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CORRES P-ON DENCE
RELATIVE TO

THIS MANUSCRIPT

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

2 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
i WASHINGTON November 25, 1931.
BOTANY

MEMORANDUM FOR MR. E, P. KILLIP

Referring to your memorandum of November 19 regarding
Mr. Pittier’'s paper, A Century of Panama Trees, I should like
to go over the manuscript with you,to look up the special
cases you mention.

Standley's Flora of the Panama Canal Zone is not a good
book for the comparison of Mr. Pittier’s nemes, because in the
Canal Zone paper Standley did not follow the American Code.

I shall be glad to go over the manuscript with you sametime

when we can get an hour or two for the job. Lb bt@ w)

Frederick V. Coville,
Botanist.
FVC:CBP.

November 19, 1931.

Memorandum for Mr. Coville:

When we went over Mr. Pitticr'’s paper, "A Century of Panama
Trees," you asked me to prepare a memorandum for you of scientific
names that might have to be altered. I have compared "r. Pittier’s

. paper with Stendley's "Flora of the Panama Canal Zone." Of course
‘Mr. Pittier included a number of species from parts of Panama other
than the Zone which are not found in Standley's work, but in these
instances I think the names used by Wr. Pittier are all correct.

I append a list, in duplicate, of differences between the two papers,
in which are inserted a few of my own comments.

There are a few matters in which I would like advice from you
before marking the paper:

1. I assume that we will use small let:ers for species names

throughout.

2. Pittier has synonyms placed in footnotes. Would it be better
to put them immediatdy following the valid name’

3. Do you prefer to have local names in italics or in cuotes;
capitalized or not?

4. I believe we decided to eliminate Pittier's common name where
it is merely a translation of the Latin. I presume therefore that
where his translatidinname oceurs in the text it would be best to sub-
stitute the full Latin name.

Respectfully,

Rah se Pee Oe
pies. ye
pea

{Numbers indicate page; S=Standley; P.=Pittier; n.v.=-local name . )

1. Ulms mexicana.

S. says Ujmus not in C. Amer. and refers to this as Chaetoptelea

mexicana Liebm.

4. Helicostylis latifolia

$. gives additional n. Vv. as "choyba" and "querendo."

ll. Triplaris caracasana

OF.

re

39.

41.

. Sweetig panamensis

P. seys from Venezuela into Central Americe, but S. says "The only
Central American species, T. americana L. . - =

Ocotea veraquensis

P. says "from Tehuantepec to the Panama Canal." Not given by S.

at Ar te
under this name. FPerkeps one of three other species in S., Q@-—Gentre-
( Vere Shang , 4 7 abit fF
seaes, 0. cama, oo. nratenerigs Son a 2
Raver .

Crataeva tapia.
S. gives as n. v. "palo de guaco" in Panama, yet P. sayS no. ne V-
has been recorded.
Caesalpinia coriaria |
Not in S$. though from P. range it ought to be. |
Tounatea darienensis
Swertzia is conserved for this. S. says that Swartzia darienensis

< (F. rmriteg Sfhrory)
is probably e& synonym of T. implex,\ 1 j

—

fen -beenmace? This genus put in Fabaceae by S., in Caesalpinaceae by P. anf
Gy, Secka Jens twee.

oul by feola Jere r(varme .
This genus also put in Faba wae by SA In Caesalpinaceze by P.

. Glirididia maculata

S. has only G. sepium. Above is often considered a synonym. Note:

Fabaceae better for family name!

7
ae
7 '
-

48. Diphysa carthazinensis Jacq.
S. gives D. rohinioides as a common tree in Panama, and clearly
is considering the plant given as D. carthacinewm by Pittier, who says
it is the only species reported from the Isthmus. I think Pittier is

right.

62. Byrsonima cumingiana

S. gives only B. crassifolia, but both species are reported from

Panama by Niedenzu. Note: Malpighiaceae should come after Meliaceae.

64. Zanthoxylum elephantiasis : 3
WA an S., ET ie Reve Daren oberls p Cnr.

ae

67. Icica panamensis
Protium is conserved name for the genus and used by ee usar r
— “77. Anacardium rhinocarpus ae eee:
This = A. excelsum (Bert, & Balb.) Skeels.
2 80.Tapirira chagrensis
Not in S. but it should have been.
¢~ 85. Heliocarpus appendiculatus
S. apparently uses H. popayanensis for this plant. The species of
northern S. Amer. are not well understood, and the P. name is probably
as good as the other.
96. Lindackeria laurina
S. uses Oncoba for the genus, and this is fericen |
— 98. Hasseltia floribunda.

P. says no n. v. in Panama; 6. gives "raspalengua" in Darien.

Terminalia obovata

Note: Combretaceae precedes Myrtaceae.
146. Teabernaemontana arborea.

Note: Apocynaceae precedes Boraginaceae.
148. Tecom guayacan

150. Tecoma pentaphylla

4
ier cf

Tabebuia is for this genus.
155.Genipa caruto

S. treats this as a form of G. americana L.
158. Amajoua

Usually spelled Amaioua.

(Wumbers indicate page; $=S,andley; P.=Pittier; n.v.-iocel name.)

1. Ulums mexicana.

S. says Ujmug not in C. Amer. and refers to this as Chaetopteloa
mexicana Lieb.
4. Helicostylis latifolia
S. gives additional n. v. as “choyba" and “querendo.#
ll. Triplaris caracasana
P. seys from Venezuela into Central America, but S. says "The only
Central American species, ™. americana lL... ."
19. Ocotea veraquensis
P. says "from Tehuantepec to the Panama Canal." Wot given by S.

aes he Th
unter this name. Ferhese one of — other species in S., Q.dendro-

( Veer }
tapi, 0. corns, aS A eae ae een
21. Crataeva tapie.
$. a ives as n. v. "palo de guaco" in Panama, yet P. saye no. n. Vv.
has been recorded.
39. Caesalpinia coriaria
Not in S. though from P. range it ought to be.
41. Tounatea darienensis::):
Swartgzgia is conserved for this. S. says that Swertzia darienensis
is probably a synonym of T. simplex, If Swerteta t+s-used,has thetrans—
fexr—teen—matie? This genus put in Fabaceae by S., in Caesalpinaceae by P. aT
4. 4
44, Sweetis panamensis e + a ;
This genus also put in Paba mae by SH In Caesalpinacese by P.
46. Glirididie maculata
S. has only G. sepium. Above is often considered a synonym. Mote:

Fabaceae better for family name.

hoy prvke Lore (Varn,

NT ne ee a

i",

4)

i

48. Diphysa cartharinensis Jacq.
S. gives D. rokinioides as a common tree in Panama, and clearly
is considering the plant given as D. carthagineum by Pittier, who says
it is the only species reported from the Isthmus. I think Pattier is
right.
62. Byrsonima cumingiana

S. gives only B. crassifolia, but both species are reported from

Panama by Niedenzu. Note: Malpighiaceae should come after Meliaceae.

—_—_—_—

64. Zanthoxylum elephantiasis ; "
Neh cas SU EGR Ae Cece ae pepe 6 Rie ae
Perhaps—thice~is 2. microcarmm in-S. *hichis right’

67. Icicea panamensis
* tProtium is conserved name for the genus and used by Se; nls» oy Fe
77. Anacardium rhinocarms 0
This 4. excelsum (Bert, & Balb.) Skeels.
80.Tapirira chagrensis
Not in S. but it should have been.
85. Heliocarpus appendiculatus
S$. apparently uses H. popayanensis for this plant. The species of
northern S. Amer. are not well understood, and the P. name is probably
as good as the other.
96. Lindackeria laurina
bottle.
$. uses Oncoba for the genus, and this is ceonsemed.
98. Hasseltia floribunda.

P. says no n. v. in Panama; s. gives “raspalengua” in Darien.

122. Terminalia obovata

Note: Combretaceae preceded Myrtaceae.
146. Tabernsemontana arborea.

Note: Apocynaceae precedes Boraginaceae.
148. Tecom guayacan
150. Tecoma pentaphylla

Tabebuia is for this genus.
155.Genipa caruto

S. treats this as a form of G. americang I.
158. Amajoua

Usually spelled Amaious.

(Nunbers indicete page; S=S,andley; P.=Pittier; n.v.-toceal name.)

1. Ulems mexicana.
$. says Ujmug not in ¢. Amer. and refers to this as Chaetoptelea
mexicana Lieb.
4. Yelicostylis latifolia
S$. gives additional n. v. as "choyba" and “querendo."
ll. Triplaris caracasana
P. seys from Venezuela into Central America, but S. says "The only
Central American species, T. americana L. .. ."
19. Ocotea veracguensis
P. says “from Tehuantepec to the Panama Canal." Not ¢iven by 5S.
FoR =x! vor
under this name. Ferkgps one of three other species in S., S-dendrg-—
(Vesa)Vaeg,
21. Crataeva tapia.
8. fives as nu. Vv. "palo de guaco" in Panama, yet P. saya no. n. Vv.
has been recorded.
39. Caesalpinia coriaria
Not in S. though from P. range it ought to be.

41. Toynatea darienensis.
Swartzia is conserved for asd S. says that Swertzia derienensis
is probably a synonym of 7. snakes, if ab ieng? used, has the trans-
fer been made? This genus put in Fabaceae by $., in Caesalpinacese by P.
44, Sweetis panamensis anal by pate Trove va, Oy Betta Trevee
This genus also put in Faba @ae by Sy In Caesalpinacese by P.
46. Glirididia maculata
S. has only G. sepium. Above is often considered a synonym. Mote:

Fabaceae better for family name.

48. Diphysa cartharzinensis Jacq.
S. gives D. robinioides as a common tree in Panama, and clearly

is corfsidering the plant given as D. carthazineum by Pittier, who says
it is the only species reported from the Isthmus. I think Pittier is
right.

62. Byrsonima cumingiana

) S. calls this B. crassifolia. In Niedenzu's recent monogresh it

is given as B. crassifolia cumingiana. Note: Malpighiaceae should come
after Meliaceze.

O amperes occ eee

67. Icica panamensis
‘>. 5Protium is conserved name for the genus and used by S. - ala. bo a
77. Anacardium rhinocarpus an PE. Usent, re:
This 4. excelsum (Bert, & Balb.) Skeels.
80.Tapirira chagrensis
Not in S. tut it should have been.
85. Heliocarpus appendiculatus
§. apparently uses H. popayanensis for this plant. The species of
northern S. Amer. are not well understood, and the P. name is probably
as good as the other.
96. Lindackeria laurina

S. uses Oncoba for the genus, and this is consereed.

98. Hasseltia floribunda.

P. says no n. v. in Panama; é. gives “raspalengua" in Darien.

Terminalia obovata

Note: Combretaceae preceded Myrtaceae.
146. Tabernaemontana arborea.

Note: Apocynaceae precedes Boraginaceae.
148. Tecom guayacan
150. Tecoma pentaphylla Aw,

Tabebuia is for this genus.
155.Genipa caruto

S. treats this as a form of G. americana L.
158. Amajona

Usually spelled Anmaioua.

>

—

April 25, i931.

Uta e a ¢ mee Aareven af Fignt [UG uetrey, Heo. SPR RH

Mr. H. Pittier,
Museo Comercial, O22 BOR
Caracas, Venezuela, )
Dear Mr. Pittier: ' — we:

Your letter of Avril 9 to Dr. Coville and ; aa
the accompanying manuscript on One hundred trees of
Panama have been received. Dr. Coville is now in Death +»)
Valley, California, but your letter will be called to
his attention immediately upon his return in the lat-
ter part of May.

Very truly yours, ©). le Oo

M Acting Botanist.

i ¥ Ny

V EMEEY Zoe LA

if Bomero2i «8 Numero del bulto_ foe | a

Senor... Frederick V. Ccville, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of
/ Agriculture,

Lugar de destino,

Wa Shington, D.8.
DECLARACION DE ADUANA

Cal Peso | j
Descripcién de bulto CONTENIDO UALOR NETO a 8B RUTO | Portes pagados
— —= — : ne z _ —$——$___..

1 pq. Libro manuscrito 1 730 |

Fecha de depésito - ou de... abrta_ de 19 31

Firma oel remitente,

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A Wimerc.. Numero del bulto Bi ae
Senor... Prederick ¥. Coville, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of
Agriculture,
Lugar oe destino,
‘eshington,»p.a.

TPPOGRAFIA CENTRAL.

DECLARACION DE ADUANA

Nescripcidn de bulto CONTENIOO YALOR| NETO © = BRUTO Portes pagados
1 pq. Libre manuscrite 1 | 730 |
Fecha de depésito eee a Ea NO ag

Firma oel remitente,

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VENEZUELA.

‘Ac numero... 2 MNdmero del bulto.. WAG) ae

Senot....-reaericsk V. Coville, Bureau of Plant [ndustry, U.S. Department of
Agriculture,
Lugar oe desiino,
Yashington,p.¢,.
DECLARACION DE ADUANA
; ¥ q Peso, | |) “fi
Descripcién de bulto CONTENIDO UALOR NETO _ BRUTO Portes pagedo
1 pq. Libre manuscrits 1 | 730
Fecha de depésito......33 Ce. geese le 10 gt

Firma Gel remitente,

a | ; ana Ul (vttioe > 7

Caracas, April 9, 1931

Mr. Frederick V. Coville,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, v.C.

Dear Mr. Coville:

& few years ago, I sent you a manuscript
on "One hundred trees of Panama", in the belief that
it was ready for the printer. The paper was refused,
mainly on account of its incomplete condition and also
pecause Prof. Record made some more or less well founded
Objections to the part of the work corresponding to
Mr. Mell. With regard to the last opinion, it should
be noted that the manuscript was sent just at the time
when Prof. Record's book was under press, and Prot.
Record would not had been human if he had seen with in-
difference the publication of a paper on the trees of
Panama, to be gratuitously distributed, made simulta-
neously with the marketing of his excellent book.
I do not know how far his objections were well founded,
but anyway it does not seem that he was the man to be
called to express an opinion on the work of a man with
whom he had just severed an old friendship and collabo- -
ration and to whom he did not, perhaps, do tull justice
when he partly suppressed his name as co-author of the
pook in reference.

In what concerns the defective part of the
work, I thought it was worth correcting, becsuse it
cannot be denied that, with regard to the forest products
of Panama and their popularization, it is of some value.
Untortunately, in the several movings and transfers made
by me since the paper was returned, one or two o< the
cross-section pictures have been lost and perhaps it
will net be easy to obtain them again from the Forest
Service. iresh copies of the other pictures will cer-
tainly be put at your disposal by Mr. C. 3B. Doyle's
Office in the Department.

Personally, I am not in anyway overanxious
to see the paper printed and your refusal to again con-
sider the matter will not be for me a matter of resent-
ment. 3ut I think that the publication of this contri-
bution, which is the only essay on the timbers of Central
America, would accomplish a useful object, and this is
the sole reason why I now ask you to see whether the
first decision not to print the paper cannot be recon-
sidered.

Notwithstanding Record's book, which is far
from complete, we are sorely lacking generally in the
way of literature on neotropical woods, and our work
is not inferior to that existing on the timbers of the
Guayanas and of Brasil.

dith this mail I send you a new copy, partly
rewritten. of the manuscript. I shall be thankful if
you will kindly go through it and, in case you should
find it convenient, submit it again to the board of
publicaticn of the Contributions.

Yours very sincerely

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Ulmaceae

(EIm Family)
fhe iexican Zlm_

Ulmus mexicana (Liebmann) Planchon, D.C. Prodr. 17; 156-1873

Description of the tree

A lofty, deciduous forest tree. Trunk 25 to 30 m. high,
limbs ascending, crown ovate. 3ark gray, Somewhat scaly.
Folial and floral buds protected by distichous, ovate, yellow-
ish brown deciduous scales; leaves petiolate, pubescent or
hairy-pubescent when young, more or less glabrous and thick
in their mature state, the petiole thin, reunded, 5 to 14 mn.
long, the blade slightly oblique, ovate to elliptic, or more
or less oblong, rounded and subemarginate at base, acuminate
at tip, paler beneath, 7 to 11 cm. dong, 2.5 to 4.5 cn.
broad, the nervation prominent beneath, the margin serrate
or biserrate. Inflorescence racemose, the elongate racemes
appearing before the leaves of the season and in the axils
ef those of the past season. Flowers in alternate glomerules
of 3 or less; bracteoles caducous, short and broad, ciliate;
pedicels 3 to 6 mm. long, slender, pubescent; perianth per-
sistent, broadly campanulate, yellow, p»ubescent outside,

2.5 to 3 mm. long 4- to 6-lobulate, the lobules irregularly
denticulate, rounded or subacute and apiculate, ciliate on

the margin; stamens 3 to 5, exserted, the filaments erect,

slender, the anthers ovate-rounded, 2-celled; ovary stipi-

tate, ovate-depressed, hairyeciliate on the margin; styles

2, elongate, with a velvety stigmatic surface.

Samara glabrous on both faces, ciliate on the margin,
the pedicel long and hairy.

Ulmus mexicana sheds its leaves in December and loses
its blossoms in ilarch, the new foliage following immedia-
tely. There is ccnsiderable variation in the leaves, de-
pending upon the degree of exposure to light or shade.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light brown; heartwood much darker
and occasionally marked by numerous nearly black lines.

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tat eo 08.0002 “snwat: - .vexd Ateiot encchsonh. <@ttOr a + en
w ctaoe Sesveroe, ~<vaewey Sel. esevo mwoto , gnlbreske sdartt
peter, avbdoiseth wi fatoetaxg ebud Letolt bua Letfrey 3
acd tisbead: ma ,eteloiie, eoveel ;eeleos svouhioeh nwoid set
Cais Bite Se cl #861 10-SkOm ,aioy enw Jnsceednq-Tié an
hoe SL gt Prot, Ment Alors a, oat ,etete otntem teddy ii
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aepcacleieety 9880 ts et abst Bus) rycas Shebiues .gugico eset to
: Gye bat pgemes ao ff bet iepened meley , al? a8
e fd soued ‘Pon tingtG meiteyiedn edd!

Sgomecet ad S.ox3- |: SBOMODRU SoNeocouoltul satpazeci¢a ove
ies OAs. ee “Hocsee ONG So eaves Sis exoted gitresq
SEs: ee ee ar Saev ne siesesg JaBy edt te. ear

erii> , Secxd. her. Boxee gatoedcexd jesek vo 6.26
tO. ae eet OL mm: 6 of 8 elscibsg
aK tub dao oeedt . WoL “stelamegiies \ibeord .toeteia.
MBetIt ssivdoL ont ote sdol~d of —* eco dst 5 of 4.5
Pome stetitc joteisores. Pie etisedie io behiwox Be
BE faee ec schect Setgeaxe , 8 of 5 esemete jatgrem’e

Wee Wuaro < oe debinot otevo étedtce odd | tebeeke
ihinmvem on¢ m0 atetftosyy ted ;boceergeh-otevo , e¢et
. -e0etine ei: aida Wyrowsin @ at iw rot agnogs &

Sith
is

2 ‘geeoL bis. redmoved wk ats 19 E 3

= §o- --8bbommi gu iwoilot aeped weA Re: if
om. <0) ,Bevedi ont ir. tereey Téere stesso at aan perv
"i abece 15 SHSEL irs a Seigeb odd moqs warn
Ms eure hacia: Wace eens, #.cig20 ies ototaa Soowgse

ney Genk tonite ence enorommn yf hestem yllenotasss bee

Ulmus mexicana

margin of the forest at Bl Boquete,

Chiriqui

eneolsoin eumlU

teetet edt to nigrem

Wood hard, moderately heavy, strong, very tough, much finer

grained than the American white elm (Ulmus americana LL.) and
subject to fair polish. Annual rings of growth very narrow

and often visible only wnder a hand lens; inner boundary of

annual ring marked by a Single interrupted row of pores.

Pores (transverse section) in early wood small (.085 mn.
in diameter), round or sometimes slightly elongated radially,
and closed with tyloses in heartwood. Small vessels in late
wood arranged chiefly in radial, oblique, semi-circular, cr
frequently in wavy tangential rows, giving the effect of
minute festcons or wavy bands on a smooth surface. Vessel
walls (longitudinal section) with numerous, small, bordered
pits, hexagonal in outline; small vessels often with spiral
markings. Perforations simple. Wood fibers 1.319 mm. long,
with thick walls, small lumina, and few, very small, obliaue,
slit-like, simple pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers grouped
around vessels and in continuous tangential lines connecting
isolated or small groups of vessels in outer portion of
late wood, visible only under hand magnifier on smooth
transverse section. Pith rays numerous, narrow, barely vi-

_ Sible-under a hand lens, and from 1 to 6 cells wide and
from a few to 25 cells high.

Distribution, Common Names and Uses

The Central American elm was recorded first in 1842,
from the forests surrounding the Orizaba Volcane in Mexico.
In 1898 it was collected in the Dota Mountains of Costa Ri-
ca, and quite recently, in the course of the botanical sur-
veys undertaken in Panama by the Smithsonian Institution,
it was found to constitute an important element of the fo-
rests in the upper Caldera Valley in Chiriqui. Although
data are lacking, it is to be supposed that it occurs in
the lower mountainous belt, between 1000 and 1800 m.glti-
tude, in the whole stretch between the two extreme stations
in the State of Vera Cruz to the North and in Chiriqui to
the South. In Chiriqui, its preferred station seems to be
on the slopes nearest to the interoceanic divide, where
neither humidity nor dryness are excessive.

Ulmus mexicana is called ira in Costa Rica, and ceniza
or cenizo in Chiriqui. Ira is probably taken from one of
the early Indian languages and is applied also to several
representatives of the laurel family. Ceniza is a Spanish

_~uveon yleversiom , fret boot

loge Vtev ., Storr.

eee fveme samiu) mle at Lite freoliomé ead ned? benie1s
ae e WOIS 50 eyein Leacnk ,detlog whet od, toopdne
4 = rébe ali ayo} Mitek biteh & wshos yiao sidieiv..0ett0 bus
Be: Wi: to wor bev quuretirt Signte «a yd bextra goin Levnne

| = heat poow yires ut {noicoes eetevenet?) eexod
fersyguole yiedgkie semivonce so bro. ,[tetemeib at
ws os hiveissesy Ilesé «.koowhieed ni sesoiys aAttiw bare? tee
7 56 ,Bisovic-lnss .supifdo ,fetie: ul ylteido degastis doow
- & toette odd gikvig .ewot Leitnognat yvew af yligeupsxt
is | Ganev -eoetuile Atoome e@ no. chned yvew tO enootset o¢anim
ce Bevetrod .ffems ,evouommn dtivw faottoos Lentbutignol) effLew
_ fetige dvi notte eisesev ifems jenifino at Lenogexed ,etig
qeeek sce 2IS.f exact Soot selqute atoiterotred -egiiizer
ibfdo .ifeme yxev ,wet bie , en tingl save oa ——, ~
peqgso1y exedkt pargdetstaq~ 500w -etigq efgmte ,edii-tite
hs aenit Deivnegues 2soimidioo mt bre elersey basote
2 Ag to. msoitioq tetuo ut eloseoy to aguovg Ileme 10 betalost
aye BiGote «9 teitinsem buat isha yino eldtety ,boow. ed al
acd "ie ,Wovten. ,eueremmt eyer Soda .aottose oprevensit

eat

ehiw alles 6 ov £ cout fae .enel bmad e whan eidis —
»figid elloo G& of wet @ mort

ie Semel womme fC. ityciaveabo

“seer nt text? Bbehteset aew mic neoitema Lerdnted ext
At oseoioV edaxtx® eft. ‘BAtinvorrme efee1ot eft moxt -
Shai "0 embetnsoll stod eft nt hetoeffos eew tf GC6L al
: a inated eit to eared odd at .yidaeosr etinup fue ,e@0

ic gten pele neliosiding ent xd emia? af sexetieiay ayer

to tremele inetioamt «8 etutitenco o¢ hayot caw tk

ih .ispbythd ni yshieY avefied r9eqqs edt mt eteex
eis000 ‘$4 teds heeoggue ed of ei dt ,gmtacel ere eteb
ie 28 fe. UGSL base COOL eowtod: tied enonteticon srewol ent

0. hemettxs ows sdt<neevted doterte slodw-ead’ at ,ebpt

P) Ot fspkzidd qi Bue toro. ont of sx ere) to etese ond ni

7 ed 6t egies moitate Bei 2% oy @ti ,lephtisd al. .ewot one
Ln Seeds ShIvisb oltessoistut odd of teeteed eeyofe ant no

btee -eold- teed ti pee: feiieo at be. mig
Sao Sho fhowt moset elfedouy gi’ etl’ .tup! 81889 10
; etal ot o¢fe ee et bus ‘Eegengral ergs Yicee edt
piiage. 2 et exineo Fvltmét, fexsiel end to éeviter neasiges

»evieseuxs ots Besnyrh tom xtibinsws Teak cen me.

word meaning ash. The ash of this wood may have had formerly
some application that gave origin to the name, but this is
not shown by any information on record.

In Chiriqui and Costa Rica, the wood of the Mexican elm
is used for building purposes, though only to a very small
extent.

Moraceae
The Panaman Letterwooda

Piratinera panamensis Pittier

Description of the tree

A laticiferous tree up to 25 m. high and 60 cm. diameter
at the base, the bark grayish, smooth, the crown irregular,
depressed. Leaves small, chartaceous, the petioles 3 to 7
mm. long, canaliculate, minutely, puberulous, the blades ovate-
oblong, rounded or subacute at the base, abruptly and shortly
ebtuse acuminate, 4 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad,
glabrous, the venation prominulous above, paler and minutely
puberulous, the venation more prominent beneath; primary
veins 9 to 14. Stipules 3 mm. long, lanceolate, pubescent,
caducous. Receptacles single in the axils of the leaves, tur-
binate at the base, flat, 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter, orbicu-
lar or polygonal subconial at the flower-bearing apex; pe-
duncles slender, minutely puberulous, 10 to 15 mm. long;
interfloral bracts orbicular, peltate, grayish puberulous.
Perianth pf the male flowers yellow, tubular, 0.2 to 0.4
mm. long, monephyllous but split on one side; stamen l,
exerted, the anther 2-celled. Female flowers 2 or more to
each receptacle, without a perianth; style short with only
the 2 divaricate stigmas showing on the surface of the re-
ceptacle. #ruit globose or subpyriform, 1 to 3-seeded,.

yivemies Sei even yen boow eidd to des eof .fies giinsem biow
: al etdv tod » SBE ant ot sinixo oven tedd Rotteoliqge omoe
»htocax mo weltentotnt yas yd mwoede ton

iie meofeel edt to Boow oft 20th estaod fae tupixtidd mi
ffeue viev e ot yphro dsayodt ,eosoqtig guiblisd xr0t bees et
/ »2tniedxe

6gE0.

tetemeih .mo 03 hrs figid .m S& of qu eonxd enotetioggeal A
,tslsgetit nworo edt ,dvoome .detyers wired edd .cead odd te
8 ot 8 @siotten ent ‘ poooees ado ,ifame esvsel .heagetqeb
~sd evo gefeld sit ,ssolutedmy yledscim ~elvoifaiso enol .mm
wld nor bre ylignuds ,cead sdt se etsoedse 10 bobmsor ., gnolde
md .m> G8 o¢ G.S anol .mo OL of @ ,stentmuos eantda
yfledinta Sis relay ,evods enoinninety neivenev edd ,snoidels
Mremizg piteeted taewimorg sxom sottenev edd , asoiniedsg
gumenRed ny ‘et eLosouel eaeL tim © aolpgise .8L of @ antoev
arent neveacl edd *o elixe sit mi ofgutey wLostgeseh .evoonbhso
ayotdto ,xotemeth at .mo @.f ot £ ,te{t ,cesd edt te otentd
oe 89 sxage Suitsed-1ewolt edd ‘ta Lelnoodse Lenouylog 10 tet
“) egret sam GL ot OL .,etoLmrsdsg ylotuaim ,rebnelea seLonsd
euolviedig deryere etet Leu xeluoidvo atoerd Leroltredat

> Ba. a &s0 tekudot wolley exewolt elem ont tq ditnetxet

~i nemete -:ebte ene ao tilge tnd anotiydyoncem ,gnoL .om
of etom to & arewolt eleme% .belfeo-~8 terndie eit , betiexe
ying d¢iw tiode olyte ;dinetxeg a dvodd tw ,olostyssex dose
-6% ofc to eosetiuse ont ne suiworde oo oteoivevib & odd
beheor=8 o¢ I oe 10 e#edoly aero » elogiqes

+ t wr " “" ae ¥ i # h y Ls . v
oe ae ee eee Sti ae eRe oe a wa — ee Ree ee ap

Cae!

Saat oan.

ana

nr
7

mexi

mus

UL

ielicost

I

is

18

pename?

inera

Pirat

steniseai ts.

« ee

Description of the Wood

Sapwood very thick, light yellowish or nearly white;
heartwood in mature trees about 10 or 15 cm. in diameter,
deep red, or rich brown mottled with darker colored spots
remotely resembling Chinese characters,(on which account it
is generally referred to as letterwood, leopardwood or snake-
wood). Wood very hard (abeut 75 pounds per eubiec foot),
heavy, tough, strong, straight and fine grained, taking a
good polish and durable in contact with the soil. Anmual
rings of growth not visible.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (.12 mm. in
diameter), round or radially compressed, open in sapwood,
closed with a dark ruby-colored resin in heartwood, and
arranged singly, in pairs or in radial rows of from 3 to 6.
Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous, small,
bordered pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers 1.12 mm.
long, with thick walls, small lumina and very minute, slit-
like simple pits. Wood parenchyma rather strongly developed,
forming numerous, short, irregular, inconspicuous, tangen-
tial lines alternating with much wider bands of wood fibers.
Rays numerous, very narrow, barely visible under hand lens,
and from 1 to 3 cells wide and from a few to 15 or 20 cells
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

So far Piratinera panamensis has been reported only
from the vicinity of Port Obaldia on the San Blas Coast,
where it is known under the name of “guaimarce". ‘The wood
shows 4 certain resemblance to the letterwood of Dutch and
French Guianas, but it is not so finelyYy and distinctly fi-
gured. It is hard, heavy, strong and difficult to work and
consequently is not used to any extent by the people of Pa-

The broad=-leaved Berba

Helicostylis latifolia Pittier

Description of the tree

A laticiferous tree 20 to 25 m. high, 30 to 40 cm. in

deaaiass ad Pe de) ar <0 oe iaotte goers exutan oi poowtieed
oye berofoo teiteh diiw belivom mwoud deka 10 ,bex yooh
Mvooos dDidw 20}, biedvoetedo ssentdd aniidmeces ¥ieeones
{6 boowhisqosl ,boowrevtel 26 o% Sot1etox awe
. t60% cide seg ebaseg 8¥ jsode) bied yrev BooW oow
ee “enkiled ,hentateg entt Bae tdgiewts ,snorte ,cavod ,yvaed
~ Eesmura ~Liog afd aviv foaetnoc ai eldeumd bee detfleg hoog
say -sldtetvy tom ditwoin To eyniz
— mm Si. e ifeme .epotemix (noltdpes eerevensit | 2anod
nie “mk eGo " hegeetgmoo yiletier to binor , (netemets
Buses) foovs teed ai giset hetoioo-ydu1 Arebh e. ddiw fesolo
ot z more So swot tether mi 10 atieg of ,ylonis stise
5 euetsesn dtiw (mottove Lenthstisnel) efiew Leeeey
-£ ersdit hoo soluygte anoiterotis. .edig betehied
setunia rev bis aciovl [iene ,eflew dotdt dviw ,yael
b ylsmorte tents: smyrorsxeq beoli stig elomte itt
a talegerti .dtode ,avotemumn yatmrot
ont to ebusd «obi dos cid Ew gaivenvesle aonil Leis
Hed 19g oidtely yfeoxad ,wOxred Yrev ,sHousmen syel
908 t0-dL of wet s mot bus ebiw effeo & of £ wigit bane
; : faith

| Bees fre comets evantnio s Moitud tite ta

9 Settogex feed eed FSO! etentistid ret of
Bis I 0 Yinistv edt moxt
. “otenbeng 3M to amet odd tebas awond ef tf eredw
aa _ to Beebeas oat edt o¢ eoneidmeset atsites # awode
gitouktes® base Ykfenk? 98 dom si ti tud Sesing donee
‘ot ¢inpPitrs has ghoige ,yveet ,b1ed et ti] ,betsg—
— edt yo tnetxe Yoe ot Seen 3 os: 6i Ne ae

diameter at the base, the bark rugose, thin, grayish, the
crown globose or elongate. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, the
petioles 4 to 7 mm. long, canaliculate, dark brown, the bla-
des broadly ovate or obovate, subacute at the base, shortly
acute-acuminate, light green with the venation impressed
above, subglaucous, the costa and veins prominent beneath;
primary veins 13 to 15, crowded and spreading. Stipules lan-
cecolate, about 4 mm. long, caducous. Male receptacles glo-
bose, single or geminate in the axils of the leaves, provided
at the base with 4 or 5 ovate, involucrate bracts; peduncles
4 to 5 mm. long, glabrous; interfloral bractlets orbicular,
peltate, hairy, ciliate on the margin; perianth divisions 4,
ovate or obovate, hairy, ciliate on the margin; stamens 4,
the anther cells transverse, dehiscing as in the monothecous
Brosima. Femsle flowers and fruits not known.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thick, yellowish or nearly white; heartwood dark
brown, tinged with red. Wood hard, heavy, very strong, tough,
cross and very fine-grained, difficult to work, taking a
good polish. Annual rings of growth not visible.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (.1 mm. in
diameter), round or radially flattened when it rows, open in
the sapwood, closed with white or dark brown tyloses in the
heartwood, and arranged singly or in short radial rows of
from 2 to 6 or 8% Vessels walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous, small, slightly bordered pits on all sides,
except where in contact with pith rays, the pits are large,
transversaly elongated and simple. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers 1.018 mm. long, with very thick walls, small
cell cavities and small simple pits. Wood parenchyma
fairly strongly developed and arranged in very narrow, irre-
gular, interrupted, tangential lines; also grouped sround
all vessels. Rays very numerous, narrow, from 1 to 4 cells
wide and from 10 to 20 cells high.

Distribution, local names and uses
This tree has been found so far only in the Chagres

Valley and in Darien. It seems, however, to be rather common
in the monsoon-forests of the Pacific and is known smong the

eat fetiens antag ob oget ated edd ,sead eft te t3etemelh

ous esordels -aoonstioo gerveal ,et sgaole 10 eecdelg aweto
-sig-ont ,pwoid drei ,svelpoiienes ,ynol .mm Y of # eeloiteg
xivaoie ,ceed ent ts otneadue erevodo to stevo ylbsoid seh
beeasigat moivsasy edd Aviw meets trigil , statincos-sisos
iivesnsd. THehimeiy sitievy bie gstace edt ,enoowelgdua’ ,evodes
-val gelugtite care onesae fixe bebwors ,cf ot Sf emtev yaemiag
. sofg eelasiqsoot eiali .esoondeos ,yrol .mm + duods .otsloeo
bebivorg .esveel edt to elixe oct ad etenimes TO oluste ,eeod
eelomsio. ;edoaid eterouloval ,eteve & so S dtiw oead edt te
meluotdto etelteard Levoltretat :esetdele . anol .mm @ ov A
2 enofetvil Atasbiueq ;aisuan edt so etetiio .yiied ,etetlog
> Bremete <utgrem oft mo otellto ,yiied ,etevode to eisvo
axooertt osots edt mi ee ynicetded ,esrevenett effeo tedgne odd
swond Tom exicit bae exrewolt efenet samieord

boo end? to noisgitosog

‘uxeb iaeet saad pevidw ylireen to detwetfey ,xotdd hoowgsed
figsod ,gaoite yrev .yveed ,ftal bocW .bex Adiw hegais ,awoud
- £ gntsied tow ot digolbtis bsmtetg-enit yiev bue esoxo
-eidteiv ton dtwoug to epuix lasonk .deifeq boos

ai som Lf.) fLame ,avotsmsn {moitese sersvensit) eexgd
fk ego ,cwot ti medw honettelt ylletbhsx xo husor ,(t]8etdemeld
edt mi eeselyd sword axsh xo etidw Atiw heaols . boowyse edt

to awor Isibex trode mi to ylanis begnette bas . boowd1esd

(motioss, Lentbutiznel) eflLew efeaas¥ 28 10 3 et & moxt
~pebte [fe mo atiy bssebiod yludgils .ifeme ,suor9mmim ditw
Patel ote atiq odd ,2yer fittg dtiw dostaco at exedw tqeoxe
“i .elgmie emoiterotisS .elgmte base betegnole yleerevenstd

flame ,eflew dolds aa! fidiw ,gxol .om 8f0.f sx0edi? boow

rd emydonsieg boo. .atiq olymie Lisme bue aeltiveo ILec

“=9ati ,wotten prev ai beguetie bite begoleves yignoute ylaist
bhowoxre beqsotg ofie j;asmtl ieltveguet ,betquizvetai ,

efifeo dat L mort ,woxrxsht ,soxsain yIev eysh -eleegev ils

; -tigkal efleo OS of OL moxt bus sbiw

eoen bre. gemes Iso0l ,wottudixteid

: astaedo edt mi yino «et oe bayot seed eet sort ebay
‘hommes tedvex sd of .tevewod ,amece ti .etval mi bue yelisvV
ond. ghome nmwond ef bre oftioed et to esse10t-nooemom edd ai

country-people under the name of berbdd, borrowed from one of
the native languages. The wood is heavy, difficult to work
and not extensively used.

fhe spurious Isthmian Rubber-Tree

Castilla fallax O.F. Cook, Science n. ser. 18; 438. 1903

Description of the tree

A large or middle-sized, laticiferous tree, the branch-
lets thick, densely adpressed hairy. Leaves deciduous, co-
riaceous, the petioles thick, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, hairy, sul-
cate, the blades 30 to 40 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or subacute at the base, acu-
minate, rough and sparsely adpressed hairy above, adpressed
pubescent beneath, the costa and veins very prominent, the
margin entire. Stipules intrapetiolar, adnate, wideribbed,
hairy without. Male receptacles single or geminate, sessile
or subsessile, flabellate, 1.5 to 2 cm. broad, opening by a
long, arcuate slit. Scales of the involucre almost free,
pubescent without. Interstaminal bracts scarce, triangular,
small. Stamens 1.5 to 2 mm. long. Female receptacles soli-
tary, sessile, small. Scales of the involucre free, silky.
Perianth free to the base, about 4 mm. long, silky pubes-
cent without, 4 to 5-lobulste at the spex. Ovary partly
free from the perianth; style 3 to 3.5 mm. long, slender,
the 2 stigmas short and twisted. Fruits free, not fleshy,
pubescent without; seeds about 8 mm. long and 6 mm. thick.

This species is distinguished from the other Central-
American rubber-trees mainly by the free, dry nutlets and
by the almost total absence of rubber in the resinous la-
tex. It is usually a small or middle-sized tree, but in the
forests of Darien it grows to larger proportions, the trunk
measuring sometimes more than 1 meter in diameter, with a
total height of 15 to 20 meters.

7 ‘se

to eno mot boewexrod ,édxed to oman eit svehas efqoeq-yxtanoo
Muow od Jinotitrh WUveo on BL Scow ef? .segengiel eviten og
sheen Yloviscedxe Jon bits

eeii-reddon tstuddel exoitege ont

“BORE B82 :8L .xe¢ .1 somete® .4000 .1,0 xeliet efirdesd

eem ent to Meiggizteeo.

-donetd sit? ,eexd anoxetioivel besta-elbbin to eprel &
“09 ,esoubioes eovsel .y¥iied fesseigbhe yleeaneh ,dotdid edel
safe ,yrted gaol .mo S of 4.6 ,xolds aeloitey edd ,exoepels
guolds +bBoid ome GL ov OL s~paol .mo Gh od 06. cabald ott Pore 10)
Hoe ,6@sd oft te etnosdsa 1c Sebugor _5t aboesuel-gteido 10
Beekexibe ,ovods Yrled desecighs yloetsye bie sguot + stentn
eat. dnontmon, yiov amisv bus escoo sds” dat esned: tuspeodsg
, bedd tee biw etenbs ,tsloitegeisat es lsgtre -e1itns aisiem
| _ eltesee ,Sbatines. 10 -elguteeeloesysoo. afeil, . tnodtiw: ya ted
"aed ‘satnego «haoxe mo S os G.f ,etelledel> ,elicessdie to
Te eet scone ‘evesiovil ond to eeles@ site edetom anol
_ TAingasizd ,sotece atorid LenimecscisdGl .dvoitiw tnes¢edng
etice ed{satqeses ofemet anol .um Sod sf erometé . Liana
;.. ,eent oteulovni eit fo-celsod .ifeme ,ofieasé , yred
Bea 6% “aaodng Alte ool stim S tyode , saad ent of ‘eaxt dwelt red
=. Sieteg yrevO-“.xede ont te gtelndol-s ot 2 Hort tw Treo
Be herbie BHOL san S58. of 6 eiyte |; dtvelrsy ont mott sett
iS ton .esrt atinvd heteiws fire Siede esngive 2 “est
foksit omm 6 bites met ~im 6 Jugde ebeed rivoddiw ineasedsg

oes meito eft covt bedetrantteth ef etooge eft? -
bee eteiiun yrh ,se1tt ent WW platen eeott-19eddex mes trom
‘iy ee Byontes: eft ni 1eddsx to soneads lated tsomie sit yd :
-Odt at tad ,se1d beste-olfhin 10 fiewe 8 yllewes at 2 .xed
at west ent -emettregoxa isgiel od awo%y tL. Melted to eteerct
aries ae a alae Nas ier nb asvem L meds. exon somidemor exiivesem
3s aretem OS ot st to -dagisd) Lado

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thin, very light yellow or nearly white; heart-
wood darker. Wood soft, moderately light, not strong,
straight and fairly fine-grained, easily worked, taking a good
polish, and not very durable in contact with the soil. Amnual
rings of growth not clearly marked; the tangential lines of
wood parenchyma on a smooth transverse surface do not indi-
cate limits of growth layers.

Pores (transverse section) fairly numerous, large (.155
mn. in diameter), round when solitary, usually closed with
orange yellow tyloses, often solitary, but alse arranged in
short radial rows of from 2 to 6. Vessel walls (longitudinal
section) where in contact with ray cells and wood parenchyma
Bear bordered pits with transitions to large simple pits,
always bordered where two vessels are in contact. Perfors-
tions simple, circular or elliptical. Wood fibers 1.21 mm.
long, with thin walls, large cavities and small, oblique simple
pits. Wood parenchyma highly developed especially around
vessels and in the tangential bands clearly visible under the
hand lens. xays numerous, narrow, from 1 to 4 cells wide and
from 4 to 5 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The name of Central American rubber trees has been given
to several of the species forming the genus Castilla, on
account of their having been for a long time the only source
of the rubber exported from the countries between and inclu-
sive Mexico and Panama. Among the ten or less known species
of this genus there are at least two which do not produce a
commercial rubber. One of them is the tunu of the Honduras
(British and Spanish), the specific distinction of which is
not fully known, and the other is the spurious rubber tree
of the Isthmus (Castilla fallax 0.F. Cook), which is described
here. It was known so far only from the easternmost part of
Costa Rica, but the botanical investigations recently made
under the supervision of the Smithsonian Institution have
shown that it is of more frequent occurrence on the Pacific
watershed of Panama, increasing in abundance from Chiriqui to
Darien, where it can be called a common forests tree on
both sides of the Continental divide. It is because of its
restricted distribution on the Isthmus and because it does
not produce rubber, that it is here designated as Spurious
Isthmian rubber tree, the real rubber yielding spetléS being

* y ee
an

-teed revtetw Medek 3 a0 wolley tdgif yrev ,aid? boowgeé

| snoite ton ,digil yLetexebom ,ites S00 .xsdreb boow

“ foog a guises | (bestow ylices Sentevg-outt ylitiel ine tdgierve

~Lecoma .ffoz odd cit kw soadmos ak eldeinsh yroev ton bare ydetiog

"So eebif ieitnegres odt ;heirvem ylteslo ton dtworg to egnit

}. =fbnk. to. ch ssetase sersvenett msoome gk 9 enyioneteg beow
-8teysi aiwory to atimil siao

862... sdisl ,esoremen ylxie> (noitess exsevenext) cored
ae otis bezels yitenes .Ysedtioe ugdw bugo. ,(xetomeih of .om
ye) SRE esgnesse ogia sud ‘qestites medto ,pecoly volley eumero
te ee feet) efiew teateV .3 of & moxt to awoz Lelie diode ~
_ @ydbisteg Boow ne sifeo yer dviw vortnos mi siedw (motsoes
. 4@tig sbamis-opiel ot emoitienout déiw etiq bevebiod xe9ed
©. -8i0ausi .tostno> ni eus eleseevy ows siedw botehiod eyewls

o

ame fe.L siecdithoo!) .Lepitgtile +o. tslscvioe ,olymie snot
amke suptido ,ilema hue cattives: egret. -aifew otnt tiv .gtsol 7

5. oe hnitete: yifeiovyes feqolovebh yt 1 te ceed agree eniyisne: a; Soov 4edkq 4
Sr 2 vsbut aldietv: yliaels ebmed fetinepast od ui ue eleeeey |

cabal meee & ow £: mot? ,Worrter ,ssexommt eye ~siet boas
riduic 6a pak? & o8, & moat

eas 08s Bie comes somo ned sudix SASS
ieee noaxt. xed six i giao) tO smpmjed?

Sere ae sidariot Bokosye ont to Lewevee vt
Feats sol @ TO pele writes tiers) to. taspese
(Belti ies ‘But mut fotwegxe isddyy ead te
anak azel 46 Met edt-gaemA .emaied ice oobxen ovis
fiery ten ob dottw owl desel te exe execs coneg Bidd~ to. Le
-- SeaCbRON ert to vaud edd af edt to om .1sdciu Leks*voumos oe
= #1 Goldy 2a. noldaniieis oFiiweye od) (asieut tae Mane F¥G) P
(2 eeit “sedis: Gnolrunijs. at 1929 .01 Le ,cwonx pile *
+ Beditore® ai fctdw . {dowd 4.0 [ee elitieso) + i ;
is 30 dec. de onuried 40 eat cont Yine 16? ce owond vow $I sexed Rin
»-ehpn. yitnece: esolttest? casvii Leotneted ott tod SOLi ote00 | r
== : ered. Aaliusiventl nelvordytme aft So gotsivreque eft tebrs . ad fe
SLL POSE oA9. so eckeriness tupapett c1cr to et tt tent swede ie Ped
ei. bipritic Mmett exGebuuds uf giteseioui .~mensi to hbedavedew son
- “feo gout eateezot sommoo a boifeo ed ued of exedw ,metred ae
eti ¢o ssyaded ei t1- sebifvibh Ladneniéned edt to sobie atodg be
ae -eaob. ot _seheoed brs auntigel ond 20 soltsdiasesh botoradeet
Se ae. se heterzizeh oiten zi Jf Deis .10dcsm senhbotqy Fou
oge SubbLelymoedds1 less ed? ,cexd teddni neimdtel

>
a

rhs, Ses - ; Jia } = s oo \ 4 A. ©
: es a ee ern ey © CO h es ey

represented in the same country by Castille panamensis Cook.
In Costa Rica Castilla fallax is known as hule macho, hule
or ule being the Central American name, derived from the
nahuatl, ulli, gum, for rubber or rubber tree. In Panama
the native name is caucho macho, or sometimes cauchillc.

The bark of this tree yields a soft vegetable cloth,
which the Cuna-Cuna and Choco Indians make inte clouts,
skirts or sleeping mats. The wood is used very seldom on
account of the abundant flow of cortical latex, which makes
it difficult to handle.

The Fustic-Tree
Chlorophora tinctoria (L) Gaudich. in Freye Vog. Bot. 508
(note) 1826.

Description of the tree

A dioecious tree, armed or unarmed, laticiferous, up to
20 meters high and 75 cm. in diameter, the bark brownish gray,
the young branchlets more or less covered with rounded lenti-
cels. Leaves alternate, membranous, glabrous, the petioles
slender, 0.7 to l cm. long, the blades oblong, rounded at
the base, acuminate, 4 to 13 cm. long, 1.5 to 4.5 cm. long,
entire or more or less serrate. Inflorescences single in the
axils of the leaves, the male flowers in hanging, pedunculate
catkins, the female flowers in globose, sessile heads; male
flowers; perianth 4-partite, stamens 4, exserted; female
flowers: perianth broadly tubular, 4-toothed; ovary free,
l-ovulate; style long and filiform. Achenia numerous, sur-
rounded by the floral perianth and covering the globose,
fleshy receptacle.

The Fustic-tree is very variable in form and shape; some-
times it is armed with sharp axillary spines, other times
without them; the leaves are either entire or serrate, both
forms occuring side by side on the same branchlets. The Pana-
manian specimens, however, are found mostly with serrate
leaves and belong to the variety designated as Chlorophora

tinctoria xanthoxylon.

aLds Yd. yisnsoo snee ent ai beduesstyet
c ois ce rece ei elise: elfiidess soli etacd ut
Sous beviish , SHEN Twos ton. B laettaes gaited of xo
prereset cl .serd 1eddat tO veddn1a i0t atts thio,

“Oil ileces eenitemoe to ,odosm _odopes ei emen sviten odd

idels eidetegsy Stor s ebfely sent aidt to ated ont
~etwolo otht sifen enerbnl soodd bie envOsennO edd dotdw.
rage) “moblee yiev been ef Soow ott sedan anitqeele ro edrise
gexem fotdw ,xstel feofdtos to wall tuebande edt to dnuoooe
Pi distnaiaes ot tisolITLb of

eer -oivend gd?

/ 808). t0& ,goV eyett at .dobhxed fa)
. by ales .888L (eter)
sext odd ottgitoee

of au ,eugtetfottel Soman ro bere ,sext enotooolb &
.NRTR fetuwowd Arad odd ,redemeth ai .wo 8) bre dais sistem og
Smell Rebruses Ad iv hevevos feel x0 etom etoldonerd gasoy ent
esloitsy ode ,evorlely ,enoterdmem ,stantretdis eeveel .eleo
We bebavexr , guide eshald ant gnot smo £[ oc 740 ,tefneLfe
“venel Mb - 8.2 67 Gil .gnel sms EL o¢ S , stgniowos seed eds
= oat nt sigale ecomecsergftul <edsiise esol 19 otom 10 exitne
2 eteluonubeg goigned af sievolt olea sit ,eevent sit to elixe
etm :ebeod eliaeos ,sscdely at atewolt efenet edd ,antateso
Rane sheet phediesxe ,* enomadve ,etitvuey=2 dtneixeg ;esewolt
opis \ytevo shedtood—s teledut Ylbsord Ataeiieg raxewolt
=S0e ,auotesuin eigetiod trotEL tt bite. snol eigvs j;eveluvosl
50604 end suttevoo bus dinesizeq Lexroit ert yd bebnsox
-sivetqseet yaeolt

+8m08 “yeqetie be miot af sldeitev yrev ei sert-oitext eT.
aeait redde .Senige yrellixeqtane dtiw bomte et di comit
dhod ,oterres og erfidne reddie ots esveel ond jmeds tyodtiw ~
Jspned eft ic theca emes oft no ebte yo ebte actinooe emrot _
oS a Ide orm bruyot ere ,tevewod. , Deedee oh Netien
— . zou ied angioss wWweolitsy edt of sholed bus esveol

-Golyxondnex etrodontd

ae

ri ae
4 V7 ae be
oder Ty SI ne, oie © ae

Description of the fooa2!

Sapwood very thin, nearly white; heartwood light yellow,
but becomes darker after exposure te air and light. Wood
hard, heavy, strong, tough, usually straight and close grain-
ed, taking and excellent polish and durable in contact with
the soil. Annual rings of growth not visible.

