in such a climate, of the system of
breeding in and in. He also adheres to that golden rule of breeding,
the careful selection of the female ; and, indeed, it is not a small sum
that would induce the Hebridean farmer to part with any of his
picked cows.

It is true that grazing has never been the principal object of the
Hebridean farmer, or has scarcely been deemed worthy of his atten-
tion.

It will be concluded from what we have said of the milking pro-
perties of the Kyloe, that the dair)'- is consideied as a matter of little
consequence in the Hebrides ; and the fai-mer rarely keeps more
milch cows than will furnish his family with milk and butter and
cheese. The Highland cow will not yield more than a third part of
the milk that is obtained from the Ayrshire one at no great distance
on the main land ; but that milk is exceedingly rich, and the b.itter
procured from it is excellent.

16

CATTLE.

Oxen are never used for the plough, or on the road, en any of the
Hebrides.

We have stated that more than 20,000 of the Hebridean cattle are
conveyed to the mainland, some of whicli find their way even to the
southernmost counties of England ; but, like the other Highland cattle,
their journey is usually slow and interrupted. Their first resting-
place is not a great way from the coast, for they are frequently win-
tered on the coarse pastures of Dumbartonshire ; and in the next
summer, after grazing aw^iile on the lower grounds, they are driven
farther south, where they are fed during the second winter on turnips
and hay. In April they are in good condition, and prepared for the
early gi-ass, on which they are finished.

Many of these small cattle are permanently arrested in their journey,
and kept on low farms to consume tlie coarse grass, which other
breeds i*efuse to eat ; these are finished off on turnips, which are given
them in the field about the end of autumn, and they are sold about
Christmas.

THE WEST HIGHLAND CuW.

In the Outer Hebrides tlie black cattle are small but well pro-
portioned, and on the tackmen's farms they are generall}'- of good
breed, and, although not heavy, very handsome. Tliey are covered
with a thick and long pile during the winter and spring ; and a
good pile is considered one of the essential qualifications of i
cow. The most common colors are black, red, brown, or brand-
ered, (that is, a mixture of red and brown in stripes — brindled )
A whitish dun color is also pretty frequently seen. The breed A

THE WEST HIGHLANDERS.

black cattle has been greatly improved of late years, by the im-
portation of bulls and cows from various parts of the Highlands.

WEST HIGHLANDERS IN ARGYLESHIRE.

The county of Argyle stretches along the western coast of Scot-
land for 115 miles, but its average breadth is little more than 30
miles. The southern part is low, and comparatively level, and the
temperature mild. The northern is rugged and mountainous, and the
chmate cold and ungenial, and there is much barren land, and little
good pasture ; but in Cantire, at the south, there is plenty of excel-
lent feed ; therefore the cattle differ materially in the northern and
southern parts. Among the mountains, the Highland breed is found
almost unmixed ; in the level country, there is the same variety and
mixture of breed which is observed in other dairy districts.

In North Argyle the West Highlanders are larger than the Hebri-
deans, and are now bred to the full size which the soil, or the best
qualities of the animal, will bear. That fundamental principle of
breeding is generally adopted here, that the size must be determined
by the soil and the food ; and that it is far more profitable to the
farmer to have the size of his breed under, than over, the produce of
his land. Both will gradually adapt themselves to the soil ; but the
small beast will become more bulky, and improve in all his points —
the large one will degenerate in form and in every good quality. There-
fore, the soil and management of Argyle being, generally speaking,
better than that of the Hebrides, it was found that a somewhat larger
animal might be admitted ; he was, however, procured, not by cross-
ing with a breed of superior size, but by careful selection from the
best of the pure breed. Experience and judgment soon discovered
when the proper point — the profitable weight — Avas gained ; and
then the farmer went back to the equally pure but smaller breed of
Skye, lest the form should be deteriorated, and the fattening should
not be so equable and true, and the meat should lose some of its
beautiful character and flavor.

There is no part of the Highlands where the soil and the climate
are better adapted to the perfection of the breed than in Argyle, or
where we oftener see the true characteristics of the best Highland
cattle — short and somewhat strong in the shank, round in the body,
straight in the back, well-haired, long in the muzzle, and with a well-
turned and rather small horn. There is no district in which the
farmer so superstitiously, and yet properly, refrains from foreign ad-
mixture. Could the two great errors of the Highland farmer be
remedied, namely, overstocking in summer and starving in winter —
there would be nothing more to desire for the grazier, except, per-

CATTLE.

THE WEST HIGHLANDERS.

haps, docility of temper ; and that will be acquired when improve*
ments in agriculture have rendered it unnecessary for the beast to
wander so tar over so wild a country, in search of food, and when he
will be earlier and more perfectly domesticated. The Highlander,
however, must be reared for the grazier alone. Every attention to
increa.se his weijj^ht, in order to make him capable of agricultural
hibor — every effort to qualify him for the dairv, will not only lessen
his hardiness of constitution and propensity to fatten, but will fail in
rendering him valuable for the purpose at which the farmer foolishly
aims. The character of the Highlander must still be, that he will
pay better for his quantity of food than any other breed, and will
fatten where any other breed would only live. This is the secret of
profitably breeding or grazing the Highland cattle.

THE WEST HIGHLAND FAT OX.

The management both of the cow and her calf depend much on
the object which the breeder principally pursues. If he studies the
character of his stock, he makes little butter and cheese, and generally
rears a calf for every cow, giving it the greater part of her milk. A
likely bull-calf is sometimes allowed the milk of two cows for a con-
siderable time, and often for six months. When the calves are
weaned, they are fed on the hills during the summer, and brought'on
the lower grounds in winter; and, if the pasture is not good, they
are occasionally fed with straw and hay. It is after the first winter
that the absurd and cruel system of overstocking and starvation com-

80

CATTLE.

meno€S. From the superiority of the soil, however, tliis is not carried
to the ruinous extent here that it is in the Hebrides, in favoj-able
situations, some farmers winter their calves in open sheds, where they

are fed with hay in the racks,
not cripple their grow^th.

This makes them hardier, and does

WEST HIGHLAND FEEDING OX.

The Argyleshire farmer is sometimes wrong in breeding from a
favorite cow too long. Although the Highlanders fatten rapidly for
a certain time, and begin early to fatten where the pastiirage will
give them opportunity, they do not thrive so "well when old. A cow,
ultimately destined for the drover, should not be permitted to breed
after six years old. She may make fair meat for home consumption,
but she will not fatten so quickly, or so truly, on all her points ;
and the drover will seldom purchase her except at a very inferior
price.

It is now also established as a principle, that the same h\\.\ should
not be used too long. The hardiness of the cattle has been thought
to be materially affected by it. The bulls are generally disposed
of at six years old, when they are in full vigor, and valuable for some
distant herd.

The Ayrshire cow has, however, nearly superseded the native
breed through the whole of Argyleshire for the purposes of the
dairy. She is promising to spread as rapidly and as widely through
the middle and northern parts of Scotland as the short- horn has done

THE WEST HIGHLANDERS.

51

along the whole of the eastern part of England. The West Highland
cattle are universally adopted for grazing farms, and the Ayrshire
nearly as generally for the dairy. Some Galloways are found in
Argyle, and particularly in the southern part of the county : but
they are not equal to the native Highlanders.

THE SHETLAND ISLANDS.

SHETLAND BULL, OR WEST HIGHLANDER OF THE SHETLAND ISLES.

The Shetland islands present a wonderful scene of rugged, black,
and barren rocks. No tree or shrub relieves these dreary scenes,
and only gray rocks appear rising from the marshes, and pools, and
shores, bounded by the wildest precipices. There are few or no arti-
ficial grasses, or green crops, or enclosures protecting these cr-ops,
and grasses could not be brought to perfection in these islands : there
is nothing but moss, heath, and sea-weed ; yet there is a breed of
horses, diminutive, but beautiful, hardy, and strong ; and the cattle
are of the same origin with the West Highlanders. They have been
diminished in size by the coldness of the climate and the scarcity of
food ; but they have not been so seriously injured by the folly of
men — they have not been domesticated to be starved outright. They
are small, gaunt, ill-shaped, so far, indeed, as their shape can be
ascertained through the long, thick hair with which they are covered,
and which forms an impenetrable defence against the snow and the

62

CATTLE.

sleet. They are rarely more than four feet high at the withers, and
sometimes scarcely more than thirty-five or forty pounds a quarter.

The Shetland cattle contrive to live on their native moors and
wastes, and some of tliem fatten there ; for a considerable and in-
creasing quantity of beef is salted in Shetland and sent to the main-
land, the quality of which is exceedingly good. When, however, the
Shetlanders are transported to the comparatively richer pastures of
the north of Scotland, they thrive with almost incredible rapidity,
and their flesh and fat, being so newly and quickly laid on, is said to
be peculiarly delicious and tender. They run to fifteen or sixteen,
or even twenty stones in weight. If they are carried still farther
south they rarely thrive ; they become sickly, and even poor, in the
midst of abundance : the change is too great, and the constitution
cannot become habituated to it.

ABERDEENSHIRE.

This extensive county breeds or grazes more cattle than any other
of Scotland, The cattle in Aberdeenshire have been calculated at
110,000. More than 20,000 are slaughtered, or sold to the grazieis,
every year.

.:^^-.;^5?. „.

ABERDEENSHIRE OX.

THE ABERDEEN BREED.

68

The character of the cattle varies with that of the country. In
the interior, and on the hills, formerly occupying the whole of that
district, and still existing in considerable numbers, is the natire un-
mixed Highland breed. This breed, however, would be out of its
place in the milder climate and more productive soil of the lower
district of Aberdeen ; another kind of cattle was therefore gradually
raised, the origin of which it is difficult to describe.

It was fi]-st attempted by judicious selections from the native
breed, and some increase of size was obtained, but not sufficient for
the pasture. The loiig-horn and the short-horn were tried ; but
either they did not amalgamate with the native breed, or a species of
cattle were produced too large for the soil. There were exceptions
to this, and one of them, the Kintore ox, we give in two stages of his
preparation for market.

He was bred bred by Lord Kintore from an Aberdeenshire cow
and a short-horn bull.

KINTORE ox. FEEDING.

This animal was a sufficient proof of what may be effected by the
cross. The introduction of steam will probably tempt many of the
northern breeders to try this first cross.

To improve the Aberdeen cattle, all the southern counties of Scot-
land were resorted to, but with doubtful success. The Fife, or
Falkland breed, possessed enough of the old cattle to bid fair to
mingle and be identified with the natives, while the bones were
smaller, the limbs cleaner, and yet short ; the carcass fairly round,
and the hips wide and they were superior in size, hardy, and docile.

84 CATTLE

and excellent at work, and good milkers. These were desirable
qualities, and particularly as mingling with the Highland breed.
Accordingly, bulls from Fife were introduced into Aberdeen, and
the progeny so answered as to be generally adopted, and become
the foundation of what is now regarded as the Aberdeenshire native
breed.

KINTORE OX, FATTED.

The horns do not taper so finely, nor stand so much upward as in
tne West Highlanders, and they are also whiter ; the hair is shorter
and thinner ; the ribs cannot be said to be flat, but the chest is
deeper in proportion to the circumference ; and the buttock and
thighs are likewise thinner. The color is usually black, but some-
times brindled : they are heavier in carcass ; they give a larger quan-
tity of milk ; but they do not attain maturity so early as the West
Highlanders, nor is their flesh quite so beautifully marbled : yet, at
a proper age, they fatten as readily as the others, not only on gocd
pasture, but on that which is somewhat inferior.

THE AYRSHIRES.

AYRSHIRE BREED.

This county extends along the eastern coast of the Firth of Clyde,
and the Nortk Channel from Renfrew to Wigtownshire, by the for-
mer of which it is bordered on the north, and by the latter on the
south, while it has Kircudbright, Dumfries, and Lanark on the
east. The climate is moist, but mild ; and the soil, with its produce,
is calculated to render it the finest dairy county in Scotland, and
equal, perhaps, to any in Great Britain. There is a great deal of
permanent pasture on the sides and tops of the hills ; but the greater
part of the arable land is pasture and crop alternately. The pasture-
ground is occupied by the beautiful dairy stock, a very small portion
of it being reserved for the fattening of cows too old to milk.

Ayrshire is divided into three districts ; — south of the river Doon
is the Bailiary of Carrick — between the Doon and the Irvine is the
Bailiary of Kyle, and north of the Irvine is Cunningham. This last
division lays principal claim to be the native country of the Ayrshire
cattle, and, indeed, they once went by the name of the Cunningham
cattle.

Mr. Alton, in his " Treatise on the Dairy Breed of Cows," thus
describes the Ayrshire cattle ; — " The shapes most approved of, are —
head small, but rather long and narrow at the muzzle ; the eye small,
but smart and lively ; the horns small, clear, crooked, and their roots
at considerable distance from each other ; neck long and slender,
tapering toward the head, with no loose skin below ; shoulders thin ;
fore-quarters light ; hind-quarters large ; hack straight, broad behind,
the joints rather loose and open ; carcass deep, and pelvis capacious,
and wide over the hips, with round fleshy buttocks ; tail long and
small ; legs small and short, with ^rm joints ; udder capacious, broad,
and square, stretching forward, and neither fleshy, low hung, nor
loose ; the milk veins large and prominent ; teats short, all pointing
6utward, and at considerable distance from each other ; skin thin and
loose ; hair soft and wooly. The head, bones, hor7is, and all parts of
least value, small ; and the general figure compact and well propor-
tioned." Mr. Rankine very properly remarks, that, *' compared with
other improved breeds, the thighs, or what is called the twist of thi
Ayrshire cow, are thin. She is, characteristically, not a fleshy
animal."

The Ayrshire farmers prefer their dairy-bulls, according to the
feminine aspect of their heads and necks ; and wish them not round
behind, but broad at the hook-bones and hips, and full in the flanks.
Experience, dearly bought, led to this, for the consequence of the
crossing of the small native breeds with the heavy cattle imported
from the south, was a bony, ill-shaped animal, not much improved as
a milker, and its disposition to fat lamentably decreased ; it may,
however, demand consideration whether the round and compact form

06

CATTLE.

of the West Highlander and the Galloway ^have not been too
much sacrificed, and even the defects of the short-l orn needlessly-
perpetuated*.

Mr. Alton says : — " The qualities of a cow are of great importance.
Tameness and docility of temper greatly enhance the value of a milch
cow. Some degree of hardiness, a sound constitution, and a mode-
rate degree of life and spirits, are qualities to be wished for in a
dairy cow, and what those of x\yrshire generally possess. The most
valuable quality which a dairy cow can possess is, that she yields
much milk, and that of an oily, or butyraceous, or caseous nature,
and that after she has yielded very large quantities of milk for several
years, she shall be as valuable for beef as any other breed of cows
known ; her fat shall be much more mixed through the whole flesh,
and she shall fatten faster than any other." This is high praise, if it
can be truly affirmed of the Ayrshire cattle; we are naturally anxious
to know the origin, the history, and the general management of this
valuable animal.

AYRSHIRE cow.

The origin of the Ayrshire cow is even at the present day a matter
of dispute ; all that is certainly known is, that a century ago there
was no such breed in Cuimingham, or Ayrshire, or Scotland. Did
the Ayrshire cattle arise entirely from a careful selection of the best
of the native breed ? — if they did, it is a circumstance unparalleled
in the history of agriculture. The native breed may be ameliorated
by careful selection ; its value may be incalculably increased — some
good quahties — some of its best qualities — may be for the first time

THE AYRSHIRE S.

57

developed ; but yet there will be some resemblance to the orioinal
stock, and the more we examine the animal, the more clearly we can
trace out the characteristic points of the ancestor, although every
one of them improved.

THE AYRSHIRE BULL.

Mr. Alton gives the following description of the Ayrshire cattle
seventy years ago : — " Tlie cows kept in the districts of Kyle and
Cunningliam were of a diminutive size, ill-fed, ill-shaped, and they
yielded but a scanty return in milk ; they were mostly of a black
color, with large stripes of white along the chine or ridge of their
backs, about the flanks, and on their faces. Their horns were high
and crooked, having deep ringlets at the root, the plainest proof that
the cattle were but scantily fed ; the chine of their backs stood up
high and narrow : their sides were lank, short and thin ; their hides
thick, and adhering to the bones ; their pile was coarse and open ;
and few of them yielded more than six or eight quarts of milk per
day, when in their best plight ; or weighed, when fat, more than from
twelve or sixteen to twenty stones avoirdupois, sinking offal." It was
impossible that these cattle, fed as they then were, could be of great
weight, well shaped, or yield much milk. Their only food in winter
and spring was oat-straw, and what they could pick up in the fields
to which they were turned out almost every day, with a mash of a
little com with chaff daily for a few weeks after cahing, and their
pasture in summer vas of the very worst quahty ; and that coarse
3*

88 CATTLE.

pasture was so overstocked, and eaten so bare, that the cattle were
half-starved.

If Mr. Alton's description of the present improved Ayrshire it)
correct, the breed is very much changed, and yet there is so much
indistinct resemblance, that a great deal of it must have been done
by careful selection, from among the native cattle, and better feeding
and treatment ; but when we look closer into the matter, the short-
ness, or rather dirainutiveness of the horns, their width of base, and
awkward setting on ; the peculiar tapering towards the muzzle ; the
narrowing at the girth ; the bellying ; and the prominences of all the
bones — these are features which it is impossible for any selection from
the native breed to give. While the judge of cattle will trace the
features of the old breed, he will suspect, what general tradition con-
firms, that it was a fortunate cross, or a succession of crosses with
some foreign stock, and that, probably, it was the Teeswater short-
horn that helped to produce the improved Cunningham cattle.

In many other districts of Scotland the attempt to introduce the
Teeswater breed, or to estabhsh a cross from it, had palpably failed,
for the soil and the climate suited only the hardihood of the High-
lander ; but here in Ayrshire was a mild chmate — a dairy country ;
the Highlander was in a manner out of his place ; he had degene-
rated, and the milking properties of the Teeswater and her capa-
bility of ultimately fattening, amalgamated with his hardihood and
disposition to fatten, and there resulted a breed, bearing the stamp of
its progenitors, and, to a very considerable degree, the good quahties
of both.

Who introduced the present breed is not very precisely ascer-
tained ; but the late Colonel Fullarton, in his account of ** The Hus-
bandry of Ayrshire," which was published in 1*793, and whose au-
thority is of considerable weight in everything relating to it, states,
that a gentleman of long experience, Mr. Bruce Campbell, asserts
that this breed was introduced by the late Earl of Marchmont. The
introduction, then, of this dairy-stock must have happened between
1724 to 1740, and so far corresponds with the traditionary account.
From wliat particular part of the country they came there appears
no evidence. The conjecture is, that they are either of the Teeswater
breed, or derived from it ; judging from the varied color, or, from
somewhat better evidence, the small head and slender neck, in which
they bear a striking resemblance to them. Some breeders, however,
have maintained that they were produced from the native cow,
crossed by the Alderney bull. It requires but one moment's inspec-
tion of the animals, to convince us that this supposition is altogether
erroneous.

These catttle, from which, by crosses with the native breed, the
present improved Ayrshire arose, were first introduced on Lord
MarchmoFt's estates in Berwickshire, and at Sornbergh in Kyle. A

THE AYRSHIRES-

bull of the new stock was sold to Mr. Hamilton of Sundrum ; then
Mr. Dunlop in Cunningham imported some of the short-horns, and
their progeny was long afterwards distinguished by the name of the
Dunlop cows. These were the first of the improved breed that
reached the bailliery of Cunningham. Mr. Orr, about the year 1*767,
brought to Kilmarnock some fine milch cows, of a larger size than any
which had been seen there. It was not, however, until about 1780
that this improved breed might be said to be duly estimated, or gene-
rally established in that part of Ayrshire ; about 1790, Mr. Fulton from
Blith carried them first into Carrick, and Mr. Wilson of Kilpatrick
first took them to the southern parts of that district. So late as
1804 they were introduced on the estate of Penmore, and they are
now the established cattle of Ayrshire : they are increasing in the
neighboring counties, and have found their way to most parts of
Britain.

The breed has much improved since Mr. Alton described it, and is
short in the leg, the neck a little thicker at the shoulder, but finely
shaped toward the head ; the horns smaller than those of the High-
lander, but clear and smooth, pointing forward, turning upward,
and tapering to a point. They are deep in the carcass, but not
round and ample, and especially not so in the loins and haunches.
Some, however, have suspected, and not without reason, that an at-
tention to the shape and beauty, and an attempt to produce fat and
sleeky cattle, which may be admired at the show, has a tendency to
improve what is only their quality as grazing cattle — and that at the
certainty of diminishing their value as milkers.

The excellency of a dairy cow is estimated by the quantity and
the quality of her milk. The quantity yielded by the Ayrshire cow
is, considering her size, very great. Five gallons daily, for two or
three months after calving, may be considered as not more than an
average quantity. Three gallons daily will be given for the next
three months, and one gallon and a half during the succeeding four
months. This would amount to more than 850 gallons ; but allow-
ing for some improductive cows, 600 gallons per year may be the
average quantity annually from each cow.

The disposal of the milk varies according to the situation of the
farm and the character of the neigborhood. If it is sold as new
milk, the produce of the cow will be £20 per annum. Others
at a distance from any considerable town, convert it into butter or
cheese.

The quality of the milk is estimated by the quantity of butter or
cheese that it will yield. Three gallons and a half of this milk will
yield about a pound and a half of butter. An A3n'shire cow, there-
fore, may be reckoned to yield 257 pounds of butter per annum.

When the calculation is formed, according to the quantity of cheese
that is usually produced, the following will be the result : — twenty-

60 CATTLE.

eight gallons of milk, with the cream, will yield 24 pounds of sweet-
milk cheese, or 514 pounds per annum.

This is certainly an extraordinary quantity of butter and cheese,
and fully establishes ihe reputatiun of the Ayrshire cow, so far as the
dairy is concerned. "^^

Mr. Aiton rates the profit of the Ayrshire cow at a higher ^'alue.
He says, " To sura up all in one sentence, I now repeat that thou-
sands of the best Scotch dairy cow>, when they are in their best
condition and well fed, yield at the rate of 1000 gallons in one year;
that, in general, from S'{- to 4 gallons of their milk will yield a pound
and a half of butter ; that 21 \ gallons of their milk will produce 21
pounds weight of full milk-cheese."

Mr. Rankine very justly m.aintains that Mr. Alton's statement is
far too high, and his cal.^ulations not well founded. " He deduces
his statement," says Mr. Rankine, " from the circumstance of some
farmers letting the milk of their cows for a year at £15 and £l7,
which, taking 30 gallons to produce 24 lbs. of cheese, and the price
being 10s., would require 1,080 gallons for each cow. But he is
not warranted in inferring that the milk from which these rents were
paid was all converted into cheese. No such rents were ever paid
for cows where a considerable portion of the milk was made into
cheese. In the vicinity of a town where the whole of the milk could
be sold for 8d. a gallon, 450 gallons would bring £15. Where the
whole of the milk could have been turned to such an account, such
rents might have been paid ; but it is erroneous to calculate the
quantity of milk given from the quantity of cheese required to enable
a rent of £15 to be paid. His first statement that COO gallons are
yielded, though far above the average of all the cows in the county,
may be too low when applied to the best selected stocks on good
land ; — but I have reason to believe that no stock of 20 cows ever
averaged 850 gallons each in the year. I have seen 9 gallons of
milk drawn from a cow in one day. I quote with confidence the
answers to queries which I sent to two individuals. One states that,
at the best of the season, the average milk from each is 4| gallons,
and in a year 650 gallons ; that in the summer season 32 gallons of
entire milk will make 24 lbs. of cheese ; and 48 gallons of skimmed
milk will produce the same quantity : and that 90 gallons will make

24 lbs. of butter. Another farmer, who keeps a stock of between
30 and 40 very superior cows, always in condition, states that the
average quantity of each is G87| gallons. Although there may be

* In some experiments conducted at the Earl of Chesterfield's dairy at Bradley-
Hall farm, it appeared that, in the height of the season, the Holderncss would yield
7 gallons and a quart ; the long horn and the Alderney, 4 gallons 3 quarts ; and the
Devon, 4 gallons 1 pint per day ; and when this was maae into butter, the result was,
from the Holderness, 38^ ounces ; from the Devon, 28 ounces ; and from the Alderney,

25 ounces. The Ayrshire yields 5 gallons pe: day, and from that is produced 3-<
©unces of butter.

THE AVRSHIRES. 61

Ayrsliire cows capable of giving 900 gallons in the year, it would be
difficult to bring ten of them together ; and in stocks, the greater
number most carefully selected and liberally fed, from 650 to 700
gallons is the very highest produce of each in the year."

Mr. Rankine, on his own farm, the soil of an inferior nature, pro-
duced about 550 gallons, and the receipts amounted to only £7 13s.
6d. per cow.

We have entered at length into this, because it is of importance to
ascertain the real value and produce of this breed of cattle.

The Ayrshire cattle are not yet sufficiently known, and cannot be
procured cheap enough, or in adequate numbers, to undergo a fair
trial in the south. Some have been tried in the London dairies. As
mere milkers, they could not compete with the long-established
metropolitan dairy cow, the short-horn. They yielded as much
milk, in proportion to size and food, but not in proportion to the
room occupied, and the increased trouble which they gave from
being more numerous, in order to supply the requisite quantity of
milk. They produced an unusual quantity of rich cream ; but there
was so much difficulty in procuring them, to keep up the stock, and
the price asked so great, that they were compartively abandoned.

The fattening properties of the Ayrshire cattle we believe to be
exaggerated. They will feed kindly and profitably, and their meat
will be good. They will fatten on farms and in districts where others
could not, except supported by artificial food. They unite, perhaps,
to a greater degree than any other breed, the supposed incompatible
properties of yielding a great deal of milk and beef. It is, however,
on the inferior soil and the moist climate of Ayrshire, and the west
of Scotland, that their superiority as milkers is most remarkable. On
their natural food of poor quality they give milk abundantly and
long, and often until within a few days of calving ; but when they
are moved to richer pasture, their constitution changes, and they con-
vert their food more into beef. In their own country, a cow of a
fleshy make, and which seldom proves a good milker, may be easily
raised to 40 or 50 stones, and bullocks of three years old are brought
to weigh from 50 to 60 stones. There is a lurking tendency to fatten
about them which good pasture will bring forth ; so that when the
Ayrshire cow is sent to England she loses her superiority as a milker,
and begins to accumulate flesh. On this account it is that the
English dealers who purchase the Ayrshire cows generally select the
coarsest animals, to avoid the consequence of the change of climate
and food. It is useless to exaggerate the qualities of any cattle, and
it cannot be denied that even in this tendency to fatten when their
milk begins to fail, or Avhich often causes it to fail, the Ayrshires
must yield to their forefathers the Highlanders, and to their neigh-
bors the Galloways, when put on a poor soil ; and they will be left
considerably behind their short-horn sires when transplanted to

CATTLB.

luxuriant pasture. It will be long, perhaps, before they will be
favorites with the butchers, for the fifth quarter will not usually
weigh well in them. Their fat is mingled with the flesh rather than
separated in the form of tallow ; yet this would give a more beautiful
appearance to the meat, and should enhance its price to the con-
sumer.

Two circumstances, however, may partially account for their not
being thought to succeed so well when grazed : they are not able to
travel so far on the same keeping as the Highland cattle ; and, from
their great value as milkers, they are often kept till they are too old
to fatten to advantage, or for their beef to be of the best quality.

CHAPTER IV.

THE POLLED CATTLE.

THE GALLOWAYS

The stewartry of Kircudbright and the shu-e of Wigton, with a part
of AjTshire and Dumfries, formed the ancient province of Galloway.
The two first counties possess much interest with us as the native
district of a breed of polled, or dodded, or humble cattle, highly
valued for its grazing properties. So late as the middle of the last
century, the greater part of the Galloway cattle were horned — they
were middle-horns : but some were polled — they were either rem-
nants of the native breed, or the characteristic of the aboriginal cat-
tle would be occasionally displayed, although many a generation had
passed.

For more than 150 years the surplus cattle of Galloway had been
sent far into England, and principally into the counties of Norfolk
and Suflfolk. The polled beasts were always favorites with the
English farmers ; they fattened as kindly as the others, they attained
a larger size, their flesh lost none of its fineness of grain, and they
exhibited no wildness and dangerous ferocity which are sometimes
serious objections to the Highland breed. Thence it happened that,
in process of time, the horned breed decreased, and was as length
quite superseded by the polled.

The agriculture of Galloway and its cattle were much advanced
by the Earl of Selkirk, and his son, Lord Daer ; and among the most
zealous and successful improvers of the breed of Galloway cattle
were the Hurrays of Broughton, the Herons of Kirrouchtrie, the
Gordons of Greenlaw, the Maxwells of Munches, and the Maitlands
in the valley of Tarfl", in Kircudbright ; and in Wigton, the Earls of
Galloway, the Maxwells of Mouneith, the McDowals of Logan, the
Cath carts of Genoch, the Hathorns of Castle- Wig, and the Stewarts
of Phygell.

The Galloway cattle are straight and broad in the back, and
nearly level from the head to the rump, are round in the ribs, and
also between the shouldera and the ribs, and the ribs and the loins,
and broftd in the loin, without any large projecting hook bones. In

64

CATTLE.

roundness of barrel and fullness of ribs they will compare with any
breed, and also in the proportion which the loins bear to the hook
bones, or protuberances of the ribs. When viewed from above, the
whole body appears beautifully rounded, like the longitudinal section
of a roller, 'rhey are long in the quarters and ribs, and deep in the
chest, but not broad in the twist. There is less space between the
hook or hip bones and the ribs than in most other breeds, a considera-
tion of much importance, for the advantage of length of carcass con-
sists in the animal being well ribbed home, or as little space as possi-
ble lost in the flank.

LEAN GALLOWAY OX.

The Galloway is short in the leg, and moderately fine in the shank
bones — the happy medium preserved in the leg, which secures har-
dihood and disposition to fatten. With the same cleanness and short-
ness of shank, there is no breed so large and mAiscular above the
knee, while there is more room for the deep, broad, and capacious
chest. He is clean, not fine and slender, but well proportioned in
the neck and chaps ; a thin and delicate neck would not correspond
with the broad shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form of the
breed. The neck of the Galloway bull is thick almost to a fault.
The head is rather heavy ; the eyes are not prominent, and the ears
are large, rough, and full of long hairs on the inside.

The Galloway is covered with a loose mellow skin of medium
thickness, which is clothed with long, soft, silky hair. The skin is

THE POLLED GALLOWAYS.

65

thinner than that of the Leicestershire, but not so fine as the hide of
the short-horn but it handles soft and kindly.

The prevailing and fashionable color is black — a few are of a dark
brindle brown, and still fewer speckled with white spots, and some
of them are of a dun or drab color. Dark colors are uniformly pre-
ferred, from the belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution.

GALLOWAY OX IN GOOD CONDITION,

The breeding of cattle has been, from time almost immemorial,
the principal object of pursuit with the Galloway farmer. The soil
and face of the country are admirably adapted for this. The soil,
although rich is dry and liealthy. There are many large tracts of
old grass land, that have not been ploughed during any one's recol-
lection, and which still maintain their superior fertility ; while the finer
pastures are thickly covered with natural white clover, and other
valuable o-ra?ses. The surface of the jrround is irreoukr, sometimes
rising into small globular hills, and at other times into abrupt banks,
and thus forming small fertile glens, and producing shelter for the
cattle in the winter and early vegetation in the spring. In the low
districts there is little frost and snow, but the climate is mild and

CATTLE.

rather moist ; and thus a languid vegetation is supported during the
winter, and pastures constantly retain their verdure.

The young cattle are chiefly bred and reared to a certain age upon
the higher districts, or upon the inferior lands in the lower grounds.
A few cows are kept in the richer soils to produce milk, butter, and
cheese for the faraihes ; but it is found more porfitable to breed and
rear the cattle upon inferior lands, an(f*afterwards to feed them upon
the finer ground and the rich old pastures. There would be no ob-
jection to this if the Galloway farmers would afford their young
stock a little shelter from the driving blasts of winter.

The regular Galloway breeders rarely sell any of their calves for
veal ; v^hicli is obtained only from those who keep cows for supply-
ing the \illagers with milk, and from the few dairy farms where
cows are kept for making cheese.

The best heifers are retained as breeders, in order to supply the
place of those whose progeny is not valuable, or who are turned oft
on account of their age. The other female calves are spayed during
the first year. The spayed heifers are usually smaller than the
bullocks, but they arrive sooner at maturity ; they fatten readily ;
their meat is considered more deHcate, and, in proportion to their
size, they sell at higher prices than the bullocks.

FAT GALLOWAY COW.

Mr. Culley says, " In Galloway they spay more heifers than per-
in all the island besides, and in this too their method is differ-

THE POLLED GALLOWAfS.

ent from any other part I am acquainted with, for they do not cas-
trate them until they are about a year old." They are now generally
spayed much earher than they used to be, but some of the breeders
adhere to the old custom.

The young cattle are rarely housed after the first winter ; they
are on their pastures day an4 night, but in cold weather, they re-
ceive hay and straw in the fields, supporting themselves otherwise on
the foggage left unconsumed after the summer grass. Many of the
farmers are beginning to learn their true interest, and the pastures
are not so much overstocked in summer as they used to be, and a
portion of herbage is left for the cattle in the winter ; therefore, al-
though the beasts are not in high condition in the spring, they have
materially increased in size, and are in a proper state to be trans-
ferred to the rich pastures of the lower district.

GALLOWAT COW.

The Galloway cows are not good milkers; but although the
quantity of the milk is not great, it is rich in quahty, and yields a
large proportion of butter. A cow that gives from twelve to sixteen
quarts per day is considered very superior, and that quantity pro-
duces more than a pound and a half of butter. The average, how-
ever, of a Galloway cow cannot be reckoned at more than six or
eight quarts per day, during the five summer months after feeding
her calf. During the next four months she does not give more than
half that quantity, and for two or three months she is dry.

It has been said that the young Galloway cattle are more exposed
than others to Redwater, particularly on grass lands wanting lime.

68

CATTLE.

Quarter Evil is also a frequent and fatal disease among these young
cattle. When the Gallownys become two years old; they will yield in
hardiness to none, and are comparatively exempt from every complaint.

It has been remarked in this, as in some other breeding districts,
that cows and heifers of good quality are to be met with everywhei-e,
but that it is difficult to find a Galloway bull fiee from defect. Too
many breeders have become careless fi-om this circumstance, 'J hey
have been contented with a bull of moderate pretensions, and the form
and value of their cattle have been depreciated ; yet not to the extent
that might be feared, for the imperfections of the she do not always
appear in the progeny, but the sterling characteristics of the Gallo-
way cattle break out again, although obscured in one generation.

A bullock well fattened will weigh from 40 to 60 stones at 3 or 3^
years old, and some have been fed to more than 100 stones imperial
weight, at 5 years old.

S>s

GALLOWAY BULL.

It has often and truly been remarked, with regard to the Galloway
cattle, that while in most other breeds of Scotland there may be
some good beasts, but mingled with others of a different and very
inferior kind, there is a uniform character, and tliat of excellence,
here ; one bullock selected at haphazard may generally be considered
a fair sample of the lot. The breeders know, from long experience.

THE POLLED GALLOWAYS

what kind of cattle will please the farmers in Norfolk, by whom they
are chiefly prepared for the London market, and to that kind they
most carefully adhere. The drover likewise becomes, by his pro-
fession, an excellent judge of cattle, which he often purchases in
large lots. He is unable to handle half of them, but long practice
has taught him to determine at a glance whether they are of equal
value and will prove good feeders.

There is, perhaps, no breed of cattle which can be more truly said
to be indigenous to the country, and incapable of improvement by
any foreign cross, than the Galloways. The short-horns almost every-
where else have improved tlie cattle of the districts to which they
have traveled ; at least in the first cross produced manifest improve-
ment ; but even in the first cross, the short-horns have done little
good in Galloway, and, as a permanent mixture, the choicest southern
bulls have manifestly failed. The intelligent Galloway breeder is
now perfectly satisfied that his stock can only be improved by adher-
ence to the pure breed, and by care in the selection.

The Galloway cattle are generally very docile. This is a most
valuable point about them in every respect. It is rare to find even
a bull furious or troublesome.

During the last fifty years a very great improvement has taken
place in the rearing and grazing of cattle in Galloway. Most of the
great landholders farm a portion of their own estates, and breed and
graze cattle, and some of them very extensively. Agricultural
societies have been established in the counties of Kirkcudbright and
VVigtott, and all the land-proprietors, and the greater part of the
tenants, have become members of them. These societies have been
enabled to grant numerous premiums for the best management and
rearing of stock, and the consequence has been very considerable
improvement in the breed of cattle, on the undeviating principle,
however, of selection and adherence to the pure breed.

COMPARATIVE FEEDING PROPERTIES OF THE SCOTS AM; uEVONS.

Francis, Duke of Bedford, in 1795, commenced a series of experi-
ments to test the feeding properties of tlie various breeds of cattle ;
and there were few breeds Avhose relative qualities and value were
not put fairly to the test at his estate of Woburn Abbey, and one
breed after another was abandoned, until at his death m 1802, he
was balancing between the D evens and Here fords.

His brothei-, who succeeded him, gave preference to the Herefords
for feeding, and the West Highlanders for grazing. He abandoned
the Devons only as not suiting the soil of Woburn.

The following are experiments made between Devons and West
Highlanders and Galloways.

70 CATTLE.

" Twenty Devons and twenty Scots were bought in October, 1822,
and wintered.

" Ten of each sort were fed in a warm straw-yard upon straw
alone, but with liberty to run out upon the moor.

" Ten were fed in a meadow, having hay twice every day until
Christmas.

** They afterwards lay in the farm-yard, and had oat-straw and
hay, cut together into chaff. They were then grazed in different
fields, equal proportions of each sort being put into the same field.

" Those that lay in the warm straw-yard with straw only, were
ready as soon as the others, although the others had an allowance of
hay during the winter.

" Sixteen of each were sold at different times ; March 24th, 1824,
being the last sale. The Scots were ready first, and disposed of be-
fore the Devons.

The Sects cost 71. 12s. lOd. each, amounting to 122/. 5s. 4d.; they sold £ s. d.
for 235Z. 18s. 6d. Gain by grazing 113 13 2

The Devons cost 71. 6s. 6d. each, amounting to 117/. 4s., and they sold
for 250/.; but not being ready, on the average, until between six and
seven weeks after the Scots, and estimating their keep at 3s. 6d. per
week each, amounting to 18/. 14s. 6d., and this being subtracted from
250/., there will remain as the sum actually obtained for them 231/. 5s.
6d. Gain 114 1 6

£

s.

d

54

14

0

44

8

3

10

5

4

10

13

8

Making a balance in favor of the Devons of 8 4

The remaining four of each breed were kept and stall-fed od
turnips and hay. The Scots sold at 7oZ., and the Devons at 84^.,
the account of which will be as follows : —

Four Devons at 7/ 6s. 6d., cost 29/. 6s.; they sold for 84/.; leaving
gain by stall-feeding

Four Scots at 71. 12s. lOc^., cost 30/. lis. 4d.; they sold for 75/.; leaving
gain by stall-feeding

Making balance in ii.vor of Devons

Or total balance, adding the above 8s. 4d. in favc r of Devons

This experiment seemed to establish the superiority of the Devons
for both grazing and for stall-feeding. But as the gain by the four
stall-fed Devons was half as much as that by the sixteen Scots at
straw-yard, it was. determined that another experiment should be
made, in which the whole should be fed alike, both at grass and in
the stall.

Twenty Scots and twenty Devons were again bought in October,
and sold at different times, but always in equal number of each at
each time, the last sale taking place in March.

The twenty Devons cost 189/. 9s.; they sold for 370/. 17s. lOd.; leaving £ s. d.

for feeding 181 8 10

The twenty Scots cost 212/. 3s.; they sold for 374/. 5s. Id.; leaving for

feeding 162 1 1

Balance in favor of the Devons iB19 9 9

THE ANGUS POLLS.

71

We condense the second experiment. Two Scots were fed on
English hnseed cakes ; two Devons on unboiled linseed ; two others
on boiled linseed, and another pair of Devons on foreign, all of them
having as much hay and chaff as they could eat. It was a losing
concern in every case ; the value of the manure was not equal to the
difference of the cost and the selling prices, and strange as it may
appear, the greatest loss was sustained when the beasts were fed on
oil cake, the next when foreign cake was used, the next Avhen boiled
linseed was used, and the least of all when the simple unboiled lin-
seed was given.

ANGUS POLLED CATTLE.

There have always been some polled cattle in Angus ; the country
people call them humlies or clodded cattle. Their origin is so remote,
that no account of their introduction into this country can be obtained
from the oldest farmers or breeders. The attention of some enter-
prising agriculturists appears to have been first directed to them
about sixty years ago, and particularly on the eastern coast, and on
the borders of Kincardineshire. Some of the first qualities which
seem to have attracted the attention of these breeders were the pecu-
liar quietness and docility of the doddies, the easiness with which
they were managed, the few losses that were incurred from theu- in-
juring each other in their stalls, and the power of disposing of a
greater number of them in the same space.

72

CATTLb:.

ANGUS OX, FEEDING.

A few experiments upon them developed another valuable quality
. — their natural fitness for stall-feeding, and the rapidity with which
they fattened. This brought them into much repute.

They have much of the Galloway form, and by those unaccustomed
to cattle would be often mistaken for the Galloways. A good judge,
however, would perceive that they are larger, somewhat longer ia
the leg, thinner in the shoulder, and flatter in the side.

Climate and management have caused another difference between
the Angus doddies and the Galloways. The Galloways have a
moist climate ; they have a more robust appearance, a much thicker
skin, and a rougher coat of hair than the Angus oxen. The Angus
cattle are regularly kept in straw-yards during six months of the
year, receiving turnips with their fodder every day, and in summer
are grazed on dry and warm pastures. By this mode of treatment
they look and feel more kindly than the Galloways.

The greater part of them are black, or with a few white spots.
The next general color is yellow, comprehending the brindled, dark
red, and silver-colored yellow. They are a valuable breed, and have
rapidly gained ground on the horned cattle, and become far more
numerous, particularly in the Lowlands ; and when the agriculturist
now speaka of the Angus breed, he refers to the polled species.

THE ANGUS POLLS

ANGUS cow, FAT.

The quantity of milk yielded by the dairy cows is various. In the
hilly districts from two to three gallons are given per day, but that
is veiy rich. In the lowlands the cows will give five gallons during
the best of the season. The cows of this district were formerly
regarded as some of the best dairy-cows in Scotland, but since the
breed has been more improved, and greater attention paid to the
fattening qualities, they have fallen off in their character for the pail.
About half of the milk is consumed at home, the rest is made intc
butter and cheese. The butter, as is generally the case in this part
of Scotland, is good, but the cheese poor and ill-flavored. No oxen
are used on the road, and few for the plough.

The Angus polled cattle, hke many other breeds, are exceedingly
valuable in their own climate and on their own soil, but they do not
answer the expectations of their purchasers when driven south.
They yielded a good remunerating price, but they are not quite equal
to their ancestors the Galloways in quickness of feeding, or fineness
of grain. They attain a larger size, but do not pay the grazier or
butcher so well.

T4

CATTLE.

NORFOLK POLLED CATTLE.

Until the beginning of the last century, and for some years afier>
•ward, the native breed of Norfolk belonged to the middle-horns.
They have, however, been almost superseded by a polled breed.

From a very early period, a great part of the Galloway cattle
were prepared for the Smithfield market on the pastures of Norfolk
and Suffolk. Some of the Galloways, accidentally, or selec:ed on
account of their superior form and quality, remained in Norfolk ; and
the farmer attempted to neutrahze and to rear in his own county a
breed of cattle so highly valued in the London market. To a cer-
tain degree he succeeded ; and thus the polled cattle gradually gained
upon the horned, and became so much more numerous and profitable
than the old sort, that they began to be regarded as the peculiar
and native breed of the county.

NORFOLK COW.

They retain much of the general form of their ancestors, the Gal-
loways, but not all their excellencies. They have been enlarged but
not improved by a southern climate and a richer soil. They are
usually red ; some, however, are black, or either of these colors
mixed with white, with a characteristic golden circle about the eye.
They are taller than the Gallow^ays, but thinner in the chine, flatter
m the ribs, longer in the legs, somewhat better milkers, of greater
weight when fattened, bu.^. not fattening so kindly, and the meat no*
quite equal in quality.

THE POLLED SUFFOLK.

t5

SUFFOLK.

The Suffolk Dun used to be celebrated in almost every part of the
kino-dora, on account of the extraordinary quantity of milk that she
yielded. The dun color is now, however, rarely seen in Suffolk, and
rejected as an almost certain indication of inferiority. The breed
is polled.

The Suffolk, like the Norfolk beast, undoubtedly sprung from the
Galloway ; but it is shorter in the leg, broader and rounder than the
Norfolk, with a greater propensity to fatten, and reaching to greater
weights.

SUFFOT.K COW.

The prevailing and best colors are red, red and white, brindled,
and a yellowish cream color. The bull is valued if he is of a pure
unmingled red color.

Exaggerated accounts have been given of the milking of the Suf-
folk cow, and she is not inferior to any other breed in the quantity
of milk that she yields. In the height of the season some of these
cows will give as much as 8 gallons of milk in the day ; and 6 gal-
lons is not an unusual quantity. The produce of butter, however, is
not in proportion to the quantity of milk.

The bulls are rarely suffered to .!ve after they are three yeaia

76

CATTLE.

old, however excellent they may be, for the farmer believes that if
they are kept longer tliey do not get a stock equally good, and par-
ticularly that their calv^^s are not so large after that period. Nothing
can be more erroneous or mischievous. A bull is never in finer con-
dition than from four to seven years old.

Having obtained by accident, or by exertion, a good breed of
j»ilkers, the Suffolk people have preserved them almost by mere
chance, and without any of the care and attention which their value
demanded.

SUFFOLK BULL.

The Suffolk cow, poor and angular as slie may look, fattens with
a rapidity greater than could be expected from her gaunt appear-
ance. Whence she obtained the faculty of yielding so much milk, is
a question that no one has yet solved. Her progenitor, the Galloway,
has it not. The Holderness could scarcely be concerned ; for more
than a hundred years ago, the Suffolk dun was as celebrated as a
milker as the breed of this county is at present, and the Holderness
had not then been introduced into the county of Suffolk. The fat-
tening property derived from the northern breed is yet but little
impaired. The cow is easily fattened to forty or five-and-forty stones,
(500 to 600 lbs.) and the quality of her meat is excellent.

CHAPTER V.

THE IRISH CATTLE.

Before we enter on tlie consideration of the two remaining breeds
of English cattle, the long and the short-horns, we will take a very-
rapid glance at the Irish cattle.

They are evidently composed of two distinct breeds ; the middle
and the long-horns.

The middle-horns are plainly an aboriginal breed. They are found
on the mountains and rude parts of the country, in almost every
district. They are small, light, active, and wild. The head is small,
although there are exceptions to this in various parts ; and so
numerous, indeed, are those exceptions, that some describe the native
Irish cattle as having thick heads and necks ; the horns are short
compared with the other breed, all of them fine, some of them rather
upright, and frequently, after projecting forward, then turning back-
ward. Although somewhat deficient in the hind-quarters, they are
high-boned, and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally is not
heavy. The hair is coarse and long ; they are black, brindled, and
black or brindled, with white faces. Some are finer in the bone,
and finer in the neck, with a good eye, and sharp muzzle, and great
activity.

They are exceedingly hardy ; they live through the winter, and
sometimes fatten on their native mountains and moors; and when
removed to a better climate and soil, they fatten with all the rapidity
of the aboi-iginal cattle of the Highlands and Wales. They are gene-
rally very good milkers, and many of them are excellent. The cow
of Kerry, a portrait of which is here presented, is a favorable specimen
of them.

The cow of Kerry is truly a poor man's cow, living everywhere
hardy, yielding, for her size, abundance of milk of a good quality, and
fattening rapidly when required. The slightest inspection of the
cut will convince the reader of the difference between this breed
and both the larger and the smaller long-horned Irish one.

These cattle usually are small, and are confined to the hilly and
moor grounds. Some are of considerable size, elsewhere, and are
imprcved in form as well as in weight. The horns, usually of middle

70

CATTLE.

length, turn up ; as do the horns of
they are shorter in the leof shorter in
haunches are heavy and wide ; although
mellow, and they thrive with rapidity.

those on the mountains ;

the body ; their loins and
the hair is thick, the hide is

KERRY cow.

This breed is now not to be met with pure, exept inland on the
mountains ; being nearly worn out elsewhere by the repeated crosses
with the Leicester, Hereford, and Devon ; but for the dairy, all
the farmers still prefer those cows with most of the native Irish
blood.

The other breed is of a larger size. It is the old or the partially
improved Craven or Lancashire beast. It is the true long-horn ; the
horns first taking a direction outward, then forming a curve, and
returning towards the face, sometimes threatening to pferce the bones
of the nose, at other times so to cross before the muzzle that the
animal is unable to graze.

The following cut represents this large variety of Irish cattle', and
is evidently identical with the Craven or Lancashire. In Tipperary,
Limerick, Meath, a great part of Munster, and particularly in Ros-
common, many of these cattle are found, which are most valuable
animals.

I.aSH LUNG HORNa

79

Whence tb ^e long-horns criginally came, is a question. There is
no doubt that they very much resemble the English long-horns, and
have been materially improved by them ; but whether Ireland or
England was the native country of this breed, will never be deter-
mined. Ancient records are silent on the subject ; and in both
countries we can trace the long-horns to a very remote period.
Many persons have concluded that the English long-horns sprunor
from some of the imported Irish ones. Others, however, with more
reason, finding the middle-horns in every mountainous and unfre-
quented part of the country, and the long-homs inhabiting the lower
and more thickly inhabited districts, regard the middle-horns as the
pure native breed, and the long-horns to have been a stranger race,
and introduced probably from Lancashire, where a breed of cattld
of the same character and form is found.

IRISH CATTLE.

However this may be, there was a variety of circumstances which
rendered the march of improvement much more rapid in England
than in Ireland. While the British long-horns had materially im-
proved, those in Ireland had not progressed in the slightest degree.

More than a century ago, zealous agriculturists in Meath com-

80 BATTLE.

menced improvement. Mr. Waller introduced some old Lancashires.
Sixty years afterwards, was brought over one of the new Leicester
breed, and there was scarcely a cottager near him that did not
possess a cow displaying some traces of the Leicester blood. The
Earl of Bective and Mr. Noble contributed to the improvement of
the breed in this part of Ireland.

About the same time, Lord Massarene and others introduced some
line long-horned cattle into Antrim ; and Lord Farnham into Ca-
van. In Langford, the Earl of Rosse ; in Clare, Sir Edward O'Brien,
Mr. Doxon, Mr. Moloney, and Mr. Blood. In Roscommon, the
Messrs. Finch ; and indeed almost every county and barony of Ire-
land had its zealous and successful improver of the native breed,
until, in the richei and more cultivated districts, the cattle became of
as great a size and as perfect form as any of the midland districts of
England.

There are at the present two kinds of these cattle in Ireland, in
character essentially difierent ; the larger, which we have described,
and a smaller, prevailing principally in the north of the island. At
first view, perhaps, these would appear to be the same cattle, only
smaller from poor keep and bad management ; but their horns, long
out of all proportion, clumsy heads, hirge bones and thick hides,
bulkiness of dewlap contrasted with their lightness of carcass, in fine,
an accumulation of defects about them, clearly mark them as being
of far inferior value.

In process of time, the Enghsh long-horns, although of the im-
proved Bakewell breed, began to lose ground even in their native
country ; or rather a rival with higher merits appeared in the field.
The short-horns began to attract the attention of the breeder ; and
their propensity to fatten, and earlier maturity, soon became evident.
There were not wanting spirited agriculturists in Ireland, who quick-
ly availed themselves of this new mode of improving the Hibernian
cattle. Sir Henry Vane Tempest was one of the first who introduced
the short-horn bull. The improvement effected by the first cross
was immediately evidei t in the early maturity of the progeny. The
pure short-horn, or this cross with the long-horn, weighed as much
at three years old as the pure long-horn used to do at five. But the
first experiment in a great degree failed.

The reputation of the short-horn, however, becoming more spread
in England, other attempts were made to introduce him into Ireland,
and the experiments were more systematically conducted. And
great improvement has been effected in the Irish cattle of late
years, by the importation of the Durham breed. They have dis-
placed a cross of the long-horn Leicester on the Irish cow, and the
farmers of the country now prefer a cross of the Durham bull on the
Irish cow, to the pure breed, as being less delicate, and giving a
richer and greater quantity of milk.

CHAPTER VI.

THE LONG-HORNS.

In the district of Craven, a fertile corner of the West Riding ol
Yorkshire, there has been, from the earhest records of British agri-
culture, a pecuhar and valuable breed of cattle. They were distin-
guished from the hom. ^-breds of other counties by a disproportionate
and frequently unbecoming length of horn. In the old breed this
horn frequently projected nearly horizontally on either side, but as
the cattle were improved the horn assumed other directions ; it hung
down so that the animal could scarcely graze, or it curved so as to
threaten to meet before the muzzle, and so also as to prevent the
beast from grazing ; or immediately under the jaw, and so to lock the
lower jaw ; or the points presented themselves agtmist the bones of
the nose and face, threatening to perforate them. In proportion as
the breed became improved, the horns lengthened, and they are
characteristically distinguished by the name of " The Long-Horns.'*
Cattle of a similar description were found in the districts of Lanca-
shire bordering on Craven, and also in the south-eastern parts of
Westmoreland ; but tradition in both of these districts pointed to
Craven as the orio^inal habitation of the lonor-horn breed. If there
gradually arose any difference between them, it was that the Craven
beasts were the broadest in the chine, the shortest, the handsomest,
and the quickest feeders ; the Lancashire ones were larger, longer in
the quarters, but with a fall behind the shoulders, and not so level
on the chine.

Whence these cattle were derived was and still is a disputed point.

The long horns seem to have first appeared in Craven, and
gradually to have spread along the western coast, and to have occu-
pied almost exclusively the midland counties.

There are two distinct breeds ; the smaller Cravens inhabiting the
mountains and moorlands, hardy, useful, valued by the cottager and
little farmer on account of the cheapness with which they are kept,
the superior quantity and excellent quality of the milk which they
yield, and the aptitude with which they fatten when removed to
better pasture. The larger Cravens, occupying a more level and
richer pasture, arc fair milliers, aHhough in proportion to their size
4*

32

CATTLE.

not equal to the others ; but possess a tendency to fatten and acquire
extraordinary bulk, scarcely inferior to that of short-horns.

As either of these found their way to other districts, they mingled
to a greater or less degree with the native cattle, or they felt the
influence of change of climate and soil, and gradually adapted them-
selves to their new situation ; and each assumed a peculiarity of form
whicli characterized it as belonging to a certain district, and rendered
it valuable and almost perfect there. The Cheshire, the Derbyshire,
the Nottinghamshire, the Staffordshire, the Oxfordshire, and the
Wiltshire cattle were all essentially long-horns, but each had its dis-
tinguishing feature, which seemed best to fit it for its situation, and
the purposes for which it was bred. Having assumed a decided
character, vaiying only with peculiar local circumstances, the old
long-horns, like the Devons, the Herefords, and the Scotch, continued
nearly the same. There is no authentic detail of their distinguishing
points. From hmts given by old Avi-iters, we may conclude that some
of them at least were characterized by their roundness and length of
••-arcass, coarseness of bone, thickness and yet mellowness of hide, and
he rich quahty although not abundant quantity of theu- milk.

OLD GRAVEN LOXG-IIORX BULL.

THE LONG-HORNS.

Here were evident materials for some skillful breeder to work upon ;
a connection of excellencies and defects by no means inseparable. That
which was good might be rendered more valuable, and the alloy-
might be easily thrown off. It was not, however, until about the
year 1720 that any agriculturist possessed sufficient science and
spirit to attempt improvement in good earnest. A blacksmith and
farrier, of Linton, in Derbyshire, on ihe very borders of Leicestershire,
who rented a little farm, has the honor of standing first on the list.
His name was Welby. He had a valuable breed of cows, which,
came from Drakelow house, a seat of Sir Thomas Gresley, on the
banks of the Trent, about a mile from Burton. He prided himself
much in them, and they deserved the care which he took in improving
them and keeping the breed pure ; but a disease, which defied all
remedial measures, carried off the greater part of them, thus half
ruining Welby, and putting a stop to his speculations.

Soon after this Mr. Webster, of Canley, near Coventry, distinguiBhed
himself as a breeder. He too worked upon Sir Thomas Gresley's
stock, some of whose cows he brought with him when he first settled
at Canley. He procured bulk from Lancashu-e and Westmoreland,
and is said to have had the best «;tock of cattle then known. One of
his admirers says that *' he possessed the best stock, especially of
beace, that ever were, or ever will be bred in the kingdom." This is
high praise, and is evidence of the excellent quaUty of Mr. Webster's
breed.

It is much to be regretted that we have such meagre accounts of
the proceedings of the early improvers of cattle. Little more is
known of Mr. Webster than that he established the Canley breed,
some portion of whose blood flowed in every • improved long-horn
beast.

The bull, Bloxedge, (the Hubback of the long-horns,) indebted to
accident for the discovery of his value, was out of a three-year old
heifer of Mr. Webster's, by a Lancashire bull, belonging to a neigh-
bor. When a yearling, he was so unpromising that he was discarded
and sold to a person of the name of Bloxedge, (hence the name of
the beast,) but turning out a remarkably good stock-getter, Mr.
W^ebster re-purchased him, and used him for several seasons.

Now appeared the chief improver of the long-horns, to whom
his cotemporaries and posterity have adjudged the merit of creating
as it were a new breed of cattle. It is a diso-race to the acfiiculture
of the times that Bakewell should have been suffered to pass away
without some authentic record of the principles that guided him, and
the means by which his objects were accomplished.

The only memoir we have of Robert Bakewell is a fugitive paper
in the Gentleman's Magazine, from which every writer has borrowed.
Robert Bakewell was born at Dishley, in Leicestershire, about 1725.
Having remarked that domestic animals in general produced others

64 CATTLE.

possessing qualities nearly similar to their cwn, he conceived that he
had only to select from the most valuable breeds such as promised
to return the greatest possible emolument, and that he should then
be able, by careful attention to progressive improvement, to produce
a breed whence he could derive a maximum of advantage. He
made excursions into different parts of England, in order to inspect
the different breeds, and to select those that were best adapted to his
purpose, and the most valuable of their kind ; and his residence and
his early liabits disposed him to give the preference to the long-horn
cattle.

We have no account of the precise principles which guided him
in the various selections which he made ; but Mr. Marshall, who says
that he ** was repeatedly favored with opportunities of making ample
observations on Mr. Bakewell's practice, and with liberal communica-
tions from him on all rural subjects," gives us some clue. He speaks
ojt the general principles of breeding, and when he does this in con-
nection with the name of Bakewell, we shall not be very wrong in
concluding that these were the principles by which that great agri-
culturist was influenced.

" The most general principle is beauty of form. It is observable,
however, that this principle was more closely attended to at the out-
set of improvement (under an idea, in some degree falsely grounded,
that the beauty of form and utility are inseparable) than at present,
when men, who have long been conversant in practice, make a dis-
tinction between a " useful sort " and a sort which is merely " hand-
some."

" The next principle attended to is a proportion of parts, or what
may be called utility of form, in distinction from beauty of form ;
thus the parts which are deemed offal, or which bear an inferior
price at market, should be small in proportion to the better parts.

** A third principle of improvement is the texture of the muscular
parts, or what is termed flesh, a quality of live stock which, familiar
as it may long have been to the butcher and the consumer, had not
been sufficiently attended to by breeders, whatever it might have
been by graziers. This principle involved the fact that the grain of
the meat depended wholly on the breed, and not, as had been before
considered, on the size of the animal. But the principle which
engrossed the greatest share of attention, and which, above all others,
is entitled to the grazier's attention, is fattening quality, or a natural
propensity to acquire a state cf fatness at an early age, when in
full keep, and in a short space of time ; a quality which is clearly
found to be hereditary."

Therefore, in Bakewell's opinion, everything depended on breed ;
and the beauty and utility of the form, the quality of the flesh, and
the propensity to fatness, were, in the offspring, the natural conse-
quence of similar quahties in the parents. His whole attention W5»i

THE LEICESTER LONG-HORNS

centered in these four points ; and he never forgot that they -were
compatible with each other, and might be occasionally found united
in the same individual.

Improvement had hitherto been attempted by selecting females
from the native stock of the country, and crossing them with males
of an alien breed. Mr. Bakewell's good sense led him to imagine
that the object might better be accomplished by uniting the superior
branches of the same breed, than by any mixture of foreign ones.

On this new and judicious principle he started. He purchased
two long-horn heifers from Mr. Webster, and he procured a promis-
ing long-horn bull from Westmoreland. To these, and their progeny,
he confined himself ; couphng them as he thought he could best in-
crease or establish some excellent point, or speedily remove a faulty
one.

As his stock increased, he was enabled to avoid the injurious
and enervating consequence of breeding too closely "in and in."
The breed was the same, but he could interpose a remove or two
between the members of the same family. He could preserve all
the excellences of the breed, without the danger of deterioration;
and the rapidity of the improvement which he effected was only
equaled by its extent.

Many years did not pass before his stock was unrivaled for the
roundness of its form, and the smallness of its bone, and its aptitude
to acquire external fat ; while they were small consumers of food in
proportion to their size ; but, at the same time, their qualities as
milkers were very considerably lessened. The grazier could not too
highly value the Dishley, or new Leicester long-horn, but the dairy-
man, and the little farmer, clung to the old breed, as most useful
for their purpose.

It was his grand maxim, that the bones of an animal intended for
food could not be too small, and that the fat, being the most valua-
ble part of the carcass, could, consequently, not be too abundant. In
pursuance of this leading theory, by inducing a preternatural small-
ness of bone, and rotundity of carcass, he sought to cover the bones
of all his animals, externally, with masses of fat. Thus, the entirely
new Leicester breed, from their excessive tendency to fatten, produce
too small a quantity of eatable meat, and that, too, necessarily of in-
ferior flavor and quality. They are in general found defective in
weight, proportionably to their bulk, and, if not thoroughly fattened,
their flesh is crude and without flavor ; while, if they be so, their
carcasses produce little else but fat, a very considerable part of
which must be sold at an inferior price, to make candles instead of
food, not to forget the very great waste that must ever attend the
consumption of over-fattened meat.

This great and sagacious improver, very justly disgusted at the
iight of those huge, gaunt, leggy, and misshapen animals with which

as CATTLE.

his ricinity abounded, and which scarcely any length of time or
quantity of food would thoroughly fatten, determined upon raising a
more sightly and a more profitable breed ; yet, rather unfortunately,
his zeal impelled him to the opposite extreme. Having carefully,
and at much cost, raised a variety of cattle, the chief merit of which
is to make fat, he has apparently laid his disciples and successors
under the necessity of substituting another that will make lean.

Mr. Bakewell had many prejudices opposed to him, and many
difficulties to surmount, and it is not therefore to be wondered at if
he was more than once involved in considerable embarrassment ; but
he hved to see the perfect success of his undertaking.

He died when verging on his seventieth year. His countenance
bespoke activity and a high degree of benevolence. His manners
were frank and pleasing, and well calculated to maintain the exten-
sive popularity he had acquired. His hospitality to strangers was
bounded only by his means.

Many anecdotes are related of his humanity towards the various
tribes of animals under his management. He would not suffer the
slightest act of cruelty to be perpetrated by any of his servants, and
he sternly deprecated the barbarities practised by butchers and dro-
vers ; showing, by examples on his own farm, the most pleasing in-
stances of docility in every animal.

Mr. Bakewell's celebrated bull Twopenny was the produce of the
Westmoreland bull, out of old Comely, one of the two heifers pur-
chased from Mr. Webster ; therefore he was, by the side of his dam,
a direct descendant of the Canley blood.

Mr. Bakewell had afterwards a more valuable bull than this,
named D. He retained him principally for his own use, except that
he was let for part of a season to Mr. Fowler, and that a few cows
were brought to him .it five guineas a cow. He was got by a son
of Twopenny, out of a daughter and sister of the same bull, she be-
ing the produce of his own dam.

Starting a few years afterwards, and rivaling Mr Bakewell in the
value of his cattle, was Mr. Fowler of Rollwright, in Oxfordshire.
His cows were of the Canley breed ; most of them having been pur-
chased from Mr. Bakewell ; and his bull Shakspeare, the best stock-
getter that the long-horn breed ever possessed, was got by D, out of
a daughter of Twopenny, and therefore of pure Canley blood.

Mr. Marshall gives the following description of this bull, and very
interesting and instructive it is. It is a beautiful explication of
some of the grand principles of breeding. " This bull is a striking
specimen of what naturalists term accidental varieties. Though bred
in the manner that has been mentioned, he scarcely inherits a single
point of the long-horned breed, his horns excepted. In 1784, then
six years old, and somewhat below his usual condition, though hy
BO means low in flesh, he was of this description.

THE LEICESTER LONG-HORNS. S7

" His head, chap and neck remarkably fine and clean ; his chest
extraordinarily deep — his brisket down to his knees. His chine thin,
and rising above the shoulder-blades, leaving a hollow on each side
behind them. His loin, of course, narrow at the chine ; but remark-
ably wide at the hips, which protuberate in a singular manner. His
quarters long in reality, but in appearance short, occasioned by a
singular formation of the rump. At first sight it appears as if the
tail, which stands forward, had been severed, one of the vertebrae
extracted, and the tail forced up to make good the joint ; an appear-
ance, which, on examining, is occasioned by some remarkable
wreaths of fat formed round the setting on of the tail ; a circum-
stance which in a picture would be a deformity, but as a point is
in the highest estimation. The round bones snug, but the thighs
rather full and remarbably let down. The legs short and their
bone fine. The carcass, throughout, (the chine excepted) large,
roomy, deep, and well spread.

" His horns apart, he had every point of a Holderness or a Tees-
water bull. Could his horns have been changed, he would have
passed in Yorkshire as an ordinary bull of either of those breeds.
His two ends would have been thought tolerably good, but his
middle very deficient ; but being put to cows deficient where he
was full, (the lower part of the thigh excepted,) and full where he
was deficient, he has raised the long-horned breed to a degree of
perfection which, without so extraordinary a prodigy, they never
might have reached."

No wonder that a form so uncommon should strike the improv-
ers of this breed of stock, or that points they had been so long
striving in vain to produce should be rated at a high price. His
owner was the first to estimate his worth, and could never be in-
duced to part with him except to Mr. Princep, who hired him for
two seasons, at the then unusual price of eighty guineas a season.
He covered until he was ten years old, but then became paralytic
and useless.

At a public sale of Mr. Fowler's cattle, 1791, the following prices
were given for some of the favorite beasts — a suflScient proof ot
the estimation in which the improved Leicesters were then held :

Bulls. — Garrick, five years old, £250 ; Sultan, two years old, £230 ;
Washington, two years old, £215 ; A, by Garrick, one year old,
£157; Young Sultan, one year old, .-£210; E by Garrick, one
year old, £152.

Cows. — Brindled Beauty, by Shakspeare, £273 ; Sister to,Gamck,
£120 ; Nell, bv Garrick, £136 ; Young Nell, by brother of Garrick,
£126 ; Black Heifer, £141 ; Dam of Washington, £l94. Fifty breed
of cattle produced £4,289 45. Qd.

Another improver of the long-horns was Mr. Princep of Croxall, in
Derbyshire. He was supposed at that time to have the best dau-y

CATTLE

of long-horn cows in the whole of the midland counties. He origi-
nally bred them from a cow of the name of Bright, who was got by
Mr. Webster's Bloxedge, the father of the Canley blood, and he much
improved his breed through the medium of Shakspeare. It was
remarked, that every cow and heifer of the Shakspeare blood could
be recognized at first sight as a descendant of his.

What was the result of all these combined efforts ? Was a breed
produced worthy of the talents and zeal of all these skillful agricul-
turists ? On the Leicestershire cattle, and in particular districts in
the neighboring counties, the change was great and advantageous, so
far as the grazing and fattening, and especially the early maturity of
the animals, were concerned.

z,^p^'

NEW LEICESTER LONG-HORN BULL

What is now become of this improved long-horn breed ? Where
is it to be found ? It was a bold and a successful experiment. It
seemed for a while to answer the most sanguine expectation of these
scientific and spirited breeders. In the districts in which the experi-
ments were carried on, it established a breed of cattle equaled by
few, and excelled by none but the Herefords. It enabled the long-
horns to contend, and often successfully, with the heaviest and best

THE LEICESTER LONG- HORNS.

of the middle-horns. It did more ; it improved, and that to a
material degree, the whole breed of long-horns. The Lancashire, the
Derbyshire, the Staffordshire cattle became, and still are, an improved
race ; they got rid of a portion of their coarse bone. They began to
gain their flesh and fat on the more profitable points, they acquii-ed a
somewhat earlier maturity, and, the process of improvement not being
carried too far, the very dairy-cattle obtained a disposition to convert
their ahment into milk while milk was wanted, and, after that, to use
the same nutriment for the accumulation of flesh and fat. The mid-
land counties will always have occasion to associate a feeling of
respect and gratitude with the name of Bakewell.

NEW LEICESTER LOXG-HORN COW.

Mr. Marshall thus describes the improved Leicesters in his own
time, which was that of Bakewell, Princep, and Fowler.

" The forend long ; but light to a degree of elegance. The neck
thin, the chap clean, the head fine, but long and tapering.

" The eye large, bright and prominent.

" The horns vary with the sex, &c. Those of bulls are compara-
tively short, from fifteen inches to two feet ; those of the few oxen that
have been reared of this breed are extremely large, being from two
and a half to three and a half feet long ; those of the cows nearly as
long, but muck finer, tapering to delicately fine points. Most of them

90 CATTLE.

hang downward by the side of the cheeks, and then, if well turned,
as many of the cows are, shoot forward at the points.

" The shoulders remarkably fine and thin, in bone ; but thickly
covered with flesh — not the smallest protuberance of bone.

" The girth small, compai-ed with the short-horn and middle-horn
breeds.

** The chine remarkably full when fat, but hollow when low in con-
dition."

This is considered by accurate judges to be a criterion of good
mellow flesh. The large hard ligaments, (the continuation of the
ligaments of the neck, united with those of the vertebrae of the spine
itself,) which in some individuals, when in low condition, stretch
tightly along the chine, from the setting on of the neck to the fore
part of the loins, is said to be a mark of the flesh being of a bad
quality. They are only proofs of great strength in the spine, and,
probably, in the animal generally ; and indicating that the meat will
be sinewy and tough.

" The loin broad, and the hip remarkably wide and protuberant."

A wide loin, with projections of fat on the hips, may be desirable ;
but there can be neither beauty nor use in the protuberance of the
tuberosities of the bone. A full hip may be of advantage, but
scarcely a protuberant one.

" The quarters long and level ; the nache of a middle width, and
the tail set on variously, even in individuals of the highest repute.

** The round-hones small, but tlie thighs in general fleshy ; tapering,
however, when in the best form toward the gambrels.

" The legs small and clean, but comparatively long. The feH in
general neat, and of the middle size.

** The carcass as nearly a cylinder as the natural form will allow.
The rihs standing out full from the spine. The belly small.

** The Jlesh seldom fails of being of the first quality.

*' The hide of a middle thickness.

** The color various ; the brindle, the finch-back, and the pye, are
common. The lighter, the better they are esteemed.

*' The fattening quality of this improved breed, in a state of ma-
turity, is indisputably good.

" As grazier s stock, they undoubtedly rank high. The principle
of the utilitTj of form has been strictly attended to. The bone and
offal are small, and the forend light ; while the chine, the loin, the
rump and the ribs are heavily loaded, and with flesh of the finest
quality. In point of early maturity, they have also materially
gained. In general, they have gained a year in preparation for the
butcher ; and although perhaps not weighing so heavy as they did
before, the little diminution of weight is abundantly compensated, by
the superior excellence of the meat, its earlier readiness and the
smaller quantity of food consumed.

THE LEICESTER LONG-HORNS.

»1

** As dairy -stocTc, it does not admit of doubt that their milking quali-
ties have been very much impaired.

*' As beasts of draught, their general form renders them unfit; yet
many of them are suflBciently powerful, and they are more active
than some other breeds used for the plough, or on the road ; but
the horns generally form an insuperable objection to this use of
them."

THE LONG-HORX FEEDING OX.

But what is become of Bakewell's improved long-horn breed ? A
veil of myster}^ was thrown over most of his proceedings, which not
even his friend Mr. Marshall was disposed to raise. The principle
on which he seemed to act, breeding so completely " in and in" was
a novel, a bold, and a successful one. Some of the cattle to which
we have referred were very extraordinary illustrations, not only of
the harmle isness, but the manifest advantage of such a system ; but
he had a large stock on which to work ; and no one knew his occa-
sional deviations from this rule, nor his skillful interpositions of remoter
aflBnities, when he saw or apprehended danger.

The truth of the matter is, that the master spirits of that day had
no sooner disappeared, than the character of this breed began imper-
ceptibly to change. It had acquired a delicacy of constitution, in-
consistent with common management and keep ; and it beo-an slowly,
but undeniably, to deteriorate. Many of them had been bred to that

92

CATTLE.

degree of refinement, that the propagation (<f the species was not
always certain.

In addition to this, a powerful rival appeared in the field, the
short-horns of the Tees. They presented equal aptitude to fatten,
and greater bulk and earlier maturity.

"Westmoreland was the native land of the long-horns. Webster
brought thence the father of the Canley stock ; and Bakewell sought
the father of liis breed there : bat even in Westmoreland the short-
horns appeared ; they spread ; they established themselves ; in a man-
ner superseded the long-horas. They found their way to southern
districts ; they mingled with the native breeds ; a cross from them
generally bestowed increase of milk, aptitude to fatten, and early
maturity. It is true, that a frequent recourse to the short-horn was
generally necessary in order to retain these advantages, but these
advantages were bestowed, and might be retained, except in a few
districts, and for some particular purposes. Thus they gradually
established themselves everywhere ; they were the grazing cattle of
the large farmer and the gentleman, and another variety of them
occupied the dairy. The benefits conferred by the improved long-
horns remained, but the bi eed itself gradually diminished ; in some
places it almost disappeared ; and at the present moment, and even
in Leicestershire, the short-horns are fast driving the long-horns from

the field.

DERBYSHIRE.

DERBY cow.

THE DERBY BREEl

The preceding cut is a faithful portrait of one of the best of them.
The horns are altogether characteristic.

The Derbyshire cows were originally long-horns ; and although of
a somewhat inferior breed, they were very useful animals, and espe-
cially in the dairies of this county, the cheese of which has -long been
admired. What cross gave them their peculiar character, and espe-
cially their singular horns, it is now impossible to determine. The
head was frequently thick and heavy, the chops and neck foul, the
bone too large, the hide heavy, and the hair long ; even the bag was
often overgrown and covered with hair — a circumstance very objec-
tionable to the dairyman ; they were little disposed to take on flesh
and fat, yet they were excellent dairy cows.

DEKBY BULL.

This cut gives a faitliful representation of the old Derby bull.
This breed, however, has gradually died away, and it is comparatively
seldom that a pure Derby can now be met witJi. The short-horns
have taken possession of this portion of the territory of the long-horns
also, and there are few dairy farmers now, and especially in the
neighborhood of Derby, that have any long horns in their dairies ;
and yet it is confidently asserted that some cows of the ancient
stock have yielded as much as seventeen pounds of butter in a
week.

04

CATTLE.

THE SHROPSHIRE CATTLE.

The old Shropshire cattle, with a cut of one of which we are
enabled to present our readers, was of a long-horn hardy kind — of
all colors, but generally brown mixed with bay and white, and with
a streak t>f white running along the back and under the belly. They
were raw-boned, cow-legged, and far from being handsome. They
were, however, good milkers and fit for the dairy.

THE OLD SnUOFSIIlRfc: OX.

Very few of the old sort are now left, but a cross between the
Shropshire and the Holderness has been established, by which in-
crease of size has been obtained, hardihood, and a greater quantity
of milk. They are very docile ; and when red or spotted they are
in great request : the spotted are accounted the most valuable.

CHAPTER VII.

THE SHORT-HOKNS.

This account of the Short-Horns is by the Rev. Henry Berry,
than whom there were few more zealous breeders of cattle.

It must be admitted that the short-horns present themselves to
notice under circumstances of peculiar interest. Possessing in an
eminent degree qualities which have generally been considered in-
compatible, and attractive to the eye by their splendid frames and
beautifully varied colors, it is not surprising that they have become
objects of pubhc curiosity ; that they have reahzed for their breeders
enormous sums ; and that, in our own island, and in every foreign
country where agriculture is attended to, they are in increasing de-
mand.

It might tend to throw much light on the science of breeding,
could these animals be traced, in their improvement, to an earlier
period than has been found possible.

From the earliest periods as to which we have any accounts of our
breeds of cattle, the counties of Durham and York have been cele-
brated for their short-horas, but principally, in the first instance, on
account of their reputation as extraordinary milkers,* It may be
asserted, on the best evidence, that, as a breed, they have never in
this particular been equaled. They were generally of large size,
thin-skinned, sleek-haired, bad handlers, rather delicate in constitu-
tion, coarse in the offal, and strikingly defective in girth in the fore-
quarters. As milkers, they were most excellent ; but when put to
fatten, were found slow feeders ; producing an inferior meat, not
marbled or mixed fat and lean, and in some cases the lean was found
of a particularly dark hue.

A period of more than one hundred years has now elapsed since
the short-horns, on the banks of the river Tees, hence called the
Teeswater breed, had assumed a very different character to the fore-

* Before this a large and valuable description of cattle had existed on the western
coast of the continent of Europe, and extending from Denmark to the confines of
France. They were celebrated for the great quantities of milk which they yielded,
and some of them exhibited an extraordinary aptitude to fatten. At what particular
time they found their way to England, or by whom they were imported, is unknown]
hut there is a tradition that, towards the close of the seventeenth century, a bull and
tome 00W8 were introduced into Holdemess. — Yovait.

96 CATTLE.

going description. In color, they resembled the short-horns of the
present day, being occasionally red, red and white, and roan, though
the last not then so prevalent 'as now. They possessed a fine mellow
skin and flesh, good hair, and light ofFal, particularly wide carcasses,
and fore-quarters of extraordinary depth and capacity. When
slaughtered, their proof was extraordinary, and many instances are
"recorded of the wonderful weight of their inside fat.

AN OLD STYLE TEESWATER BULL.

The remarkable merit which existed in the Teeswater may,
with propriety, be ascribed to a spirit of improvement which had
some time manifested itself among the breeders on the banks of the
Tees, whose laudable efforts were well seconded by the very superior
laid in the vicinity of that river. No doubt can be entertained that
they proceeded on a judicious system of crossing with other breeds,
because it was utterly impossible to raise such a stock as the Tees-
water from pure short-horn blood. One cross to which they referred
was, in all probability, the white wild breed ; and if this conjectuie
be well-founded, it will be apparent whence the short-horns derived
a color so prevalent among them.

It is also asserted that, about the period in question. Sir William
St. Quintin, of Scampston, imported bulls and cows from Holland,
which were crossed mi\ the stock of the country. It would tend tc

THE SHORT-HORNS 97

little advantage to conjecture as to what other breeds were resorted
to, if any : this much is certain, that great improvement was soon
manifested, and a valuable variety established, as the two following
instances will prove.

Mr. Milbank, of Barmingham, bred and slaughtered an ox, which,
at five years old, weighed four quarters, one hundred and fifty
stones, (2114 lbs.) of fourteen pounds to the stone, producing six-
teen stones of tallow ; and a cow bred from his stock, slaughtered
by Mr. Sharter, of Chilton, at twelve years old, weighed upwards of
one hundred and ten stones. (1540 lbs.)

From Mr. Milbank's time, the Teeswater cattle continued to sus-
tain their excellence and celebrity in various hands, until Mr. Charles
Colling adopted them.

Whatever had been the merits of the Teeswater cattle, it is cer-
tain Mr. Colling greatly improved them ; and though it has been
asserted that his success was the result of chance, arising from the
possession of an animal, with the merits of which he was at one pe^
riod unacquainted, the writer of this article is of opinion that Mr.
Colling's success resulted from a deliberate and well-considered plan.
He found the Teeswater, like all other extravagantly large cattle,
frequently of loose make and disproportion. He was sensible, also,
of the difficulty of breeding, with anything like certainty, large good
animals ; and though he has declined on all occasions to throw any
light on his views and proceedings, the writer thinks he can detect,
in the very outset, and through the progress of his practice, a reso-
lution to reduce the size of this breed, and at the same time, and by
that means, to improv^e its form. This he is supposed to have eflfected,
in the first instance, through the medium of a bull, called JEfubback,
an animal respecting which there has been much controversy, princi-
pally touching the purity of his blood, a question now of little im-
portance, because it is admitted on all hands that Mr. Colling
adopted another cross, which prevails in a majority of superior short-
horns of the present day. It may, notwithstanding, be matter of
interest to state a few particulars respecting this bull.

Without entering on an inquiry by what circumstances Hubback's
title to be considered of pure blood is supported or weakened, it may
suffice to observe, that it appears probable he possessed on one side
the imported blood. Tlie possessor of his dam was a person in in-
digent circumstances, and grazed his cow in the highways. When
afterwards she was removed to good land, near Darlington, she be-
came so fat that she did not again breed ; and her son, having the
same feeding propensity in a high degree, was useful as a bull during
a very short period. The quality of his flesh, hide, and hair are
supposed to have been seldom equaled ; and as he was smaller than
We Teeswater cattle, he was eminently calculated to forward Mr.

CATTLE.

Ceiling's views. There are no superior short-horns which do not
claim descent nearly, or remotely, from Hubback.*

After the use of this bull, Mr. Charles Colling proceeded with
success to produce superior animals ; and the number of bulls he
disposed of by letting was highly encouraging. But the circum-
stance Avhich brought the short-horns into most extensive notice was
the production of the Durham Ox, an animal Avhich speaks volumes
in favor of this blood. The ox was the produce of a cow which had
been put to Favorite. At five years old, the Durham ox was sold
to Mr. Bulmer, of Harmby, near Bedale, for public exhibition, for
140/. in February, 1801. He was at that time computed to weigh
168 stones, of 14 lb., (2352 lbs.), his live weight being 216 stones,
(3024 lbs.) and this extraordinary weight did not arise from his su-
perior size, but from the excessive ripeness of his points. Mr. Bul-
mer traveled with him five weeks, and then sold him and his car-
riage, at Rotherham, to Mr. John Day, on the 14th May, 1801, for
250/. On the 14th of May, Mr. Day could have sold him for 525/.
On the 13th of June, for 1000/. On the 8th of July, for 2000/.

Mr. Day traveled with him nearly six years, through England and
Scotland, till at Oxford, on the 19th February, 1807, the ox dis-
located his hip-bone, and continued in that state till the 15th April,
when he was obhged to be slaughtered, and, notwithstanding he
must have lost considerably in weight, during these eight weeks of
illness, his carcass weighed — Four quarters, 165 stones 12 lbs. (2322

* This is true, because Hubback was the sire of the dam of Mr. Charles Colling'r
bull, Foljambe, who was the grandsire of Favorite ; and there has not been for many
years any superior short-honi not descended from Favorite. Mr. Charles Colling is
said to have considered that the bull, Foljambe, was the one who did his stock the
greatest good ; and this is not improbable, as Foljambe was the sire both of the sire
and dam of Favorite. Hubback, however, must have been a remarkably good
animal, and considering the short time during which he was used by Colling, proved
himself a first-rate stock-getter.

The following account of Hubback we had from Mr. Waistell, of Alihill, who,
although his name does not appear conspicuously in the Short-Horned Herd Book,
deserves much credit for his discrimination here. He used to admire tiiis bull as he
rode by the meadow in which he grazed ; and at length attempted to purchase him.
The price asked, 8/., seemed much, and the bargain was not struck. Still he longed
for the beast ; and happening to meet Mr. IJobert Colling near the place, asked his
opinion of the animal. Mr. Colling acknowledged that there were good points about
him : but his manner induced Mr. Waistell to suspect that Mr. Colling thought
more highly of the bull than his language expressed, and he hastened the next morn-
ing, concluded the bargain, and paid the money. He had scarcely done so before Mr.
R. Colling arrived for the same purpose, and as the two farmers rode home together,
they agreed that it should be a joint speculaticn.

Some months passed by, and either Mr. VVaistell's admiration of the bull cooled,
or his partner did not express himself very warmly about the excellences of the
animal, and Messrs. Waistell and R. Colling transferred Hubback to Mr. C. Col-
ling, who, with the quick eye of an experienced breeder, saw the value of the beast,
Mr. Waistell expressed to us (October, 1832) his regret (natural enough) at having
been induced to part with him, and his extreme disappointment that when Hubback
was so sold, Mr. Charles Colling confined him to his own stock, and would not lei
him serve even one of Mr. Waistell's cows.— Fowaii.

THE SHORT-HORNS.

lbs.) ; Tallow, 11 stones 2 lbs. (156 lbs.) ; Hide, 10 stones 2lbs. (142
lbs.) ; total 2620 lbs.

This was his weight at eleven years old, under all the disad-
vantages of traveling in a jolting carriage, and eight weeks of pain-
ful illness. Had he been kept quietly at Ketton, and fed till seven
years old, there is little doubt he would have weighed more than he
did at ten years old, at which age his live weight was two hundred
and seventy stones, (3780 lbs.) from which, if fifty be taken for
oflfal, it leaves the Aveight of the carcass two hundred and twenty
stones, (3080 lbs.)

It is a well-ascertained fact, that, during his career as a breeder,
Mr. Colling tried several experiments in crossing, and the breeds to
which he resorted on these occasions being very considerably
smaller than the short-horns, this circumstance tends to corroborate
the writer's opinion that he considered it desirable to reduce theur
size. The cross with the Kyloe led to no results worthy enumera-
tion, but that with the polled Galloivay must not be passed over
without comment. Before stating the circumstances attending this
experiment, it may be proper to observe that no breed of cattle pro-
mised so successful a cross with the short- horns as the Galloway.
They were "calculated, by their deep massive frames and short legs,
to bring the short-horns nearer the ground, and to dispose their
weight in a more compact manner : their hardy habits would be es-
sentially useful, and the quality of their flesh and hair were such as
to render the experiment still more safe, and they could be obtained
of a red color ; even without the sanction of a successful experiment,
they were admirably adapted to cross with the short-horn, standing
frequently too high from the ground, not very well ribbed home, and
often of loose, disjointed frame.

To this breed Mr. Colhng resolved to resort ; and though at the
time when he did so, the event was regarded with some degree of
ridicule by the pure-blood advocates, and comments passed which
would have deterred ordinary men from the exercise of their judg-
ment, Mr. Colling persisted.

Mr. Colling's short-horned bull Bolinghroke was put to a beauti-
ful red polled Galloway cow, and the produce, a bull-calf, was, in
due time, put to Johanna, a pure short-horn — she also produced a
bull-calf. This grandson of Bolingbroke was the sire of the cow.
Lady, by another pure short-homed dam, and from Lady has sprung
the highly valuable family of improved short-horns, termed, in re-
proach, the alloy. How far the alloy was derogatory, let facts
testify.*

* The dam of Lady was Phoenix, also the dam of the bull Favorite ; and as the
grandson of Bolingbroke is not known to have been the sire of any other remarkably
good animal, it is most probable that the unquestionable merit of Lady and hex
descendants is to be attributed more to her dam than to her sire. — Youatt.

100

CATTLE.

Mr. Colling was favored by circumstances in his object, vrbich was to
take one cross, and then breed back to the short-horn — the only course
in which crossing can be successfully adopted. To breed from the
produce of a cross directly among themselves will lead to results
believed conclusive against crossing ; but to take one cross, and then
return and adhere to one breed, will, in a few generations, stamp a
variety with sufficient certainty.

It will probably be admitted that the prejudice against this cross
was at the highest at the time of Mr. Charles Colling's sale. The
blood had then been little, if at all, introduced to other stocks, and
it was manifestly the interest, whatever might be the inclination, of
the many breeders who had it not, to assume high ground for the
pure blood, and to depreciate the alloy. Under these untoward cir-
cumstances for the alloy, what said pubhc opinion, unequivocally
certified by the stroke of the auctioneer's hammer ? Lady, at four-
teen years old, sold for two hundred and six guineas. Countess, her
daughter, nine years old, for four hundred guineas. Laura, another
daughter, four years old, for two hundred and ten guineas. Major
and George, two of her sons, the former three years old, the latter a
calf, for two hundred guineas, and one hundred and thirty ; be-
sides a number of others, more remotely descended from Lady, which
all sold at high prices. Lady and her descendants sold for a larger
sum than any other family obtained.

A Catalogue of Mr. C. Colling's Sale of Short-Horned Cattle,
October 11th, 1810.

COWS.

Age. Names.

11, Cherry,

4, Kate,

5, Peeress,

2, Countess,

5, Celina,
4, Johanna,

14, Lady,

8, Cathelone,

4, Laura,

3, Lily,

6, Daisy,

4, Cora,
4, Beauty,

4, Red Rose,

3, Flora,

3, Miss Peggy,

3, Magdalene,

Out of.

Old Cherry,

Cherry,
Lady,
Countess,
Johanna,

Old Phoenix,

A daughter of the
da'm of Phoenix,
Lady,
Daisy,

Old Daisy,

Countess,

Miss Washington,

Eliza,

A heifer by Wash-
ton,

Got by.

Favorite,

Comet,

Favorite,

Cupid,

Favorite,

Do.,
A grandson of
' Lord Boling-
[ broke.

Washington,

Favorite,

Comet,

A grandson of
Favorite,

Favorite,

Marske,

Comet,
Do.,
i A son of Fa-
\ vorite.

Comet,

S-Dld foj.
Os
83,
35,

170,
400,
200,
130,

Bought by.

J. D. Nesham
Mr. Hunt.
Major Rudd.

Do.
Sir H. Ibbetson.
H. Witham.

206, C.Wright.

150,

210,
410,

140,

70,

120,

45,

70,

60,
170,

G. Parker.

Mr. Grant
Major Rudd.

Major Power

G. Johnson.
C. Wright.
W. C. Fenton.
Earl of Lonsdale

O. Gascoigne.
Champion.

THE SHORT-HORNS.

101

BULLS.

Age

1. Names.

Out of.

Got by.

Price.
Os.

BoTjght by.

' Messrs. Wetherell,

6,

Comet,

Young Phoenix.

Favorite,

1000,-

Trotter,
Wright, and

9,

3,

1;

2,

Yarborough.

Major,

Mayduke,

Petrarch,
5 Northumber
i land,

Alfred,

Duke,

Alexander,

Ossian,

Harold,

Dam by Favorite.

Lady,

Cherry,

Old Venus,

Cupid.

Comet,
Do.,
Do.,

Do.,

55,
200,
145,
365,

80,

, Charge.
A Gregson
Mr. Grant.
Mr. Smithsoa.
Major Rudd.

Mr. Buston.

Venus,
Duchess,
Cora,

Magdalene,
Red Rose,

Do.,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,
Windsor,

110,
105,
63,
76,
50,

Mr. Robinson.
A. Compton.
Mr. Fenton.
Earl of Lonsdale.
Sir C. Loraine,

2249.

BULL-CALVES, UNDER ONE YEAR OLD.

Names.

Ketton,

Young Favorite,

George,

Sir Dimple,

Narcissus,

Albion,

CecH,

Out of.

Cherry,

Countess,

Lady,

Daisy,

Flora,

Beauty,

Peeress,

Got by.

Comet,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,
Do.,

Price.

Of.
50,

140,

130,
90,
15,
60,

170,

Bought by.

Major Bower.

Skipworth.

Mr. Walker.
T. Lax.
Mr. Wright.
T. Booth.
H. Strickland.

Age. Names.

3, Phoebe,
2, Duchess 1.,
2, Young Laura,
n 5 Young Coun-
■*' I tess,

2, Lucy,

1, Charlotte,
1, Johanna,

Out of.

HEIFERS.

Got by.

Dam by Favorite,

Do.
Laura,

Countess,
< Dam by Washing-
( ton,

Cathelene,

Johanna,

Comet,
Do.,
Do.,

Do.,

Do,

Do.,
Do.,

Price.

Os.

105,

183,

101,

136,
35,

808

Bought by

Sir H. Ibbetson.
T. Bates.
Earl of Lonsdale
Sir H. Ibbetson.

132, Mr. Wright.

R. Colling.
G. Johnson.

HEIFER-CALVES, UNDER C NE YEAR OLD.

Names.

LucUla,

Calista,

White Rose,

Ruby,

Cowslip,

Mr. Grant.

Sir H. V. Tem

Out of. Got by Price. Bought by.

Os.

Laura, Comet, 106,

Cora, Do., 50 |

Lily, Yarbro', 75, Mr. Strickland.

Red Rose, Do., 50, Major Bower.

Comet, 25, Earl of Lonsdale

102

CATTLE.

From the above it appears that seventeen cows were sold for
X2802 9s.; eleven bulls, £2361 9s.; seven bull-calves, £687 15s.;
seven heifers, £942 IBs.; five heifer-calves, £321 6s. In all forty-
seven were sold, for £7115 17s.

/=;^

THE REV. H. berry's COW.

Mr. Charge of Newton, near Darlington, and Mr. Mason of Chil-
ton, in the county of Durham, were only second to Mr. Charles
Colling in his interesting and useful pursuit. Mr. Mason started
early with animals derived, it is believed, from Mr. Colling, in the
very commencement of his career ; and Mr. Charge, who had long
possessed a most valuable stock of Tees water cattle, had at an early
period crossed them with Mr. Colling's best bulls, and was one of
the spirited purchasers of Comet, at a thousand guineas. Mr. Ma-
son's successful sale sufficiently stamps the value of his stock at that
period, 1829.

It would be unfair to omit mention of a veteran breeder, to whom
the advocates for the preservation of pedigree are indebted for the
** Short-horn Herd Book" — Mr. George Coates. He is now one of
the oldest authorities on the subject, and was once the possessor
of a very superior race of short-horns, though somewhat coarse.
Portraits have been preserved of some very good animals bred by

THE SHORT-HORNS. 101

him ; and he had the satisfaction to dispose of his bull Patriot foi
five hundred guineas.

Mr. Coates fell into an error, but too common, and generally
equally fatal : he fancied his own stock the best, and disdained to
cross tiiem -with Mr. Colling's ; which, as others afterwards proved,
would have been a most judicious proceeding. The consequence
was, Mr. Colling's sale having settled the public judgment and
taste, Mr. Coates's stock fell into disrepute. If an apology be requi-
site for this statement of an undeniable fact, it will be found in the
utihty of holding up such an example as a caution to those who may
be in danger of falling into a similar error.

It is considered that the specimens already appealed to, and the
fine animals whose portraits accompany this account, will render su-
perfluous any attempt more particularly to describe the short-horns.
Of course they will be found to vary greatly ; but sufficient may be
collected from what is presented to the reader, to inform him as to
the character of this superior breed of cattle. The next object, then,
will be to show their capabilities to make a return for food consumed,
and the unparalleled early period at which such return may be
made. Indeed, early maturity is the grand and elevating character-
istic of the short-horns, and their capacity to continue grooving,
and at the same time attaining an unexampled ripeness of condition
at an early age, has excited the wonder, and obtained the approba-
tion, of all not blinded by prejudice.

In order to do justice to the subject, and to show that these pro-
perties are not all of recent acquirement, but were possessed in an
eminent degree by the Teeswater cattle, it will be requisite to give
a few facts in evidence.

Sir Henry Grey (of Howick) bred tw^o oxen, which were fed by
Mr. Waistell, and when six years old weighed 130 stones each,
14 lbs. to tlie stone (1S20 lbs.) ; their inside fat being extraordinary.

A heifer, three years old, bred by Miss Allen (of Grange), fed on
hay and grass alone, weighed 90 stones, (1360 lbs.)

Two three years'-old steers, bred by the same lady, and similarly
fed, weighed respectively 92 and 96 stones, (1288 lbs. and 1344 lbs.)

Mr. Waistell's four years'-old ox, by the grand-sire of Hubback,
weighed 110 stones, (1540 lbs.)

A four years'-old ox, bred by Mr. Simpson (of Aychflfe,) fed on
hay and turnips only, weighed 135 stones, (1890 lbs.)

A fire years'-old heifer, bred by a bishop of Durham, weighed
110 stones, (1540 lbs.)

A cow of Mr. Hill's, slaughtered in Northumberland, weighed 127
b-tones, (1*738 lbs.)

Mr. George Coates, before-mentioned, slaughtered a heifer, by the
Bire of Hubback, which, fed on turnips and hay, weighed, at two
years and tw( months old, 68 stones, (932 lbs.)

104 CATTLE.

An ox and heifer, bred by Mr. Watson (of Manfield,) weighed, at
four years old, within a few pounds, 110 stones each, (1540 lbs.)

A sister to Mr. G. Coates's Badsioorth, having run with her dam,
without oil-cake or meal, met with an accident, and died when seven
months old ; she weighed 34 stones, (4*76 lbs.)

A steer, by a brother to the above heifer, three years and two
months old, weighed 105 stones (1470 lbs.) ; and another steer, by the
same bull, exactly three years old, weighed 95 stones, (1330 lbs.)
Both were kept as store-beasts till two years old.

An ox, bred by M. Hill (of Blackwell,) slaughtered at six years
old, weighed 151 stones, 10 lbs. (2124 lbs.) ; tallow, 11 stones.

The Howick red ox, seven years old, weighed 152 stones, 9 lbs.,
(2137 lbs.); tallow, 16 stones, 7 lbs.

Mr. Charge's ox, seven years old, weighed 168 stones, 10 lbs.
(2352 lbs.) ; tallow, 13 stones.'

The foregoing instances of weight and proof show, that in the
Teeswater cattle, Mr. Charles Colling had good materials with which
to commence. Let us now refer to a later period, and state some
particulars respecting their descendants, the short-horns.

In the year 1808, Mr, Bailey, the agricultural historian of Durham,
informs us, he saw, at Mr. Mason's (of Chilton,) a cow, not less
remarkable in point of fat than the Durham ox. x\t that time, the
depth of fat, from the rump to the hips, in a perpendicular position,
was not less than twelve inches ; and the shoulder score at least nine
inches thick.

Mr. Robert Colling's heifer, which was exhibited as a curiosity,
was estimated, at four years old, to weigh 130 stones, (1820 lbs.)

The same gentleman sold, in Darlington Market, on the 18th of
April, 1 808, a two years'-old steer for 22/.; the price of fat stock
being at that time seven shillings per stone ; 66 stones 6 lbs. weight,
or 924 lbs.

At Mr. Nesham's (of Houghton-le- Spring,) Mr. Bailey saw a
steer, 25 months old, completely covered with fat ovei- the whole
carcass, and supposed to be the fattest steer of his age ever seen.
Butchers estimated him to weigh 75 stones, (1050 lbs.) Neither of
the last-mentioned were of large size, and would not have weighed
above 40 stones (560 lbs.), had they been no fatter than those usually
slaughtered.

Mr. Wetherell (of Field House) sold at the fair in Darlington, in
March, 1810, two steers, under three years old, for 47/. 105. each.
The price of cattle at that fair, 10s. per stone ; weight 1330 lbs. each.

Mr. Arrowsmith (of Ferry hill,) who led off his short-horns at two
years old, furnished the following particulars of the prices he obtained
from the butchers, viz.

In 1801, sold four for 25/. each ; two steers, and two heifers. In
1802, sold six for 17/. 10«. each ; three steers, and three heifers. In

THE 6HORT-HONRS. W5

1803, sold four for 111. each. In 1804, sold six for 18?. 105. each.
In 1805, sold six for Ml. 10s. each ; two steers, and four heifers. In
1806, sold four for 161. each. In 1807, sold eight for 18/. each.
In 1808, sold eight for 19/. each.

The time of selling, from the beginning to the latter end of May.
In the first winter they got straw in a fold-yard, with neaily as many
turnips as they could consume : in May they went to grass ; in
November put to turnips through the winter, and turned to grass the
first week in May.

A twin heifer, belonging to Mr. Arrowsmith, calved the last week
in April, being kept the first year as the store-stock, was entered for
a sweepstakes, to be shown in June, at which time she would be two
years old. She was immediately turned to grass. In November
she was estimated to weigh 28 stones (392 lbs) ; when she was put
to ruta baga, and hay, and oil-cake, of which latter she ate 4 cwt.,
with 2 bushels bean-meal, and 1 bushel barley. She went to grass
again on the first of May, and from that period had neither oil-cake
nor meal. On the 23d of July, it was the opinion of judges that she
■weighed 58 or 60 stones (820 lbs.) ; having gained 30 stones (420 lbs.)
in 30 weeks.

In April, 1808, Mr. Bailey saw, at Mr. Arrowsmith's, eight year-
Imgs, intended for feeding. They were ve?y lean, not more than 15
stones (210 lbs.) each ; and had they been offered for sale in a fair,
no person, unacquainted with the breed, would have given more for
them than 41. 10s. or 5/. per head.

Mr. Walton (of Middleton in Teesdale) had been, in 1808, in the
habit of selling his steers, at two years and a quarter old, at from 20/.
to 30/. each ; their weight being 50 to 54 stones (TOO to 750 lbs.)
fed solely on vegetable food.

Mr. Mason (of Chilton,) in an experiment to ascertain the weight
of beef gained by the food given (turnips,) found three steers, under
three years old, to have gained 20 stones (280 lbs.) each in 20 weeks.
The three steers averaged 10 stones (980 lbs.) each.

In 1816, Mr. Nesham's steer, three years and a half old, obtained
the premium offered by the Durham Agricultural Society ; his weight
was, the 4 quarters, 96 stones, Hlbs. (1347|); tallow, 11 stones,
7 lbs. (154 lbs.); hide, 8 stones, (112 lbs.)

Major Rudd (of Cleveland) obtained the premium offered by the
Cleveland Agricultural Society in 1811, for the best steer, under
three years old, and fed on vegetable food. The steer was slaughtered
when three years and thirteen days old ; the weight of his four
quarters was 96 stones, (1344 lbs.)

The late Mr. Robertson, of Berwick-upon-Tweed, furnished the
following particulars of short-horns, bred by him, and fed, with few
exceptions, on vegetable food : —

1794. — An ox, four years ten months old ; four quarters, 145
6*

106

CATTLE.

Stones, 31b.; tallow, 24 stones, 7 lb., (2208 lbs.) A steer, under four
Years old; four quarters, 106 stones; tallowl9 stones, 7 lb., (1747 lbs.,)
1814. — A steer, three years and nine months old ; four quarters, 101
stones, tallow, 15 stones, (1624, lbs.) 1815. — A steer, three years
eleven months old ; four quarters, 112 stones 7 lb.; tallow, 26 stones,
(1839 lbs.) A heifer, three years eight months old; four quarters,
89 stones, (1226 lbs.) 1817. — A steer, three years two months old ;
four quarters, 95 stones, 10 lb.; tallow, 17 stones, 10 lb. (1528 lbs.)
1822. — An ox, four years and a half old; four quarters, 135 stones;
tallow, 21 stones, (2184 lbs.) Own brother to the foregoing, three
years and a half old ; four quarters, 133 stones ; tallow, 21 stones,
(2170 lbs.) A steer, three years ten months old ; four quarters 124
stones; tallow, 17 stones, (2074 lbs.) A steer, three years eight
months old; four quarters, 112 stones, (1568 lbs.); tallow not
weighed.

.^^m^M^^

LORD ALTHORP S COW.

A steer, bred by Col. Cook, of Doncaster, fed on potatoes and
straw, was slaughtered when two years and twenty-two days old ;
his four quarters weighed 72 stones, (lOOS) lbs.

Mr. Joiin Reunic (of Phantassie.) fed, in 1823, a steer, from eigh-

THE SHORT-HORNS.

107

teen to twenty months old ; the four quarters of which weighed
945 lbs.

The same gentleman fed a steer, aged two years and four months,
whose four quarters weighed 1231 lbs. ; also a steer, aged three years
six months, w^hose four quarters weighed 1369 lbs. ; tallow, 241 lbs.

Should the foregohig statement be considered extended, it will, at
kast, be admitted, that its ample detail establishes the credit of the
short-horns as an invaluable breed to the grazier.

In the commencement of this account, however, it was stated that
they possess a combination of qualities, considered incompatible in
other breeds, viz., the disposition to feed rapidly, in union with dairy
qualifications.

&^^

-^^,

LORD ALTHORP S HEIFER.

There is a very general impression that animals disposed to fatten
rapidly seldom give much milk. It is true, that every perfection in
eattle — whether it be one of form, of quality of flesh, of disposition
to fatten, or to yield milk — can be promoted and retained solely by
the breeder's devoted attention to his particular object ; and if one
object be allowed a paramount importance in the breeder's practice,
other objects will suffer, in proportion as they are neglected.

The carc.as.s of the short-horns has ever been so surprising, and so

108 CATTLE.

justly valued, that many persons have allowed that completely to
occupy their attention, and the dairy has been disregarded. In such
a state of things, every advance towards one point has been to recede
from another ; because what tends to enhance a particular quality,
will also enhance a defect, provided such defect was of previous
existence.

The objections which exist among breeders, for various and some
cogent reasons, against crossing with the stocks of each other, una-
voidably lead to the practice of breeding in and in ; which, in case of
any original deficiency of the milking property, must unquestionably
go on to render that deficiency greater. Bad milking, in a breed of
animals which were ever distinguished as good milkers, is not a ne-
cessary consequence of improvement in the animal in other respects,
but a consequence of the manner in which such improvement is
pursued. Short-horns, inferior to none for the grazier, may always
be selected and bred with the most valuable dairy properties. There
are many instances of the highest bred short-horns giving upwards
of four gallons of milk night and morning ; and attenlfion only is re-
quisite, on the part of the breeder, to perpetuate this quality to any
desirable extent. A moderately good milker will be found to yield
as much butter in the week as one giving an enormous quantity ; the
milk being imq.uestionably of very superior quality ; and, indeed, it
should be the case, that the animal economy, which leads to an ex-
cessive secretion of flesh and fat, should also be productive of other
rich secretions.

Wherever the improved short-horns have been crossed with other
cattle, their superiority is equally manifest, in respect of dairy quali-
fications, as in every other.

An opinion generally prevails that the short-horns are unfitted for
work ; and in some respects it is admitted they are so : but the
correct reason has not been assigned, and the question may fairly
come briefly under notice. They are wilHng and able to work, but
surely cattle which, as the preceding account proves, will go as
profitably to the butcher at two years old as any other breed at
three, and as many even at four, ought never to be placed in the
yoke. No beast, in the present advanced state of breeding, ought
to be put upon a system which arose out of the necessity of obtain-
ing compensation by work for the loss attending a tardy maturity.
But where it may be convenient, the short-liorns, particularly the
bulls, work admirably, as their great docility promises : And as good
bulls are apt to become useless, from acquiring too much flesh in a
state of confinement, moderate w^ork might, in most cases, prove
beneficial.

The specimens which accompany this account will lender little
comment necessary on their form. With deference, however, it is
submitted to the breedei-s of short-boras, that they should avoid

THE SHORT-HORxVS.

109

breeding from too close affinities, and, while they steer clear of
coarseness, should require a sufficiency of masculine character in
their males. This is a point in which many short-horns are rather
defective, and it is one of infinite importance. The length of the
carcass should be medium, as well as that of the legs, and a hardier
animal, with equal size and on a more profitable scale, will be pro-
duced. The facilities for making this improvement are sufficiently
numerous, the short-horns being now more generally diffused. That
wider diffusion also multiplies the means of selecting for milk ; a
quality which should not be lost sight of ; for it is the comhination of
perfections which has conferred, and will perpetuate, the superiority
of this breed of cattle.

LORD ALTHORP S BULL.

The colors of the short-horns are red or white, or a mixture of the
two, combining in endless variety, and producing, very frequently,
most brilliant effect. The white, it is very probable, they obtained
from an early cross with the wild breed ; and w^henever this color
shows itself, it is accompanied, more or less, with a red tinge on the
extremity of the ear ; a distinctive character, also, of the wild cattle.
^o jnire short-horns are fourd of any colors but those above named.

no CATTLE.

" So far Mr. Berry, whose admirable account of the short-homs
our readers will duly estimate." Thus Mr. Youatt finishes Mr.
Berry's, and commences his part of the account of short-horns, which
begins on page 131, and goes to page 137.

CORRECTIONS OF MR. BERRY, AND FURTHER HISTORICAL NOTICES OF
SHORT-HORNS.

The American Editor deemed it proper to give the account of the
short-horns written for this work by Mr. Berry, and printed by
Youatt. It is to be regretted that Mr. Youatt should not have done
in reference to the short-horns, what he did in reference to all
the other races of English cattle, — written their history himself.
Although adopting and therefore endorsing this history, he yet,
in two quite important notes, pages 95 and 99, very materially
qualifies one position, and wholly contradicts and destroys another
most important one of Mr. Berry. Entirely unconnected with any
particular stock or short-horn interest, Mr. Youatt was eminently
fitted from capacity and impartiality to investigate, and then to
write the history of the short-homs ; and in this respect presents a
strong contrast to Mr. Berry, who, from interest, was a partisan,
and devoted to views sustaining that interest.

In England, it is said that Mr. Berry's first history, printed in
1824, and reprinted in 1830, was written to further the interest of
Mr. Whittaker, then a breeder ; and certain it is that the only
breeder of that day — 1824 to 1830 — who finds a place in that his-
tory, is Mr. Whittaker. It is further said that Mr. Berry became
hostile to Mr. Whittaker ; that under this feeling of enmity, his
second history (the one here given) was written, in which not the
most distant allusion is made to Mr. Whittaker, or his stock ; and
that in this second history his object was to serve himself, as in the
first one he had . served Mr. Whittaker. Be this as it may, it is
given as told.

No one would have a right to complain that the interest of Mr.
Whittaker was promoted by the first history ; or that of Mr. Berry
by the second, had truth been observed and made the means of that
advancement.

In the frst of these histories, the object seems to have been solely
to put forth Mr. Charles Colling as the entire creato' of the short-
homs in the great perfection they presented in his day, and exhibit
at present; and Mr. Whittaker as his chief successor. In the second
history (the one in Youatt) the object appeal's to be the same as
regards Mr. C. Colling, and to show that the short-horn and Galloway
alloy, or cross, is superior to the true short-horn. In this second
one Mr. Berry's interest was to be promoted, as he had a large
stock, wholly of the rrallovvay alloy.

SHORT-HORNS. ui

In Mr. Berry's first history, there is much matter that is omitted
in the second ; and much in the second not to be found in the first ;
and much in each that is discordant with the other. In the first one
the Galloway alloy is not named at all ; in the second that cross is
all that is held of any importance in the breeding of C. Colling.

The points in Mr. Berry's account, here printed, (his second his-
tory,) which will be noticed and refuted, are

1. The asserted importation of cattle from Holland about one hun-
dred years since, and the union of their blood with the then existing
short -horns of the valley of the Tees.

2. The assertion that about one hundred years since, the breeders
of short-horns, in their pretended improvement, " proceeded on a judi-
cious system of crossing with other breeds, and one to which they
referred was in all probability the white wild breed."

3. The claimed exclusive improvement effected in the Short-horns
by C. Colling.

4. The assertion that Mr. C. Colhng adopted, as the rule of his
breeding, the reduction of the size of the short-horns bred by him.

5. The account given of Hubback, in which it is impliedly said
that he was not a pure short-horn, and that he possessed on one
side the Dutch blood, and that from fat he early became useless.

6. The whole account of the Galloway cross; the value of that
cross in consequence of the Galloway blood, and the assertion that
the cross was made deliberately and with a view to the improvement
of the short-horns.

1. There was no importation of Dutch cattle, from Holland.

Mr. Youatt in a note, page 95, says : " a large and valuable de-
scription of cattle existed on the western coast of the continent of
Europe, and extending from Denmark to France. They were cele-
brated for the great quantities of milk which they yielded, and some
of them exhibited an extraordinary aptitude to fatten. At what
particular time they found their way io England, or by whom im-
ported, is unknown."

Mr. George Culley, who wrote in 17S5, says: "I remember a
gentleman of the county of Durham, (a Mr. Michael Dobison,) who
went in the early part of his life into Holland, in order to buy bulls ;
and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in
improving the breed ; and this Mr. Dobison, and his neighbors even
in my day, were noted for having the best breeds of short-horned
cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for very great prices. But
afterwards some other people of less knowledge going over, brought
home some bulls, that in all probability introduced into that coast
the disagreeable kind of cattle well known to the breeders upon the
river Tees, and called lyery, or double leyered, that is, black fleshed ;
and the flesh, (for it does not deserve to be called beef,) is black
and coarse grained a.s horse flesh."

112 CATTLE.

Mr. Berry, in h\s Jirst history (of 1824), says positively, that " Sir
William St! Quintin, of Scampston, imported cows and bulls from
Holland." In his second, (page 96 of this volume,) he qualijies this
positive assertion to the following, viz.: " it is asserted that about the
period in question (1740) Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston, im-
ported bulls and cows from Holland."

Mr. Bailey, in his Agrlcultm-al Survey of Durham, says : " an at-
tempt to imjprove the Teeswater breed (which I suppose was more
with regard to size than any other quality,) was made by Mr. Mi-
chael Dobison, of the Isle, near Sedgefield, who brought a bull out
of Holland, that is said to have improved the breed. A few years
after, some other adventurers went over to Holland, and as great
bulls were then considered the criterion of perfection, they brought
home a complete lyery animal with immense buttocks, which did a
great deal of mischief ; but there were some intelligent breeders that
steered clear of this evil ; and from them the pure Teeswater breed
has descended to the present time."

All the authorities for importations of Dutch cattle from Holland
to England, last century, have here been quoted. Mr. Youatt had ob-
viously investigated this point, and he says : " At what particular time
they found their way to England, or by whom they were imported,
is unknown ; but there is a tradition, that towards the close of the
seventeeth century, (prior to 1*700,) a bull and some cows were m-
troduced into Holderness." He does not mention Michael Dobison.
Mr. Berry states that " it is asserted that Sir William St. Quintin, of
Scampston, (which is in Holderness, Yorkshire,) imported bulls and
cows from Holland ;" but he does not mention Dobison in either of
his histories. Mr. Culley states : " I remember a Michael Dobison,
who went in the early part of his life into Holland, to buy bulls, and
I have been told these bulls did much service in improving the
breed." Martin, in his history of cattle, says, " by what crosses the
Teeswater strain became established, it is scarcely possible to say ;
there is, we believe, soiiie reason for thinking that one was with the
semi-wild white breed, and another with choice cattle, imported di-
rectly from Holland." Martin, one of the scientific officers of the
Zoological Society of London, is distinguished for his extended re-
search in the department of the history of cattle. Both Martin and
Youatt quote Culley ; and neither gives any credit to the assertion
that Dobison imported bulls from Holland. Bailey, in his Survey ot
Durham, gives it little or no credit, saying that it is said that Dobi-
son's bull improved the breed ; and yet Bailey distinctly states his
belief that Dobison's attempt to improve the Teeswater cattle was
moi-e with regard to size than any other quality.

The elder Mr. Colling, father of Charles and Robert Colling, was
contempoianeous with Dobison, and lived within five miles of him.
Mr. Culley was bom in 1*735, at Denton, within fifteen miles of Dobi-

SHORT-HORNS. 113

son, and resided at Denton until he was thirty-two years old, and
knew Dobison personally. Mr. Bailey knew both Mr. Colling, Sen.,
and Mr. Culley. Bailey began his investigations in 1795, and Cul-
ley wrote in 1*785. Mr. Bailey names Thomas Corner, who was
ninety years old at the time, as his authority for saying that " Mr.
Milbank, of Barningham, and Mr. Croft, of Barford, were the most
eminent breeders, and were considered as having the best and purest
breed, at that period ;" " and Mr. George Culley says that he has
repeatedly heard his father state the same particulars.^' Can there be
a doubt that Mr. Bailey and Mr. Culley, had ample means to know
every particular as to Mr. Dobison ? and they communicate nothing.
They record a tradition, and do no more. This Jloating tradition of an
importation, found a resting place in Holderness, with St. Quintin ;
and in Durham, with Dobison.

It was about 1750 that Dobison lived at the Isle, and was breed-
ing. Bailey fixes this period.

Now, at the period, at which it is said there were bulls and cows
imported from Holland by Dobison, Sir William St. Quintin, and
others, there existed a statute of Parliament, forbidding the importa-
tion of cattle into England.

In the ] 8th year of the reign of Charles 11., which was the year
l&GO, the Parliament of England passed an act providing as follows :

*' The Importation of all great Cattle shall be deemed a common
Nuisance. If any (except for the necessary provision of the Ship,)
shall be imported from beyond Sea, any Constable, Churchwarden,
&c., of the place, may seize the same, and if the owner shall not
within forty-eight hours, prove such Cattle were not imported, the
same to be forfeited."

And to this were added penalties against the importer. From
that time until the year 1841, that act Was unrepealed, and was
always enforced, except from 1801 to 1814.

By a statute of Parliament made in the 39th year of the reign of
George III., (which was the year 1799,) it was enacted that "a
discretionary power is hereby vested in His Majesty, to permit from
Time to Time, the Importation of all Articles of Provisions ; Bulls,
Cows, Calves, Oxen, Sheep, Lambs, and Swine."

And by order in Council, made in 1801, it was directed that "A
free Importation of Articles of Provisions, Cattle, Sheep, and Swine,
be permitted for six months, from the date of this order ;" and like
orders from six months to six months were made in Council from
1801 to the latter part of the year 1814, when they ceased. Ex-
cepting this period, from 1801 to 1814, the importation of cattle
was prohibited altogether from 1666 to 1841. The king and his
council had no power to permit importation until the act of Parlia-
meot in 1799 was passed.

Mr. JohB Hutchinson, the well-known banker of Stockton, county

114 ^ CATTLE.

of Durham, and breeder of short-horns, had an examination made of
the records of the various ports in his vicinity, viz., New-Castle,
Sunderland, and Stockton, and found that no cattle from 1666 to
1821 had ever been imported at any time into Stockton, and into
New-Castle and Sunderland, only during the period of permission
from 1801 to 1814. In his history and pedigrees of his own short-
horns, he states these examinations, and denying an importation of
Dutch cattle, by Dobison, says : " I should like to know when Mi-
chael Dobison of the Isle took his trip to Holland, to select bulls to
improve the breed ? Nay, I will not be very particular, only let me
know in what k'mg^s reign it was, and I shall be satisfied. Thus it
appears that all that has been written about these importations of
Dutch animals is not to be depended on." Mr. J. Hutchinson, and
his brother, were contemporaneous with the Collings ; and their
uncle, who died in 1789, and whose stock they inherited, was con-
temporaneous with Dobison.

In addition to this, the late Mr. Thomas Bates, of Kirkleavington,
Eng., was informed by Mr. Christopher Hill, collector of the port of
Sunderland, that he had made an examination by correspondence
with the various collectors of the ports on the eastern coast of Eng-
land, from Berwick in Scotland, to London, and that the records of
the customs in those ports furnished no proof of the importation of
any cattle from 1666 to 1*796. Mr. Christopher Hill was the last of
the family of that name, distinguished as breeders of short-horns at
Blackwell. He parted with his stock entirely in 1790, and was in
1794 appointed collector of the port of Sunderland.

With all this evidence, who for a moment can believe in the im-
portation, some time in the last century, of Dutch cattle to the county
of Durham, and their being used to improve the short-horns. The
Mr. Milbank of 1740, of Barningham, first mentioned by Mr. Bailey,
was prior in point of time to Mr. Dobison, and there is no pretence
that any Dutch cattle were imported until Dobison 's time. Sir Wil-
liam St. Quintin was breeding about 1760 to 1780, subsequently to
Mr. Dobison, and died in 1795. Of course Mr. Milbank could have
had no Dutch blood in his cattle ; and Mr. Baily expressly mentions
him, and Mr. Croft of Barford, as among those " intelligent breeders
that steered clear of this evil, [the Dutch blood,] and from them the
pure Teeswater breed has descended to the jircsent time." The
other breeders of that period who were noted with Wilbank and
Croft, were Mr. Brown and Mr. Appleby, of Aldborough, Mr. Best,
and Mr. Watson of Mansfield; Mr. Waistel, of Great Burdon ; Mr.
Stephenson, of Ketton ; Mr. Harrison, of Barmpton ; Mr. John Hall,
of Haughton Hill ; Mr. Sharter of Chilton; Mr. Pickering, of Fox-
ton ; and Mr. Bamlet, of Norton. These are named particularly, as
from the herds of every one of them, Charles and Robert Colling
derived animals, either directly, or from intermediate breeders.

SHORT-HORNS. 115

Suppose we admit that St. Quintin, and Dobison and his successors,
imported Dutch cattle. Both Culley and Bailey say that DobLson
and his successors brought only bulls from Holland ; and the one
says that "it is said,'' and the other that "/ have been told," that
the Dutch bull of Dobison did good ; both say that the other Dutch
bulls did harm ; and Bailey says that " there were some intelligent
breeders who steered clear of this evil, and from them the jmre Tees-
writer breed has descended to the present time." Then it was only from
Dobison's bull that the Dutch blood could get into the short-horns ;
the race of short-horns was there before that bull came, /or Dobison
and his fellow importers brought no cows from Holland. The only
person who is said to have imported cows as well as bulls from Hol-
land, was Sir William St. Quintin. It is said that Sir James I'eany-
man got his cattle from St. Quintin, and that he gave a bxl and
cows to George Snowdon ; that, Snowdon's bull having the Dutch
blood, of course Hubback had it, as Hubback was by Snowdon's
bull ; that Hubback's blood is in all well descended (perhaps all)
short-horns, therefore the Dutch blood is in all short-horns. But it
is not the fact that Penny man gave a bull and cows to Snowden ; nor
is there any evidence to show that Snowdon's bull and cows were of
Pennyman's blood. This will be shown under the head of remarks on
Hubback's pedigree. Then the Dutch blood, that is now to be
deemed a part of the blood of short-horns, must all come from Dobi-
son's bull. In the days of the Collings it must have been reduced
to at most a one thousandth part ; what part must it be now ? Deci-
mal fractions could hardly compute it. If the short-horns have it,
they cannot be good in consequence of it, for it is too incalculably
small to have the least influence. But the statute of Charles II.
cuts off all chance for even this infinitesmal decimal of Dutch blood
in short-horns.

There can be no doubt that originally the short-horns came from
the continent. But it was many hundred years since, though at
what time no one can say. It is not claimed by any one that they
were imported in the last century ; only that they were improved by
bulls imported from Holland. Culley says, " in all the accounts ot
cattle in this island, which I have seen in deeds or statutes, they are
called black cattle. Now, does this not strengthen the opinion of
the short-horned breeds being introduced from the continent, some-
time after our sea-coasts and low country ivere improved and inclosed j
and before that period, is it not probable we had mostly the small
black cattle, which are still to be met with in all the wild mountain-
ous parts of Wales and Scotland ?" Again he says, " it is pretty
evident that owr f.r fathers have imported the short-horned breed of
cattle from the continent." Berry, in \\\& first history (of 1824) says
** there exists authentic evidence of facts, which place the short-
horns on a level, at leasts with any of their rivals, howsoever high the

116 CATTLE.

antiquity (hey hoast.'* Martin says, "In Groningen, Friesland, Guil-
derland, Utrecht, and Holland, a fine short-horned race of cattle has
long existed. This ancient short-horn race may in fact be traced
from Jutland and Holstein (both in Denmark), along the western
portions of Europe, through the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium),
to the borders of France. In reference to our (the English) short-
horned breed, Mr. Culley says ' there are many reasons for thinking
this breed has been imported from the continent.' "

The trreat argument, however, for the continental origin is, un-
doubtedly, that the short-horns, a local breed in four counties only
of England, had no congener or allied breed elsewhere in England,
but found it only on the continent, from Denmark to Belgium. The
Danes ravaged all the region from Denmark to France, for more than
one hundred years, from 850 to 950, and in 8*75 conquered the
kingdom of Northumbria, which comprised the counties of Yorkshire,
Durham, and Northumberland, in England, and held it, either inde-
pendently or by paying tribute, for nearly two hundred years, and
until subjected and incorporated with England, as one kingdom, by
William the Conqueror. At what time the short-horns were brought
to these Danish counties in England, is unknown ; but it is probable
as many as seven or eight centuries since. There is a cow sculptured
on the west corner tower of the eastern transept of the cathedral of
the city of Durham, commemorating a tradition as to the cathedral ;
and in every respect the effigy presents a short-horned cow. This
transept was begun to be built in the year 1235, and was finished
by Prior Hotoun about 1300, he dying in 1308.

But it is conceded by all authorities that the short-horns have
existed for ages in Durham ; the question is what were the means
used to improve them up to their present perfection. Some say by
selections among the race itself ; others claim that bulls were im-
ported from Holland, and crossed on them ; that the white wild
breed of Chillingham and Chatelherault (Cadyow) Parks, and even
the Alderneys, were used. As to the Alderney, it may be remarked
that not one of the historians of English cattle, Culley, Berry, Mar-
tin, Youatt, mentions this cross, and therefore it is not worth refuta-
tion. As to the cross with the white wild breed, it is a mere con-
jecture, and is only mentioned by Berry and Martin ; Culley says
nothing of it.

2. It is not true that, about one hundred years since, the breeders
of short-horns, in the pretended improvement, " proceeded on a
judicious system of crossing with other breeds ; and one to which
they referred was, in all probability, the white wild breed."

From the earliest period white cattle were known in Jutland,
Holstein, (Denmark,) Hanover, Oldenburgh, and Holland. From the
earliest accounts we have of the short-horn in England, the white is
known to have existed very anciently. The source then of the

SHORT-HORNS. 117

white color is very evident ; it came from the continent to England
with the short-horns themselves. Bailey, in his Survey of Durham,
(1810,) says that "about seventy years since, the colors of the cattle
of Mr. Milbank and Mr. Croft, were red and white, and white with
a little red about the neck, or roan. This information was commu-
cated by Mr. Thomas Corner, now near ninety years of age ; and
Mr. George Culley says that he has repeatedly heard his father
state the same particulars." This refers to the period prior to 1*740.
Now, at this period, 1740, there were no wild cattle except in Chil-
lingham Park, Northumberland, Craven Park, Yorkshire, and Cha-
telheraut Park, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Mr. Berry fixes the period
of 1*740 as the time at about which the improvements by supposed
crossing were made in the short-horns. Then the persons making
the cross must have gone to one of these parks for the means. What
is the character of these cattle? CuUey in 1785 described them
thus : — " Their color is invariably a creamy white, muzzle black, the
whole of the inside of the ear, and about one-third of the outside,
from the tips downward, red, horns white with black tips, very fine
and bent upward ; some of the bulls have a thin upright mane
about an inch and a half or two inches long." Such they are now,
and a personal inspection of them authorizes the statement, Mr.
Culley omitted to say that they have a dull ferocious eye, encircled by
a black ring. If this was the cross which gave the white color to
short-horns, it would as certainly have given the black nose, the black
tipped horn, and the dull ferocious eye with its black rim. Was a
short-horn of known purity, of vjhite color, with these characters, ever
seen ? The internal evidence is then against this cross having been
made. But the thought of this cross is of recent origin, not dating
back farther than thirty years ; and is only a supposition at best.
The white color then is original with the short-horns, and came not
from the white wild breed.

3. It is not true that C. CoUing exclusively improved the short-
horns, or bred beiior ones than he originally obtained to breed from.

Mr. Berry in both his histories gives no one credit for improvement
in the short-horns but to Charles Colling. Except with Mr. Berry,
it has always been conceded that his brother Robert Colling was
quite as good a breeder as Charles. They commenced their breed-
ing together, got cows from the same sources in several instances,
and interchanged bulls throughout their joint career. If a pre-
ference was given to either, it would seem to have been rather to
Robert than Charles. Three of their contemporaries, who were fa-
miliar with their cattle, and two of them their intimate personal
friends, and, from capacity and circumstances, the best of judges, are
quoted.

Mr. Bailey, in his Survey of Durham, says, " Messrs. Collings' have
frequently sold cows and heifers for £100 ; and bull calves at £100.

118 CATTLE.

These gentlemen let bulls out by the year ; the prices from 60 to
100 guineas; and the public are so fully convinced of their merits,
that these celebrated breeders cannot supply the demand from the
pure blood." There seems no distinction here between the two brothers,
and in Bailey's whole account there is no indication that either he
or the public thought Charles superior to Robert.

The celebrated Thomas Bates, of Kirkleavington, was the intimate
friend of both the Collings ; and bought cattle of Charles, deriving
from him his famous Duchess tribe. No man ever had a fuller
knowledge of the cattle of the two brothers than he ; and he was, as
a judge, unsurpassed. His merits as a breeder are such that in
modern days no man in public estimation has excelled him. The
sale, in 1850, of his cattle realized higher prices than any other since
the days of the Collings. Mr. Bates, in a letter in the New Farmer's
Journal, says : " The superiority of the stock of Mr. R. Colling's
White Bull (151) over Favorite's stock (252) Avas evident to me in
1804 — and was admitted by Mr. C. Colling — and I would gladly
have then given 100 guineas to have had my first Duchess bulled by
him, but I could not obtain it on any terms, and it was twenty-seven
years afterwards before I obtained the, same blood in Belvedere,
(1706)." No one ever doubted Mr. Bates' judgment; and he never
had any of Robert Colling's blood, until he got it in Belvedere, Marske,
and Red Rose, years after this,

Mr. John Hutchinson, the banker and breeder, in the history of
his own short-horns, comparing the cattle of the two Collings, and
particularly in quality, " and their length of mossy hair, their neat-
ness of shape, quick prominent eyes, and short legs," says : " Welling-
ton and Barmpton were surely the neatest, the softest, and the
shortest legged of his bulls, as was Moss Rose, of his cows, and had
more highland-like hair — like all their descendants — than any I have
seen of the Kettons (Charles Colling's)." And speaking of Robert
Colling's cow Nonpareil, he says, " which I have heard called the
finest cow (perhaps) ever seen." Mr. Hutchinson never used a bull
of Mr. R. Colling's i)reeding, save two, but did several of Charles's,
indeed as many as eight or nine, and was more interested in Charles's
blood than in Robert's.

It is evident that, at least, Charles Colling was not superior tc
Robert, as a breeder.

Now let us see if Charles CohiUg was superior to the breeders ol
1785, the period when he commenced his breeding. The character
of the famous bull Hubback is so well known, as the best bull the
ColHngs ever owned, that not a word is necessary to establish this
point. By common consent, every historian of short-horns re-
cognizes the wonderful merit of Hubback. Major Rudd, a large
purchaser at C. CoUing's sale, says of Hubback, that he *' was the
main root of the improved short-horns ;" and Mr. Hutchinson Bays,

SHORT-HORNS. lu

" The bull Hubback being now pronounced the grand cause of irri'
provement of the Ketton and Barmptons, it behooves every breeder
to prove his stock related to this wonderful animal." Yet Mr. Hun-
ter bred Hubback, and not Charles Colling.

Mr. Bates in a letter relating to his Duchess tribe of cattle, says,
" I purchased my original cow of this tribe of cattle, of the late
Charles Colling, Esq., of Ketton ; they had been in the possession of
Mr. Colling twenty years, who purchased his original cow from Stan-
wix, and called her Duchess, which Mr. C. Colling repeatedly assured
me was the best he ever had or ever saw, and that he never was able to
improve upon her, although put to his best bulls."

Mr. Charles Colling never bred out of the cow Lady Maynard,
(Favorite), so good and fine a cow as she was herself. Mr. A. B. Allen,
editor of the Agriculturist, in his " History and Traditions of Short-
horn Cattle," says : " It was conceded by a' company of old breeders
in 1812, in discussing the question of the improvement of short-
horns, that no stock of Mr. Colling's breeding ever equalled " Lady
Maynard," the dam of Phoenix and grandam of Favorite." And Mr.
Bates states the same as having again taken place in 1822, at an-
other meeting of old breeders, of whom Mr. Colling was one ; and
that Mr. C. himself admitted that he had never, in the descendants
of Lady Maynard, bred anything better than herself.

It is evident from these authorities, that Mr. C. Colling procured
originally some animals, than which he never bred anything better ;
and beside those named, this was the case with Haughton, by Hub-
back, bought by Mr. Colling of Alexander Hall ; and the original of
the Daisy tribe, bought of Mr. Waistel, of Great Burdon. There is
no doubt that he obtained the very best material, for his breeding, to
be had. His brother Robert did the same.

Hutchinson sajs, " no breeders acted with so much foresight and
sound policy — for who but themselves, would have thought of feed-
ing any animal from calf hood until seven years of age, in so extrava-
gant a manner as the White Heifer (and the Durham Ox) was fed
and made a monster of. The scheme was a deep one, and succeeded
to a miracle. She, (as well as the Durham ox,) was shown all over
the kingdom, and raised the character of their breed, in the opinion
of the world, to the highest pitch of eminence."

Great credit is due to the Messrs. Colling for the herds they
i eared and disseminated ; and while it is true that in their careei
they had the best herds then in existence, it is equally true that they
never bred better animals than they procured originally, with which
to commence breeding.

The obv-iius and great merit of the Collings was, that they
brought the short-horns into general notice, out of a local reputation^
and made them as well known abroad as they were in the valley of
the Tees river ; not that they improved on their good originals.

120 Cattle.

4. Mr. C. Colling did not reduce the size of his short-horns, but,
on the contrary, increased it.

Hubback was a small bull. Mr. Berry, supposing a reduction of
size aimed at, says, (at page 97,) "the quality of his flesh, hide,
and hair are supposed to have been seldom equalled ; and as he was
smaller than the Teeswater cattle, he was eminently calculated to
forward Mr. Colling's views." Mr, Foss, in a letter to Mr. Hutchin-
son, says the dam of Hubback was a " beautiful little short-horned
cow." Smallness of size was then a family trait with Hubback.

It is also known that Mr. Colling's cows, Haughton, by Hubback,
bought of Alexander Hall ; Lady Maynard, and her daughter, Young
Strawberry, bought of Mr. Maynard, were all small cows. Haughton
was the dam of the bull Foljambe, (a large one,) bred by Mr. Col-
ling, got by Barker's h\A\, (a very large one); Young Strawberry,
the dam of Bolingbroke, (a medium sized bull,) got by Foljambe ;
and Lady Maynard, the dam of Phoenix, (a very large cow). Fa-
vorite— a very large hull — was got by Bolingbroke, out of Phoenix.

Favorite was calved in 1793, eight years after C. Colling began to
breed ; and beginning in 1795, he scarcely used any other bull for
ten years ; putting him to his own daughters, even in the second
generation, (as by Favorite, dam by Favorite, grandam by Favorite).
In the catalogue of his sale, of the forty-seven animals named, forty-
three were got by Favorite and his sons, and all save one were got
by Favorite, his sons, and grandsons.

Mr. R. Waistell, son of the Mr. Waistell who jointly with R. Col-
ling owned Hubback, says as to Foljambe : — " He was a large strong
bull, a useful, great, big, hony beast, of great substance." Mr.
Waistell also says, " Favorite was a grand beast, very large, and
open, had a fine brisket, with a good coat, and was as good a hand-
ler as ever was felt." Mr. Allen, in his " History and Traditions,"
says, " Phoenix, the dam of Favorite, was a large 'open honed cow,
with more horn, and altogether coarser than her dam, the beautiful
Ladv Maynard ;" and again, " Favorite was a large massy animal,
-partaking more of the character of his dam Phoenix, than that of his
sire. He possessed remarkably good loins, and long level hind
quarters ; his shoulder points stood wide, and were somewhat coarse,
and too forward in the neck ; his horns also, in comparison with
Hubback's, were long and strong."

Col. Trotter, an old breeder, born in 1764, in a letter to Mr.
Bates, says that " Barker's bull, (sire of Foljambe,) was a large coarse
beast, with a large head."

Of the get of Favorite, Mr. Berry, in his history — pages 99-104 —
mentions two — the Durham Ox, and Robert Colling's White Heifer;
the ox's live weight was 3780 lbs! the heifer's dead weight at four
years was estimated at 1820 lbs! Her live weight could not have
been less than 2300 lbs ! doubtless the largest four year old short-

SHORT-HORNS. 121

horn heifer ever known. The Durham Ox was the largest short-horn
one ever kno\vn, except the Spottiswood Ox. Mr. Colling fed and
sold, in 1799, a heifer b}' Favorite, which Berry states in his first
history, "weighed, at three years old, one hundred stones, (1400
lbs I) within a few pounds." Her live weight must have been 1700
lbs. — a wonderful three year old heifer.

It will be seen that here are three animals, the only ones bred by
Colling whose weights are on record, that have no superiors (indeed
where are their equals ?) in point of wonderful weight in all the re-
cords of short-horns.

To attain these extraordinary weights, they must not only have
been very deep fleshed and very fat, but must have had large, very-
large, frames, to give the space to make such great weights.

Can there be a doubt that Charles Colling increased the size of his
cattle ? Mr. Berry in his first history me-ntions nothing of a reduc-
tion of size, and notliing of the Galloway cross ; yet when he pro-
poses in his second history to show the excellence of the alloy, as
the Galloways are a very small breed, it became necessary to dis-
cover that Mr. Colling had reduced the size of his cattle. Mr. Berry
states, that Mr. Colling always "declined on all occasions to throw
any hght on his views and proceedings." Of course Berry got no
authority from Mr. Colling for this alleged reduction of size, but is
himself the originator of the supposition. Facts, and the history of
the Short-Horns, contradict him.

5. Hubback was a pure short-horn — had no Dutch blood ; and
was vigorous until thirteen years of age, when he was killed.

In his second history Berry says (page 97), " Hubback, an animal
respecting which there has been much controversy, principally
touching the purity of his blood, a question now of little importance,
because it is admitted on all hands that Mr. Colling adopted another
cross, which prevails in a majority of superior short-horns of the
present day." " Without entering on an inquiry by what circum-
stances Hubback's title to be considered of pure blood is supported
or weakened, it may suffice to observe, that it appears probable he
possessed on one side the imported [Dutch] blood. The possessor
of his dam was a person in indigent circumstances, and grazed his
cow in the highways. When afterwards she was removed to good
land, near Darlington, she became so fat that she did not breed
again ; and her son, having the same feeding propensity in a high
degree, was useful as a bull during a very short period." Such is
Mr. Berry's account.

All the authorities for the impurity of Hubback's blood shall be
quoted.

Major Rudd in 1816 says, "The bull Hubback was descended
from the stock of Sir James Penny man, who, about the year 1770,
paid much attention to the improvement of short-horned cattle, and
6

122 CATTLE.

purchased the best bulls and cows he could procure. He purchased
several cows of Sir Wm. St. Quintin, of Scampston, who was then
celebrated for his breed of short-homed cattle. It is probable that
Hubback may have been descended from this breed, but the fact can-
not be ascertained.'' Again, in 1821, he says, " '1 he sire of Hubback
was descended from the stock of Sir William St. Quintin. 1 was
intimately acquainted with Sir James Pennyman's steward, who has
repeatedly assured me that Sir James told him that his breed was a
cross between the old short-horn and the Alderney. Such, then,
being the pedigree of Hubback, it follows that all the improved
short-horns are a mixed breed."

And again, in 1831, Major Rudd says, "The sire of Hubback be-
longed to Mr. George Snowdon, who had been a tenant of Sir James
Penny man, and by that means derived his bull. It is certain that
the late Mr. Robert Colling believed the descent of that bull to be
from the stock of Sir J. Pennyman and Sir Wm. St. Quintin; for in
his catalogue of his stock in 1818, he deduces the pedigrees from
their stock. Uf this proof, I was not apprised when my Notes were
published."

That it nr .y be seen what Major Rudd deems proof, derived from
R. Colling s catalogue, all in that catalogue that relates to Pennyman
and St. Quintm is given. It is the pedigree of one cow onlj/ — thus,
*' No. 3, Juno, by Favorite ; dam Wildair, by Favorite ; grandam, by
Ben ; great grandam, by Hubback ; great great grandam, by sire
(Snowdon's bull) of Hubback ; great great great giandam, by Sir
James Pennyman's bull, descended from the stock of the late Sir
W. St. Quintin, of Scampston." it will be observed that here is no
pedigree of Hubback. Major Rudd cites this pedigree to prove that
Hubha<k was descended from Pennyman's stock, and that R. Colling
so believed ; Avhile it pr< ves cmly that Hubback was used to bull a
Cow descended from Pennyman's stock. And all the proof used to
show Hubback's blood impure, is about as worthless as this.

The proof to establish the purity of Hubback's blood is full and
conclusive. In Coates' " Short-Horned Herd Book," his pedigree is
thus given :

"Hubback, yellow-red, and white, calved in 1777, bred by Mr.
John Hunter; got by Mi» George Snowdon's bull; dam (bred by
Mr. John Hunter) by a bull of Mr. Banks's of Hurworth ; grandam
bought of Mr. Stephenson, of Ketton. Hubback, by Snowjdon's
bull (d. from the Stock of Sir James Pennyman, and these from the
Stock of Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston) ; Snowdon's bull,
by W^illiam Robson's bull, (bred by Mr. Waistell, of Great Burdon,
near Darlington, dam Mr. Waistell's roan cow Barforth) ; William
Robson's bull, by James Masterman's bull (bred by Mr. Walker,
near Leyburn) ; James Mdstermau's bull, by the Studley bull, bred
by Mr. Sharter of Chilton.

SHORT-HORNS. 123

" The following account of the pedigree of the dam of Hubback
was given to the author (George Coates) by the undernamed person:
** I remember the cow which my father bred, that was the dam of
Hubback ; there was no idea then that she had any mixed or Kyloe
blood in her. Much has been lately said, that she was descended
from a Kyloe ; but I have no reason to beheve, nor do I believe, that
she had any mixture of Kyloe blood in her.

John Hunter.

Hurworth, near Darlington, July 6th, 1822."

George Baker, Esq., of Elemore, in a letter to the Farmer's Jour-
nal, 1821, says, "Attempts have been made, by hearsay evidence
and otherwise, to question the blood of Hubback. I send you his
pedigree. I have the authority of Mr. Charles Colling to say, he
always considered him a thorough-bred short-horned hull. Mr. John
Hunter, of Hurworth, who sold his dam, with Hubback at her foot,
to Mr. Basnett, of Darlington, says, his father bought her grandam
of Mr. Stephenson, of Ketton, and that she was a pure bred short-
horn. Mr. Alexander Hall, of Sheraton Hill Top, who lived in that
neighborhood, and i-emembei'S her and the calf 2)erfectly well, says, she
was a beautiful color and handler, and when she got on to good land
near Darlington, she got so fat she would not breed again. Hub-
back, he says, was got by Mr. Snowdon's bull, (a son of Mr. Rob-
son's bull, of Dinsdale, who was bred by old Mr. Waistell, of Bur-
don, a very noted breeder, and got by Mr James Masterman's bull,
of Coathani, near Darlington), and was a true bred short horn. The
above gentleman will attest the same if necessary."

Mr. Christopher Foss, in a letter to John Hutchinson, Esq., dated
Nov. 30th, 1821, says, " According to your request, I called, on the
22d instant, on John Hunter, bricklayer, of Hurworth, who informed
me that his father was a tenant under Madam Bland. About fifty
years ago [1*771], as near as he could recollect, he left off farming,
and came to Hurworth, having sold off all his cattle, except one
beautiful little short-horned cow, which he brought along with him.
She went ever after in the lanes, he having no land. On calving to
a bull belonging to Mr. George Snowdon, of Hurworth, a bull calf,
she and her calf were taken to Darlington, and sold to a Quaker,
wlio, the same day, resold her and her calf to a Mr. Basnett, timber
merchant."

Mr. Robert Waistell, of Darlington, son of Mr. Waistell, of Alihill,
owner with R. Colling of Hubback, says that " The farms of Barmp-
ton and Alihill join each other. Robert Colling came to reside at
Barmpton in 1*783, having taken Barmpton farm in the spring of that
year. He had previously resided at Hurworth. At that time Mr.
Wm. Fawcett owned Hubback, and lived at Haughton Hill, where
Hubback was kept and let to cows at one shilling a cow. Mr. Faw-
cett bought Hubback when a calf of Mr. Basnett. My father pro-

124 CATTLE.

posed to Robert Colling to buy the bull together, and on Good
Friday, 178:^, the two went to Haughton Hill, and asked a price of
Fawcett for him, and ten guineas were asked. They bid him eight
guineas, and Fawcett refused, and Mr. R. Colling would give no
more. On the following Sunday my father went and bargained for
the bull, and agreed to give ten guineas. On his way home, he met
Robert Colling, and said, " I have bought Fawcett's bull at ten
guineas ;" and Colling said, " I will take half," and so it was agreed.
My father went for the bull next day, Monday, and paid the ten
guineas. The two owned him together during the summer of 1783.
My father had eleven cows served by him, and Colling had seven-
teen, in the season. In November following, Charles Collins^ said to
my father, that as they were done with the bull for the season, he
■would give them eight guineas for him; my father replied he was
willing, if Robert was, and so they sold the bull. It was a condi-
tion of the sale of my father's part, that he should have all his cows
served by the bull, as long as Charles Colling owned him. In Feb-
ruary, 1784, my father wanted a cow served by the bull, and sent
her to Ketton. Mr. C. Colling sent the man, who took the cow, back
to my father, to say that the bull should serve the cow, but he would
charge five guineas for it. My father sent the man to Ketton for
the cow, and brought her away unserved ; and he had no cows
served by the bull afterwards. Charles Colling kept the bull two
years, and then sold him to Mr. Hubback, of Northumberland. The
bull was called Hubback's bull for many years after Colling sold him.
I have heard these facts many times from my father and R. Colling.

Mr. Alexander Hall, in a letter to Mr. Thomas Bates, the cele-
brated breeder, under date of Feb. 14, 1820, says, "I was born in
the year 1754, and resided the most of my life at Haughton. Mr.
Thomas Hall, with whom I 'ived until his death, resided there, and
was a breeder of short-horns for thirty years, before 1778. I knew
Mr. Stephenson, of Ketton, Mr. Colling, of Skerningham, father of
Robert and Charles, Mr. Waistell, of Great Burdon, Mr. Robson, of
Dinsdale, Mr. Bamlet, of Norton, Mr. Fawcett, of Haughton Hill,
Mr. Hunter, Mr. Snowdon, and Mr. Banks of Hurworth, and I was
well acquainted with their cattle. After the death of Mr. Thomas
Hall, I was a breeder of short-horns, and sold a cow to Charles Col-
Kng and two to Robert, I used Snowdon's bull and Fawcett's bull,
(afterwards called Hubback.) Mr. Hunter got his cattle of Mr.
Stephenson, of Ketton, and Mr. Banks got his of Mr. Waistell, of
Great Burdon. Mr. Snowdon went to live at Hurworth about the
year 1773. He bred his bull, the sire of Hubback, after he went to
Hurworth, and he was got by Mr. Robson's bull."

" In that day I never heard that any of these gentlemen had Dutch
or Kyloe blood in their cattle, and they were all noted for the good-
ness of their short-horns.'* *

SHORT-HORNS.

Again, under date of March 20th, 1820, Alexander Hall, in a cer-
tificate given to Mr. Bates, says, " John Hunter, of Hurworth, was a
mason. He bred Hubback. Hubback's dam was got by a bull
owned by Mr. Banks, of Hurworth. Banks's bull had a great belly,
but was out of a handsome cow owned by Mr. Banks. John Hunter
bought the grandam of Hubback of Mr. Stephenson, of Ketton. Mr.
Snowdon's cow that produced * Snowdon's bull,' was a very hand-
some one, and remarkable for her wide hips, and fine quick eyes.'*

Mr. Hutchinson, the banker and breeder, says of Hubback, " It
behooves every breeder to prove his own stock related to this wonder-
ful animal (if he can) ; which I conceive by no means difficult to do,
as no bull (as I will show) has been more easy of access. He served
three years at Mr. Fawcett's, near Haughton, at one shilling a cow,
before the late Robert Colling and Mr. Waistell purchased him. Mr.
Waistell, during the nine or ten months he remained a partnership
bull, had his twelve breeding short-horned cows served by him, and
he was open and free to the whole neighborhood durino^ that period.
Mr. Charles Colling became possessed of him in October, 1783; he
was then rising five years eld ; his price not more than £8 8s.

" But I am by no means reconciled to the idea that Mr. Colling
himself ever thought so highly of this L ull, as it is now confidently
held out, (for he kept him only two years) ; otherwise would he have
parted with him at seven years old, a nameles'i hull? for it is well
known tliat he was not called Huhhack till many years after he had
been sold to a gentleman of that name, (Hubback,) at North Seaton
in Northumberland.

" A dissension has arisen amongst the Ketton and Bannpton breed-
ers ; and all those who have cattle descended from the Grandson of
Lord Bolingbroke — or what is now called the alloy-hlood — want to
prove that there was Scotch blood in Hubback ; and, as this can-
not he done on the dam's side, they go back to Sir James Penny-
man, though I do not believe there is a tittle of evidence to prove that
Hubback was descended from his stock ; the only reason they have
for supposing so is, that Mr. Snowdon was a tenant of Sir James. I
believe I had the last conversation on this subject with poor George
Snowdon myself, about three months before his death, and he cer-
tainly said that was the case, that his bull was descended from Sir
James's stock, but in what degree, or h'lw related, he kneio no more
than the UMin-in-the-moon. Mr. George Snowdon came to Hurworth
in 1774: so much for the credibility of George Snowdon having
brought this bull with him out of Cleveland, and of his having de-
scended from the stock of the late Sir James Pennyman."

Mr. Snowdon was a tenant under Sir J. Pennyman, near Ormsby
in Cleveland, and gave up his farm there, and came to the parish of
Hurworth in 1774, and was a tenant under Mrs. Bland, widow of
James Bland, Esq., who died in 1770.

126 CATTLE.

Sir James Pennyman came to the title and estate of his family in
the year 1770, by'succeeding his uncle, Sir Wartron. He found a
herd of short-horns on his estate when he came to possession, and
they had been there very many years, and came originally from the
Aislabies. Their excellence in the lifetime of his uncle Sir WiUiam,
fourth baronet, was extraordinary. A memorandum book in posses-
sion of the family in 1848, shows that, in 1767, a cow six years old,
eating nothing hut grass, and giving milk, was killed, and her dead
weio-ht was 100 stones and upwards — more than 1400 lbs. ; and an-
other of the same age, and treated in a hke manner, was estimated
to weigh 10 stones (140 lbs.) more, 1540 lbs. dead weight.

Sir James Pennyman commenced breeding in 1770, and in 1773
got his first cattle of Sir Wm. St. Quintin. Now George Snowdon
left Cleveland in the spring of 1774, and took with him six cows.
As these were cows in 1774, and of course calved before 1773, they
could not be descended from the St. Quintin blood in possession of
Sir James Pennyman. Robson Hved at Dinsdale, two miles from
Hurworth. The dam of Snowdon's bull (the sire of Hubback) was
bred to Robson's bull the very year Snowdon came to Hurworth.
Snowdon's bull was calved in 1775, and in 1776 got Hubback, who
was calved in 1777.

Thus it is evident that if Snowdon's cows had the Pennyman blood,
it was of a period prior to the infusion of the St. Quintin blood. But
** in what degree, or how related'' to Sir James Pennyman's blood,
Snowdon " knew no more than the man-in-the-moon."

Hubback, it is well known, was sold by Mr. Colling to Mr. Hub-
back, of Northumberland, in 1785. Mr. Hubback used him up tc
1791, when he was fourteen years old, and the bull was vigorous to
the last. Mr. Bates saw him and calves got by him in 1791, —
the calves got in 1790.

Hubback was therefore a pure short-horn, and did not become im-
potent.

6. The Galloway cross was made by chance ; and the alloy stock
had no value, except as conferred by the short-horn blood in them,
and in spite of the Galloway strain.

In the first volume of Coates' Herd Book, page 102, is the follow-
inir: — " O'Callaghan's Son of Bohngbroke, red and white, bred by
Colonel O'Callaghan, of Heighington, got by Bolingbroke, dam a red
polled Galloway Scotch cow. This cow and another of the same
breed, were purchased of Mr. David Smurthwaite, near Northaller-
ton, by Mr. George Coates, who sold them to Col. O'Callaghan.
O'Callaghan's Son of Bolingbroke, when a few days old, became the
property of Mr. C. Colling, and was the sire of Grandson of Boling-
broke."

Col. O'Callaghan lived near Ketton, and Avhen he got these two
Galloways in 1791^ he arranged with Mr. Colling to bull them, and

SHORT-HORNS. i»

by agreement, Mr. Colling was to have the bull calves, and the Col-
onel to retain the heifers. One dropped a heifer, and the other a
bull calf, in 1V92 ; the latter, by the bargain, was Mr. Colling's.
He was kept a bull until about a year old. Johanna, [fi very mode-
rate cow,) got by the I,ame bull, (a very moderate one,) not having
bred for two years, was, in 1793, turned to run with this young bull ;
he got her in calf, and was then castrated and fed as a steer, and
was never used to any other cow. In 1794 Johanna dropped a bull
calf, the Grandson of Bolingbroke, one fourth Galloway. If this
cross had been made to improve the short-horns, wotild Mr. Collino-
have used his poorest cow, old Johanna, to do it with ? Old Phoe-
nix produced Favorite in Oct. 1793, and had no calf in 1794, nor
1795, and, during all that time, was bulled by Bolingbroke and other
bulls of the pure blood, until, as a last hope, she was turned into the
Btraw-yard in the winter of 1795-96, to run with this Grandson of
Bolingbroke, and he got her in calf; and she in the autumn of 1796
dropped the cow. Lady. Mr. Colling never used this Grandson of
Bolingbroke to any other cow. Lady's first calf was Washington.
Mr. CoUing used him to only three or four cows one season, and
these produced nothing of any particular value. He was used by
Mr. Colling no more ; and he never used any other bull out of her
or her daughters. The alloy in his hands was confined to Lady, her
daughters, and the produce of her daughters. He never suffered
that blood to run into his Daisy tribe, his Duchess tribe, nor the rest
of his Lady Maynard tribe.

This alloy family was always extraordinarily deficient in milk, and
at the sale in 1810, giving little milk, were most remarkable for then-
high condition, and this sold them well.

The family of Lady, her daughters, and the produce of her
daughters, numbered thirteen at the sale of Mr. Colling, in 1810,
and were far more numerous than any other. No other family num-
bered over Jive. The alloy family sold for 2082 guineas, and aver-
aged 160 guineas; the Phoenix family, including Comet, averaged
491 g's., and without Comet averaged 237 g's. ; and the Daisy fam-
ily averaged 175 g's. The pure blood brought higher prices than
the alloy ; and in the leading families of the pure blood made higher
averages. No other family could make so great an aggregate.

At this day in England they have ceased to claim any merit for
the Galloway cross, and freely admit that it did no good, and that
when animals having it are good, they are so in spite of that cross,
not in consequence of it; hxxt from their short-horn blood.

The most extraordinary sales of short-horns in modern davs, were
those of the herds of Earl Spencer and Mr. Bates ; and these
breeders wholly rejected and avoided the Galloway alhni, as did Mr.
Mason, (the contemporary and intimate friend of Mr. Colling) from
whom Lord Spencer derived his cattle.

128

CATTLE.

Mr. Youatt, contradicting Berry in his claim of the value of this
alloy blood, says, (page 99,) " The dam of Lady was Phoenix, also
the dam of the bull Favorite, and as the Grandson of liolingbroke is
not known to have been the sire of any other remarkably good ani-
mal, it is most piobable that the unquestionable merit of Lady and
her descendants is to be attributed more to her dam than to her
sire."

This account of the Gallow^ay cioss was derived from Mr. Bates,
of Kirkleavington, who had it from Mr. Colling, and knew it of his
own knowledge.

Mr. Berry barely names Mr. Robert Colling, and gives only a
summary of his sale. R. Colling was quite as distinguished as his
brother Charles, and bred cattle at least as good. When C. Col-
hng sold his cattle in 1810, all was inflation and war prices. Robert's
sale was in 1818, amidst the depression of the agricultural interest,
consequent on a return of peace. Compared with the other agri-
cultural prices of the two periods, Robert's sale was higher in prices
than Charles's. R. Colling's and Sir Henry Vane Tempest's sales
are given. In Mr. R. Colling's, one cow brought 370, within 40
guineas of Mr. C. Colling's highest priced cow; and one bull 621
guineas, far higher than any one in C). Colling's sale except Comet.
All agricultural products were in 1810 double the prices of 1818.

Catalogue of Mr. Robert Colling's Sale of Short-Horned Cattlft,
September, 181 8, at Barmpton.
COWS.
Age. Names.

17.
11,

11,
4,
5,

6,

6,

6,

Red Rose,

Moss Bose,

Juno,

Diana,

Sally,

Charlotte,

Wildair,

Lilly,
6, Golden Pippin,
6, Blackwell,

Tulip,

Trinket,

INIary Anne,

Louisa,

Empress,

Caroline,

Clarissa,
f. J Young Mos3
^' \ Rose,
5, Venus,

5, Rosette,

o < Young Chai
°' i lotte.
3, Vesper,

6, Nonpareil,
3, Daisy,

8, Kate,

^A

Sire.

Dam.

Price.
Gs.

iiuycr.

Favorite,

By Ben,

Sick and n^t oflFcre^

do..

Red Rose,

,

Not offered.

do.,

Wildair by Favorite,

78,

Simpson A Smith

do.,

Widair,

73,

Lord Althorp.

do..

By Favorite,

ai.

Simpson & Smith.

Comet,

Cathalene,

50,

]Mr. Brown.

George,

Wildair by Favorite,

176,

C. Duncomb.

Korth Star,

By Favorite,

m.

Mr. Skip worth.

North Star.

do.,

141,

Mr. Cattle.

Wellington,

Of iMr. Hill's Stock

31,

T. Hopper.

George,

By Favorite,

70,

C. Tibbets

Barmpion,

do.,

143,

Simpson & Smith

George,

do..

^'

do.

Wellington,

do..

37,

do.

Barmpton,

Lady Grace,

210,

C. Champion.

Minjr,

Wildair by Favorite,

160,

H. Witham.

Wellington,

By Favorite,

151,

Mr. Robson.

do.,

Moss Rose,

190,

C. Duncomb.

do..

By George,

195,

Simpson & Smith

do.,

Red Rose,

300,

Lord Althorp.

do.,

Charlotte,

72,

]\Ir. Thomas.

do..

By Favorite,

111,

Mr. White.

do

Juno,

370,

Lord Althorp.

do

By Favorite,

32.

Simpson & Smith

dc ,

By Phenomenon,

Ga.

H. Witham.

SHORT-HORJJS.

129

HEIFERS.

Age. Namci.

Sire.

Dam.

Prices.
Gs.

Buyer.

2, Amelia,

Lancaster,

By North Star,

76,

Mr. Maynard.

2, Aurora,

do.,

do.,

78,

Mr. Smith.

2, Princess,

do.,

Golden Pippm,

156,

Mr. Skipworth.

2, Clara,

do.

Venus,

190,

Mr. Thomas.

2, Fannv,

Wellingtoa

Sally,

160,

C. Tibbets.

2, White Rose

do..

By Wellington,

51,

Mr. Smith.

2, Ruby,

do.

RedBose,

331,

Mr. Robson.

2, Lavina,

Lancaster,

Young Moss Rose,

105,

do.

2, Hebe,

Jupiter,
"Wellington,

Lily,

90,

Mr Thompson.

2, Jesse,

OfMr. Hill's Stock.

43,

Mr. Hutchinson

2, Jewell,

do.,

do..

50,

Mr. Brown.

HEIFER CALVES.

Names.

Sire.

Dam.

Price,
Gs

Buyer.

Violet,

North-Star,

By Midas,

48,

Mr. Skipworth

Sweet-brier,

do..

Nonpareil,

145,

Mr. Maynard.

Snowdrop,

Wellington,

Tulip,

By Favorite,

71,

Mr. Thompson.

Cowslip,

do.,

54,

Mr. Layton.

Lady Anne,

do..

By George,

100,

Mr. Barnes.

Flora,

Lancaster.

Sally,

47,

Mr. Thompson,

Cleopatra,

do,.

By George,

133,

Mr. Barnes.

do..

Clarissa,

52,

Mr. Kobson.

do..

Trinket.

56,

Mr. Wiley.

Wellington,

By Wellington,

23,

Simpson & Smith.

Lancaster,

Mary Anne,

42,

Mr. Cattle.

do..

Louisa,

38,

Mr Smith.

Barmpton,

Empress,

100,

C. Champion.

do,
do..

Rosette,
Charlotte,

123,
55,

Mr. Kobson.
Maj. Rudd.

do..

Trinket,

110,

Simpson & Smith.

do..

By Cleveland,

80.

Mr. White.

BULLS.

Age. Names.

Sire.

Dam.

Price.
Gs.

Buyer.

12, Marske,

Favorite,

Brighteyes,

50,

Mr. Maynard.

11, North Star,

do.

By Punch,

73,

T. Lax.

10, Midas,

Phenomenon,

Red Kose,

270,

Mr. Wiley.

8, Barmpton.

George,

Moss Rose,

Not offered.

6, Major,

Wellington,

By Phenomenon

185,

Mr. Brooks.

4, Lancastet

do..

Moss Rose,

621,

Simpson & Smith

3, Baronet,

do..

Bod Rose,

Not oflfered.

3, Regent,

do.,

By Windsor,

145,

Lord Althorp.

BULL CALVES.

Names

Diamond,

Albion,

Harold,

PUot,

Sire.

Dam.

Price.
Gs.

Bayer.

Lancaster,

do.,
Wellington,

Venus,

Bv Wellington,

W^ildair,

102,
140
20i;

Mr. Donaldson
Mr. Russel.
Mr. Whitaker

Major or
Wellington,

Red Rose

270,

Mr. Booth.

Total, .£7853 for 61 animals.

130

CATTLE.

Catalogie of Sb Henry Vane Tempest's Short-Horned Cattle, sold by his Ezecntorf
after his death, October, I8\3, at Wynyard.

COWS.

Age.

13, Princess,

10, Anna Boleyne,

9, Llvira,

6, Trinket,

4, Paioquet,

4, Nell (jrwynn,

4, Alexina,

4, Tulip,

3, Calista,

3, Trifle,

3, Peg VVoffington^

3, Angelina,

6, Red Rose,

Sire.

Favorite,

Dam.

^ Brighteyes
l vorite.

by Fa-

do.,

Princess,

Phenomenon,

do..

do.,

Tragedy,

Wynyard,

Phenomenon,

Princess,

do..

Anna Boleyne*

do.,

Tragedy,

Comet,

Cora,

Phenomenon,

Tragedy,

,Wynyard,

Princess,

Phenomenon,

Anna Boleyne,

do..

Price.
Gs.

36, j

76.
96,
45,
52,
68,
41,
87,
112,
58,
27,
63,
36,

Buyer.

Countess of Antrim.
Sir Henry's widow.
Mr. Mills.
Mr. Binns.
Mr. Parrington.
K. Wilkinson.
John Wood.
Mr. Vansittart.
Mr. MUls.

do.
Mr. Vansittart.

do.
Countess of Antriia
Mr, Dobson

HEIFERS.

Age.

Names.

2, Young Tragedy,

2, Matchless,

1, Artless,

1, Helen,

Sire.

Wynyard,
Phenomenon,
Wynyard,
do..

Dam.

Tragedy,
Matron,
Anna Boleyne,
Elvira,

Price. Bayer.

Gs.

70, Mr. Bower.

40, Mr. Hutchinson.
56, Sir B. Graham.

71, Mr. Cook.

Names.

Patch,*

Careless,

Peeress,*

HEIFER CALVES.
Dam.

Wynyard,
do.,
do..

Calista,

Grades, half blood.

Prioe.
Gs.

11,
16.

Bnyer.

R. Wilkinson.
Mr. Bower.
Mr. Smith.

Names.

Noble,
Albion,
Pilot,

Sire.

Wynyard,
do.,
do..

BULL CALVES.
Dam.

Nell Gwynn,
Anna Boleyne,
Princess,

Price.
Gs.

Bayer.

51, Mr. Jackson.

62, Kev.G. Barrington.

^, Countess of Antrim.

As;e.

Name,

Sire

BULLS.
Dam.

7, Wynyard, Phenomenon, Princess,

1, Wellington, Wynyard, Alexina,

Total, JC1618 for 25 animals.

Price. Boyor.

G«.

210, Mr. MUla.

71, Countess of Antria.

SHORT-HORNS. 131

Of th<j breeders contemporaneous with the Collings, the most
prominent were Sir Henry Vane Tempest, Col. John Trotter, and
Mr. Mason. These gentlemen all derived their animals to commence
with from the Ketton and Barrppton herds; Sir Henry's and Col
Trotter's being entirely from Robert Colling. It was the singular
fortune of the Colonel, to sell three cows to Col. Melish for 2100
guineas, (£2210,) a high evidence of the superiority of his breeding,
and the excellence of his cattle. Col. Melish resold one of the three
to Major Bower for 800 guineas. This was just twice the price of
the highest of the cows in Charles Colling's sale. Col. Trotter bred
that very superior bull Baron, (58,) sold to Mr. Dimcomb at a very
high price. He was used with great success by Mr. Duncomb.

Mr. Mason was coeval nearly with the Collings, and continued
breeding until 1829, when he sold, and his herd realized great prices.
The leading purchaser was Lord Althorp, (afterwards Earl Spencer,)
who reared a large and valuable stock from this source, which num-
bered about 150 when he died; they were by his legatee, Mr. Hall,
sold for very great prices, one bull reaching 400 and another 370
guineas, and some cows going to 200 guineas.

Sir Henry Vane Tempest of Wynyard, was clearly the leading
breeder other than the Collings, during the period of the existence
of the Ketton and Barmpton herds ; and so far as permanent influ-
ence on the present short-horns is concerned, the best breeder. He
commenced by the purchase from Robert Colling of a cow of his
very extraordinary Princess tribe. From her are descended the
famous and unsurpassed tribe of the Princess family, so distinguished
in this day ; and which is now, in its pure state, in England, solely in
the possession of Mr. John Stephenson, of Wolviston, county of
Durham.* Sir Henry died in 1813, and his widow, the Countess of
Antrim, continued the Wynyard herd till 1818, when she sold ofi
her cattle. At her sale Mr. Stephenson purchased the cow Ange-
lina, of the Princess family, and from her he has reared his present
herd of that tribe, of which his cattle wholly consists.

Of the breeders of the present day, Mr. Stephenson and Mr. Bates
of Kirkleavington, are more distinguished for the high style and
quahty of their cattle than any others in England. As a bull breeder,
Mr. Stephenson has no equal. Mr. Bates commenced his breeding
with the Duchess tribe, the last of which, owned by C. Colling, he
bought, and until his death in 1849, it remained wholly in his pos-
session. It has now been distributed at very large prices. Mr.
Bates resorted to Mr. Stephenson's blood, and through Mr. Stephen-
son's bull Belvedere, [1706,] greatly improved his short-horns, His
prominent prize animals were got by Belvedere.

* The only other persons possessing females of this blood in its pure state, are Col.
Sherwood, and Ambrose Stevens, of New York. They derived theirs from Mr. Ste-
phenson, and in 1849 and '50 imported eight heifers and oQws from him.

182

CATJ'LC.

HEAD OF MR. STEPHENSON S CELEBllATED BULL "WAIERLOO.

The above cut of the head of Mr. Stephenson's celebrated bull
Waterloo presents to the reader the very perfection of a fine short-
horn head. The horn is small, well-placed and regular ; the fore-
head is broad and indented ; the eye large, prominent, and bright,
yet placid ; the nose small and tapering ; tiie muzzle fine and clean ;
the nostril -wide and large ; the lips tliin and delicate ; the cheek
thin, clear, and fine ; the neck small at the union with the head ;
the throat clean and well cut up ; Ihe whole head small and beauti-
ful, 5'et grand, and showing great constitution and stamina. Such a
head will always have copnnected with it quality of the very highest
kind — good hair — good handling — good flesh — feeding capacity.

So far, the American Editor : and Mr. Youatt now resumes.

THE SKORT-HORNS. 18S

The Yorkshire cow, which now alcnost exclusfvely occupies the
London dairies, is an unanswerable proof of the possibility of uniting
the two quahties, fatting and milking, perfecl.ly, but not at the same
tim- : — they succeed to each other, and at the periods when it suits
the convenience of the dairyman that they should. Years ago the
Yorkshire cow was, compared with other breeds, as great a favorite
in the London market as at present. She 3'ielded more milk, in pro-
portion to the quantity of food consumed, than could be obtained
from any other breed ; but when the dairyman had had her four or
five years, slie began to fall off, and he dried her and sold her. It
look a long time to get much flesh upon her ; and when he cal-
culated the expense of bringing her into condition, he found that his
cheapest way was to sell her for what she would fetch, and that sel-
dom exceeded 5/.

By degrees, however, the moi-e intelligent of the breeders began
to find that, by cautiously adopting the principle of selection — by
finding out a short-horn bull whose progeny were generally milkers,
and crossing some of the old Yorkshites with him, — but still regard-
ing the milking properties of the dam, and the usual tendency to
possess these qualities in the offspring of the sire, — they could at
length obtain a breed that had much of the grazing properties of the
short-horn in the new breed, and retained, almost undiminished the
excellences of the old breed for the pail. Thence it has happened
that many of the cows in the London dairies are as fine specimens of
the improved short-horns as can possibly be produced. They do
not, perhaps, yield quite so much milk as the old ones, but what they
do yield is of better quality ; and whether the dairyman keeps them
a twelvemonth or lono-er — and this is rrettinor more and more the
habit of these people — or whether he milks them for three or four
years — as soon as he dries them, they fatten as rapidly as the most
celebrated of the high bred short-horns.

"We give a fair specimen of one of these cows : the character of the
Holderness and the short-horn beautifully mingling. A milch cow
good for the pail as long as wanted, and then quickly got into mar-
ketable condition, should have a long and rather small head ; a large-
headed cow will seldom fatten or yield much milk. The eye should
be l)right, yet peculiarly placid and quiet in expression ; the chaps
thin, and the horns small. The neck should not be so thin as com-
mon opinion has given to the milch cow. It may be thin towards
the head ; but it must soon begin to thicken, and especially when it
approaches the shoulder. The dewlap should be small ; the breast,
if not so wide as in some that have an unusual disposition to fatten,
yet very far from being narrow, and it should project before the legs ;

the chine, to a certain deofree fleshv, and even inclininir to fullness ;

" ••■11

the girth behind the shoulder should be deeper than it is usually

found in the short-horn ; the ribs should spread out wide, so as to

134

CATTLE.

give as round a form as possible to the carcass, and each sliould
project lariLer than the preceding one to the very loins, giving, if
after all the milch cow DUiist be a little wider below than above, yet
as much breadth as can possibly be afforded to the more valuable
parts. 8he should be well formed across the hips and on the rump,
and with greater length there than the milker generally possesses, or
if a little too short, not heavy. If she stands a little long on the legs,
it must not l>e too long. The thighs somewhat thin, with a slight
tendency to crookedness in the hock, or being sickle-hammed behind :
the tail thick at the upper part, but tapering below ; and she sliould
have a mellow hide, and little coarse hair. Common opinion has
given to her large milk- veins ; and although the milk- vein has
notliing to do with the udder, but conveys the blood from the fore
part of the chest and sides to the inguinal vein, yet a large milk-
vein ceriainly indicates a strongly developed vascular system — one
favorable to secretion generally, and to that of the milk among the
rest.

THE YORKSHIRE COW.

The last essential in a milch cow is the udder, rather large in pjo-
portion to the size of the animal, but not too large. It must be
suffirieutly capacious to contain the proper quantity of milk, but not

THE SHORT-HORNS. 135

too bulky, lest it should thicken and become loaded with fat. The
skin of the udder should be thin, and free from lumps in every part
of it. Tlie teats should be of moderate size ; at equal distances from
each other every way ; and of equal size from the udiler to nearly
the end, where they should run to a kind of point. When they are
too large near the udder, they permit the milk to flow down too
freely from the bag, and lodge in them ; and wiien they are too
broad at the extremity, the orifice is often so large that the cow can-
not retain her milk after the bag begins to be full and heavy. The
udder should be of nearly equal size before and behind, or, if there
be any difference, it should be broader and fuller before than behind.

The quantity of milk given by some of these cows is very great.
It is by no means uncommon for them, in the beginning of the sum-
mer, to yield 30 quarts a day ; there are rare instances of their hav-
ing given 36 quarts ; but the average may be estimated at 22 or 24
quarts. Tt is said that this milk does not yield a proportionate
quantity of butter. That their milk does not contain the same pro-
portionate quantity of butter as that from the long- horns, the Scotch
cattle, or the Devons, is probably true ; but we have reason to be-
lieve that the diflference has been much exaggerated, and is more
than compensated by the additional quantity of milk. The prejudice
against them on this account was very great, and certain experiments
were made, by the result of wliich it was made to appear that the
milk of the Kyloe cow yielded double the quantity of butter that
could be produced from that of the short-horn. Two ounces were
obtained from the milk of the Kyloe, and one from that of the short-
horn.

This aroused the advocates of the short-horns, and they instituted
their experiments, the result of which was much less to the disad-
vantage of the breed. Mr. Bailey, in his survey of Durham, gives an
account of an experiment made by Mr. Walton of Middleton.

He took from his dairy six cows promiscuously, and obtained the
following quantity of butter from a quart of the milk of each ot
them : —

No. 1,3 oz. 6 dwts.; No. 2, 1 oz. 6 dwts.; No. 3, 1 oz. 12 dwts.;
No. 4, 1 oz. 10 dwts.; No. 5, 1 oz. 14 dwts.; No. 6, 1 oz. 6 dwts.;
total, 10 oz. 8 dwts.; which, divided by 6, leaves nearly 1 oz. 14|
dwts., or about I of the weight of butter from the milk of a short-
horn that the same quantity of milk from a Kyloe yielded. Then,
the increased quantity of milk yielded by the short-horn gave her
decidedly the preference, so far as the simple produce was con
cerned.

This experiment brought to light another good quality in the
short-horn, which, if not altogether unsuspected, was not sufficiently
acted upon — that she improved as a dairy-cow as she got older. The
cow, a quart of whose milk produced more than 3 oz. of butter, was

136 CATTLE.

six years old, the other five were only two years old; the experi-
ments proved tiiat her milk was richer at six years old, than it had
been at. two. 'J'his destMves investi^-ation.

Another circumstance is somewhat connected with such an in-
quiry. The Kyloe and the long-horn caitle seem to care little about
change of situation and pasture ; but the short-horn is not so easily
reconciled to a change ; and her milk is ni)t at first either so abun-
dant or so good as it afterwards becomes.

There is a great difference in the quantity of food consumed by
different breeds of cattle, and that the short-horns occupy the high-
est rank among the consumers of fo' d is evident enough ; but we
never could be persuaded that the difference of size in the same
breed made any material difference in the appetite, or the food con-
sumed. When they stand side by side in the stall or the cow-house,
and experience has taught us the proper average quantity of food,
the iittle one eats her share, and the laiger one seldom eats more,
even when it is put before her. There are occasional diff'erences in
the consumption of food by different animals, but these arise far
oftener from constitution, or from some unknown cause, than from
difference in size. Experience does, however, prove, beyond the
possibility of doubt, that the larger cattle, the breed and other cir-
cumstances being th^ same, yield the greatest quantity of milk.

Experience has also proved another thing— that the good grazing
points of a cow, and even her being in lair store c< ndition, do not
necessarily interfere with her milking qualities. They prove that she
has the disposition to fatten about her, but which will not be called
into injurious exercise until, in the natural process of time, or de-
signedly, she is dried. She will yield nearly as much milk as her
unthrifty neighbor, and milk of a supei-ior quality, and at four, five,
or six years old, might be pitted against any Kyloe, in the quality of
her milk, while we have the ph dge that it will cost little to prepare
her for the butcher, when done as a milker. On this principle
many of the London dairymen now act, when they change their cows
so frequently.

The following observations were made by Mr. Calvert, of Brampton,
on the quantity of butter yielded by one of his short-horns. The
milk was kept and churned separately from that of the other stock,
and the following is the number of pounds of butter obtained in each
week,— 7, 10, lb, 12, 17, 13, 13, 13, 15, 16, 15, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14,
14, 13, 12, 12, 13, 11, 12, 10, 10, 8, 10, 9, 10, 7, 7, 7.

There were churned 373 pounds of butter in the space of 32 weeks.
The cow gave 28 quarts of milk per day, about Midsummer, and
would average nearly 20 quarts per day for 20 weeks. She gave
more milk when pastured in the summer than when soiled in the
house, in consequence of the very hot weather. She was lame six
weeks from foul in the feet, which lessened the quantity of milk

SHORT-HORNS.

137

LINCOLNSHIRE.

There is a large, coarse short-horn prevailing, particularly in Lin-
colnshire, denominated in the quotations of the Sraithfield markets
*' Lincolns," but they have no further a65nity with the improved
short-horns than as the latter have been referred to for their improve-
ment, -which has been accomplished to a considerable degree.

LINCOLNSHIRE OX.

Breeders, with judgment, called in the aid of the short-horn, and
speedily and effectually completed their object. They took away the
disposition to make lean beef only, although in very great quantities ;
and if they could not perfectly give to the Lincolns their own early
maturity, they materially quickened the process of fattening.

This cut is a fair specimen of the modern Lincoln, with a cross of
the Durham, and ready for the market. It was sketched by Mr.
Harvey, as it stood in Smithfield.

An improved Lincolnshire beast is therefore now a very valuable
animal ; and if a liner grain could be given to the meat, his great
quantity of muscle, compared with that of fat, would be no disadvan-
tage.

CHAPTER VIII

THE ALDERNEYS.

THE ALDERNEY BULL.

The Normandy cattle are from the French continent, and are
larger and have a superior tendency to fatten ; others are from the
islands of the French coast ; but all of them, whether from the con-
tinent or the islands, pass under the common name of AlderneN'^s.

They are found mainly in gentlemen's parks and pleasure-grounds,
and they maintain their occupancy there partly on account of the
richness of their milk, and the great quantity of butter which it
yields, but more from the diminutive size of the animals. Their real

THE ALDER NLVS.

139

ugliness is passed over on these accounts ; and it is thought fash-
ionable that the new from the breakfast or drawing-room of the
house should present an Alderney cow or two grazing at a httle
distance.

THE ALDERNEY COW.

They are light red, yellow, dun or fawn-colored ; short, wild-
horned, deer-necked, thin, and small boned ; irregularly, but often
very awkwardly shaped.

Mr. Parkinson, who seems to have a determined prejudice against
them, says that " their size is small, and they are of as bad a form
as can possibly be described ; the bellies of many of them are four-
fifths of their weight ; the neck is very thin and hollow ; the shoul-
der stands up, and is the highest part ; they are hollow and narrow
behind the shoulders ; the chine is nearly without flesh ; the bucks
are narrow and sharp at the ends ; the rump is short, and they are
narrow and light in the brisket." This is about as bad a form as can
possibly be described, and the picture is very little exagg^-ated,
when the animal is analyzed point by point ; yet all these defects
are so put together, as to make a not unpleasing whole.

The Alderney, considering its voracious appetite — for it devours
almost as much as a short-horn — yields very little milk, That milk.

140

CATTLE.

however, is of an extraordinarily excellent quality, and gives more but-
ter per quart than can be obtained from the milk of any other cow.
Some writers on agricultural subjects have, however, denied this.
The milk of the Alderney cow fits her for the situation in which she
is usually placed, and where the excellence of the article is regarded,
and not the expense : but it is not rich enough, yielding the small
quantity that she does, to pay for what she costs. On the South
coast of England, there is great facility in obtaining the Aldeniey
cattle, and they are great favorites there.

.i^P^

One excellence it must be acknowledged that the Alderneys pos-
sess ; when they are dried, they fatten with a rapidity that would be
scarcely thought possible from their gaunt appearance, and their
want of almost every grazing^ point, while living.

Some have assigned to the Norman or Alderney cattle a share in
the improvement of the old short-horns ; but the fact does not rest
on any good authority.

EAST INDIAN CATTLE.

Several varieties of these have been imported, and attempts made
to naturalize them, but with varied success, and among them the
Vagore cattle.

THE SHORT HORNS.

141

They are used in India by the higher orders, to draw their state
carriages, and are much valued for their size, speed, and endurance,
and sell at very high prices.

ytASt

THE NAGORE BULL.

They will travel, with a rider on their back, fifteen or sixteen
hours in the day, at the rate of six miles an hour. Their action
IS particularly fine— nothing hke the English cattle, with the side-
way, circular action of their hind legs. — The Nagore cattle bring
their hind legs under them in as straight a line as the horse. They
are very active, and can clear a five-baired gate with the oreatcst

THE

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE

AND

DISEASES OF CATTLE

CHAPTER IX.

THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OE THE HEAD 0> THE OX.

Having described the various breeds of cattle, and touched in-
cidentallv on some of the principles of breeding, we are now prepared
to enter into the consideration of the structure of the ox. This will
afford us opportunity of more satisfactorily elucidatmg the peculiari-
ties, or points, on the development of which the excellence of the
beast, for certain purposes, is supposed to depend ; and will also
enable us to understand the nature and proper treatment of the
diseases to which neat cattle are subject. The first is an important
but disputed topic : it has been founded too much on mere assertion ;
it has varied with the caprice of individuals, or the fashion of the
day ; and it has rarely been referred to principle, and to the neces-
sary effect of certain conformations on the capacity of the animal for
certain purposes : the latter, more important still, has been aUo-
gcther neglected, for until lately there did not exist, in the English
language, "and scarcely in any other, a scientific and satisfactory ac-
count of the nature and causes and cure of the maladies of neat cat-
tle ; but these animals were, with few exceptions, abandoned to the
tender mercies of those whose practice may be characterized as a
compound of ignorance and bi'utality.

For the purpose of future reference, we first introduce the skele-
ton of the ox.

THE FROXTAL SINEUS.

145

Tlie head of the ox may be divided into two parts — the skull and
the face. The cut, page 144, represents a section of both.

The cranium or skull, that portion of the head which contains and
protects the brain, is composed of eight bones : two frontals e, p. 143,
and b, p. i 44 ; one parietal, h, p. 143 ; two temporals, g, p. 143, and/,
p. 144 ; one occipital, i, p. 143 ; and d and I, p. 144 ; one ethmoid, n,
and r, p. 144 ; and one sphenoid, m, p. 144.

The frontal bones extend from the nose to the superior ridge of the
skull ; presenting a flattened but irregular surface, and entirely bare
of muscular or fleshy covering.

•^•S.GILBERT
HEAD OF A SHORT-HORX BULL

THE FROXTAL BONES.

Nattire has given to most cattle a formidable weapon of offence,
the horn. To be effective, it must be securely based ; and it could
only be so, or it could best be so, by this expanse of frontal bone.
From this bone the horn springs, and it is in fact a continuation of
the frontal, (see a, p. 144.) The forehead of the bull is considerably
shorter and broader than that of the cow or the ox in every breed.
This shortness and breadth of forehead is not only characteristic of
diflference of sex, but it is regarded, and properly ^^ as an essential

146 CATTLE.

point in a bull. A deficiency here argues deficiency of ccns;itutional
power, and materially diminishes his value as a stock-getter; a cow
with a large head and broad forehead, in other respects loses the
most valuable points of tlie feminine character — she is neither a good
milker, nor a good mother, nor does she often fatten kindly ; there is
coarseness in her whole form, and her very flesh is coarse, when
slaughtered. There is no point more generally assented to by
breeders that this — that a tine small head, tapering towards the
muzzle, usually indicates a good milker and a good feeder, and a good
temper too.

Tiie cut of the head of the bull, page 145, except somewhat too
narrow a muzzle, is a good illustration of the masculine character of
a superior bull of the improved short-horn breed.

In some species of hornless cattle the expanse of this bone not
being wanted as a base for the horn, is not found ; but the frontal
bones begin to contract a little above the eyes, and terminate in a
comparatively narrow ridge at the summit of the head. This narrow-
ness of the parietal ridge is a characteristic of the purity of the breed
and its grazing qualities, particularly among the Gallow^ay and xVngus
cattle, showing fineness of form, and smallness of bone everywhere.

THE FRONTAL SINUSES.

If this expanse of bone were solid, its weight would be enormous,
and it would weigh the animal down. To obviate this, it is divided
into two plates, separated by numerous cells ; these extend through
the whole of the bone, even through the parietal and occipital bones.
Hence the frontal sinuses extend from th^ angle of the eye to the
foramen through which the brain escapes from the skull, and to the
very tip of the horn (vide a and c, p. 144.)

There is a septum, or division, in the centre of the frontal sinuses.
Commencing about half way up the nose, the septum is wanting at
the lower part, and the two nostrils are thrown into one ; and the
frontal sinuses communicating with the nasal, there is one continuous
cavity from the muzzle to the tip of the bone of the horn, and from
one nostril to the other.

INFLAMMATION OF THE FRONTAL SINUSES.

The whole of this cavity is lined by a prolongation of the mem-
brane of the nose, and when one part of it is inflamed, the whole is
apt to be affected. This accounts for the very serious character
which a discharge from the nostril sometimes assumes in cattle.
The sooner a gleet from the nose of an ox is examined and properly
treated the better, for the inflammation is extensive generally.

After a little cough, with slight nasal discharge, we occasionally

THE FORAMINA OF THE FOREHEAD. 147

find the beast r ipidly becoming dull and drooping, and carrying his
head on one side. Either grubs or worms have crept up the nostril,
and are a source of irritation there ; or inflammation, at first merely of
the membrane of the nose, and connected with common cold, has
extended along the cavity, and is more intense in some particular spot
than in others ; or has gone on to suppuration, and matter is thrown
out and lodged there, and generally about the root of one of the
horns. The veterinary surgeon either opens the skull at the root of
the horn, or, in a more summary and better way, cuts off the horn at
its root. More than a pin\ of pus sometimes esxiapes ; and although
there may not be throwing out of pus, yet the inflammation will be
materially relieved by the bleeding that follows -such an operation.
The opening into the sinus which is thus made should be speedily
closed, or the air will render the inflammation worse than before.

On account of the vast extent of cavity from the communication
between all the partitions of the sinus, the ox occasionally sufters
much from the larva of a species of fly that creeps up the nose and
lodges in some part ; the annoyance is sometimes so great as to be
scarcely distinguished from phrenitis. This does not often happen ;
for the sinuses are more the accidental than the natural and regular
habitation of these insects.

THE USE OF THESE SINUSES.

These plates of the skull are separated from each other at least an
inch at all places, and in some parts more than double that distance
(see cut, p. 144). The skull is the covering of the brain. The wea-
pons of off"ence spring from the skull, and are often used with terrible
eflfect about the skull The polled cattle use their heads as weapons
of oftence, and butt each other with tremendous foi'ce. If the frontal
bone were so solid as almost to resist the very possibility of fracture,
yet if the brain lay immediately underneath it, the concussion from
the shock of their rude encounters would be dangerous, and often
fatal. Therefore the bones are divided into two plates, and separated
as widely as possible from each other, where, as at the parietal crest,
and the root of the horn, the shock is most likely to fall. There are
also inserted between the plates numerous little perpendicular walls,
or rather scales of bone, (see c, p. 144,) of vafer-like thinness, which
give sufficient support to the outer plate in all ordinary cases, and by
their thinness and elasticity afford a yielding resistance capable of
neutralizing almost any force. If the external plate is fractured, the
inner one is seldom injured.

THE FORAMINA OF THE FOREHEAD.

There are marks of contrivance in the structure of the head of the
ox, which should not be passed over. The large expanse of the

148 CATTLE.

ox's fore]] ead requires much nervous influence, and a great supply
of blood ; and, therefore, there are two foramina, or holes one for the
escape of the nerve, and the other of the artery. Each of these,
however, must be of considerable bulk, and they have to run over
a surface, where they are exposed to much danger. There is pro-
vision made for this — a curious groove in which they run for some
distance above and below, securely defended by the ridge of bone on
either side, until they give off various branches, and are so diminished
in bulk, that they are comparatively out of the reach of injury. If
the nerve or the artery were injured, the nervous influence and the
blood would be supplied by other ramifications.

THE ARCH UNDER WHICH THE TEMPORAL MUSCLE PLAYS.

A strong process of the frontal bone goes to contribute to the
formation of the zygomatic arch, under which the head of the lower
jaw moves and is defended ; and the act of mastication is thus
securely performed. In the ox the teeth are never weapons of
off"ence ; he may gore and trample upon his enemy, but he does not
bite him : and his food is leisurely gathered in the first imperfect mas-
tication, and still more lazily and sleepily ground down in rumination ;
this arch therefore need not be, and is not, capacious and strong. It is,
from situation and the general shape of the head, exempt from vio-
lence and injury ; and therefore the arch not only does not project
for the purpose of strength, and to give room for a mass of muscle
that is not wanted, and the frontal bone does not enter into its com-
position at all. (See g and e, p. 143.)

THE HORNS.

The froncals in the ox in their prolongation make the horns. The
foetus of three months has no horn ; during the fourth month it may
be detected by a little irregularity of the frontal bone, and by the
seventh month is evident to the eye elevating the skin. It now
gradually forces its way through the cutis or skin, which it has
accomplished at the time of birth ; and, continuing to grow, detaches
the cuticle or scarf skin from the cutis, and carries it with it ; and
this gradually hardening over it, forms the rudiment of the future
covering of the bone of the horn. Beneath this cuticle the horn soon
begins to form ; but it continues covered until the animal is twelve
or fifteen months old, giving a skinny roughness, which then peals ott",
showing the shining and perfect horn. The horn then is composed
of an elongation of the frontal bone, cov^ered by a hard coating, origi-
nally of a gelatinous nature. Its base is a continuation of the frontal
bone, and is hollow or divided into numerous cells, (a and c, p. 144,)
all communic iting with each other, and lined by a continuation of the
membrane of the nose.

J

FRACTURE OF THE HORN. 149

The bone of the horn is exceedingly vascular ; the most vascular
in the whole frame, for it has not only vessels for its own nourish-
ment, but for that of its covering ; it is much roughened on its sur-
face, and is perforated by innumerable vessels. It is on this account
that when it is broken the bleeding is so great — it would scarcely be
more profuse from the amputation of a limb.

FRACTURE OF THE HORN.

Young bullocks will often too early use their horns. In this way
the biOrn occasionally gets fractured. If the bone of the horn is
broken, but the external covering is not displaced, nothing is neces-
sary but to fix splents to the part, and bind well up, so that the
fractured edges shall be kept securely in place, and in a few weeks
all will be well.

Sometimes the horny covering is torn off. If the bone is not frac-
tured, it will be best to leave it to nature. There will be a great deal
of haemorrhage at first; but this ceasing, leaves the bone covered by
coagulated blood This hardens and foi-ms a temporary case for the
bone. In the meantime another process commences at the base of
the bone. A dense flexible substance is found there, and this begins
rapidly to thicken and harden, and to assume the character of good
horn ; it then runs up the bone, displaces the crust of coagulated
blood as it grows, and covers the bone completely and, much resem-
bles and is nearly as strong as the original horn.

At other times, after ihe horny covering has been torn off, the
bone will be found to be fractured, but the parts not perfectly sepa-
rated. They must be brought in exact apposition, bound carefully up,
and confined with splents, or strong bandages. Union between the
edges of the bone will speedily take place, new liorn grow over, and
there will be scarcely a mark of the accident.

At other times, not only is the horny covering torn off, but the
bone is also perfectly separated. The bone will never be reproduced ;
nature will often attempt it, and a rude mass will be formed, half
bony and half cartilaginous. To prevent this, the horn must be
sawed off level below the fracture, and the nearer the head the better,
because it will be the sooner covered by a prolongation of the cuticle.
The hot iron must be frequently passed over the level surface, after
which this reproduction will seldom be attempted ; or, if it is, may
be easily destroyed by the cautery. As soon as the bone has been
sawed off level, and the bleeding stopped, and the cautery applied to
the exposed suiface, the part must be bound up as quickly as possible
with one tar-cloth above another, so as completely to exclude the air :
for the air being now admitted unrestrained to the frontal sinuses, so
irritable, it may produce dangerous inflammation. Cases are frequent
in which inflammation of the brain or lock-jaw have followed a broken

150 CATTLE

horn, and from this cause — the exposure of the hning membran(J of
the cells of the head to the unaccustomed stimulus of the air.

COMPOSITION AND GROWTH OF THE HORNY COVERING.

The horn is exceedingly thin at its base, and appears as a con-
tinuation of the cuticle ; dissection cannot trace any separation be-
tween them ; but maceration has proved that the cuticle and the
coverinnr of the bone of the horn are two distinct substances. In the
ox, from a prolongation of the cuticle proceeds the covering of the
bone of the horn, or at least the basis of it. The rings at the base
of the horn, and which gradually recede from the base, prove this :
but the horn thickens as it grows out, and this thickening, and the
greater portion of the horn, are derived from the vascular substance
that surrounds the bone, and which is fed by the innumerable ves-
sels, that are interposed between it and the horn.

RINGS OF THE HORN.

These rings have been considered as a criterion by which to de-
termine the age of the ox. At three years old, the first distinct one
is usually observed : at four years old two are seen ; and so on, one
being added on each succeeding year. Hence the rule, that if two
be added to the number of rings, the age of the animal would be
given.

These rings, however, are perfectly distinct in the cow only ; in
the ox they do not appear until he is five years old, and are often
confused : in the bull they are either not seen until five, or cannot
be traced at all. They are not always distinct in the cow ; the two
or three first may be, but then come mere irregularities of surface,
that can scarcely be said to be rings, and which it is impossible to
count. If a heifer goes to bull when she is about two years old,
there is an immediate change in the horn, and the first ring appears ;
so that a real three-year-old would carry the mark of a four-year-
old. After the beast is six or seven years old, these rings are so
UTegular that the age indicated by the two horns is not always the
same. A difference of one year is seen, and in some instances the
horns do not agree by two years at -east. As a process of nature,
it is far too irregular for any certain dependence.

THE DEGREE OF FEVER ESTIMATED BY THE HORN.

The farrier and the cow leech, Avhen examining a sick beast, feel
the root of the horn and the tip of the ear. There is much good
sense about this. If the temperature is natural in both, there is no
great degree of fever ; but if the ears are deathy cold, it shows that
the blood is no longer circulating through the small vessels, but con-
gesting round some important organ, the seat of inflammation — and

OCCASIONAL HOKNS Ui\ THE GALLOWAYS. 151

nothing can be more dangerous. He also gains from the horn an
indication quite as important. The horn at the base is very thin ; as
much so as the cuticle or scarf-skin, and covers one of the most vas-
cular bones in the whole body. Nowhere else can the practitioner
get so near to the circulating fluid, or to so great a quantity of it.
He, therefore, puts his hand on the root of the horn, to see the pre-
cise temperature of the blood, and thus to judge of the degree of
general fever or constitutional disturbance.

THE HORNS THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTER OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS.

We have classed the different breeds of cattle according to the
length of horn, and we cannot have a better guide. In the crosses
between them, the horns follow a determined course ; as long as the
breed remains pure, cattle may be increased or diminished in size,
be changed in the proportions of various parts for certain purposes —
be made true grazing or dairy cattle, but the horn remains the
same ; it is the distinguishing badge of the breed.

In the present race of short-horns there is a great variety in the
form of the horn. Some think this of little or no consequence ; we are
not of that number. It sometimes tells tales of crosses long gone by or
forgotten, and totally unsuspected ; and it is possible that they indi-
cate certain peculiarities, excellences or defects, reaching perhaps to
no great extent, yet worthy of notice. A treatise on the horns of
cattle might be made a very interesting work ; but it would require
experience that rarely falls to one man's lot, and an unusual freedom
from hypothesis and prejudice.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE HORNS.

Of the influence of sex on the horn, we have proof every day ; but
it is exerted in our domestic cattle in a manner different from all
other ruminants. It is the head of the male, when in his wild state,
that is usually horned ; the castrated male loses his altogether, or
wears diminutive ones ; while the female is generally hornless. On
the contrary, the tame bull is distinguished by a short, straight, in-
significant and ugly horn ; while a weaker, but longer, handsomer,
and beautifully curved horn adorns the head of the ox ; and a still
more delicately-shaped one the cow.

OCCASIONAL HORNS ON THE GALLOWAYS.

The most singrular horn is that which now and then hanefs from
the brow of some polled cattle. It is no prolongation of the frontal
bone ; is not attached to that or any bone of the head ; but grows
from the skin, and han^s down on the side of the face.

JS2 CATTLE.

THE FRONTALS IN P0LL::D C vTTLE.

The frontal bones hold the same situation in polled cattle. They
reach from the nasal bones to the parietal ridge ; but they materi-
ally diminish in breadth towards the poll. The breeders of polled
cattle consider this a proof of pureness of blood, and of the pos-
session of a disposition to fatten.

Large cavities between the plates of the frontal bone are found in
the polled as , well as in the horned breed; but they are not so
deep, nor do they extend beyond the frontals, varying much in the
different breeds of cattle.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HORNED AND HORNLESS BREEDS.

There was a time when this question was much discussed. It
was taken for granted, by those who had more theory than practi-
cal experience, that the horns were not only useless but a serious
evil ; and a scientific surgeon has scrupled not to say, that, " on a
very moderate calculation, the loss in farming stock, and also in
animal food, is very considerable from the production of horns and
their appendages." The fact, how^ever, has never been thoroughly
determined, whether the Galloway, or the Kyloe, is the most profita-
ble grazing stock ; each has its advocates, and each is excellent.
But it has been deteraiined, that during the reign of the Bakewel-
lian stock, no cattle displayed such a propensity to fatten as the
long-horns ; and as the chest became deeper and more circular, and
the aptitude to fatten developed itself, the horn lengthened. It has
also been determined, that for grazing and milking properties, and
particularly for early maturity, no cattle can vie with the short-horns.

The existence of horns, or the length of the horn, have in them-
selves no connection at all with grazing, or with milking : a beast
does not fatten the quicker because there are no horns to consume a
portion of the nutriment, nor is he longer in getting into condition
because he has them. They are ornamental ; they cost the breeder
nothing ; they are useful for various purposes ; and they bring so
much clear gain to the manufacturer. The hornless cattle may,
however, be packed closer than the others, and, destitute of the
natural weapon of offence, are less quarrelsome and more docile.

THE OTHER BONES OF THE SKULL.

We shall be very brief in our iccount of the other bones of the
skull, as little of a practical nature is conirected with them.

The Parietal hone. — In the ox {h, p. 143,) not the smallest portion
of it appears on the superior part of the head ; but it is found at
ihe back of it, usurping the place of 'the occipital bone, giving
attachment to the muscles of the neck, and particularly to its strong
supporting ligament [m, p. 143). It, however, spreads along the
side below the horn, giving it some support ; and it unites there

PECULIARITIES OF THE BRAIN OF THE OX. 158

with the temporal bone, and contributes to the strength of the
part.

The Temporal bones. — These bones (g, p. 143 and 144,) have no
stress upon tliem in cattle ; are small, deep in the tempora i fossa, and
destitute of the squamous suture. The most important difference is
the form of the superficial cavity which receives the head of the low-
er jaw, and which is peculiarly adapted to the lateral grinding mo-
tion of rumination.

The Occipital bone. — This bone is, in the ox, deprived of almost all
importance. There is no crest, no tuberosity, and very small con-
dyles, for attachment to the neck ; and even its base, although a lit-
tle widened, is much curtailed in length. It, however, still contains
the great foramen through which the spinal marrow escapes from
the skull (i, p. 142, and d and I, p. 144). There are two foramina
for the passage of nerves.

The Sphenoid and Ethmoid bones are of little importance here.

THE BRAIN.

All these bones unite to form the cranial cavity in which the
brain is contained. It is surrounded by membranes. Comparing the
bulk of the two animals, the brain of the ox is not more than one-
half the size of that of the horse. The medullary substance which
forms the roots of the nerves is as largtj and some of the neiwes, and
particularly the olfactory nerve, or thai of smell, are as much de-
veloped ; the deficiency is in the cineritious part — that part connect-
ed with the intellectual principle. The medullary substance is that
by which impressions made by surrounding objects are conveyed to
the brain, and received there, and the volitions of the mind transmitted,
aid motion given to every part : the cineiitious is that portion where
the impressions are received, and registered, and pondered upon, and
made the means of intellectual improvement, and from which the
mandates of the will proceed. The senses of the ox are as acute as
those of the horse ; he sees as clearly, hears as quickly, and has the.
sense of smelling in greater perfection ; but he has not half the sa-
gacity. He partly has it not, because he does not receive the educa-
tion of the iiorse ; but more, because nature, b}' diminishing the bulk
of the intellectual portion of the brain, has deprived him of the power
of much improvement. Yet the difference is in degree, and not in
kind. He possesses sufficient intellect to qualify him for the situa-
tion in which nature has placed him.

' PECULIARITIES OF THE BRAIN OF THE OX.

Of the peculiarities of the brain of the ox we will say little, for
they are unconnected with that which is the object of our treatise,
the useful knowledge of tte animal The posterior part of the

n*

154 CATTLE.

brain, under the cerebellum, or little brain, and at the commence-
ment of the spinal chord, is a condensation of medullary matter,
(the medulla oblongata,) whence proceed the nerves that are con-
nected witi the involuntary motions of life, and by which the heart
beats, and the lungs play, and the intestines propel the food. In
cattle this part is, in proportion t© the size of the animal, of great
bulk, for they have to contiibute to the food of man ; and the heart
Tnust s-'j-ongly beat, and the stomach and the intestines must be
constantly and actively at work, to furnish the requisite quantity of
milk v.hen living, and abundance of flesh and fat when slaughtered.
The ox, however, is, in a manner, exempt from labor. Even in
the districts in which he is employed on the farm or the road, his
work is slow. At the termination of this medulla oblongata com-
mences the spinal chord, whence proceed all the nerves connected
with the voluntary motions of the body. Now, although the medulla
oblongata is proportionally larger in the ox than in the horse, for
the reason we have just stated, the spinal chord is considerably
smaller, because so much muscular power is not needed.

THE EAR.

In horned cattle, the ears, often comparatively small, and, from their
situation, limited in their motions, and seldom erect, are little regard-
ed. The bull has usuallv the shorter horn and the larger ear ; in some
breeds, particularly the Kyloe, and the Xyloe bull more especially, it
has much to do with the beauty of the head.

In polled cattle, the ear, of a fair size but not too large, freely
movable, and well fringed, corresponds with the beautifully curled
forehead, and is a point of some importance. A large ear is general-
ly objected to, as indicating coarseness of form, and possibly of fles!^.
llie only advantage of a large ear would be, that it might be better
able to discliarge one of its functions, to guard the eyes from injury.
A person cannot long observe an ox, without admiring the adroit
use he makes of his ears for this purpose : but even the weight of
the ear would probably interfere with the requisite rapidity of motion.
The ear of the ox is furnished with two additional muscles, for this
purpose.

DISEASES OF THE EAR.

The enrs of cattle are comparatively exempt from disease. The
passage into the ear is tortuous and guarded with hair. The irreg-
ularities of the conch are large and abrupt. 'J'he inoonveniences
which arise from the introduction of insects into the ear seldom oc-
cur. To contusions these organs are much exposed, producing swell-
ing abscess, and deafness. Fomentations will aflbrd the principal
means of relief or cure, with occasional washing out of the ear with

DISEASES OF THE EAR. 16G

wanii water, or soap and water, and the application of a weak solu-
tion of Goulard, while much inflammation remains, and of a still
weaker solution of alum, when the inflammation has subsided.

Simple inflammation of the ear is a rare disease in cattle. It is
recognized by the animal carrying his head a little on one side ; this
is plainly referable to the ear from the heat and tenderness of its
base both within and without, and a kind of immobility of the ear,
resulting from the pain which the animal suffers in moving it. Bleed-
ing from the neck vein, a dose of physic, and fomentation of the
part, will usually give relief ; and afterwards a lotion composed of a
drachm of the extract of lead and the same of laudanum added to
four ounces of water : a little of this may be poured into the ear,
and the ear gently squeezed so that th-^ lotion shall find its way to
every part of it.

Sometimes the beast is much annoyed by an itching of the ear.
A dry scurfiness spreads over a greater or less part of the skin of
the inside of the ear. A healing ointment will aflford the most ready
cure. A little must be gently but well rubbed into the inside of the
ear, until the scuify skin is softened, and be repeated daily. The
ointment is thus composed : — melt together four pounds of lard, and
one of common resin ; set them by to cool, and when they begin to
thicken, stir in one pound of calamine powder, inibbed down to a
state of the greatest possible fineness. In a very few instances a
collection of fluid will appear between the cartilage and the inner
skin of the ear. The tumor must be opened from end to end.
Still more rarely fungous granulations spring up from the base of
the ear. They must be cut down Avith a knife. Kitrate of silver
must then be applied over the exposed surface, and an alum wash,
not too strong, afterwards used.

Homoccpathic Treatment. — If there be a foreign body in the ear, it
should be removed, and arnica water be injected with asmall syringe.
]f insects are the cause, a little oil is to be poured into the ear. If
the inflammation, from being neglected, has passed into suppuration,
pus is the best topical application : elaborated by the vital force in
the wound, it serves chiefly to disintegrate the particles which have
been contused or otherwise injured, to efi'ect the expulsion of foreign
bodies, such as splinters, &c., and to dispose the edges of tlie wound
to unite by means of fleshy granulations. It is a great mistake then
to remove it ; it diminishes of itself as the granulations acquire suf-
ficient consistence to form the tissue of a cicatrix. To fulfill its des-
tination, it must be of good quality. Where its quality or characters
are not such as they should be, tliere only art should interfere, as
well to facilitate the cure of the wound itself as to secure and pre-
serve the adjoining parts. The means to which we are to have
recourse are : arnica, internally and externally, in wounds, &c., of
every kind ; mercurius vivus and asafoetida, in ulcers which secrete

156 CATTLE.

a liquid and fetid pus ; arsenicum, in such as have liard and everted
edges, with pain, inflammation, and pus of bad odor; chamomilla,
sepia, and arsenicum, when granuhitions grow up too luxuriant;
silicea, when the pus is tliick and of bad color ; acidiun phosphoricu77i,
when, after a wound, the skin contracts adhesion to the bone.

When a real abscess is formed, arsenicum is the remedy to be
employed. However, pulsatilla is very useful in deep-seated ab-
scesses. When the swelling has been caused by insects, the ear
should be well washed, and arnica water injected into it. Petroleum
is by some considered the best remedy in such cases. Some doses
of sulphur must be taken internally.

THE EYE.

The orbit of the eye is of a quadrilateral shape in the ox, (^, p. 143,)
and very strongly formed above, to defend it from the violence to
which, from its situation, it is too much exposed, and below, in order
to protect the lachrymal sac, and the commencement of the canal
through which the superfluous moisture flows from the eye to the
nose. The orbit, and particularly the upper part, the superciliary
ridge, is very subject to fracture. The parts must be placed in their
natural situation ; must be confined there ; and inflammation prevent-
ed by bleeding, physicking, &c.

The ox is often Avounded in the eye, either by the horn of one of
his fellows or the prong of the brutal attendant. Here must be no
probing, but fomentations, bleeding, and physic.

It is too much owingr to the thous^htless or brutal conduct of
those who have the management of cattle, that the ox, oftener than
any other domestic animal, is subject to bony tumors about the
eyes, or on the edge of the orbit.

These tumors appear generally on the external part of the orbit ;
they increase with greater or less rapidity ; they take a direction
which may or may not interfere with vision ; occasionally they bend
towards the eye, and press upon it, and are sources of torture and
blindness. If the tumor is on the upper part of the orbit, and is
attached by a kind of pedicle, it may be sawed off", and the root
touched with the cautery ; in other situations we shall generally
be confined to the use of external stimulants. The best is the
cautery. We shall not, perhaps, dare to apply it directly to
tlie part, but there is a method by which we may obtain the
advantage of a very high degree of temperature without destioy-
ing the skin. An iron is to be prepared, somewhat hollovre'd,
and rather larger than accurately to contain the tumor in its hollow.
A piece of bacon-rind, with a little of the fat attached to it, is then
to be cut to the shape of the tumor, and so as to cover it ; and be-
ing placed over it, the iron, heated nearly red hot, is to be applied
upon it, and firmly held there for the space of two or three minutes,

THE EYELIDS AND THEIR DISEASES. 157

and afterwards more lightly applied until the rind is dried or burned.
The object of this is to bring a degree of heat, far above that of
boiling water, but not so great as of red hot iron, to bear upon the
part. The fat about the rind is heated to that degree which will
probably be sufficient to rouse the absorbents, and induce them to
take up the bone, without destroying the life of the part ; for we
shall see presently that it is a tumor of a peculiar character. This
may be repeated two or three times, with intervals of two days.
Should the tumor not diminish, nothing more can be done ; for these
bony growths in cattle, arising from local injury, have very little life in
them, and soon degenerate into a state of caries, or decay of the bone.

Sometimes these tumors spring from the back of the orbit, pro-
duced by the injury or perforation of the bone. No cure can be ef-
fected ; if the eye should become painful, and intensely inflamed and
begin to protrude, there is but one course, to destroy the animal.

External bony tumors frequently ulcerate, and the bone becomes
carious or decays. No possible good can be done here, and human-
ity and interest require us to put a speedy termination to the animal.

The eyes are placed quite on the sides of the face, for the ox, in
a state of nature, being exposed to the attacks of ferocious animals,
needs an extended field of vision to perceive danger in every quarter.
He is oftener the pursued than the pursuer, and requii-es a lateral,
instead of a somewhat forward direction of the eyes. The eyes are
prominent, to increase tlie field of vision, and are made so by the mass
of fat accumulated at the back of them. A prominent eye is a good
point in a beast ; it shows the magnitude of this mass of fat, and
therefore the probability of fat being accumulated elsewhere. This
prominence, however, should not be accompanied by a ferocious or
unquiet look ; neither the grazing nor milking beast can have too
placid a countenance, or be too quiet and docile.

THE EYELIDS AND THEIR DISEASES.

The eye is supported and covered by the lids, which were designed
to close at the approach of danger, and so afford protection to the
eye ; to supply it with the moisture necessary to preserve its trans-
parency ; to shield it from the light when diseased ; and to close
over it, and permit the repose which nature requires. At the
edge of the lids is a cartilage, to preserve their form, and to enable
them to close accurately ; and along these edges are numerous little
openings, w-hich pour out an unctuous fluid that defends them from
the acrimony of the tears.

Cattle are subject to a pustular eruption on the edges of the eyelids,
accompanied sometimes by great soreness, and considerable ulcera-
tion. It bids defiance to every application, except the mild nitrated
ointment of mercury, ?.nd occasionally it does not yield even to that ;
yet on the approach of winter, it frequently disappears spontaneous-

168 CATTLE.

ly. It indicates a foul habit of body, and is often connected with
mange ; and unless proper means are taken, it will assuredly return
in the following spring. Purges of sulphur will be found useful ;
but a course of alterative medicine will be most serviceable, which
should consist of one part of jEthiop's mineral, two of nitre, and
four of sulphur ; and be given half an ounce to an ounce every night,
according to age and size.

Warts on the eyelids are best removed by the scissors — the root
being afterwards touched with the nitrate of silver.

The ox has a contrivance for cleansing the eye from annoying sub-
stances. A haw, or flat piece of cartilage, of a semicircular form, is
placed within the corner of the eye. When its use is required, the
eye is drawn back by the retractor muscle, and the mass of fat at
the inner side of the eye is forced forward, and drives the haw be-
fore it over the eye. When the retractor ceases to act, the fatty
substance returns to its place, and draws back the haw within the
corner of the eye.

This part of the eye is disposed to disease. The little portion of
fleshy substance towards the inner edge of the cartilage, and the
caruncle, or small fleshy body, placed at the corner of the eye to
give a proper direction to the tears, take on inflammation from sym-
pathy with the eye generally, or from injury, dust or gravel; they
swell prodigiously, and the haw is protruded over the eye, and can-
not return. Ulceration appears, and a fungous growth springs up.
Every means should be adopted to save the haw, for the removal of
it will torment the animal as long as he lives.

If the disease is connected with inflammation of the eye generally,
all will subside with that inflammation, and this may be hastened
by the application of a Goulard wash, or diluted tincture of opium.
If it is a disease of the part itself, the zinc lotion must be used (two
giains of w^hite vitriol dissolved in an ounce of water, and the vitriol
gradually increased to four grains ; the application of it confined as
much as possible to the part, and the liquid not being suflfered to get
to the sound part of the eye.) A perseverance in the use of the zinc
wash will often do wonders. When it loses its power, a lotion of
corrosive sublimate may be adopted, first of half a grain to an ounce
of water, and gradually increased to two grains.

If it becomes necessary to extirpate the part, the beast must be
cast ; keep open the eye wMth the fingers ; a crooked needle armed
with strong silk, must be passed through the cartilage, by means of
which the part may be drawn out as far as possible ; and then, with
a ])air of crooked scissors, the haw may be neatly dissected out. If
the ulceration extend to any of the parts behind, or to the neigh-
boring tissues, they also must be removed. Considerable bleeding
will probably follow the oparation, and some inflammation of the
neighboring parts ; but they must be subdued by proper means.

OPHTHALMIA.

If fungus sprout, it must be touched with caustic ; there is little
danger attending the operation.

The eyelids are more subject to disease in the ox than in any oth-
er domestic animal. If any foreign body gets into the eye, and re-
mains long there, the eyelids partake of the irritation ; become hot
and tender, and much thickened, ai'd will continue thickened some-
times after the inflammation of the eye has subsided. Fomentations
will be proper here. Occasionally there is oedematous swelling of
the eyelid, especially where the pasture is damp and marshy.
These enlargements are too little thought of, and left to nature to re-
lieve ; but they indicate a degree of general debiUty, and a disposi-
tion in the eyes to disease. Many old c ittle have eyelids either dis-
tended W4th fluid infiltrated into the cellular texture, or from which
a portion of the fluid had been removed by absorption, but a deposit
remained, indicated by the impression of the finger being left upon
the lid, and are more or less out of condition, or will not fatten
kindly, or have lately had inflammation of the eyes, or w^ill be attacked
by it soon afterwards.

A curious appearance — not disease — has been observed in the eye-
lids of fat bullocks. A certain portion of gas has been iuifiltrated into
the cellular tissue. If this is a dissight, scarification may be made
on the lid, and the gas gradually pressed out.

The eye of the ox generally is large and flattish ; the transparent
cornea is quite convex. The pupil is of a transverse oblong form ;
and the iris dark, but varying with the color of the animal.

It is on account of the cornea of the ox being so convex, and the
lens also more than usually convex, that many cattle appear to be
short-sighted, at least while they are young, when they will approach
near to a stranger, before they appear to have made a satisfactory
examination of him.

. OPHTHALMIA.

Ophthalmia is frequent in the ox. It has a periodical character,
and will disappear and return until it has its natural termination —
blindness. The cases of simple ophthalmia, however, proceeding
from the introduction of foreign bodies into the eyes, blows, or being
the accompaniment of other diseases, and then yielding to medical
treatment, are numerous in the ox, and, therefore, as it is not always
possible in the early stage to distinguish the one from the other, the
disease may be attacked with more confidence.

The means of cure are bleeding and physic, as the constitutional
treatment ; and fomentations, cold lotions — opium in tincture — sat-
urnine lotions — zinc lotions, as local applications ; the opium duiing
the acute stage, the lead as soon as the inflammation begins to sub-
side, and the zinc as a :omc, when the inflammation is nearly sub-
dued.

100 CATTLE.

The periodical nature of the disease being ;»nce apparent, send the
animal to the butcher, or hasten to prepare it for sale ; oj^hthahuia is
certainly heieditary in cattle.

To combat general inflammation of the eye, bleeding, physicking,
and fomentations are tlie principal weapons. 'I'he blood should be
taken from the jugular, for that is supplied by veins coming from
the inflamed parts. If the bleeding is ever local, the lid should be
turned down, and the lining membrane lightly scarified. A few drops
of blood thus obtained will often do a great deal of good. Fomen-
tations having been continued for a day or two, one of the two fol-
lowinor lotions should be used, a few drops of it being introduced
into the eye two or three times every day :

Sedative Eye Lotion. — Take, dried leaves of foxglove, powdered,
one and a half ounce : infuse them into a pint of Cape or dry raisin
wine, for a fortnight, and keep the infusion for use.

There cannot be a better sedative in thp early stage of inflamma-
tion of the eyes.

In many cases this alone will effect the temporary or perfect re^
moval of the inflammation ; but should the eye not improve, or be-
come insensible to the tincture, try this :

Sedative Eye Lotion. — Take, extract of goulard, two drachms ;
spirituous tincture of digitalis (made in the same manner as the vinous
in the last recipe), two drachms; tincture of opium, two draclinis ;
water, a pint: this should also be introduced into the eye. Ti^d or
three drops at a time will sufiice.

The inflammation being subdued by the one or tlie other of these
applications, or even bidding defiance to them, and assuming a chron-
ic form, a lotion of a different character must be had recourse to.

Strengthening Lotion for the Eye. — Take, white vitriol, one scru-
ple ; spirit of wine, a drachm; water, a pint: mix them together,
and use the lotion in the same manner as the others.

When the inflammation runs high, the transparent part of the
eye is apt to ulcerate, and a funo-ous substance sprouts, and some-
times protrudes through the lids. This should be very lightly
touched with a solution of nitrate of silver, or, if it is very promi-
nent, it should be cut ofl", and the base of it touched with the
caustic.

A seton in the dewlap will always be beneficial in inflammation of
the eye, and it should either be made of the black hellebore root, or
a chord well soaked in turpentine.

Of one circumstance the breeder of cattle should be aware — that
blindness is an hereditary disease, and that the progeny of a bull
that has any defect of sight is very apt to become blind.

If the case is neglected, inflammation of the eye will sometimes
run on to cancer, and not only the eye, but the soft parts around il,
and even the bones, will be affected.

OTHER DISEASES CF THE EYE. 161

When this terminatior. threatens, the globe of the eye will usually
turn to a bottle-green color, then ulceration will appear about the
centre of it, and the eye will become of three or four times its
natural size, or it will gradually diminish and sink into the orbit.

The fluid discharged from it will be so acrid that it will excoriate
the parts over which it runs, and the hds will become swollen and
ulcerated.

The most humane method to be adopted with regard to the an'-
mal, is to remove the eye. If the owner does not think proper to
adopt this, let him try to make the beast as comfortable as he can.
The part should be kept clean, and whi^n there appears to be any
additional inflammation, or swelling, or pain, the eye should be well
fomented with a decoction of poppy-heads.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The cure is easily efi'ected, when the
case is taken in time ; commence with a few doses of aconitum,
which is to be employed at first from hour to hour ; then at longer
intervals. Resort afterwards to arnica. If it be too late, conium
must be given, which is also indicated when aconitum and arnica
have removed the inflammatory symptoms, but there is an exudation
between the laminae of the cornea. Cannabis, belladonna, or euphra-
sia, in two ounces of distilled water, form an excellent topical appli-
cation ; but they should also be used internally. If the ophthalmia
has been occasioned by a foreign body in the eye, it calls for a dif-
ferent treatment. Extract the foreign body with a bit of moistened
linen ; conium then removes the symptoms, and if there have been
any injury, arnica should be prescribed, both externally and inter-
nally. Ophthalmia caused by cold soon yields to aconitum, hryonia^
dulcamara, and euphrasia.

When the disease proceeds from an internal cause and is peri-
odical, it is hereditary, or depends on the deposition on the eye of
a morbific principle difficult to be determined. The chief means
to be employed are sulphur, euphrasia, pulsatilla, cannabis, conium,
and causticum. Belladona might also be tiied. Calcarei carbonica
is useful in the case of turbid vision with a bluish tint of the cornea
— the lids not being aff'ected.

OTHER DISEASES OF THE EYE.

There is a singular disease of the eye, not properly ophthalmia,
sometimes epizootic among cattle, that sadly frightens the owner
when it first appeal's. Young cattle pasturing on wet and woody
ground are suddenly seized with swellings of the tongue and throat,
and eruptions about the membrane of the mouth, and the eyes be-
come intensely inflamed, and superficial ulcers appear on the cornea.
This is only one of nature's methods, singular indeed, of getting rid
of something that off'ended the constitution ; and tl:e way is to let
iier nearly alone. The skillful practitioner foments with warm water,

CATTLE.

or, if the eyes are closed, applies an evaporating lotion of cold water,
with a little spirit, and possibly gives gentle physic ; and he soon
has the satisfaction to see ihe inflammation disappearing, and the
ulcers gradually healing, which he hastens by a veiy weak zinc w^ash.

The ox is subject to Cataract, but it is not often seen, because
periodical ophthalmia is not frequent in him ; as soon as its existence
is ascertained, the animal should be prepared for slaughter.

GuTTA SERENA, or palsy of the optic nerve — blindness in one or
both eyes, yet the perfect transparency of the eye preserved — is a
rare disease among cattle ; it is no sooner recognized than the beast
is destroyed.

Cancer of the eye, or a perfect change of the mechanism of the
eye into a fleshy, half-decomposed substance, that ulcerates and wastes
away, or from which fungous growths spring that can never be
checked, is a disease of occasional occurrence. The remedy would
be extirpation of the eye, if it were deemed worth while to attempt it.

There is a very curious disease of the eye. The common symp-
toms of ophthalmia appear, as injection of the conjunctiva, dimness of
the cornea, weeping, and swelling of the lids ; the inflammation
increases ; and, on close examination, a small white W'Orm, about the
size of a hair, and an inch in length, is found in the aqueous humor,
that fluid which is immediately behind the cornea. It is evident that
the only way to get rid of, or destroy this w^orm, is to puncture the
cornea, and let it out ; and this has been resorted to. In some cases,
however, not many days pass before another worm makes its appear-
ance, and the operation is to be performed a second time, and the ox
eventually loses that eye. Three or four days before the appearance
of the worms, one or two minute bodies, of a reddish-white color, are
seen at the bottom of the anterior chamber of the eye. The disease
appears about June, and is not seen after December.

FRACTURE OF THE SKULL.

One class of the diseases of the head to which cattle are exposed
will fall under the title of compression of, or pressure upon, the brain.
Although it is a curious fact, that portions of the external or cineritious
part of the brain may be cut away without the animal being conscious
of it, yet the slightest pressure cannot be made upon -the brain with-
out impairment of consciousness, or loss of the power of voluntary
motion.

'I'he very construction of the skull of the ox, w^hich gives a degree
of security from ordinary danger, deprives us of all means of relief,
in case of compression of the brain from fracture, and therefore the
animal should always be consigned to slaughter.

HYDATIDS AND TUMORS IN THE BRAIN.

Cattle are subject to a disease in which the animal goes round and

WATER IN THE HEAD. 165

round. First, some degree of fever comes on — she perhaps scarcely
eats — rumination is suspended — the muzzle dry — the ears and roots
of the horns hot — the breathing laborious, and the hair rough. It is
fever without any evident local determination. Perhaps she is bled
and physicked ; but on the following day, the thing begins to speak
for itself ; she turns round and round, and always in the same direc-
tion : it is pressure upon the brain ; no operation can relieve such an
animal from the hydatid. But is the pressure of the hydatid the
only one that can affect the brain, or produce this peculiar motion ?
Would not effusion of blood, or of any fluid, on some portion of the
brain, produce the same effect ? There may have been a too great
determination of blood to the head, and some little vessel may have
given way. It is worth trying for a day or two at least, and the
cow will not be much the worse for slaughter in that time. She
should be bled copiously ; and a stronger dose of physic be given.
In some instances, perhaps in the majority, the animal will do well.
A spare diet at the time, and a while afterwards, will be plainly
indicated. Success will not, however, attend every case.

It is a disease peculiar to young cattle. It seldom attacks any
beast after he is a year and a half old.

Veterinary writers, in those countries where the hydatid in cattle
is known, very properly remark that it may be discovered in young
stock, by the softening of the bone at a particular part ; because the
frontal sinuses are not fully developed in young beasts. The hydatid
may then be punctuated with an awl, or better with the trephine ;
but we recommend that young cattle thus affected should be imme-
diately destroyed.

WATER IN THE HEAD.

There is another species of pressure on the brain, to which young
cattle are subject, and sometimes even in the foetal state — hydroce-
phalus, or water in the head. 'I he fluid is usually found between
the membranes, and exists in so great a quantity, and enlarges the
head to such a degree, that parturition is difficult and dangerous ;
and it is often necessary to destroy the progeny to save the mother.

We have seen hydrocephalus appear after birth in very weakly
calves ; but do not recollect an instance in a healthy one ; and in
almost every case it has been fatal : therefore such an animal should
be put to death.

In the adult animal, the pressure of a fluid on the brain will
occasionally be a source of general disease, or death : but it will then
be an accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, and not
indicated by any change in the size or form of the skull. The symp-
toms will very much resemble those of apoplexy, except that they
are milder, and the malady is slower in progress — and the network
of minute arteries and veins in the ventricles are usually considerably
enlarged.

164 CATTLE.

APOPLEXY.

Cattle are very subject to sudden determination of blood to the
head. Tliey are naturally pletlioric ; are continually under the in-
fluence of a stimulating and forcing system ; and that without exer-
cise by means of which the injurious effects of that system might in
a great measure be counteracted. The very object in our manage-
ment of the ox, is to clothe him with as much flesh and fat as possi-
ble ; therefore he is subject to all the diseases connected with a
redundancy of blood, and to apoplexy among the rest.

There are few premonitory symptons in these cases. Had the
beast been closely observed, it might have been perceived that he
was indisposed to move — that the breathing was a little laborious,
and the eye somewhat protruded. The arihnal seems to be struck nil
at once — he falls — breathes heavily and stertorously — strugules Avith
greater or less violence, and then dies — sometimes in five minutes —
oftener after a few hours.

If there is time to do any thing, the beast should be bled, and as
much blood taken as can be got. A pound and a half of Epsom
salts should be given, and this followed up with doses of half a
pound until it operates ; its action should afterwards be maintained
by six-ounce doses of sulphur every morning.

The conorestion of the brain beino- removed, and also the consfes-
tion which, to a certain degree, prevails everywhere, the beast should
be slaughtered ; for he is liable to a return from causes which would
not, previous to his first attack, have in the slightest degree aflected
him.

Homoeopathic treatment. — As soon as the precursory symptoms are
perceived, a few doses of aconitum are given, which has been found
a sure means of preventing a fatal termination, especially if the beast
be fed moderately, employed properly, and not worked too severely
during hot weather. Arnica, belladonna, nux vomica, and laurocerasus
may also be used in the premonitory symptoms with good effect ; also
mercurius and opium.

PHRENITIS.

Phrensy or sough in cattle is ^-ell known to the farmer and prac-
titioner. There is generally, at first, much oppression and heaviness ;
the animal can scarcely be induced ^o move ; the eyes are protruded
and red ; the respiration hurried ; and delirium, more or less intense,
rapidly succeeds. The beast rushes at everything in its way ; it is
in incessant action, galloping about with its tail arched, staggering,
faUing, bellowing ; its skin sticking to its ribs, and the sensibility of
the spine strangely increased.

As, however, the pievious oppression and stupidity were much
less, so is the succeeding violence increased ; not even a rabid ox is

PHRENITIS. 165

more fearful, and it is somewhat difficult to distinguish between
these two diseases. In the early stage of phrenitis, although there
may be lowness or oppression, there is nothing like apoplexy, or want
of consciousness. There is more method in the madness of the rabid
than the phrenitic ox. The latter will run at everything which
presents itself, but it is a sudden impulse ; the former will plot mis-
3hief, and lure his victim.s within his reach. Much more foam will be
discharged from the mouth of the rabid than the phrenitic ox.

The causes are much the same as those of apoplexy, too stimulat-
ing food, and too much blood ; to which may generally be added
some immediately exciting cause, as hard and rapid work in sultry
weather, over-driving, (fee.

As to the treatment of phrenitis there is some difficulty. If the
beast can be approached during a momentary remission of the symp-
toms, bleeding should be attempted, and if a vein be opened, it should
bleed on as long as it will. Physic, if it can, should be given.
Sometimes the beast has insatiable thirst, and may be cheated with
water in which Epsom salts have been dissolved. A scruple or half
a drachm of farina of the Croton nut may be administered, mixed
with gruel. All other medicines are out of the question. If bleeding
and physic will not save, nothing will. Use should be made of any
temporary respite to confine the animal, or to get him into some
place where he cannot do harm to himself or to any one.

The phrensy being subdued, the next consideration is, w^hat is to
be done with the beast. No more dependence can be placed on him
than on one recovered from apoplexy. Purging should be continued
to a moderate degree, and fever medicine given to abate circulation ;
and when the congested blood is Avell out of the system, and the flesh
has become healthy, the sooner the animal is disposed of the better.

The neck vein should be opened, on each side, if possible, and the
blood should be suffered to flow until the animal drops. It is absurd
to talk of quantities here ; as much should be taken as can be got, —
at least, the blood should flow until the violence of the symptoms is
quite abated.

To this a dose of physic should follow. The following may be
administered : —

A Strong Physic Drink. — Take Epsom or Glauber's salts, half a
pound ; the kernel of the Croton nut, ter grains ; take off the shell of
the Croton nut, and weigh the proper quantity of the kernel. Rub it
down to a fine powder; gradually mix it with half a pint of thick
gruel, and give it, and immediately afterward give the salts, dissolved
in a pint and a half of thinner gruel.

If the violence or even the wandering should remain, another
bleeding should take place six hours afterwards, and this also until
the pulse falters ; and tlie purging should be kept up.

Although it is very difficult to produce a blister on the thick skin

CATTLE.

of the OX, it should be attempted if the disease doe? not speedily
subside. The hair should be closely cut or shaved from the upper
part of the forehead and the poll, ;.nd for six inches on each side
down the neck, and sonrie of the following ointment well rubbed in : —
Blister Ointment. — Take, lard, twelve ounces; resin, four ounces;
melt them together, and, when they are getting cold, add oil of tur-
pentine, four ounces ; and powdered cantharides, five ounces ; stirring
the whole well together.

When the blister is beginning to peel off, green elder or marsh-
mallow ointment will be the best application to supple and hea' the
part. A little of it should be gently smeared over the blistered sur-
face, morning and night.

A seton smeared with the above ointment may be inserted on each
side of the poll, in preference to the application of a bUster.

Although the violence of the disease, and of its remedies, will
necessarily leave the beast exceedingly reduced, no stimulating
medicine or food must on any account be administered. Mashes and
green meat, and these in no great quantities, must suffice for nourish-
ment, or, if the animal, as is sometimes the case, is unable to eat, a
few quarts of tolerably thick gruel may be horned down every day ;
but ale, and gin, and spices, and tonic medicines, must be avoided as
downright poisons. There is not a more common or a more fatal
error in cattle management than the eagerness to pour in comfortable,
one might rather say, poisonous drinks. Even the treacle and the
sugar in the gruel must be prohibited, from their tendency to become
acid in the debilitated stomach of the animal recovering from such a
complaint.

Every symptom of the disease having vanished, the beast may very
sloioly return to his usual food ; but, when he is turned to pasture,
it will be prudent to give him a very short bite of grass, and little or
no dry food. Nature is the best restorer of health and strength in
these cases ; and it is often surprising, not only how rapidly the ox
will regain all he has lost, if left to nature, and not foolishly forced
on, but how soon and to what a considerable degree his condition
will improve beyond the state in which he was before the complaint,
'i'he ox that has once had inflammation of the brain should ever
afterwards be watched, and should be bled and physicked whenever
there is tlie least appearance of staggers or fever. The safest way will
be to send him to the butcher as soon as he is in sufficient condition,
Homceopathic treatment. — Aconitum is the first and chief remedy,
before the disease is yet fully developed. It is given in frequent
doses, separated by short intervals. When there is heat in the mouth,
eyes, horns, jmd the animal rests its head against the wall or manger ;
or when, melancholy and almost devoid of consciousness, it allows it
to hang ; the best medicine is belladonna, to be given in repeated
doses, especially when the look is fmniic, with swelling of the vessels

TETANUS, OR LOCKED JAW. 167

of the head and pulsation of those of the neck. Sulphur should be
given as consecutive treatment. Hijoscyamus is indicated, moi-e
especially when helladonna does n^'!; suffice. If there be suddenly a
calm, stupor, or somnolence, or if the disease has been occasioned by
insolation, opium is to be prescribed without delay. Veratrum is
indicated when the animal throws itself about and places itself agamst
the wall.

Sometimes the disease does not run its full course. There is but
a slight degree of inflammation, or theie may be sudden determmacion
or flow of blood to the head, from some occasional cause, and witiiout
inflammation. This is known by the name of

STAGGERS ; OR, SWIMMING IN THE HEAD.

The symptoms are heaviness and dullness; a constant disposition
to sleep, which is manifested by the beast resting its head \jfwfx any
convenient place ; and he reels or staggers when he attempts lo >valk.
If this disease be not checked by bleeding, purging, and proper man-
agement, it will probably terminate in inflammation of the Drain or
inflammatory fever.

It mostly attacks those cattle that have been kept in a state of
poverty and starvation during the winter season, and in the spring
of the year have been admitted into too fertile a pasture : hence is
produced a redundancy of blood in the system, which, on the slight-
est disturbance, or even naturally, gives rise to the disease.

The cure must be attempted by taking four, five, or six quarts of
blood from the animal, according to its size and strength ; purging
drink must then be administered, and continued in half-doses every
eight hours, until the full purgative eff'ect is produced. If the animal
be not relieved in the course of tv/o hours from the first bleeding, the
operation must be repeated to the same extent, unless the beast
should become faint ; and the bowels must be kept in a loose or
rather purging state. As soon as the bowels are opened, the fever
drink should be jiven, morning, noon, and night, until the patient is
well. Nothing more than a very little mash should be allowed, and
all cordials should be avoided as absolutely destructive to the beast.
When the animal appears to be doing well, he must return very
slowly to his usual food ; a seton should be put in the dewlap, and
occasional doses of Epsom salts given.

Homceopathic treatment. — Belladonna is particularly useful at the
onset of the disease ; two or three doses are to be taken daily, until
the symptoms have disappeared, after which the doses are to be given
at longer intervals, and the treatment terminated with sulphur.

TETANUS, OR LOCKED JAW.

The nerves proceeding from the spinal chord are of two kinds,
those by which the power of voluntary motion is conveyed to the

168 CATTLE.

limbs, and those by which the impressions of surrounding objects arc
conveyed to the mind. Fir.st, of the diseases of the nerves of motion.
There' is a fluid or influence conveyed from the brain, through the
medium of the spinal chord, to the various parts of the body, by
means of which those parts are moved. In health that influence is
communicated in a uniform succession of undulations, or pulses. In
disease, it may rush on violently and without interruption ; if that be
only partial to a single muscle, or one set of muscles, the animal is
said to be cramped ; if this violent and uninterrupted action extend
over the frame, he labors under tetanus ; if the stream of influence
be rapid and strong, but there are suspensions, he has fits ; and if the
nervous influence be altogether withheld, there is palsy.

Tetanus is not frequent in cattle, but it is seldom that a beast
recovers from it. Its approach is rarely observed until the mischief
is done. The animal is off its food, ceases to ruminate, is disinclined
to move, and stands with its head protruded, but there is no dryness
of the muzzle, or heat of the horn, or coldness of the ears. The next
day the beast is in same state ; has scarcely moved, and is straddling
behind, can scarcely be induced to alter his position, and, if made to
turn, turns all together. It is found that the jaw is locked ; a dis-
covery which might have been made two or three days before, when
the ox might have been saved.

Working cattle are most subject to tetanus, because they may be
pricked inlhoeing ; and because, after a hard day's work, covered with
perswration, they are sometimes turned out to graze dunng a cold
and wet nio-ht. Overdriving is a common cause of tetanus.