Pores (transverse section) rather numerous, moderately
large (.02 to .25 mm. in diameter), round when isolated, ra-
dially compressed when two or more vessels are adjacent,
open or closed with dark-brown tyloses, and arranged singly,
in pairs, or in short radial rows, seldom more than 3. Vessel
walls (longitudinal section) with numerous bordered pits and
occasionally large simple pits occur where they are in con-
tact with pith rays or wood parenchyma. Wood fibers .939 mm.
long, with thick walls, small lumina and small slit-like —
simple pits. Wood parenchyma is abundant, surrounds all ves-
sels, and occurs in tangential bands, forming structures
which contrast strongly with the bands of harder tissue bor-
dering on the outside and inside (transverse section). Crys-
tals of calcium oxalate present. Rays numerous, barely vi-
Sible under hand lens, from 1 to 3 cells wide, and from a
few to 30 or more cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

In Panama the fustic tree is common in the lower, semi-
arid belt of the Pacific, where it prefers the proximity of
the sea-shore and the well-drained banks of the small rivers.
It has been more or less exploited, in view of its commercial
value, in the more accessible places. In Costa Rica, it
grows up to about 600 m. above sea level. It is known all
over Central America as mora or palo de mora. In the trade
the wood is called old fustic, fustic mulberry, Cuba wood

and yellow wood.

Mora yields valuable yellow, brown, and green dyestuffs
and is usually imported into the United States in the form
of sticks from 2 to 4 feet long and from 3 to 8 inches in dia-
meter. locally, it is used extensively in wheelwright and

cabinet work and for all purposes requiring great strength
and durability.

1) Fustic Wood; Its substitutes and Adulterants. Forest Ser-
vice Circular 184.

Raest iéikobped’ tidw yineesr Shane ev ba dla
-togil Bae tis seen snocare & tette tee aemoosd tad -
fo bre tigieite YL. i ,tguod sorte ,Yveed Sted
Postaae nl sidarsh fae Rigs teeliooxe fie antied ,be
-oldieiv sou d¢worg to sgmix Jauno kh five edd

Axehom ,exowenni vertex (moitoer serovaten? ) eer oa 3
,beteloet xodw busox .(xstemerh mi sim af. os $0.) egret
dieospfs ere aleesey erem 10 ow? medw beesergmoo eif
nie begweite base ,eeeoiyt nwosd-dteb ddiw hezolo 10° megs

v 4.8 madd etom moblea ,ewor fetbex trode ai to ,etteg al
-etig bexehted evoremm dtiw (moftoee Lentbhutianol) eflew -

BL sis yedd erenw two00 etiq elymie egrel yflenolesooo

exedit boot .amwyletersy boow 10 ayer tig dtiw toad

ile Liewe fue etimel Ilene ,@liew woiddt. dviw ,snol
busotise ,Jmebasde st emydonereg Seow. .etigq-elgmte |
oNtse i tino Bbtisa fatinegusd ai exup00 hue ,efee
ind to bteut te sined odd Aviv yleiorta teaxrtmoo doidw
oit¢ose sanevVanex!) obient bas sbiatuo edd mo wutiob
ed ~evotenin even ..dteserq otelexo mufoles to elaet
ort ‘ne ,obiw piainie & ot £ mort ,amel boen teinw oldie
ogid elico. erom to OS o¢ wet

£e asiteah fexrtned <e79
ee ae belies at boow edd

ery heearg ins -,nwoxd woLley eidenxlev eblety Petre
i ot edd nl secete hetinU eft otnt hetrogmt yilesey et bie
“Gr gefont & ot 8 mots bre gnol teet 4 of S moxt axotte to
Agirwloodw mi ylevieaedxe bees et gi ,yliecel .astom
ad 8 nee ab oid sesoqisq lis stot ore wtrow Jenides —
A »yili¢erud bre

‘bite sstwtttadse eel S008 ofsan® «
ob6L- eigorto sorv

Chlorophora tinctoria

a

sixtotonis erodyor0ids

10

4 Polygonaceae —

The Sea-Grape Tree

Coccoloba uvifera L. Syst. 10, 1007 = 1758 ~59.

Description of the tree

A tree, up to 18 m. high and 40 cm. in diameter, the
trunk straight or twisted, erect or decumbent, covered with
a reddish, more or less scaly bark, the crown irregular.
Leaves alternate, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, the petioles
broad, about 8 mm. long, the blade crbicular or broader than
long, emarginate at the base, 10 to lz cm. long, 15 to 18 cm.
porad, the costa prominent on both sides; stipules short,
clasping (2 adnate), glabrous. Racemes simple, slender,
subpendulous, up to 30 cm. long, the rachis pubescent,
surrounded at the base with glabrous bracts. Flowers fas-
ciculate, the pedicels articulate at the middle, 2 to 4 mm.
long; perianth 5-lobulate, about 3.5 mm. in diameter, the
tube turbinate, the lobes greenish; stamens 8 to 9; ovary
subglobose, sessile; styles 3. Berries purplish, succulent,
ovoid or globose, l-seeded, 1.5 to 2 cm. in diameter.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood fairly thick, very Light red; heartwood darker
colored, occasionally with nearly black linear markings,
giving it a pleasing effect in cabinet work. Wood very hard,
heavy, strong, very close grained, taking an excellent polish.
Annual rings of growth not visible in most samples of this
wood.

Pores (transverse section) very few, small (.125 mn. in
tangential diameter); open or-occasionally closed, radially
elongated and arranged singly or in radial rows of from 2 to
4. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) thin with numerous
small bordered pits where in contact with pith-ray cells
and wood-parenchyma fibers. Ends of vessel segments wholely
absorbed. Wood fibers about..7588 mm. long, and with thin
Walls and relatively large cell cavities. ‘The pits are few,
Small and simple. Wood-parenchyma fibers Searee and present

egscenogylod &

9

Ss on3k Syeie-scé oct

ra? -@6 SETi = TOOL ,Of .teya «oo oso edpsooeen

}

oS ;

- watt sett _ eft te moligtueses

LAO * eae ,»eeteomels al .ms Of Bor Agid .m GL. oF ae

i ee fereroe ,tuednneof ro doste ,beteiwt 10 togiat eet

steisgorit mxcto sid sted yleos ecel xo stom

es
= .
po ~ pefotd att ,esoidels ,anesoeises _sotdt hd as Tie |
ex td 16 telgofdxo ebafd snd anol a fa, &. oHo a
mp Gf 02 GI ,gnei .mo Si of OL ,esed sit te ss ail gaen
7 diode eeisgtte ;eebte dtod no J mets irioey aiieo end, .. ber
oar reknele pokginte eemeosn .svoideYls , fetanie,2) gaigqee!
> = _ taeoz ody efiosy sd? ,guol «mo OS ov yo ,eReiniiegdss
SS eet dveWwols .etoerd avoudbig Ntiw seed ont Je Sebasonawe
ee. Te se & ,elfbia edgy te edelsoidie elevibsq oad pedeive
pat redsmelb Bi .am 6.5 tuode ,stelodol-6 dé inea, ;
DO yeero }f of © anemeve ;delticery eodol stis be: Sasi
eee fet igrsg eeiaisH 8 eeiyte ;sliseer
ey .redece tb NE. .mo 8 ot-des deteoa-f ,080de,

els foot odd to mort qitoded

See. boowlracd ; bax tight Yrsv .doidd yixtet boowges —
aperbsren weeckt Aoehd yfasen dé tw yilsnotesooo: .. peer oat
and reared aeae «2Fow Bi aaa oly al there. Foo gs e ae ee

vibe

gi om S88) {Leme ,wot ev latvia ois gexot
~ “lietber ,bosols yilsmotesooe ic «ago p(retemprh feitcosned
et. 3 mort fo ewor iether si 19 Ylguis tegnerie bine hese
ae, atim etit {Goitcec Lentiotignel) elfew Lez
4s P giiss ee atiy voeimco ti sverw.etiq Bersbsod. fem
ee Pager seeoy to abuse ,.euedit eee ee Sas
— gtde dd ie : BEST. .drodes atedry Doow .

vivee {les et a eirnaneies
tt amydonsteg »siqnis oe oes

Ly

only in the neighborhood of vessels and pith rays. Crystals
of calcium oxalate seldom present in wood-parenchyma. Pith
rays small, not visible under a hand lens, from 1 to 3 cells
wide and from a few to 12 or more cells high; individual ray
cells very rarely contains crystals of calcium oxalate.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Sea-grape is a tree strictly restricted to the sandy
or rocky sea-beaches, on the coast of both the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans, from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Southward to
Brazil and Peru, being also common in the West Indies. In
Panama and Costa Rica, it is generally known as uvero de pla-
ya, in the latter country sometimes also as papaturro, in
Campeche as uva de mar, and in Cuba and Porto Rico as uvero,
peas the fruits are uvas caletas. It is called Raisinier

e plage in the French antes Indies, qedabare by the Brazi-
Thy and sea-grape rove grape-treé and pigeon-wood in
the British peaaeasions’ of tropical Taeriea re first name,
sea-grape, applies also to one of the marine algae). The
tree is sometimes cultivated on account of its fruit and the
wood of the larger trunks is highly valued as material for
cabinet-work.

fhe Caracas Triplaris
Triplaris caracasana Cham., Linnaea 8:137-1833.

Description of the tree

A slender dioecious tree, up to 10 m. high and 35 cm. in
diameter, the trunk straight, covered with a grayish rugged
bark, the crown ovoid elongate and sparsely branched, the
young branchlets fistulose with a greenish, sparsely villous
or glabrous epiderm. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, the pe-
tioles broad, canaliculate, 0.5 to 1 cm., the blades ellip-
tic-colong, more or less ecute and decurrent on the petiole
at the base, acuminate, 15 to 30 cm. long, 4 to 12 cm. long,
glabrous and dark green above, light green beneath and gla-
brous excepting the villous, laterally barbate costa; vena-
tion very prominent on the lower face of the blade; stipules
¢lasping, caducous. Inflorescences racemose, forming large,

ff

‘pipteyt® .ayer dtig ios eLectev to Botittroddated oft mf yLro
APPS -emydonetey—boow ot treserg mobilen etelexo mutofeo to
efféo © o¢ £ mort ,enel fnad se tobas sidbsivy soa tions eyert
yet terbivibui ; nerd effeo 216m 16 SL oF wot 6 mot? Sae ebbing
-etelsxo mutoles ke elaeteyts eniesdaes yletaxr yrev elles

i femtioo ,fwoligdliteld

yhtes oft ot besotivess yliotite esit a ef egexy-e0c off
bee oftnald i ont sited to tJaasoo ext no ,sedosed-een Yio. 10
of biawiisoe opyustnensdet to simitel-edt mett ,s8099 oitiset
_. My seetfal teew of9 ak oma cole gaied (sed fine Lhsexf .
“Big. 6b o% aR sword ylietensy 2i tr .eokk steed bas a
Wie iicegeg er oele semttenoe yxt tare setital Pika nt

@ Gof of10% tis ads) fe rd a
fetes ‘Beiies iat .e et ole. j

; ent eis as) 8 ent ist ent ha eiro ot oaLe Gittuaa
es? Sue dist edi to sascooe no hetevitiso eemtsene Tt
‘ot Leivedsi a2 hoolev Yidein st exnott rearel sit to boow

.dvow-tenides
af sixeigit? esoe1e. oct
<BESL-TEL;8 soentht ,.medo enesnoetso efreighs?

ms ok sa) Go baie duid .m OL ot as ,oett evotoeolh tehaele &
\ Heggus de lyers e dtiw beveroo agiaette anmert ait ,t9etemeaib
"eat |, bedroomed bp tid bre at esnole bilove awoxro ont ,xted
Dosa “ylsereqe Sefasers = dtiw sgointett eteidonerd
,eseeobiios ,etetictle eeveel .miebige auordals 10
She eokeld ont oo tog @.0 ,stelostfanss ,bsoid aeelott
q edt uo Jgettpeb base etuoes esel to exom. edoldo=ole
“Reel smo Sl of » \greL smo 08 od 8L ,etanimuce ,eead ens ve
_ aig bie di sened neorg tdgit ~SVode NesTg ateé bus aH0°
| settev jedzoo etsdiad Zelwis siel ,smolliv edt guldgqesxe |
Sekecees ‘ebald edd 20 coat iswol ead co tmenimerq yrov pein
ei gitimro® -Seomecex veomessetoltal .esosahieo ,gnigeelo

12

many-flowered terminal panficles, the rachis hairy tomentose.
Male flowers sessile, each provided with 2 clasping, ovate-
acute, hairy bracteoles, about 5.5 mm. long; perianth funnel-
shaped, 6-lobulate, pubescent, about 4.5 mm. long; stamens 8,
exserted, the filaments hairy, adnate at the base with the
perianth. Female flowers sessile, provided with a single,
caducous bract, the perianth about 1 cm. long, broad, 3-loba-~
te, hairy; staminodes 3, laciniate, hairy inside, shorter
than the perianth; ovary globose-triangulate;styles 3. Ache-
nium d-winged, glabrous, glossy, about 11 mm. long, crowned
with the persistent styles and surrounded by the accrescent
perianth, this red, about 5 cm. long, the tube hairy, the
lobes Sparsely so and reticulate.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thick and yellowish white; heartwood yellow tinged
with red turning darker with age. Wood very hard, heavy,
strong, tough, straight and fine-grained, taking a good polish.
Annual rings of growth clearly visible under high power of
microscope.

Pores (transverse section) not very numerous, (about .22
mm. in diameter) round, open, and arranged singly, in pairs,
or in very short radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal
section) with numerous very small round bordered pits; pit
opening slightly elongated transversely. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about .71 mm. long with rather thick walls and
Small cavities. The pits are exceedingly minute and obli-
quely slit-like. Wood parenchyma very sparingly developed.
Pith rays very small and invisible with the hand lens on a
smooth transverse surface. They are only 1 or 2 cells wide
and from 6 to 12 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Triplaris caracasana Cham. extends along the coast of
northern South America, from Venezuela into Central America,
usually appearing in old clearings. In Panama, it is common
along the railroad in the Canal Zone, being especially con-
Spicuous at the fruiting time, on account of the Showy red
bunches loading the female individuals. This tree is char-
acterized also by the presence of hosts of warlike, Stinging

ants, which inhabit the hollow branches and fall thick as

eT ae ee a ee Pe mene ee ae ee
: 7 Me ; ‘ ’ a : wre 7a nih
. ee -. am p : re ; ‘ i

é ; ’ ' F ‘

a Pa et . Bs

| oe6tnemet wiied atdosx ont selotinisa Leniniei terewolt
zs sgiave ,uatjeefo 8 atiw ee “entde ,eliveos exemilt Prey
; Shera’ + erusg ignol : +d. otfoda ,ceLoetoatd yabed ,etuoe
«8 Bmemets jgrol .om c,d tytde tapoesdng | etaludel-s | boqede
eat beiv oaad oft te st athe oval eit attemeli* sat bedteaxe
/ Siueie eo itiw bebivoiq ,efiaeed aiewolt oLleast dwelt reg
wedol-= ,Sgoud ,guel .ho { tnuo6ce ctneiisg ed ,toeid ssigonhes
weirode ,ohant gttet . .eteiiicer <5 esboutmed 2 [esiad ,es -
mento A «o nolyte: ot eiugcalst ~caprols yrevo yaitastiseg ed? nase =
\"Betwosn ,gnol .sim fi trode, ,yeect= .svotdsls boxiswe nv lo “
tmevrets os Sid Yo bobasoxiy? Cua ecinss tgeteterey ede Ad iw
= ent” »weted edus ode Sno .8 @ thode bet eins . eitmatrey
= . sotsisoitor Bre of Ylostage Bedol -

pest wetfor. sashes vet tdw debua thot, bas dAotay boowqee-
eas Reet Exed yiev padi .oqe dg tw “‘gexsxeh pittircus. bey peiw
eae: (Moos « galdes ,ponterg-onkt ire Siighe te ,tgnot ,gaaade a
eit aati Tehi7 STaee Lxegelo ty to egnit Laomurd a
ie ’ -sqoveorola

. gs. thee) ,Buoremin yrev tom (rottoes seteveaneis) Berod
— a AE ,xisnie hognetie bie tego ,invor (sevemeib at «ao
aap ia eifew feeesY .awor lniies trode yxev ai zo
“jatiq Berebied Sastoxr tiene ytov esoremm dviw {nott oes
~ setgets enoftexote® Mieeusyenais bet 9 Ydddgite gree
Sue eilew xdids serdar dd. of . 1m IVs taode exedit beow
\ -lide boa etuaimn yiumbbesoxe, .9t8 aviq.edf .eeitived fLeme
_ sbeqolevo’ Bac ale Yuey emypdonerey Loow esi f-sble baring:

$8 HO enel bast eit atiw eldtéivai tue Lleme Yrev ayer
wd iw eifes § 10 { yao ets Yen? .ecetine sexeveneitd dsoome
a . eiigid efise SI of 6 mort Bae

sot A ma nines csottnd inten

| rie: oy eid 6 antes oe ‘he “out tus Peg: vite jes pitt a

* atehd Bf ¢ox3 sid? .elesibivioot eee ons aribsot
gaignive @ibitow to azo to: ‘eotiegexg od YC cele basiredss.

ae = ee dois iiss boe amis By itos, ond did edek nokdw ar

(riplaris caracasana

{In back ground Tecoma pentaphylla)

- iseaoete> mies
hoses yous at)

Castilla fallax Chlorophora tinc-
toria

PL :
Gocoloba uvifera

a
a eS

a

<< ea

beet @widd, ao

~

=

et

ee Sa

4 ee.

13

rain on the intruder at his first contact with the trunk.

On account of the almost absolute inviolability it owes to
this protection it is called in Panama vara santa (holy pole).
3ut it is also known in the same country as palo hormiguero,

guayabo hormiguero, and in Costa Rica as tabaco and hormigo.
If is also the palo liarfa and Barrabds of the Venezuelians.

a

Magnoliaceae

The Panaman Talauma

Talauma sambuensis Pittier

Description of the tree

A large tree, 30 to 40 m. high, the trunk straight, the
crown elongate. B3ranchlets terete, rather thick, glabrous,
marked with the annular scars of the stipules, and the large,
Orbicular, white scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves coriaceous,
glabrous, crowded at the end of the branchlets, the petioles
1.5 to 4 cm. long, slightly thicker at the base, flattened
above, the blades ovate-elliptic, acute-cuneate at the base,
subacute or sometimes shortly obtuse-acuminate at the apex,
ll to 25 cm. long, 4.5 to ll cm. broad, minutely reticulate,
coneolorous, more or less lustrous on both faces; costa im-
pressed above, very prominent beneath; primary veins alter-
nate, prominulous on both faces, about 12 on each side of
the costa, arcuate-anastomosed; margin broadly sinuate. Sti-
pules lanceolate, finely granular-reticulate, glabrous, ca-
ducous, about 2 cm. long. Flowers not known. Syncarpium
pedunculate, subglobose, about 8 cm. long and 7.5 cm. in dia-
meter, woody, squamose-areolate, the carpel-tips free, lan-
ceolate, obtuse at the apex. Seeds not known.

Description of the Wood
Sapwood thin, light brown or nearly white; heartwood very

dark, nearly black and tinged with purple; wood moderately
soft, light, staight and fine-grained, easily worked, taking

‘ :
rast

eee aid bv yoepenve texit aid te rebuasal efic mo aig

aagori Louse
ennelet cenenes efT

teigsig shenesdase snuelel -

gerd ent ‘to oltighroaed

¢ ,@gid wm OL of OF ,ostt egal &
"aloe naddet .efered etoldovext .etegaele toro
s2eoLngi@a eft to erect isiscees edd ddtw besten
.86veel melt et ent to. etaorn etidw ,telsotdz0

Ma pniin ,eteiiosetd odd to Boe edt ¢s hebworo ,ssotdals
So ,eesd oft te westotdd yisdatie .ymof .mo & of aif

te steenso-olea ,oktgtile-stevo eebeld oft ,ovods -

o 38 steniniss-eantide ylttorde ane <0 atnondse ey
2% vised onta ,beoxd smo EL ot CG. ,gn0l «mo GE of ff
bec. p2soas Atod nO Buoutent.cesl +o stom ,ehotTefoouco

ect Ytanisg dd eested Jhscimuig Yiev ,syods beseoxy

His Soce fo Si duode ,eeset stod ao auelnaimo1g , stan

sternis ylbevrd ataxem ;heeomotceais-etanors ,steoo edd
8 Oidels .etelyottet—relvieis ylenz? a8 eLooonel aelng.
Tecuye «Wonk ten ciewold .gmol .mo $ tuode ,emonxb

,io 5.°% bore sool .mo.8 cu0cs ,osedeigdwe , ovaluoiubeg
apn egit-Leqies ef¢ ,stsioere-seomsnpe .yboow ,tesen
_ sttvanat ton abess: -xeus eft ve sextdg ,etelosc

oe sat So ewes

14

a fairly good polish and not durable in contact with soil.
Annual ring of growth clearly visible under hand lens on a
smooth transverse surface.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, rather small,
(.13 ma. in diameter) round except when arranged in radial
rows, Open, and arranged singly or in small round groups of
from 2 to 4 or in radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal
section) where in contact with other vessels bear scalariform
bordered pits and where in contact with pith rays or wood pa-
renchyma have simple pits; spiral thickening present. Perfo-
ration scalariform with numerous simple or branched bars
across the long slanting ends. ‘Wood fibers about 1.71 mm.
long with thin walls and relatively large cell cavities and
few simple pits. Wood-psrenchyma very scantily developed,
occasionally present in early wood or around vessels. Rays
narrow hardly visible under hand lens, from 1 to 5 cells
wide and from 4 to 6 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Our knowledge of the specific value and of the distribu-
tion of the several recorded forms of the genus Talauma in
Central America is so imperfect, that it is not possible to
determine for the present their respective areas, neither to
fix their true relationship. Apparently they sre distinct,
very much localized types and scarcely represented within their
natural habitat. Of the tree described above, a single spe-
cimen was found and designated by our Choco Indian guides
under the name of Kakud biui. The wood, white and rather
soft, is not known to be of any use whatever.

- > elie. fotw eens tt sldeisd. tor bore detlog boos ylitet e
a ie a eel Sued 16fun eidteivy yLiselo déworg to. gait Taam
oe -Sostius eeisvenard gioome

i

Pedder ,euotennn. yeey (noltoae sexevenett ) eo10%
bet ni bsynsris notlw tqooxe fuvow (tetemeth at sou SL.)
equozs bnvot [fame ai 19 vlgnie feguetie bas . ne ,2wor
-TeniSeticnol) effew feseoY .ewou fether oi %é > OF S “nox?
-gmotixveleoe xed elLeacev usrite sidiw toetnoo af evedw (noltese
sag boow i6 eyat dtiq atiw dpewmoo ait otenw base etiy bershrod
= E28 wheserg goinexoiat Llevige iatig eldmbe s¥sed
wns Ep sotene To abet ge oe arte Piaget pes iolter

: ieee Pere g ¢rSv
ry: tenaey Mee +0 &

ga 28 eonte 3 ot 3 Hon base shin

ae eo

al Ps

; ny smnes: ‘ene ic “Bat6s pee pre a os. te Bold
digeoy Jon ai Ji vent ,coetreqm! of uf solieak Leaded
giien .eeete evitesgser “etent tseexg ext vot ob

aiferS ote: yard. uLtnsis(ga .qidemotteLet sexx) | BEE

A vlsotese oe eoqy? bach taans doug Yee

5 ape 8 ,Svode badixoesh it 9 tatidad Lerten
fy aeliil ooodd isso Yd sodmiatees b boe busot eg

et bits evidw ,boew eh . 5
2 reve edu ses ye * OF nvond dow et 2toes.

15

Annonaceae

The Panaman Desmopsis

Desmopsis panamensis (Robinson) gacfora2)

Description of the tree

A small tree, 4 to 8 m. high, symmetrical in habit, the
trunk erect, continuous, covered with smooth, brownish gray
bark, the branching radiate, the crown pyramidal. Leaves al-
ternate, distichous, submembranoms, the petioles short, the
blades elliptic or oblong, acute at the base, short-acuminate,
10 to 20 cm. long, 3 to 7 cm. broad, glabrous above, rufous-
pubescent beneath, the more so on the prominent veins.
Flowers usually paired, the common peduncle, issuing opposite
of one leaf, short, thick, provided at the end with a subor-
bicular, cordate, foliaceous bract, the pedicels long and
Slender; calyx small, 3-partite, the segments ovate-triangu-
lar; petals 6, greenish yellow, nearly erect, the margins
revolute, the tips inflexed; receptacle himispherical or
convex; stamens numerous, short, cuneate, the pollen-sacks
parallel, capped by their crowded, hexagonal, expanded con-
nectives; carpels 5 to 12, densely covered with minute dark
brown stiff hairs. Fruit borne on a short stipe, oblong,
long, 10 mm. in diameter, slightly torulose or marked by
rings corresponding to the seeds within; seeds 6 to 8, dis-
coid, grooved on the edge.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood usually wide, dark brown; heartwood somewhat
darker. Wood hard, heavy, very strong, straight-grained,
easily worked, taking a fine polish, and durable in contact
with soil. The wood has a fishy odor. Amnual rings of growth
very narrow and visible only under the high power microscope.

Pores very numerous, minute (about .08 mm. in diameter),
round when solitary, open in sapwood, but generally closed in
heartwood and arranged singly, in radial rows or in small
irregular groups of from a few to 6 or more. Vessel walls
(longitudinal section} with numerous small bordered pits.
Perforations simple, circular or elliptical. Wood fibers

1) Unona panamensis Robinson, Am. Journ. Sc. III: 175. 1895.

SRsoeromik
etegomaed aemaned od

Sesovet (aeeatden), 2 stenemee etegonsed

_Best 9 ot = oid it 29

Seite tided wi Isoiudemmys ~dgid sm 6 o¢ 4 5 al ifeme &
A! Tete “de terword itoome Atiw keteroo ,ssosnitroo Si ish sagad
eis seveed .lebimareg aworo edt ,etelbexr satdonat¢ sited
ett: sree selciveg edt ,enonbidmemdxe ,enodoltvelh gee oe
© ,edeuisios-txode ,casd eid te otwos “engide vo oftgtife eebaid
megotuy erode ‘exord els peed .mo Tet @ , scot sme O8 Ot OL
= “ ,aikey tuetimerg edt ne of exon env” -titeoned ecoeress
efiteogdo arinset ,sleauieq mommoo et Peviag srewol

“spadne e Atin fuse ent ts Debivor;g dobse yet le ,2eel ero to

- fre snot efeolfeg ent , toed suoeoel Lot etebuoo ,teinvold
- —pptiieind-etsvo etiomgesn atid ,otldteg-o . LE emne xyleo ;tebnele
entgrem edd tosis ylvest ,wolley dadineetg 20 Sisteg ;tel
r9) feotredge imta efastyeses pboxolink eqit add ,etefover
euepe-reifog oft .eteenns ,dtote as enonads Py abes

Rohe ‘hehnagxe . , fenogexed bebworo ubodd s sone felt

dreb etonin it hw. heteveo. yiseneh Set oo @ eleg
0. sqlite Jxefe es tio ote i

ier ©: poses x6 esolsied yh ge
= <enb +8 ot 9 ebeor anbag Aw ebese

> ats -bdGH ont mold g

tedwemor hoowlvssd ;oword tapb .ebiw yllswes hoowge.e
,hoaierg-tdgterte ,guowte yiev ,iveod ,bted BooW ,.teireb
teadnos ti eidernubh Sane ,déiflog ontt es sitited ,bexiow yitepe

-gdtworn to. @aniz Lepoida .xebo ydett e esd Soow efT .Ltoes dtiw

: -oqvosototm sewoq dyin sat 1r9sfan yine sidieiv bose wortem yrev

(redemarb ot som 60. trode) etunia ,exoremex yrev esto.
ath beeolo ylisienes tud ,hoowgee ut rego .Utedilos nenw buget
ifene af xo awor leatbet at, yigerte fegiaiis bus, boow! teed
eiiew {[eeaeV .e10m 10 3 ov wet @ moit fo equoxrs relvgentt
sees bex0 beed ffenme euotemsn dtiw inotaden Lemibutignol
sisoligiffe to talporie ,elymie snolverg

-GC6L .@NI :111 .28 sonnet .md ,moeatdos etacomaned enon (£°

se er! ee eee

a a ee

P _ oo i

Desmopsis pansamensis

gitedtscdmed: sawslet

~

Sienomeneg efeqome ve

16

about 1.37 mm. long, with thick walls, fairly large cell ca-
vities and a few small, oblique, simple, slit-like pits or
sometimes with s small border. Arrangement of wood fibers

in radial rows. Wood-parenchyma strongly developed anda
arranged in numerous faint tangential lines of about 1 or 2
cells wide, which alternate with lines of wood fibers. Rays
usually rather wide and readily seen with hand lens on smooth
transverse section, varying in width from 2 to 7 or more cells
and frequently 6 to 10 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This species is very little known and seems to have neither
name nor use. It is introduced here rather as a representa-
tive of an order which includes several useful timber trees,
woods of which have not yet been obtained.

Myristisac#eae
(Nutmeg-ramily)
Warburg's Nutmeg-Tree

Virola Warburgii Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18:142~71916

Description of the tree

A dioecious tree, 15 to 30 meters high, the trunk straight,
erect, 25 to 60 cm. in diameter at the base, the crown pyrami-
dal. Leaves coriaceous, the petioles 1 to 2 cm. long, thick,
densely ferruginous-tomentose, the blades 9 to 85 cm. long,.

3 to 12.5 cm. broad, elliptic, acuminate, glabrous above, more
or less ferruginous-tomentulous beneath; costa brown tomen-
tose on the upper face of the leaf; costa and veins very pro-
minent and densely tomentose on the lower face, the latter

10 to 15. Floral panicles ample, axillary, the rachis dense-

hers ee OE ey Py ee aL ee eee ee, Pee : ee Oe ene
Md OF, ots AN IN gi nn na He fp amen TRE CTI ET SA eer a
, a on : = ye aes *

as

+e se fies ogtel yittet ,eliew deine dviw ,ghof ,um V8.1 taode
a ae etkg siil-tita velgmie supilido ,IfLeme wet se bane eeltiv
eugci? boow to ¢memeguaizh4 .tebied ileme 2 Adin gemitemoe
bua Seqofeveh ylenorte amydousieg-fo0W .ewor Tether at
-$ mod tucde to zonil feitnegied tate? exoromuit nt begustxs
gene” “eters boow to sanil dtiw etentedis dotdw ,ebiw giles
d¥dome mo erol ined dtinw «see yltbeox dns oblw vedtex Yflaven
effeo este a6 Y o¢ S moat dtbiw at ypriytev ,mottoes eetevanext
.igtd ae eemit OL of & yitaenpest bas -

epaw bei 6 seman oD _okindizters

= ives svei of emsee bue nwond olttil yuev at veltosys eBlAt
a Py. ee 8 ef téiitse1 eton Seovborgnt el Si .88n 10m eman

— sedmit Ipteen Leveves cobuloui dotdw yehto ae to evit
e, | - , benistde seed sey ton evar dotdw to eboow

seti-gemts e'gisdigw
Peseisel .disk .vel .&.U .rimed ,teitsti¢ PiguudsswW alowtv

seus eat to moligttoeed

ave aout edd ,dgid eretem 08 of CL ,ser? emotoeoth A
; diwoano odd ,e6ed eit te totemalb at .mo 03 of a3 vere
7 oe ~ 4 Rnok oo £ of £ asloivey efid ,euoeoetios eovesd. «Lab
a amo @ o¢ © vebald od? ,cagtnemos-exontgutzet yfegnebh
= yode ewoidels ,ctenincoe ,obigtils ,Beoud .mo 3.8L o¢ &
=Hendd myotd eteoo dt eomed evolsd comet -auontguizet Pp =o:
snag Ytew entov hrs: steos ;teel eft to eogt rteqqs eft 20 saot
Seftel ent (soset teweol ent mo seotiremet yLeaneb bag toonta
awe eidee: ont sessas pica ofqme igen d ferola .af of OL .

—

By

ly ferruginous-tomentose. Male inflorescence; panicles about
10 cm. long, the peduncles 1.5 to 3 cm. thick; floral clusters
bracteolate at the base, the bractlets ovate-rounded, cadu-
cous; pedicels about 1.3 mm. long; perianth funnel-shaped,
S-fid, about 1.7 mn. long, ferruginous-tomentose without;
anthers usually 6, about 0.5 mm. long, shorter than the thick
staminal column. ‘emale inflorescence imperfectly known.
Fruit obovate, 1.6 em. long and about 1.3 cm. in diameter,
covered without with a fugacious, ferruginous tomentum; aril
deep pink, many branched in its upper part; seeds 12 mm.
long, 9 mm. in diameter, pointed at the base.

The real Nutmeg-Tree (Myristica fragrans Houtl.), a na-
tive of the Molukkan Islands in tropical Asia, is represented
in America by the genus Virols, of which two species are
found in Panama and a few others in the neighboring countries
of Central and South America. The relationship is very close
and the fruits of Virola are miniatures of the nutmeg, with-
out having however its strong sromatic properties.

Virola Warburgii is a gregarious tree, which in some
parts of Panama forms a conspicuous element of the forest.

Description of the wood

Sapwood light brown; heartwood darker. Wood soft, light,
not strong, splits readily, moderately fine-grained, taking a
fairly goed polish, resembling crabwood (Carapa guianensis
Aubl.) Annual rings of growth easily seen with a hand lens
on a smooth transverse section.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, moderately small
(.125 mm. in diameter), round, open, sometimes closed with
dark tyloses and arranged singly or more often in radisl rews
of from 2 to 4 or more. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous, small, with a number of large elliptical sim-
ple pits on the radial surface. End walls of vessel segments
with simple perforations or sometimes with scalariform per-
forations, with from 1 to 8 bars. Wood fibers about 1.34
mm. long, occasionally septate, with few simple pits. Wood
parenchyma fibers scantily developed. Pith rays narrow,
from 1 to 2 cells wide and from a few to cells high.

fatiag :osseosetof itt eis .stotnemot-enon es

Senolt ,dokds .mo & o¢ GL eolongheq edt ar |
bedasvor~st avo Btettoetd edt .eead ad? te os aloes

ile tocass dtielteg ;g00L arm 5,1 sHods Seats 14

geediiwy Seatnenod - ~ Bains t Sut 208 ,~maol .inh VIE pod ie

‘one tei! tsftene ,acot sam 6.0 Iuode .3 yliesas &

. “yidesTiogmi SoneseetoLint efemet .amiloo fi Bite

ered: ck «me i seeds bre gaol .mo 5.1 .stevodg ies

@ ym somot avonigsuste> capolonnee eB atte tnodeiw veda

te Sl aheex ;o tag aequs tof ni Seronexd yrem , qy qeeb

aad -opme oft Jie hedmieg ,isvemetlbh ai .am @ ,giof

ere Y potteiiy) eerf-gemink [eer edt «
x ee AT, nas rea) gout 2 8 ut. Degree ord to evis
4 eeloegs owe Baran te Sipeay ase eit yo soitema wi
oie it edt mt ere eer a” e eusied mt fossot
Boret Gs pieties ex? .epttemk Winok bisa Taethed to
\.gemiun adt to eeaitetate ore efortY to actwxt edd bre
SAS dh eee reetiteqory oté¢erare gtoute eti tevewsod geivel gro

ak: dotiw ,sext anotaepera e et paces eee
ot-eit To Yuemels esocoiqenos s emigs emeiel Te sdieg

Bogie Sit to sotegtrosed

‘pe fool «teizeb hoonduses ;aword ddagti hoowgesé
age Yes ere bom ,jitbsex stiige ,guetée Jon
/ - Boowd 2x0 wees: ,deifeg booy rus
ma eiteae wars to egets fanaa {.Idsh
«Odd ose asi ereness Ay 00m, & xe

he Yicserebom sesoremia (mottoee oersvanent ) eorot |

polo eenttemqe ,neqo brie: ,(retemats mt mm 68L.)
a2 ut <tefts. eroa x6 efuste pousatte ine gosoiyt deb
hatch bud Earol) efidw fetesY .erom 16 5 ev & moxt fo -
: qifle egrel to tedman 2 ntiw ,iieme ,evoxsawa adie
feveey to afiaw. fxd ,eostxue istbex ody iso Btig sig

-eted & of Z oes ae iv i a 4
‘ ‘ aoe

tig efqm! S ddiw (/stetger A pags eee
ra atts Atet” “ bauotoves | ituest ated
%. welt eB mort 1 ebiw ah om “g ov J

f

18

Distribution, common names and uses

Virola Warburgii has been collected in the Chagres Valley,
in Chiriqui an n Darien, and is by no means a rare species.
It grows always in thickly forested districts and prefers low,
fertile ground, river flats especially. In Chiriqui, it is
known as bogamani. The wood is of little use; the seeds burn
readily with a clear light and the native Indians stick them
on a thin piece of hard wood and use them as torches when
they have to go out in the dark.

Lauraceae
The spreading Sigua

Phoebe effusa Meissn., DC. Prodr. 15, 1: 33 - 1864.

Description of the tree

A tree often 30 m. high, the trunk erect, 75 to 100 cm.
in diameter, covered with a grayish bark, the limbs ascendent,
the crown irregular; flowering branchlets elongate and slen-
der, the bark yellowish, more or less tomentellous toward the
ends. Leaves subcoriaceous, the petioles up to l cm. long,
canaliculate, the blades lanceoiate or elliptic-lanceolate,
cuneate at the base, acuminate, 6 to 17 cm. long, 2 to 6 cm.
broad, more or less distinctly triplinerved, glabrous above,
more or less pilous and barbulate in the axils of the promi-
nent veins beneath. Inflorescence panniculate, glabrous,
many~flowered; flowers greenish, very small, glabrous, ill-
smelling; pedicels 4 to 7 mm. long; perianth 6-partite, the
tube very short, the segments ovate, acute, the 3 exterior
ones smaller; stamens of the two outer series contracted at
the base in a short filament, the connective ovate; stamens

f the third series narrower, not contracted and provided at
the base with two large glands; staminodes (4th series)
broadly ovate at the base, acuminate. Ovary suoglobose,
about 0.5 mm. in diameter, the style short and subcapitellate.
Berry ovate-elongate, about 1 cm. long and 6 mm. in diameter,

eertav sergedo ont nt Seieelloen meod sed

etabistigesodne hue drode oLywe ont \retemalh at .mm 6.0 twode’

bf

Seas Hs SeMEH sommes Moss nd irtete
if: ene

spefosge Ste1 #& aaron On Yd Gi fee. ,iefien 2 zfs) mi
wel -exseteta fue etoixvteth betaerot ylacidd a jer aworg v1

ef gd ;twpividd nr .ellebseqes.atelt xovin , bowen 4 iret
nan ebese sic jean elitii ta ef Soow eff . 2@ cwooxk

“ment dete exci bal sviien end bie ddgil isefo 2 w yltbses
nétw eedeict se meds ean bue Soow Stead to soetg abdt # xo
euteb odd of tao og o¢ sved yods

se2eociual

euplé guthserge est
-BQ8i - 6S :f ,df .vhows .0d ,.meeten segtte sdeodd

td qittos

> smo OOL a2 Gt peaee gest edt ,dsid .m OS motte oort. a

mga admit ess) tied detyets s dtiw Setereo — at

ele bie etegnole stoldonsad gaiiewelt ;1elegex1k awe ont

i Stewot evolleivenct seeL to siom ,delwoliey sued ape aa
OL .mo L of qn eelotteq edd. esooosisoodse geoveod

* oD Ser g -omoL .mo SL ot 6 ,eteniquos ,esad. end ta efsengs
@vods avoidely ,fevientigitt yitouttaib seel.te e1om ,hgo1d
= ORE. edt. to: glixe eat ni etelodued Sue eneliq eae x0. 9x0m
e. esxsoidain ,edelnolaneq eomscestoltnl .déeened entev tnen
“ethi ,eso1dels ,Lleme yrev ,deiasots crewed? berewolt vce
eid yedi¢ieq-3 décattey igoeL .mm ' o¢ $ eleotbeq ; gnitiome
4 & edt ,otvos ,etevo atnemgse orit strode yrov edut
te betosxcace setiee istve ows ot enomete ;telfleme eeno
2 :etevo evitcentoo ext ,tnemeLit triode 2 ak eged ont

(A€eizes Add) cobonimets jebaslg egiel ows sviw eved odd
~SEOcoLydue YxevO .staninsos .seed edt te steve yLbsoxd

\,Setemeib of .mm o bas gaol .mo Lf Juodsa ,etegiols-steave yxrteé

i- cee
ie
1;

as

tes

~Btplosotel-okigifie 10 eteiosonel eebeld odd Py Ee ene

anenad
te Bebivorg be Fetositnoo ton ,tewoxven seftee biidd edt to

aL ee ee ee PS a ee

x nts alee
=! eS

_—— oe

=) eS ee ee ee oe

ow eo

usa

-

e et

D

Phoe!l

eo

,
of .

if

’

olen, itr *~

P
te

rs

19

surrounded at the base with the persistent segments of the
perianth, attenuate in a thickened pedicel.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thick and light brown; heartwood slightly darker.
Wood moderately soft, light, not strong, rather fine grained,
taking a moderately fair polish, and is not durable in con-
tact with the soil. Annual rings of growth very narrow and
scarcely visible under the high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, small (about
013 mm. in diameter), usually round, open, and arranged singly
or sometimes in pairs. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous small simple or bordered pits, or sometimes on
radial surface with large transverse elongated simple pits
resembling scalariform markings. Perforations simple. Wood
fibers about 1.068 mm. long, with very thin walls, large lu-
mina and small simple pits. Wood parenchyma not very abun-
dantly developed. Rays very small, hardly visible under the
hand lens, from 1 to 3 cells wide and from 3 to 5 times as
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The spreading sigua has been reported so far only from
several localities in Central Mexico; its discovery in the
forests of Chiriqui makes it probable that its area extends
all over Central America. In Chiriqui it is known as sigua
blanco and is extensively used for building purposes.

The Verazuan Ocotea

Ocotea veraguensis Mez, Laurac. Amer.: 240,¢ 1889.

Description of the tree
A middle sized tree, with grayish, smooth or slightly
1) The identification of this species is subject to revision.

The perianth and stamens of n° 48 Liebm. were transparent dotted
and the stamens and staminodes are more or less pubescent. The

gl
hoe

xe
= wr

bie

it Yo edaemyes ineteietey edt déiw eased ost te bebmyotiws
oe i. feotbeq Benexoid?s » ai etannetts ,ddueixeg

booW edt — S6 noitgitosed

me sipoainab: yltdatte boowdyesd ;owoud ddgil bas dotdt boowgse
Bombers enit usdter ,guotte ton ,ddgil .ttes yistereham boow

_ efoo ot oldsinh Jon ef ins ,tetiog atet yleterebom 8 girtist e
$08 worter yrov déworg to eguti Lesmrk .fiee ent atte F3oe? = «a
-eqooso1slm tewog agid eds robmy eidiety #08 = eG

soda) [Lema ,eworemon yxev {woktoee cevevensr? } agit, ]
b fegneits fue .fieqo Savor yllenen ,(tetemeth ar ate SL,
oftess fankbut tyaoL } BEL sw feszey. .axvteq ai: semitones 16
oe "6 ,@0ig bexefi0d to siymte (Lame exotsmu déiw -
tiq olgute bod ageote epexsverers ogial ddviw soetine ese
“yelqmce enoiterotis€ .esniaven miotizeleoce x
ks ef ,eliew atdt ysev Adin ,snol .mm 600,1 tods. restyhy
we ov tom smydoneiag S60" vetiy elymte Lieme- doe enim |
-eidtelw ylbied ,ileme yiev ast -bogoleved aan ag? Gane

t é ot & mort Bre sad gifeo 8 ot L moxd (enel si
‘ ’ sdatal : ‘ - » : ‘ i
; ; ; 74 ns Py OB ae
«Beas: bie comes omMoo ,aghiud istetd Peo). 5 Mee

GLnro sat oe betuoge: meed zed enrgie guibestrqe oat
NE Yisevookib ett ;oolxelk [eiined at settilsool Lerevee
Re eoie sti tenc eidedoxg ti eedem tupfutdd to ateexct == -
ms awomk el SI tspixsidO ol .eotiemdé Leitned tewo tis
sesootng anthlind 192 been UUevisnedxe el hae Seed

e200 Gaveexsy edt bien a .

: eae. 4,038. :.16emk .oetiBL , 20M a SABRSBNT ET sient ale

eon? ot to noktgixoved = |

ex ot teatdue et eoiseye etdd to molteoi tide
qekext ejew .wdoit 62% to ahemete ae.
ataia’ aeol te 9tom ae Ste ras aa ade on |

20

rugose bark, the branchlets ferruginous hairy at the ends.
Leaves alternate, glabrous, coriaceous, the petioles canalicu-
late, 5 to 8 mm. long, the blades elliptic to oblong-lanceo-
late, acute at the base, obtuse or subacuminate at the apex,

7 to 12 cm. long, 2 to 4.7 cm. broad, olive green, minutely
reticulate beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, ra-
mose, the rachis minutely pubescent; flowers sweet-scented,
white, the pedicels up to 10 mm. long; perianth tube very
short, the divisions 6, ovate obtuse, dark lined longitudi-
nally, 4 mm. long. Stamens 3-seriate, introrse and fertile
in the two outer series, sterile and provided at the base
with 2 large glands in the inmer series, the anthers sessile
and 4-celled. Pistil glabrous, about 2 mm. long, the ovary-
ovoid, the style short, the stigma capitellate and papillose.
Berry ovoid, about 2 cm. long and 1 cm. in diameter, surrounded
at the base by a flat, salver-shaped cupula.

Although growing preferently in the forest, this tree is
often found in isolated individuals in the savannas and pas-
tures. In this case, the trunk is low and seldom erect, and
the crown depressed or elongate and more or less Spreading.
But when it grows in the forest, the appearance ot the Ocotea
is very distinct, the trunk pecoming a long and clean shaft,
Surmounted by a scant crown. ‘The bark is sromatie with a
cinnamon-cdor.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thick, pale yellowish; heartwood very dark brown
resembling walnut wood in general appearance. Wood hard, mo-
derately heavy, tough, cross- and very close-grained, durable
and taking a very good polish. Annual rings of growth usual-
ly narrow and visible only under high power microscope.

Vessels (transverse section) very numerous and small ,,
(.07 mm. in diameter), round or radially flattened when it
rows,open in sapwood, generally closed in heartwood, and
arranged singly or more often in radial rows of from 2 to 6
or more. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with both simple
and bordered pits and sometimes large elliptically elongated
(transversely) pits resembling scalariform markings on radial
side. End walls of vessel segments nearly horizontal and
Simple. Wood fibers about 1.256 mm. long, with septate, mo-
derately thick walls, small cavities, and few oblique simple
pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers scantily developed and cccuring

filaments of the anthers are more or less barbate. In the
leaves, which are thinner and smaller, the costa is pubescent
and even hairy. Nevertheless, the specimens agree tokerably
With my 2937, the flowers of which are almost all immature. H.p.

e@bne edit te yiled evenignties steldoneid edd, x180 paeay
-apetieees geloiseg ect ,auouseizcs ,snotdels ,ederiodle eer
-ogenel-suelde of sitgiife seieid wit .anol .mm 6 o¢ B, a
Hoge ons Ts eteniowosdse 16 censide Bed edd ts etuoe etel
“leiunin ,scow, evsio ,bactd .we Y.d 63 & ,gaol .mo SE of T
-a% .fesimis? eteinolong sonsoestoLtnt jeeaeand ot sisotier
_pboditeos J awe evewol£® ;tnesaedcs ny ee yYletdunia @ a odd ,esom
- 2 sev ecst Adtelisg : gitol » au ef qa aloot ext ,etidw
EB baiod featf aueb ,centdo esave , dsancivel edt oa
eLivtes bie sezeting ,otaires-8 Bremer & phot wen 2 *
eead oz te Bebivozy hve eliuete ,astsse 198cn0 owt eat of -
offeses ererias civ ,asited sant edt uf ebnaly sgrel & dtiw
| -wreve @dé ,snol .am § 2uods ,aotdels Litetd ».befieoed bane
“ ypesittuas bye avetlos tase eniyite ede ,i1ode olyde oft ,btove
hnbestse veetemefs at .co Lobos anol wno.¢ taede ,bi
~ingsto bogede-tovise ,deit, a vd one ts-—

=

aa Sant 814d eotct sii oi yleneretesg an igang
> ~Bey the Senuevee Sit ai eleobiviint ner ies ak sotto
Site, etaers no bbes bie wol ef Aisit, edt shee aids ape _ Bernd
ae. e660 10. 920k bus etayiols 19 be MwOtS
ane ‘ont te pouerecgye edd ;teetat: cdd bt Sweag tL aodw 38
~Otede Weslo iiie jnol a Guinesed amuiy end Jontieth yiev at
ae, = agin otieneic Bi dred eAt sa a tisoe e' yd Sedupomtue -,
a» -TOho-temeints |

\
5

Rs = aol, oti Ae wottyizoee ‘a s
ey “Heb “tev boows xsedt_; jHe Lwokfey gota ba
=m fied foo! soneresgge ferones - ak ton Lew

feapb. .beitexrg-secls yey tie. -880%0 .dgsot ,yveed
jas dtwors Yo Banit fennnt Jdet. boom Viev es airbase
egootcrelm teweq dafid i096 Elio eLdistv fine eee vw

A. erst) Paar ase) ie aaa
* me ™. a’ ve — : ay ’ :

Peo tiare fae cwetoman yrov {noitoes eerevenett) efseaey

p24 it fot bemedielt viketfex to fuver ,(retemeth mt tm TS, )

i. “-bite. ,hoowixeed nk feggls » Lereney ,boowges al , Swot

7S: ‘ot 8 mort to swor Lathes tit netic evom vo vigute ps thd ye

e as Ke -gioc itkiw Uioktoee fembbud igaed | eileaw ryan A ~8TON <6

etagicls yilsebtyitie eyidi semt¥onme bas ett 4

“ hetbes iO egeitrem atotinefeot amhidiceees diy jie others
‘Bie Lesnoeliod ¢lueen sinangoe Louseoy to eiitew bak .ebis

- =om ,@¢adjoe dtiw ey smn 338,f tuods aredit boot .elqmta

2 “lg igqmte explico wei tite ,seltiveo flame ,aliew aotd? yletereb

- b /gemerods be begoloveb yiteasse e1edit anydoneteq=beoll satig..

Maeveedey ei etdoo edt ,tollene bie venutdy ove dedtie jes
See rear 8 e01ge Etontosys eid ,eneleitieve .yutad eve eM
eB erat eae tie paeese oie Aotdw ‘39 sveres > nae a oe. 8089. a daw : ute Pa

rh aS ne ies a AU re Me ae eee an Patty Re EN Dy ce aie ee

eiedied eeel 19 etom eta aveins eit tee aetaee mh ; }
v i

21

only around vessels. Pith rays barely visible under hand lens
very minute, from 1 to 3 cells wide and from a few to 15 cells
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Veraguan Ocotea is distributed along the Pacific
Coast of Seca America from Tehuantepec to the Panama Canal.
On the Atlantic watershed, it is known only in Alta Verapaz,

a part of Guatemala which enjoys, like the southern coast, a
climate with a well characterized dry season. The wood is
used to some extent for light carpenter work; it is strong,
lasting and easy to handle, but as the tree seldom reaches a
satisfactory size and is not gregarious, the supply is neces-
sarily limited. It is known in Panama as sigusa sanelo, in
Costa Rica as canelo and canelillo, in pe of
Lake Nicaragua, as palo colorado, and among the Kekchi Indians
of Guatemala as pu-bu-buk.

Capparidaceae

The Garlic-scented Crataeva

Crataeva Tapia Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 1; 637 (ex parte) - 1753.

Description of the tree

ite 40

A small or middle-sized tree, up to 22 m. high, and 35
om. dn diameter, the trunk erect, continuous, covered with a
dark gray, verrucose bark, the branching radiate, the crown
pyramidal or rounded; wood emitting a faint garlic odor.
Leaves alternate, digitate, glabrous, exstipulate, the petio-
les 5 to 15 cm. long; leaflets 3, membranous, the petioles
4 to 10 mm. long, the blades ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 5
to 12 em. long, 2.5 to 4.5 cm. broad, rounded at the base,
acuminate, articulate on the petiole and very caducous. In-
florescences racemose, terminal, many-flowered; bracts lan-

aa webes; eldiciy yloved eyes Avid .eleesev Sanoxe yLwo
— ot wet s work hue obtw eifes § of £ mart steer sph 75
ae ih fated

ftieed edt sitele betudiateth af setondin
80 soe edd od cogetnende? moxt eotismk Te
eqerey etla mi yimo awonmd oi ti bedetod aw.
peo. (xredtsce ent sail. ,eyojne dotiw eLemetend To tres
boow aid ate righ UIh besitedoatedto bean B sie. < go rs

BONOSOT mobL£eB sont erid Be tud ,ebfusd of yes
ied whdawe edd SPEC ES ARES: tom Bb. be Bae

ofel St om0 nt ,olliLenes reel:
ebb soa t ent Biome bag’ ,ObEtO ag

_- _esebsbinegged | Ye
eyvees giv Sete epe-orlxed sat |

fedreq x0) 360 if. be LE a6 vai size evoedesd

Ye

pans gant, ong Zo notigiteasd "
rae bifeti wr" BE, ot qu ,oeid beste-elfdstm to LL
Ww Betevoo” ,enosinitmes teers aasrt edt , vetesel aa Md
: oxo ont potei fer’ giidengid edt .red sacoutioy ,Yets wieb

-xobo otizes Jufe> s guistime hoow ;hebnior to Lebimetya

ede ' ,eteligitexs vasetdets | Rorsestas ,Stenistile sevesl
eg edt euorerdzion “5 edeiteel ; ol smo Gi e¢_¢ eel.
Losonel—saold. 1G: eteve eobeld. é ¢ , gel .am Of oF D-
‘ond te bebater > Saoud..mo Gsd. o¢ Gis ,gned .mo SL ed
exooshes yiev bie sloiieg adt no etalwoidue ,oteningos é
Sethe rbetewolteynem — fepiared SRoneogt | geoweoserol:

22

eeolate, 4 to 7 mm. long; peduncles 2.5 to 6 cm. long; recep-
tacle torulose, supporting the calyx and corolla; sepals 4,
lanceolate, 5 to 8 mm. long; petals 4, long unguiculate, pur-
plish white; stamens and pistil supported on @ central, round
célumn; stamens indefinite (8 to 50) with long slender fila-
ments; pistil also very long, the ovary l-celled. Berry sub-
globose, 3 to 4 cm. in diameter, orange yellow, pendulous;
seeds numerous, ovoid, blackish, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thiék, nearly white, but sometimes yellowish upon
exposure; heartwood yellow, often remoteyl resembling the
darker shades of yellow p@plar. Wood not very hard, modera-
tely light, not strong, very fine grained, easily worked and
not durable. Annual rings of growth clearly visible under
hand lens on a smooth transverse surface.

Pores (transverse section) nog. very numerous except in
the beginming of the early wood, small (about .12 mm. in dis-
meter) | round or polygonal when isolate, open or often closed,
and arranged singly or in small groups of two and three.
Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous bordered
pits of varied size. Perforations simple. Wood fiber about
.95 ma. long with few,simple, slit-like pits. Wood paren-
chyma sometimes strongly developed in the early wood and in
the neighborhood of vessels. Rays numerous and plainly vi-
sible under hand lens on a smooth transverse surface, from
2 to 4 cells wide and from 4 to 8 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This species is known if’ Jamaica and in the low-lands of
easterm South America, from Brazil to Panama. In the last
country it has no known uses and no vernacular name has been
recorded.

33

vd _syeves. i Reel mo 8 ot BS eelcamhog AML .mm Todd » Fa es
ie “> @Lages ralioxves, ine egylac alt gattveqgue onoinzod eloet
tie eveticingan ghof .d eleteg ;gneL .mm & ot @ otaloeonal
Srsor .iextnes © a0 hedinggsie Eiderg ine shemete ,»otidw detig
-efit <shiele gaol dtiw (08 o¢ &) etintteiat exemeda
sGns Yxr1e8...fsifes-l: yravo-iem. ,ynel grey oaie [ttetq. ;etiem
‘asoisthuec ,wolley eaieso ead amad mh .wo } of & ,epodols
siecens tbh ab age 6 bad G ,deitceld ,hicve ,suotems sbeos

Soow ens 29 molt yiwoes 7 20 ne firs

me Begs teiwoiley seutvemes tud ,etidw yiteen .aterdt boowgse

as “Oat oniicmetex Lyetomes . “etto wolley boowdreed ;@aseoaxe

— ) =etebon: .stet yisv von boot talgeg wolley to esbane weireb -—
os” Dre ‘bostiow, f go ,bembsty Salt, yiev ,aromte tod egies --
—* tohma 8 v YiiseLs Agwoxs. to. sag Learnt é sidermb son

‘¢eoRtaue serowaderd Ad come BO: besa aed

i... tee dqooxe ENOSOMNE LIST Hate. (aot? o6e pate oh gg see
) Seif at som Sis dtiode) fLeme ,hoow ylise exit . oe edt
|, beeofo neito 10, meqo ,etsio#i menw Lanogyloy +6
3 <>. s0erhs big owt to eqnoty iieme ot to ylauis reget hire
berebied enotemun déiw (moettece Lentiutignol) ellew Leseev
\ “Ssro¢e ssdt® booW ..olguie suetéerotted .este beitey Bo atig
ne igsieg boo .etty sitietiie -elymte,wet déiw gool smn 3s
site Bag eon ylree edd at begoloveb ylaneite semisenos snydo
-ive gintel, Sie sygxemmn aye .elsedev to hocdueddgten edt

fa Out .(S@oetwis eatevenerd stoome s no enol bued tebag pete
oe -fgtd 2s comit 6 of 3 mors bie ably Stier - as
ae esen bus ee onion ott pst

ye ahs "og tac edt ot hne egotamet Bs ow orp et seloega efat

ee feel ett mi .ambne! of ftsatd mowt ,eobvema di so€.
Bele ped Suart omen uta eet on bie eas nwoux on Bed ie owes
Se . i

= ig i ,
af

so

vik

Enterolobium c hombarg Kit

ek + + ay I
@ige! svoels eto

ou tdoLouednd

295

Mimosaceae

Schomburgk'’s Unterolobium

Enterolobium Schomburgkii Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. 3: 219- 1844.

Description of the tree

A tree about 30 m. high, and often 1.5 m. in diameter,
the trunk erect, covered with a rugose bark, the crown flat
and spresding, the young growth ferruginous pubescent.
Leaves bipinnate, the rachis ferruginous-pubescent, with a
large gland near the base of the main petiole, and other
smaller ones between the pinnae and between the leaflets;
pinnae 10 to 20-jugate; leaflets 50 to 60-jugate, narrow,
falcate, 4 to 5 mm. long. Inflorescences axillary, mostly
geminate or ternate, the peduncles about 2 cm. long, ferru-
ginous pubescent. Calyx tubular turbinate, about 2 mm.
long; corolla infundibuliform, 4 mm. long; stamens 20, white
1.5 cm. long. Legume bread, cochleate, 5 to 6 cm. in dia-
meter, glabrous, sublignose, indehiscent.

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thick, very light brown; heartwood much darker.
Wood very hard, heavy, strong, durable, moderately finee
grained, taking a good polish. Annual rings of growth not
visible under high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) moderately numerous, large
(.25 mm. in diameter), round, open or more ofted closed, with
dark brown tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged singly or
in pairs; often forming short, irregular, tangential lines,
but vessel walls seldom contiguous. Vessels always imbedded
within numerous rows of wood-parenchyma fibers. Vessel walls
(longitudinal section) uniformly pitted with numerous small
bordered pits. End walls of vessel segments nearly horizon-
tal, chiefly with circular opening (simple perforation).

Wood fibers about 1.27 mm. long, with very thick walls and
small cell cavities, with a few small simple pits. Wood pa-

efeoekecnlM
oridsloxegas a "3g suicw@onos

MENG. . bet .Keol at . dine bitgrwdmodes opidolousei
-ADEL -OL2 78 ote

eeid edt So woke yitoeed

guesemsib nt .% o,f aetto baa ,fgid .m Gb twode sext, oe
rived Mwo1S et ,21ed s2ogn% 2 ig bw heisvoo ,Joe19
had Sporigutze> Aiwexg ganoy ard Bhi heoues ine =
2 dtiw 7 pede ey pal igiche Binoat sia. (et ennigbd BOVE
STO - aa efolee of) ies to seed oft teen pi
{edelteer « ‘eeniiqg elt stewsed ano
Pi, edie ot Ba eteltael jocvegut +08 of Of apap
bee ayielitxe eoomssgexoltt .usol .am 3 of d ,o¢Rol
“Sigse: qamol .mo 3 twodes eelonsbs, edd ,etemxead 0° inee
<) ati: S vsteds ,stenidium! tefudus xyled ,tnesnedmq extont
_ * Q¢fs OS sremete ;ga0f .om > yointifedibustut efferes ;
Bib Gt .co aot ¢ .s¢sehdogo ,beotd emuget .gmtol- ste asf
| Debit tags ecmgiidos: ,sxoidals. ree

a

hooW edd mort is

<262ted core hoowlieed ;awoue t¢dgil yrey aortas

a. Ss ybetaxehon , eldsinh ,.gieise voveod Sted

Pon HeWots bo egudii .auasA “.Astlog booa #@ geldae Pe
' g@Ggoogpotpim xewoq dai

agre! G1smnt Ylodevebom (moktvese earevemsad ) este j

Ag ber rhesuto Sevto axom 10 uayo ,bawor , (iretdemekb al +o ey
20. Visita begiaite Ste ,boomtueed ont ot sesolyd awoud saad
poonil Igivuesnes ,telegotit ,dtenke gaimxot nedTo gag

. hebbedrt eyewie afeeseY .SHONGETEOD sehies aliew. foeRey %

Cs @£ib® Lecco’ .atedit apydensteq-boow to ewox esontsmic Meme is

fieme wiorcmm athw bedily ylarothus (nettoes Leatbhodks pot

apesiiod ylneex etiemgee iescer to efiew tinh, ,ec2q
- »(netvstotieq slams} Mager ee teinoxzio a di iw yitetde
fas olfew soidt view ‘dy So.1 thods erodhs.

reg. foc! .atiq eLqulg feos en 6 ite dn eeidiveo. ite

24

renchyma strongly developed and arranged chiefly around
vessels, where it is clearly visible as white zones. Rays
redatively few, small, from 1 to 3 cells wide and from 4 to
7 times as high.

Distribution, common mames and uses

This species of Enterolobium has a very wide area of dis-
tribution, having been reported from many stations between
the Amazonas Valley and the western-most part of Panama,
where it is called harina or jarina. It grows there on the
high plains and on the ridges along the coast, at an altitude
ef about 100 meters, always in the dense forest, of which it
is in places the dominating and largest species. Cattle sre
very fond of the pods and seek them on the ground at the
time of their maturity. The wood is heavy and fine-grained,
but of little use among the natives on account of its had@ness
and the large size of the trunk.

_Caesalpiniaceae
The Panaman ora

Dimorphandra megistosperma Pittier

Description of the tree

A large tree, up to 45 m. high, the trunk 10 to 15 m.
long, and up to 1 m. in diameter, covered with a darkish,
smooth bark, the crown elongate, the branchlets terete. Leaves
quite glabrous! common petiole 5 to 10 cm. long; leaflets
2-jugate, leathery, the petiolules 3 to 4 mm. long, the
blades suboblique, oblong-scuminate snd cbtuse, shiny above,
10 to 18 em. long, 4 to 7 cm. broad. Floral spikes 8 $o
10 cm. long; flowers sessile, glabrous; calyx 3.5 to 4 mm.
long, the lobes rounded, ciliate; petals 5, white, obovate or

* Brut brrore yltetino beagnerze bas beqefseveh yignoite segdonet
_ -\ @yeH .senos otidw as eldielv yfieele si #1 exedw , ev
= & mort hue obiw ecles € of Z mott ,fleme ,wet ylovite£es
es sigid as semis ¥

2085 bie 2 omem Souune9 ,foldediate td

ao seen %o. seis ebiw yrev e eed mtdoloiseses to sefooqs eidt
. -gpeewisd excitets yram mott Beticgst Heed gutved ,moktudiat .
Ee Serene to dusqg deom-niedeew ant hue yelisY semonemaé erit
+. eft mo ox])eds swotg JT Barret 30 ani befiso ei tf etenw
fle _ abetise ua te ,Jeeos ond soole segbrs ont no bae entalg datd

1a a6fdn to ,veeto: eetsh ent at syewle ,eretem OOL duode to

BIR foisted seetoeys teegiel Sac sotvemtmob en? eoselg ni st
oe a6 outs ba ent ao medd tess one e@beg adit to baet yxev | —
ry bie Yveer ai boow eff sytizetem risds te emtt
to ditpeese mo soviven edd sneme oem altdil to tud

‘
’

pe Oy
a oe po
ba
ae
ka

Sate

_ See a

cae iA

ry a -Havid anit to nie egtel ent fas
ra
9 : ; _sgeosiaigiases)
oe
hg Biol Genene? ed

> »
e
Ca
& ;
aa.

TOLMDS gervegectsizon ethuedqwomhG

seit ent to fatty treeed

~« GLov Of dAcomd oft ,Mgbd. saad of qu eat sgred Pp a

eat sret 9 ddtw detevoo wetemelh mi om om qu bag aie

wee ,8tpict edeldoneid end ebegnole awoxs sat ,ared. ee
Seteiteet ssyref sme Of of 2 efLobtsg riocmeo jpenordela oF

eas , BROL in > ot 8 zeiclottoy edt ,Yieddeet , etegnt-2
ioe qovode werus ,eantto hue oTarimu@enpuolds ,supiidodue, ;
Deon) $eRS eovkgs Le10k4- .f20%0''.mo 8 oF & syed smo. 82 Ge

ae, | see 00> 2,2: na jevomdsly ,alieses srewolt gael .soe ‘Sipe!
eer “9 ne ta ee taw 2c 2 blatag jsdetibe _ babies eecoL odd . .

pie « a

+ A ' P

>

eee hice

25

Oblong, subemarginate, 6 mm. long, the margin ciliate; sta-
minodes and stamens 5 each, longer than the petals, the for-
mer claviform, the latter barbate below the anthers; pistil
stipitate, the ovary wooly villous, 3-ovulate, the style
glabrous. Legume l-seeded, coriaceous, up to 25 em. long
and 13 cm. broad; dehiscent; seed bean-shaped, of a shining
mahogany color, 18 cm. long, 12 cm. broad when largest.

A gregarious tree, often provided with large buttresses,
and the horizontal, almost superficial roots of which run
to a great distance.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and nearly white; heartwood brown or
reddisH brown. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, tough, unu-
sually coarse and straight-grained, taking a fairly good
polish. It splits and works easily. The annual rings of
growth not clearly marked even under the compound micros-
cope.

Peres (transverse section) not numerous, conspicuous
(about .16 mm. in diameter), round or elliptical, usually
open both in sapwood and heartwood, and arranged singly or
in radial rows of two or three. Vessel walls (longitudinal
section) with numerous very small round bordered pits,
these with slightly transversely elongated openings. The
ends of vessel segments nearly horizontal and completely
absorbed. Wood fibers about 1.5 mm. long with rather thick
walls and small cell cavities. ‘The pits very minute and
Oblique slit-like. Woodsparenchyma abundantly developed
around the pores and in irregular tangential fows. ‘The
rays from two to four cells wide and from 5 to 20 times és
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Panaman Mora is characteristic of the inner tidal
belt of the Pacific, where it forms extensive forests, bor-
a@ering at times for miles on the rivers. The natives Pa-
namanians calls it alcornogue or cork-tree, a name the
reason of which is not clear, since the bark is thin and
the wood very hard. From the seeds they used to extract

by infusion a dark red dye. The wood, dark reddish in

2 ;etetiio migusm ed? ,gaol som o ,eleniguemedse ,gnoido
nd ,eleteg ent aedd vegsol ,dese @ snematve, ine zc
iq jevsddne et woled edadted setvel sat pie ey |
v. eiyte. edt ,eteiuvo-< ,evoiliv yloow yievo edt ater.
pa foul ame. GS oF yi .euosoeiteo ,bebeee-L omuged +2 .
~ ‘peiotie ¢ =e be qede-need eee jtneoaideb ;beotd .wo SL bas
; ae a eentel asdw heotd .mo Sf ,gmot «mo BL -toLee Wisgoden

és sopeort isi egtel ddiv bebtvoxg nett ,eerd enolrepetg. &
aed doidw to evoou iviolitrequs teomle ,Letnosizrod eds ine
a ee oeeerr tesetg,8 of

oy it 39 moityi
0 word bao need ;otiiw yiisen hus acidd hoowge®
, eros Ase 2 _yreed ,-baen ytsy hook ..nwoud Nebbbex
5 xinte a afigded benbery-tigieits fis sexeon yllenve
ih, eaT .vitses ahtow ine etifge 32 .detliog
i begogmoo. eit THERE Keve besten viteels ton dAdwors
ac s8Qoo

_ssioromsn ton (moidoes esreveness) sexo
. (totomers ed a aL: tHade)

ur adie alfew leeeev .eerdt ‘to owt to ewor Letber mt
etig bewhyed tasox Ileme yxsy sxotemim sAtiw {néidoes
| .eheinego Botepuole ylosusveners yltdgite ddiw esedt
eteflgmos bre Iatacsiied ylresn et ee feezev %6 ebne
tedder diiw anol sam @.f tuods exsdit booW .bedaoede

evuuts yrev atig Az Seo tibee Ifeo {fena bag ellaw

eveh Vitrehasds emgionersqebooW .eiti-tife empifdo
7 .s. xeisgetii nit bue eereqg oft fesots
be 98 of @ moxt Sue ebiw afieo iwet ot ow? ne ——

gid

—

a

zorct eviesetxe emiot tf exedw. ,ortioed edd to tied
fig eff .esevix oft ao colim 19% egomtt ta gaizeb: ~
ames s ,es1t-u102 19° 8 ooig 3f afleo eneinemen =
“es rad end sonte erie tou. ei dotdw te oacesex —
9 ot bern yodd sheee edt mows , brad Wiev Boow oft

tbbox Aah ,boov edt .eyh box sxeh e aoteutat we aN

ehint: end $6. okie indie ie. ee nai Hemenes eff

£6

the heart and white in the sap, is very hard and claimed

to be an advantageous substitute for oak and other hard
timbers, especially for structures kept permanently under
sea water. Large quantities of alcornoque wood could be ob-
tained in Panama.

The Cativo or Prioria-—-sree

Prioria copaifera Grisebach, #1. Brit. West Ind. 215,1864.

Description of the tree

A tree up to 50 meters high and 1.2 m. thick near the
base, the crown broad and elongate, the bark grayish and
smooth. Leaves paripinnate, glabrous, the rachis smooth or
verruculose; leaflets 2-jugate, oblique, coriaceous, cppo-
site, the petiolules thickish, about 7 mm. long, the blades
elliptic-lanceolate, rounded at the base, subobtuse at the
apex, 6 to 13 cm. long, 3 to 7 cm. broad, transparent dotted
the venation slightly prominent on both faces. Inflores-
cences terminal, paniculate, glabrous, the spikes alter-
nate, 4 to 10 cm. long; flowers small, white, sessile, so-
litary or clustered, each provided with a minute involu-
cral bract; calyx turbinate, 5-lobed, the tube about 1 mm.
long and the segments rounded, 2.5 mm. long; no corolla:
stamens 10, the filaments hairy; ovary sessile, l-ovulate,
hairy; style filiform, ending in aminute stigma. Pod obo-
vate-orbiculate, flat, brownish, 8 to 12 cm. long, 6 to 7
cm. broad, l-seeded; seed flat, exalbuminous,

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light yellow tinged with red; heart-
wood darker often stained dark brown by a copious diffusion
of resin, which oozes from resin-bearing canals. Wood mo-
derately hard, heavy, not strong, fine-grained, and not
subject to good polish. Annual rings of growth not visible
even under high power microscope.

bekente pa ied eae ei «gee. one sid otédw bite pe nae pee {
sie tee asdto Bue te0 tot sdudigedue sxosgstuevbs ce ed ot :
tobme yidnenemteg tgei eorrtesite tot yileloeqeo jaxedmit = — ‘

ny bie boow espouroote to aoietinasy sgiel .tetew gee
acini ad Santas

eett-altoisd 10 ovitsd si7 ch ape | Le

<

| bot | seo SEE 1f% ,doedeetx exetteqas ane ee

‘eex¢ edt 20 “46 aoktqizoaed | aah vse. = q

a Pay aM: Sal Sno Aged exotem 06 o¢ qu eoxt. Zi a ree
siyets disd edd ,eveyrole bus bectd dworo ost cael < ee
ome sidort end nom Bly ,eterniigqitey, eeveel sddeome =~
» ;eHORDBITOO oupiide ,efegut-& stelipgedl ;ecolsoutisy me ear
ye f d ods. gnol sum T twode ,pdeidetdd eelaiolteq edd ,etie |
eartdodse: ,9eed of% t@ bebunor ,eteloeonsl-sidgtile a a -
dneteqecexd abeotd .mo F. 02 5 ,gcol »mo SL of 6 ,xeqe — Ste i
oft] ..ee0e8t dtod co tnenimory yivdgile moiteneviedt = ¥
tie esiiqe odd. ,evsordelg-,otvelvoineg ylanimied:, igo el So ee
Saleccs ,ottdw ,fiema ‘atewol’ igtol smo, OL o¢ & ,eten a.
ovat etonia ea ddiw bebtvexq dese ,bexeteslo 10 sé oe 5
dod edus edt) , bedol-3 ed anidust xyleo it Mee. . 9 (ie
Lorcs on anol mm 3. (ba beaser etnemges-ordt ise gnot » ad
eceibve-l ,elteses: yrevo. ;Utied evaomelit edt .O£ ememets
= of semgite edimime al guifme ,wrotiiit eiyte gymied =
3 re 6 ,gmol ,mo SL of 8 ,delaweid ,telt ed eluoldto= Sia 6B
es yBxomtnsd Lex: .telt boos ,bebese=L ai — 3 ae

-

" Boow oud to soidgtxosed

zber- dete bogete wolley dg tl. Viey vtokas hoowg wits
if esolgoo ey awoid x1eb honiete notto 19x12 sg
oo! .efenes gutieed-cteex mott eesco doiiw teen te | ai,
© fue ,hentatg-erit.,.grorta con ,yveed, ,hxrad yled Raat
aoe: Adwoxg to. reign sane’, Paget of fait fens ot, peoetae

mo
I

Vessels (transverse section) few, moderately large,
(about .13 mm. in diameter), round or elliptical, open or
sometimes closed with dark brown tyloses, and arranged
chiefly singly, sometimes in small groups or radially in
pairs. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous,
large and small bordered pits; pit openings transversely
elongated, sometimes united and forming ladder-like a,pes-
rance. In addition to vessels and closely resembling them
even under low magnification sre resin canals, which are
surrounded by numerous wood-parenchymse fibers or resin-
secreting cells. nds of vessel segments completely ab-
sorbed. Wood fibers about 1.69 mm. long with varying
thicknesses; tell walls of larger fibers moderately thin
and large cell cavities; small fibers with thick walls and
Obliterated cell cavities. Wood fibers irregularly arranged
and very small fibers sceattered in among large ones. Wood-
parenchyma fibers abundant and arranged in tangential lines
connecting vessels; also grouped among wood fibers and
surrounding all vessels. Pith rays numercus, narrow, barely
visible under hand lens, from 1 to 3 cells wide and from a
few to 15 or 20 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

While in its typical station at Bachelor's Hall, Jamaica,
this tree is said to grow at an altitude of about 200 meters
above sea level, it belongs exclusively to the low, perma-
nently or temporarily inundated forests of both the Atlantic
and Pacific watersheds of Panama. In the Chagres basin it
has been reported from the mouth of the river to Matachin, a
locality presently under water, and in 1914 it was still
conspicuous smong the live trees of the inundated area,
forming extensive groups if the Gatun, Trinidad and Caiio
Valleys. In Darien, it is the dominant species of the
valley flats immediately closing upon the tidal belt. The
forests of this section, the soil of which is more or less
covered with fresh water during the heavy rainy season, are
known as cativales, on account of the predominance of the
cativo, this being the native name of the species. These
flat districts are considered as the best for rice cultiva-
tion, probably on account of their abundant humidity.

The hard, heavy wood of the cativo is resineus and diffi-
cult to work; it is considered as of little or no use,

..

nie ent to eetooqe daoealmoh edd si ti wetted al.

,ognel bp vistesetens «Wet [molteee eatevensit) sLeses¥. 6
16 & sottqiife to buvor ,{setomeld xt .mm SL, tuode)
ta bas .peeofyt.owoid wAr/eb ddiw Sse0fo semidemoc
. ft yileiber 10 equozsy [lame at somtionoe ignie yftetdo
yevoxempa déiw (noltoee fentiutisaol) eilaw, leaest Orley
Vieetevens:s agittnsyo diq j;etiq berebied Ifere bose sgual
-peqaé exit-rebhsl guimzot bre betins eomitemos ,fetsgrote
mou? srtidmeser yiseolo bae eleseev ot noltibbs at -Sonet
eve doidw ,eleneo afeer ete solteottingan wol sehas neve
-fiesi 10 azedit emydoneteq~boow sugismun yo Sehavoxvive
-de ylotelguoo atnomget Leaesv to cshu& .efleo yauivotose
gafyxev diiw smol .mam @d.f suoda axedit booW »bedios
athdd Vist e1shom eredit xog1el to silew ifew ;esesensoidd
bre aflew Zoidd dtiw exreditt {fame ;setsives ites eg1el Sine

. begitette ylielfsgetit exedtt booW .celsives [feo heterstiido

=hoow .2900 egiel gnome at beretdteoe etedi= {leme yisv bas
eeniil fettnopaet nt Hoyrerts bas trebiusde siedit sirydometeg
bue exedit boow guoma bequorg oale ;eleseov ynisoenneo
‘yfiered .wottst ,evoremm syer dtid .eleesev Ile Be erg yn
B mott Bue ebiw elfeo § ot I moxt ,cnel buen reba ot we!
- wttghd effeo 08 ze at

2:

‘eolemet. [let e oo te nottets (aotqyt sti at elim .:

btelen dos toda to ebutitle us Ja wou biee ei cedd pit

-emrey ,wol edt of yleviauloxe agooled ti ,ievel eee

eitaeioi eds dtod to etaetot betebaunt Ylideioqced xe
ti teed eotgedd od? al -enens% to eboderstaw of

p ,@idogteli ot tevin edt to dtmom edd mott pee vaplin

iftte cew st Sf@L at bus ,setew isha YLiassetg

@e1e fetahunnh eft to asetd evil edd guome -exouoigel

olted bae pabtnisT? ,auded edd BL eqnexs cary ge prt

edt .tfed Lebld edt nogu gnteole yletathecct etelt yet
- @8ef to otom elf dotdw to Lice odt ,moitoes eidt to

> exe .moesee yrisx yvecd odd grtinh tetew deer? din hexer09 |

ent to sonanimobexg edt To Jnwoooe no ,eel 4 nt

', eped? ..ceicege eft te exan eviten ext
eevidiso sola 102 saed sid ea berebienoo ote ato ort te
“tidioud tasiunde- ried to vrMNOLos ao yidecorg 4 0)

efttib bac cuontes: ei oyiteo ost fo boow. reed (ote em o> |
«88H ON io paeahe to s@ dexebtenoc ef tf jottow ot dan

hewn

The Chirican Copaiba-Tree

Copaitera chiriquensis Pittier

Description of the tree

A large tree, up to about 30 m. high and 1.20 m. in
diameter, with a rounded-depressed crown, and a reddish,
densely verrucose bark. Leaves glabrous, 5 to ll-foliate,
pari- or imparipinnate, the rachis terete, slender, 5 to
15 cm. long; leaflets briefly petiolulate, alternate except-
ing sometimes the terminal pair, the blades strongly obli-
que, elliptic-lanceolate, rounded at the base, more or less
abruptly acuminate with an obtuse tip, sparsely transpa-
rent dotted, 2.5 to 5.5 em. long, 2 to 2.5 cm. broad.
Flowers not known. Legume almost sessile, briefly stipi-
tate, orbiculate, depressed, l-seeded, 2.3 cm. in diameter;
seed ovoid, about 12 mm. long and 8 mm. in diameter, black
and lustrous.

In his Flora of Panama, Seemann mentions a Copaifera
officinalis collected by Warszewicz in the same region and
which is identical either with the above species or with
G. persimilis Pittier, described also from eastern Chiriqui.
Both Species differ from the true C. officinalis (L.) Willd.
in the number of leaflets; in Copaifera chiriquensis the
pods are small and orbicular; in C. persimilis the pods are
very Similar to those of C. officinalis but the leaflets
are imparipinnate and 5 to 7-jugate instead of paripinnate
and 2 to 4-jugate.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light brown; heartwood darker. Wood mo-
derately soft and light in weight, not strong, straight and
coarse-grained, nct taking a very good polish. Annual rings
of growth not evident; the conspicuous tangential bands of
wood-parenchyma fibers are:not indicative of annual layers
of growth, because these lines frequently meet or disappear
abruptly.

Pores (transverse section) rather numerous, large (.18

At. 2 os. due dgitm 08 twode: ‘od gu ,9ead: egtel &
, Sfefhie: 8 hie. .cwOtDd: bessesush-rofuwox’e a1 @. avin) vsodanett

“Stet for-Li ot ¢ esonwe ly, e0yenl .skved pee
et." teed x0 fe
- stqgeoxe otentedle vatelulotres yitelad eveltsel x rel +m

ot @ ,sebnefe ,etoxec eidoed odd- ed ann

| whide gigncite eeGeld silt ,tieq Lentevet ent @
aeel to SOTO (ened ons to pebas/ox .2tsioeornes

mpeqenert ylesisye «qid-ecutdo os dtiw-eten
ybeerd soo @e8 o¢ © . scot sme 3.6 be
-sigtte qitelud ,eLieeee seems (
qxederutb i amb B58 vbebeos =i boeset ce. S
aoeli ,tetemst’ at .mm 6 dos unos omm Sf dode
; eek? s

rottecco s snotinem unemesé , amened to etol® ‘le

Bue Molges omer edd at sotwesexeW yd Bovoeifoc ek inn
fiviw x10 setpege evede adv dtin eee feotvas
= eo mee eres lens cals beditoees gett

Be. ont W fad staent 62220. 4.9 Seid ead Mert. ceThrh. .

= eit: aie eA pxeEFaqod mi ,etaltgel to -recnin

exe aboy ont fag »5 Gt jtelucidue bee tiema ous-ehog

*~ efefiesi ae aa ey to seodt ot selimse Yrer

etentigiie, te Leetent. c bie oJ vanigtieq@2- ets

. . sotegut 2 of 8 bas

som. Boow toxteeb Pte SAP pwd Pee Mods bo

i, Ca tielevie , pets dou ,tigiow ni JHutE bre toe yhe 6

A pats boos YS 8 Suited Joa, bonie

a eased eae? ‘@aned auoystgsno9> edt Basset: tetas
eceyel foumne bo evitsoi sri somes. sts

Neeqqeeth to-d¢e0m YLtneupaert. aagek: -eBedt ‘geugoed- “Nsaiade to

az.) agua ana em tedtar (xobtose: evevanext) ao70%.

dnaloas

29

mm. in diameter(, round, open or occasionally closed with
dark reddish tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged singly
or in short radial rows of from a few to 4 to 6. Vessel
wall (longitudinal section) with both simple and bordered
pits; usually large bordered pits in places where two ves-
sels abut upon each other. End walls of vessel segments
often oblique or horizontal and invariably wholly absorbed.
Wood fibers with relatively thin walls, moderately large
cell cavities and few small simple or slightly bordered
pits; they are not so distinctly radially arranged, but
numerous, with smaller fibers wedged in between the larger
ones. Wood-parenchyma fibers very highly developed,
occuring in numerous tangential lines and grouped around
vessels. Pith rays numerous, barely visible under the hand
lens, usually from 1 to 4 cells wide and 4 to 6 times as
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This tree is known only from the western part of the
republic of Panama, in Veraguas and Chiriqui, on the Pacific
watersed. It grows on the extensive forests of the coast
hills and does not seem to ascend the slopes above 150 me-
ters. It is a remarkable tree cn account of the thick
veins or cavities filled with an oily liquid, which run from
the one to the other extremity of the trunk in old trees.
This liquid is one of the various copaivas of commerce, well-
known aS a medicinal drug. There is no record that it has
ever been exported from Panama, but the natives used it
formerly in its crude state as a paint, beside applying it
to the curation of certain diseases. ‘They call the tree
as well as the drug, camibar, camiba and caniva, which
names are all variations of some indigenous word. It is
claimed that the veins thus filled with the liquid balsam
sometimes burst with s sharp report. The pods always con-
tain drops of a transparent yellowish gum or resin. ‘The
wood, which is said to be excellent and hard, is not used
to any extent.

tim Beecto ylismotessoo 10 Mego , basen 2 totometh ni atom i

© bepisite bre ,boowlresed ond “at eseolys dethbex areb

zev -3d ot Sb ot ‘wet $ mott te ewot Lefher trode aif x0

biod bie slyote déed stiw (nettose Lentbudtanol) LLew

ows exonw eeoaly ai etdiq bexebiod egret yifeweu yadig

re e fesesy to eliew bai .tente does mnogu tude alee

pedicede yifonw yidetsevnt mre fetnoxrtied xo esptide metto .

giel ylotetsbom ,eilew gt oe te igiw exsdtt bool

benebrod yiddut fe Socacause fems wet fee settiveo: ffeo —
tHe | douiterie yifethsr toniveth oe ton ete yedd pedig eee

giel ext neewled ni fsgbhow etedi> isliisme dtiw ,enorsaun &

‘1 gpegéhoveh yldais rev etodit emydoneteg-boow .eenm0 wis fe
cae beqwots bis ea epee SuoC amas at gatuneoe Bare:

ae =

-

aug o ¢xeq Treseew Shs mox> ee Hwons et ses ‘et
Biodt oo ,lupitind brs eengeteV mt .emened to off
is * vaane sit to eteerot svlensdxe ‘oat mo awoig #1. rs
om OBL. svods esqote ot Sy90ee of mBex ton esob _— rs
_/ Heidt edt to tasiocoa tro sett eideyiremet @ et 42 4
tt tt Holdw ,biupil yLto we diiw beift: eetétveg. <0 a+
rt blo at mint sav =o Voter xe teddo eat of off : < Ps
Tsnmec to eevisyoo exotiev odd to ono at btopie era PB it
‘feit biosey on ar eugii= 416" lestotise 28s cwous a ~

ti Seen eoviten snd tnd ,emenes mort bettoqxe seed Tevs ey Lf

ptt righ is ebieed ,thley. dee ovate ohito ett me YEmemt0t

hae eat £feo you. -eoaeegib fiietues to Notisine pad ov res |
oid ose) bas ad Apdimeos ,gotb edd: es ile .

gf ¢1 . biow enon oS = afoltsineay Ile e168 - Tos are
mpoled Sbicpil esd Site petits encase entev edt ten? Bio '

| too ayer ‘Ig aboq off .tioger qtede 2 détw tersd eomitence

ie aR fiset t9 mog datwelley tnersqeneit ge tq eqoth atest A ie

Shere On oi btext bae dmeileoxe ed ot bree ei dotdw yboow

. . a anes me me

4 oy Ae
\ f 2

Prioria copaitera

Copaifera chiriquensis
Coumarouna panamensis

rs : .

Copaizera persimilis

fotieges getxz9ist

futdo, sretiey oo

UI BU BOX BMgIG D

imisteq. ars 2ieyoo

tosperma

~sigeom ethiedqienic
BELTS yecd

30

Nazarene Tree

Peltogyne purpurea Pittier

Description of the tree

Large, low branched, quite glabrous, with a smooth,
grayish bark snd an elongated crown; branchlets slender, pur-
plish. Leaves deciduous; stipules membranous, crescent-like,
acuminate, caducous; leaflets l-jugate, briefly petiolulate;
stipels thread-like, very caducous; petiolules 3 to 4 mn.
long; leaflets unequilateral, falcate, narrow, obliquely
rounded at the base, acuminate, 5.5. to 6.5 cm. lone, 2.5
to 3 cm. broad. Flowers not known. Legune pedicellate,
semiorbiculate, thin and smooth on the margin, mucronate at
the tip, l-seeded, 3 cm. long, 1.6 cm. brosd; seed obliquely
ovate, depressed, the funiclie broadened into a salver=
shaped aril.

Se far no flowering specimens of this tree have been
collected. The blossoms are said to be white. The fruits
remain on the trees long after their maturation and the
seeds, when freed by the opening of the valves, continue to
adhere to the valves through the funicle, reaching the
ground only, as it seems, when the condition are favorable
to insure germination.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and nearly white; heartwood purple streaked
with darker or lighter shades of same. Wood very hard, heavy,
strong, tough, fine-grained and often cross-grained, taking
a@ very beautiful polish. It is difficult to split and work.
Annual rings of growth not clearly visible even under the
hand lens.

Pores ( transverse section) not very numerous, small
(about .12 mm. in diameter), round or slightly radially ellip-
tical, usually closed or plugged up at regular intervals in
the vessels, and arranged singly or in pairs. Vessel walls
(longitudinal section) with numerous small round somewhat

of ouees sil Eee

1919315 soumgung emggodieg

ca gerd est to sotigthtesed
_

,iteeme 2 atiw ,esertela etiup ,dSedonetd wol .egtel, v5
| tebe le: edoldonetd jiwete hetegaole as hue Xted detyerg =~
{eakl-Ikeosexo ,sscmterdmem eoluvytts jenoubiceb teveed efletig
Aeteielatteg yiteiid ,etegni-I steltsel ;2zn00nbeo ,od¢ eatmy

; fe = ge 5 welaledieg PeHoombec sey ettl~Seprds a ar es:)

: cag HOT ame ia of +B. ot enimioe , seed add. te debs odes r.
= pteilég€bey euiged .nwort ton erewolS .bsord m0 3 ay Ey
te etehotim (aiyish eft uo Stoome bue Gint ,etelpotiaetmes —
Mletpiide See8 {beds .wo 3.1 ,giol smo © ,bebeet-i gid ent
Sa SaaS eR ovat benebeoad elviant edt ,beecergeh ,etave .)
. Lise beqede <r e

- sed eved-eedd: eins To @amitesqe grivewolt on tat se | nl ‘
Piet oT .ethily od ot bee exe encseold edt so ahs: ee.
oi2 bite aoldversten tials gette Qnol see? oid no 4 Ay

a euaitnoy- ,aeviev ode’ to 0 edt yf beort aodw (ah |
4 ._ @ft sxinoset slots? edy ios! seviev edd of 6% *
eer: ere aokeihnes one Hew ,emese tt es .¥lao

sbbRs ac teres svat

a bow i Sd We teginened ‘s es
ate elorig Boomtabox ; od tdw ylxese bow Aotde
Bred yey boow 7 eMuse te -eebhese vetdgil 10. 6
"GRE RE BEOTS tied he bie beuterg-enit dgsot
; Bme Wifge of ¢iworttif ei 31 .tatloy Lohet need.
ent webas aie sidtaty ar ae ton dtworg to —,

£Lenie enetemun «sev dost (iatfooe eetevengst ) ae

toda uitriakle to. Sasroy ,(retemehé ak pum Shy
~ ff elevxetit tafeger te gx pty 19 Beeolo yhls
Paty thew feseot sett eG mi a % at pa(rebe
. taevomed’ hier” heme: cron oma dt be (at

° ,

ol

irregular bordered pits with oblique slit-like openings. The
vessel segments are short and have their ends absorbed. Wood
fibers about 1.6 mm. long with rather thick walls snd smali
cell cavities. ‘The pits are very minute. Wood parenchyma
developed sbundantly around the pores and in short tangen-
tial lines often connecting neighboring pores by lines of
this soft tissue. Starch is present. Pith rays numerous
and rather small, from 1 to 5 cells wide and from 6 to many
cells high.

Distribution, common names snd uses

The Nazarene Wood is conspicuous for the intense purple
color of its heart-wocd; this color has been compared by the
common pecple with that of the spilled blood cf Christ of
Nazareth on the wross, whence the name of nazareno, morado
which means purple, is another synonym. ‘There is an imper-~
fectly known species of the same genus (Peltogyne porphyro~
cardium Griseb.) growing on the island of Trinidad, the wood
of which is of the same color, but this does not seem to be
the case with the Amazonian species, which are said to have
@ reddish or brownish heart. The wood of the Nazarene tree
is very hard and heavy and though often spoken of is not of
much wse.

The showy Macrolobium

Macrolobium floridum Karsten, Fl. Columb. 1:151, t.
75 = 1858-61.

Description of the tree

Middle sized and up to 25 meters high, the trunk about
35 cm. in diameter with a smooth grayish bark, the crown
elongated. Leaves glabrous, 2-fcliolate: stipules subulate,
glabrous, 8 to 12 mm. long, caducous; petiole 6 mm. long,
very thick; leaflets subsessile, oblique, obovate-lanceolate,
25- to 30 cm. long, 9 to 11 cm. broad, the nervation promi-
nent beneath, the exterior half broadly rounded at the base.

rs

LS

eav .sguinege siil-jile empitdo d¢iw etiq beovebi0d relugerxl

rs: Boo® ,bséxoede ebne afed? syed bie diode exe etnomgesr Loeseoy

“oe |
Pe a a Pi ee eee
ee we, > %

fieme foe ellew wotd? tentter dtiw anol .om 3.[ tuode Buiedit
anyionersg boot .etunin yrov ese etviq edt saeitivss {Leo
-negitet diode af fue eorog edt faso1s yldnebrude beqoleveb
to gonit yd estoy gotveddgion gittsoennoo aetto senil Lets
epotemmun eye: atid .tneeetg ef dorsté .oveeld doe sid
Yam of Oo mort bae eiiw elieo @ o¢ LI mort ,Lfeme s8edter ine
eigisd alieo

Bouy bus women mommoo nottvdsydet@ ©.

eiguig esnmetmt edt «ot epoueigenos ef booW snentesei eft...
ong Yd oeteqmoo ueed asd toloo gine ;doow-dused ett to aoLoo
ta teivso So rage hbeilige sid to dedv stiw elgoeg mommoo
oben oe ae emex off sonedw ,eeoip sid no dtetexset
«mydonye tsitoie al ,slyisg enesm dotsdw
. omypgosL of) aomey smee ot to setoege nwond ylteet
iw and sbinlz? to bnalet edt ao gxiwors {.doeize }° pee
od ot moos oh aeoh etd? tud ,tof[ns omee edt to ek
‘eyed o¢ Hise xe Aoidw eotoege meinosand edt Avitw eeeo silt
eets srieteseli edt to poow on traced deimwotd ao dethbex e
to gon ai to asdege metto dasedt fae yveed bue bhied jaye Se
- »0@y

es

*

ot GLiL -Omuloeod .L% ietEeted

gait sit to nottgiroesd

thode Amit sid ,dgin etetem 3S of go Sune besle sLbbin
~ frpeto ond ~dagd detyers i ine i peges tetemsib ai .mo G&
petelvdue eeluqite ;etefollot-+i ,sxoidelg eovesl | . 5d egnole

epoat smn 3 aleitey ;su0osbec ,gnol .mm SL ot 8 ,auotdelg
steal oosmel-ovévod 5 : BP ildo ,eileseadue etelteel ;aloidd yxrev

-fmoxq nottevien sit ,5s0rd .mo ff of & ,gnot eno O8 oc GS
‘,;eeed ond ds bedaxox ykboond tied 1elvetxe edt ,ftveensd duem

eee

j
J
Ml
|

32

FPhoral racemes 12 to 16 flowered, either terminal or issuing
from the old wood of the trunk and limbs. Peduncles brac-
teate, thick, 3 to 4 cm. long; flowers pedicellate about 6
cm. long; pedicels 8 to 10 mm. long, provided with a small
bract at the base and bearing at the tip 2 obovate bract-
lets, about 12 mm. long, glabrous, connate at the base; ca-
lyx tube 1 cm. long, short stipitate; sepals 4, ovate-ellip-
tic, imbricate, about 2 cm. long and 6 mm. broad, glabrous.
Petal single, unguiculate, elliptic-lanceolate, nearly 4 cm.
long and 12 mm. broad, frilled and irregular on the margin,
pinkish white, very caduc@us. Stamens 3, included or hardly
exserted; pistil 47. to 50 mm. long, the ovary stipitate,
S-ovulate; style pubescent at the base, capitellate. Legume
woody, stipitate, 12 to 16 cm. long, 4 to 5 cm. broad, de-
hiscent by the rolling up of the valves; seeds 4 to 5, ovate,
flat, 3.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light brown; heartwood dark reddish
brown. Wood ratner soft, moderately heavy, rather strong,
coarse grained, easily worked, splits readily, taking a mo-
derately good polish, and is durable in contact with the
soil. Annual rings of growth clearly visible under high
power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) not very numerous, large
(.24 mm. in diameter), round, open in sapwood, but generally
closed in heartwood with dark reddish tyloses, and arranged
singly or occasionally in short radial rows of from & to 4.
Vessel walls (longitudinal section) in contact with ray cells
and wood-parenchyma fibers have numerous, very small bordered
pits, or sometimes on radial side large elliptical simple
pits, Perforations simple, large and circular. Wood fibers
abcut 1.199 mn. long, with relatively thick walls, fairly
large cell cavities, and few rather large bordered pits,
Wood parenchyma copiously developed and arranged chiefly
around vessels, and frequently forming tangential lines be-
tween two or more pores. Rays numerous, very small, barely
visible under the hand lens, usually 1 cell wide, rarely 2,
and from a few to 12 or 16 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Karsten discovered this showy tree in the coast mountain

1 / ; a ‘ Rey |

@aivesd “¢ fanineves tedtte ,.jexewellt 6f of Ss, eoneost Lexrght
“) soetd eofinnhbed .admil bae anuitd eit to boow blo edt moxit
@ tuede eleifootboy suewolt ;yool .mo 2.of & real -ocacd

_ flems < diiw pebivoty ,amck .mm OL ct 6 alsotbeg 4 nol amo
efisid étevodo © aid ent te guixreed-bre esed ent 6 toexd

~89 ;oGed eft ¢e etennoo ,euo1wdels ,nool .mm 8! mane ~etol
aghiLe-steve ,> eleqges retetigtte trade ,3noL..mo f edad xy
-arondely boot .mm:d Bae guel .mo § tuode ,etsofrdmat ,oft
smo 2 glisex ,etelosonel-oftgif{le , oteluetsracs ,efgnia Letet
,aterteam edt no tasfugerrt bre peLLixt .beotd .mm Sf baa gnol
ylbisd 10 bebulout .& enemas san@oubeo yiev ,etidw delinig
pe ~otetigive yoavo ent ,gnol smm O08 of 74 Lbtelq. ; besteexe
emerged sotalletigao ,esed edt ga tnedeeduq alyte sed eLuvoud
- “web ,beotd «mo é ot D ,~gmol smo dL of SL etatighte ,yboow
stereo .c ot S wens jeeviev ene to qa gutflor ed? Yd Joeogid
' -heord .mo 4.8 Sa8 aiol .mo 4.8 tett

beow. edt. to gottgixoasd

Jarsner gues boowtised. ;mwetd ¢aiyil yrov ,sfoidd ce
/ 4pmeite sedves .yveed Yletexebom ,ttoe tedtex booW .mword
-om e gilies auitbeox adilye , box ow yliess Deukasg exa00
edt dviw dosines al eldégusb at bas fet loy roan i
of eee i

to oe

Agta sane oldtety ylieeto dtwois 29 sania I
-eyooe

aT 1

egzel ,sxo1smpm yiev gon (mottose satevenett) setog. ‘ae
Wilerensn fod ,hoowges al nege ,bnsox ,(xetometf nt .mm 8a, )
bogretre fre ,cocolyt dethhex axzeh déiw boewtxeed mk SeeoLlo
-b ov S mort co ewor detber sroce at yilenoiersoo 10 Yigats
giles yer dviw Joetaoo ak (aoiteoss Lenthetigael) eliew LegeeV
_ Betebtod ifeme yoy ,evotsmur eved sredit emydouereq-boow bus
eLyumis feoktytiLe egtsl ebte Lether so senivemoe to ,adiq

7 GS ae ee eee ea ee

i eo
PO

bs etedti S608 J1aivetio bee ,olgmta emoitverotred ,atiq
“. -‘@xlet ,eflew dotdt ylevtt dtiw .gftol .om C@L.£ duode |
oii ,etiq betehxod enue! veddéex wet bue ,seltiveo Lles eL

‘ ~eftsido begnrerie bne begelevel yLesotgoo emyfoneteg boow
>. wed eantl Letinegnet guimrvot ylitmenpes? bae .sleasev bavote
ylered ,ifeme yrev ,esovemma aye .getoq oxom 10 ows seENd
a yisie: ebiw Efeo f yilewes ,asel bred ed? tehan eidieiv

, aged alles él a9 aad os wot 8, = bas

ie azetison dudon: bit Bt eoxt wrod « abst ‘boxeve corel

33

range of Venezuela near Puerto Cabello, near the middle of
the last century, and described it in his magnificent work
of the flora of Colombia. It does not appear to have been
reported again since that time but its occurrence in the
virgin forests around Port Obaldia, near the mouth of the
Atrato River, seems to indicate a wide distribution along
the southern shores of the Caribbean Sea. The natives of
Port Obaldia have no name for it and the wood does not seem
to be generally used.

The Darien Browneopsis

Browneopsis excelsa Pittier, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb.
6: 157. AQLG.

Description of the tree

A tree, 25 to 30 m. high, the trunk up to 50 cm. in
diameter, covered with a grayish bark, the crown elongate,
with spreading branches.

Leaves paripinnate, 2 to 3-jugate, glabrous, the rachis
4 to 10 cm. long, slender, terete, the leaflets subopposite,
petilulate; petiolules 6 mm. longg leaflet blades ovate,
long cuspidate, 3 to 10 cm. long, 1 to 4 cm. broad, subco-
riaceous, glandular at the base, the costa prominent
beneath; stipules small and deciduous. Inflorescences
mostly terminal, the flowers grouped in 4 or 5 clusters
surrounded by numerous, imbricate, deciduous bracts. Pe-
duncles thick, about 1 cm. long; bracts clasping, obovate,
pubescent, 2 to 3.5 mm. long, the tipper ones longest. Re-
ceptacular tube thick, about 8 mm. long; sepals 4, petaloid,
glabrous, the 3 exterior ones 2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. broad,
the interior one shorter, broader, lobulate and clasping.
Petals 5, onovate-elongate, about 3 cm. long and 5 mm.
broad, pale pink. Stamens 14 or 15, up to 3.5 cm. long.
Ovary stipitate, multiovulate, densely pubescent; style
4.0m. long; stigma capitellate. Legume about 18 cm. long
and 3.5 cm. broad, flat, stipitate, falcate; seeds ovoid-~
@epressed, 2.5 to 3 cm. long and 1.7 to 2.2 cm. broad.

Yrs Lew H ea: J Hl v= “4 he ; ae Nn i i

“to elbbim odd se08en ,offLede0 otxtent teem slexeonsV to sone
drow tnecttinaem eid at #2 bedfroeeb fons ,ytstneo te
feed oved o¢ teegge ton ech ¢1 .aidmoicd te eroft.
eat mi somettiweno ati dnd emit tadd sonta niege 1oqe%r
edt to Atwom ect teem ,ethiadO t10% favors eteexot tv
a nohtudtiselh ebiw.s steotint o¢ emees ,168evih oA
%o eeviven off .#808 ceeddiied ond to cétode niedtsoe sit
tees ton esol 500w edd bme tk 10% oma: of eved eraser? a
heas brates

ain “ekegoonmo?’ cofzed ox’

der tel 16.0 .diaseed WOlTIIS seleose ebegoenwort
OLG£ .3a@L;8L

he gout edt So mekegiuobed = nun
ai .go 68 o¢ qu Amott of? ,datd .m OS of BS ,oord A

ed egaols LWOT ont ,tted detyerg s diiw betevoo ,% i. ;
oe -eedoneid anibeerg

endear ens ,exomwels ,siexot-8 oc © ,etauntgtreg eeveer
qetheaqgodns eteitesl sit (atered ,rebeefe , snot .mo OL 6
bn >, etavo gebeld teiteel (peek mn & eeluloi?sy nee

7 ~ saddee ,beord smo & ot £ ,ge0l*.mo OL ot © eve ' e
SS toenkmesg etecs. edd ,eetd: ent te reluisels OBS
oe _peanecserclinl ,enopBivebd dae Lleme 2 inde

“.-pHetenio 8 xo-) ah heqroag er)ewolt oad , fen imaes yiteon
- > =@9°, s Steers exoubiceh ,etaeindnt ,exsovemhen: Seeice
" -gadevedo. ~untgeelo eioeid putol .mo "E thods. | ote: ‘ei ;

| .taegnol sete seqyis oid ghet . mm a.8 o¢ 2 gD8ed
; pee ‘steq 4 Blagee ; puoi .mm Girteode , tothe ades sat ake >=
= > bagtd om & anol smo GS seme woisedKe Ss ett An ae
: ‘\griczeto bae bialudak teheord .1ettoeds eno sorted, rie
ee sto 2 fre gaol .no & tuode oo apis le-eteroda .o eied ed
> abe. once iS at qe. df wo bf eranad © ca S, Sing ane sheowd

_—sowENHS pinedpedng Yleened ,stelsvot?