The treatment must be the promptest ; bleed until the pulse
falters, or rather until the patient blows, staggers, and threatens to
fall. There is nothing so likely to relax spasm of every kind, and
even this excessive and universal one, as bleeding almost to fainting.
Twenty, and even twenty-four pounds have been taken, before the
desired eff"ect was produced, and those cases oftenest do well, when
the constitution resists the bleeding long, and then gives way.

One eff"ect, not always lasting enough, follows the bleeding ;^ the
spasm is somewhat relaxed, and the jaws can be opened a little.
Advantage must be immediately taken of this to pour in a dose of
physic. That which is most active, and lies in the smallest compass,
is the best ; and half a drachm, or two scruples of farina of the Croton
nut should be given in gruel, w4th, if it can be administered, or as
soon as it can, a pound or a pound and a half of Epsom salts in
solution. This must be followed up until the bowels are well opened.
All other means will be thrown away until brisk purging is produced.
There is sometimes a great difficulty in this. The direction which a
fluid takes, or the stomach into which it goes, is uncertain. It may
pass on at once through the third and fourth stomachs, and produce
its effects on the bowels ; or it may accumulate in the paunch, with-

TETANUS, OR LUCKED JAW. 189

out any effect. The manner in which it is given may have some
influence. If there be great liurry to take advantage of the relaxation
of the spasm, and pour down the whole drink quickly, in one body,
it is very likely to find its way into the paunch. Jf the medicine be
given a little at a time, or suffered to run gently down the throat, it
will probably flow into the fourth stomach and the intestinal canal.

Tlie hoicels must he opened. After the first dose of Epsom salts
and Croton farina, half-pound doses of salts should be given every
six hours until the desired effect is produced ; but after the first day,
the Epsom salts may be changed with advantage for common salt.
Injections should be administered every third hour, (four or six
quarts at least,) and in each half a pound of Epsom salts should be
dissolved. If four or six doses of medicine have been given, and the
animal continues constipated, the pulse, ear, and horn should be
examined as to the degree of fever ; and if any is indicated, and if
the pulse does not plainly denote debility, a second bleeding must be
resorted to, and carried on until the circulation is evidently affected.

If the animal still remains constipated, the physic is accumulated
in the paunch; and that stomach is not disposed to act. Strong
doses of aromatics and tonics must now be added to the physic, to
rouse the paunch to the expulsion of its contents, and should that
fai!. rt-course must be had to the stomach pump. The oesophao-us-
tube must be introduced into the gullet, and carried down into the
rumen, and warm water must be pumped in until that stomach over-
flows ; and then the contents will either be vomited, or pass through
the third into the fourth stomach, and so into the intestines, and the
purgative effect will follow. This instrument is invaluable ; and
on the smallest farm, would soon repay the expense.

Purging being established, an attempt must be made to allay the
irritability of the nervous system by sedatives ; and the best drug,
and the mainly effectual one, is opium. The crude opium dissolved in
warm water, and suspended by means of dissolved gum or the yolk
of an Q^g, will be the preferable form in which to give it. The dose
should be a drachm three times every day, and increased to a drachm
and a half on the third day, if the effect of the smaller dose be not
evident. At the same time the action of the bowels must be kept
up by Epsom salts, common salt, or sulphur, and the proportions of
the purgative and the sedative must be such that the constitution
shall be under the influence of both. It may be necessary to suspend
the sedative for a dose or for a day, when costiveness threatens. The
animal should be supported by mashes, which it will sometimes eat,
or at least suck the moisture from ; and as soon as there is any
remission of the spasm, the beast may be turned in a field near at
hand dm-ing the day, and taken up at night.

A seton of black hellebore root in the dewlap may be of service.
It is introduced into a part not under the influence of the disease,
8

170 CATTLE.

and it often causes a great deal of inflMmraation and swelling. The
back and the loins may be coveied with sheepskins, frequently chano-ed,
to excite constant perspiration, and produce relaxation in the part
principally attacked : but the chief dependence should be on the
copious bleeding at first ; a recurrence to it if the spasm becomes
more violent, or fever appears ; and the joint influence of the sedatives
and purging.

If the disease terminates successfully, the beast will be sadly out
of condition, and will not thrive very rapidly, He must be got into
fair plight, as quickly as prudence will allow ; and then slaughtered ;
for he will rarely stand work afterwards, or carry much flesh.

Strong Fhf/sic Drink for Locked Jaw. — Take Barbadoes aloes,
one ounce and a lialf; the kernel of the Croton nut, powdered, ten
grains. Dissolve them in as small a quantity as possible of boihng
water, and give when sufficiently cool.

Generally the jaw will be now sufficiently relaxed to permit the
introduction of the thin neck of a claret bottle into the mouth. The
best method, however, of giving medicine in this case is by the assist-
ance of Read's patent pump, the pipe of which, let the jaws be
fixed as firmly as they may, can generally be introduced, close to and
immediately before the grinders.

Anodyne Drink for Locked Jaio. — Take camphor, one drachm, rub
it dowMi in an ounce of spirits of wine ; to this add powdered opium,
one drachm, and give the mixture in a small quantity of thick gruel.

This medicine should be administered three or four times every
day ; care being taken that the bowels are kept open, either by
means of aloes oi- Epsom salts.

The bleeding should be repeated on the second day, if the animal
be not evidently relieved ; and as much blood should be again taken
as the patient can bear to lose.

The stable or cow-house should be warm, and the animal covered
with two or three thick runs. If considerable perspiration can be
excited, the beast is almost sure to experience some relief.

It will be almost labor in vain to endeavor to stimulate the skin,
or to raise a blister. Two, three, or four setons in the dewlap have
been useful ; and benefit has been derived from shaving the back
along the whole course of the skin, and cautei iz'.ng it severely with the
common firing-iron. If it should be found impractic ible to adminis-
ter either food or medicine by the mouth, they must be given in the
form of cl}'sters. Uo ible the usual quantity of the medicine must
be given, on account of the probable loss of a portion of it, and the
small quantity that the absorbents of the intestines may take up ; but
too much gruel must not be injected, otherwise it will probably be
returned. A quart generally will be as much as will be retained, and
the clyster may be repeated five or six times in the course of the day.

Should the progress of the disease have been rapid, and the symp*

EPILEPSY.

171

toms violent ; or should it be found to be impossible to give medicines
by the mouth, or cause them to act b}^ injection, the most prudent
thing Avill be to have recourse to the butcher. The meat will not be
in the slightest degree injured, for it is a disease that is rarely
accompanied by any great degree of fever. There have been cases of
cure of locked jaw by the use of cold water ; it is to be applied
in a stream (the douche), with some little fall along the back from
the head to the tail, and continuously for hours if necessary. Re-
laxation will occur sooner or later. This may be added to other

means.

Homoeopathic treatment. — Nux vomica has proved very efficacious.
It is administered in repeated doses, at first several times a day, then
every two or three days. If any rigidity remain in the limbs, ^arseni-
ciim is prescribed, after which it is right almost always to recur to
nnx vomica. In some cases where the animal had not recovered
appetite, benefit has been obtained from ipecacuanha. Belladonna
mercv^ius vivus, and veratrum have also been useful.

EPILEPSY.

This is of rare occurrence, but not easy to treat when it appears.
It attacks animals of all ages, but chiefly those under three years old*
There are few symptoms of the approach of the fit, except, perhaps,*
a httle dullness or heaviness. All at once, the beast stao-o-ers— falls •
sometimes he utters the most frightful bellowings ; It others he
make no noise, but every limb is convulsed ; the heaving of the flanks
IS particularly violent, and would scarcely be credited unless seen ;
the jaws are either firmly clenched, or there is grinding of the teeth
and a frothy fluid is plentifully discharged from the mouth, mixed
with portions of the food, which seem to have been prepared for
rumination. The faeces and the urine flow involuntarily.

Sometimes these symptoms do not continue more than a few
seconds ; at others the fit lasts several minutes, and then the con-
vulsions become less violent— gradually cease, and the beast ^ets up
boks about, seems unconscious of what has happened— at length
begins to graze as before. ^

This disease is usually to be traced to some mismanagement with
regard to the food. It oftenest attacks young cattle in hio-h con-
dition who have lately been turned on better pasture than irsual, or
who have been exposed to some temporary excitement from over-
driving, or the heat of the weather. It is a species of verticro or
staggers— a sudden determination of blood to the head ; and & the
farmer does not take warning, mischief will result.

A very serious part of this business is, that the haUt of fits is soon
lormed. ihe first is frequently succeeded by a second, and at length
three or four will occur in a day.

172 , CATTLE.

BlepdinQT, physic, and short feed will be the treatment ; and the
last the most impoi'tant. If the beast were designed for market, it
will be prudent to hasten that time.

Homoeopalhic treatment. — Some doses of oconitum are the first
means to be employed ; after which we should administer stramo-
nium, and, if the fit return, belladonna. We may also have recourse
to hyoscyamus, (especially if the fits are accompanied with violent
movements of the thighs,) also to cocculus and calcarea carbonica. It
will be useful to try some doses of camphor every week, to prevent
the return of the fits. ]f the disease depend on worms, as has been
sometimes found, china is one of the most useful remedies for it.

PALSY.

There are many low, woody, marshy situations, in which cattle
are subject to palsy. It is frequent during a cold, ungenial spring ;
and sometimes it assumes the character of an epizootic. Old beasts,
and those that have been worked, are particularly subject to i^ ; and
especially when they are turned out during a cold night, after a hard
day's work. A damp and unwholesome cowhouse, from which the
litter is rarely removed, but putrid effluvia mingle with the vapor
that is continually rising, is a fruitful source of palsy, and especially
if to this be added the influence of scanty and bad food and stagnant
water. Old cows, whose milk has been dried and who cannot be
made to carry much flesh, are very subject to this complaint.

Palsy is usually slow in its progress. There appears to be general
debility ; perhaps referable to the part about to be attacked more
than to any other ; and a giving way, or trembling of that part, and
sometimes, but not always, a coldness of it. The hind limbs are
most fi-equently attacked. It is at first feebleness, which increases to
stiffness, to awkwaidness of motion, and at length to total loss of it.
The fore limbs are sometimes the principal seat of the disease, but
then the hind limbs always participate in the affection. In no case
is there any aff"ection of one side and not of the other ; this is a dif-
ference in palsy in the human being and the brute, for which we can-
not account.

Sometimes this complaint is traced to a ridiculous cause. The
original evil is said to be in the tail ; and it is thought that the mis-
chief passes along the cow's tail to the back, and that it is on account
of something wrong in the tail that she loses the use of her legs :
some cut the cow's tail off"; others, less cruel, make an incision into
the under surface, and allow the wound to bleed freely, and then
fill it up with a mixture of tar and salt. Is not relief sometimes
given by these operations on the tail ? — probably. What would
make a cow get up and use her limbs if the knife, and the rubbing-in
of tar and salt failed ; the loss of blood would often be beneficial,
but not more from the tail than from any other part.

NEUROTOMY. 173

The most frequent caus€ of palsy is the turning out of beasts of
every kind, but particularly cows, too early to grass, after they have
been housed during the winter and first part of the spring. One-
fourth of the stock is sometimes completely chilled and palsied be-
hind in the course of two or three nights. The general health will
not be much affected, except that, perhaps, hoose comes on ; but
the beasts will lay three or four weeks before they recover the use of
their limbs.

The treatment of this disease may be summed up in one word —
comfort. The cattle should, if possible, be immediately removed
into a warm, but not close, cow-house, and well littered, and a rug
thrown over them, turned twice in the day, and so laid that the faeces
and urine will flow from them.

Physic should be first administered. This species of palsy is
usually attended b}'- considerable constipation, ichkli must he over-
come ; but with the physic, a good dose of cordial medicine should
always be mixed. Give an ounce of powdered ginger, and a half
pint at least of good soun>l ale. Except in diseases of a decidedly
inflammatory nature, or of such a state of nervous irritability as
tetanus, the physic of cattle should be mixed with aromatics, and
frequently with ale. It is to the administration ©f these cordials in
cases of fever that we object ; no fuel should be then added to fire ;
but in general cases, with the constitution of the cow mild cordial
medicine does not disagree.

In palsy, there is usually an indifference to food. This is reason
for giving a little cordial with the physic. The beast should be
coaxed to eat — the food which is in season should be off"ered to it,
and frequently changed. Hand-rubbing, and plenty of it, should be
used two or three times every day about the loins ; a stimulating
liniment may be applied, consisting of equal parts of spirits of tur-
pentine, camphorated spirit, and hartshorn. The chief dependence
is on keeping the bowels open, and the animal comfortable ; and then
in from ten days to a month he will usually get up again.

Strychnine would be worth a trial where the purgative comforta-
ble system fails ; but that succeeds so often, that we should be
loth to have recourse to anything else in the first instance.

nomaoxiatliic treatment. — The chief remedies to be used are :
aconitum, arsenicum, arnica, belladonna, hryonia, crocus colcnrea,
carhonica causticum, dulcamara, rkus toxicodendron, ruta, sulphur,
ferrum, cinchona, &c. If paralysis result from rheumatism, we
should employ arnica, ferrum, rhns, rhuta, lycopodium, and sulphur.
If from debility, cinchona, fernm, hurytn, carhonica, silphur, and
calcarea. If from apoplexy, arnica, helladonna, hryonia, nux vo-
mica, &c. If from injury, arnica, aconitum, dulcamara, &c.

NEUROTOMY.

Veterinary surgeons, to relieve the pain which the horse must

174 CATTLE.

otherwise enduie from several diseases* cf the foot, cut out a por-
tion of the nen'e of the leg. This cannot interfere with the motion
of the limb, because there are no muscles beneath the knee for
the nerve to supply ; but it cuts off the communication of the
feeling of pain. If a nerve concerned with feeling be divided, the
impressions, whether of pleasure or of pain, made on it, below the
division, cannot be conveyed to the brain, and therefore the animal is
totally unconscious of them. Many a valuable animal is thus re-
lieved from torture, and perhaps his services are retained for many
a year, and bulls useless from lameness are made fit for service.

The working ox is subject to several diseases of the feet, the
consequences of shoeing and hard labor, and which are painful and
difficult to treat. From the division of his foot, and the hardness
and occasional inequality of the ground, and the consequent ine-
quality of pressure on the two pasterns, he is subject to sprains
of the fetlock joint, and injuries of the shank-bone. Enlargements
of the lower head of these bones are frequently found in the ox.
With these diseases, the animal is capable of little work, and will
not carry much flesh. There are diseases natural to cattle, which
are productive of a great deal of pain, and materially lessen the
profit derived from ihem. Cows have lost, for a time, full half of
their milk, on account of the pain of tender or diseased feet. The
advantage of three and four months' feeding from the same cause
is often lost. In the London dairies tender feet is often a most seri-
ous ailment, and compels the milkman to part with some of his best
cows.

Why should not neurotomy be resoi ted to ? There is nothing
difficult in it to any one acquainted with the anatomy of the part ;
and its beneficial effect cannot admit of dispute. It is free from any
objection.

The operation is thus performed : — The ox is cast and secured,
the hair being previously cut from the limb to be operated upon.
The leg is then to be removed from the hobbles, and distended, and
a tight ligature passed round it beneath the knee, to prevent bleed-
ing. Then, on the centre of the back of the leg, (the cut, p. 176,
No. 1, represents the left leg,) but a little inclining towards the in-
side, and about 2| inches above the fetlock, the artery will be felt
for. Lying immediately inside the artery, towards the other leg, is
the vein, and close to that the nerve ; the nerve will be found about
one-sixth part of an inch within the artery. The artery is recognized
by its pulsation — the vein by its yielding to the pressure of the fin-
ger, and the nerve by its being a hard, unyielding body. The opera-
tor then makes a cautious incision, an inch and a half in length, over
the nerve, taking care merely to cut through the integument. The
cellular substance is dissected through, and the nerve exposed. A
crooked needle, with silk, is next passed under it, to raise it a little ;

NJUDROTOMY. m

it is dissected from the cellular substance beneath, and about three-
quarters of an inch cut out ; the first incision being- made at the
upper part, in which case the second cut will not be felt. Tliere is
only one nerve to be cut here, because the operation is to be per-
formed a little above the branching of the nerve.

The edges of the wound are now brought together ; a small bit of
tow or lint is placed over them, and upon that a bandage is drawn
tolerably tight. The wound should not be examined for the first
three days, after which dress with healing ointment, or the tincture of
aloes. In about three weeks it will be quite healed. The relief
will be immediate, and the milk of the cow will return, or the graz-
ing beast will begin to fatten in the course of a day or two.

The cut (No. 1) of the lateral and posterior part of the leg and
foot of the ox, shows the distribution and relative situation of the
blood-vessels and nerves of those portions of leg, fetlock, and foot.
Besides these, there is only one superficial nerve accompany ino- the
superficial vein down to the centre of the great metacarpal, oV rather,
in the young animal, the suture or union between the two bones,
few or none of whose fibres extend below the fetlock, and which
may be easily got at and divided in disease of that joint.

The cut (No. 2) shows how few nervous branches extend down
the front of the lower part of the leg ; and how completely the
object of neurotomy will be accomplished by the division of the
nerve at the posterior part of the leg, in the manner recommended.
The figures illustrate the anatomy of the fore-part of the fetlock and
pasterns of the ox. The nerves are represented by a plain black
line, as in No. 1.

It will be seen from the cut, that there may be doubt as to the
precise portion of the foot which is diseased, and the branch of the
nerve which it will be proper to cut. There are t]:ie two lateral and
the median trunks for the operator to choose fi'om ; but he Avho is
wise, when ojjeratinrf on a I'ast of draught or slow action, will operate
on the ox sufiiciently above the fetlock, and rather above than below
the situation marked 17 in the cut, and before the division of the
nfrye.

176

CATTLE.

No. 1.

LEG AND FOOT OF THE OX.

No. 1.

1. The tendon of the extensor of the

foot.

2. Caspular ligaments of the fetlock joint.

3. Capsular ligaments of the pastern

joint.

4. Tendon of the perforans muscle.

5. Ligamentous portions.

6. Tendons of the perforans and perfora-

tus muscles.

7. Division of the tendon of the carpo-

phalangeus.

8. The lateral external artery of the

canon, or shank.

9. The mesian and posterior artery of

the fetlock.

10. The lateral internal artery.

11. The posterior branches of the plantar

arteries.

12. The lateral external vein of the canon.

13. The lateral internal vein of the canon.

14. The lateral vein of the pastern.

15. A branch which is formed by the

plantar veins, and the venous res-
ervoir of the plantar.

16. The vascular reservoir, covered in

part by the coronet.

17. The plantar nerve before its bifurca-

tion.
!S. Nervous branches, which, after having
parted from the preceding, take a
direction, the one backward and
downward to the lateral and ex-

ternal part of the fetlock, and the
other downward to the internal
part of the same joint.

19. The mesian division of the same nerve.

It pursues its course by the artery
of the same name.

20. A continuation of the plantar nerve,

accompanying the internal lateral
artery.

21. The sensible laminaj of the coflBn bone,

correspondinif with the horny la-
mina) of the hoof.

22. The usual horny excrescence at the

posterior part of the fetlock.

No. 2.

1. The tendons of the extensor of the

pastern below the bifurcation.

2. The tendons of the extensor of the foot

3. Internal lateral ligaments.

4. Capsular ligaments of the fetlock joint
6. The capsular ligaments of the pastern

joints.
6. A portion of integument, which unites
the two hoofs at their superior and
internal j)an. The blood-vessels
brought principally into view, are,
the superficial veins of the leg
above ; the anastomosis of the pro-
found and superficial veins below,
between the figures 2. 2; and the su-
perficial plantar arteries ana >ein8,
Btill lower down.

RABIES. 177

RABIES.

There is one more disease of the nervous system, the most fearful
of the hst, viz., Rabies, When a rabid or mad dog is wandering
about, if his road hes by cattle he will attack the nearest to him, and
if he meets with much resistance he will bite as many as he can.

When there is suspicion that a beast has been bitten, the wound
should be carefully searched for, and being discovered, the hair must
be cut from the edges of it, and lunar caustic (nitrate of silver), the
stick being reduced to a point, introduced into it, and brought in
contact with, and made thoroughly to act upon, every part of it.
If there be doubt about the caustic coming into contact with every
part of the wound, it must be enlarged with the knife, so as to give
free access to it ; and the caustic being fi-eely used upon the whole
of the wound, the beast is safe. But who, on an animal thickly
covered with hair, will say that there is no other wound ? The
shghtest scratch, neglected, is as dangerous as a lacerated wound.

In this state of uncertainty, therefore, the farmer must look out
for the worst. If the disease appear,, it will be about the end of the
fifth week, although there will be no absolute security in less than
double the number of months.

The beast will appear dull, languid, feverish, scarcely grazing, and
idly ruminating. These may be symptoms of many a different ill-
ness, and the previous circumstances alone could excite suspicion of
what is to follow. The eyes become anxious, protude, red — there
is considerable dischai-ge of saliva, and to this succeeds a thirst that
can scarcely be quenched. There is no dread of water at any time.
It cannot be too strongly impressed on the mind, and may preserve
from danger, anxiety, and fear, him who has to do with domesticated
animals of any kind — that the constant and characteristic dread of
water is confined to the human being. The ox may exhibit a mo-
mentary dislike to fluids, but generally will drink to the last, and the
desire of water is increased rather than diminislved by the disease.

In the ox, the disease, from some cause unknown, takes on two
essentially different characters. The symptoms that we have men-
tioned are succeeded by frequent pitiful lowings, and a contin-
ual and painful attempt to evacuate the faeces. Staggering and
weakness of the loins ? ^pear on the second or third day, and this is
soon succeeded by pais) of the hinder extremities. The animal sits
on its haunches, making ineffectual attempts to rise — looking wo-
ful!y around it, and eagei plunging its muzzle into the water, when
placed within its reach, but it makes no attempt to do mischief. At
other times, the early symptoms are succeeded by a dreadful state
of excitation. The animal is eager to do every kind of mischief ; he
stands across the path, bellowing incessantly, and tearing up the
fijround with his horns. In a few casss, the quiet and melancholv
8*

178 CATTLE.

madness suddenly changes into that of a ferocious character. There
is no cure now , and the animal should be destroyed. One circum-
stance also should be remembered. The poison in rabid animals
seems to be in the saliva ; and the saliva of an ox is as dangerous
as that of a dog.

The rabid ox may attempt more mischief with its horns than its
teeth, but occasionally will bite ; or, if not, yet must not be meddled
with too much. This dangerous foam is continually running from
the mouth ; it may fall on a sore place, and it is then as dangerous
as a bite.

The knowledge that the virus is confined to the saliva will settle
-another matter. A cow may be observed to be ailing for a day or
two, but has been milked as usual ; her milk has been mingled with
the rest, and has been used. She is discovered to be rabid. Can
the milk of a rabid cow be drunk with impunity ? Yes, for the
poison is confined to the saliva. Miscreants have sent the flesh of
rabid cattle to market, and it has been eaten without harm.

Homoeopathic treatment. — A dose of belladonna is to be adminis-
tered first ; the bite is to be well washed, and fomented with water,
to which some drops of extract of belladonna have been added.
The doses of belladonna are to be repeated, first every day, then at
longer intervals. When a mad dog has found his way into a herd,
it is a good precaution to make all the beasts take a dose of bella-
donna daily, for eight or aven twelve da^ys.

CHAPTER X.

THE ANATOMY, USES, AND DISEASES OF THE
NOSTRILS AND THE MOUTH.

The nasal cavity of the ox contains the apparatus for the sense
ol »mell, and is also devoted to the purpose of respiration. It is one
of the passages by which the air is conveyed to and from the lungs ;
bui as the ox partly breathes through the mouth, there are found
in the cavity of his nose contrivances for great perfection of smelling.

THE NASAL BOXES.

From the great development of the frontal bones, in order to form
a secure basis for the horn, all the bones of the face are proportion-
ately diminished; and therefore the nasal hones in the ox (6, p. 143,
q, p. 144,) are small. They are connected with each other, and with
the frontals {c, p. 143 and h, p. 144), with the lacrymals (c, p. 143),
with the superior maxillaries (a, p. 144 and x, p. 143.) and with the
anterior maxillaries {z, p. 144). They are pushed down, and not
being in a situation of danger, there is not any intricate and mor-
toised connection with any of the other bones except the frontals.
They are broad in proportion to their length ; and as, on account of
the construction of the mouth of the ox, the muzzle was destined
to be broad, each bone terminates in two points, with a hollow be-
tween them ; and as the inside points of the two lie in contact with
each other, the nasal bones may be considered as actually ending in
three points instead of one, and occupying a considerably-extended
surface. It is thus wide, for the greater attachment of muscle and
cartilage ; for the muzzle must be broad and thick and strong, in
order to compress and hold the grass firmly, until it is partly cut
and partly torn by the pressure of the incisors of the lower jaw on
the pad which occupies the place of the teeth in the upper one.

If the nasal bone be closely examined, it will be found that it does
not consist, in its under surface, of one continuous arch, but that
there is a channel hollowed out of it, and running along the crown
of the arch. It can be seen above (r, p. 144.) Tliis is an addition
to the upper meatus or passage of the nose above the upper turbi-

180 CATTLE.

nated bone, and which has nothing to do with the act of breathing,
but terminates in a blind pouch, so that the air shall, as it were,
loiter there, and any odor which it carries, make a stronger impression
on the membrane of the nose. Therefore, and for other reasons that
will be stated, the ox has an acute sense of smell.

THE OTHER BONES OF THE NOSE.

The S2iperwr maxillary bone forms the greater part of the wall
and floor of the nasal cavity. It contains the upper grinders on
either side. Its floor does not consist of a single plate of bone, but
of cells, like those of the frontal parietal and occipital bones. This
bone is represented at a, p. 143 and x, p. 144.

The anterior maxillary, {z, p. 144.) containing no incisor teeth, is
a very small bone.

The palatine hone (jo, p. 144) is large in the ox, and occupies a
great portion of the palate and the floor of the nose.

CONTENTS OF THE NASAL CAVITY.

The nasal cavity contains the septum, a cartilaginous division ex-
tending from the suture in the roof between the nasals, to a long
bone in the form of a groove, named the vomer, and placed on the
floor ; and from the top of the nasals to the aethmoid bone, dividing
the nose into two equal parts. There is no necessity for this per-
fect division, and therefore the vomer, when it has reached about
half way up the cavity, begins to leave, and separates from the floor
more and more as it approaches the posterior part of the nostiils,
leavino- a free and extensive communication between them. This
gives room for still more effectual provision for the perfection of
the sense of smell.

THE SENSE OF SMELLING.

The olfactory, or first pair of nerves, connected with the sense
of smelling, is abundantly large in quadrupeds, for it is connec-
ted with life itself. The same nerve differs in size in diff"erent
quadrupeds, according to the necessity that each has for an acute
sense of smell The brain of the ox is not more than half the
size of that of the horse, but he has occasion for acuter smell, and
his olfactory nerve is nearly as large as that of the horse ; and, com-
paring the bulk of the two brains, it is a great deal larger. This
nerve comes in contact with a thin plate '^f bone, the crihriform
plate (perforated like a cullender,)*' of the sethmoid bone, which di-
vides the nasal cavity from that of the skull ; the somewhat thickened
portion of another bone interposed between these plates is seen at n,
p. 144. The pulpy matter of the nerve is pressed through the holes
of this hone, and SDread over a portion of the membrane of the

BLELDING FROM THE NOSE. 181

nose. It is the impression which is made by the odor of bodies
striking on this diffused pulpy matter, that produces the sense of
smell ; and in proportion to the extent of surface over which the
nerve is spread, is the acuteness of the smell.

The ox partly breathing through the mouth, and the air passage
being widened by the removal of a portion of the septum, provision
can be made for the more extensive diffusion of the nervous pulp.
Nearest to the skull, and situated at the upper part of the nasal
cavity, are the cells of the aethmoid bone, (r, p. 144,) and the supe-
rior development of them in the ox is evident. The lower cell of the
sethmoid labyrinth is so much lengthened in the ox, that it is some-
times described as a third turbinated bone. It is represented at u,
p. 144. Below these are the two turbinated bones, (5 and t, p. 144,)
both of them, and especially the lower one, largely developed. Each
of these bones is composted of a labyrinth of cells, divided from each
other by wafer-like plates of bone, perforated like the cribriform plate
of the sethmoid bone — lined by the Schneiderian membrane, with the
nervous pulp spread over or identified with that membrane — and a
thou^md communications between the membranes in every part, by
means of the gauze-like perforated structure of the plates.

This membrane is either covered with an unctuous fluid, or the
air passages are so complicated that the pure atmospheric air alone
is suffend to pass ; the slightest odor or solid substance of any kind
is arrested. This is not only a wise provision for the perfection of
the sense of smelling — it not only secures the contact of every parti-
cle with the membrane of the nose, and its temporary lodgment
there, but it protects the air passages from many a source of annoy-
ance, danger, and death.

Nature has provided an acute sense of smell for the ox : it was
wanted. It was necessary that the animal should detect the peculiar
scent of every plant, as connected either with nutrition or destruc-
tion. Instinct perhaps teaches him much, but he is more indebted
to the lessons of experience. In the spring of the year, when the
scent of the infant plant is scarcely developed, cattle are often de-
ceived with regard to the nature of the herbage ; aie subject to pe-
culiar complaints of indigestion ; and are sometimes poisoned.

BLEEDING FROM THE ^-OSE.

Working oxen, and especially those in tolerably high condition,
are occasionally subject to bleeding from the nose, and sometimes
very profuse bleeding. If too hardly and too long worked during
the heat of a summer's day, nasal haemorrhage may occur ; to blows
inflicted on the nasals or on tliB muzzle by a brutal drover or
ploughman, far oftener than to any other cause, is bleeding due. It
is not often that any unpleasant consequences ensue. The bleeding
gradually ceases.

182 CATTLE.

LEECHES IN THE NASAL CAVITY.

Often leeches fasten on the muzzle, and then creep into the nos-
tril of the ox, when drinking at a stagnant pool. One of these blood-
suckers having introduced himself into the cavity, will usually shift
from place to place, biting here and there, and causing a very con-
siderable haemorrhage. The beast will tell us plainly enough the
cause of the bleeding, by the uneasiness which he will express, and
by his continually snorting and tossing his head about.

On examining the nostril in a good light, the leech may sometimes
be seen. Cover the end of the finger wnth a little salt, and introduce
it sufficiently high to detach the blood-sucker from his hold. At
other times when a leech is suspected, salt and water may be in-
jected up the nostril. When he is fully bloated, he will detach him-
self; and, except he has crept up the superior meatus, through
which there is no air passage, he will be expelled by the sneezing of
the ox. Only temporary inconvenience can result, for the bleeding
will stop, even from so vascular a membrane as that of the nose.

POLYPUS IN THE NOSE.

This is a rare disease in the or. Polypi should be removed by a
ligature round the pedicle, and as near to the root as possible, or by
tortion, and by the former whenever it can be effected.

COICYZA,

By this is meant inflammation of, and defluction from, the nasal
cavity, or the cells with which it is connected ; the same affection on
the fauces, becomes catarrh. Catarrh is usually connected with
coryza, and is the natural consequence or progress of it ; but simple
coryza does occasionally exist in tlie ox. We are too often frightened
by a discharge from the nostrils, mucous, purulent, fetid, and exco-
riating, and unaccompanied hy cough. It is seen in crowded and
over-heated cow-houses ; it arises from imprudent exposure to ex-
treme cold, and it is frequently produced by the dust and gravel of
the road. The ox was not designed to be exposed to the last an-
noyance ; and he has no false nostril to turn off the current of
minute and irritating particles from the more susceptible parts of
the nasal cavity. Therefore, oxen driven any considerable distance
to fair or market, in sultry, dusty weather, usually suffer from coryza.
Dairymen, whose cows have to travel half a mile or more on a
dusty road, wonder that, with ail their care, their cattle should have
such frequent discharge from the nose, and that this should some-
times run on to hoose. The cause is plain enough, although little
suspected.

There is a periodical coryza in cattle. During the winter season,
and probably from mismanagement — from undue exposure to cold,

GLANDERS AND FARCY. ISR

or to the extremes of heat and cold, there is considerable nasal
gleet, not interfering much with health, but unpleasant to the eye
and annoying to the animal, and which, in despite of the most care-
ful treatment, will remain. When, however, the warmth of spring
returns, it sometimes gradually disappears. This, however, is one
of the most favorable cases ; for it will occur that, from some im-
proper management, hoose or cough has gradually become connected
with the nasal discharge. The farmer has not observed this con-
nection, nor is he alarmed although the cough should remain when
the nasal discharge ceases : nay, he cares little about it, although
the cough should be a frequent and harrassing one, if the beast
does but carry its usual flesh, and yields its full quantity of milk :
when, however, the milk fails, and the cow begins to lose condition,
he, for the first time, looks about him, and then it is too late.

We are now, however, speaking of coryza — inflammation of, and
discharge from, the membrane of the nose. It is a matter of the
utmost importance for the attendant upon cattle, to assure himself
that it is simple coryza. He should carefully examine whether
there be any cough, especially whether that cough be painful — any
increased labor of breathing — any diminution of appetite — suspension
of rumination — fever? The pulse, felt at the left side, and the tem-
perature of the root of the horn, will best ascertain this last particular.

If there be nothing of these, still we have inflammation, and of a
character that soon connects itself with some or all of them ; there-
fore a mash may be given in the evening, and a few doses of cooling
medicine.

The best fever medicine for cattle is half a drachm each of pow-
dered digitalis and emetic tartar, and two drachms each of nitre and
sulphur, which will constitute the medium fever-powder, to be given
as occasion may require, and increased or diminished in quantity,
according to the size and age of the beast, and the intensity of the
disease. This should be given in the form of drink.

If it be simple coryza, add half a drachm of sulphate of copper
(blue vitriol,) finely powdered, to the other ingredients. This drug
seems to have a peculiar and a very beneficial termination to the
mucous membrane of the nose and its connecting cavities, and is very
useful in pure inflammat'on or ulceration of that membrane, or dis-
charge from it. A very slight degree of hoose, and particularly of
painful hoose, is a sufficient indication that the fever- powders alone
are to be used.

Coryza may degenerate into catarrh, bronchitis, or inflammation of
the lungs ; the proper treatment will be indicated when those diseases
are taken into consideration.

GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Of these dreadful diseases we have never met with a case in cattle.

184 CATTLE.

It is not a point fairly settled, and deserves peculiar attention from
the proprietors of cattle. Our decided opinion is that cattle are
exempt from glanders and farcy.

THE BONES OF THE MOUTH.

The sides and the greater part of the roof of the mouth are formed
by the superior maxiUari/, or upper jaw, seen at a, p. 143, and x, p.
144. 'lliis bone is materially diminished in size by the great develop-
ment of the frontal bones. It articulates with the lachrymal bone at
c, p. 143, and the malar bone at d. P'or the attachment of the
masseter muscle, the surface of the bone is roughened and tuber-
culated. Immediately above the foremost of the upper grinders in
the cut of the skeleton, p. 143, is a little black mark, representing the
foramen, or hole through which the nerves and blood-vessels proceed
to the lower part of the face.

The superior maxillary consists of two plates, irregularly separated
from each other the outer forms the external, and the other the
internal wall of the mouth, as seen at x, p. 144 ; extending upward,
and assuming an arched form, the commencement of which is seen at
X, it constitutes the greater part of the bony roof of the mouth. The
inferior cells of the external part contain the back teeth, or grinders ;
the superior ones are the maxillary sinuses ; and in the ox there is a
new set of cells, formed by a separation of the plates of the bone,
between the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity.

The palatine hona, p, p. 144, occupies considerably more of the
roof of the mouth than it does in the horse.

The anterior maxillary bone is a very insignificant one ; there are
no tu.sks, or incisor teeth. There are likewise considerable apertures,
one of which is seen between x and z, p. 144, which leave a some-
what extensive part of the roof of the mouth and floor of the nose
occupied only by cellular substance and membrane. There is little
strength required in the part, and therefore there is little provision
for it.

At the base or floor of the mouth is the inferior maxillary, or
lower jaw {j, p. 143.) It partakes of the shortness of the bones of
the face. It contains the only incisor teeth which cattle have, eight
in number, and six molar teeth on each side. It goes back straight
to the angle, where it turns to take an upper direction towards its
joint with the temporal bone. The consequence of this is, that the
muscles, both on the inside and the outside, are small and weak.
Power is not wanted ; for the grinders are little if at all used in the
first gathering and mastication of the food, and the act of rumination
is generally very leisurely and lazily performed.

Below g, p. 143, is seen the process of this bone, round which the
temporal muscle is wrapped, and by which it is moved ; and a little
lower is the shallow cavity of the temporal bone, into which the

THE LIPS. 186

proper head of this is received, and with which it forms a joint.
The ridges at either end of this cavity ai-e very low, to allow more
latitude of motion, and admit of the grinding action by which rumi-
nation is principally characterized. The muscle, being inserted so
near to the joint, acts with great mechanical disadvantage ; but it is
sufficiently powerful for every purpose that is required.

THE CHEEKS.

The outer walls of the mouth are the cheeks and lips. The cheeks
consist principally of muscle, (the masseter and the buccinator
muscles.) They are covered externally by the skin, and lined by
the membrane of the mouth. There is considerable glandular sub-
stance in their composition, and these glands have distinct openings
into the mouth, and assist in supplying it with moisture.

THE LIPS.

The lips form the anterior opening of the mouth ; they close it,
and assist in gathering and retaining the food. They consist of mus-
cular, glandular, and cellular texture ; and of much, in the upper lip
especially, condensed substance almost resembling cartilage. The
muscles give them the power of motion, and particularly that of
forcibly seizing and compressing the food. This is especially neces-
sary in the ox, because there are no upper front teeth, and for this
purpose also the cartilaginous matter was added to them, and most
of all to the upper lip. Simple muscular substance would be too
yielding to retain the grass, when it is to be forcibly separated from
the stalk or root. On account of this peculiar function of the upper
lip of the ox, it is wide and flat, in order that it may be brought
better into contact with herbage, and gather it in sufficient quantities.

Being so much employed for this purpose, there is a want of
feeling about the lips of cattle, very diflferent from acute sensitiveness.
His muzzle is to be continually in contact with the ground, among
smooth and rough herbage — things pleasing and annoying ; and
therefore all acute feeling is withheld from him, and, consequently,
he is rarely seen using his lips as substitutes for hands, and forming
his opinion of the objects around him by the indications which they
afford him.

The excess of glandular substance in the lips of the ox is easily
accounted for. They not only afford their share of the natural mois-
ture of the mouth, but are, from situation, form, and use, exposed to
various nuisances. Insects continually crawl about the muzzle, and
dirt and gravel accumulate on it. If the grass is to be firmly held
between the pad in the upper jaw and the teeth in the lower, and
the upper lip must materially assist in the firmness of the grip, it

186 CATTLE.

nmst be continually in contact with the ground, and cannot always
be in, the cleanest state. Nature has given the best of defences
against this. The outer covering of the upper lip is tliicldy studded
with glands, and a fluid can be seen pouring out from them. If an
ox be watched, diops are seen coursing down his muzzle, and falling
on the ground. The upper lip, in health, is always wet; the insect
cannot easily fasten, nor dirt accumulate ; or if the one adhere, or the
other collect, the tongue is protruded, it passes over the moistened
surface, and all is clear again.

We notice the secretion from these glands when we form a judg-
ment of the animal, and the degree of disease. While the muzzle is
moist, i. e., wliile tlie natural secretions are going forward, there is
no great constitutional disturbance, and consequently no great dan-
ger ; in proportion as that secretion is lessened, there is general
sympathy with some local affection ; and when it becomes altogether
suspended, it is an indication of much universal derangement. There
is nothing more in this secretion than in any other, but it is easily
observed, and the changes in it can be accurately marked.

THE MEMBRANE OF THE MOUTH.

This is thin and delicate, compared with the external integument.
Every part of the mouth is lined with it, and it contains numerous
glands, occasionally rising into little papillae, from which a consider-
able portion of the usual moisture of the mouth is derived. The
gums and the bars ai-e covered by this membrane, but they are den-
ser and less sensible.

THE BARS.

These consist of a firm substance, of a cartilaginous nature, adher-
ing to the bones of the roof of the mouth, by numerous little cords,
penetrating into these bones. They are hard and adherent, that the
food may be rolled against the palate, and formed into proper
masses for swallowing, whether in the first or second mastication.
The palate is divided into numerous ridges running across the
mouth, and on the posterior edge of which there is a fringed border,
consisting of papillae of much consistence and strength, and all
pointing backward ; so that the food is permitted to travel back-
ward, in this process of formation into pellets, but cannot again get
into the fore part of the mouth.

THE PAD ON THE ANTERIOR MAXILLARY BONE.

These bars are rather flat, harJ, and irregular, and these papillae
at the edges of the bars are quite strong. The bars thicken towards
the fore part of the mouth, and there they accumulate into a pad, or
cushion, which covers the convex extremity of the anterior maxillary

THE TEETH 187

bone. This pad is of a somcAvhat more fibrous and elastic nature
than the bars, and stands in the place of upper incisor or cutting
teeth. The grass is collected and rolled together by means of the
tongue; is firmly held between the lower cutting-teeth and the pad,
the cartilaginous upper lip assisting in this ; and then by a sudden
nodding motion of the head, in which the pterigoid muscles are the
chief agents, the little roll of herbage is partly both torn and L-*t.

The intention of this singular method of gathering the food, it is
difficult satisfatorily to explain. It is peculiar to ruminants, who
have one large stomach, in which the food is kept as a kind of reser-
voir until it is ready for the action of the other storo.achs. While
kept there it is in a state of maceration, exposed to the united in-
fluence of moisture and warmth, and the consequence is, that a spe-
cies of decomposition sometimes commences, and gas is extricated.
That this should not take place in the natural process of retention
and maceration, nature possibly established this mechanism for the
first gathering of the food. It is impossible that half of that which
is thus procured can be fairly cut through ; part will be torn up by
the roots ; many a root mingles with the blades of grass ; and these
have sometimes much earth about them. The beast, however,
seems not to regard this ; he eats on, dirt and all, until his paunch
is filled.

That this earth should be gathered and swallowed, was the mean-
ing of this mechanism. A portion of absorbent earth is found in
every soil, sufficient not only to prevent the evil that would result
from occasional decomposition, by neutralizing the acid principle as
rapidly as it is evolved, but perhaps, by its presence, preventing
that decomposition from taking place. Hence the eagerness with
which stall-fed cattle, who have not the opportunity of plucking up
the roots of grass, evince for earth. When decomposition commences
and the acescent principle begins to be developed, the animal feels
uneasiness on that account, and has recourse to the earth ; and the
acid uniting itself to the earth, the uneasy feeling is relieved, and a
purgative neutral salt manufactured in the paunch. ,

THE TEETH.

The mouth contains the principal agents in mastication, the teeth.
The mouth of the ox when full contains thirty-two teeth ; eight in-
cisors in the lower jaw, and six molars in each jaw, above and below,
and on either side. The incisor teeth are admirably adapted to per-
form their function. If there be no corresponding ones opposed,
but merely an elastic pad, they must possess an edge of considerable
sharpness in order to perform this half-cutting, half-tearing pi'ocess.
With a blunt edge there could be no cutting at all ; but all the
grass would be torn up by the roots, the pasture destroyed, and the
animal choked with earth. The part of the tooth above the gum is

188

CATTLE.

covered with enamel, both to produce and retain this necessary sharp-
ness. The crown of the tooth, or that part of it which is above the
gum, presents a surface somewhat convex externally, rising straight
from the gum ; while inside the mouth, it has a concave face, dimin-
ishing gradually in thickness as it recedes from the gum, and termi-
nating in ,in edge, than which, in the young animal, few scissors are
sharp*=r. The elastic nature of the pad preserves itself from lacera-
tion ; but the grass on which the animal is browsing, less elastic, is
partly cut through.

Tiie molar teeth are as well adapted for the mingled laceration and
grinding of the grass. There are two oblique surfaces, those on the
lower jaw taking a direction upwards, and from without inwards, and
those in the upper jaw slanting in an opposite direction, while the
surface of the tooth is sawed into d«ep grooves. There are three in
the hist molai-, the edges of which, from cones of enamel sunk deep
into the substance of the tooth, are sharp nnd cannot be meddled
with without laceration, and these receive corresponding projecting
portions from the opposite teeth. From the prolonged although
leisurely action of machines like these, the food is reduced to a state
of extreme comminution, that every particle of nourishment may be
extracted from it. The ox, on whose flesh we subsist, must extract
every particle of matter which the food contains, and therefore not
a fibre is seen in the faeces. The dung, except from a stall-fed
beast, is comparatively of httle worth.

THE AGE OF CATTLE AS INDICATED BY THE TEETH.

When describing the horns of cattle (p. 148,) we spoke of the

BIRTH.

8BC0ND WEEK.

THE TEETH.

180

ususal and incorrect method of estimating their age by the horns.
Far surer maiks are presented in the teeth.

THIRD WEEK.

The mouth of the new-born calf presents an uncertain appearance,
depending on the mother having exceeded or fallen short of the ave-
rage period of gestation. Sometimes there will be no teeth appearing,
but generally, either two central mcisors will be protruding throuc?h
the gums, or they will have arisen and attained considerable bulk. °

About the middle or close of the second week, a tooth will be
added on either side, making four incisors.

At the expiration of the third week, the animal will have six tem-
porary incisors or front teeth.

MONTH.

190

CATTLE.

At a month, the full number of the incisors will have appeared.
These are the temporary or milk teeth. The enamel covers the
whole crown of the tooth, but not entering into its composition, and
the edge is exceedingly sharp. The only indication of increasing age
will be the wearing down of these sharp edges, and the appearance
of the bony substance of the tooth beneath. The two corner teeth
will be scarcely up before the centre teeth will be a little worn. At
two months, the edge of the four central teeth will be evidently
worn ; yet as the wearing is not across the top of the tooth, but a
vejy little out of the line of its inner surface, the edge will remain
nearly or quite as sharp as before. At three months, the six central
teeth, and at four months the whole set, will be worn, and the cen-
tral ones most of all ; but after the second or third month, the edge
of the tooth will begin to wear down, and there will be more of a
flat surface, with a broad line in the centre.

About this time a new change will begin, but very slowly. The
central teeth will not only be worn down on their edges, but the
whole of the tooth will diminish, and a kind of absorption will com-
mence. There will be little, but increasing space between them.
The face of the tooth will hkewise be altered ; the inner edge will be
worn down more than the outer, and the mark will change from the
appearance of a broad line to a triangular shape. The commencement
of this alternation of form and diminution of size may be about the
fourth month, and our cut gives a representation of the two central
incisors at eight months. The central teeth are now not above half
the size of the next pair, and those are evidently lessened.

SIX TO EIGHT MONTHS. TEN MONTHS.

At ten months, the process of diminution will have extended

THE TEETH

191

to the four central teeth, in th# manner rejnesented in the cut*

The spaces between them will novf

evident enousfh.

TWELVE MONTHS.

The -ast cut oives the curious and diminutive appearance of all
the incisors at fifteen months old. It would appear difficult to ob-
tain sufficient food to support good condition. It is somewhat so,
and it may be in a great measure owing to these changes in the
teeth, and the difficulty of grazing, that young beasts are subject to
so many disorders from seven or eight months and upwards, and
are so often out of condition.

At fifteen months old, the corner teeth will not be more than
half their natural size ; the centre ones yet more diminished ; and the
spaces between them almost equal to tlie width of the teeth. The
faces of the teeth will be lengthened ; the triangular mark will di-
minish, principally in the central teeth ; while another more or less
deeply shaded, Avill begin to appear around the original maik.

All this while the second set of teeth, the permanent ones, have
been growing in their sockets, and approaching towards their gums.
The piocess of absorption commences in the whole milk tooth, and
as much in the crown or body of it as at its root. The process of
diminution now is confined to the central teeth, and they gradually
waste away until they are no larger than crow-quills. About the
end of eighteen months, or a little before, the two central milk
teeth are pushed out or give way, and the two C(!ntral permanent
teeth appear.

The cut gives the mouth at eighteen months old, the two per-
manent central incisors are coming up, and the other six milk teeth
remain. The bone in front of the lower jaw is taken away, in order

192

CATrLE.

that the alveoli, or cells for the teeth, may be exposed. The second
pair of incisors have almost attained their proper size, but not
their proper form. The third pair are getting ready, but the jaw-
is not yet sufficiently widened for the development of the fourth
pair.

EIQHTEEK MONTHS.

TWO YEARS PAST.

The process of absorption will still be suspended with regard to
the two outside pairs of milk teeth, but will be rapid with regard
to the second pair, and a little after the commencement of the
second year they will disappear. The cut represents the two year
old beast, with four permanent incisors and four milk teeth.

Now the remaining milk teeth will diminish very fast, but show
no disposition to give way, and at three years old there will be six
permanent incisors, and often apparently no milk teeth ; but if the
mouth is examined, the tooth that should have disappeared, and the
tooth that is to remain until the next year, are huddled together and
concealed behind the new permanent tooth. They are often a source
of annoyance to the animal ; and the tooth whose turn it was to go
must be drawn. The three year old mouth then, as represented in
this cut, should contain six permanent incisors and two milk teeth.

At the commencement of the fourth year, the eight permanent in-
cisors will be up ; but the corner ones will be small. The cut
gives a four year old mouth, or perhaps one a month or two after
four years ; so that the beast cannot be said to he full-mouthed, i. e.,

THE TEETH.

193

all the incisors fully up, until it is five years old. It will be seen,
however, in this mouth of four years, that the two central pairs are
beginning to be worn down at the edges, and that in a flat direction,
or somewhat inclinino- towards the inside.

THREE YEARS. PAST.

FOUR YEARS. PAST.

At five years old, the teeth are all fully grown, but this mark has
extended over the whole set, and all the teeth are a little flattened
at the top ; while on the two centre ones there begins to be a dis-
tinct darker line in the middle, bounded by a line of harder bone.

From this time the age for a year or two can only be guessed at,
and a great deal will depend up-
on the manner in which the ani-
mal is fed. The beast most out,
and compelled most to use his
incisor teeth, will have them
•worn farthest down. As a
general rule, but admitting of
many exceptions, at seven years
old, this hne is becoming broad-
est and more irregular in all of
the teeth; and a second and
broader, and more circular mark
appears within the centre of the
former one, the most distinct in
the central, or two central pairs
— and which at eight years has
spread over the six central inci-
sors.

9

FTVE YEARS. PAST.

194

CATTLE.

At eight years a change takes place which cannot be mistaken.
The process of absorption has again commenced in the central inci-
sors ; it is slow in progress, and is never carried to the extent seen
in the milk teeth, but is sufficiently plain, and the two central teeth
are evidently smaller than their neighbors. A consideiable chano-e
has also taken place on the surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks
are rubbed into one in all but the corner teeth.

At ten, the four central incisors are diminished in size, and the
mark is becoming smaller and
fainter. The cut represents the
mouth at this age.

At eleven, the six central
ones are smaller ; and at twelve,
all of them are very considera-
bly diminished ; but not to the
same extent as in the young
beast. The mark is now nearly
obliterated, except in the cor-
ner teeth, and the inside edge
is worn down to the gum.

The beast is now getting old ;
the teeth continue to diminish,
and the animal, after fourteen
or sixteen years old, is often
not able to maintain full condi-
tion. He must then be partly ten years.
fed, yet there are many instan-
ces in which favorite bulls last more than twenty years, and cows of
the same age who pasture with the rest of the dairy, and give a fair
quantity of milk. Some writers have asserted that a good cow will
continue good until that age ; but both in quantity and quality of
milk, as a general rule, a good cow will not continue to breed and
give milk until twenty years old.

This method of iudcnnor of the acre of cattle bv the teeth is more
satisfactory than by"* the horns, and little imposition can be prac-
tised, whether the animal be young or old. From six to nine we can
only guess at the age ; but we can form a shrewd guess, and can
scarcely be out more than a few months.

In the horn we are subject to imposition ; we are obliged to ask
questions as to the first calf; and, when the animal gets old, the
rings often present a c«jnfusion of which the best judges can make
nothing.

The grinders will rarely be examined to ascertain the age of a
beast. They are too ditHcult to be got at ; and the same depen-
dence cannot be placed upon them. The calf is generally born with
two molar teeth ; sometimes with thi'ee in each jaw, above and be-

THE TONGrE. 195

low. The fourth appears about the expiration of the eightli month,
and the fifth at the end of the year, about which ""ime the first mo-
lar is shed. The second is disphiced at the end of the second year,
and so with the rest, at intervals of a year ; but the sixth molar,
which is from the beginning a permanent tooth, does not appear un-
til the sixth year.

THE TONGUE.

The tongue occupies the base of the mouth. It is firmly held by
muscles principally attached to the os hyoides, a singular bone common
to it and the larynx. The tongue is composed of the union of these
muscles, which extend their fibres through every part of it, and with
which is intermingled a considerable quantity of fatty matter. It is
covered by the membrane of the mouth, but curiously modified ;
it resembles more the cuticle or scarf-skin, but the internal layer is
fibrous and sensitive, and between the two is a soft, reticulated sub-
stance, which serves as a bed for the papillae, or little eminences
scattered all over the tongue, some of which, at least, are supposed
to be the terminations of the gustatory nerve, or that branch of the
fifth pair of nerves on which the sense of taste depends. The use
of the tongue, generally, is to dispose of the food between the
grinders during mastication ; to collect it afterwards, and, by the as-
sistance of the bars, form it into a pellet for swallowing ; it is also
the main instrument in drinking. The outer covering of the tongue
of the ox is hard and rough. The peculiar way in which the food
is gathered renders this necessary ; it helps to collect the grass to-
gether and form it into a roll before it is brought between the pad
of the upper jaw and the incisor teeth of the lower one ; it serves
to clean the muzzle from annoyances to which it is exposed by means
of dirt or insects ; and it likewise wipes from the nostril the filth
that is discharged from it in various diseases of the membrane of the
nose or the air passages, to which the ox is so subject.

The reader will remark the spur projecting from the centre of the
body of this bone, /^. 1. In some animals it is from two to three
inches in extent, and penetrates deeply into the root and body of the
tongue ; and from its sides, roughened for the purpose, there spring,
through the whole extent of the bone, powerful muscles (the genio-
hyo-glossi muscles, belonging to the chin, the hyoid bone, and the
tongue), whose object is to draw down the tongue within the mouth,
and limit its action.

There is nothing about the ox which requires confinement of the
tongue ; but, on the contrary, he has need of one possessing an ex-
traordinary freedom of motion, and the os hyoides is small. Its
spur (1. p. 196) is a mere tubercle. There is no penetration or con-
finement of the root of the tongue. The muscles springing from it

196

CATTLE.

are dimiuutive and weak, and have little or no power over the bod}
of the tonsfue.

HYOID EOXE, OR OS HYOIDES.

.• The s[)ur.

i. The hasis, or greater comu or horn.

3. The inferior lateral comu.
3 .The middle cornu.

4. The superior lateral cornu.

5. The epiglottis.

6. The arytacnoid cartilage.

7. The thyroid cartilage.
8 The cricoid cartilage.
9. Rings of the trachea.

10. The interposed ligamentous substance

between the rings.

11. The Kimac glottidis, or entrance into

the windpipe.

In the hyoid bone of the ox, the muscle (the hyo-ghssus-lonffus,
the long muscle belonijing to the hyoid bone and the toni^ue) has
its origin in an attachment to the corner near the spur • but there
are two joints to give greater freedom of motion, and not only so,
but the bifurcation of the superior lateral cornu, swelled out into a
head or tubercle, has no unyielding cartilaginous attachment to the
temporal bone, and is fitted into a curious socket, formed between
the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and a plate of bone let
down on purpose, and in which it plays loosely, yet securely.

GLOSS-ANTIIFiAX, BLAIN, OR BLACK TONGUE.

There is a disease of the tongue in cattle, which, from its sudden
attack, fearful progress, and frequently fatal termination, requires par-
ticular notice. The animal is dull, refuses food, and rumination
ceases. A discharge of saliva appears from the mouth ; it is at
first limpid and inoffensive, but it soon becomes purulent, bloody, and
exceedingly fetid ; the head and the neck begin to swell ; they be-
come enormously enlarged ; th3 respiratory passages are obstructed ;
the animal brea.hes with the greatest difficulty, and is, in some

GLOSS-ANTHRAX, BLAIN, OR BLACK TONGUE. 197

cases, literally suffocated. This is the Blain, or Gloss-anthrax —
inflammation of the tongue, or black tongue.

On examination, the tongue is apparently enlarged, but is, in fact,
only elevated from its bed between the maxillary bones ; and the
cause being examined, large vesicles or bladders, red, livid, or purple,
are found running along the side and base of the tongue, and particu-
larly towards its anterior part. These bladders are strangely la^id in
their growth ; become of a very great size ; quickly break ; and form
deep alcerations. Others immediately arise in their immediate neigh-
borhood, of similar character, but of still larger size. Sometimes the
animal dies in twenty-four hours from the first attack ; but at other
times fever rapidly succeeds, of a typhoid or malignant kind. In a few
cases these bladders have been found on the upper part of the tongue,
and even nearer to the top of it than to the frsenum. The tongue
soon becomes really enlarged, and particularly when the lateral or
inferior parts of it are the seats of disease. General inflammation of
it speedily follows, and that part of it on which the ulcers first
appeared, becomes mortified, and may be cut into, or cut away,
without the animal expressing the least degree of pain. Incisions
into the tongue are not followed by blood, but they bring to view
tissues decomposed at some points, and black at others, and bearing
the marks of incipient gangrene.

The primary seat of the disease is the membrane of the mouth
beneath or above the tongue. Dissection has proved the membrane
at the base of the mouth to be the pai-t primarily concerned.

Examination shows intense inflammation, or even gangrene ef the
part, and also inflammation and gangrene of the oesophagus, the
paunch, and the fourth stomach. The food in the paunch has almost
off'ensive smell ; that in the manyplus is hard and dry. Inflammation
reaches to the small intestines, which are highly inflamed, with red
and black patches in the coecum, colon, and rectum. We cannot
speak with confidence as to the cause of this disease : indeed, it is, in
a great majority of cases, unknown. We have seen it at all seasons,
and under all circumstances, — in stall-fed cows, whether newly
bought, or those used to their situation and in pasture. When it
becomes epidemic — when many cases occur about the same time,
and over a considerable extent of country, and in town dairies as
well as country ones, it is usually in the spring or autumn. Most
epidemics of an inflammatory character occur at those periods, for the
process of moulting is then going forward, and the animals are, to a
certain degree, debilitated, and disposed to inflammatory complaints ;
and these assume a low and typhoid, and then a malignant,^ form,
much oftener and much more speedily in cattle than in other domes-
ticated animals. There appears to be a deficiency of courage and
nervous energy in cattle, compared with the horse, and a consequent
inabUity to contend with disease. This afi'ords a key to the progress

198 CATTLE.

and treatment of many of the maladies to which these animals are
subject. These epidemics, although dependent on, and produced by,
some atmospheric agency, required a predisposition in the animal to
be afflicted by the disease.

While the blain sometimes assumes an epidemic character, there
can be no doubt of its being contagious, and especially under the
malignant form. Tiie disease is not communicated by the breath ;
but there must be actual contact. The beast must eat from the same
manger, or drink from the same trough, or be in such a situation that
the saliva, in which the vii-us seems to reside, shall be received on
some abraded or mucous surface. The malady is readily communi-
cated when animals graze in the same pasture. The farmer should
be aware of this, and should adopt every necessary precaution. This
is one of the maladies which may be communicated from the brute
to the human subject. The danger, however, so far as it can be
ascertained, is trifling, and easily avoided ; and a man may attend on
a hundred of these animals without injury : he has to take care that
the saliva or discharge from the mouth does not touch any sore place, or
lodge upon the lips ; and if he should fear that it may have come
into contact with any little wound or sore, he has only to apply lunar
caustic over the part, and there will be an end of the matter.

The treatment of blain is very simple ; and, if adopted in an
early period of the disease, effectual in a great majority of cases.
Blain is, at first, a local malady, and the first and most important
means to be adopted will be of a local character. It is inBammation
of the membrane of the mouth, along the side of and under the tongue,
and characterized by tlie appearance of vesicles or bladders ; perhaps
pellucid at first, but becoming red or livid, as the disease advances ;
These vesichs must he freely lanced from end to end. There will not
be much immediate discharge ; the bladder was distended by a
substance imperfectly organized, or of such a glairy or thick nature
as not readily to escape. If this operation be perfoimed Avhen the
saliva first begins to run from the mouth, and before there is any
unpleasant smell or gangrenous appearance, it will usually effect a
perfect cure. If the mouth be examined four-and-tvventy hours after-
ward, the only vestige of the disease will be an incision, not looking
very healthy at first, but that will soon become so and heal.

If the disease has made considerable progress, and the vesicles
begin to have a livid appearance, or perhaps some of them have
broken, and the smell is becoming very offensive, the mouth must be
carefully examined, and any bladders still remaining whole, or new
ones beginning to rise, must be deeply and efiectually lanced, and
the ulcers washed half-a-dozen times in the day, or ol\ener, with a
diluted solution of the chloride of lime (a drachm of the powder to
a pint of water.) By means of a syringe or piece of sponge, this
may be brought into contact with every part of the ulcerated surface

GLOSS-ANTHRAX, OR BLAIN. 199

In a very short time the unpleasant smell will diminish or cease,
ard the ulcers will begin to assume a more healthy character!
When all fetor is removed, the mouth should be bathed with a lo-
tion composed of equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water, or a
pretty strong solution of alum, and a fourth part of the tincture of
catechu.

This treatment will be usually successful if the ulceration has not
assumed too much of the gangrenous character, and if symptomatic
or low fever has not appeared in too intense a degree. " These are
very important circumstances, and should not be passed lightly over,
for several of the most fatal diseases are of comparatively little im-
portance, and easily got rid of in the early stage, and neglect pro-
duces all the danger. The blain, although easily cured ^when at-
tacked in its early state, becomes uniformly fatal if neo-lected.
In these early stages of the blain, the disease should not be\lways
so simply treated, and the mere lancing of the vesicles the only means
adopted ; but it should be the fii-st thing done, and that on which
there is the greatest dependence, as attacking the fountain-head of
all the after mischief, and getting rid of the danger of suffocation at
least.

The blain, suffered to take its course, speedily becomes connected
with fever, and that fever is not long in taking on a typhoid form ;
even then we should certainly extract blood. Four, or five, or six
quarts should be taken away, according to the size of the beast, and
the urgency of the case; or rather we would bleed until we begin
to perceive its efix3ct on the general circulation.

In addition to this, as constipation usually accompanies the com-
mencement of fever, and is never absent in cases of blain, we sliould
administer a purgative — from a pound to a pound and a half of
Epsom salts ; and likewise throw up some laxative injections.

^ Let Epsom or Glauber salts, or the common culinary salt, be
dissolved in simple water or thin gruel. They want nothing to in-
sure or increase their eflfect.

The practitioner may not be called in until gangrenous ulcers fill
the mouth, and the membrane of the mouth, and the tongue itself,
seem to be sloughing away in pieces ; ulcers, perhaps, have also be-
gun to appear externally beliind or under the jaw ; and, most of all
to be dreaded, and frequently accompanying the worst stages of
blain, ulcers begin to break out about the feet, and particularly at
the junction of the hair and the hoof, and threaten the loss of the
hoof.

Chloride of lime must be used from morning to night, until the
gangrenous character of the ulcers is changed, and then the tinc-
ture of aloes, or the tincture of myrrh substituted. Ulcers in any
other part, particularly about the feet, must undergo a similar
treatment. Chloride of lime, the solution being by degrees strength-

£00 CATTLE,

ened, will remove the fetor, and usually give the ulcer a healthy
surface.

No bleeding will be required here : the stage of acute fever is
passed. Physic should be given — one dose at least, whatever is
the state of the bowels, and even although the diarrhoea of typhoid
fever should be established ; but, at the san e time, the system
must be roused- and supported. A double dose of aromatic powder
should accompany the physic ; and, after that, the gentian, calum-
bo, and ginger roots should be regularly administered in powder,
suspended in gruel. Two drachms of gentian and calumbo, and
one of ginger, will constitute an average dose, and may be repeated
morning and night.

The practitioner should pay considerable attention to the food.
It is not always that the appetite fails in this disease ; nay, may
remain unimpaired to the last ; but the soreness of the mouth
has prevented the animal from eating or ruminating. He should
be fed with gruel— some of it always within his reach, and he will
sip no inconsiderable quantity of it. More should be poured down,
or given by the stomach-pump — the latter being the better way of
administering it. When poured down bodily, it will generally find
its way into the rumen, and there be retained, and in a manner
lost ; but when given from the small pipe of the pump, and not too
strongly forced on, it will trickle down the gullet, and be likely to
flow on into the fourth, or true digesting stomach, and be converted
into immediate nutriment.

This is one of the numerous class of diseases, under which the
animal either cannot labor a second time, or to which the constitu-
tion betrays an evident insusceptibility for a considerable period.
Cattle recovered from the blain have been purposely subjected to
contagion, without effect.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The first thing to be done is to scrape
the pustules with a curved knife, an iron spoon, or a wisp of straw,
after which the part is to be well cleaned by means of a cloth steeped
in oil. Once the pustules have been removed, the tongue should
be touched every day with a eloth steeped in water, to Avhich some
drops of arseniciim have been added. This plan will suffice in
most cases. If symptoms of the disease still remain, for instance, a
fetid state of the breath, &c., acidum phosphoricum, alternately with
mercurius solubus, daily.

THRUSH IN THE MOUTH.

There is a disease, sometimes epidemic, especially in the spnng
and winter, when the weather is unusually cold and wet, that may
be mistaken, and has been so, for blain. It consists in the appear-
ance of pustules, or sometimes vesicles, not merely along the side
and at the root of the tonorue, but all over the mouth, and occa-

THE SALIVARY GLANDS. 201

sionally even on the outside of the lips. These pustules break, and
minute ulcers succeed, which may run a little into each other ; but
they oftener speedily heal.

This is very harmless. There is sometimes a slight degree of
fever, rarely such as interferes with the appetite, but never to indi-
cate danger. The disease may last ten days, a fortnight, or more ;
but gradually yields to mild doses of physic ; the beast may thrive
the better afterwards for having got rid of something that was op-
pressive to the constitution.

Homoeopathic treatment. — This requires more especially the em-
ployment of aconitum, and of mercurius vivus. Acidum nitri also is
very effectual, especially in dry inflammation. Carho vegetahilis is
specific in treating induration succeeding to inflammation : conium,
lycopodium and silicea, are also recommended in this case.

THE SALIVARY GLANDS.

The food, when first gathered, is rolled hastily into a pellet, and
swallowed, without being mingled with much of the moisture of the
mouth ; but the second mastication is another affair — the food is
not only to be thoroughly broken to pieces and ground down, but
brought into that softened and pultaceous state, in which it can be
thoroughly acted upon by the gastric juice, and digestion performed.
The mouth is furnished with various glands, which secrete a limpid
fluid of a somewhat saline taste, and called the saliva, by which the
food is thus softened. These are differently named, accordino- to
their situation.

The PAROTID GLAND, or the gland in the neighborhood of the ear,
is the largest and most important of them. It occupies the hollow
which extends from the root of the ear to the angle of the lower jaw.
It consists of a vast number of little glands connected by cellular
tissue, each having its minute duct to convey away the fluid that is
secreted, and these ducts communicating with one another, and join-
ing together to form one main branch, termed the parotid duct,
through which the united stream is conveyed into the mouth.

The following cut will give the reader a sufficient notion of the
situation and connections of this gland, and also of the bloodvessels
of the neck, and principal muscles of the upper part of it.

1. The splenius (spleen -shaped) muscle, occupying almost the

whole of the upper and side part of the neck, and extending from

the parietal ridge, as far down as the fourth and fifth vertebr£e of

the back. It arises by two tendons, one from the atlas, and the

other from the mastoid process of the temporal bone : it is attached

superiorly by tendinous and fleshy fibres to the ligament of the neck,

and inferiorly by fleshy fibres to the transverse processes of the

bones of the neck, and the fore part of the spine. There is one

muscle on each side of the neck. When they act together, they erect
9# £,.,/..

202

CATTLE.

and support the head and neck ; when either acts alone, it indines
the h'^.ad and neck on that side. It is tlie muscle on which, with
the tri^ezius in the next cut, the form of the upper part of the neck
principally depends.

2. The inferior oblique (taking an oblique direction). A deeper-
seated muscle on each side of the neck, from the first to the second
bones of the neck.

3. The superior oblique. Likewise a deeper-seated muscle, from
the ftrst bone of the neck to the portion of the parietal bone which
forms the poll. Both acting together, they elevate the head ; — either
acting alone, turns it on that side. When the hand is passed
down the side of the cervical ligament, even near to the poll, the
muscles of the neck will be observed to become rapidly thicker.
Tiie thickness of the neck of the ox lies principally below ; so it is
in idtnost all ruminants, and particularly in the deer tribe ; there-
fore these muscles are large.

4. A portion of the levator humeri (the elevator of the arm), re-
versed. It arises by an aponeurotic expansion from the parietal
ridge, and by a strong tendon, from the mastoid process of the
temporal bone, and from the four first bones of the neck, and, con-
necting itself with the ligament of the neck, it goes to the muscles
of the shoulders and the upper bone of the arm. When the head
is made a fixed point, one of them, acting alone, draws forward the
shoulder and arm ; when the shoulder is made the fixed point, it

THE SALIVARY GLANDS. 203

turns the head and neck ; or, the shoulder still being the fixed point,
and both acting, the head is depressed. This muscle is large in the
ox. It is united with the rliomhoideus longus (the long rhomboid-
shaped muscle), and evidently contributes mateiially to the forma-
tion of those sub-cutaneous muscular fibres, whicli are substituted
for the proper sub-cutaneous muscle of the neck. Inferiorly it is di-
vided into three branches — the one, thin and inferior, goes to the
anterior extremity of the sternum ; the second, at the inferior part of
the arm, furnishes a tendon, which is inserted with that of the ijector-
alis transversus (the transverse muscle of the chest) into the hu-
merus ; while the superior division giv^es a strong tendinous expan-
sion, which spreads over, and loses itself upon the outer face of the
humerus.

5. The suh-scapulo-hyoidus, (belonging to the substance under-
neath the shoulder, and to the hyoid bone,) from the shoulder-blade
to the body of the hyoid bone, to drav,^ backward that bone.

6. The sterno-maxllaris, (belonging to the sternum and the lower
jaw,) from the cartilage in front of the chest to the angle of the
lower jaw. It is attached to the lower jaw by means of a bifur-
cated tendon. The posterior branch is inserted into the masseter
muscle, on which it acts as a kind of bridle in the usual process of
mastication, and more particularly as tending to limit the lateral
and grinding motion of that muscle. The other goes on and attach-
es itself to the buccinator muscle, immediately to be described. Thus
they act quite as much as muscles of mastication, as thev are con-
cerned in the bending of the head, and perhaps more so. The whole
muscle may act on the head — the separate poitions of it on the
function of mastication.

7. The stemo-hyoidus, from the sternum to the hyoid bone, and to
the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, in order to draw the bone and
the cartilage downward and backward.

8. The masseter, (masticating muscle) covers the greater part of
the side of the superior maxillary bone, and is inserted into the rough-
ened surface of the angle of the lower jaw bone.

9. The buccinator (the muscle by which the human being blows
the trumpet) extends from the alveolar borders of the upper and
under grinders, over the cheeks, and the membrane of the mouth,
and to the angle of the mouth. It tightens the membrane of the
mouth, and thus principally assists in the disposal of the food in the
mouth, and also in retracting the angle of the mouth.

10. A branch of the os hyoides.

11. The stylo-maxillaris, from the styloid process of the occipital
bone to the angle of the lower jaw, to draw it backward, and to open it.

12. That portion of the stylo-maxillaris, which is called the digas-
tric, is seen here.

13. The little flat muscle, the stylo-hyoideus, is here represented;

204 CATTLE.

extending from the styloid process of tlie occipital, to the angle of
the corner of the hyoid bone, and its action confined to the retracting
and elevating of the corner of that bone.

14. A muscle of the larynx.

15. The parotid gland, (the gland in the neighborhood of the ear,)
the greater part of it reversed, to show the parts benccitli.

16. The parotid duct, winding within the angle of the jaw, and
escaping again at a very little distance, and in company with the
maxillary vein and artery climbing up the cheek, and perforating the
buccinator muscle, in order to discharge its contents into the mouth.
The orifice is generally found about the third or fourth grinder. The
situation of the duct should be carefully observed, for obstruction
and fistula of this duct is frequent in the ox, and operations of various
kinds may be necessary.

IV. The submaxillary gland (the gland under the jaw). Its com-
mencement is almost as high as that of the parotid, but behind it ;
thence it reaches down to the angle of the jaw, and there begins to
take a direction forward between the branches of the lower jaw, and
terminates in a duct which opens on either side of the fraenum of the
tongue.

18. LympJiatic glands (glands containing lymph) of the neck.

19. Lymphatic glands found between the branches of the lower
jaw; neither belonging to the submaxillary nor sublingual glands,
but often confounded with them. They become inflamed and «»nlarged
in almost every case of catarrh. These glands often enlarge to a
very considerable degree, suppurate, and troublesome ulcers ensue.

20. The jugular vein (the vein of the throat), previous to its
bifurcation, and pointing out the usual situation for bleeding.

21. The submaxillary vein, returning the blood from the tongue,
the mouth, and the face generally. It is scarcely lost at all within
the angle of the lower jaw, but runs along the edge of it, and might
be opened with advantage in some affections of the face. When it
emerges from the jaw, and begins to climb up the face, it is found
between the parotid duct and the submaxillary arter3\

22. The larger branch of the juguhir above the bifurcation receiv-
ing the blood from the upper part of the face and neck, and also
from the brain. It is so near to the parotid gland, that it would be
difficult to bleed from it there. The bifurcation is sometimes com-
pletely covered by the parotid gland. We must therefore be always
content with bleeding below the division of the jugular in cattle.

23. The temporal vein (the vein of the temple).

24. The trunk of the parotidean and auricular veins (the veins of
the parotid gland and of the ear).

25. The internal jugular, and particularly its passage below tlie
subscapulo-hyoideus muscle. The path of the internal jugular by
the side of the carotid^ under that muscle, is marked by a dotted line.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND 209

26. The carotid ratery, where it emerges from below the subsca-
pulo-hyoideus muscle. Its path under that muscle, by the side of
the internal jugular, is also marked by a dotted line, showing the
connection of the two vessels. The figures are placed at the spot
where it would be most convenient to operate, if circumstances should
require that a ligature should be passed round the carotid.

27. The submaxillary artery given off from the main trunk, and
pursuing its course anteriorly, to bury itst^f beneath the angle of the
lower jaw. It is afterwards seen emerging from under that bone in
company with the sub-maxillary vein, and the parotid duct, and be-
ing the lowest of the three.

28. The temporal artery, at which the pulse may often be conve-
niently examined.

29. One of the arteries supplying the parotid gland.

30. The eighth pair of nerves, or the motor organic nerves.

31. One of the linyuales, or nerves by means of which the tongue
is moved.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND.

The parotid gland, in cattle, is very subject to inflammation. Con-
tusions or wounds of the part are frequent causes of inflammation ;
and this gland, in the ox, sympathizes strongly with catarrhal affec-
tions of tlie upper air-passages. A bullock will rarely have hoose,
accompanied by any degree of fever, without some enlargement and
tenderness of the parotid. There is scarcely an epidemic among
cattle, one of the earliest symptoms of which is not swelling of the
head and neck. These swellino-s under the ear are o-uides on which
we place much, and perhaps the gi'eatest, dependence, in judging of
the intensity and danger of the disease ; and particularly, and most
of all to be dreaded, its tendency to assume a typhoid form. These
enlargements have been confounded with strangles, but through
want of proper examination of the parts.

Inflammation of the parotid gland is accompanied by heat a«d
tenderness of the part, and which render the beast unwilling to eat,
or to ruminate ; and sometimes by so much swelling as to threaten
immediate suffocation. This is one of the varieties of swelling about
the head of cattle characterized by the expressive term of strangullion.

The swelling of the parotid gland extends oftener and more rap-
idly downward than upward, reaching the throat, and pressing upon
all the neighboring vessels. When there is much swelling, suppura-
tion and abscess are at hand, and should be encouraged by fomenta-
tion ; and as soon as any motion of pus can be detected, the tumor
should be freely lanced ; the fluid will readily escape, and the ab-
scess fill up : but if the swelling be suffered to burst, ulcers will be
formed, exceedingly difficult to heal, and that will too often run on
to gangrene. It is a singular thing that while the flesh of the ox i*

208 CATTLE.

one of the supports of human life, and no food contributes more or
healthier nutriment, there is no animal in wliich grangrenous ulcers
are so frequently formed, or in which they are so corroding and ma-
lignant. From inflammation, apparently of only an inconsiderable
portion of the parotid gland, we have known ulcers of the most
offensive character extend from ear to ear, and expose the most im-
portant vessels of the upper part of the neck.

This inflammation is to be combated by fermentations, cataplasms,
and, occasionally, blisters, in the early stage ; bleeding and physick-
ing must be resorted to, according to the degree of general fever ;
and after the ulcer has formed, the chloride of lime must be used to
arrest the progress of gangrene, and the tincture of aloes to heal the
part after the bursting of the abscess. Mild purgatives will be very
useful, each of them containing aromatic or tonic medicine.

Obstruction to the passage of the saliva will sometimes occur in
the duct ; swelling wnll ensue at the place of obstruction ; and, at
length, the fluid continuing to accumulate, will burst the vessel, and
a fistulous ulcer will be the result.

THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS.

The second source of the saliva is from the shmaxlUary glands.
The bulk of the maxillary gland is seen at fig. IV (p. 202,) even
posterior to the parotid gland. The direcaon within the branches
of the jaw is also plainly traced ; and there is a continuation of
glandular substance, or a collection of little glands extending on
either side within the branches of the jaws, the common duct from
all of which pierces through the substance at the root of the tongue,
and opens on either side of the fraenum.

The termination of the duct is particularly evident in cattle, and is
very curiously constructed ; a cartilaginous plate doubles upon itself,
and serves as a covering, or roof, to the little teat-like orifice of the
duct.

BARBS OR PAPS.

Occasionally in catarrh, and oftener when the membrane of the
mouth generally is somewhat mflamed, and the pustules of which
we have spoken appear in various parts, these little projections like-
wise become red and enlarged, and the beast is said to have the
BARBS or PAPS. To bum or cut them away, converts temporary
inflammation into serious and even gangrenous ulcers. A dose of
physic, and, if necessary, a moderate bleeding, will usually cause the
barbs to disappear, or, if a httle disposition to ulceration should ap-
pear, an alum wash will be all that is needed.

In cases of deep abscess, which sometimes appear under the
tongue, from inflammation, or, much oftener, from improper treai*
ment, the chloride of lime will be the first and chief application. It
must be injected to the very bottom of the sinuses, and continued to

THE PHARYNX. 207

be used, several times in the day, while any unpleasant smell is per-
ceived. To this will succeed the alum- wash, or an infusion of catechu.

THE SUBLINGUAL GLANDS.

The third source of the saliva is from numerous glands scattered
over the membrane of the mouth generally, but principally collected
at its base and under the tongue, and therefore called the suUingual
glands. They consist of small collections of glands, with minute
openings into the mouth, but which also a little enlarge, when there
is tendency to inflammation in the mouth. No harm can ever come
of these gigs and bladders, if let alone. On every part of the
cheeks and lips these little glands are found ; and the quantity of
saliva obtained from all of these, especially when they are excited to
action in mastication or rumination, is very great.

THE VELUM PALATI, OR SOFT PALATE.

Advancing to the back part of the mouth, we find a curtain di-
viding it from the pharynx, or ca\ity immediately above the gullet.
It is formed of a continuation of the membrane of the mouth ante-
riorly, of that of the nose posteiiorly, and it hangs from the cres-
cent-formed border of the palatine bone, p. 144. It reaches from
the palate almost to the entrance into the gullet and the windpipe.
The food is returned to the moutli in the natural process of rumina-
tion, and also in vomiting, whicli occurs very rarely indeed, or, at
least, regurgitation from the rumen, for we much doubt whether
true vomiting, or the return of food from the fourth stomach, was
ever seen in cattle.

THE PHARYNX.

The food having passed beneath this soft palate, reaches a funnel-
shaped cavity between the mouth and the gullet and windpipe. It
is lined by a membrane full of little glands, that pour out a viscid
fluid, by which the pellet of food is covered and prepared to pass
more readily down the gullet. Within this membrane are muscles
that contract with considerable force ; and the food, almost beyond
the action of the tongue, is seized by these muscles and forced along
the pharynx to the entrance into the CDSophagus or gullet.

CHAPTER XI.

THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE NECK
AND CHEST.

In order to understand the proper conformation of these parts,
differing so materially as they do in a kindly feeding and an unprof-
itable beast, and differing, too, so much in various breeds, each
excellent in its way, we must have recourse to two anatomical plates,
which include, as much as possible, the whole muscular system
of the ox.

1. OrhicuJaris oris (the rinor-shaped muscle of the mouth). This
muscle is found within the border of the lips, and constituting their
principal substance and thickness, forming two semi-ovals, and united
together at the angle of the lips. It is large and mixed witli ten-
dinous fibres, because the lips are poweifully employed in the ox in
grasping and assisting in tearing off the food,

2. The elevator of the iqjper lip, and angle of the nose.

3. The Zygomaticus (arising near the yoke-formed arch under
•which the temporal muscle passes) lies along the middle of the side
of the face ; it also assists in the motion of the lips, and particularly
in retracting the angle of the lips. This is particularly developed in
the ox, for it has much to do in tb3 gathering of his food.

ANATOMY OF THE NECK AND CHEST.

4. The depressor of the hwer eyelid, a sub-cutaneous muscle of
considerable development.

5. The depressor of the loiver lip, lying along the side of the
lower jaw, and going to the inferior lateral part of the under lip, and
to separate the under lip from the upper.

6. Ohicularis palpebrarum (the ring-shaped muscle of the lids),
employed in keeping the eyes open. When this muscle ceases to act
the eye closes, from the elasticity of the cartilage at the edge of the lid.

v. The levator of the up>per eyelids.

8. The depressor of the ear. This is a singular muscle, lying im-
mediately under the skin ; running over, and attached to, the parotid
gland ; and reaching from the outer side of the root of the ear, down
to the very larynx. The ears of the ox have an extensive, although
slow motion, and have to defend the eyes from insects.

9. The different portions of the levator humeri, through the whole
of their course : tlve upper part of this muscle was described at p.
202. On this muscle the form of the lower part of the neck princi-
pally depends, and it is much more developed in some breeds than
in others. However thin and deer-like we may wish the neck of the
ox to be at the setting on of the head, we look for plenty of muscles
at the bottom of it, or we shall have neither strength nor substance
in any part of the animal.

10. The sterno-maxillaris, described at p. 203.

11. The trapezius (the quadrilateral muscle). This muscle is
united with the rhomhoideus longus, and forms the exterior muscular
layer immediately below the integument, and above the splenius.
(See p. 202, and also the next cut). On this, and on the splenius
beneath, depends the form of the upper part of the neck and withers,
and, in some breeds, the cervical portion of it is particularly fine.
The combined action of the whole is to raise the scapula, and draw
the bone forward.

12. The latissimus dorsi, so called from its extent, being the widest
muscle of the back, and reaching over the Avhole of the upper and
side part behind the scapula, of which bone it is a muscle, drawing it
backward, and elevating its inferior extremity. It is thin ; much
adipose matter insinuates itself between the fibres, and gives it a false
appearance of substance.

13. The pectoral is major (the larger pectoral muscle). It is the
only pectoral muscle, properly so speaking, for the minor is not
found. There are, however, the transverse pectorals, of Avhich we
shall give an account presently. From the ensiform cartilage at the
termination of the true ribs, and even from the external oblique
muscle of the belly, it extends forward, strongly attaching itself to
the fourth, fifth, and sixth pieces of the sternum, and also the lesser
tubercle of the humerus, and the inner part of the end of tho scapula
or shoulder-blade. It draws the scapula into an upright position.

210 CATTLE.

14. The external oblique muscle of the abdomen. It extends over
the Avhole of the inferior and lateral portions of the bell}', giving sup-
port to the contents of the belly ; assisting in the evacuation of the
faeces and urine, and also in that of the fcetus, and being a valuable
auxiliary in the process of breathing. Although it has not so much
work to perform as an auxiliary muscle in respiration, or in support-
ing the abdomen and its contents in the shocks to which they are
occasionally exposed in rapid motion, yet this and the other oblique
muscle have a great deal more constant labor than is generally sup-
posed in supporting the immense weight of the distended paunch,
and sometimes powerfully contracting upon it. These oblique mus-
cles, which constitute the flank pieces of various kinds in the carcass,
are of considerable thickness, and never overlooked by the butcher
when examining a beast.

15. The glutcBUS maximuSf or great muscle, belonging to the but-
tock, principally constitues the anterior, middle, and external parts of
the haunch. Its attachments are very complicated, and its action is
what its situation at once indicates, either to flex and bring forward
the hind limbs upon the loins, or the pelvis and loins upon the hind
limbs, accordingly as either is made a fixed point. This muscle is
the one which is most largely concerned in propelling animals for-
ward, and is in cattle a large one, though relatively, for no great
speed is usually required from them, nor any sudden and powerful
flexion of the Umbs. This muscle is brought into view in cattle by
raising the aponeurotic expansion of the fascia lata, and it is con-
cealed superiorly and posteriorly by the prolongation of the semi-
tend inosus muscle.

16. Fascia lata. This muscle, although we have termed it a fascia
or envelope, is a fleshy and tendinous expansion over the whole of
the anterior and external surface of the thigh, w^hence it spreads be-
low the stifle. Its chief use is to strengthen the muscles beneath ;
but, besides this, it assists the extension of the leg on the thigh and
the flexion of the thigh on the pelvis. Its fleshy portion is 'divided
mto two, and its tendinous expansion extends over all the muscles of
the quarters, and unites with the principal flexor muscle of the
thigh — the adductor magnus. This is a part of the beast where we
look for plenty of muscle and fat, and we can hardly find quarters
too long and too well developed.

17 and 18. The biceps femoris, or two-headed muscle of the thigh.
It flexes the leg upon the thigh, and contributes to turn the leg in-
ward. In cattle, it has no spinal prolongation, and it does not
»iscend beyond the ischial tuberosity.

19. The foramina belonoincr to the sub-cutaneous abdominal vein.

The preceding numbers refer to the cut, page 202 ; those follow*
ing, to the cut on the next page.

ANATOxMY OF THE NECK AND CHEST.

211

1. The splenius lying under the trapezius, and aheady described
in p. 201.

2. The anterior portion of the trapezius, extending along the edge
of the cervical ligament, from the back of the head to within the
superior part of the scapula, and raising the scapula and carrying it
forward, already alluded to, p. 209.

3. The rhomhoideus longus (the long diamond-shaped muscle). It
has already been stated that this muscle in the ox is united with the
trapezius, and forms the superior and lateral part of the neck, extend-
ing from the head to the withers. It varies materially in different
breeds. Nothing can be so unlike as the ridge, or crest of the neck,
in the Devon and the Galloway, or even the Devon and the Here-
ford. In all cattle it is proportionally large, because the neck gene-
rally was designed to be fleshy ; a fine crest, the neck gradually
thickening below, may be considered as a point of beauty in cattle.

4. The serratus unticus major (the anterior part of the great saw-
shaped muscles, or those by Avhich the shoulder of the animal is
attached to the trunk, and the weight of the trunk supported),
'i'hese muscles of the shoulder are numerous in the ox, and are sepa-
rated from eacli other by cellular and adipose matter. The strength
of attachment which rapid motion renders necessary, is not wanted,
but the accumulation of the flesh and fat goes on wherever it can.
The serrated muscles are seen prolonged upon the side behind the
shoulder.

5. One of the insertions of the levitor humeri.

6. A portion of the serratus muscle, occupying the posterior and
inferior portion of the neck, where tlie neck emerges from, or enters
into the chest. It consists of the union of two or three muscles, par-
ticularly one lying across upon the first ribs. It is composed of a
long band, larger posteriorly, which takes its origin about the middle

212 CATTLE.

of the fourth rib, and spreads forward over the three .interior ribs,
and even to the vertebrae of the withers.
*?. Another head of the levoAor humeri.

8. The tricejys extensor hrachii, or three-headed extensor of the
arm. Two of the portions are here seen, the one from the external
part of the shoulder to the outer tubercle on the bone of the arm,
and also on the outer parts of the elbow ; and the other occupying
the angular space between the shoulder-blade and the bone of the
arm ; the muscle has its principal lower insertion in the posterior and
superior part of the elbow. There is a third portion on the interior
of the scapula and the bone of the arm. The action of the compound
muscle is evidently to bind the humerus, or bone of the arm, on the
shoulder-blade, and thus to extend and throw forward the lower
part of the limb. These muscles are small in cattle for these evident
reasons, that strength is not required in the ox, as a beast of burden,
and his speed never taxed to any extent ; and because needless flesh
here would be precisely in the part where it is coarsest and least
valuable. The diminution of muscle on the external part of the
shoulder, and the accumulation of cellular and fatty matter between
it and the trunk, being the reverse of what we find in the horse, are
apt illustrations of the skill with which every animal is adapted to
his destiny.

9. Another portion of the serrated muscles, belonging to the back
and ribs. These are principally muscles of respiration ; they elevate
the ribs, and bring them forward, and thus expand the chest, and
assist in the process of inspiration. This is a small muscle, because
from the idle life of the ox, his breathing is seldom hurried.

10. The internal oblique muscle, or inner layer of muscles constitu-
ting the walls of the belly. These muscles assist the external ones in
supporting the weight of the belly, and compressing its contents.
Being placed somewhat farther back than the external oblique, they
will offer less assistance in respiration, but contribute more to the
expulsion of the urine and faeces.

17. The iliacus iidernus, or inner and larger muscle belonging to
the flanks, occupies the upper and inner space between the spine and
the thigh. Its use is to bring the thigh under the haunch, which, in
the slow-motioned ox, is rarel}'^ performed with much rapidity or force,
therefore it is not large. It enters into the composition of the aitch
bone and the upper part of the refund.

18, 19, 20. '\^\iQ glutcei muscles he on the upper and outer parts
of the haunch, and the good or deficient form of the quarters de-
pends upon them. They are valuable in the ox, as indicating the
general muscularity of the system. This may, however, be carried
too far. Contributing to the formation of the rump, and, in a cer-
tain degree, of the round, they constitute some of th(; tenderest and
most valuable parts of the ox.

DESCRIPTION OF THE NECK. 213

21. The ijyriform (pear-shaped) muscle, found within the cavity
of the pelvis, and on the inside of the aitch-bone and the rump.
Large and composed of s»ft fibres, ia..the ox. Its office is to assist
in the extension of the haunch.

22. Levator caudce hrevis (the shorter elevator of the tail). It is
used in common with other muscles to move the tail.

23. Levator caudce longus (the long elevator of the tail).

24. Depressor caudce, by which the tail is pressed upon the haunch,
and that sometimes with a force that would scarcely be thought
possible.

25. The intertransversal musclea, whose oblique fibres nin from the
base to the edge of the bones of the tail, through its whole extent,
and by which the lateral motions are effected. By the union of all
of these muscles the tail is made a most eflfective instrument in
driving away or destroying thousands of w^inged blood-suckers, by
which the animal would otherwise be tormented.

26. The rectus femoris, or straight muscle of the thigh, runs along
the whole of the anterior portion of the thigh, from the ihum to the
patella, or knee-cap. It is a very conspicuous muscle in the round,
and helps to extend the thigh and advance the haunch.

27. The vasti muscles, so called from their occupying the greater
part of the thigh. The three branches are commonly distinct, but
they are not much developed, for they have not the work to do.
The butcher thinks that there is a great difference between the
round of the beast that has worked, and of another that has not ;
and he is right, for nothing tends so much to the development of
tne muscular system as regular exercise.

28. The great adductor, or bringer forwan^ of the thigh. This
muscle occupies the external face of the posterior part of the thigh.
It rises as high as the spine of the sacmm, and reaches the anterior
portioH of the leg by three different branches or heads, and thence is
called the triceps adductor femoris. It bends the leg upon the thigh;
it carries the Avhole limb backward in the act of kicking, and also
assists in elevating tlie fore part of the body in preparing for a leap.
It is large, reaching along the spine, to the very angle of the croup.

29. The semitendinosus, so called from its half-tendinous construc-
tion, constitutes, with the next muscle, the posterior and internal face
of the haunch and thigh. It is a flexor or bender of the leg.

30. Adductor tibice longus (the long adductor, or bringer forward
of the thigh ;) sometimes called, from its construction, the semi-tendi-
nosus muscle. It is a flexor or bender tlie leg.

The reader is now prepared to enter with us, so far as we can
without being too diyly anatomical, into the consideration of the form
and structure of the neck and trunk of cattle ; and particularly as con-
nected with the production of milk while living, and beef w^hen dead.

214 CATTLE.

DESCRIPTION OF THE NECK.

The neck of the ox (see cut of skeleton, p. 143,) is composed of
seven bones.

In cattle there is great shortness of the neck generally — shortness,
and yet magnitude of every bone — the avoidance of smooth surface,
and the springing out, above and below, and on one side and the
other, of processes which are long, broad, and roughened ; and there
is not an ehistic movement about the whole of this part of the animal,
and the neck is level. The intention of nature is plain enough in the
construction of the neck of the ox. All these widened, roughened,
tuberous bones are for the attachmemt of muscles — the accumulation
of flesh. True, these are not the prime parts of the animal, but we
see the commencement of the principle. The animal was destined to
produce flesh and fat for our nourishment

A little of the arched form of the neck mny be traced in the Devon
ox, and is no detriment either to his appearance or his actual value ;
although common consent seems to have determined that the line
from the horns to the withers should scarcely deviate from that of
the back. Is this trait of the thorough bred horse, here appearing
in cattle, connected with that activity in work for which this breed
has ever been unrivaled ? The Sussex, and Hereford, and Pembroke,
and Welsh, generally, and all the Scots, horned or hornless, have, occa-
sionally at least, this rising of the forehand ; and we must be per-
mitted still to retain this form of the neck, as one of the chai*ncteristics.
and no defect, of the middle-horns, who, in particular districts, and
for particular purp. ses, w\M still remain and be duly valued, when
the triumph of the short-horns is complete in then' universal diffusion.

We must go even a 'ittle further than this, and claim the rising
crest as an essential ponit in every good bull of every breed. It shall
be what, in the majority of cases, it perhaps is, nothing more than an
accumulation of fat about the ligament of the neck, and the splenius
and complejius muscles ; but it indicates that broad base of muscle
beneath — that bulk and strength of neck, so indicative of the true
mascuhne character. We refer to the Devon bull (p. 17), to whom,
indeed, it belongs, in virtue of his breed — and we refer, also, to the
West Highland bull (p. 42), who has the same claim to it, and also,
to the Old Craven bull (p. 82) ; to the New Leicester bull (p. 88),
and even to the short-horned bull (p 109).

The actual bulk of muscle, however, in any part of the o# is not so
much greater as the extended and roughened surfaces would lead us
to imagine. The head, or the insertion of the muscle, may be spread
over the whole surface of the bone ; but we have not proceeded far
in our examination of that muscle, before we fine? that its structure,
at least in the unworked ox, is not compact muscle. A great deal

THE PROPER FORM AND SIZE OF THE NECK. 215

more cellular and adipose substance is inserted, not only between the
different muscles, but between the little divisions or bundles of which
sach muscle is composed ; and, in fact, between the very fibres of
the muscle itself; and that to so great an extent, that in a well-fatted
beast it is almost impossible to meet with any simple muscle. The
whole is marbled — streaks of fat, enclosed in cellular substance, run
parallel with almost every fibre. This, at least, is the case with many
breeds of cattle, and always is in good cattle.

THE PROPER FORM AND SIZE OF THE NECK.

Some breeds of cattle used to be remarkable for the fineness of the
neck at the setting on of the head, and this was considered to be one
of their greatest beauties, as well at the surest proof of the purity of
their breed : this was long the case with the Devon ox, and when, by
chance, this fineness extended to the withers, and "was accompanied
by a shoulder almost as obhque as that of a thorough-bred horse, the
animal was imagined to be perfect. He w^as a beautiful and a valua-
ble animal, and particularly as this fineness of the neck and withers was
usually contrasted in him by a deep breast and an open and wide
bosom. That man, nevertheless, deserved the thanks of the Devon-
shire breeders, who first by selection and breeding a little diminished
this fineness of the neck ; he did not impair the general beauty of the
animal ; he did not lessen his activity in the slightest degree ; but he
increased his size, and his aptitude to fatten too.

In the Ayrshire cow of tw^enty years ago we had a specimen of
the extent to which a clean neck and throat might be carried, without
perhaps diminishing at all the milking properties ; but materially to
the disadvantage of the farmer when her milking days were past.
This prejudice in favor of the small neck led the farmers even to
prefer their dairy-bulls according to the feminine aspect of their heads
and necks. Perhaps the disparity of size which then existed between
the northern and southern cattle might somewhat justify them in
choosing the smallest variety of the new breed. This, however,
having passed over, the Ayrshire breeder, still fond of a neck finely
shaped toward the head, has produced one a great deal thicker
toward the shoulder and breast ; and this not interfering, as expe-
rience has now taught him, with the milking qualities of the animal,
while it gives aptitude to fatten afterAvards.

Mr. Marshall, describing the New Leicester breed, speaks of the
forend being long, but light to a degree of elegance ; the neck thin,
the chap clean, and the head fine ; the shoulders remarkably fine and
thin, as to bone, hut thickly covered with Jlesh, and not the S7nallest pro-
tuberance of bone diacernihle. He also thus speaks of Mr. Fowler's
celebrated bull Shakspeare : — His head, chap, and neck were remark-
ably fine and clean ; but his chest was extraordinarily deep, and hia
brisket down to his knees.

216 CATTLE.

The short-horn, in his state of greatest and most unnatural fatness,
has, or ought to have, a tendency tp fineness of the neck, at the
setting on of the head, however that neck may rapidly increase in
bulk, and, in the opinion of some, give too great a weight to the fore-
quarters.

The splenius, trapezius, and complexus muscles are those which have
most to do with the usual bulk of the superior part of the neck, and
with that which 'it may attain under the process of fattening. The
splenius may be seen at fig. 1, p. 202 ; the trapezius is depicted at
fio-. 11, p. 208 ; and the rhomboideus longus, with which the trapezius
is united, is brought into view at fig. 3, p. 211. The complexus major
is situated under them. Some of it rises as low as the transverse
processes of the four or five first bones of the back, and from all,
except the two higher of the bones of the neck. It therefore has its
greatest bulk about the lower part of the neck, and on it, and the
fatty matter connected with it, the form and bulk of that portion of
the neck depend. Its office is to raise the neck, and elevate and
protrude the head. The form of the under part of the neck is much
influenced by the levator humeri, which is seen at fig. 4, p. 202 ;■ fig.
9, p. 208 ; and, still lower down, by the pectoral muscle, for there
is but one in the ox, seen at fig. 13, p. 208. Considering, however,
the laxity of the muscular fibre in the ox, and the interposition of fatty
matter in every part of the muscular system, this muscle can acquire
considerable bulk, and is that on which the form and bulk of the
neck, at its lower and more important part, principally depend.
Whatever may have been said of fine and small necks, the neck must
rapidly thicken as it descends, or we shall have a general lightness
of carcass, which will render the animal comparatively worthless as a
grazing beast.

There are other muscles, however, placed under the complexus —
viz., the complexu.* minor, and the large and small 7'ecti, and oblique
muscles, concerned in the lateral motion of the head, which have
considerable size, and contribute materially to the bulk of the neck.

THE ARTERIES OF THE NECK.

Before we leave the neck, we should describe the principal blood-
vessels which are brought into view in the cut at p. 202. Tlie caro-
tid artery (fig. 26, pp. 202 and 205,) and some of its ramifications,
are the only arteries that we could bring into view. The carotid
artery on either side proceeds from the heart — escapes from the
chest with the windpipe and the gullet; and, approaching the
windpipe, and clinging to its posterior surface, climbs the neck,
supplying the different parts with blood, until it arrives at the larynx,
where it divides into two branches — the external and internal. The
extenial spreads over the fa3e and external part of the head — the

-THE ARTERIES OF THE NECK. il7

internal enters the skull and is the main source whence the braia
derives its arterial blood. Smaller streams are sent to the brain from
the vertebral arteries, which, defended and partly concealed in canals
formed for them in the bones of the neck, after having fed the neigh-
boring parts, likewise expend the remainder on the brain, entering
by the great foramen, through which the spinal chord escapes. A
third and smaller branch, leaving the main trunk high up in the neck,
sends a small vessel to the brain, under the title of the occipital
artery.

We can conceive of very few, if any, cases in which it would be
either necessary or advisable to bleed from an artery in the ox. The
temporal is, in a manner, out of reach ; and the artery of the fore-
head is so defended by its bony canal, as not to be easily got at ;
besides which, in bleeding from an artery, there will always be
extreme difficulty either in getting the quantity of blood wanted, on
account of the contraction of the vessel, or of stopping the haemor-
rhage, if the blood flow freely.

There is one circumstance which will strike every one, and that is
— except the larger vessels immediately from the heart — the sraallness
of the arteries, and the largeness of the veins. What enormous ves-
sels are the jugulars and milk veins !> And what a torrent of blood
will pour from them if a large incision be made ! We shall bear
this in mind as we pass on.

The submaxillary artery has been already described (fig. 27, pp.
202 and 205,) pursuing its course anteriorily, to bury itself beneath
the angle of the lov/er jaw, whence it speedily emerges again, and
close to the angle of the jaw. This should be remembered when
we are feeling for the pulse. It occurs under some circumstances of
disease, that it is difficult, or impossible, to ascertain the pulse at the
jaw, and should, therefore, teach us to go at once to the side when
there is any difficulty about the jaw.

The temporal artery is much larger, because it has a great surface
to ramify upon and to feed : the figure will point out the spot at
which the pulse will usually be most conveniently felt.

The anterior auricular artery is also large. It supplies not only the
anterior muscles of the ear, but also the temporal muscle, deeply
lodged in the temporal fossa. The pulse may be very readily felt by
means of it, and perhaps more readily than from the temporal.

The superciliary artery, escaping from the foramen above the orbit
of the eye, is a considerable one. It forms two branches, of which
one goes to the root of the horn, and contributes to the vascularity
and nutriment of that part. The other descends downward, on tho
side of the face.

The occipital artery is small, the brain of the ox, which a branch
of this artery supplies, being small compared to his size.

10

218 CATTLE.

THE VEINS OF THE NECK.

We here recognize the two jugulars which a: e found in most ani-
mals. The smaller, or internal jugular (fig. 25, p. 202,) is deeply
seated, and no practical advantage can be taken of it, save the
knowledge, that in inflammation and loss of the external vein from
bleeding, the return of the blood from that side of the face and head
■would be facilitated by the internal one, for nature is wonderfully
ingenious in making provision for carrying on the circulation.

BLEEDING.

The jugular is the usual place for bleeding cattle. The vessel is
easily got at ; is large, and can scarcely be missed by the clumsiest
operator. The strap round the neck, in order to raise the vein,
should be dispensed with. It presses equally on both sides of the
neck ; and serious consequences are sometimes produced by this
sudden stoppage of the return of so much of the blood by the vein.
If the vein be pressed upon by the finger, a little below the intended
bleeding place, it will become sufficiently prominent to guide any
one.

The instrument should be the lancet, but one considerably broad-
shouldered. A large vessel will bear a proportionably larger orifice ;
and the good effect of bleeding depends more on the rapidity with
which the blood is abstracted, than on the quantity drawn. The
cowherd, or the owner of cattle, would do better to confine himself
to the stick and fleam, for the hide of the ox is so thick, and the edge
of the lancet is so apt to turn, that it requires a little experience and
tact to bleed with certainty and safety.

In the abstraction of blood, and especially at the commencement
of a disease, or while inflammation runs high, the rule is to let the
blood flow until the pulse plainly indicates that the circulation is
afl*ected. All other bleeding is worse than useless — it is sapping the
-strength of the constitution, and leaving the power of the enemy un-
impaired.

Bad necks in cattle, after bleeding, are not common. They must
be treated by fomentations and emollient lotions at first, and when
these fail, the application of the iieated iron to the hps of the wound ;
or, in very bad cases, the introduction of setons, or the injection of
the zinc- wash into the sinus.

BLEEDING PLACES.

If any aff"ection of the mouth, or the nasal passages, should de-
mand local bleeding, cattle may be bled from the palatine vessels or
veins of the mouth. If the operator cuts but deep enough, plenty
of blood will be obtained -The cephalics before, and the aaphena

THE MILK, OR SUB-CUTANEOUS ABDOMINAL VEIN. 219

veins behind, are proper places for bleeding — and some say tbe
milk, or sub-cutaneous abdominal vein. This last vein is large
enough for the speedy abstraction of any quantity of blood in the
shortest period ; but the jugular is the most convenient bleeding-
place in particular cases ; and the only question is, whether any local
advantage can be obtained by opening the sub-cutaneous abdominal.

THE MILK, OR SUB-CUTANEOUS ABDOMINAL VEIN*.

This vein first comes into view under the abdomen, at the com-
mencement of the cartilaginous circle of the false ribs. It emerges
from two foramina, or openings, (the situation of which is pointed
out by fig. 18, p. 208.) It approaches, on either side, the mesian
line of the abdomen, and burying itself between the thighs, it pur-
sues its course towards the inguinal vein. Sometimes it unites with
the superpubian vein, and occasionally gives a bran-ch to the sub-
pelvian. In the neighborhood of the cartilaginous circle, it presents
two branches, the one external and superior, the other internal and
inferior. The first springs from various cutaneous ramifications,
reachinof even to the thorax, and anastomosino- or communicatinof
with some of the sub-cutaneous veins of the thorax. The other
branch penetrates within the cartilaginous circle, and goes to unite
with a principal division of the veins of the sternum.

This milk vein is derived from numerous ramifications from the
walls of the chest, as far anteriorly as the breast bone, and taking in
some of the external intercostals. It belongs to the respiratory sys-
tem more than to any other. As it advances posteriorly along the
abdomen, it creeps by the side of the udder, or of the scrotum, and
empties itself partly into the inguinal, and partly into the sub-pelvian
vein. As it travels along the abdomen and the groin, it receives
some muscular and cutaneous fibres, but nothinof more. Its use is to
assist m returmng the blood from these parts, and also by this round-
about journey, and these curious connections, to establish a free com-
munication between the anterior and posterior cavce, or the blood
which is returned from the anterior and posterior portions of the
body. This may be a matter of considerable consequence in certain
states of the constitution.

Should we have recourse to the milk vein in order to obtain the
benefit of local bleeding ? We should in cases of abdominal inflam-
mation, for we should unload the vessels of the walls of the abdo-
men, and probably assist in unloading some of the internal vessels
too, and we should abate the danger of peritoneal inflammation.
For yet stronger reasons, we should have recourse to it in thoracic
affection, for most of the smaller ramifications which compose this
vein come from the thorax, and there is greater sympathy, and there
are more numerous connections between the outer and inner portion
of the wall of the chest than of the abdomen. But if we were to

220 CATTLE.

have recourse to bleeding from this vein, in garget, or any inflamma-
tory affection of the udder, we should betray our ignorance of
anatomy ; and still more so siiould we do it if we regarded this milk
vein as having any further connection with the secretion of milk,
than as being a kind of measure or standard of the power and de-
velopment of the vascular system, with the existence of which the
secretion of milk, as well as the secretions generally, is essentially
connected.

THE HEART.

"We can trace the veins in their course down the neck to the heart,
and the arteries working their way upward from the heart, the great
source of the circulation of the blood. The lungs, on either side,
are inclosed in a separate and perfect bag ; each lung has its distinct
pleura or membrane. The heart lies between these two membranes ;
and, more perfectly to cut off all injurious connection between the
lungs and the heart — all communication of disease — the heart is
inclosed in a pleura, or bag, of its own, termed the pericardium.
This membrane closely invests the heart ; it supports it in its situa-
tion, prevents too great dilatation when it is gorged with blood, and
too violent action when it is sometimes unduly stimulated. Notwith-
standing the confinement of the heart by the pericardium, it
beats violently enough against the ribs under circumstances of unu-
sual excitation ; and were it not thus tied down, it would often
bruise and injure itself, and cause inflammation in the neighboring
parts.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM.

This membrane is occasionally the seat of obscure, unsuspected,
and fatal diseases. The cow is a greedy animal ; she swallows al-
most everything that comes in her way. She will pick up large
pins, needles, and nails. A friend of ours lost a cow from some
disease which neither he nor the medical attendant understood. On
opening her, a piece of wire, two inches in length, was found stick-
ing in the pericardium, and which had produced extensive ulceration
and gangrene there.

We are strongly inclined to believe that these diseases occur
oftener than has been suspected ; these pointed substances, which
in other animals take very strange but generally comparatively harm-
less courses, in order to work their way out of the body, select in
the cow this dangerous and fatal course. The proprietors of cattle,
and of cows particularly— for the cow chiefly, or almost alone, has
this strange propensity — should be careful as to the manner of feed-
ing them.

THE HEART. 221

THE HEART.

In all animals the existence of life is connected with, or rather
dependent upon, the constant supply of fresh arterial blood. There
is not a secretion that can be performed, or a function discharged, or
a single motion accomplished, without the presence of this vital fluid.
The heart is the grand engine by which it is circulated through the
frame. Tt is a large muscle, or combination of muscles, totally
independent of the will, and working without cessation and without
fatigue, from the first day of existence un{il its close. It is the
forcing pump by which the vital current, having completed its course,
is made to flow again and again to every part of the system. It
consists of four cavities, surrounded by muscular Avails, which, stimu-
lated by the organic nerves, can contract upon, and drive out, and
propel forward, the fluid which they contain, and then, left to them-
selves, can instantly re-assume their open dilated state by their inhe-
rent power of elasticity.

A portion of the blood has completed the circulation, and enters
the upper cavity of the heart — the right auricle — where it accumu-
lates as in a reservior, until there is enough to fill the second and
lower cavity on the same side — the right ventricle — when the
auricle suddenly contracts and drives the blood forward into the
ventricle. But this blood is in a venous state, having just come from
the veins, and will not support life ; then it must change its character
before it is thrown back again into the circulation. It must be con-
veyed into the lungs, there to be exposed to the influence of the
atmospheric air, and purified, and arterialized. For this purpose, the
ventricle, stimulated by nervous energy, contracts, and as it con-
tracts, it drives a little of the blood back, but it forces more under a
dense fringed membrane which hangs around the opening between
the auricle and the ventricle, and this membrane, thus raised up all
round, closes the opening, and prevents the return of the principal
part of the blood that way, and it is urged through another opening
into the lungs.

These fringes, which, in the dilated state of the ventricle, hang
loose, but which are forced up as the blood insinuates itself behind
them when the ventricle contracts, discharge the function of a perfect
valve : they are tied down to a certain extent by cords attached to
their edges, and which spring from certain fleshy or muscular columns
that arise within the ventricle. The edges, therefore, are permitted
to be elevated, until they have attained a horizontal direction, and
meet each other, and perfectly close the opening, and then are
stopped by these tendinous cords, which oppose their strength to the
further elevation of the fringes, and that regulated or increased by
the muscular power of the columns beneath.

In the ox, the venous systen: is very large. The vessels are

CATTLE.

numerous and harge, and blood in large quantities pours on toward
the right auricle and ventricle of tiie heart. These tendinous cords,
and the muscular columns beneath, are very large and strong, in
order to aftbrd adequate resistance to the greater pressure of the
blood. In this ventricle, there is also a band or fleshy muscle, run-
ning across from one side to the other, the double effect of which is
beautifully evident, viz., to prevent this cavity from being too much
dilated, or possibly ruptured, Avhen the blood flows rapidly into the
heart ; and to assist the ventricle in contracting on the blood. A small-
er and more tendinous band runs across the same ventricle, lower
down, and for the same purpose. From the peculiar arrangement of
the circulatory system, there is always this pouring on of blood to be
arterialized ; for the secretion of milk, or the deposition of fat, con-
stitute the daily, unremitting duties of the animal. There is given,
not only to provide against accident, but to fit the heart for this
incessant hard work, this supplemental muscle, in the form of a lleshy
band stretching across from one side to the other, preventing dilata-
tion and assisting in contraction.

The blood is diiven out of the riorht ventricle into the luno^s, and is
there exposed to the action of the atmospheric air, and purified ;
thence it is returned to the left auricle, passes into the left ventricle,
and, by the contraction of that cavity, is propelled through the arteries.

The aortas are the large vessels which first receive the blood from
the heart in order to carry it through the body. The vessels from
the left ventricle, which carry the arterial blood through the frame,
and those from the right ventricle, that convey the venous blood to
the lungs, alike spring from the muscular and fleshy septum, or wall,
that separates the cavities of the heart, and divides that organ into
two distinct parts. The ventricles of the heart of the ox have con-
stant and hard work to do, and additional strength is given by the
insertion of a bone into the septum at the base of these arteries, more
belonging to the aorta than to the pulmonary artery, but meant as a
support to both.

The heart is subject to inflammation. It is principally recognized
by the strength of the pulse, and by the bounding action of the heart,
evident enough when the hand is placed on the side of the chest, and
which may be seen and heard even at a distance.

THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM.

The blood is carried on through the arteries by the force of the
heart. These are composed or three coats ; the outer, or elastic, by
which they yield to the gush of blood ; the muscular coat, by wiiich
the artery contracts again when the gush of blood has passed ; and
the inner, or smooth, glistening coat, which lessens the friction of the
blood against the side of the vessel, and its consequent gradual retar-
dation in i's course.

INFLAMMATION.

THE PULSE.

The muscular coat of the artery can be felt giving way to the gush
of blood : and the expansion of the artery, as the blood passes, is
called the imhe. Every one who knows the least about cattle is
sensible of the importance of the indications to be obtained by the
pulse. The heat of blood may be felt at the root of the horn ; and
the rallying of the blood round some important, but inflamed part,
may be guessed at by means of the coldness of the ear, or the
extremities : but by the pulse we ascertain the state of the general
system, and the increased force or debility of that central machine on
which every secretion and every function depends. It has been
'stated that the pulse is not easily felt at the jaw. The temporal
artery will generally be sufficiently distinct; but it will be most
convenient to ascertain the beating of the heart itself, by placing the
hand on the left side, a little within and behind the elbow. The
average pulse of a full-grown healthy ox is about forty,

THE CAPILLARIES.

The blood continues to circulate along the arteries, until they and
their ramifications have diminished so much in size, as to be termed
capillaries, or hair-like tubes, although many of them are not one-
hundredth part so large as a hair. The heart ceases to have
influence here. Xo force from behind could drive the blood through
vessels so minute. Another power is called into exercise, namely, the
influence of the organic motor, or moving nerves, on the muscular
sides of these fittle tubes.

This is by far the most important part of the circulation. The
blood is carried through the arteries mechanically, and without
change in them ; it is, returned through the veins mechanically, and
almost without change in them also : but it is in the capillary system
that every secretion is performed, and that the nutrition of every
part is effected. The arteries and veins are mere mechanical tubes ;
the capillaries are connected with the vital principle — they are
portions of fife itself.

INFLAMMATION.

The arteries are subject to inflammation, yet so rarely in the ox as
to render it unnecessary to detain us in describing it; but a similar
affection of the capillaries constitutes the very essence and the most
dangerous part of every other disease. Inflammation is increased
action of these vessels. When the increased action is confined to a
few capillaries, or a small space, or a single organ, the inflammation
is said to be local ; but when it embraces the whole of the system,
it assiunes the name of fever

224 CATTLE.

If inflammation be the consequence of increased action of the
capillaries, the object to be effected is to reduce that inordinate
action to the healthy standard, before the part has become debili-
tated or destroyed by this overwoi-k. Bleeding is one of the most
effectual measures, and especially local bleeding. The increased
action of the vessels, and the consequent redness, heat and swelling
of the part, are at once the consequence of inflammatory action, and
tend to prolong and to increase it. A copious bleeding, therefore, by
relieving the overloaded vessels, and enabling them once more to
contract on their contents, is indicated. To this physic will follow,
and there is scarcely an inflammatory disease in the ox in which it
can, by possibility, be injurious. Mashes and cooling diet will be
essential.

As to external applications, they will be best treated of when the
different species of inflammation are discussed ; but, as a general rule,
in superficial inflammation, and in the early stage of the disease, cold
lotions will be the most useful ; in cases of deeper-seated injury, and
of considerable standing, warm fomentations will be preferable. The
first will best succeed in abstracting the inflammatory heat ; the
other will relax the fibres of the neighboring parts, which press upon,
and perpetuate, the injury, and will also restore the suspended per-
spiration. Cases, however, continually occur in which the most
opposite treatment is required in different stages of inflammation. ,

We have described fever as general capillary action, and with or
without any local affection ; or it is the consequence of the sympathy
of the system with inflammation of some particular part. 'Jhe first is
called pure or idio'pathic fever ; the other symptomatic fever.

Pure fever is frequent in cattle. A beast, yesterday in good health,
is observed to-day — dull, the muzzle dry, rumination and grazing
having quite ceased, or being carelessly or lazily performed, the flanks
heave a little, the root of the horn is unnaturally hot, the pulse is
quickened, and is somewhat hard. The animal is evidently not well,
but the owner cannot discover any local affection or disease ; he gives
a dose of physic ; perhaps he bleeds ; he places a mash before his
patient, and, on the following day, the beast is considerably better,
or well ; or possibly, the animal, although apparently better in the
morning, becomes worse as the day advances, and at about the hour,
or a little later, when he was seen on the preceding day. This is but
a slight attack of fever, without local affection, or intermittent fever,
still without local determination, and which goes on for three or four
days, returning, or being aggravated at a particular hour, until by
means of cordial purgatives the chain is broken.

At other times, the fever remains without these i intermissions.