(\fgned “mo- “@L theca ‘raat ot ailes iqeo to ogshes gel eeg
| sbiova ebese joteole® ,atetiqite talt ,

[o,.. «heord sto. S48 o¢ T.I bos goal .meo 8 ot €.9 heosvsiged

34

The genus Browneopsis Huber is very closely related to
Brownea Jacq., Of which there are at least two indigenows

representatives in Panama, besides B. ariza Benth., culti-
vated as an ornamental. Both genera are Similar in habit
and thrive in about identical conditions, but in Browneop-
sis the number of stamens is larger and we note also the
absence of the floral sheath which is characteristic of
Brownea. The type of Browneopsis is Brazilian, and 3. ex-
celsa is presently the only species found outside the Ama-
zonian basin.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, nearly white; heartwood slightly darker
or very light brown. Wood very hard, heavy, tough, strong,
exceedingly fine-grained, taking an excellent polish.
Annual rings of growth not visible under the hand lens on
a@ smooth transverse section.

Pores (transverse section) namerous and small (.13 mn.
in diameter), chiefly round or elliptical, open in the
Sapwood, completely closed in the heartwood, arranged singly
or sometimes in radial rows of 2 or 3. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about .9778 mm. long, with thick walls and
very small cell cavities, with very inconspicuous simple
pits. Pith rays exceedingly numerous, very narrow, hardly
visible with the hand lens on a smooth transverse section,
usually one cell wide and from a few to 12 cells high.

ad

Distribution, common names and uses

Browmea excelsa is knwen only from the forests of
Southern Darien, Panama, where it grows gregariously on
high ground along creeks and running rivers. The inhabitants
call it cuchillito, i. e6., small knize or machete, on account
of the shape of the pods. Although the wood is hard and
durable, and can take a fine polish, &t does not seem to
be of any special use.

iy PeteLex. Yloacio yiev ef tecuH elegoseuiwors aucey.edl,
| ueigsre gt birt” owt i te ota evens dotiw te ,.po Borwoud
mbt fue ,..dadrek sees 16 Gobleed. .cmenel at sevidetnereiges
thet of tel isi Ste Bxonsy dtod sletnomenio ae ee BY
oer onG at ond ,emotdbines Levitnedt tueda al .esviidt bos
“ede oeLe ofca ew bas tegusl ef smemese. to tedmun edt ate
~ tvottersefoeiento ei Aoldw steeds Lerolt edit. to soneade
xe .f bas ,xsifiuert ci eleqeenwore to egyd ont |, eemwox8
6ad Sbhistno kagot eofosegs yine odd aeaara el este
: niead Qs

boow efid To noltgtioeed |

xeses Wisderte hoowixpend ,etidw ylisen ,widd boowgeé.
ide ,dgnot ,yreed ,bisd yrev foow .nwotd sigil yrev 10
ocr hee fet Seq: dnelfeexe ne gatust ,bontsig-entit yigathesoxe
te eis ase d ied ads tebns efdleiy son dtwoug te egnit Lenard
he Moitsese eaievenettd dvoome 2
y Bbc) fleme fue exouemia (noltoee serevenstt) eo10%
edt nl sego ,leoftgtife to bisox yLtetdo ,(tetemetd at
@ begaez1s , hoows teed ent ai Beeolo yletelqmoo ,hoowgee
yuie eiokt ero tres ot “0 3 te swor Lethex at semtd enoe 10
$e gilew Moket otiw , gaol .om 6YVE. suode exedt? |
Rr gate apouolyaneont yrev diiw .eslviveo ILeo {Lene yrev
fipent .wotrex yiev ,swoteme ylgnifesoxe eysx Athd _sedig
att soos eetsvenert dtoome e mo enel fed ont dtiw sidtetv |
Mgid aifes Si co wet @ moxt bas ebiw ties eno vs een

aes: eels SBS somes emmon woidsdistste
$6. eteoro> edd soit yhoo sewit af saleoxe
ne Ylenoiiegets ewory di suerw ,sameites
aeciork. ea? .arevin srknnyy oie. edeote
f°, etedoem to stink Ifeme ..6 st,
p Bie ei Leow edt cevoddin .eboq oat
mebe son Geoh.t&# ,deiflog emtt « eaet ceo teas @)
ec . ,ees Letoegs oA,

35

The large-leaved Brownea

Brownea macrophylla Linden

Description of the tree

A tree 6 to 12 meters high, with sparse ramification, the
young twigs villous, Leaves paripinnate, 3 to 6-jugate, the
rachis more or less villous-pubescent, 20 to 40 cm. long.
Leaflets opposite or sliternate, the petiolwles thick, 5 to
6 mm. long, pilose, the blades elliptic lanceolate, rounded
or subacute and glandular at the base, longly acute-acumi-
nate at the apex, 10 to 32 cm. long, 2 to 7.5 cm. broad
(the terminal psir largest); costa villous snd prominent
beneath, the rest of the blade glabrous. Inflorescence in
capitate spikes of 30 to 50 flowers each, growing from the
trunk and lower limbs. B8racts pinkish white, varying from
broadly ovate and 2 to 5 cm. long at base of spike to obo-
vate-elliptic or lineal, up to 6 cm. long and as little as
2mm. broad at the apex of same. Flowers fire-red, in the
axils of the bracts, pedicellate, the sheath subcampanulate,
grayish tomentose without, 3.5 to 4 cm. long, subilabiate with
obtuse lobes; receptacle-tube 1.7 cm. long, slightly obco-
nicalj calyx segments 4, unequal, sbout 3 cm. long. Petals
spatulate, 5 em. long. Stamens 11, 10 to 11 cm. long,
connate at the base. Pistil about 12 cm. long, the ovary
densely tomentose, long stipitate, about le-ovulate, the
style filiform, the stigma globose-capitate, Legume not
known.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and very light yellow; heartwood high brown.
Wood hard, moderately heavy, strong, very tough, straight
and coarse-grained, taking a fairly good polish. It is
aifficult to split and work on account @f its long fibers
which impede the action of tools. Annual rings of growth
only faintly visible to the unaided eye.

Pores (transverse section) not numerous, varying from
-60 to .14 mm. in diameter, round, usually filled with pa-
renchyma tissue, and arranged singly or in groups of two
to three in radial rows. Vessel walls (lengitudinal sec-
tion) very thin with numerous mimte bordered pits. The
ends of the vessel segments sre horizontal and completely

gout eft to mobsgtroned ¢ . meni

bas wotteoitinss sevage dgtw ,dgid exetem Sf of & sett: a7
eds .edegu,-3 of © ,staitmiqizeg eoveol ,enoiliv sgiwd-
egot .cio OS of Os ,fseceeduy-enolliv seei 16 stem Bf .
oF é nee aeielotdsy eft ,stenretis +o st tecgge aeatioes
fasox ,stelooonel obigii{e esbheld ent ,esalig .gaol .om a
: eet, 4 ylenol ,esad eft te selnbaely ioB |
’ beoxrd..mo 6,7 o¢ S. gaol .mo S86 0% OL» pont edt
¥. ae eat & apotily ateoo ;{taesiel ateq Le
at somedaerolta sBuordela ebeld ent to taet odd. At eened
edt mort Boiworg ,dose etewolt 08 of) .05 to sextge
a: moat antyiay , et idw dekinigq stosté ,edmii rewol bre peneed
~od0 of enigg to scad Se gaol smo @ of & bae: at evo, ord
se sittil ee bos grol .mo ad of gz -,feemil 10 piigtf ev
ent oft ,Sex-91l% s1ewolt .emee to xeye ot ta, beomd sam-8
Jetimegnesduc faiteete ett ,stalleotbeq ,etosid et: to efine
eteidslidme ,giol .ao } ot 2,5 tuo bw seosnemed dehy |
“=o0d0 wivigite ~aroL.2mo Vol ost <pLoet qooes. raedoL.
ey: ated .gol-.mo 6 Suode ,teupens .> adnomgon xyieo
Mee eet emo ££.0¢ OL bt ehemets. wet »t a. Pals
Yisro ec? . gol .mo SL duods. Lite? seed edd te .
2 “ent eteluve-8l trode ,etatiqite grol ,eeotmened ~lees ha
_ fon erage ated tgwo~oeadalg engite edd eros LES aiyts ie”

wes i

f
ve ; j . © AVL

: $ eS boo ode te a Molt gixroget

ca dged bouvdason ;wolley thwkl yrev fas Aobaict moma
tigiewds wignot yey ,sootte ,yveed yletetebom hb ‘oor
a vt -Astlog booy ylrtst e snined ‘Thien! Se
* exec? + gaol esi t@ ¢nucsoe Mo diow bee shige ot Piao
— tq egetn eees ~«efcot to noitoe edt ebegmit doidw

qe teblemu sdi of eldtety ylinrst xine aay

‘ nox? Bniyiey axoxemnn ton (hoktoos oevevarter? ) gerod
ee fitiw feili= yliewev ,ouvor ,retemelh ak stm G.- Of Bac: ”
one *6. egyors of TO Zl spite fegreite bere ,oueel? emydone .
oe. Lanbindiurot) aifew faspey .awex Lathen at setdt of
of ahha Dovebred stants esotenia dtitw abdt grev {molt
‘oe thc wath iis fediostted sve etneugse Leseey edt To ebro

;
+,
a

er

36

absorbed. Wood fibers about 2 mm. long with relatively
thin walls and large cell cavities. Pits bordered and very
indistict. Wood parenchyma fibers abundantly developed
around all vessels, which form very préminent tangential
lines (transverse sections) connecting the pores. These
elements contain starch. Pith rays sre very numerous,
uniformly scattered over the tangential section. They are
one, rarely two,,cells wide and many times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses.

This beautiful tree @ppears to be restricted to the
Atrato valley in Colombia, from where it was first reported,
and the Panaman Darien. It is remarkable for its showy
flowers, on account of which it was brought into cultiva-
tion in England as early as 1860. Among the natives it
is known under the name of "ariz&" which applies also to
other congeneric species. The trunk, which is seldom above
35 cm. in diameter, is usually héllow and inhabited by ants,
so that although the wood is hard and strong, it is not ge-
nerally used.

The ligulate Bauhinia

Bauhinia ligulata Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20;
Tes . 2918.

Description of the tree

& tree up to 40 m. high and 80 cm. in diameter, the
trunk straight, covered with a brownish, rimose bark, the
limbs short, forming an elongated crown. Leaves coriaceous,
the petioles slender, sulcate, 2 cm. long, the blades heart-
Shaped, bu-cuspidate, 13-nerved, 4 to 10 cm. long, 4 to
7.5 cm. broad, glabrous above, paler and minutely pubes-
cent beneath; stipules very small, scariose and caducous.
Plowers numerous in terminal racemes; bracts very small
and deciduous; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long, ferruginous-pu-

- gfeviveles détw gaok mn 8 @pode eisdit BooW .hedroeds

” ov — Serehied atid .eeictvee [leo egyel bue eflaw mide -
_- . BegeLevel yLdmeabacde exedit eaydonetseq booW totter bat

- < fehtcesned tnonimeang yrov mxot doidw ,eleeeev [le Sasoxe
peed? estoy oct gnitoenseo (anolttose serevenmsit) eonil

Fe : ‘yasroTON ot Yuew ste eyet acid .dotste alsingo stuemele
3 iid yout -noatioes Letimegues edt isyo Setestacs yimtolt tag

ah ~Haic'ee ecomtt yram bas ebiw effeop,ows ylerert ,om0

obese ite seman aommgo .motibed iadete

edt of fevotitee: sd ot ereeqcs® ee1t Inthinged edt
aes detit caw of etodw mort ,aidmoled nt yellev par
wode @ti wot eldedcemet 61 J1 .meliusd asmensi ede SS
ition Otek eo, sew ti dotdy to ¢owoooe mo 28% iol?
ere eee eit .088L se ylteo ee bhuaigaé af mete
ot ool eeitlygs ates "Bsite" to omen ent tehoy aweddt ef
s mobiles ef dotdw ,gnptt ent .estoegn oirensyaeo sedto
| Set idednt hee wo llard yilaverset .tetomelh nt .ao 3t
Of: ei ti ,gmexte bue Pref oi boow oat dasortt ie tedt os
bean, irae

Ginisives edelmstt ecg

Je .2,U' .¥dm0d detterd etuiogit siotdoeg.
BLOh st

estt od? Te agiigixsas

~ eee te tomer ut ,wo 08 bse defh mi 08 oF. ge sess
6 3

ied beonii ,deinword e déviw betevoo ,tdgieise
$60 seveél .tworp peteanole as ayt tart ,tnods | Give |
eereee ext ,wmol .mo 8 ,steolne ,rebaeke eelotteq edt As
» peel «to OL ot 4} , Sevien-tL et abhkqemo-nd 4 :
eM Yletunim hae 29f8% ,evade enoud als ,beotd +me 2.3
Hhas fie ea2citeos ,Ileme yuev eelogite ;Ateened tases
BIe YIov etoexd’ jzsmscel. - nied af stieremstt arg ina
spontgurtze? nol «fe oF N flaotne pesonhiosh Lal

we 4

wast ;

37

bescent; receptacle short stipitate, about 7 mm. long; se-
pals 5, more or less adnate, laciniate, about 1.4 cm. long,
retroflected; petals 5, short unguiculate, ovate-elliptic,
acute at tip, 3 cm. long, 0.6 cm. broad, lilac with dark
purple veins; stamens 10, all fertile, free, 5 long and 5
short; pistil glabrous, adnate at the base to the recepta-
cle and surrounded farther up by 2 spathaceous ligules;
ovary stipitate, 5 to 6-owulate; style thick; stigma papil-
lose, obscurely 3 or 5-lobed.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown, slightly tinged with red;
heartwood darker colored. Wood very hard and heavy, fairly
strong, splits and works easily, fineegrained, beautiful
figure, and takes a good polish. Annual rings of growth
sometimes visible under hand lens.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (.12-.18 mn.
in diameter), round when isolate, but when grouped they
are usually compressed radially, open or sometimes closed
with dark brown tyloses. Pores are often arranged in ra-
dial rows of from 2 to 5. Vessel walls (longitudinal sec-
tion) with numerous smell bordered pits. Perforations
simple. Wood fibers about .98 mm. long, with rather thick
walls and relatively largé and numerous simple pité. The
cell cavities are septate. Wood parenchyma strongly deve-
loped and in several rows of cells around the vessels; it
also forms tangential lines connecting the vessels. Rays
numerous, very narrow and usually only 1 to 3 cells wide
and from 3 to 5 time as high.

Distribution, common fmames and uses

This tree grows in clusters on the alluvial bottom of
the little valley back of Port Obaldia, on the Coast of
San Blas, Panama. Very little is known of its distribution.
The natives call it casco de vaca, cow's hoof, on account
of the shape of the leaf, butH this name also applies to
other species of the genus. The wood is too hard to be
used extensively locally, but it is abundant, has a fine
grain, beautiful figure, takes a bril&iant polish, and
should attract the attention of the wood user.

38

+95 ;gs0f .cm 7 twode ted tq te ttode efoes 4s00% be x
mo R.f trode ,eteintoel ,etents etel 19 exon

O8eGE[L6<e7 ovo atalve hres ‘feens 8 @late psksedbs@inas

Aaeh atiw coeftl ,faoxd .mo 8.0 ,eusl smo 8 .qtt te adtee
6 Sng saol & eet? ,oittiet [fe ,oL senate goatee eiqing

=eiyssex ext od Saed end te otedbe ,enoidalg Ettatg iaeea
,e6lngtl eso@isdtage 2 yd qu vedtiet beirseriwe bite fo
“ffeq amgite ;xoids efyse ;oteleve-5 of 2 .etetiqite ytevo
sbedol-a +0 & YLeinoeda aa

Seow odt to wottaqtiseed

Bex Avby begatt yltdgtie (mwowd fdstl .otdd aidiie
Vaiss ist ,wveen tne Sted viev BooWw .bstoloo textaed ae nr
tutitsecd ,bentergsentt , ei exiew Bua etifge ,
diworg to analy Lesrare oan bode ¢ setet Sue , at
,enel based +16 eldtetv es
eoum GL. ~£ «) lems ,2uctemun (Nottoss setevane1t) eex¢
yen ‘ferw dud ,etaioet nedw basot eniramany’ iti
feaclo nenktemee to Mego ,yfietiex boeeorqmoo yileven S18
“8x nf bogtaerie wetto exe eetod .eesolyt awoid d1eb astiw
set Lfanthutisnol) ellew LeeesY .c& ot $ moxt to ewot Lets
. anoitetotrel .etig betshied Ifeme sror9emsn déiw (note
Wotdt tedtex dtiw ,gueLl .mm 6@. tuode exedit booW art
ed? oboly slqmie euoitemma bas Sgiel yLleovivalet baa eliew
-eveh yignoits emydonetsg bOOW .etatyee ers sottivao Lise
¢F ;eleesev eft frinoie eifeo to awor Lereves at fine begol
eyeh ..aleasey ed gaitoemoo sentl Letinegnet entot osls
ehiw ef{ieo & ot { yloo yllasess bue worren. yrev , eso 1r8emmn
-figid 62 omtd ¢ ot & moat Sue

- jnottudtute tt

So movtod Ietvs{le edt mo azetaslo at sworg seit atd?

'. SQ tego end fo .etbiedO trod to toed yollev elstit ent

Hoksagditterh edt to mwonx et efovit _, -suene. ,aelé mee

‘Basesoe mc toed e'weo .4 ti {iso ae r
od eotiqas “eale oman st, eit to e ba

ed ot bued eat st boow ait eines ae a a “aelooge.sa:0

sartt e ced ,tuebmuds ei Ji tad ,yflsool 4 bah ct
bee sak log tuekelitd 2 cedest ot ids

teen boow ent to inttineds eid toertis. Bisons

fh eed
he me a

i ‘ f boi) ae
rh et) i Vawes

38

Wild Tamarind

Dialium @ivaricatum Vahl;

Description of the tree

4 tree 15 to 20 meters high, with smooth bark and elon-
gated crown; young branchlets and inflorescences minutely
ferruginous-puberulous. Leaves 5 to 7-foliolate, the rachis
slender, canaliculate, or minutely ferruginous-puberulous,

3 to 8 em. long; leaflets coriaceous, opposite or subslter-
nate, the petiolules puberulous, about 2 mm. long, the
blades ovate-lanceolate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the
base, long and narrowly obtuse-acuminate, 2.5 to 7.5 cm.
long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad, entirely glabrous, the vena-
tion prominulous beneath. Inflorescence large, densely cy-
mulose-paniculate. Flowers small, briefly pedicellate, the
practlets diminute and early caducous{ calyx minutely ferru-
ginous pubescent without, the tube short, the 5 segments
obtuse, spreading or reflexed, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; corolla
wanting; stamens 2; ovary almost sessile, ovoid, ferrugi-
nous-hairy, 2-ovulate, the style filiform at the base,
broadening in a thick stigma at the apex. Legume indehis-
cent, obovoid, shortly stipitate, glabrous, about 2.5 cm.
long and 1.4 cm. in diameter.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and nearly white; heartwood yellowish
brown with irregular streaks of darker color. Wood very
hard, heavy, strong, tough and very fine and cross-grained,
taking a very smooth polish. It is exceedingly difficult
to split and work. Annual rings of growth not visible even
under hand lens or compound microscope.

Pores (transverse section) moderately numerous, small
(about .12-.16 mm. in diameter), round or nearly so, open
or more often fiffted with parenchyma tissue and arranged
singly or less often in pairs. Vessels (longitudinal sec-
tion) with numerous small bordered pits and small oblique
slit-like pit openings. The ends of vessel segments com-
pletely absorbed. Wood fibers about 1.12 mm. long with
very thick walls and small cell: cavities.

faitemey OL:

1 idey a aes :

Ee gett gid 20 noitgizosed.

stoke pire dete dtoome ndiw -deid ereten 08 o¢ ya send fos:
- gfetuntoa seonecestot tat bie eteldocerd RIWOY ;NWwoID dha
idoes oot ,oveleoifot-S of 2 eeveed .senoflsisdsgq-enontguirte
| seolsteds-Iuonigvi168t cletunhm vo ,otelnolifenss ,1etmele .
a hadtedos” t¢. stieogdo ,euosoRito’s eselteel (anol .mD 6 ot. 8
$d? ,geol sam S taods ,auoiuisdng yb dr et add, ,eten
ab sit te eteonso yfbeord +o debnsoxr ,etelooonel-etevo eebsld
| sm 8.7 of B.S , etanimyoe-eeutdo ylworren hae Se _oaed —
| ensy sit ,encicely yLeiltne ,beoid .mo G.8 of @.f S :
=o YLeaneh -oyrel eoceezeiolint st asned esoluminerg J
att ~otekloptbeg | fteixd.,tieme atewoli ,.stelyoin olum
<0 tet yLe. ‘aso B69 seo fue etunimth eteito
gdneagee ¢ eft ,ttode edad tuodsiw tassgedng en
~ gffetco ;gnol smn & ov Weyer Itex 10 gaibseige ,esutdo
a _rtgvizet blove ,2#f: aero 8 entemede in -sson
< 288d ont te axe tis ion 8 eteinvo-S ,y¥t
4 -sifobik smugsl .xeqe edt ta ve dotd? # al go
aex S.8 tuode ,enordely ,etetigite yltiods Rip ors os
stetemelth it i50 ’,f baa

Soow o. notiqtios oe x gnc

fee | fetwolfex boowdxeen jottdw ylveen bae dokdd hoowge’
_Mtev Boch .1ploo isdieb to exestte telsrgett£ diiw aword
at bontets-2e orp bie sit Yiev bas sgwed ,» + ome: atvecd , pied
_ @kacttiib ylgatSseaxo ef ci- eon Adoome YIev e sities
re paused. jon sdworg to egafa tesank .axow Sue tiiga o¢
. -egeeaptoim basogmos 190 eoel baad, Senne

atin (BNOlsMn YLetexedor tdodteec serevenerd ), rage
fegs, 0c Yfiwes xo bnaor , (tesenedd at. smn él. sods)

pits be epectd saydonersq diiw bedttit oedte.escm “ b a tt

fentiviiannt) eLeeesY .eaieg nt netto Bast sh wiecty J
- eupde do Eieme tee @tty pexebaod [Leme exoremsn ditw (molt
sue “G8 pidomgee feeuey to eine of? .eenigege Seay ree ‘
a -_—* sale sma Sf£.£ trodes siedit booW .bedrosdse ylotelq
; .8eid ives »Eige items fae eiiew aotds wer

39

The pits are slit-like and exceedingly small. Wood
parenchyma abundantly developed around the pores and in
broken and continuous tangential lines of a few tec five
cells in width. Pith rays very numerous and srranged in
regular tiers aS may be seen on a smooth tangential surface.
Rays usually two cells wide and up to 5 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This large tree, not uncommon in the forests of Darien
is remarkable for its broad area of @ispersion. Known at
first only from Brazil, it has successively been discovered
in Guatemala and in Panama and probably exists everywhere
in the unexplored forests of the intervening region of
northern South America. In Panama the natives call it
tamarindo.de monte or wild tamarind, while in seme parts
of 3razil it is known as ith. The wood is tough, very
hard and used whenever a Strong and incorruptible mate-
rial $s needed. The bark as well as the pulp surrounding
the seeds are considered as medicinal, the latter being used
the same ways as the common tamarind.

Dividivi-Tree

Caesalpinis coriaria Willd., Sp. Pl. Bd. 2,532. 1806.

Description of the tree

& small, unarmed tree; trunk short, seldom straight,
up to 35 cm. in diameter; crown rounded and spreading; young
branchlets more or less pubescent. Leaves alternate, bipin-
nate, eflandulose, the rachis pubescent; pinnae 9 to 11, sub-
opposite; leaflets 16 to 22-jugate, subsessile, lineal, oppo-
site, about 5 mm. long, obtuse, black-dotted beneath. Flowers
yellow, in terminal racemes, with the rachus Sparsely hairy;
pedicels about 2 mm. long, articulate at the base; calyx
turbinate, glabrous, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse; pe-
tals unguiculate or spatulate, equal to the calyx, the su-

perior one larger; stamens 10, free, the filaments hairy at

es

Boow .lleme ylentheeoxe ine saiti-tils o1e etiq est
af ban seicg ett bawsors hegofeves yitnabasde emyiometeq
evit of wet e to eemil Lefiseguet esteonEtnos fue mexoud
ai Seuynsice hoe enotrerwo yiew eyex Avid .dtbiw at ailes
.soetmine Iattinegiet dteome 6 no nese od Yam bea erelt reig
-Mgid oe comit ¢ of gy ine ebiw elico ows yilevpen eye

noitnue f-

getie€ to eteetrot sre mg mommgene ton ,eort ‘ogral
de Miro -SOSETOHEES to méte beoid ett tot ldexsanes ek
Sertoveceths need ylevieesoose ead tk ,{issté mort
SiedwyierS etelxe yidedsiq hire amar 5% ai brs ef
to me@lgex guinevretai edt to aveetot borelyxeny edt
tf flee covitean end emantet nl. .eottema ena sxe

Si1sg omee ni elfidw ,Oniiemed Sliw x6 ds om 6b abt,
: qaev ,digtod et Boow of? siti es ai df finest
a soem ofdtd rxoent bas 30 a) reveredw
Spt hrsre tie edt ae Iféw se wred ofT . eé {et
. beest guted vettal oft ,Leafolbet ve boxebtenoc exe ‘ebess ont
: - Sotvemed rocmo> odd ee eyew omen art |
& eS ng te

seitl-ivibiv i

S0GL 883.8 . 98 .I¢ . ge , oBOL20

x = at p + " > chia ge
Oo \ddgtexte dation -febrceain’ taint! Henn venieailt tions
~ “S6oy :aetisoxyye bas be kuo% sors jvetometh af .mo 88 oF ass

-iigit ,oteriesic eeveol .sneoredmy aeet 10 bg ies! ate [Honexc
Bees at. o¢ © Sect g tar aya: eidoet ode : onoint [ye 6

7. age Lanes eit on etabearbae and rae sitoree tral at
e 66y peRaddo pace ext ,bedel-d ylqseh ,anotdely ote
Fue edt pwelao edt ot Ieupe’ otekudocs x0 ot avo Hirgaun ia

is is yited Sicoiaaht’ odd ,eoxt ,Of anemade jtegtel erated ane

8 SOF 7
2800-60.

eyes

i
ha

~

i.

,

' - “a
Dirge hire

i442

i ee :
i ih bait win
i Via?! Ph) j 4,

aa <a

40

the base, the anthers hardly exserted; ovary briefly stipi-
tate, glabreus, the style filiform, red, longer than the
stamens. Legume obliquely Oblong, many-seeded, glabrous,
incurved laterally and more or less concavo-convex.

Description|of the tree’

Sapwood thin, light orange yellow; heartwood dark or
sometimes nearly black resembling rosewood (Dalbergia nigra
Allem.). Wood very hard, heavy, tough, very close-grained,
taking an excellent polish. Annual rings of growth usually
not visible under high power microscope.

Pores (Bransverse section) numerous, small (.12 mm. in
diameter), round, open in sapwood and closed in heartwood,
and arranged chiefly singly, in small groups or in short
radial rows of from 2 to 3. When 3 together usually 1 large
and 2 small ones. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with
numerous, small, bordered pits. Perforations simple.

Wood fibers about 1.01 mm. long, with very thick walls,
ebscured cell cavities and pits minute, barely visible
under a magnification of 125. Wood-parenchyma fibers very
highly developed and arranged in numerous tangential lines
which alternate with slightly broader lines of wood fibers.
These alternating lines of tissue of different density can
be readily seen under hand lens on a smooth transverse sec-
tion. Pith bays very inconspicuous and barely visible
under hand lens from 1 to 3 cells wide and from a few to 12
or 15 cells high. ;

Distribution, common names and uses

The dividivi-tree grows in open, semi-arid country,
preferably on the dry outskirts of the tide belt, along the
coasts of Venezuela, northern Colombia and Central America.
Although it Hardly can be called a gregarious tree, it is
usually found in clusters, mixed with @ther arboreous spe-
cies of low growth. It is mostly known commercially as
dividivi, which seems to be derived from the name libidibi
used somewhere along the northern coast of South America.
In Venezuela it goes, however, under the name of guatapdén, or
guatapanare, while in southern Mexico it is called cacalote,
in Guatemala nacascslote, and in Nicaragua and Costa Rica
nacascol. ThtS€ [ast three names are derived from the na-

s. Pais
Bs eines Yiterd yser0 iborenne eg eredtee odd ,eaed sis
met edd Ket? nxneyrol , Bere wesELls sigte edd ,suowdels } red
vbauadels _behece- -ynem ,groled ylespildo emsgedl .
3a . Loviaeoo-~ovsonos ‘eeel to e10om bas. yikeretaf bovsson!

i relma broged a

“oO x3e6 boowtreed swokley egreto cnukl (olde Soomaale

it Bb sed led) hoowsea% witicmeee: xosic ylieet semitismoe
if WBevisty-e24lc Ytev .figeotd ,yvmed ,bied yrev Soow .{.metla

| Yiiates atwotg to egati Lesa sia tlog dnefleoxe ts of

; soqgooGoTcla “9wog Agid teins eldiely von

mak sam Sly) Iheme ,suorsowa {mottoes sevovenert) sexdd
h ,Boowlxsed ot boeofo fue boowges af nego ,bas01 (+ 2b.
. -. dasde oh te egwows Ifeme ml. seipate yitetsdo hegnerie Bae
» egtel { yfleves ere 5 Rh 5 ay at 3 moxt to awer, we
al ingidoes Lenkbud t few iseaeY . een LLewe $
‘ obqmte scbttexdtie% pat beusited , [iene ,enos o>
=,” ellew Holdt yrev doin ,gaot .me 0.1 tuode exe ae =n
iy afdteiv yletad ,otintbc es te aeitiveo Lies a
> |xerT aredit engine 199 -5o0W { to sotteottiages @ zhi ~
* geatt feidusgued exo1ssen at qihigite fie hegoleveh ¥ ea
-euedit Soow to sentl teheoid tgife dtiw etentetle,
: eo yieneS thotettib to exeeiv to contl gaitentetis Spec? |
ees & popes. oaiovaiers stoome « mo exei basi soba geese ylibest ad = <
r=. .~oidketvy ylersed bas spouotgenceni yrsv eyet dtidy aftioly — ie.
“gh st 69 wot s mott fue ebty eileo % as 1 most Peco By en on -
at -fgt re

Cy s

. —<
os

‘a

| 4idnsoo Siig-tmee , nego int ewors sank beeeevan
ont Se ,tled e642 edt to etytdetue yrb edt no wa
on Prom h Lertaed hme atdmolod axedttrom ,eLens ¥ to
a: .eet? encitegers e beliso od ago y
“Sxoerodte sedté détw Sexim , is, omer
(86 yiigloremnoc ewok yiteom et a htwor
SAdSbidit sren aged sort beyixed of ot smees)
e@diie & sguos to tesoo atediiom ofa 4
Vhbcet ass So emai ads 20 Seuss tevents P

a = ay
i ai _ it
“Poe ea

P ite. 6

41

huatl language, the first one, namely, from cacallotl which
means a Shell, and both the latter ones from nacaztli, the
ear, and cacaliotl, meaning the shell of the ear. In Panama,
the dividivi-tree is known as agallo, or gall. ‘The wood,
which is very hard, is but little used, but from the dry
pods, pulverized in a mortar, a black dye is »prepated. These
fruits, Ysed both for tanning and dyeing, are exported on

a small scale from Venezuela and some of the West Indies.

Darien's Tounatea
Tounatea darienensis Pittier, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sc. ll;

159. 1921

Description of the tree

Small and spreading, glabrous throughout, with short
trunk and hanging branches; bark smooth, grayish. Jeaves
membranous, single or ternate; stipules lineal, 4 to 6 mn.
long, caducous; petioles of the single leaves 5 to 7 mn.
long, articulate and bearing at the tip 2 symmetrical ear-
like and more or less pointed appendages; rachis of the ter-
nate leaves 32 to 6 cm. long, sub-winged or marginate, and
with the same appendages as above at the insertion of the
leaflets and at the tip; petiolfles 4 mm. long; blades ova-
te-elliptic or broad lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, 7 to 16
cm. long, 3 to 6 cm. broad, the terminal one largest. [n-
florescence racemose, axillary or terminal, single or gemi-
nate, 3 to 5-flowered; bracts and bractlets lineal, minute-
ly pubescent, deciduous; pedicels clavate, 5 to 10 mm. long,
pubescent; calyx irregularly 4-cleft, the divisions about
lcm. long; ,etal 1, pale yellow, irregularly ovate-cordiform,
2.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad; larger stamens 4 to 9, the smaller
ones very numerous; ovary long stipitate, 6-ovulate, style
capitellate.

DPescription of the wood

Sapwood thick, yellow or nearly white; heartwood consi-

4
ay iM

hs
;
-—
L
Me
a.

is

doiiw Itellacgs mort ,.yfemen ,etto text? edé ee Itend
Sat ,fi73e0an Mott eoito noddel ede dtod bre ,fisde sp eneen

Smee. Hl .tse sit to Liede edt gringen sLsoklesus bus , ree
,poow ed .ifes 10 ,aiies@ ee mwond-at sstd=-lyibivib sad

“ih sat mort tid ,hbeesleltsil gud ef ,bued yrev ek dotdw
seed? .bet@syot, ei oyb xoeld @& ,tsitem’s af heosizeving ,abog
mo het¢voyxe sie .giisyf bus ahinns? «et diod beay .adintt
-asllal teeW eft to saoe fas elovseneY mort olece Llama es

sedensto? 2'aeived
wfi »6@,Be0k adest s.nxwot ,reiitiag
{sel ,eas

Sort - edt 0 aot gtrozed

soda. adiw onodguerdé ge »guibestqge re Shea.
seveot fever ,ateome 1 sfenonstd tgaed boa angers
om 0 ot Sb ,lesnil seingéte jedanred 16 By pe 9 res
_ mr Tot & sevacl elgnka edt to sateena te sorta:
IRS feotatoamys 2 qt? ent te gnitecd bae etelyoltiua ;
“sted oft to aidoet ;esgeineqqs Betatog sesl yo etom base extl
ore ,atenigiran 16 beyuin-dse ,gnol .ms 6 of & sovesl eten
eft to nottvegat oft te evode Se aegebneqge eves eft dati

‘p70 aneee ;aHol .um } eslkLotdeg ;qit sdt te bas etelteel i

[ey os ¢ ,xeqe oct ta eeutdo steloeonsl feotd x0 he ay hee
=f "aeeaaes eno fentmiet edt ,Secxd .me o od & emiol .

=ines to Ssivnie ,lenimiet it9 yiBllixe Phaeta ot soascnmmnd t:

satvmim ,leentl ateigesid bue stoetd ;Set9ewolt-d ot 6 ,etea

“ygtrol stm Of cd &@. ,etewelo aleokieg yanosbieob Snsoseci
fucis snoteivib edt ,¢telo-}- ylielsvszertt xyles jtnesaedng

edt agg ylrelegestt wolley efeq ,f fete, ;gaoL ,fo Lf
& ,gnol .m' 3

teiieme ond .€ of S enemete xegiel ;beoud .mo
Pad eteluve-6 ,stetigitve grol YrBTO Plenaie sae Her yYrev eeno

;ovBiw yLvset to wolley

afesoo ‘boowtiraed

rf Meda Letiges |

t

ae as 4 Cade:

# Peart ox oi bia sel, MRL fin

,

42

derably thicker, sometimes turning pinkish. Wood hard, heavy,
strong, tough, cross, wavy and fine grained, difficult to work,
taking a very good polish. Anmual rings of growth not clearly
defined.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, very small (about
.06 mm. in diameter), round or irregular when in groups, open
in sapwood, closed in heartwood, and arranged singly 6r in
small groups or radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal sec-
tion) numerous, small, round or transversely elongated; pits
with a border, or with occasional transitions to simple pits.
Perforations simple. Wood fibers about .8786 mm. long, with
very thick walls and very small lumina, and small,slit-like
Simple pits. Wood parenchyma strongly developed, usually
arranged in several rows around vessels and in tangential
lines, usually short, but sometimes straight or wavy con-
tinuous. These lines are very faint and are barely visible
with the hand lens on a smooth transverse section. Rays nu-
merous, very narrow, from 1 to 3 cells wide and from 8 to 10
cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This small tree is known so far oniy from the Canal Zone,
put it is likely that its range extends over a much larger
area. No common names has been recorded and the very hard
and fine grained wood does not seem to be extensively used.

The Panaman Swartzia

Swartzia panamensis Benth., Mart, Fl. Brasil. 15,2:358.1870.

Description of the tree

Probably deciduous, 6 to 20 m. high, with ascending limbs
and elongated crown; trunk usually distorted, seldom over
40 cm. in diamter, covered with a smocth, grayish bark.
Leaves 5-foliolate, first pubescent then glabrous; stipules
lanceolate, acute, silky pubescent, caduccus; rachis 9 to 13

sk

pgrasd -bxed book .delidntgq gudntad aemitemoe apbetskith yldexeb
Stow ot “pigoctis ,bOrrsts ext bas yvew ,ee01r ,davo? ,anere
| ybaeelo ton diworg to egmds Lesnma .detlog foog yiev 8 ‘seakbeh
= 1

-' | #yede) Cfome yrev ,exotemm (mottoes eetevanett ) sero"
Be eG eer, al eee 1eLugevis 10 fawsot ,{itetemeLS af .mm dc,
i et Sé ULasie Ssynstie bus ,hboowtieen at beeolo ,boowgen ot
a fLautfotisnel) effew leeeov ,ewor Lather 10 equoxg ifeme
géta ;fetsancle Yleerevenet to dasox ,fleme ,evoremun (note
eet y- ofgmie of agoktieansit Lewotesooo asiw vo ,rebtod e@ dittw
mete , scot .2m a8TG. guode stedit bool elqate enotiexrctred
eutiwite, Se saees taaeaels ane Yer mor pe asad ray Nh bd
ieses: ,beqoleve oils smgdones 90" Ps q 9 a]
Tet teegtet ai Bue aleeeov ingore pent le1eves pg Pes
“Oo Ywew tm vaigierte somitemee dud trode yllenay pate <

eldieiv ylered cic hue tniet yrev ete beat! szenT savin td
-Hit 68h .fiokdpee cetevemett ni 6% #@ wo enel Soacd edd dtiw
a os 6 most bee ebiw eifso & a¢ £ mort ,wouren yrev ,eHotem

o ,fortndirterc

/ eno8 fens edd moxt vine xet oe mwoant af sort [Lame eka? .

aa | %6gtel dumm e tevo séinodxe ogme1 ecvi tedd yledkl ef at sud
“feed crov ort Ene bebxocex need eed camem fommoo off «ests
\-.» Been Ylevtesetxe ed of moee ton aeck boow bontaty ett ine

aisdtewe damexed oa?

PONEL.SE:S.2i .Cteevs .1% ,tuell ,iduee edememeneg etedsewe
ys ae +

sand est ta cotsy te

eat Peithsdces tiw tHaid .m Of of 3 ailaptibeadh vid edord

; pete mobies bodxedarb yileven Anni inwoto Sstesacle bug
5 ba Sted: Het yers ,iicome #& ddiw Sosxevoo ,r19tmeaib at .mo.
aqite jenordels. Ba tussgeduy textt ,steLotios-G #ev
of @ eidoer ;enasr jtesescng Yilie ,o¢uoee ,esslLosonsl d

43

cm. long; petiolules articulate, 4 to 6 mm. long; blades
elliptic or ovate lanceolate, long acuminate, 8 to 18 am.
long, 3 to 6 cm. broad. Floral racemes single in the de-
foliated axils of the preceding season, very long, hanging
and many flowered; bracts subulate, caducous, up to l em.
long; rachis of the raceme and pedicels pubescent, the former
thick and subangulous, the latter retroflected, clavate,
about 2 cm. long; calyx opening irregularly in 4 or 5 re-
flected lobes about 1 cm. long; petal 1, creamy yellow,
almost square, (31 mm. long, 29 mm. broad) ,unguiculate, emar-
ginate-hastate at the base, sub 4-lobulate, with the margin
irregular; stamens very numerous, 6 te 10 larger, erect,

with a thick filament, the remaining ones shorter, the fila-
ments slender and the others small; ovary short, flattened,
long stipitate, 6 to 8-seeded, dehiscent; seeds large, of
irregular shape, sublenticular, 7 to 8.5 cm. long, 6 cm. in
diameter and 1.5 cm. thick, exarillate, dark brown.

The appearence of this species seems to be unusually in-
fluenced by the local conditions. In the rain forests of
San 3las, its growth is regular and the trunk straight, while
in the hills of the Chagres and Trinidad valleys, covered
with park-life forests or sparse growth, it looked somewhat
stunted and deformed. The flowers, with their unique, very
large petal, is striking as are also the pods, resembling a
shoe=-sole, which seem seldom to mature their seeds.

Description of the wood

Sapwood almost always very thick, nearly whike; heart-
wood usually with black streaks or sometimes uniformly nearly
jet black. Wood exceedingly hard, heavy, very compact,
strong, close and straight grained and subjetst to good polish.
Annual rings of growth not visible even under compound micros-
cope.

Vessels (transverse section) few, small (.12 mm. in dis-
meter), round or radially compressed, open in sapwood, often
closed in heartwood and arranged singly or in radial rows of
from 2 to 3. Vessels usually within the conspicuous tangen-
tial lines of wood-parenchyma fibers. Vessel walls (longi-
tudinal section) with uniform structure; pits exceedingly
small and simple or slightly bordered with a transversely elon-
gated pit opening; in this case a striated effect is some-
times produced. Perforations simple. Wood fibers about

5®

b, ‘gobete sone ie o Gt & ,staluoisre Pane anol. »me
ae vm BL. at 6 ,steigwoes ool’ ,e7eiosocusl efeve ro of Sie as
aD; ~8b ent ai elutis romeces Le10l4 £8056 .mo d oF
ecigksd ,gcol yxov .foaaer yutbeces, odd to elixe sehatecs
emo E ot gs ,ssoonbeo ,steludus atoeid ;betewol{> yiem bae
temrqt eat iHieose cag ‘elecsibey Bae emeoer aie to @idoex: jaaol
Re: eterete ,Sotoeltostex tetteal ent ,ewolugnedys bas dotdy
Sox ‘@ 310 5 at ylteingetti satneqe xyieo fymel .mo a ¢node
ie Wolfley yraoto ,f Leteg panel .mo £ tuode eedoL: hetoelt
state .oteinelngny, (haots som eS smtel .om [8}, ,orenpe tecale
: Pisces eit dtiw ,etelidel-) die ,eead sat tea. steteed~stanig
-loote regiel OL of & ,2voxemms yrev anomets ;xreLygetit .
3 ~etit oils seviods bene gui iiamet edd .Jnemeli*® adotd? 8s dtiw
j ,beietiel® ,grodte ereve ;ifeme exedto edd hoe rebels edaom
be So ,Oprel ebooe ;enedetioh. ,iebsca-6 ot 5 setatighte gnol
Sho rmo & {atol wm G.8 oF TV indpotineidoe. ,sqetie va
' ,aword sted pteilivaxe ~Holds wmo cil bie

> “AE ULlewating o¢ of sees coloege cid t¢ sonex a off
_ %o steeict niet ent aI .etolvtines Level edt yd) boonsHyit
> eitdy ,cigherté Anest eft Bae telmger sk aS wots evi ,selk mee
ae? berevco ,exoLlev bebinix? Sue seimedd adv to efLftd edt mi
f Penwenes pesoot tb. ,fitwot, seisys so edeetot. etil-disq dtin
‘gion ,ergins xredt ddiw ,@vewolt edT ~ .bemroted bue bedasde
os gnkidineees .bbog ext obLe exe Be grttints ef ,Leteq sarel
-ehese xfer? ound Ba ot piofiee meee dotdw —

‘se

+e ’ : as,

hoow est to m6 tiqizoged

Me =tteedt ;editow yLusen , egecight ce) eyewlLe teomis bhoowgasd
» Rinecn VYAsiotins semitemoc s¢ ge xoaid ditw yllasem boow
~$degmos rev ;yveed ,Sted Ylunibesoxs boow .dosld tel
bs wHetLog boos ot sdohdne fing boi ieng Tdigisive bas eeolo ,gnoiva
. storata <i wos tehrs cove oldteiv ton adwors to euntx Lesame
SS , zener
a “ete st si: Sf.) Lfeme .wet (mokdese estovenest ) yer
i set 29 poowges al, eyo ,besessgmeo yYllether so Savor , {tet on
to ewot felhel of 20 Glet jo begnezie bre Soowtlresd af boeolo
—festet esousigencs eff atddio yifaves slosasv 8 of $ mort
Na . =Panef) efiew fexasY sevedt> emyionets-boow to esentt fett
©, Yhsntbseoxe atiq ;sictestis motion déiw (noivoes Lanikbss
Aid ES yleawevsires? 6 diy Sexebiod ylsdgile 10 slqute bne LLeme
Pia -omeg &: foese petetute .» caeo eidd at ;gatuego thq bet
‘tHods euvedi? dour, -ofymta aioktesotted ebeowboud ge

i oe

44

1.11 mm. long, with very thick walls and almost obliterated
cell cavities; pit small and hardly visible under high power
magnification. The wood-parenchyma fibers have few, round,
Simple pits, and occupy about one-third of the wood mass;

this tissue is arranged in numerous tangential bands or lines,
which alternate with similar lines of wood fibers. Pith

rays numerous, minute, barely visible under hand lens, u-
Sually only one row of cells wide, sometimes 2 or rarely 3.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Panaman Swartzia is known only from the western part
of Panama, where it iS more frequent in the lower delt of
the Caribbean watershed. On account of the shape and sppea-
rance of its pods it is called by the natives citaro, from
citara, a Sandal; the name cornudo, i.e., horny, is also used
for the same species and refers to the hardness of the wood,
which is such Ghat the axes and other tools used to work it
are quickly dulled. for this reason the wood, which is in
other respects very useful, is not in favor among the local
joiners and cabinet-makers.

The Panaman Sweetia

Sweetia panamensis Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 8:263. 1865.

Description of the tree

4&4 tree about 15 meters high, and up to 40 cm. in diameter,
low branched, the bark rugose and grayish, the limbs divari-
eate. Leaves imparipinnate, the rachis stiff, glabrous, obs-
curely canaliculate or flattened above, 6 to 12 cm. long,
the leaflets 5 to 13, coriaceous; petiolules 3 to 5 mm. long,
pubescent or glabrescent; leaflet blades ovate or oblong,
broadly rounded at the base, emarginate at the tip, 4 to
7.5 cm. long, 2 to 4.5 cm. broad, glabrous, dark green and
lustrous above, paler beneath. Inflorescences racemose and
terminal, the rachis pubescent, 8 to 14 cm. long. Flowers
white, very numerous; pedicels pubescent, slender, 2 to 3
mm. long; calyx campanulate, pubescent, the lobes 5, ovate-
langeolate, acute; petals 5, slmost equal, spatulate with

a ae eed AS Ne iy Mee ee a a ec
oe ' ie cr 5 oa aeTG
ire” ‘x : > Ot eee ¢ eS

ie ee a ag

. beterstifide deomls hae eflew tofds yiov dtiw »gnol stom, LL. L
S : sights! Suid rébow esidielv yibast fae ILems tiq ;eetttves Lien
, bhsiou .wet evexl etedit amydouexay-Lhoow sdf -Aoideoittigem
jezem foow edd ce bridt-smo thode yqueoo bua etig ef
eomkl “0 Shed Ielinsgred etioremin ni begnetie ef eveets eld
“ASEt .exsdit foow to eer talinte dttw etensetie dotiw
-§.,emel fixed tebar efdtety ylerad ,etonim ,enoremin syst
58 yoies 16 8 vend tonige obiw Biles to wor sito yhio Mites”

Bay peer brs eemen Bontiae photo néixtera.

eo tiaq Mxeseew ext? mort yfoo awomx ef sistiswé aemexed off

_ <0 tled vawef eit mi tuexpertt otom 6F FF stedw , ematet to
~. ~seqqye bie egefe old to tmpooce nO . bottered aw agedd i120 eit
ae wots ,ovedho eeviten ef? yd Selleo et ti ehog ett to sonex
, Been otis ek yarcedi .»8f ,cbunzoo emen eft ;Labuet & iB

' ,boow edd Yo eeenbterd oft oO Bieter bas eetceue omen &

a “é2 izow ct bess efoot tedto hae sexe edt tadt asus at dotde
| © Gt ef dstiw .boow sat moseot sid? 19% .belich yao age
— feeool oft sone tovet mi ton ef ,inteen ev Bvoeqest
oe e1edem-tedides oye otantet
hs : : ee) Tha?
4 eiteswe asuenss edt
“We : |
p@86L .808:6 .cod sant .axiol .adtnst atenemeneg stteowe

Ps i a 5 4
adll pe ae

_ gtevemerb. Ht he OF no qh’ Bae itgta sistem aL tuode saat)
| siteyth edmil edt .defyexn, bos seogcx wted od eee ie!
a ~Bd0 <Bsoudel ,tttle elsoar ent ,etennigttegqmé esveed
oa amet .mic i: ov 2 evades bekete!. so Bielnroflenss tiers
r gaol Oi 8 of & geleioitey, jaueesaiion ,3L ed 4 eselteol ent |
4 : | ued ~o- @faeve sebels salteoal iinoesetders 10 ha rat
Bins Wt > ,gtd Odd to etentgreme ,eeadend Se bekasot yibeds
Fe: Sing Koery dweh ,cusudefa ,begud smo Gis ot 8 , Boel smo Get
-» $e soogecen geoneosorol tad ‘sihteenad teLeq ,evods asoutesl
Behe A. AS DEN - svgnol mm &£ o¢ Bj, atheceeday stdoax edt ,Senimted
/ > B et 2 ,webmefe .tasensduq efeoothey ypesoreman yer ,etkaw
_ Scare 3 aetol ed ,tusowedry ,eteisnaeqmes zylao panel: . oom
') Atéw et oloz sqe Loh 78 teomia .6 aletey ;etuose ,etalooanal

45

long clawlets, emarginate; stamens 10, free, exserted;
ovary substipulate, pubescent, 2 to 3-ovulate. Legume gla-
brous, thin, coriaceous, ovate lanceolate, stipitate, l-
seeded.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and yellowish white; heartwood reddish
brown with stripes of deeper shades. Wood very hard, heavy
strong, tough, cross and fine-grained, taking a very fine
polish and difficult to split and to work. Annual bings
of growth visible only under the hand lens.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (about .08
mm. in diameter), round or nearly so, open and arranged
singly or more often in pairs or small groups of 3 to 4.
Vessel wall (longitudinal section) with numerous minute bor-
dered pits with transversely elongated pit openings. The
ends of vessel segments are oblique and completely absorbed.
Wood fibers about 1 mm. long with thick walls and small cell
cavities. Pits simple and very small. Wood parenchyma
abundantly developed, surrounding the pores, often forming
Short tangential lines connecting neighboring pores. Pith
rays very numerous, small, storied and scarcely visible
with the aid of the hand lens. Rays are from one to two
cells wide and from 4 to 6 lines as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Panaman Sweetia is known from Darien and Central
Panama, and also from the states of Michoacan and Guerrero
in Mexico, sppearing probably here and there in the interme-
diate region along the Pacific coast. In Panama it is
called Malvecino (bad neighbor) and in Mexico huesito
(little bone) both names probably referring to the excessive
hardness of the wood, which seems to be of little use among
the natives.

ae phot reaxe ~Oett Of sitenets peeing errs yecor
= eig = .wetefnve-t of S ,tnssesdny et elugttedue MreyS
2 eletiqite ,etsiesonel oyevo naeteed ,atdt Shor
. bebeos

SeLhbet hoowsneasi eddie taiweitey ine daolid ieaaie oN
yreon .fisd yiev 500% .8ebede tegeel to eeqixte dtiw mwoud

exit Yuev = ers , bout ite seots ,daquot ,ynoute
aniit Leuk xcow oy Loe diiue o¢ disoltorh hue detLog
5 Bere. hited oc’ wwbns ylao efdiety d’woxg to

80; fHods) Lleme ,euoremux {adtiove setéevensit) aero ©
* begnarie ie megs ,68 ylisen to Exeor , (xetemerh oe ME:
13 Os 8 te e2qhors Lfeme xo artey at setto stom to
(10d stnain evors: “dtiw (soltose fantautignel) iLew Ise
See eee iy betegacfe ylesrevenext atiw bay, eteb
7 becioade Tletel: ® ime suptido ete atnehsoe Loweey abe

— £60 fiens Sae el: oe Aoras atiw gol ,om I tnods stedit

“aes emytionetey bool) .fleme viev be ofqeke atig ,aeitives
: guimio® HestO , estoy paca giibunmotise, ,beqolevel yitnshaude
S- Sis .eoteg gittz0d on giivoemson eonift [sltneguet diode -
3 sidteiv yLeotses vt beticte ,ileme ,avotemen yrev

" aw? od oilG moxt ote yak sensi ined odd to bie edt dttw
Legace gis ge sent 4 of } wert bas obiw

i Sees ee

S.,. dertved bre sotued nott awont af elvoowe nemenet edt

- ) OFetTtevo ine neoscHtol to eatete ont mott osle Bde ,amened
ate sonrtotnt edd ai stele bre exed yldsdoig aren CEs .ootxell tire |
:
=f

ei ti evisisi al .segoo oftiess qa ee: a 2

bas fi teeut Gotxek mt bua (toddgton hed Vouloordal p96 Le

Ovicketxs ¢ cs uiitseter yidedoru somen dt 2

—_— eas elt¢it to ad of emees foldw ,boow odd: to ia
«69.

46

ESP =
Papilionatae
The spotted Gliricidia

Gliricidia maculata H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6:393. 1823.

Description of the tree

& deciducus tree 5 to 7 m. high and up to 30 cm. in
diameter at the base, the trunk usually low and crooked, co-
vered with a grayish, rimose or smooth bark, the crown low,
elongate or spreading; branchlets grayish, verruculose, gla-
brous or pubescent. Leaves imparipinnate, glabrous, the
rachis slender, 10 to 25 cm. long; leaflets 9 to 17,
Opposite or alternate, subcoriaceous, the petiolules slender,
5 to 5 mm. long, the blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, broadly
rounded at the base, subacuminate, obtuse or acute at the
apex, 5 to 7 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, purplish spotted
on the lower face. Inflorescences racemose, glabrous, 5 to
10 cm. long, growing from the wood cf the preceeding year,
the rachis flowered almost from the base; flcwers opposide
or alternate, numerous; bracts very small, pubescent, deci-
duous; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long, very slender; calyx oblicue,
turtinate-campanulate, entire, puberulous, persistent. Co-
rolla lavender and white, the standard suborbiculate, emar-
ginate at the apex, short unguiculate, sbout 1.8 cm. long
and broad, yellow spotted at the base, the wings oblong, un-
guiculate, l- auriculate, obtuse at the apex, about 18 mm.
long and 6 mm. broad, the careen shorter, itsspetals long
unguiculate, adhering at the apex; stamens 10, the vexillar
one free, the others adnate in an open tube; ovary stipi-
tate, linear, compressed, glabrous, 10 or ll-ovulate; style
Short, ascendent; stigma capitellate. Legume stipitate,
obtuse, 10 to 12 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, flat, glabrous,
dehiscent, the margins slightly prominent; seeds suborbi-
culate, impressed, brown, about 11 mm. long oy 10 mn. broad,

Description of the wood

Sapwood moderately thin, yellowish, turning reddish-
brown on exposure; heartwood darker, tinged with red and
occasionally quite dark. Wood when young moderately light,
becoming hard and heavy in old matured trees. It is very
tough, close-grained, difficult to split, taking very good

setamotiiged -

_sbbtolatie imstoga ec?
SOS6L 585: sg2S .100 -vOK ,.38.R etalyomm sibtotulio
\

acts atts 0 Hdtiqtzioeed ‘

GE ..me 08 et qu ine fish =a v ot & est. esoubtoed Fi B
299 ,Bextoors bee wol yifaney xagtd ett ,osed edt te. totemels

Soy

See eee en ne ee
a” ’ i . iy moves, ©

ee

' =a£3 esol vautrey Asigets steldonerd : gat beorge x0 stegnole
“esis yacordsls ot mutgey t aeveol .dusobedsqg 10 Brod
,VE Gt @. atelteeL ; »mo @S o¢ OL ,tebaele etdoes
saepmede eslafotteg ont > 3 iise ,otanretia1e.¢
aibeoud 0 El Le-ov evs od etavo eobeld ot ;gool .om B07 €
on da ed 10 eentdo ,ctanimmosdic ,cesd ont te Fit eo
= Besvoge deblgrusg .beoid sao S ot S..guol .mo Yoot 8 ,xege
ot GC enosdely rOaomeret sockeogetol til .eost sewol old mo
Tee giibessetq edt to Soew edd mort gatworg , gael «meOl
ebieouge Btew LT, seed odd gerd teonla chashenie eldoet ead
~ #Foed . s THe OS ECG Sdeuwe yuev Btepid ;srotemen.,etentetie, 20
“jegothdn xylee ;teboele yrev ,eaod.som a ot 2 nie fe

crane

i.
'.
1%

eS

=09 Jtneteieseq Bneintedny,,otiine ,ctelsaeqneo-s
<tans ,eteisotdtodsa Steiaeta edt ,otlidw biectehnovel
i Brot mp €.f teode ,evelsotyaae tigde .xeqe odt te of
+h .ntoldo saninv edd ceed eft te bessoge wolley ,beoxd —
-) ym Gf tnods :geqge ont Ja onatdo ,...ot sloolagg otalsotug
- snot eletoqietl ,wetvode aeexee edt .Se0xd .om 3 base srol
meilixey odd Of scomeda isege erie te onitedhe ot eloo tugs

Fe ve

wal

e

ee es. ee

elves ; redklove=LL “0 OL ,swoudels ,beceetqmeo yiseatin, eded
Stet ights RRB RS. vetallatigee eugise ;tuobasoss ~tuode
enardeiy ,telt ;hveid .mo Gf (anol amo Slot Of (eauido
~idtocne ebose pene YUltdsile esigrem eft ,dnoogisel
J ebe@otd som Of yc gaol sam [1 seode .neoid ; mat tp fore

a

aie

Soow esd 9 Hota gins set

adatbbher sitar ,deftwoiley ,fids vlaterebon boowgee |
bie Dox. at iw fezcis TORT BRE Owsi test. +exrTaOgee mo fwoxd -

et a oe oY
, T » =

rial iael

=

/ gxev ck ¢2 .eoerd beautem bho ob, yreed Sue Sted
=| Boos Yiev gainiet ,atiqa od SLnoEVeso Dass esa enois nett

: . ’ ms ‘ . ¥ i
y rs “ 5 a. J 7 a LD vv : x a“ i Dae | ¥
? ere ai Poe eer ne a

wwol wos eft ,avad dtecse 16 eeomt1 ,detyetg «¢ dtiw berey.

salts yisvo: edit nego me at stanbe stedto edt, se7t emo.

stideti \Vieterebon =mmy n6de ‘800 »Atebh etbup qilenoterooo
wiime ced.

pM 7 1 ;
ae a ee 8 ee ee ae

47

polish, and very durable in contact with the soil. Annual
rings of growth distinct, narrow, though very variable.
The early wood is very porous and contrasts strongly with
the denser and darker late wood.

Pores (transverse section) in early wood very numerous,
el mm. in diameter), round, open in the sapwood, but com-
pletely closed with dark reddish tyloses in the heartwood,
thus rendering it impervious to water. All pores are
surrounded by several rows of wood-parenchyma fibers, espe-
cially in the early wood where they form continuous tangen-
tial bands. Vessels in late wood scattered singly or less

ften in small irregular groups or short radial rows of from
2 to 3. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous
small bordered pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers
-840 mm. long, with thick walls, small cell cavities and
few, small, slit-like simple pits. Wood-parenechyma fibers
very abundant in early wood, where they form the bulk of
the tissue, especially in wide annual rings of growth; in
late wood usually surrounding small pores and occasionally
form short tangential lines between pores (transverse sec-
tion). Crystals present. Pith rays narrow, visible only
under a hand lens on a smooth transverse section, and from
& to 5 cells wide and from 2 to 4 cell high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The spotted Gliricidia is found almost everywhere in
the Open and cultivated country between Venezuela and Te-
huantepec, and up to an altitude of about 1400 meters.
But ib appears very seldom in an absolutely wild state,
being one of those trees which are transperted from settle-
ment to settlement on account of their many uses, and which
seem to have been under semicultivation from inmemorial
times.

The natives have several names for this tree. A few
of these are indigenous, and two, mata-raton (kill-mouse)
and madre-de-cacao (mother of the cacao tree) are used in-
differently by Spanish-speaking people all over the specific
area. In the Kekchi language of Alta Verapaz, in Guatemala,
it is called kan-té, the suffix té meaning tree. In Costa
Rica it is called Madera negra or Bala, the latter name
being also used in Panama.

ws

-_ 7

femisa .itoe edt dtiw soetgoo al eldeiu5 yrev bae ,detfloq
ae .eidsizey yrov dgyods .wories ,voni¢teth déwety to egnix
Pe: ate mrs stesitaoo bus enereg yxev eit b5oow yluse edt
~boow edsl texxueh Soe teenmeb ent

,euotemm: yiev foow ylxee at {aoftcoee eatevenstt sero
-—moo ted ,boowgee edt af mego ,himwor ,.(to¢emetb nt .om £.
,beows26e0d ent af eoeoiyt detbbex Mish déiw feeolo yletely
ete seucg [Lk .xedtew ot _skotvieqal ti gaiteiner sauy
; -6y68 ,Sstedit seysoueitaq-boow to ewer Leueves yd hehasotine
> -neated spomitace o16t yed@ sisdw boow yliree eft at ylleto
ae ebel to yisate bet)etdeoa Seow efef at eleses¥Y sebied isis -
~» feat to ewox Lethsx deode xo aquorg relugesif<Ilems ak movto
| 4 Bnor]emmns aviv (nottose Lantiutdigneol) eilew lesee¥ | %.S-0d 8
- gtedit Bool) .sigmte enattarotxsed. .etigq berebted {iene
4 fe @oiviveaa Liss fleme ,ellLew uoidis dvtw janel..om 096,
].. B¥edi? amysisteseq=booF .etfq elqmic extil-iife {lems Phas -
9 ©" So xing edd meat yedt erédw ,boow yixe0 at tnabaeda
ae et ;dtwory fo egniv:tavans ebiw at yiletoegse enestd pit
ee 1 eiferotersco bite seteg fLeme guiGnsotie yllever hboow etal
008 seresverard) sexo aeewted eeutl Late at ¢roda mot

a ufo sidhely (worrer ayei 4029 .tueeotqg eLeteyrd . (noks
PS - msz fee aientige eerevencit goons 6 to snel bred s ‘es ne
. ‘ye
‘f i
i 7 one
Sa at exettyieve teomts heneb' gi sifioixtt aeieeie ode =
os if -9f She elonseneV noewted Yueaveo bevevitino bie neyo ane
a -. y,exetsn OAL tyode to efusitisc as ot qu Bee . ,cogettend
ae ,state bitw yLetduloede ne mi moblee yrev ateegqs ti aoe
rk -—eitésa mout betxeyetext ~xe-doidw ee01t esodd to sxe guked -
| gdetdw bis .csen wien tient t¢ teseoce go tnemeittes ot dnem
*m ietioterat mort moitsvitineimes tefny seed. ered os meee
‘ P f. zm ay =f F
oe ra i ae
7 fet & .sert aiid tot eemen Levevec. evad soviten
Aeairom=2E ta) io 8s =a a OWE bas ,euwonegtiat ote o 2

my “il bean 8te (oead oBo#9 “odd to teddon) 9e080-9h-erb. ye
Ottiosys oft aevo tLe elqoeg witlaeegs ~isineys or) ~~

c 85 oot en hi S8GC10¥ atcli to a Tg edt Gl ,e0z8 9" %
efeo0 NI .4er gf igen oe wre eds ,B0-cwex belleo at tL le. ae

Vemet tedsel sat ,slei-io siges eiebem belies si #2 sol@ ....;
ie ee isi ut heer ate penne. i ed

* i ss S : F , : 4 a ’ i ee i .. i Es ail
oo) er RAs pepe Pe MN, ns

48

Gliricidia maculata is propagated either from seeds or
from cuttings. The latter method is used exclusively when
the tree is planted to grow into live-posts for hedges, as
is very often the case. Young seedlings, raised in a nur-
sery, are often planted to give shade and protection in
new cacao or coffee plantations. The roots are said to have
a sweetish taste and to be deadly to the field mice and rats
which invariably eat them in preference to those of cacao or
coffee trees. The green leaves are poisonous to horses, and
in some parts of Panama they are fried with rice and used
for poisoning rodents of house and field. The tree is highly
beneficial to the soil as a fertilizer, both on account of
its bacilli-abiding roots and its leaves, which are rich in
nitrogen. ‘The wood is hard and brown colored, and is used
sometimes for building purposes as a substitute for bladder-

pod (Diphysa).

The Panama Bladder-Pod tree

Diphysa carthagenensis Jacy., Sel. Stirp. Amer. Hist.
208. 1763

Description of the tree

Small snd seldom over 6 m. high, with the trunk often
tortuous, the ramification short and the crown irregular;
park rimose, thick, gray. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate,
glabrous, the common petiole 5 to 10 cm. long; leaflets 9
to 11, alternate, the petiolules 2 to 3 mm. long, the blades
ovate, obovate or oblong, rounded at the tip, 1.5 to 3 cm.
long, 0.8 to 1.5 cm. broad, glacous beneath. Floral racemes
2 to 3 flowered, single or geminate in the axils of the
leaves; flowers yellow, about 2 cm. long; pedicels slender,
articulate, 1.2 cm. long; calyx campanulate, glabrous, 9 mm.
long, 5<toothed, the 2 anterior teeth short and rounded,
the posterior long and acute, the lateral smaller and irre-
gular; standard ovate-orbiculate, about 2.2 cm. long; wings
obovate, auriculate at the base, 7 mm. broad, the clawlet

4 mm. long; keel falcate, bifid at the tip, the petals ad-
nate and auriculate at the base; stamens 10, adnate, included

+ 19 @heee neat teontie Salas ei ete sibiotutty
“Series Wevisslexe heen et hortem stestel
em ~beghod i0t evsog-evil ovat wor of seinute si ser ed¢
_ Sten e of beets. ,syatibese winoY .eee0 edd gette yrev at
Gk Goltoatou; bite eSede at ov betcuelg setto ers , yree
eyed of-bfee oie aiooa emf camo tetaslg esttos 10 o898D Wee
_ -atex Bre cote lett eft of ylhseb od ot bus esBet datseowe sa
= .%0 Os08o te cevdt of soneietexq at mest teo- ¢Celtsval ‘dotdw
> (bie ,eeetod of axvodcelog ere eevee! nesrg efi -8estd -eettoo

: boek fue eofs déiv Sixt ore Yedt emenet to efteq at
: (idgta ef est 6cf biel? bre eewon to etnesor red tot
~ to vapoose no dtodd ,tesiliddet 2 ce [foe edt of LIetot d
z uk aAoit sts doidw ,seveel dil bie etoor grthic¢s-f£litoed ett
= peer ef bre ,boxefoo awoid bar bred ef Soow ed? js ttegott ta
e, °~stehisid x0 etutivsdne « ee seeoging guibligd 10% eemtténos
. Picci a
y S due
E- & <zebbelt emeued edt *
: tala wens -gaité ,fec ,.post sien

¥ | Sati .é0s

i | ‘i ' tee WANTS
: eax? ssid So Hattgixoeed : Se
ne ‘ wet to wisi edt Adiw ,dghit sm 8 steve wolhBed ine LLemé

a stelivgeTit iweo'tto ont Ste tvode nolttesistime: edt BxOuty

aa ,~eteintigiiegmt ,odenistia teveel .Yetq , Sold , e8omit”

P @ -ePOlites! spoof «ms OL od @ olottey aommoo ont ,evordel
Lt sebsid ons gue - um 8 of 2 eslelotiog odd etentetls” .

> < pit G2 O.L .gkt oft Ve bebawer -snofdo 10 etevodc ate

a: cin isxofi .dtesred enooels . beers «md aL ov 6. ¥F

Os &e abies ont ot of pitmen 10 elute .berewolt & of 8

poten Lee. tis ae & ond , bert oot =d fey et
--seait hoe tellemé Ievetel ede ,etwos bine gaol xofretecy
oad - Bpitinw ;yael smo S48 tude ote Ls

| tefwefs eft , Seow .om VY ,esed ond te otefvoluse ,otevodo

< -wosdeis efeotheq :anok- smo a Hoge \wolloy atewolt ;eeveed
Te aye eaictds tn: ; er ae BO iBnol woo Sif ,etelvuoiita
ae de ddesr. hs

oidte-eteve biebaste pet |

| -be slateg oc? .qiF ot Je BXtid ,eteolet Leek ;gn0l .mm eh _
“S pores sotabe iE anomats ieeed ont ta ot abapyane ine ne 7

49

in the keel; ovule long stipitate, multi-ovulate; style
Slender. Legume stipitate, bladder-like, borne on a pedi-
cel 1 to 1.5° em. long. Seeds 6 or less, oblong.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, nearly white; heartwood light greenish-
yellow. (food hard, heavy, very strong, close grained, taking
a high polish. Annual rings of growth not visible under the
high power microscope.

Vessels (transverse section) numerous, small (.08 mn.
in diameter), round when solitary, or radially flattened
when in radial rows and closed with dark yellowish tyloses
in the heartwood. Vessel walls (lonzitudinal section) with
numerous small bordered pits or small round or occasionally
transversely elongated simple pits where in contact with
pithray cells and wood-parenchyma fibers. Bordered pits
larger where two vessels sare adjacent to one another. JEnd
walls of vessel segments usually horizontal and perforation
Simple. Wood fibers about .82 mm. long, with very thick
walls and nearly obscured cell cavities, and very small,
slit-like and oblique simple pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers
arranged in tangential lines of from 1 to 2 rows of cells
wide and surrounding all vessels. ‘These elements are
easily recognized in transverse section by their thin walls
and large cell cavities. Pith rays very narrow, from 1 to
4 cells wide and from a few to 20 cells high.

Distribution, commoh names and uses.

The genus Diphysa contains several species, scattered over
Central America and the northern borders of South America.
They aiz% are small trees, not easily distinguished from each
other. U, to the present time, however, D. carthazenensis,
first described from near Cartagena in Colombia, is the
only species reported from the Isthmus of Panama, where it
grows sparingly on the borders of savannas and is known lo-
cally under the name of Cacique or Macano. In Cartagena
it is called vivaseca or "dry and alive" and in Costa Rica
the near related D. robinioides and Db. semmoides Benth.

(or possibly only one of the two) go by the nahuatl name
of guachipibin, which probably means a tree-rattler, an
allusion to the noise made by the dry pods when they are
Shaken by the wind. The name of bladder-pod tree explains

-elyse istaluve-litin ,etetiqite pes eluvo plead
Saale Bie ented ,eati-tebbeld Stetiqite mon ak a. he
-gtotdo ,eeel to 6 ebook fot 9 Tek a # Ase

‘bes iH £0 soisytrosed

anon tigdl Soowtised ;etidw ylisen cide pores y

wet ,benterg seolo ,gioite yiev.,yvsed ,biad boot. .wolley
tebe eidletvy goa atwors to egatx Lemms sdetiog ry

x¢ -Sgooaciolm toweg Agia

ta 80.) [Lene ,.esoismun {mottosea sareveneid ) aloase V :
ae Soredd Lt viletbex 29 ,¥tetifos medw Savor 4 Gosonats re
. esoolyt Meitwolley seb sittw besoio Sune ewor Letbex at uo
atte (noktoes Lentbutinnol) sllew LereeY ,foowtzeed od.
, asroke e050 to Bnuot [Lame 16 etiq betebtod {lame eiaiee
? git we teetmoo al etodw erty elqmte betegnole b eeyob ion ad
etiq: hstebio0i .siedit oneisg-boow bie slleo yeidtigq
mo .tedtons eno ot thedelbea ors eleeeev ows otedw 1 hned
‘cai bin ahd bire fetnostiod yilaveu etnempgesa Leeaev to allew
aoidt yrev déiw ,gcol .ma S6..dso0cs etedit booW —
,ftieme yrev fine ,asiviveo ileo bervoede ylisex hoe ellew
exsdit enylone1sq-boolk retig elymies oupifdo bas eXxti~tife
aweiies to avor S et £ mott to sentl latinognet nt begiterte
i: OSs etnemefe eeed? .eiseseov Ile gnibasotise bis eblw
) diet xriedt yd neitces setevenets mi Sostasgove1 yliese
Wis lated ~Wotish Yrev eyer dvid .seitiveo Iles egisl bus.
é .igtd effso 08 of wet e mott bae ebiw efleo

8988 bus seme toamoo cotinditie td

“Weekbtene -eetoege Lateves enisitnos weak enieg edt

oltsma dtwoe %o exebyod ateddromn edt Bre soltemé extned

rox secoermiteels a eae aa shenet ey rial iis Bt) 4

ei «Gk . tevEN neeetq edt o .,

os Pan Tod ni 20 te0n mort pedisSaen® Zi i
28 amernet to exantel és mort betieqes petoeqe
nie er bas tis sanmeve’ to etebicd sdi oo ylanizege.
fo ae to emen sit ted.

19 soseeviv befieo ak th a
pintd goeeery eee seer Oag \k AS,
eno yime at eh 2 pe

! Ben < 9 f
xeldd s4-oe10 2 2nsem, Micabens doidw .at ‘
“vert comw ebog yb sid ye ebsm oslon odd oF Gotssile — ee
a eaxt hog-tebbafd to. omen edt .botw edd YC ci

50

itself and corresponds to the Latin generic name, Diphysa,
which means double bladder.

The cacique treé, although small, is very useful. The
wood is hard and very durable, and is used almost to the
exclusion of all other woods for the bases of the main
stays that support the walls in the native "adobe" or "ba-
hareque" buildings. The part of the log that is placed in
contact with the soil is left with the bark on, the portion
above the ground is squared. These bases are used again
and again, after having been in the ground for many years.
Cacique wood is also used by the Indians for making "maca-
nas" or native plowing sticks, hence the name "macano".
The tool handles of the carpenters and many small articles
requiring very hard wood are made of cacique wood and for-
merly a yellow dye was extracted from it by coction.

Green sticks of this wood set in the ground take root
readily and the tree is often planted in this way to grow
into live posts for garden fences. It has also been re-
ported as being used locally as a shade tree in cacao and
coffee plantations.

The Panaman Cocobola

Dalbergia retusa Hemsley, Diagn. Pl. nov. 1:8. 1873.

Description of the tree

A deciduous tree up to 25 cm. high, the trunk low,
straight or more or less crooked, about 40 cm. in diameter.
Leaves alternate, 9 to 14-foliolate, the green color turning
to black in dessication, the rachis, sparsely pubescent,

14 to 20 cm. long. Leaflets at first tender and droopéng

on fresh leaves, later coriaceous, the petiolules ferrugi-
nous-pubescent, 4 to 6 mm. long, the blades ovate or ovate-
oblong, rounded at the base, bluntly acuminate and often
retuse at the apex, 3.5 to 10.5 cm. long, 2.3 to 4 cm. broad,
glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath, revolute on the

margin. Floral racemes axillary, few flowered, sparsely

| eoulat’, ene olteaes nit ad okt of Pcceerecery bas ee

oa 0 %6 “odobal eviten edd ai silew edt tx pare dads, eyete

mh \ epbotine Lieme Yoem sine SyetHese0 eds to eoltned Loot «

1 Won’ oR aids at betaslq aad to ei soxt ext bos yLt

yay
ne

Meee, BOG .Bxk .v om. ¢lt -mpele "niggas eautox sisaedeat

atebbeld alduoh ensem

gue are t- 9: Leese ytev ef ,fiema dysediie ,sext exspltoso elt
~~ end¢ of teomle bear Bi ine ,sidsivb yiev Sue Sten ef boow
= Siac edt to aeasd ent ‘vot ehoow redte Lfea to nokeuLoxe

(Gr Decelg ef tent gol edd to sxey sf fo

Gigihy ext a0. Axed elt dtiw shel, ef Lroe edt. gt te
fhege 6080 S18 coped esect .hetenps at bavots oft io
yesnen Yflen Yok basetg ett at aeed sntvad tefTe bith
“890” giiten. tot empibal edt. yd bees calp al boow. isd pe)
ey ORE " emet eft ected ,edoive mas eviten 10 ey

Kwok bite bOow | Aupioes to eben ste Paved pepe rev. Sadat oy

eS he -Gelvoos yd ¢f mott hetositxs aaw. exe wolley 8 “hee ?

‘foc eXa? Biivowg edt ot tee boow etd! to Bioite e0%D

-6% Hbed ceie pei 1 .setnet nefiay vot ejeoq evil |
Rei: B AeO8S ft send Sheds 6 es Yileool beew guted se hetadg |
ead ate a

¢
an) ‘

m . , » 2 ay
anu } *

+?

toeed ea Pere yt be

nee

‘me ce)
‘A eo deta edt ,datd oso a ot qit Bee ee a

etemtotle sesete

Jee bie ‘ebnes are te eteL
gs

10 St AVS eepel fd edt ,sa0l .om 3 oo d , gueosadsg-
sto. bas ee lanl , S6ad 6g ve bebncos,, 7
mo 3 Os 8,8 ,otel .e @,0h of 3.8 see OG eee
ay Go etutover ,4 ongd tefeg ,evode nest% azebh .evotd

“Stedemeth «i smo OD duode ,betooro Pring oe exam 70, t, ie r
are aoloo neerg end ,etelotlo? mal
'. ,tuposedng Yloaregs ,efdost Me dyetes pt ad: Bt se pal

Hy ebeesexe Sexewolt wet EOL genonet, Lerol@ Mey a .

51

pranched, 6 to 10 cm. long, the rachis minutely ferruginous
pubescent. Pedicels 4 to 5 mm. long. Flowers white, mbout
15 mm. long. Calyx campanulate, 6 to 7 mm. long, ferrugi-
nous pubescent, the anterior lobes broad and connate, the
lateral ones narrower, the posterior lobe more or less mu-
cronate and longer. Petals glabrous, with long claws, the
standard suborbiculate, about 14.5 mm. long, the wings free,
ovate, about 14 mn. long, the carina falcate, obtuse, shorter
than the wings. Stamens 10, the vexillar one usually free.
Ovary long stipitate, 3 to 6-ovulate, the style long and
Slightly arcuate, with a minute, capitellate stigma. Legume
ovate-elliptic, flat, glabrous, usually l-seeded and 7 cm.
long, 2.5 cm. broad, or 2 to 4-seeded and then up to 12 cm.
long. Seeds oblong, subrefiiform, flat, 11 mm. long, 6.5 mm.
broad.

This tree is very variable in its hsbit, being sometimes
low and spreading, sometimes high, with a straight trunk and
a more elongated trown.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood very dark red
with faint streaks of black to rosewood (Dalbergia nigra) .
Wood hard, heavy, strong and tough, fine and cross grained,
rather difficult to work, but taking a good polish and du-
rable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of growth
not visible even under the high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) very few, (.B10 mm. in dia-
meter), round or radially elliptical, open in sapwood, closed
with dark red tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged singly
Or sometimes in pairs. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous, Small bordered pits and a few transversely
elongated simple pits. ferforations simple. Wood fibers
about 1.02 mm. long, with thick walls and small lumina, and
very small, slit-like, oblique simple pits. Wood parenchyma
rather abundantly developed, but visible only under compound
microscope as very minute irregular tangential lines of a
Single cell in width. Rays very inconspicuous, only one
cell wide or sometimes two and from a few to 8 or 10 cells
high.

Distributiom, common names and uses —

Dalbergia retusa is probably the main Source of the coco-

peas tarxre? YLecunin since: end ,auol soo Of o¢ 6 Peper, i
ida widw srerclhy .ga0f . om a o¢ S alegived ..ctnspsedsg
“a adage <agel .om % of. 0 ,etelumegmeo «yled s.agnet sam Gi
"a dy ,eteunnos hee Seorid sedel uoltstne odd ,tnsasedeg exon
‘ay abel Yo stem sdol aoiteteog sav ,tewotren eeno Laretsl
ent. ,oware wot ddiv ,asotdely eietel .tagiel tis etvamorpo
2622 Ganiw edt , gaol .mm G.3L twede ,eteisotdrodve bishrate=
os Stusie ,eeutdo ,efeolet enizeo eft ,sa0f .am Moetnods pedevo
eert plleses emo tellinev edt ,0L anomsté segaiw edt meddt
bette eat eiyte edt eteLive-d ot & ,etetiqti«: soot YUrevO
SKaiged samgite etelietiqes ,etnnim e ctiw patenoxe Ylidel is
i oe TR baw “pebeoset Ylieues paperideia ,telt ,ottqhile-etavo
soSS of gs aodd bug Pohees=2 cf 3 10 ,hso1d smo S63. gaol
sth 6.6 a ag sma TL seit. ,wiottiets sa maecatiiad anni acioL

. p pit t

ésutvonce sabaik biéad stb ab oldeisey yrov ct eet? Bbat

£ cate diigaerts: & es -Agid somitemos ,gyiibeezqe bie wot
: Se? swore hoteysole ouom e&

_boow, sid td sottgiiosed

atte’ yrev boowsis9en ;atidw ylieen ,xtotdt Soowges |
‘hatedieG@} heoweset of Xoeld to suisexrtes ¢goist dtin -
> Bee ont? ,duget bue gnotte ,yveed ,Sted Boow
pb 26 salieg boon « aitt tec ,Atow o¢ Tilwoitths redtext
-atworg So epmi2a Lenana dios edd déiw tostnoo al eldat
-sqoodoTeim sewog figid edt sobas neve eldteiv ale
oats wt .om O18.) ,wet yxev (motsose savevensit) aero ee
bezels _, boowgse mf nego -leoltgifie yfleifsex 10 bauer cree aioe) ae
i te hegnetise bite _boowtieed edt ak eseolyt her sreb"idiw horny a
ifoos Lentistianel) eliew leseeVY .edtieg al. soni tenge xo - we
Leevevrsiex’ wots fie etig bexebtod Lfleme ,enoisesmn it iy ny
Rrecit book .sigmate exottexotxis+ .aviq eigute pe oe as ‘
» ie toil fiame oboe eLiew Aokdt ctiw ,anel vam SOal : .
Mipte; So0h tly efusite aupiido ,extf-dife thy
tg oon “Ee eldleiv tud ,beqoleveh yitnebacds
re eontl ‘Letise aned selegorat gtunim yiev es 8g¢008a'
los ,esencbyermasnt yrev eye: .athiw ob Leo els
“ai & od wets snip tae ows ang io 49 obbn.

52

bola-wood extensively used in the United States for the ma-
nufacture of tool handles and small objects needing very
hard material. Zhe wood of Dalbergia hypoleuca Pittier,

the Costa Rican cocobola, and perhaps some other wood of the
Same genus or its closer allies, is probably exported to a
lesser extent for the same purposes. The Panaman cocobola
has not been reported up to the present from other countries
is found in the mixed forest or growing gregariously in
small clumps slong the foot hills and in gorges of the pro-
vinces of Panama (including Darien), Coclé and Veraguas.

It seems to be of rare occurrence both on the northern water-
shed and in Chiriqui snd, being a very valuable product,

has been practically eradicated from the more accessible dis-
tricts., The saw dust of the Panaman coccbola is said to

act as a poison on the men working it in the factories.

The sapwood is thick, yellowish, white, the heartwood dark
brown and very tough; it takes a beautiful polish, but as

the tree is never very large, the useful parts are only
obtained in small pieces, so that they can hardly be used
for large objects, like pieees of furniture.

During the construction of the first transisthmian
railroad, cocobola was used to some extent for ties.

The Panaman Flat-Pod tree
Platypodium maxonianum Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18;
ue. LSE?

Description of the tree

A tree 20 to 25 m. high, the trunk 12 to 15 m. and up
to 1.20 m. in diameter; bark grayish, more or less rimose
and shaggy. leaves alternate 10 to 20-foliolate, the rachis
10 to 20 cm. long, broadly canaliculate, the petiolar part
1.5 to 2 cm. long, leaflets leathery, strongly oblique,
the terminal one sometimes substituted by a setulose appen-
dage 7 to 9 mn. hong; petiolules 1 to & ma. long, blackish;
blades elliptic-cblong, subcuneate at the base, rounded
emarginate and mucronulate at the apex, lustrous, the costa

gpas Reig Bo pieaee “Line hoes selined food to eisdoston

SOIsdES gonol 3 GLai° t¢ beow edt , Leriet eat dies

i: eyedtey Bue ,slodoogo asolk etegd ods

‘a ‘ad 10uxe <iananee ‘ei .aetife teecle tr t@ sures exise

: fodo30e Nenesel ed? ,aeueqig eries oft Ot Imedsxe teKBeL

wiiies xédéo mo1xt taeeery edt of qu betioges need ton sad

he “i “Al yievottegety gatwots 16 teorst bextm et at basot ak

eng 647 Yo aogtoa mf Bite eLfid Poot ost Vesa equyto {Lleme

coe, © 3 Pecad ap bre 6£000 ,{uelved gatbulont) emenel to esohtv

ad nightie sift to d¢od sonetr990 eisx to ed os siisee TI

,dosbory eldasfey yier a gifted ,buie f ftridd af bua bere

-gidieessde e1om say most bed gothers yilssttosiy need ged

‘ot Hise 6i slodooos nemekel sat to tanh wee .-atolts

sveirovoet oi ni ti gaidiew mom edt no acatog s Be soe

b boontised ont ,otidw ,deiwolley ,dotdd el boowgee eft.

Be tad gilet Loy futitweed 2 feiss ti sdapcd yrev bie sword

Fou _ eg. ome €teq [nvtecs ot ,ogiel yiev zever ai cert edd

ls bees otf yibiand mes yeid tect ce ,covety [lemme ot bentetdo

. roe 0tptiazws to seoetq otti ,efoejde egisl ret
ee aeledte tenexd text? edt te holtouvtenco edt ganized

| Red? tot tmetxs ence of heen eew elodooes chaosiiar

an J
eft
a oe ¢
ae Me
+ ONE ag
a

ils Te

ya gout toi-tel mamened ett
7 dieK . tel .6.0 .ateoo ,c3eissrs act ec ing

ve “i

; its a: + 2 TLVL ae j vs

ee if gout sg to nOtdyttesed +
; ge bes OL ot SL gugxd oid ,deid-om ag. ot 0g etd: ome
| peewts ceol ro stom ,dtiveary Nead ptetemerh nt amr OS. L- ot
ade .sitefatlet-0s oc Of sipnretie eeveel . as bis -

. relotte, odd ,otelueliense y£beotd aol .mo OF of OL Hi
aes eupitde Yisuotts ,yredi eel eteLteal , gaol vio 2 od BE ¢
segue ore e yd bedutivedue comivemoe an yews Ber

ellos. Cc ,Btiol sam & ot f aefsloiveg ¢
ne pe hasiys Sued ole te oc conmridue..; ebitirsio 5 benane:
8 oitenulxeqe ala ve ePeasxoan boas ) et entpzame.

j
4 ij -

53

more or less pubescent above, paler, dull, and pubescent
near the base and along the costa beneath, 3 to 6 cm. long,
1.5 to 2 cm. broad. Flowers not known. Legume glabrous,
samarra-like, stipitate, oblanceolate, 11 to 11.5 cm. long,
about 2.5 cm. broad, the basal part flat and membranous,

the seed-bearing apex, thicker, woody, rounded and apiculate;
peduncle 2 cm. long; stipe 1.2 cm.; seed obovate, elongate,
about 18 mm. long and 8 mm. broad, the hilum near the
narrowest end.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light greenish yellow; heartwood somewhat
darker. Wood hard, heavy, very tough, exceedingly close
grained, taking a good polish. The wood has a green, pea-
like odor. Annual rings of growth narrow and visible to the
unaided eye on a smooth transverse section.

Pores numerous, small (.10 mm. in diameter), round,
chiefly open, and arranged either singly or in short radial
rows of from 2 to 5 or more. Vessel walls with numerous
Small bordered pits where in contact with pith rays and
wood-parenchyma fibers. Bordered pits large where two
vessels abutt on each other. End walls of vessel segments
horizontal and completely absorbed. Wood fibers about 1.08
mm. long, with relatively thick walls and small cell cavi-
ties. Pits very small, slit-like and oblique, or nealy
parallel to the axis of the fiber. Wood-parenchyma fibers
arranged in tangential lines of from 1 to 2 rows of cells
wide. This tissue does not surround vessels, and is common
in most of the leguminous woods. They are easily recognized
by thin walls and large cell cavities in a transverse sec-
tion. Pith rays very narrow, from 1 to 3 cells wide, and
the Space between them is narrower than the diameter of the
vessels.

Distribution, common names and uses

This tree is known only from Panama, where it was first
collected by Hayes, between Gorgona and liatachin. In Chi-
riqui, it is frequent and apparently gregarious in the lower
forest belt a short distance from the sea. It goes under
the name of carcuera and the wood is not used to any extent,
because the mature trunks are almost always found to be

' tnevesdiq bus , lish ,releg ,erede tneseedny aaef 19 exon
Baal .mo 3 Qs & ‘dd genrod edeoo sft anole bus ee@ed edd asen

- pessidels amigas .owond don etewolS ;Ss0rd smo & oF O.2
,ater smb ¢.if o¢ tf ,aveleashelide ,evatiqite | saili-aixemee
= awoneidmse one tert tisy Lewed edt , ipod smo 6.8 tuods
egeluoige fe Seonvoy ,ybeow ,tedolit ,xeqge guissed-bess eit
ar epuote adevedo bese y.0d-S.L eats ool .mo § efonmbeq
ent weE8M milid ¢i¢ ,b¢otd smn 6 bie iol .mmn 6L tuodg
bard veoworten

boow ey xo- nottg ixbseu

tex iwomoe boowlxreed ;woelley deiuoetg tdgil \otdt boowyee

.. Se0re Ulsiibesoxe .fsrot yer Uvaert Drei boow .xenreb
_ seeq ,figetg-s eed boow Att Winaxioe hoon 6 ‘Bittdted ,benters
Ons had Sitreivy fits worte déwesqg to sqaiy Lacora “1660 oatt

z sMeitcoes eatevettex? diocomt « to eye be blens

ei

sates -(tetemet— hi .mg Of.) IfLems ,swot9emen egtot

fpbbex Jiedé of 19 YUlynts teddies bhesnarie bre 949 vitetso
. spexemon Atiw eifew [ecesY .et0m 16 ¢ of S mort t6 awor
Sere eyex dtiq diin toatans at sir]edw ettq berebrod Ilene
> eet ot enn egret eliy beusebicé ,2redit suydonereq=boow
“stnehyes iseesy to eiiew be .tedto does fo dands aeleasov
80d tsode atsdit hooW .hedtcede yletelgnvs hue Letjnositod
=. “iv6e Ifeo [face tne’ Bllew aotdt yleviteler dtiw ,sa0l .mm
wyleen «10. ,ecnildd Bie exii-gils ,{leme ytev ett] cert
8 vod! Sedone +aq-booW » tecit ead to eixe oft of Leofleteg
2 aliso te swot & ot I @oxt to eontl Lelinegnet af begustts
Booms ol ie ,slosasy basotiss ton eoob oneeit etd? .ebiw
Pesinsocet Ylicce ore yell .adbow evontmuysl odt to tadm vr
p6n Setevaies? e ai eatd¢iven [feo egiel Sue ellew aids Yd
tie (obiw eilso § of L£ moxt ,Woxren ytev ayer ATLA mold
to wedomeibB old nad? tewotwen ef med? meoewied ecege edt
-elesgey

oe

_ Beet Sas gemeg mosmos toltudiagele

cites cxtt ew st. eiedw. ,emened text vino mwondt et eexut etag .
eerste ag hioete bas ecoysoe méewied ,eoyeH yd fetosifop |
‘evel sao at enoiresexs Yduopegas fue tnemper: ef tf .ivpta-
sebier e505 21 ene sXt mowt sonetaid trode «tied: te hens

jairedxe. {aR ot heexs com ol bouw eit bare stevozgo to omen end ©

peas ed Os bitsio% ayende tepule sxe exert etude edt oasiaoed ,

54

witn
hollow and filled tik an oily liquid. It is said that such
trees often burst with a loud report under the pressure of
the latter. The smme species occurs on the northern litto-
ral plains of Colombia, where it is known in some parts
under the name of lomo de caiman.

Darien xed Wood
Centrolobium patinense Pittier, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sec.

5:470. 1915.

Description of the tree

A deciduous tree, 30 meters nigh and over, with a grayish,
rimose bark; crown elonzate; branchlets and rachis of the
leaves covered with a soft, purple or fawn-colored pubescence,
the latter terete, 30 to 35 cn. long; stipules broadly ovate,
obtuse, wooly hairy; leaflets 11 to 15, membranous, briefly
petiolulate; petiolules 4 mm. long; blades ovate, rounded or
emarginate at the base, abruptly acuminate, 3 to 12 cm. long,
2.5 to 7 cm. broad, the middle ones largest, pubescent above,
glabrescent beneath, the costa and veins more or less reddish
brown villous on both faces. Flowers not known. Legume pe-
dicellate, stipitate, winged, 17 to 20 cm. long including
the wing, (this 6 to 8 cm. broad), the body densehy aculeate,
the wing fan-like, obliquely truncate at the tip, longitudi-
nally veined, the are of the veins to the side of the spur-
like remnant of the style.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and yellowish white; heartwood reddish or
dark orange yellow with straight stripes of dark brown @&
nearly black color-wood, har4 moderately heavy, strong,
tough, rather fine-grained and susceptible to high polish.
It splits and works easily. Annual rings of growth visi-
ble only under hand lens or compound microscope.

he ee hea

pfloye-dedvd Biss el tT .binpit yfio me Ae Sefit> bas woLlford
ae Se eunspeta od? rebas vroges- beef a citiw teaud aetto sese1rt
ss sped s wieditvor edt no e1s6e5 seioeqge emae off .xz98edtel exe
. 9 optteeg emo at nwomdt ci tt erode -Sidmofed to antelg Let
cs meamteo of oool te smen eft tesa

booW Sek metred
hovk dae sino seitd ts seueitieg muidolortned
»8L@L” ,OT3:6

te, eet eid to nots gitosed

nelyers a ddiw .1970 bas death evetem Of ,sv1t auenbioed & .

- @hv Se eideet fae etettionsid ;stayrols nwoio ;xied esemis
Sanecssdig beicloo-uwet 16 siqing ,oto0a ws At iw betevos esvecl
etevo Ylbevid colzqite ;guol .ro 65 of C8 joteted sedtel. edt
ed ,euonwrdmem ,@L ot If avelisel ;yxiled yloow ,santdo
9 07 atevo eabeld ;atol som 2 selsloisgeg jet alslotteg
mo Sl ot & ,etenitnnuos Laps de ,seed ett ts etenintenc
ip tnecesdrq ,taogvel eeng elbiim ond ,beotd «ma oF oF 6.8
fet Sael- x10 o10m shfov Site dames ens /ateoned tneceetdelg
' @MrGgel awe fol suewel .ecoost dtod ao-ensolify mor
é ~etthuicnt scel .ma o& of TL .begaiw ,etetigite ,sielieerh
Maslnoe Yhoetet Ybed exit . (beord oo 8 of @ etdt) «,gutw ent

thd bsacl sats odt te ot sorts yleuntido ,edifl-ast yaiw ent

=tpge oft ic. chie ost ot emtev edt to one odd ,bentev yilen
eet , ~olyte end to thenmex e2tit

i.

Roow oct to solv ginosell

ne

“gétbhexr Loowlisai :ovinw detwolley foe Astas boowqee
@ gyetc wish tbh eodisuége tigierte dviw wolloy egneto axreb
sSuorts yy vRed yLoderobom tie ,foow-toLoo Aosid yiteen
deitog is 35st oe eidityseswe. fue bentetg-eat? tedésx ,aaiot
Vacisinad itwerg to cunix Leumi ceiises adtow bie stifge ¢1 --
-eqoseorsin busegmoo xo sel, buat ve bass yino vera ty

>

55

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (about .08
mn. in diameter), nearly round, closed in the heartwood with
an abundance of reddish yellow tyloses sand arranged singly,
in small groups in short indistinct radial rows. Vessel
walls (longitudinal section) with numerous small, round bor-
dered pits having transversely slit-like pit openings. The
ends of vessel segments nearly horizontal and almost com-
pletely absorbed, i/ood fibers about .7 mm. long with ra-
ther thin walls and relatively large cell cavities. The
pits very small and indistinct. Wood parenchyma abundantly
developed around pores and pith rays. Cristals abundant
bordering pith rays. Rays very numerous and arranged in
tiers clearly visible as horizontal lines on Smooth tangen-
tial surfaces. The rays are very small, rarely more than
one cell wide and 10 cells high, often only 5 or 6 cells
high.

Distribution, comnon names and uses
This tree, remarkable for its peculiar shaped fruits
and the beauty of its red wood, enhanced by broad to narrow
dark veins, is known only from southern Darien, where it
grows in groups on the coastal hills and on the drier slopes
of the interior. It is called by the natives (Amarillo de
Ghayaguil or Guayaquil's Yellow, a name for which no expla-
nation could be found, as the wood tis not yellow and not
known to have ever been imported from Guayaquil. It is very
hard, and very adequate for interior wood-wcork and furniture.

The Chepan Quira
Platymiscium dubium Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20:

125. 1918.

Description of the tree

A middle-sized tree, forking low and with rounded de-
Pressed or elongated crown; bark grayish, finely lenticellose

80. ¢node) ifeme ,ascieeun. (motioes se1evanett) eot0d
stiw soowtseed edt ui besolo , fuser ylisen ~(votemetS ai .mm
Wisate Seenerts tor eecolys welley deibbex *o eonsbasds oe
fetaev .ewor letbex dogisvetbat yxede ot equoty [leme, ai
«rod Bisot .{feme evoremen dtiw tnottoes Leathutianol) efLew
eu? ..eatioeqo Jig exii-¢ite yleeievenst? guived atigq be teb
~pop Jsemle fie istmosfiod ylieon etiemges Loagev To abis
-e% diiw soci .cw VT. tsods etedil boo! ,bedioede yletelq
eum. .eeitiveo [feo egiel ylevitele: bose allew akdt s)eds
yitnehauds emyeicmeisg Loew ,tenitetsai bus ileme yrev etig
teebande sletdcits ,2eye1 dviq bne sert0g bisiot)e hogoloeveh
Gi begiauie te euetTommn Yrev sys «ayes diiq gatiedted
-Hiegnae rooms ac semil Letvaosliirod ee elditeiv yliselo eiretd
nedt otom ylexrs: ,iiena yrev sis eyes ont .conetive Lett
gifeo ¢.%6 2 ylao nedto .detd elicoo Of ine shiw [leo eno
Hutd

ean bie samen someon motiudiacerd

avinit bejedé teilwoey efit int eLdedieme: ,ceat efdd.
wetter of Beotd yd heonedwe ,Loow fer eti to ysuaesd add ne
$i etedw ,heiied niediaes mors yine awant ef ,pntev Mxasd
Beqote tefisbh sav no bite ahlin [etcags edd 0 abba: xt ewets
eh of fix ; goviden edf @ celies ef ¢1. ,.xoltetvnt.eds to

agigxe O48 Aoidw sot omen 6 ,wWoLisY e'ligpsyers x0 inpeaee
toa Bas wotley tom @£ boow oid es ,tnsot ed Sleoo folgan
ywiew ef »Listpeyent mort befeogmt seed 19ve sved of mond
Sanod ins? Bie daiow-botw xéitednt sot etespebe yiov hus , pied

etinn magedd ent
108 .éuel .tell 6€.U cxtnod ,webtdid mutdod outoetayteld
* BLeL ra asf

pete elt 26 sols gitoged

ob beohists: atiw oue wel akind«ot ,edxt boste-blbbia 2
géolfeotinoL (lonit .ce@iyets wisd ‘awore besaggels 19 Sescer*

56

on young twigs. Leaves opposite, 5 to 7-foliolate, impari-
pinnate, entirely glabrous; rhachis terete, 8 to 10 cm. long;
leaflets coriaceous, opposite or almost so, light green above,
paler beneath; petioltles thick, slightly canaliculate, 4 to
6 mn. long; leaflet blades ovate to elliptic-lanceolate,
broader and rounded at the base, acuminate, the lateral ones
5 to 9 cm. long by 2 to 4 cm. broad, the terminal one usually
a little larger ( 9 to 11 cm. long by 4 to 5 em. broad).
Stipules semi-orbiculate, thick and caducous. Racemes simple,
short (3 to 7 cm. long), axillary. Flowers not known. Pod
thin, coriaceous, elliptic, rounded at both ends, 6 to 8 cm.
long, 2 to 2.5 cm. broad, glabrous, the stipe about 7 mm.
long, the pedicel not over 5 mm. long. Seed elongate, subre-
niform, flat, 7 mm. long, 3 mm. broad.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood light brownish-
red, occasionslly with deep red and black linear markings,
giving it an ornamental figure. Wood hard, heavy, tough,
very closesgrained, easily worked, taking 3 good polish, and
durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of growth
usually very narrow and visible only under the high power
microscope.