INFLAMMATORY FEVER. 225

It increases daily, notwithstanding the means employed, and at length
assumes the form of pleurisy, or enteritis, or some local inflamma-
tory complaint. The general irritation has here concentrated itself
on some organ eitlier previously debilitated, or at that time predis-
posed to take on inflammation. It is pure or idiopathic fever, as-
suming, after a while, a local determination. This is a serious, and
frequently a fatal case ; for the whole system having been previously
afi'ected, and, probably, debihtated, and disposed to take on inflam-
matory action, the proper remedies cannot be sr> fearlessly and suc-
cessfully used. Local means of abating inflammation must here be
pushed to their full extent.

Symptomatic fever is yet more frequent and dangerous. No or-
gan of consequence can be long disordered or inflamed, without the
neighboring parts being disturbed, and the whole system gradually
sharing in the disturbance. By the degree of this general aff"ection,
by the heat of the mouth, and the frequency of the pulse, a judg-
ment is formed not only of the degree of general disturbance, but
of the intensity of the local aff"ection. The subsidence of the pulse,
and the return of the appetite, and the recommencement of rumina-
tion, are indications both of the diminution of the general irritation,
and the local cause of it.

Some have denied the existence of this essential fever in cattle,
but the facts that have been stated cannot be doubted. It would
be scarcely necessary to recur to this were there not so many instan-
ces of bad and dangerous practice in the early treatment of these
cases. If fever were plainly recogni'Zed, the owner or the sui-geon
would be more anxious to get rid of the local affection before the
system was materially affected ; and if he was aware of pure and
essential fever, he would endeavor to remove it before it took on local
determination. These are the golden rules of practice, which no
nonsensical theories should cause any one for a moment to forget.

INFLAMMATORY- FEVER THE BLOOD BLOOD-STRIKING BLACK-LEG

QUARTER-EVIL, OR BLACK-QUARTER.

Thousands of cattle fall victims every year to a disease, which,
from its virulent character and speedy course, may be termed inflam-
matory fever. A disease of this character, but known by a number
of strange yet expressive terms, is occasionally prevalent, and ex-
ceedingly fatal among cattle in every district. It is termed black-
quarter, quarter-evil, joint-murrain, blood-striking, shoot of blood,
•kc; and although it may not, at any time, embody all the symp-
toms of either of these diseases, according, at least, as they are un-
derstood in some parts of the country, there are few cases in which
the prevailing symptoms of most of them are not exhibited in some
of the stages.

10*

226 CATTLE.

Cattle of all descriptions and ages are occasionally subject to in-
flammatory fever ; but young stock, and those that are thriving most
rapidly, ''ire its chief victims. So aware is the proprietor of young
short-horn cattle of this, that while he is determined to take full ad-
vantage of their unrivalled early maturity by turning them on mor<»
luxuriant pasture than prudence would always dictate, he endeavors
to guard himself by periodical bleeding, or by the insertion of setons
in the dewlap of all his yearlings. This disease is sometimes epi-
demic, that is, the cattle of a certain district have been pushed on
too rapidly ; they have lurking inflammation about them, or they
have a tendency to it ; and, by-and-byo. comes some change or state
of the atmosphere w^iich acts upon this inflammatory predisposition,
and the disease runs through the district.

There are few premonitory symptoms of inflammatory fever. Of-
ten without any, and generally with very slight indications of previ-
ous illness, the animal is found with his neck extended ; his head
brought, as much as he can aff'ect it, into a horrizontal position ;
the eyes protruding, and red ; the muzzle dry ; the nostrils expand-
ed ; the breath hot ; the lOot of the horn considerably so ; the
mouth partly open ; the tongue enlarged, or apparently so ; the
pulse full, hard, and from 65 to 70 ; the breathing quickened and
laborious ; the flanks violently heaving, and the animal moaning in
a low and peculiar way.

Sometimes the animal is in full possession of his senses, but gen-
erally there is a degree of unconsciousness of surrounding objects : he
will stand for an hour or more without the slightest change of pos-
ture, he can scarcely be induced to move, or when compelled to do
so, he staggers ; and the staggering is principally referable to the
hind quarters ; rumination has ceased, and the appetite is quite gone.
After a while he becomes more uneasy, yet it is oftener a change
of posture to ease his tired limbs, than a pawung : at length he lies
down, or rather drops ; gets up almost immediately ; is soon down
again ; and debility rapidly increasing, he continues prostrate ; some-
times he lies in a comatose state ; at others, there are occasional but
fi-uitless efforts to rise. The symptoms rapidly increase : there is
no intermission ; and the animal dies in twelve to twenty-four hours.

In a majority of cases, and especially if the disease has been prop-
erly treated, the animal seems to rally a little, and some of the symp-
toms appear, from which the common names of the disease derive
their origin. The beast attempts to get up : after some attempts he
succeeds, but he is sadly lame in one or both of the hind quarters.
If he is not yet fallen, he suddenly becomes lame ; so lame as to
scarcely be able to move. He has quarter-evil — johit-miirrain.

This is not always an unfavorable symptom. The disease may
be leaving the vital parts for those of less consequence. If the
apparent return of strength continues for a da}- or two, we may en-

INFLAMMATORY FEVER. 227

courage some hope, but we must not be sanguine ; for it is too often
only a temporary and delusive respite. *

One of the symptoms now most to be dreaded is the rapid pro^
gress of that which has already begun to appear — tenderness on
the loins and back. The patient will not bear even the slightest
pressure on these parts. The case is worse if to these be added
swellings about the shoulders, and back, and loins, with a peculiar '
crackling emphysematous noise, as if some gas were extricated in
the cellular membrane, and the pro -ess of decomposition had com-
menced during the life of the anima.. Worse even than this is the
appearance of sudden, hard, scurfy patches of what seems to be
dead skin. It is a kind o^ dry c/angrene, and it is the commence-
ment of a sloughing process, extensive and rapid to an almost in-
conceivable degree. Now, we have black -quarter, with aP, its fear-
ful character.

The ulcers first appear about the belly, the quarters, and the
teats, but they spread everywhere, and particularly about the
mouth 'and muzzle. The mouth is invariably ulcerated, and the
tongue is blistered and ulcerated too ; and there is either a discharge
of sanious, offensive, or bloody fluid from the nose and mouth, or
considerable hgemorrhage from both of them. Kow, the urine, which
had before been high-colored, becomes darker, or bloody ; the dung
likewise has streaks of blood over it, and both are exceedingly
fetid.

In this state the animal may continue two or three days, imtil it
dies a mass of putridity ; unless there has been an honest, active
assistant, who never shrinks from his duty, and who will properly
dress the ulcers and administer the medicines. Many a beast has
been saved even at this point of the disease. The first favorable
symptom will be a slight diminution of the fetor — the ulcers will
then speedily heal, and the strength return.

The chief appearance after death will be venous congestion every-.
where. The larger and the smaller veins Avill be black, and dis-
tended almost to bursting. It is a striking illustration of the pecu-
liar vascular system of the animal, and speaks volumes as to the
mode of treating this and similar diseases.

The congestion is everywhere. It affects both of the pleuras, the
intercostal and the pulmonary, and the whole substance of the lungs.
It extends over the peritoneum, and more particularly over the mu-
cous membrane of the intestines ; and patches of inflammation and
ulceration are found in every part of the colon. These are the ap-
pearances when the animal is carried ofi" during the inflammatory
stage of the disease.

If the complaint has assumed a putrid type, there is effusion, the
smell of which can scarcely be borne, both in the chest and belly ;
with adhesion and agglutination of all the small intestines ; ofteii

CATTLE.

vomicae in the lungs, and effusion in the pericardium. Every stomach
is inflal^ed, and the fourth ulcerated tlirough. The substance of the
liver is broken down. There are ulcerations generally of the smaller,
and always of the larger, intestines ; and in every part of the cel-
lular membrane there are large patches of inflammation running fast
into gangrene.

There cannot be a doubt respecting either the nature or treatment
of such a disease. It is, at first, of a purely inflammatory charac-
ter, but the inflammation is so intense as speedily to destroy the
powers of nature. The capillary vessels must have been working
with strange activity, in order to fill and to clog every venous canal.
The congestion prevails in the cranium as well as in other parts,
and the distended vessels press upon the substance of the brain, and
that pressure is propagated to the commencement of the nerves ;
and hence debility, and staggering, and almost perfect insensibility.
As the congestion early takes place, the coma, or stupor, is early
in its appearance.

The nervous energy being thus impeded, the power of locomotion
seems first to fail ; then general debility succeeds, and at length
other parts of the vascular system are involved. The mouths of
the excretory ducts can no longer contract on their contents ; hence
fluid is effused in the chest and in the belly, and in the cellular
membrane ; and hence, too, the rapid formation of others. The vital
powers generally are weakened, and in consequence of this there
is the speedy tendency of every excretion to putridity, and the actual
commencement of decomposition, w^hile the animal is yet alive. The
blood shares in this abstraction or deficiency of vitality, and hence
the disposition to ulceration, gangrene, and dissolution, by which the
later stages of the disease are characterized.

Inflammatory fever, although not confined to young stock, is far
most prevalent among them. It appears principally in the spring
and fall of the year, for then we have the early and late flush of
grass. On poor ground it is comparatively unknown ; but the young
and the old stock, in thriving condition, need to be closely watched
when the pasture is good and the grass springing. If it be at times
epidemic, it is only when the season, or the eagerness of the farmer,
have exposed the constitution to an excess of otherwise healthy
stimulus, and when the animal is in a manner prepared for fever.

When the early part of the spring has been cold and ungenial, and
then the warm weather has suddenly set in, nothing is so common
as inflammatory fever; but the change in the tempei-ature, or other
qualities of the atmosphere, has had only an indirect effect in pro-
ducing this ; it is the sudden increase of nutriment which has done
the mischief. When cattle are moved from a poor to a more luxu-
riant pasture, if the new grass be sufficiently liigh, they distend the
paunch almost to bursting, and hoove is the result ; but if thp

INFLAMMATORY FEVElt. 229

change be more in the quality than in the quantity of the food, the
evil is more slowly produced, and it is more fatal — a disposition to
inflammation is excited, which wants but a slight stimulus to kindle
into a flame. It is the penalty which the breeder must pay, or the
evil which he must carefully, and not always successfully, endeavor
to avoid, when he is endeavoiing to obtain all the advantage he can
from the richness of his pasture, the aptitude to fatten, and the
eai-ly maturity, of his cattle. Milch cows are, generally speaking,
exempt from inflammatory fever.

Inflammatory fever is sometimes caused by the driving of fat beasts
in the beginning of summer with too much hurry. It has broken
out among stall-fed cattle still later in the year, when the process of
fattening has been injudiciously hastened. In fact, from the peculiar
vascular system of cattle, the excitement of too m.uch food is the
usual cause of inflammatory fever in them. The vascular system is
most subject to disease in the ox, for we keep him, as nearly as we
can with any rational hope of safety, in a state of plethora.

The very name of the disease, inflammatory fever, indicates the
mode of treatment. In a case of excessive vascular action, the first
and most important step is copious bleeding, ^s much blood must
be taken as the animal will bear to lose ; and the stream must flow
on until the beast staggers or threatens to fall. Here, more than in
any other disease, there must be no foolish directions about quantities.
As much blood must he taken away as can h2 got ; for it is only by
bold depletory measures that a malady can be subdued that runs its
course so rapidly.

Purging must immediately follow. Epsom salts are here, as in
most inflammatory diseases, the best purgative. A pound and a half,
dissolved in water or gruel, and poured down the throat as gently as
possible, should be the fir^t dose ; and no aromatic should accompany
it. If this does not operate in the course of six hours, another pound
should be given ; and, after that, half-pound doses every six hours
until the effect is produced.

At the expiration of the first six hours the patient should be care-
fully examined. Is the pulse slower, softer ? If not, he must be
bled a second time, and until the circulation is once more affected.
If the animal be somewhat better, yet not to the extent that could be
wished, the practitioner would be warranted in bleeding a^ain, pro-
vided the sinking and fluttering of the pulse does not indicate the
commencement of debility.

If the pulse be a little quieted, and purging has taken place, and
the animal is somewhat more himself, the treatment should be fol-
lowed up by the diligent exhibition of sedative medicises. A drachm
and a half of digitalis, and one drachm of emetic tartar, and half an
ounce of nitre, should be given three times every day ; and setons

CATTLE.

inserted in the dewlap. Those of black hellebore-root are the best,
as producing the quickest and the most extensive inflammation.

If the animal be not seen until the inflammatory stage of the fever
has nearly passed, the skill of the practitioner will be put to the test.
Has the animal been bled ? if it has not, nothing can excuse the
neglect of bleeding now, except debility too palpable to be mistaken.
It may perhaps be more truly affirmed, that even that should be no
excuse. This congestion of blood is a deadly weight on the consti-
tution, which the powers of unassisted nature will not be able to
throw off. It must be very great debility, indeed, which should
frighten the practitioner from this course ; and debility which, in
ninety-nine times out of a hundred, would terminate in death. As a
general rule in this stage of the disease, the effect of bleeding should
certainly be tried ; but cautiously — very cautiously — and with the
finger constantly on the pulse. If the pulse gets rounder and softer
as the blood flows, the abstraction of blood will assuredly be service-
able ; and if the pulse becomes weaker, and more indisiinct, no hann
will have been done, provided that the orifice be immediately closed.

Physic will, in this stage of the disease, also be indispensable ; but
double the usual quantity of the aromatic should be added, in order
to stimulate the rumen, if the drink should get into it, and also to
stimulate the fourth stomach and the wliole of tlie frame, if fortunately
it should reach so far as this stomach. A pound of the Epsom salts
at first, and half-pound doses afterwards, until the bowels are opened,
will be sufficient in this stage ; and if, after the fourth dose, (injec-
tions having been given in the meantime,) purging is not produced,
the quantity of the aromatic, but not of the purgative, may be
increased. It is probable that the medicine has found its way into
the rumen, where it will remain inert until that cuticular and com-
paratively insensible stomach is roused to action by the stimulus of
the aromatic. No other medicine should be given until the bowels
have been opened ; and in many cases very little other medicine will
afterwards be required.

The bowels having been opened, recourse should be had once more
to the pulse. If it indicate any degree of fever, as it sometimes will,
(for the apparent debihty is not always the consequence of exhaustion,
but of vascular congestion,) the physic must be continued, but the
constitution would perhaps be too weak for the direct sedative medi-
cine. On the other hand, however, no tonic medicine must be given.
If, however, the pulse be weak, wavering, irregular, giving sufficient
intimation that the fever has passed, and debility succeeded, recourse
may be had to tonic medicines. The tonics, however, which in such
cases would be beneficial in cattle, are very few. Mineral tonics have
rarely produced any satisfactory rc^sult — but in gentian, calombo, and
ginger, the diseases of cattle find almost everything to be wished.

INFLAIVIMATORY FEVER. 231

The two first are excellent stomachics, as well as tonics ; the last is
a tonic, simply because it is the very best stomachic in the cattle
pharmacopoeia. They may be given three times every day, in doses
of a drachm each of the two first, and half a drachm of the last.
They will be more effectual in these moderate doses than in the
overwhelming quantities in which some administer them, and in which
they oppress and cause nausea, rather than stimulate and give
appetite. They should always be given in gruel, with half a pint or
even a pint of sound ale.

The practitioner may possibly be called in after ulcers have broken
out, and the sloughing process has commenced : there must be no
bleeding then ; the vitality of the system has received a sufficient
shock, and various parts of it are actually decomposing ; but physic
is necessary, with a double dose of the aromatic, in order to rouse the
energies of the digestive system, and to get rid of much offensive and
dangerous matter collected in the intestinal canal. Epsom salts will
here also constitute the best purgative. The enlargements about the
knee, and elbow, and stifle, and hock, should be fomented with warm
water ; and any considerable indurations, and especially about the
joints, embrocated with equal parts of turpentine, hartshorn, and
camphorated spirit.

The ulcers should be carefully and thoroughly washed several
times every day with a solution of the chloride of lime, of the strength
already recommended. The ulcers about the muzzle, mouth, and
throat, should be treated in a similar manner ; and a pint of the
solution may be horned down twice in the course of the first day.
If there be hoose or bloat, this will combine with the extricated gas,
and prevent the continued formation of it ; and it will materially cor-
rect the fetor which pervades the whole of the digestive canal.
Mashes and plenty of thick gruel should be offered to the beast, and
forced upon him by means of the stomach-pump if he refuse to take
it voluntarily. In this case, the pipe should not be introduced more
than half-way down the oesophagus, as there will then be greater
probability of the liquor flowing on into the fourth stomach.

Tonics should on no account be neglected, but be administered
simply to rouse to action the languid or almost lifeless powers of the
frame.

If the stench from the ulcers does not abate, the solution of the
chloride should be quickly increased to a double strength ; but as
soon as the fetor has ceased, and the wounds begin to have a
healthy appearance, the healing ointment or the tincture of aloes
may be adopted, and the latter is preferable. When the nnimal
begins to eat, he should be turned into a field close at hand, the
grass of which has been cropped pretty closely. A seton or a rowel
should be retained for three or four weeks ; but as for medicine, it
cannot be too soon discontinued when the animal is once set on it*

CATTLE.

legs. When art has subdued the disease, nature, although sloivly,
will most successfully resume her wonted functions.

The breeder has much in his power in the way of prevention. His
cattle should be carefully examined every day. Any little heaving
at the flanks, or inflammation of the eyes, or heat-bumps on the back,
or rubbing, sliould be regarded with suspicion, and met by a gentle
purgative, or the abstraction of a little blood ; but the decided
appearance of inflammatory fever in one of them will not be misun-
derstood for a moment ; it will convince him that he has been making
more haste than good speed, and in the disease of one he will see the
danger of all. All who have been subject to the same predisposing
causes of disease, should be bled and physicked, and turned into a
field of short and inferior keep.

Prevention of this malady is the only cure worth notice. A piece
of short or inferior keep should be reserved as a digesting place, in
which the cattle may be occasionally turned to empty and exercise
themselves. Those observed to advance very fast may be bled
monthly for several months ; but occasional purges of alterative
medicines would prevent those diseases which seem to take their rise
in over-repletion and accumulation, and are far better than bleeding.

These periodical bleedings increase rather than lessen the disposi-
tion to make blood and fat.

This disease differs materially in its symptoms in difierent districts,
and in the same district at different times. The difficulty lies in the
other diseases with which the inflammatory fever is combined — some-
times one, and sometimes another, assuming a prominent character ;
and while they all generally follow inflammatory fever, yet some of
them occasionally precede it.

In some places, the first symptoms are those of quarter-ill. The
cattle are seized first in one quarter, and then in the other. The skin
puffs up, and the crackling noise is heard almost from the beginning.
The disease is usually fatal when it assumes this form.

In others, where, from the rapidity with which it runs its course, it
is called the speed, it also generally begins behind. Inflammation, or
rather mortification, seizes one hock. It runs up the quarter, w^hich
becomes actually puti'id in the couse of an hour or two, while the
other limbs continue sound. Few, especially young beasts, survive
an attack of this kind. Here the active use of local apphcations is
indicated ; and yet they will rarely be of much sen'ice.

In other parts, under the name of the puck, the fore-quarter, or the
side, is the part mostly affected ; and the animal frequently dies in an
hour or two. On skinning the beast, the whole quarter appears
black from the extravasation of blood, and is softened and decom-
posed, as though it were one universal bruise.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The principal remedy for the treatment
of this fever is zeonitum, which should be repeated at inter rals, so

TYPHUS FEV^ER. 238

mucli shorter, according as the disease is more severe ; for instance,
from every eight to fifteen minutes in very acute cases, and which
must be continued until a perceptible calm be restored. In external
inflammatory diseases, especially those which arise from a traumatic
lesion, aconitum is applicable not only to prevent the fever, but also to
cure it when it is already developed, and has as yet made no progress.
Notwithstanding the great efficacy of aconitum, it does not suffice in
many cases to effect a complete cure, so that, accordino- to the indi-
vidual nature of the inflammation, other diseases being connected, it
becomes necessaiy to assist its action by that of other different means ;
belladonna in encephalitis ; spongia marina in angina ; bryonia in
pneumonia and peri-pneumonia ; arsenicum and rhus toxicodendron in
enteritis ; cantharides in c^ystitis and nephritis, &c.

TYPHUS FEVER.

This is a species of fever with which every farmer is too well ac-
quainted. It is of a low chronic, typhoid form. It sometimes fol-
lows intense inflammatory action, and then it may be deemed the
second stage of that which has just been considered ; but often,
there have been no previous symptoms of peculiar intensitv, at least
none that have been observed, but a little increased heat of the ears,
horns, and mouth ; a pulse of sixty or seventy ; a certain deo-ree of
dullness ; a deficiency of appetite ; an occasional suspension of rumi-
nation ; a disinclination to move ; a gait approaching to staggerino- ;
and a gradual wasting. These are plain indications that there is a
fire burning, and rapidly consuming the strength of the animal. The
vital energies are evidently undermining ; but the fire is smothered.
It is not phthisis (consumption), it is not inflammatory fever, for the
intense inflammation characterizing that is seldom seen — it is true
typhus fever.

As soon as it becomes established, diarrhoea succeeds ; and this is
either produced by small doses of medicine from which no dano-er
could be suspected, or comes on spontaneously. It is not, however,
violent, but continues day after day. It bids defiance to the skill of
the most experienced practitioner, or, if arrested for a while, is sure
to return. The discharge is peculiarly fetid ; occasionally mixed
with blood, and generally containing a considerable quantity of
mucus.

Three or four weeks have probably now elapsed, and then succeed
the peculiar symptoms of low fever in cattle. Tumors form round
the joints, or appear on the back or udder ; ulcerate, spread, and be-
come fetid. The sweet breath of the ox is gone — it is as offensive
as the ulcers, and, in fact, we have that which can scarcely be dis-
tinguished from the second stage of inflammatory fever.

It is most prevalent in the spring and fall of the year, and when

284 CATTLE.

the first has been ungenia and the latter wet. The pasture gene
rally possesses some degree of luxuriance, although its herbage may
be coarse, and the beast is usually in good condition when first at-
tacked.

This disease has sometimes been epidemic and fatal to a dreadful
extent, occasionally assuming the form of, or being connected with,
epidemic catarrh ; at other times' accompanied by dysentery, but
frequently being, for many a day, or for some weeks, typhoid fever
witliout any local determination.

The cause of typhoid fever is involved in much obscurity. It is
most prevalent on cold, wet lands, and during cold, wet, variable
weather. A long wet winter is sure to be followed by typhus fever
in every low, marshy district. In the higher pastures, where the
cattle seem exposed to greater cold, but have less wet, little of it is
seen.

It is much to be doubted whether it is infectious ; but if one, then
all the cattle have been exposed to the same predisposing causes of
disease. It is well to remove the infected beasts from the sound
ones as soon as possible ; and the carcass of the animal that dies of
inflammatory or typhoid fever should be buried without delay.

These are cases which puzzle, and, when treated in the best way,
they too frequently will not yield to medical skill. There is one rule,
however, which cannot mislead. If there he fire, it must he put out.
No apparent debility should mislead here. That debility may, and
often does, result from the presence of fever, and not from any dan-
gerous impairment of vital power ; and the incubus being thrown
ofi", nature will rally ; at all events, the debility is the consequence of
the fever, and is daily and rapidly increasing while the fever con-
tinues : therefore, first bleed, and bleed until the character of the
pulse begins to change. It should never be forgotten that one bleed-
ing of this kind will often do good, and cannot be injurious. It is
the fear of bleeding lest the animal should be more debilitated, or
the pushing on of the bleeding, in order to obtain a definite quantity,
after the pulse has begun to falter, that has done all the mischief.

If the heat, and heaving, and disinclination to food should have
been relieved by this bleeding, but should threaten to return, more
blood should be taken, but with the same caution as to the pulse.

Physic must follow, but with caution ; for there is a natural ten-
dency to diarrhoea connected with this disease, which is often trouble-
some to subdue. One dose of Epsom salts should be given with the
usual quantity of aromatic medicine, and its action secured and kept
up by half-pound doses of sulphur, administered as circumstances
may indicate.

To this will follow the usual sedative medicine — digitalis, emetic
tartar, and nitre. The practitioner must not be deluded here. While
the mouth and horns are liot, and the pulse rapid, tonics would be

THE VEINS.

poison. He has to put out the fire, and not to feed it. When tbe
fever is subdued, but nature finds some difficulty in rallying, we may
give gentian, Colombo, and ginger, with advantage.

When the tumors and ulcerations appear, the second staore of in-
flammatory fever is established, and the measures recommended for
that must be adopted. This disorder attacks cattle of all ages. Full-
giown beasts are more subject to typhoid than to inflammatory
fever ; but among younger ones and weaning calves, and those of
eight, nine, and ten months old, it is extremely fatal, for they have
not strength to bear up against this secretly consumino- fire.

The mode of prevention, when it first breaks out, is to bleed and
physic ; the grand thing of all, however, is to remove not merely to
shorter, but to dryer pasture. With the youngsters, bleeding may,
perhaps, be dispensed with ; but a dose of physic should be given,
and a seton inserted in the dewlap ; and the change of pasture is
indispensable. Low and damp situations do not agree with cattle ;
and the inhabitants of low, marshy grounds have too often a sad ac-
count to render of their cattle.

Homoeopathic treatment. — Bryonia, twice a day, is the remedy best
suited to the entire course of the disease. Acidum muriaticum
should be given when there is great debility and dryness of the
mouth ; arnica, when the animal remains stretched without motion,
and without consciousness ; stramonium and hijoscyamus, if partial
convulsions are observed to take place ; arsenicum in watery diarrhoea ;
china, argilla, and sulphur, when the food comes away undicrested ;
belladonna, in convulsions and wildness of look ; opium, when the
animal is stretched out as if dead, with small pulse, hard faeces, or
constipation ; veratrum, in diarrhoea with cold extremities.

THE VEINS.

The principal disease of the capillary vessels having thus been
disposed of, the blood must be again traced back to the heart.

By means of the various important functions which are discharged
by the capillaries, the blood is essentially changed as it traverses
them. It becomes black, venous, and no longer capable of sustain-
ing Ufe ; and it must be sent back to the heart, to be again rendered
arterial. The capillaries in which the blood has undero-one this
change begin to unite, and when a sufficient number of them have
joined their streams, that branch is called a vein. The coats of the
vein are much weaker and thinner than those of the artery, and the
blood flows through them by a diS'erent principle from that which
produces the circulation either in the arteries or capillaries.

All the veins of the limbs, or that are subject to the pressure of
any of the muscles, have valves, -which permit the blood* to flow on
towards the heart, but oppose an insuperable obstacle to its course
hi a contrary direction ; thus, by the pressuie of the muscles, a cob-

CATTLE.

siderable power is, occasionally at least, called into exercise to propel
the blood along the veins. All the veins, however, are not under
the influence of these muscles. The large veins of the chest and
belly are out of the reach of muscular pressure, and are destitute of
this valvular apparatus, but they are acted upon by a more powerful
principle.

The heart has been described as an elastic muscle. It has scarcely
closed by the stimulus of tlie organic nerves, when it expands
ao-ain by its own inherent elasticity ; and that important principle, by
the influence of which the water follows the sucker in the common
pump — the pressure of the atmosphere — acts here, too, and the
cavities of the heart are filled again as soon as they expand ; and
this living pump would work on while there was fluid in circula-
tion. Thus the circulation is maintained by the action of the hearty
while the blood is passing through the arteiies ; by the musculai
power of the capillaries, while it permeates those little vessels ; and
by the pressure of the muscles and the valvular apparatus of the
veins, in some part of its course through them ; and by atmospheric
pressure, through their whole extent.

VARICOSE VEINS.

Varicose tumors in the cow seldom appear, except in the veins of
the udder, and in the neighborhood of joints that have suffered even
more than usual from the tumors of these parts, to which cattle are
so liable. An old cow that has been a superior milker, frequently
has the veins of the teals permanently enlaiged. No application will
take down the swelhng, which, however, is rarely of any serious in-
convenience. The veins of the teats are sometimes much enlarged
under Garget. Warm fomentations, in order to abate the general
inflammation of the bag, will aff"ord most relief.

THE CHEST.

The form of the chest is of much consequence in the ox. There
are important offices to be performed by the viscera of the chest,
which demand constant energetic action, over which the mind has
no control, and where all depends on the form and extent of the
thoracic cavity. The blood must be purified, and it must be circu-
lated through the frame, and that with a rapidity and perfection
which must not know a monient's intermission.

The chest consists of 13 ribs on either side, or 26 in the whole.
Of these 8 on each side ai-e directly connected with the sternum,
or breast bi)ne, and are termed true ribs ; the othei- five are attached
10 cartilao-es, which are linked together, and also connected with the
Bternum in an indirect manner — these are termed /a /se ribs.

The true ribs are long, large, thick, and far apart from each other;

THE BREAST-BONE OF THE OX.

for, in consequence of the small number of short, or false ribs, they
take a more backward direction, and cover a portion of the abdoraea
above, while the sternum supports it below. They are so formed
■IS to render the cavity of the chest of a quite circular shape.

THE

th(

BREAST-DONE OF THE OX.

called from its resemblance to

1. The body of the sternum, (so
the stern of a ship,) or breast-bone.

2. The cartilages by which the ribs are attached to the sternum.

3. The ribs cut oft'.

4. The xiphoid cartilage, (resembling a sword,) at the posterior
part of the sternum, supporting the rumen.

5. 5. The joints, with their capsular ligaments, uniting the carti-
lages with the sternum,

6. 6. Do., uniting th:' cartilages with the ribs.

238

CATTLE.

7. The socket receiving the movable bone at the point of the
stemiira.

In the ox, as the above cut will show, the steniiim is thin and flat.
It presents a level surface of considerable width for the floor of the
chest, and, therefore, insures a circular form for the chest.

Breadth at the breast is an essential requisite in the ox. It is this
conformation alone which will give sufficient surface for the attach-
ment of muscles of the character of those of the ox, and will secure
sufficient room for the lungs to purify, and the heart to circulate
blood enough for the proper discharge of every function. The fol-
lowing cut of the breast of a short-horn bull will aff'ord a practical
illustration of these observations.

A SHORT-HORN BULL.

The flatness of the breast-bone at the base of the chest of the
ox secures ?i 2:)ermanent sufficiency of capacity ; and a perfect joint
between the ribs and the sternum is not only not wanted, but might
interfere with the equable action of the respiratory apparatus in this
animal. The union, however, between the rib and tlie sternum does
admit of a considerable degree of motion, and would, to a great ex-
tent, contribute to the enlargement of the chest, if rapid action, or
accident, or disease, should require it.

The sternum of the ox has a pc>3ess projecting very considerably

THE BRISKET.

anteriorly, but not closing the entrance into the chest. That pro-
cess, or first division of the sternum, has a joint. It admits of a cer-
tain degree of lateral action only. It materially assists the walking
or other action of the animal, and appears to be absolutely necessa-
ry, when we consider the vast accumulation of flesh and fat about
these parts ; and especially that singular collection of them, the
brisket.

The muscles which are most concerned in giving bulk to the
breast are the transverse pectorals. They form the grand prominences
in front of the chest, and extend from the anterior extremity of the
sternum to the middle of the arm.

The great pectoral (fig. 13, p. 209,) arising from the lateral
and the posterior part of the sternum, may be considered more as a
continuation of the muscles of the brea-^^t, extending laterally and
backward.

THE BRISKET.

This is a singular portion of the breast of the ox, to which, very
properly, much importance has been universally attached, although,
perhaps, on false grounds. It has been considered as a part of
the anterior wall of the chest, and as a proof of its depth and capaci-
ty. This is altogether erroneous. It is a mere appendix to the
chest. It is a projection of substance, partly muscular, but more
cellular and fatty, from the anterior and movable division or head
of the sternum, extending sometimes from 12 to 20 inches in front
of it, and dipping downward nearly or quite as much. It is no
proof of depth of chest. It is found of a great size in all the im-
proved cattle, varying in size in different breeds, and in different cat-
tle of the same breed ; and it was always looked for and valued in
the better specimens of the old cattle. It is, at least, a proof of
tendency to fatness. A beast that will accumulate so much flesh
and fat about the brisket, will not be deficient in other points.

It is very probable that this may be carried too far. An enor-
mously projecting brisket may evince a more than usual tendency to
fatten ; but not unfrequently a tendency to accumulate that fat irreg-
ularly— to have it too much in patches, and not spread equally over
the frame. Many examples of this must present themselves to the
recollection of the grazier, and especially in some of the short-
horn breed. In a very few instances it has been almost fancied that
this enormously projecting brisket was a defect, rather than an ex-
cellence ; at least, that it somewhat impaired the uniform beauty of
the animal, if it did not diminish his sterling excellence.

The brisket should be prominent as well as deep ; perhaps on one
account more prominent than deep, €or it will then be more likely,
either before or by the time it arrives at the posterior border of the
elbow or fore-arm, to have subsided to the thickness of the fatty and

240 CATTLE.

other substance naturally covering the sternum. One defect, but
not of half the consequence which it is generally supposed to be,
would then be avoided — the apparen't diminution of the chest at its
bottom under the body at the girthing place, or immediately be-
hind the elbows under the body. Some have evidently considered
this to be an actual elevation of the floor of the chest, and a conse-
quent lessening of its capacity at this point ; and, on that account, a
most serious defect. There are few things which the breedei-s of
short-horns have labored more zealously, and generally more unsuc-
cessfully, to remedy. It is certainly a defect, because it evinces a
disposition to accumulate fat in a somewhat patchy manner ; but it
is not so bad as has been represented or feared. It indicates no ele-
vation of the sternum — no diminution of the capacity of the chest :
it is a rather too sudden termination of protuberance of the brisket,
either from the accumulation of the principal part of its substance
too forward, or from a want of disposition in the beast to fatten in
an equable way. If the brisket were removed, the bicast-bond
would be found to be gradually rounding, and rising from this spot,
and not let down lower between the elbows. It will be interesting
to compare the different forms of the brisket in the different breeds
of cattle. The bulls on pp. 96 and 238 will show how much varie-
ty can exist in different animals of the same breed ; and those who
recollect the portrait of jSIr. C. CoUing's Comet, to whose brisket
few, perhaps, could at first reconcile themselves so far as beauty or
form was concerned, will be aware of greater variety still.*

When the observer now admires or wonders at the protuberant and
unwieldy briskets of these cattle, he will recognize the use of the
joint in the first, or supplementary, bone of the sternum of oxen.
They could not walk with ease, and it would be scarcely possible for
them to tuin at all, if it were not for the lateral motion which this
joint permits. The muscles most concerned in this action, and, indeed,
that constitute the bulk of the fleshy part of the brisket, are the
anterior portions of the external and internal sternocostal muscles,
(those which are concerned with the sternum and the ribs,) and whose
action is to elevate the ribs, and so dilate the chest, and assist in
breathing.

THE RIBS.

The first rib on either side is a short, rather straight, and particu-

* It is to be observed tbat the views here expressed about short-horn briskets are
those of the breeders of rival races. All short-horn breeders hold it an important
point to have the brisket project in front, and drop as low and be as wide between the
legs, as possible. As short-horns are more and more spread over England, this their
wonderful peculiarity is more and morF admired; and the breeders of other races are
imitating it, as far as attainable in their breeds, and in one, the Herefords. it is. in
some high bred stocks, well advanced. It will suffice to say that short-horn breeders
do not admit that a large brisket indicates a tendency to fat unevenly ; but the contra-
ry, and deem it an evidence of superior feeding capacity of an even kind. — Am. Ed.

THE SPINE. 241

larly strong bone. It has much of the head and neck to support ;
and it is the fulcrum or fixed point on which all th? other bones are
to move. Each rib is united to the spine by great strength of attach-
ment. They spring from the spine in a quite horizontal direction ;
and consequently, there is a provision for the capacity of the chest
above as well as below. They are large, for the attachment of much
muscle ; they spring out at once laterally, in order to secure that
permanent capacity of chest which the functions of the ox require.

In some breeds a httle flat-sidedness (the less the better) may be
forgiven, because the width of the sternum below, and of the spine,
in some degree, but more particularly the springing out of the ribs
above, secure a sufficient capacity of chest. It is on this account that
the Devon ox is active and profitable while at work, and afterward
grazes kindly. The conformation of the bones just described gives
him a considerable capacity of chest, notwithstanding his somewhat
too flat sides : yet in the animal which was chiefly valued for his
grazing properties, something more would be looked for, and would
be found.

The shoulder being past, this horizontal projection of the ribs is
more and more evident ; and, in order that the barrel-form shall be
as complete as can be, each rib is twisted. Its posterior edges are
turned upward and outward ; and as, proceeding backward, each
projects beyond the preceding one, not only until the eighth true rib
is passed, but also the five false ones, the carcass of a well-made,
profitable beast increases in width and in capacity, until we arrive at,
or nearly at, the loins. For illustration of this, reference may be
made to the cuts of the Kyloe, Galloway, New Leicester, or Short-
horn cattle.

In point of fact, however, the thorax is now passed, and the abdo-
men presents itself; but the principle is the same : the ribs are spread
out, not only to ajOFord room in the thorax for lungs considerably
larger than those of the horse, but for that immense macerating
stomach, the rumen, wich fills the greater part of the abdomen, and
which must be preserved as much as possible from injury and
pressure.

THE SPINE.

The spine of the ox has great size of the individual bones, a small
quantity of elastic ligamentous substance interposed between them,
and great length and roughness of all the processes. Two objects
are accomplished — sufficient strength is obtained for the protection of
the parts beneath, and for the purposes for which the animal may be
required, and as much roughened surface as possible for the insertion
of muscles. As the joints are few, some provision seems to be made
for this, by their being comphcated.
11

CATTLE

The spinous processes of the anterior bones of the back, constituting
the withers, are strong but short. While a very slight curve should
mark the situation of the withers, the irregularity of the processes of
the bones should never be visible. Tiie less the curve the better,
and no decided hollow behind should point out the place where the
withers terminate, and the more level surface of the back commences ;
as this is a departure from good conformation, for which nothing can
compensate. It not only takes away so much substance from the
spot on which good flesh and fat should be thickly laid on, but it
generally shows an indisposition to accumulate flesh and fat in the
right places.

THE LARYNX.

At the posterior part of the pharynx, and at the top of the wind-,
pipe, we find a curiously constructed cartilaginous box, called the
larynx. It is the guard of the lungs, lest particles of food, or any
injurious substance, should penetrate into the air-passages, and it is at
the same time the instrument of voice. (See cut, p. 196.) Every
portion of food, Avhether swallowed or returned for the purpose of
re-mastication, passes over it ; and it would be scarcely possible to
avoid frequent inconvenience, and danger of suffocation, were it not
for a lid or covering to the entrance of this box, termed the epiglottis,
(fig. 5,) which yields to the pressure of the food passing over it, and
lies flat on the entrance into the windpipe, and, being of a cartila-
ginous structure, rises again by its inherent elasticity as soon as the
pellet has been forced along, and permits the animal to breathe again.
The whole of the larynx is composed of separate cartilages, to which
muscles are attached, that regulate the size of the opening into the
windpipe, as the voice or alteration in breathing from exertion or
disease, may require. Fig. 1 1 gives a view of the rimce glottidis, or
edge of the glottis, or opening into the windpipe. It is small,
because little speed is required in the labor of the ox, and there is
rarely any hurried or distressed breathing.

But although the opening into the windpipe is small, there is
danger of substances getting into it, for all the food passes thrice
over it ; and at its first passage is formed into a very loose and
imperfect pellet. Provision is made for this ; the epiglottis of the ox
is broad : it more than covers the opening into the windpipe. The
breathing is seldom hurried, and the food passes often over the
opening, and therefore the epiglottis is broad and rounded, (fig. 5,
p. 190,) and overlapping on either side, and at the angle of
the opening ; the cartilage of which it is composed is thin, its rounded
extremity is curled — turned back — so as to yield and he pressed down,
and give an uninterrupted passage, and securely cover the opening
wlien the food is returned ; while also, from its thinness, it yields in

TRACHEOTOMY.

another way, and uncurls and covers the opening when the food is
swallowed.

The arytsenoid cartilages (fig. 6) are small in the ox : the thyroid
cartilages (fig. 7) are large. The interior of the larynx of the ox —
the organ of voice — is more simple than in any other domesticated
animal. There is neither membrane across the opening, nor are there
any duplicatures of membrane resembling sacs within the larynx ; in
fact, his voice is the least capable of modulation of any of our quad-
ruped servants.

THE WINDPIPE.

The trachea, or windpipe, of cattle is small, because much air is
not wanted. The ox is not a beast of speed, and he rarely goes
beyond the walk or trot. The cartilagino^.s rings are narrow (fig. 9,
cut, p. 196), and thick. The interposed ligamentous substance is
weak (fig, 10, p. 196). A tube of loose construction is suffi-
cient for the portion of air which the ox needs in respiration ; an^
gathering usually the whole of his food from the ground, and gather-
ing it slowly, and being longer occupied about i* more freedom of
motion, and a greater degree of extension, are reqm te.

In addition to this, there is no careful and intricate overlapping of
the cartilages behind ; they are simply brought into approximation
with each other ; and their opposing edges project behind so that
they are very loosely bound to the cervical vertebrae. There is no
transverse muscle, because the cahber of the tube can seldom or
never be much varied, but, by way of compensation, the lining mem-
brane of the trachea is dense, extensible, and elastic, and capable of
discharging, although imperfectly, a function similar to that of the
transverse muscle. At the lower part of the windpipe, the triangular
prolongation of cartilage for the defence of the tube in the immediate
neighborhood of the lungs is small. The rings of the windpipe of
the ox are about 60.

TRACHEOluMY.

Although there are few diseases of cattle in which the animal is
threatened with suffocation, yet occasionally in blain, in inflammation
of the parotid gland, and in those varieties of fever which in the ox
are so much characterized by the formation of tumors, there will be
pressure on the windpipe, much contracting its caliber, and rendering
the act of respiration laborious, and almost impracticable. In inflam-
mation of the larynx, to which cattle are much exposed, the distress-
ing labor of breathing is scarcely credible.

Tracheotomy, or the formation of an artificial opening into the
windpipe, is an operation very easily and safely performed. The

244 CATTLE.

beast should be secured, and the hair cut closely from the throat,
over the windpipe, and opposite to the fifth or sixth ring:. The skin
is then tightened by the finger and thumb, and an incision is made
through it, at least three incnes in length. This must be carefully
dissected off from the parts beneath, and then a portion of the wind-
pipe, half an inch wide, and an inch in length, carefully cut out.
The lips of the wound should be kept open by threads passed through
the edges and tied over the neck, until the pressure or inflammation
above no longer exists, and then they may be brought together and
the wound healed.

It is wonderful what instantaneous and perfect relief this operation
affords. The beast that was struggling for breath, and seemed every
moment ready to expire, is in a moment himself.

In cases of permanent obstruction, as tumor in the nostrils, or dis-
tortion of the larynx or trachea, the animal will generally be consigned
to the butcher ; but instances ma}'- occur in which it is desirable to
preserve the beast for the sake of breeding, or for other purposes.
Then a tube may be introduced into the opening, two or three inches
long, curved at the top, and the external orifice turning downward,
with a little ring on each side, by which, through the means of tapes,
it may be retained in its situation. A favorite cow or bull might be
thus preserved, but extraordinary cases alone would justify such a
proceeding.

THE THYMUS GLAND, OR SWEETBREAD.

There is an irregular glandular body, of a pale pink color, situated
in the very fore part of the thorax, vulgarly called the sweetbread.
In the early period of the life of the foetus, it is of no considerable
size, and is confined mostly to the chest ; but during the latter
months it strangely develops itself. It protrudes from the thorax ;
it climbs up on each side of the neck, between the carotids and the
trachea, and reaches even to the parotid gland, and becomes a part
of that gland. It cannot be separated from the parotid ; and when
cut into, a milky fluid exudes from it.

Very soon after birth, however, a singular change takes place ; it
spontaneously separates from the parotid ; it gradually disappears,
beginning from above downward ; and in the course of a few months
not a vestige of it remains along the whole of the neck. It then
more slowly diminishes within the chest ; but at length it disappears
there too, and its situation is occupied by the thoracic duct.

It is evidently connected with the existence of the animal previous
to birth, and more particularly with the latter stages of foetal life.
It seems to be part of the nutritive system. It pours a bland and
milky fluid through the parotid duct into the mouth, and so into the
stomach, in order to habituate the stomach by degrees to the digest-

THE ALTERATION OF THE BLOOD. 245

ive process, and to prepare it for that function on which the hfe of
the animal is to depend; and also to prepare the intestines for the
discharge of their duty. When, after birth, it begins to be separated
from the parotid gland, it has no means of pouring its secretion into
the stomach, ancl it gradually dwindles away, and disappears.
■»

THE BRONCHIAL TUBES,

The windpipe pursues its course down the neck, until it arrives at
the chest. It there somewhat alters its form, and becomes deeper
and narrower, in order to suit itself to the triangular opening through
which it is to pass. It enters the chest, and preserves the same
cartilaginous structure until it ariives at the base of the heart, where
it separates into two tubes, corresponding with the two divisions of
the lungs. These are called the bronchial tubes. They plunge
deep into th? substance of the lungs ; these presently subdivide ; and
the subdivision is continued in every direction, until branches of the
trachea penetrate every portion of the lungs. These are still air-
passages, and they are carrying on the air to its destination, for the
accomplishment of a vital purpose. The lungs of the ox afford the
most satisfactory elucidation of the manner in which these air-tubes
traverse that viscus. '1 hey can be followed until they almost elude
the unassisted sight, but the greater part of them can be evidently
traced into the lobuli, or little divisions of the substance of the lung,
which are so evident here. The minute structure of these lobuli has
never been demonstrated ; but we may safely imagine them to con-
sist of very small cells, in which the bronchial tubes terminate, and to
which the air is conveyed ; and that these cells are divided from
each other by exceedingly delicate membranes.

THE ALTERATION OF THE BLOOD.

The blood has already been described as sent from the right ven-
tricle of the heart into the lung, and the blood-vessels dividing and
subdividing until they have attained a state of extreme minuteness,
and then ramifying over the dehcate membrane of these cells. The
blood, however, is in a venous state ; it is no longer capable of sup-
porting life ; and it is forced through the lungs, in order that it
may be rendered once more arterial, and capable of supporting life
and all its functions. For this purpose, these minute veins spread
over the delicate membrane of the cells, and for this purpose also, the
air has been conveyed to these cells by the bronchial tubes.

Now, the chemical, it may almost be said the vital, difference be-
tween venous and arterial blood is, that the venous is loaded with
carbon, and deficient in oxygen. It here comes, if not in absolute
contact with atmospheric air, yet so close as to be separated only
by a gossamer membrane, which offers little obstacle to the power of

#46 CATTLE

chemical affinity or attraction ; and the carbon which it contains is
attracted by the oxygen which abounds in the atmospheric air, and
is taken out of the circuhition, and passes off in breathing. Carbonic
acid gas, or fixed air, is formed by the union of the oxygen and the
carbon, the presence of which in undue quantities renders the air
destructive to hfe. The other constituents of the blo^ have also an
affinity for oxygen, and more of that gas is taken from the atmos-
pheric air, and passes through the membrane of the air-cells, and
mingles with the blood.

The change, then, from venous to arterial blood consists in the car-
bon being taken away, and oxygen imbibed ; and this is effected by
the blood being brought so nearly into contact with atmospheric air,
of which oxygen is a constituent part, and which has a greater
affinity for carbon, and other principles in the blood, than it has for
the gases with which it was combine. ^ in the constitution of atmos-
pheric air.

The capillary vessels, now carrying arterial instead of venous blood,
unite and form larger and yet larger vessels, until the united stream
is poured into the right cavity of the heart, thence to be propelled
through the frame. This subject has been treated at somewhat
greater length, because the lungs of the ox afford the best illustration
of the division of the bronchial tubes, and the separation of the sub-
stance of the lungs into distinct lobuli, or little lobes, in which the
bronchial tubes terminate, and the air-cells are developed.

CATARRH, OR HOOSE.

Anatomical detail may now, for a considerable time, be laid aside,
and inquiry be made into the diseases of the respiratory organs.
Those only of the first of the air- passages, that of the nose, have as
yet been considered ; however, inflammation spreads beyond the
lining membrane of the nasal cavities, and involves the fauces, the
glands of the throat, and the upper air-passages generally ; it is then
no longer coryza, but is catarrh, or better known by the term hoose.
This is a disease too little regarded in cattle, but the forerunner of
the most frequent and fatal diseases to which they are subject.

It is often hard to say whence catarrh, or common cold, arises.
The slightest change of management or of temperature will some-
times produce it. In the beginning of spring, and towards the latter
part of autumn, it is particularly prevalent. Young beasts, and cows
after calving, are ve^y subject to it. In a great many cases, how-
ever, it is the result of mismanagement. When cattle are crowded
together, they are seldom witliout hoose. If the cow-house be heated
considerably above the temperature of the external air, it is sure
to be there. Many a sad cold is caught at the straw-yard, and
particularly by young cattle : the food is not sufficient to afford

CATARRH, OR HOOSE. 247

proper nourishment, or to keep up proper warmth ; and the more
forward drive the others about, and permit them to obtain only
a small portion of their proper share of the provender, and then
the depressing effects of cold, and vret, and hunger, so debilitate
these poor beasts, that they are seldom without catarrh — and that
catarrh too frequently runs on to a more serious disease.

Some breeds are more subject to hoose than others. The na-
tives of a southern district are seldom naturalized in a colder
chme without several times passing through severe catarrh ; and,
where the system of breeding in and in has been carried to too
great an extent, and been pursued in defiance of many a warn-
ing, hoose, perpetually occurring, difficult to remove, and degene-
rating into confirmed phthisis, will painfully, but somewhat too
late, convince the farmer of his mistake.

The principal error, however, of the agriculturist is, not that he
suffers the causes of hoose to exist, or always gives them exist-
ence, but that he underrates the mischievous and fatal character of
the disease. To this point we shall refer again and again ; and if
we can but induce him to listen to the dictates of -humanity and of
interest, the present treatise may rank among those which have dif-
fused some useful knowledge.

There is no disease of a chronic nature by which cattle are so se-
riously injured, or which is eventually so fatal to them, as hoose ;
yet very few of those whose interest is at stake, pay the slightest
attention to it. The cow may cough on from week to week, and no
one takes notice of it until the quantity of milk is seriously decreas-
ing, or she is rapidlj^ losing flesh, and then medical treatment is
generally unavailing. The disease has now reached the chest ; the
lungs are seriously affected ; and the foundation is laid for confirmed
consumption.

It is far from the wish of the author to inculcate a system of over-
nursing. He knows full well that those cattle are most healthy
that are exposed to the usual changes of the weather, yet somewhat
sheltered from its greatest inclemency. He Avould not consider
every cow that hooses as a sick animal, and shut her up in some
close place, and physic and drench her, but would endeavor to pre-
vail on the farmer to be a great deal more on the look-out. The
herdsman should be aware of every beast that coughs. It may be
only a slight cold, and in a few days may disappear of itself. He
may wait and see whether it will, unless there be some urgent symp-
toms; but, these few days having passed, and the cow continuing to
hoose, it begins to be imperatively necessary for him to adopt the
proper measures, while they may be serviceable.

If she feed as well as ever, if moisture stand upon her muzzle, and
>T",r flanks are perfectly quiet, then one or two nights' housing, and

nash or two, oi a dose of physic, may set all right. But if tha

248 CATTLE.

muzzle be a little dry, and the root of the horn hot, and she heaves
(although not much) at the flanks, and the coat is not so sleek as
usual, and she is a little oflf her feed, let her be bled. Experience
will teach the farmer that these ch.st affections, in cattle, often and
speedily assume a highly inflammable character, and that they must
be conquered at the first, or not at all.

To bleeding should succeed a dose of Epsom salts, with half an
ounce of ginger in it, to prevent griping and to promote perspiration,
and to excite the rumen to action ; but no hot, stimulating drinks.
To this should be added warmth, warm mashes, warm drinks, warm
gruels, and a warm but well ventilated cow-house.

Cough and Fever Drink. — Take emetic tartar, one drachm ; pow-
dered digitalis, half a drachm ; and nitre, three drachms. Mix, and
give in a quart of tolerably thick gruel.

Purging Drink. — Take Epsom salts, one pound ; powdered cara-
way-seeds, half an ounce. Dissolve in a quart of warm gruel, and
give.

It will be proper to house the beast, and especially at night ; and
a mash of scalded bran with a few oats in it, if there be no fever,
should be allowed. It is necessary carefully to watch the animals
that are laboring under this complaint ; and, if the heaving should
continue, or the muzzle again become or continue dry, and the
breath hot, more blood should be taken away, and the purging drink
repeated. At the close of the epidemic catarrh, the animal will
sometimes be left weak and with little appetite. It should be weL
ascertained whether the fever has quite left the beast, because list-
lessness and disinclination to move, and loss of appetite, and slight
staggering, may result as much from the continuance of fever as
from the debihty which it leaves behind. If the muzzle be cool and
moist, and the mouth not hot, and the pulse sunk to nearly its natu-
ral standard, or rather below it, and weak and low, the following
drink may be ventured on :

Take emetic tartar, half a drachm ; nitre, two drachms ; powdered
gentian root, one drachm ; powdered chamomile flowers, one drachm :
and powdered ginger, half a drachm. Pour upon them a pint of
boiling ale, and give the infusion when nearly cold.

When the beast begins to recover, he should not be exposed in
any bleak situation, or to much rough weather.

In some years this epidemic disease destroys a great many cattle.
In the winter of 1880, and in the spring of 1831, thousands of
young cattle perished in every part of the country. Some of them
were carefully examined after death, and the membrane hning the
windpipe was found to be inflamed, and the inflammation extending
down to and involving all the small passages leading to the air-cells
of the lungs, and the passages filled with worms.

There are some substances which are immediately destructive to

COUGH.

worms when brought into contact with them. Some of these medi-
caments may be taken into the circulation of the animal with perfect
safety to him, and probably death to the worms. Among those
which most readily enter into the circulation after being swallowed, is
the oil or spiiit of turpentine. The breath is very soon afterwards
tainted with its smell, which shows that a portion of it has passed
into the lungs. Therefore, when other means have failed, and the
continuance of the violent cough renders it extremely probable that
worms are in the air -passages, the follo^\^ng prescription may be re-
sorted to :

Turpentine Drink for Worms. — Take oil of turpentine, two ounces ;
sweet spirit of nitre, one ounce ; laudanum, half an ounce ; hnseed
oil, four ounces. Mix, and give in a pint of gruel.

This may be repeated every morning without the slightest danger;
and even when we are a little afraid to give it longer by the mouth,
it may be thrown up in the form of an injection. A pint of lime
water every morning, and two table-spoonfulls of salt every after-
noon, have also been administered with advantage when worms are
present in the windpipe.

Should the case appear to be obstinate, the exhibition of half
doses of physic e'^ery second or third day will often be useful, with
the followinor drink, mornincr and nij^ht, on each of the intermediate
days : —

Take digitalis, one scruple; emetic tartar, half a drachm; nitre,
three drachms ; powdered squills, one drachm ; opium, one scruple.
Mix, and give v,'ith a pint of gruel.

A seton in the dewlap should never be omitted ; and if the disease
seems to be degenerating into inflammation of the lungs, the treat-
ment must be correspondingly active.

The termination of hoose that is most to be feared is consumption.
That will be indicated when the discharge from the nose becomes
purulent, or blnody, and the breath stinking, and the cough con-
tinues to be violent, while the beast feeds badly, nnd the eyes begin
to appear sunk in the head, and he rapidly loses flesh. The best
remedy here, so far as both the owner and the animal are concerned,
is the pole-axe of the butcher ; for in the early part of the disease
the meat is not at all injured, and may be honestly sold. If, how-
ever, it is wished that an attempt should be made to save the animal,
the cough and fever drink may be given daily ; more attention should
be paid to the warmth and comfort of the beast ; and, if the weather
be favorable, it should, after a while, be turned out, either entirely, or
during the day. Care, however, must be taken to protect the animal
from all slorms ; and if it be summer, green food should be given in
the stable.

Homoeopathic Treatment. — A cough, at first dull and hollow,
excited by the least effort, and more particularly violent after the
11*

CATTLE.

animal has drunk, generally indicates a more or less serious afifection
of the lung. If a severe cough attack the animal, great attention
must be paid to it, because in such cases we frequently have to treat
commencing hydrothorax. The means to bt adopted when no other
symptoms of disease are observed, are : dulcamara, in cough by
cold; hryonia (in repeated doses,) in inveterate cough ; belladonna
and drosera, in chronic cough ; hyoscyamus, when the attacks are
very frequent ; squilla, in cough which comes on after fatigue, and
which interferes with the respiration ; chamomilla, in dry cough, with
diarrhoea; jmlsatilla. in frequent attacks of dry cough, with loss of
appetite ; spiritus sulphuratus, in very obstinate cough. When the
cough is the symptom of another disease, it yields to the treatment
required by the latter.

When the entire system has suffered more or less, the affection is
accompanied with fever of greater or less severity ; some doses of
aconitumy the first remedy to be employed in such cases, never fail
to produce excellent effects. If the cold affect but a part of the
body, we scarcely ever observe any fever, and hryonia is to be ad-
ministered. In many cases considerable benefit has been obtained
from dulcamara, nux vomica, and rhus toxicodendron. Arsenicum is
good when the digestion is disturbed, or the complaint has been oc-
casioned by a cold drink.

EPIDEMIC CATARRH.

Catarrh occasionally assumes an epidemic form ; it spreads over
whole districts ; is more than usually violent ; associates with itself
the symptoms of other and of worse diseases, and is strangely fatal.
If a cold yet variable spring succeeds to a wet and mild winter,
there will "be scarcely a dairy or a straw-yard in some districts in
which a considerable number of cows will not labor under distressing
hoose. Obstinate costiveness attends the earl)^ stage of this disease,
on which neither Epsom salts, nor common salt, nor linseed oil, can
make any impression. All seems to go into the rumen, and has for
a while no power on the cuticular coat of that stomach ; and then,
whether the purgative course be pursued or suspended, diarrhoea
suddenly comes on, and bids equal defiance to all astringent medi-
cines. Sometimes, however, diarrhoea is present, and obstinate from
the very beginning.

Tumors about the head, the roots of the ears, the neck, the back,
and loins, and many of the joints, soon succeed, accompanied by a
singular crackhng sound when pressed upon. There is decomposi-
tion going on everywhere, and in the cellular texture among the
rest, accompanied by the extrication of gas, the passage of which
among the cells beneath the skin is the cause of this crackling.

While these tumors indicate decomposition in one part, the ap-
pearance and odor o: the faeces show that it is not inactive in the

EPIDEMIC CATARRH. 251

intestinal canal. The discharge is oflfensive to a high degree, the
breath loses its peculiar and beautiful scent, and the vital powers are
rapidly exhausted.

In most of these epidemics, the first attack seems to be made on
the powers of organic life, and soon afterwards the animal system
shares in the deleterious influence. The beast is unwilHng to move ;
it scarcely can move ; it staggers as it walks. It loses flesh every
day ; the coat stares, and clings to the bones ; the appetite is quite
gone; a fetid discharge commences from the mouth and nostrils,
and death soon follows.

The treatment of this disease in ivi early stage, and when alone it
can be treated with reasonable hope of success, may be character-
ized under two words — promptitude and vigor. The state of inflam-
matory fever which accompanies the early period of the disease is in-
tense ; and unless arrested, it will (as we have seen in ti-eating of that
disease) speedily exhaust every vital power ; therefore, fever existing,
bleeding is imperative. The quantity of blood to be abstracted will
be regulated by the intensity of the inflammation, the apparent ap-
proach or commencement of debility, and the efi'ect produced while
the blood continues to flow. All of these circumstances should be
most carefully attended to. If the fever rages, the ox will bear to
lose much blood, and uniformly with manifest advantage. If the state
of debility is evidently approaching, or has even commenced, bleed-
ing, regulated by the pulse, and stopped the moment that that fal-
ters, wfll generally be beneficial : but debility being established, or
the bleeding carried on after the p^^lse has forbidden it, the abstrac-
tion of blood will only hasten death.

Aperients should undoubtedly be administered, accompanied or
not by aroraatics, or the p-oportion of the aromatic regulated by
the preponderance of fever or debility. The sulphate of magnesia
will be preferred ; and early recouree should be had to the stomach-
pump, in the manner which has been already described, should the
phvsic seem to accumulate in the paunch.

The other medicines will also be regulated by the symptoms.
While fever continues, digitalis, emetic tartar, and nitre will be indi-
cated. When the febrile stage is passed, spirit of nitrous ether,
laudanum, gentian, and ginger will be indicated. The cow-house
should be warm, yet well ventilated. Mashes should be given, and
green meat of eveiy kind, and this changed daily, if necessary, in
order to humor the capricious appetite of the patient. The strength
being a Uttle renovated, the beast may be turned into some
pasture, close at hand, for a few hours during the middle of the
day.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The principal means to be employed in
such cases, as well as in the case of cough in general, are : dulca-
mara and hry mia, in the cough which has succeeded to a cold ; «*Mt

252 CATTLE.

vomica, in the dry and loud cough ; aconitum and arsenicum, in that
which comes on every time the animal drinks cold water ; drosera,
in that which has already become chronic ; pulsatilla and hyoscya-
mus, in that which is dry and returns in kinks ; chamomilla, in dry
cough with diarrhcea ; ammonium nmriaficum, cuprum, and bryonia,
in inveterate cough ; and, in general, sulphur, in many cases of dis-
tressing and more especially obstinate coughs.

THE MALIGNAXT EPIDEMIC MURRAIX.

Epidemic catarrh often assumes a malignant form in cattle, on ac-
count of the great vascularity of the system, and intensity of febrile
action, and consequent vital exhaustion. It also appears as a dis-
ease which is malignant from its very commencement. Indeed tliere
is no disease so malignant as the murrain of cattle, and there are
few years in which it is not now seen in some part of the kingdom.
It is ranked under the diseases of the respiratory system, because
that system is usually first of all affected, and for a longer or shorter
time alone affected ; but the disease gradually takes on a typhoid
character, and its pestilential influence invades every portion of the
frame. It principally appears in marshy and woody districts, or
"where under-draining has been neglected, or the cattle have been ex-
posed and half-starved.

There are few diseases that assume, in its earlier or later stages,
a greater variety of forms ; but, disarmed somewhat of its virulence,
or at least having not appeared in all its terrors for some years past,
it will generally be distinguished by some or the greater part of the
following symptoms.

There will be cough, frequent and painful, and, in many cases,
for a week or more before there is any other marked symptom. The
farmer may not always be aware of this, but he will find it out if
he inquires about it ; and he will be fully aware of the importance
of the fact before we have done wnth this division of our subject.

After a few days, some heaving of the flanks will be added to the
cough ; the pulse will be small, hard, frequent, and sometimes ir-
reguUir ; the mouth hot ; tlie root of the horn cold ; the faeces some-
times hard and black, at others liquid and black, and then very fetid.
Presently afterwards, that of which we have to speak again and
again, is observed — extreme tenderness along the spine, and partic-
ularly over the loins.

The cough becomes more frequent and convulsive, and a brown
or bloody matter runs from the nostrils and mouth ; the eyes are
swelled and weeping ; the patient grinds his teeth ; there is frequent
spasmodic contraction about the nostrils ; and the animal rarely
lies down, or, if he does, rises again immediately.

The eyes soon afterwards become unusually dull ; the pulse re^
mains small, but it has become feeble ; the respiration is quicker ^

THE MALIGNANT EPIDEMIC— MURRAIN.

the flanks are tucked up ; the tenderness on the loins is removed ;
insensibility is stealing over the frame ; and the faeces are more
loaded with mucus, and more fetid. The patient moans and lows,
and grinds his teeth almost incessantly ; the head is agitated by a
convulsive motion ; blood begins to mingle with the fseces ; the
breath, and even the perspiration, becomt;s ofi^ensive ; and the beast
staggers as he walks.

Tumors and boils now, or often earlier, appear on various parts.
If thpy are to come forward, the sooner they rise the better, for
much depends on what becomes of them. If the animal has suffi-
cient strength for them to go through the usual process of suppura-
tion, although the sloughing and the stench may be greater than
could be thought possible, the beast will have a chance to recover ;
but if there is not energy to bring them forward — if they become
stationary — and most assuredly, if they recede and disappear, the
patient will die.

The treatment of this disease is most unsatisfactory. If the farmer
could be brought to attend more to this cough in cattle — if, here,
he had recognized the violent and increasing cough, and, although
he had not dreamed of murrain, had bled and physicked the beast
on account of the cough, the disease would probably have been ar-
rested, or at least its virulence would Ivave abated.

The early stage of murrain is one of fever, and the treatment
should correspond with this — bleeding. Physic should be cautiously
yet not timorously resorted to. For sedative medicines there will
rarely be room, except the cough should continue. Small doses of
purgative medicine, with more of the aromatic than we generally
add, will be serviceable, effecting the present purpose, and not has-
tening or increasing the debility which generally is at hand ; but if
the bowels be sufficiently open, or diarrhoea should threaten, and
yet symptoms of fever should be apparent, no purgative must be giv-
en, but the sedatives should be mingled with some vegetable tonic.
The peculiar fetid diarrhoea lanust be met with astringents, mingled
also with vegetable tonics. In combating the pustular and slough-
ing gangrenous stage, the chloride of lime wmII be the best external
application ; while a little of it administered with the other medi-
cines inwardly may possibly lessen the tendency to general decom-
position. 'J'he external application of it should not be confined to
the ulcerated parts alone, but it should be plentifully sprinkled over
and about the beast ; and the infected animal should be immediately
removed from the S(^und ones.

Drink for Murrain. — Take sweet spirit of nitre, half an ounce ;
laudanum, half an ounce '■ choride of lime, in powder, two ounces ;
prepared chalk, an ounce. Rub them well together, and give them
with a pint of warm gruel.

This may be repeated every six hours, urtil the purging is consi-

254 CATTLE.

derably abated ; but should not be continued until it has quite stopped.
The purging being abated, we must look about for something to
recall the appetite and recruit the strength.

To7iic Drink for Murrain. — Take colcmbo root, two drachms ;
canella bark, two diachms ; ginger, one dr? jhm ; sweet spirit of nitre,
half an ounce. Rub them together, and g.ve in a pint of thick gruel.

There cannot be a more proper means adopted than a seton in the
dewlap, made with the black hellebore root. The mouth should be
frequently washed with a dilute solution of the chloride of lime. The
ulcerated parts, if they are fetid, should have the same disinfectant
applied to them, and the walls and ceiling, and every part of the
cow-house, should be washed with it.

One caution should be used with respect to the food ; while the
beast should be coaxed to eat, in order to support him under the
debilitating influence of the disease, it is only on the supposition that
he ruminates his food. Until he begins again to chew the cud, we
are only injuriously overloading the paunch by enticing th« animal to
eat. Until rumination is re-esliblished, the food should consist of
gruel, or any other nutritive fluid, and should be so administered that
the greater part of it may pass on into the fourth stomach, without
entering the first. When the animal appears to be recovering, he
should be gradually exposed to cool and open air, and very slowly
permitted to return to his usual food.

When the disease is quite subdued, the cleansing of the cow-house
should be seriously undertaken, and thoroughly accomplished, Let
every portion of filth and dung be carefully removed, the walls, and
the wood-work, and the floor carefully washed with water, or soap
and water, and then every part washed again with a lotion, in the
proportion of a quarter of a pound of the chloride of lime, in powder,
to a bucket of water. This will be better than any fumigation that
can be possibly applied. Should, however, the chloride of lime not
be at hand, then a simple and cheap fumigation, on which very con-
siderable dependence can be placed, njay be resorted to.

Fumigation. — Take common salt, two pounds ; oil of vitriol, one
pound.

The salt should be put in an earthen vessel, and placed in the
middle of the cow-house, and the oil of vitriol gradually poured upon
it. They should be stirred well together with a stick, and the person
preparing the thing should retreat as quickly as he can, to prevent
himself from sufi"ering by the fumes of the chloride, closing the door
carefully after him, every window and aperture having been previously
closed. In a few hours he may enter the cow-house again, and
remove the vessel, without any serious inconvenience.

[A remed}^ much used for murrain, in Holland has been brought
before the American public, by J. S. Skinner, Esq., editor of the
" Plow, the Loom, and the Anvil." It is this : — nitrate of potash.

THE MALIGNANT EI IDEMIC— MURRAIN. 255

170 grains ; bole armenian, 20 grains. Dissolve in a pint of water*
and give, to be repeated as often as required. — Am. Ed.'^

Homoeopathic treatment. — With respect to treatment, arsenicum is
a certain means of cure and preservation. On the first symp-
toms of the disease being perceived, such as loss of appetite, suspen-
sion of rumination, trembling of the hind legs, staggering when walk-
ing, hair dull and rough, eyes swimming in water, alternations of
heat and cold in the horns and ears, disappearance of milk, (fee, a
dose of arsenicum should be administered, which is to be repeated
every five to fifteen minutes, until there is marked improvement ;
in slight cases one hour or an hour and a half interval may be al-
lowed between the doses. The curative effect becomes perceptible
after a very little time, and so much the sooner, in proportion as the
attack was more violent ; so that in the most acute cases the amend-
ment often becomes perceptible in a quarter or in half an hour,
which is recognized by the following characters : the animal shakes
off the stupor, looks around it, and notices the person taking care of
it ; the trembling diminishes or ceases altogether, the horns and ears
are less cold, or less burning ; there is a little appetite, the hair lies
down, the eye loses its fixedness, and the animal has an alvine dis-
charge ; the evacuations vary much, being sometimes natural, some-
ciraes bloody or mucous ; at length a general warm sweat sets in, or
tumors, abscesses, or eruptions ; in the case of cows the milk returns.
When these signs of improvement are observed to take place, we
must wait for some time before repeating the dose, being always
regulated by the degree of severity with which the disease com-
menced ; if the aggression be violent, and the first dose produces no
perceptible effect, after a quarter of an hour, or, at most, half an
hour, the a.rsenicum must be repeated, and then continued at the
same intervals ; if, on the contrary, the disease be but moderate, it
is better to allow the first dose to act for an hour ; and if an improve-
ment take place, a second is not given until the amendment ceases to
progress. Often a single dose suffices to remove the disease, whilst
in other cases, from two to four, even from twenty to thirty, are
required, before we obtain a complete cui«. It is unnecessary to
say that during the Avhole course of treatment, we should not lose
sight of the patient for a moment.

Should an amendment or cure be obtained, all is not yet over ;
two cases may still occur,

1. A relapse of the disease. This may take place after the lapse
of from four to sixteen hours. It is important then to watch the
animal during twenty-four hours, and still to make it take a few
doses, at intervals of about four hours. If the relapse had ali-eady
taken place, Ave should proceed as on the former occasion ; but the
danger would be still greater.

256 CATTLE.

2. Other circumstances supervene, which, he we ver, are never dan-
gerous. In different regions of the body, cold, soft, or hard tumors,
of an indolent kind, form. Sometimes there remain hard indura-
tions, or swelhno- of the glands and teats, with suppression or diminu-
tion of the milky secnHion. Though the teat presents nothing ab-
normal, the milk is less abundant, or altered in its qualities. The
skin is covered with small scabs succeeding pustules which contained
a fluid ; the eruption occupied the entire or only a portion of the
body ; it is accompanied with itching or not ; the hair remains star-
ini^, and does not recov.er its brightnoss. The evacuations continue
to'be hard and scanty. There is emphysema under the skin ; cre-
pitation is felt on pasfmg the hand over it. The skin is completely
hard, and does not yield to the action of its proper muscles ; the
appetite and ruminations are not reestablished.

All these sequelae yield in a little time to the prolonged use of
arseniciim, a dose of which is to be taken every six hours, until no
trace any longer remains ; which usually is the work of three or foui
days. The absence of appetite and sluggishness of the intestina)
canal quickly yield to a few doses of nux vomica. 'I'he appetitt
almost always returns four or six hours after the first, and if the con
stipation continue, the medicine is to be repeated every six hour?
Spiritus sulphuratus is employed for the eruption, and arsenicuv
for all the other ailments.

In order to preserve the animals from the disease, they are made
to take, first every foity-eight hours, then every twenty-four, ana
lastly every twelve hours, one drop of arsenicum in the mqvning, one
hour before eating, and in the evening, two hours alter doing so.

THE EPIDEMIC OF 1840 AND 1841.

Since the last edition of this work was published, a new disease
has appeared amongst cattle and sheep, and for the last ten years it
has spread through the kingdom as an epidemic, scarcely sparing a
single parish from its visitation. Though not by any means usually
fatal in its effects, it has yet altogether destroyed a great number,
and the pecuniary loss has been still greater from the debilitating
effects which it has produced or left behind. It has been proved to
be extremely infe(-tious, and it is difficult to say whether the greater
number of cases have been thus produced or spontaneously occa-
sioned. It has sometimes appeared amongst the cattle of a farm,
scarcely sparing a single case ; and again, after some months' absence,
it has reappeared on the same farm amongst the sheep, or perhaps
the swine. In some cases, and on some occasions, the symptoms of
the disease have been very slight, and the cases have soon got well
without any medical treatment ; but in other cases the symptoms
have been extremely severe, anc attended with danger. It has

THE EPIJEMIC OF 1S40 AND 1841.

usually happened that the earlier and the later cases have been
somewhat slight, and the middle ones much more dangerous. In this
respect it has resembled other epidemics. The cause of this disease
is contagion ; and in cases of spontaneous appearance, it is brouoht on
to the farm by hares and rabbits.

The disease is decidedly constitutional, though manifesting itself
locally in a peculiar manner ; its nature is that of a low fever, great
debility quickly supervening, and sometimes exhibiting a tendency to
putridity. If the very earliest symptoms be observed, it will gene-
rally be found that cold extremities, a staring coat, and indeed a cold
fit are exhibited ; but a reaction soon follows, in which the limbs
become hot, and then saliva issues from the mouth, and the tono-ue
is somewhat swollen. At the same time some degree of tenderness
in the feet is manifested, and the pulse is quickened and the beast is
altogether feverish. The soreness of the mouth and feet increases ;
small bladders are found on the tongue, the lips and other parts of
the mouth, and likewise between the hoofs, and sometimes also on
the teats. The animal gradually ceases to feed, from the pain expe-
rienced in the act, and sometimes the appetite itself fails. The blad-
ders become opaque, and at length burst and discharge a watery
fluid ; and this increases the soreness of the parts. The flow of
saliva increases, and in a few days the cuticle t-loughs off. Some-
times there are swellings along the back and loins, which appear to
contain air. The disease thus continues, becoming gradually more
severe until four or five days from the commencement, when amend-
ment generally takes place, and the beast gradually recovers. Some-
times, however, the complaint becomes complicated with inflammation
of some organ — such as the lungs, and the danger is then much
greater ; or it may take on a low typhoid form, under which the
animal may sink. In milch cows the udder is often affected, occa-
sionally much inflamed, and attended with danger.

The treatment of this disease must be moderate in its character, and
should consist in checking the fever, relaxing the bowels, healino- the
sores on the mouth and feet, and afterwards assisting the strength
with tonics.

Bleeding should in general be abstained from, unless there be some
severe local inflammation present, calculated to increase the debility ;
but the following laxative should be administered without loss of
time : —

Take Epsom salts, half a pound ; sulphur, two or four ounces ;
nitre, half an' ounce ; ginger, two drachms ; spirit of nitrous etlier,
one ounce. Dissolved in wann water or gruel, and repeated once a
day for several days.

The following liniment may be applied to the mouth several times
a day : —

CATTLE.

Take alum and white vitriol, of each half an ounce ; molasses, a quar-
ter of a pint. Dissolve iri a pint of warm water.

The feet sliould be carefully pared, and if much inflamed, a poultice
may be applied ; but if not so, and there is a sore, equal parts of
tincture of myrrh and butyr of antimony. One application of this
caustic is generally sufficient, and the sore should afterwards be
dressed once a day with the following : —

Astringent Powder. — Take blue vitriol, powdered, half an ounce ;
powdered alum, half an ounce ; prepared chalk, two ounces ; arme-
nian bole, one ounce.

Linseed and oatmeal gruel should be offered to drink, and mashes,
with the best food tliat can be procured. If the weather be fine, it
will be better to continue the cattle at grass ; but if housed, they
should be kept clean and dry. When the bowels are relaxed, and
there appears much weakness, the following tonic should be given
daily : —

Take powdered ginger, one drachm ; powdered caraway seeds,
one drachm ; gentian, powdered, four drachms ; spirit of nitrous
ether, one ounce. To be mixed slowly with gruel.

If there should be any appearance of colic or spasm of the bowels,
an ounce of laudanum may be given with the other medicine ; and if
the liver be affected, a drachm of calomel may be added, and a blis-
tering apphcation rubbed on the right side.

Should the lungs be inflamed, it will be proper to bleed and blister
the sides, or insert setons in the brisket. If the udder be affected, it
should be well and frequently fomented with hot water, and the milk
should be drawn with great care.

PHARYNGITES — SORE THROAT.

Inflammation of the respiratory passages is often confined to particu-
lar and to very small portions of them. The posterior part of the
mouth, the pharynx, through the funnel-shaped cavity of which the
food passes in order to arrive at the gullet, is peculiarly subject to
inflammation : it is recognized under the term sore throat, and is
usually accompanied with cough, and other symptoms of catarrh.

The characteristic symptoms are disinclination to food, suspension
of rumination, and difficulty in swallowing. Solid food is either
dropped from tlie mouth when partly masticated, or it is forced down
by a painful effort ; liquids are generally obstinately refused, or are
swallowed by a convulsive kind of gulp. There is tenderness extend-
ing from ear to ear, and usually some degree of enlargement in
proportion to the inflammation of the neighboring parts, and especially
the parotid glands are involved. Occasionally the irritation of the
pharynx produces constriction of its muscles, and a portion of the
food, both solid an«i fluid, is returned through the nostrils. The

EPIDEMIC AFFECTION OF THE UPPER AIR-PASSAGES. 259

cough of sore throat is a painful one, and is confined to the throat.
It is often a decidedly local affection ; there is not much tendency to
take on inflammation in the neighboring parts ; the treatment will be
bleeding and physic, to abate the general fever, and stimulating
embrocations, or even blisters, to subdue the local inflammation.

The great development of the ethmoid and turbinated bones in
the nose of the ox, in order to increase the acuteness of smell in that
ammal, has already been described (p. 181). The consequence of this
is, that there is but a small passage left for the air, and when the
membrane of tlie nose occasionally sympathizes with that of the
pharynx, and becomes inflamed and thickened, there ensues a diffi-
culty of breathing, from sore throat. It is true that the ox breathes
partly through the mouth, but the pharynx itself is constricted and
thickened, and the breathing becomes laborious almost to sufi"ocation :
therefore sore throat should be considered in a rather serious lio-ht,
and be treated with corresponding promptitude.

LARYNGITES INFLAMMATION OF THE LARYNX.

This is a dreadful disease, and, fortunately, of rare occurrence It
is inflammation of the lining membrane of the larynx, and is attended
by a quickened, loud and laborious breathing, that would scarcely be
thought credible. In some exceedingly acute cases the number of
respirations equals, or even exceeds, that of the pulse. The least
pressure on the neck over the larynx seems to give intense pain.
The treatment is bleeding, physic, bhsters, and, when suftbcation
actually threatens, tracheotomy.

EPIDEMIC AFFECTION OF THE UPPER AIR-PASSAGES.

In low and marshy districts, and a wet, cold, ungenial sprino- or
autumn, there is occasionally an epidemic inflammation of the
pharynx, larynx, and windpipe, which dfS"ers in some respects from
any of the diseases yet described, and is very fatal. The malady
commences like most febrile ones, with loss of appetite and suspen-
sion of rumination ; to these speedily succeed dullness, some prostra-
tion of strength, and a slight difficulty of breathing. On the follow-
ing day, or in the course of a few hours, the throat becomes tender,
and it is evidently a little gorged between the channel, and extending
some way down the neck. The animal finds difficulty and pain in
moving his head or his neck, and in swallowing the medicines or
drinks which are given to him. The engorgement slowly proceeds,
or seems to be stationary for a w^iile ; the fever acquii'es no high
degree of intensity, but the languor and prostration of streno-th in-
crease ; sometimes there is discharge from the mouth or nose, of a
purulent character, yellowish-wl^te in color, fetid, tinged with blood,
and seeming to contain particles of some mucous membrane which

860 CATTLE.

has been corroded, and is coming away piecemeal. The disease fre-
quently terminates in suffocation, about the fourth or fifth day.

On examination after death, the pharynx is generally filled with
this purulent matter, and the membjane beneath is in a state of ul-
ceration, or gangrene. The inflammatory appearance, and the gan-
grenous one too, extend to a greater or less distance down the gullet ;
they usually occupy the whole of the larynx, and often a considera-
ble portion of the windpipe, and occasionally may be traced into the
bronchial tubes. It is evidently a local affection ; it is acute inflam-
mation of the pharynx or the larynx ; oftenest of the former, and
sometimes of both. The contents of the thorax and the abdomen
are usually free from disease.

Bleeding has been found of little sei ^ice in this complaint ; and it
is necessary either to h;isten the suppuration while the surrounding
membrane and other parts retain some vital power, or to evacuate
the fluid as quickly as possible. For the first purpose, blisters of
various kinds, and even the heated iron, have been applied to the
throat ; for the second, the tumor has been lanced, however deeply
it may be seated. It requires, however, an experienced veterinary
surgeon to conduct any operation here, for the part is crowded with
important blood-vessels, the wounding of one of which may be
fatal.

When there is no great external enlargement, and yet much difl5-
culty of breathing, and suffocation is thieatened, there is reason to
apprehend that the pharynx, or some factitious pouch which nature
has suddenly formed for the fluid, or the guttural pouches, (yet very
rarely, for they are small in the ox,) or the commencement of the
communication between the mouth and the ear, are filled with pus.
None but a skillful veterinary surgeon should attempt an opening in
such a case. The following hints may be some guide,

PUNCTURING THE PHARYNX.

The beast must be cast, and properly secured. This must be
effected with as little violence as possible, for in the struggles of the
animal, and the sudden quickening of the breathing, suffocation may
ensue in a moment. If there be a little greater enlargement on one
side than on the other, the animal should be cast with that side up-
ward. The operator should now have the head of the patient mode-
rately extended, and then he will ascertain the situation of the middle
of the anterior edge of the atlas, or first bone of the neck (?/., p. 143).
Close upon this, or coniTected with it, he will find the posterior edge
of the parotid ghmd. He should elevate the skin, and, tak ng the
edge of the atlas as a guide, and following its direction, he should
make his incision about two, or not exceeding thiee inches in length,
but no deeper than the skin and the cellular substance, and the
centre of his incision should answer to the centre of the rounded

PUNCTURING THE PPIARYNX. 261

edge of the atlas. A thin layer, partly muscular and partly nbrous,
will now present itself. It belongs to the subcutaneous muscle oi
the neck, and it lies upon the parotid gland. He should dissect
through it carefully, and if his first incision has been a correct one^
he will come upon the posterior edge of the parotid gland. This he
must separate cautiously from the atlas, and from the cellular tissue
by which it is tied down, and elevate, or turn it aside, as far as the
middle of the space which separates the atlas from the mastoid
process.

The forefinger must now be introduced into the opening. There
is first felt a layer of soft parts, and then the superior lateral branch
of the hyoid bone, from the extremity of which a flat muscle— the
stylo-hyoideus (fig. 13, p. 203) — goes to the styloid process of the
occipital bone. Immediately under this muscle lies that portion of
the pharynx which is connected with the guttural tube of the ear ;
and now, the back of the instrument being turned towards, or touch-
ing the parotid gland, and the edge of it towards the ear, and the
head being somewhat more extended in order to change a little the
situation of the carotids and nerves, the bistoury is plunged through
the muscle into the pharynx beneath.

Sometimes the whole of the fluid cannot be evacuated through
this first incision, and a new one must be sought in a more downward
direction. A curved sounding instrument must be introduced into
the first orifice, and the end of it made to press against dififerent parts
of the cavity, until it can be plainly felt externally between the bifur-
cation of the jugular : every important vessel and nerve will be in
this way pushed aside, and the point of the sound may be cut down
upon without danger.

Pharyngitis, laryngitis, inflammation of the windpipe, in short, all
inflammation of the air- passages, are termed anfjina, homoeopathically ;
and the treatment of one of these diseases will be a formula for all
of them, and each of them should be treated as here indicated.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The first remedy in this oftentimes rather
dangerous disease, is aconitum, which generally suffices when we have
recourse to it in time; we are to administer from two to four doses
within the space of from three to four hours. If the respiratory organs
are more especially affected, so that the respiration is difficult, loud,
whistling, or if there be a swelling, painful externally, some doses of
spongia marina are to be given. Hepar suljjkicns has been found
very effectual in the second case, and likewise hryonia. When the
angina affects more particulaily the organs of deglutition, so that
liquids cannot be swallowed, and return always by the nostrils, the
look of the animal being fixed and wild, helladonva acts as a specific.
Capsicum is suitable in inflammation of the mucous membranes of
the throat, with kinks of coughing, and without any appreciable
fever. Antimonium crudum may also be then tried with success

CATTLE.

When an external lesion, as a blow, &c., has occasioned extenial
swelling and inflammation of the neck, in consequence of which an
angina has supervened, we are to give some doses of aconitum, then
arnica, which are sufficient in many instances, unless the inflamma-
tion has made too much progress. If, after the inflammatory symp-
toms have been removed, there remain a swelling in the neck, we
should have recourse to baryta carhonica, and when that is not suffi-
cient, to hepar sulphuris.

BRONCHITIS.

When catarrh begins to spread, and to involve the lower and more
important air-passages, it attacks the bronchial tubes oftener than
any other portion of the respiratory apparatus, and is inflammation
of the lower and minuter air-passages. It used to be called inflam-
mation of the hint^s in cattle, and is so considered by the majoi-ity of
farmers and cow-leeches ; but since the improvement of veterinary
science, this distinction, one of some moment, has been established.
Bronchitis, however, is seldom pure ; it is the prevailing disease, but
it is complicated with slighter inflammation of the neighboring sub-
stance of the lungs. Bronchitis is rarely sudden in its attack. It is pre-
ceded, and generally for a long time, by cough, which becomes more
and more frequent and painful, and husky and wheezing.

Here, then, is another motive for attention to the hoose of cattle.
Simple catarrh may do little harm ; but the inflammatory affection
will gradually involve other and more important membranes, inflam-
mation of which is generally fatal. Bronchitis is the intermediate
step between catarrh and consumption, and it unfortunately is tha<
step which, if once taken, the other must follow. We may, th^re
fore, except when the disease assumes an epidemic character, (whicl
it not unfrequently dors, and particularly in young cattle,) attribute
it to the neglect or mismanagement of the herdsman or the owner.

The existence of bronchitis may usually be detected by a gradua'
change of the countenance ; a sunken, anxious, haggard look ; i
rapid and laborious breathing, attributable, at first glance, to some
thing more than mere catarrh, however severe that may occasionalh
be ; a cough, painful to a very great degree, and against the fuL
action of which the animal strives as much as he is able, so that it ii
not full and perfect, but hn^kr/ and wheezing. There is a very con-
siderable disinclination to mo\e, which is easily accounted for ; foi
inflammation of the bronchial membrane is accompanied by thicken-
ing of it, and by the secretion of a quantity of viscid mucus, so tha\
the passages are, to a considerable degree, obstructed. This gives a
consciousness of the danger of suffocation, and occasionally the
disease tenninates in suffocation. The slightest motion aggravates
the cough ; and motion of a sudden kind sadly oppresses and terri-
fies the animal. The breath is hot. The seat of inflammation being

BRONCHITIS.

deep, no pain is indicated when the side of the animal is pressed
upon, or lightlj struck, and the animal does not gaze anxiously p.t its
sides. The most important of all, and marking the fatal progress of
the disease, the animal loses flesh rapidly, to a very great extent, and
becomes a mere skeleton.

To young cattle bronchitis is particularly destructive, and the
symptoms and accompanying circumstances are very singular. A
yearling is often observed to have a cough peculiarly distressing. If
bled, and setoned, and physicked, the symptoms will sometimes
rapidly abate ; but in most cases remedial measures are applied in
vain. The cough continues as distressing as ever. The intermissions
are short, and the paroxysms exceedingly violent. The beast is off
his feed, hide-bound, his belly tucked up, his coat staring, his flank
heaving, and it is. painful to hear him cough. This occurs principally
on low, marshy woody lands.

The animal at length dies, and the whole of the brorchial passages
are found to be completely choked up with worms. They are of the
strongylus species, and mostly the Jilaria. Many of them are also
found in the windpipe ; and the mucous membrane both of the
windpipe and the bronchial passage presents an appearance of the
intensest inflammation.

Worms are oftenest found in an injurious quantity in a moist state
of the atmosphere, or in moist situations, and especially in those
which abundantly produce the vegetables and grasses peculiar to
such a locality ; and also in young subjects, and in those whose con-
stitution is somewhat enfeebled.

Bronchitis, when not attended with all the violent symptoms that
characterize the existence of worms in young cattle, should be treat-
ed like other inflammatory complaints." Bleeding will, as usual, be
the first remedy, and it should be carried to the extent which the
pulse will allow ; in general, however, the ox will not, in this com-
plaint, bear the loss of so much blood as in other chest aftections.
To this should follow physic, and the sedative medicines already
recommended, with mashes, <fec.

In some cases a favorable termination of the disease has been pro-
duced ; but in the bronchitis with worms there are exceedingly few
cases of successful treatment. jSTo drug can be brought to bear upon
these worms directly ; for no fluid at all can pass into these tubes.
Diluted chlorine gas might be inhaled. It might be breathed more
readily, if an artificial opening were made into the larynx. Other
symptoms of bronchitis, and particulai-ly the feeling of suff'ocation,
might also be reheved or removed by this.

The animal would, probably, be much annoyed by such inhala-
tion ; he might cough for a while with even greater violence ; but
the woi-ms dying, or their hold being loosened, they might be ex-
pelled through the natui-al or artificial opening by the very urgency

264 CATTLE.

of the cough. That veterinary surgeon or agriculturist would de-
serve well who puts this fairly to the test.

Tliere is another mode of going to work, and one that promises
occasional success. There are certain drugs that are taken up by the
lacteals, or by some of the absorbent vessels, and carried into the
circulation, and produce their effect by immediate contact with the
part on which they operate. Thus mercury acts in various local
diseases ; iodine lessens the growth of many tumors ; and turpen-
tine is a diuretic. Turpentine is pecuHarly destructive to worms.
It enters into every part of the circulation : is recognizable in the
urine and in the breath. The turpentine faihng, it might be worth
while to try the eflfect of squills, or the gum benzoin, or the balsams
of Peru and Tolu. (See page 249.)

Homoeopathic treatment.— :'l\\e. medicines to be employed will, in
a great measure, be regulated by the different stages of the disease ;
amongst the most useful, we shall find hryoniii alba, aconite, bella-
donna, phosphorus, mercurius, cannabis, spongia, &c. If the inflam-
mation is high, we should commence the treatment by giving aconite,
particularly when the pulse is high, and the skin hot and dry. Bel-
ladonna, when there is rattHng of mucus, distressing cough, and op-
pression of the chest. Bryonia, with dryness of the mouth and diffi-
cult respiration ; this remedy is more called for when it is apt to
degenerate into pleurisy. Phosphorus is particularly indicated when
there is reason to apprehend extension of the disease to the substance
of the lungs. Mercurius, when the symptoms resemble catarrh,
with swelling of the glands and an increase of saliva. Spongia,
when the affection threatens to become chronic. When the breathing
is very difficult, tartarus emeticus may be given ; and if the secretion
is abundant, sepia will be found useful ; also arsenicum is a valua-
ble remedy when the disease assumes an epidemic form. It is also
useful to administer a few doses of sulphur when the animal is to
all appearance recovered. If the affection has been allowed to be-
come chronic, the remedies most useful will be found to be spongia,
sulphur, calcarea, carhonica, phosphorus, causticum, silicea, arsenicum,
conium, stannum, (fee.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

The beautiful appearance of the lights, or lungs, in cattle, will
sufficiently prove that these animals are, comparatively, seldom sub-
ject to pure inflammation of the lungs. It has been acknowledged,
however, that, to a certain extent, it accompanies bronchitis ; for,
when the membrane of the air-passages is inflamed, it is to be ex-
pected that the air-cells in which these passages terminate will not
quite escape.

The substance of the lungs is made up of thousands of these little

INFLAMMATION OF 'iHE LUNGS.

cells or pouches, into which the air is conducted; and over the
delicate membranes constituting the divisions of which myriads of
minute vessels are ramifying, and where the blood undergoes its
important change. It is easy to imagine that this membrane, so
dehcate, and so loaded with blood-vessels, must be subject to in-
flammation of an exceedingly dangerous character.

Still, however, these air-cells are not so often the seat of inflam
mation in cattle as might on first consideration be imagined. There
are exciting causes enough of inflammation in the air-passages from
exposure to the inclemency of the weather, and from the general
bad management to which cattle are subject ; and this may run on
to the formation of tubercles and ulcers, and death.

Until latelv, all chest affections were confounded under the term
pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia occasionally
attacks all cattle, but more particularly working beasts, and those
that have been driven long, or hurried on their journey. The dis-
ease usually appears at the distance of some hours, or a day or two,
from the exciting cause of it, and can generally be clearly traced to
that cause. The beast is dull — the head is extended or drooping —
grazing and rumination have ceased. The flanks heave, but not so
laboriously as in bronchitis. There is cough frequent — sore, but not
so frequent, so urgent, nor so painful as that of bronchitis. The
mouth is hot, but the horns and ears and feet are deathy cold. The
animal will not lie down — will scarcely move, but more from inabil-
ity to move because he wants the use of the muscles for other pur-
poses, than from fear of suff'ocation — and he plainly points out the
seat of disease by looking at one or both flanks. Pneumonia, then,
would be easily distinguished from the disease which has been just
treated of, and from pleurisy, which will next come under considera-
tion, if the symptoms of the maladies of cattle were but a little more
attended to than they generally are.

The treatment will vary in some minute particulars. Bleeding
will be indicated, and as earlv as possible, and the blood should flow
until the pulse is aftected. A much greater quantity will be ab-
stracted in this disease than in bronchitis, because the animal will
bear up, or struggle with the loss of blood. In a membrane so vas-
cular as that which lines the air-cells, the inflammation will often
be so intense that it will not yield to one bleeding, and the progress
of the disease must therefore be watched with this view.

Copious bleeding is the remedy most to be depended on for sub-
duing the inflammation, and should be had recourse to as soon as the
disease is discovered. The beast should be put into a cool cow-house,
well littered, and immediately bled. If the difficulty of breathing
and other symptoms are not much relieved in six or eight hours
after the first bleeding, it should be repeated. A third or fourth
bleeding may in bad cases be requisite. In this disease, more than
12

ca-Tple

in any other, the person who attends the -cattle should be present
when the beast is bled. It is impossible, by looking at the patient,
and considering the symptoms, to say what quantity of blood ought
to be taken away ; but, as a general rule, and especially in inflamma-
tion of the lungs, and at the first bleeding, the blood should flow un-
til the pulse begins to falter, and -the animal seems inclined to faint.
The faltering of the pulse will regulate the quantity of the after-
bleedings. Little bleedings of two or three quarts, atthe commence-
ment of inflammation of the lungs, ann never be of service ; from six
to eight quarts must be taken, or 'even more, regulated by the cir-
cumstances that have been mentioned, and the blood should flow in a
large full stream.

Physic will be plainly indicated, and it may be given to cattle in
pneumonia, generally with advantage, and always without apprehen-
sion. It should, however, be of an* -unirritating kind. The purga-
tive effect should be first produced by the Epsom salts, and kept
up by sulphur. In an acute inflammation, like that of the lungs, it
is necessary that the physic should act speedily, and yet it may ac-
cumulate in the rumen. The practitioner hardly dare to unite with
it aromatic or stimulating matter in order to rouse this comparatively
insensible viscus to action, but he must have speedy recourse to the
stomach-pump, in the way already pointed out.

Blisters Avill here be especially indicated. The inflammation is no
longer that of the air-passages deep in the' substance of the lungs,
but of their terminations, upon the surface of the lungs, as well as
everywhere else. It is difficult to cause a blister to rise on the thick
«kin of the ox ; yet the common blister-ointment, thoroughly rubbed
in, wall occasionally have effect. The" turpentine tincture of cantha-
rides, repeatedly applied, will cause considerable swelling ; or, both
of these failing, theie ]-emain, in bad cases, boiling water and the hot
iron at command. Setons in the dewlap- should never be omit
ted, and sliould be inserted immediately after the first bleeding,
and the purging drink given. Four drachms of nitre, two of ex-
tract of belladonna, and ,one of tartarized antimony, may afterwards
be administered twice a da}^ in a drink.

Attention to diet is requisite, and warm water and mashes must be
regularly given two or three times a day,

Jlomceopa/hic treatment. — Some doses of aconitinn at short inter-
vals, (every hour or every two hours.) generally remov-e the violent
fever, after which some doses of hryonia (one morning and night,)
establish a perfect cure on the second or third day. It is scarcely
necessary to say that the beast must be carefully watched for some
time, and that it must be protected fmm damp and cold. Neglected
cases of pneumonia have been cured by means of china and rdtrum,
after tubercles had probably been formed in the lungs. If the appe-
tite is not soon restored, nux vomica and arsenicum should be given.

ACUTE AND EPIDEMIC FNEUIIONIA.

The following medicines will also be found very useful, tartarus
emeticus, sangidnarius canadensis phosjyJiorus, cannabis, cinchona,
rhus toxicodendron, &c.

ACUTE AND EPIDEMIC PNEUMONIA.

An acute species of pneumonia in cattle is sometimes met with,
and it occasionally appears as an epidemic. The beast hangs his
head — there is dryness of the muzzle — the mouth and breath are
hot — the flanks more or less agitated — there is a hard, dry, and fre-
quent cough — the appetite is gone, but the thirst is excessive — the
excrement is solid and black, or liquid, black, and fetid — the coat
rough — the horns and ears hot, or alternately hot and cold — there
is languor and apparent weakness, and sometimes direct lameness,
and most frequently of one of the hind legs.

To these rapidly succeed other symptoms — that tenderness along
the spine and the whole of the lumbar region which has been again
and again described as so characteristic of almost every inflammato-
ry disease of cattle ; the head is now stretched out — the eyes are
unnaturally bright, yet weeping — there is grinding of the teeth —
the mouth and breath become hotter — a mucous, or sometimes pur-
ulent discharge runs from the mouth and nostrils, at first clear, but
soon becoming brown, red, or bloody — the flanks heave more vio-
lently— the cough is more urgent — it has become convulsive — the
nostrils dilate and contract Avith spasmodic violence — the animal no
longer lies down, or if he does, rises again immediately — sweats
break out on diflferent parts of the body — the temperature of differ-
ent parts varies, and very curiously changes — the secretion of milk is
suspended, but the teats become hard and swelled — tumors appear
on various parts — a shivering, partial or total, succeeds, and the
tumors disappear, but they speedily rise again and are more per-
manent. Possibly some of the most urgent of the symptoms remit
when the tumors begin to appear, but towards night an exacerba-
tion succeeds, which does not subside until the morning.

The prostration of strength increases — the belly is tucked up and
corded — the flanks heave with greater violence — the back and loins
become bowed — the limbs are drawn together towards the centre of
gravity — the stools are liquid and fetid, and accompanied by much
straining and tenesmus — the sensibihty of the loins is now subsided
— the sensibility generally is almost gone — the flies collect about the
beast, and he makes no effort to drive them away — every irritant
ceases to act upon the skin — the respiration is quickened, and more
and more laborious — it is accompanied by a gurgling noise in the
chest, distinctly heard even without the application of the ear to the
side — the nostrils become yet more dilated, and the mucus flowing
fiom them varies in color, but exhales a cadaverous, infectious odor
— the breath is now become cold, and is as ofiensive as the discharge

CATTLE.

— the pupil of the eye becomes dilated — an offensive secretion pro-
ceeds from the lids, and the animal is evidently becoming blind — the
prostration of strength still goes on — the beast falls — he perhaps
rises again for a little while — and then falls and dies.

The disease is sometimes rapid in its progress, and the animal is
destroyed in twenty-four or eight-and-forty hours after the first
attack. This is particularly the case with young cattle, and those
that are in good condition. At other times, the beast lingers on six
or seven days.

On examination after death, the lungs are gorged and black with
blood ; they are softened, and easily torn ; they, however, contain
some spots of hepatization, or condensed substances, and often
abscesses filled with pus. In man}^ parts gangrene has begun, and
chiefly about the anterior portion of the lung. The pleura, the peri-
cardium, and the diaphragm are black, thickened, and disposed to
gangrene. Traces of inflammation are found in the abdomen, but
not of so intense a character. The rumen is filled with dry food ;
the contents of the manyplus are so hardened that they may be
broken and reduced to powder ; the fourth stomach is more or less
inflamed ; the liver is enlarged, and of a yellow color, and the bile is
thickened.

It is evidently inflammation of the lungs, associated, more or less,
with that typhoid form of disease to which cattle are so subject.
Solitary cases of it are seen ; but it often appears as a kind of epi-
demic. It used to be called ganyrenoiis inflammation of the lungs,
from the supposed gangrenous state in which the lungs were found ;
but these appearances are produced more by congestion, and indicate
the violence with which the blood has been driven through the vessels
of the air-cells, and by which those vessels have been ruptured, and
the cells filled with blood. The blood, once effused, soon coagulates
in the cells, and gives that black, softened, pulpy kind of appearance
which the cow-leech and the herdsman used to think was proof posi-
tive of rottenness. It is true that this effused blood soon begins to be
decomposed, and the fetid smell of corruption ensues ; but this is
very diflei ent from gangrene of a living part. These congested lungs
show that the inflammation was of the intensest character, and had
not been long in destroying the animal.

A contagious character of the disease is far from being established.
No other variety of pneumonia with which we are acquainted is con-
taoious, at least under ordinary circumstances ; yet the farmer should
take the most prudent course, and avoid, as much as he can, the
possibility of contagion.

Few years pass in which this acute pneumonia does not visit some
districts. The symptoms vary, but it is decidedly a disease of the
respii'atory system primarily, and the danger depends on the intensity
of the inflammatory action in the early stage, and the degree in

ACUTE AND EPICEMIC PNEUMONIA.

which, the vital power being exhausted, disease of a typhoid and
malignant character succeeds.

Of the nature of the treatment there can be no rational doubt.
Although the state of acute fever is quickly succeeded by one of a
perfectly contrary character, it is not until it has committed the most
earful ravages. The congested state of the lungs — the breaking
down of the substance of that important part — must be sufficient to
convince any rational person of the mischief that is going forward in
the early stage, and the necessity of disarming the enemy before that
mischief is irreparably inflicted. Therefore this acute pneumonia
should be attacked in time, and by the most energetic treatment.
Bleeding is the sheet-anchor, and should be pushed to its full extent.
The important fact that the pulse, duly attended to, will prevent the
possibility of injurious consequences from bleeding in every case, can-
not be too often alluded to. While the pulse keeps up, the power
of the constitution, or rather the power of the disease, is unimpaired ;
and the faltering of pulse gives timely warning that one or the other
is preparing to give way. It is folly to object that the after weaknesg
will be increased, or that the bleeding will undermine the power of
the constitution ; it is the disease which is doing this, and which will
fatally accomplish its work if unchecked. By weakening the power
of the disease, and especially by its removal, the vigor of the system
would be preserved, and the animal would be saved. In proportion
to the intensity and rapid progress of the inflammation should be the
vigor the attack.

The state of the cough, and heat of the breath, and heaving of the
flanks, will indicate, in the space of a few hours, whether the fever is
permanently diminished, or has again rallied its forces ; and by this
the practitioner will be guided as to the propriety of a second bleed-
ing, and the quantity of blood to be taken.

Physic will of course succeed. Two scruples of the farina of the
Croton nut should first be given, as most likely to operate speedily ;
and the Epsom salts and the injection-pump should be in requisition
until the bowels are well opened.

This being accompHshed, if the inflammation evidently continues,
digitalis, emetic tartar, and nitre will be given. If the fever is, to a
very considerable degree, subdued, but it is far from certain whether
there may not be Im-king danger of its return, the sedative medicines
must still be given, but half an once of the spirit of nitrous ether
should be added. This is an excellent medicine in such cases. It is
both a sedative and a tonic. It allays irritation, and it stimulates to
healthy action. Its good efi'ect, however, is often destroyed by its
being given in enormous doses. In these doubtful cases it will rarely
be piudent to give more than half an ounce ; and when designed aa
a stimulant, the dose st.ould rarely or never exceed double thai
quantity.

270 CATTLE.

If the stage of debility be evidently and rapidly approaching, the
chance of doing good is almost gone. Yet there is no cause for
absolute despair. The mouth and nostrils and any suppurating
tumors must be washed with the chloride of lime. A small quantity
— half a drachm — of the powder in solution should be given inter-
nally, morning and night. The spirit of nitrous ether and laudanum,
in doses not exceeding an ounce of the former with half an ounce of
the latter, should be administered ; and to them may be added
ginger, gentian, and Colombo, the whole being given in thick gruel,
with half a pint of good ale.

Malt mashes, vetches, carrots, clover, hay — according to the season
— may be offered as food, and, should the situation and time of the
year permit it, the animal should be turned into a salt-marsh as soon
as it has strength to travel there.

The epidemic nature of the malady not admitting of any doubt,
and its contagious character being yet a question of dispute, while the
healthv beasts are separated from the diseased, the owner cannot too
often visit, nor too closely examine his cattle, in order to detect the
earliest symptom of the disease, and to attack it while there is fair
hope of success.

The sound animals, eveiy one of them, should be bled and phys-
icked. This inflammation is most intense in its character, and strong
and healthy beasts in good condition fare the worst ; then care should
be taken to remove a plethoric state of the system, and thus to
remove the predisposition to disease. They should likewise be turned,
if possible, into a pasture good and containing sufficient nourishment,
but not quite so luxuriant as that on which they had probably been
placed.

[Since the first and only edition of this work printed in England,
this disease has prevailed feaifully there. It is known as the
epizootic and pleura-pneumonia by the veterinarians ; and commonly
as the lung-epidemic. It is now deemed contagious. It has assumed
a still more terrible form, and is always fatal unless promptly treated
on its very commencement ; not an hour is to be lost. — Am. jBV/.]

Homoeopathic treatment. — Some dosc^ of aconitum at short inter-
vals (every hour or every two hours,) generally remove the violent
fever, after which some doses of hryonm (one morning and night,)
establish a perfect cure on the second or third day. It is scarcely
necessary to say that the beast must be carefully watched for some
time, and that it must be protected from damp and cold. Neglected
cases of pneumonia have been cured by means of china and nitrum,
after tubercles had probably been formed in the lungs. If the appe-
tite be not soon restored, nux vomica, and aisenicum should be given,

The following medicines will also be found very useful, — tartarus
emeticus, sanguinarius canadensis, phosphorus, cannabis, cinchona, rhuf
toxicodendron, (fee.

. • PLEURISY. 271

^ ^

PLEURISY.

While disease of the substance of the lungs usually takes on the
form of bronchitis in cattle, these ajiimals are nevertheless subject to
inflammation of the pleura; or covering membrane of the lung, and
the lining one of the chest. ' Of the exciting causes of pneumonia, the
most frequent and active, i'S the exposure to partial cold. The ox,
after hard work, and the cow, too soon after parturition, have nothing
but the cold, damp ground to lie upon. Even in his stable, the ox is
too much neglected ; sleeping on dung midergoing fermentation.
The evaporation and the diffusion of pestilential gas are in great
activity. Nothing can be more likely to cause inflammation of the
lining membrane of the chest. ':

Pleurisy may be produced fey conttisions on the side, and by wounds
penetrating the thoracic cavity : to these evils the ox, among his
horned brethren, is much exposed. .

Post-mortem examination proves that, next to bronchitis, the most
frequent disease of the chest is pleurisy.

Among the symptoms by which we may distinguish pleurisy from
every other inflammatoiy affection of the chest, is the greater fre-
quency of universal shivering, and particularly of shivering or trem-
bling of the shoulders. This is a very peculiar symptom, and should
be carefully studied. Even while the animal is otherwise quiet, the
shoulders and upper part of the chest are trembling violently.

The cough of pleurisy is lower, shorter, and more painful than that
of most other chest affections. The^bi-eathing, seldom so laborious
as in some other cases, is shorter and broken off in the act of inspira-
tion, and lengthened in that of expiration. The sides are tender ; the
animal shrinks if they be but lightly touched ; and thert are twitch-
ings of the skin, and a very curious succession of wavy lines running
over the affected side or sides.

The termination of pleurisy is by the' effusion of fluid into the chest,
compressing the lungs on every side, gradually rendering respiration
difficult, and at length impossible, and' destroying the beast by suffo-
cation.

There is httle difference in the treatment of pneumonia and pleurisy.
In both, the inflammation must be subdued by bleeding, physic, seda-
tives, blisters, setons, and restricted tiiet. Half an ounce of the
common liquid turpentine may be used with advantage, instead of
the nitre, when the presence of pleurisy" is clearly ascertained.

No advantage has been taken of an ort)eration on the pleuritic ox by
which the fluid might be withdrawn ..'from the ehest. It may be
worth the attempt.

There are generally adhesions between the covermg of the lung
and the lining of the sides ; and betwe^ the lung and the diaphragm,
which would always interfere materially with the act of respiration

272 CATTLE.

and the health of the animal. In all these cases of chest affection
there is so little prospect of savintr the beast, that it would be the
interest of the owner to have him slaughtered at the beginning, if he
be at all in condition, or rather if he be not deploribly thin.

HomKOjyathic treatment. — The chief remedy to be employed is
aconitiun, of which one dose is to be taken every two, three, or four
hours, according to the severity of the fever, until it has entirely
ceased. The same doses of hryonia are to be given, at intervals of
from eio-ht to twelve hours at least, which remove the remainder of
the disease. Chamomilla contributes to restore the secretion of milk
in milch cows.

PHTHISIS, OR CONSUMPTION.

This is only a continuation of the same subject, or, rather, it is a
description of another termination of chronic disease of the lungs.
One of the consequences of continued inflammation of the lungs is the
formation of tubercles. There is a greater or smaller number of little
distinct cysts, or cells, into which some fluid is poured in the progress
of inflammation. These enlarge, and occupy a space varying from
the size of a pin's head to that of a large eg^. By degrees the fluid
changes to a sohd, and the tumor becomes harder than the surround-
ina^ substance, and so continues for awhile — the consequence of
inflammation, and the source of new irritation and disease.

At leno-th it once more changes. The tubercle begins to soften at
its centre', something like suppuration goes on there, and the contents
of the swellings become perfectly fluid, but of a difierent nature from
that which first filled the cyst. It is now pus. The cyst increases
with greater or less rapidity ; it comes in contact with neiohboring
ones, and the walls of each are absorbed by their mutual pressure.
They run together and' form one cyst, which is called an abscess, or
vomica.

An animal possessing this tuberculated state of the lungs, and the
tubercles running into abscesses, is said to be consumptive. So much
of the lunor is destroyed, that there is not enough left for the purposes
of life, and the patient w^astes away, and dies.

The lungs of the cow, after chronic or neglected catarrh, or bron-
chitis, or pneumonia, or pleurisy, are much disposed to assume this
tuberculated and ulcerated state. The symptoms of consumption are
not always to be distinguished from those of pleurisy, or even pneu-
monia or bronchitis ; and sometimes there may be extensive ulceration
of the XxxxiQS without any indication of disease sufficient to attract
notice. When a bullock is fattened for the butcher, and killed, we
occasionally wonder to observe how little of the lung is left for the
purpose of breathing.

A cough is the earli^-st symptom, but a cough of a peculiar char-

PHTHISIS, OR CONSUMPTION. 273

acter. lliat veterinary surgeon is ignorant of his profession, who
does not at once, and at a distance, -recognize the cough which,
although it may not precisely indicate pfcthisis, betrays a state of the
lungs pregnant with danger. #

If the cough be sonorous and clear, the lung is not yet fatally
injured. That cough, however, must not be neglected long. It is
the product of intlaramation, that may be silently, but rapidly,
disorganizing the lungs. The prudent man will not suffer such a
cough to continue many days, without giving a mash, or a dose of
physic ; or, perchance, bleeding, and inserting a seton. This is one
of the points to which we cannot too often recur. It is new practice
— new doctrine ; the interests of the agriculturist are peculiarly con-
nected with it.

By-and-by, this cough becomes altered. It is no longer loud, and
clear, and careless ; it is lower in ite tone — feeble — hoarse. Mischief
has now been done, and perhaps of an irreparable kind. The farmer
will not always be able to point out the precise nature of the affection
of the chest from the sound of the cough ; but he will soon learn to
do it much oftener, and much more cerlainly. than he has hitherto
thought it possible. In simple catarrh there is an unchecked effort
of the lungs to force on the cough r> yet some hoarseness may attend
that cough, plainly referable to the upper air-passages. In bronchitis
there will also be a forcible effort ; the mucus is viscid ; and the
membrane of the tubes is thickened ; and the passage is diminished ;
and considerable force must be used to urge on a volume of air, and
to carry the mucus before it ; but it is a force which acts slowly, and
by pressure, for the membrane being inflamed is tender. The cough
shows pain ; it is no longer full and perfect ; it is slowly performed,
and at the same time husky and wheezing, and the mucus rattles in
the passage as it is forced along. In pneumonia the cough is fre-
quent— sore ; but it is not so sore as in bronchitis, for it has not the
same inflamed membrane to pass over ; it is, however, painful, for
the substance of the lung is inflamed, and therefore it is low, and, to
a certain degree, suppressed. In pleurisy, the cough is sharper,
spasmodic, yet not loud. Hitherto the pain has been confined to the
lungs ; here the lining membrane of the chest is affected, and intense
pain felt at every rising and faUing of the chest ; therefore the cough
k short — it is cut short — it is somewhat spasmodic, and yet no louder
than can be helped.

The cough of incipient consumption \» an inward, feeble, painful,
hoarse, rattling, gurgling one. It reveals fearful disorganization,
which can seldom be repaired. The j)rocess of disorganization is not
rapid. Weeks and months, or, under favorable circumstances, years,
may pass on, and few other symptoms be added to this peculiar
cough.

Here is disorganizarion of the lungs — disorganization which may
12*

274 CATTLE.

in a few cases, be repaired, but in the great majority of them will
proceed to its fatal termination. It is a disorganization which doe8
not immediately interfere with the discharge of the functions cf life.
The beast will fatten, and, perhaps, almost as rapidly as before. In
some cases it has been imagined that by careful feeding, a very con-
siderable degree of condition has been acquired with unusual quick-
ness ; but this will not last long. The effect of diseased structu: e,
and diminished substance of the lungs, will soon tell in the unthrifti-
ness and loss of condition of the beast. It will not be prudent to
attempt any medical treatment at all, or at least beyond that of a
mere palliative nature.

If any thing is to be done, bleeding will be here, as in other in-
flammatory cases, the first step, but pursued in a more cautious man-
ner than in any of the others — never pushed beyond the very first
indication of its proper effect, nor repeated until after due considera-
tion, and a full conviction that renewed irritation is beginning to be
set up. To this must be added mild doses of physic, and the use of
the sedative medicines ; with proper care that the animal is not un-
necessarily exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather, and yet avoid-
ing too much nursing.

If treatment be tried, there is one circumstance and one only,
which will enable one to understand the real ground, and that is, the
character of the cough, which will still remain, although much less
frequent. Is it the clear, sonorous cough which indicates the com-
parative healthiness of the air-passages, or doe-s it continue to be, to
a greater or less degree, painful, inward, feeble, and gurgling ? If
the latter, the amendment is delusive. It is one of those temporary
rallyings of nature, or transient effects of medicine, which are some-
times witnessed ; or, perhaps there has been some salutary change
of atmospheric influence : but there is mischief still — and the most
salutary advice would be, to dispose of the animal while something
like its value can be obtained. Weeks, months may pass on ; but by-
and-by — the symptoms of confirmed phthisis appear, and the animal
is lost.

This second, and more violent attack, has many symptoms similar
to those that have been described as attendins: the latter stages of
bronchitis or pleurisy ; but there are a few which would point out
the nature and seat of the disease when there is no previous history
of the case to guide the practitioner. The milk gradually diminishes,
and, had it been examined before its diminution, an evident deterioration
in quality would have been observ^ed ; it has acquired an unpleasant
flavor — it quickly becomes sour — it spoils, or gives a peculiar taste
to that with which it is mixed. The butter that is made from it i§
ill-flavored, and the cheese will not acquiie a proper consistence.
Some have said that the milk is of a blue color, and that it has more
s^rum in ils composition than ordinary and healthy milk.

PHTHISIS, OR CONSUMPTION. 271

When consumption begins to be confirmed, the animal loses flesh
with greater or less rapidity, and becomes weak. She eats with
almost undiminished appetite ; but the process of rumination re-
quiiing long, and new fatiguing action of the jaws, is slowly and
lazily performed. There is frequently a discharge from the mouth
or nostrils, or both ; at first colorless and without smell, but soon
becoming purulent, bloody, and fetid. Diarrhoea is present, and
that to a degree on which the most powerful astringents can make
no impression. Then, also, appears the inflammation of the tissue
beneath the skin. Whatever part of the animal is pressed upon,
she shrinks ; and if upon the loins, she moans with pain. The skin
becomes dry and rcaly ; and it strangely creaks as the animal crawls
staggering along.

One circumstance is very remarkable and characteristic. The
mind and animal desires even of this comparatively dull and in-
sensible being are roused to an extreme degree of intensity. The
cow is, in many cases, almost continually in heat. When she is
impregnated, the oestrum does not go off"; and the consequence of
this continuance of excitement is that she is very subject to abor-
tion.

One of the causes of consumption, almost unsuspected by many
breeders, and sufficiently guarded against only by a few — heredi-
tary predisposition — cannot be spoken of in too strong terms. It is
rare that the ofi'spring of a consumptive cow is not also consumptive.
If it be a heifer-calf, she may possibly live a little after her first calv-
ing, and then she usually sickens, and the disease proceeds with a
rapidity unknown in the mother.

Change of climate is a frequent cause. Some dairymen are aware
how much depends on the cow being suited to the climate, or,
rather, being in her native climate. This explains the strange diff"er-
ence of opinion with regard to breeds. Almost every farmer is
partial to his own breed, and undervalues those of other districts,
and even those of his neighbors ; and, to a very great degree, he is
right. His cattle breathe their native air ; they are in a climate to
which, by a slow and most beneficial process, and extending through
many a generation back, their constitution has been in a manner
moulded ; and it is only after a long seasoning, and sometimes one
attended by no little peril, that the stranger becomes at home in a
foreign district, and so adapted and reconciled to the temperature,
and degree of dryness or moisture, and to the diff'erence of soil and
herbage, as to do quite as well, and yield as much and as good milk,
as in the vale in which she was reared.

Experience teaches that a change of climate involving a material
difi'erence in temperature, or soil, or herbage, is frequently prejudicial ;
and that while there is derangement in every system, the respiratory
one seems .o suffer most, and a slow, insidious, yet fatal change is

276 CATTLE.

tliere oftenest effected. If a dairy of cows be removed from a moist
situation to a dry and colder one, consumption will often appear
among them, although a dry Jiir is otherwise esteemed a specific
against the complaint ; but if they be taken from a dry situation,
and put on a woody and damp one, phthisis is sure to appear before
the first season is past.

There is one striking fact, showing the injurious effect of heated
and empoisoned air on the pulmonary system. There are some cow-
houses in which the heat is intense, and the inmates are often in a
state of profuse perspiration. The doors and the windows must
sometimes be opened, and then the wind blows in cold enough upon
those that are close to them, and, one would naturally think, could
not fail of being injurious. No such thing. These are the animals
who escape ; but the others, at the farther end, on whom no wind
blows, and where no perspiration is checked, are the first to have
boose, inflammation, and consumption. This fact speaks volumes
with regard to the management on many a farm.

In dismissing the diseases of the respiratory system, the author is
far more disposed to direct attention to the preventive than the medi-
cal treatment. By the former one may do much. Let the over-
filled cow-houses be enlarged, and the close and hot ones be better
ventilated ; let neglect, and exposure, and starvation yield to more
judicious and humane treatment ; when cattle are fed on dry food,
let them have sufficient to drink two or three times every da}^ ; let
those that exhibit decided symptoms of consumption be removed from
the dairy, not because the disease is contagious, but because it is
undeniably hereditary ; and, where so little can be done in the way
of cure, let nothing be omitted in the way of prevention.

Iodine possesses powder to arrest the growth of tubercles in the
lungs, and even to disperse them when recently formed. It may
not be a specific for phthisis or consumption in cattle, but it has
saved some that would otherwise have perished, and, for a while,
prolonged the existence and somewhat restored the condition of more.
Let the proprietor of cattle, and more especially practitioners, study
closely the symptoms of phthisis, as detailed, and make themselves
masters of the inward, feeble, painful, hoarse, gurgling cough of con-
sumption, and as soon as they are assured that this termination or
consequence of catarrh, or pneumonia, or pleurisy, begins to have
existence — that tuber6.es have been formed, and, perhaps, have be-
gun to suppurate — let them have recourse to the iodine, in the form
of the hydriodate of potash, given in a small mash, in doses of three
grains, morning and evening, at the commencement of the treatment,
and gradually increased to six or eight grains. To this should be
added proper attention to comfort ; yet not too much nursing ; and
free access to succulent, but rot stimulating, food ; and the medicine
should be continued not only antil the general condition of the beast

PHTHISIS, OR CONSUMPTION. ZH

begins to improve, but until the character of the cough has been es-
sentially changed.

Homoeopathic Treatment. — Nitrum, given at the commencement
of the disease, which, no doubt, is then difficult of recognition, pro-
duces good effects, being employed alternately with sulphur. If the
phthisis has already become more developed, much good may be
obtained from stannum and phosphorus. Mercurius vivus has also
been proposed alternately with hepar suJphuris. Colchicum is useful
for the relief of the state of meteorization or formation of gas in the
stomach, which often accompanies phthisis.

278 CATTLE.

CHAPTER XII.

THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE GULLET AND STOMACHS.
THE CESOPHAGUS, OR GULLET.

The food having been forced along the posterior part of the mouth
by the consecutive action of the tongue and the muscles of the
pharynx, reaches the oesojjhagus, or gullet. This tube extends from
the mouth to the stomachs, and conveys the food from the one to
the other. In cattle this is true in a double sense ; for not only does
the food descend from the mouth to one of the stomachs, when it is
jBrst gathered, but is returned for a second mastication, and after-
wards, a third time, traces the same path to its destination in the
true digestive stomach. There is some peculiarity of structure in
the oesophagus, in order to prepare it for this increased duty.

We first observe the great thickness and strength of the gullet in
the ox. The outer coat of loose cellular substance is yielding and
elastic. The second coat is a muscular one, and of great substance
and power. Its increased substance enables it to dilate, when the
laro-e pellets of rapidly plucked grass, or pieces of parsnip or potato,
or other hard roots, enter it ; and the same increase of muscular
substance enables it to contract more powerfully on such food, and
pass it on to the stomach. There are two layers of muscles in the
gullet of all our domesticated animals, and the fibres of the outer
and inner layer run in different directions, and with plain and mani-
fest reference to the natural food and habits of the animal.

The fibres of both layers of the muscular coat are spiral, but they
wind their way round the gullet in contrary directions, admitting
thus of the lengthening and shortening of the tube in grazing and
swallowing ; ofjfering, perhaps not so much pressure on the food,
and which the lazy mastication and rumination of the animal does
not require ; and permitting a great deal more dilitation when some
large and hard substance finds its way into the gullet.

The inner coat, a continuation of the membrane of the pharynx,
is quite cuticulir, smooth, and glistening. It lies in longitudinal
plaits, so wide and numerous as sufficiently to dilate wh^n the food
passes, and to add very little to the obstacle when a porl'on of food
unusually large is arrested in its passage.

THE CESOPHAGUS, OR PROBANG. 279

The gullet pursues its course down the neck on the left of the
■windpipe, until it reaches the chest. It enters with the windpipe
and blood-vessels through the opening between the two first ribs,
and then winds its way along the upper part, until it reaches the
diaphragm, which it pierces, and then soon terminates in a singular
canal, which will presently be described.

OBSTRUCTIOX IN THE GULLET.

This is commonly called cAoArm^. When a beast is first put on
carrots, or parsnips, or potatoes, or turnips, he is very apt to be
choked. The first mastication is always a very careless afiair, and
everything that is put before the anima^ is swallowed with very httle
chewing. If the herdsman has not been attentive in slicing or
bruising the roots, mischief of this kind is likely to happen. It hap-
pens often when eggs, to promote condition in cattle, are given
whole, or loaded with tar, or some nauseous drug, in cases of blain,
hoose, mawsick, or other supposed stomach complaints.

When the root sticks in the gullet, and can be evidently seen and
felt there, the farmer or the cowherd first gets his cart-whip — in
good hands not a dangerous instrument, on account of its being plia-
ble and yielding ; others take a cart-rope, which is somewhat more
objectionable, because the ends may do mischief. They who have
neither good sense nor regard for the sufferings they may inflict,
take even a common rack-stick. Whatever it be, they thrust it down
the gullet and work away might and main, to drive the offending
body down.

There is no doubt that some instrument should be introduced into
the gullet, in order to push the root into the stomach, but it is the
force that is used to which we object, and that does all the mischief.

DESCRIPTION OF THE (ESOPHAGUS PROBANG.

Every farmer should have a flexible probang ready for use, either
of the improved kind, as contrived by Mr. Read, or on the plan of
that which was first introduced by Dr. Monro.

The cut on p. 280 will give a sufiicient idea of the construction of
the most useful probang, or oesophagus-tube.

Fig. 1. a. The tube, made either of simple leather, or of leather
covering a canal formed of spiral wire. It is about four feet and a
half in length, so as to reach from the mouth to the rumen, and
leaving a sufficient portion outside the mouth for it to be firmly
grasped.

h. The stilett, represented as introduced into the tube, and run-
ning the whole length of it. It gives greater firmness and strength
to the tube, when it is either passed into the stomach in cases of
hoove, or used to force anything down the gullet.

c. The handle of the stilett.

280

CATTLE.

d. A hollow piece of wood running freely upon the stilett, and
placed between the handle of the stilett and the round extremity of
the tube. The stilett is longer than the tube by the extent of this
piece of wood, but is prevented from protruding beyond the bulb of
the tube at the other end, by the interposition of this slider at the
handle. The stilett may be introduced at either end of the tube.
It is usually inserted at e, when the instrument is used to force any
obstructing body down the throat, because the enlarged and bulbous
termination of the tube at the other end has a flat or rather concave
surface, and can therefore act with more effect and power on the
substance which sticks in the throat.

/Vy /

e. The end of the tube which is introduced into the paunch in
cases of hoove. Its rounded extremity will permit it to be more
easily forced through the roof of the paunch, and it is perforated
with holes for the escape of the gas with which the paunch may be
distended.

Fig. 2 represents the whalebone stilett, with the hollow piece of
wood running upon it, and shows how easily it may be withdrawn
from the stilett when that is taken out of the tube. The running
piece of wood being withdrawn, if the handle of the stilett be then
pushed down on the bulb of the tube, a portion of it will project at
the other end ; and by moving the stilett up and down in the tube,
this may be made to act on the obstructing body, in the manner and
with somewhat of the force of a hammer.
Fig. 3 will be presently described.

Fig. 4 is a piece of thick strong wood, widest at the centre, ana
there perforated. It is introduced into the mouth in order to keep
it open during the use of the probang, which is inserted through the
hole in the centre. Leathern straps are nailed to the extremities :
these are buckled round the horns, and by means of them this mouth-
piece is securely fastened ; while one of the extremities, being grasped

OPERATION FOR OBSTRUGTIOx^J IN THE GULLET. 281

by ^le operator, forms a very useful point of support during the use
of the tube. The farmer should also have another mouth-piece, with
a central hole that will admit of the passage of a small hand. He
will thus be enabled to get at and to remove substances that have
not descended beyond the commencement of the gullet, or that have
been returned so far by means to be hereafter described. This mouth-
piece will be very useful in cases of polypus in the nose and many
diseases of the pharynx ; but it would be too large to be long con-
tinued in the mouth without great pain to the animal, nor could the
probang be so securely or effectually worked through so extensive an
aperture. It is high time that those rude, dangerous, and ineffectual
instruments — the cart-whip, and the cart-rope, and the rack-stick —
should be banished from the practice of the veterinary surgeon, and
discarded by the farmer too.

MODE OF OPERATING FOR THE REMOVAL OF SUBSTANCES OBSTRUCTING

THE GULLET.

•If a COW has swallowed a potato, or turnip, too large to descend
the gullet, and which is arrested in its progress, and evidently seen
at a certain distance down the throat, the farmer should have imme-
diate recourse to the oesophagus-tube, introducing the flatter end
into the throat, and using moderate force. If the obstructing body
yield to this, he will be justified in pushing it on within the chest;
but if, with the application of a fair degree of force, it is very slowly
and with difficulty pushed on, the operator should instantly rehn-
quish the determination to drive it down, for the fibres of the mus-
cular coat of the gullet soon become irritated by the continued
distension, and contract powerfully, and, as it were, spasmodically,
upon the foreign body, and imprison it there. It should also be re-
membered that the gullet itself becomes smaller as soon as it has
entered the thorax ; and, consequently, that which can be moved
only with difficulty in the upper part of the neck, will not be moved
at all in the lower portion of it.

The next consideration then is, whether, although the obstiucting
body cannot be driven on, it may not be solicited, or forced back-
ward. The fibres of the upper part of the gullet have already
yielded, and suffered this substance to pass them — they are Some-
what weakened by the unnatural distension — they have not yet had
time to recover their tone, and they may yield again. It is at least
worth the trial.

The internal coat of the oesophagus is naturally smooth and
glistening ; it may, however, be made more so, and the surface of
the obstructing body may be polished too. A half-pint of olive oil
should be poured down the threat, and an attempt then made with
the fingers, applied externally, to give the body a retrograde motion.
By patient manipulation this will be effected much oftener than ia

282 CATTLE.

imagined. The intruding substance will be dislodged from the situa-
tion in Avhich it was impacted, and will be brought to the upper part
of 'the oesophagus, or even into the pharynx, and will then be some-
times got rid of by the efforts of the beast itself, or may oe easily
drawn out by means of a hand introduced through the large mouth-
piece to which reference was made in the explanation of the oeso-
phagus-tube.

If the obstructing body cannot be moved in this way, we are not
yet without resource. Mr. Read has made an important improve-
ment on, or addition to, the cesophagus-tube, in the form of a cork-
screw. Vide fig. 3, in the preceding cut,

a. The leather tube, as before, but somewhat larger, ai.d longer,
and stronger ; and the upper part of it, for the purpose of additional
strength, composed of brass.

h. The handle of the stilett, which runs through it, as through the
other tube.

c. One of two pieces of wood placed between the handle and the
tube ; hollowed so as to fit the stilett ; removable in a moment, and,
like the hollow piece of wood in the other tube, permitting the stilett
to be two or three inches longer than the tube. They are here
removed, and one of them hangs down, suspended by a string.

d. The bulb which is introduced through the mouth-piece, and
forced down the gullet. It is considerably larger than those at the
ends of the other tube, but not so large as the distended gullet.

e. A corkscrew fixed to the end of the stilett, and which, coming
out in the centre of the knob, cannot possibly wound the gullet.

When this instrument is used, the stilett is pulled up so that the
screw is perfectly retracted and concealed within the knob. The
pieces of wood, c, are placed upon the stilett, between the handle
and the top of the tube, and tied there, so that the screw is now fixed
within the knob ; and the instrument is introduced through the
mouth-piece, and forced down the throat until it reaches the obstruc-
tion. The pieces of wood are then untied, and, by turning the han-
dle, the screw is worked into the obstructing body, as the commoti
corkscrew is into a cork in the neck of a bottle. If the potato or
turnip be fresh and sound, it would hardly be credited what purchase
IS obtained, and in how many instances the nuisance may be drawn
up the throat and got rid of. If the centre of the root should give
way, and a portion of it only be brought out, there is still some good
done, and the screw should be returned again and again, until it will
no longer take hold. By this time, probably, the root will have been
80 weakened and broken down that it will yield to the pressure of the
first probang, and be forced along into the rumen ; or at least it will
be so weakened, that the stilett of the first tube may be used with
advantage.

The stilett must he withdran from the tube, and the running piece

OPERATION FOR OBSTRUCTION IN THE GULLET. 283

of wood taken away ; the stilett is then returned to its sheath, and
may be made to project a couple of inches beyond the knob. It is
retracted, and the tube is passed into the throat ; when it will be
evident that the operator may use either the comparatively broad
part of the knob, or the small and sharp stilett, as the case may seem
to require. To the first he can only apply simple pressure — to the
stilett he can give a percussive action. By sharply pushing down the
handle of the stilett, he will make the other end act with the power
of a little hammer, and thus may break down, and probably work
through, the centre of the root, as in the case which has been
just related. A perforation having been made through the centre,
and the obstruction having been previously torn and weakened by the
screw, the whole may gradually be broken down, or will more readily
yield to pressure.

These directions have been founded on the supposition that tne
foreign body is lodged in the gullet above the entrance into the
thorax ; and if the operator fails in all these contrivances, perhaps he
will now admit, although reluctantly, the application of external force.
It has been recommended to place a small piece of wood against the
gullet, and in contact with that portion of the skin which covers the
obstructing body, and then, with a wooden mallet, to hammer away
against the opposite side. The root has been thus occasionally
broken down, and then forced on with the cart-whip ; but more
frequently the beast has been sadly punished, without any good effect
having been produced ; and, in some instances, although the nuisance
was for a while got rid of, so much tenderness of the gullet remained,
and inflammation arose, and ran to such an extent, that the animal
did not regain its appetite for many weeks afterwards, or pined away,
and became comparatively worthless. The practitioner will, therefore,
unwillingly have recourse to this, and will be justified in first seeing
what bleeding will do. There is not a more powerful relaxant than
bleeding — and especially when it is carried on, if necessary, to abso-
lute fainting. For awhile every spasmodic action ceases, and every
muscular fibre loses its power to contract. The operator wmII, proba-
bly, take advantage of the momentary relaxation, in order to force
the body either upward or downward — upward first, and by far in
preference ; or if downward, yet still cautiously balancing in his
mind the degree of resistance with the chance of ultimate success ;
for, if the resistance continues to be considerable, he may depend
upon it that when he has arrived at the thorax, all further efforts will
be fruitless, and the patient will be lost.

He has one last resource, and he needs not to be so afraid of ven-
turing upon it. There is the operation of oesophacfotomy, or the cut-
ting down upon the obstruction, and thus removing it. The veteri-
nary surgeon will never find, or ought never to find, difficulty here.
After having passed a httle way down the neck, the cesophagus is

284 CATTLE

found on the left of the trachea, and between the carotid and the
jug-ular. The artery will be detected by its puli^ation, and the vein
by its turgescence. The only muscle that can be in danger is the
sterno-maxillaris, and that may, in a very great majority of cases, be
avoided, or, if it be wounded, no ^reat mischief will ensue.

The animal should be cast, (at least this is the safest way, as it
regards both the operator and the patient.) It should be thrown on
the right side, and the head should be a little stretched out, but
lying as flat as the horns will permit. The place of obstruction will
be seen at once. An incision is by some persons made immediately
into the gullet, sufficiently long for the extraction of the root. The
safer way, however, is for the cellular substance to be a littb dissected
away before the gullet is opened, when, if the incision be long enough,
the incarcerated body will readily escape. The edges of the oesopha-
gus should then be brought together, and confined by two or three
stitches ; the skin should also have the same number passed through
it, the ends of the stitches of the gullet having been brought throus^h
the external wound. The beast should have nothing but gruel for
two or three days ; and, after that, gruel and mashes for a little while
longer. In a fortnight or three weeks the wound will generally be
healed, and scarcely a trace of the incision will be visible.

If the obstruction be not observed, or the piactitioner not called in
until the potato or parsnip has passed into that portion of the gullet
which is within the thorax, the chances of saving the animal are
materially diminished. The common probang should first be tried,
and, that failing, the corkscrew should be resorted to, either to draw
the body out, or so to pierce it and break it down, that it may be
forced onward either by the stilett or the knob. The practitioner
should, if necessary, use all the force he can ; for, if the obstruction
be not overcome, the animal will assuredly perish.

It has often been observed, and with much truth, that cow^s, in
whose gullet this obstiuction has once taken place, are subject to it
afterwards. Either they had a habit of voiacious feeding, or the
muscles are weakened by tliis spasmodic action, and not able to con-
tract upon the food with sufficient force for the ordinary purposes of
deglutition. It will therefoie generally be prudent to part with the
cow that has once suffei-ed from an accident of this kind.

strictui;e of the (esophagus.

This rarely occurs in cattle. The writer of this treatise has met
with only one marked case of it. The food occasionally accumulated
in the upper part of the gullet until there was a swelhng eight or ten
inch-^s in length, terminating in an evident contraction of the oesopha-
gus. He passed a probang through the stricture, as large as, without
too great violence, he could manage, and confined it there for an hour.

RUPTURE OF THE OESOPHAGUS.

by means of tapes. This was done for a few days, when a larger
probang was used. The food accumulated less frequently, and, soon
after, ceased to accumulate at all.

RUPTURE OF THE OESOPHAGUS.

In cases of laceration, or rupture of the gullet, which too frequently
follow the violent attempts of unskillful persons to force down the
obstructing body, something might be done if the mischief were
immediately ascertained. Prudence, however, would dictate the
sacrifice of the animal, while it could be fairly sold to the butcher.

If the cure be undertaken, the part must be opened- -the foreign
body liberated from the celhilar texture into which it had probably
been driven — all tlie dirt and indigested matter cleared carefully
away — the ragged and lacerated edges cut off — the divided portions

286 CATTLE.

brought as neatly and as closely together as possible — and the whole
secured by bandages passed several times round the neck ; while the
animal is allowed giuel only for many days, and then mashes. The
dressing should be the healing ointment, daily applied. The power
of nature is great ; and, the foreign body having been removed before
it could cause inflammation and mortification by its presence, the
parts may be reinstated to every useful purpose.

THE CESOPHAGUS WITHIN THE THORAX.

As the oesophagus approaches the chest, it takes a direction more
and more toward the left, and enters it on that side of the windpipe.
It is there found between the laminae of the mediastinum, following
the direction of the dorsal vertebrae. It passes by the base of the
heart, leaving the venae cavae on the right, and the aorta on tlie left.
It by degrees separates itself from the spine, penetrating between
the lungs, and, pursuing its course toward the diaphragm, passes
through the great opening between the crura of that muscle. As it
travels through the mediastinum and between the lungs, it diminishes
in size, and acquires considerable firmness of texture ; but it has no
sooner entered the abdomen, and begun to dip downward, than it
becomes more muscular, and less firm in its structure. It also rapidly
increases in size until it assumes almost the shape of a funnel ; and
terminates directly in no particular stomach, but in a canal which
opens into all the stomachs, of which, as will be seen, the ruminant
possesses four.

Recourse must be had to a few cuts, in order to render this in-
telligible to the reader.

The cut in the preceding page will exhibit the form of the sto-
machs when filled, their relative situations, and their connection with
each other.

a. The oesophagus gradually enlarging as it descends, and appa-
rently running into the rumen or paunch, but, in fact, terminatmg
in a canal.

h. A continuation of the spiral muscles of the oesophagus, thicker
and more powerful as they approach the termination of that tube.

Before proceeding to the consideration of the other parts delinea-
ted in that cut, let us take a different view of the structure and
termination of the gullet. (See cut on page 288.)

a. The oesophagus, enlarging as it descends, and oecoming more
muscular, and particularly the upper and posterior part of it. The
continuation of it along the stomachs is slit up, in order to show that
it would form the continuous roof of the canal which is here laid
open, and which leads to the third and fourth stomachs.

h. The oesophagean canal, exposed by slitting the roof from the
termination of tlie gullet to the third stomach. A considerable part
of the floor is composed of two muscular pillars, lying close to each

THE CESOPHAGtJS WITHIN THE THORAX.

other. It would therefore appear, at first inspection, to be a perfect
canal, and that what descended into it from the gullet would run
on to the third and fourth stomachs. These pillars are duplicatures
of the roof of the first and second stomachs, which lie immediately
underneath them.

c is the continuation of the same canal into and through the
manyplus, or third stomach, which is known by its leaves and thin
hooked edges.

c? is a prolongation of the same canal into the fourth, or true di-
gestive stomach. It is easy therefore to perceive that the food,
whether solid or fluid, may, at the will of the animal, or under par-
ticular circumstances of the constitution, pass into the third and
fourth stomachs, without a particle of it entering into the first or
second ; and we know that this is the case Avith the food after it has
undergone the process of rumination, or a second mastication.

The following cut will give another view of the same parts.

a is again the oesophagus, terminating in the oesophagean canal.

h is, as before, the oesophagean canal ; but now, at the will of the
animal, or under certain states of the constitution, these pillars are no
longer in contact with each other, but there is a large opening at. the
bottom of the oesophagus, displaying the two first stomachs lyino-
under them.

c is the rumen, or pairnch, or first stomach, placed immediately
under the termination of the gullet, and substan:es descendino- that
tube fall through this opening, and are received into it. All the'food,
when first swallowed, goes there, to be preserved for the act of rumi-
nation ; and a portion, and occasionally the greatest portion, of the
fluids that pass down the gullet, enters the rumen. Farther on, at

d, is the reticulum, or second stomach. From the state of that
stomach, or at the wil' of the animal, the m.uscular pillars here also
relax, seld( m or nevei to permit that which is passing alono- the
oesophagean canal to enter the reticulum, but that the contents of
the reticulum may be thrown into the oesophagean canal. This is

288

CATTLE.

the case when the pellet of food is returned for remastication — it is
thrown into the canal from the reticulum — it is seized by the power-
ful muscles at the base of the gullet, and carried up by the spiral
muscles of that tube in order to be remasticated. It will be seen the
upper pillar (situated towards the right in the living subject), and
the lower part of the opening made by the relaxation of the pillars,
belong to the reticulum ; the lower pillar and the anterior portion
of the opening (situated towards the left) belong to the roof of the
rumen. This is veiy satisfactorily seen in the dried stomach of a
young calf.

e is the manyplus, or third stomach, and through which the canal
is still to \)e traced to

b, the abomasum, or fourth, or true digesting stomach. So that,
as was asserted, this canal leads to no particular stomach exclusively,
but to all of them according to circumstances.

We are now, perhaps, prepared to return to the consideration of
the first cut (p. 285).

c c represent the form of this stomach in the greater part of rumi-
nants, and particularly in oxen and sheep. It is situated somewhat
obliquely in the abdominal cavity, and occupies nearly three-fourths
of it. It is divided into two unequal compartments, or sacs, and
reaches from the diaphragm to tte pelvic cavity. By its superior
surface it is attached to the sublumbar region by its vessels, nerves,
and a portion of mesentery. On the right side it is covered by a
portion of the intestines ; on the left side it is more elevated, and
is in contact with the left flank. It is on this account that we
are sometimes induced to adopt the imsurgical mode of giving relief
in cases of hoove ; for when we plunge our lancet or knife into the

THE EXTERIOR OF THE ^TOMACIiS.

left flank, we puncture the distended stomach. Its inferior surface
rests upon the floor of the belly. The left side reaches to the dia-
phragm, and thence, under the left flank, to the pelvis. The right
side rests on the floor of the abdomen, and is covered by the fourth
stomach. The anterior extremity is attached to the diaphragm by
the oesophagus, and by the cardiac ligament ; and the right ex-
tremity floats free, generally occupying the pelvis, but pushed thence
m the latter period of gestation.

Deep scissures not only divide it into two lobes, as has been men-
tioned, but another scissure posteriorly, which will be shown in the
next cut, forms it into two others ; so that its interior presents four
compartments, separated from each by deeply projecting duplica-
tures of the walls of the stomach.

This cut represents two of the three coats of the rumen.

The external, or peritoneal, coat is here represented as turned
back at diff"erent places, in order to show the muscular coat, which
consists of two layers, the one running longitudinally and the other
transversely ; yet not accurately so, for they appear to run obliquely,
^nd in many difterent directions, according to the varying curvatures
of the stomach. A very erroneous opinion of this great macerating
stomach would be formed by considering it as a mere passive reser-
voir in which the food is contained until it is wanted for rumination :
it is in constant motion ; the food is perpetually revolving through
its different compartments, and undergoing important preparation for
future digestion. These muscles are the mechanical agents by
which this is effected, and by running in these different directions
they are enabled to act upon all the differently formed cells of this
enormous viscus.

d. The reticulum, or honey-cortih, or second stomach, viewed ex-
ternally, and supposed to be filled. It is a little curved upon itself
from below upward, and is the smallest of all the stomachs. It rests
against the diaphragm in front of the left sac of the rumen, and is
placed under the oesophagus, and upon the abdominal prolongation
of the sternum. 'Jhere are two layers of muscles belonging to this
stomach, one of them running longitudinally and the other trans-
versely, as in the rumen.

e gives the external appearance of the mnnyplus, or third stomach.
It is less rounded, and longer than the reticulum. It is curved
upon itself from above downward. Its little curvature is applied
on the left, partly over the reticulum, and more on the paunch ; and
on the right it is placed over the base of the fourth stomach.
It is situated obliquely from the right side of the abdomen, be-
tween the liver and the right sac of the rumen. Girard thus de-
scribes it : — " ^ts anterior face rests against the liver and the dia-
phragm— its posterior is placed over the right sac of the rumen.
Its great, rounded, convex curvature is attached to the fourth
13

290 CATTLE.

stom^ich, and also to the rumen, by a prolongation of mesentery ;
and 'ts little curvature is continuous -with that of the reticulum."

Figs. 1 and 2 represent the two hn-ers of muscles, as before.
/ The ahomasum, or fourth stomach, is elongated, and of a cone-
like form, yet somewhat bent into an arch, situated obliquely to the
right of and behind the manyplus, and between the diaphragm and
the right sac of the rumen. It has two free or unattached faces, one
against the diaphragm and the other against the right sac of the
rumen — two curvatures, the inferior and larger convex, and giving
attachment along its inner border to a portion of mesentery, which
extends to the inferior scissures of the rumen ; and the superior or
smaller, receiving the portions of mesentery which go from the reti-
culum to the superior scissures of the rumen. It is also said to have
two extremities, the one anterior, which is the larger, and placed
inferiorl}'-, adhering to the smaller curvature of the manyplus, and
constituting the base, or great extremity of the abomasum ; and the
posterior and superior, which is narrow, elongated, curved above and
backward on the superior face of the right sac of the rumen, and
called the smaller or pyloric extremity.

A dissection of the muscular coat is given here, as in the other
stomachs.

g represents the commencement of the duodenum, or first intestine.

The reader is now prepared for the consideration of the interior of
these stomachs.

a. The oesojyhagus, as before, enlarging, and assuming a funnel-
like shape as it approaches the stomachs.

h. The cesophag^is, cut open at the commencement of the cesopka-
gean canal, in order to show its communi-cation with the first and
second stomachs.

c. The rumen, laid open and divided into its different compart-
ments by scissures, more or less deep, and which on the internal
surface appear as indentations, or duplicatures of the coats of the
stomach. They are recognized imder the name of the double-ti-ipe
when prepared for the table. The rumen is divided into two large
sacs, seen in the cut of the external form of the stomachs (p. 285,)
and the walls that separate them are thick, and perpendicular to
the surface of the stomach, so as to form a very considerable separa-
tion between the compartments of the stomach. These again are
subdivided by transversal bands, which form smaller compaitments.
Two, belonging to the posterior portion of the stomach, are given in
this cut. Tliere are similar divisions in the anterior sac, but which
are here concealed by one of the folds of the stoma?,h.

The whole of the rumen is covered by a cuticular membrane, con-
stituting the third or inner coat. Immediately under this, and aiising
from the interposed tissue between the muscular and cuticular coats,
there are innumerable small prominences or papillae. They are of

THE EXTERIOR OF THE STOMACHS.

291

different sizes and forms in different parts of the rumen. Toward the
longitudmal bands or duplicatures thev are small, and thinlv set •
they are more numerous and larger toWard the centre of the com-
partments ; and largest of all in the bottom of the posterior and most
capacious sac In every part of the rumen they are more thickly
set, and broad and strong toward the centre or bottom of each com"-
partment. Ihey are also harder and blacker in these places When
regarded m different compartments, they appear to be bent or inclined

hev^r.ll .^'7^^-^"^ >^ but when they are more closely examined,
t/it "" ^:^,^^^^^^.^^ '\^. direction which the food takes in its pass-

er^oiul ^^^ ''''''^' ^''T""' "^ '^'^ ^"^^"- '^^^^y ^'^ evidently
food whn^ may sometimes bristle up and ^pose the passage of the
food , while at other times they yield and bend, and suffer it to pass

Tlnn^ V'^-'"'' ''h^T'^^"' ^"""^^ ^-^'^^ i^^gi^^d that these are
glandular bodies, and that they secrete a peculfar fluid ; others con-
bne the glandular apparatus to the tissue between the cuticular coat ;

292 CAfTLE.

and numerous little prominences, which can be seen in the inflated
stomach of a young ruminant wlien exposed to the light, are best
accounted for by considering them as glandular bodies.

There are two openings into the rumen ; the one already spoken of,
at the base of the oesophagus, and through which the substances
gathered at the first cropping of the food, and perhaps all solids, fall,
and a considerable proportion of the liquids are swallowed. The other
opening is below this. It is larger and alwaj's open ; it communicates
with the second stomach ; but there is a semilunar fold of the rumen,
that runs obliquely across it, and acts as a valve, so that nothing can
pass from the first into the second stomach, except by some forcible
effort ; and it is very seldom that anything is returned from the
rumen directly into the oesophagus.

Considering the size of the paunch, it has very few blood-vessels ;
in fact, it has not much to do except macerating the food. The
arteries are supplied by the splenics, which are of very great size in
ruminants. The nerves are given out by the coeliac plexus.

d. 'ihe reticulum, or second stomach. The cuticular coat here
covers a very irregular surface, consisting of cells, shallower and
wider than those of a honey-comb, but very much resembling them ;
hence this stomach is sometimes called the honey-comh. Each of
these divisions contains several smaller ones ; and at the base and
along the sides of each are found numerous minute prominences, or
papillae, which are evidently secreting glands.

There are two openings into the stomach ; one through the floor
of the oesophagean canal, one of the pillars of which is formed of a
duplicature of the coats of the lesser curvature of the reticulum.
The other is that already described, between this stomach and the
rumen.

The muscular coat of this stomach is thick and powerful, but the
blood-vessels are not numerous, for it w.T hereafter appear that its
functions are very simple. The arteries and nerves of the reticulum
are derived fi om the same source as those of the rumen.

€. The rnonyplus, or third stomach. The internal structure of this
stomach is very singular. The oesophagean canal changes its form
and character at the commencement of the manyplus ; and the fleshy
pillars, of which mention has been so often made, unite, forming a
kind of obtuse angle. The floor of the canal is now perfect, and
nothing can any longer fall into the stomachs beneath. A small
circular aperture alone is left between them, which conducts to the
third stomach, the floor of which is closed, but the roof is constructed
in a remarkable way. 'Wie whole of the stomach contributes to form
this roof; and from it there descend numerous duplicatures of the
cuticular coat, each duplicature containing within it cellular tissue,
blood-vessels, and a thin but powerful layer of muscles. They are
formed into groups. A long duplicature, resembling a leaf or cur-

THE EXTERIOR OF THE STOMACHS. 293

tain, hangs from the roof, and floats free in the stomach, and reaches
nearl)' down to the floor. On either side of it is a shorter leaf, and
beyond tliat a shorter still, until the outer leaf becomes very narrow.
Tiien commences another group, with a long leaf in the centre, and
others progressively shortening on each side, until the stomach is
filled with these leaves, hanging down from every part of it, floating
loosely about, and the lower edge of the longest of them reaching
into the continuation of the cesophagean canal.

The cuticular covering of these leaves is peculiarly dense and
strong, and thickly studded with little prominences ; so that when
the leaf is examined it exhibits a file-like hardness, that would scarcely
be thought possible ; and it is evidently capable of acting like a file,
or little grindstone. These prominences are larger and harder
toward the lower part of the leaf; and, in the central leaves, assume
the form and office of little crotchets, or hooks, some of which have
the hardness of horn, so that nothing soHd or fibrous can escape
them.

These groups of leaves vary in number in diff'erent animals, and the
number of leaves constituting each group vary too. They float
thickest, and the canal is smallest, at the entrance into this stomach,
where they are most wanted. Toward the fourth stomach the course
is left more open.

As would be expected, from the complicated mechanism of this
stomach, it is more abundantly supplied with blood-vessels and with
nerves than the second, or even than the first, although that is many
times larger than the third.

f. The abomasum, or fourtlv stomach, is lined by a soft villous mem-
brane, like the digestive portion of ordinary stomachs. It also
contains a great number of folds, or leaves, somewhat irregularly
placed, but running chiefly longitudinally. They are largest and most
numerous at the upper and wider part of the stomach ; and one of the
folds, in particular, is placed at the entrance into the abomasum, yield-
ing to the substances which pass from the third stomach into the fourth,
and leaving, as it were, a free and open way, but opposing an almost
perfect valvular obstruction to their return. This explains the reason
why vomiting is so rare in the ruminant ; and that when it does
occur, it must be produced by such violent spasmodic eff"orts as to
cause or indicate the approach of death. See g and h. p. 288.

Toward the lower and narrower part of the stomach these folds
are less numerous and of smaller size : they are also more irregular
in the course which they take ; some of them running obliquely and
even transversely. This coat of the stomach, when the animal is in
health, is thickly covered with mucus, while, from innumerable glands,
it secretes the gastric juice, or true digestive fluid.

The pyloric or lower orifice of this stomach is guarded by a rounded
projecting thick substance, by which the entrance into the intestine

®4 CATTLE.

is much contracted, and which, indeed, partly discharges the function
of a sphincter muscle.

^ is a portion of the duodenum, or first intestine.

h. The place -where the biliary and pancreatic ducts enter the
duodenum.

i. A stilett is here supposed to be passed through that portion of
the oesophagean canal (the very beginning of it) through which the
gullet communicates with the paunch.

k. A stilett is here supposed to run through that part of tht,
canal by means of which the gullet communicates with the second
stomach,

I. A stilett here passes below the last, and under the oesophagean
canal, showing the situation of the direct communication between the
rumen and the reticulum.

m. The supposed direction of the oesophagean canal to the third
stomach, over the roofs of the paunch and the second stomach.

n. Its passage through the third stomach, and entrance into the
fourth.

THE CHANGES OF THE FOOD IN THE DIFFERENT STOMACHS.

The OX rapidly and somewhat greedily crops the herbage, which
undergoes little or no mastication, but being rolled into a pellet, and
as it passes along the pharynx being somewhat enveloped by the
mucus there secreted, is swallowed. The pellet, being hard and
rapidly driven along by the action of the muscles of the oesophagus-,
falls upon the anterior portion of the oesoph igean canal, and its
curiously formed floor ; and either by the force with which it strikes
on these pillars, or by some instinctive influence, they are separated,
and the pellet falls into the rumen, which is found immediately under
the base of the gullet, as represented at c, p. 288, and /, p. 291.
The food, however, which thus enters the rumen does not remain
stationary in the place where it falls. It has been seen that the walls
of this stomach are supplied with muscles of considerable power, and
which run longitudinally and transversely, and in various directions
all over it, and by means of them the contents of the paunch are
gradually conveyed through all its compartments. At first the food
travels with comparative rapidity, for the muscles of the stomach act
strongly, and the papillae with which it is lined easily yield and suffer
it to pass on ; but, the rumen being filled, or the animal ceasing to
graze, the progress of the food is retarded. The muscles act with less
power, and the contents of the stomach with greater difficulty find
their way over the partitions of the different sacs, and, at the same
time, probably, the papillae exert their erectile power, and oppose a
new obstacle.

If a considerable opening b" 'ut into the flank; immediately over the

THE CHANGES OF FOOD IN THE STOMACHS.

paunch, a swinging or balancing motion of that stomach, both up-
ward and downward and forward and backward, may be plainly
Been.

The uses of the papillae seem to be various ; they support the
weight of the superincumbent food, unmasticated, and liable to injure
the coat of the stomach, over which it is continually moving ; they
take away from the foUicular glands of the stomach that pressure
which would render it impossible for these glands to discharge that
mucous lubricating fluid which is requisite for the protection of the
stomach and the revolution of the food. The papillae are conse-
quently more numerous and larger and stronger at the centre or
bottom of each of the compartments where the food would accumu-
late and press most ; and they are more thinly scattered, and in some
places almost disappear, where there is no danger from tlie pressure
of the friction. In addition to all these, are the important functions
of yielding and suffering the food to pass unimpeded along, while tlie
stoma*ch is rapidly filling as tlie animal grazes, and then by their
erectile power retarding that progress when the beast has ceased to
eat, and the slow process of rumination has commenced. The glandu-
lar bodies, to which allusion has been made, are most plentifully
situated, and are of largest size, on the upper part of the sides of the
rumen, where they are least exposed to pressure, and may discliargc
the lubricating mucus which they secrete, without obstacle.

The only change that takes place in the food in a healthy state
and action of this stomach is that of maceration, and preparation for
the second mastication, as may be easily proved by taking from the
mouth of a cow a pellet that has been returned for rumination, and
which will be found to be merely the grass, or other food, no other-
wise altered than being softened, and covered with a portion of
mucus. The fluid which the rumen contains is not secieted there,
but whenever the animal di'inks, a portion of the water breaks through
the pillars of the oesophagean canal, regulated in quantity either by
the will of the beast or by the sympathy of the parts with the state
and wants of the stomach, or with the state of the constitution
generally. The rumen of a healthy ox always contains a considerable
quantity of fluid.

The food, having traversed all the compartments of this stomach,
would arrive again at the point from Avhich it started, were it not that
a fold of the rumen arrests its course, and gives it a somewhat
difi"erent direction. This fold is placed at the spot where there exists
a communication between the rumen and the reticulum, and which
also is guarded by a fold or valve ; but the peristaltic motion of the
stomach going on, and the food pressing from behind, a portion of it
is at length, by a convulsive action, partly voluntary and partly
involuntary, thrown over this fold into the reticulum.

The inner coat of the reticulum, or second stomach, has been

296 CATTLE.

described as divided into numerous honeycomb-formed cells (they are
well represented at d, p. 291,) at the base of each of which are nu-
merous small secretory glands, which also furnish a considerable
quantity of mucus. The action of this stomach consists in first con-
tracting upon its contents ; and, in doing this, it forms the portion
just received from the rumen into the proper shape for its return up
the oesophagus, and covers it more completely with mucus ; then, by
a stronger and somewhat spasmodic action, it forces the pellet between
the pillars at the floor of the oesophagean carJfil, where it is seized by
the muscles, that are so powerful at the base of the oesophagus, and
which extend over this part of the canal, and is conveyed to the
mouth. The reticulum, expanding again, receives a new portion of
food from the rumen, and which had been forced over the valve by
the convulsive action of that viscus.

It is curious to observe the manner in whicli these acts are per-
formed. The cow, if lying, is generally found on her right side, in
order that the intestines, which are principally lodged on that side,
may not press upon and interfere with the action of the rumen.
After a pellet that has undergone the process of rumination is swal-
lowed, there is a pause of two or three seconds, during which the
cow is making a slow and deep inspiration. By means of this the
lungs are inflated and press on the diaphragm ; and the diaphragm
in its turn presses on both the rumen and the reticulum, and assists
their action. Suddenly the inspiration is cut short by an evident
spasm ; it is the forcible ejection of the pellet from the reticulum, and
of a fresh quantity of food over the valvular fold, to enter the reticulum
as soon as it expands again. This spasmodic action is immediately
followed by the evident passage of the ball up the oesophagus to the
mouth. The spiral muscles of the oesophagus, with their fibres inter-
lacing each other, are admirably suited to assist the ascent as well
as the descent of the pellet of food.

THE DIFFICULTY OF PURGING CATTLE.

This account of the construction and function of the rumen will
throw considerable light on some circumstances not a little annoying
to the practitioner. It has been stated that a portion of the fluid
swallowed usually enters the rumen, and that the quantity which ac-
tually enters it depends a little perhaps on the will of the animal,
more on the manner in which the fluid was administered, but most
of all on some state of the constitution over which we have no control.
Accordingly it happens, and not unfrequently, and particularly under
some diseases of an inflammatory nature, and in which physic is ira-
'peratively required, that although it is administered in a liquid form
and as gently as possible, the greater part or the whole of it enters
the rumen, and remains there totally inert. Dose after dose is ad-
ministered, until the practitioner is tired, or afraid to give more ; and,

THE DIFFICULTY OF PURGING CATTLE. 297

ignorant of the anatomy and function^ of the stomachs, he wonders
at the obstinate constipation which seems to bid defiance to all pur-
gative medicines ; whereas, in fact, little or none of it had entered
the intestinal canal. At length, perhaps, the rumen is excited to
action, and ejects a considerable portion of its liquid, and some of its
more solid contents, either directly into the oesophagean canal, or
through the medium of the reticulum ; and which, by an inverted
and forcible contraction, is driven through the manyplus and into the
fourth stomach, and thence into the intestinal canal, and produces
sometimes natural, but at other times excessive and unmanageable
and fatal purgation. The great quantity of fibrous substance
which occasionally is found in the dung, warns us that this has taken
place.

Occasionally, when dose after dose has been given, and the animal
dies apparently constipated, the whole of the physic is found in the
rumen. These are difiiculties in cattle practice which are not yet
sufiiciently understood.

When two or three moderate doses have been given, and purgincr
is not produced, the practitioner may begin to suspect that his medi-
cine has fallen through this oesophagean fissure into the rumen ; and
then, although he does not quite discontinue the physic, he should
principally endeavor to stimulate this cuticular, yet not quite insensi-
ble stomach. He should lessen the quantity of the purgative, and
he should double or treble that of the aromatic and stimulant ; and,
in many cases, he will thus succeed in producing an intestinal evacua-
tion, the fibrous nature of which will prove the unnatural pi'ocess by
which it was effected.

It was, perhaps, from observation of the occasional benefit derived
from the administration of aroraatics and stimulants, even in inflam-
matory cases, that the absurd and mischievous practice of giving
them in every disease, and every state of disease, arose.

The reason and the propriety of the administration of cattle-
medicine in a liquid form is hence evident. A ball, in consequence
of its weight, and the forcible manner in which it is urged on by the
muscles of the cesophagus, breaks through the floor of the oesopha-
gean canal, and enters the rumen, and is lost. A liquid, administered
slowly and carefully, and trickling down the cesophagus without the
possibihty of the muscles of that tube acting upon it and increasing
its momentum, is likel}^ to glide over this singular floor, and enter
the fourth stomach and the intestines. A hint may hence be derived
with regard to the manner of administering a drink. If it be poured
down bodily from a large vessel, as is generally done, it will probably
fall on the canal with sufficient force partly, at least, to separate the
pillars, and a portion of it Avill enter the rumen and be useless.

In the calf, fed entirely on its mother's milk, the rumen is in a
mamiei useless, for all the food goes on to the fourth stomach. It
13*

•298 CATTLE.

is of a liquid form, and it is swallowed in small quantities, and with
little force at each act of deglutition. 'J'he instinctive closure of the
pillars — an act of organic life — (because the milk if suffered to fall
mto the rumen would be lost, or would undergo dangerous changes
there) — has far more to do with the direction of the fluid than any
mechanical eff'ect resulting from the form of the aliment, or the force
with which it descended the gullet. Tt is curious to observe the
comparatively diminutive size of the rumen, and the development of
the abomasum or digesting stomach in the foetal calf.

THE SUBJECT OF Ri MINATIOK, AND THE CHANGES OF THE FOOD RESUMED.

The food, being returned from the reticulum to the mouth, is there
subjected to a second mastication, generally very leisurely performed,
and which is continued until enough is ground not only to satisfy
the cravings of hunger, but to fill the comparatively small true sto-
mach and intestine of the animal ; who then, if he is undisturbed,
usually falls asleep. The act of rumination is accompanied, or
closely followed, by that of digestion, and requires a considerable
concentration of vital power; and hence the appearance of tran-
quillity and sleepy pleasure which the countenance of the beast pre-
sents. The rumen is rarely or never emptied ; and probably the
food that is returned for rumination is that which has been macera-
ting in the stomach during many hours. The process of rumina-
tion is very easily inteiTupted.

The portion of food having been sufiiciently comminuted, is at
length swallowed a second time ; and then, either being of a softer
consistence, or not being so violently driven down the gullet, or, by
some instinctive influence, it passes over the floor of the canal, with-
out separating the pillars, and enters the manyplus, or third stomach.
This is represented at h, p. 287, and m, p. 291.

The manyplus presents an admirable provision for that perfect
comminution of the food which is requisite in an animal destined to
supply us with nutriment both when living and when dead. That
which is quite ground down is permitted to pass on ; but the leaves,
that have been described as hanging from the roof, and floating close
over the cesi>phagean canal, and armed with numerous hook-formed
papillae, seize upon every particle of fibre that remains, and draw it
up between them, and file it down by means of the hard prominences
on their surfaces, and suffer it not to escape until it is reduced to a
pulpy mass.

These three stomachs, then, are evidently designed for the prepa-
ration and comminution of the food before it enters the fourth sto-
mach, in which the process of digestion may be said to commence,
and where the food, already softened, is converted into a fluid called
chyme. The i Ulcus coat of the abomasum abounds with small folli-

CONCRETIONS, OR STONES IN THE RUMEN. 29S

cular glands, whence is secreted a liquid called the gastric juice, and
which is the agent in producing this chyme. The change, in all
probability, merely consists in the food being more perfectly dissolved,
and converted in'io a semi-fluid homogeneous mass. This form it
must of necessity assume before its nutritive matter can be sepa-
rated. The solution being complete, or as much so as it can be
rendered, the food passes through the pyloric, or lower orifice of the
stomach, into the duodenum, or first intestine, (g, p. 291,) where its
separation into the nutritive and innutritive portions is effected, and
the former begins to be taken up, and carried into the system.

We are now prepared to enter into the consideration of the diseases
of this complicated apparatus, diseases of the rumen or paunch.

SWALLOWING IXDIGESTIBLE SUBSTANCES.

Cattle have been known to swallow cloths, scissors, shoes, sticks,
leather, indeed all sorts of things that could p;iss the throat.

The presence of bodies like these in the rumen cannot fail of being
injurious to the animal. They must produce local irritation, interfer-
ing with the proper function of this stomach ; suspending the pro-
cess of rumination, or rendering it less effectually performed ; and
exciting inflammation, probably of the stomach generally, as this
foreign body is traversing its different compartments, or of some par-
ticular portion in which it may be accidentally arrested, and leading
on to abscess and perforation of the stomach at that spot. The
symptoms which would indicate this peculiar cause of disease are
not yet sufiicientjy known ; but there must be considerable disturb-
ance when a body sufficiently hard and pointed thus to force its way
commences its journey. Inflammation, as conducting to suppuration
and destruction of the living substance, must precede its course and
make way for it. The nerves and blood-vessels which lie in its way
are, with mysterious skill, unerringly avoided, and as httle injury as
possible is done to the neighboring tissues ; but local inflammation
and pain attend the whole process, which, in many cases, are accom-
panied by general and severe disease.

It is seldom that medical skill could be of avail here, until the
substance approaches to the skin, even if the case were understood.

CONCRETIONS, OR STONES IN THE RUMEN.

A frequent and serious complaint is the formation of various con-
cretions in the rumen. They are generally round, but occasionally
of various forms, and var^'ing likewise in weight from a few ounces
to six or seven pounds. The composition of these balls is also very
difterent. Those which are decidedly peculiar to cattle are composed
entirely of hair, matted together by the mucous secretion from the
follicular glands of the stomach. Sometinigs they have no distinct

800 CATTLE.

central body ; at otlir^ limes it exists in the form of a Lit of straw
or wood, or frequently of stone or iron. They exist in the rumen,
and in the abomasum. In the abomasum they are composed exclu-
sively of hair, irregularly matted and held together by the mucus of
the stomach ; in the rumen there is generally a mixture of food, or
earthy matter, in the composition of the concretion. When simple
food mingles with the hair, the ball seems to be formed by a succes-
sion of concentric layers, and is the centre is a bit of nail or stone ;
or, if the beasts have access to running water, a piece of shell often
constitutes the nucleus.

The hair is obtained by the habit which cattle, and even very
young calves, have, of licking eacl other. A considerable quantity
of hair is loosened and removed by the rough tongues of these animals,
the greater part of which is swallowed ; and there seems to be a kind
of power in the stomach to separate these indigestible matters from
the other substances which it contains. It is also easy to imagine
that the hairs which the manyplus, with all its grinding power, can-
not rub down, will collect tooether when floating in the semi-fluid
contents of the fourth stomach, and gradually accumulate in con-
siderable and hard masses. These balls will begin to form at a very
early age of the animal.

When only a little hair enters into the formation of these calculi,
they are usually made up of earthy matter, with bits of hay, straw,
or other food, glued together by the mucus of the stomach. These
have uniformly a hard central nucleus, generally metallic. The
concentric layers can here also be traced, but they are, occasionally,
somewhat confused.

In some cases, various compounds of lime, and still more of silicious
matter, can be detected by chemical analysis. These concretions are
round ; they are seldom found except in the rumen, and never in the
intestines ; and there is always a central nucleus of stone or metal ;
the concentric layers are regulaily and beautifully marked ; and the
concretion, when sawed asunder, will bear a high degree of polish.

Of the effect of these substances on the health of the animal it is
difficult to speak. One thing, however, is certain, that they are oftener
found and in greater numbers in those that are ailing and out of con-
dition, than in stronger and thriving beasts ; but whether some fault
in the digestive organs, indicated by this poorness of condition, gives
a tendency to the formation of concretions in the paunch, or the
presence of these concretions impairs the digestive powers and pro-
duces general unthriftiness, are questions which it is difficult to
answer. Each opinion may in its turn be true, but it is probable that
the latter state of things oftenest occurs. These calculi are, with few
exceptions, confined to the stomach, where they may produce a sense
of oppression and impairment of appetite, but cannot be the cause of
colic, obstruction, inflammation, and strangulation of the intestines.

DISTENSION OF THE RUMEN FROM FOOD. 301

DISTENSION OF THE RCMEN FROM FOOD.

Cattle, when first put on succulent grass or turnips, or when
suffered to gorge themselves with potatoes or grains, or even with
chaff, will sometimes distend the rumen almost to bursting.

The history of the case will generally unfold the nature of it ; and
it will be distinguished from hoove by its not being attended by
occasional eructation, by the swelling not being so great as in hoove,
and by the hardness of the flanks. Should any doubt, however,
remain, the probang should be passed into the rumen, when, if that
be distended with gas, a sudden and violent rush of the imprisoned
air will follow. The probang, however, should always be used, not
only to determine this point, but the degree to which the rumen is
distended by food.

When, although the animal may be dull, refusing to eat, and ceas-
ing to ruminate, generally lying down and showing great disinclination
to move, yet the pulse is not materially quickened, and the muscle is
cool and moist, and there is little heaving at the flanks, and no indi-
cation of pain, the practitioner may content himself with a free
bleeding and a powerful dose of physic. These symptoms, however,
are often treacherous, and, without vvarninsf, uneasiness, hea^ins:,
stupor, and death may rapidly succeed.

In mild cases, stimulants may be resorted to with frequent advan-
tage. Ammonia, ether, aromatics, and spirits, have succeeded in
rousing the stomach to action, and establishing the process of rumi-
nation ; and that once established, there is little fear of the result ol
the case. These stimulants should, however, be always accompanied
by aperient medicines.

When, however, the symptoms are sudden dullness, uneasiness,
shifting of posture, moaning, swelling at the sides, the flank feeling
hard and not yielding to pressure ; when rumination ceases, and the
uneasiness and moaning increase, and the animal gradually becomes
unconscious, this will admit of no delay, and demands mechanical
relief; the introduction of the probang will ascertain the degree of
distension.

Should the probang enter a little way into the stomach, and the
operator be able to move it about, he will have proof that, although
the paunch is sufticiently distended to produce severe annoyance and
considerable danger to the animal, it is not stretched to the utmost ;
he may first try the effect of mild measures, and he will be especially
encouraged to attempt this if he finds that the food is of a rather
light nature.

If the probang cannot be introduced at all into the rumen, or the
food eaten is heavy, as grains, or potatoes, or corn, the most judicious
plan will be to make an incision without delay through the left flank
into the rumen, and thus extract its contents.

302

CATTLE.

This mode of proceeding, however, is recommended only in cases
of extreme distension with heavy food. The rumen of cattle, wath
few blood-vessels and nerves, will endure very severe treatment
without serious injury. The principal danger is ^^nd it exists to a
considerable extent, that a portion of the food wili, during the extri-
cation of the rest from the stomach, fall between the skin and the
■wall of the rumen into the abdomen, and there remain, a source of
irritation, and the unsuspected cause of serious and fatal disease.

A beast, whose paunch has been distended to any considerable
degree, should be prepared for the butcher, or sold immediately, if
in tolerable condition ; for a stomach, whose muscular fibres have
been so stretched and enfeebled, will not soon do its full duty again ;
or a small portion of food, which, notwithstanding the most careful
management, may fall into the belly, will sometimes, after a -while,
produce inflammation of the intestines, and death.

STOMACH PUMP.

This consists of a large syringe. The cuts, Nos. 1 and 2, show
its use or application. It has an opening on the side at b.

When a medicine, or food, (as gruel) or water is to he forced into
the stomach, a hollow pipe, b, fig. 1, is put down the throat, and then
attached to the syringe at the opening at b. The syringe is then put
into a vessel containing whatever is to be thrown into the stomach
and pumped in. In the same manner injections are to be given.

Whenever the contents of the stomach are to be drawn out, then
the pipe, d, fig. 2, is put down the throat, into the stomach, and the
handle of the syringe drawn back, when the contents of the stomach
are brought up and pass out at the sids opening, b.

DISTENSION OF THE STOMACH FROM GAS. 303

HOOVE, BLOWN, OR DISTENSION OP THE STOMACH FROM GAS.

If a beast, taken from poor or less nutritive food, is put upon
clover, or turnips, or rich-fog, it eats so greedily and so much, that
the rumen ceases to act. These green vegetable substances are
naturally subject to fermentation, during which much gas is extricated,
but when inclosed in the stomach and exposed to the combined
influence of heat and moisture, the commencement of the fermentation
is hastened, and its eflfect increased.

The " Hoove" or " Blown" is distension of the rumen, by gas
extricated from substances undergoing the process of fermentation
A^ithin it. In a healthy discharge of the fimctions of the stomach,
the food simply undergoes a process of maceration or softening ; but
if the food be retained in the stomach longer than the usual period, it,
or perhaps only a portion of the juices which it contains, begins to
ferment ; or, as in animals with simple stomachs, even this prepara-
tory one may so sympathize with cert;iin states of the constitution,
as either to secrete an acid principle, or to favor the development of
it in the food. It is from this cause that some degree of hoove
accompanies most fevers, and it is the consequence of general irrita-
tion produced by obstruction of the oesophagus; it sometimes accom-
panies difficult parturition, and to such an extent, that it is necessary
to puncture the rumen before the calf can descend sufficiently low
into the pelvis to be extracted.

Its most frequent cause, however, is the turning of a beast from
poor, or less nutritious food, into plentiful and luxuriant pasture,
when he frequently eats so greedily, and so much, that the stomach
is overloaded, and is unable to circulate the food through it cavities,
and from the combined action of heat and moisture, its contents speedily
ferment, and gas is extricated. The following are the symptoms : —

The animal gradually becomes oppressed and distressed. It ceases
to eat ; it does not ruminate ; it scarcely moves ; but it stands with
its head extended, breathing heavily, and moaning. The whole belly
is blown up ; this is particularly evident at the flanks, and most of all
at the left flank, under which the posterior division of the rumen hes.
The rumen in cattle is scantily supplied with either blood-vessels or
nerves, and therefore the brain is seldom much aff"ected in an early
stage of hoove. Swelling, unwillingness to move, and laborious
breathing, are the first and distinguishing symptoms. In proportion
as the stomach becomes distended by the extricated gas, the case
becomes more desperate, not only from the pressure on the other
contents of the abdomen, thus impeding the circulation of the blood,
and also on the diaphragm, against which the rumen abuts, and thus
impeding respiration, and also the danger of rupture of the paunch,
bat the construction of the oesophagean canal renders it manifest that
the rumen will be more obstinately closed in proportion as it is dis-

304 CATTLE.

tended. It is the relaxation of the muscular fibres which causes the
two pillars that constitute the floor of the canal and the roof of the
rumen to be easily opened, either for the admission or the return of
food ; but when the stomach is filled and elongated, as well as
widened, these fleshy pillars must be stretched, and in proportion as
(ihev are distended, will they be brought closer to each other, and
firmly held there. When the rumen is filling, there are occasional
eructations of a sour or fetid character ; but when the stomach is
once filled, there is no longer the possibility of escape for its contents.

The animal cannot long sustain this derangement of important
parts ; inflammation is set up, and the circulation becomes seriously
and dangerously disturbed by this partial obstruction. Aff^ection of
the brain comes at last, characterized by fullness of the vessels, hard-
ness of the pulse, redness of the conjunctiv^a, and protrusion of the
eye. The tongue hangs from the mouth, and the mouth is filled
with spume. The beast stands with his back bent, his legs as much
as possible under him ; and he gradually becomes insensible — im-
movable— moans — falls — struggles with some violence, and as death
approaches, some relaxation of the parts ensues, and a quantity of
green sour liquid, occasionally mixed with more solid food, flows
from the mouth and nose.

In order to save the animal, the gas must be liberated or othei-
wise got rid of. Some persons, when symptoms of hoove appear,
drive the animal about, and keep him for a while in constant motion.
It is supposed, that in the motion of all the contents of the abdomen,
while the animal is moving briskly about, the pillars of the roof of
the paunch must be for a moment relaxed, and opportunity given
for the gas to escape into the oesophagean canal, and through the
gullet ; and this will, undoubtedly, be the case to a certain degree.
The ox cannot without much difficulty, and often not at all, be in-
duced to move with rapidity, which is necessary to produce concus-
sions sufficiently powerful to shorten and disunite the muscular pil-
lars. There must also be some danger of rupturing the stomach so
much distended, or the diaphragm, against which it is pressing, by
the very production of these con.ussions.

Alkalies have been recommended, as almost a specific. It maybe
conceded that the alkah would be likely to neutralize the acid con-
tents of the stomach ; but there is one objection to it, viz., that the
same closing of the roof of the rumen, which prevents the escape ot
the gas, would also prevent the entrance of the alkali, which would,
consequently, pass on to the third and fourch stomachs, where there
is no acid for it to neutralize.

Oil (whether olive, or spermaceti, or castor, or common whale oil,
seems to be a matter of indiff'erence) will sometimes prove servicea-
ble in cases of hoove ; but it is either at the very commencement, be-
fore the muscular pillars are tightened, and when a portion of it can

DISTENSION OF THE STOMACH FROM GAS. 305

enter the paunch, and produce a disposition to vomiting or purging ;
or, if the whole passes on into the fourth stomach, and so into the in-
testinal canal, a sympathetic but inverted action is excited in the ru-
men, and a portion of its contents is sent, by an unusual passage,
from the rumen through the third and into the fourth stomach, and
so relief is obtained. In this way purging is occasionally established,
either in consequence of a stimulus applied immediately to the coats
of the first stomach, or from sympathy with the action going forward
in the intestinal canal, and a portion of the food is carried from the
rumen into the intestines without being returned to the mouth to be
remasticated. The grassy and harder fibres, sometimes found in the
dung in considerable quantities, prove that that portion of it could
not have undergone rumination. This, however, is not striking at the
root of the evil.

The object to be acctinplished is the extrication of the gas, and
the prevention of any fresh quantity of it being developed. If the
farmer or the practitioner, at a distance from home, sees any of his
cattle so dangerously hoven or swelled as to threaten speedy death,
he adopts a summary mode of getting rid of the gas : he takes a
sharp-pointed knife, and plunges it into the left side, underneath, and
in contact with which the rumen is found. The gas rushes vio-
lently through the aperture, carrying with it steam, and fluid, and
pieces of food. The belly falls, and the beast is immediately relieved.
The safest place for this operation is the following : — Supposing a
line to be drawn close along the vertebrae, from the haunch-bone to
the last rib, and two other lines of equal length to extend down the
flank, so as to form an equilateral triangle, the apex of the triangle,
or the point where these lines would meet, would be the proper place
for the operation, for there is no danger of wounding either the spleen
or the kidney.

It may also be suggested, that a small trochar is far preferable to
a knife for this operation, and might very conveniently be carried in
the instrument-case of the surgeon, or the pocket of the farmer. It
consists of a short strong stilett, terminating in three cutting-edges
converging to a point, and having a handle that may be grasped
with some force. To this is accurately fitted a silver tube, reaching
from the termination of the three edges to the handle. This is
plunged into the flank ; the stilett is then withdrawn and the tube
remains as long as the operator pleases, and may be secured by tapes
attached to two rings at the base of it, and tied round the body of
the animal.

The gas is certainly extricated by the knife or trochar, and gene-
rally successfully so. When gas ceases to escape, it may be taken
for granted that the manufacture of it has ceased in the rumnn ; the
trocar may then be withdrawn, and the w^ound will speedily heal.
There are, however, occasional bad consequences, which are altogethei

CATTLE.

unsuspected. At the commencement of the operation, A\iien the
skin of the side is in close contact with the paunch, the gas, fluid,
and fibrou". matter will all be safely thrown out through the two
wounds, fcr, lying upon each other, they are but as one; but when
the paunch is partially emptied of the gas, it sinks, and is no longer
in contact with the outside skin. The gas and particles of solid food
continue to be discharged for a considerable time after this ; and
although the greater part may be ejected with sufficient force to be
driven through the aperture in the skin, yet some portion will
necessarily fall into the abdomen and remain there. This will, ere
long, become a source of considerable and dangerous irritation,
slow or rapid in its progress and effects, according to the quantity
of food that has escaped from the stomach into the abdominal cavity :
accordingly it happens, that although the beast may appear to be
perfectly relieved by this operation, he does not thrive well after-
wards, and in the course of a few weeks or months, sickens and dies
of some obscure disease, but which is principally referable to in-
flammatory affection of the abdomen. Therefore, the farmer or
practitioner who has faith in an occasional recourse to the mode of
cure by puncturing the rumen, should always carry a trochar with
him, for the tube penetrating three or four inches into the abdomen,
forms a continuous passage between the rumen and the skin, not-
withstanding the subsidence of the former, and would prevent the
escape of any portion of the contents of the rumen into the abdomen.

Although a portion of the gas may be liberated by this operation,
yet the process of fermentation maj' proceed. The gas may escape,
but that which w^ould furnish a continued, annoying, and dangerous
supply of it, remains. Then the advocates for opening the paunch
carry their operations a httle farther. They enlarge the aperture
into the paunch, until, as in bad cases of maw-bound, they can in-
troduce their hand, and shovel out the contents ; and, as before
stated, the stomach, from its comparative insensibility and want of
vitality, bears all this without any considerable inflammation or
danger ; there is however, the same danger from the escape of a
portion of the contents into the cavity of the belly.

This larger opening into the rumen should never be attempted
except by a person perfectly acquainted with the anatomy of cattle,
and the precise situation of the viscera of the belly, for otherwise
the kidneys or the intestines may be wounded.

It was the knowledge that the practice of puncturing the i-umen
was not so simple and so free from danger as some had imagined,
that led to the invention and use of the prohang and stomach-
fump. The tube (fig. 1, a, p. 280) is introduced into the mouth,
and is passed down the throat, with the rounded extremity, e, down-
ward, and is forced on through the pillars of the oesophagean canal :
the stilett is then withdrawn, and the gas rushes violently out. The

DISTENSION OF THE STUMACH FROM GAS. 307

tube is continued in the mouth until the belly sinks, and little gas
escapes : the animal is greatly relieved, and if it begins to swell
again, the probang is once more introduced. But the tube cannot
I'eraain in the mouth and gullet for any great length of time ; and
when it is withdrawn, the manufacture of gas may continue undi-
minished, and the rehef be only temporary, and so far the probang
may be in some degree inferior to the trochar.

The practitioner then has recourse to the stomach-pump, and
throws in a considerable quantity of warm water, and pumps it out
again ; and repeats the operation until he has washed away all the
acid fermenting fluid, and then usually the process of rumination
recommences, and the animal does well. Sometimes he so over-
charges the stomach that vomiting is j)roduced, and a great portion
of the contents of the rumen is thus discharged.

Alkalies have been throw^n into the stomach to neutralize the sup-
posed acid principle which there prevailed. As, however, a very
small portion of it, if any, enters the rumen, it will principally do
good, and much good it frequently does effect, by its stimulant effect
on the fourth stomach, propagated by sympathy to the first.

Hoove, however, had. long been considered to be a case in which
the aid of chemistry might be resorted to with considerable benefit.
It had been suspected that the gas consisted principally of hydrogen ;
for when a lighted candle had been accidentally brought into contact
with the vapor as it rushed from the aperture in the flank, the gas
immediately caught fire. Careful analysis indicated that the gas
was diflerently combined in different stages. In recent hoove it
consisted chiefly of carburetted hydrogen — the union of carbon with
hydrogen ; in more chronic cases there was a mixture of sulphuret-
ted hydrogen — the union of sulphur and hydrogen; and, in propor-
tion to the continuance of the hoove, the sulphuretted hydrogen
increased, and at length prevailed. In both cases hydrogen was the
chief constituent.

Then came the inquiry, whether something might not be introducd
into the stomach which would combine with the gas already extrica-
ted and cause it to disappear, and also prevent its future accumula-
tion, by combining with it as soon as it was produced.

A method was soon discovered. Chlorine has affinity for various
substances, as lime, potash, and s-oda ; and in combination with
either of these could be used. When introduced by means ot the
Btomach-pump into the rumen, the chlorine will separate itself from
the alkah, and combine with the hydrogen, for which it has a more
powerful affinity, and forms muriatic gas. This gas has a strong
affinity for water, and will be quxkly absorbed by the fluid always
contained within the stomach ; and so, quitting its gaseous for a fluid
form, it quickly disappears, or will not retain a thousandth part of
lis former bulk, and muriatic acid will be formed. At the same time,

CATTLE.

the lime or potash, or soda, will be liborated ; yet no danger results
fronQ the presence of this corroding acid and caustic alkali ; for there
is a chemical affinity bet^^een them which will be soon exerted, and
the harmless and inert muriates of lime or potash, or soda, be
produced. Hence resulted one of the most important improvements
in cattle-medicine that modern times have produced.

There are several other medicaments which have been found of
great service in this disease, such as lime-water, potash, hartshorn,
and particularly sulphuric ether. About an ounce and a half of
hartshorn may be given in a pint and a half of water, unless the
symptoms are so urgent as to threaten immediate suffocation : then
the flexible tube, if at hand, should be used ; or, if not, the trochar,
or the knife, plunged into the flank. If the symptoms should denote
any inflammation, ether will be preferable as a medicine, as it
promptly condenses the gases : an ounce m;iy be given in a pint of
water. If the symptoms are produced by green food, there is less
probability of inflammation than if the food has been previously
<iry.

The chloride of lime is as good as either of the others, and should
always be in the possession of the farmer and practitioner, not only
for this purpose, but because, in cases of foul, fetid ulceration, and
gangrene generally, it is the most powerful disinfectant, and the most
useful stimulant that can be applied. The proper and safe dose is
two drachms of the powdered chloride of lime dissolved in two
quarts of water, and injected into the paunch by means of the sto-
mach-pump. This may be repeated an hour afterward, if circum-
stances should appear to require it.

The trocliar will then supersede the use of the knife and the lancet,
when, under circumstances of emergency, the practitioner may be
compelled to act promptly ; for, by the continuance of the tube in
the wound, some of the distant and unsuspected results of the com-
mon method of puncturing the rumen may be avoided ; but when
the practioner is near home, or can obtain speedy access to his sto-
mach-tube and pump, the trochar will be completely discarded.

The animal having been relieved, and the gas ceasing to distend
the paunch, a pound of Epsom salts should be administered with an
ounce of carraway powder, and half an ounce of ginger ; and, on
several successive mornings, four ounces of Epsom salts, two of
pcwdered gentian, and half an ounce of ginger should be given.
The object of the practitioner, or the owner, should be to restore,
as speedily and as effectually as possible, the tone and action of the
rumen. The return of the process of rumination will show when
that is beginning to be eft'ected, and rumination will usually precede
the desiie to eat.

Attention should for some time be paid to the manner of feeding.
A mash should be daily allowed, and the pasture on which the beast

LOSS OF CUD.

is turned should be short and bare, rather than luxuriant. The over-
distended stomach of the hoven beast will not soon, and in most
cases will never, quite recover its former energy ; and if the beast
be in tolerable condition, it should be sent to the butcher, or it
should be got ready for the market as quickly as that can with
safety be effected.

Sucking -calves are occasionally subject to hoove. Little more
will be necessary in this case than the introduction of the probang.
This distension of the rumen arises from some accidental and tempo-
rary cause, and there is rarely any continued manufacture of gas
within the stomach. Some calves becom.e blown from the trick which
they frequently have of sucking each other's pizzle or ear. It is cu-
rious to see with what eagerness they will do this, and how quickly
they blow themselves up by the air which they draw in and swallow.
Tl^ introduction of the probang will be sufficient here, but it will be
prudent to separate the animals.

Homoeopathic treatment. — Colchicum aiitumnale rarely fails in its
effects, and ordinarily it establishes an instantaneous cute. Some-
times, however, it must be repeated two, three, and even four times.
Occasionally the symptoms subside without the animal voiding any
wind. In chronic meteorization, or formation of gas, which is renewed
frequently, colchicum taken alternately with arsenicum is very useful.
Benefit it is said has been derived from china. If rumination be not
re-established at the time the disease is cured, aconitum must be given,
And after some hours, arsenicum. When meteorization, gas, has been
caused not by green fodder, but by some disturbance of digestion,
we must have recourse to nux vomica ; the same substance is suita-
ble, when the disease is attributable to the animal's having eaten
colchicum in the meadows.

Lastly, when the danger has become so pressing that we are
brouglit to the necessity of puncturing in order to avoid death, it is,
however, still necessary to administer the colchicum after having
cleansed the mouth carefully ; after some time \ few doses of arnica
must be given.

LOSS OF CUD.

The cessation of rumination, designated by tne term " the loss of
cud," is more a symptom of disease, than a disease of itself. It ac-
companies most inflammatory complaints, and is often, connected
with those of debility. It will be the duty of the practitioner to
ascertain the cause of this suspension of second mastication, and to
adapt his mode of treatment to the nature of that cause. A dose of
physic, with a very small portion of aromntic medicine, will be indi-
cated if any fever can be detected ; more than the usual quantity of
the aromatic will be added in the absence of fever, and stil) more,
with tonic and alterative medicine, if general debifity be indicated.

SIO CATTLE.

The carraway and ginger powder are the best aronaatics that can be
employed, and will supersede every other : the gentian and ginger,
with Epsom salts, as recommended in page 308, will prove a very-
useful tonic and alterative, in cases of " loss of cud" that cannot be
traced to any particular diseased state of the animal, or that seems to
be connected with general debility.

INFLAMMATION OF THE RUMEN.

■ In almost every book on cattle-medicine mention is made of " in-
flammation of the stomach ;'* and certainly cases do, although but
rarely, occur, in which evident traces of inflammation of the rumen
may be discovered on examination after death. The cuticular coat
is not discolored, but it peels from the mucous coat below at the
slightest touch, and that coat is red and injected. This is particu-
larly the case when a beast dies soon after apparent recovery from
distension of the stomach by gas, or when he is destroyed by the
accumulation of solid food that could not be removed. It is likewise
found in every case of poisoning, but the symptoms during life are
so obscure that it would be useless to bestow further time on the
consideration of this disease.

POISONS.

Nature has endowed the brute with an acuteness of the various
senses, and with a degree of instinct which, so far as the life and
enjoyment and usefulness of the animal are concerned, fully compen-
sate for the lack of the intelligence of the human being. The quad-
ruped is scarcely born ere he is mysteriously guided, and without
any of the lessons of experience, to the kind of food which aflbrds
him the most suitable nourishment, and he is warned from that which
would be deleterious. There is scarcely a pasture which does not
contain some poisonous plants, yet the beast crops the grass close
around them, without gathering a particle of that which would be
injurious. In the spring of the year, however, and especially after
they have been kept in the stall or the straw-yard during the winter,
and supported chiefly on dry food, as soon as they are turned into
the fields cattle eat greedily of every herb that presents itself, and
frequently are seriously diseased, and sometimes quite poisoned..
They are under the influence of appetite almost ungovernable, and
few plants have then acquired tlieir distinguishing form and color,
and taste and smell. The common and water-hemlock, the water
dropwort, and the yew, are the principal plants that are poisonous to
cattle ; but it is said that the common crow-foot, and various others
of the ranunculus family, the wild parsnip, black henbane, and the
wild poppy, are occasionally destructive.

The symptoms of poisoning by these acrid and narcotic plants are
obscure, unless they can be connected with the history of the case.
They are principally sudden swelling, with a peculiar stupor, in the

POISONS. 311

early stage of the attack: cessation of rumination; a change in the
quality of the milk, which becomes thin and serous, and presently
ceases to be secreted ; the refusal of all soHd food, and eagerness
after water ; quickening of the pulse, which yet b comes small, and,
in some cases, scarcely to be felt ; and the animal frequently grinds
the teeth, and paws, and rolls, as if it felt severe colic pains. In a
few instances the stupor passes over, an-d a degree of excitement
and bhnd fury succeeds, which has been mistaken for madness.

On examination after death, the greater part of the poison is usu-
ally found in the paunch, but, in a few cases, it has been remasti-
cated, and conveyed into the fourth stomach and intestines. The
sense of taste does not seem to be ver}^ acute in cattle ; it is a sleepy
kind of pleasure w^hich they feel in rumination, and the acrid and
bitter flavor of many a plant appears to give them little annoyance.

Inflammation is found in the paunch and second stomach, charac-
terized by the ease with which the cuticular coat is separated from
that beneath. The manyplus is usually filled with dry and hardened
food ; and the fourth stomach and intestines exhibit inflammation
and ulceration proportioned to the acrimony of the poison, and the
quantity of it which had passed into these viscera.

Little can be done in the way of medicine when cattle have browsed
on these poisonous plants, and the only hope of the practitioner must
be founded on the early and persevering use of the stomach-pump
Plenty of warm water should be injected and pumped out, and that
repeated again and again ; and at length the stomach should be fully
distended with water, for the purpose, and in the hope of, producing
vomiting. Whether this succeeds or not, a brisk purgative should be
next administered, but as cautiously and gently as possible, that it
may pass on over the closed floor of the oesophagean canal into the
fourth stomach, and not, by the power with which it descends, force
open the pillars that compose that floor, and enter the rumen and be
lost. Tonics and aromatics will here also follow the evacuation of the
stomach, in order to restore its tone.

While speaking of poisons, it will, perhaps, be proper to mention
that cattle are sometimes exposed to extreme danger from the appli-
cation of deleterious mineral preparations for the cure of mange and
other cutaneous eruptions.

It is no unusual thing for cattle that have been incautiously dressed
with a strong solution of corrosive sublimate, to become seriously ill.
They cease to eat and to ruminate ; the saliva drivels from their
mouths ; they paw wnth their feet ; look anxiously at their flanks,
and are violently purged — blood usually mingling with the f?eces.

The remedy, if there be time and opportunity to have recourse to
it, is the white of several eggs, beaten up with thick gruel, and gently
poured down the throat, that it may be more likely to pass on to the
fourth stomach ; and this repeated every hour, until the animal if

812 CATTLE.

either relieved or dead. As soon as decided relief is obtained, a dose
of physic should be given, nnd if any fever seems to be coming on, a
few pounds of blood should be taken away.

Cattle in the neighborhood of lead-mines have been dangerously
aflFected from the effects of this ore in the grass. Difficult respiration
with loud wheezing is one of the most prominent symptoms, the beast
losing its appetite, pining away, and at length dying of suffocation or
attacked by epileptic symptoms. Large doses of Epsom or Glauber's
salts, with linseed oil, and followed by opium, are the best remedies.
The smoke from copper-mines has also produced sad disease amongst
animals in the neighborhood : it causes swellings of the joints, of a
painful description. An early removal to another soil forms the best
treatment.

Ranking under the general term of poisons, we may mention the
bites of venomous reptiles. The beast is generally stung about the
head or feet, for it is most likely to disturb these reptiles either in the
act of browsing, or as it wanders over the pasture. Cattle bitten in
the tongue almost invariably die. They are suffocated by the rapid
swelling which takes place. The udder has occasionally been stung ;
but the supposed bites on the teats are, far oftener than otherwise,
the effect of garget.

Emhi'ocation for Bite of Reptiles. — Take hartshorn, and olive oil,
/qual quantities. Shake them well together, and rub the wound and
the neighboring parts well with the liniment morning and night.

A quart of olive oil should also be given to the animal, mixed with
an ounce of hartshorn. Oil of turpentine may be used when harts-
horn cannot be procured ; but it is not so much to be depended upon.

The stings of horneis, wasps, and bees, in some cases prodiJce
much temporary swelling and pain. If the part be well rubbed with
warm vinegar, the inconvenience will soon subside.

DISEASES OF THE RETICULUM.

Of these, in the present state of knowledge of cattle-medicine, little
can be said. Some of the foreign substances that are found in the
rumen have been occasionaly discovered in the reticulum, as pins,
pieces of wire, nails, small stones, kc. They were, probably, ejected
over the valve between the two stomachs, enveloped by, or attached
to, the portion of food that was preparing for a second mastication.
In the forcible contraction of the stomach, it has been severely
wounded by these, and so much inflammation has ensued that the
animal has been lost.

The writer of this treatise hab frequently seen inflammation of the
second stomach — sometimes accompanying that of the paunch, and
at other times seemingly confined to the reticulum. This inflam-
mation was, as in the rumen, characterized by the peeling off of the
cuticular coat, and the redness of the tissue beneath it; but the

DISEASES OF THE MANYPLUS, OR MANIFOLDS. 318

symptoms were so different in diflferent cases, and always so obscure,
that no legitimate conclusion could be drawn from the appearances
that presented themselves.

DISEASES OF THE MANYPLUS, OR MANIFOLDS.

Although the function of this stomacK is one of a purely mechani-
cal nature, there seems to be a strong bond of sympathy between it
and almost every part of the frame. There are few serious diseases
by which cattle are afflicted, and none of an acute and inflammatory
nature, in which the manyplus is not involved. It is so common in
cases of catarrh, constipation, inflammation of the lungs or bowels,
simple fever, dropping after calving, blain, and even murrain, to find
the manyplus either choked with food in a hardened state, or, if con-
tinuing soft, yet having become exceedingly putrid and emitting a
most nauseous smell, that the idea of the animal being fardel-hound^
or having disease of the faik, is always present in the mind of the
farmer and the country practitioner. They are seldom wrong in this
surmise, for the fardel-bag either sympathizes with the diseases of
other paits, or is the original seat and focus of disease.

The manyplus has been described as containing numerous leaves,
curtains, or duplicatures of its cuticular coat, and with interposed
layers of muscular and vascular tissue, which hang from its roof and
float loose in its cavity. These leaves are covered with innumerable
little hard papillae or prominences ; and many of these, and especially
toward the lower edges, assume a greater degree of bulk, and some-
thinfif of a hook-like form. Those portions of food that are returned
after the second mastication, that have not been tlioroughly ground
down, are seized by these hooked edges of the leaves and drawn up be-
tween them, and there retained until, by the action of these flexible grind-
stones, they are sufficiently comminuted for the purpose of digestion.

It is easy to imagine that, either sharing in the irritability of other
parts, or being the original seat of irritation and inflammation, the
manyplus may spasmodically contract upon and forcibly detain the
substances that have been thus taken up between its leaves. By this
contraction the natural moisture of the food, or that which it had
acquired in the processes of maceration and mastication, is mechanically
squeezed out, or drained away by the very position of the leaves, and
a hard and dry mass necessarily remains. When the contraction is
violent, and this imprisonment of the food long continued, we can
even conceive of the possibility of its becoming so hardened and dry
as to be snapped between the fingers, and to be capable of being
reduced to powder. The description of it is not exaggerated when
it is said to " look as if it had been baked in an oven." On the other
hand, it can as readily be imagined that, either debilitated by inflam-
matory action peculiar to itself, or sympathizing with and sharing in
the debility of other parts, the leaves may have lost the power of
14

314 CATTLE.

actino- on the food contained betsveen them, and which,, supported by
the irregularities of the cuticular coat, and imprisoned tliere in a
somewhat pultaceous form, wuU gradually become putrid and offensive.

The animal may be fed on too dry and fibrous matter, or he may
lazily and but half perform the process of rumination ; in consequence
of tliis, the hard parts of the food may accumulate in the manyplus
more rapidly than they can be ground down, and so the stomach
may become clogged and its function suspended. Whatever the
cause, this state of contraction or inaction of the manyplus often
occurs, and either aggravates the pre-existing malady, or becomes a
new source of disease, and hastens or causes the death of the animal.

When this stomach has been spasmodically contracted, or long and
forcibly distended, the imprisoned food presents a very curious
appearance. There is an indentation of the papillae on the surface of
the detained mass. All this force must have produced inflammation
of the part ; and that intense inflammation does occasionally exist in
the manyplus, sufficient to produce great and general derangement
and even to destroy the beast, is evident by the easy separation of
the cuticular coat. In many cases, or perhaps in the majority of
them, it is impossible to remove the detained mass from its situation
without a portion of the cuticular coat accompanying and covering it.
Even this hardened state of the contents of the manyplus is not
always a proof of general disease. It is an unnatural and morbid
state of the stomach ; but very considerable local disease may exist in
this organ, without materially, or in any appreciable degree, inter-
fering with general health and good condition. The fardel-bag ha.s-
been found choked wnth food, and that dry and black, and roasted
and yet the beast had apparently been in perfect health.

The author of this treatise has seen the loss of function confined
to one part only of this stomach. Between some of the leaves, or oi
one side or curvature of the manyplus, the contents have been greet
and fluid ; in the other portion of it they have been perfectly baked
It is a wise and kind provision of nature, that the general health and
thriving of the animal shall in various cases be so little impaired b}
local, although serious, disease. Many a trifling circumstance, never
theless, may cause this local evil to spread rapidly and widely ; and
even without any additional excitement, the mere continuance of suet
a disease, accompanied by such derangement of function, can scarcel}
fail of being attended by injurious consequences.

This state of the manyplus is one of the most serious species of
indigestion to Avhich these animals are subject, and deserves the atten-
tive consideration of the practitioner. There are, nevertheless, many
difficulties accompanying the study of this important' subject.

The clue or fardel-bortnff, names by which the retention of the food
in the manifolds is distinguished, may be occasionally produced by
the animal feeding on too stimulating plants, cr on those which are

DISEASES OF THE MANYPLUS, OR MANIFOLDS. 315

of a narcotic nature. A sudden change from green and succulent
food to that which is hard and fibrous may also readily be supposed
to be a very likely cause of it. The strange fancy that induces many
cows, and especially those in calf, to refuse the soft and nutritious
food of the pasture and browse on the coarse grass and weeds which
the hedges produce, will necessarily overload the raanyplus with hard
and fibrous substances.; and many a beast has suffered in this way
from being too rapidly and exclusively put on chaff of various kinds.

The symptoms vary in different animals, but the following is an
outline of them : the animal is evidently oppressed ; the pulse is
somewhat accelerated and hard ; the respiration not much quickened ;
the muzze dry ; the mouth hot ; tho tongue protruded, and seemingly
enlarged ; the membrane both of the eyes and nose injected ; the eye
protruded or weeping ; the head extended ; the animal unwillino- to
move ; the gait uncertain and staggering ; the urine generally voided
with difficulty, and sometimes red and even black. There is apparent
and obstinate costiveness, yet small quantities of liquid feeces are
discharged. As the disease proceeds, and often at an early period,
there is evident determination of blood to the head, evinced not only
by this staggering gait, but by a degree of unconsciousness ; the eyes
weep more ; the lids are swollen ; the costiveness continues or some
hardened excrement is voided, but fetid and mixed with blood ;
rumination ceases ; the secretion of milk is usually suspended, or the
milk becomes offensive both in taste and smell ; the urine flows more
abundantly, but that too continues of a dark color.

Many of these symptoms distinguish this complaint from dis-
tension of the rumen ; there is not the hardness at the flanks,
and the general swelling of the belly, which is observed in disten-
sion by food ; nor the greater distension and threatened suffocation
which accompany hoove. In bad* cases, and when the symptoms
take on much of the character of that andescribed and unintelli-
gible disease, wood-evil — trembling of tht frame generally, a deo-ree
of palsy, coldness of the extremities, actual swelling of the tongue,
the eyes glaring, and the ears and the tail being in frequent and
convulsive motion — these are the precursors of death.

The period of the termination of the disease is uncertain ; it
extends ^rom three or four days to more than as many weeks.
Many of these symptoms so often accompany other diseases, that
they are utterly insufficient always or generally to lead to a right
conclusion as to the nature of the complaint, and careful inquiry
must be made into the history of the case.

The treatment is as unsatisfactory as the history of the symptoms.
It will always be proper to bleed, in order to diminish any existing
fever, or to prevent the occurrence of that which continued disease
of this important stomach would be likely to produce. To this
should follow a dose of physic, in order to evacuate the intestines

816 CATTLE.

beyond the place of obstruction, and, by its action on them, pos-
sibly recall this viscus also to the discharge of its healthy function.
The Epsom salts, with half the usual quantity of ginger, will form
the best purgative ; and it should be administered either by means
of a small horn, or the pipe of the stomach-pump introduced half
way down the gullet, and the liquid very slowly pumped in. By
this cautious method of proceeding, the pillars of the oesophagean
canal will probably not be forced open, and the liquid will flow on
through the passage still partially open at the bottom of the many-
plus, and thence into the abomasum. Of the sympathetic influence
which the establishment of increased action of the intestines has on
the stomachs above in rousing them to their wonted function, mention
has already been made ; it is a fact of much importance, and should
never be forgotten by the practitioner.

A consideration of the nature of the disease will necessarily lead
to the next step. Either a great quantity of food is retained between
the leaves of the manyplus in a natural and softened state, or it is
powerfully compressed there, and has become dry and hard. Now
the longer leaves of this stomach reach from the roof almost or quite
to the base of it, and some of them float in the continuation of the
oesophagean canal through which all fluids pass in their way to the
fourth stomach. Then plenty of fluid should be made to flow
through this canal ; and this may readily be eff'ected by the small
horn, or much better by the stomach-pump. An almost constant
current of w^arm water may thus be kept up through the canal, by
means of which the food retained towards the lower edge of the
leaves, and most obstinately retained there on account of the hook-
like form of the papillae, will be gradually softened and washed out.
This wnll leave room for the descent of more ; and the natural action
of this portion of the leaves being possibly re-established, when
freed from the weight and oppression of that by which they had
been filled, the mass that remains above will begin to be loosened ;
it Avill gradually descend and be softened by the stream, and it too
will be carried ofi": and so, in process of time, a great part of the
stomach will be emptied, and the manifolds will be so far relieved as
to be able to renew its natural function.

Oil has been recommended for this purpose ; but the hardened food
will be more readily softened by warm water, than by any oil that
can be administered. Some portion of aperient salt should be dis-
solved in the water, in order that purgation may be established as
soon as possible, or kept moderately up when it is established ; but
no heating, stimulating, tonic medicine, beyond the prescribed pro-
portion of aromatic to the purgative, should on any account be given,
for it is impossible to tell what inflammatory action may be going
forward in the manyplus, or to what degree the spasmodic contrac-
tion on its contents may be increased. No food should be allowed

DISEASES OF THE ABOMASUM, OR FOURTH STOMACH. SI'j

except soft or almost fluid mashes, but the animal may be indulged
in water or thin gruel without limit. Clysters can have httle effect,
and wuU only uselessly tease the animal, already sufficiently annoyed
by frequent drenching.

After all, it may be doubtful whether the injury and danger
produced by the distension of the manifolds with food is not some-
times brought about in a different way from that which has been
hitherto imagined. This stomach has already been described (p.
288), as situated obliquely between the liver and the right sac of
the rumen, and, therefore, when distended by food it will press
upon the liver, and impede the circulation through the main ves-
sel that returns the blood from the intestines to the heart, and
thus cause the retention of an undue quantity of blood in the
veins of the abdomen. From this will naturally or almost neces-
sarily arise a determination of blood to the brain, and the winding
up of the disease by a species of apoplexy. This, however, will
not alter the opinion that has been given of the proper treatment
of the disease, but will throw considerable light en the nature and
causes of some of these determinations to the head, which have not
hitherto been perfectly understood.

THE DISEASES OF THE ABOMASUM, OR FOURTH STOMACH.

Our knowledge of the nature, and symptoms, and treatment of
these diseases is as imperfect as those of the manyplus. Concretions,
and mostly of hair, are occasionally found in this stomach, which, by
their pressure, must produce^ disease to a certain extent. Poisonous
substances, received into this stomach after rumination, as is some-
times the case when the plants are fully grown, from the deficiency
of acute taste in the ox, and which oftener happens when, in spring,
neither their taste nor their smell is developed, produce inflammation
and ulceration of the coats of the abomasum. Inflammation may
and does exist from other causes, as exposure to too great heat, and
the continuance of unseasonable cold and wet weather, too sudden
change of food, the administration of acrid and stimulating medicines :
but the practitioner can rarely distinguish them from inflammatory
disease of the other stomachs, or of the intestinal canal.

So far as the symptoms can be arranged, they are nearly the fol-
lowing : there is fever ; a full and hard pulse at the commencement,
but rapidly changing its character and becoming small, verj' irregu-
lar, intermittent, and, at last, scarcely to be felt except at the heart.
The beast is much depressed and almost always lying down, with its
head turned towards its side, and its muzzle, as nearly as possible,
resting on the place beneath which the fourth stomach would be
found, or when standing, it is curiously stretching out its fore hrabs,
with its brisket almost to the ground. The inspirations are deep,

818 CATTLfi.

interrupted by sighing, moaning, grinding of the teeth, and occa-
sionally by hiccup ; the tongue is dry and fuiTcd, and red around
its edges and at the tip ; the belly generally is swelled, more so
than in the distension of the rumen by food, but less so than in hoove,
and, as further distinguishing the case from both, it is exceedingly
tender ; there is frequently distressing tenesmus, and the urine is
voided with difficulty, and drop by drop. After death, the stomach
exhibits much inflammation of the lining membrane, but very seldom
any ulceration.

The remedies would be bleeding, purgatives, mashes, and gruel.

It is almost useless to dwell longer on this unsatisfactory portion
of the subject, except to warn the practitioner against being misled
by the peculiar softness of the inner lining membrane of the fourth
stomach of the ox. That which would be said to be diseased
condition, or softening, or even decomposition of the inner coat of
the stomach in other animals, is the natural state of the abomasum
in cattle.

Homeopathic trs'itment. — The treatment should be commenced by
some doses of a^onitum, at short intervals, after which the true
specific is arsenicum, two doses of which are almost always sufficient.
Ocirho vegetahilis also at times renders great service.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN, LIVER, AND

PANCREAS.

THE SPLEEN.

The spleen, or melt, is a long, thin, dark-colored substance, situated
on the left side, attached to the rumen, and between that stomach
and the diaphragm. It is closely tied to the stomach by blood'
vessels, and cellular texture. It is of a uniform size through its whole
extent, except that it is rounded at both ends. Of its use we are, in
a manner, ignorant ; it has been removed without any apparent injury
to digestion. Its artery is large and tortuous, and its vein is of great
size, and forms a considerable portion of that which conveys the blood
from the other contents of the abdomen to the liver. It is probably
connected either with the functions of the liver, or with the supply
of some principle essential to the blood.

It is subject to various diseases, inflammation, ulceration, increased
size, tubercles, hydatids, ossification ; but in the present state of cat-
tle medicine it is impossible to state the symptoms by which the
greater part of these are characteriaed.

The occasional seat of disease, tlie spleen, and which is found most
especially to have suffered, is too frequently overlooked. A beast in
high condition, over- driven, or placed in too luxuriant pasture, is
suddenly taken ill ; he staggers ; his respiration becomes laborious ;
his mouth is covered with foam ; the tongue burns ; he stands with
his head stretched out, laboring for breath ; he moans ; blood escapes
from the nostrils or the anus ; the disease runs its course in the
space of a few hours, and the animal dies. On opening him, the
vessels beneath the skin are all gorged with blood ; the skin itself is
injected and red ; the lungs and abdominal viscera are congested
with blood ; the liver is gorged with it. It is inflammatory fever
that has destroyed the animal ; but the speen is most of all aff'ected
and disorganized — it is augmented in size, softened, its peritoneal
covering torn, and blood has rushed from it and filled the belly ; or
the blood has oozed through the investment without any visible
rupture.

In such a malady, the skill of the practitioner can be of little avaih
Had the peculiar determination of disease to the spleen been dis-
covered, it could not have been arrested ; and all that can be

320 CATTLE.

obtained is a lesson of wisdom ; a caution to adopt a more equable
and less forcing system of feeding, and the avoidance of all those
causes of general inflammation in which the weakest orsran suffers
most, and by its disorganization, causes, or, at all events, hastens,
death.

Homoeopathic treatment. — At the onset, aconitum should be pre-
scribed in repeated doses, which often suffices to arrest the disease.
If this result be not attained, and the brown color of the tongue
increases, we are to have recourse to arsenicum. If nervous symp-
toms are observed, the animal making deep inspirations, during which
it shakes the entire body, hryonia is to be employed alternately with
aconitiun. Nux vomica, which is also to be alternated with aconitum,
is indicated when the splenic region is very painful to the touch, and
the animal frequently looks towards it. Laurocerasus has proved
useful in a very obstinate case, where the pulse was small, the eye
fixed, the head directed upward, and the animal insensible, with the
exception of some convulsive movements, when the affected part was
touched.

THE LIVER.

This organ is situated on the right side of the abdomeia, between
the manyplus and the diaphragm. It is principally supported by a
duplicature of peritoneum extending from the spine ; and is confined
in its situatiori" by other ligaments, or similar peritoneal duplicature
connecting its separate lobes or divisions with the diaphragm. It is
divided into two lobes of unequal size. The right lobe is the larger ;
the smaller one is comparatively diminutiv^e.

The blood from the other contents of the abdomen, instead of
flowing directly to the heart, passes through the liver. It enters by
two large vessels, and is spread through every part of the liver by
means of the almost innumerable branches into which these vessels
divide. As it passes through the liver, a fluid is secreted from it,
called the bile, probably a kind of excrement, the continuance of
which in the blood would be injurious, but which, at the same time,
answers a peculiar purpose in the process of digestion.

The bile thus secreted flows into the intestines, and enters the
duodenum thtough an orifice, the situation of which is marked out
by A, p. 291. It flows into the intestines as fast as it is secreted or
separated from the blood ; a portion of it, probably a comparatively
small portion, however, is received into a reservoir, the c/all-bladder,
where it is retained until needed for the purpose of digestion. While
the ox is grazing or asleep, there is no necessity for the whole of the
bile to run on into the intestines, but a part of it accumulates in the
gall-bladder. While it is retained there, it undergoes some change ;
part of the water which it contains is absorbed, and the residue
becomes thickened, and more efi"ectiTe in its operation ; and when the

INFLAMMATION OF TH^ LIVER. 821

animal begins to ruminate, and portions of food pass through the
fourth and true stomach into the duodenum, not only is the flow of
bile into the gall-bladder stopped, but, either by some mechanical
pressure on that vessel which no one has yet explained, or, more
probably, by the sympathy which exists among all the organs of
digestion, and the influence of the gieat organic nerve causino- the
(probably) muscular coat of the vessel to contract, the bile flows out
of its resorvoir, and proceeds to its ultimate destination, along with
the portion which continues to run directly from the liver into the
intestine, through the medium of the hepatic duct. This pear-shaped
reser^^oir, the gall-bladder, is placed in a depression in the posterior
face of the liver, and adheres to it by means of a delicate cellular
texture. The construction of this vessel deserves attention. It has
the same external peritoneal coat with the viscera generally ; beneath
is a thicker coat, evidently composed of cellular substance, in which
no muscular fibres have ye* been demonstratively traced, but in which
they may be well conceivea *o exist, and in which, doubtless, they do
exist, in order to enable the gall-bladder to contract and expel its
contents. The inner coat is a very singular one. It has not precisely
the honeycomb cells of the reticulum in miniature, but it is divided
into numerous cells of very irregular and different shapes, in the base
of which, as in the cells of tiie reticulum, are minute follicular glands
that secrete a mucous fluid to defend the internal surface of the gall-
bladder from the acrimony of the bile which it contains.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

Cattle, and especially those that are stall-fed, are subject to inflam-
mation of the liver. This appears evident enough on examination
after death, but the symptoms during life are exceedingly obscure,
and not to be depended upon. An almost invariable one, however,
is yellowness of the eyes and skin ; but this accompanies, or is the
chief c'haracteristic of, obstruction of the biliary duct, and possibly
exists without the slightest inflammation of the substance of the liver.
It should also be remembered that there is scarcely any acute disease
to which cattle are subject, in which the liver does not sympathize.
- Bile is secreted in great abundance in a hea^.thy state of the animal,
and its secretion is very much increased under almost every intestinal
disease, on account of the sympathy which exists between the Hver
and the other organs of digestion. The feeding too much on oil-cake
will produce in most cattle a yellowness of the skin during life, and
a yellow tinge of the fat and the envelopes of the muscles after death.

In addition to the common symptoms of fever, (quickness of the

pulse, heaving, dryness of the muzzle, heat of the mouth and root of

the horn, listless or suspended rumination,) those that would lead to

the suspicion of inflammation of the liver would be, lying continually

14*

322 CATTLE.

on the right side, slight spasms on that side, or wavy motions of the
skin over the region of the hver — a general fullness of the belly, but
most referable to the right side, and the expression of considerable
pain when pressure is made on that side. Occasionally, the animal
looks round on this part, and endeavors to rest his muzzle upon it.
There is usuall}^ some degree of constipation ; the beast does not
urinate so often or so abundantly as in health, and the urine is yellow
or brown, or, in a few cases, bloody.

The proper remedies are bleeding, physic, blisters on the right
side, and restricted diet, from which everything of a stimulating
kind is carefully withdrawn. The most frequent causes of this com-
plaint are blows, over-driving, the use of too stimulating food, and
the sudden suppression of some cutaneous disease.

Inflammation of the liver sometimes takes on a chronic form.
Perhaps it never assumed any great degree of intensity, or the intense
inflammation was palliated, but not removed ; and this state may
exist for some months, or years, not characterized by any decided
symptom, and but little interfering with health. Then commences
induration, or hardening of a portion of the liver, or of the greater
part of it, and accompanied by tubercles, vomicae, hydatids, and the
existence of the fluke-worm in the ducts.

The difficulty of detecting this chronic inflammation during the
/ife of the animal throws much obscurity on the mode of treating it.
Permanent yellowness of the skin — a constant but not violent
cough — and the want of, or the slowness in acquiring, condition be-
yond a certain degree, would be the symptoms of most frequent
occurrence. The treatment should consist of the frequent exhibition
of gentle purgatives, with a more than the usual quantity of the aro-
matic (six ounces of Epsom salts, and half an ounce of ginger,) and
the food should be green, succulent, and as little stimulating as pos-
sible. Mercury, to which recourse is usually had, when a similar
complaint is suspected to exist in the human subject, would be worse
than thrown away upon cattle. In the majority of cases in which
it is used for the diseases of cattle, it produces decidedly injurious
effect.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The principal remedies are aconitvm at
first, then nux vomica alternately with mercurius vivus. Murias
magnesicB also deserves to be specially recommended. If the symp-
toms of jaundice predominate, chamomilla and mercurius vivus should
be employed, and when hard faeces predominate, nux vomica and
hryonia. Lycopodium is useful in rhronic cases, in the same manner
as when there are colics which disappear as long as the animal re-
mains lying down on the left side.

HEMORRHAGE FROM THE LIVER.

It has already beer, observed that when these animals are turned

JAUNDICE, OR THE YELLCWS. 323

on the fresh grass in the spring, or the fog in autumn, they are subject
to various plethoric or intlammatory complaints. The ravages of
apoplexy and inflammatory fever at these times have been described.
An undue quantity of blood rapidly formed oppresses the whole
system, and, from some cause of determination to it, a particular
organ or part becomes violently congested or inflamed, and the ani-
mal is destroyed. The liver occasionally suffers in this way.

A heifer died, and on opening the belly, the cavity was found to
contain nearly six gallons of blood, which had escaped from a rup-
ture, two inches in length, in one of the lobes of the liver.

Certain beasts have died of some obscure disease ; it has been rapid
in its progress, and not characterized by any symptoms of great in-
flammation, or the inflammatory symptoms, if such had appeared,
have subsided, and those of evident and extreme exhaustion have
succeeded. The pulse has been feeble, or almost indistinct — the
mouth has been cold — the membranes of the mouth and nose pale.
The breathing has been accelerated, and the weakness extreme.
After death, the substance of the liver has been found softened ; it
has broken on the slightest handling ; it may be washed away, and
the various vessels which permeate it exposed : the peritoneal cover-
ing has been loosened — elevated from the liver — and the interval has
been occupied by a clot of blood ; and from some rupture in this
covering, which has partaken of the softening of the viscus itself, a
quantity of blood has been poured out ; or it has oozed through the
covering, and partially or almost entirely filled the cavity of the ab-
domen.

In such a case, the resources of medical art would be powerless ;
but every instance of haemorrhage from the liver should be regarded
as a warning against the adoption of too forcing a system of fatten-
ing, especially in young beasts, and in the spring or fall of the
year.

JAUNDICE, OR THE YELLOWS.

There are few diseases to which cattle are so frequently subject,
or which are so difficult to treat, as jaundice, commonly known by
the appropriate name of the yellows. It is characterized by a yellow
color of the eyes, the skin generally, and the urine. Its appearance
is sometimes sudden ; at other times the yellow tint gradually ap-
pears and deepens. In some cases it seems to be attended, for a
while, by little pain or inconvenience, or impairment of condition ; in
others, its commencement is announced by an evident state of gene-
ral irritation and fever, and particidarly by quickness and hardness of
pulse, heaving of the flanks, excessive thirst, and the suspension ot
rumination ; tc these rapidly succeed depression of spirits, and loss
of appetite, strength, and condition. The animals can scarcely be
induced to move, or they separate themsalves from the herd, and

gZi CATTLE.

retiring to the fence, either slowly pace along the side of it, or stand
hour after hour, listless and half unconscious. Not .nls^ the skin,
but the very hair, gradually becomes yellow ; a scaly eruption ap-
pears, attended by extreme itching, and sometimes degenerating into
the worst species of mange. It is seldom, indeed, that bad mange
appears among cattle without being accompanied by a yellow skin ;
and the cutaneous eruption was probably caused by the presence
and constant excretion of bile irritating the exhalent vessels of the
skin. A state of costiveness usually accompanies the yellow skin, at
least in the early period of the disease, although diarrhoea, which no
astringents will subdue, may afterwards appear, and, in fact, will
generally wind up the affair, and carry the patient off. Jaundice
cannot long exist without being accompanied by general impairment
of health and loss of condition. Cows are particularly subject to it
in spring and autumn. The milk soon shares in the yellowness of
the other secretions, and occasionally acquires an unpleasant and
bitter taste.

The usual cause of jaundice is obstruction of the passage of the
bile from the gall-bladder into the duodenum. This obstruction is
effected in various ways ; but most frequently by biliary concretions,
calculi, or gall-stones. During the continuance of the bile in the
gall-bladder, a certain portion of the water which it contains is re-
moved by the process of absorption ; the residue becomes propor-
tionably thickened, and the most solid parts are either precipitated,
or form themselves into hard masses. Biliary calculi are not unfre-
quently found in the gall-bladder of cattle, of varying size, from that
of a pin's head to a large walnut. Their form indicates that they
were composed by some process of crystallization ; they are round,
with concentric circles, or conical, or assuming in a rude way the
form of a cube, or a pentagon, or hexagon. There is usually some
central portion of harder bile round which the rest is collected. They
are of less specific gravity than the bile, and even than water, and
are found swimming in the gall-bladder. They are composed of the
yellow matter of the bile, with a portion of mucus holding it to-
gether. It is insoluble in water and alcohol, but it readily diffuses
kself in a solution of potash.

So far as can be observed, the presence of these calculi in the gall-
bladder does not inconvenience the animal, or interfere with healt!i,
for thev are found in s^reat numbers of slauQ-htered oxen. At all
events, there are no recognized symptoms by which their presence
can be detected, or even suspected. In some cases the writer of
this work has detected more than a hundred small calculi in the
bladder of one ox.

Sometimes, however, they enter the duct (the cystic) which con-
veys the bile to the intestines. They are likely to do this on accounj;
of their swimming on the surface of the fluid which the gall-bladde/

JAUNDICE, OR THE YELLOWa 828

contains. The cystic duct is large at its union with the bladder ; it is
a continuation of the neck of the bladder ; and the gall-stone may-
be easily pressed into the commencement of the tube : but it has
scarcely entered it before its passage is obstructed by the folds of the
inner coat of of the duct. These assume a semilunar form, with the
edges projecting toward the bladder, and they act as partial valves,
retarding the progress of the bile, so that it may not be all pressed
out at once, but gradually escape as the process of digestion may
require.

The gall-stone being thus impacted, violent spasmodic action takes
place in the muscles of the duct, occasioned by the irritation of its
continued pressure. It is fortunate, however, that, although the
muscles of these ducts act with some power, the obstruction is usu-
ally with no great difficulty overcome. The duct distends ; as it
distends, these valvular folds lie closer to the sides, and no longer
oppose the passage of the calculus, which is pressed on until it
reaches the common duct. The caliber of this tube is larger, and,
unless the calculus is of considerable bulk, no farther difficulty occurs
until it reaches the opening into the duodenum, which being situated
in the centre of a muscular prominence, acting as a valve, and pre-
venting the passege of all matters whether fluid or sohd from the
intestine into the ducts, a new difficulty is opposed to the pro-
gress of the gall-stones, and there is some return of pain, and in
a few cases the pain is evidently more intense than in the early
stage. At length this sphincter muscle of the duodenum dilates ;
the calculus enters the intestinal canal ; the pain ceases, and the
natural color of the skin returns. In this species of jaundice, we
have, in addition to the yellow skin, the heaving of the flanks, the
hard concentrated pulse, the diminished appetite, the insatiable thirst,
and the other symptoms of fever. Then, too, we have the alter-
nate coldness and heat of the ears, the roughness of the coat, the
urine becoming first of a transparent yellow, and then opaque red,
saffron-colored, or brown, and the sediment brown. The bowels
are constipated, the faeces seldom evacuated, and, when appearing,
are hard and black.

Bleeding is now clealy indicated, and that until the animal be-
comes faint. During this partial sympathy, the muscles of the duct
may cease their spasmodic constriction, and the calculus may pass
on. To this should be added powerful purgation, consisting of doses
of a pound and a half each of Epsom salts, or of a pound of the
salts, with ten grains of the Croton Tiglii ; the medicine being re-
peated once in six hours, until purging is produced. Mashes should
be given, to hasten and increase the action of the physic, and the
beast should, if possible, be turned out to grass during the day, and
taken up at night." Opium or digitalis, and particularly the latter,
may be given, in dos^ of half a drachm of either, with a view to

CATTLE.

allay the violent constriction of the duct. From the knowledge that
bihary concretions dissolve in a solution of potash, considerable quan-
tities of nitrate and acetate of potash have been given, but with
doubtful success. Ether, hydrochlofate of ammonia, potash, and
soda, have also been fruitlessly administered for the same purpose.

Anothsr mechanical cause of jaundice may be the obstruction
formed by the fasciola or Jluke-ivorm. This singular parasite, resem-
bling in form a little sole, and of the natural history of which, or of
the changes that it has undergone, or may undergo, nothing is known,
is found 'in the hvers of cattle, and especially of those that are bred
in low and marshy situations. They accompany almost every chronic
disease of the liver, and often exist in the healthy animal. They
inhabit the ducts into which the bile is poured from the smaller
vessels of the liver — they are swimming in the bile, and said to be
generally found working their way against the course of that fluid.

There is no case on record in which it has been proved by exami-
nation after death that the fluke- worm has mechanically obstructed
the passage of the bile, and thus caused both the yellowness and the
spasm, yet it can easily be imagined that this Avill sometimes occur.
There. are no peculiar symptoms to indicate the existence of these
worms, for they have never been voided from the mouth or the
anus : — to the first, there would be a mechanical impediment from
the construction of both the low^er and upper orifices of the stomach ;
and the digestive process going on through the w^hole of the intesti-
nal canal would render the latter improbable, if not impossible.
Their presence could only be guessed at from the nature of the pas-
ture, or from their having been found in other beasts of the same
herd.

The same means would be adopted as in supposed obstruction by
a calculus, but with this probable difference, that the obstruction
would be more easily and quickly removed.

Of the other species of jaundice in which the attack is more
gradual, and apparently unconnected with pain, and in which the
symptoms are weakness, listlessness, cedematous swellings, high-
colored urine, hardened excrement, declining condition, and occa-
sional death, anatomical observation has discovered various causes.
The state of the liver itself will sometimes account for every symp-
tom. It may labor under chronic inflammation, without disorganiza-
tion, and the secretion of bile will be considerably increased, and
produced more rapidly than the ducts can carry it off, or than it
can be disposed of in the process of digestion, and it w^ould lurk in
the intestines, and be taken up by the absorbents and carried into
the circulation. At other times the diseased state of the liver pre-
vents the escape of the bile, whether in its natural^^or even diminished
quantity ; thus, general enlaigement of the substance of the liver
AY ill press upon and partially close the biliary ducts — tubercles, ot

JAUNDICE, OR THE YELLOWS.

other tumors in the liver will effect the same thing. Inflammation
may exist in the ducts themselves. They may become thickened or
ulcerated, and thus cease to give passage to the bile, which will then
be taken up by the absorbents of the liver, or mechanically forced
back upon the vessels whence it was secreted. These are occasional
causes of jaundice ; and when they exist it will not be wondered
at that the complaint is obstinate, and too often fatal.

Sometimes the source of the evil may exist in the duodenum. It
may be inflamed or ulcerated, or thickened, and so the opening from
the biliary duct into the intestine may be closed : or the mucus
which may be secreted in the duodenum may be too abundant, or
of too viscid a character, and thus also the orifice may be mechani-
cally obstructed.

What symptom will indicate to the practitioner which of these
morbid states of the liver or its ducts, or if the first intestine, is the
cause of the disease ? or if it did, what means could he adopt in
such a case with the hope of ultimate success ? The treatment of
confirmed jaundice is a thankless and disheartening business. The
practitioner, however, must look carefully and anxiously to the symp-
toms, and be guided by them. There is no general rule to direct him
here. If there is evident fever, he must bleed, and regulate his ab-
straction of blood by the apparent degree of fever. In every case
but that of diarrhoea, and at the commencement of that, he must
administer purgatives — in large doses when fever is present, or in
somewhat smaller quantities, but more frequently repeated, when
constipation is observed ; and in doses still smaller, but yet sufficient
to excite a moderate and yet continued purgative action, when nei-
ther fever nor constipation exists. Considering, however, the natural
temperament of cattle, the purgative should be accompanied by a
more than usual quantity of the aromatic, unless the degree of fever
should plainly forbid it. There are few things respecting which
veterinary practitioners differ more than the kind of purgative that
should be administered in this case. Some, who are usually partial
to the Epsom or Glauber's salts, here prefer the aloes.

It may not, perhaps, be quite a matter of indifference what purga-
tive is administered. The Epsom salts here, as in other cases, is the
safest, the most to be depended upon, and the most effective : but
the secret of treating jaundice, not with the almost invariable suc-
cess of which some speak, but with the best prospect of doing good,
is by the repetition of mild purgatives, accompanied, and their power
increased, and the digestive powers of the animal roused, and his
strength supported by the addition of aromatics and stomachics, in
such doses as the slight degree, or the absence, of fever ma}- indi-
cate. The author certainly cannot confirm by his testimony the
opinion of the comparative ease with which the complaint may be
removed : he Las not only found it to be one of the most common

328 CATTLE.

affections of the liver, but one of the most untractable and fatal ; and
this from the insidious manner in which it proceeds until it lias fixed
itself on the constitution beyond the power of medicine to remove it.
The following short directions comprise all that can be done : — sub-
due the inflammation or fever by bleeding and physic ; — keep the
bowels afterwards under the mild but evident influence of purgative
medicine ; — add aromatics and stomachics to tiie medicine almost
from the beginning ; to these, if the strength and condition of the
animal should appear to be wasting, add tonics — the gentian root
will stand at the head of them ; — and lastly, when the disease has
been apparently subdued, a few tonic drinks will restore the appe-
tite, prepare for the regaining of condition, and re-establish the secre-
tion of milk.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The chief remedies to be employed are :
mercurius viviis, nux vomica, and chamomilla. Arsenicum is employ-
ed, if rumination be suppressed ; and lycopodium, if there be cough.
Mercurius soluhilis is, i1 is said, specific when the stools are whitish,
as sometimes happens in acute jaundice. Sulphur has more than
once sufficed to remove the disease.

THE PANCREAS.

This is a long, irregularly formed, flattened gland, confined to the
left side of the abdomen, in the neighborhood of, but not adhering
to, the fourth stomach, and mostly connected with the duodenum
and colon, by mesenteric attachments. It is of a pale red color, and
evidentlv composed of an accumulation of small glands, resembling
salivary ones : each of them is a secreting gland, and a duct proceeds
from each ; — these unite and form one common canal, which takes its
course towards the duodenum, unites itself with the biliary duct,
already described, and enters with it into the duodenum, as repre-
sented at h, in the cut in p. 291.

This gland appears to be subject to very few diseases, and the
symptoms of these diseases are, in the present state of knowledge of
the pathology of cattle, very imperfectly known. In a few instances,
enlargement of the pancreas has been found after death ; at other
times, there have been inflammation, tubercles, a schirrous induration,
and considerable abscess ; but there were no previous symptoms to
lead to the suspicion that this gland was the principal seat of disease,
and there were other morbid appearances in the stomachs or intes-
tines, to indicate sufficient cause of death without reference to the
state of the pancreas. This is a subject which deserves the attention
of the veterinary surgeon, and on which no one has yet ventured to
write.

We are now prepared to follow the passage of the food from the
fourth stomach into the intestinal canaL

CHAPTER XIV.

THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.

In cattle, the enormous development of the rumen, occupying
nearly three-fourths of the abdominal cavity, leaves but little room
for bulky intestines ; the bowels are therefore diminished in size, in
order that they may be mort rapidly packed wherever room can be
found for them.

The larger intestines, particularly the colon and caecum, have
no collated structure, and, consequently, the food will pass through
them with great rapidity. Lest this, however, should prevent the
abstraction of all the nutriment which it contains, and thus interfere
with the destiny of cattle — the furnishing of the human being with
food while they are living and after they are dead — the intestinal
canal is greatly prolonged. The intestines of cattle are twenty-two
times as long as his body.

It will be remarked {g, p. 291, and fig. 1, on next page,) that the
duodenum is, at its commencement from the stomach, little larger
than the jejunum and ileum, which are prolongations from it. In
consequence of the maceration of the food in the rumen, the double
mastication, and the mechanism of the manyplus, by means of which
every fibrous particle is seized and ground down, the food is nearly
dissolved before it enters the fourth stomach ; it is easily completed
there, and the duodenum has nothing to do of this nature. On this
account, the duodenum of cattle is little larger than the small intes-
tines which succeed to it.