Pores (transverse section) moderately numerous (.25 mn.
in diameter), round, open in sapwood but generally closed
with dark reddish tyloses in heartwood, and arranged singly
or occasionally in radial rows of from 2 to 4. Vessel walls
(longitudinal section) in contact with ray cells or wood-
parenchyma fibers have both bordered and simple pits. Per-
forations simple. Wood fibers about .73 mm. long, with
thick walls, small lumina, and small, slit-like simple pits,
chiefly on their radial walls. Wood-parenchyma fibers grouped
usually around vessels and often branching out om opposite
sides, forming short tangential rows. These elements are
easily distinguished from wood fibers by their thin walls,
relatively large lumina and round simple pits. ways very
numerous, storied, not visible to the unaiided eye, one cell
wide, and from 1 to 10 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Up to the present this species is known only from Chepo

-fuigoml ,eteinifolr-T cs ¢ ,etdigogge seveel .agtwe sngoy no
pmeel. .oo Of of & .etetee eldoett jpeucidels yleiltde ,eteortt,
-ovede Ngexg Uniail ,oe deemle in evfeogqs ,anceselioo steiteel
wef (etFlisotionas yltidstie ,dotds paléiotied jie gened teisyg
pneblooiitel-oitqgitie ct eisvo sebeld teiteeal ;sn0L sam 35

Bone LTeretel edd. ,sveninuioé ,sBsd es? Ss hebogor bore sebeo0id
Viieeed oo Leninted ence .pAgecid «Ho } of 3 yd shock .mo e et ¢
phew .ne 6 o¢ 2 yd gaol sme LL od. @' } sentel, efttil: 2
eilamte gerooen . ,2xovnbeoa bisa soldat ,stelvotdio-tmet esingite
boy .kwhis ton exrewolt ,.~vielitza ,(sntL .mo Tot? 8) toda
eG of 6 ,ebae aiod Je Beboot ,ottqtife anseceties (atris
oom VS diode suite ent ,egordels .feotd mo 3.8 of & { gool
=—ptdia ,ctesatls heeo .grol .am ¢ tero ton Leolbeq edt {anol
sbecid ,om & ,grol .mm VT .teIt ,mrotia

boge oft to soligttoesd

—“eiinword visit boowitesd jetidw ylieeh ,Notdt hoowgel
#@QbLAces tapi zoel’ dus box yooh Atiw yilenoflesooo ,be%
tntod ,yyeon ,bted hook .opst> Lacuemenio ae ti guivig
Mie. .tahleq boeg 6 sniiet ,fesrow yliceo ,bontergézeeoto Yisv
fUwous to eyifi fscona .fios ed? dtiw tesitioo Al, sideguh
jTeirod. fatd otf ashad vino eldieiv hue wort)en prev zitewes
eqooeotois

~om ERs) eiiotcona yletexedam {fwottosea sexareners }) Bex0d
belolo ylisisnes tid hoowger ai nego ,dapoy , (tevomBEs ot
Yrunita fegneiis fre ,bouwluper mt seeolyy detihbext areb dviw
eiiew temec¥Y .23 of S moxt to swor Leiber of yillandtesooo te
-h0ow to efieo you nviw teetmoo al (noltees Lentbotignel)
“pi ,adky efqute bas Sexefied diod eved eredit emydoneteq
ctiw ,pvol .mm 6%. inode exedit boel .elgmia enoldar9 >
esih- efcete exti-cife ,lieme bie ,eutonl ifeme ,efiew doitdt
bowie oieci™ emufonetaq-teow velisew faifex ulteds no ylteltlo
etheoggs wo.deo gridouend anette Soe afegesy Snwore yLlanes
Sie Stivemsle esed? .swor léi¢negietd vrode Rataror.,geblie
jeller otnv wtiens yo execdlt boew mor? Serdetogai¢ers eiiese
Geer ayer. ,atig elyate Susor foe animel estel yleviteies
fico oxo oye hebienn sit of olfdiciv ton ,betiote , aso rec
efistd ef{len OL of I moxt bre ,ebiw

a B9En Ste Bomen moumoo toitudiszte te

ogedd moxt yino mwonH el seloeye aint tneedsig edt ot gq

57

in the Bayano basin, but it is probably common on the Pacific
watershed of Panam. It divides the name of quira with Pla-
tymiscium polystachyum, and other species of the same genus.
The wood is used to a limited scale only, in the manufacture
of furniture when a heavy and resisting material is needed.
It is hard and fine grained, with a dark brown heart.

The Quira

Platymiscium polystachyum Benth., Seem. 30t. Voy. Herald
LEE ¢ Rden Sbenn bG55<

Description of the tree

Deciduous, middle sized, forking low and forming a
rounded crown; bark grayish, rough on the trunk, smooth and
densely set with lenticels on the branchlets. Leaves oppo-
site or 3-verticilate, imparipinnate, 3 to 5-foliolate, gla-
brous; stipules orbiculate, deciduous; leaflets membranous
or leathery, the petiolules short, the blades ovate, rounded
at the base, bluntly acuminate, 5 to 22 cm. long, 2 to 10
Gme broad, the terminal ones largest. Inflorescences race-
mose 15 to 20 cm. long, glabrous, geminate, appearing before
or with the new leaves. Flowers numerous, yellow, 13 to 14
mm. long; pedicels thread-like, 5 to 10 mm. long; calyx
campanulate, 6 to 7 mm. long, with irregular, minutely
ciliate teeth, and bearing at the base 2 small, ovate bract-
lets; standard suborbiculate, attenuate in a slender clawlet,
13 mm. long, 11 mm. broad; wings auriculate, ovate-elliptic,
12 to 13 mm. long, 4 to 6 mm. broad; carinal petals adhering
at the tip, about the same size and shape as the wings;
stamens 10, the vexillar one almost free to the base; ovary
long stipitate, l-ovulate, glabrous. Legume thin, elliptic,
obtuse at the ends, long stipitate, about 9 cm. long, 3.5
Cm. broad.

Description of the wood

Sapwood usually thin and yellowish brown; heartwood reddish

ya

Sitios. edd ne gommoo yldsedoxy ef ci cud ,axlesd oneyed edd nt
a@i Siw exinp Te suen eit asbivih ti ,mecet ‘to hbetsretew

Mgney siiee Shs to cofseys r9dto bus .meyiosteylog auton tay?

eastoatimem ent ai , piso elece Setintl 6 ct bees @ ow &
sbobsan et Leisstam galveicet soc yvreerd e« nedw omsdimint<to
+0te0ed gwotd aueh ¢ stinw ,benisig silt bug Hred ef Ii

axigo .ofT

HEBION .ycv .tec .m986 ,,ctne€ suydoeteylog matoet

seael iS «ig wit

eoit odd to aoitgiztoeed

: 8 uitborot base wel goisiot ,beste elbbim , esoubloed,
~ Baus Ateome .atusid eft oo riguoy ,detyata Atad-yowote bebasot
-G940 e6veol .evofdcupitd edd oe elooline£f dtiw tee, ylesneb
“aig ,oJafeticol-i of € ,otangiqtuegm! ,steltoldiev-c 19 .edLe
encuctdmer eéveltseil ;exonuSiceh ,etelsoidio esinglize ;angud
bebasot ,edsvo sebeld ent ,duode eelnLortdq edd ,yteddeel to
Of-of 3 ,ameol .mo SS of ¢ ,etvaplawon yieunid,» ,eoaed-edd ve
eaoa% esonsvesiolinl .ce#egtel eeno Laninved edt ,Beoxd smo
Gteted acixseqqe .eteninen ,axotdals ,ynol smo 08 of Gl seam
fot cf .wolley .dser)8emian exewolt .ecovesl wan edd dtiw i¢
uyiso anol .mm GL of G.,eatf-h5estdt aloolbeq ; gaol: .mm
ylotaiin ,telwgerrt dtivw-,goaol .am 3 of: 38) ,e¢ 9
=-togud oteys- ,ileme & ofed oft de paisaed bae ,dteoot- statis
tsiwelo vehiele « gi otsunetisa ,etalsoldtodne btebiate ;aetos
) eitetifesstavgo ,eteinoiuse syokw ;Secad «mm ZL), gaol .am él
aitaedbs eafetec Lantieas ;faord sam d of D , gael som BL ed Sl
-oauiw ait se syete dis oasis emee edt dnods ~qis edt se
weave ;oeed ont o¢ sett Seomis ono vallixev ed? ,OD snomete
peiiqille ,nisw smunal .csovdels ,oteiwve-f ,etatiqtte gaol
Gd (anol tio © tHeds ,ovevlgitea gaol ,ebae odd de pestdo
»heord smc

dow oft So nettqgigoeeg

seibbev Soovtiest :uword Heiwolloy oae aidt ywllenes beawged

58

to dark brown. Wood hard, heavy, strong, tough, difficult
to split, more or less close-grained, taking a good polish.
Annual rings of growth usually not clearly visible; the con-
centric bings of lighter and darker shades do not coincide
with annual growth rings.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, moderately large
though variable (about .13 mm. in diameter), nearly round,
open or more often closed with a reddish cellular tissue and
arranged singly occasionally in pairs. Vessel walls (lon-
gitudinal section) marked by many rather large bordered pits;
all vessels in mature wood from the trunk completely surrounded
by wood parenchyma fibers. Perforations at the ends of vessel
segments simple. Wood fibers about 1.1 mm. long with thick
walls and small cell cavities; the simple slit-like pits
very small. Wood parenchyma fibers highly developed around
the vessels, sometimes forming short tangential bands be-
tween the pores as seen in a smooth transverse section.

Rays one or rarely two cells-wide and up to ten cells high,
very numerous, storied and barely visible to the unaided eye
on a smooth tangential surface.

Distribution, common names and uses

The quira is limited in its dispersion to the semi-arid
districts of northern Venezuela and Colombia, and to the
foot hills o= the Pacific coast from Panama to Nicaragua.

B,Sides the name of quira, used in Panama and evidently
borrowed from some native dialect, the Brunka or Boruca In-
dians call it sinkré, while their neighbors the Térraba
know it as zrok. In Venezuela it is inaccurately designed
as roble blanco or "white oak". The wood is highly esteemed
among the natives, being used to a limited extent in the
making ot furniture.

It is often mentioned among the local joiners and cabi-
net makers of Panama and Costa xica as one of the hardest,
finest grained and most beautifully variegated woods of
these countries. Notwithstanding this and the fact that
the tree seems to be comparatively common along the Pacific
coast, quira-wood very seldom reaches our northern markets.
It deserves, however, to be better known, on account of its
possible applications.

ae ee) 7) a Pe

¢Iserttts ,enod ,anowte ,yveed , Sted SooW .oword axeb od
etlog B6e3 © aniaat -bonterg-se¢0lo aeel zo etom ,tifge oF

“16s ets teldtetv yiteelo ton yilavan d¢worsg to egek
Shlontoo tom oS eobene tested bus revigif to egatt otataeo
egnin dtworg Tennis ait dw

oyzel yleterobom ,ssotemmn fhistnas eetevenet? } gered
,bowor yinesn ,(ustemets at ,om SL. tvode) eldatisvy dgnodt
bus eset 1eiwiles deibber e ddiw hesolo aedto stom T° meqo”
~eLl) silew [oceoVY .Giteg si Yflemotesooo ylante be 2 Ne
‘ettg betehted osiel teiiex yasm yd bextiem (moltoes leatheits ;
bebisoiive. (lotefymoo Amert ed? mott beow otstem mk elLoseoey Ile
feceev te efas ect te enolieteized .e@tedit suydometey boow yd
Hotkt adiw anol .ce [.L ¢tuede axedit fo0W ‘.eLumte: etienges
etig exifeiife elgmia edt ;eeliivss ileo ifeme bas ellew
ingots begelevesh yligtd-etsdtt anydonexsg fooW ,Liems yiev
-ed sioad Leivacgnet Frode gnimiot eemisemoe ,eLeasoy edd
-woitese eexevensit dtoome a ni meee es eetog ond moeowd
,fetd efice met of gu bus ebiw-elffeo ows yLletex to erro oe
ete hebitesn eft ot eldiety yfLevad fos Selfrote exo temm
seoetine letiacsgaet dvoome s me

Bivesiwee edt ov sbbevaihde We as bet 2mts ot eta: edt ek:
ee of Boe ,eldeolod tue slentensY etb !
Fy aigeteo tls ot emerned wort seep ottioet 86" tO ahitd Fas ?

*¢itnebive ite saeftiel at bees fo smen od eebie
“MI ecgto€ to- exawie ofig , to oe emoe mort ae
eceizst aft sxoddytes psters elinw | exe
> ‘bengigot let sinesant et 7 == at tt .mOte
; | Banestes it Hg v et foow off ."adaa othiiw" «6° coms.
ene SF tietxe bevinti- s o¢ ier puted ,sevis ;
’ RrcerctrS Zo

- eb ie? B?

\ ,

cides ine erentot feool addt sass benottien netto et oI °°
,deebied edt So ono #8 soth steal bus eneet to 6% ten

5. Be abdew tetegsixey yLichitweed Jeon tue benterg” ieinae

‘Heid toed oft bus cidd gathboededtiweol .eelitasqo seed
sitios’ ett uiole cocuco Ylovidersqmos ed of amece e@zs etd
.eateivem Muedd10n 1u0 cecdoeet-moflee yrev hoow-atinp ,tesoo
‘pit te Jmiooss mo , Awe dha ec of ,tevewon ,aevisseh tI
senolisotiqas aldigeod

~

neuen
¢ ee

7

59

' —_pavanna sneelin
(cory)

AA

Andira inermis(')H.3.Kk., var. savannarum Pittier,

Deseription.of the tree

‘Low, not over 7 meters high, with a spreading crown
and a grayish, more or less rimose bark.) Leaves 9 to 13-
foliolate, glabrous or almost so, briefly petiolulate, the
common petiole 10 to 23 cm. long; leaflets elliptic, lan-
ceolate or ovate, short acuminate, 5 to 10 cm. long, 2 to
4 em. broad; stipules subulate, 2 to 4 mm. long. Floral
panicles terminal, erect, densely flowered, about 20 cm,
long, its branches all ferruginous-pubescent; bracts lan-
ceolate, acute, 5 to 6 mm. long. Flowers dark purple, 8
to 9 mn. long;calyx campanulate, distinctly 5-toothed, fer-
ruginous-tomentose; petals nearly equally long, the standard
suborbiculate, emarginate, truncate or auriculate st the
base, with sa very short clawlet, the wings oblique, the
petals of the keel much broader than the wings, obovate, au-
riculate; vexillar stamen free and shorter; ovary 2-ovulate,
stipitate, hairy about the base of the style. Fruit drupa-
ceous and one-seeded.

In contrast with the common Angelin (Andira inermis
H.3.k4), which is said t@ be high and imposing, the Savanna
Angelin is characterized at once by its low and squatting
appearance. i/hile the former is in some parts one of the
elements of the high forest, the latter appears only in the
Open savannas. The dark pink flowers spread in succession
so that the ereét panicles, lost in the middle of a thick
foliage, are not very showy.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown; heartwood dark brown tired
with red. Wood moderately hard, heavy, tough, exceedingly
a@ifficult to split, rather closed grained, taking a good
polish. Annual rings of growth not visible even under the
high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) not very numerous, bather

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Ne etelslotieg Ylteiid ,of taomis 10 auodels -otalotiot
eed eoitgiiie aveiteel, ;gaot .mo €3 of Of sLottey nommos
93 3 Leiter ~mo OL oF ¢ , oF gatos Siede ,steve to etaelove
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Se emo 08 syods ,bexewolt Ylesne > ,Jooxe ,lenimted esto ;
ue stud seed mj -ayonigerret {Le pedouead evr ,
siteb exevolt .sn0f ..m 38 of 8 ,etnoe oF
“GC Yltoni¢e fh etatumagnds xyiso: gaol .mm ¢ oe
We piel yilespe ylieen eleteq. sezotnemed
pat de ctoduoture +o et sont ad dite’ eae ,etelsot
oat ,elipifide egatw sd¢ ,telwato t4ode yiev @ dtiw seed
aso etavedo Saciw edz nedt tebheoxd dom. feed efit Zo alsteq
Stein vO-R Yrevo ;redrode bus sovt nomete talitxey ,esaLtiot=
noe Fist -olyte eit to sbed eit tyoda yited otatiqtte
‘ey -beobese-ene ine e060

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27 ¢ ,gmisogmt Sus duid ed ot bles at dotdw eae
“ga htiteupe pis wol edt wd eomo ta bonivetosisdo et
(sa: ag to of atteq omoe af et xemxot eat eLtai 2 OOLe"
fi yleo etsegge tedtel edt ,teexot dyid ent to ationsle
“agtseesose nt beerge stewoft sat tush etl ..eetieves nego
dobads e te elbhim sdt ai teol ,selotneq soete edt Jentd of

i »twode yisv dom ets seekete> | i 4

Siew eit to settee og

ik? amore Bue DoowhiseN ;aword tgif oteld boowgee eae
% ithesoxe ea »ursed bead yletereiom hooW «her dtiw
“heey & Soiled
f xebos eve eldtetv ton ‘dtworg fe sues Tesmite -fetlog |
ae »sqoosotoin bog tl

fatter heanlo rsdtex wwiige ot ‘Sipolttib ; a | Pe

60

large (225 mm. in diameter), round, open or sometimes closed
with dark brown tyloses, and arranged singly or occasionally
in short radial rows, never more than 3 or 4 together. Ves-
sel walls (longitudinal section) uniformly marked by numerous,
rather large, oval, bordered pits; all veasels completely
surrounded by wood-parenchyma fibers. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about 1.64 mn. long, with very thick walls and
partly obliterated lumina. Pits difficult to see even under
compound microscope magnifying 800 diameters. Tissue

formed by wood fibers very dense and arranged in irregular
tangential lines alternating with somewhat wider lines of
wood-parenchyma fibers, which have thin walls, large lumina,
and round simple pits. Pith rays visible only under hand
lens; being only from 1 to 5 cells wide and from a few to

15 cells high. Rays often twice as wide within the tangen-
tisl band of wood-parenchyma fibers as in those of wood
fibers.

Distribution, common names and uses

Thus far the tree has been observed only in isolated
individuals interspersed through the savannas around Chepo,
in the province of Panama. It was mever noticed in the
high forests, where it is probably replaced by the real
Angelin. ‘The tree is called Coct by the inhabitants; the
wood is said to be rather soft as compared to the real
Angelin and of little use.

The Panaman Hboe
Coumarouna panamensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.

ES; 256. 1917.

Description of the tree

Often 50 m. high, and 1 m. diameter at the base; crown
rounded or elongated; bark brownish and slightly scaly.
Leaves glabrous, alternate, 5 to 8-foliolate, the petioles

"Biade gemitemos 10 nego ,fivor ,fietemeib at .mm 8S.) egtel
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{BxOtemua YO bodiem yLarro’t few {aokcoss Laliibsd r00L) eilew Lea
) yfletelqaos aleesov [le ;atiq berediod ,{[evo ,egral tedtex
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boe elfew doids yrov Attw , gol .om bo.i tnods eredit booW
“yebuu moves soe of J<wofltib stti .enimal beteretiide pena
eeeel, .etetemeth QO6 gukyiiagam e: get gle a
nartt ci henneine Dbne eeueb yrev st a hem
“$9 sonki sobiw tedwemoe dviw gaitsnisd le teat i

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ited 68, awe i

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ae: Siisioxe es eid dguotds boeiteqeretat ef, rata
eit ot Beolfton seats gow ti samara to eomtvorg ex
fer edd yd deoelger yidadoxy et 42 oxorw ,evcoro? of
=i end ietust ident edd yd ooo Gelico at esid edT snkt
ag . Spot edd ot hereqmoo Se Ttee tedtex ed of Slee et aes
| vue ae ‘seat eltiit at: bite preachy

aie s29H .tell 16.9 .ttmod ,weiddid setenemaneg eaworemsod
sNEeE oR ser

; bi BE IO notvgitesed : bs we 4 :
wor joted ent te istomerh om Lf dae’ Agtd sm 08 (aso

gleoe ylirs ghLe ie Neloword uzed ;betegnole 19 bebasor
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oT
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me my or

4 ep tre “hs p
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a ee ; ae eile ao ip 4 ‘phil si a ae Al A

61

40 to 70 cm. long, flattened, broad and winged; leaflets
petiolulate, insequilateral, transparent dotted, the first
pair Opposite, the following ones alternate, the petiolu-
les 1 to 1.5 cm. long, the blades 15 to 30 cm. long, 5 $o
7 cme broad, Oblique-elliptic, cuneate at the base, almost
obtuse at the tip. floral panicles terminal, loosely
ramose, 30 to 40 cm. long. Flowers pedicellate, large;
pedicels 4 to 5 mm. long; calyx tubulose, pubescent, about
6 mm. long bearing two anterior lobules 16 to 17 mme long,
7 mm. broad, transparent dotted, and three posterior ones,
small and acute; petals pink, the vexillum almost orbicu-
late, about the size of the anterior calycinsl lobules and
deeply emarginate, the wings oblicue, obovate, bilobulate,
the petals of the keel free, about 19 mm. long and auricu-
late; stamens connate nearly to the tip; ovary glabrous,
uniovulate. Fruit drupaceous, pedicellate, ovsate-oblong,
depressed, 6 em. long, 3.5 cm. broad and 3 cm. thick or
less, the pedicel about 1.5 cm. long. Seed straight, oblong-
elongate, about 5 cm. long and 1 to 1.3 cm. broad, covered
with a light brown episperm.

Deseription of the wood

Sapwoed thick, nearly white; heartwood much darxer.
00d very hard, heavy, strong, tough, cross and fine-grained,
adifficult to work, taking a good polish, durable in contact
with the soil. Annual rings of growth not visible under
high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (.12 mm.
in diameter), round, open in sapwood, closed with light
brown tyloses in heartwood, and arranged singly or in
pairs regularly throughout the wood. Vessel walls (lon-
gitudinal section) with numerous rather large bordered pits.
Perforations simple. ‘ood fibers about 1.4 mm. long, with
thick walls and small lumina; pits very small and simple.
Wood parenchyma abundant, arranged chiefly sround vessels
and in short tangential lines (transverse section). Rays
storied, numerous, very narrow and barely visible under
hand lens on smooth transverse section, from 1 to 2 cells
wide and from a few to 10 or 12 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses ~

This tree seems to be an important element of the forests

fa.

. eteltael.;seguiw bae Beord ,benedtalt ,guol.mo O% oF 02

[* >

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anol suott TL ot Of aslndol tofisiue owt gitieed anol mim 3
.aemo toltedeaq esidt Sie rage Bigs: parade deo.
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. sarteqgsige ow ord ddpks e ddiw

boos odd to mekdytroesG cee

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“ohne olcdiciv tou s3Getg to angi faunas itoe est
-eqessorolm tewog Aad

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digil dtiw beeelo ,becweee at nego ,fasot ,{redemeth at

Ki t) \lutite Deguerie ina , beowlised mi evseolys swoid

05 } eliex {eecoY .hoow sd? duodgwoidd ylielwger erisg .
“«etig hetehted syial isiter ewotemmn dtiw (nokteses Laatbust

dtiw .gaol..om Mi tuoda exedis bool: alent anold ay. “ 4
.oigrte fixe [Lease yrev adiy ;entanl rE bie allew-
eleceoay hinote Ylieide evtie ,tnscands exydonszeg reo

ayek, .(aettess sexsveneis) eomkl Isttueguet tuiode ai Sue

0 bits3 sidiciy yleued bac wottean Yiev ,anctomem ,Seftote

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of both watersheds in the eastern part of the Republic of
Panama. The specimens were collected mainly in the Canal
Zone, but it was observed also and notes taken in the Paté
Valley and around Port Obaldia on the Coast.of San Blas, in
the vicinity of Chepo and in the Sambi Valley on the Pacific
side. Although it was not seen during the recent botanical
survey in the western part of Panama, it may occur here and
there. It grows always on well drained hill sides up to

an altitude of about 400 m. above sea level. At the blooming
time, from the latter part of june to the first days in
August, it is conspicuous dots on the sides of the wooded
hills. Later on, the fruits, scattered over the ground,
indicate its presence everywhere.

Coumarouna panamensis is known all over the country under
the name of almendro, i.e., almond~tree, The fresh seed is
eaten by the natives, being extracted from the hard shell
and prepared by roasting on a live fire. The wood is not
used extensively on account of its hda@ness and resistence to
the ax, but it is fine grained and takes a beautiful polish.

It may be mentioned here that the Panaman almond tree
is a near relative to the Hboe Tree of the liosquito Coast
(Coumarouna oleifera Taubert.), to the Tonka~Bean tree
(Ca odorata Taupert of Venezuela, e ee leon

th the-ietn-eup paso GS RLaS “wi wee nee (6 "O' awe 3 5
Zola tauness OF late, the seeds of Doth the ahos ond
e Almendro have acquired some importance as the saurce of
@ very fine oil, which is said to be ues Pate 3 in the pre-
paration of perfumery supplies. aiemn

Malpighiacese
Cuming's Golden Spoon
Byrsonima Cumingiana A. Juss., Ann. Ser. 2,13;332. 1840.

Description of the tree

A smsll or middle sized tree, usually low, the crown

Las Yo ‘ob Ldarqes ode 0 dreq rievaae eds sik fu testa cedonk pee to.
{ened oft ut lates betdoeifon s1)ew anemioege oft .emenel
~~ bee off ai nexet setom ine osle bevresda asw ti ‘ted eO0G
mt ,6el€ met tendeeod odd mo eliledO trod favors bag yolLev
2 $ro0% ead Ka volley tdmes eid at bue ogqedd to ytiatoby odd
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& SipH tw0O90 Yem tL ,emened to dieq cistveew one nt Yovine -
ov Gs eeble [Lid Bentath flew ao cyswle @woug tI =. eteds
pLEmoald eft.ti .feveL eos svode .m COD Tuade Yo sbotitia ne
EAN ge ayes deri end of sunt te dieq 1ettal ond mort ,emit —
— bekoow ent to eebfe end mo ath esovotgacoo ef ti ,t
a hrdrore ont tevo fetetteoe ,seintt ofs ,o ev ad sigh
-orenwyzeve Ssoisesrty ect etsot bat

iy YudasOD efit seve [Le awondl &f ates error amused
nig. xeort ef? ,oett<bromla .0Ss :
er Ehets Suse eft pott hevoetixe zried ‘gout am oct yd
ton ef Soow oST .onkt eyif emo gnivesox yd pion Se erofers, ine
ot. souetsiee: tue © - ati To thueoce no ylevienedxe aay
Seas Lgtidseed & <6 bie honte tg ent? ef tk io “

- eprea bromil 2 demee? edt tad¢ ered bonodtivem ed yom 3r Aas dn
_tee00 oticpeoll edt to aa pote eid ‘of evidelot teem 8 at
Ppa ces 2A edd wel sexetislo exauortsgod)
i mppiaseter mipeteiess ,sloyseneY to (Jisdue%s
du tas UteRQehor CORPO! p Rap Dn SGes ve
o08 mi edd déod %eo epede eat ,

ko S01 UG Sd? ae somettoqgn? emes poi evaed ovbnem
Set, Ody ui yinier Seen od ef Stes et songs aa oars

rN

peek

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howe Heblod 6 "ga taud

ROU ELA .2e8 vet .. cent ok: anal

Boers ec: rid to isgtutiveod

>. eet eae pirased . eexd bea te aig ba Kier, ee

elongate; bark dark gray; young branchlets, petioles and
rachis densely ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves opposed, co-
riaceous, the petioles broad, about 1 cm. long, the blades
ovate or obovate to elliptic, subacute at the base, abruptly
short acuminate, 6 to ll cm. long, 4 to 5.5 cm. broad, ad-
pressed hairy above, densely grayish-tomentose beneath.
Infherescence spicate, terminal, 10 to 12 cm. long; calyx
glandulous, the sepals 5, ovate-oblong, 3 to 4 mm. long;
petals deep yellow, suborbicular, 6 to 12 mm. long; ovary
3-lobed; styles 3. Drupe globose, nearly 1 cm. in diameter,
greenish yellow at maturity.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, very light pink; heartwood brownish pink.
Wood hard, heavy, strong, close- and cross-grained, taking
a very good polish. Annual rings of growth visible only
under high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, smell (.116
mm. in diameter), round or slightly elliptical, open, and
arranged singly or in radial rows of from 2 to 6 or more
vessels usually smaller than the width of the space between
two pith rays. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with
numerous simple and bordered pits when in contact with pith
ray cells and wood-parenchyma fibers, always bordered where
two vessels abut on each other. Ends of vessel segments
wholly absorbed, leaving large circular or elliptical openings.
Wood fibers about 1.19 mm. long, with moderately thick walls
and relatively large cell cavities and few slit-like, simple
pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers sparingly developed and
occuring only in the neighborhood of vessels. Pith rays
from 1 to 4 cells wide and from a few to 30 or more cells
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This tree appears generally with the savanna-formation
in the semi-arid districts of eastern Central America,
northern South America and some of the West Indian Islands.
In the latter a few species of the genus are called Golden
Spoon, a name referring to the shape of the ,etals and
which van be retained for the Panamanian Species. [In Some
parts of Colombia, it is called peralejo, in others chaparro,

&

“Bere. Pei ec ~steltenard sncoy ists #186 ited jetagtote —

. 200 ,bseoqqo esveol seodhemot -avontguriet YleaneS efdost

‘ _astald edt .snol .mo [ tuode .beatd eelatiog edt " apaehts

Syetdes ,eead sit te otmondive wakdqiife o¢ stivodo to, etevg

ee baowd mo G46 o¢. 3 ,yrdl smo IL at 3 , od atinsos txod6

= shitiger ted. esothomet-Asiyery yisanch ,evode “ited Beoeser

- wylas ;gaol .mo Sf o¢ Of ,fenimie: ,stgotge Shhacdeuseent

or eemel sag + ot-& pnblde-vt evo .< slates edt ,spolehaely

” eweve canes. .am &f of 6 seltigkdugdsue »wolisy eed bled

stedemels ne. £ qiteen poeddoly Syuid 46 Geiles betages

«WEEE 8 ve wolloy “oe i

boow edit 32 pottutroaed

set de hatoxd boowdieed Lae wHigil yiev ,ofad Boowgeg oe
a DONLGYB-BR079 | bag -se0lo, , 3notts vwveod Sted Boot .
‘g yao aidiety ivweug to extitz Lesmak idelbtog: 600 yre7 6
wan | -ogossatoin, tewoy dain refs

bre Ev bins: Asotemsn Yeov (solsose osxrevenerd ) ser0%

Bie giao rieoltgitte "ltdaile, xo sriiot Baas im ft .oite
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cbawted eoeqe ont te Athiw ext watt sollene ys. ena 8 a pot

$@ dciw toataeo at nedw stig. Bexeliod fae ef

~, sgect (yitooe Ienthediguol) silew Leeeey hue ee eat
wf hetehied avewle he sory net eq~bhoow : agotonn

oe he

Bditenyes Leseov to & sisdto dose fo duds sleacey

tee Lenityifie vo 1efsexts egtal gniveel ,bedzoede /
Ww BOLLS yletershom déiw ,gnol .mm ¢L.f toda ersdt on
fe ,enil-cile wet bie seitiveo iles sgiel yLlevitelet bug
_ ae beqeleveS ylguizege siedit emydoneteg=booW .edig
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Seca 20 G8 of wet e moxt base ebtw elioo & av: iy hee

Sees Sue eemmay fOnNNOD wortudiste ta

abt dna chet: evee ed? dciw ylletertes eieeque eext erat
- -Beftemé Lextued ovetsee to Btofatels bite-fmee eds ol.
plel teibol teew ede 29 GG fre a@oirems Adsoc Bee Mee
Los belles aus @xineg ec! to ashoeqe wet a 1sd¢el ogy ol
tie plete, end to 38 jade edt of gatave tet emaa & , 200 ge
* sae ioeqa neinerened ont 382 hLeriesexr ed ase
aS Bisive AL , gi elaue eae BeLlee ai rr- Shea kos te tee oF

64

while the Central American name, used also in Panama, is
mance. As referred above, the natives distinguished two va-
rieties, the nance colorado and the nance blanco, and they
use the first for beams in house-building, as it is very
durable if not in contact with the earth. The decoction of
the bark is said to be effective against certain Skin di-
seases and from the fermented fruits a kind if chicha, or
refreshing drink, is obtained, which is very much relished
by most Panamanians.

Rutaceae_

The common Satin-Wood Tree
Zanthoxylum elephantiasis Macfad., Fl. Jamaica. 1:193.1837.

Description of the tree

A middle sized, dioecious tree, about 15 m. high, 40 to
75 cm. in diameter; trunk usually erect, the bark grayish co-
vered with large, depressed suberose cushions, these acule-
ate at the apex and inserted with their longer diameter
transverse to the axis of the tree; branches ascendent; crown
elongate; sterile branchlets prickly. Leaves exstipulate,
‘imparipinnate, glabrous; rachis 10 to 25 cm. long; leaflets
5 to 17, the petiolules about 1 cm. long, the blades ovate
or obovate to narrow elliptic, rounded at the base, obtuse,
4 to ll cm. long, 1.5 to 3.5 cm. broad, dark green above,
paler beneath, densely transparent dotted, the margin broadly
crenate with acute teeth. Racemes terminal, densely flowered;
the flowers pedicellate, in clusters of 3 or more; sepals 5,
suborbiculate, entire, about 1 mm. long, the margin scarious;
petals 5, greenish yellow, oblong, 5 to 6 mm. long. Male
flowers; stamens 5. Female flowers: carpels 5, stipitate,
each bearing a short style. Follicles divergent, 1 to 1.5
em. long, verruculose glandular on the surface, at length
shorter than the distinct carpophores.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, Yery light brown or nearly white; heart-
wood slightly darker tinged with light yellow wood, modera-

ae Si .amenst ni.oeie been , omen chet vend feitned ond oltdw

+8v ows fedetegnivels eeviven ot ,evede Setretet ea 4.

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at

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2 os date ot @L dsode ,eeas euetoocts beate eLbbin. £

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Bteiteel :ynol.mo GS ot Gf eitoes' ;suordela ,eteatighteqms

“egeve eebeld ext ,saol .mo I tuode colulotvey eft, TL. 0¢'s

Sentde , seed ofd te bobusor ,oitytiie wor1en oF edevodo to

Svods Hears avab .fbeoid .ho°8.8 ot Gel (gol imo) LL 638

ord. istgrem sss Botton toe1eyener? qleenes Atsened teleg

rawolt uleeneh ,lanimied cemeosh .dteet etscde dt tw etanoro
ages ; stom so & to eretvenio at ,stalleotteq exewolt odd )

pag mgt em ont ,grol om f diode exitae ,eislivoaidiodse

ex oe im G of @ ,gnoido ,wolley deineety ,@ eleteq -

, bte eosifre {2 Biegine »aerewolkY olamet ..@ enemate ;exewolT

Get oe f pte Qwerts aefotile’t -elyte suede e@ gntraed dose
cep call te (jeoetiwe osc vo telninely caciucutiey ,ga0l . mo
-Seitodgogtes tomigath edd nedt xsdaode

boow pdt to noligtuogse€
Nag bien 26 snoud tdgil yeet ..dotdd heey age

65

tely hard and light in weight, wavy and fine grained, mottled,
easily worked, taking a very good polish, and durable in
contact with soil. Annual rings of growth narrow and visible
under hand lens on a smooth transverse section.

Pores very numerous, rather small (.09 mm. in diameter),
round or when in rows usually compressed radially, open or
more often closed both in sapwood and in heartwood, arranged
singly or often in radial rows of from 2 to 5. Vessel walls
with numerous small simple or bordered pits. Perforations
Simple. Wood fibers about 1.5 mm. long, with thin walls
and relatively large lumina and small vertical simple pits.
Wood-parenchyma not very strongly developed, and present
usually around vessels, especially at the beginning of the
growth layer. Rays numerous, small, hardly visible under
hand lens on a smooth transverse section; from 1 to 2 rows
of cells wide and frem 10 to 25 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The common satin wood is sparingly distributed throughout
all Central America, from southern Mexico to Darien and also
in the three larger Antilles, Cuba, Santo Domingo and Jamaica.
Although its wood is very valuable, it does not seem to be
well known to the natives in Panama. In South-Darien (Panam=)
it is called ruda, and used wherever a hard wood is required.

The Darien Satin-Wood Tree

4anthéxylum Pittieri P. Wilson, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.
20: 479. See2.

Description of the tree

A tree 20 m. high or more and 30 to 40 cm. in diameter,
the trunk erect, the grayish brown bark more or less co-
vered with suberous cushions, ending in a sharp prickle;

crown elongate, densely ramified; branchlets glabrous, prickly

fotvom ,featety eait bas yvew ,ddgtew ud sige a8 bret

ie’ eidareb bse Metiog bows \Yrov 6 snide? ,beaxow as a
2 igiety fis woxtst aw worn to @gnix Leunrra . ite dtiw sostnes
7 notésee sevevenett dtocme s 10. sacl Sed 5 ord

er edebieh it -nm COs ) LLese voxd'ex 200% omnis Yrev aero”
“30 Rego ,Yfleiber beeeerymon yileses ewot mi ag a aes

fopaexse ‘\oowdused Kt bre Seowges mt dod peeves Ot

— BELER Tetze¥ -.2 of G mex? to awor Tether ot asd 9 20. ‘0

- setaiveretiss .etig terebiod to eiqnie Ilene” svotenmnr

- . g§lew mtdd dtiw ,gael .mm 6.f toods siedt= boot vafate

=. pedig skgets feoidtev (lame bae animes egiel yLeoviteles Bue

sieeet, bone ,Seqolevebh ylanotde yriev ten anydotreteg-hoow

edt to sutuniyed eat te ylietoeyqes ,sleesey bawors yilanes

Yefag aliiaiv vi bted Afiems ,eyo1semsmt eyed .teyel Atwors
: “mex $ od £ cost smoktoos. eetsvenexd dtoome e@ mo eel baad —

a ; eitgid elles G3 ot OL mort bus ebiw elleo to":

ve

a

© tH 2 ei foeb bie &

ru ait, suottt bodudixterk aes el boow aives somnoo eat,

ele foe Mefise o¢ oofxel. mieddsoe mort ,eottemd Larsaed pa
eux bre ogiimod odnst .edod ,sollivnd regiel eetds edt at
eo o¢ mest ton seob ti ‘olden lev Yaev ek boow edt . atl
(aqenet) cetred-dtwoe ai -amgnel at eevitex edt of} aad
i] ea hpe ei bicw Sian @ revevedy Beey bre Slee beliso a vt

Seer , 9s +06
esi ond te weisvghroset tes
fomisth at .mo O28 oc O& Sue etom vo dgkti va 08 eeat W

=09 ecel 16 etom Sied mwoud datyeta ons ,fsoet98e ane edt
‘ “ebloisg qtede 2 i gaidae ,etotdeso anoredue ad fw bexev

esordsls etoliBaccd :boltiwat wieawes okenginie cere

4 " q
ras ie ei my tile Rea 2s Lie
7 ~e iy » “a - afi . a ' 7 :

66

Leaves paripinnate, the rachis 20 to 30 cm. long, terete,
puberulous; leaflets 3 to 4-jugate, inequilateral, suboppo-
site or alternate, the petiolules 5 to 10 mm. long, the
blades ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, rounded-
mucronate at the apex, 8 to 14 cm. long, 5 to 6 cm. broad,
entire, glabrous and lustrous above, paler and more or

less puberulent beneath, the costa and veins prominent.
Rachis of the panicle minutely hispidulous. Male flowers;
sepals 5, suborbicular, about 0.5 mm. long; petals 5, ovate
to elliptic, 2 mm. long; stamens 5; rudimentary carpels 3.
Female flowers and fruits not known.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood slightly darker.
Wood moderately soft, light in weight, not strong nor du-
rable, moderately coarse grained snd easily worked, not
susceptible to good polish. Annual rings of growth not
always definitely definable.

Pores numerous, rather large (.16 mm. in diametgr),
round, open, and arranged singly or in short radial rows
of from 2 to 4,usually in pairs. Vessel walls in contact
with ray cells snd wood-parenchyma fibers, with numerous
small, transversely slit-like, simple pits; where two vessels
are abutting one another they have small bordered pits.
Perforations Simple. Wood fibers about 1.2 mm. long, with
thin walls and relatively large cell cavities, and few
Simple, vertical, slit-like pits. Wood-psrenchyma fibers
abundantly developed and grouped sround the vessels and in
more cr less irregular, interrupted tangential rows. These
elements are readily distinguished from the wood fibers by
their thin walls and larger cell cavities. Rays barely
visible under the hand lens, from 1 to 4 or sometimes 5
cells wide and from 3 to 6 times ss high.

Distribution, common names and uses
This tree is known only from its type station in southern
Darien, where the Chocé Indians call it alcabui. ‘There is no
informaticn as to the uses of the wood.

a éjeies ,sae0l .mo 08 of OF etdoaet ont . od santigtiag eevedd
- seggadae ,istedaflspent ,etegu,+s ot S evelteel sanolaredug
ge eat ,gnol .mo Of o@ a ecinlotiey edt ,etanretle 10 etfs
ode Bases ,eed od’ te behtwoxr ,anoldo-eteyvo 10 otevo sebelid
Berd: «tte oof & .gpmol smo SL of & ,xege oft te stanotosm
pals; to Siow Sa8 teieg ,evods exoutexrl ins asordels ,eutdne
. -tuenmigoun aitey bus ateoo ott ,disonsd tneluuediiq Beet
ia exewolt s{ali .emolwiigetd yletnoim eloinsg edt to sidoaeh
deve ,G eisteq ; gaol .mm G.0 ducds ,telmoidiodss .¢ elegec
ae ane Yietaemibst ;¢ etiomate iwaol oui. & ord ifise o¢
. . .ftwouk dom etivrt bar etowol elamed

boow eid to aotvgtioeed

| xexteb gioiyt be beowiteed :etinw qyluesn ,adotdt soancant
<8) tom gaoite tom ,tdgiow ot Jdugil ,ttow yledetebom booW
ae fot , bexi0ew yliees fre benterg eaue09 yYletsisbom ,eldst
—- tout atworg ‘to ans fenana ,dellog Boog of elcitqoeasne
9 soLdentteh yletiniteb syewle
\fwetomess at .mm OL.) syral tecter ,evotemun aer0d
gwen Isfiiex trode at to yligats hegnterite Die «90 ~bavor
toetmes Gi ellew [eese¥ «.etieq at yilenev,s ot & wot zo
| gpoxersia dtiw ,etedit emydemeteg-boew ine nites. Yar avin
gov ows ovedw radtq elymte ,eattiatile westevansid ,Lheme
Bd 24 fo1ehuad {lese sved Yeas s0dvone ene suitinde ers
pica enol .cm S.f tuods eaediS book .eigmis enoisai0ixzet
wet ine ,eoitives ILeo egies. yloviselex base eliew aide
Wit anydonere-LooW -evtq eatli-cile ,feolduev ,eigmic
fire eloesov edt busc1e hegnetg one beygoloveb ylinebaude
,8Wwor Leltnegnat Setquiistet .xrelsge1tt seel 10 et0m
Srodit boow odt mott bedetmgntteth yLibsez exe eduomele
Ykoret eyal .eettives [feo segisl ize aflew midst skedd
aaah arc xo & ot 1 moxt ,emel haad edt toban sidielv -
-Ggid @s aemid 0 of & mort base ae wo gadaltle

teen Sie B8men sommoo ols ndtugera

7 nt moit ave eyye adi mox? vino uwomt sf seit cial
prem «tio sole o£ Lfeo Suetbnl tooid ent exedw ,getied
! -boow edt ts eoax ond ot es solvemio tas

67

Burseracese

The Panaman Icica

Icica panamensis Rose, North-Amer.#l., 25°:260. 1911.

Description of the tree

Small or middle-sized tree, seldom over 10 m. high, the
trunk erect or slanting, often crooked, covered with a
smooth grayish bark, the limbs irrezulsr and few, the crown
Sparse; young branchlets glabrous. Leaves large, imparipin-
nate, about as broad as long, glabrous, the rachis 9 to 18
cm. long; leaflets 3 to 7; petiolules thick, the lateral
ones 1.5 cm., the terminal one about 3 cm. long; blades
oblong to elliptic, broadly rounded at the base, obtuse or
subacuminate at the apex, and 12 to 18 cm. long. Flowers
white, polygamous, on Short axillary panicles; pedicels lor
2mm. long; calyx cup-shaped, 4-partite, the lobes rounded;
petals 4; stamens 8 to 10; pistil slightly longer than the
stamens, glabrous, the ovary contracted at the base and
apex, the stigma subsessile, 4-lobed. Drupe smooth,
oblong-fusiform, 2 to 2.5 cm. long, the epicarp red at ma-
turity.

Description of the wood

Sapwood rather thick and light brown; heartwood slightly
darker. Wood relatively soft and heavy, not strong,
straight and close grained, easily worked and taking a
very @00d polish. Annual rings of growth not visible.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, rather small
(.14 mm. in diameter), round when isolated or irregular in
outline when in groups or radial rows. Open in both sap-
wood and heartwood, and arranged singly, in pairs, small
groups, or radial rows. The vessel walls (longitudinal
section) when in centact with one another have numerous
pits, large and bordered, but when in contact with the wood
parenchyma and the ray cells they bear large, simple pits
with transitions to bordered pits. The large simple pits
gometimes resemble scalariform perforations. Perforations

esas oa :*ag.. idee tits 2880K @ stamamd ist

eow edt 29 aotd ysiaets (6 ai .F :

odd data «a OL x0v0 mobiles ,cett beste-ofbbta x0. 1 ELeme
-. @ datz” Bberevoo , bedoora “ged to -eiltaele 10 Joot5e dapst
uawese edt .wet hte 1elstgexxt edait edd ,Atad defyexg dicome
otxuagmi ,egisl esvecol ianoudsig et oLitonerd Queoy ;oe TeYE
ae e eltoee. os) ,suoidels ,smol 2@ heois a8 toda ten
- fexesel amas setae eeluiotdeg Vv of 6 -etelteol + aint.
sebeid pgaot rp © teode ono Lentaried oft ,,m9 Os Beto
“Noa! eendda ;sbed oft te be ditwox ybheord ,ottgtlie od gaoido
E _exswelt sgo0k .md SLO? SL oe ,xO4e ane os enimnoedce
pheetbey ;eelotmey yrallixe tues me esomegylog ,otidw —
> Sabana. gedol ett ps ons sbeqede-quo xyleo jenoL 20m §
ee treat tesaol yftdaife livetq ;0! of © enenede he rote
”* hese fot ‘ent 78 hedosttneo Yrave edd” Bin ,
< tes come syu1d .bedoL-! | tescedua e ont (x
be “ ve po gaeotye ed awol smo 6.2 o¢ & vezouiees ,

beow od? 6 moldy

at 2 Boonticed jxword sagt Mine old aedsen bebe
5) yc toa ,yveed bre Pos ylevitelet foow -
Past bee Sexrow pene ,bentatg eecls hae.
9

sefetaty tose Mtwoxs egnit fannum pecesieie!< i
me entet .everemia yrev (aottecs eerevenezt)
refngertt to befefési nedw Siwor ,(setemets at .mm OL.)
se idcd at segO ewer Leiber vo equexg ot nedw entituo ©
; feme bate nr pee POSATLS HAG ged ine boow
ie ent but farel y eilew fesest off .ewox ies fiex 10 ‘ofdoes
‘esovensi “eved xedtone @no dé iw fostaso Hi astiw: {mot
, a adiw tepinde of ncdw tud , betebred ree egret ete
elynie OBIaL-ras0 -ysny sigee Gai atid bak’
na sie epiel aif ,stiy betebrod of sett iaasid dttw
be Mi gderotiay sictixelsace eldmeeed rapiivnes

68

Simple. Wood fibers about 1-2 mn. long, septate with thin
walls, large lumina and simple pits. Wood parenchyma spa-
ringly developed. Rays very narrow, usually from 1 to 3
cells wide and from 5 to 8 times as high.

Distribution, Common names and uses

This Icica is known only from the Atlantic Coast of
Panama, where it grows on the hillsides covered with light
forest growth. At Nombre de Dios, it is called copa, ,er-
haps an alteration of copal, and the clear resin which
runs from the incised trunk is used to cure sores and also
as incense in the church. ‘he wood is white, soft and of
little if any service.

Meliacese_

——

Cedrela fissilis Vell. Fl. Flum. 1: 75,2: t. 68. 1825.

Description of the tree

A tree of variable habit, trunk low and rounded crown,
or trunk shaft-like and high, the crown then more or less
elongated, the bark darkish, rimose on the trunk, smoother
on the limbs, brownish, velvety pubescent, and covered
with white lenticels on the branchlets. lTLeaves pinnate,
deciduous, the rachis thick at the base, obscurely sulcate,
velvety pubescent, 25 to 35 cm. long; leaflets 7 to le-ju-
gate, suopposite, subsessile, ovate to elliptic, subcor-
date or acute at the base, mostly oblique, 5 to 12 cm. long,
3 to 5 cm. broad. Pannicles many-flowered, the rachis vel-
vety hairy; pedicels about 1 mm. long; calyx gamosepalous,
5=toothed, pubescent; petals 5, white, hairy, acute,
narrow, 9 mn. long; stamens 5, shorter than the petals;
ovary ovoid, glabrous, sessile on a Sulcate, columnar disc,
5=celled, each cell l2-cvulate. Capsules in hanging bunches,

dehiscent, 5-valvate, about 3 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter;
Seeds flattened, long winged on one side only.

ndad tiv otetges ,. gaol .ma S-L Suede easel doow -slqnia

sage emmgione’s iy boaw »etiq siguike bus .actonl exrel ,eliew
8 of 1 most yileven .worrent yrev eysk -heyoleveb yt ue
‘ -Aatd we somit 8 of G mott bre ehiw ea

sees bie semen sommo) ,woktudixzsete bi
‘0 g6e09 obtmelta odd mort yloo awond et aolol sist
-tisil dtiw sexeves sebitel{id edd no ewors 32 eredw aes |
” ~ES4..8400 belleao ef Ji .BolG ob exrdmol FA .dtwory tenxe
= een dolaw oises tveelo efd foe ,facos to acWeistle xe
eo “gets a g0108 eig0 of bess af sHcid hbeéisnt ed? mott eaux
» . te base dice ,otigw ei boow oat ni ow edt of seneont es
hs. on, °= xe -ooiviee yas tt eiddit

_oneoei feu

ah . | Bistbeo coewe ea? et ge
pCBEL 486. .0 78,67 Lf .mwla .La .fieV eilieal? siexbe) =~
ABS By
as : este. Bont ag Bolt gixoeed
ag einer Sos wol sasat ,dided eldsiiev To eeu & a of
Besl 16 eitur neat mwwote ed? ,Agid bus exti=ttede pa mu
tenfoome , inst ofc m6 ovomii tdieb ated eft . bet eo
fererso bie | taeotedug gterlev Mataword ,edmifl ext
oo. epi estig eavear »eteidonexd odd 0 aleaktnel etidw. .
=i soisa yar neds .oead edt te woldt etdoer ent er:
: pr ot Y atelleol panel «mo 86 of GS ,theosedng yovriev
itghiie ot etevo ,eitecsedse ,atieogqone ,
yaw af od 3 gonpiide (iteon ,eaed edt te eduoe to
Sane odd ,feiewolt-yoem seloinael ,Seoid »mo 3 as etek
BO L6yS6 0025 xeleo venel .an I tuede eloctisq ;yxtad vey mC ae
,sthos ,Yrted ,ecidw ,@ sLetey piaroneduq . beddo | :
ybieter, oot edd retvede .2 aftemase ;paol .mm 0 >, wort
¢ tehourloo adweine & 03 obfeaee ,enordely bLOvG.
getuoad fe sel S88 @0 ovelawoant tiles does , Be

ed. ho ay + bee aytod : 'g tTeode. on tevhevad foe iM
‘ ulite ebte 8H fe ws gis sites bones tele +

69

Deseription of the wood

Sapwood thin, nearly white; heartwood brownish-red or
mahogany colored. ‘ood moderately hard, medium heavy, mod-
erately strong and tough, fine-grained, easily worked,
taking a very good polish, and durable in contact with the
soil. Annual rings clearly visible with the unaided eye
and marked @y a Single interrupted row of small pores in
the early wood.

Pores few, rather large (about .21 mm. in diameter),
round, open in sapwood, sometimes closed with dark brown
tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged chiefly singly,
sometimes in psirs or short radial rows of from 3 to 4.
Vessel walls in contact with ray cells and wood-parenchyma
fibers, usually with transversely elliptical bordered pits,
or sometimes simple; elsewhere numerous bordered pits.
Perforations simple throughout. Wood fibers about 1.619
mn. long, with thin walls, large lumina and small vertical,
slit-like simple pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers fairly nu-
merous, scattered irregularly throughout the wood. Rays
numerous, clearly wisible under the hand lens, and from l
to 3, occasionally 4 cells, wide, and from 8 to 12 cells
high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Cedrela fissilis has been reported from many points be-
tween Oaxaca in iiexico and the province of Minas Geraes in
Brazil; it seems to thrive best in the lower belt and in a
semi-arid climate. As to its uses and names, it does not seem
to bepractically distinguished from Cedrela montana Turez.,
and is variously called cedro, cedro dulce, or cedro colo-
rado. In many parts of tropical America, these two species
take the place of the spruce and pine of the temperate re-
gions and are used extensively for carpenter, joiner and
cabinet work. They are imported in large quantities into
the United States coming from Central America and the northern
coast cf Colombia and Venezuela; the bitter Cedrela, cedro
amargo (C. mexicana R. & S.), is much more valuable as a

commercial timber.