The duodenum and all the intestines have, like the stomachs,
three coats. The outer one is the peritoneum, or the membrane by
which all the contents of the belly are invested ; by which also they
are all confined in their natural situations, and by the smoothness
and moisture of which, all injurious friction and concussions are
avoided. The second is the muscular coat, supplied by the motor
organic nerves, and by means of the contraction of which the food is
propelled along the intestinal canal in the process of healthy diges-
tion, or hastened when those muscles are made to contract more
rapidly and violently under the influence o! irritation, whether refer-

CATTLE.

able to disease or to some purgative drug. The inner coat is a
mucous one, thickly studded with minute glands, which, in a state
of health, secrete sufficient mucous fluid to lubricate the passage ;
and, under the stimulus of a purgative, throw out a fluid increased
in quantity, and of a more aqueous character, and in which the con-
tents of the intestines are softened and involved and carried away.

The Duodenum.
The Jejunum.
The Ileum.

4. The Caecum.

5. The Colon.

6. The Rectum-

The Mesentery.
Mesenteric Glandi.
Blood-vessels.

THE DUODENUM.

On this f3oat likewise open the mouths of innumerable vessels —
the lacteal absorbents — which imbibe or take up the nutritive portion
of the food. These vessels ramify across the mesentery, and con-
vey this nutriment to a common duct that passes along"^ it, and by
means of which it is carried into the great veins in the neighborhood

THE JEJUNUM AND ILIUM. 331

of the heart, where it is mixed with the venous blood returned from
every part. By the power of the heart it is propelled through the
lungs, where it is purified and vitalized : and having been returned
to this organ it is driven through other vessels all over the frame,
and bestows nutriment and life on every part.

The food, in a state of perfect solution, and under the name of
chyme, is forced on by the muscular coat of the fourth stomach into
the duodenum, where another change immediately commences. The
food is separated into two distinct portions or principles — that
which is nutritive or capable of being imbibed by the lacteals — a
white fluid called chyle — and that which is either innutritive, or
which they reject, and which is propelled along the intestines and
finally evacuated.

There has been much dispute as to the manner in which this
separation is effected. The chyme that has been formed by the
agency of the gastric juice may contain in itself a tendency to this
separation, or precipitation of the excrementitious part ; or this may
be effected by some fluid secreted from the mucous coat of the du-
odenum ; or the bile and the pancreatic juice may be the main
agents in producing the change.

Ten or twelve inches down the duodenum, as may be seen at A,
p. 291, two ducts penetrate the coats of that intestine, and pour
into it the fluid secreted by the pancreas and liver. It would seem
likely, from the distance from the stomach at which these fluids
enter, that some change had already taken place in the contents of
the duodenum, which was to be perfected by means of these auxilia-
ries. The separation or precipitation is more rapidly and effectually
made ; while the bile also has some stimulating effect on the coats
of the stomach, urging the exhalents and the absorbents, and the
muscles of the intestines, to stronger and more effectual action ; and
the pancreatic juice may dilute the biliary secretion, and shield the
intestine from its occasional too great acrimony.

While, however, the bile is thus acting in promoting healthy di-
gestion, (and no animals afford more frequent illustration of the con-
nection between the biliary secretion and the digestive process than
cattle do,) the true notion of it is perhaps, that it is an excremen-
titious substance, containing properties that would be noxious to the
constitution, but, as in most of the contrivances of nature, the mode
of its evacuation answers another and a salutary purpose.

The duodenum terminates in the jejunum, but there is no assign-
able point where the one can be said to terminate and the other
begin.

THE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM.

These intestines, together with the^ duodenum, the caecum, and a
portion of the coloti, will be seen (in the cut p. 330, at Jigs. 2 and 3,)

832 CATTLE.

to be united together, and enfolded in one common expansion of the
mesentery. They he on the right side of the belly, occupying the
flank, and resting upon the right portion of the rumen. The jejunum
and the ileum constitute the border of this mesenteric expansion,
and are disposed in the form of numerous spiral convolutions. If
they were unfolded, the length of these intestines would, in an ox
of common size, amount to more than one hundred feet. This
length of small intestine is designed to compensate for the want of
development and of cells in the larger ones. The food is detained
by the length of the passage, and also by the construction of the
convolutions. The principal absorption of chyle takes place in
them.

THE CECUM.

It describes a considerable arch {^ee fig. 4, p. 330,) the superior
extremity of which is fixed to the portion of mesentery common to
it and the small intestines, while the inferior portion floats loose in
the abdomen, and is prolonged into the pelvic cavity, where it has a
rounded termination. The portion of food that can enter into it is
small, and cannot be detained long there, because there are no lon-
gitudinal bands to pucker the intestine into numerous and deep cells ;
but the contents of the caecum have the character of being more fluid
than in any other part of the intestinal canal. The length of the
caecum seldom exceeds a yard.

THE COLON.

This intestine is evidently divisible into two parts, (see fig. 5.
p. 330 ;) the one smaller than the caecum is supported by the com-
mon mesentery ; the other floats loose in the belly, and forms part of
the second mass of intestines. It has convolutions, but is destitute
of muscular bands. It is less than the caecum, but combined with
the next and the last intestine, the rectum, it measures more than
thirty-three feet. The want of mechanical obstruction to the pass-
age of the food is thus made up by the increased length of the
viscera. In the colon, the process of digestion may be considered to
be in a manner terminated, and all that remains is faeculent matter,
that continues to be urged on in order to be expelled.

THE RECTUM.

This intestine, so 'ailed from the straight course which it runs,
terminates the diofestive canal. It has no lonoitudinal bands, for it

O ID '

contains little beside the excrement that is to be discharged, or that
should least of all be detained. The lacteal absorbents may still be
traced in this intestine, but it is probable that very little nutritive
matter is taken up, although, from the occasional hardened state of
the dung;, it is possible that much fluid may be carried ofl[.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE MESENTERIC GLANDS. 333

A circular muscle, the sphincter, is always in action at the termi-
nation of the rectum, to prevent its contents from being involunta-
rily discharged. Its power is just sufficient for the purpose ; and
it readily yields, when by the pressure of the abdominal muscles
and the diaphragm, the excrement is forced against it, in the vol-
untary efforts of the animal.

The contents of the rectum in cattle are semi-fluid — their nutritive
qualities are nearly exhausted, and they are of very inferior value
for agricultural purposes.

THE DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.

These are too numerous, and destroy too many of our cattle.
Those which belong to the membranes that invest or line the intes-
tines, and that are referable to the greater part, or the whole, of
their extent, will with most convenience first come under consideration.
Those which affect only particular viscera, or parts of them, will
naturally follow.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE MESENTERIC GLANDS.

It has been stated that there are numerous vessels, termed lacteals,
opening on the inner coat of the intestines, in order to convey the
chyle to the thoracic duct, so that it may mingle with and supply
the waste of the blood. These little vessels, ere they reach the main
trunk, pass through a glandular body, in which some unknown
change is probably effected in the chyle. Some of these mesenteric
glands are represented at Jig. 8, p. 330. These glands occasionally
become unnaturally enlarged, and then, whether from the abstraction
of so much nutriment, in order to contribute to this enlargement, or
from the unknown change not taking place in the chyle before it
mingles with the blood, or from the constitutional disturbance which
the presence of such a body in the abdomen i»iust produce, the
animal ceases to thrive, his belly becomes enlarged, cough and con-
sumption appear, and he gradually wastes away and dies. On exami-
nation after death, some of the mesenteric glands are of unusual bulk,
and occasionally have grown to an enormous size.

A cow having an internal tumor, showing on the right side, died.
On opening the abdomen, the first thing that presented itself, filling
the iliac region, was a lai-ge mesenteric gland, of irregular form, wei^rh-
ing 160 pounds. On making a section through it, its appearance was
chiefly that of a schirrous deposit. The mesenteric glands generally
were unhealthy, and many of them were schirrous. This case is a valu-
able one ; it is the only one on record of schirrous enlargement of the
mesenteric glands of the ox ; but the recollection of every practitioner
will fuinisli him with not a few instances of these tumors unexpectedly
presenting themselves on examination of the abdomen. They have
been found chiefly in young beasts that had been bred too much in

CATTLE.

and in, or that had been weakly from other causes, and particularly
in those that had been subject to chronic cough, associated with
tubercles in the lungs. In low and damp situations these tumors
have been found on the mesentery of cattle that have been long
unthrifty and out of condition, and that have at length died apparently
in consequence of some other disease.

The association, however, with these diseases has differed so ma-
terially in different cases, and the symptoms have been so obscure, or
so much resembling those of various and almost opposite complaints,
that they have not yet been satisfactorily classed and arranged.

The trear/nent of these mesenteric enlargements, when they are
suspected and pretty well ascertained, would be a course of mild
purgatives, mingled with tonics, (the Epsom salts with gentian and
ginger, a dose sufficient to keep the bowels gently open being admin-
istered every morning,) with the exhibition of from six to ten grains
of the hydriodate of potash, at noon and night, and the removal of
the animal to good and dry pasture.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

Of this malady there are two species : the first is inflammation of
the external coat of the intestines, accompanied by considerable fever,
and usually by costiveness ; the second is that of the internal or
mucous coat, and generally attended by violent purging.

The first of these, designated by the term Enteritis, is, in most
cases, sudden in its attack. Beasts of middle age — strong — in good
condition, and particularly working cattle, are most subject to it.
Calves, old beasts, and milch cows are comparatively exempt from it.
The disease is most frequent in hot weather, and after long-continued
drought.

The beast, that on the preceding day seemed to be in perfect
health, is observed to be dull — depressed — his muzzle dry — his hair
rough ; — he shrinks when his lokis are pressed upon, and his belly
seems to be enlargeu on tbe left side. To these symptoms speedily
succeed disinclination to move — weakness of the hind limbs — trem-
bling of them — staggering — heaving of the flanks — protmsion of the
head — redness of the eyes — heat of the mouth and ears and roots of
the horns, and a small, but rapid pulse, generally varying fioni 60 to
80 beats in a minute. Rumination has now ceased ; the appetite is
lost ; the faeces are rarely voided, and are hard and covered w^tli a
glazy mucus, and that mucus is sometimes streaked with blood ; — the
animal also moans with intensity of pain.

The symptoms rapidW increase ; the patient becomes more de-
pressed ; the pulse more feeble ; the moaning incessant, and the
beast is continually down. He becomes half unconscious, and is
evidently half-blind ; the mouth is filled with foam, and the tongue
is covered with a browish yellow deposit. There is grinding of the

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

teeth, and difficulty in the swallowing of liquids ; a tucked appear-
ance of the belly, mingling with the enlargement of the left flank —
and the whole of the belly is exceedingly tender. Until he is too
weak to raise himself, he is exceedingly restless, lying down, and
immediately getting up again, and with convulsive movements of the
muscles of the neck and extremities. The evacuation of the faeces is
entirely suppressed, or a little stream of liquid excrement forces a
passage through the hardened mass by which the rectum is distended,
and that which is voided has an exceedingly fetid and putrid smell.
This symptom is characteristic. The person who is accustomed to
cattle says that the beast is fardel-hound or sapped, but he often
mistakes the nature of the case, and fancies that diarrhoea instead of
costiveness exists. The urine becomes thick and oily and brown, and
has a peculiarly disagreeable and penetrating smell. As the disease
proceeds, the weakness and suffering increase, until the animal dies,
sometimes exhausted, but mostly in convulsions, and frequently
discharging a bloody fetid fluid from the mouth, the nose, and the
anus.

Sometimes, when the disease has not been attacked with sufficient
energy, and often in despite of the most skillful treatment, other symp-
toms appear. The animal seems to amend ; the pulse is slower and
more developed — rumination returns — the patient eats a little — the
enlargement of the flanks subsides — the excrement, whether hard or
fluid, is more abundantly discharged : but the beast is sadly thin — he
is daily losing ground — his coat stares — the hair is easily detached — ■
the skin chngs to the bones — he is sometimes better, and sometimes
worse, until violent inflammation again suddenly comes on, and he is
speedily carried off".

On examination after death, the first thing that presents itself is the
engrororement of the sub- cutaneous vessels with black and coagrulated

o o . . ^ .

blood, and the discoloration of the muscles, softened in their consist-
ence and becoming putrid. The abdomen exhibits the eftusion of a
great quantity of bloody fluid ; eight, ten, and twelve gallons have
been taken from it. The peritoneum is inflamed — almost universally
so ; — there are black and gangrenous patches in various parts, and on
others there are deposits of flaky matter, curiously formed, and often
curiously spotted. The liver is enlarged, and its substance easily
torn ; the rumen is distended with food, generally dry, and its lining
membrane inflamed and injected, and of a purple or blue tint ; the
reticulum does not escape the inflammatory action ; the manyplus is
filled Avith dry and hard layers, which cannot be detached without
difficulty from the mucous membrane of that stomach ; the fourth
stomach is highly inflamed, with patches of a more intense character,
and its contents are liquid and bloody, particularly towards the pyloiic
orifice. The small intestines contain many spots of ulceration, the
lining membrane is everywhere inflamed, and they are filled with an

CATTLE.

adhesive or bloody mucous fluid ; the larger intestines are even more
inflamed ; they exhibit more extensive ulceration, and contain many
clots of eff'used blood. The rectum is ulcerated and gangrenous from
end to end.

There is usually considerable effusion in the chest ; the coverings
of the lungs are inflamed ; the bag of the heart more so ; the sub-
stance of the lungs is sometimes emphysematous, and at other times
gorged with blood, and the heart is marked with black spots out-
wardly, and in its cavities. The lining membrane of all the air-pass-
ages is of a red brown color ; the larynx and the pharynx are
intensely red, and so is the membrane of the gullet.

Of the causes of this disease it is difficult to speak. It seems
occasionally to be epidemic, for several instances of it occur, of the
same character, and in the same district.

When isolated cases occur, they may generally be attributed to
mismanagement. Exposure to cold, or the drinking of cold water
when heated with work ; too hard work in sultry weather ; the use
of water stagnant, impure, or containing any considerable quantity of
metallic salts ; the sudden revulsion of some cutaneous eruption ; the
crowding of animals into a confined place ; too luxuriant and stimu-
lating food generally ; and the mildewed and unwholesome food on
which cattle are too often kept, are fruitful sources of this complaint.

Homoeopathic treatment. — Aconitum is to be given in doses repeated
every fifteen or twenty minutes, until the most prominent symptoms
of the inflammation have disappeared. If this end be not attained
after some hours, or if, notwithstanding a perceptible improvement,
pain still remains, arsenicum is to be given. The medicine alternately
with aconitum, has sometimes, it is said, produced good eftects. It
is particularly indicated when the disease has been occasioned by
cold drinks, or by improper food and disturbance of digestion.
When aconitum and arsenicum fail, we must have recourse to carbo
vtgetabllis and rhus toxicodendron.

WOOD-EVIL, MOOR-ILL, PANTAS.

These are but varieties of the same disease, frequently produced,
as the first name would import, by browsing on the young buds of
trees, and particularly on those of the ash and the oak. These
buds are tempting to cattle at the commencement of the spring, but
they are of too acrid and stimulating a character to be eaten with
impunity in any considerable quantities. Heat of the mouth and skin
— redness of the membranes — thirst — obstinate constipation — hard-
ness of the little faeces that are expelled — the covering of them with
mucus and blood — difficulty of voiding urine, and its red color and
penetrating odor — colicky pains — depression — are the characteristic
symptoms of this disease.

Some veterinarians give the name of wood-evil to complaints allied

WOOD-EVIL, MOOR-ILL, PANTAS.

to rheiimatisrn, or being essentially rheumatic ; others consider it to
be a disease of debility, looking to the consequence of inflammation,
and not to the inflammation itself. If any distinction were drawn
between wood-evil and enteritis in cattle, it would be, that although
in wood-evil there seems to be more affection of the head, and the
animal appears now and then as if it were rabid, there is not so much
intestinal inflammation, and the disease dose not so speedily run its
course. Wood-evil may last from twelve to twenty days.

The prognosis, or expectation of the termination of the disease, is
always unfavorable when after a certain time much fever comes on,
or the costiveness will not give way, or the urine is thick or bloody,
or the disease attains its full intensity in the space of a few days.
Then, instead of terminating in resolution, the inflammation runs on
to gangrene ; all the acute symptoms suddenly disappear, and death
IS not far distant. On the other hand, the result will be favorable
when the disease does not reach that degree of intensity of which
it is capable — when, after a few days, the symptoms gradually dis-
appear, and the animal regains his former habits, and the excrement
resumes its natural form and consistence.

The history thai has been given of this disease will leave little
doubt respecting the course of treatment that should be pursued. A
malady of so intensely an inflammatory character should be met by
prompt and decisive measures : and to them it will, in its early
stage, generally yield. Nothing is so easy as to give relief to a
sapped or fardel-bound beast, before he begins to heave at the flanks
or ceases to ruminate ; but quickness of breathing, and heat of the
mouth, and evident fever, being once established, the animal will
probably be lost.

The patient should be bled. If it be simple costiveness without
fever, the abstraction of six or eight quarts of blood may suffice ;
but if the symptoms of inflammation cannot be misunderstood, the
measure of the bleeding will be the quantity that the animal will
lose before he staggers or falls. Purgatives should follow — the first
dose being of the full strength, and assisted by quickly repeated
ones, until quick purging is produced. Hot water, or blisters, should
be applied to the belly, and the food of the beast should be re-
stricted to gruel and mashes. This will, in most cases, include the
whole of the treatment.

If other spmptoms should arise, or other parts appear to be in-
volved, the practitioner will change his mode of proceeding accord-
ingly ; but he will be cautious how he gives aromatics or tonics,
until he is convinced that the state of fever has passed over, and
circumstances indicate the approach of debility and of typhus fever.

Homoeopathic treatment. — Ipecacuanha and veratrmn, alternately,
every quarter of an hour, are the means by which this disease has
been cured, which, in general, proceeds with great rapidity. Aeon-
itum and arscniciim might be most properly administered.

CATTLE.

DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY.

The distinction between these two diseases, and it is of essential
importance to observe it in the treatment of cattle, is, that diarrhoea
consists in the evacuation of faecal matter, in an undue quantity, and
more than naturally liquid form. In dysentery, more or less mucus,
or mucus and blood combined, mingles with faeces.

The frequent and abundant evacuation of faecal matter, whether
with or without mucus, may be considered either as simple, or con-
nected with other diseases. In its former state it will be the sub-
ject of present coiisideration, and may be regarded as acute or
chronic. Acute diarrhoea may be produced by various causes ; — the
abuse of purgatives, by their being administered in too active a form
— feeding on certain poisonous plants — sudden change of food, gen-
erally from dry to green aliment, but occasionally from green to dry
— excess of food — the drinking of bad water — or by some humid and
unhealthy state of the atmosphere. From the last cause it usually
assumes an epizootic character, particularly in autumn. A great
many cows in a certain district are suddenly attacked by it, although
there is no reason to suspect that it is in the slightest degree conta-
gious.

Calves and milch cows are far more subject to this species of in-
testinal inflammation than are full grown or working oxen.

The proper treatment of acute diarrhoea will consist in the ad-
ministration of a mild purgative, in ordt^r to carry off any source of
irritation in the intestinal canal ; the abstraction of blood, if there
be any degree of fever, and in proportion to that fever ; and then the
exhibition of alkalies and astringents. The most eff"ectual medicines
are prepared chalk, opium, catechu, and ginger, in the proportions
of one ounce of the first, one drachm of the second, four drachms
of the third, and two of the last, in each dose, and to be adminis-
tered in thick gruel.

This will generally be successful : but, occasionally, these acute
cases of diarrhoea are obstinate and fatal ; and too often it happens
that what has been represented to the practitioner as a sudden
attack turns out to be the winding up of some chronic disease, and
he does not discover the mistake until it is too late.

Diarrhoea is not always to be considered as a disease. It is often
a salutary effort of nature to get rid of that which would be inju-
rious ; or it is a somewhat too great action of certain of the di-
gestive organs, which soon quiet down again to their natural and
healthy function. An occasional lax state of the bowels in calves is
known to be favorable to the acquirement of fat ; and a beast that
is well purged on being first turned on spring-grass or turnips,
thrives far more rapidly than another that is little, or not at all,
aff"ected by the change. Diarrhoea, in some critical stages of disease,

DIARRHOEA AND DYSENiERY.

is to be hailed as the precursor of health, rather than feared as the
attack of a new raalady : it should be so in pneumonia, red water,
and puerperal fever. All that is then to be done is to prevent its
becoming so violent as to depress the vital energies. Diarrhoea may-
assume a chronic form, with greater or less severity, and producing
loss of condition and debility ; it may be prolonged for many a
month, and even for years, and at length terminate fatally. This is
often the case with cows that have been drained of their milk and
badly kept. The diarrhoea of calves will be considered when the
diseases of those animals come under notice.

The treatment of chronic diarrhoea is difficult ana unsatisfactory.
Purgatives cannot be dispensed with, but they must be administered
with considerable caution. Both the medicine and the quantity
should be well considered, for if the aperient be not strong enough,
the disorder will be increased and prolonged ; and if it be too strono-,
both these effects will be produced to a greater extent, and fatal
inflammation and superpurgation may ensue. Castor oil will be the
safest, and the most effectual medicine, in doses from a pint to a
quart : and a small quantity, ten grains, of powdered opium, will not
interfere with the aperient quality of the oil, while it may allay irri-
tation. After two doses of the oil have been given, the powder
already recommended may bo tried, but with a double quantity of
ginger, and half a drachm of powdered gentian. After a while, a
drachm of Dover's powder may be given, morning and night ; and,
that also ceasing to have effect, the first powder may again be ad-
ministered. Alum whey is often of considerable service. If the
animal be turned out, it should be on the driest pasture, but it w^ill
be better for her to be kept up with plenty of hay, and gruel to
drink.

Homoeopathic treatment — The cure of diarrhoea is effected by
different means. In the diarrhoea which bursts out suddenly, or the
acute form, we should commence with a couple of doses of acouitum,
at short intervals ; after which, in most cases, arsenicum and ipeca-
cuanha are very effectual. The diarrhoea brought on by cold often
yields to aconitum alone, as that resulting from any irregularity in
diet yields to arsenic. If in the latter case there be also loss of ap-
petite, and if arsenic does not effect a cure, pui'-satilla should be
given, or, when there is an absolute repugnance to food, nntimonium
crudum, especially when the diarrhoea alternates periodically with
constipation. If there be frequent dejections without pain, we have
resource to rheum. Asarum is useful, if the evacuations are fluid,
and sometimes mixed with bloody mucus.

In the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, beside china, sulphur, cha-
momilla, and veratrum, which have been found useful more than once,
we should employ acidum phosphoricum, hryonia, calcarea acetica, dul-
camara, magnesia^ carbonica, petroleum and phosphorus. Diarrhoea is

540 CATTLE.

usually accompanied with a general morbid state, with respect to
which we are to choose, among these several means, that which
suits best. Sulphur and amenicum are the principal remedies for
diarrhcea in calves.

It is, however, with dysentery that the practitioner is most loth
to cope — a disease that destroys thousands of our cattle. This also
mav be either acute or chronic. Its causes are too often buried in
obscuritv, and its premonitory symptoms are disregarded or unknown.
There appears to be a strong predisposition in cattle to take on this
disease. It seems to be the winding up of many serious complaints,
and the found' don of it is sometimes laid by those that appear to
be of the mos^ trifling nature. It is that in cattle which glanders and
farcy are in the horse — the breaking up of the constitution.

Dysentery may be a symptom and a concomitant of other diseases.
It is one of the most fearful characteristics of murrain ; it is the
destructive accompaniment or consequence of phthisis. It is pro-
duced by the sudden disappearance of a cutaneous eruption ; it fol-
lows the secession of chronic hoose ; it is the consequence of the
natural or artificial suspension of every secretion. Were any secre-
tion to be particularly selected, the repression of which would pro-
duce dysentery, it would be that of the milk. How often does the
farmer observe that no sooner does a milch cow cease her usual sup-
ply of milk, than she begins to purge ? There may not appear to
be anything else the matter with her, but she purges, and in the ma-
jority of cases that purging is fatal.

It may, sometimes, however, be traced to sufficient causes, exclu-
sive of pi-evious disease. Unwholesome food — exposure to cold —
neglect at the time of calving — low and marshy situations — the feed-
ing on meadows that have been flooded (here it is peculiarly fatal) —
the grazing upon the clays lying over the blue lias rock — the
neighborhood of woods, and of half stagnant rivers — the continua-
tion of unusually sultry weather — over-work, and all the causes of
acute dysentery may produce that of a chronic nature — or acute
dysentery neglected, or badly, or even most skillfully treated, may
degenerate into an incurable chronic affection. Half starve a cow,
or overfeed her, milk her to exhaustion, or dry her milk too rapidly,
dysentery may follow.

The following may probably be the order of the spmptoms, if they
are carefully observed. There will be a httle dullness or anxiety
of countenance, the muzzle becoming short and contracted — a slight
shrinking when the loins are pressed upon — the skin a little harsh
and dry — the hair a little rough — there will be a slight degree of
uneasiness, and shivering, that scarcely attracts attention — then (ex-
cept it be the degeneracy of acuie into chronic dysentery) constipa-
tion may be perceived — it will be to a certain degree obstinate —
the excrement will be voided with pain — it will be dry, hard, and

DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY a«

expelled in small quantities. In other cases, perhaps, purging will
be present from the beginning ; the animal will be tormented with
tenesmus, or frequent desire to void its excrement, and that act at-
tended by straining and pain, by soreness about the anus, and pro-
trusion of the rectum ; and sometimes by severe colicky spasms.
In many cases, however, and in those of a chronic form, few of these
distressing symptoms are observed even at the commencement of the
disease, but the animal voids her faeces oftener than it is natural that
she should, and they are more fluid than in a state of health ; but
at the same time, she loses her appetite and spirits and condition,
and is evidently wasting away.

In acute cases, if the disease does not at once destroy the animal,
the painful symptoms disappear, and httle remains but a greater or
less degree of dullness, disinclination to food, rapid decrease of con-
dition, and frequent purging. The faeces are often voided in a pecu-
liar manner ; they are ejected with much force, and to a considera-
ble distance, and the process of shooting has commenced. The
faeces, too, have altered their character ; a greater quantity of mu-
cus mingles with them ; sometimes it foi-ms a great proportion of
the matter evacuated, or it hangs in strings, or accumulates layer
after layer under the tail. The farmer and the practitioner anxiously
examine the evacuation. As the thin mass falls on the ground,
bubbles are formed upon it. They calculate the time that these
vesicles remain unbroken. If they burst and disappear immediately,
the observer does not quite despair ; but if they remain several
minutes on the surface of the dung, he forms an unfavorable opinion
of the case, for he knows that these bladders are composed of the
mucus that lined the intestines, and which is not separated from them
except under circumstances of great irritation ; or wliich being
thrown off, the denuded membrane is exposed to fatal irritation. In
this state the beast may remain many weeks, or months ; sometimes
better, and sometimes worse ; and even promising to those who
know little about the matter that the disease will gradually subside.
The farmer, however, has a term for this malady, too expressive of
the result, although not strictly applicable to what is actually taking
place within the animal. She is rotten, he says, and she dies as if
she were so. There are cases of recovery, but they are few and
far between. Most cases gradually draw to a close. The beast is
sadly wasted — vermin accumulate on him — his teeth become loose —
swellings appear under the jaw, and he dies from absolute exhaus-
tion ; or the dejections gradually change their character — blood
mingles with the mucus — purulent matter succeeds to that — it is
almost insupportably fetid — it is discharged involuntarily — gangren-
ous ulcers about the anus sometimes tell of the process that is going
on within ; and, at length, the eyes grow dim and sunk in their orbits,
the body is covered with cold perspiration, and the animal dies.

342 CATTLE.

In some cases the emaciation is frig'utful ; the skin cleaves to the
bones, and the animal has become a hving skeleton ; in others there
have been swellings about the joints, spreading over the legs gen-
erally, occasionally ulcerated ; and in all, the leaden color of the
membranes, the rapid ioss of strength, the stench of the excrement,
and the unpleasant odor arising from the animal himself, announce
the approach of death.

The appearances after death are extraordinarily uniform, consid-
ering of how many diseases this is the accompaniment or the conse-
quence, and the length of time that it takes to run its course, and
during which so many other organs might have been readily involved.
The liver is rarely in any considerable state of disease. The first and
second stomachs are seldom much aflfected ; the third stomach pre-
sents a variable appearance with regard to the state of the food that
it contains, and which is sometimes exceedingly hard, and sometimes
almost pultaceous, but there is no inflammation about the stomach
itself. The fourth stomach exhibits a peculiar change : there is an
infiltration or collection of serous fluid in the cellular substance be-
tween the mucous and muscular coat, showing some, but no very
acute, degree of inflammation in the submucous tissue. The small
intestines are frequently without a single trace of inflammation, but
sometimes, however, they are thickened and corrugated, but not in-
jected. It is in the caecum, colon, and rectum, that the character
of the disease is to be distinctly and satisfactorily traced.

The account of these post mortem appearances is given at considera-
ble lengtli, because they clearly indicate the hitherto unsuspected na-
ture of the disease — unsuspected at least among veterinarians ; and
they will probably lead to a mode of treatment that promises a
little more success than has hitherto attended the efforts of practi-
tioners. It is plainly infiammation (at first acute, but gradually
assuming a chronic, a more insidious and dangerous form,) of the
large intestines, the colon, coecum, and rectum ; it is the dysentery of
the human being ; it is that which was once the scourge of the human
race, but thousands of whose victims are now rescued from its grasp
by the discovery of its real seat and character, and the adoption of
those measures which such a disease plainly indicates.

If this malady be of an inflammatory type, the first, and most ob-
vious, and most beneficial measure to be adopted, is bleeding; and
this regulated by the age, size, and condition of the beast, the sud-
denness and violence of the attack, and the degree of fever. From
two to five or six quarts of blood should be abstracted. There must
be very great debility — the disease must in a manner have run its
course, or the practitioner will be without excuse who, in a case of
inflammation of the large intestines, neglects the abstraction of blood.
General bleedins^ — bleedinor from the iutrular — will be of service, as
lessening the general irritation, and the determination of blood to the

DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY. 843

part ; but in this case the practitioner can in some measure avail
himself of the advantage of local bleeding, for by opening the sub-
cutaneous or milk vein he takes blood from the parietes of the abdo-
men, and from that portion of them which is nearest to the inflamed
part. The repetition of the bleeding must depend on circumstances,
of -which the practitioner will be the best judge.

Another abater of inflammation will be a mild aperient, A little
consideration will show that this is not contra-indicated even by the
degree of purging which then exists ; for the retention of matter,
such as that discharged in dysentery, must be a far greater source
of irritation than the stimulus of a mere laxative.

The kind of medicine is a consideration of far more consequence
than seems to be generally imagined. There would be a decided
objection to the aloes so frequently resorted to in these cases : there
would be some degree of doubt respecting that excellent and best
medicine for general purposes, the Epsom salts. Both of them might
add to the excessive irritation which the practitioner is so anxious to
allay. Castor oil will here, as in acute diarrhoea, be decidedly pre-
ferred, and in the same doses. Some judgment will be required as
to the repetition of the purgative. Its object is the simple evacua-
of morbid feecal matter, and not the setting up of any permanently
increased action of the bowels : therefore, if, instead of the com-
paratively scanty and mucous discharges of dysentery, a fair quantity
of actual faeces has been brought away, there can be no occasion
for, or, rather, there would be objection to, the continuance of the
purgative. Linseed oil certainly stands next in value to the castor
oil as an aperient, when the bowels are in an irritable state.

This being inflammation of the large or lower intestines, there will
be evident propriety in the administration of emollient injections. By
means of the injection or enema-pump, the intestines in the ox,
which are the seat of this disease, may be completely filled with
some emollient fluid ; and that which is most of all indicated here,
and especially in the early stage of treatment, is gruel, well-boiled
and thick ; a pailfull of it may be thrown up with advantage two or
three times every day.

Let it now be supposed that this treatment has been pursued
two or three days ; — if the discharges are more faecal, a little great-
er in quantity, and attended by less pain or less effort in the expul-
sion of them, that purpose has been eff"ected which the piactitioner
was anxious to accomplish, and he must look about for other mea-
sures ; or, if the st^te of the animal remain the same, it will be
useless longer to pursue this plan. Then the surgeon refers once
more to the character of the malady — inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the large intestines — and he asks what he can bring in
direct contact with the diseased surface, that is likely to allay irrita-
fion or to abate inflammation. Opium immediately presents itself, at

344 CATTLE.

once an astringent and an anodyne — rui astringent, because it is an
anodyne — and he determines to give it in doses of half a drachm,
and in the best form in which it can be administered, namely, in that
of powder, mixed with thick gruel. He likewise adds it to the gruel
of the injection, either under the form of powder, or he boils a few
poppy-heads in water, and then causes the gruel to be made with
the decoction.

Here all practitioners seem to agree. Whether they prepare the
way for the opium by the administration of an aperient, or whether,
deceived by the state of purging, they give it at once, they are all
anxious to try the power of this drug ; but too many of them, either
forgetting or not knowing the nature of the disease, add medicines of
an opposite character, and that cannot fail of being injurious. They
administer astringents and tonics, which are useful and indispensable
in a later stage of the treatment, but, while the inflammation re-
mains unsubdued, are only adding fuel to fire. There are too many
practitioners who scruple not to give alum and sulphate of zinc as
soon as they are called in to such a case, and before the lining
membrane of the intestines is prepared for their action. These drugs
are acrid — they are caustic as well as astringent — they are astrin-
gent because they are caustic, and they too frequently set up an-
other and destructive inflammation.

It is usual, however, to add something to the opium, in order to
increase or to regulate, or to modify its power; and that which is
without comparison the most serviceable is one of the mild prepara-
tions of mercury, viz., calomel, or the blue pill, or mercur}- triturated
with chalk. Mere theory might induce the fear that mercury would
add to the irritation already too unmanageable, and so it would, if
given alone ; but, combined with and guarded by the opium, it has
the most beneficial eff'ect : the opium does not produce costiveness —
the calomel does not gripe and purge, but irritation is allayed, while
the natural action of the bowels is promoted.

In order that this mode of treatment may have a fair chance, the
beast should be housed and fed on bran-mashes, a little hay, and
plenty of well boiled gruel. While the patient continues at grass,
the practitioner has no chance, however skillful in other respects his
treatment may be. So much depends on the avoidance of all green
and succulent food, that many a beast, from whom every symptom of
dysentery had disappeared, has relapsed, and been lost, from having
been turned out too soon. The green food of one day has produced
irreparable mischief.

There are other auxiliary measures which deserve consideration.
Setons in the dewlap have been strongly recommended. They may
be useful when much fever accompanies the early stage of dysentery,
for the}' will, in some measure, divert the current of blood from the
inflamed and irritated part, and thus lessen the local inflammation

DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY 34i

and discharge, and also the general fever ; but no very material de-
gree of benefit can be expected from them ; and there certainly
cannot be that importance which is sometimes attached to the sub-
stance or the root that is inserted. The common cord, or hair-rope,
will answer every purpose : the black hellebore root, however, pro-
duces the speediest inflammation and the most copious discharge.

Fomentation of the right flank and the right side of the belly with
hot water, or, in acute cases, the blistering of those parts, will be far
more serviceable than any seton in the dewlap can possibly be.

That admirable disinfectant, the chloride of lime, promises to be
of essential service in the treatment of dysentery ; not only in chang-
ing the nature of the intestinal discharge, and depriving it of all
its putridity, but in disposing the surface of the intestine, with which
it may be brought into contact, to assume a more healthy character.
When applied externally to wounds and ulcers of every kind, it
effects wonders in both of these respects ; and, being properly
diluted, it has not been found to give any great pain, or dangerously
to increase inflammation in the most irritable ulcer. It may be ad-
ministered either by the mouth, or in the form of clyster. The
practitioner will probably avail himself of its aid in both forms. It
should not be mingled with any other drug ; but half an ounce of
the solution, or a drachm of the powder, may be mixed with a
quart of water, and given between the regular periods for the ad-
ministration of the other remedies.

The reader will mind the caution as to the mode of administering
liquid medicine to cattle ; for in a disease so serious and so fatal as
d)''senter}% it cannot be too deeply impressed on the mind of the
practitioner. Whether the medicine be given by means of the horn
or the pump, it should flow as gently as possible down the gullet,
that it may not break through the floor of the oesophagean canal,
but have a better chance of passing on to the fourth stomach and
the intestines.

In this, as well as in the chronic stage of dysentery, a great deal
more depends upon attending to the comfort of the animal than too
many seem to believe. The patient should be housed, and well lit-
tered down, and, in some cases, moderately clothed. Of his food,
little portions at a time should be culled for him and off"ered to him ;
and warm gruel and warm mashes should be frequently put within
his reach. There can be no doubt that more benefit is connected
with that one word comfort, than can be procured from half the
drugs which the veterinary pharmacopoeia contains.

In many cases, and in every case that can be brought to a suc-
cessful termination, it will be observed, after the perseverance of ten
days or a fortnight in this mode of treatment, that the pain preceding
and accompanying the evacuations is materially lessened, and that
the nature of the matter evacuated is changed. The stools will pro-
16*

846 OaTTLE.

bably be as frequent ; they will be more copious ; but less mucua
will be found in them, and they will have become more decidedly
faecal and not so offensive. Tiie belly will be less tender; the coun-
tenance less anxious ; the general appearance improved. The inllam-
mation of the inner surface of the large intestines will have materi-
ally subsided, but the habit of purgation will continue for a while,
and will be increased by the state of relaxation and debility in
which the vessels are left. 'J hen, but not until then, astringents
•will be admissible and highly beneficial.

Catechu stands at the head of this class of medicines in such a
case ; and its power may be increased by the addition of oak bark,
or it may be given in a decoction of oak bark. The opium must not,
however, be omitted ; for although direct inflammation may have
been subdued, and relaxation and debility have followed, much irrita-
bility may remain, to control which the soothing power of opium will
be required.

To catechu and opium it has been usual to add chalk ; for in all
these diseases there is a tendency in the stomach, and probably in the
intestinal canal, to generate a considerable quantity of acid. A
greater source of irritation can scarcely be imagined when the state
of the lining merabrance of the large intestine is taken into considera-
tion. The chalk, or the carbonic acid of the chalk, will unite with
and neutralize this acid, and render it harmless. Theoretic chemistry-
would lead to the substitution of magnesia for the chalk, for the
carbonic acid being withdrawn, it might be feared that the caustic
lime would be injurious ; but experience has proved that magnesia is
not so efficacious in cattle ; that, in fact, it seems to be almost inert,
while chalk has usually answered the purpose intended, and no
inconvenience has resulted from it.

Some practitioners strangely mingle vegetable and mineral tonics
together, forgetful of the decomposition which frequently, or almost
constantly, ensues, anc' the impairment or total loss of medicinal power.
Vegetable astringents agree best with the constitution of cattle, and
they will not often deceive.

'i'he nature of the disease, however, being considered, will the
practioner confine himself to the astringents ? He has now to strug-
gle with the consequences of inflammation — the weakness and want
of tone which inflammation has produced, not only in the part itself
but in the whole system. He will also take into consideration the
natural temperament and constitution of cattle ; and that they will
not bear disease, nor the treatment of disease, like some other animals.
Diseases speedily run their course in cattle, and the patients often
sink under the prompt and vigorous and scientific treatment of the
maladv. An ox may bear one copious bleeding well ; but he cannot
be bled again and again. He will derive the usual advantage from
purgation to a certain extent, but cai'e n^nst be taken lest it degen-

DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY. Ml

crate into the disease which is novr under consideration. The practi-
tioner will therefore mingle stomachics, and probably tonics, with his
astringents, in this case. Here also he will find the vegetable the
best. Experience of its beneficial effect has made ginger a necessary-
ingredient in almost every medicine, unless the animal evidently
labors under fever. Gentian is an admirable tonic and stomachic ;
and if to these be added Colombo and cascarilla, there is sufficient
choice. The proportions of the different medicines will necessarily
vary with the age and strength of the animal, and the character,
duration, and ravages of the disease.

Vegetable astringents and tonics having been fairly tried, and
either not producing the desired effect, or beginning to lose their
power, the mineral ones may be resorted to. The preference should
undoubtedly be given to alum, and that in the common and very
convenient form of alum whey. (See List of Medicines.) To this
the usual quantity of ginger may be added without producing decora-
position ; and, if it should be deemed advisable, the opium may be
continued. Should this not succeed, or not to the full extent wished,
blue vitriol (sulphate of copper) may be substituted ; and to this
the opium will be a necessary auxiliary. The dose should be about
one drachm of the former and half a drachm of the latter. There is
no other mineral astringent or tonic that can be depended on or safely
given.

Clysters should not be neglected in this stage of the disease.
With the assistance of the injection-pump, the}^ promise to be as
efficacious as any medicines that can be administered bv the mouth,
for they may be brought into immediate contact with the inflamed or
ulcerated surface. Gruel may be made with a decoction of poppy-
heads, already recommended. To this may succeed an infusion of
catechu, decoction of oak-bark, and with or without opium ; and
possibly a weak solution of alum or blue vitriol. The practitioner
will here, however, proceed with considerable caution.

The malady being apparently subdued, there will be need for much
caution in the after-treatment of the animal. He must not soon
return altogether to green meat, and more especially not to luxuriant
pasture. The best way to prevent diarrhoea is to continue to
give a small quantity of hay for some time after turning to grass, and
not to keep him too many hours at a time from water. When
coming on, keep the ox as much as possible on hay and bran, and let
him have water often in small quantities.

For a long period after a severe attack of this complaint, the animal
will be subject to occasional diarrhoea, and will require careful man-
agement. The best thing to be done is to get him, as quickly as the
state of his constitution will admit, into fair condition, and sell him ;
but there will be some difficulty in accomplishing this, for abundance
even of the most wholesome food will oftei be more than his debili-

348 CATTLE.

tated powers of digestion can manage, and hoove, or diarrhoea, or
dysentery, will ensue. At the best, he will rarely be got beyond fair
condition, and with that the farmer must be content. While there are
many cases of permanent recovery from dysentery, there are but few
cases in which the patient has afterwards grazed and fatted as well
as any other beast.

However perfect may seem to be the cure, the animal that has
once been a decided shooter should never be bred from. There is a
taint about him which will almost certainly be communicated to his
stock. Dysentery is not only the pest of certain districts, and espe-
cially of cold and wet ones, but of certain breeds. But there is not
the slightest reason for believing that the dysentery of cattle is
contagious. *

As the large intestines are the principal, and, in most cases, the
only seat of that inflammation which is characterized by the term
dysentery, other intestines are occasionally subject to maladies either
peculiar to them, or in which the neighboring viscera participate to a
greater or less extent.

Homoeopathic treatment. — When slight, dysentery resembles severe
diarrhoea, and requires the remedies which have been indicated under
the head of the latter disease.

After some doses of aconitum, arsenicum is to be given, especially
when the evacuations are liquid, or of a greenish color. However,
mercurius vivus is the chief remedy for this disease, more especially
when it occurs under an epidemic form, a thing which is not unusual
in spring and at the commencement of summer, when very warm
days alternate with cold nights. This remedy is specially indicated
when the gums are pale and spongy, the teeth loose, the saliva from
the mouth viscid and fetid, when there are frequent efforts to empty
the bowels, with a discharge of fetid wind, and scanty dejections
mixed with mucus, which presently assume a greenish gray, or a
brown tint, or which, accompanied with mucus and blood, pass away
in a liquid form after great efforts ; the belly is swollen and painful
to the touch, as also the lumbar region ; the rectum projects outside
the anus ; it becomes much inflated and extremely sensitive.

In calves, diarrhoea, accompanied with emaciation and loss of
appetite, very often puts on the dysenteric character ; the animal
every moment passes liquid matter of a greenish or yellowish color.
In such a case, pulsatilla is a specific. Benefit has also been obtained
from chamomilla, and, when the evacuations were white, from mer-
curius vivus.

COLIO.

Of this disease there are two varieties. The one is flatulex-p
COLIC, arising from the distension of certam portions of the intestines^

COLIC. 84S

occasioned by the food contained in them undergoing a process of
fermentation. The pain which the animal evidently suffers, his moan-
ings, his striking at his belly with his hind feet, a swelling on the
right side of the belly, the occasional discharge of gas from the mouth
and anus, constant restlessness, continual getting up and lying down
again immediately, and all this accompanied by fever, would induce
the suspicion that the animal was laboring under flatulent colic.

Thei-e are various reasons, however, why cattle should seldom be
subject to this complaint. By the maceration which the food under-
goes in the paunch, and the second mastication to Avhich it is sub-
jected in rumination, it is prepared for speedy and perfect digestion.
There is neither time nor disposition in the substances contained in
the intestinal canal for this process of fermentation to be set up ; and
if there were, there are no labyrinthine irregularities to detain the
gas, but it would be readily pressed on by the common peristaltic
motion of the bowels, and expelled. Spasmodic colic has sometimes
been mistaken for that which has been occasioned by the distension
of the bowels ; or, more frequenty, inflammation of the outer coat of
the intestines has been confounded with JIatulent colic.

This species of colic will generally be relieved by the administration
of almost any aromatic drink ; but the chloride of lime, as in hoove,
is most to be depended upon. Two drachms of the chloride dis<^olved
in a quart of warm water, to which an ounce of the tincture of ginger,
(or two drachms of the powdered ginger,) and twenty drops of essence
of peppermint have been added, will form one of the most effectuai
colic drinks that can be administered. The choride unites with the
extricated hydrogen gas, and causes it, or the greater part of it, to
disappear ; while the aromatic stimulates the intestme to contract
upon and force forward and expel any small portion that may remain.

The beast should be walked about ; exercise alone will sometimesi
cause the gas to be expelled ; but the owner must not adopt the
dangerous expedient of driving or worrying the beast with dogs,
otherwise he may produce strangulation, or nelting, or rupture of the
intestines.

Should the first dose, and gentle exercise for a quarter of an hour,
not produce relief, a purgative drink should be given, and that of ap
aloetic nature, as more hkely to operate speedily. Take of Barbadoes
aloes four ounces, pimento powdered tw^o ounces, and gum Arabic two
ounces; pour on them a quart of boiUn;^ water; stir the mixture
well, and often ; when it is cold, add half a pint of spirit of wine, and
bottle the whole for use : shake the bottle well before the requisite
quantity is poured out. Clysters of warm w^ater, or thin gruel,
should not be neglected, and with each clyster two ounces of th^
aloetic tincture should be administered. Friction on the belly and
flanks is occasionally useful, and, in obstinate cases, it will be advisa-
ble to stimulate the whole of the belly with spirit of turpentine well

850 CA': TLE.

rubbed in. In very bad cases, but not until other remedies have
been apphed, it will be useful to bleed. Waini mashes, warm gruel,
and good old hay, should constitute the food of the beast for some
time afterwards.

A more prevalent species of colic, is the spasmodic. It is spasm,
or contraction of a portion or portions of the small intestines, and
accompanied by more excruciating pain than the former. The ani-
mal is exceedingly uneasy, lowing, pawing, striking at his belly with
his hind legs or his horns ; continually lying down and getting up,
becoming very irritable, and sometimes being dangerous to handle.
It is distinguished from flatulent colic by the smaller quantity of gas
that is expelled, the comparative absence of tension or enlargement
of the belly, the more evident spasms relaxing for a little while, and
then returning with increased violence, and the freedom with which
the animal moves during the remissions.

The feeding on acrid plants, or even on healthy food too great in
quantity or too nutritive, the commencement of feeding on grains, ex-
posure to cold after work, the drinking of too cold water, and espe-
cially after exercise, or of water impregnated with metallic salts, are
occasional causes. More dangferous ones are the lono- continuance of
purging, and also the long continuance of costiveness. The treat-
ment will be the same, except that as this proceeds from irritation in
the intestinal canal general]}', or in particular portions of it, which is
apt to run on to inflammation, bleeding will be earlier resorted to ;
and the practitioner will not suffer the first symptom of inllamma-
tioH to appear, without adopting the best method of subduing it.
After every case of colic, whether flatulent or spasmodic, the animal
will require some attention and nursing, for in both of them the in-
testines are considerably weakened and predisposed to a repetition of
the attack, and there are few maladies, the habit of the recurrence
of which is so soon formed.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The curative means are aconitum (one
or two doses), and then arsenicum (three or four doses). If these
remedies diminish the sufferings a httle, but the constipation still
contmues, nux vomica is given, when the faecal evacuations are in
small hard lumps ; opium, when they are blackish, as if burned, and
when it becomes necessary to extract them from the rectum with the
hand ; plumbum in the most obstinate cases, where the rectum is
empty. We may also try carlo vegetahilis and colocynthis. Consult
the ariicles Diarrhoea and Distension of the Rumen by Gas, for these
two symptoms are sometimes associated in colic.

STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES.

Spasmodic colic, if neglected, or biddincr defiance to medical treat-
ment, occasionally leads to such an entanglement of different parts of

THE CORDS, OR GUT-TIE 851

the bowels with each other, that they become tied into a kind of knot,
and the passage of food along them is obstructed. When the small
intestines of cattle are observed hanging loose, as it were, at the end
of the mesenter3^ (see fig. 2, p. 330,) it is not to be wondered at, if,
in the disturbed, increased, hurried, and sometimes inverted peristaltic
motion which takes place in consequence of colic, one portion of the
intestine should be entangled among the rest, and the fatal knot
should be tied. Occasionally a small piece of fatty matter disengages
itself from the mesentery and hangs floating in the belly, and then,
either in the changes of situation which the bowels undergo in natu-
ral exercise, or more particularly in the commotion of colic, it en-
twines itself round a portion of the intestine, and obstructs the pass-
age. These twists, and loops, and knots, are sometimes strangely
intricate. When the dead animal lies before the practitioner, it is
almost impossible to unravel them. This is the true net or knot, so
dreaded in some parts of the country. It is the result of those
colicky pains which have been mistaken for strangulation, and which
have been increased and hurried on to the production of this involved
state by the absurd and brutal measures that have been adopted.
Strangulation having once taken place, there can be no remedy. All
that can be done is to attack every case of colic in good earnest, as
soon as it is perceived, for no one can tell how soon the displacement,
twist, knot, or whatever it be, will occur in consequence of the per-
verted action of the intestiaes, or the violent struggles of the animal,
caused by the torture which he endures.

THE CCRDS, OR GUT-TIE.

This is another singular and fatal species of intestinal strangula-
tion. It is not of unfrequent occurrence in some districts, and espe-
cially in wet and marshy situations : it is peculiar to the ox, and is
rarely observed in him after the second or third year. The beast
shows disinclination to food — rumination is suspended, or performed
in a listless, interrupted manner — the animal appears to be griped —
he strikes at his belly with his hind legs — he lies down, and, as he
gets up again, bows his back in an extraordinary way, and then, all
at once, stretching out every limb, he gives the spinal column a
somewhat concave form. Small quantities of fseces are voided, min-
gled with mucus, and sometimes with blood ; and if the animal is
examined, by introducing the hand into the rectum, he evidently
suffers extreme pain.

The ailment is referable to one side more than the other, and
generally to the left side. The hind leg on that side is frequently
advanced and then retracted, and, in some cases, becomes partially
paralyzed.

These symptDras are mor«^ and more alarming : if the ox can be

CATTLE.

induced to eat, the griping pains are immediately increased — the
belly swells — the countenance becomes anxious — the ears, the horns,
the nose, and the thighs become cold — the pulse is small and accele-
rated, and scarcely to be felt — the breathing is laborious and heard
at a distance — the mouth and nostrils are pale. The disease con-
tinues during six, seven, or eight days : it yields to no medicine — it
is aggravated by most of the measures adopted — it is especially so if
the beast is moved about — and at length death terminates the period
of suffering.

On examination, strangulation of some part of the intestine is
found, and generally of the small intestine. It is tied by a distinct
and evident cord — in some cases it is the spermatic cord, which,
after castration unskillfully performed, or now and then by mere ac-
cident, has been retracted into the belly, and has become enlarged,
and has had tumors forming on it, and particularly at its extremity.
Oftener it is an adventitious or unnaturally formed membrane, which
becomes entangled round the intestine, and assumes the appearance
of a cord.

The mode of operation, in castrating bullocks, is often very absurd.
Some practitioners pride themselves on performing it with scarcely
the loss of any blood. The}^ open the scrotum, and lay bare the •
spermatic cord, and then, by mere dint of pulling and twisting, they
tear it out. There is, certainly, no bleeding, and the portion that
remains immediately retracts into the belly ; but the consequence of
all this violence is that inflammation ensues — tumors, false mem-
branes are formed, and the foundation is laid for this complaint.
Others draw the cord out as far as they can without tearing it, and
then cut it off close to the pelvis. There is no external bleeding in
this case ; but there is bleeding within the cavity of the belly, and a
source of irritation is set up by the presence of this blood, and \ a-
rious abdominal diseases ensue, and, among the rest, the cords, or
gtit-tie.

It is not, however, to be uniformly traced to this cause alone. It
seems, especially, to prevail in low and damp situations — it has fol-
lowed the use of half mouldy and unwh-.iesome fodder — it has
seemed to be connected with hard work, and that on an irregular or
steep surface ; and some have imagined that it is most prevalent
where the floor of the ox stables is too much inclined, on account of
the great pressure on this part of the abdomen, and especially in the
act of rising. It can be readily believed that any source of irritation,
■whether of the spermatic cord, or of the intestines lying in the
neighborhood of it, or of the intestinal canal generally — in fact, that
any or all of the sources of common colic may be the predisposing
or immediate causes of this species of strangulation.

Although it has been stated that no medicine seems to be of
avail, the patient should not be abandoned. There is an operation.

THE CORDS. C R GUT-TIE.

Apparently difficult and dangerous, but really sincple, easy to be per-
formed, and generally effectual.

It will be evident that this operation should be performed, the
side line being used, and the beast remaining standing close to a
wall, and fastened to it as well as circumstances will permit. The
incision should be made on the left side, and taking, as the centre of
it, the spot at which the flank is generally punctured in cases of
hoove, and where a small portion of the jejunum, and that which is
the most likely to be entangled, is protruded over the rumen, and
floats by itself at the extremity of tha mesentery. It should be a
vertical incision, or a little oblique, in a direction from behind for-
ward. A small opening should first be made, through the integu-
ment and muscle, avoiding, if possible, the peritoneum. Into this
the first and second fingers of the left hand should be introduced,
and thus, by means of a probe-pointed bistoury, guarded and guided
by these fingers, the wound may be enlarged so as to permit the
introduction of the hand of the operator. There will probably be a
considerable gush of blood when the external oblique is first divided,
but that will speedily cease by the retraction of the artery.

The peritoneum should next be divided, if it has not been so
already, and the hand of the surgeon, the arm having been bared
and well oiled, should be introduced into the wound ; the epiploon
or cawl gently torn ; and the hand passed among the intestines in a
direction upward and backward, or a little behind the kidneys. 'J'he
operator will soon feel the strangulated part, and the cord by which
it is suspended or tied, and usually attached to some part of the
pelvis. Having satisfied himself with regard to the situation of the
cord, he will withdraw his hand, and, taking another shorter and
more curved and probe-pointed bistoury, and having it in the hollow
of his hand, and guarding the cutting edge with his finger and
thumb, he will introduce it into the abdomen, find out the cord again,
and cautiously divide it. The hand will once more be removed, in
order to get rid of the bistoury, and then re-introduced to ascertain
whether the whole of the strangulated part has been liberated, which
is easily effected by tracing all the neighboring circumvolutions and
passing them through the hand.

The operator being satisfied as to the state of the bowels, brino-s
the edges of the wound together, and confines them by a sufficient
number of stitches, including the peritoneum, muscle, and integu-
ment, in the same stitch. A pledget of tow is placed over the wound,
and a broad bandage passed tigTitly several times round the belly,
which must not be removed during the first six or eight days.

The majority of cattle thus operated upon are saved, and the
wound is usually healed in somewhat less than a month. It may,
however, be supposed that after the extensive opening into the abdo-
minal e5.vity, and this laceration of the cawl, and groping and cutting

354 CATTLE.

among the intestines, some alarming sj^mptoms will occasionally '
supervene. The belly will sAvt^!\, and sometimes to a considerable
extent. Fomentations and, if necessary, scarifications may be resorted
to. There may be manifest symptoms of fever, as sliiverings, heav-
ing at the flanks, and cessation of rumination. Blood sliould then
be abstracted, according to the state of the patient ; half-pound
doses of Epsom salts should be given morning and night, until the
bowels are moderately opened, and the beast should have little be-
sides mashes and gruel, and should be kept as quiet as porsible.

INTROSUSCEPTION OF THE BOWELS.

This is another fatal consequence of colic. While certain portions
of the ileum or jejunum generally, but occasionally of the larger
bowels, are distended by gas, other parts are spasmodically contracted,
and then, by the increased peristaltic motion which is going on, the
collapsed part of the superior or anterior intestine slides, or is forced
down, into the distended part behind ; or, by that inverted action
which takes place in the intestine commotion of colic, a contracted
portion of the bowel slides or is forced into the distended part before,
and thus one intestine is strangely contained within another, and
that occasionally reaching to a considerable e.vtent. The mesentery
is usually torn in this unnatural procedure, for otherwise that too
must be taken up or carried down into the distended intestine above
or below.

It will be easily conceived that this will inflict great torture on the
beast, and an examination after death will sufficiently prove the in-
tensity of the sufi"ering ; for there will be much inflammation, and
generally gangrene of the involved part ; and sometimes of both por-
tions of the intestine. The symptoms by which the practitioner may
be induced to suspect, or may know, that colic has run on to intro-
busception, are not yet determined. Increase of pain, attended by
obstinate constipation, rapid prostration of strength, and compara-
tively little fever, may be obscure indications. It is evident that this
case must be beyond the reach of medical skill.

INVERSION OF THE RECTUM.

It has occasionally happened in the straining of diarrhoea, and in
the still more violent eftbrts with which the faeces are expelled in
dysentery, that a portion of the rectum is protruded from the anus ;
the sphincter muscle of the anus then contracts violently upon it,
and no efi'ort of the animal can draw it back, nor will it readily yield
to any external force employed. The blood is necessarily congested
in the protruded intestine, from the situation of the part ; the gut is
intensely red, and it gradually becomes livid, black, gangrenous.
The animal all the while is making frequent and violent eftbrts, during
which small quantities of excrement, or mucus, or blood, or gas, are

CONSTIPATION. 85a

extricated ; the protrusion of the gut increases ; irritative fever en-
sues ; and death speedily follows.

In order to allay irritation, and in some measure lessen these efforts
by which more of the intestine is expelled or its return prevented,
a pint of castor oil with two drachms of opium should be adminis-
tered, and a quantity of blood, varying with the size and condition
of the animal, abstracted. The protruded part should be thoroughly
cleaned, and diligently fomented, during the space of an hour, with
a decoction of poppy-heads, lukewarm. Gentle, but long-continued
efiforts should then be made to return the intestine, which will be
accomplished much oftener than would be imagined if the operator
will have patience enough. The gut having" been returned, cold
water should be applied around the anus, and for a considerable
time, in order that the sphincter muscle may more powerfully close,
and confine the intestine in its proper situation. It mav, however,
again protrude, but it should be immediately returned, and care
having been taken to allay the irritation of the bowels and of the
system generally, the straining will gradually cease, and the intestine
will no longer be forced out.

If the protrusion continues in despite of every effort, and the part
begins to swell, and to become black, and fetid, and mortified, and
the pulse is small, and the mouth hot, and the ears cold, and the
muzzle dry, and the eyes red, and the appetite and rumination are
suspended, and the animal is rapidly becoming weak, the practitioner
must have recourse to a bold and dangerous operation, but which
will succeed much oftener than it will fail : he must cut off the pro-
truded intestine close to the anus. There will probably be considera-
ble haemorrhage, but he must not be alarmed at that ; it will be bene-
ficial rather than injurious ; it will prevent or abate inflammation,
and it will cease long before tlie strength of the patient is exhausted.
The little portion of intestine half protruded at the anus will gradu-
ally return ; the sphincter muscle will contract ; union of the divided
portions of the intestine will take place, and the animal will perfectly
recover.

Homoeopathic treatment. — After having reduced the intestine, pre-
viously oiling it, we should prescribe internally belladonna and mer-
eurius vivus, if symptoms of inflammation be observed. When the
accident has been caused by the effects occasioned by constipation,
this is a case for recurring to murias magnesia, just as urgilla is
suitable when diarrhoea is the cause of the accident. Arsenicum also
is a very effectual means in the latter case.

CONSTIPATION.

Tlie immediate cause of many of these affections of the bowels is
constipation. The beast is sapped or hound. This constipation is

356 CATTLE.

often exceedingly difficult to remove, not, perhaps, from any want of
power in the intestinal canal to be acted upon by purgative medi-
cines, but from the impossibility of getting any considerable propor-
tion of the purgative into contact with the internal surface of the
bowels. It has already been observed that in a state of health much
of the fluid swallowed by cattle enters into the rumen, and is detained
there for the purpose of macerating the food and preparing it for
rumination ; and we have proof, and that sufficiently annoying, that
in some circumstances of disease, all the fluid swallowed goes into
the rumen, and is lost so far as the purpose for which it was ad-
ministered is concerned. It has not unfrequently happened that six,
seven, and eight days have passed, and the bowels have remained in
a constipated state. This must of necesrity aggravate the symptoms
of many diseases, and lay the foundation for others.

When the state of the animal indicates the administration of the
Epsom salts, they should be accompanied by the usual quantity of
some aromatic, (half an ounce of ginger,) and be given in as gentle a
Avay as possible. There can scarcely be a better way than suffering
it to run from a long narrow-necked bottle introduced into the mouth.
Should not this operate at the expected time, a second dose should
be given, and, probably, with the same quantity of the aromatic ; cer-
tainly so if little fever be present. If this, however, should have no
effect, it is very probable that from some sympathetic influence ex-
tending over the whole of the digestive organs, the roof of the rumen
is open, or the pillars of which that roof is composed are in a relaxed
state, and yield even to the pressure of a fluid gently poured down
the gullet. Then the next dose (for the purgative must be continued
until it does operate, and the nature of that purgative, and the
knowledge of the manner in which the quantity already given has
been disposed of, remove all fear of inflammation or superpurgation
being produced) must have an increased proportion of aromatic, in-
creased in defiance of existing fever, and increased to the full extent
to which the practitioner dares to go. Probably, a cordial-drink (an
ounce of ginger and the same quantity of can-away powder) would be
given with advantage ; for the rumen might be roused to its natural
action by the stimulus, and the pillars of its roof might be closed, and
the next dose might run on through the manyplus into the abomasura.
The rumen may possibly be roused to act in another way ; a portion
of the fluid that it contains may be injected into the oesophagean
canal by a process somewhat resembling that by which the pellet of
food is thrown there for remastication ; and the muscles of that canal,
and of the base of the gullet, not being able to grasp it because it is
a fluid, it will necessarily pass on through the manyplus into the
fourth stomach and intestines.

It is by some mechanism of one of these kinds that purging is at
length established after obstinate cases of constipation ; or, when the

WORMS. S57

animal dies and almost all the purgative medicine that has been given
iG found in the rumen, it is because that stomach has not been suffi-
ciently stimulated. There is something in the structure of cattle
which renders certain medical rules and principles altogether inap-
plicable, and which, in defiance of all fever, occasionally compels us
to mingle strange doses of aromatics and stimulants with the very
meens by which we are endeavoring to subdue inflammation. This is
a very important consideration in the treatment of disease.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The more or less inflammatory state
which generally accompanies it, requires that we commence the
treatment with a dose of uconiticm. The most effectual means then
is nux vomica; it is indicted chiefly, when the evacuations from the
bowels are scanty, haid, covered with mucus, and when the animal
frequently draws up the belly. If there be no thirst, we should
have recourse to china and hryonia. The latter remedy is also suita-
ble when the constipation has been produced by cold, a circumstance
in which it frequently alternates with diarrhoea. Opium and argila
must be employed when the inactive state of the intestinal tube
allows nothing to escape from the body, and the animal remains lying
down, though evincing no pain. In very obstinate constipation,
where the rectum is empty, and also where only a small quantity of
matter escapes, which is not very hard, plumbum never fails to be
effectual.

CALCULI.

It has been stated (pp. 299 and 300) that various concretions are
found in the rumen of cattle. It is the natural situation for them,
for there the food is longest detained, and there they have time to
form. A few, but much smaller, calculi are occasionally found in
the reticulum ; others, composed of thin and friable concentric layers,
occupy, yet comparatively rarely, the large intestines of cattle ; but
they also are not of great size, for the food passes too rapidly over
the smooth surface of these portions of the digestive canal. There
are no symptoms by which their presence can be recognized, nor is
there any evidence of their being the cause of disease, although it is
not improbable that the presence and pressure of tliese bodies, and
the irritation produced by them, may in some instances be the cause
of colic, strangulation, and other serious aft'ections.

These occasionally are found in the intestines of cattle, but in no
great quantities ; nor are there any authenticated accounts of their
being the cause of irritation or disease. The food is so perfectly
prepared for digestion, and that process is so rapidly accomplished,
and the nutriment is so completely extracted, that there is little left
for the support of worms; n^r, if they are received into the intes-

358 CATTLE.

•tines in the state of ova, or egcfs, would they be hkely to escape the
processes of digestion \vhich take phice in cattle.

The Amphistoma conicum, a worm with a mouth, or the appear-
ance of one, at each end, and often found plentifully in the intestines
of birds, frequently inhabits the rumen and reticulum of cattle. It
is here of considerably larger size, and swells into a somewhat coni-
cal form.

The TcBnia denticulata, the denticulated tape-worm, small in size,
and the neck becoming fine, and sometimes almost thread-like, ia
found in the fourth stomach and in the small intestines.

The Lumhricus teres, the common intestinal round worm, lives in
the small intestines.

A small species of the Strongylus is a frequent companion of the
last ; and another small long worm, the Tricocephalus affinis, with
its minute head attached to its lengthened and thread-like neck, has
been discovered in the caecum.

The presence of these worms is rarely taken into account by the
practitioner, and few means are taken for their expulsion.

Mention has already been made of the hydatid {Cosnurvs cere-
bralis) inhabiting the brain ; and others ( Cysticerci ienuicolles)
found in the liver, the lungs, the spleen, and in the peritoneum and
the pleura ; the Strongylus filaris, occupying the bronchial tubes of
cattle, and the Distoma hepaticum, the Jluke worm, swimming in the
biliary ducts.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The chief remedy is china, in multiplied
doses, and then sulphur ; if there be a dislike for food, antimoiuum
crudum should be given.

DROPSY.

This is an accumulation of fluid in the cavity of the belly. The
whole of that cavity is lined with, and every viscus which it contains
is covered by, a polished glistening membrane, so that the contents of
the abdomen may glide over and move easily among each other, and
the injurious effects of friction be as much as possible avoided. In a
state of health there are certain vessels which continually secrete or
pour out the fluid that is requisite for this purpose, and which are
called exhalent vessels ; and there are others that take this fluid up
and carry it into the circulation when it has discharged its duty, or
when it is secreted in undue quantities, and which are denominated
absorbent vessels. Dropsy, then, is the consequence of the pouring
out of an undue quantity of fluid, and faster than the absorbents can
carry it away ; or it is the pouring out of the natural quantity while
the absorbents are paralyzed, or do not do their duty in removing it;
and in either way it accumulates in the abdomen. It is easy, there-
fore, to suppose, that when the lining nt^mbrane generally, or a por-

DROPSY. 239

tion of it, is inflamed, and a greater quantity of blood than usual is
determined to that part, the secretion from the exhalent vessels will
be increased ; and in consequence of this there will be accumulation
of fluid in the bag of the heart, when that oigan, or its investing
membrane, is inflamed ; dropsy in the chest will be the consequence
of pleurisy, and dropsy of the abdomen that of inflammation of the
peritoneal membrane generally, or of any part of it. Chronic inflam-
mation of the liver or spleen, or of any particular portion of the intes-
tinal canal, will have the same termination from increased action of
the exhalents ; a similar eS"ect will occasionally be produced by the
sudden stopping of any long-continued evacuation, or acute or
chronic eruption ; and on the other hand, feeding in low, marshy
situations, the privation of wholesome ahment, and every cause of
general debility, will produce an accumulation of fluid from loss of
po\ in the absorbents.

0. 6ute dropsy the practitioner has occasional examples. A
beast, nparently well on the preceding day, suddenly exhibits
manife^ symptoms of inflammation of the bowels. The disease
proceeds in defiance of all medical treatment, and in two or three
days the patient is lost. On examination after death, the traces of
inflammation of the peritoneum are sufficiently evident ; there is
deposition of flocculent matter ; there are adhesions, but, most impor-
tant of all, the belly is filled with clear, or turbid, or bloody fluid,
and the death of the animal was as much occasioned by the irritation
produced by the pressure of this fluid, and the labor of breathing
which it occasioned, as by the previous or still-existing inflammation.

Of chronic dropsy, or a slower filling of the belly, he has more
frequent proof. The beast increases slowly in size ; it is an enlarge-
ment, not of the left side as in hoove, or of the right as in flatulent
colic, but of the belly generally, and sometimes almost as slow as in
the increase of condition. It evidently is not that, for the limbs are
wasting, or if they occasionally increase in size, it is a pufty cedema-
tous enlargement, and not the accumulation of flesh and fat. The
animal at the same time is dull ; disinclined to move ; the skin is
dry ; the coat is rough ; the thirst is excessive ; there is alternate
constipation and diarrhoea ; the membranes of the mouth and nose are
pale, and the conjunctiva is of a feint yellow. By degrees the belly
drops, and leav^es a considerable hollow at the flanks, and by tapping
on the sides the evident fluctuation of water can be perceived. The
pressure of the fluid on the diaphragm lessens the cavity of the chest,
and does not leave sufficient room for the lungs to expand ; labor of
breathing ensues — it increases ; the animal is not able to stand long,
and when he lies down the respiration is so difficult, and the feeling
of suffocation is so strong, that he scrambles up again as quli'klv as
his remaining strength will permit, and at length dies, either of abso-
lute suff'ocation or mere debility.

CATTLE.

The chance of success in the treatment of such a disease must be
little. The first object is to relieve the sad oppression under which
the animal labors, and that must be effected by puncturing the belly,
and suffering the fluid to escape. There is neither art nor danger
about the operation. The beast should be tied up close, and a side
line put on ; a puncture should be made with a lancet or trochar
under the belly, six or eight inches from the udder, and half as much
from the middle line of the belly, and on the right side — the milk
vein and the artery which accompanies it being carefully avoided.
The opening should not be larger than would admit the little finger ;
and if it be made with the trochar, the tube may be left in the wound
until the fluid has quite run out.

The wound being thus small, there is no need for the often fruitless
care to close it again with adhesive plaster when the purpose for
which it was made has been effected. There will not only be no
danger, but manifest advantage, in a small drain of this kind being
left open ; for the fluid which may continue to be secreted will drib-
ble away during two or three days, and thus permit the peritoneal
membrane and the abdominal viscera (freed from the oppression
around them) to recover their healthy tone ; whereas, if the wound
be immediately closed, the fluid of dropsy will begin at once to
accumulate again, and there will be far less chance of effecting per-
manent benefit. The quantity of fluid that is sometimes got rid of
by means of this operation is very great. It is by no means uncom-
mon for twenty gallons to escape, and there are records of thirty-two
gallons having been drawn at once. There is little chance of perma-
nent cure in cases like these, for there must have been great disease
and disorganization in order to produce effusion to this extent, and
that disease must have been of long standing, and therefore not easy
to be removed. In addition to this, all the viscera of the abdomen
must have been debilitated, and have lost their natural tone and
function by the continued pressure and maceration. Still a cure is
worth attempting, for the practitioner has done little by the mere
temporary relief which the operation has afforded.

In order to prevent the refilling of the belly, two objects must be
accomplished, namely, the determination of this fluid to some other
part where it shall be regularly discharged, and the restoration of the
general health of the animal, and, with this, the proper balance
between the exhalent and absorbent vessels. It is therefore usual to
give a dose of physic immediately after the operation, that the fluid
which might otherwise begin again to fill in the belly may be carried
off by the discharge thus established ; the physic is repeated as fre-
quently as the strength of the animal will permit. This is a way of
proceeding, however, not very favorable to the re-establishment of
uealth and strength, and therefore much greater reliance is placed
ill a course of di iretic medicine, with which tonics can be com-

HERNIA, OR RUPTURE 361

bined ; purgative medicine being still occasionally given. Half an
ounce of nitre, with a quarter of an ounce each of tartrate of iron,
commom liquid turpentine, gentian, and ginger, may be given daily
with great advantage. Bran and malt mashes will be useful at first,
and when the beast goes again to grass, care should be taken that
the pasture is good, but not too luxuriant or rank. In general, some
weakness and disinclination to food will remain two or three days
after the operation, attended at first by considerable heaving, and
apparent distress, for it is a great change from the tumid and over-
loaded belly to the perfectly free and natural state of its contents,
and which do not at once accommodate themselves to that change.

The belly so frequently fills again after the lapse of two or three
weeks, that it will be prudent to part with a cow that has been drop-
sical as soon as she can be got into tolerable condition. The exhibi-
tion of diuretic and tonic medicines will, perhaps, stave ojff the return
of the disease until this can be accomplished ; but the organs of
digestion have been so debilitated, and these exhalent and absorbent
vessels have been so habituated to an unnatural action, that a perfect
and permanent restoration to health can seldom be expected. A
second operation may be attempted if the belly has filled again, but
the chances of success are then most materially diminished.

There is scarcely a book on cattle medicine in which, if this disease
be mentioned at all, there is not strict caution that the beast should
not have too much water. This is altogether erroneous. The object
to be accomplished is to restore the animal as nearly as possible to a
state of health ; and this can never be effected by curtailing the
proportion of fluid that is necessary for the maceration and digestion
of the food, and the supply of all the secretions. A state of unna-
tural thirst and fever would, on the contrary, be induced, which
would weaken the animal, and dispose it for a recurrence of the
disease.

HomoBopathic treatment. — The remedies employed in this affection,
and in the order in which they are here enumerated, are dulcamara,
digitalis, hellehorus niger, arsenicum, and china ; to each some days
should be allowed, in order to expend their action. It is on the
china principally that reliance should be placed. In one case, where
all means failed, benefit was derived from lycopodium, whose action
may be said to be very powerful in internal dropsies. Ascites
comphcated with anasarca has been cured solely by alternate doses
of china and arsenicum, a mode of proceeding which experience war-
rants recommending.

HERNIA, OR RUPTURE.

A portion of the intestine occasionally protrudes through the walls
of the abdomen. This may be the consequence of external violence,
16

CATTLE.

the beast having been gored b}^ one of its companions. The external
wound may probably be small, or, in some cases, the skin may not be
broken at all, but the internal wall of the belly is injured, and par-
tially or entirely ruptured. In consequence of this, a tumor soon
appears, varying in size according to the extent of the injury. It is
a portion of the intestine that is protruding. The enlargement is
tender when pressed upon, but it does not seem to interfere with the
health of the animal, and a fortnight or three weeks elapse before any
serious consequence is observed ; at length the tumor begins to
increase very rapidly ; the animal expresses considerable pain on
beinor moved, and is only comparatively easy when lying down, and
even then it moans occasionally ; the breathing is quickened ; the
countenance is anxious ; the pulse is quick and small ; rumination has
stopped, and the usual evacuation of faeces is diminished. It is
plainly a protrusion of the bov>^els, and now attended with some
degree of strangulation, or pressure of the edges of the wound upon
them, and thus obstructing the passage of their contents. The tumor
is generally soft and yielding, and, on pressure, a gurgling noise is
heard within it. On inspection of the cut, p. 330, and observation
of the loose manner in which the small intestines are attached to the
edge of the mesentery, it will be easy to account for the occasional
enormous size of the tumor, and the quantity of intestine which is
protruded.

It is rarely possible, by any manipulation (taxis), to return the
bowel ; and if it could be returned, it would immediately escape
again. It is therefore loss of time to endeavor thus to treat the case.
It would be worse than loss of iime, for considerable inflammation
may be set up by a long-continued and rough handling of the part.

The beast must be thrown and held on his back, with the hind
parts somewhat elevated. An incision must be made through the
skin, corresponding with the length of the tumor, especial care being
taken that the protruded intestine, which will be found immediately
underneath, be not wounded. Then, if there be any strangulation of
the intestine, which in most cases there will be, the first and second
fingers of the left hand must be introluced between the bowel and
the edge of the wound ; a crooked knife (a bistoury) must next be
passed cautiously between the fingers, and the wound enlarged suffi-
ciently to enable the protruded mass to be returned. The bowel
having been thus replaced in its natural cavity, the edges of the
wound through the walls of the belly must be brought together and
retained with stitches ; the skin, if necessary, being dissected back a
little, in order to get at the whole of the wound. Stitches must then
be passed through the skin, the divided edges of which should be
brought together in the same manner. In a few cases it will be
practicable, and always advisable when practicable, to include the
skin and the muscular wall of the belly in the same stitch. A pk»d-

HERNIA, OR R ..'PTURE. 363

get of fine tow mus* be placed over the incision, and upon that an-
other pledget, smeared with simple ointment. This must be confined
by a bandage fire or six inches wider than the wound, and which
must be passed twice or thrice found the body, firmly sewed, and, if
possible, not removed for ten days. At the expiration of that period,
the edges will be found to have adhered along the greater part of the
incision, the stitches may be withdrawn, and what remains unhealed
may be treated as a common wound. Should much oedematous
swelling appear on either side of the bandage, the parts should be
well fomented with warm water, or, if requisite, lightly scarified.
The beast should be kept on rather short allowance, the food consist-
ing chiefly of mashes, with a little hay or green meat ; and a dose or
two of physic should be given during the progress of the cure.

If the horn should have broken the skin, as well as lacerated the
muscular part beneath, and the intestine protrudes, it must be
cleared from any dirt or extraneous matter about it, then carefully
returned, and the wound closed and the bandage applied as already
directed.

The author has not only seen a considerable portion of bowel pro-
truding, but the bowel itself torn. Even then he has not despaired,
for the healing power in these animals is such as the human surgeon
would scarcely deem possible. The rent of the intestine may be
closed by a stitch or two, with well-founded hope of the edges
uniting, and the intestinal cana becoming perfect and whole.

Calves are occasionally dropped with ruptures. They principally
occur along the middle line of the belly, and not far from the navel.
It is usually a protrusion of a portion of the omentum or caul ; but
in a few instances one or two small convolutions of the intestines
have been involved. The principal danger is, that the rumen, when
unnaturally distended by food or gas, may press upon and injure the
portion of caul or intestine immediately within the abdomen, and
turning over the edge of the opening. Any serious operation with a
view to the reduction of the rupture would scarcely be advisable,
but it would be prudent to fatten and dispose of the animal as soon
as convenient.

But calves are sometimes born with rupture in the groin. The
opening through which the testicle afterward descends into the bag
is lax, and yields to slight pressure, and in the motions of the foetus
in the womb, a small convolution of the intestine slips down. This
sometimes continues of nearly its original size for several months ; in
some cases it is gradually retracted, and disappears ; in others, it
increases in volume with greater or less rapidity. A remedy is often
to be found for this as soon as the testicles descend into the bag ;
and at which time, if the hernia will ever be serious, it begins to
increase, or to be strangulated — the beast should be castrated.

After the aninaal is thrown and properly confined, the protruded

864 CATTLE.

intestine should be gently and carefully pushed up through the ring
or opening, the testicles being somewhat drawn out, in order to ren-
der this more practicable. Continued and gentle pressure applied
on the sides of the tumor will more facilitate this than the applica-
tion of the greatest force. The intestine having been returned, the
finger of an assistant is placed at the opening, and the operator pro-
ceeds to cut into the scrotum as quickly as he can, and to denude
the testicle, to apply the ordinary clamps, and to divide the cord
below the clamps. The clamps will form a temporary and effect-
ual support; and by the following day, when it is usual to remove
the clamps, a degree of inflammation and engorgement of the parts
will have been set up, that will either obliterate the ring, or so far
contract it, that it will be impossible for the gut afterwards to de-
scend.

There is one circumstance to which the practitioner should most
carefully attend. The protruded intestine always carries with it a
portion of peritoneum — it is contained in a bag formed by the in-
vesting membrane of the bowels. The whole of this bag may not
have been returned when the intestine is pushed up : the operator
must ascertain this, and by no means open any part of the peritoneal
covering that may remain.

Castration will usually remove this hernia and all its unpleasant or
dangerous consequences, and the beast will be as valuable for grazing
and for working as if nothing had occurred.

In a few cases, however, the hernia will be strangulated. So
great a portion of intestine, or of faecal matter in that intestine, will
have descended, that the operator cannot return it through the ab-
dominal ring. Even the somewhat desperate expedient of intro-
ducing the hand into the rectum, and endeavoring to find out the
portion of intestine connected with that which has descended, and
forcibly retract it, may fail: a different kind of operation must then
be attempted, and which a skillful veterinarian alone can perform.

A species of rupture, very difficult to be treated, has occurred to
cows in an advanced period of pregnancy. An excessive accumula-
tion of fluid has taken place in the womb, or calf-bed, and the ten-
dinous expansion of the muscles which support the lower part of the
belly has given way. The farmer says, that " the rim of the cow's
belly is ruptured." A portion of the womb escapes through the
opening, and descends into the groin, or seems to occupy the udder,
and even the head of a calf has been forced down into the groin.

There is one more species of rupture to which cattle are subject,
and the existence of which cannot always be ascertained during life,
namely, that of the diaphragm, or midriff. In distension of the
rumen there is always great pressure against the midriff. This is
increased when severe colicky pains come on, and especially when
improper means have been resorted to, such as strong stimulating

HERJNIA, OR RUPTURE. SGi

drinks, or rude exercise, or when the animal, in a state of half- uncon-
sciousness, has violently beaten himself about. The midrifif has then
given way, and a portion of the intestine, or of one of the stomachs,
or of the omentum or caul, or of the liver, has been forced into the
cavity of the chest. This may be suspected when, after the usual
symptoms of hoove or colic, great difficulty of breathing suddenly
comes on, and is evidently attended by excessive pain — when the
animal is every moment looking at her side, and especially at the
left side — when she shrinks, and bows hei'self up as if the muscles
of the belly were violently cramped — and when she stiflfens all over,
and then suddely falls and dies in convulsions.

Exan ination after death has sometimes displayed chronic rupture
of this kind. The attack has been as sudden, but the colicky pains
have not been so violent ; they have intermitted — disappeared ; but
an habitual difficulty of breathing has been left behind — disinclina-
tion to rapid motion — fright when suddenly moved — anxiety of
countenance — perhaps impairment of condition — and certainly im-
possibihty of acquiring any considerable degree of condition. This
has continued during several months, until the animal has been de-
stroyed, or has died from some cause unconnected with these symp-
toms ; and then an old rupture of the diaphragm has been discov-
ered, the edges of which had been completely healed, and the second
stomach, or the liver, had been firmly placed against the opening,
and had occupied it, and in a slight degree projected into the thorax.
No medical treatment or operation could be of the slightest service
in this case.

HamcBopathic treatment. — In connection with the surgical means,
arnica is to be administered very often, externally and internally.
The animal must be kept quiet, and all flatulent food carefully
avoided. If inflammation take place, aconitum should be given
repeatedly. Sulphuric acid, diluted, m-iy be used externally.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE URINARY ORGANS AND THEIR DISEASES.

THE KIDNEYS.

The blood contains much watery fluid, which, after it has ans.?ered.
certain purposes connected with digestion, or the various secretions,
is separated and carried out of the frame. The kidneys are the
main instruments by which this is effected ; and they are often called
into increased action in order to compensate for the deficiencies of
other parts. When the usual discharge of perspiration from the
skin is suspended, the kidney takes on increased activity ; and when
fluids are accumulating in the frame generally, or in particular parts,
they escape by means of these organs. Also other substances, the
accumulation or the continuance of which in the frame would be
injurious, are got rid of by means of the kidneys. The essential
principle of the urine (the urea) is one that would be noxious, or
perhaps destructive.

The kidneys are two glandular substances, attached on either
side to the spine beneath the muscles of the loins. They are not,
however, exactly opposite to each other, but the left kidney is pushed
somewhat backward by the great development of the rumen. A
very lai-ge artery runs to each. The quantity of blood which that
vessel carries shows the importance of the kidneys, and well accounts
for the inflammation and other diseases to which they are occasion-
ally subject. These arteries divide into innumerable little branches,
coiled upon and communicating with each other in a singular manner ;
and the blood, traversing all these convolutions, has its watery and
noxious ingredients separated in the form of urine, which is carried
on to the bladder, while the portion that remains is returned to the
circulation by means of the veins, which bear a proportionate size to
that of the arteries.

As the process of digestion is so perfectly performed in cattle,
and all the nutritive, and some, perhaps, of the noxious matter which
the food contains, taken up and received into the circulation, the
kidneys have much to do in order to complete this process of separa-
tion ; they are therefore large ; are complicated in their appearance ;
they present an assemblage of diff'erent lobes or lobules, separated
by deep scissures ; there are ample provisions made for their secu-

RED- WATER. 367

rity — they are deeply embedded in a covering of fat, and there is
another accumulation of fat surrounding" and defending the differ-
ent vessels that are received or given oflf. The bulk of the
rumen, and the danger of occasional pressure from it, may^in some
degree account for these provisions of safety ; but a more satisfac-
tory reason is to be found in the greater extent and importance of
the function which these organs in cattle have to discharge.

RED-WATER.

The disease termed red-water, from the color of the urine, is one
of the most frequent and untractable maladies of cattle. It may be
conveniently divided into acute and chronic ; in fact, two diseases
essentially dififerent in their symptoms, demanding different treat-
ment, and referable to different organs, have been confounded under
this name.

A cow, in somewhat to^ high condition, and in whom the prudent
precautions of bleeding or physicking had been omitted, frequently,
a week or two before the time of calving, suddenly exhibits symp-
toms of fever ; she heaves at the flank ; she ceases to ruminate, and
evidently suffers much pain ; her back is bowed ; she is straining in
order to evacuate her urine, and that is small in quantity, expelled
with force, highly tinged with blood.

At other times, a few days after calving, when she had not
cleansed well, or was in too good condition, and had not had that
dose of purgative medicine which should always follow parturition,
she suddenly manifests the same symptoms of illness, speedily suc-
ceeded by a similar discharge of bloody urine.

The nature and cause of the disease are here evident enough.
During the period of pregnancy there had been considerable deter-
mination of blood to the womb. A degree of susceptibility, a ten-
dency to inflammatory action, had been set up ; and this had been
increased as the period of parturition had approached, and was ag-
gravated by the state and general fulness of blood to which she had
incautiously been raised. The neighboring organs necessarily par-
ticipated in this, and the kidneys, to which so much blood is sent for
the proper discharge ^f their function, either quickly shaied in the
inflammation of the womb, or first took on inflammation, and suffered
most by means of it.

An overdriven bullock is seized with acute inflammation of the
kidneys ; another that has been shifted from poor to luxuriant pas-
ture is soon observed to have red-water. There are some seasons
when it is in a manner epidemic, when a great proportion of the
beasts in a certain district are attacked b-y it, and many of them die.
Atmospheric influence has not been taken sufficiently into the ac-
count in the consideration of this and almost every other disease. It
\s seldom that one dairy is attacked by red-water, without many or

368 CATTLE.

most of the neighboring ones being annoyed by it, and especially if
the soil and the productions of the soil are similar ; and even cattle
in the straw-vard have not then quite escaped. It is more prevalent
in the spring and autumn than in the winter, and more in the winter
than in the summer : it is particularly pi n-aleiit when, in either the
sprinor or the fall of the year, warm days succeed to cold nights and
a heavy dew. It is peculiar to certain pastures : the farmer scarcely
dares to turn even the cattle of the country upon some of them ; and
a beast brought from a distant farm or market is sure to be attacked.
It oftenest occurs in woody districts, and particularly in low marshy
lands ; but in them there are exceptions, which, in the present state
of the botanical knowledge of the farmer and the veterinarian, cannot
be satisfactorily accounted for. A wall or a hedge may divide a
perfectly safe pasture from another which gives the red-water to
every beast that is turned upon it. One farmer scarcely knows what
the disease is except by name, while on the grounds of his neighbor
it destroys many a beast every year. The same pasture is safe at
one time of the year and dangerous and destructive at another. The
fields surrounded by copses may be stocked with impunity, or advan-
tage, in summer or winter ; but the farmer must beware of them
when the buds are shooting or the leaves are falling.

The result of general experience is, that it has more to do with
the nature of the food than with any other cause ; and the produc-
tion or the unusual growth of the astringent and acrimonious plants
may have considerable influence here. The malady may w^ith more
probability be traced to the quality of the general produce of the soil,
than to the prevalence of certain plants of known acrimonious or
poisonous properties.

This noxious quality may be communicated by excess or depriva-
tion of moisture. There is no farmer who is not aware of the injuri-
ous eflfect of the coarse rank herbage of low, and mai*shy, and woody
countries, and he regards such districts as the chosen residence of
red-water. •

The fanner must carefully observe the effect of the different parts
of his farm in the production of this disease ; and observation and
thought may suggest to him that alteration of draining or manuring,
or other management, which may to a considerable degree remedy
the evil.

Acute Bed-water is ushered in by a discharge of bloody urine,
and is generally preceded by dysentery, suddenly changing to obstinate
costiveness ; and as soon as the costiveness is established the red-water
appears. There is laborious breathing, coldness of the extremities,
ears and horns, heat of the mouth, tenderness of the loins, and every
indication of fever : it often runs its couise with fearful rapidity, and
the animal is sometimes destroyed in a very few days.

When th? carcass is examined, there is generally found some in-

RED-WATER.

flammation of the kidney, enlargement of it, turgescence of its vessels,
yet very rarely any considerable disorganization, and certainly not
so much affection of it as would be expected ; but in cows the uterus
exhibits much greater inflammation ; there is often ulceration, the
formation of fetid pus, and occasionally gangrene ; there is also
peritoneal inflammation, extensive, intense, with adhesions and effu-
sions, while the lining membrane of the bowels rarely escapes in-
flammation and ulceration.

There can be little doubt about the treatment of such a disease.
There has either been an undue quantity of blood determined to the
kidneys, with much local inflammation, and before the pressure of
which the vessels of that organ have given way, or so much blood
has been always traversing the kidney, that there is a facility in set-
ting up imflammation there. Bleeding will be the first step indica-
ted. The first bleeding should be a copious one ; but the repetition
of it will depend upon circumstances. The haemorrhage, or bleed-
ing, is clearly active. It is produced by some irritation of the part :
its color shows that it procee Is from the minute arterial or capillary
vessels. When bloody urine f^ows from the kidney, that organ is
giving way under an increased discharge of its natural function, and
that function is increased in order to compensate for the suspended
one of another part, namely, the natural action of the bowels. Three
objects will be accomplished by venesection : the first, a diminution
of the general quantity of blood ; the second — a consequence of the
first — the removal of congestion in the part ; and the third is the
giving a different direction to the current of blood.

Purgatives should follow, with a view more quickly and effectually
to accomplish all these objects ; and from the recollection of a cir-
cumstance most important to the practitioner, that red-water closely
followed the establishment of constipation. A pound of Epsom salts
should be immediately exhibited, and half-pound doses every eight
hours afterwards, until the bowels are thoroughly acted upon.

There is too frequently great difficulty in purging cattle when
laboring under red-water : dose after dose may be administered for
three or four days, and yet the bowels will remain obstinately con-
stipated. Either there is a strange indisposition in them to be acted
npon, or, the rumen sympathizing with the derangrement of other
organs, the muscular pillars of its roof yield to the weight of the fluid,
whether hastily or cautiously administered, and the medicine enters
that stomach, and is retained there until the beast is lost. The
physic must be repeated again and again ; it must gently trickle
down the gullet, so that it shall fall on the roof of the paunch with
as little force as possible ; and after the second day, in spite of the
fever, unusual doses of aromatics must mingle with it, that the rumen,
or the intestines, or both, may be stimulated to action. In the ma-
jority of cases, and especiallv before the st. 3ngth of the animal be-
16* '

370 CATTLE.

comes exhausted, the commencement of purging will he the signal of
recovery.

It, nevertheless, too often happens, that the constipated state of
the bowels cannot be overcome, but the animal becomes rapidly-
weaker, while the blood assumes a darker, and sometimes a purple
or even a black color. The danger is now increased, and probably
death is not far distant. In many cases, however, the beast not be-
ing too much exhausted, the dark and coffee- colored urine is a favor-
able symptom, especially if it be discharged in evidently larger quan-
tities, and not so frequently.

The appearance of the darker fluid, and even the continuance of
the florid red urine, when the fever has subsided to a considerable
degree, will indicate a different mode of treatment. The haemorrhage
will have become passive. The blood will flow because the vessels
have lost their power of contracting on their contents. It has then
been usual to give astringents ; but this is dangerous practice, for
the constipation, which is the worst symptom of the disease, and which
immediately preceded the red- water, and was, probably, the exciting
cause of it, may be confirmed or recalled. Stimulants, and those
which act upon the kidney, will be most likely to have beneficial
effect. The common turpentine, the balsam of copaiba, or even
spirits of turpentine, especially if it be guarded by the addition of a
few drachms of laudanum, may be given Avith advantage. The
weakened vessels of the kidney may occasionally be roused to close
on their contents, and the haemorrhage may be arrested.

Chronic red-water is more prevalent than that which is acute, and,
in its first stage, is far more a disease of the digestive organs, and
especially of the liver, than of the kidney. The urine is observed to
be of a brown color, or brown tinged with yelloiv — the beast feeds
nearly as well as before, but ruminates rather more lazily. In a few
days a natural diarrhoea comes on, and the animal is well at once ;
or a purgative drink is administered, and a cure is presently effected.
This occurs frequently in cows of w^eak constitution, and in calves.

At other times there is manifest indisposition ; the animal is dull,
heavy, languid — the ears droop — the back is bowed — she separates
from the herd — she refuses her food — she ceases to ruminate.
Presently she gets better — she rejoins her companions ; but this is
only for a little while. The urine, which at jirst was hroivn, with a
tinge of yelloiv, has noiv red mingling with the broum, or it is of the
color of 2)orter. It is increased in quantity — it is discharged some-
times with ease, at other times with considerable straining — in little
jets, and with additional bowing of the back. The milk diminishes
— it acquires a slight tinge of yellow or brown — the taste becomes
unpleasant — it spoils all that it is mingled with. The pulse is ac-
celerated— it reaches to 60 or 70. If blood be drawn, the serum
which separates from it is browr. The skin is yellow, but of a

RED-WATER. 371

darker yellow than in jaundice — it has a tinge of brown. The con-
junctiva is also yellow, inclining to brown. The urine becomes of a
darker hue — it is almost black. The animal usually shrinks when
the loins are pressed upon ; occasiorally there is much tenderness,
but oftener the beast scarcely shrinks more than he is accustomed to
do when laboring under almost every disease. The belly is not so
much tucked up as drawn together at the sides. There is consider-
able loss of condition — the legs and ears get coM — the animal is
less inclined to move ; there is evident and gen:;ral debility. In
every stage there is costiveness, and that exceedingly difficult to
overcome : but, on close inquiry, it is ascertained that there was
diarrhoea at the heginning, and which was violent and fetid, and which
suddenly stopped.

Examination after death shows the skin and the cellular mem-
brane underneath to be of a dark yellow ; the fat about the belly is
of the same hue, or perhaps of a lighter tinge. The 6x"st and
second stomachs are full : there is no fermentation and little gas, or
sour smell. The many plus is perfectly dry — baking could hardly
add tp the hardness, 'ihe leaves of the manyplus cling to the food
contained between them : the papillae leave "their evident indenta-
tions on the hardened mass, and that mass cannot be detached
without considerable portions of the cuticle clinging to it. The
fourth stomach is empty, and the lining membrane covered with
brown mucus, exhibiting patches of inflammation underneath. The
intestines are rarely inflamed. There is no fluid in the belly, nor in-
flammation of its lining membrane. The kidney is of a yellow-
brown color, and sometimes a little enlarged, but there is rarely in-
Jiammation or disease about it. Drops of daik and brown-colored
urine may be pressed from it. The lungs display no mark of dan-
gerous disease, but they too have a yellow hue. The fluid in the
bag of the heart is yellow. The chyle, which is traversing the
lacteal vessels, is yellow too, and there is the same discoloration of
the fluids everywhere.

The liver is evidently of a darker color ; it is enlarged, generally
inflamed, sometimes rotten, and filled with black blood. The gall-blad-
der is full, almost to distension. The bile is thick and black : it
looks more like lampblack mixed with oil, than like healthy bile.

All these appearances lead to the necessary conclusion that this
is far more a disease of the digestive organs than of the kidney ; in
fact, that it is not primarily an aff'ection of the kidney. It is dis-
ease of the liver, either consisting in inflammation of that organ,
accompanied by increased secretion of bile, or a change in the qual-
ity of the bile. In consequence of this, the whole circulatory fluid
becomes tinged with the :olor of tta bile, and which is shoAvn in the
hue of the skin generally and in .he color of the blood, and par-

372 CATTLE.

ticularly in the change that takes place in that blood when drawn
from the vein.

The fluid discharged from the kidneys participates in the general
change ; it becomes yellow — yellow-brown — brown. The change
is most evident here, because so great a quantity of blood, in pro-
portion to the size of the organ, circulates through the kidneys ; and
more particularly it is evident here, because it is the office or duty
of the kidneys to separate from the blood, and to expel from the
circulation, that which is foreign to the blood, or would be injurious
to the animal.

The bile, however, possesses an acrid principle to a considerable
degree. While it is an excrementitious substance that must be got
rid of, it stimulates the intestinal canal as it passes along in order to
be discharged ; it particularly does so when it is secreted in undue
quantities, or when its quality is altered. There is abundant proof of
this in the bilious irritation and diarrhoea which cattle so frequently
exhibit. The kidney, at length, is evidently irritated by the con-
tinued presence of this diseased fluid : it becomes inflamed, its mi-
nute vessels are ruptured, and a red hue begins to mingle wiih the
brown. There is found discoloration and increased size of the kid-
ney, and pain in the region of that organ ; this, however, is rarely
carried to any considerable extent, and the seat and principal ravages
of disease are to be clearly traced to a different part, namely, the liver.

It is evident, then, that acute and chronic red-water, as the authoj
of this treatise has termed them, (for he did not, in the present state
of our knowledge of cattle medicine, dare to deviate too far from the
usual arrangement and designation of disease,) are essentially diff"er-
ent maladies : they belong to different organs — they are character-
ized by diff"erent symptoms — they require diff"erent treatment. The
first is inflammation of the kidney ; it is characterized by the evident
pain and fever, and by the red and bloody urine which accompanies
it in an early stage ; it requires the most active treatment, and it
speedily runs its course. The second is inflammation of, or altered
secretion from, the liver ; not often accompanffed in its early stage
by pain or fever ; characterized by the dark brown color of vitiated
bile, and more slowly, but as fatally, undermining the strength of
the constitution.

As to the first step in the treatment of chronic red water, the
propriety of bleeding depends on the condition of the beast, and the
degree of fever. An animal in high or in fair condition can never
be hurt by one bleeding ; while, on the contrary, lurking, decep-
tive, fatal febrile action may be subdued. If there be the slightest
degree of actual fever, nothing can excuse the neglect of bleeding.
The quantity taken, or the repetition of the abstraction of blood,
must be left to the judgment of the practitioner.

BLACK- WATER. 373

The animal must be well purged if he is in a constipated state ;
or if there is already a discharge of glairy faecal matter, the char-
acter of that must be changed by a purgative. That is the best
whose effects are most speedily and certainly produced, and there
is no drug more to be depended upon in both these respects than
the Epsom salts. It may be alternated with Glauber's traits, or
common salt, or an aperient of a different character, sulphur, may
be added to it. Much good effect is often produced by this mix-
ture of aperients. As there is either so much real costiveness — in-
disposition to be acted upon by purgative medicine — or so much
relaxation of (je floor of the cesopliagean canal that the medicine
falls into the rumen instead of going to its proper destination, and
as the establishment of purgation seems to have so uniform and ben-
eficial an effect in relieving the disease, the medicine that is adopted
should be given in a full dose. It should consist of at least a
pound of Epsom saUs, and half a pound of sulphur, and this should
be repeated in doses consisting of half the quantity of each, until
the constipation is decidedly overcome. Stimulants would be dan-
gerous, and astringent medicine \Yould be actual poison in the dis-
ease.

It will not be forgotten that the precautions already recommended
should be carefully observed, in order to give the physic the best
chance of passing into the bowels ; that the patent pump should be
in frequent requisition for the administration of clysters ; and that
when purging is once induced, a lax state of the bowels should be
kept up by means of the frequent repetition of smaller doses of the
medicine. The diet should consist principally of mashes, gruel, lin-
seed tea, fresh cut young grass, young and fresh vetches, and carrots.
The conclusion of the treatment will be to administer the Epsom
salts in doses of four or six ounces, as an alterative, for a few days
afterward ; to which, if there exist any debility, add two drachms of
gentian and one drachm of ginger.

BLACK-WATER.

This is only another and the concluding stage of Red-water.
When it follows the acute or inflammatory disease, it may be con-
sidered as a favorable symptom if the urine contains no prurient mat-
ter, and has no unpleasant smell. It shows that the blood is not
discharged so rapidly and forcibly as it was ; and that it hangs about
the mouths of the vessels, or is contained in the cavity of the kidney,
or in the bladder, sufficiently long to be changed from arterial to
venous blood, and the practitioner will be encouraged to proceed in
the course which he had adopted : but if purulent matter mingles
with the black Wood, it indicates the sad extent of the mischief that
has been done. It is a proof of ulceration, if not of gangrene, and

874 CATTLE

shows that a degree of disorganization has taken place which must
speedily terniiiu.te in death.

If, in chronic red-water, or that whi?h depends on disease of the
liver, the discharge becomes of a darkei and still darker brown, until
it has assumed an almost black character, it shows either Jiat the
system is loaded with a superabundance of this empoisoned secre-
tion, and of which it cannot rid itself, or that the irritation caused by
the continued presence of so acrimonious a fluid is producing inflam-
mation, gangrene, and death, in the vessels that are filled and op-
pressed by it. In the last i'tage of the disease, when the urine
assumes a darker brown or black color, no remedy seems to have
any eflicacy ; the animal is sunk beyond recovery, and he stretches
himself out and dies, as if perfectly exhausted.

Homceopathic treatment. — The principal remedy for this aflfectiou
is ipecacuanha, of which a single dose will often suffice to remove it,
when it is administered in time. When signs of inflammation already
exist, we must commence with aconitum, which in many cases effects
a cure by itself. The efficacy of cantharide? has been proved many
times by giving one or two doses each day. If the staling of blood
be connected with external violence, for instance, with a blow on the
loins, arnica is the remedy. When it depends on vesical calculus,
uva ursi should be employed.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

Cattle are occasionally subject to inflammation of the kidneys, bear-
ing considerable resemblance to acute red-water, but attended by
more of the symptoms of pure inflammation of that organ in other
animals. At first there are seldom any indications of disease beyond
a straining eff"ort in voiding the urine, and which is ejected forcibly
and in small quantities, the loins being more than usually tender, and,
perhaps, a little hot. In a day or two afterward, however, the beast
becomes dull, and careless about his food ; the difficulty of staling
increases ; blood is perceived to mingle with the urine ; the muzzle
become dry ; the horns and ears cold ; the pulse frequent and hard,
and the breathing quickened. Diarrhoea or dysentery is now. ob-
served ; the evacuations are fetid ; they too are discharged with
effort and in diminished quantities, and at length cease to appear.

The difficulty of passing the urine becomes rapidly greater ; the
beast strangely bows his back, and groans from intensity of pain ; at
length total suppression of urine ensues ; cold sweats break out,
principally about the back, sides, and shoulders, and the patient
trembles all over ; he moans continually, but the moaning gets lower
and lower ; he becomes paralyzed behind ; the pulse can scarcely be
felt ; the animal falls ; he is incapable of rising, and he dies in three
or four days after the apparent commencement of the attack.

This is especially a disease of the spring time of the year. It is

THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER. 375

the consequence of over-nourishment : there is a predisposition to
inflammation ; and from some cause, more or less apparent, that in-
flammation is directed to the kidney. The treatment will comprise
plentiful bleeding, active purging, the administration of emollient
clysters, fomentation over the loins or the application of a mustard
poultice to them, bran mashes, gruel, and a small quantity of green
succulent food. There is a connection between all these affections of
the kidneys, and inflammation of the larger intestines lying in the
neighborhood of them ; thence the previous dysentery, and the often
obstinate constipation of red-water and pure inflammation of these
organs ; and then ^e the necessity of large and repeated doses of
purgative medicine, but from which all stimulating ingredients should
be excluded, and Avhich would probably, in these cases, best consist
of castor or linseed oil. The clysters also should be truly emollient,
that w4iile they assist in opening the bowels, they may act as sooth-
ing fomentations in the neighborhood of the inflamed organ. Both
the oil and the clysters should be continued until the inflammation
has perfectly subsided. To the use of these the treatment should
generally be confined — most certainly in no part of it should the
shghtest portion of diuretic medicine be administered.

Homoeopathic treatment. — In general this disease is cured by means
of aconitum, after which one or two doses of cantharides should be
given. In obstinate cases, when the disease does not yield to several
doses of the latter remedy, of which however more than one must
not be taken during the day, we have recourse to hyoscyamns. Ni~
trum is also very useful. When there is obstinate constipation, nux
vomica should be given. Arnica is indicated whenever the disease is
attributable to an external injury.

THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER.

The urine secreted, or separated by the kidney, having first accu-
mulated in the cavity in the centre of that organ, is conveyed through
a duct called the ureter to a more capacious reservoir, the bladder.
The ureters are large ; the internal membrane is strong ; the open-
ing into the bladder is near to the neck of that vessel, and the ureters
terminate near to each other.

The Bladder of the ox, larger, longer, and of a more oval form
fban that of the cow, is lodged between the rectum and the internal
iurface of the lower bones of the pelvis. It is supported by a trans-
verse ligament, which ties it to the sides of the pelvis ; while it is at-
tached by cellular membrane to the rectum above and to the pelvis
below, it is confined entirely to the cavity of the pelvis, for one of
the compartments of the paunch affords an insuperable obstacle to
its entering the proper cavity of the abdomen. When distended by
urine, its increase of size is principally shown by its greater round-
ness, and not by its increased length and descent into the cavity of

876 CATTLE

the belly. In examination and in operation for stone inHhe bladder,
this should not be lost sight of. It has three coats : the outer and
peritoneal ; the central or muscular, and the inner coat, which is
lined with numerous glands, that secrete a mucous fluid in order to
defend the bladder from the acrimony of the urine.

The bladder terminates in a small neck, aronnd which is a continua-
tion of the common muscular coat, or, in the opinion of some, a dis-
tinct circular muscle, the sphincter, whose natural state is that of
contraction ; so that the passage remains closed, and the urine re-
tained, until, the bladder being stretched to a certain extent, the
fluid is expelled either by the will of the animal, or the involuntary
contraction of the muscular coat. This muscle is weak in the ox.
Advantage may be tak*>n of this weakness of the sphincter muscle,
for in retention of urine, or when, for the purpose of some operation,
it may be expedient to empty the bladder, the slightest pressure
upon it by the hand introduced into the rectum will readily effect it.

Having passed the sphincter muscle, the urine flows through the
urethra and is evacuated. This canal is long and small ; it pursues
a tortuous path. The peculiar form and direction of some of the
muscles of that region compel the penis to take a kind of double
curve, not unlike an aS', before it takes its ultimate straight course ;
and on these accounts the ox suffers occasionally from the entangle-
ment of calculi in the folds of the urethra.

The bladder of the cow is smaller and rounder than that of the
ox. The rumen is as large as in the ox, and occupies the greater
part of the abdomen ; but additional room must be left for the im-
pregnated uterus, and that is effected in some measure at the expense
of the bladder ; while also, to obviate the ill effects of occasional
pressure in the distended state of the uterus, the sphincter muscle at
the neck of the bladder of the cow is much larger and stronger than
the same muscle in the ox.

The circumstances of disease to be considered with reference to
the bladder are the foreign bodies, principally calculi, which it may
contain ; the inflammation resulting from that or from other causes ;
rupture, and inversion of it.

URINARY CALCULI.

Concretions are found in the urinary passages of cattle. One
cause of their retention may be the form of the passages. Many
calculi are retained in the bladder, and thus become the centre
around which other matter collects, layer upon layer. It it probably
on this account that calculi are found so much oftener in the ox than
the cow ; in the former the urethra is long and small, in the latter it
is short and capacious.

The great function discharged by the kidney in catfle may like-
wise account for the more frequent formation of calculi. When so

STONE IN THE KIDNEYS AND THE URETERS. 877

much more blood passes through this organ, that the useless oi
excrementitious parts of it may be expelled, the supposition is rea-
sonable that a greater portion of the substances of which urinary
calculi are composed will be found. The food of cattle may have
much to do with it ; and the greater proportion of earthy matter
which they swallow, in the first rude cropping of the herbage, and
the carelessness with which they often tear it up by the root, » the
earth which they sometimes voluntarily take to prevent the develop-
ment of acidity in the stomach, or to remove it.

The urinary calculi that have been examined have been found to
be composed of nearly the same materials, and hi proportions not
often varying. They have chiefly yielded carbonate of lime, a small
quantity of carbonate of magnesia, some traces of phosphate of hme,
and a certain quantity of mucus, which has served as cement between
the diflferent layers. The form of the calculus has considerably dif-
fered. When there has been but one central nucleus, the form has
been more or less circular; but in a majority, the stone has acquired
magnitude by the union of various small distinct calculi. The form
of the mass has consequently been difierent in different specimens.

The floor of the cow-house, and sometimes bare places in the field,
will show where a considerable quantity of gritty matter has been
discharged. This indicates a diseased state of the urine at the time,
not perhaps sufficiently serious to interfere materially with the general
health, but which may eventually lead to the formation of stone in
the bladder or kidney, or to other serious maladies. The sandy
matter is either white, approaching to gray or yellow ; or it is brown,
with varying shades of red or yellow.

Chemists have now satisfactorily ascertained the nature and causes
of these discharges, and the means of remedying them. The light-
colored granules show deficiency, and the dark-colored prove excess,
of acid in the urine. In the one there is a deposite of earthy matter
from deficiency of acid, and in the other there is a crystallization of
the acid itself. In the one, cream of tartar, or dilute sulphuric acid
might be administered with advantage ; and in the other, earth, or a
portion of chalk mixed with common loam, may be placed before the
beast, or doses of carbonate of soda may be given. Danger is most
to be apprehended from the white deposit, which is frequently the
precursor or the accompaniment of gravel — a deposition in the blad-
der to which cattle are far more subject than farmers or agriculturists
are usually aware.

STONE IN THE KIDNEYS AND THE URETERS.

There can be no doubt that many calculi descend from the cavity
or pelvis of the kindey through the ureters mto the bladder ; yet
there is but one case of each on record.

878 CATTLE.

STONE IN THE BLADDER.

It is with the calculus that has descended into the bladder and
there increased in size, or that was originally formed there, that the
practitioner will have most to do, either while it continues in the
bladder, or in its after progress through the urethra.

Th% symptoms that would indicate stone in the bladder are some-
what obscure. 1'here are many that prove plainly enough a state of
suffering, and of general excitation or fever ; — rumination ceases — the
mouth is hot — the flanks heave — the animal is continually lying down
and getting up again — it is looking mournfully towards its flank.
Then comes a peculiar trembling of the hind limbs, and the frequent
straining to void urine — a straining at some times quite ineffectual,
at other times producing the discharge of a small quantity, and that
occasionally mingled with blood. These symptoms will direct the
attention of the practitioner to the urinary organs. In order to
ascertain the nature of the complaint, he will introduce his hand into
the rectum. The bladder will easily be detected. It will probably
be distended by urine ; he will gently press upon it, and the con-
tained fluid will be expelled, and if there is a calculus in the bladder,
it will be readily felt. He must not, however, be alarmed if this
pressure should at first produce violent pain resembling colic — he
must desist for a few minutes, and try again. A sound could not be
used for the purpose of detecting the calculus, nor even the flexible
catheter.

There are two courses to be pursued in such a case — either to
slaughter the animal immediately, if it be should be in tolerable con-
dition, or to remove the stone by the usual operation of lithotomy.

All attempts to dissolve the calculus by the use of muriatic or any
other acid will be as fruitless as they have proved to be in the human
being ; and the length and small caliber of the urethra, as well as its
double curve, prevent the possibility of having recourse to the safe
and effectual operation of breaking down the stone within the bladder.

In the ox, on account of the length of the penis, or for other
reasons, two muscles descend from the anus, and pursue their course
until they arrive at about the middle of the penis, a httle in front of the
scrotum ; there they attach themselves to the penis, and draw it up,
and force it to bend or curve upon itself ; and it takes, as has already
been stated, the form of an inverted S. No stilett can be forced
through such a double curvature. The operator must either cut down
on the urethra, without any stilett within to guide him, at the point
where again, below the anus, it curves round tiie pelvic bones in order
to enter the pelvic cavity, and which, if he is a tolerable anatomist, and
proceeds with some caution, he may readily accomplish ; or he must get
rid of the first curve, and that may be effected without much difficul-
ty. The hair must be cut off immediately in front of the scrotum ; a

STONE IN THE URETHRA. S79

longitudinal incision must then be made, six inches in length, through
the sheath, upon the penis, and in the direction in which it lies. The
penis being exposed, it is seized and drawn forward in its sheath ; the
muscles relax, the penis is readily brought into a straight direction,
and held so for a sufficient time to admit the introduction of a stilett,
which should either be composed of whalebone, and very flexible, or
it should be made of iron, and jointed. The more flexible the cathe-
ter is, the more readily it will accommodate itself to the tendeney of
the muscles to restore the inverted S curve, and the more readily
likewise may it be bent round the bony arch beyond, and so diminish
the length of the incision which must afterwards be made between
the anus and the scrotum.

The sound being passed through the curvature thus temporarily re-
moved, and its point felt below the anus, the operator must cut into the
urethra at that part. Into this opening he must inti oduce another
rod, straight and grooved, and pass it on into the bladder ; and then,
by means of a probe-pointed bistoury running in this groove, the
incision must be carried on to the side of the anus, and through a
portion of the neck of the bladder corresponding with the supposed
size of the calculus. The operator must then pass his right hand
into the rectum, and the two first fingers of the left hand into the
bladder, and with the right hand guide the calculus between the
fingers of the left hand, by which, or by means of a pair of forceps
pushed into the wound, it should be seized and extracted.

It is not always that there Avill be much bleeding, or that it will be
necessary to take up any of the vessels, or even to pass any sutures
throus^h the edc^es of the wound, unless the incision has been more
than usually large. The urine will for a few days be principally
passed through the wound, but a portion of it will soon begin to find
its ways through the urethra, and that quantity will daily increase, and,
in quite as short a time as can be expected, the wound will be per-
fectly healed.

STONE IN THE URETHRA.

On account of tl^ length, and narrowness, and curvature of the
urethra in the ox, obstruction of that passage by a calculus is a cir-
cumstance of too frequent occurrence. The symptom which would
lead to a suspicion of this, would be, in addition to the evidence of
considerable pain and general irritation, a complete, or almost com-
plete, suppression of urine. The practitioner should examine tlie
urethra through the whole of its course anterior to the inverted S
curve ; the calculus will tlien be felt, or probably the protuberance
caused by its presence will be immediately seen. The duty of the
surgeon is now, in most cases, easily and quickly perfoimed. An
oblique incision must be made upon the calculus, sufficiently long to
enable it to be taken out. By means of the oblique incision, the

380 CATTLE.

calculus and the urethra are less likely to roll under the knife, and
the wound will more readily heal. One or two sutures should be
passed through the edges of the wound, which will speedily adhere.
The operation is simple, but the danger of neglect is great ; and
many a beast has been lost by the bladder being distended, and
continuing so until violent inflammation of its mucous coat has taken
place, or it has been ruptured.

Should not the calculus be in this anterior portion of the urethra,
that between the scrotum and the anus should be carefully examined ;
and if it be not found there, it is imprisoned somewhere in the inverted
>S^ curve. An incision must then be made anteriorly to the scrotum,
in the manner already described ; the penis drawn out ; the curve for
a while obliterated ; the situation of the obstruction discovered ; the
urethra laid open at that point, and the calculus extracted.

Some veterinarians have remarked, that oxen are mos- subject to
the formation of these calculi during the autumn and winter ; and
that, as the spring advances, the new grass produces a more abun-
dant secretion of urine, and thus relaxes the urinaiy organs, and
enables the calculi more easily to pass ; while the fresh herbage gives
an alkaline and soapy character to the urine, which causes some of
the recently formed calculi to be dissolved in the bladder.

Homoiopathic treatment. — After an operation, it is necessary to
dress the wound with arnica water, to give some doses of this medi-
cine internally to prevent traumatic fever, and to give one or two
doses of china, on account of the loss of blood. The homoeopathic
remedy to be employed is uva ursi, which prevents inflammation,
consequently contraction of the urethra, and assists in favoring the
expulsion of the foreign body, if it have not already passed into the
urethra, in which case all the medical means is in general useless.
Lycopodium has also been tried with success.

RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.

This is the necessary consequence of over-distension of a vessel, the
coats of which are naturally weak; or it may be produced by a care-
less or brutal mode of casting the animal. It would not require any
great shock in order to rupture the bladder, after suppression of urine
had existed several days, and the coats of the bladder had begun to
be weakened by inflammation.

The circumstances which would most unerringly indicate a rupture
of the bladder, would be the impossibility of detecting that vessel in
the pelvic cavity when the hand was introduced into the rectum ; or,
after the bladder had been felt, round and hard almost as a foot-ball,
and the animal had been expressing in every possible way the tor-
ture he endured, a perfect calm all at once succeeding. This would
probably be hailed by the inexperienced practitioner as a symptom
of recovery, but the skillfu. one would regard it as the forerunner of

INVERSION OF THE BLADDER.

death. If a day or two had passed since the rupture of the blad-
der, the experienced eye would detect it by a certain engorgement
of the limbs, and particularly of the hind limbs ; and there would
often be an evident urinous smell about the animal, even before it
was dead. In such case, the bladder is commonly found in a state
of gangrene ; the intestines are highly inflamed, and the whole of
the meat is discolored and nauseous. It is, therefore, of consequence
to ascertain the state of these parts dunng the life of the animal,
either that an operation may be attempted, or that the fanner may
sell him, while there is anything about him that is saleable besides
his skin. In fine, when it is recollected that the existence of these
calculi betrays a constitutional tendency to their formation, and that
the removal of one may at no great length of time be followed by
the appearance of another ; when, from the length and narrowness,
and, more especially, from the singular curvature of the urethra in
the ox, it is very difficult for calculi to pass ; and the walls of the
bladder in the ox are so weak it will become a matter for considera-
tion, whether the beast, in good saleable condition, should not be
destroyed as soon as this obstruction is clearly ascertained ; and,
most certainly, the animal that has been successfully operated upon
for suppression of urine, and that is not then fit for the market,
should be fattened, and got rid of as quickly as possible.

The cow is in a manner exempt from these sad accidents, because
the calculi readily find their way through her short, and capacious,
and straight urethra.

INVERSION OF THE BLADDER.

This has occasionally taken place in the violent throes of partu-
rition. The efforts of the practitioner must ihen be confined to the
preservation of the calf, for the bladder can never be returned to its
natural situation ; and although the mother might possibly survive
the removal of this vessel, yet as the urine must continue to be
secreted, and to be got rid of, and, trickling down her legs, would
produce constant soreness and ulceration, she would ever be a nui-
sance to herself, and a digusting object to those who had the care
of her.

CHAPTEK XVI.

PREGNANCY, PARTURITION, AND THE DISEASES
CONNECTED WITH THEM.

ABORTION, OR SLINKING.

The usual period of pregnancy in a cow is nine calendar months,
and something over ; but there is often considerable variation in the
time of what seems to be a natural delivery, and when the calf is
likely to live.

M. Tessier, in a Memoir read to the Royal Academy of Science at
Paris, says, that in one thousand and thirty-one cows, which he had
the opportunity of observing, the shortest period of gestation was
two hundred and forty days, and the longest three hundred and
twenty-one — difference, eighty-one days ; and counting from nine
months, fifty-one days over, and thirty days under. The average is
about two hundred and eighty-five days.

The cow, however, is, more than any other animal, subject to
abortion. This takes place at different periods of pregnancy, from
half of the usual time to the seventh, or almost to the eighth
month. The symptoms of tlie approach of abortion, except the
breeder is very much among his stock, are not often perceived ; or,
if perceived, they are concealed by the cow-herd, lest he should be
accused of neglect or improper treatment.

The cow is somewhat off her feed — rumination ceases — she is
listless and dull — the miik diminishes or dries up — the motions of
the foetus become more feeble, and at length cease altogether —
there is a slight degree of enlargement of the belly — there is a little
staggering in her walk — when she is down she hes longer than
usual, and when she gets up she stands for a longer time motionless.

As the abortion approaches, a yellow or red glairy fluid runs
from the vagina — (this is a symptom which rarely or never de-
ceives)— her bieathing becomes laborious and slightly convulsive.
The belly has for several days lost its natural rotundity, and has
been evidently falling — she begins to moan — the pulse becomes
small, wiry, and intermittent. At length labor comes on, and is
often attended with much difficulty and danger.

If the abortion have been caused bv bl. ws or violence, whether

ABORTION, OR SLINKING.

from brutality, or the animal being teased by other cows in season,
or oxen, the symptoms are more intense. The animal suddenly
ceases to eat and to ruminate — is uneasy, paws the ground, rests her
head on the manger while she is standing, and on her flank when
she is lying down — haemorrhage frequently comes on from the uterus,
or when this is not the case, the mouth of the uterus is spasmodi-
cally contracted. The throes come on, are distressingly violent, and
continue until the womb is ruptured. Should not all these circum-
stances be observed, yet the labor is protracted and dangerous.

Abortion is sometimes singularly frequent in particular districts, or
on particular farms. It seems to assume an epizootic or epidemic
form. This has been accounted for in various ways. Some have
imagined it to be contagious. It is destructively propagated among
the cows, but this is probably to be explained on a different princi-
ple than that of contagion. The cow is an animal considerably im-
aginative, and highly irritable during the period of pregnancy. In
"abortion, the foetus is often putrid before it is discharged ; and the
placenta, or afterbirth, rarely or never immediately follows it, but
becomes decomposed, and, as it drops away in fragments, emits a
peculiar and most noisome smell. This smell seems to be singularly
annoying to the other cows — they sniff at it, and then run bellow-
ing about. Some sympathetic influence is exercised on their ute-
rine organs, and in a few days a greater or less number of those
that had pastured together likewise abort. Hence arises the rapid-
ity with which the fcetus is usually taken awav and buried deeply,
and far from the cows; and hence the more effectual preventive of
smearing the parts of the cow with tar or stinking oils, in order to
conceal or subdue the smell ; and hence, too, the ineffectual pre-
venting of removing her to a far distant pasture.

The pastures on which the blood or inflammatory fever is most
prevalent are those on which the cows oftenest shnk their calves.
Whatever can become a source of general excitation and fever is
likely, during pregnancy, to produce inflammation of the womb :
or whatever would, under other circumstances, excite inflammation
of almost any organ, has at that time its injurious effect determined
to this particular one.

'i'here is no farmer who is not aware of the injurious effect of the
coarse, rank herbage of low, marshy, and woody countries, and he
regards these districts as the chosen residence of red water ; it may be
added, that these districts are also the chosen residence of abortion.

Hard and mineral waters are justly considered as laying the foun-
dation of many diseases in cattle, and for abortion among the rest.

Some careful observers have occasionally attributed abortion to the
disproportion in size between the male and female. Farmers used
to be too fond of looking out for a great overgrown bull for their
dairy or breeding cows, and many a heifer or little cow was seri-

884 CATTLE.

Ously injured : she either cast her calf, or was lost in parturition.
This error has been long exploded among the breeders of sheep ;
and breeders of cattle are beginning to act more wisely.

Cows that have been long afflicted with hoose, and that degener-
ating into consumption, are exceedingly subject to abortion. They
are continually in heat — they rarely become pregnant, or if they
do, a great proportion of them cast their calves. When consump-
tion is estabhshed, and the cow is much wasted away, she will rarely
retain her calf during the natural period of pregnancy.

An in-calf beast will scarcely have hoove to any considerable
extent without afterwards abortmg. The pressure of the distended
rumen seems to injure or destroy the foetus. Even where the dis-
tension of the stomach does not wear a serious character, abortion
often follows the sudden change from poor to luxuriant food. Cows
that have been out and half-starved in the winter, and incautiously
turned on rich pasture in the spring, are too apt to cast their
calves from the undue general or local excitation that is set up p
and, as has been already remarked, a sudden change from rich
pasture to a state of comparative starv^ation will produce the same
effect, but from an opposite cause. Hence it is that when this dispo-
sition to abort first appears in a dairy, it is usually in a cow that
has been lately purchased. Fright, from whatever cause, may pro-
duce abortion. There are singular cases on record of whole herds
of cows slinking their calves after being terrified by an unusually
violent thunder-storm. Commerce with the bull soon after concep-
tion is a frequent cause of abortion. The casting of the calf has
already been attributed to the sympathetic influence of the effluvia
from the decomposing placenta : there are plenty of instances in which
other putrid smells have produced the same effect, and therefore
the inmates of crowded cow-houses are not unfrequently subject to
this mishap.

The use of a diseased bull will occasion abortion, and the calves
will be aborted in a diseased state.

Besides these tangible causes of abortion, there is the mysterious
agency of the atmosphere. There are certain seasons when abortion
is strangely frequent and fatal ; while at other times it in a manner
disappears for several successive years.

There is no doubt that this must be added to the number of epi-
demic diseases.

The consequences of premature calving are frequently of a very
serious nature. It has been stated that there is often considerable
spasmodic closure of the mouth of the^ uterus, and that the calf is
produced with much difficulty and pain, and especially if a few days
have elapsed after the death of the young one. When this is the
case, the mother frequently dies, or her recovery is much slower than
after natural parturition. The coat continues rough and staring for

ABORTION, OR SLINKING.

a long time— the skin clings to the ribs — the appetite does not re-
turn, and the milk is dried up. Some internal chronic complaint now
takes its rise, and the foundation is laid for consumption and death.

When the case is more favorable, tlie results are, nevertheless,
very annoying. The cow very soon goes again to heat, but in a great
many cases she fails to become pregnant ; she almost certainly does
so if she is put to the bull during the first heat after abortion. The
heat again and again returns, but she does not stand to the bulling ;
and so the season is wasted, while she becomes a perfect nuisance
by continually worrying the other cattle.

If she should come in calf again during that season, it is very
probable that about the same period of utero-gestation, or a little
later, she will again abort ; or that when she becomes in calf the
following year, the same fatality will attend her. Some say that
this disposition to cast her young one gradually ceases; that if she
does miscarry, it is at a later and still later period of pregnancy ;
and that, in about three or four years, she may be depended upon
as a tolerably safe breeder : he, however, would be exceedingly in-
attentive to his interest who kept a profitless beast so long.

The calf very rarely lives, and in the majority of cases it is born
dead or putrid. If there should appear to be any chance of saving
it, it should be washed with warm water, carefully dried, and fed
frequently with small quantities of new milk, mixed, according to
the apparent weakness of the animal, either with raw eggs or good
gruel ; while the bowels should, if occasion requires, be opened by
means of small doses of castor oil. If any considerable period has
to elapse before the natural term of pregnancy would have expired, it
will usually be necessary to bring up the little animal entirely by hand.

The treatment of abortion will diflPer little from that of parturition,
presently to be described. If the farmer has once been tormented
by this pest in his dairy, he should carefully watch the approaching
symptoms of casting the calf, and as soon as he perceives them,
should remove the cow from the pasture to a comfortable cow-house
or shed. If the discharge be glairy, but not offensive, he may hope
that the calf is not dead : he will be assured of this by the motion
of the foetus, and then it is possible that the abortion may yet be
avoided. He should hasten to bleed her, and that copiously, in pro-
portion to her age, size, condition, and the state of excitation in which
he may find her ; and he should give a dose of physic immediately
after the bleeding. The physic beginning to operate, he should ad-
minister half a drachm of opium and half an ounce of sweet spirit of
nitre. Unless she is in a state of great debility, he should allow
nothing but gruel, and he should beep his patient as quiet as he can.
By these means he may occasionally allay the e^eneral or local irri-
tation that precedes or causes the abortion, and the cow may yet go
to her full time.

17

386 CATTLE.

Should, however, the discharge be fetid, the conclusion will be
that the foetus is dead, and must be got rid of, and that as speedily
as possible. Bleeding may even then be requisite, if much fever
exist ; or, perchance, if there be debility, some stimulating drink
may not be out of place. In other respects the animal must be
treated as if her usual time of pregnancy iiad been accomplished.

Much may be done in the way of preventing the formation of this
habit of abortion among cows. The fcxtus must be got rid of im-
medialchj. It should be buried deep and far from the cow-pasture.
Proper means should be taken to hasten the expulsion of the placen-
ta. A dose of physic should be given ; the ergot of rye, as hereaf-
ter to be described, should be administered ; the hand should be in-
troduced, and an effort made, cautiously and gently, to detach the
placenta : all violence, however, should be carefully avoided, for
considerable and fatal hcemorrhage may ]je speedily produced. The
parts of the cow should be well washed with a solution of the
chloride of lime, and this should be injected up the vagina, and also
given internally. In the mean time, and especially after the expul-
sion of the placenta, the cow-house should be well washed with the
same solution, in the manner that was recommended when the treat-
ment of the malignant epidemic was under consideration.

The cow, when beginning to recover, should be fattened and sold.
This is the first and the grand step towards the prevention of abor-
tion, and he is unwise who does not immediately adopt it. All
other means are comparatively ineflScient and worthless. Should the
owner be reluctant to part with her, two months at least should pass
before she is permitted to return to her companions. Prudence
would probably dictate that she should never return to them, but
be kept, if possible, on some distant part of the farm.

Abortion having once occurred on 'the farm, the breeding cows
should be carefully watched. Although well fed, they should not
be suffered to get into too high condition. Unless thev are deci-
dedly poor and weak, they should be bled between the third and
fourth months of pregnancy, and a mild dose of physic should be
administered to each. If the pest continues to reappear, the owner
should most carefully examine how far any of the causes of abortion
that have been detected may exist on his farm, and exert himself
in carefully removing them.

llomoeojyatkic treatment. — xvbortion seldom takes place suddenly ;
in general it is announced by several symptoms, among which maj
be noticed great disturbance, anxiety, depression of the mother,
sudden diminution of her milk, ana the escape by the vagina of a
fetid mucous fluid. If these precursors have been themselves pre-
ceded by any external violence, abortion is but still more probable,
and we must hasten to prevent it. This is the reason why, after a
blow, or a fall, ther« should be given without delay one or two

TREATMENT BEFORE CALVING. SSf

doses of arnica, and if the cause has been a luxation or false step,
rhus toxicodendron; should the precursory symptoms still show
themselves, pulsatilla is the chief remedy ; after it, sahina and secaU
corniitum. Lastly, if the abortion has really taken place, and the
placenta delays from four to six hours, we must give sabina, or bet-
ter still secale cornutum, which generally brings on the desired re-
sult. ^Ye should have recourse to manual interference only in case
these means should fail.

SYMPTOMS OF PREGNANCY.

The symptoms of pregnancy in its early stage used to be thought
exceedingly unsatisfactory. 'I'he period of being in season (which
generally lasts three or four days, and then ceases for a while, and
returns in about three weeks) might entirely pass over ; and although
it was then probable that conception had taken place, yet in a
great many instances the hopes of the breeder were disappointed.
It was not until between the third and fourth month, when the belly
began to enlarge, or in many cases considerably later, and when
the motions of the foetus might be seen, or at all events felt by
pressing on the right flank, that the farmer could be assured that
his cow was in calf. That gicatest of improvements in veterinary
practice, the application of the ear to the chest and belly of various
animals (in order to detect by the different sounds— which, after a
short time, will be easily recognized — the state of the circulation
through most of the internal organs, and consequently the precise
seat and degree of inflammation and danger), has now enabled the
breeder to ascertain the existence of pregnancy at as early a stage
of it as six or eight weeks. The beating of the heart of the calf
will be distinctly heard, twice or more than twice as frequent as
that of the mother ; and each pulsation will betray the singular
double beating of the fcetal heart. This will also be accompanied by
the audible rushing of the blood through the vessels of the placenta
The ear should be applied to the right flank, beginning on the su-
perior part of it, and gradually shifting downward and backward.
These sounds will soon be heard, and cannot be mJstaken.

TREATMENT BEFORE CALVING.

Little alteration needs to be made in the management of the cow
for the first seven months of pregnancy ; except that, as she has not
only to yield milk for the profit of the farmer, but to nourish the
foetus which is growing in her womb, she should be well, yet not
too luxuriantly, fed. The half starved cow will not adequately dis-
charge this double duty, nor provide sufficient nutriment for the
calf when it has dropped ; while the cow in high condition will be
dangerously disposed to inflammation and fever, when, at the time
of parturition, «ihe is otherwise so susceptible of the power of every

888 CATTLE.

stimulus. If the season and the convenience of the farmer will
admit of it, she will be better at pasture, at least for some hours in
the day, than altogether confined to the cow-house.

At a somewhat uncertain period before she calves, there will be
a new secretion of milk for the expected little one ; and un^er the
notion of somewhat recruiting her strength, in order better to enable
her to discharge her new duty, but more from the uniform testimo-
ny of experience that there is danger of local inflammation and of
general fever, garget in the udder, and puerperal fever, if the new
milk descends while the old milk continues to flow, it has been usual
to let the cow go dry for some period before parturition. Fai-mers
and breeders have been strangely divided as to the length of this
period. It must be decided by circumstances. A cow in good con-
dition may be milked much longer than a poor one. Her abundance
of food renders a period of respite almost unnecessary ; and all that
needs to be taken care of is that the old milk should be fairly gone
before the new milk springs. In such a cow, while there is danger
of inflammation from the sudden rush of new milk into a bag already
occupied, there is also considerable danger of indurations and tumors
in the teats from the habit of secretion being too tong suspended.
The emaciated and overrailked beast, however, must rest awhile bo-
fore she can again advantageously discharge the duties of a mother.

Were the period of pregnancy of equal length at all times and
in all cows, the one that has been well fed might be milked until
within a fortnight or three weeks of parturition ; while a holiday
of two months should be granted to the poorer beast ; but as there
is much irregularity about this, it may be prudent to take a month
or five weeks as the average period.

The process of parturition is one that is necessarily accompanied
by a great deal of febrile excitement ; and therefore when it neai'ly
approaches, not only should a little care be taken to lessen the
quantity of food, and to remove that which is of a stimulating
nature, but a mild dose of physic, and a bleeding regulated by the
condition of the animal, will be very proper precautionary measures.

A moderately open state of the bowels is necessary at the period
of parturition in the cow. During the whole time of pregnancy
her enormous stomachs sufficiently press upon and confine the womb ;
and that pressure may be productive of injurious and fatal conse-
quences, if at this period the rumen is suff"ered to be distended by
unnutritious food, or the manyplus takes on that hardened state
to which it is occasionally subject. Breeders have been sadly neg-
ligent here.

NATURAL LADOR.

The springing of the udder, or the rapid enlargement of it from
the renewed secretion of milk — the enlargement of the external

MECHANICAL ASSISTANCE.

parts of the bearing (the former, as it has been said by some, in
old cows, and the hitter in young ones) — the appearance of a glar-
ing discharge from the bearing — the evident dropping of the belly,
with the appearance of leanness and narrowness between the shape
and the iidder— a degree of uneasiness and fidgetiness — moanino-
occasionally — accelerated respiration — all these symptoms will an-
nounce that the time of calving is not far off. The cow should
be brought near home, and put in some quiet, sheltered place. In
cold or stormy weather she should be housed. Her uneasiness
will lapidly increase — she will be continually getting up and lyino-
down — her tail will begin to be elevated, and the commencement
of the labor-pains will scon be evident.

The natural progress of parturition should not be unnecessarily
interfered with. The cow should be frequently looked at, but not
disturbed. Although her pains may not be so strong as could be
wished, she should not be too closely approached or examined until
the water-bladder, or bag containing the fluid in which the calf has
hitherto floated, has protruded and is broken. Soon afterward it
may be proper to ascertain whether the calf is " coming the right
way'^ In the natural presentation of the foetus, the calf may be
considered as couching or lying on its belly ; its fore-legs protruding
into the passage, its head lying upon them, or being a httle between
them, and reaching down about as far as the knees, and the back of
the calf corresponding with or opposed to the back of the mother.

While the throes continue tolerably strong, the farmer or practi-
tioner should have patience, although the progress of the labor mav
be tediously slow. Nature \\\\\ at length safely accompHsh he^r
object. But if the pains are evidently diminishing, and hour after
hour has passed and the calf protrudes little or not at all more than
it did, assistance should be rendered. X pint of sound ale, or a little
spirit, warmed, should be given in an equal quantity of gruel ; warm
gruel should be frequently administered, or at least put within the
animal's reach ; and access to cold water should be carefully pre-
vented.

To the first pint of ale or some spirit, should be added a quarter
of an ounce of the ergot of rye (spurred rye), finely powdered ; and
the same quantity of the ergot, with half a pint of ale, should be
repeated every hour until the pains are reproduced in their former
and natural strength, or the labor is terminated.

MECHANICAL ASSISTANCE.

The power of medicince failing, recourse should be had to me-
chanical assistance, Twelve hours or more having elapsed from the
commencement of the labor, this should be done, even although the
calf may continue to he alive ; and it should not be deferred one

CATTLE.

moment after it is ascertained that the foetus is dead. Even now,
however, the cow should not be disturbed more than is absolutely
necessary ; and it cannot be too deeply impressed on the mind of
the farmer, that the frequent habit of rousing the poor animal, and
dri\ing her about, while she is in the act of calving, or even before
the labor begins, is an unnatural, brutal, and dangerous one.

Mr. Skellett, in his work on " the Parturition of the Cow," (a truly
valuable one as it regards the point now under consideration, the
mechanical assistance that can be rendered in difficult and protracted
labor,) observes, "As the business proceeds, and the pains increase
in strength and rapidity, she confines herself to a lying posture, and
in this posture she is delivered of the calf. When we reflect on this
conduct of the animal, left to herself, we cannot too much reprobate
the advice of those who recommend the driving her in the act of
calving, or immediately before it takes place. The author has known
a great many instances where it has proved the death of the cow, by
producing inflammation and all its bad consequences. Every ra-
tional man will agree that the above practice is both cruel and in-
consistent ; for the animal herself, as soon as the hours of calving
come on, immediately leaves the rest of the flock, and retires to some
corner of the field, or under a hedge, in order to prevent the other
cows or anything else coming near, that ma\^ disturb her in bringing
forward her young."

If the head be sufficiently advanced to be grasped by the hands,
or for a hand to be introduced by the side of it so as to urge it
forward, an assistant at the same laying hold of the fore-legs, and
pulling with moderate force at each of the throes of the mother, the
little animal may often be brought forward without endangering its
life. If, however, it be firmly impacted in the passage, a cord with
a slip knot should be fastened round each leg, immediately above the
fetlock, and a third cord around the lower jaw. Greater power may
then be applied, the persons holding the cords pulling in concert,
accommodating themselves to the natural pains of the mother, and
exerting their strength, although somewhat forcibly, yet quietly and
gradually. Here again the brutal violence resorted to by some per-
sons is much to be reprobated ; it inevitably destroys the calf, and
endangers the life of the mother. If the foetus cannot be extracted
by moderate force, one of the shoulders should be slipped (taken off,)
which may easily be effected by means of a small knife curved like
those used for pruning, so as to be easily introduced into the pass-
age in the hollow of the hand, and there used without danger of
wounding the cow. An incision should be made in the fore-arm of
the foetus, and the skin elevated and turned back by means either of
the knife or the fingers. The shoulder may then be easily detached
from the body and drawn out ; and the bulk of the calf being thus
materially lessened, the remainder of it will be readily extracted.

UNNATURAL PRESENTATION. 391

UNNATURAL PRESENTATION.

It will soon be evident whether the calf is in the right position.
The appearance of the feet and the situation of the head will be
satisfactory on this point ; but from friglit, or violence, or some un-
known cause, the position of the foetus is sometimes strangely altered,
so as to render its extraction difficult or impossible.

In some cases, although the throes rapidly succeed each other and
are not deficient in power, nothing, or perhaps only the mere hoofs,
protrude from the vagina. This must not be suflered long to con-
tinue, for if it does, the strength of the cow will be rapidly wasted.
The hand and arm, having been well oiled, must be introduced into
the passage, in order to ascertain the position of the fcetus. The
whole of the passage being probably well occupied by the head or
fore-limbs, and the uterus and the vagina powerfully contracting, the
arm of the operator will receive very considerable and benumbing
pressure ; and sometimes to such an extent that the perfect feeling
of the limb will not be restored until some hours have passed. This
must not be regarded, but the surgeon must steadily, yet not vio-
lently, push the arm forward, taking care that he does not wound
the cow with his nails.

If he find the fore-feet far up the passage, and the head between
them, but sunk down below the bones of the pelvis, he will immedi-
ately perceive that the extraction of the calf is impossible while it
remains in this position. He will therefore pass a cord with a slip-
knot round each of the feet, and then push them back into the womb.
Next, Avith the slip-knot of a third cord in his hand, he will push
back the whole of the foetus gradual!}^, but firmly, until he is able to
get his hand under the head and elevate it and pass the noose round
the lower jaw : then, grasping the upper jaw and endeavoring thus
to raise the muzzle above the rim of the pelvis, his assistants will
draw the three cords, and easily bring the head and the feet into the
passage in the natural position.

If the head be not depressed between the feet, but bent down on
one side below the passage, cords must be put round the fore-feet,
and they are to be returned as in the other case. The head is to be
sought out, and a noose passed round the jaw, and then the operator
putting his hand against the chest of the foetus and pusliing it back,
his assistants are t(y gently draw the three cords, until t!ie head a-.d
the feet are properly placed. Great care should, however, he taken,
that in drawing out the fore-feet the womb is not injui-ed by the
hoofs ; they should generally be brought forward separately, and
guarded by the hand of the operator within the womb. If there
should be insuperable difficulty in raising and bringing the head
round, and the calf be d^ad, the skin must be turned back from one
of the legs, beginning at the fore-arm and reaching the shoulder, as t,

CATTL-r.

already described, and the shoulder detached, which, considering the
weakness of the muscles and ligaments at that age, will be readily
effected. The assistant then pulling steadily at the legs, and the
surgeon forcing the chest back into the belly, the extraction of the
foetus will rarely be difficult.

It may happen that after many thoes no portion of the foetus ap-
pears, but the calf is found turned in the womb, with his back rest-
ing on the belly of the mother, the feet against the spine, the head
depressed below the bones of the pelvis, and the poll pressing against
these bones. To turn the calf in this position will be difficult, and
often impossible ; but, cords having been fastened, as before, to the
feet and the lower jaw, the hand should be introduced under the
head, so as to raise it in some measure, and enable the assistants, by
means of the cords, to bring it and the feet into the passage. If the
foetus should be dead, or the life of the mother appear to be in dan-
ger, it will be very easy, while in this position, to separate one or
both shoulders, and the head may then be readily brought out.

It is not uncommon for the tail alone to be seen at the mouth of
the passage. This is a breech presentation, and a very dangerous
one. The calf cannot be expelled by the natural throes of the
mother, the doubling of the hind-legs offering an insuperable obstacle ;
nor will it be possible for the foetus to be turned in the womb. The
hand must be introduced ; one of the hocks searched out, and the
noose end of a cord brought round it : next, the free end of the cord
must be carried in and passed through the noose, which is to be
tightened and fixed above the hock. The operator must then press
against the breech, forcing the calf backward and upward, while the
assistants draw the hock to the commencement of the passage by
means of the cords. The surgeon should then shift his hand down
to the hoof, in order to guard the uterus, as the foot is brought over
the ridge of the pelvis. The other hock being afterwards drawn
from under the foetus in the same way, the birth may be easily ac-
complished.

The birth being effected, the practitioner should examine the
womb, in order to ascertain the state of the placenta, and whether
there is a second calf. The case of twins will not often give the
practitioner much trouble, for the calves are generally small and
easilv brought through the passage, unless they should both present
themselves at the same time ; therefore, at the* commencement of
every labor, the surgeon should carefully ascertain whether the parts
presenting may not belong to two distinct calves ; in which case one
must be pushed back until the other is delivered, for in the attempt
to extract them both together, the mother and the calves would in-
evitably perish.

FREE-MARTINS.

The opmion has prevailed among breeders from time out of date,

THE C^SAKIAN OPERATION.

that when a cow produces two calves, one of them a bull-calf and
the other a heifer-calf, the male may become a perfect and useful
bull, but the female will be incapable of propagation, and will never
show any desire for the bull. The curious name of free-martin has
been given to this animal. That accurate inquirer, Mr. John Hun-
ter, spared no pains or expense to ascertain the real foundation of
this belief; and he availed himself of the opportunity of examining
three of these free-martins. In all of them there was a greater or
less deviation from the external form and appearance of the'cow ;
and in the head and the horns some appi'oach to those of the ox ;
"while neither of them had shown any propensity to breed. The teats
were smaller than is usual in the heifer ; but the outward appear-
ance of the bearing was the same.

They were slaughtered, and he examined the internal structure of
the sexual parts : he found in all of them a greater or less deviation
from the form of the female, and the addition of some of the organs
peculiar to the male ; and he ascertained that they were in fact
hermaphrodites.

It is not then a mere vulgar error that the female twin is barren ;
On the other hand, there are several well-authenticated instances of
these free-martins having bred.

It would hence appear that the rule is, and a very singular anomaly
in natural history it is, that the female twin is barren, because she is
an hermaphrodite ; but in some cases, there not being this admixture
of the organs of different sexes, or those of the female pi^vailing, she
is capable of breeding. If the free-martin have entirely the appear-
ance of a cow, she will breed ; if she be coarse in the horn, and ox-
like, she will be barren.

Inhere have been instances of the cow producing three and even
four calves at one birth.

THE C^SARIAN OPERATION.

Some practitioners have lately recommended, in desperate cases,
the opening of the side of the mother, and the extraction of the calf.
The circumstances must indeed be desperate which can justify such a
procedure. If, at the very earliest period of parturition, the veteri-
nary can ascertain that there is a malformation of the pelvis, which
will render delivery in a manner impossible, and the breed is a valua-
ble one, and the mother, with this malformation, would never again
be useful as a breedieg cow, and no violent attempts have been made
to extract the foetus — nothing has been done which could set up
inflammation, or give a disposition to inflammatory action ; or if it
can be clearly ascertained that there is a deformity in the foetus, an
enlargement of the head, or a general bulkiness, which will forbid its

• • • 1 u

being extracted either whole or piecemeal, the practitioner might be
justified in attempting this serious operation ; but in a later stage of
17*

394 CATTLE.

the process, when the usu;il measures have been adopted — when the
parts have been bruised and injured, and the animal lias been fatigued
and worn out, and the foetus itself probably has not escaped injury,
such an operation can scarcely be defended on any principle of
Bcienco or humanity. The writer of tliis work has twice attempted
the operation, but in neither case did he save either the mother or
the calf ; nor is he aware of any English veterinarian who has suc-
ceeded. There is an account of one successful case by M, Chretien,
but it is one only out of the several that he attempted, and he
attempted this, because, on examination, he found that there was a
hard tumor in the womb, which nearly half filled the cavity of the
pelvis, and forbade the possibility of delivery.

If a similar impossibility of delivery should occur in the practice of
the veterinary surgeon ; and equally justifying the experiment, the
operation must be thus performed. The rumen must first be punc-
tured at the flank, or some of the solution of the chloride of lime
introduced, in order to get rid of any gas which it contains, and thus
to bring the uterus better into view, and prevent as much as possible
that pressure on it, and on the intestines, which will usually cause a
troublesome and dangerous protrusion of them as soon as an incision
is made into the belly. The animal is then to be thiown on the left
side and properly secured ; the right hind-leg, being detached from
the hobbles, must be brought as far backwards as possible, and fixed
to some post or firm object, so as to leave the right flank as much
exposed as it can be. Commencing about two inches before and a
little below the haunch-bone, an incision is now to be made through
the skin, six or seven inches long, in a direction from above down-
ward, and from behind forward, and this incision is afterwards to be
carried through the skin, and the muscular wall of the flank. A
bistoury being taken and two fingers introduced into the wound in
order to protect the intestines, the wound is to be lengthened five or
six inches more over the superior and middle part of the uterus.

At this moment, probably, a mass of small intestines may protrude ;
they must be put a little on one side, or supported by a cloth, and
the operator must quickly search for the fore-feet and head of the
foetus. An incision must be made through the uterus, of sufficient
length to extract the calf, which must be lifted from its bed, two
ligatures passed round the cord, the cord divided between them, and
the young one, if living, consigned to the care of a stander-by, to bo
conveyed away and taken care of. The placenta is now to be quickly
yet gently detached, and taken away. The intestines are to be
retui-ned to their natural situation, the divided edges of the uterus
brought together and retained by means of two or three sutures, the
efiused blood sponged out from the abdomen, and the muscular
parietes likewise held together by sutures, and other sutures passed
through the integuments. Dry soft lint is then to be placed over the

INVERSION OF THE WOMB. 395

incision, and retained on it by means of proper bandages, and the
case treated as consisting of a serious wound.

EMBRYOTOMY.

In cases of malformation of the calf, or when, as now and then
happens, the powers of nature seem to be suddenly exhausted, and
no stimulus can rouse the womb again to action, the destruction of
the foetus, should it still live, and the removal of it piecemeal, is a far
more humane method of proceeding, and much oftener successful.
All that will be necessary will be a very small kind of pruning knife,
already described, with the blade even a little more curved than
those knives generally are, and that can be carried into the passage
in the hollow of the hand with scarcely the possibility of woundino-
the cow. A case related by M. Thibeaudeau will best illustrate this
operation. " I amputated the left shoulder of the foetus, in spite of
the difficulties which tlie position of the head and neck presented.
Having withdrawn this limb, I made an incision through all the car-
tilages of the ribs, and laid open the chest through its whole extent,
by means of which I was enabled to extract all the thoracic viscera.
Thus having lessened the size of the calf, I was enabled, by pulling
at the remaining fore-leg, to extract the foetus without much resist-
ance, although the head and neck were still bent upon the chest.
The afterbirth was removed immediately afterwards. A cow the
neck of whose uterus was so constricted that the. finger could scarcely
be introduced ; I divided the stricture, and saved both cow and calf."

INVERSION OF THE WOMB.

In the convulsive efforts in order to accomplish the expulsion of
the foetus, the womb itself sometimes closely follows the calf, and
hangs from the bearing, as low as or lower than the hocks, in the
form of a large red or violet-colored bag. This is called " the down-
fall of the calf-bag^ It should be returned as soon as possible, for
there is usually great pressure on the neck of the womb, which
imjiedes the circulation of the blood, and the protruded part quickly
grows livid and black, and is covered with ulcerated spots, and
becomes gangrenous and mortified ; and this is rapidly increased by
the injury which the womb sustains in the continual getting up and
lying down of the cow in these ceases.

The womb must first be cleansed from all the dirt which it may
have gathered, If much swelling has taken place, and the bag looks
thickened and gorged with blood, it should be liglitly yet freely
scarified, and the bleeding encouraged by warm fomentations. While
this is done, it should be carefully ascertained whether there is any
distension of the rurnen, and if there is, either the common puncturo
for hoove should be made in the flank, or a dose of the solution of tho

CATTLE.

chloride of lime adminstered. A distended rumen would form an
almost insuperable obstacle to the return of the uterus. Two persons
should now support the calf-bag by means of a strong yet soft cloth,
while, if the placenta yet remains attached to it, a third person gently
separates it at every point. It would be useless to attempt to return
the womb until the cleap«ing is taken away, for the labor pains
would return as violently as before. The operator will carefully
remove the little collections, or bundles of blood-vessels, which belong
to the foetal portion of the placenta, and which are implanted into
the fleshy excrescences, that, for some reason, never yet fully ex-
plained, grow upon the surface of the impregnated womb, and grad-
ually disappear again after the birth of the calf. If much bleeding
attend this process, the parts are to be washed with a weak mixture
of spirit and water. The bleeding being a little stayed, and every
thing that may have gathered round the calf-bag being removed, the
assistants should raise the cloth, and bring the womb on a level with
the bearing ; while the surgeon, standing behind, and having his
hand and arm w^ell oiled, and a little oil having been likewise smeared
over the womb generally, places his right hand, with the fingers bent
or clenched, against the bottom — the very inferior and farther part
of that division or horn of the uterus which contained the foetus, and
forces it through the passage, and as far as he can into the belly ; and
there he retains it, while, with the other hand, he endeavors likewise
to force up the smaller horn, and the mouth of the womb. He will
find considerable difficulty in effecting this, for the strciinings against
him will often be immense, and sometimes, when he thinks he has
attained his object, the whole will again be suddenly and violently
expelled. A bleeding from the jugular, and the administration of a
couple of drachms of opium, Avill materially lessen these spasmodic
efforts. The surgeon must, in spite of fatigue, patiently persist in his
labor until his object is accomplished ; and he will be materially
assisted in this by having the cow either standing, or so placed on
straw that her hinder parts shall be considerably elevated.

The practitioner should be careful that the parts are returned as
nearly as possible into their natural situation, and this he will easily
ascertain by examination with the hand. Much of the after quietness
of the animal, and the etention of the womb thus returned, will
depend upon this.

Although the return of the parts to their natural situation may be
tolerably clearly ascertained, yet it will be prudent to provide against
a fresh access of pain and another expulsion of the uterus. For this
purpose it had been usual to pass three or four stitches of small tape
through the lips of the bearing ; but this is a painful thing, and some-
times difficult to accomplish ; and the cases are not unfrequent wheq
these stitches are torn out, and considerable laceration and iuflaiij'
mation ensue.

RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS. 897

A collar should be passed round the neck of the cow, composed of
web : a girth of the same material is then put round the body behind
the shoulders, and this is connected with the collar, under the brisket
and over the shoulder, and on each side. A second girth is passed
behind the first, and a little anterior to the udder, and connected with
the first in the same way. To this, on one side, and level with the
bearing, a piece of stout wrapping cloth or other strong material,
twelve or sixteen inches wide, is sewed or fastened, and brought over
the bearing, and attached to the girth on the other side in the same
manner. A knot on each side will constitute the simplest fastening,
and this pressing firmly on the bearing will effectually prevent the
womb from again protruding. If it should be necessary, another
piece may be carried from below the bearing over the udder to the
second girth, and a corresponding one, slit in order to pass on each
side of the tail, may reach from above the bearing to the upper part
of the second bandage.

The cow should be kept as quiet as possible ; warm mashes and
warm gruel should be allowed ; bleeding should again be resorted to,
and small doses of opium administered if she should be restless, or
the pains should return ; but it will not be prudent during the first
day to give either those fever medicines, as nitre and digitalis, which
may have a diuretic effect and excite the urinary organs, or to bring
on the straining effect of purging, by administering even a dose of
saline medicine. Should tweuty-four hours pass and the pains not
i-eturn, the stitches may be withdrawn from the bearing, or the ban-
dage removed.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The operation, returning the womb, be-
ing concluded, administer arnica internally, and throw up injections
of arnica water, which are very advisable, more especially when the
accident has been occasioned by difficult parturition, or when the
extractions of the after-birth have injured the womb. When there
is fever, and an inflammatory state, administer forthwith a couple of
doses of aconitum. If the accident have been produced by great
efforts in parturition, we must have recourse to sepia and to platina ;
and, if it make its appearance a little after calving, especially when
the mother is lying down, benefit will be derived from chiiia (two
doses each day). Pulsatilla and sepia are specifics when the fall of
the womb has been occasioned by efforts made to expel the placenta ;
if the anus has become depressed, cocculus would appear more par-
ticularly useful.

RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS.

Another more serious evil sometimes accompanies inversions of the
womb, namely, a laceration or rupture of that organ, effected either
by the unusually strong contraction of the womb, or by the violence
with which the feet of the calf are drawn forward in the unskillful treat-

CATTLE.

ment of false presentation, or by the general concussion which
accompanies the expulsion of tko womb. The laceration is some-
times a foot in length, and is generally found on one side, and not
far from the bottom of the uterus.

The animal needs not to be abandoned even in such a case, al-
though there will be considerably more difficulty in returning the
womb, because the same pressure cannot be made with the doubled
hand on the bottom of it, and that difficulty may be increased by
the furious state of the beast suffering much intensity of pain, and
the whole frame disordered by such an accident. No time should
be lost in vain efforts to bring the lacerated parts together and se-
cure them by stitches ; but, the womb having been well cleaned, the
placenta removed, and the bleeding somewhat stayed, it must be
returned as well and as speedily as can be managed, and the band-
age applied, or the lips of the bearing secured by stitches : the
cow should then be bled, and opiates administered. Nature will
often do wonders here — the mischief wiL be repaired — the uterus
will become whole again, and that without a tenth part of the fever
that might be expected ; and there are instances upon record in
which the cow has suckled her calf, and produced another a twelve-
month afterwards.

Rupture of the uterus may occur without protrusion of the part,
from the too powerful action of that organ. The symptoms are
obscure — they have not yet been sufficiently observed. They would
probably be gradual ceasing of the labor pains — coldness of the
horns and ears and mouth — paleness of the mouth — a small and
accelerated pulse — swelling of the belly, and the discharge of bloody,
glairy, fetid matter from the shape. Nothing can be done in such
a case.

Homoeopathic treatment — This will be the same as for mere inver-
sion of the womb.

PROTRUSION OF THE BLADDER.

In long protracted labor, accompanied by pains unusually violent,
the bladder has protruded. If the calf be not already born, it must
be extricated as quickly as the case will admit, and that without
Bcrupulous regard to the safety of the cow ; for the protruded blad-
der can never be returned to its natural situation — in consequence of
pain and inconvenience, the animal can never afterwards carry high
condition, but will be a miserable and disgusting object as long as
she lives.

RETENTION OF THE FCETUS.

It may happen that the Trains of parturition gradually abate, and
at length cease. If the cow has been much exhausted or injured by
the continuance of the labor or the efforts made to relieve her, and

ATTENTION AFTER CALVING.

the foetus has been wounded or broken, and considerable inflammation
and fever have been set up, she will probably die : but if she is no
more exhausted than may be naturally expected, and the fever is
dight, and she eats a little, she should not be abandoned.

Mr. King relates an instructive case of this kind : — A few years
ago I was called to see a heifer which appeared to be rather losing
condition, and which had been observed occasionally to void some
oflfensive matter from the vagina. Before I could get to her, some
portion of a calf's fore -extremity came away. The owner was very ap-
prehensive of her not doing well, and earnestly pressed the extraction
of the remainder of the foetus. On examination, I found the os uteri
so small and contracted, that I could not pass my hand ; and as the
beast ate and drank, and was so little, either locally or constitution-
ally, disturbed, I persuaded him to leave her to nature, watching her
in case of assistance being required. He consented, and, by degrees,
and in detached portions, the greater part, or perhaps the whole of
the calf (she was not confined) came away, and she did well, and
became fat.

The same gentleman relates another case : A cow, healthy, fine,
and fat, was slaughtered. The uterus was found to contain the skel-
eton of a calf almost entire, all the soft parts having separated, and
wholly escaped. Nothing of her history was known. There is an
instance on record of the head of a calf (all the other parts having
passed away unobserved) being retained in the womb eighteen
months. Pains resembling those of parturition then came on. The
veterinary surgeon, on examination, detected a hard round body
which he mistook for a calculus, and which was so firmly imbedded
in the womb that he was compelled to have recourse to a bistoury
in order to detatch it. In a fortnight she seemed to be well.

ATTENTION AFTER CALVING.

Parturition having been accomplished, the cow should be left
quietly with the calf ; the licking and cleaning of which, if it be soon
discharged, will employ and amuse her. It is a cruel thing to sep-
arate the mother from the young so soon ; the cow will pine, and
will be deprived of that medicine which nature designed for her in
the moisture which hangs about the calf ; and the calf will lose that
gentle friction and motion which helps to give it the immediate use
of all its limbs, and which increases the languid circulation of the
61ood, and produces a genial warmth in the half exhausted and chill-
ed little animal. A warm mash should be put before her, and warm
gruel, or water from which some of the coldness has been taken off.
Two or three hours afterwards it will be prudent to give an aperient
drink consisting of a pound of Epsom salts and two drachms of gin-
ger. This may tend to prevent milk fever and garget in the udder.
Attention shoul i likewise be paid to the state of the udder. If the

400 CATTLE.

teats are sore, and the bag generally hard and tender, she should
be gently but carefully milked three or four times every day.
The natural and the effective preventive of this, however, is to let
the calf suck her at least three times a day if it be tied up in the cow-
house, or to run with her to the pasture, and take the teat when
it pleases. The tendency to inflammation of the udder is much
diminished by the calf frequently sucking ; or should the cow be
feverish, nothing soothes or quiets her so much as the presence of
the little one.

THE CLEANSING.

The placenta, or after-hirth, or cleansing, should be discharged
soon after the calving. It soon begins to act upon the uterus as a
foreign body, producing irritation and fever : it likewise rapidly be-
comes putrid and noisome, and if it be then retained long, it is either
an indication of the weakly state of the cow, or it may produce a
certain degree of low fever that will interfere with he*' condition.
Every cow-leech, therefore, has his cleansing diink ready to admin-
ister ; but it is too often composed of stimulating and injurious
drugs, and which lay the foundation for after disease. The aperient
drink recommended to be given after calving, with the addition of
half a pint of good ale to it, will be the best assistant in this case,
and I he only thing that should be allowed.

Should the cleansing continue to be retained, some have recom-
mended that a weight of six or eicrht ounces should be tied to the
cord, the gentle and continual action of which will u-ually separate
the placenta from its "adhesions, without any risk of haemorrhage :
but if the after-birth should still remain in the womb, and decompo-
sition should evidently commence, the hand must be introduced into
the passage, and the separation accomplished as gently as possible.

There is, however, a great deal more fear about this retention of
the after-birth than there needs to be, and it is only the actual ap-
pearance of inconvenience or disease resulting from it that would
justify a mechanical attempt to extract it. It is occasionally retained
seven or eight days, without any dangerous consequence.

Homoeopathic treatment.. — The after-birth does not always come
away immediately ; it sometimes remains either entirely or in part
in the womb, a circumstance which might bring on fatal consequen-
ces. The means to be employed in such a case have been already
mentioned under the head abortion. Experience has ascertained
the efficacy of several other remedies for the anamolies which may
occur (luring the act of parturition ; chamomilla, pulsatilla, and
cannabis, when the cow does not lie down, when she is restless, and
the pains properly so called are not sufficiently marked ; secule cor-
nutum, in case of convulsions and excessive straining ; pulsatilla,
when the pains are too slight to advance the labor ; opium in case

MILK FEVER— DROPPIN G AFTER CALVING. 401

of complete atony. Aconitum and chamomilla are useful when the
milk is slow in making its appearance ; arnica, when the labor has
caused the animal to suffer much ; and nux vomica, when the lum-
bar region afterwards appeared much weakened.

BLEEDING (fLOODING) FROM THE WOMB.

This, although rarely, may follow natural parturition. It is oftener
seen when the uterus has been wounded in the forcible extraction of
the calf, and it still more frequently follows the long retention and
mechanical separation of the after-birth. The application of cold to
the loins will be most serviceable in this case. A pound of nitre
should be dissolved in a gallon of water, and the loins and bearing of
the cow kept constantly wet by means of cloths dipped in the solution.
The water yielded by the melting of ice mixed with salt may be
used, being colder, and therefore more effectual. The cow may
drink cold water, and in any quantity that she may be inclined to
take, and large doses of opium (two drachms every second hour)
should be administered. The hinder parts of the cow should be ele-
vated, in order that the blood may be retained in the womb, and
coagulate there. She should be kept perfectly quiet, and the calf
not permitted to suck. There are few haemorrhages from the womb,
except those produced by absolute rupture of it, which will not
yield to this treatment.

Homceopathic treatment. — Give arnica internally ; throw injections
of arnica water into the womb, and give china to combat debiUty
from loss of blood.

MILK (puerperal) FEVER DROPPING AFTER CALVING.

Although parturition is a natural process, it is accompanied by a
great deal of febrile excitement. The sudden transferring of pow-
erful and accumulated action from one organ to another — from the
womb to the udder — must cause a great deal of constitutional dis-
turbance, as well as liability to local inflammation.

The cow, after parturition, is subject to inflammation of some of
the parts the functions of which are thus changed : it is mere local
mflammation at first, but the system speedily sympathizes, and pu-
erpeal fever appears. It is called dropping after calving, because it
follows that process, and one of the prominent symptoms of the com-
plaint is the loss of power over the motion of the hind limbs, and
consequent inability to stand. In a great number of cases, loss of
feeling accompanies that of voluntary motion ; and no sense of pain
is evinced, although the cow is deeply pricked in her hind limbs.

There are few diseases which the farmer dreads more, and that
for two reasons ; the first is, that the animal now labors under a
high degree of excitement, and every local inflamraf.tion, and par-
ticularly near the parts in which the sudden change of circulation

402 CATTLE.

and of function has taken place, assumes a peculiar character, and
an intensity, obstinacy, and fatality, unknown at other times: the
second reason is, that from his inattention to the animal, or his
i£(norance of the real nature of the disease of cattle, he does not
recognize this malady until its first and manageable state, that of
fever, has passed, and the strength of the constitution has been un-
dermined, and helpless debility has followed. The first symptom
which he observes, or which the practitioner has generally the op-
portunity to observe, is the prostration of strength which violent
fever always leaves behind it. The early deviations from health are
unobserved by the farmer, and probably would not always attract
the attention of the surgeon.

'i'his disease is primarily infiararaation of the womb, or of the
peritoneum, but it afterwards assumes an intensity of character truly
specific. The aflfection is originally that of some peculiar viscus,
but it soon is lost in a peculiar general inflammatory state, as rapid
in its progress as it is violent in its nature, and speedily followed
by a prostration of vital power that often bids defiance to every
stimulus.

Cows in high condition are most subject to an attack of puerperal
fever. Their excess of condition or state of plethora disposes them
to affections of an inflammatory character at all times, and more
particularly when the constitution labors under the excitement ac-
companying parturition. The poorest and most miserable cattle have,
however, sometimes had milk fever after calving ; and they have
particularly done so when, on account of the approach of this period,
they have been moved from scanty to luxuriant pasture, or from low
keep to high stall feeding. Milk fever happens to cows that are very
fresh and fat, and particularly to those that calve far on the season
in hot weather ; but cows that are too fat often drop after calving in
the winter ; and it is observed that the cases that occur in the win-
ter will frequently recover, while the animals that are thus attacked
in hot weather too generally die.

A cow is comparatively seldom attacked with milk fever a'", hei
first calving, because in the present system of breeding she has sel-
dom attained her full growth, and therefore the additional nutriment
goes to increase of size instead of becoming the foundation of dis-
ease. Cases, however, do occur, in which cows of three years old
have been speedily carried off by this complaint, but then they had
been most injudiciously exposed to the forcing system.

Much depends on the quantity of milk which the cow is accus-
tomed to yield ; and great milkers, although they are not often in
high condition, are very subject to this affection. All cows have a
slight degree of fever at this time ; a very little addition to that
will materially interfere with the secretion of milk, and, perhaps,
arrest it altogether ; and the throwing back upon the system the

MILK FEVER— DROPPING AFTER CALVING. 403

quantity of milk which some of them are disposed to give, must
strangely add fuel to the fire, and kindle a flame by which the pow-
ers of nature are speedily consumed. Whether the present improved
method of selection, whereby the properties of grazing and giving
milk are united in the same animal, will increase the tendency to
inflammation, and particularly to this dangerous species of fever, is
a question deserving of consideration.

Puerperal fever sometimes appears as early as two houi's after
parturition ; if four or five days have passed, the animal may gene-
rally be considered as safe : yet a fortnight has elapsed between
the calving and the fever.

The early symptoms of fever are evidently those of a febrile
character. The animal is restless, shifting her feet, pawing, and she
heaves laboriously at the flanks. The muzzle is dry and hot, the
mouth open and the tongue protruded. The countenance is wild,
and the eyes staring. She wanders about mournfully lowing ; she
becomes irritable ; she butts at a stranger, and sometimes even at
the herdsman. Delirium follows ; she grates her teeth, foams at
the mouth, throws her head violently about, and, not unfrequently,
breaks her horns. The udder becomes enlarged, and hot, and ten-
der, at the very commencement of the disease. This is always to
be regarded as a suspicious circumstance in a cow at that time ; and
if this swelling and inflammation be accompanied, as they almost
uniformlv are, bv a partial or total suspension of the milk, that which
is about to happen is plain enough.

The disease is an inflammatory one, and must be treated as such,
and being thus treated, it is generally subdued without difficulty.
The animal should be bled, and the quantity of blood withdiawn
should be regulated by that standard so often leferred to — that rule
without an exception — the impression made upon the circulation.
From six to ten quarts will probably be taken away, depending upon
the age and size of the animal, before the desired effect is produced.
There is no maladv which more satisfactorily illustrates the neces-
sity of endeavoring to subdue as quickly as possible every inflamma-
tory complaint of cattle by the free use of the lancet ; for all of
them run their course with a rapidity which a person unaccustomed
to these animals, and which the human practitioner, especially, would
scarcely deem to be possible. To-day the cow is seen with the
symptoms just described — she is bled, and she is relieved ; or she is
neglected, and the fever has sapped the strength of the constitution,
and left a fearful debility behind. The small bleedings to which
some have recourse are worse than inefficient, for they only increase the
natural tendency of these maladie.^, to take on a low and fatal form.

A pound or a pound and a half of Epsom salts, dependent on the
size of the beast, must next be administered, with half the usual
quantity of aromatic ingredients; and half-pound doses of the same

404 CATTLE.

must be repeated every six hours. Should not the medicine soon
begin to act, the usual quantity of aromatic medicine must be
doubled, for in addition to the constipation usually attending fever,
there is that which arises from the occasional state of the rumen,
and the passage leading to it, and that insensible stomach must be
roused to action and excited to discharge its contents, in despite of
the stimulating influence of the spice on the constitution generally.
The bowels must he opened, or the disease will run its course ; and,
purging once established in an early stage, the fever will, in the
majority of instances, rapidly subside, leaving the strength of the
constitution untouched.

After the physic has begun to operate, the usual sedative medi-
cines should, if necessary, be given.

The digestive function first of all fails when the secondary and
low state of fever comes on. The rumen ceases to discharge its
food, and that being retained, begins to ferment, and the paunch and
the intestines are inflated with fetid gas, and the belly of the ani-
mal swells rapidly.

Next, the nervous system is attacked — the cow begins to stagger.
The weakness is principally referable to the hinder quarters, and
rapidly increases. She reels about for a while, and then falls ; she
gets up, falls again, and at length is unable to rise ; her head is
bent back toward her side, and all her limbs are palsied ; and now,
when in too many cases no good can be done, the proprietor, for
the first time, begins to be alarmed.

The duration of this second stage of puerperal fever is uncertain ;
but although it is usually more protracted than the first, the period
in which hope may be reasonably encouraged is short indeed. If the
cow be seriously ill, and oft" her feed, and does not get up again in
two or three days, the chances are *very much against her ; the
author, however, knew one that was saved after she had suffered
considerable fever, and had been down nine days ; and where de-
bility is the principal symptom, and the cow seems to lie tolerably
comfortable, and without pain, and picks a little, she may occasionally
get up after she has been down even longer than that.

The treatment of this stage of the disease, although there has been
a great deal of dispute about it, depends on one simple principle — •
the existence and the deorree of fever. Notwithstandinor there is de-
bility, there may be fever ; although the strength of the constitution
may have been to a great degree wasted, there may be still a
smothered fire that will presently break out afresh. In another point
of view, much of this apparent weakness may be deceptive ; it may
be the result of oppression anci venous congestion, and not of ex-
haustion.

The pulse will be the guide, and should be carefully consulted. Is
it weak, wavering, irregular, dying away, pausing a beat or two, and

MILK FEVER— DROPPING AFTER CALVING. '105

then weakly creeping on again ? We must not bleed here. These
are indications of debility that cannot be mistaken — nature wants to
be supported, stimulated, not still further weakened. The abstraction
of blood would kill at once.

Is the pulse small, but regular, hard, wiry, and quickened — or is
it full and quickened ? Blood should certainly be taken away. These
are as plain indications of secret and destructive fire as can possibly
be given. The practitioner should bleed, but with the finger on the
pulse, anxiously watching the effect produced, and stopping at the
first taker of the heart. Many a beast has been decidedly saved by
this kmd of bleeding in puerperal fever ; and many have been
lost through neglect of bleeding. Some may have perished when
the bleeding was carried too far, and some, if the animals were
bled when the pulse gave indications of debility, but ncne when the
pulse indicated power, and the possibility of febrile action.

The propriety and impropriety of the abstraction of blood depends
on the state of the pulse and the degree of fever — circumstances
which vary in every case, and in different stages of the same case,
and which accurate observation alone can determine.

Next, in order of time, and first of all in importance in this stage
of the disease, stands physic. The bowels must be opened, other-
wise the animal will perisli ; but the fever having been subdued by a
judicious bleeding, and the bowels after that being excited to action,
the recovery is in a manner assured. The medicine should be active,
and in sufficient quantity ; for there is no time for ti-ifling here. A
scruple of the farina of the Croton-nut, and a pound of Epsom salts,
will constitute a medium dose. For a large beast the quantity of
the salts should be increased. Doses of half a pound should after-
wards be given every six hours until purgation is produced. The
usual quantity of aromatic medicine should be added. Here, too,
the constitution of the stomachs of cattle should not be forgotten. If
twenty-lour hours have passed, and purging has not commenced,
even after the administration of such a drug as the Croton-nut, there
is reason to suspect that the greater part of our medicine has not
got beyond the rumen ; and on account of the cuticular and compa-
ratively insensible Hning of this stomach, strong stimulants must now
be added to the purgative medicine, in order to induce it to contract
upon and expel its contents. Two drachms each of ginger, gentian,
and carraway powder, with half a pint of old ale, may, with advantage,
be given with each dose of the physic.

Warm water, with Epsom salts dissolved in it, or warm soap and
water, will form the best injection, and should be thrown up fre-
quently, and in considerable quantities.

Should the constipation obstinately continue, it may be worth
while to inject a considerable quantity of warm water into the rumen,
and thus soften and dissolve the hard mass of undigrested food, and

406 CATTLE.

permit the medicine to come more effectually into contact with the
coats of the stomach. The waim water would also stimulate the
stomach to contract, and thus get rid of a portion of its contents,
either by vomiting or purging. In the first case, there would be
room for the exhibition of more purgative medicine ; in the other,
the effect most of all desired would have been obtained.

The rumen will often annoy the practitioner in another way in this
complaint : either on account of a vitiated secretion in that stomach,
or from the retention of the food, which, exposed to the united influ-
ence of Avarmth and moisture, begins to ferment, there will be con-
siderable extrication of gas, and the animal will swell with even more
rapidity and to a greater extent than in simple hoove. The flanks
should immediately be punctured, or the probang introduced, in
order to permit the carburetted hydrogen to escape. A dose of the
solution of the chloride of lime, as already recommended under
" Hoove," should be given, to prevent the extrication of more gas ;
and a greater quantity of aromatic and fever medicine should be
added to the purgative, th^it the stomach may be roused to healthy
action.

Ere this the practitioner will have thought it necessary to pay
some attention to the comfort of the patient. This part of medical
treatment is too often neglected. She should have been watched
before she actually dropped, and got as soon as possible into the
house, and well and warmly littered up. If she drops in the field, it
■will always be difficult to get her home ; and if she continues out,
and bad weather comes on, she will assuredly be lost. She should
be placed on one side, or, if possible, on her belly, inclining a little to
one side, and, as much as can be managed, in her usual position, and
with her fore parts a little elevated, and she should be secured in
that position by trusses of straw. She should be moved or turned
morning and night, in order to prevent soreness and excoriation.
Warm gruel and water should be frequently offered to her, and if
these ar.e obstinately refused, she should be moderately drenched
with thick gruel. Bean and malt mashes may be given with a little
sweet hay : but it must be remembered, that while moderate nourish-
ment is necessary to recruit her strength and support her through
such a disease, yet the digestive powers have usually shown that
they have shared in the debility of the frame, and must not be too
early or too much taxed.

Having well opened the bowels and subdued the fever, the future
proceedings must be regulated by the state of the patient. In
general, httle more will be necessary than attention to diet and com-
fort. At all events, tonics and stimulants should not be too hastily
given. It should be recollected, that the disease was essentially of
a febrile nature. Experience will convince the practitioner, that
there long remains a lurking tendency to the renewal of febrile ac-

MILK FEVER— DROPPING AFTER CALVING. 407

tion, and he will beware lest he kindles the fire afresh ; but if the
cow should continue in a low and weakly state, and especially if hei
remaining strength should seem to be gradually declining, gentian
and ginger may be administered twice in the day, in doses of half
an ounce of the first and a quarter of an ounce of the second ; but
the outrageous quantities of aromatics and bitters, and ardent spirits,
that are occasionally given, cannot fail of being injurious.

It occasionally happens that the cow appears to recover a portion
of strength in her fore-quarters, and makes many ineffectual attempts
to rise, but tlie hind-quarters are comparatively powerless. This
partial palsy of the hind extremities is the natural consequence both
of inflammation of the womb and of the bowels. The best remedy
is a plaster. All embrocations are thrown away on the thick skin of
the cow, and the constant stimulus of a plaster and the mechanical
support afforded by it, will alone effect the desired purpose. A
week or ten days should be given to the animal, in order to see
whether the power of voluntary motion in these limbs will return ;
but should the paralytic affection then remain, a sling must be con-
trived, by which she may be supported, and during the use of which
she may be enabled gradually to thro's)? a portion of her weight
upon these legs, and re-accustom them to the performance of their
duty.

A very singular variety of the disease has already been hinted at.
The cow is down, but there is apparently nothing more the mattei
with her than that she is unable to rise ; she eats, and drinks, and
ruminates as usual, and the evacuations are scarcely altered. In
this state she continues from two days to a fortnight, and then she
gets up well.

There is a common consent amongst the different organs of the frame
both under healthy and diseased action. It has been stated that a
partial or total suppression of the secretion of milk is frequently an
early symptom, and, in some =stage or other, an almost invariable one,
of the disease. Experience Jkewise shows that if the secretion of
milk can be recalled, the restoration of the use of the limbs is not far
distant. The teats should be frequently drawn, and the discharge of
milk industriously solicited. This is a simple method of cure, but it
is a far more effectual one than many imagine.

That milk-fever is sometimes epidemic, there is every reason to
suppose. The practitioner may, perhaps, be long without a case,
but if one comes under his notice, he has reason to suspect that it
will soon be followed by others.

That there is a constitutional tendency to this complaint, cannot be
denied. Beasts in high condition are peculiarly subject to it ; and
an animal that has once experienced an attack of it becomes exceed-
ingly liable to the disease at her next, or at some future calving.
Agriculturists are perfectly aware of this ; and if a cow recovers

406 CATTLE.

from puerperal fever, her milk is dried, and she is fattened and sold
without much loss of time.

Something may be done in the way of prevention. If the cow be
in a high, and consequently a dangerous state of contMtion, and has
been fed on luxuriant pasture, it will be very proper, as has been
already stated, to bleed her, and give her a dose of phydc, and re-
move her to a field of shorter bite, a little before her expected time
of calving. Many valuable animals have been saved by this pre-
caution.

Homoeopathic treatment. — The first thing to be done, is to ad-
minister, within three or four hours, three or four doses of aconitum,
which generally effect a perceptible calm. Then have recourse to
Pulsatilla and mix vomica. Belladonna is also an excellent remedy,
particularly in cases of very painful swelling of the belly, and of re-
tention of the placenta. Chamomilla restores the secretion of milk.
Paralysis of the hind-quarters will generally yield to nux vomica ; but
if it does not, then it will disappear under the influence of rkus
toxicodendron.

SORE TEATS.

Cows are very subject to inflammation of the udder soon after
calving. The new or increased function which is now set up, and
the sudden distension of the bag with milk, produce tenderness and
irritability of the udder, and particularly of the teats. This in some
cases shows itself in the foi m of excoriations or sores, or small cracks
or chaps, on the teats, and very troublesome they are. The dis-
charge likewise from these cracks mingles with the milk. The cow
sufiers much pain in the act of milking, and is often unmanageable.
Many a cow has been ruined, both as a quiet and a plentiful milker,
by bad management when her teats have been sore. It is folly to
have recourse to harsh treatment, to compel her to submit to the in-
fliction of pain in the act of milking ; she will only become more vio-
lent, and probably become a kicker for life ; if by soothing and kind
treatment she cannot ^e induced to stand, nothing else will eff'ect it.
She will also form a .labit of retaining her milk, which will very
speedily and very materially reduce its quantity. The teats should
be fomented with warm water, in order to clean them and get rid of
a portion of the hardened scabbiness about them, the continuance of
which is the cause of the greatest pain in the act nf milking ; and
after the milking, the teats should be dressed with the following
ointment : — Take an ounce of yellow wax, and three of lard, melt
them together, and when they begin to get cool, well rub in a
quarter of an ounce of sugar of lead and a drachm of alum finely
powdered.

GARGET, OR SORB BAG.

Too often, however, the inflammation assumes another and worse

GARGET, OR SORE BAG. 409

character : it attacks the internal substance of the udder — one of the
teats or the quarters becomes enlarged, hot, and tender — it soon
begins to feel hard, it is knotty ; it contains within it little distinct
hardened tumors or kernels. In a short space of time, other teats
or other quarters probably assume the same character. The milk
has coagulated in the bag to a certain degree, and it has caused local
inflammation where it lodges. This occurs particularly in young
cows, after their fii-st calving, and when they are in a somewhat too
high condition, and it is usually attended by a greater or less degree
of fever.

The most eflfectual remedy for this, in the early stage of the com-
plaint, is a very simple one ; the calf should be put to the mother,
and it should suck and knock about the udder at its pleasure. In
most cases this wnll relieve her from the too great flow of milk, and
disperse all the lumps.

If the inflammation continues or increases, or the bag should be
so tender that the mother will not permit the calf to suck ; and
especially should the fever evidently increase, and the cow refuse to
eat, or cease to ruminate, and the milk become discolored, and mixed
with matter or with blood, the case must be taken seriously in hand.
The cow should be bled ; a dose of physic administered ; the udder
well fomented ; the milk drawn gently but completely off, at least
twice in the day, and an ointment, composed of the following ingre-
dients, as thoroughly rubbed into the bag as the cow will permit.
(Rub down an ounce of camphor, having poured a tea-spoonful of
spirit of wine upon it ; add an ounce of mercurial ointment, and half
a pound of elder ointment, and well incorporate them together.) Let
this be applied after every milking, the udder being well fomented
with warm water, and the remains of the ointment washed off before
the next milking.

If the disease does not speedily yield to this treatment, recourse
must be had to iodine, which often has admirable effects in diminish-
ing glandular enlargements. The only objection to iodine, and which
renders it advisable to give the camphoretted mercurial ointment a
short trial, is that while, by its power of exciting the absorbents of
the glands generally to action, it causes the dispersion of unnatural
enlargements, it occasionally acts upon and a little diminishes the
gland itself. This, however, rarely happens to any considerable
degi-ee, and will not form a serious objection to its use when other
means have failed. It should be applied externally, in the form of an
ointment, (one part of the hydriodate of potash being saturated with
seven parts of lard,) one or two drachms of which should be rubbed
into the diseased portion of the udder, every morning and night. At
the same time the hydriodate may be given internally, in doses grad-
ually increased from six to twelve grains daily.

The udder should be frequently examined, for matter will soon be-
18

410 CATTLE.

gin to form in the centre of these indurations, and should be speedily
evacuated, lest it should burrow in various parts of the bag, and, when
at length it does find its way to the surface and bursts through the
skin, irregular ulcers should be foimed, at all times difficult to heal,
and sometimes involving the loss of more than one of the quarters.
Whenever there is any appearance of suppuration having commenced,
(a minute observation will enable the practitioner to discover the very
spot at which the tumor is preparing to point,) the diseased part
should be freely and deeply lanced, and an immense quantity of mat-
ter will often be discharged. It is generally bad practice to cut off
the teat ; not only is it afterwards missed in the milking, but the
quantity of the milk is usually lessened to a greater or less degree.

Should the tumor have been left to break, a deep and ragged ulcer
will then be formed, and must immediately be attended to, for the
neighboring part will be rapidly involved. Half of the bag has in
some cases become mortified in a few days, and diseased portions
have either dropped oflf, or it has been necessary to remove them in
order to stop the spread of the gangrene. The chloride of lime is an
invaluable application here. The wound should be well cleaned with
warm water, and then a dilute solution of the chloride freely applied
to every part of it; not only will the unpleasant smell from the ulcer
be immediately got rid of, but its destructive progress will be arrested,
and the wound will speedily take on a healthy character. When this
is effected, recourse may be had to the Friar's balsam ; but the
occasional use of the chloride will be advantageous until the bag is
perfectly healed.

Chronic indurations will sometimes remain after the inflammation
of garget has been subdued ; they will be somewhat tender, and they
will always lessen the quantity of milk obtained from that quarter.
The iodine will seldom fail of dispersing these tumors. The ointment
just recommended should be well rubbed in twice every day, and if
the enlargement does not speedily subside, the hydriodate should also
be given internally.

The causes of garget are various , the thoughtless and unfeeling
exposure of the animal to cold and wet, at the time of or soon after
parturition, the neglect of physic or bleeding before calving, or suf-
fering the cow to get into too high condition, are frequent causes.
So powerful is the latter one, that instances are not unfrequent of
cows, that have for some time been dried, and of heifers that have
never yieldt^d milk, having violent inflammation of the udder. The
hastily drying of the cow has given rise to indurations in the udder
that have not easily been removed. An awkward manner of lying
upon and bruising the udder is an occasional cause ; and a very
frequent one is the careless habit of not milking the cow clean, but
leaving a portion in the bag, and the best portion of the milk too,
aad yfhich gradually becomes a source of irritation and inflammation

SARGET, OR tORE BAG. 411

in the part. Connected with this last cause is the necessity of the
advice already given, to milk the cow as clean as possible, at least
twice in the day, during the existence and treatment of garget.

Homoeopathic treatment. — 1. Injiamw.atory tumefaction. — A little
time before and after calving, particularly in the first birth, often too
at other periods, there is observed on the udder a painful inflamma-
tory swelling : the organ is hard, tense, hot and red ; the entire, or
only a part, is affected with swelling. The animal has rather high
fever, a sharp thirst, the mouth is dry, and there is but little appetite ;
the secretion of milk is more or less diminished. This disease is
produced by different causes. The most common are contusion,
stings of insects, cold, the too prolonged' retention of milk, &c. Some
say it has been occasioned by too little exercise. If it has been
caused by external injury, frequently moistening the part with arnica
water is sufficient to cure it ; a dose of it should also be taken inter-
nally every day. Arsenicum should be employed only when the
disease has been neglected, or when there have supervened gan-
grenous inflammation or ill-conducted ulcerations with hard and
everted edges. After cold, the cure is readily obtained by aconitum
at first, then hryonia ; if the latter does not suffice, dulcamara.
Chamomilla also has frequently proved useful. Belladonna has
been found a specific in the treatment of erysipelatous inflammation.
However, others recommend arnica, camphora, phosphorus and silicea.
In the inflammation which comes on a little before or after calving,
belladonna and chamomilla are specifics ; chamomilla more especially
when nodosities are felt in the organ, without the external integuments
participating in it. If the inflammation passes into gangrene, or
produces malignant ulcers, arseniciim should be administered ; if,
gangrene having supervened, the skin readily becomes detached,
secale cornutum should be employed. Silicea also produces good
effects in obstinate ulcers ; asafoetida. and mercurius vivus in treating
unhealthy suppuration. We may also in such a case recommend cahor
vegetahilis, calcarea carhonica, and pulsatilla, the latter more especially
when fistulous sores begin to form.

The abnormal swelling of the udder, especially when caused by
cold or moisture, yields to lotions repeated several times a day with
camphoretted brandy.

2. Induration. — This proceeds from the same causes as inflam-
mation, and may also result from internal causes. It is or is not
accompanied with pains and suppression of milk : the latter often
assumes a bad color, or undergoes some other change, becomes gran-
ular and puriform. If the indurations are painful and consist of
rounded tubercles, they are resolved in ten or twelve days, either by
bryonia (one dose morning and evening), or by chamomilla, chiefly
when the tumor yields a crackling noise on being touched, tf the
cause has been an external injury, we must have recourse to a few

412 CATTLE.

doses of arnica, then to conium. The indurations, both those that ar€
painful as well as those which are indolent, with glandular swellings
in the interior of the udder, yield to chamomilla, or, when they are
very hard and obstinate, to aconitum and mercurms vivus. The
nodosities which succeed an inflammation are to be treated with
camphora, chamomilla^ and conium, of each two doses at the interval
of two days. If resolution does not take place, hepai- sulpkuris (one
dose morning and evening) causes them to break, generally at the
end of thirty-six hours.

3. Warts. — Warts, which are often produced in consequence of
internal disease on the bellies of the cows in great numbers, spread
occasionally even to the udders ; besides their repulsive appearance,
they prevent the animal from being milked. The remedy against
those which are flat, dry, and not pediculated, is dulcamara : thuja
is the remedy for those which are cut and mangled, oozing, and
suppurating : causticuvi has been more than once useful in the treat-
ment of bleeding warts, and those which suppurate and are painful.
Sometimes the wart gives place to an ulcer with everted edges, in
which case we must have recourse to arsenicum.

4. Wounds. — There are often produced in the teats circular cracks
or chaps, which occasion to the animal great pain, and which, though
often caused by the brutality of the cow-herds, are attributable in
many cases to a morbid internal state. Those of the latter species
require the employment of sulphur internally, to be continued for a
considerable time. ]n all other circumstances, fomentations with
(urnica water are sufficient.

MILK-SICKNESS, OR TREMBLES.

This disease, peculiar to America, and hmited to a portion of the
valley of the Mississippi, has been reserved for this place, on account
of the name by which it is universally known. In cattle it is not a
disease of the udder, or its connections. It takes its name from the
illness produced in man by the use of the milk of cattle diseased by
the eating of some wild plant or vegetable, or the drinking of w^ater
poisoned by minerals.

Dr. Graff, of Illinois, in the American Jounal of Medical Science,
April 1841, says : —

The only name by which it is known, is that which I ha^-e used,
which is quite objectionable, as it may serve to convey an erroneous
impression by the supposition that milk only could produce it ;
whereas the flesh of an infected animal acts with an equal degree of
violence and rapidity.

It is a disease peculiar to the United States, occurring seldom, if
ever, to the eastward of the Alleghany mountains. It is in a greater
or less degree met with in all the Western States, as far south as the

MILK SICKNESS, OR TREMBLES. 413

Mississippi, and extends north to the boundary. The States of
Indiana and llHnois are most subject to its occurrence, whilst its
existence in the bordering Slates is comparatively rare.

Its occurrence or prevalence is confined to no season, or description of
weather, existing in a like degree in the heat of summer or cold of win-
ter, and with like virulence and frequency during a dry or wet season.

We will first speak of the symptoms manifested in cattle affected
with it, as it is only through them that we have yet found the disease
communicated to man. This may be affected to such a degree as
that their flesh and milk will produce the disease, and yet they them-
selves manifest no unhealthy symptoms whatever. This latent con-
dition of the disease may be discovered by subjecting the suspected
animal to n violent degree of exercise, when, according to the
intensity of the existing cause, it will be seized with tremors, spasms,
convulsions, or even death. This is a precaution practised by
butchers in these countries, always before slaughtering an animal in
anywise suspected of the poisonous contamination. An ordinary
degree of exertion will not develope these phenomena unless it pro-
duce the symptoms usually preceding a fatal termination. When,
for instance, a cow is sufficiently deeply aflfected, nothing peculiar is
observed until immediately preceding the outbreak of the fatal
symptoms. She is then observedto walk about, with out any appa-
rent object in view ; all food is refused, and there is evidence of
impaired vision. The eye is first of a fiery appearance, increasing to
a deep red color, until the animal is observed to stagger and fall,
when, if she rises, the trembling of the whole muscular system will
prevent the maintenance of the standing position. The animal usually
dies after repeated convulsions, never lingering beyond a few hours.
Often it falls suddenly, as if it received a blow from a heavy body on
the head, and death is produced in a few minutes.

The cause of this disease of animals is as yet shrouded in mystery
and uncertainty. No satisfactory account of its nature has yet been
given, and it has in turn been supposed to be of vegetable, mineral,
and even aerial origin. The limits of its prevalence is not often over
a large and continuous tract of country, but rather circumscribed,
and surrounded by localities never known to produce it. No exam-
ple^ is known in which the property of producing the disease has been
acquired by any locality which did not previously possess it. The
boundaries which were at the first discovery of the country found to
separate the infected from the healthy districts, remain unchanged.
The locality which serves to produce the disease, most commonly
extends as a vein of variable breadth, traversing the country for a
considerable distance. It can be traced in one instance fi»r nearly a
hundred miles, running parallel to the course of the Wabash river, in
the State of Indiana,

Again, it will be found to occupy an isolated spo: comprised in

414 CATTLE.

an area of one hundred acres, whilst for a considerable distance
around it is not produced. Thus having the locality perfectly cir-
cumscribed, much labor has been expended in order to discover some
production peculiar to the locality. The search has been uniformly
unsuccessful in the attainment of its object. The general appearance
of these infectea districts is somewhat peculiar. I have always
observed that the situation of the ground is elevated above that of
the surrounding country, occupying what is denominated a ridge, and
that the quality of the soil is in general of an inferior description.
The growth of timber is not observed to be so luxuriant as in situa-
tions otherwise similar, but is scrubby, and stunted in its perfect
development. Throughout the entire district in which these localities
are interspersed, there is observed an absence of the occurrence of
stones scattered over the surface, whilst in the infected districts, they
are almost universally present. They are of small size and darkened
aspect externally, breaking with a regular and shining fracture, and,
upon analysis, imperfectly made, were found to contain a considerable
portion of iron, with slight traces of copper. Another more decided
and peculiar appearance, which serves to distinguish them from other
spots, is the breaking forth of numerous feeble springs, furnishing a
trifling supply of water, but not varying in quantity with the change
of seasons. In its appearance, it presents the general evidences of a
sulphurous and ferruginous contamination.

Experiments made upon the water collected from these springs, or
more properly called oozes from the soil, with the greatest care, by
the employment of the most delicate chemical re-agents, failed to
indicate the presence of any mineral except iron, sulphur, traces of
magnesia, and a quantity of copper barely capable of being demon-
strated. A belief being entertained by many that the disease is occa-
sioned by arsenic, or some of its salts, I, with much care and patience,
subjected not only the water, but likewise the earth, from these dis-
tricts to a most rigid examination, and by no test was I furnished with
the slightest evidence of its presence.

An intelligent medical friend expressed to me his belief, that it was
produced by the inhalation of some noxious gases generated during
the night ; in proof, he stated that he had observed cattle, which
were regularly housed each evening, escaped its attacks, and that
when suffered to remain at large, they were frequently seized with
the disease. It is difficult to form this belief of the nature of the
cause, as we can hardly conceive the particular action of any com-
bination of circumstances, capable of giving rise to such an emanation
only at night, ceasing to operate during the day. The most popular
belief is in favor of a vegetable origin. But this appears irrecon-
cilable with the fact that the disease has frequently appeared with
its greatest virulence when the grounc. has been for weeks previously
covered with snow.

MILK SICKNESS, OR TREMBLES. 415

For my own part, I would most willingly subscribe to the opinion
that some mineral or mineral combination possesses the agency of its
production. Yet I confess that I cannot even imagine what must be
the nature of that substance producing such violent and anomalous
eflfects, and in- its operations so unlike anything with which we are
acquainted. The cause, whatever it may be, when it enters into the
organization of the animal, either by inducing a specific action in the
tissues of the economy, or by a combination with some of the elements"
of the body, forms a poison not more violent in, its operation than
singular in the eflfects it can produce. If this cause should prove to
be a mineral, it must be one of great subtlety, from its diflSculty of
detection, and from its virulence it must possess qualities and activity
not equalled nor resembled by any metal or metallic combination yet
discovered. No substance of which we" have any knowledge will
produce like phenomena.

Hoping that if T could succeed in developing the same symptoms
and eflfects by some active or poisonous article, it might, by the
probable analogy of the agents, lead to the discovery of the nature
of this poison,'! patiently tried many. The action of none of the
mineral poisons were found at all similar. My experiments were
chiefly made on dogs, and in them I found the symptoms immediately
preceding their death, occasioned by a fatal dose of strychnia,
greatly to resemble those produced by the continued administration
of the flesh of an animal which had perished from milk sickness. The
appearances on dissection diflfer in a greater degree, and particularly
in cases of poisoning by the vegetable proximate piinciple, exhibit the
blood in a state more nearly resembling a healthy condition. With
the view of an extensive series of experiments, I procured the body
of a full grown cow, which had perished suddenly from the aftection,
with violent symptoms. The brain was immersed in a copious efifu-
sion of blood, and in no part of the body was it found coa^^ulated.
The flesh in external appearances did not differ from that of healthy
beef, unless that it was slightly darker, and a thin bloody fluid con-
tinually dropped from it. By exposing it by the side of a healthy
portion, I found that the influence of the sun rendered the specimen
from the diseased animal oflfensive, and turned it to a greenish hue,
whilst the other remained comparatively sound and unaflfected. It
can possess nothing peculiar in its taste, for persons who have par-
taken of it have not remarked anything unusual, and animals will
exercise no preference, if the two descriptions be simultaneously pre-
sented to them. The beef which I procured was subjected to the
ordinary process of salting, which did not in the least aflfect its poi-
sonous properties.

Butter and cheese, manufactured from the milk drawn from an
infected cow, are supposed to be the most concentrated forms of this
poison They possess no distinguishing appearance, odor, or taste.

416 CATTLE.

from the healthy article. A very minute quantity of either will
suffice to developc the disease in man. The cream, ordinarily suffi-
cient to be added to the coffee drank at a single meal, is said to have
induced an attack. The butter or cheese eaten at one repast has fre-
quently been known to prove effective. The property is not con-
tained in any of the elements of the milk exclusively, but distributed
throughout the whole of them, being possessed by the butter-milk as
-well as the whey. Beef, in the quantity of a few ounces, will produce
the disease, and it is believed in a more violent and fatal form than
when it is produced by milk or any of its preparations.

The effect of the poison is manifested throughout the entire
system, and vitiates all the secretions. An experiment, which went
far to prove how deeply the milk of other animals is imbued with its
poison, was made by administering the infected meat to a bitch suck-
ling five puppies. The effect produced in them was very sudden,
and the entire litter died in four days, which was two days before the
occurrence of the death of the mother.

The subtle, poisonous principle, of whatever it may be proved to
consist, seems to possess the power of Infinite reproda.vxjn, by some
vital or chemico-vital action of the system of those aiiim^.^ poisoned
by its influence. Thus, suppo;^ing one pound of flesh to prove suffi-
cient to produce the death of another animal, it will be found that
each pound of flesh of that animal so destroyed, will possess as active
powers of destruction, and will, in its turn, serve to contaminate the
whole body of another animal in the same degree.

Dr. J. B. Johnston, of Indiana, says : " I never knew the disease to
prevail where there was not a free growth of weeds. I well know
that it is circumscribed, that a small section will produce the disease,
then an exemption for some distance, when it will again recur. So
of some farms ; a portion will produce it, and the other will not. In
fact, there is not a county from Floyd to the mouth of the Wabash,
and as far north as White River, that is exempt from milk sickness ;
and it often occurs in both Southern Illinois and Kentucky. I have
never heard of it above the 41st degree of north latitude, and it
seldom reaches that line. My firm convictions are, that the disease
termed milk sickness is produced by the rhus toxicodendron, or poison
oak, and that it is a separate and distinct species from the raaicans,
or poison vine. It is further stated that the poison oak never vines —
that it is never seen to take hold on trees, and that it grows from one
to three feet in height ; that it has three, while the radicans or poison
vine has five leaves,"

Dr. Mcllhenny, of Ohio, who has paid much attention to this dis-
ease, saj^s : " On the cause of milk sickness, we must be allowed to
express our decided conviction, that it is produced by the rhus toxi-
ujodendron, or poison oak, for the following reasons : —

1. Milk sickness d3es not prevail where there is no rhus — that in

MILK SICKNESS, OR TREMBLES. 411

every section of country where none of the small rhus can be found,
there can be none of the trembles found.

2. It does universally exist where there is an abundance of the
smaller rhus.

3. It never occurs until vegetation comes forth in the spring.

4. Where it prevails most, the rhus is in its greatest luxuriance.

5. After the heavy frosts kill all vegetation, the disease subsides.

6. It is a well known fact, that cultivation kills the poison oak —
entirely destroys it. ^

7. It is equally as well established, that animals kept within a
well cultivated enclosure are perfectl}' exempt from the disease.

8. Almost every observant and intelligent individual who has been
raised amidst the disease, has come to the conclusion, that the rhus
toxicodendron is the cause of milk sickness.

9. That it is distinguished from the radicans, or common poison
vine, by its diflferent number of* leaves — also, by its acridness of
cbaractei-.

10. A certain locality produces the disease, find it where you may,
such as flat, heavy timber-land, interspersed with hazle and other
underbrush, which is quite productive of the rhus.

11. Tlie seldom appearance of the disease on hilly, dry ground, is
in consequence of such a place not being congenial to the' productio i
of that plant, so that what little does exist, is not so apt to produce
the disease, in consequence of its unhealthy growth."

" As to the pathology of this disease I know but little. I have
treated quite a number of cases, but have never been favored with a
post mortem examination ; consequently, I have had no other means
of ascertaining morbid appearances than that of judging from symp-
toms : the mere external developments of the internal condition. We
are told, however, that in animals which die of this disease, the mani-
folds, or mesentery, is in a hard, dry condition, and, in many cases,
perfectly black ; and that all the folds which lie enclosed in the
bowels, and are in close contact with them, are frequently in such a
brittle condition, that they can be readily broken, particularly those
that envelope the stomach ; and that traces of inflammatory action
can be frequently discovered the whole length of the intestinal canal ;
but the greater amount, those that have left the deepest marks, are
to be seen in and around the stomach and duodenum.

" If this should be a true condition of the morbid appearances of
the animal, which we are satisfied it is, we may reasonab y expect
that the same results are to be seen in the human subject." So far,
however, as my opinion goes, I believe that the poison, when taken
into the stomach, produces inflammation of that organ, particularly
confined to the raucous coat ; that inflammation continuing, thickens
the mucous lining to such an extent that it closes, in proportion to
its severity, the passage from th? stomach to the bowels I am
18*

418 CATTLE.

satisfied that there is inflammation down to the upper part of the
bowels, but, generally, in a slight degree. I do not believe that there
is any general inflammatory condition of any of the chylopoetic vis-
cera, but that the entire force of the disease is spent upon the sto-
mach, and, perhaps, duodenum.

" From Avhat observation I have been able to make upon the sub-
ject, I am inclined to the opinion that the lower portions of the
bowels remain, measurably, if not entirely, exempt from inflamma-
tion ; that it is entirely a disease of the stomach ; that in proportion
to the severity with which that organ is atir^^ked, in that proportion
will the chylopoetic viscera become deranged.

" Another proof that the disease is inflammatory, is the constipated
condition of the bowels. There could not be such a dry and hardened
condition of the fecal matter produced by any other derangement,
excepting that of inflammatory action.

" I have been led to make these remarks, in consequence of an
opinion that is prevalent with some of our practitioners, that the
disease is nervous ; that the great gastric irritability is, or might be,
attributed to nervous excitement. This, to me, appears impossible ;
for, if the nerves of the stomach were in such a morbid condition,
acting under such a powerful excitement as to produce such distress-
ing symptoms, would not the brain become sympathetically affected ?
Would we not have an apparent case of phrenitis ? Whereas, the
mind, generally, remains quiet. We sometimes see mental depression,
but rarely ever mental aberration."

Professor Drake, of Kentucky, says : " In the earliest stages of
this malady, in the cow, it may not display its existence, if the attack
be not violent and the animal left to itself ; for in the beginning, as
in all stages of the disorder, the appetite seems to be unimpaired,
and the thirst not increased. Even this early stage, not less than
the more advanced, appears, however, to be attended with constipa-
tion of the bowels. The animal at length begins to mope and droop,
to walk slower than its fellows, and to falter in its gait. If, under
these circumstances, it should be driven, and attempt to run, the
debility and stiffness of its muscles are immediately apparent. It
fails rapidly, trembles, pants, and sometimes seems blind, as it runs
against obstacles, but this may arise from vertigo ; at length it falls
down, lies on its side quivering, and is not, perhaps, able to rise for
several hours, sometimes never. Now and then, the quivering
amounts to a slight convulsion. When the disease is not violent, the
animal, after a longer or shorter period, is again on its feet ; but its
capacity for muscular eff"ort is greatly impaired, and, if hurried in
the slightest degree, it is seized with trembling and stiff'ness, and
may even fall again. Of the state of the circulation, when it lies
seriously ill, but little is known, as the pulse has not been inspected.
One observer perceived that the nose of a heifer was hot, but others

COW-POX. 419

have found that part of the skin generally cool. Perhaps their ob-
servations were made in different stages of the disease. While lying
unable to walk, the animal will still eat freely, and also take drink,
but does not seem to have excessive thirst. Its costiveness continues
to the last when the malady goes on to a fatal termination. Of the
symptoms which precede dissolution we could not obtain a satisfactory
account. Our witnesses generally declared, however, that the abdomen
does not swell in any stage of the disease. When it assumes a
chronic form, the animal is liable, for weeks and even months, to
muscular infirmity under exercise, looks gaunt and thin, its hair as-
sumes a dead appearance, and sometimes falls off in considerable
quantities, especially from the neck."

" We met with no medical gentleman who had subjected animals
laboring under this disease to a systematic, or even varied empirical
treatment. All the people of the district have one and the same indica-
tion to fulfill, that of opening the bowels. When this can be effected
the animal, they say, scarcely ever dies — when it cannot, death
occurs. For the fulfillment of this indication, Epsom salts has been
administered in very large quantities, even to pounds, but without
eflfect. Drenches of lard and various mixtures have also been given,
with no satisfactory result. Judge Harold, near South Charleston,
has exhibited calomel followed by lard — no essential benefit. Dr.
Toland has administered the oil of turpentine, in doses of eight,
twelve, and sixteen ounces, without advantage. An opinion is pre-
valent, that drenching animals injures them by causing them to strug-
gle. On the whole, we found among the people of the district a
total want of confidence in all kinds of cathartic medicines ; and an
exclusive reliance on Indian corn. Some preferred old corn, some
new, and others that which had been frost-bitten. This is fed to all these
species of animals that are accustomed to eat it, and is said never to
be refused. The more the animal will eat, the greater is the hope
of the owner. It is said to produce purging, when every other
means have failed, and then, it is afifirmed, recovery is almost certain.
On these points we found but one opinion in the district. Several
of its physicians, after trying other things, had, with the people, set-
tled down on this."

" We found blood-letting not in favor. Dr. Toland supposes it has,
generally, been employed at too late a period. Many non-professional
persons spoke of having resorted to it without advantage, and some
thought it had done harm."

[A friend assures the editor that early bleeding, purgation, and
injections, have proved effectual to remove the disease m most cases.]

COW-POX.

Cows are subject to two distinct species of pustular eruption oo
the teats. Little vesicles or bladders appear ; they often differ con*

420 CATTLE.

siderably in size and form, and are filled with a purulent matter. In
the course of a few days a scab forms upon them, which peels off,
and the part underneath is sound. If the pustules are rubbed off in
the act of milking, or in any other way, small ulcers are left, which
are very sore, and sometimes difficult to heal.

The best treatment is washing and fomenting ; a dose of physic,
and the application of the ointment for soie teats recommended in
page 408. The cause, like that of many other pustular eruptions, is
unknown ; except that it is contagious, and is readily communicated
from the cow to the milker, if the hand be not quite sound, and from
the milker to other cows.

There is another kind of pustular eruption, of a more important
character, and with which the preceding one has been confounded.
It also consists of vesicles or bladders on the teats ; but they are
larger, round, with a little central depression ; they are tilled at first
•with a limpid fluid, which by degrees becomes opaque and purulent,
and each of them is surrounded by a broad circle of inflammation.
This is more decidedly a constitutional disease than the former. The
cow exhibits evident symptoms of fever ; she does not feed well ;
sometimes she ceases to ruminate, and the secretion of milk is usual-
ly diminished.

These pustules go through a similar process with the former
ones — they dry up, and at length the scabs fall off, leaving the skin
beneath sound ; but if they are broken before this, the ulcers are
larger, deeper, of a more unhealthy character, and generally far more
difficult to heal. This is the genuine cow-pox.

The treatment is nearly the same, except that, being accompanied
by more constitutional disturbance, an aperient is more necessary,
and it may occasionally be prudent to abstract blood. The frequent
application of Goulard's lotion, with an equal portion of spirit of
wine, will, at least in the early stage of the ulcer, be preferable to
the ointment ; but better than this, and until the ulcers are begin-
ning to heal, will be the dilute solution, of the chloride of lime. If
the teats are washed with this before the cow is milked, it will go
far toward preventing the communication of the disease.

The most interesting circumstance connected with this pustular
eriiption is, that the persons on whom it appeared were, for a con-
siderable period, (it was once thought, during life,) protected from
the small-pox. This was known among farmers from time immemo-
rial. But to no one, whom experience had convinced of the active
protective power of the cow-pox, had it occurred to endeavor to as-
certain whether it might not be possible to propagate the affection
by innoculation from one human being to another, and thus communi-
cate security against small-pox at will.

To the mind of Mr. Jenner, the probability of accomplishing this
first presented itself. He innoculated a boy with the matter take^

COW-POX. 421

from the hands of a milkmaid who had been infected The disease
was communicated, and with it the immunity which he expected.
He multiplied his experiments, and was successful in all of them ;
and, at length, established the power of vaccination, and proved him-
self to be one of the greatest benefactors to the human race that
ever lived. Some practitioners of no little eminence have recom-
mended (and perhaps it deserves more consideration than has been
given to it, a return to the primary fountain for a recruit of power
and energy, after the lapse of a certain period and the prosecution of
a certain number of successive experiments.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE GENERAL DISEASES ANB MANAGEMENT OF CALVES.

In whatever manner tlie calf is afterwards to be reared, it should
remain with the mother for a few days after it is dropped, and until
the milk can be used in the dairy. The little animal will thus derive
the benefit of the first milk, that to which nature has given an ape-
rient property, in order that the black and glutinous faeces that had
been accumulating in the intestines during the latter months of the
foetal state, might be carried off. The farmer acts wrongly when he
throws away, as he is too much in the habit of doing, the beastings,
or first milk of the cow.

NAVEL-ILL.

The calf being cleaned, and having begun to suck, the navel-string
should be examined. Perhaps it may continue slowly to bleed. In
this case a ligature should be passed round it closer, but, if it can be
avoided, not quite close to the belly. Possibly the spot at which the
division of the cord took place may be more than usually sore. A
pledget of tow well wetted with Friar's balsam should be pl?»ced
over it, confined with a bandage, and changed every morning and
night, but the caustic applications, that are so frequently resorted to,
should be avoided.

Sometimes, when there has been previous bleeding, and especially
if the caustic has been used to arrest the haemorrhage, and at other
times, when all things have seemed to have been going on well, inflam-
mation suddenly appears about the navel, between the third and
eighth or tenth day. There is a little swelling of the part, but with
more redness and tenderness than such a degree of enlargement
would indicate. Although there may be nothing in the first appear-
ance of this to excite alarm, the navel-ill is a far more serious business
than some imagine. Fomentation of the part in order to disperse the
tumor, the opening of it with a lancet if it evidently points, and the
administration of two or three two-ounce doses of castor oil, made
into an emulsion by means of an egg, will constitute the first treat-
ment ; but if, when the inflammation abates, extreme weakness should
come on, as is too often the case, gentian and laudanum, with, per-
haps, a small quantity of port wine, should be administered.

Homoeopathic treatment. — In inflammation give some doses of aeon-

CONSTIPATION.

itum ; and then arnica, and wash the parts with arnica water ; and
if there be weakness, give china to combat it.

CONSTIPATION.

If the first milk, or heastings, has been taken from the calf, and
constipation, from that, or from any other cause, succeeds, an aperient
should be administered without delay. The sticky black faeces, with
which the bowels of the newly-born calf are often loaded, must be
got rid of. Castor oil is the safest and the most effectual aperient
for so young an animal. It should be given, mixed up with the yolk
of an egg, or in thick gruel, in doses of two or three ounces ; and
even at this early age, the carminative which forms so usual and
indisj)ensab]e an ingredient in the physic of cattle must not be omitted ;
a scruple of ginger should be added to the oil.

Constipation of another kind may be prevented, but rarely cured.
If the weather will permit, and the cow is turned out during the day,
and the calf with her, the young one may suck as often and as mucn
as it pleases — the exercise which it takes with its mother, and the
small quantity of green meat which it soon begins to crop, will keep
it healthy ; but if it be under shelter with its dam, and lies quiet and
sleepy the greater part of the day, some restraint must be put upon
it. It must be tied in a corner of the hovel, and not permitted to
suck more than three times during tlie day, otherwise it will take
more milk than its weak digestive powers will be able to dispose of,
and which will coagulate, and form a hardened mass, and fill the
stomach and destroy the animal. The quantity of this hardened curd
which has someildies been taken from the fourth stomach almost
exceeds belief. This is particularly the case when a foster-mother,
that probably had calved several weeks before, is given to the little
one, or the calf has too early been fed with the common milk of the
dairy. The only chance of success in this disease hes in the frequent
administration (by means of the stomach-pump, or the drink poured
gently down from a small horn) of plenty of warm water, two ounces
of Epsom salt being dissolved in the quantity used at each adminis-
tration.

At a later period, the calf is sometimes suffered to feed too plenti-
fully on hay, before the manyplus has acquired sufficient power to
grind down the fibrous portions of it. This will be indicated by dull-
ness, fever, enlargement of the belly, and the cessation of rumination,
but no expression of extreme pain. The course pursued must be the
same. The manyplus must be emptied, either by washing it out, by
the frequent passage of warm water through it, or by stimulating it
to greater action, through the means of the sympathetic influence of
a purgative on the fourth stomach and the intestinal canal.

A tendency to costiveness in a calf should be obviated as speedily
as possible — it is inconsistent with the natural and profitable thriving

424 CATTLE.

of the animal, and it can never long exist without inducing a degree
of fever, always dangerous, and generally fatal.

Homxxopathic treatment. — The more or less inflammatory state
which generally accompanies it, requires that we commence the
treatment with a dose of aconitum. The most effectual means then
is nux vomica; it is indicated chiefly, when the evacuations from the
bowels are scanty, hard, covered with mucus, and when the animal
frequently draws up the belly. If there be no thirst, we should have
recourse to china and hryonia. The latter remedy is also suitable
when the constipation has been produced by cold, a circumstance in
which it frequently alternates with diarrhoea. Opium and argila
must be employed when the inactive state of the intestinal tube allows
nothing to escape from the body, and the animal remains lying down,
though evincing no pain. Tn very obstinate constipation, where the
rectum is empty, and also where only a small quantity of matter
escapes, which is not very hard, plumbum never fails to be efifectual.

DIARRH(EA.

The disease, however, to which calves are most liable, and which
is most fatal to them, is purging. It arises from various causes : the
milk of the mother may not agree with the young one ; it may be of
too poor a nature, and then it produces that disposition to acidity,
which is so easily excited in the fourth stomach and the intestines of
the calf; or, on the other hand, it may be too old and rich, and tffe
stomach, weakened by the attempt to convert it into healthy chyle,
secretes or permits the development of an acid fluid. It is the result
of starvation and of excess — it is the almost necessary consequence of
a sudden change of diet ; in fact, it is occasionally produced by every
thing that deranges the process of healthy digestion.

The farmer needs not to be alarmed although the faeces should
become thin, and continue so during two or three days, if the animal
is as lively as usual, and feeds as he was wont ; but if he begins to
droop, if he refuses his food, if rumination ceases, and he is in evident
pain, and mucus, and perhaps blood, begin to mingle with the dung,
and that is far more fetid than in its natural state, not an hour should
be lost. The proper treatment has already been described under the
titles of diarrhoea and dysentery, pp.^338, 339. A mild purgative
(two ounces of castor oil, or three of Epsom salt) should first be
administered, to carry away the cause of the disturbed state of the
bowels. To this should follow anodyne and astringent and alkaline
medicines, with a mild carminative. The whole will consist of opium,
catechu, chalk, and ginger. The proportions of each have already
been given in p. 339, when describing the treatment of diarrhoea.
1'he use of this mixture should be accompanied by frequent drenching
with starch or thick gruel ; by the removal of green or acescent food,
and by giving bran mashes, with a little pea or bean flour.

HOOSE. 423

Homceopathic treatment. — The cure of diarrhoea is effected by
diflferent means. In the diarrhoea which bursts out suddenly, or the
acute form, we should commence with a couple of doses of aconitum
at short intervals ; after which, in most cases, arsenicum and ipeca-
cuanha are very eflfectual. The diarrhoea brought on by cold often
yields to aconitum alone, as that resulting from any irregularity in
diet yields to arsenic. If in the latter case there be also loss of
appetite, and if arsenic does not effect a cure, pulsatilla should Idc
given, or when there is an absolute repugnance to food, antimonium
crudum, especially when the diarrhoea alternates periodically with
constipation. If there be frequent dejections without pain, we have
recourse to rheum. Asarum is useful, if the evacuations are fluid,
and sometimes mixed with bloody mucus.

In the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, besides china, sulphur, cha-
momilla, and veratrum, which has been found useful more than once,
we should employ acidum yhosphoricum, hryonia, calcarea acetica,
dulcamara, magnesia carhonica, petroleum, and phosphorus. Diarrhoea
is usually accompanied with a general morbid state, with respect to
which we are to choose, among these several means, that which suits
best. Sulphur aad arsenicum are the^rincipal remedies for diarrhoea
in calves.

When slight, dysentery resembles severe diarrhoea, and requires
the remedies which have been indicated under the head of the lattei
disease.

In calves, diarrhoea, accompanied with emaciation and loss of appe-
tite, very often puts on the dysenteric character ; the animal every
moment passes liquid matter of a greenish or yellowish color. In such
case, Pulsatilla is a specific. Benefit has also been obtained from
chamomilla, and, when the evacuations were white, from mercwrius
vivus.

HOOSE.

A sufficiently alarming view has been given of this disease in adult
cattle, but calves are even more subject to it ; it takes on in them a
more dangerous character, and more speedily terniinates in wasting
and in death. Hoose often assumes an epidemic form in cattle of a
twelvemonth old and upward; it often appears as an epidemic among
calves, and carries off great numbers of them. The treatment recom-
mended for grown cattle under the article Hoose, in p. 248, (fee,
should, with such deviation as the difi"erent age and situation of the
beast require, be adopted here. The bleeding, perhaps, should not
be carried to so great an extent, and even somewhat more attention
should be paid to the comfort of the animal.

Homoeopathic treatment. — That which is at first dull and hollow,
excited by the least efi'ort, and more particularly violent after the
animal has drunk, generally indicates a more or less serious aflfectioQ

«28 CATTLE.

of the lung. The means to be adopted when no other symptoms of
disease are observed, are : dulcaynara, in cough by cold ; bryonia (in
repeated doses,) in inveterate cough ; Belladonna and drosera, in
chronic cough ; hyoscyamus when the attacks are very frequent ;
sqiiilla, in cough which comes on after fatigue, and which interferes
with the respiration; O hamoinilla, in dry cough, with diarrhoea;
Pulsatilla, in frequent attacks of dry cough, with loss of appetite;
spiritus sulphuratis in very obstinate cough. When the cough is the
symptom of another disease, it yields to the treatment required by
the latter.

CASTRATION.

The period pretty generally selected is between the first and third
months. The nearer it is to the expiration of the first month, the
less danger attends the operation.

Some persons prepare the animals by the administration of a dose
of physic ; but others proceed at once to the operation when it best
suits their convenience, or that of the farmer. Care, however, should
be taken that the young animal is in perfect health. The mode
formerly practised was simple enough : — a piece of whipcord was tied
as tightly as possible round the scrotum. The supply of blood being
thus completely cut off, the bag and its contents soon became livid
and dead, and were suffered to hang, by some careless operators,
until they dropped off, or were cut off on the second or third day.

It is now, however, the general practice to grasp the scrotum in the
hand, between the testicles and the belly, and to make an incision on
one side of it, near the bottom, of sufificient depth to penetrate through
the inner covering of the testicle, and long enough to admit of its
escape. The testicle immediately bursts from its bag, and is seen
hanging by its cord.

The careless or brutal operator now firmly ties a piece of small
string round the cord, and having thus stopped the circulation, cuts
through the cord half an inch below the ligature, and removes the
testicle. He, however, who has any feeling for the poor animal on
which he is operating, considers that the only use of the ligature is to
compress the blood-vessels and prevent after-hemorrhage, and there-
fore saves a great deal of unnecessary torture, by including them
alone in the ligature, and afterwards dividing the rest of the cord.
The other testicle is proceeded with in the same way, and the opera-
tion is complete. The length of the cord should be so contrived thai
It shall immediately retract into the scrotum, but not higher, while
the ends of the string hang out through the wounds. In the course
of about a week the strings will usually drop off, and the wounds
will speedily heal. It will be rarely that any application to the
scrotum will be necessary, except fomentation of it, if much swelling
should ensue.

CASTRATION. 427

A few, but their practice cannot be justified, seize the testicle as
soon as it escapes from the bag, and, pulling violently, break the
cord and tear it out. It is certain that when a blood-vessel is thus
ruptured, it forcibly contracts, and very little bleeding follows ; but
if tlie cord breaks high up and retracts into the belly, considerable
inflammation has occasionally ensued, and the beast lias been lost.

The application of torsion, or the twisting of the arteries by means
of a pair of forceps which will firmly grasp them, promises to su-
persede every other mode of castration, both in the larger and the
smaller domesticated animals. The spermatic artery is exposed, and
seized with the forceps, which are then closed by a very simple me-
chanical contrivance ; the vessel is drawn a little out from its sur-
rounding tissue, the forceps are turned round seven or eight times,
and the vessel liberated. It will be found perfectly closed ; a small
knot will have formed on its extremity ; it will retract into the sur-
rounding substance, and not a drop more of blood will flow from it :
the cord may then be divided, and the bleeding from any little
vessel arrested in the same way. Neither the application of the hot
iron nor of the wooden clamps, whether with or without caustic, can
be necessary in the castration of the calf.

Homoeopathic treatment. — After the operation, give some doses of
arnica, -ind wash the parts with arnica water.

CHAPTER XVIII.

DISEASES OF THE LUSCULAR SYSTEM AND OP
THE EXTREMITIES.

RHEUMATISM.

It is inflammation of the fascia, or cellular coat of the muscles, and
also of the ligaments and synovial membranes of the joints. If a
cow has been exposed to unusual cold and wet, particularly after
calving, or too soon after recovery from serious illness, she will often,
be perceived to droop. She becomes listless, unwilling to move,
and by degrees gets off her feed. If urged to move, there is a
marked stiffness in her action, at first referable chiefly, or almost
entirely, to the spine ; and she walks as if all the articulations of the
back and loins had lost their power of motion. She shrinks when
pressed on the loins ; and the stiffness gradually spreads to the fore
or hind limbs. The farmer calls \i chine fellon ; if it gets a little
worse, it acquires the name oi joint fellon, and worse, unless care is
taken, it speedily will become. Some of the joints swell ; they are
hot and tender ; the animal can scarcely bend them ; and she cannot
move without difficulty and evident pain.

We find rheumatism in cattle chiefly prevalent in a cold, marshy
country — in places exposed to the coldest winds — in spring and in
autumn, when there is the greatest vicissitude of heat and cold — in
animals that have been debiUtated by insufficient diet, and that can-
not withstand the influence of sudden changes of temperature — in
old cattle particularly, and such as have been worked hard, and then
turned out into the cold air, with the perspiration still hanging about
them.

It seems to assume the acute and the chronic form. One animal
will labor under considerable fever ; he will scarcely be able to move
at all, or when he does, it extorts from him an expression of suffer-
ing. Another seems to be gay and w^ell, when the air is warm and
dry ; but as soon as the wind shifts, or immediately before it changes,
he is uneasy and comparatively helpless. On some portions of a
farm, nothing seems to ail the cattle ; on otiiers, lower, moister, or
more exposed, the cattle crawl about stiffly and in pain. In some

SWELLING OF THE JOINTS. 428

extreme cases, the quantity of milk rapidly diminishes, and the cow
wastes away, and becomes a mere skeleton.

Rheumatism in cattle may be palliated, but rarely removed. The
treatment of it consists in making the animal comfortable — in shel-
tering her from the causes of the complaint — in giving her a warm
aperient, which, while it acts upon the bowels, may determine to
the skin, as sulphur, with the full quantity of gin/^^er. The prac-
titioner will afterwards give that which will yet more determine to
the skin, as antimonial powder, combined with an anodyne medicine,
almost any preparation of opium ; — and he will h?.ve recourse to an
embrocation stimulating to the skin, and thus probably relieving the
deeper seated pain, as camphoretted oil, or spirit of turpentine and
laudanum.

Homoeopathic treatment. — ^The most effectual remedy is aconitumy
followed by arsenicum. Bryonia is good when the feet are paralyzed.
Arseriicum is indicated when tlie animal is observed to walk with the
greatest precaution, when he trembles after drinking cold water,
and the disease has been brought on by cold drinks, or an excess of
food. Rhus toxicodendron should be prescribed when the disease
results from too much fatigue. Chamomilla restores the milk secre-
tion, after the other ailments have been removed.

SWELLINGS OF THE JOINTS.

These are usually the consequence of rheumatism. Small tumors
appear in the neighborhood of the joints that were most affected.
They seem at first to belong to the muscles ; but they increase : they
involve the tendons of the muscles, and then the ligaments of the
ioints, and the hning membrane of the joints. When this is the case,
other diseases are at hand — inflammation of the lungs or bowels;
but, oftenest of all, rheumatism degenerates into palsy.

The superficial veins in the neighborhood of the joints sometimes
become full and large ; they grow decidedly varicose. When the
causes of rheumatism are removed, the situation of the animal
changed, and the weather has become more congenial, the lameness
decreases, the swellings diminish, but the varicose veins remain.

The enlargements of the joints connected with or the consequences
of rheumatism are lemoved — but in the majority of cases only tempo-
rarily— by stimulating embrocations, of which spirit of turpentine or
the compound one of turpentine, ammonia, camphoretted spirit, and
laudanum, is the most effectual. Some, however, will not disappear
without the application of the cautery.

There are other tumors about the joints, and particularly the knees
of cattle, which are not necessarily connected with rheumatism, and
in many cases quite independent of it, although they are found only
in beasts that are out at pasture. i'hey are of two kinds. The first
occupies the fore-part of the knee, and generally one knee at a tima

430 CAITLE.

A fluid collects in the tissue immediately beneath the skin, and which
yields to the pressure of the finger. The pressure causes no pain,
nor is there any inflammation of the skin, but there is some degree*
of lameness. The tumors insensibly increase ; they still contain a
fluid. Inflammation is now sufiiciently evident : the lameness is very
great ; and the motion of the joint is almost destroyed.

Frictions with turpentine and hartshorn are often employed : some-
times one composed of tincture of cantharides is used. These occa-
sionally disj)erse the tumors for a while, but ihey speedily reappear.
The hot iron is a more eff'ectual remedy. If the tumor be pierced
with it, a glairy fluid escapes, and the swelling subsides. A blister
should then be applied, and the animal kept in the cow-house. The
tumor does not often return, but it is a considerable time before the
lameness quite disappears.

A more frequent species of tumor is of a hard character. It does
not yield at ail to pressure ; it evidently causes considerable pain,
and the animal is very lame. These tumors are almost invariably
confined to one knee. Here, neither frictions nor perforation with
the hot iron will be of material benefit, although deep firing has
sometimes succeeded.

Other tumors, sometimes immediately on the joints, and at other
times at a greater or less distance from them, and of variable degrees
of hardness ; sometimes adhering to and identified w^ith the substance
beneath, and at other times more or less pendulous, do not appear
to- give much pain to the animal, nor do they often interfere with the
motion of the joints, but they are a great eyesore, and, in a few in-
stances, they suddenly take on a disposition to increase with great
rapidity. These have been blistered without effect — setons Irave
been passed through them with variable result, and occasionally re-
course has been had to excision.

The ointment of the hydriodate of potash should be ^vell rubbed
into the tumors and the neighboring parts ; and the hydriodate at
the same time be administered internally. 'J'he success of this treat-
ment with the two last species of tumors has been almost as great
as the practitioner could desire. They have uniformly very much di-
minished in size, and in the great majority of cases they have dis-
appeared. The ointment should be composed as already recom-
mended, and six grains of the hydriodate given morning and night in
a mash. On the first species of tumor unconnected with rheumatism,
the iodine has seldom had decided effect.

Ho'iTioeopathic treatment. — Tumors vary much with respect to their
constitution and the region of the body where they make their ap-
pearance. Those arising from an external cause, are, for the most
part, hot, at least at the commencement ; these are to be treated
with arnica (internally and externally), which is to be followed by
arsenicum, or, when there is pain, by conium. Those which depend

OPENED JOINTS. 431

on internal causes, require hryonia, chiefly in cases of cold, or china
and arsenicum alternately, or sulphur, or mercurius vivus.

Aurum and belladonna are the principal remedies for tumors on
the head ; baryta carbonica for those on the lower jaw. With respect
to tumors on the chest, aconitum and bryonia are suitable, if they
are owing to cold ; arnica, if they are the consequence of compres-
sion. When they are covered with scabs, thuja should be given, and,
after some days, sulphur.

ULCERS ABOUT THE JOINTS.

These tumors sometimes assume very much the appearance of
farcy in the horse. They run in lines, they follow the apparent course
of the veins, but they belong to the absorbents. They frequently
ulcerate — the ^vounds are painful, deep, and spreading.

The dilute solution of the chloride of lime will form the best
application, and will usually be successful ; especially if occasionally
aided by some caustic wash, as a solution of blue vitriol, or dilute
nitric acid.

Homoeopathic treatment. — In ulcers which suppurate, the principal
means are : arsenicum, internally and externally, if the edges are
painful, everted, inflamed, with unhealthy pus ; silicea, if the pus is
thick and of a bad color ; chamomilla, sepia, and antimonium, when
proud flesh becomes developed on it. Pulsatilla possesses specific
virtues in the case of fistulous ulcers. The following substances as
intercurrent remedies : ledum palustre, when the fistulas have an
opening sufficiently large, and the bottom is white and lardaceous
calcarea carbonica, a capital remedy in all forms of fistulae ; lycopo-
dium, when the orifice is small and there are numerous burrows ;
these remedies are interposed when the repeated doses of pulsatilla
no longer bring about improvement, and about four days after we
should recur to the latter. Occasionally it is necessary to employ, in
addition, several intercurrent remedies.

OPENED JOINTS.

These sometimes occur from the injudicious lancing of the first
kind of tumor, but oftener from accident. The principle of the treat-
ment of open joints is to close the orifice as soon as possible, and be-
fore the secretiQn of the joint oil is stopped, and the cartilages of the
opposing bones rub on each other, and the delicate membrane which
hnes these oartilages becomes inflamed, and the animal suflPers ex-
treme torture, and a degree of fever ensues by which he is speedily
destroyed. The w^ound is best closed by means of the firing iron.

Homctopathic treatment. — Wounds of "small extent are cured in a
very little time by the use of arnica externally. In such as are
deeper, arnica must be administered internally also. Symphytum is
useful whenever there has been any lesion of the bones or peri-

432 CATTLE.

osteum. Conium should be employed in the case of wounds result-
ing from compression or contusion ; and in the case of those which
are accompanied with luxation, rhus toxicodendron alternately with
arnica. When a wound has occasioned great loss of blood, china is
useful to combat the debility caused by the haemorrhage. The fever,
which is generally associated with wounds of a certain extent, yields
to arnica and aconifum, employed alternately. Extensive wounds
are never cured without suppuration ; this is generally set up five or
six days after the injury ; and as long as it wears a healthy character,
art should not interfere ; but if the pus be turbid and have a bad
smell, asafcetida and mercurius vivus should be employed ; if it be
thick and have a bad color, silicea ; if proud-flesh make its appear-
ance, chamomilla, sepia, and arsenicum,

SPRAINS,

Working oxen, and those that have been driven long journeys, are
liable to sprain, and particularly of the fetlock joint. The division
of the lower part of the cannon or shank-bone, in order that it may
articulate with the two pasterns into which the leg is divided, renders
this joint particularly weak and susceptible of injury. The treat-
ment consists of fomentation of the part, to which should succeed
bandages very gradually increasing in tightness, cold lotions, and
afterwards, if the deep-seated inflammation cannot otherwise be sub-
dued, stimulating applications, blistering, or, as the last resource,
firing. The inflammation attending sprain of this joint is often very
great, and enormous bony enlargement and anchylosis are not unfre-
quently seen. They embrace the fetlock-joint ; they frequently
include the pastern : but oftener, the inflammation and bony enlarge-
ment extend up the leg, and particularly the posterior part of it,
almost to knee ; for the division of the flexor tendons, in order to
reach both toes, takes place considerably above the fetlock (the pre-
cise place varying in different animals), and these, from the oblique
direction which they take, are peculiarly liable to strain, with proba-
bility of serious injury. The firing iron must be severely applied
before the mischief has proceeded to this extent.

Homoeopathic treatment. — A sprain, when the result of a false step,
brings on lameness more or less perceptible, and, when it is severe, a
hot tumefaction in the neighborhood of the joint, • The accident,
when of recent date, promptly yields to arnica, employed both in-
ternally and externally. Otherwise, or if there be much pain from
the commencement, as also much swelling and lameness, rhus toxi-
codendron, and especially ruta, should be administered, which latter
remedy in such cases possesses specific virtues.

DISEASES OF THE FEET.

These are numerous and serious. The leg of tne ox is divided at

FOUL IN THE FOOT.

the fetlock. There are two sets of pasterns, two coffin-bones, and
two hoofs to each leg. The shank-bone is double in the foetus, but
the cartilaginous substance between the tw^o larger metacarpals is
afterwards absorbed, and they become one bone ; the lower bones,
liowever, continue separate. Each division has its own ligaments
and tendons, and is covered by its own integument. This gives rise
to various inflammations and lamenesses, which have been confounded
under the very objectionable term of

FOUL IN THE FOOT.

Hard and irritating substances often insinuate themselves between
the claws, and, becomingr fixed there, and woundinsf the claws on on(»
or both sides, become a source of great annoyance, pain, and inflam-
mation, and the beast suddenly becomes lame, and the pasterns are
much swelled. They sliould be carefully examined, the interposed
substance should be removed, the wound washed thoroughly clean,
and a pledget of tow, dipped in Friar's balsam, or covered with heal-
ing ointment, introduced between the cUws, and there confined by
means of a roller. Lameness from this cause will, in general, be
readily removed.