2 | ren

<>. bei-detnwoid Soowineed jscide ylusen -,aidt hoowgee *
-fhom ,yveod muitbem ', btad yletete bom booW .Setoloo yueyodem
“ ,bestiow yliaes ,benmtsig-snlt ,aigsot bas guome yletete
by | eakt atiw dostnos st elderv6 Bae ,delioq hoon y1ev e grinder
ae oye bebtans edt ddiw sidieiv Ylxeefs egiit Lesana .iioe
| mi eetoy flame to wou hetqoitedni elgnte s on bexten. brs.
Soow yizee ods

-(tetemerh ak som LS, vrods) egtel -redtex - ‘aa eor04
rewo'td xieh dtrw besols semidemos ,boowges nif neyo , ior

a —_ ylteide bounsite bas ,bhoowltsed one ah eosoly?e
a2 bot & most to ewor Letbex sxone to exleg 1k semitemos
“a parydomeieg-hoow bas elleo yer dtiw soaetnoo nt ellew Lesasyv ©
: »stigq boroebioc Lesitghif{e ylesisevensis diiw ylleven ,etedis -

Carty: Serebiod evotemmn oterwesle ;elqmie eemitemos 10
; Cfd.f teede exedit hooW .tsenguordd olymte enoltvaerot tied
xe ,feottusy Iieme Soe enimel egial ,aliaw aids ditw ,gnol .om
- uy yitet siedit enmylonsieq-booW .atiq slqmis ealti-tile
; Syakh .foow ond tuodgueid? ylielnsesatt bovetteoe ,suotem

£ mort bite ,auel bosed edt tehbas efdiely yite9sels , anoteman

4 aifes Sf ot & mox® fae ebiw ,efleo s yllenotesooo ,{& of
. oes bor eames oemmoo ,Coitodizte

s “ed Odulog Yen most Sevroys seed ced eiiiess> sheeaas

—a mE eee1ed centii to seomivorg oft haa oolxel af 89 heowd .
i @ ait bas cied towel edd ai teed eviuidd of emoos tL glisexé
“~mser tom eo0h ot ,semen bse gesm att ov 24 ,etdemrio bite-imee
he yesdta? efatoon she0 mott bedetuaniteld Loottosrgqed ‘ot
x ~9i90 bes tO , eolv 6 .916e0 belfso yfLevotrev st frie —
.” getesqe ows sesdd , Testqgoxs to attsq pier al Gober -
see eiseqnes edd 0 ant hie eosige edt to eoaly ont.

>, . fee tentiot, ,tetseqres 190% lewlenedxe bees ste fra *anat

>. o¥nt weltitnensp saiel’ at te? ik ete yed? .xrow cox.

a aught ‘ent hie eh a Letined : animes seveté betinv ‘ond

y ~Elothe? 1ostid edt seleusoney = stdmolod te tesco

= fom 82 , («8 ®. so bxom* 0)
Sai a senie Tetot
c by : b Pat « ke ane
ae » 2" ae
af *g. ;? 7 . } dip
‘
r : id §
EIT inde pw
PORE EDS x

70

Buphorbiacese |

Sprite yor

the Hieronyma-Tree

Hieronymja alchorneoides ir. Allemfio, Dissert. in Trab.Soc.
Velloz. Sebastianop. 1848, with plate.

Description of the tree

A large dioecious tree, the trunk covered with scaly,
grayish bark, the crown flat or rounded, more or less
spreading, the branchlets covered with minute, peltate scales.
Leaves alternate, simple, oblique, coriaceous, the petioles
Slender, 2 to 5 cm. long, canaliculate, minutely scaly;
blades ovate or ovate-elliptic, more or less rounded at the
base, briefly acuminate, 8 to 16 cm. long, 4.5 to 10 cm.
broad, olive green and sparsely scaly above, paler and den-
sely scaly, with the costa and veins very prominent, be-
neath; stipules foliaceous, petiolulate, scaly. Intlores-
cences paniculate at the end of the branchlets, the rachis
densely scaly, the brachlets spiciform, voracteolate, 5 to
7 cm. long. Flowers numerous either male or female, the
calyx cupuliform, 4-lobulate, pubescent, the lobules rounded
obtuse; petals none; disc thick, torulose. Male flowers;
stamens usually 4, exserted; the anthers 2-loculate, with
diverging cells; pistil rudimentary. Female flowers: no
stamens; ovary ovoid, sessile, 2-celled, each cell 2-ovu-
late; stigmas usually 4, sessile, terete, recurved. Drupe
small, 1 or 2-celled, surrounded by 4 reddish pericarp;
seeds 1 or 2, pendulous.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light pink; heartwood slightly darker
resembling light colored mahogany. Wood hard, moderately
heavy, tough, fine grained, taking a good polish. Annual
rings of growth not visible; the alternating porous and
less porous layers visible under hand lens on a smooth
transverse section are not indicative of annual rings of
growth, but represent periods of accelerated growth
brought about by favorable conditions.

oY

fo aga?

« ee AS

-SoG. dat? ai .ireeete polinoLse ied nos Losazodabe Simquoset

.etelg diétw ,48£ Be rameters ore -s0LL0¥

Berd oat to Reet at=eeens

~ -Gleos tiw beteros Assit sat ,cort exotooots sane: er
bs \ ee6l io stom ,behawot io tell aword eds yaived Aabysetg
.peLsos Stetiog .oiantn déiw beteveo ateLtomerd eff , Ralbsoxrge
‘gelofteda end ,anoaoet roo ,*Bplide ,eLlamte edented ip eevssc —
vElsoe YLlotutio ,otefsotlenss of smo @ od S ,tebmete —
eit te bebosct esel 16 even -oltqiiie S-etevo ic stevo sebeld
: «mo OL o¢ G58 ,ynol vino Gf o¢ & ,Otaninwos yltetid. ,cesd
5 -i66 bus teleg ,ovods ylave ylesieue- baue neers evito ;Ss01¢
~od ,vneninor, yrev entey base steoo ent ddtw yleoe yes
~eetoltt »Ulsoe edelsloliog ,exooostlot eelugite j; Ween
etrost ond ,eteidomerd edt Teo boe sit vs eteluotiegd seohoo
ev <¢ otalostosic mrctioige eveldoeid edd ,ylece yleeneb
end ,elemet to elem teitie sxotensm esiewolG .gaol .mo ?
hebeuoy ecolecol ey ,cmesesduqg ,etaludcol+s WTS LOGS 89
rerewol? ofelf ~.caoLmroed jvotddt oath ;enom eletsg j;seutdo
Mes ditiw .stelvool-s exorine ont ;hotieexe ,* Ullaesen anemate
ay om yetoewol?t oleme@ .yuednent bu [itelg yellea anteet oe
e: —VO~8 If90 doses ,befileo-g ,eltesoe ,btovo yrevo 3s
‘eq «.beviscer ,steret ,efleevs: .d yilever eemgite revel
| . ;qteoired orn 6 yd bebrsorise belleo-§ 10 Lf» items
oa - 6 NOL Diiey ¢a? 20 £ a

za *

boow:. . ' ; Ms
be te sewteh yltigilse boowss viet tisks jade brit’ Soe
=. “leterebom . buen Sock = go rear peveloo vigil cowgae
. Lea e He blog p00 5 BA } - beaters ent ag .Uveed
_ bane essoiod anitenvetie sagt raierets ton déwong to eget:
= dteeme 2 x5 coel fied weber eld tely ateyet enorog enol
io to egnix Lennne to oviteotial gon eva noivess sai1svenetd

diwoun hetexealeoor te eboeiteq vaesezcey tad , ddwor
,enoitiaice eldsvover yd THods jeune’

71

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, (.17 mm. in
diameter), round, open, and distributed singly throughout
the wood, rarely in small groups or short radial rows of
contiguous vessels. Vessel Walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous large bordered pits; those between contiguous
vessels often scalariform bordered, those in contact with
wood-parenchyma and pith-ray cells with either bordered
pits or bordered and simple, the latter sometimes very
large. Ens of vessel segments usually wholly absorbed,
sometimes both simple and scalariform perforations present
in one and the same specimen. Wood fibers about 1.154 mn.
long, moderately thick walls, with relatively large cell
cavities and few slit-like pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers
scantly developed; they surround vessels and are arranged
in irregular inconspicuous, tangential lines, and may be
recognized by their thin walls and large cell cavities.
Pith rays very numerous, narrow, barely visible under a
hand lens on a smooth transverse section, usually only one
or two rows of cells wide and from a few to many cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

pay

Hieronymja alchorneoides has a very wide area of dis-
tribution, extending from South Brazil to western Panama.
While, however, it has been reported from various points
in the Amazonas basin, it is net known to grow in the in-
tervening of Venezuela and Colombia. In Panama, where it
was first indicate@ by Seemann, it has been collected at
several points along the Pacific coast and is by no means
a rare tree. The Tupi-guarani names are uricana and uru-
curana, (meaning spurious anatto) the Panaman Ones panta-
no and gapatero. ‘The wood is hard and fine grained, and
wherever at hand, is extensively used in civil and naval
construction as well as for fine joiner-work.

. Bf sam V,) .enotenca yuev {uetioes esreveneit) aer0d
tuodguousts ylante bodwdiutaté Bae ,aeqo ,bosot , (redemalb
to Box lulieaw dude to e & ileme mi “ylexex ; foow od?
_ {eeitoee Leatbutigael) alfew Loesey .aleseev asiougitaos
Beospdtiion weawhed ebotd | ave igtabend enzel: BuO oma: AF tw
os iti topcico of eaoad _berebtod miotlielece netto alesaey
bere baad seddie doin. eifeco yYeteadiiq bre emydorersq-boow
“Ntey semitemes tedisl sé ,elqmie bue besebted 10 Biig
,bedxoeds Ulonw yilssen etnemgea foseey to end ,onrel
dneeeiy enoltsrotie, miotinreiesa boe elymte died eomitemoe
> oui pal. t tiuods axed beck .femiosge emes oft bus. eno at
sso fies eguel ylevidetes dilw .cilew dolfdd yleterebom , anol
- .@edk£t-emrdiotereqehooW .etiq eilti-stie° wet hes settiveo
begnette eis fas eisssev busotima yedt ;beqoleveh ylineoe
> ef Yon ons ,eemll lebtasgnet ,evovotqenooat talyge11t of
-s. | ge sith yao rfeo eptel Sna eliew nid’ tiled? yd beata:
ae ar 8 sobns aldiefv ylewsd .woTten ,evoremen yrev. syet atid
= patie ylao yilesem ,noltose eeisvetexd stoome & a0 énel Saed .
aie eee qian ot wet # mort bas ebiw alieo to ewoi ows 16

eed

Gino bie eomen : noMmOD Hotdudtsderd

‘nag $5 So sexe GOhW rey 8 Bed aebiocomiodels o1eih
semeuRd isetsew of iteext itpee sort guiane oltad2xd
-etnied 2volrav mort. betioge: aeed sed. 7f apresan , oli aw
ae oft uf wors o¢ upont dog ei ti ,aiced sanosems on? nt
ot GUSH , Beil Ril .Bidmoled ine sleureneV to ‘snimerted
se botvosifisc head. eat 2h ,anenee" yd beotsefint texfit seen
Been on Yd #! Ske. d2e00 oistees oii muele atntog Larevec
HES Die ecsvits Ste 8 Omelet . itetaug-Lgs? olf weett: etet es
| Bias aono ‘eranet ond . Tits ete euolings giiteen). , saeso
x if ,bentarg omit bne Bist et boow edt ~, o1t9eteqed. fae’
apres hue Livto ak bess yisviaued xe et , 8 Teveie

wrew-rentol emf t96t es Iiow as noltontiscos a)

72

The arboreous Pera

Pera arborea ifubis, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stock. 5: 299. 1874.

Description of the tree

A middle sized, monoecious tree, the trunk slender, sel-
dom straight, covered with a smooth, whitish bark, the
erown sparse and flat. Leaves glabrous, subcoriaceous, the
petioles 1 to 1.5 cm. long, sulcate, the blades ovate, cu-
neate sid subdecurrent at the base, briefly acuminate, 10
to 18 cm. long, 5 to & cm. broad, reticulate, the costa and
veins prominent on the lower face. Flowers unisexual, the
inflorescences clustered in the axils of the leaves, and
pedicellate. Involucre calyx-like, the 2 outer bracts co-
riaceous, broad, concave, hsiry outside, red inside, the 2
inner bractecles small, white, petalcid; neither calyx nor
corollas; male flower central, surrounded by rudimentary ova-
ries, the stamens numerous; female flowers 4 in each invo-
lucre, the ovaries 3-celled, the stigmas almost sessile,
stellate. Capsule loculicid, pear-shaped; seeds depressed,
black and lustrous.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light brown, nearly white; heartwood
darker. Wood moderately hard and heavy, rather strong, wavy
and fine grained, taking an excellent polish. “nnual rings
of growth not clearly visible under hand lens.

Pores (transverse section) fairly numerous, rather small
(.17 mm. in diameter), round or radially compressed, open
both in sapwood and in heartwood and arranged either single
or in short radail rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous, small, transversely oval bordered pits, with
transitions to larger simple pits. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about 1.244 mm. long, with very thin walls and
relatively large cell cavities and smail vertical slit-like
Simple pits. Wood parenchyma abundant and arranged in very
narrow, always indistinct, tangential lines from l to 2
cells wide. Kays numerous, very narrow, usually.:only one

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ent anoecel10odne -avordely eeveoi .telt Sua estaye mwore
=f0 ,oteve sebeld sfit ,etesine ,guol .mo dit ot £ eslotteg
Of stenianos qitetid ,o6ad etd te Sasiivdsebdne bus eteen

Bis eteoo adit etelusitey ,beoxd: .ao 6 of & yet ymo BL oF
on? _feseee ten e1ewolt® soe tewol end co tosnimory enter
bee ,eeveel sit to elixe eft ni beredaulo eexteosezolint
“00 etoaid sevso S ode ,oxti=xyleo evonfloval . otalieotheg
S&S ed¢ ,eftenk bes sblétue yuten .eveomoo ,beoud ,esoeoert
y dor xyLRo tectten ;bLoLeteg et idw ,LLane 2olLootoexd aactert
-876 YIedsomifoa yo hebusottve Lextae0 sewolt olem ; ailozeo
=ovuat doee ai-> suiswolt oleme? ;esor68emsmt anemete oft ,sott
jeitsess ceumls agmpive edt ,belfoo-5 eotveva eft ,etonl
Berea teh ehese ica ss Seust, Sietiusol oelseqed ,otellote
-eporsest bis aoeld

hoowdtead oc iw eine word ‘tdeat yiev More oul —
Crew. sroxte resiter wees ine ined vLleterebem booW .t9x1eb
epnit Leoni* .pretlog tuslleoxe ha sedated forterg entt bas
-anel bred rebos eldiety + (ixeets! ton tit ai
ifeme wetter ,evovecun yLtier (nottoes osxéveleyt) wee
nego ,beeecsiqmos yLisibar te bayou .(tetemath at .mmSI. )
elyale *oni2 f 9 begistie bre boowdteed ak bie boowges at ce
%

{moitose Lentiutiamel) siiLew leeesY .ewot Itehex trode a

itiw .etig bershicd [eve ylesievetatd ,Ileme ,sxotemun diéiw
welgute atolitexetie. .ediq elqmia teptel et enoitdtensit
bas elisw utdd yrev déiw ,gool .mm S88.f dvode siedi2 book
Siif-si te Lesitiev iisme bre eoittives Iles egxel bth
yTev at bognozie Sire ducbunde soydenexsq booW .etigq 8
3 ot L mort semkl fettoegned ,tonitvetbar eyswle , Words
on Ye} Yllaves ,woxisn yey ,guorenm eyekh «sobtw BLieo

ie Pe ee Lies Vi ae
i ee “ae wy ¥ bf nied awe F

73

cell wide and from a few to 15 or more cells high.

Distribution, cOmmon names and uses

The tree is known only from Colombia and Panama, where
it grows in the inferior warmer belt on the slopes and ri@ges
of the hills. In Colombia the fruit aiff also the tree, sre
known under the name pera, on account of the shape of the
former, which looks like a diminute pear. In Panama, the
tree is called feli, a name probably taken from one of the
native languages. The wood is said to be strong and is
extensively used in house building in the villages along
the Atlantic coast and in Darien.

The birdcatcher's Milk-wood

Sapium aucuparium Jacq., Hnum. Pl. carib. 31. 1760

Description of the tree

4A tree 5 to 10 m. high, the trunk low, the crown depressed
and spreading; bark rugose, grayish; floriferous branchlets
erect. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, olive green, the petio-
les 5 to 15 mm. long, provided with two conical glands, the
blades lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 6 to 13 cm. long,
1.3 to 2.5 cm. broad, obtuse or acute and incurved at the
apex; margin serrulate, each tooth provided at first with
@ Small deciduous gland; stipules ovate-reniform, timbriate
on the margin. Fhoral spikes about 10 cm. long, single,
terminal, androgynous or only male; glands oblong; bracts
brosdly ovate obtuse, fimbriate; bracteoles reduced to hair-
like appendages. Female flowers 5 to 8, distant, the pe-
rianth bilobulate, the ovary globoso, the 3 stigmas sessile.
Clusters of male flowers close together, 7 to 12-flowered,
the perianth 2-cleft, the stamens 2. Capsules 3 to 6 on
each spike, sessile, more or less globose-depressed, sbout
10 cm. long and 13 cm. in diameter; seeds lenticular, api-

culate, smooth, sbout 6 mm. long and broad.

a .Agid @ffeo exem yo Bk of wet 2 most base ablw Lieo

cA

seen bad. senan segRuUso'S Oded EH eS |

etary ,smacet bag atdmeloo mox> yino nwond si sexi ont
$eghi«x ine es ofe edt mo Siec temieW 19lretat edt of awoty f2
Se esrt of ele Stuvt ed? etdmofed ni pV eeRe ed? to
es ent So eyacte eid to ¢asoe08 5 ,Bteq semen edt rsbas awoad
tr edd eaetes al vrgey otsmrinifs 2 {£ astool so pao K a omc
edt te emo sort moxet.yldedoug omen & ' Ropes
ah Bote. gcovte of 63 bias Ss hoow ont i Be?
paole champs adv ak gatbilad easod mk uote aiae et
‘ ‘netted at ‘Bas cagoe ©. ick

ts secu 4S nwix9 06h ea.t pet ent Agi .@ OL of @ sort : oe
* gteldoneid. exovetine£s ; pre ee ogee ated vans haenys
70: abo. ode .noem evil ,esomdela ,esneseitos eeveel «
i AUieiy solace opt div bebivory gol sm Of of 6 4
a * eee ap SL od Oo ,etelosonel+etevocé so et plospnsl ‘66
“eid te hevinoni ite etvos re-senedo ,baotd smo G8 of BL
me aaa dunt $< bebirou avood. Kose ,odslurses algvem {xeqe |
otecsdms® OrgtMes-siave ealiytss. ; bnelg svosbioeh Ilene e
akgeke .wolwao Of tuoge gesitye SereLi > en ont
A, etoend yanoldo ebisls +elew pie 10° bane 3%
ott en WW pvosiher salvetooid ivolwad (08 ,
oq od¢) tusteth ,6 of do etewolt elemeD doulas SEE
280 Geuytse = ent porey yxevo and ,etelmdolid: “ae
epee El o¢ 9 ,sortegut. exole exemolt elim to BreceslO -
9 8. 68 &. é6eizsiso <8 anéoete sav re tee i ned
sti , beseduyod- -Caail oly eael 20 e%omt | bt
S Selwoaraol aSses ;xe7emels af sno SL.

sbeGid. ius viol ime & duade aw eatelin

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« A ‘ ti R , # A) iy]

74

This tree, which had been distinguished by Klotzsch
under the name of Sapiun moritzianum, has a peculiar appea-
rance not unlike that of certain willows. On the margins
of the leaves are numerous hydathodes, or water-secreting
organs, which appear at irregular intervals in the shape
of larger, rounded teeth.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood slightly darker.
food very soft, light, not strong, very brittle, straight
and rather coarse grained, easily worked, not taking a very
good polish. Annual rings of growth barely visible under
a high power microscope.

Pores few, rather large (.154 mn. in diameter), round,
Open both in Sapwood and in heartwood, and arranged singly
or in short radial rows of from 3 to 4.. The vessel walls
in contact with pith-ray cells and wood-parenchyma fibers
contain few, large, transversely elongated simple pits;
elsewhere numerous, small pits, with very narrow borders.
Perforaticns simple. Wood fibers about 1.41 mn. long, with
very thin walls, relatively large lumina, and small, slit-
like simple pits, or sometimes with very narrow borders.
Wood parenchyma sparingly developed. Rays exceedingly nu-
merous, 1 cell wide and from 8 tc 15 cells high. Pith
rays constitute about 50 % of the bulk of the wood.

Distribution, common names and uses

The birdcatcher'’s Miilk-wocd, or lechero of Trinidad and
Venezuela, is known from the northern part of South-America,
including some of the Windward Islands. In Panama, its favo-
rite stations are on rocky hills close to the seashore, or
in the forests clumps of the savannas along the lower slopes
of the Pacific watershed. On account of the peculiar appea-
rance of its grayish green foliage, it is called olivo by
the natives, who sometimes use the latex to smear small
sticks by means of which they catch birds.

_.- fipeatoit-yi bedetsgattetS nesd bad dotdw i sing

n= segs neitgse, ¢ Bea eee ecoce wotgne 20 euen sit teban
-enlgien ont 10 .ewol 199 50 exiting tom sonst
-gitdevose-istew so ,eehodtsbyd exorsemsm e1e eovesl oft to

Be egede edt ot efevietal usingetzri ts tseqge dotdw ,enegto
verte »dteet habasor .tegtel to

boow ent *o motigixseed -

“sxexizet ylidaile boow? tach -;evidw ylisen ,doldt boowge’
‘Piyternts .c{ttinud yuev .gmoitse ton tdgh ,ttoe yYrev boowW
= ‘yeov @ anidet ton ,bexxow ylteec bettery 681809 tentex bite
“ -xebrur eldtety qlered atwotg te ganti IevunA .detfog boos
,sqoorotolm xtewoq daid s

,buver ,{ietemelh ot .om SdL,} ogial iedter ,wet setod
| Ylscte Segneris bre ,So00owste0es ai boa poowyse ni ddod geqo
- aifex fosecev edt > ev & mout to ewot Leiber trode ai x0
- gtedit garydeometagq-boow bus elieo yet-diigq diiw soataoo ni
..- - gatig eLumte beseynofe yYloexeveneid .egrel ,wet aletnoo
*,@iebicd wowten yiev déiw yatiq jlems .anoreman exedweete
“site panel .wm 18, trode e19dit boot .elqute enoiserptred
“at2fe ,{fLame das. , satont exiel ylovisele: ,ellaew atdd “yiev
= yatebrod wotien yrev déiiw semivemoe 10 ,etiq eignte sxtl
} | Bhi wlentbhoooxe eyei .hegoleveh vlantisge emydoneteq Soo
7 ght .tistdh alfeo af ot 8 mozs bus ehiw [feo { ,spotem
er {Boor edt to Xiud edt to © O02 duode stutitenco eyst

“ ~
gees bis somes Badan? wolttnuditterd

bas bedtaix2 to otetioel 16 0, So0w=-HIlli s‘1edodeobald oft
iomasdss0c to Fiag Mreddiom edd moxt awond ef ,alousenev
i edi ,emeted ol .ebasieal bSiewhut) edd to omoe thuLloat
| (o ,9uOnABOG eit et seolo eil#m ytoor mo ete enoliste evit
6 dap Newol eft uoole eennevse ot to equulo efaexct eft at
eg tsilueeg ext to iqmeoce 20 .bedeietew ofttosi edd to
d oviioc Loiles et ti ,egeileat neory detyexg adi to somet
" £Tsise “seme o¢ xetel odd o8M eoatiemos cdw ,geviten, odd
os sehrid dodeao fort ttoidw to aceon Ys eaotia

75

The Giant Milkwood

Sapium giganteum Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20:128. 1918.

Description of the tree

A tree, up to 30 meters high and 1 meter in diameter,
the trunk straight, the limbs divaricate, forming a flat,
Spreading crown; bark grayish and rimese. Leaves coriaceous,
glabrous, the petioles 1.4 to 2 cm. long with rounded-co-
nical glands contiguous to the base of the biade, this ellip-
tic, 5 to 12 em. long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad, tapering at
the apex to a slender, incurved appendage; margins sinuate-
toothed on the lower half of the blade, serrate toward the
apex. lowers not known. Capsules 4 to 8 on each spike,
sessile, glebose-depressed, sbout 10 mm. long by 15 mn.
in diameter, the divisions cf the carpels snd the dorsal,
loculicid lines of dehiscence marked by distinct meridian
furrows; seeds whitish, suborbiculate and flattened, spar-
sely tuberculste, apiculate, about 5 mm. long and 6 mm. broad,
surrounded with a red, aril-like tissue.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light cream colored; heartwood slightly
darker. Wood soft, light, not very strong, brittle, fairly
fine grained, easily worked, does not take a good polish,
and is not durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings
of growth not clearly visible under high power microscope.

Pores numerous, (about .2 mm. in diameter), round when
solitary or irregular when in groups, open, and arranged
singly or more often in small irregular groups or radial
rows of from 3 to 6. The vessel walls (longitudinal sec-
tion) in contact with wood parenchyma and pith-ray cells
have large transversely elongated simple pits; where two
vessels are in contact, the pits are numerous, larger with
a@ marrow border. Perforations simple. i/ood fibers about
1.724 mm. long, with thin walls, large lumina and small
simple pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers sparingly developed,
chiefly grouped arcund vessels. Rays numerous, very narrow,
omly one ceil wide snd from a few to 12 or sometimes 15

Boowslim dnetd edt

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seid ene to aottgtioeed

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ee 9ell # gtinist ,efeotievib.edmil odd ,ddgieive, anes edt
| ,@foetsives cavesl- -.enomit ine defyeis xted ;awors golbsexges
- -@o-behbano. dtiw gael .me. 8 od 3.1 colotieq edt: ,enordelyg
“watiie Gids .obeic ont Bo seed: ois o¢ exougitaao abnaly Leota
ATs ds geittsyet ,Bbactd .mo aG.& o¢ &.8 ,an0f smo Shoot 3 jold
S>setennt« atin an -epebasgq! heviconit ,tefimale @ of xege endd-
> glitte - Ba ewot eduntes ,96ald:> ods. to fad tewol eft moo bedtoort
: ~~ paitgs foes mo 8B ot & colueqed .nwoudt tog srewclt (.xeqe
4 stm Gio gdeanel .om Of tuods ,boemerqeh-erodoly ,eiteeee
afeezebadt ine efogees efd to sagteivib edt ,tevemets at
. tkbiven toatvels yd Seiten: eonesetdeb to eenil biolinooL
_ “tegs’ ,benadsed? fas etelscoiczedse ,deididw ehees-;eworts>
be eons leer - bua yiol .om &-soode jeteisotae , at eluosvedst yice
»omeciz ee ,>8t 8 aid bw siete

ne
a

a od of
7)

= ‘>. a 7 ‘ f * re
be s iatadh BS] ngitgizoaed

a “ ktdatte boowtuescd ;bexvofoo maeeto tdyfl ,xold? boowgeé
ites ~— giotte Yiev tou tdget F toa boot - .tex1eh
i # exet ton asoh-,sdx08 ~itese ,beniaty enmtt

(fea eas tie dgoatiios af eldeieh ton ef bags

panate tn teveyg. dgid tobos.efdisiv yireelo, dom diwota to -

° * .{(vedemeli ai pp Gs Tcode) ,axotemma sexot .
fboutiatie boe ,fe90 ,eqnuotg at nedw telugesti vo qusttios
iPifex so eguoig seinvgesits Ifams mi nat ie mae <0 VLante
ope feniiudcianol)} elfew lescev wif .4 o¢ & mont, te’ ewor
ails» yer-dtiq Sue sorydetetey boow. dtiw toetnos mt (aoit -
ew stedy jestfg slymie bhetsanoie. yleegievenets, caxeleven
hip. se RreL BHOL SEE Soe atfa ont, ,goetnodo mi ore afessev .
Paste eiecit boo «Siu. eke eqoigeig@ie% .xebtod worten s-
[ieee fre eatant if satel. ,eliew atat déiw ,snol .om S8Y.Z
_ vhegeseve’ Yletilieds atedrt emyfogeisq-fooW .etig eignie

tae Yiey ,Sugtenit aye -elogeey basors beqwery yltotdo, “8

oS pant omer 19 SL of wel & mot boe ebiw Lies exo ylmo
@ eigid elleo

76

Distribution, common names and uses

The giant milk-wood is known only from the vicinity of
Faté, on the San Blas Coast, where it is conspicuous for
its size, and not uncommon along the foot of the hills. It
is generally ealled olivo, and the wood, which is used
only as fuel, is white, easy to work and mederately strong.
The latex or milk is very resinous and does nat appear to
contain rubber.

The Jamaican Milk-Wood

Ssapium jamaicense Swarts, Adnot. bot. ; 62. 1829.

Description of the tree

A tree up to 25 m. high and often 1m. in diameter at
the base, the trunk erect, covered with a rough; furrowed
and grayish bark, the crown irregular, elongate. Leaves
membranaceous, glabrous, the petioles slender, 2.5 to 5
cm. long, provided at the apex with 2 sessile glands, the
blades ovate, rounded cuneate at the base, briefly and ob-
tusely acuminate, 6 to 12 cm. long, 3 to 5.5 cm. broad;
margin entire; veins numerous; stipules ovate, acute.
#loral spikes terminal, single or several clusterea@, at
times bearing only male flowers, other times androgynous,
the female flowers few and basal, the male flowers nume-
rous and covering the upper part of the spike; floral
gZands elliptic; perianth of the female flowers 3-lobu-
late; ovary 3 or seldom 2-celled; male flowers 3 to 4-
clustered, the perianth 2-lobulate, the stamens 2, Cap-
Sule globose, about 6 mn. in diameter; seeds lenticulate,
slightly verruculose.

Description of the wood
Sapwooa thick, nearly white; heartwood slightly darker.

Gog u Bue semen hommes jnote gdtatelg te it

7 2 Yimioty oat mort ylmo moi ek ho ow=a.Lbm a est»
“ao% aposotqemoo eit df evedw ,deen0 eeld mee edt a6 be at
; at ~elLint ext te toot ed? guefe nommoons con ine este ett
_ ~~ $eeu ei dotdw ,b00w edt Bas .avito belles Letesmeg et
Te ae te YLeterebom bus srow of, yess ,ootdw et ,flevt ae Yimo
ev tsegge tama soob bus esontset {tev et xwafim to xetel ef
n nesters me ay

S. Corre

bocv-2i lu m20

\

of TR: ¥ vedi
-CS81 .85 : ,tod .tombi ,Rdiewe . oeneol ama, miige’

Bote eat to. Nosagt<oéeit

ae ‘aeétemeif ob .m £ betto hae Hetd .o éS ee an soit ‘
4 poworts: ,iycot e déiw feteveo ,Jcois Anwaid edt ,esed elt
-eeveal » -eceynote ~reiogotrt awox6 eg , tied detyerg bas
ie “8.0? @.& ,tebmeie eoloivey-adt “evordels ,euoslaneitdmen
* od ,ehuels efisess S& dtin xs B one te bebiveryg ,gnol smo
sf: “bis ylteisd ,eead edt ta edeenso Sehunor ,stevo eobeid
~ -pheotd smo 4.4 ot 8 ,ytol -mo ol of 6 ,stentmuos yleant
vetoes ,ec¢avo aeksqise ienoromuss eakey potitige sistem
te ,B@ietenlo Leveves 10 olgats lauimsed eoutge Lesoli
Seve asmi¢ twedio ,stewoit slam ylno gulised eomid
somu etewolt elam edt taped Sna wet eiowolt elsmet edt
tas > Sexo pent & eit to dxeq t6eaqs od? guixevoo bas esot

ie g avewolt elemet edt to dénsineg ,oltgtile 2

sb ot & atewol® oisa :helles-S moiles 20 & yteva ae
‘yo Gramate ont ot ebudol Ss dinelteg ext bone boars
Holduel ebose caevenalh Ht «om 3 tuods oead elge
RT, OG OLHOHLICT ve oye

by iad ie to notte
iid te foowliueet petidw ylrecn ,dtoidd cea.

77

Wood soft, coarse grained and not susceptible to a good
polish, perishable in contact with the soil. Annual rings
of growth visible only under the high power microscope.

Pores not very numerous, rather large (.17 mm. in dis-
meter), round when isolated or irregular in outline when
in groups, open, and arranged wither singly in small groups
or short radial rows. Vessel walls with numerous, small,
bordered or sometimes simple pits. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about 1.292 mm. long, with relatively thin walls,
large cell cavities and small, oblique, slit-hike bordered
pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers not highly developed, scattered
irregularly among wood fibers. Rays very narrow, usually
only one cell wide, and 15 or more cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Sapium jamaicense Sw. is known to occur in Jamatica,
Cubs and Santo Domingo, in the West Indies, in Guatemala sand
Panama in Central America, and in Colombia. It is cslled
Milk-wood in Jamaica, Lechere in Cuba, Lechoso in Colombia,
and mipe in North Darien, where our specimens were collected.
The wood has no known uses.

Anacardiacese

The Giant Cashew Tree

Anacardium Khinocarpus D.C. Prodr. 2; 62. 1825.

Description of the tree

A tree up to 30 meters high and 1 m. in diameter at the
base, the crown broadly rounded or elongate, the bark brownish,
shaggy or scaly. leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, gla-
prous, bunched at the end of the young shoots, the petiole
thick, flattened above, 1 to 2 cm. long, the blades obovate
oblong, attenuate to the base, broadly rounded and often
emarginate at the apex, 10 to &5 cm. long, 4 to ll em.
broad, reticulate, the nervation prominent on the lower

ar

ee
‘

* Boog 8 ot elditqeoese tom bas Sind tats eatecs ttee Bool
ka feud .fiee ett Atiw sogdnaoe at eldadetreg sfetlag —
; w seuaenarete tewog agid ed¢ tebas yino eldtaiv déworg to
= i
“eB a3: mk stu: Vi.) eoguel tedteax ,enorxemna yrev tom eserod ©
so prenlw emiltzo ai tefegerzt to betelost nedw hasot , (xsetem
peavots Ileme ol yiycts tedttw beguerie Soe .meqgo .eqsoTy mt
| gileme ,psorsmin dgiw e{iew fesesV .ewor (ether diode 10
/ etal e enclitseiolist .etigq efqmie coemivemoe 10 Hise Mae
ad ew mint yleviteler déiw ,anol .mm 2¢S.i dueds atedit hoew
‘pervebiced eitf-tile ,eupiido ,{iems bue eettives [leo ogtel
Peaceasn ,begoleveh yidaid tom sixedit emydonetey-hoowW ,stig
i ‘ehbawes ,Wortea yxey eyeh .sisdit boow gnome yiltelsgetii
<aene elie. e1om xo GL bias aeREe: 3 {ies sno yino

A aa
“a
Eysk

ae g0e8 hae _semex sommes aHoldsdiytetd -
i sokenst. wk tsooe of Mwonmk @f .we esneotene, mut

we elemetesd mt ,eorhal teet ext nt , oak rr) adn,
PP eattcs ef #2 latdmolod at Soe ,sclremd Laxdne® of ateted
~Sidmolod wt oeedoet ,ednd nt el ,sotemet at boow-:
vbroeLLy2 etew Silemiosqe <O SNeIe aa tred dtrol ak 6g
Arica. eee mwoml on eed boow

ett wedlees tneld ait”
«88 8 stbotT Jord exgisoom tis suttnsoady

eau oat to noktuttoe sc
Tae

eit Sin eot scat’ nt .. f Soe eid exetem o6 o¢ qu eet? ge |
ber eee aiee ott ,olegnete to febiser ylbeoud mworo edd ,esed

. ‘ie ideo sino. ,ouidas jevaazed Le eeveel .ylsoes Yo Yegeds

Sy Sac , etoatls aruox oq to bie oft $e bedsned E018

. fo eakacc edd yygol .moS of £ ,eveds heestelt otde

ee meee: Bue, defies Ylisoid ,seed ect of otemette ,gnoldo

20. Se ieoal od > ,SHbL .mo Gh of OF ,doye edd) ta evanigiene

owns oie ic Tidhinoig moivevre: edt ,eteluottex ,beoid —

78

faces Inflorescence broadly paniculate, few-flowered, sub-
glabrous. Flowers small, white, the pedicels about 2 mm.
long; calyx laciniate, with obtuse divisions, 1.5 to 2 mm.
long and imbricate; petals 5, obtuse, twice as long as the
calyx divisions; stamens 10.4 mn. long and 6 mn. short,
connate at the base with the petals; ovary sessile, l-celled,
l-ovulate. Fruit pedicel thick, fleshy; fruit reniforn,
about 2.5 cm. long and 2 cm. broad.

Description of the wood

Sapwood narrow, light brown; heartwood darker and tinged
with yellow. Wood moderately soft, light though strong and
durable, coarse and invariably cross-grained and difficult
to work. Annual rings of growth usually very wide and vi-
sible only under the high power microscope.

Pores few, large (about .26 mm. in diameter), round,
open in sapwood, but usually closed in heartwood, and regu-
larly distributed throughout the wood, often solitary or in
short radial rows of from 2 to 4. Vessel walls with relati-
vely large bordered pits, where vessels border on one another;
where their walls are in contact with pith¥ray cells or wood-
parenchyma fibers, the pits are usually large and simple.
Pits usually transversely elongated parallel to one another,
resembling scalariform markings. Wood fibers .942 mm. long,
with moderately thin walls and relatively large cell cavities,
sometimes forked. Pits rather large with very narrow borders.
Pits openings usually elongated cither in an oblique or trans-
verse position. Cell cavities sometimes septate. Wood-pa-
renchynia fibers abundant and arranged chiefly around vessels
and bordering pith rays. Pith rays very numerous, varying
from 1 to 4 or occasionally 5 cells wide, and from a few to
10 or 15 cells high. The individual ray cells large, usnally
shorter near the margin and often with crystals ef calcium
oxalate. Pits large and simple.

Distribution, common names and uses
Yhe giant cashew-tree is found on continental America
from the Guianas to Costa Rica, growing generally along
rivers and only in the lower telt, from the sea-level to
about 800 meters. It is one of the largest and most fami-
liar trees of Panama, with a tough and hard wood, used in

the native industry for making kitchen utensils and also

i a: ain Dat
-dne ,bevewolt+get. , etelccoinag ¢hssord sare male Aedes
“ “emm-S duods sleotbe.: ond: ,otidw ,ileme exowold -ensidals
‘gat Soot 6. L yemoke tuts sesitdo ad ty ,otetdiosl xyles :snol
mY 6c @@ gol se eoiwd _,esstdo ,a éLateg ;ecvsotidmi bue

‘| (#f4ede .00 6 bee gael” van b.05 eaemesé ;encdleivih xyleo

.h pikee-! silsesa yr8ve yeLeteg any datiw sead est te stennoo
rica “rotine: tini> pydeelt .aetds Leotbeq tinzi, .eteleve=+L

. beontd smo & Ste gaol smo 8,5 tnddea

feo ore +0 St gitos

hopaat bus tegieh taveneied ;aword Jdyil ,woxten Soongee ae
bre goote figuodd thall-,tioe yLlotarehom booW .wotley Adin

. tinefhtia bus benterg-ecor yYidelievni tae eetecs ,sidews

>» =fv bus ebiw yrov (lleves dtworg to epoiu fesonk .di0w of —
oe soqoosoroim wewog sigth add tehos yLao olgte

bene _ ixotemels ai «mm 38, tuode) egiel ,wet gered
Suge. Sue ,boowissed ai beeole yilasan tud ,boonqgae ni ndgo.
wf 30 guatiLos anette ,foow ede iugodguoudd hotaciaters yltel
-igelet déiw ciicw leaseV .b o¢ & mort to swou Leiber trode
JoGe exe mo tebigd sleseev eiedw ,etigq herebiod osgtal >
W tw elles yeteicvig déiw ¢osdmeo mt ete ellew tlesd ered
qmie fre egrel yllevay exe etiq edt ,etedi® smpdonetag
eae anc o¢ fellersy bet eaolo Clesrevenend yi fesan atic
/ ~mm SS, etedit- SooW .eyriivem mictiteleoe gatidmesez —
eo lfeo egiel yLlevivelex Sia allaw atit yLetearebom diiw
SC wowten yey déiw ogiel teddex evtt ,beitxot semitemoa
46 espiido as at Yettis Betegnole ylleven egainego efit
—-hooy .edetyee aeomivomee seliiveo {ied ,noldisog seiev —
nex bDrucics (ltetds begierre bue tausbavde siedit oh teal
r ,A/0Tehun Yiev eye Wid .eyex détg gatushirod boa
yt 8 non fix ,ebiw elles ¢ yilenotsscoo to DB Qt. aa mor!
i jewiel aiiev® yes feubiyibut ent stgis. affea* ai to a
ches to eletayte Atiw aetie bus-olgrem sit teen setzode
ie -oigete bie opted adit at oll

end : gateheaiicas nye) samt Bi sine sateee tnets Py

ale ULlsrenes sckwore, ett eateod of .esasine edt: moxt

tovel~soe en? moat fed sewol orld ob gino. bre exerts -

yet teom fine Seaguel : ait to ens €£ eT .,etetem,.008 suede —

al ‘pose ,d@tw Bist bra agged eB dedy ,amaned 20 geotd- per
eke bie alienew® cedetta atten tot A cane evidan. bagi aa Ds

]

79

for canoes or dugouts, which are heavy and not very buoyant.
Of late it has been successfully put on the market as a ma-
hogany subtitute, often used for inside work in house
building. The pounded bark, mixed with water, is said to
stupefy fish and the fleshy peduncles of the fruit are edi-
ble. In Costa Rica and western Panama, the tree is called
espavé, in eastern Pansma, Colombia and part of Venezuela,
it is known as caratoli.

a
A

The Liosquite=-Wood Tree

Mosquitoxylum jamaicense Urb. Notizblatt 1; 79. 1895.

Description of the tree

A tree up to 25 meters high and about 40 cm. in diameter
the trunk straight, covered with a reddish, scaly bark, the
crown rounded depressed. Leaves alternate, the rachis gla
brous, subangular, 5 to 20 cm. long, the leaflets, opposite
or subopposite, oblique, 5 to 8-jugate, membranous; petio-~
les 1.5 to 2 mm. long; blades ovate or ovate-elliptic, cu-
neate at the base, obtuse or slightly emarginate at the
apex, 3 to 6 cm. long, 1.4 to 2 cm. broad, dark green and sub-
lustrous above, paler and pubescent beneath. Inflorescence
racemose, terminal, 20 to 25 cm. long, the rachis minutely
adpressed pilose, the bracts and bractlets triangular, acute
pubescent, 1.5 to & mm. long, the flowers sessile, white,
inconspicuous; involucre 3-foliolate; sepals 5, pubescent,
about 1.5 mm. long; petals 5, ovate, 1.8 mm. long, more or
les pubescent; stamens 5, staminodial in the female flowers;
disc epigynous, crenate, purplish; ovary globose, sessile;
style very short, 3-fid. Capsule ovoid, at first light red,
turning to purple later.

The genus liosquitoxylum is closely related to Rhus, diz-
fering only in the structure of the ovary and the mode of
dehiscence of the capsule. ‘The bark is fulh of an odorous,
resin-like latex. The tree bears an inmense number of seeds
and when these are ripe, its crowns form red spots easily
discovered from afar.

ok pelaeacit yiev tom Sune yveed, exes dotdw getcoaub %0. eeonso tot
- -=ea) @ 28. dextem end no tug Wlvtscscons need ean tt etki 20
" eevon al sion eblenit zot hees met to stat itdue Yeo
ot bias al ,redew dtiw bextm ,duad Sebnwog ed? . gniblind
iho ete tiux* ent to beloruhet "uiestt end Sie dert Yiequts
belied al oe1s ett ,emanel greteew one sot ateod mI “eld
_ ssieuseney to tueq fae efdmoled ,amenel otedese mt

8 ceca BR 70!

?

- aie -CY if oveldsived .dul seusotel

eet. ors to molt sgixozeG

2 Sedeuske wi .mo 02 tuod@ bus dgid sieiem GS of ge seat. &
ont axed yleos ,Aetbiei.e dviw boisvos ,tigiexta i
2: ginoss off ,avshtedie seveel .beesexgsh Setiyox nwo
B20qau ateiteel off wil .mo OS of 3 ,teliguedue ,
fSeq jcuodteidnen ot past ~8 of a ospit 3 os 2onquadae: y 4)
si ldgille-odeva a2 @tevO Bebeld ;yxor o¢ 3.L e6f
hs; ent te oteiiyxreme YWidgtis x0 SEuseo pent oa vs ed sen
OG5 HTS tivoig Ateb ,beoid «md 8 $,.° eshok «mo d of S°
- Sogeces10l nt wideonsd. FqeoeeduY bas seleq ,oveds asior
_ ehowsiccte eidoat odt geet smo GS a7 OS Lacined . SB OMSD:
SOE (tedksune fal eioLd oasd bas edceid oft ,sedfig hesestgis
ae ed baw ,eligege etewolt eat ,ynel .mm 3 of Sf. tnéseeduy,
dneceediog 2 Blecee isieiotic +S etonLoval yesoualg ern
3G exam ete sm 8.1 , Stevo .@ eleteg ;gn0f mm 4.1 %
sexevGlt eiemo? sit ui Letlouteets ,2 enemate juoonedya act
iM elieese s60cd6ls weve :detiquig ,steneto ,amoryytge oels.
hen tay if dexkt te .Liove olusqs) .bit=-8 ,dtode yrer elyve
ae total siqreg ot aninsns

; deste ct betales. [iesole et an ry edt
“@6on ent bos cisve ond t¢ etetona ae prt ‘pat
> etal De sad oe ep chino eth 20588569 “sae te eonese

Eboe: xotel igre gs
“lees adage anes ao% enwon sat Seats 914 e6ecdc gedw .
iui , atete aout hasaseaner

a

80

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thin, very pale pink; heartwood slightly darker,
with a shade of yellow, resembling yellow poplar when
freshly cut, soon turning darker. Wood hard, heavy, strong,
brittle, cross- and close grained, taking a good polish,
but not durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of
growth not visible under the high power microscope.

Pores numerous, small (.16 mm. in diameter), round, open
in the sapwood, or sometimes closed in the heartwood, and
arranged singly, in pairs, or very short radial rows. Vessel
walls with numerous, small, slightly bordered pits, with
transitions to large simple pits. Perforations simple.

Wood fibers about .88 mn. long with thick walls, small lu-
mina, and few small simple pits. Wood parenchyma sparingly
developed. Kays numerous, narrow, from 1 to 2 rows of cells
wide, and from 3 to 5 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Besides Jamaica, where it was first discovered, the tree
is known only from the Loma de la Gloria, a hill dominating
the site of the o2&@ Spanish town of Nombre de Dios, on the
coast of San Blas. ‘The inhabitants of the neighbcring town
of Faté call it jobillo and use it as heavy timoer in the
construction of their houses. It is said, however, that it
does not resist the humidity when in touch with the ground.
The larger specimens in the forest are seldom sound. In
Jamaica, the tree is known as Mosquito-iood.

The Chagres-Tapirira

fTapirira chagrensis Pittier, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb.18:

158. 1916.

Description of the tree

About 20 meters high, the trunk 45 to 40 cm. in diameter
at the base, straight, 8 to 10 meters to the first limbs; ra-

Book edt 26 sottyutrbeed

bet seuek Yitdeile beowdawend ;Anty eleq yxev Hid’ boowged
geet teigeg wolley guticmese:x ,woliey to ebese. a déiw
~ \qnorta .yveed ,fuad book .tedixes gala? soos ,tuo ¢ideort
s ae wetlog p00" A. gnivet ,beniers esolo bre. ~2B80TD: . ofsd iad
a exmuty leasma .fros eit détw toetnos at oldsish tem tad
-egougototm wewog dgid ext t9has efdtatv oy ditwoxs

bias ,bruot ,{resemethS af .om QL.) ifseme ,exotV9emmn serod
be , boone seed oft af Sewols eemivemos 10 ,boowgee edt mt
*“£9ee0V¥ -@wor lethbet tiode yrov t¢0 ,exteg at Ylaete bognexrce
dtiw .,ecty Seishiod ylvdgils ,ileme ,evotsmn déiw efiLew
mie ~sigmie snoldexotrel .edig elgmte egis{ of encitdienstt
-=gl Ifeme ,efiew toins adiw gnol .am 88, tuodse siedtt boowW
yYlauriege earysione 26g foow .adiq elqmie ileme wed foe , eatin
piles to awort & ot I = ,Wottat ,cno1emyn eysi' .beqolevreh
- -igid es eomit & ot & mor? bas ,ebiw

- 2een bre goman memmeo ,aotdnd irdseld
rN ee
- eer odd ,Sexevooelh texit aew dt ov)edw ,sdiemal sebtact
gu iventmas {ithe ,etxefd ef eb emol odd moxt yLmo owond et
e689 49 ,60TC of exdmohi to awot detheg2 Bho oct | edi eld
it yoo we bx od ig tect ent to adiietidednt od? .seli mee te tasoo
= Hie. BE socmit yreet 66 31 ean bane gt hideh tt Lao dste% to
tr tei? ,revewod ,Blee at t+ .aeenod tfedd to molsonutanoo
- “fs ae edd dt doses Gi modw ytibimnd edd tefeex ton aood
ae abuuez mobiec ste ¢eetot edt ai enemfoege segtal ent
7 -hoow-oc Lupsoli €8 mwoux ef eeks env #01 neh

eiirigel-cozgadd ot

SH tel .2.U .dixtedO! ,zeteeid steneiasdo eititge?
BS -OL@L , aL

BB end to Re hig comes

hae
ome te ‘Bi smo 02 as Ge gaat eft ,dutn étetem O08 twods

mts
pan

admit sanxit eds oF erOesom Ci oF & ,dagieiss ,oaed edt da

81

mification ascendent, forming an elongate crown, more or
less depressed at the top; bark grayish and rimose on the
trunk and larger limbs, light brown and dotted with lenti-
cels on the young branchlets. Leaves glabrous, 9-foliolate,
the rachis 12 to 25 cm. long, the petiole 6 to 10 cm.
broadly flattened and expanded at the base; leaflets oppo-
site, the petiolules sulcate, 1 to 3 cm. long, the terminal
one longest, the blades coriaceous, oblique, ovate or obo-
vate to elliptic, obtusely acuminate, 8 to 17 cm. long, 3 to
6.5 cm. broad, the margin entire. Pannicles axillary, sub-
terminal, few-flowered, 12 to 15 cm. long, the rachis little
ramified, more cr less pubescent. Male flowers sessile;
calyx about 1.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent, the 5 lobes
more or less acute; corolla white, the 5 petals naviculiforn,
erect, about 3 mm. long, acute; stamens 10, about equal to
the corolla; rudimentary pistil stiffly hairy.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown; heartwood dark or mahogany
colored. Wood moderately hard and heavy, strong, tough,
slightly cross and fine-grained, taking a splendid polish.
Annual rings of growth scarcely visible.