The foot being thus divided, and the ox unexpectedly treading on
an uneven surface, or being compelled long to do so when ploughing
a steep field, the weight of the animal will be unequally distributed
on the pasterns, and severe sprain will be the result. This is indi-
cated by the sudden lameness which comes on, and by the swelling,
and heat, and tenderness being confined to one claw, and referable to
the fetlock or pastern, or coffin-joints. Rest and fomentation, or the
application of cold, with bleeding from the veins of the coronet, will
usually remove this kind of lameness. The bleeding may be easily
effected by means of a small fleam or lancet, for the veins of the
foot of the ox are large and tortuous, and rise distinctly above the
coronet, and climb up the pastern. It is the increased vascularity
which often gives so serious a character to sprains of the coffin or
pastern-joints in the ox, and disposes to stiff'ness of these joints.

The foot of the ox, or that part which is enclosed within the homy
box, is liable to the same injuries and diseases as that of the horse ;
but they generally are not so difficult to treat, nor do they produce
such destructive consequences, because the weight of the animal
being divided between the two claws, the first concussion or injury
is not so great, and the animal is able afterwards to spare the injured
claw, by throwing a considerable portion or the whole of the weight
on the sound one. Injuries of the feet arise from pricking in shoeing,
wounds from nails or glass, or from the sole being bruised, and some-
times the horn being worn almost through, by travelling or working
on hard roads.

19

434 CATTLE.

It is generally believed that there is a constitutional tendency to
diseases of the foot in cattle, resembling the rot in sheep ; but this
has never been satisfactorily proved, and the simplest explanation of
the matter is, that inflammation was produced by some external
cause ; that it ran its usual course ; that suppuration followed, and
matter was formed ; that it burrowed in various parts of the foot,
and broke out at the coronet ; that sinuses remained ; that the ulcer
took on an unhealthy character ; fungus shooted up ; in short, there
was quitter or canker. This is a simple view of the case, and at
once points out a mode of treatment, intelligible and generally
successful.

It is true that foul in the foot is most prevalent in low marshy
countries ; but the hoof is there softened, macerated by its continual
immersion in moisture, and rendered unable to resist the accidents to
which it is occasionally exposed.

When a beast becomes suddenly lame, he should be taken up,
and, if necessary, secured. The lameness "svill generally be referable
to one claw. The heat, and tenderness, and redness, and enlarge-
ment round the coronet wiH prove this. The foot should be carefully
examined : is there an}'^ prick or wound about the sole ? if so, let
the horn be pared away there — let the matter which is pent up
within escape — let the horn be removed as far as it has separated
from the sensible parts beneath — let a little butyr of antimony be
applied over the denuded part — let a pledget of soft dry tow be
bound tightly upon the part, and let the animal be placed in a dry
yard or cow-house.

If there be no evident wound, let the foot of the beast be tried
round with the pincers ; and if he decidedly flinches when pressed
on a particular part, let the foot be opened there — let the coronet
be closely examined : is there any soft reddish shot upon it? if so,
freely plunge the lancet into it.

If the examiner be foiled in this attempt to discover the seat ol
mischief, let him envelop the foot in a poultice ; that wnll soften the
parts, and cause even the horn to be a little more yielding, and will
abate the inflammation ; if it should be pure inflammation without
previous mechanical injury, that will hasten the process of suppura-
tion, and the matter will more quickly, and with less destruction to
the neighboring parts, find its way to the coronet. As soon as it
does so, the soft projecting red or black spot should be opened, and
a probe should be introduced into the opening and the sinuses care-
fully ascertained, and every portion of detached horn removed from
above them, and the healthy horn around thinned and smoothed.
It will always in these cases be prudent to administer a dose of
Epsom salts.

The character of the surface exposed should now be considered.
If, the matter having been all evacuated, the wound or wounds have

FOUL IN THE FOOT.

a tolerably healthy appearance, a light application of the biityr of
antimony, and that repeated daily, will soon induce a secretion of
new horn ; but if there be a portion of the surface that looks black or
spongy, or the edges of which are separated from the parts around,
here was, probably, the original seat of injury — the life of that portion
has been destroyed and it must be removed — it must slough out. A
poultice of hnseed meal, with a fourth part of common turpentine,
must be put on, changed twice in the day, and continued until the
suppuration is complete. A light application of the butyr should then
follow, or, in favorable cases, a pledget soaked in Friar's balsam should
be placed on the wound, bound tightly down, and daily renewed ;
the removal of every portion of detached horn, dryness, firm but
equable pressure on the part, and moderate stimulus of the exposed
surface, are the principles which will carry the practitioner success-
fully through every case of foul in the foot.

Nothing has been said of the fungous excrescence between the
claws, in order to remove which, as well as to stimulate the surface
beneath and dispose it to throw out healthy horn, the cart-rope or
the horse-hair line used to be introduced betw^een the claws, and
drawn backward and forward, inflicting sad and unnecessary torture
on the animal. This fungus will rarely make its appearance, if the
horn, which had lost its attachment to the living surface beneath, yet
still continued to press upon it, has been carefully removed. If any
fungus appear, it should be levelled by means of a sharp knife, and
the caustic applied. There can be no doubt that pure inflammation,
without wound or mechanical injury, does sometimes attack the feet
of cattle, especially of those that are in high condition. On one day
the beast is perfectly free from lameness, or illness of any kind ; on
the following day probably the foot is swelled, the claios stand apart
from each other, they are unusually hot, and the animal can scarcely
rest any portion of his weight on one foot ; he is continually shifting
his posture, or he lies down and cannot be induced to rise. If the
beast be neglected, the inflammation and swelling increase until an
ulcer appears at the division of the claws, and which cannot be healed
until a considerable core has sloughed out.

A linseed-meal poultice should be applied to the part as soon as
this inflammation is observed, and it rnay be easily retained in its
situation by means of a cloth through which two holes have been cut
to admit the claws. This will either abate the inflammation or has-
ten the suppuration ; and as soon as the swelling begins to point, it
should be opened. The poultice must be continued until this slough-
ing process has taken place, or the ulcer begins to have a healthy
surface, a little common turpentine having been added to it. Proud
flesh must be subdued, by the caustic ; equal parts of verdigris and
sugar of lead will constitute the best application for this purpose.
Foul and fetid discharge must be corrected by the chloride of lime ;

436 CATTLE.

and when the ulcer looks healthy, the tincture of myrrh or Friar's
balsam must be used.

By this mode of treatment, the disease will readily be subdued,
but the application of corroding caustic substances in the early
stage of it will add fuel to fire ; and the suffering the abscess to re-
main unopen until the pus has burst its way through the thick skin
of the leg will produce sinuses that will run in every direction, re-
main open month after montli, and leave permanent lameness be-
hind. Some have imagined that this variety of foul in the foot is
contagious. That is not quite ascertained, although there are some
suspicious cases on record ; the farmer, therefore, will act prudently,
who immediately separates the lame beast from the herd.

In one respect, these diseases of the feet of cattle differ materi-
ally from quitter or canker in the horse. There is a laminated con-
nection between the hoof of the ox and the sensible parts beneath,
as in the horse ; but the horny plates of the hoof and the fleshy
ones of the substance which covers the cofhn-bone are not so wide
or so deep, and therefore the attachment between the hoof and the
foot is not so strong. Thence it happens that the matter finds great
difficulty in forcing a way for itself in the foot of the horse, and
deep sinuses are formed, which reach to, and corrode the bone, and
there is sometimes core upon core to be detached, and portions of
bone to be thrown off", and whence results the cankered state of the
foot, and the difficulty of cure. In cattle, less resistance to the pro-
gress of the matter is experienced ; the hoof is more easily separated
from the parts beneath, and that which would produce deep ulcera-
tion and caries in the one, rarely to be perfectly repaired, leads to
the casting of the hoof in the other, while the foot has received
comparatively little injury. The form of the foot, in these cases, is
much changed, and all its functions impaired in the one ; in the
other a new hoof speedily covers a foot that has escaped all serious
detriment, and the animal becomes as useful as he ever was. Cases,
however, do sometimes occur, in which the hoof is lengthened and
curved, and twisted in a very curious way, and the coffin-bone takes
on a similar distortion.

There is r\o frog in the foot of cattle, nor are there the provisions
for the expansion and elasticity of the foot which we admire in the
liorse ; therefore there is not any disease that can be considered as
corresponding with the " thrush " in that animal, but there is occa-
sionally something not much unlike grease. A sore appears upon
the heel, not, however, so much in the form of a crack as of a circu-
lar superficial ulcer. It has a brown, unhealthy hue ; fungus often
springs from it, and it causes considerable lameness. It is best
treated with the chloride of lime, or that and a strong solution of
alum ma}' be alternately applied. A bandage should seldom be
used, because it can scarcely be put on without excoriating the

FOUL IN THE FOOT. 437

parts and increasing the evil, and because the ox is much more im-
patient of the restraint of the bandage than is the most fidgety or
vicious horse.

Constant pain seems to prey speedily and injuriously on cattle.
They have not the courage and endurance of resistance, and there-
fore it is that these diseases of the feet soon begin very materially
to interfere with the condition of the beast, 'l-hese things would
indicate the propriety of having recourse to the operatior^ of neurot-
omy. It is an operation which, resorted to in proper cases, will
often be practised to reheve the torture, and to improve the condi-
tion of ruminants.

Homoeopathic treatment. — Acidum phosphoricum is an excellent
remedy in most cases. Others Have yielded to the efficacy of sul-
phur, and of carbon vegetahilis, preceded by a few doses of nux
vomica. Lux recommends the hupodopurinum as specific. Mercu-
rius soluhilis has often rendered great service in diseased feet. At
the onset of the disease, when there is yet only a difficulty of walk-
ing, and some sensibility of the sole, arnica (internally and exter-
nally) and arsenicum may suffice for eflFecting a cure ; however, even
under such circumstances, acidum phosphoricum has succeeded more
than once, sc that it may be considered as the most useful.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Graziers know that the beast whose skin is not soft, and mellow,
and elastic, can never carry any profitable quaniity of flesh and fat ;
therefore they judge of the value of the animal even more by the
handling than they do by the conformation of parts.

The skin is filled with innumerable little glands, which pour out an
oily fluid, that softens and supplies it, so that we can easily take it
between the finger and thumb, and raise it from the parts beneath ;
and while we are doing this, we are sensible of its peculiar mellow-
ness and elasticity. At another time, or in another animal, the skin
seems to cling to the muscles beneath, and feels harsh and rough
^hen we handle it ; but the skin is not altered or diseased ; it is this
secretion of oily fluid that is suspended. We attach the idea of
health to the mellow skin, and of disease to the harsh and immova-
ble one, because the experience of ourselves and of everybody else
has confirmed this connection, and the principle is, that when one
secretion is properly discharged the others will generally be so, and
when one is interrupted the harmony of the system is too much
disturbed for the animal to thrive or to be in viofor.

Then, as a symptom of a diseased state of the constitution gene-
rally, the attention is first directed to

HIDE-BOUND.^

The term is very expressive — the hide seems to be bound, or to
cling to the muscles and bones. It does not actually do so, but it
has lost its softness, and we can no longer raise it, or move it about.
The secretion of the oily fluid which supplies the skin is disturbed ;
this argues disturbance elsewhere, and the feeling of the skin usually
indicates the degree of that disturbance.

With hide-bound is connected a rough and staring coat. The sur-
face of the skin is hard and dry ; the minute scales with which it is
covered no longer yield to the hair, but separating themselves in
every direction, they turn it in various ways, and so give to it that
irregular and ragged appearance which is one of the characteristics
of want of condition.

MANGE. 439

These two circumstances — hide-bound and a staring coat — are
unerring indications of evil. A cow may be somewhat off her feed
— she may hoose a httle — she may have various little ailments ; thev
should not be neglected ; but while the skin is loose, and the hair
lies smooth, the farmer has not much to fear ; if, however, the coat
begm to stare, and the skin to cling to the ribs, it behooves him to
examine into the matter.

If the unthrifty appearance cannot be traced to any evident cause,
still there can be no doubt that something is wrong. Hide-bound
is rarely a primary disease ; it is a symptom of disease, and oftener
of disease of the digestive organs than of any other. A dose of
physic should be given (eight ounces of sulphur, wiih half an ounce
of ginger,) and a few mashes should be allowed. After this, medi-
cines should be administered that have a tendency to rouse the ves-
sels of the skin to their due action, as sulphur, nitre, and antimonial
powder, with a small quantity of ginger. No direct tonic should be
administered while the cause of this want of condition is unknown,
but warm purgatives and diaphoretic medicines will often have a
good eflfect.

MANGE.

This is the most serious among the diseases of the skin in cattle.
The first symptom is a constant itchiness. The cow eagerly rubs
herself against everything that she can get at. The hair comes
quite off, or gets thin on various parts of the body. There are few
scabs or sores ; but either in consequence of the rubbing, or as an
effect of the disease, a thick scurfiness appears, particularly along
the back, and in patches on other places. It is first seen about the
tail, and thence it spreads in every direction. The cow soon begins
to lose condition, the ridge of her back becomes prominent, and her
milk decreases, and sometimes is deteriorated in quality.

The causes are various ; they are occasionally as opposite as it is
possible for them to be. Too luxuriant food will produce it ; it will
more certainly follow starvation. The skin sympathizes with the
overtaxed powers of digestion in the one case, and with the general
debility of the frame in the other ; and nothing is so certain of
bringing on the worst kind of it as the sudden change from com-
parative starvation to luxuriant food. Want of cleanliness, although
highly censurable, has been oftener accused as the cause of mange
than it deserves ; but to nothing can it more frequently be traced
than to contagion.

The treatment is simple and effectual. The diseased cattle should
be removed to some distant stable or shed where there can be no
possible communication with the others. The disease, however pro-
duced, must be considered and treated as a local one. The scurfi-
ness of the skin must first be got off, by means of a hard brush, or a

440 CATTLE.

curry-comb, somewhat lightly applied. To this must follow the
application of an ointment Avhich appears to have a speci6c effect on
the mange, and which must be well rubbed in with a soft brush, or,
what is far better, with the hand, morning and night : there is no
danger of the disease being communicated to the person so employed.
The ointment must have sulphur as its basis, aided by turpentine,
which somewhat irritates the skin, and disposes it to be acted upon
by the sulphur ; and, to render it still more efficacious, a small por-
tion of mercury must be added. The following Avill be a safe and
very effectual application — there are few cases whicli will resist its
power. Take of flowers of sulphur a pound, common turpentine
four ounces, strong mercurial ointment two ounces, and linseed oil a
pint. Warm the oil and melt the turpentine in it ; when they begin
to get cool, add the sulphur, and stir the ingredients well together,
ahd afterwards incorporate the blue ointment with the mass by rub-
bing them together.

Vast numbers of cattle have been lost by the use of stronger and
poisonous applications. Corrosive sublimate, in the form of an
almost saturated solution of it, is a favorite lotion with many prac-
titioners. Arsenic — hellebore — tobacco have had their advocates,
and have murdered thousands of cattle.

The practitioner must not, however, confine himself to mere local
treatment; physic should always be administered. Sulphur, in
doses of eight ounces every third day, will matei-ially assist in effect-
ing a cure ; and on the intermediate days nothing better can be
given than the powder recommended for hide-bound (p. 439.)
Mashes also should be allowed every night.

Mange, neglected or improperly treated, may degenerate into a
worse disease, but fortunately not one of frequent occurrence. The
scurf will be succeeded by scabs — there have been cases in which
the scabs have appeared from the beginning — and the skin becomes
thickened and corrugated, and covered with scales, and occasionally
the scales peel off, and corroding ulcers appear beneath.

The same ointment, but with double the quantity of mercury,
must be used for this aggravated state of the disease, and a stronger
alterative powder, consisting of two drachms of Ethiop's mineral,
added to the one already recommended. All this mercury, however,
must be used with caution, for it is not a drug that always agrees
with cattle ; and salivation would, temporarily at least, and in most
cases permanently, injure the beast, both for the dairy and the
pasture.

In those sadly aggravated cases that come under the observation
of the practitioner, in which the whole of the skin is thickened and
corrugated, with deep chaps running down on either side, or uniting
together in various directions — when within the substance of the
skin numerous tubercles can be felt, varying from the size of a millet-

MAD ITCH. 441

seed to that of a kidney-bean — when the eyelids are swelled so that
the animal can scarcely see, and a great quantity of mucus is dis-
charged from them — when the nostrils and lips are thickened, and
dense and yellow mucus runs from the nose — when, beginning from
the knees and reaching almost to the hoofs, the intervals between the
chaps are occupied by tuberculous grapes, of different sizes, and
some of which discharge a serous fluid ; — in such cases the surgeon
may well be puzzled what to do.

The animal must be bled and physicked ; but his strength must
be supported by mashes and plenty of fresh green meat : he must
be fomented all over many times every day, and he must be kept
where he cannot communicate the infection. If the inflammation
does not begin to subside, he must be bled again and again ; the
physic must be repeated ; sulphur will constitute the best physic
here, and he must be kept under its purgative influence : and, at
at length, the skin beginning to supple — the cutaneous inflammation
having, to a considerable degree, subsided — the ointment and the
powder recommended for mange must be used. Should they not
have sufficient efi'ect, recourse must be had to the stronger ones pre-
scribed for leprosy. Previous, however, to the use of either of the
ointments, and after the inflammation has abated, the solution of the
chloride of lime may be applied on two or three successive days with
much advantage.

Hom'xopathic treatment. — Some doses of sulphiw (one a day) is
the first remedy to be employed. Then staphysagria should be ad-
ministered, more especially when there are dartrous eruptions, with
itching during the night. Dulcamara is good in the vesicular erup-
tion, with yellowish serosity, which comes on after sudden cold, and
which is accompanied by a discharge from the nose, as well as in
dr}' and furfuraceous dark-colored eruptions. Mezereum is indicated
in itchy tubercles, with redness of the skin ; arsenicum, in case the
appetite is impaired, with periodical diarrhoea.

MAD ITCH.

This is a disease pecuhar to the valley of the Mississippi and its
tributaries, and, on account of its name, is reserved for this place.
It is, however, not a disease of the skin, but of the manyplus or
manifolds. It is said to be found only in cattle following hogs in the
corn-fields. The hogs chew the green corn-stalk, extracting the
juice, and leaving the refuse. Cattle eagerly eat the chewed stalks;
and not unfrequently these become impacted in the manyplus, and
are then dry and indigestible. Cattle which are diseased by feeding
on these corn-stalks, exhibit their diseased condition by a wildness
of the eyes, and by rubbing the nose and head against any object
near them, as trees or fences. This is so violently done, that they
19*

i42 CATTLE.

tear the skin and flesh horribly. This is a disease, primarily, of the
stomach, affecting the brain and the head generally. The remedy
must be applied promptly, and, as in all inflammations, copious bleed-
ing must be resorted to ; and then should follow active medicine.
The treatment prescribed for this disease at pages 31-3, 314^ 315,
316 and 3 17, must be followed. The main reliance will be a thorough
■washing of the manifolds with water, administered by the stomach-
pump.

Homoeopathic treatmevt. — This will consist of, first, aconitum, and
then belladonna, to be followed by veratrum album. These are to
be given to abate the secondary efi'ects of the disease. As to the
cause, it can only be removed as prescribed at page 313 and the
following ones ; and the means are mainly mechanical. Sulphur
and mercurius vivus may be given if there be costiveness ; nux
vomica if the faeces be hard ; opium and argilla when nothing passes ;
and plumbum where the constipation is very obstinate.

LICE.

Connected with mange, the usual accompaniment, and probably
the occasional cause of it, is the appearance of vermin on the skin.
It cannot be supposed that they are originally produced by any dis-
ease or state of the skin; but the ova (eggs) of these animalculae,
floatino* in the atmosphere, find in the skin of cattle, under certain
circumstances, and under those alone, a proper nidus, or place where
they may be hatched into life. A beast in good health and condi-
tioil will not have one of those insects upon him unless he mixes
with lousy cattle ; but if he be turned out in the straw-yard in winter,
and is half-starved there, and his coat becomes rough, and matted,
and foul, they will soon swarm upon him. By the constant irrita-
tion which they excite, they will predispose the skin to an attack of
mange from other causes, if they do not actually produce it.

He who had not personal observation of the fact, would hardly
beheve how numerous they soon become. There are myriads of
them on the hide of the ill-fated beast. They keep him in a con-
stant state of torment, and are, in a manner, devouring him before
his time. It cannot be surprising that they rapidly spread from one
animal to another. The slightest contact, the lying on the same
lair, or the feeding on the same pasture, is sufficient to enable thera
to be communicated from the infected beast to all the rest. The
animalcule thrives everywhere, although the ovum did not find a
proper nidus on the skin of the healthy beast ; and the vermin, once
established there, soon change the character of the skin, and cover
it with scurf and mange.

Various p )wder9 and lotions have been recommended for the de-
stnictioD of these parasites. A powder can scarcely be brought

WARBLES. 448

into contact with a thousandth part of them; nor can a lotion,
unless used in a quantity sufficient to kill the beast as well as those
that are feeding upon him. An ointment is the most convenient
application, and by dint of rubbing, a little of it may be made to go
a great way. The common scab ointment for sheep (one part of
strong mercurial ointment, and five of lard) will be effectual for this
purpose ; and if a little of it be well rubbed in, instead of a great
deal being smeared over the animal, there will be no danger of sal-

ivnt.inn

Homceopathic treatment.— Lice are destroyed in a few days with a
decoction of staphysagria, or with a pomade prepared with three
parts of axunge and one part of parsley-seed, pounded.

WARBLES.

Toward the latter part of the summer and the beginning of autumn,
and especially in fine and warm weather, cattle out at pasture are
frequently annoyed by a fly of the Diptera order and the (Estrus
genus, that seems to sting them with great severity. The animal
attacked runs bellowing from his companions, with his head and
neck stretched out, and his tail extending straight from his body,
and he seeks for refuge, if possible, in some pooror stream of wateV!
(The fly seems to fear or to have an aversion to the water, and
cattle are there exempt from its attack.) The whole herd, having
previously been exposed to the same annoyance, are frightened, and
scamper about in every direction, or, one and all, rush into the
stream. Under the excitation of the moment, they disregard all
control, and even oxen at work in the fields will sometimes betake
themselves to flight with the plough at their heels, regardless of
their driver, or of the incumbrance which they drag behind them.

The formidable enemy that causes this alarm, and seems to inflict
so much torture, is the CEstrus Bovis, the Breeze, or Gad-fly, which,
at this time, is seeking a habitation for its future young, and selects
the hides of cattle for this purpose. It is said to choose the younger
beasts, and those that are in highest condition. There has evidently
been considerable exercise of selection, for a great many of the
cattle in the same pastures will have only a few warbles'^ on their
backs, while others will, in a manner, be covered by them.

The oestnis bovis is the largest and most beautiful of this genus.
Its head is white, and covered with soft down — its thorax yellow an-
teriorly, with four black longitudinal lines — the centre of the thorax
is black, and the posterior part of an ashen color — the abdomen is
also of an ashen color, with a wide black band in the centre, and
covered posteriorly with yellow hair. It does not leave its chrysahs
state until late in the summer, and is then eagerly employed in pro-

■*W CATTLE.

viding a habitation for its future progeny. It selects the back of th«
ox, at no great distance from the spine on either side, and ahghting
there, it speedily pierces the integument, deposits an egg in the cel-
lular substance beneath it, and piobably a small quantity of some
acid, which speedily produces a litlle tumor on the part, and accounts
for the apparent suffering of the animal.

The egg seems to be hatched before the wound is closed, and the
larva, or maggot, occupies a small cyst or cell beneath it. The tail
of the larva projects into this opening, and the insect is thus sup-
plied with air, the principal air-vessels being placed posteriorly;
while with the mouth, deep at the bottom of the abscess, it receives
the pus, or other matter that is secreted there. A fluid, resembling
pus, can always be squeezed from the tumor, and increasing in quan-
tity as the animal approaches his change of form. In its early stage
of existence the larva is white, like that of most other flies ; but as
it approaches its maturity, it becomes darker, and at length almost
black. These little tumors form the residence of the larva, and are
recognized by the name of warbles.

The abscess having been once formed, appears to be of little or
no inconvenience to the beast on whose back it is found. It cer-
tainly does not interfere with his condition, and the butcher regards
the existence of these warbles even as a proof of a disposition to
thrive. The injury to the skin, however, is another affair, and the
tanner would probably tell a different story. The larva, if undis-
turbed, continues in his cyst, until the month of June or July in the
following year, and then forces itself through the aperture already
described, and the accomplishment of which occupies two days. It
is soft when it first escapes, but it soon hardens ; and if it is fortu-
nate enough to escape the birds, or if it does not fall into the water,
which the cattle seem now instinctively to seek, as it were to destroy
as many of their enemies as possible, it conceals itself in the nearest
hiding-place it can find, where it remains motionless until it changes
to a chrysahs, which is speedily effected ; it continues in its new
form about six weeks, and then bursts from its shell a perfect fly.

It is a very singular circumstance, that the escape of the larva
from its prison on the back of the ox always takes place in the
morning, and between six and eight o'clock.

Being also exposed to many dangers in its chrj^saline state, it is
then covered with a scaly box of great strength, and from which it
would seem impossible for it ever to make its escape ; but when its
change is complete, and it begins to struggle Avithin its prison, a
valve at one end of its narrow house, and fastened only by a slight
filament, flies open, and the insect wings its way, fiist to find its
mate, and then to deposit its eggs on the cattle in tlie nearest pastures.

Some farmers are very careless about the existence of these wai>
bles ; others very properly endeavor to destroy the grub that inhajj-

ANGLE-BERRIES, OR WARTS. 44!

its them. This is effected in various ways — a little corrosive li(|uoi
is poured into the hole, or a red-hot needle introduced, or the larva
is crushed or forced out by pressure with the finger and thumb.
Although the existence of the warble is a kind of proof of the
health and condition of the animal, yet there is no reason why the
best beasts should be tormented by'the gad-fly, or the strongest and
best hides be perforated, and, in a manner, spoiled in their best parts.
Although when the larva escapes or is expelled, the tumor soon
subsides, the holes made are scarcely filled up during that season ;
and even a twelvemonth afterwards, a weakness of the hide, and dis-
position to crack, will show where the bot has been. If all the
farmers could be induced to search for and destroy the insect when
a lai va, the cattle of that district might be nearly or quite freed from
this pest.

ANGLE-BERRIES, OR WARTS.

Cattle are subject to various excrescences, growing from the cuti-
cle at first, but afterwards identified with the true skin. They
assume many forms, from that of scales of greater or less thickness,
and accompanied sometimes by chaps and sores, to fungous growth,,
of different size and hardness, and bearing the character of warts.
They are occasionally very numerous and exceedingly trouble-
some, and especially about the teats. When they grow about
the eve-lids, they are a sad nuisance to the beast.

When they are only exfoliations and scales of the cuticle, friction
with camphoretted oil will occasionally remove them. It has been
known to disperse the warty excrescences. Mercurial prepai-ations,
whether blue ointment or corrosive sublimate and soap, are danger-
ous, but they will usually get rid of the angle-berries. When they
are numerous, and particularly about the udder, the practitioner will
probably try to remove the largest of them by means of a liga-
ture passed round their roots. This, however, will often be an
almost endless affair, and recourse must be had to the knife and the
cautery. The cautery will stop the bleeding, destroy the root of the
wart, and thus prevent its springing again. When they are small,
they'will be most successfully attacked by means of the nitrate of
silver, being touched daily wiih it in a solid form, if they are few
and di:^tinc°t; or washed with a strong solution of it, if they are
more numerous and scattered over a la; ge sui face. They have been
attributed to various causes, as contusions, stings of msects, want <>(
condition, inflammation of the skin; but in most cases the actual
cause, is unknown.

Homoeopathic, treatment.— Warts appear on the breast, belly,
back, neck, tail ; sometimes smooth, round, soft and broad ; some-
times pediculated, chapped, spongy, hard and dry, or moist, paniful
or without Reeling. Fo ■ the cure oi warts which are dry, smooth,

446 CATTLE.

and not pediculated, dulcamara should be employed, and in some
cases s-ilphur ; for those which are ulcerated, arsenicmn; for those
which bleed readily and cause pain, cansticnm. Excrescences which
are moist, incrusted, chapped, presenting a disgusting appearance,
and frequently of an enormous size, require thvja, externally and
internally, and the employment of this remedy must be continued
for a long time. Small warts on the lips yield to calcarea carhanica

CHAPTER XX.

A LIST OF THE MEDICINES USED IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF THE DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Alcohol. — There are two circumstances which not only render the
practice of giving stimulants to cattle far more excusable than in the
horse, but absolutely necessary ; the first is, the disposition which all
the inflammatory diseases of cattle have to take on a typhoid form,
and assume a malignant character ; and the second is, the construc-
tion of the stomachs of these animals, in consequence of which a
considerable portion of the medicine falls into the comparatively
insensible paunch. Hence, inflammation having been subdued, the
practitioner is always anxious to support the strength of the consti-
tution ; and even while he is combating inflammation, he cautiously
adds a stimulant to the purgative, in order that he may dispose the
tissues with which that purgative may come into contact to be affected
by it. Hence ginger forms an indispensable ingredient in every
aperient drink ; hence the recourse to wine in many cases of low
fever ; and henco also the foundation of, and the excuse for, the
custom of adding the sound home-brewed ale to almost every purga-
tive, and especially for .young and weakly cattle, when evident
inflammatory action does not forbid it. The fiery spices and the
almost undiluted spirit administered by the cow-leech can never be
justified ; yet, in cattle-practice, the beneficial eflect of the aperient
often depends fully as much on the carminative by which it is accom-
panied, as on the purgative power of the di-ug itself.

Aloes. — It holds a secondary rank, or might be almost dismissed
from the hst of cattle aperients. It is always uncertain in its efi'ect,
and sometimes appears to be absolutely inert. Six ounces have been
given without producing any appreciable effect. Still, however, as
there is no case on record in which it has destroyed the ox by super-
purgation, and as occasionally it does seem to exert some purgative
effect, it may be admitted in combination with or alternating with
other purgatives, when constipation is obstinate ; few, however, would
think of resorting to it in the first instance.

The Barbadoes aloes should be selected ; and on account of the
construction of the stomachs, it must be always administered in solu-
tion, for a ball would break through the floor of the oesophagean canaL

«48 CATTLE.

and be lost in the rumen. Two ounces of aloes, and one ounce of
gum Arabic (in order to suspend the imperfectly dissolved portion of
the aloes) should be put into a pint of boiling water, and the mixture
frequently stirred during the first day ; then two ounces of tincture
of ginger are to be added, not only to prevent the mixture from fer-
jnenting, but because that aromatic seems to be so useful, and in a
manner indispensable in cattle purgatives. The dose should consist
of from half a pint to a pint of the solution, or from four to seven or
eight drachms of the aloes. Some persons boil the aloes in the
water, but the purgative effect of the drug is much lessened by this.

Aloes is very useful in the form of tincture. Eight ounces ot
powdered aloes and one ounce of powdered myrrh should be put into
two quarts of rectified spirit, diluted with an equal quantity water.
The mixture should be daily well shaken for a fortnight, when it will
be fit for use. It is one of the best applications for recent wounds ;
and in old wounds especially, accompanied by any foulness of them,
or discharge of fetid pus, nothing will be more serviceable than equal
parts of this tincture and a solution of the chloride of lime.

Alteratives. — These are medicines that are supposed to have a
slow yet beneficial effect in alteiing some diseased action of the
vessels of the skin or of the ortrans of circulation or dicrestion. To a
COW with yellows, or mange, or that cannot be made to acquire con-
dition, or where the milk is diminishing, small quantities of medicine
are often administered, under the tempting,^ but deceptive, term ot
alteratives. They had much better be let alone in the majority of
cases. If a cow be really ill, let her be treated accordingly ; let her
be bled or physicked, or both ; but let her not be nauseated, or her
constitution ruined, by continually dosing her with various drugs.
Ihe want of condition and thriving in cattle is far more connected
with a diseased state of their complicated stomachs, and particularly
with obstruction in the manyplus, than with any other cause ; the
alteratives, then, should be small quantities of purgatives, with aro-
matics, as Epsom salts, or sulphur with ginger ; or, what would be
still preferable, rock salt in the manger for them to lick, or common
salt mingled with their food. There can, however, be no doubt that
in many cutaneous affections, and especially where mange is sus-
pected, alterative medicines will be very beneficial. They should be
composed of ^thiop's mineral, nitre, and sulphur, in the proportions
of one, two, and four, and in daily doses of from half an ounce to an
ounce.

Alum. — This is a useful astringent in diarrhoea, and especially in
the purging of calves. It is best administered in the form of alum
whey, which is composed of two drachms of powdered alum, dis-
solved in a pint of hot milk ; a drachm of ginger may be added ;
and, if the purging be violent, a scruple of opium. Alum is rarely
used externally in the treatment of cattle, unless for canker in the

MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE. 449

mouth, and as a useful wash after the tongue has been lanced in
blain ; and unless in the form just mentioned, the less it is used inter-
nally the better.

Ammonia is not frequently used. In the form of hartshorn, it
enters into the composition of some stimulating liniments, as in cases
of palsy. The carbonate of ammonia has been extolled as a speci6c
for hoove. The author always doubted this ; he put it to the test,
and it failed. It was administered as a chemical principle, it being
supposed that the alkali would neutralize the acid gas that was extri-
cated from the fermenting food ; but it has been proved that this gas
consists chiefly either of carburetted or sulphuretted hydrogen ;
besides which there is another consideration, that, except adminis-
tered by means of Reed's pump, not one drop of the ammonia would
find its way into the paunch.

Anodynes. — The one commonly used in cattle-practice is opium.
The doses in which it may be employed have already been pointed
out when treating of the diseases in which it is indicated.

Antimony. — There are but three preparations of it can be useful
to the practitioner on cattle. The first is

Emetic Tartar, which, in doses from half a drachm to a drachm,
and combined with nitre and digitahs, has great efficacy in lower-
ing the circulation of the blood in inflammation of the lungs and
every catarrhal affection, and particularly in that species of pleurisy
to which cattle are so subject. Emetic tartar, rubbed down with
lard, constitutes a powerful and very useful stimulant when applied
to the skin.

Antimonial Powder — the powder of oxide of antimony with
phosphate of lime. It is frequently sold in the shops under the name
of James's Powder, and possesses all the properties of that more
expensive drug. It is a useful febrifuge, in cases where it may not be
advisable to nauseate the beast to too great a degree. _^

Chloride (Butyr) of Antimony. — Where it is wished that a caus-
tic shall act only superficially, this is the most useful one that can be
employed. It has a strong affinity for water, and therefore readily
combines with the fluids belonging to the part to which it is applied,
and so becomes diluted and comparatively powerless, and incapable
of producing any deep and corroding mischief. It has also the
advantage, that, by the change of color which it produces, it accu-
rately marks the extent of its action, and therefore forms an unerring
guide to the surgeon. For warts, foul in the foot, cankered foot, and
for some indolent and unhealthy wounds, it is a valuable caustic and
stimulant.

Antispasmodics. — Opium, for its general power, and particularly
for its efficacy in locked-jaw, stands unrivalled. The spirits of tur-
pentine and nitrous ether are useful in cases of colic.

Astringents. — These are lew in number, but they are powerful :

460 CATTLE

alum, catechu, opium (an astringent because it is an anodyne), and
blue vitiiol, comprise the list; the first used both externally and
internally ; the two next internally ; and the last internally, but
chiefly powerful as arresting nasal discharge.

Blisters. — The thickness of the skin of cattle renders it somewhat
difficult to produce any great degree of vesication. The part should
be previously fomented with hot water, then thoroughly dried, and
the blistering application well rubbed in. With these precautions, the
common blister ointment will act very fairly ; the turpentine tincture
of cantharides still better; while an ointment composed by triturating
one drachm of emetic tar with six of lard, will produce more powerful
and deeper irritation, but not so much actual blistering. Sometimes
boiling water, and in a few cases, and especially in bon}^ enlargements
about the legs attended by much lameness, the hot iron will be re-
sorted to.

Calamine. — See Zinc.

Colombo. — A very useful tonic, and especially in those cases of
debility whicli accompany or follow dysentery. It should be given
in doses of from one to three drachms, combined with ginger.

Calomel. — See Mercury.

Camphor. — Used externally alone in cattle-practice. It is a com-
ponent part in the liniments for palsy and garget.

Cantharides — the principal ingredient in all blistering ointments,
and to which they owe their power. Corrosive sublimate, sulphuric
acid, and euphorbium, may increase the torture of the animal, but
they will generally blemish, and often lay the foundation for deep
and corroding ulcers. The best blister ointment for cattle is com-
posed of one part of cantharides (Spanish flies) finely powdered,
three of lard, and one of yellow resin ; the lard and the resin should
be melted together, and the flies added when these ingredients begin
to cool.

Carraways. — The powder of these seeds may be used as an occa-
sional change for ginger ; yet it is not so stomachic as the ginger,
and is decidedly inferior to it, except in cases of flatulent colic. It
may be given in doses, from half an ounce to two ounces.

Castor Oil. — An effectual and safe purgative for cattle, in doses
from twelve ounces to a pint, and that will be properly employed
when Epsom salts or other aperient drugs have not produced their
desired eff"ect. It is usually made into a kind of emulsion with the
yolk of an egg. It is, however, to be doubted whether it is much
superior to a less expensive purgative, the linseed oil.

Caiechu is an extract from the wood of one of the acacia trees.
It is much less expensive than the Gum Kino, and it is, when unadul-
terated, more effectual than that gum in subduing the diarrhoea of
calves or adult cattle. The quantity, and the drugs with which it
should be combined, have beei stated in p. 338.

MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATME.^TT OF CATTLE. 451

Caustics. — In the treatment of foul in the foot, these are indispen-
sable, and the chloride (butyr) of antimony has no rival in the cer-
tainty with which it destroys the fungus or otherwise unhealthy
surface to which it is applied, and the equal certainty of its destruc-
tive power being confined to the surface. For warts, angle-berries,
&c., externally situated, the nitrate of silver in substance, or in the
form of a strong solution, will be most effectual ; for canker in the
mouth, barbs, and paps, a strong solution of alum will be as useful
as anything; and in order to stimulate indolent and unhealthy ulcers,
nothing can compare with the diluted nitric acid.

Chalk. — See Lime.

Chamomile. — If it were necessary to add another tonic to the
gentian and Colombo, it would be the chamomile, and on the principle
of not being so powerful as either of the others, and therefore used
in somewhat doubtful cases, when, if the state of fever has not quite
passed over, a stronger stimulant might have been prejudicial.

Charges. — These are thick adhesive plasters spread over parts
that have been strained or weakened, or that are affected with
rheumatism, and which, being applied warm, mingle so with the
hair, that they cannot be separated for a long time afterwards. They
give a permanent support to the part, and likewise exert a gentle
but constant stimulating power. Old cows, weakened and rendered
almost useless by a .rheumatic affection of the loins, which is de-
generating into palsy, often derive much benefit from the application
of a charge. It is also useful when the joints are the seat of rheuma-
tic lameness.

Clysters. — The lower or larger intestines of cattle, which, al-
though long, are not capacious, and whose surface is not irregular
and cellated, but perfectly smooth, so that a fluid will readily pass
along them and to their full extent, will show the propriety of hav-
ing fi-equent recourse to this mode of administering medicine. A
soothing and emollient injection may be brought into contact with
the inflamed and irritable surface of these intestines ; or, on the
other hand, that surface may be extensively and beneficially stimu-
lated by the direct application of purgative medicine. The former
is a most important consideration in diarrhoea and dysentery ; and
the latter is not of less moment when the comparative insensibility
of the three first stomachs of cattle is regarded. Much may be
done by means of the bladder and pipe, but the newly-invented
stomach and enema-pump of Read enables the practitioner to derive
from injections all the advantages that can be connected with their
administration.

Copper. — There are but two compounds of this metal that have
any value in cattle-practice, and they are the Blue Vitriol, or sul-
phate of copper, and Verdigris, or acetate of copper. The use of
the first is limited to the coryza, or inflammation of and defluxion

462 CATTLE.

from the nose in cattle, accompanied by little or no cough or fever,
and which is sometimes in a manner epidemic. The manner of ad-
ministering it is desciibed in p. 183. As a caustic, the blue vitriol is
altogether superseded by those mentioned under that head.

Vekdighis is employed externally onb^ in one of the varieties of
foul in the foot, in order to repress fungous growths. It is mixed
with an equal portion of the sugar of lead, reduced to a fine powder^
and sprinkled on the diseased suiface.

CoKDiAi.s. — These are destructively abused by many cow-leeches,
but, as has been again and again stated, there is that in the structure
and constitution of cattle, which will excuse their administration
much oftener than in the horse. Except in extreme cases, and when
their use is sanctioned by the decision of a competent veterinary
practitioner, they should not extend beyond good home-brewed ale,
and ginger and carraways.

CoRKOSivR Sublimate. — See Meticury.

Croton Seeds. — These can scarcely be admitted into practice on
ordinary occasions, or as a usual purgative ; but in cases of phrenitis,
tetanus, inflammatory fever, and in tliose strange constipations which
so often puzzle and annoy, the Croton seed, in doses of from ten to
sixteen grains, may be allowed. The bowels having been opened,
the practitioner will keep up the purgative action by means of a
milder and safer aperient. The seeds should be kept in a close
bottle, and when wanted, should be deprived of their shells, and
pounded for use. The farina soon loses its power, and the oil is
shamefully adulterated.

Diaphoretics. — The thick hide of the ox forbids us to expect
much advantage from those drugs which are supposed to have their
principal influence determined to the skin, and thus to increase the
sensible and insensible perspiration ; yet emetic tartar and sulphur
are, to a considerable extent, valuable in cases of fever — and the
latter most certainly in cutaneous eruption and mange, by opening
the pores of the skin, or exciting its vessels to healthy action. One,
however, of the best diaphoretics is that which has been compara-
tively lately introduced in the general management of cattle, viz.,
friction applied to the skin. It needs but the slightest observation
to be convinced that the health of the stall-fed beast, a\id his thriv-
ing and getting into condition, are materially promoted b) the liberal
use of the brush, and sometimes even of the curry-comb.

Digitalis (Foxglove.) — The leaves of this plant, gathered about
the flowering season, dried, kept in the dark, and powdered when
wanted, are most valuable in diminishing the frequency of the pulse,
and the general irritability of the system in cattle. A reference to
the treatment of almost every febrile disease will illustrate this. The
dose is from half a diachm to a drachm, with emetic tartar, nitre
and sulphur, and administered twice or thrice in the day, according

MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE. 453

to the urgency of the case. The practitioner must not be alarmed
at the intermittent pulse -which is produced. It is by means of cer-
tain pauses and intermissions in the action of the heart, that the
rapidity of the circulation is diminished when this drug is exhibited.
The intermittent pulse is that which the practitioner will be anxious
to obtain, and which he will generally regard as the harbinger of re-
turning health.

Diuretics. — They are allowable and beneficial in swelled legs,
foul in the foot, and all dropsical affections, while they advantageous-
ly alternate wiih other medicines in the treatment of mange, and all
cutaneous affections, and in cases of mild or chronic fever. Nitre
and liquid turpentine are the best diuretics ; and almost the only
ones on which dependence can be placed. The doses have been
already pointed out.

D KINKS. — It is needless again to explain the reason why all medi-
cines that cannot be concealed in the food must be administered to
cattle in the form of drinks. If they are exhibited in a solid form,
they will break through the floor of the oesophagean canal, and enter
the rumen. Farriers and cow-leeches, however, often give to their
drinks the force and momentum of a ball, by the large vessels from
which they are poured all at once down the throat. There are few
things of more consequence than attention to the manner in which a
drink is administered.

Elder. — The leaf of this tree is used boiled in lard. It forms one
of the most soothing and suppling ointments that can be applied.
The practitioner should make his own elder ointment, for he will
often receive from the druggist an irrit^!ting unguent formed of lard
colored with verdigris, instead of the emollient one furnished by the
elder.

Epsom Salts. — See Magnesia.

Fomentations. — If, owing to the greater thickness of the skin,
these are not quite so effectual in cattle as in the horse, yet, as open-
ing the pores of the skin and promoting per>piration in the part, and
thus abating local swellings, and relieving pain, and lessening inflam-
mation, they are often exceedingly serviceable. The practitioner may
use the decoction of what herbs he pleases, but the chief virtue of
the fomentation depends on the warmth of the water.

Gentian. — An excellent stomachic and tonic, whether at the close
of illness, or as a remedy for chronic debility. Its dose varies from
one to four drachms, and should be almost invariably combined with
ginger.

Ginger. — The very best aromatic in the list of cordials for cattle,
and, with the exception of carraways, superseding all the rest. The
dose will vary from half a drachm to four drachms.

Goulard's Extract. — See Lead.

Hellebore, Black. — The root of it forms an excellent seton when

454 :;attle.

passed through the dew-lap ; it produces plenty of swelling and dis-
charge, and rarely or never runs on to gangrene.

Injections. — See Clvsteks.

Iodine. — The use of this mineral is limited to a few cases, but
there its effect is truly admirable. It will scarcely ever fail of dis-
persing enlargements of the glands, or hardened tumors, whether
under or at the side of the jaw, or round the joints. One part of
hydriodate of potash must be triturated with seven parts of lard,
and the ointment daily and well rubbed on and round the part. In-
durations of the udder seldom resist its power, unless the ulcerative
process has already commenced.

There is a still more important use to which this drug may be ap-
plied. It possesses some power to arrest the growth of tubercles in
the lungs, and even to disperse them when recently formed. It is
only since the former part of this work was written that the attention
of the author has been so strongly directed to this property of iodine,
and that he has had such extensive opportunities of putting it to the
test. He will not say that he has discovered a specific for phthisis
or consumption in cattle, but he has saved some tliat would other-
wise have perished, and, for a while, prolonged the existence and
somewhat restored the condition of more. He would urge the pro-
prietor of cattle, and more especially his fellow-practitioners, to study
closely the symptoms of phthisis, as detailed in pages 272, 273 ; to
make themselves masters of the inward, feeble, painful, hoarse, gurg-
lino- cough of consumption ; and as soon as they are assured that
this termination or consequence of catarrh, or pneumonia, or pleurisy,
begins to have existence — that tubercles have been formed, and, per-
haps, have begun to suppurate, let them have recourse to the iodine,
in the form of the hydriodate of potash, given in a small mash in
doses of three grains morning and evening at the commencement of
the treatment, and gradually increased to six or eight grains. To
this should be added proper attention to comfort ; yet not too much
nursing ; and free access to succulent, but not stimulating, food ;
and the medicine should be continued not only until the general con-
dition of the beast begins to improve, but until the character of the
cough has been essentially changed.

Ipecacuanha. — This drug is used in the composition of the Do-
ver's, or compound ipecacuanha powder, which has been recom-
mended by some practitioners in the treatment of dysentery. It is
thus made : — " Take ipecacuanha root powdered, and opium also in
powder, of each a drachm, and sulphate of potash an ounce. Rub
them together to a fine powder." The dose is from two to four
drachms. This, however, is not an efficient medicine for such a
disease.

Lard. — This is the principal basis of all ointments.
Laudakum. — See Opium.

MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE, 468

Lead, Sugar of — (Superacetate of Lead.) — This, mixed with
the suhacetate of copper (verdigris, which see,) forms a useful oaustic
for the destruction of fungous growths.

Goulard's Extract. — (Liquor Plumbi Superacetatis.) — When
the skin is unbroken, this preparation of lead is completely thrown
away, whether used either as a lotion to subdue inflammation, or to
disperse tumors or effusions. It is principally serviceable, applied
in a very dilute form, to abate inflammation of the eye.

White Lead (Subcarboxas Plumbi) is the basis of a cooling,
drying ointment, used chiefly for excoriations, or superficial wounds.

Lime. Carbonate of Lime, Chalk, — This is a useful ingredient
in all the drinks given in diarrhoea or dysentery. In every stage of
these diseases there is a tendency in the fourth stomach, and perhaps
in the intestines, to generate a considerable quantity of acid, than
which a greater source of irritation can scarcely be imagined. The
chalk, or the alkali of the chalk, will unite with this acid, and neu-
tralize it, and render it harmless. In the diarrhoea of the calf it is
absolutely indispensable, for there the acid principle is frequently
developed to a great degree. The dose will vary from a drachm to
an ounce.

Chloride of Lime. — The list of medicines for cattle does not con-
tain anything more valuable than this. As a disinfectant — if the
walls, the floor, and the furniture of the cow-house or stable, are
twice or thrice well washed with it, the sound cattle may return to
the building with perfect safety, however contagious may have been
the disease of those that had previously perished there. Applied to
the pudenda of the cow that has aborted, it destroys that peculiar
smell which causes abortion in others, more readily than any prepara-
tion of the most powerful or nauseous ingredient. In blain, garget,
foul in the foot, and sloughing ulcers of every description, it removes
the fetor ; and, if the process of decomposition has not proceeded
too far, gives a healthy surface to the ulcers which nothing else
could bring about — and, administered internally in blain, in the ma-
lignant epidemic, and in diarrhoea and dysentery, it is of essential
service. In the last disease it is particularly beneficial in changing
the nature of the intestinal discharge, and depriving it of its putridity
vmd infection, and disposing 'he surface of the intestine to take on a
more healthy character. Half an ounce of the powder, dissolved in
a gallon of water, will give a solution of sufficient strength, both as
a disinfectant applied to the cow-house, and for external and internal
use as it regaids the animal.

Linseed. — Nothing can compare with the linseed meal as an
emollient poultice — if the ulcer is foul, a little of the chloride of
hme should be mixed with it. If the object of the poultice is to
bring an ulcer into a proper state of suppuration, a little common
turpentine may be added ; but the cruelly -torturing caustics of the

456 CATTLE.

cow-leech and the farrier should never disgrace the regular practi-
tioner.

An excellent mash in cases of catarrh or sore-throat, and as an
emollient in any intestinal affection, is made by adding bran to an
infusion of linseed.

Linseed Oil. — This is little inferior to castor oil as a purgative ;
it is much cheaper, and it is equally safe. Where the case seems to
indicate an oily purgative, and the first dose of castor oil fails, it may
be followed up by smaller doses of linseed oil, until the desired effect
is produced.

Magnesia, Sulphate of. Epsom Salts. — This may be regarded
as the staple purgative of cattle. It is as safe as Glauber's salts ; it
is more certain, and it will dissolve in one-third of the quantity of
water. The first dose of physic should always consist of the Epsom
salts, quickened in its action, in extreme cases, by the farina of the
Croton-nut ; the purgative effect may be kept up by means of sul-
phur or Epsom salts, in doses of six ounces of the former, or eight
of the latter, as the state of the animal may appear to require. The
medium dose is about a pound, with a quarter of an ounce of ginger,
but a pound and a half may be given to a large beast without the
slio^htest dangler.

Mashes are very useful in cattle-practice, not so much to prepare for
physic, or to get into condition, as to form a soothing and cooling
substitute, when the case requires a temporary abstinence from dry
and stimulating food. They ma}' be composed, like those of the
horse, of bran only, with hot or cold water ; or of bran with a decoc-
tion of linseed. In cases of debility, steeped or ground oats may be
mixed with the bran, or malt may be used as a substitute for the
bran and oats.

Mercury. Mercurial Ointment. — The practitioner should be
very cautious in his use of this on cattle. Indeed, it is scarcely
allowable except in a very diluted state, and with the common sul-
phur ointment, in bad cases of mange ; or a small quantity of it may
be mixed with lard for the destruction of vermin.

Sulphate of Mercury, ^thiop's Mineral. — A very useful altera-
tive combined with sulphur and nitre, where there is any cutaneous
affection. The circumstances under which it may be administered,
and the doses, will be found in various parts of this work.

Proto-chloride of Mercury. Calomel. — This should rarely be
given to cattle, and never as a purgative. In chronic inflammation
of the liver, it often has a decidedly injurious effect : in jaundice,
caused by a gall-stone obstructing the biliary ducts, or in that of a
more chronic nature accompanied by debility and decUning condition,
the experience of the writer will not warrant him in recommending
the administration of calomel : he would, on the contrary, be disposed
to confine its use to dysentery, in which, combined with and guarded

MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE. 457

by opium, irritation is allayed, while the natural action of the bowels
is promoted.

Bichloride or Mercury. Corrosive Sublimate. — This drug
may almost be dispensed with by the practitioner on cattle. It can
never be administered internally ; it is highly dangerous used exter-
nally in considerable or efficient quantity for the cure of mange or any
cutaneous eruption ; and as a caustic there are many as good.

Mint. — An infusion or decoction of this plant will be a useful vehi-
cle in which other medicines may be administered for the cure of
diarrhcea or colic.

Myrrh. — The tincture of myrrh is a useful application to wounds,
and is also applied to the cankered mouth ; but it contains nothing to
render it preferable to the tincture of aloes in the former case, or a
solution of alum in the latter.

Nitre — See Potash.

Nitrous Ether, Spirit of. — A favorite medicine with many prac-
titioners in the advanced stages of fever. It is said to rouse, to a
certain degree, the exhausted powers of the animal, while it rarely
brino-s back the dangerous febrile action that was subsiding, ^t is
not, however, a stimulant to which the author has often dared to
have recourse, except in the advanced stages of epidemic catarrh, or
the malignant epidemic. The dose should not exceed half an ounce.

Nux Vomica. — This is not introduced from any experience which
the author has had of its efficacy, but from the favorable opinion
which some continental veterinarians have expressed of it in the cure
of palsy. The doses which they gave consisted of more than an
ounce. The author has tried the nux vomica, and its essential prin-
ciple, the strj'chnine, as a cure for palsy in the dog, but never with
success.

Opilm. — As an anti-spasmodic, an allayer of irritation, and an
astringent because it does allay irritation, opium stands unrivalled.
It is that on which the chief, or almost the only dependence is placed
in locked-jaw. A colic drink would lose the greater part of its effi-
cacy without it ; and if it were left out of the medicines for diarrhoea
and dysentery, almost every other drug would be administered in
vain. It is most conveniently given in the form of powder, and held
in suspension with other medicines in thick gruel.

The tincture of opium (laudanum) is useful in inflammation of the
eyes ; and a poultice of linseed meal made with a decoction of poppy-
heads, often has an admirable eflfect when applied to irritable ulcers,
or to parts laboring under much inflammation.

Pitch. — This is only useful as the principal ingredient in charges,
so useful in cases of palsy, or sprain, or chronic local debility.

Plasters. — See Charges.

Potash. Nitrate of Nitre. — As useful to cattle as to the horse.
It has an immediate effect in abating inflammation, and it is a mild
20

458 CATTLE.

diuretic. The dose would vary from two to four drachms. When
dissolved in water, it much lowers the temperature of that fluid, and
therefore the solution, applied immediately after it is made, forms an
excellent application in cases of sprains, or where there is much
superficial inflammation without any lesion of the skin. Combined
with antimonial powder, or emetic tartar and digitalis, it forms an
almost indispensable ingredient in every fever drink.

Sulphur of Potash. — An ingredient in the Dover's powder.

Poultices. — These are justly valued for abating inflammation,
cleansing wounds, and disposing them to heal. In some cases of foul
in the foot, and especially in that most painful and occasionally fatal
variety whose immediate seat is at the division of the pasterns, also
in ulcers about the throat or joints, and in garget, poultices can
scarcely be dispensed with. The basis will generally be linseed meal,
rendered even more soothing by opium ; or to which activity may be
given by the addition of common turpentine or chloride of lime.

Rye, Ergot of. — The spuned rye has lately, and with considera-
ble advantage, been introduced into veterinary practice in protracted
or i^flicult parturition, in order to stimulate the uterus to renewed
and increased action, when the labor pains appeared to be subsiding.

Setons. — The use of setons in practice on the diseases of cattle is
in a manner limited to the passing of a piece of hair, rope, or of black
hellebore root through the dev/lap ; and, as exciting inflammation in
the neighborhood of the diseased part, and thus lessening the original
one, and causing a determination -of blood to a greater or less extent
to this new seat of irritation, tiiey are useful both in acute and chronic
inflammation of tlie respiratory organs. In young cattle rapidly
thrivii.g, and placed in pasture perhaps a little too luxuriant, perma-
nent setons are higlily beneficial. They act as a salutary drain, and
prevent that accumulation of tiie circulating fluid, which is the usual
cause of inflammatory fever and other fatal complaints.

Sulphate of Soda. Glauber's Salts. — A very common purgative
for cattle ; and a very good one, but inconvenient on account of its
requiring three times its weight of water in order to dissolve it, and
also on account of its so readily efflorescing when it is exposed to
the atmosphere, and in this state of efllorescence or powder, becoming
more purgative than when in its crystalline form. The practitioner
sometimes finds it a little difificult to calculate the amount of the dose
which he should give, on account of this variation in form and effect ;
and this may explain the occasional uncertainty of the Glauber's salts.
The Epsom salts, a veiy little dearer, dissolving in its own weight of
water, and retaining the same form and the same purgative power
under every state of the atmosphere or of exposure to it, is now
rapidly superseding the Glauber's.

Chloride of Sodium. Common Salt. — The experience of almost
every farmer will now confirm the benefit derived from the mixturtf

MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE. 459

of salt with the food of cattle. It appears to be the natural and
universal stimulus to the digestive organs of animated beings, in
this place, however, its medicinal power alone is the subject of con-
sideration. It is a purgative, second to the Epsom salts in the first
instance ; and, whether from the effect of the change of medicine, or
of some chemical composition or decomposition which takes place, it
is the surest aperient that can be given when the Epsom salts has
failed ; but the writer does once more indignantly protest against the
disgraceful, beastly menstruum in which it is frequently administered.
It is a tonic as well as a purgative, and therefore perhaps somewhat
objectionable in the early stage of fever. It frequently recalls the
appetite more speedily than any stomachic. When a dose of it is
given to the animal recovering from acute disease, debilitated, listless,
careless about or refusing its food, it sometimes has an almost magi-
cal effect in creating a disposition to feed. It is a vermifuge which,
in cattle, seldom fails.

Silver, Nitrate of. Lunar Caustic. — Used for the destruction
of warts, either in its solid state, or that of a strong solution ;
and, from the full command which the operator has over it, and the
firm eschar which it forms, is the very best caustic that can be applied
to a wound inflicted by the bite of a rabid dog.

Sulphur. — A very good aperient when the object is merely to
evacuate the bowels, or when there is any cutaneous affection ; but
not sufficiently powerful in cases of fever : yet even there purgation,
once established, may be kept up by means of it. The dose varies
from eight to tw^elve ounces. As an alterative for hide-bound, mange,
or generally unthrifty appearance, it is excellent combined with
^thiop's mineral and nitre ; and it constitutes the basis of every
ointment for the cure of mange.

Tonics. — These are indicated in cases of great, and especially of
chronic debility, but, administered injudiously, they have destroyed
thousands of beasts. They have done so when they have been poured
in while the fever continued, or too soon after the subsidence of the
fever, and when too great a disposition to its reappearance prevailed.
When disease has been once removed, the powers of nature are
usually sufficient to re-establish health. Gentian, Colombo, and cas-
carilla, are the best, and almost the only safe tonics for cattle.

TumiERic, or colored pea-flour, for it is seldom anything more, is
fit only to give that yellow color to cattle-medicines, which long usage
has accustomed the cow-herd and the cow-leech to consider as indis-
pensable.

Turpentine. — Several of the products of the fir tree are more or
less useful in the medical treatment of cattle.

Tar, spread upon coarse cloth, is the best covering for broken
horns, and excludes both the fly and the atmospheric air. It is use-
ful for the ^ame purpose in cases of wounds puncturing the belly or

460 CATTLE.

chest. Alone, or in combination with some greasy matter, it is used
to defend sore diseased feet from becomincr wet or bruised.

Pitch is the principal ingredient in plasters.

Common Liquid Turpentine is useful as a digestive, or to produce
a healthy appearance or action in wounds, and dispose them to heal.
For this purpose it is added to the linseed poultice or to the simple
ointment. Some practitioners administer it as a diuretic, and with
good effect.

Oil, or Spirit of turpentine, is applied as an external irritant,
either alone, or in the form of a tincture of cantharides. It is admin-
istered internally in colic ; and some give it in red-water with a view
to cause the debilitated blood-vessels to contract, and thus arrest the
passive haemorrhage which they imagine is then taking place. From
the rapidity and great extent Avith which it is taken up by the absorb-
ents, and carried into the circulaiion, and the destructive effect
which it is known to have on intestinal worms when otherwise
brought into contact with them, the trial of its power would be justi-
fied in bronchitis, the too frequent and fatal concomitant of which is
the presence of thousands of worms in the air- passages.

Resin is often used to give consistence to plasters, where the
degree of irration which it might produce is not regarded, or would
be beneficial.

Vinegar. — This used to be considered almost a specific in disten-
sion of the rumen with gas, but on what principle it would be difficult
to explain. It has also been given with manifest impropriety in cases
of fever. On the thick skin of the ox it can have little preference to
hot water as a fomentation, and may with no great loss be erased
from the list of medicines.

Wax. — Its only use is to give consistence to ointments and plasters.

Zinc. Native Carbonate of Calamine. — This is the basis of an
ointment which, from its soothing, and, at the same time, drying
qualities, is termed, in various parts of this work, " the healing oint-
ment." It is useful in superficial wounds, and in deeper ones when
they have been brought to a healthy character.

White Vitriol. — This is a useful tonic application to the eyes,
when the inflammation has been subdued, and debility of the vessels
alone remains. It is particularly useful after inflammation of the haw
of the eye. Some administer it in red-water, and others in dysentery
Tery improperly. As a general caustic ii is superseded by many
others.

INDEX.

A.BER 5EENSHIRE cattlo, description of the,

52, 53, 54.
Aberdeenshire cattle, origin of the present

breed of, 53.
Abomasura, the internal structure of, 286,

2^, 290, 293.
Abomasum, diseases of the, 317.
Abortion, the symptoms of. 382
Abor ion, the usual causes of, 383.
Abortion, precautions to prevent the re-
currence of, 386.
Age, the natural, of cittle, 194.
Age, as indicated by the horns, 150.
Age, as indicated by the teeth, 188.
Aislaby family of Durham and Studley,

112.
Alderney cattle, account of them, 138.
Althorp, Lord, cut of his bull, 109.
Althorp, Lord, cuts of his cow and heifer,

106, 1U7.
Aloes, noi a good purgative for cattle,

447.
Alteratives, their nature, and the best

composition of them, 448.
Alum, the medicinal properties of, 448.
Ammonia, the medicinal properties of,

449.
Anglesey eattle, description of, 39.
Angus polled cattle, 71.
Angus polled cattle, difference between

them and the Galloways, 72
AntiTnony, the medicinal properties of.

449.
Apoplexy, symptoms and treatment of,

164.
Argyleshire, description of the cattle, and

their management, 47.
Arteries, their structure and functions,

222.
Arteries, the smallness of, in the ox, com-
pared with the veins, 217.
Astringents, the best for cattle, 449.
Ayrshire cow, Mr. Alton's description of

her, 55.
Ayrshire cow, origin of, 56, 57.
Ayrshire cow, the present, 59.

Ayrshire cow, compared with the Alder-
ney, Holderness, and Devon, 60.

Ayrshire cow, the quantity of her milk,
and the quantity of butter, 59, 60.

Badsvvorth, Mr. Mitton's old bull, de-
scription of, 126.

Bakewell, Mr , the great improver of the
long horns, 83.

Bakewell, Mr., his supposed principles, as
stated by Mr. Marshall, 84.

Bakewell, Mr., description of his cattle,
85.

Bakewell, Mr., his benevolent character,
85.

Barbs in the mouth, treatment of, 206.

Bars of the mouth, description of, 186.

Berry, the Hev. H., his account of the
short horns, 95

Bile, the composition and uses of, 320, 331,

Black water, the nature and treatment of,
373.

Bladder, inversion of the, 331

Bladder, protrusion of, treatment of, S98.

Bladder, on rupture of the, 380.

Bladder, stone in the, symptoms and treat-
ment of, 378.

Blain, the symptoms and treatment of,l96.

Blain, contagious, 197.

Blain, sometimes epidemic, 197.

Bleeding, the rule by which it should be
guided, 218.

Bleeding, places, the preferable, 218

Blisters, the difficulty of raising them in
cattle, 266.

Blood, ietermination of to the brain, 163.

Blown— See " Hoove."

Bloxedge, the sire of the long-homs, an
account of him, 83.

Bolinbroke, an early short-horn bull, an
account of him, 99.

Bone of the heart, description of the, 222.

Brain, description of the, 153.

Brain, inflammation of the, 164.

Brain, hydatids in the, 162.

Breast bone, description of the, 238.

INDEX.

Breast, the projecting and wide, advan-
tage of, 237, 238.

Brisket, description of the, 239.

Brisliet, remarkable deepness of, in some
cattle, 240.

British cattle, early history of, 11.

British cattle, the original were probabh
middle-horned, 13.

Bronchitis, nature and treatment of, 262.

Bronchitis, the air-passages filled with
worms in, 263.

Butter, experiments to ascertain the vari-
ous quantities of, from different breeds,
133.

C^cum, description of the, 330, 332.

Casarian operation, description of, and

when justifiable, 393.
Calamine, the basis of the best healing
ointment for, 450.

Calculi in the rumen of cattle, 299, 360,

Calculi in the kidney, composition, symp-
toms, and treatment of, 377.

Calculi, urnary, ditto, 378.

Colombo, a useful tonic, 450.

Calomel, the cases in which it should be
used, 450.

Calves, diseases and management of, 421.

Calving, the treatment of the cow before
it, 387.

Calving, natural, the treatment of, 388.

Calving, the power of ergot of rye in ex-
citing the labor pains, 389.

Calving, the management of unnatural
presentations, 391.

Calvin?, when the calf should be cut away,
and description of the operation, 395.

Calving, on retention of the foetus, 393.

Calving, attention to the cow after it. 399.

Camphor, its medicinal properties, 450

Cancer of the eye, treatment of, 162.

Cantharides, the basis of the best blister
application, 450.

Capillary vessels, description of them, 223.

Carotid artery, description of the, 205,
206.

Carraway, a useful aromatic, 450.

Castor oil, the use of it as a medicine, 450.

Castration of calves, the various methods
_ of, 426.

Castration will often remove rupture in
the calf, 364.

Cataract, treatment of, 162.

Catarrh, nature and treatment of, 246.

Catarrh, the necessity of attention to it
on its first appearance, 247.

Catarrh , epidemic, symptoms of, 247.

Catechu, its useful astringent properties,
450.

Cattle, the proper points of. generally, 16,

Cattle, wild, account of, 11, 12.

Caustics, those used in cattle practice,
4.50.

Chalk, its utility in the treatment of dy-
sentery and diarrhoea, 346, 451.

Chamomile, its tonic properties, 451

Charge, Mr., an account of his fat seven*

year-old ox, 104.
Charges, the use of, and the method of

applying, 451.
Chest, the advantage of a capacious one

in cattle, 16.
Chest, the proper form of, 236.
Chloride of lime, the value of, .308. 455.
Choking in cattle, treatment of, 279, 281.
Chyle, its nature and formation, 331.
Cleansing. — See Placenta.
Cleansing drink, the best, 400.
Clue-bound, treatment of, 313, 314
Clysters, the benefit of, 451.
Coate.s, iSIr. G., the author of the " Short-
Horned Herd Book," 102
Colic, flatulent, its symptoms, nature, and

treatment, 348.
Colic, spasmodic, its symptoms, nature.

and treatment, 350.
Colic, spasmodic, too ©ften leads on to

strangulation of the intestines, 350.'
Colling, Mr. Charles, 97.
Colling, Mr. Charles, an account of the

cross of his cattle with the Galloway,

Colling, Mr. Charles, a detailed account
of his sale of the improved short-homa,
100.

Colling, Robert, a successful improver of
the short-horns, 110.

Colling, Robert, the sale of his stock, 109.

Colon, description of the, 330, 332.

Colors, the prevailing ones of short-homs.
109.

Constipation, the treatment of, 355, 423.

Consumption, nature and treatment, 272.

Consumption, the peculiar cough of, 274.

Consumption, delusive character and pro-
gress of, 274.

Copper, the compounds of, used in cattle
practice, 451.

Cordials, the use and abuse of, 452.

Cords, the nature and treatment of, 351.

Cork-screw probang, description of the,
282. _

Corrosive sublimate, its use in cattle prac-
tice, 4-52.

Corrosive sublimate, the treatment of poi-
soning by, 311.

Coryza, the nature and treatment of, 182.

Cow-pox, distinction between the true and

^ the false, 420.

Cow-pox, history of its establishment as
a preventive against small-pox, 420.

Craven, the native country of the long-
horns, 81.

Cravens, two distinct breeds of, the small-
er and larger, 81.

Croton, a powerful purgative, 4.52.

Cud, loss of the, treatment of, 309.

D. Mr. B.\kewell's bull, account of, 86
Derbyshire cattle, account of, 93.
Devon cattle, 15.
Devon cattle, for the dairy. 23.

INDEX.

Devon ox, his activity his most valuable
quality, 22.

Devon OS, his qualities for grazing, 23.

Devon ox. trial of his fattening properties
•with different breeds, 69, 70.

Devon, South, the cattle of, 24, 25.

Devon, South, comparison between them
and the Uevons, 25.

Diaphragm, rupture of the, 365.

Diarrhoea, acute, the nature and treat-
ment of, 338.

Diarrhoea, distinction between it and dy-
sentery, 338.

Diarrhoea, chronic, the nature and treat-
ment of, 3:59.

Diarrhoea in calves, nature and treatment
of, 424.

Digitalis, its medicinal properties, 452.

Distension of the rumen by food, nature
and treatment of, 301.

Distension of the rumen by gas, nature
and treatment of, 303.

Dropsy, general rernaiks on the causes and
treatment of, 358.

Drying a cow, the proper period for, 388.

Duodenum, description of the, 330.

Durham ox, an account of the, 98.

Dysentery, causes and symptoms of, 3-ro.

Dysentery, appearances of, after death,
342

Dysentery is inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the large intestines, 343.

Dysentery, treatment of it, 342

Dysentery, the value of the chloride of
lime in the treatment of it, 345.

Ear, description of the, 154.

Ear, the form and shape of, connected
with the beauty of the animal, 154.

Ear, the diseases of the, 154.

Earth, the eating of it, prevents the fer-
mentation of the food, 187.

East Indian «attle, an account of the, 149.

Elder, the leaves of, make a good soothing
ointment, 453.

Embryotomy, when justifiable, and a de-
scription of the operation, 395.

Emetic, tartar, the use of, 449.

Enteritis, symptoms of, 'SUA.

Enteritis, appearances after death, 335.

Enteritis, causes and treatment of, 336.

Epidemic catarrh. — See Catarrh.

Epidemics — See Murrain.

Epidemic sore feet and mouth of 1840 and
1841, 2.56.

Epilepsy, the treatment of, 171.

Epsom salt, the best purgative, 453.

Ergot of rye, its power in stimulating the
womb to action, 3S9.

Exeter, description of the vale of, 25.

Eye, general description of the, 156.

Eye, inflammation of the, the nature and
treatment of, 159.

Eye, worm in the, treatment of, 162.

Eye, wound? of the, managemecv of, 156

Eyelids, description of the, 1^

Eyelids, diseases of the, 157.

Farcy in cattle, 183.

Fardel-bouud, description of it, 313.

Feet, the, description of, 143.

Feet, diseases of the, 4S2, 433.

Feet, epidemic sore, of l&4i), and '41, 256.

Fever, intermittent, its symptoms and
treatment, 225.

Fever, pure or idiopathic, often exist does
in cattle, 224.

Fever, pure or idiopathic, its symptoms
and treatment, 224.

Fever, symptomatic, frequent and danger-
ous, 225.

Fever, inflammatory, its nature and treat-
ment, 225.

Fever, typhus, its nature and treatment,
233.

Firing, an advantageous mode of, for some
bony tumors, 15d'.

Fits, the treatment of, 171.

Flooding after calving, treatment of, 401.

Fluke-worm, the, a cause of jaundice, 326.

Foetus, retention of it for a long time
without injury, 398.

Food, its changes in the stomachs, 294.

Food, how conveyed into the reticulum,
295.

Forehead of a bull, the, should be short
and broad, 145.

Forehead of the Devon, description of, 18.

Foul in the foot, description of, 433.

Foul in the foot, most prevalent in low,
marshy countrie-, 434.

Foul in the foot,*mode of treatment of, 434.

Foul in the foot, probable advantages of
neurotomy in, 437,

Fowler, Mr., an improver of the long-
horns, 86.

Fowler, Mr., account of the sale of bia
stock, 87.

Free-martins, usually barren, 392.

Free-martins, dis.section of three, 393.

Free-martins, a few cases in which they
have bred, 393

Frontal sinuses, description of, 143, 144.

Frontal sinuse-, use of the, 145, 146.

Frontal sinuses, inflammation of the, na-
ture and treatment of, 146.

Frontal sinuses, worms in the, 147.

Gat.l-bladder, the struciure and use of,

320.
Gall-stones, their composition, 324.
Gall-stones, frequent cause of jaundice,

325.
Galloway, the greater part of the cattle

were horned at the middle of the last

century, 63.
Galloway, the present breed of, 63, 64.
Galloways, Mr. Culley's description of,

6G.
Galloway cows not good milkers, 67.
Galloway bull, a perfect one seldom found.

404

INDEX.

Galloways cows occasionally have horns, ,

151.
Gangrenous inflammation of the lungs,

symptoms and treatment of, 268.
Garget, the cause of, 408, 409, 410.
Garget, the eflScacy of iodine in, 409, 410.
Garget, the state of the veins of the udder

in, 236.
Gas, the kind of, extricated in hoove,

307.
Gentian, the hest tonic, 4o3.
Ginger, the best aromatic. 453.
Girth, the, of cattle, should be both deep

and wide, 16.
Glamorganshire cattle, early history of,

37.
Glamorganshire cattle, deteriorated when

they were neglected for the growth of

corn, 38.
Glanders in cattle, on, 183.
Glauber's salt, inferior to the Epsom, 453.
Gloss-anthrax, the symptoms and treat-
ment of, 196.
Gutta serena, cause and treatment of, 162.
(jrut-tie, the nature and treatment of, 351.

Hair, cattle should be covered with a

thick pile of, 17.
Haunch, desr;ription of the. 143.
Haw, description of the, 158.
Haw, inflammation of the, 1-38
Haw, method of extirpating the, 151.
Head, section of the, 144.
Heart, description of the, 220. 221.
Heart, theory of its action, 221.
Heart, the muscular columns and tendi-
nous coeds of it stronger in the ox than

the horse, 221.
Heart, a muscle running across the right

ventricle, peculiar to the ox, 222.
Heart, description of the bone of it, 222.
Hebrides, history and description of the,

41.
Hebrides history, disgraceful management

of cattle formerly, 43.
Hebrides, accounts of the misery of the

cattle in the winter, 43.
Hebrides, present management, 44.
Hebrides, no crosses with any other breed

have succeeded in these islands, 45.
Hebrides, 20,000 cattle annually exported

from them, 46.
Hebrides, the outer, description of the

cattle of, 46.
Hellebore, black, makes the best seton,

453.
Hemlock, the treatment of poisoning by,

110.
Hemorrhage from the nose, on, 181.
Hemorrhage after parturition, the treat-
ment of. 401.
Herd-book, the short-horned, compiled by

Mr. G. Coates. 102.
Hereford cattle, description of the, 29.
Hereford cattle, comparison between

them and the Devons, 29.

Hereford cattle, their propensity to fatten,
29.

Hereford cattle, comparison between the
old and new breeds, 29.

Hereford cattle, have been crossed with
advantage by the Devons, 30.

Hereford cow, inferior in shape to the ox,
31.

Hereford cow, not good for dairy, 30, 32

Hernia, the nature and treatment of,
361.

Hernia in calves, management of, 363.

Hide of cattle, should be thin, mellow,
and not too loose, 17.

Hide-bound, the treatment of, 4.38.

Hips, the, of cattle should be large and
round, 17.

Hock, description of the, 143.

Holderness cattle, the old, 135.

Holderness cattle, their improvement, 136.

Honeycomb — See Reticulum.

Hooped form of the barrel, in cattle, im-
portance of, 16.

Horns, description of the. l43.

Horns are elongafions if. and hollowed
like, the frontal bones, 148.

Horns, the different breeds of cattle dis-
tinguished by, 13, 151.

Horns, the influence of sex on the, 151.

Horns, as eonnected with the age of th«
beast, 150.

Horns, the danger of cutting them, 147.

Horns, fracture of them, how treated, 149.

Horns, the degree of fever, how estimated
by means of them, 1-50.

Horns, tenderness of the roots accounted
for, 151.

Horned and hornless breed.=, comparison
between them, 152.

Flornv covering, composition and growth
of the, 150.

Hoose. — See Tatarrh.

Hoose, in calves, the treatment of, 425.

Hoove, the cause of, 303.

Hoove, symptoms and treatment of. 303.

Hoove, medicines administered in, do not
enter the stomach, 304.

Hoove, objections to puncturing the ra-
men in, 305.

Hoove, danger of a large incision, 306.

Hoove, when the rumen is punctured, it
should be with a trocar and canula, 306.

Hoove, the use of the probang, or stomach-
pump, recommended, .306.

Hoove, the nature of the gas which is ex-
tricated in, 307.

Hoove, the treatment of, when the gas
has escaped, 303.

T'owick red ox, an account of, 104.

tlubbac'f, the father of the improved
short-horns, account of him, 97.

Hydatids in the brain, symptoms and
treatment of, 162.

Hydatids, numerous, found in the liver of
a cow, 322.

Hydrocephalus, treatment of, 16S

NDEX

465

Ileum, description of the, 330, 331.

In-and-in, the prineifjle of breeding
adopted by Bakewell, ^5.

Inflammation, tbe nature and general
treatment of, 223.

Inflammatory fever, causes, symptoms,
and prevention of, 22-5.

Inflammatory fever, treatment of, 229.

Intestines, description of the, 329.

Intestines, the diseases of the, 333.

Intestines, inflammation of 'the external
coat of the. — See Enteritis.

Intestines, inflammation of the mucous
coat of. — See Diarrhoea and Dysentery.

Inversion of the rectum, 3-34.

Inversion of the womb, 395.

Iodine, the admirable use of, 454.

Ireland, the establishment of the short-
horns in, 80.

Irish cattle, the middle-horns an aborigi-
nal breed, 77

Irish cattle, long-horns, probably derived
from Lancashire, 78.

Irish cattle, long-horns, two diflFerent
kinds of, 80.

Jaundice, causes of, symptoms and treat-
ment, 323.

Jejunum, description of the, 330, 331.

Jenner, Dr., his discovery of the pre-
ventive power of the cow-pox, 420.

Joint murrian, its treatment, 226.

Joints opened, the treatment of, 431.

Joints, swellings of them, the causes and
treatment of, 429.

Jugular vein, description of the, 204.

Kerry, the cow of, description of, 78.

Kidneys, anatomical structure of the, 366.

Kidneys, inflammation of the, causes,
symptoms, and treatment of, 374.

Kidneys, calculi in, symptoms and treat-
ment of, 377.

Kintore ox, 53.

Knee, description of the, 143.

Kyloe, origin of the term, 42.

Laryxgite.s, the treatment of, 259.

Lead, the usual preparations of, 455

Legs, the, of cattle should be short, 17.

Leicester new breed, inquiry into the
value of, 88.

Leicester new breed, improved the whole
breed of long-horns, 89

Leicester new breed, superseded by the
short-horns, 92.

Lice, how produced, and the method of
destroying them, 442.

Lime, the chloride of, an excellent disin-
fectant, 231.

Lincolnshire cattle, description of, 136.

Linseed, experiments on its fattening pro-
perties, 71.

Linseed meal, excellent for poultices, 455.

Linseed oil, a good purgative, 456.

Lips, description and use (^ 185.
20*

Lip, upper, the use of the numerous glands
in, 186.

Liquids, the circumstances under which
they ei ter the rumen. 297

Liver, the structure and functions of, 320.

Liver, on inflammation of the, 321.

Liver, the difficulty of detecting chronic
inflammation of, 322.

Liver, on hemorrhage from it, 322.

Loiig-horns. the. appear to have origi-
nated in Craven, 81.

Long-horns, two distinct breeds of, the
smaller and the larger, 81.

Long-horns, the history of the improve-
ment of, ^S.

Loss of cud, nature and treatment of, 309

Loss of cud, more a symptom of disease
than a separate disease, 309.

Lungs, the, their structure, 245, 264.

Lungs, inflammation of, symptoms and
treatment of, 264

Lungs, inflammation of, acute and epi-
demic, its occasional devastations, 267.

Madness, causes and treatment of^ 177.

Mange, the nature and treatment of, 439.

Manvplus, internal construction of the,
288, 289, 292.

Manyplus, the manner in which it reduces
the food to a pulpy mass. 298.

Manyplus, the diseases of, 313.

Manyplus, the occasional strangely hard-
ened state of its contents, 314.

Meath, the improvement of Irish cattle
commenced in. 79.

Mercury, the diff"erent preparations of it
used, 456.

Mesenteric glands, their structure and
use, 333.

Mesenteric glands, enlargement of them,
333.

Mesentery, description of the, 330, 331. _

Middle-horns, the, were probably the ori-
ginal cattle, 13.

Milk, the average quantity of, yielded by
the Yorkshire cow, 133.

Milk fever, its nature and treatment, 401.

Milk fever, the importance of purging in,
403, 405.

Milk vein, description of the, 210, 219.

Milk vein, importance of a large one, 132.

Moor-ill, the nature and treatment of, 336.

Motor organic nerves, account of the, 205.

Mouth, account of the bones of the, 184.

Mouth, epidemic sore, 256.

Murrain, the nature, symptoms, and
treatment of, 252.

Naoore cattle, an account of, 141.
Navel-ill, the nature and treatment of,

422.
Neck of cattle, description of, 201, 208,

211, 212, 2.14, 215.
Nerves of the leg, cuts of, 176.
Net or knot> the nature and treatment of^

350.

Odti

INDEX.

Neurotomy might be practised on cattle,

174.
Neurot)my, tbe probable advantage of it

in foul in the foot, 437.
Neurotomy, description of the operation,

175.
Neurotomy, cuts illustrative of, 176.
Nitre, its value in cattle practice, 457.
Nitrous ether, spirit of it, when uaeful,

457.
Norfolk, the native cattle o(, 74.
Norfolk polled uattle, their origin, 74.
Nose, bleeding from tbe, 18^.
Nose, leeches in tbe, 182.
Nose, polypus in the, 182.
Nose, its membrane, inflammation of, 182.

O'Callagban, Col., 131.
Oi^sophagean canal, cuts of it, 286, 283.
CEsophagus, the structure of, 278, 291.
CEsophagus, obstruction in the, treatment

of, 279.
(Esophagus, the manner of opening in

choking, 231.
CEsophagus, rupture of tbe, 285
CEsophagus, stricture of the, 284.
CEstrus bovis, the history of 'ils several

states, 443.
Opened joints, the treatment of, 431.
Ophthalmia, its nature and treatment,

159.
Opium, the best anodyne, antispasmodic

and astringent, 457.
Ox, zoological description of, 9.
Ox, Briiish, early history of, 11.

Pad on the upper jaw, description and use

of the, 186.
Palsy, causes and treatment of, 172.
Pancreas, the structure, functions, and

diseases of, 323.
Pantas, the nature and treatment of, 336.
Papillae of the rumen, description of

them, and of their uses, 295.
Paps in the mouth, treatment of, 206.
Parotid glands, inflammation of the,

symptoms and treatment of, 205.
Parturition. ^See Calving.
Paunch. — .See Kumen.
Pembrokeshire cattle, description of, 37.
Pericardium, inflammation of the, 2S0.
Pericardium, the, often penetrated by

sharp substances that have been taken

into the rumen, 220.
Pharyngites, the symptoms and treatment

of, 258.
Pharynx, description of the, 207.
Pharynx, inflammation of the, 258.
Pharynx, the mode of puncturing it in

abscess situated there, 260.
Phrenzy, symptoms and treatment of, 164.
Phthisis. — See Consum,'tion.
Placenta, the .v-etention of it, in abortion,

386.
Placenta, the, should be discharged soon

after oal7ir.g, 40(X

Placenta, method of separating it from
the womb, 400.

Pleurisy, its symptoms and treatment, 271.

Pleuropneumonia, 267, 270.

Pneuraouia, the s\'mptoms and treatment
of. 264.

Pneumonia, acute and epidemic, 267.

Points of cattle, a description of the prin-
cipal, 16.

Poisons, a list of the various, and the
mode of treating them, 310.

T>olled cattle, an account of the, 63.

Polled and horned cattle, a comparison
between them, 152.

Polypus in the nose, on, 182.

Poultices, when useful, 4.53.

Probang. the use of, in hoove, recom-
mended, 306.

Pregnancy, the usual period of, 382.

Pregnancy, symptoms of, 387.

Presentation, natural, the management
of, 389

Presentation, unnatural, do., 391.

Puncturing the rumen in hoove, objec-
tions to, 305.

Puerperal Fever. — See Milk Fever.

Pulse, cause of the, 223.

Pulse, importance of attention to the, 223.

Purging cattle, the occasional difficulty
of, accounted for, 296, 357.

Purging cattle, the method of proceeding
when this occurs, 296, 357.

Quarters, importanceof their being long

and full. 20.
Quarter-evil, its nat-ure and treatment,

225.

Rabies, the causes and symptoms of, 1/7.

Rectum, description of the. 330, 332.

Rectum, the treatment of inversion of,
354.

Red-water, the nature and causes of, 367.

Red water has more to do with tbe diges-
tive organs and the food than any other
cause, 3 )8.

Red-water is most frequent in low marshy
woody countries, 36-8.

Red-water, acute, the nature and treat-
ment of, 368

Red- water, the importance of bleeding
and purging in, 369.

Red-water, chronic, the nature and treat-
ment of 370.

Reticulum, the interior construction of it.
237, 2-9, 292.

Reticulum, the action of it in tbe return
of the food to tbe stomach, 2<7, 275.

Reticulum, the diseases of the, 312

Rheumatism, the cause and treatment of,
423.

R ibs, the number and proper form of, 236.

Ribbed home, the importance of being,
76.
I Rings, the, on the horn, as indioatins th«
' age, 150. '

INDEX.

467

Rings, the, on the horn, as indicating the

age, uncertainty of, 150.
Rottenness —See Dysentery.
Rumen, the, viewed externally, 235, 236.
Rumen, the, viewed internally, 2ii, 29!).
Rumen, gcnenil description of it, 238, 291.
Rumen, descriptioa. of its papilla}, and

tbeir uses, 291.
Rumen, the fluid swallowed sometimes

eaters it, 23S, 357.
Rumen, this accounts for the occasional

ditHculty of purging cattle, 29(j, 3-57.
Rumen, an account of the diseases of it,

299.
Rumen, the strange substances often found

in it, 299.
Rumen, calculi in the, symptoms of, 299.
Rumen, calculi in, the pffect of, 300-
Rumen, distensions ol it by food, the

symptoms and treatment of, 301.
Rumen, distension of it by gas, 303.
Rumen, inflammation of the, 310.
Rumination, description of it, 2.98.
Rupture of the parietes of the abdomen.

— See Hernia.
Rupture of the bladder, symptoms of, 330,
Ruptnre of the oesophagus, treatment of,

285.
Rupture of the womb, treatment of, 379.
Rye, ergot of, its use in parturition, 458.

Salivary glanris, description of the. 201.
Salt, its use in food as a medicine, 458.
Sapped.— See Constipation
Saphena vein, the, when it should be

opened, 218 I

Septum, the nasal, why not perfect in the

ox, 180.
Setons, their occasional use, 458.
Shetland Islands, general description of

them, 51.
Shetland Islands, description of the cattle

there, 51.
Shetland Islands, treatment of the cattle,

52.
Shoot of blood, its nature and treatment,

225. :_

Shooting. — See Dysentery.
Short-horns, the, history of, 95.
Short-horns, supposed to be originally im-
ported from the Continent, 96.
Short-horns, description of the old ones,

95.
Short-horns, the commencement of their

improvement, 96.
Short-horns, the mode in which their im-
provement was effected, 96.
Short-horns, their excellence consists in a

combination of qualities before believed

to be incompatible, 95.
Short-horns, the question of their capacity

for work, 103.
Short-horns, their early maturity should

preclude their being put to work, 108.
Short-horned bulls, the advantage of

eroMing different bre»d8 with them, 108.

Short-horns, the prevailins colors of, 109.
Short-horned cow, her milking qualities,

133.
Short-sighted, many cattle appear to be,

159.
Shoulders, a slanting direction of them,

the importance of, 19.
Shropshire cattle, the old, 94.
Shro,ishire cattle, the cross between them

and the Holderness, 94.
Silver, nitrate of, its use as a caustic, 459.
Skeleton of the ox, cut of the, 143.
Skin, the cause and importance of ils soft

mellow feeling, 43S.
Skin, diseases of the, 438.
Skull, cavity of the, cut of, 144.
Skull, fracture of the, treatment of, 162.
Skull, fracture of, almost invariably fatal,

162.
Slinking. — See Abortion.
Smelling, on the sense of, 180.
Soft palate, description of the, 337^^
Sore teats, treatment of, 408.
Sore throat, the symptoms and treatment

of, 258
Spinal cord, the comparative smallness of,

accounted for, 154
Spine, 241.
Spleen, structure and function of the,

319.
Spleen, haemorrhage from the, 319.
Sprain in the leg and foot, symptoms and

treatment of, 432.
Stephenson, Mr., 114.
Sternum, description of the, 237.
Sternum, the width of ihe, sometimes
compensates for flatness of the sides,
241.
Stimulants, the propriety of admistering,
when it is difficult to purge cattle, 297.
Stomachs of cattle, cuts of them, 285, 286,

2S8, 291.
Stomach pump, the use of it in hoove re-
commended, .3()6.
.Stone in the bladder, symptoms and treat-
ment of, 378.
Stone in the kidneys, ditto and ditto, 377.
Stone in the ureters, ditto and ditto, 377.
Stone in the urethra, ditto, 379.
Strangulation of the intestines, symptoms

and treatment of, 3-50.
StranguUion, de-cription of it, 205.
Strictui e of the CESophagus, treatment of,

2?4.
Subcutaneous abdominal vein, the ques-
tion when it should be bled from, 219.
Subcutaneous abdominal vein, the ana-
tomy of it, 219.
1 Sublingual glands, description of the, 207.
Submaxillary vein, de.scription of ihe, 204.
I Submaxillary artery, ditto, 205.
Suffolk cattle, were originally duns, 75.
Suffolk cattle, description of the, 75.
Suffolk cattle, milking properties of, 75.
Suffolk cattle, the bull cast off far to«
early. 75.

468

INDEX.

Sulphur, an excellent purgative and alter-
ative, 459.

Sussex oxen, description of the, 33.

Sussex o.'cen, resemblance and difference
between them and the Devons, 33, 34.

Sussex oxen, ditto, Herefords, 33, 34.

Sussex cow, description of her, 34.

>ussex cow,

not good for the dairy, 35.

Sweetbread, description of the, 244,
Swelling of the joints, the causes and
treatment of, 42&

Tail, description of the bones of the, 143.
Tail, shouldbe level with the bones of the

back, 20.
Tankerville, Lord, account of the wild

cattle in his park, 12.
Tape-worm, an account of the, 358.
Tapping in dropsy, a description of the

operation, 360.
Tar, its use in cattle practice, 459.
Taunton, the vale of, description of the

cattle in, 26.
Tavistock, the South Devons purest

about, 24.
Teeth, the form and structure of them, in

ruminants, 187.
Teeth, regarded as indicating the age,

183.
Teeth, cuts of them, at different ages, 188,

189, &c.
Teeth, curious process of diminution of,

commencing at three months, 190.
Teeth, when the mouth can be said to be

full of, 192.
Teeth, the grinders, the age imperfectly

estimated by, 194.
Tempest, Sir H. Vane, first introduced the

short-horns into Ireland, 80.
Temporal artery, description of the, 205.
Temporal bone, description of the, 143,

153, 184.
Temporal vein, description of the, 204.
Tetanus, symptoms and treatment of, 167,
Thighs, they should be full, long, and

close together when viewed from be-
hind, 17.
Thigh-bone, description of the, 143,
Thrush in the mouth, symptoms and

treatment of, 200.
Thymus gland, description of the, 244.
Tibia, or leg-bone, description of the, 143.
Tipperary, description of the cattle in, 78.
Tongue, description of it and its uses,

193
Tonics, when admissible in the treatment

of distemper, 347, 459.
Torsion, the method of castration by, 427.
Trachea, description of the, 243.
Tracheotomy, description of the operation

of, 243.
Tracheotomy, cases in which it should bo

performed, 243.
Trotter, Col,, 120.

Tumors, bony, about the eye, manage-
ment of, 156'.

Tumors, bony, about the eye, an adran*
tageous way of firing, 156.

Turpentine, liquid, its uses as a digestive
and a diuretic, 460.

Turpentine, oil of, its medicinal use, 460,

'lurpentine, oil of, might possibly destroy
the worms in the bronchial tubes, 249.

Typhus fever, nature of the,. 233.

Typhus fever frequently follows inflam-
matory fever, 233.

Typhus fever, symptoms of, 233.

Typhus fever, treatment of, 234.

Typhus fever, the kind of cattle most sub-
ject to it, 234.

Typhus fever, prevention of, 235.

Twopenny, Mr. BakeweU's bull, account
of, 86.

Udder, description of the, 132.

Ulcers, fetid, use of chloride of lime for,
231.

Upper jaw-bone, description of the, 143,
180, 184.

Ureters, description of the, 375.

Ureters, stone in the, symptoms and treat-
ment of, 377.

Urethra, description of its curve, 376.

Urethra, stone in the, symptoms and
treatment of, 379,

Urinary calculi, symptoms of their pres-
ence, 376

Urinary calculi, composition of, 376.

Urus, account of the ancient, 10.

Vkins, the largeness of, in the ox, com-
pared with the arteries, 235.

Veins, description of the, 235.

Veins, varicose, the nature and treatment
of, 236,

Verdigris, its use in cattle practice, 452.

Vertebrae of the spine, description of, 143

Vinegar, of little use in cattle practice.
460.

Vitriol, white, the use of, 460.

"Waistell, Mr,, once owner of Hubback,
93,

Waistell, Mr,, account of his fat four-
year-old ox, 103,

Waistell, Mr. Wm., of Burdon, 119.

Waller, Mr., the first improver of Irish
cattle, SO.

Warbles, how produced, 443.

Warbles, history of the fly and its several
states, 443,

Warts, their nature and treatment, 445.

Water in the head, symptoms and treat-
ment of, 163.

Webster, Mr., of Canley, an improver of
the long^horns, 83.

Welby, a farrier, stands first among the
improvers of the long-horns, 83.

West Highland cattle, the points in which
they are valuable, 43.

West Highland cattle, the secret of profit-
ably breeding and grazing them, 50.

INDEX.

4»

Wild cattle, acc^'Ji*. of, l"?.

Wind-pipe, description '»i' t V, 243.

Withers, hollowness behina Ihcm, disad-
vantage of, 19.

Womb, inversion of the, trcatnr«at of,
395.

Womb, rupture of the, ditto, 397.

Wood-evil, a|ture and treatment ■>.", T^.

Worms in tne frontal siuuses of c?-ttle,
147.

Worms in the eye, treatment of, 162.

Worms, an account of the various int<<!fV
nal ones, 357.

Wounds of the eye, management t
156.

Yellows, the (see Jaundice,) 323.
Yew, the, treatment of poisoning hj

310
Yorkshire cow, the history of the establisf t

ment of the present one, 131. ^

Yorkshire cow, description cf her, 131 >

Yorkshire cow, average quantity <5f milk
yielded by her, 133.

Yorkshire cow, the question of the aver-
age quantity of butter, 133.

Yorkshire, North Riding, description ot
the cattle, 135,

Yorkshire, North Riding, the native cat-
tle of were long-horns, 135.

Yorkshire, North Riding, account of the
first Holderness established there, 135,

Yorkshire, North Riding, history of their
improvement, 136.

Yorkshire, North Riding, general man-
agement of. 136.

Yorkshire, West Riding, 136.

Zinc, the preparations of it which are

used medicinally, 460.
Zygomatic arch, the peculiar construction

of it in the ox, 148.
'^ygomaticus muscle, description of tb*,

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ber to the acre. With more thaa 100 illustrations. By the Hon. Henry F. French, of
New Hampshire.

FESSENDEN'S (T. G.) AMEEICAN KITCHEN GARDENER, - - 50
Co.NTAiNiNG Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables ^nd

Garden Fruits. Cloth.
FESSENDEN'S COMPLETE FARMER AND AMERICAN GARDENER, 1 25

Rural Economist and New American Gardener ; Containing

a Compendious Epitome of the most Important Branches of Agriculture and Rural
Economy ; with Practical Directions on the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables, includ-
ing Landscape and Ornamental Gardening. By THOiUS G. Fessexden. 2 vols, in 1.

FIELD'S PEAR CTTLTURE, 1 00

The Pear Garden ; or, a Treatise on the Propagation and

, Cultivation of the Pear Tree, with Instructions for its Management from the Reertlmg to
the Bearing Tree. By TuoiiAS W. Field.

FISH CTTLTURE, 100

A Treatise on the Artificial Propagation of Fish, and the

Construction of Ponds, with the Description and Habits of such kinds of Fish as are most
suitable for Pisciculture. By T'eeodatcs Garuck, M. D., Vice-Presideni of the Cleveland
Academv of Nat. Science.

FLINT ON GRASSES, - - - - 1 25

A Practical Treatise on Grasses and Forage Plants ; Com-
prising their Natural History, Comparative Nutritive Value, Methods of Cultivation, Cut-
ting, Curing and the Management of Grass Lands. By Charles L. Fllvt, A. M.. Secre-
tary of the Mass. Stale Board of Agriculture.

GXJENON ON MILCH COWS, - 60

A Treatise on Milch Cows, whereby the Quality and Quantity of

Milk which any Cow will give may be accurately determined by observing Natural
Marks or External Indications alone"; the length of time she will continue to give Milk,
kckc. By M. Fra.nct-! Gtexox, of Liboarne, France. Translated by Nichol.a.s P.
Trist. Esq. ;" with Introduction, Remarks and Observations on the Cow and the Dairy,
by JoH.v S. Skj.x.ver. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. Neatly done up in paper
covers, 37 cts.

KERBERT'S HINTS TO HORSE-KEEPERS, 1 25

Complete Manual for Horsemen ; Embracing-:

How TO Breed a Hor^e. How to Phy.sic a Horse.

How TO Buy a Horse. (.-.llopathy and Hom(eopatht

How TO Break a Horse. How to Groom a Hor^e.

How TO UhTi A H:)R.«E. HOW TO DRIVE A HORSE.

How to 1'"eed a Horse. How to Riok a Hor.se.

And Chapters on Mules ami Ponies. By the late He.vrv Wiluam Herbert (Fraxk
Forrkster) ; with aiklitions, including Rarey's Method of Horse Taming, and Baucher's
SvsTiiM OF HoR-EMANsmp ; also, giving directions for the Selection and Carp of Carriages
and Harness of every description, from the City " Turn Out" to the Farmer's '' Gear,"
air! a Bio,M-aphy of the eccentric Author. Illustrated throughout.

HOOPER'S DOG AND GUN, 50

A Few Loose Chapters on Shooting, among which will be

foun 1 som ■ Anecdotes and Inci lent.= ; also Instructions for Dog Breaking, and interest
ing letters Iroin Sportsmen. By A E-\n Shot.

HYDE'S CHINESE SUGAR CANE, 28

Containing its History, Mode of Cih^ture, Manufacture q»

the Sugar, &c. ; with Reports of its success in dilferent parts of the United States.
Mailed post paid upon receipt of p)ire.

6 Books published hy C. M. Saxton, Barker & C

125

Lectur'-'s on the Application of Chemistry and Geology to

Ag'Mculture. New Editiou, with au Appendix, contaiuiiig the Author's Experimeuts in
Practical Agriculluro.

JOHNSTON'S (J F. W.) ELEMENTS OF AGEICTTLTTJEAL CHEM-

ISTEY AND GEOLOGY, 1 00

With a Complete Analytical and Alphabetical Index, and an

Americau I'rel'uce. By Hon. Siiio.\ Bkowx, Editor of the " Xevv Eiigluud Fanner."

OHNSTON'S (J. F. W ) CATECHISM OF AGEICULTTJEAL CHEM-

ISTEY AND GEOLOGY, 25

By James F. W. Johnston, Honorary Member of the Royal

Agricultural Socifty of England, and author of "Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry
and Geology." With an Introduction hy Joh.v PrrKiN Norto.v, M. A., lute Professor ov'
Scieutiflc Agriculture in Yale College. With Notes and Additions by the Author, pre-
pared expressly for this edition, and an Appendix compiled by the Superintendent of
Education in Nova Scotia. Adapted to the use of Schools.

LANGSTEOTH (REV. L. L.) ON THE HIVE AND HONEY BEE, - 1 2^

A Practical Tre.a.tise on the Hive and Honey Bee, Third

C'lition, enlarge^! and ilhislral>id wilh nuiwrnwi tngranvgx. Tliis Work is, without a
doubt, the best work on the Bee published in any langua^^e, whether we consider its
scientific accuracy, the practical instructions it contains, or the beauty and completeness
of its diuslrations.

LETTCHAES' HOW TO BUILD AND VENTILATE HOTHOUSES, - 1 25

A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating and

Ventilation of Huthousos, including Conservatories, Greenhouses. Graperies and other
kinds of Horticultural Structures ; with Practical Directions for their Management, in
regard to Light, Heat and Air. Illustrated with numerous engravings. By P. B.
LKcrn.NRs, Garden Architect.

LIEBIG'S (JUSTUS) FAMTLIAE LECTUEES ON CHEMISTEY, - 60

And its relation to Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture.

Edited by Joh.v G.^rde.ver, M. D.,
LINSLEY'S MOEGAN HOESES, 1 00

A Premium Essay on the Origin, History, and Characteristics

of this remarkable American Breed of Horses ; tracing the Pedigree from the original
Justin Morgan, through the most noted of his progeny, down to the present time.
With numerous portraits. To which are added Hints for Breeding, Breaking and Gene-
ral Use and Management of Horses, with practical Directions for Training them for
Exhibition at Agricultural Fairs. By D. C. Linsley, Editor of the American Stock
Journal.

MOOEE'S EUEAL HAND BOOKS, 1 25

First Series, containing Treatises on —

Tire HoR-sE, Thk Pe.sts of the Farm,

TnK Hog, I)omt->!tic Fowls, and

The Ho.vbt Bee, The Cow.

Second Series, containing — . . _ . 1 25

KviRY Lady h™ own Flower Garjjexer, E.ssat on MAxrRES,

^A.\ METfy OF AUKICLLTURE, AMERICAN KiTtTlEN GaRPENER,

BiKD FA.vaER, American Rose Ccijukjst.

Third Series, containing — 1 25

JliLKs on the Hok.=:e"s Foot, Vine-Dres.'jkr's Ma.vual,

The Rabiut Fanciek, Bke-Keevkr's Chart,

Weeks on Bees, CiiEsii.srRY Made Easy.

Fourth Series, containing-— - - - . 1 26

Pv«if;;)z ox thk Vine, HooreR's r>oG and Gun,

LiKSJO's Famiuak Letters, SKir.i.Fii. Hocsewifk,

Browne's Memoirs of Lvdun Corn.

Mailed post paid upon receipt of pn

Boohs published hy C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co.

mUEE'S BEE^KEEPES'S MANUAL, - - - - - - 1 00

Being a Practical Treatise on the History and Domestic

Econoiii3' III" the Honey Bee, embracing a Full Illiislratiou ol the \vhoi>! subji'ct, with
the Most Approvetl Methods of Managing this Insect, through every branch of its
Culture ; the result of many years' experience. Illustrated with many engravings
By T. B. Miner.

MILES ON THE HOESE'S FOOT AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, 60

With Cots, Illustrating the Anatomy of the Foot, and contain-
ing valuable Hints on Shoeing and Stable Management, in Health and in Disease. By

WSI. JIlLES.

MILBUaN ON THE COW AND DAIRY HUSBANDEY, - - - 25
By M. M. MiLBURN, and revised by H. D. Richardson and Ambrose

STEMi-VS. With illustrations.

KUNirS (B.) PRACTICAL LAND DEAINEE, 50

Being a Tre.\tise on Draining Land, in which the Most Ap-
proved Systems of Drainage are Explained, and their Differences and Comparative
Merits Discussetl ; with full Directions for the Cuttmg and Making of Drains, with
Remarks upon the various materials of which they may be constructed. With many
illustrations. By B. Ml-.\.n, Liui'lscape Gardener.

KASH'S (J. A.) PROGEESSIVE FAEMER, 60

A Scientific Treatise on Agricultural Chemistry, the Gb-

ology of Agriculture, on Plants and Animals, Manures and S<jils, applied to Practical
Agriculture ; with a Catechism of Scientific and Practical Agriculture. By J. A. Nash.

NEILL'S PRACTICAL FRUIT, FLOWEE AND KITCHEN GAEDEN-

EE'S COMPANION, 1 00

With a Calendar. By Patrick Neill, Secretary of the Royal

Caledonian Horticultural Society.' Ailapted to the United Stat(?s from the fourth
edition, revised and irai)roved by the Author. Edited by G. Emkr-sox, M. D., E<Jitor of
' The American Farmer's Encyclopedia." With Xot<>s ami Additions by R. G. Pxrdeb,
author of '• Manual of the Strawberry Culture." With illustrations.

NOETON'S (JOHN P.) ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AGEICULTUEE, 60

Or, the Connection between Science and the Art of Practical

Farmmg. Prize F-«sav of the New York State Agricultural .Society. By Jon.\ P. NoR-
To.v, M. A., Professor of ScieutiOc Agriculture in Yale College. Adapted to the use of
Schools.

OLCOTT'S SOEGHO AND IMPHEE, THE CHINESE AND AFEICAN

SUGAR CANES, 1 00

A Complete Treatise upon their Origin and Varieties, Cu;,ture

and Uses, their value as a Forage Crop, and IMrections for making Sugar, Molasses,
Alcohol, Sparkling and Still Wines, Beer, Cider, Vinegar, Paper, Starch and Dye-iitHfls.
FuUv illustrated with Drawings of Approved Machinery ; with an Appendix hy Leo.vard
Wray, of Ciiffraria, and a Description of his Patented Process of Crystallizing the Juico
of the Imphee ; with the Latest American Experiments. By Henry S. Olcott.

PARDEE (R. G.) ON STRAWBERRY CULTURE, 60

A Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Strawberry ;

with a Description of the Best V^arieties.

Also notices of the Raspberry, Blackberry, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape; with
Directions for their Cultivation, and the Selection of the Best Varieties. " Every process
here recommended has been proved, the plans of others tried, and the result is here
given." With a Valuable Appendix, containing the observations and experience of some
of the most successful cultivators of these fruits in our country.

PEDDERS' (JAMES) FARMERS' LAND MEASURER, - - - - 5C
Or Pocket Companion ; Showiiiq^ at one view the Contents of

any Piece of 'iiud. U )m Dimensions taken i.-i Yards. With a Set of Useful AgriculturaJ
Tab'^«

MnUed post paid upon, receipt of price.

8 Books published by C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co.

FEESOZ' CTTLTTmE OF THE VINE, 25

A New Process for the Culture of the Yixe, by Persoz, Pro-
fessor of tile Facilty of Soi races of .StiLisboiirg ; Directing Professor of Ibe School of l^liar-
mucy of the same city. Trauslatod by J. O'C. Barclay, Surgeon U. S. X.

PHELPS' BEE KEEPEE'S CHAfiT, 25

Being a Brief Practical Treatise on the Instinct, Habits and

Management of the HotK^y Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years'
practical experience, whereby the author has been enabled to divest the subject of
much that hiis been considered mysterious and difBcul*. to overcome, and render it
more sure, protiuble and interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By E.

QUINBY'S MTSTEEIES OF BEE-KEEPING EXPLAINED, - - 1 00

Bhixg a Complete Analysis of the Whole Subject, Consisting

of the Natural History of IJisos ; Dinctiuris for obtaining the Greatest Amount of Pure
Surplus Honey with "the least possible expense"; Remedies for Losses Given, and tbo
Science of Luck fully illustrated ; the result of mure than twenty years' experience in
extensive Apiaries. By M.Quixby.

RANDALL'S (H. S.) SliXEP HXTSBANDRY, 1 25

With an Account of the Different Breeds, and general direc-
tions in regard to Summer and Wint'-r Mainigfmont, Breeding and the Treatment of
Diseases, with Portraits and other engravings. By He.xky S. IiAM)AU,.

REEMELIN'S (CHAS.) VINE DRESSER'S MANUAL, ... 50

An Illustr.a.ted Treatlse on Vineyards and Wine-Making,

containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil, Preparation of Ground, Selection and
Propagation of Vines, the Treatment of Young Vineyards, Trimming and Training the
Vines, Manures and the Making of Wine.

RICHARDSON ON HOGS, 25

Their Origin, Varieties and Management, with a View to Profit

and Treatment under I)isea.se ; also, jiiain Directions relative to the Most Approved
Modes of Preserving th'-ir Flesh. By H. D. Ricuardso.v, author of " llie Hive and the
Honey Bee," kc, kc. With illustrations.

RICHARDSON ON THE HIVE AND THE HONEY BEE, - - - 25

With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual

Income from this branch of Rural Economy ; also, an Account of the Diseases of Bees
and their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting
the Hives from then- attacks. By H. D. Richardson. With illustrations.

RICHARDSON ON DOMESTIC FOWLS, 25

Their Natural History, Breeding, Rearing, and Generai

Management. By H. I). Kiciiardso.v. With illustrations.

RICHARDSON ON THE HORSE, 25

Their Origin and Varieties ; with Plain Directions as to tdk

Breeding, Rearing and General Management, with Instructions as to the Treatment of
Disease. Handsomely illustrated. By H. D. Ri-'hardson.

RICHARDSON ON THE PESTS OF THE FARM, - - - - 25

With Instructions for their Extirpation ; being a Manual of

Plain Directions for the Certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With
numerous illustrations on Wood.

RICHARDSON ON DOGS ; THK.ik. ORIGIN AND VAKCETIES, - 60

Directions as to their General Management. With numerous

Original Anecdotes. Also, Complete Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By H.
I). RiciiARDSox. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings.
This is not only a cheap, but one of the best works ever published on the Dog.

SCHENCK'S GARDENER'S TEXT BOOK, 50

Containing Directions for the Formation and Management

of tl'« Kitchen Garden, tlKi Culture and Use of Vegetables, Fruits and MediclJial H-irb»
Mailed pod paid upon receipt of price.

Books ryuhlished by C. M. Saxto.v, Barker <fe Co. ^

SHEPHERD'S OWN BOOK, . - - - 2 cO

WiiH AN Account of the Different Breeds, Diseases and M> <f-

agemcQl of Sheep, and (ioneral Directions ia ro^'anl to Summer and Wmter Mauagemt- ct,
Breeding and the Treatment of Diseases ; with illustrative engravings by YocaT; &
Randall ; embracing Skinner's Notes on the Breed and Management of Sheep in >ue
United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool.

STEWAET'S STABLE BOOK, 1 00

A Treatise on the Management of Horses, in Relation to

Stabling, Grooming, Feeding, Watering and Working, Construction of Stables, V^entila-
tloa, Appendages of Stables, Management of the Feet, and of Diseased and Defective
Horses. By John Stewart, Veterinary Surgeon. With Notes aad Additions, adapting
it to Americf^n Food and Climate. By A. B. Allen, Editor of the American Agriculturist.

STSAY LEAVES FROM THE BOOK OF NATUKE, - - - - 1 00

By M. Schele De Vere, of the University of Yirginia.

Contexts : I. O.xly a Pebble.

n. Xatcre IX MOTIOX.
m. The Oce.\x axd rrs Lifb.
~ rv. A Ca.\T ABoirr Plaxts.

V. Yolxger Years of a Plast.
VI. Later Years of a Plant.

Vn. PL.4XT Mt-MMIES.
VIII. U.VKXOWX TOXGCES.

IX. A Trip to the Moon.

STEPHENS' (HENRY) BOOK OF THE FAilM, 4 00

A Complete Guide to the Farmer, Steward, Plowman, Cattle-

man, Shepherd, Field Worker asd Dairy Maid. By Hexry STEPm=;xs. With Four Hun-
dred and Fifty illustrations ; to which are added Ltplauatory Notes, Remarks, &c., by
J. S. Sia.\XER. Really one of the best books a farmer can possess.

SKILLFUL HOUSEWIFE, 50

Or Complete Guide to Domestic Cookery, Tastf^ Comfort, and

Economy, embracing ^5'.^ Recipes pertaining to Household Duties, Itie Care of Health,
Gardeufiig, Birds, Education ofClr.i Iren, ^:c., &c. By Mrs. L. G. Abell.

SKINNEE'S ELEMENTS OF AGRKHTLTURE, 25

Adapted to the Use of American Farmers. By F. G. Skinner*

SMITH'S (C. H. J.) LANDSCAPE GAUDENING, PABKS AND

PLEASURE GROUNDS, 1 25

With Practical Xotes on Country Residences, Villas, Public

Parks and Gardens. By Ca.\RLE.s H. J. Sjiith, l.andscape Gardener and Garden Archi
tect. With Notes and Additions by Lewis F. Allex, author of" Rural Architecture."

THAER'S (ALBERT D.) AGRICULTURE, 2 00

The Principles of Agriculture, by Albert D. Thaer ; Trans-
ited by WiLUAM Shaw and Cuthbert W. Johxsox, Esq., F. R. S. W'th a Memoir of
the Author. 1 vol. 8vo.

Tliis work i.=? regarded, by those who are competent to judge, as one of the most
valuable works that has ever appeared on the subject of Agriculture. At the same time
that it is eminently practical, it is philosophical, and, even to the general reader, re-
markably entertaining.

f NOMAS' (3. J.) FARM IMPLEMENTS, 1 00

And the Principles of their Construction and Use ; an Ele

!!i -i.tuy and familiar Treatise on ifechauics and Natural Philosophy, as apphed to the
oiJiuary practices of Agriculture. With 200 illu.strations.

THOMPSON (R. D.) ON THE FOOD OF ANIMALS, - - - 75

Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals and thb

Fattening of Cattle ; with Remarks on the Food of Man. Based upon Experiments under*
taken by order of the Britifh Government, by Robert Duxdas Thompson. M. D.
Lecturer on Practical Chemistry, University of Glasgow.

Mailed post paid upon receipt qf priet.

10 Books published hy C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co.

THE BOSE CTJLTTJKiST, 60

Being a Practical Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation.

and M-mii.^'fin.-^iJl of tlie Rose in all seasous ; w.ih a List of Choice and Appruven Van**-
tics, adapted lo llic Climate ol the United Slates ; to which is added full direclions for
the Trealmeut of the Daulia. Illustrated by engravings.

TOPHAM'S CHEMISTRY MADE EASY, 25

For the Use of i armers. By J. Topham.

TUENEE'S COTTON PLANTEE'S MANUAL, 100

Being a Compilation of Facts from the Best Authorities on

the Culture of Cotton, its Natural History, Chemical Analysis, Trade and Consumption,
and embracing a History of Cotton and the Cotton Gin. By J. A. Turner.

WARDER'S (J. A.) HEDGES AND EVERGREENS, - - - - 1 00
A Complete Manual for the Cultivation, Pruning and Man-

ageraeut of all I'lanls suitable for American Hedging, especially the Madura or Osage
Orange. Fully illu.strated with engraving of plants, implements and processes. To
which is added a Treatise on Evergreens, \."i^.r diUerent Varieties, their propagation,
transplanting and Culture in the United Statjs

WARING'S ELEMENTS OF AGRICTJLTTJKI2, 75

A Book for Young Farmers, with Questions for the use of

Schools.

WEEKS (JOHN M.) ON BEES -A MANUAL, 60

Or, an Ea.sy Method of Managing Bees in the most profit-

able manner to their Owner ; w;th Infallible Rules to Prevent their Destruction by the
Moth. With an Appendix, by Woo.ster A. Fi.andeks.

WHITE'S (W. N.) GARDENING FOR THE SOUTH, - - - - 1 25

Or, the Kitchen and Fruit Garden, with the Best Methods

for their Cultivation ; together with Hints upon l^audscape and Flower Gardening ; con-
taining Modes of Culture and Descriptions of the Species and Varieties of the Culinary
Vegetables, Fruit Trees and Fruits, and a Select List of OrnamentalTrees and Plants,
Adaoted tothc States of the Union South of Pennsylvania, with Gardening Calendars for
the same. By Wm. N. White, of Athens, Georgia.

YOUATT AND MARTIN ON CATTLE, 1 25

Being a Treatise on their Breeds, Management, and Diseases,

comprising a Full History of the Various Races; their Origin, Breeding and Merits;
their capacity for Baef and" Milk. By W. YoCv\rr and W. C. L. \Urti.\. The whole form-
ing a Complete Guide for the Farmer, the Amateur and the Veterinary Surgeon, with 10«
illustrations. E-lited by Ambrose Stevexs.

YOUATT ON THE HORSE, - - - 1 25

YOUATT ON THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE HoRSE, ivith
their Remedies ; also, Practical Rules for Buyers, Breeders, Smiths, &:c. Edited by W.
C. Spooner, M.R.C.V.S. With an Account of the Breeds in the United States, by Hexrt
S. Ra.vdall.

YOUATT ON SHEEP, - - - 75

Their Breed, Management and Diseases, with Illustrative En-
gravings ; to which are added Remarks on the Breeds and Management of Sheep in the
United States, and on the Culture of Fine Wool in Silesia. By Wm. Youatt.

YOUATT AND MARTIN ON THE HOG, 75

A Treatise on the Breeds, Management, and Medical Treat-

ment of Swine, with Directions for Salting Pork and Curing Bacon and Hams. By Wm.
YoDATT, V. S.,and W. C L. JLvrti.v. E-Uted by Ambrose STSvii:.v.s. Illustrated with
engravings drawn from life.

Mailed post paid upon receipt of price. u,