Pores numerous, small (.1 ma. in diameter), round or
radially flattened when in groups, open or sometimes closed
with dark brown tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged
singly or in short radial rows of from 3 to 6. Vessel walls
with numerous, Small bordered pits. PerZorations simple.
Wood fibers arranged in radial rows and about .85 mm. long,
with rather thin walls, large lumina and small, transver-
sely, slit-like simple pits; fibers frequently septate.
Wood-parenchyma fibers found only occasionally in contact
with vessels. Rays not very numerous, fairly conspicuous
under the hand lens, usually from 1 to 3 or 4 cells wide and
from 3 to 5 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses
This tree was discovered in 1911, growing on the dry lime-
stone hills around Alhajuela in the liiddle Chagres valley.
It seems to occur frequently in the forests of that district,
but no common name could ve obtained and the wood, hard and

strong, is indifferently used as opportunity ofters itself.

ane “0 otom ,mawo1o etegnole ae gnimiot ,¢neinesss notteoitin
ue em? ne. eeonti ine deryets wed god ext ve hoagorgeh eeel
_- 4Fitiel Atiw hedtob Bue nwotd tdgil ,sdail regisl ine soit
oy@teieliotee anoidely eeveed _,ateldonerd © ent mo eiso
je >= sme OL o¢ 8 eLolteq ond. saol .wo GS of SL etdoesr oat
\ \-o%@e s#eltsol ;ored ods Je Se faenxs ore benetteLs. hecid |
id aimte? cit .saot .dio € ot £ ,efaclve seleloisey es? ,ette
660 1 otevo ,eppiida -,ameeselro- sebeld edd ,tesanel eno
_@t = ~gnol .mo ve of 2 ,.a es tonoe Ylesmidg ,oftgifle o¢ efey- —
““adua ,ciellixe eeletmist pee olgten edt .,beorid «no 0.8. —
Letts elise: ond senor oe oc Sf bovewolt-no% Lenkmres
— * ‘jelfetes sterol? ola Cd cle B6el io 810m i bets:
7 gedol deat .cusogedsg Plosiays , anol .mm Gof dupde .
»mueifivogven alatey 6 edd ,etidw SiLoxes ;etuos eeel 10 exon
aed “ot Lasep txodea ,OL themetea sedios , ariel rr S. inode Sa
h re. “vated yititite tietg qaetioms ial i

or ve
% e
. boow oe to _gotty txosed

7 | nesodan 716° 2ie6 boowe teed “Word tdgti arnt boowged ’
. «gorse... yveed fue hued qlod ete bom Soo. sheoteLoo - -

- Agu0d
a sabLioy Lome @ wilted ,Serthexs-ongt hue eeosp yiddghis
= sod tale Geeennacs. dtwoxs to ety wna et

ct: Bhd {xeteneré at o DU: <a iilames ,ancicamn sewed
ty ol eemitvemoe i, ego Bg ni cow benestelt eLi
: be

". “Reanerze fas ,boowds ak sesolys sword, seb
dew leagev 1d cf & most to swox Letbex aoe of ato yt
sSiqmie siolisictxet .ecty periekbicd Liems asonene
tof sam 3G. ¢crede tus ewou-Lebher ot begnerts ex]edts boot »
evensi( ,iiane bue aniow£ egiel ,eflew atdd zefter diiw
- ,efargee yithespett eiedit.;etiq olqnts eiti-tile .yles —
faeines : ves yilenoiesoss vino huwet exedtt eaydonexég=booW |
engepigdnod yiais® ,sxciemmn rev tom aye .sloeeey atiw: ~~
@biw gifes 4 16 & off. ooxt ¢ifieaven > enel Bred edd sehun © :
cee “agtd ea eemis’ @ of & mort |

BEL Bit tig semen somo hoitud inte

ica dit tin aniwotm ,{£0f ni hexevesnth agw eett eid?
(eliay sorged® efbbht odd at elected Somors eflid ence

death ted? te edesiot edt at ylimenpert xs900-co emese’ ce .
eal Edow edt S08 bhegieddo ed. binoo semen gommoo on ome
Sti -pxeito ytinktéjgo ee Seen visnerettisat ai va if

®

82

The liany-flowered (Tapirita

Tapirira myriantha Trisna & Planchon, Amn. Se. Nat. Bot.
Wieie7ee5. Leta.

Description of the tree

A tree, 25 meters high or more, the trunk 80 cm. in dia-
meter at the base, the ramification ascending, irregular,
forming a rounded, depressed crown; bark grayish and rimose
on the trunk, brownish and dotted with numerous lenticels
on the younger branchlets. Leaves imparipinnate, with 5
to 9 leaflets, the rachis 8 to 18 cm. long, minutely pubes-
cent, the petiole about 6 cm. long, deeply canaliculate
and tapering from the base; petiolules pubescent, the la-
teral ones 7 to 10 mm. long, the terminah ones 15 to 18 mn.;
leaflet blades oblique, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nulate, 9 to 22 cm. long, 4 to 6 Gm, broad, the margin en-
tire, the venation prominent beneath and sparsely pubescent.
Floral panicles axillary and subterminal, equal to the
leaves or shorter, densely flowered, the rachis more or
less ferruginous-pubescent. Male flowers small, pedicellate,
single or many-clustered; pedicels very short, hairy; calyx
about 7 mm. long, hairy, the 5 lobules rounded, obtuse;
petals 5, oblong-elliptic, acute or denticulate at the
apex, 1.5 to 1.7 mm. long, pale yellow; stamens 10, hardly
exceeding the corolla; rudimentary pistil obscurely 5-
parted at the tip.

pescripytion of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown; heartwood slightly darker or
light mahogany colored. i/ood moderately hard, heavy, strong,
tough, straight and fine-grained, taking a very good polish.
Annual rings of zrowth usually not visible.

Pores numerous, regularly distributed throughout the
wood, very small (about .10 mm. in diameter), round or radially
flattened when in groups, open or sometimes closed with dark
brown tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged singly or very
rarely in short radial rows of from 2 to 6. Vessel walls

¢ >
r

i » Toe Tei .oG .b0k ,fodonsld & aipixul advasizym exrtvige? >

eext odd to motiqtvocet |

; seit Gi..ms 08 slewrt ed? .e1em to Asgid ‘evetem de 6,ceext hi
- » teingertt ,xathasoecs Kotseol tine: ent ,eped eft cde etom
es omnes Sue deiyery ated ;nwete hbeacsiyed , bebasot se yoimre>
elesiinei 200% oinnt ao kw betteb Suc setaword - -atsit ed? ag

~S.sitiw ,edeimigtzeqmt seveck .ateidonexd teymsoy edt ae---
BCG qlodsn im ,gucl..mo 6L of @ etdoes ent) .steltesh 2 oF
_ . etaluoilenss yigeed ,amel .mo 4 tucde elLottay ed? ,dmeo
te edd ,tnebascug asiniolieg ;seed edd mort giizeged bre
@f of @£ eune fantsnes esi: of .om OL et VY econo LIaeted
Kina eteloeciel~grolda ot goldo ,oupiido ere veltasl
| =k. a iawan ent, feo 4ao 6 of 2 .geok smo $8 of 8 etelan
mecsesdsy Yleeteys Sae tected taenimorg nolvaney ent. perts
> pat es Levee cenkmretdve fae yrelliixe col Lexcls
39 erem efioex edd ,berewolt qlsenos ~redrode 14 geveel
Sifeotheq ,flens axvewolt sla, .tiscesdsq-ssontgstret aeol

fe

ppp aide, f

gat te steluottaed 19 ofses ,citeblle-a
yiired Gl enenets ;walley ofag nok + $058) pans
is = “te i0ed0 {idetq bones ene % jelfexas edd a6

+4 ,qitcoedt: — ‘Beate4

~~

ort died ulod ervebon hoot jsetolee pene. np hb
(2. 12 Baus pre 8 siited ,bentertg-exit tae tdylests ,dggod |
~6idteaty ton Wiese fitwory 7 utes | Lasank

re toudnsiotdd bhetudifingelh givelogex euotenta setoL lane
‘ed bawot ,(iedomelb at-.om OL, tuods) Efeme Yrev. ,boow - a
dtiw hetole sohtivame ro meqo ,agsomg mi nerw Benottelt = _
wor Yluitie Cowiertva bua boowineed edt nt eoeolyt awoid ~
iisw pemeey oo ¥ 3} sont to ewot Ietber Jtone a are

989 2.20. tm ab @ a
Paes

Se eee

Ny Nees

83

with numerous, small, transversely, slit-like bordered pits.
Perforations simple. ‘/ood fibers about 1 mm. long, arranged
in distinct radial rows, and with rather thin walls, large
lumina, and very small simple pits, fibers frequently sep-
tate. Wood-parenchyma fibers sparingly developed and found
only occasionalhy in contact with vessels. Rays not very
numerous, fairly conspicuous under the hand lens, usually
from 2 to 4 cells wide and from 12 to 20 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This Tapirira is known only from the Choco province on
the Pacific coast of Colembia, and from the coast of San

Blas in Panama. At Faté, province of Colon, it is known
under the names of Bagamani, vagamani and vanamani. It is
not used for any asaeeni purpose except that an Olly resi-
nous fluid, used locally as a medicament, is extracted by
méenas of incisions in the bark.

Hlaeocarpaceas
Se ee
(Breakax-Tree Family)

The large leaved Breakax-Tree

Sloanea megaphylla Pittier, Fedde's Repert. 13:12. 1914.

Description of the tree

A tree about 25 meters high and 40 cm. in diameter, with
flat buttresses at the base, the trunk more or less fluted
on the lower part, the bark reddish brown or grayish.

Leaves caducous, coriaceous, the petioles terete, 9 to 10
em. long, with a rounded elbow at the upper end, the blade
obovate, emarginate at the base, obtuse, 45 to 60 cm. long,
26 to 36 cm. broad, glabrous above, minutely brownish pubes-
cent beneath; venation impressed above, prominent underneath

yale, Sane

Ny a ah

Fen Ae
i ww

.Btig horeitod eiti-tife ,yloexsveneit ,lieme ,enoiemdm di tw
fesiwiue .gtol .nm L duods atedi= booW .siqmts enoitstotued
| eptel ,silew aids seddex ddtw ine ,swou Latber sontvers at
- sgoe elineupert eredit ,edig efante Iieme yrev bas , eatimol
—“Bturet fue boqoloveb ylgntzege sredit emydonexsq-SooW .eved—
- “xev ton ayer .sleesey dvtw gostnoo at Ydlemotecooo ylac
‘Qffensu ,emel Siar ett t9bar-exovolqence Yitiel ,enotemin
‘i ~fgid efieo O& oF SL moxt boe ehiw elles S o¢ | mor?

Bees fig ROGET MGSO ohtid inter

: ne sonivetq ood edd soxrt vino. owomdi st ee eid?
eG SO tasoo edt mort See ,@idmoiod to. ftoei edd
— » pworts ef ¢& ,nelod to sonitvery ,dtde% +2 . emanel AR eele
' @h dl .igemaney ioe ioecegey ,loemeged to semen od¢ sebns
A Pes BE edt tyéox SQusig Techies yas 10 | ton
yd Betueutze ei ,tnemecibem © ze yilwool been | Sief? eson
°F a a »Wiad edd ot eoolatons to eafem

eo

J

ene seil-xarsett boveslt egtel off ve |

) SIL-.818:8L .dxeced 2'ehbed ,xeittid eliydqenem semeole
2 a ;
i o : | . | i

4 eer? oft to aobvgitssed Pers Vee

,
- ftiw ,tetemaib ai .ao Od ime data eretom 8 duods sexd A”
- betult esel io evom wraid edt .eeed odd te eoeseudtnd talt
| diyetz ae aword tetbbex Aved ofc ,Jteq tewol edd no |
“OL of @ .everes seloiveg ety ,ensecaizac ,enoerdas soveot
* ehpid ent fire ceqqs etd te wodle felasot 8 dilw ,atol sm | if
afl sho OG of Gh ,eamido ,seed sit da staiigzame,,etevedo -
guy fetnweid yletutin ,svode exoxdslis ,bs01d so 3s of 08 ie
seh trenigoiq ,sveds beeseiymi moiteney ;dteened taeo =.

on
'

Coe

84

the blade, the margin broadly sinuate. Floral racemes axillary,
many flowered, 8 to 12 cm. long, provided with persistent
bracts, the rachis canescent-tomentose; bracts and bractlets
pinkish, lineal, remotely toothed; pedicels 3 tp 9 cm. long,
tomentose; sepals 5 to 6, lanceolate, 10 mm. long, 5 mn.
broad, brown red, pubescent without; no petals; stamens nu-
merous, appendiculate, pubescent all over, ovary subglobose,
densely hairy; style 1.5 cm. long, hairy at the base, di-
viding at the apex in 5 slender, glabrous branches. Fruit
subglobose, 3-celled, densely covered with reddish brown, 4.5
em. long burrs. Seeds oblong depressed, 1 cm. long.

fhis tree is remarkable for its enormous leaves and its
fluted trunk, both in striking contrast with the same parts
in Sloanea guadrivalvis Seem., the other representative of
the genus in Panama. Another large leaved species, 5. medu-
sula Schumann & Pittier, has been described from the Atlan-
tic coast of Costa Kica, and may also be found in Panama.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown, tinged with red; heartwood
Slightly darker. Wood hard, heavy, strong, tough, straight
and fine-grained, and taking a good polish. Annual rings of
growth can be readily distinguished under high power micros-
cope.

Pores (transverse section) not numerous, small (.08 mm.
in diameter), round or flattened radially when in groups,
open or sometimes closed in the heartwood, and arrangea@ singly
and in short radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal sec-
tion) with small, bordered pits with variations to simple
pits sometimes very large. Perforations simple. wood
fibers about 1.289 mm. long, with rather thin walls and
fairly large lumina and small simple or slightly bordered
pits. Wood parenchyma sparingly developed. Rays numerous
and quite conspicuous, from 1 to 10 cells wide and from 10
to 20 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses
Sloanea megaphylha is known only from the Atlantic Coast

of Panama, where it grows in the high primeval forest. It
is known smong the nstives ynder the name of Mameicillo colo-

sea eomovear favroli. .evagnia .ylbaosd ohaaa ent ‘thn ond
°) - @netgsiaies diiw bebbvoig ,sa0l .»mo SE ot & , bexewo, Lt yen
feitosid bas etoetd ;eacdnames-tneceen«o ‘aides 9 ; Wa paper
wrod .Go 8 qu & a at phedtoot yletome: ,feonti. .iatintg

ae. aes -B gaol sm GL ,staiooonal .d oF d sieges 609 amod
a es amed 5 { si aleog on ype iuessedug .bet oworid. ,beoxd
— ABEGCOS YONG Yravo , weve Lie Fie ogedsa pO RR RCL ARES S x

<8no7en

‘ie TatD , 66a Os@ te Ytied .gxol .ao ¢,f elyte i, yiied Yleeneb
- ttoxh. .cetonerd asotdais ,webmele @ mi xeqge edt de gate:
Bee ~awosd tieifbes tin heirevoo yleaneh ,belleo-8 ,eaod@ladnue
i: «gool smo L .~Saecesqged Molde gbesg “gerind eool mo

ett Due seveel epcmmode eit tot old extremes el esi etd? hat
ea omen ont. dttw teettaos sabitide af dtod Pipes oye :
So evitetmocetyes vedio edt psmeec eiv svixbe EN).
“<sihess -£ ,69tcege beveel opguad: terictonw + BAS

EBLE) off soxt sedixroseh Heed ged ,telt¢id < ae Seardee
an 5 BE 8B at foget ed ople yan Sie ,eoi te Si ng ta,

Ls

hoow odd to mettyivoesd

boowlussd ; bei dsiw fexnt! ,dwoid tigti ,oidd Soowged
ay oneig dead ,mout 4 .Yweet ,oiad booW .1t9ciBd qltdetle
BY Leung. heilou boon 6 gubied bue ,betierg-emii bas
naka tewoq dain xebir Dedatoahite th yLlbset od neo ddworg
; ,eqas |“

‘saeet: 8.) Ilene ,esousmuut tom dwottoer: caxevanext) sored |
Bgsets at cetw YlLetSat henettalt ro Sabor ,(sotemeih ak ||”
Fgttobasierre bus , booms icc onl? at bosolo eenttemoe 10 Regs
aaa Lentbstizaol) eLiew Sebee¥ .awos Latbex tide, mt Bas
@lgmie o¢ axoiteitey aviv avid serebrod ,ffhame aAtiw {holt
peow .elemte enottserotwei .sgisl yer semitomoe Biigq *
() ) bie Biiew- atds tedtex Aviw ,guol .mm @6S,1 tuodee eon
mebtod yitdeife 20 ay theces has attest © tof
Lemus yeh .Leqoreve Shape errydoneteg LooW raeia
sos bre ebiw elise OL,a¢ L mort ,enovetqaaos bas
“a its se er a
ae raw

. eget ba Sore. cope Pager ise gem Jretiudt see

‘adstecasd 4 sit monk ene pwonk et edivde _seneol a

\ @eetet Lavemtng ‘dgin sv mt ey e
[erreceeees 0 b gia eit teins Sev as ode ss

85

rado, and said to have been largely used in Colon for the
under structure of the old docks. The Jamaican species, as
well as ours, are known for their hard wood, to which they
owe their names of breakax and iron®ood trees.

Tiliaceae

The appendiculate Heliocarpus _

Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
Ls: 226. 1668.

Description of the tree

A shrub or a middle-sized tree, the trunk erect, covered
with a grayish smooth bark, the branching radiate, the crown
elongate or pyramidate. Leaves membranous, the petioles 5
to 6 cm. long, the blades ovate, emarginate or cordate at
the base, acuminate, shallow 3-lobed in the lower leaves,
about 20 cm. long, stellate-dotted above, more or hess dense-
ly pubescent or tomentose beneath, crenate-toothed, the teeth
glandulous, the basal sinus provided at the insertion with
the petiole with a reniform, foliaceous appendage. Inflores-
cences panniculate, ramified, the rachis pubescent. Flowers
clustered, polygamous, pedicelled, the calyx and corolla
tetramerous; sepals linear-oblong, tomentose without; petals
wanting; stamens 10 to 18, sterile in the female flowers;
evary 2-celled, abortive in the male flowers; style l,
bearing © long, toothed, divergent stigmas. Fruit ovate,
Stipitate, compressed laterally, with long bristles on the
margin, the stipe pubescent.

Description of the wood
sapwood thick and almost white; heartwood slightly darker.

Wood exceedingly soft and light in weight, very brittle,
weak, coarse and straight-grained, easily worked and does

ext “9% solod mi been ylegiel need eved. o¢ Hiee bus ,ober
“ee ,gofonys teotamel oA. ,exc0h blo edd te exntosnde xo
_ Wed dolar ov .boow Stead afeds i¢*. RvR ete ,aivo fa Ilow

Dae? 205! Meahnons bee, xaxbas 20 sinnd' say (gv

deepal! iy

; ; ‘engawoctiel edeLuciSnegge edt
oe pean... 008: Lint. ,yxoret ees sluol ine
+ -808E 2288 sf

eoat ody te foitgiuosed

ee sieved: ,toets Ans1t ord ,eoit hoate-elbbhim s 16 dexwde &
-gwoze. edd ,sdetisr guidonexd eiff ,txed Adcome sera as ae
“gelotvey ety , eponcidmen aeveet »oebinstyy. a Be
a SR OTakige Td ot autes sue ,etave sobeld odt. , gaol
.feveel sewol edt al bedol-€ Woliedea ,o¢atiasoa eel soe
eb esed ic erom ,svode bhevtob-o2 elieti snot m0 O08 as ods
@ edt , fet oot- od Bie'Lo .iveeted esotionct 19 suene va
motivesng off tp bebivesg ennis Lesead ent ,ano Lf
peprecs! .oyebaeqgs esoeortio? ,mrotiue: s.diiw eee om
Stevelt .inecesdyg eldost odd ,boltine: ,oteinolaneg 8 Sbaetb
alioxce fre wytso. anit hotleot bey -esomepyiog ,betedent
eg ;inediiw epotuemed ‘paodde resents elegee 5 Soar pid:
zewoLlt afage® edt mi eluate .8f ot, OL enenete ; gitnew
4d @iyte. 7exewolt elem ont wt etitieds , belle; “& vse oo...
pOlsvo Gintk .eengite Ineprevib ,bedtooe. , amor S$ 2
edt ae esldetad good ddiw ,yitetotel beese romeo vetetigite
| POCRE SIDS, agite One eee

Todehis Sov valao.d iuuhetes seal, als stotat

fad. usev: (talplew. ak digit dae Ti6e git D
ee ba stew Te betisig-tdgi asta ai ‘

not take a polish. Annual rings of growth not visible under
the compound microscope.

Pores (transverse section) not very numerous, rather
small (about .125 mm. in diameter), round or sometimes irre-
gular in outline, open both in the sapwood and heartwood
and arranged singly or in groups of 2 te 3. Vessel wall
(longitudinal section) with numerous, very small simple and
bordered pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers about
1.07 mm. long, with very thin walls very large cell cavi-
ties, and inconspicuous simple pits. Wood parenchyma fi-
bers strongly developed around the vessels and adjoining
pith rays. ‘There are inconspicuous in transverse sections
even under the compound microscope. Rays very numerous
and narrow, scarcely visible under Hand héns. ‘They are
from 1 to 4 cells wide and from 3 to 4 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This species seems to be restricted to Central-America.
In Panama, it is known in seme parts under the name of ma-
jagtillo, while it is the burio or burillo of Costa Rica
and the calagtie, calagua or ea tagass Of opalvador. The wood
is of little or no use, but the fibrous and strong bark is
one of the principal taajaguas or rope-making materials, of
the natives.

Bombacacese

Fendler's False Bombax
Bombacopsis iendleri (Seem.) Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat.

Herbs 18:165% 2926;

Description of the tree

A deciduous tree, very variable in size (height from 6

re Oe tee an Rees i iy ah Sahel ie a ct
i! : ea | ’ MG : t
ee aa. eh eae iat: nae, as Salah i ri hs

i
Fo oi

oo sidisiv ton atwosy. te sah Lanek, sits hae a ‘exe. von ;
, sqaneototn ashe am

sedis. ;acotema “OF ton (sativee eatevanss ‘1 dered © i
aexik eemidemoe 10 hanox j{tedeneih ot sum @82, dwode) nee ;
foowttsed bie boowges ot at déoc meqe ,eatLdwo at ‘calny :
{iew fecacY .& of & to ayworg of to ylgaie begnetita bis :
bus elqais L[lome ysov ,ewotenma dtiw (moftoee Lent Suttenol) |
tuodea exodit book ..ceiguke enmottetotiet .etiq besebrod |
-~ives {feo sgiel yiev aflew aids yrev détw ,gmol .mm YO,t —
-t% eundoneteg boo .edig eigmie ssonotyenvonkt fas ,askt -
a gninict Se bose eloagey eat Gincie begoleveh yignoits ated

- gnoktoee eer0evensrt of exovetgencunt sie osedt .eyer déig
ey BUCISOEN YLev eyeh seqecseetoin bosoqmoo edd sebas neve
eta yedt anh Sues sebas eld iaiv. yleoctese. are cA bie

agid eb amid B04 S gost ine ebiw Blfoo- bot E mort-

eosn bre seman nosmoo ,coisadiiteid es =) me

. soirema-Letdéned ot betoliteer od. of emeec. aotoegs etdT ae
-em tO emea oat tebas edxreq emoe nt owondk et tt ,emaced aI = an
ce, ORS, kere fiiztad 9 6 edd es gi oltdw ,oft i
dboow est .1tobev i © angeles , BS
ei ek 4 guoids fe eur dud icant oh
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| Bevis an eat

moe ae ub ‘

aa “

ssocRogd moe inte

xedmoe one e'relboet ot) ye

> PRU .E.0 weed ,xetttsee (.meet) fs

OTEL .89Li6L .dvek
out a to. 2 ae Sut ee rig Sila) al ) a
ea Vagal Rige
a ) wont digied) oete al eldeivey yrev ,oeie enosotoob re
| 2

87

to 30 meters; diameter of trunk 15 to 40 cm.). Trunk and
limbs aculeate; terminal branchlets unarmed. (Leaves enti-
rely glabrous, 6 or 7-foliolate. Petioles slender, 4 to 5
cme long. Petiolules 2 to 3 mm. long, canaliculate. Leaf-
let blades cblong-cuneate, rounded-emarginate at the apex,
light green above and glaucous beneath, the terminal ones

9 em. long, 4.5 cm. broad, the lateral ones about 4 cm.

long and 2 cm. broad. Venation prominent on both sides of
the blade; veins straight, conmmected at their ends. Margin
6ntire. Flowers loosely paniculate at the end of new branch-
lets. P qicels glabrous, articulate, 5 mm. long, provided
with 3 rOunded, scaly, caducous bractlets about 1.5 mm.

long. Calyx tubular, truncate, with irregular, often 5-mu-
cronulate margin, eglandulose, obscurely tomentose, about 8
mm. long and 5 mm. in diameter. Petals inserted around a
cuplike disk about 2.5 ma. long, slightly connate at the
base, laciniate, reflexed, 8.5 to 10 cm. long, 6 to 9 mm.
broad, rounded and often mucronulate at the apex, densely
dark-dotted without except on the covered margin, minutely
pubescent and white within. Staminal tube 2.2 cm. long and
3 to 4 mm. in diameter, softly hairy; filaments slender, white,
4 to 7 cm. long, free from the base, glabrous; anthers
oblong-reniform, dorsifixed. Pistil glabrous, about 9 cm.
long; ovary subglobose, about 2 mm. long; style slender,
ending ina purple, minute, obscurely 5-tipped stigma.
Capsule ovoid, pentagonal and truncate, 6 to 7 cm. long and
4 cm. in diameter, greenish and smooth without, dehiscent,
the valves 1.5 to 2 cm. wide. Seeds small, ovate, smooth,
brownish with black dots, wrapped in a silky, pale brown
wool.)

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and nearly white; heartwood yellowish
white only slightly darker than the sapwood, wood modera-
tely soft, light, rather weak and britble and coarse-
grained, not susceptible of a good polish. It splits and
works easily. Annual rings of growth visible only under
hand lens or compound microscope.

Pores (transverse section) not numerous, conspicuous
(about .28 mn. in diameter) nearly round or slightly radially
elongated, usually open both in sapwood and heartwood and
arranged singly or in pairs, rarely three in a row. Vessel

, § Bae Murt .fimo 03 0¢ GL ‘aawed te tevemersd pared 08 ot
sitgs eevesl) .Bemtenn evoidonexd Lanimied ;steolyoe edt
‘ @ ot # ,tebeels selottel «weteictioct=T 20° -sueidals.ylex-
Sesieed “.e0sinolleneo ,gool som § of S$ selefotied seyret uno
_ agp edt te etentgrene-detasey., ot senno-gucldo-sefald tel
Beata Leniniss ode ,déaémed eneconels Dna aveds (a oeagit
ae “no 4S gvods send Létetes 6xt - jheoxd smo o.8 paned: mo @
$0 gebie ddod ao Snenimorg woldenc’ .bodud secs S hats
Gignek sine sien’ Je Setvanitod ,Jigkeids: euntev. ;ebeld est —
shoei “wen to bie of0 de edeisiofnag ylesool axewil %:, » OThENE
= febtroxy panes an @ ,stelsoitie ,enardely Bleol, 2 satel
; ‘le aie di tuods sselioutd asgoubac «¢LeoR> bobands 5 atin
* uml cette Heres fe: ade pede@eorsszt teludne xyled pet in
* 8 toda - eecine ¢fousmedo. ,saoluingine Coy font ;
1 & Sanone badreant elLatel stetemeth nk 4 ine Mane te eon
- edd 26 evenmoo- yltngiie ,srel .co ¢.3 tuode teib ettiqnn
i sim @ of & yucol .mo OL of 3,6 .boxeltet ,cteintosl ,sced |
ylooned ."6qs edt te etalmortou: aotto ass bedasot ,beoxd
‘xylotuatm Migtan Sereves' ant no tqeoks ¢sodtlin bectob-azab-
Be 6 yeoL .md &.8 eds? Lariimets .atdadiw oc idw baa, dnedeedy
iw: ,robmele attemelkt ;yited yittos ,seteneib at, same oF 76 |,
= Wxéfige ;eso1dels ,eted end cort soil , gael ,.mo3?- or 2
ee @ éuoda anotdal, fldert-. bexitiates.; otinex-
Tetsole elywe >: Ef .om 8 wuode. soodalsdue’ Utsvo 7 ae
* lematte beq eaghies Yloxscede: ,ctuaia ,elgimg a at paiise |
2. ad

"Fit
‘ee
a

a snot imo ¥ evacniei? hoe lanogataeg ,bfLovo’
tuaobises tsodiiw dteome Sua detieerg ,tetemelb ak .

toome ,etevo .[lame ebest..efiw .mo.8 of dl seviay edt
Prien eLeq wiltea a at bequern .etob sosld déiw detawoid

Soow edd Yo matt qtz9¢0q hy’

‘depwortey boowdzeed ;etinw ylrecn foe dptdt boomed

a et boow .foowyas edd pedtd z~edieb aby yiac

is a elas eLcietvy’ dws o agalxt Lassa’
ban ceotett baoqn0o | ce to aol.

| hinge:
yer. YLdmgile 4a, pesos : eeeaees (teremerd at oid “68.
boowtisen bue foowiee ot ited nego ytl ecrry aie
wey, 2WO2 6.02 perit yore: ,exteg mi to eigate

o- 9 Sebi ste. bre’ elisi«d bus teew 198edter , f ela Pesan
ot bie Bitige 31. tekLog mia, ed Eo eieituosese. vip 5 os)
hg eo .

<a

88

walls (longitudinal section) with numerous very small trans-
verse slit-like pits; the ends of vessel segments oblique
and completely absorbed. iW/ood fibers about 1.3 mm. long
with very thin walls and large septate cell cavities. The
pits very small and indistinct. (j/ood-parenchyma sparingly
developed. Intermediate wood-parenchyma fibers present.
These represent a transition stage between wood fibers and
wood parenchyma fibers, such elements have the cell cavities
septate. Rays numerous and from 1 to 3 cells wide and from
8 to 10 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Bombacopsis @endleri is a well known tree within the li-
mits of Panama, where it goes under the name of cedro espi-
noso, but has not heretofore been reported from the coun-
tries to the south and east, neither from Costa Rica,
where it is supposed to extend northwestwards to some dis-
tance along the Pacific coast. It prefers the semi-dry
climate of the southern watershed and erosses the Isthmus
only through the gap formed by the Chagres Valley.

Superficially, the wood looks very much like that of
| the several species of Cedrela, except for its paler color.
| It is extensively used in Panama for the inside wood-work
of houses. The supply, however, is limited, ss the tree is
never very large and grows in isolated specimens.

Sterculiaceae

(Cacac-ramily)
Bernouilli's-Cacao ree
Theobroma Bernouillii Pittier, Fedde's Repert. 13:319. 1914.

Description of the tree

A cauliflorous tree, up to 12 meters high and 35 cm. in

S68:

-enexd {fens yiov euortensn dtiw (moltoee Lentintigaol) sitar
enptido etuemaea Loegey te eine ont ;atiq eAtl-~tifa eaxsy
aol sum C.L t#ode etedit boow .bhedteeda ylotefgméo ine

ent. .seitivea [leo etetyed satel foe eliew aids yasv déiw
Ylguixeqe emydonersg-heoW .vomitsiiat bae ILeme yxroew stig
tieestg etedtt emyduretsq-hoow eteibemietaml - . begoleveb

foe oredi? boow teswded egetea toliienexd & tnezetqst esedt
goittrves Ifeo ent even etnemeio dese ,stedit amydone reg boow
moat ine ebiw elieo 8 of LI mo1t bas-ceotsmmn eye sesetqee
-Gaid ee somit Of of 8

soon Sne eenex nommes obtsdinteid :

-tI edt nidtiw seat owomdt flow @ ef trelins? pieuooscres otk
«topes o1fpeo to omen est veins eson Ti ciedw (~emenet to edi
~woa en0 mort Begacqet ased, exototered tom sed ted eee
,sofh: eteod mork teddiex ,sese bre dénoe edt of, Bela
-@ifh ames of ebtewieendironm baetxs o¢ bosogque si. 2£ etoiiw.
YIh-imet edd aretery tL «tegen olStes? edt gaaole sorted
aspntel sit esedory hoe fedarstew cisdtuoe odt te etamtio”
syelfe¥Y eornedd edt yo homzct yey ond danordd yine
Se gent etl dosm ytey exool foov end ,yiletotineque
16loo tole, etl wok dygsdéxe ,plorised te asiosge Leteves anv
#tow+hoow ofieni ods io> emelied ai been yleviemetxe ef st
ef eett sat ea ,befimilL et ,sevewon ,ylqqpe edt Sasenod- to
| efemntvsge botefleosi ul sewors Aus egtal yer) 1even

senoetincoiss&
(SIimbt-oapao)

eets osneh-a'iiitooures§ =. yy

i,

© BEOQL (OLSiEL .tueged eobbet .settdic tél linomreé enqudved |

gx? eds So gotsyiroess

Gb .mo 28° hne dgitt evetem Gf of qx cert Brotelttines &

o

1.

~
©
a

89

diameter, the trunk straight, the primary branches few and
radiating; bramchlets slender, densely stellate hairy.
Leaves distichous, oblique, trinerve, coriaceous; the petio-
les terete, 4 to 10 mm. long, brown and velvety, the blades
narrow elliptic, 15 to 32 cm. long, 5 to 9 cm. broad, abruptly
long acuminate, glabrous and sublustrous above, covered
beneath with a danse film of white, stellate hairs; margin
entire; venation prominent on the lower face, subglabrous

or sparsely pubescent glandulous. Cymes fasciculate, many
flowered, issuing from the trunk only, below the first limbs.
Pophyllum and bracts fugacious; peduncles and pedicels
brownish velvety, the latter slender, 5 to 8 mm. long; lobes
of the calyx 5, parted almost to the base, elliptic, obtuse,
8 tc 9.5 mm. long and 3 to 3.5 mn. long, glabrous and red
within, covered without with a dense film of pale purple
stellate hairs, intermixed with Gark purple, glandular ones;
petals 5, abcut 9 mm. long, the hood yellowish red with 5
red veins, pubescent without, the ligule sessile, suborbicu-
lar, red, about 4 mm. long snd broad; staminal tube 2.5 mm.
long, the 5 staminodes lanceolate, dark purple, 6 mm. long,
the stamens 5, diantheriferous, pendulous. Ovary ovoid,

2.0 mm. long, pubescent; styles glabrous, white, 1.6 mm.
long. Fruit with a coriaceous pericarp.)

Description of the wood

sapwood very thin and light brown; heartwood dark brown,
straight and close grained, taking a fairly good polish.
Annual rings of growth visible under a hand lens.

‘~ 7 }

(pores (transverse section)/ few, rather small (about
.14‘mm. in diameter), round, open both in sapwood and heart-
wood, and arranged singly or in short radial rows. Vessel
walls (longitudinal section)’ with numerous, small, bordered
pits, with transitions to simple pits. Perforations usually
scalariform with from 1 to 2 bars. The wood fibers about
1.452 mm. long, with relatively thick walls, small lumina,
and small, glit-like, simple pits. Wood parenchyma abun-
dantly developed and o¢gcurring in very many, narrow, usually
from 1 to 2 cells wide,“regular tangential rows.!'\Rays cons-
picuous, from 8 to 12 cells wide and from 8 to 10 times as
high.)

es

hows wet eedoneid yreniiq od ,tdgteite aowrt edt ,rtetemehd
sYtied etsifste yleeneh ,r98ebusle ateldomard santsatGex
“giteg edd :ecoeterxoo ovrentud.:,euptido 1euomoliaib Beveed |
cobeic ead .ytoviev fins nwo1d.,.sno0f som OL ot } ,eteted del
yltgerde ,Oeo1d .mo @ of @ ,sn0f sme Sot @f ,obtqtifle werren
feusvao ,evode exuostenidnve bne evordaly ,etentamoe gaol
aiovem ;fiied etsilete .ottiw to mil? eensh e adtw dt sened
enoudelgdxe ,9ost tewol edd no scneaimexd molsanev jstidae
yan ,steinotoest semy) . .anolinbnsly duscosedaq yleeraqge ‘to
seedmii texrtt ods woled ,yinc Ampad edd nots gutvess ,Seaswolt
eleotbe, ine selonuhey ;snctosqwt stoerd bas anliydqog
sedel ;au0i .cm & of ¢ ,semSels asdtel edt ,ytevievy delawoxd
~eenddo ,otvyiite ,s@sd ent of Peonie Beiteg 4d xzyleo 6dt Ft
bez bie sexotdelg ,gnol .mm G,.S of & Sue soot .mm G28 of 6
siging elLeq to afft saneh ee Aviv twodtiw betevyoo ,midi in.
jueme seistuels ,ofqutig Axe6 Atiw hosimisdnt /exteh eteliete
% dtiw Bet setwoliey hoo edt .gacl .mm ¢ cvode .@ elerey
snoidvodye ,elisese slagil eit ,dwerltiw tnocesdig antev: }
‘ter 8.8 stat Lemitiete yhectd dne gnol .mm S tHods Pex ,s
ool smn SG ,elqiri oieb ;ovefoeonel sehonimese € ond \ scot
,blove yrevO .evolciied ,asoretixensyneth ,¢ enomate oft
smn I otidw j,enocdels esiyts s;theoeseduqg -anol sini Sek °
. {.qusoiteg shusoelios @ dtiw cietd .gmol

Has
~ 7

hoow. end to grote pkuowed sg

word wveh ioowtsed ;nword daeif bua aldtd ytev ao PS
sfetiag 5c0g (lite? a gutted ,botlerg evolé ine tayieive
-ecel bned @ 1ebay 6ldtetvy dtworg te eunty Lanes

tucds} [isme stedtex ,wet hncitsee eetevanerd) )e0xpd)

stised bie boowgse at sted nego ,Amuior ,(tedemeth at smm' df, -
iseee¥ .swor Ieilexr dsode @F 16 yignis Seanetze fue ,hoow
horshuod ,Jiema ,anovsaun ddgey (Pottoee Lentistianol) ellew
qifeuest enniterotxuet .atiq eigmta of enabtlenest déiw jetig
teoce Siedit boow sit .,axad 2 of I soxt Adiw mrotinzelsoce
yantent iiens .ellew Notdd wlevitalex dtiw ,naol .n et
-Gnie amydomieg beoW .ediq efgnmip ,edif-tife ,tleme fas
YVilenes .worret | yarn yrsv at gufivisoeo fre beqoleved yisneb
=BNOD ayemi.cwot Lettcegnes teloget™, ehiw elfes S$ of L mort
Sb eermtt Ci of & moth Sne ebiw efteo Si od © mort ,anonot”

; (, deid .

90

Distribution, common names and uses

(This interesting member of the cacao-family was disco-
vered on the slopes of the Loma de la Gloria, near the ancient
Spanish settlement of Nombre de Dios on the Carribbean, in
company with a cohort of other new or remarkable eter e like
Pera arborea, Tapirira myriantha, Gustavia parvifolia, G.

nana, Apeiba guianensis, Inga panamensis, mensis, Stachyarrhena a2
terochroun, styrax sp., and many others.) Its vernacular

name is cacao de monte and the straight stems are used in the
puilding of the native houses.

Dilleniaceae

The Sandpaper-Leaf Tree

Curatella americana Linn. Sp. Pl. 1: 248. 1758-59.

Description of the tree

A small, dwarfed tree, upito 8 m. high, the trunk usually
crooked, covered with a scaly brownish bark, the limbs robust,
the crown irregular. (Leaves coriaceous, rough, the petioles
broad, 5 to 7 mm. long, the blades oblong to elliptic,
rounded or acute at the base, mostly obtuse at the apex, 10
to 15 cm. long, 3.5 to 12 cm. broad, softly steilate-tomen-
tose at first, later glabrescent and scabrous, the margins
broadly crenate or repand. Inflorescence racemose, many
flowered, issuing from the defoliate nodes; rachis hairy,
with paired bracts at each branching; flowers 4 to 6 mn. in
diameter, illsmelling; sepals 4 or 5, two exterior; petals
4 or 5, ovate, white, caducous; stamens numerous, the fila-
ments thickening toward the apex; carpels 2, free, hairy,
subglobose, l-celled, each cell 2-ovulate; style long, support-
ing a discoid stigma. Capsules coriaceous, hairy, about 8
mm. long, 2-seeded; seeds ovoid 4 mm. long, black, lustreus. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood narrow, light brown; heartwood somewhat darker,

et ee a ee she ae We eee, Fe eee

20eu big s6siet sommec ,poitudliderd
i. Vo -008t2 ew Yiimet-omped acs, To sodmom grid sexesns eter)
bhetone ef) tes: ,ehiolt ei 6h sued ont to segole sit Ga Sever
i a ree tieede 1g% 60 Siiy te esoiG sn exdmoy to thomelstes deinayge
© pitt welse.< eldeveses to wet tedvo to trodeo @ déiw yumgmoo

Be. e, <Siist vi8g elveses ,-edtoeliym atiiigs? ,getodia 21st
A Preece — ( PLB OO RB RL 3g ,elenetelvs sdle ae
rs, TelLvoarisy Gereao Te 748 kBTY pres es
edd HF Deen ox6¢ caaae Sizteive ert? nr esnon 6b osoe8d ai emenx— .

3 SE ne éad <0 aaibilisd -

esoopinel tc

g9euo teed-1H ined ont

850% . 688 2f «LE .0G .ell speotveme siteteisd

eer! edt to matigtrosed file

% Bisein dirsd oft ,detd .@ 6 Otvgs cord BotrewS |Lfame &
feo comil edt sued deimwoid yleoe e& dtiw fotev0o «dbestoore
elotiog edd Agvet ,angevaltes ceveel) .relugertt aswoyo edd -
. ‘eityifle a gaefdo eebeld ant ,snol sm TV ov @~ Sante
Tce eid te esiiddo Ylteohy ,seed ent da etior 16
=ferodsec«slieve yLttes ..bsemdt smo Sf of 44.8 ,guel moe a a ov
“entsrih ect ,aseidsoe Soe toaceordele rstel ,Jetkd SB BOs 5
we ” Beem (66 ute eonsfeeitoligl - .bieges xo etaierD beans.
~. sifttedt eidoet jaebon atalfeteth odd mort goigest detewolt tr
) a scgn Q of & suswoll sgnkdonesd dose ge evogexd herateg diiw —.
-ehetey. »voliedxs ow ‘3 10 8 efeqet ; eitilemells ;retenels
ener ,Sugrtemin snomete sengosbeo ,stidw ,eteve,,6 10 2 _ 9
ee exrind sent 3 #isgqrves ; sege one prcawod atinexodd esrem ©
Smee, ,arol elyte ,etelovans [iso dees. ,Selhled-f , seodolgdse
etoote, : ep jawogoaiio. goelaseged porte sioogee. a got -
poreeul soald. .antol .on'* htove ebseot eksos-S Baad sist °

—

< bapy ead “o naitgiioaed
Le ive Se ee
| “gtestal decwemese Aoowl1ees prtword Jagil

91

Wood moderately soft, light, coarse-grained, splits only with
great difficulty, and not taking a good polish. Annual rings
of growth not clearly distinguished under the high power mi-
croscope.

Pores{transverse section) few, (.19 mn. in diameter),
round, scattered, single, and usually closed with masses of
tyloses in the har@wood. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous small simple pits. End walls of vessel segments
wholly absorbed or with a sclariform ladder-like opening with
only a few bars. Pits are frequently transversely elongated
resembling scalariform markings. Wood fibers about 1.995 mm.
long with very thick walls, small cell cavities, and minute
Oblique pits. \/o00d parenchyma fibers not strongly developed
but occur in irregular tangential rows{ 1 cell wide) inte-
rrupted by pith rays. The pith rays constitute more than
50 per cent of the wood mass; they are from 15 to 30 cells
wide and approximately five times as high. The individual
cells are elongated, axillary, or less often nearly square on
a radial surface.

Distribution, common names and uses

This species is characteristic of the savannas and light
forests of the lower Tropical-American belt, from Brazil to
Central Mexico. In Panama, it goes by the name of curatela
(Seemann), chumico, and chumico pslo; chaparro is the common
designation of the same tree in Colombia and Venezuela, while
the Brazilians of the Amazon Valley call it cajueiro bravo
or sambaibinha. The leaves are used for scrubbing and even
for polishing wood and iron; the wooden skeletons of the
native saddles are often made of pieces taken from the twisted
trunks.

PS

fe

iviw vino ecilye ,benterp-esteos ,tdgil ,Jtoe yletetehom booW
esnix Lagmmt .detiog boos « gifted Son bre ,ylvolttibyveactg
=f teweg agin sid sehay bodatwynitatS yliselo ton ddwors, te

» 89GQ0EOTD

(xotemeaih at .am QL.) ,wet (notdoes-eesovaenestjJeot0ed

to eefvam svtiw beeglo’ yileusy bas ,elyntts .beretteos , hasor
(antitnes Lenifuttgnel) eifew LezeeY .boowkkad ont ni eesolyt
ejnemgse Leecov to ailew han .attgq efqmte Ifeme euorsmun dtiw
Wim gninege otl{-rebbel sriotiszefoe o détw so bhedtosde yiiorw
botennoie vileerevenett yldnespestt o1ce stii .sied wet e yine
omm GUC, [ tuede exediIt SooW «.agnttiem mictitalsce gutidmecex
etuiio ine ,eoltdiveao [feo [Lame ,allew doidt yrev dilw gaol
boqgoleyveh yignorte tom atedit emynoneteq booW .atiq enmptide
setnt {ebiw dies I Jewor isitmeanssd ralsgexit at rs090 sud _
Medd siom etutivenos exer dtig oft .syat dtig yd betquat
e{ieo OF ot GI moat ere yedd <sseam hoow edt to tneo r68eq Od
feshivibnt eit .figid as eomist ovt> yletemixoigqge bine ebiw

mo sreupe yiteen aetto seel 10 ,Yrelitxe “Sad paenes exes Bifeo
-eostive Ietber pe

eoes Sue soust Hommes ,fLoltudiiistd

¢istf Bde senteved oft to oiteaguevoereaio gi eoiveye sit
oo [iseré mort ,Jiod Naeotiem@é-Leotqgoil rewol edd 20 afeeaot
alaveino to ema oft yd. coog th ,emauread ml. ,coixeii Javined

al Semen eatery — ae meron, ry 4 _
homo. eft ef oitededo i gheg gobmits hie ,ootmedo , (amemess)
Shidw ,elesnenc) bus etdmolou ml seid ewoe odd 36 noidengtneb
oveaid oxtenteo ¢t figo ylLev nosems od? 30 anatiisexd, edd

usye fils ailderxos “ot beens erm eoveet eri? vai gd gees x0.

Bat.to enotelede aeboow ond snout bas Boow an iileq 10%
Setauiwi eds mort cedet asoeitg te eben aetto exe selSbas pvisan

,exowis

oe

92

Ochnaceae

The Large-leaved Cespedesia

Cespedesia macrophylla Seemann, Bot. Voy. Heraid;97. 1853.

Description of the tree

A tree about 20 m. high and up to 60 cm. in diameter;
the trunk and limbs covered with a dark, more or less scaly
bark, the limbs large, dividing only near the end, the crown
flattened, umbrejla-like. Leaves clustered at the ends of
the branchlets, glabrous, very large, coriaceous, the pe-
tioles 2 to 3.5 cm. long, the blades obovate-spatulate, 25
to 70 cm. long, 10 to 24 cm. broad, the costa and veins pro-
minent on both sides, the margin mucronate-dentate. Panni-
cles erect, divaricate, 50 to 140 cm. long; flowers usually
geminate, the pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm. long; sepals 5, coria-
ceous, 3 to 4 mm. long, persistent; petals obovate, 18 mm.
long, 10 to 11 mm. broad, bright yellow; stamens numerous,
the anthers linear, basifixed; ovary stipitate, 5-celled,
many-ovulate, surmounted by a short style.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, dark reddish-brown; heartwood slightly
darker. Wood hard, heavy, strong, eross-grained and diffi-
cult to split, fine grained, taking a good pelish. Annual
rings of growth not visible even under the high power micros-
cope.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, rather small
(.14 mm. in diameter), round, open, or closed with whitish
tyloses, arranged singly or in short radial rows. Vessel
Walls (longitudinal section)) with numerous small simple and
bordered pits with slit-like openings which join horizon-
tally and form fine horizontal lines especially in tangen-
tial sections; in radial sections large, reund, simple, some-
times elliptical pits present. Wood fibers about 1.43 mm.
long, with very thick walls, sm@l1l1 lumina, and minute simple
pits. Wood parenchyma ve Sparingly developed. Rays very
numerous and plainly visible under hand lens on a smooth

Wn

8 seoenned

sieebeqss® pereel-exted est

«-66SL ,VO ;hlersh .YoV .J08 ,mmemeec sliiviqoisem eiesbegsed

esis edd Fe- foljyixoged

*tetomezh ot smo 08 oF gy Rae dgid im 08 taods Pe a
yhsoe seel 19 etom ,k185 = dviw bexrevoo edmil tue angtt edt
Derwere enc ,ine ont $20 yiso gmifivih ,optel sdmitl edt (dared
$9 @has oot te beretenlo eeveed -eitl-elferdus .bemettalt
6G sat -,an000ePteo ,egtsl ytev +. asotdala ateldonard eae
G8 ,otslutsye~etevodo sebald edt .atol .go 6.5 od Si seloty
otq - @utev baa efeoo edt ,haotd smo 3S of OL); anol imp oy oc
- ites .otatneb$¢ ecotone: aigtes. of? ,8ebie died ne tHeaio
yiloves exowolt ;gnol .mo OAL of O4 ,stsottetib ,toete- eefo
eeines ,8 elagee ;sgno0i .mo Gf ot L eloothey exit otanineg
-stim &F et avedo sisie; :tneteferey ,anol .om 4 of & ,enoss
_ SuOT SRE sremets jwolley Ingtad ,ceots .mm.fi of OL , gaol
Holfes+d ,etevigite yieve ;Sexiiiesd ,1senil etedvue edd

,aiytve Ixonde @ yd betamonise Otslove-YWiem -

cy

Bae

“ogeagite hboowlxeed ;owoI1dedaeihbert ured mone hoowaee: .

+LELID. hiss bent eys=se0T0 somotsa .Yveod , bial SooW - eure
z ett .detiog boon @ anizer bonters omtt ,¢iiqe of tivo
asoroim sowog igi en? 19bau geve eldisiy ton Adtworg, ner euee 3

ee “8 G00

fena tedter ,enorsmen yrev {aottoee coxevanntesl eee ee
iets Late dtiw heeols uc ,ceoge ,Brsox , (xsiemati ot .mm dL. )
«pee oe senen Lethe: diode nt 10 ylwite bescstie .8880 >

at

bog edd Uhotigtzoee¢

bag elgmis LLame svevemna dé ty ieee Lenibutigsnel) 2
estiod niet dotdy putt tage eitf-dfie dtiw Y nee Bese
famed al ylisioeyes eonil Letnos ition ent? tot bie nt
lamde , favo ,egtael anotéoes Lather at senoigoes srr J
BALL tuo6e gxocdtt fool .tnesexy stig deofdgti£e aomts .
‘etinia bas , einai fLane atiew dotdt yreyv dtiw janet ~

oy ayeh ~begaleyebh yigaireqs prey emydoneteq So0¥ cet ig
+a seoane £ te Bud Bo Se LITG ofgtess ee bre auoTSMIN

=

93

transverse section, from 1 to 7 cells wide and from 4 to 8
times as high. )
/

Distribution, common names and uses

This beautiful tree, discovered first by Seemann in the
Colombian Darien, is gregarious and grows on the hillsides
of the eastern part of Panama, always at some distance from
the sea. Notwithstanding its striking appearance it does
not seem to have been much noticed by the natives and the
wood, tough and very heavy, is not used for any purpose.

Theaceae

The Caribbean Ternstroemia

Ternstroemia Seemannii ‘riana & Planch.

Description of the tree

A tree 6 to & m. high, the trunk erect, continuous, co-
vered with a verruculose bark, the crown pyramidal, 311 parts
glabrous. (Leaves oblanceolate, long cuneate at the base,
obtuse at the apex, 4 to 8 em. long, 2.5 to 5 cm. broad, the
petioles 6 to 8 cm. long. Flowers axillary, single; pedun-
eles 1 to 1.5 em. long; sepals 5, 2 exterior, 3 interior, all
rounded, coriaceous, 4 to 6.5 mm. long; petals 5, more or
less coherent at the base, white; stamens 5, inserted on the
petals; ovary 2 to 3-celled, each cell with several ovules.
Capsule indehiscent, obconical, apiculate, about 2 cm. long
and thick, bearing at the base the persistent calyx; 1 seed
in each cell, obovate, flattened, about 10 mm. long and 6
mm. broad. |\

Description of the wood

' Sapwood thin, very light red or slightly yellowish; heart-

PICT Ste in 9. Seen enter. ws

ee

bue obiw affleo.T a¢.f£ sort ,noftoee esisyanert
(+ Sgiet 88 Bemit

seen fue cemeax sommeo ,cottudiztetd

est af nuemect yd text bexsveosih ,eert foticnsed eta?
_Seblslf{[ia ont, sQ eaworge bee apoliazorym at ,nebtel neldmolod
mot sonetelibh ence te eyewla ,emens. to txteq mistess edt te
eech gf soueteegqe antulive sti yutinatsdtiwtoll .eed ent
ods bre aovyites eit Yd beotton domo nmsed eved of meec ton
-S6Ggitsg YOs 10S beer Jon ef ,\veod yrev hos dauot , boow

gineoitense! caedéixs9 647

, sfomeld 3 anetx” tinnamsed stmeovdarmy

. Sort ond To goksytroseg

Oo ~feonnisacce ,toers anmdeeds ,igic . & of 5 ooid &
my iin SbleeT ey wor est .lved eaolnontiey e diiw bexer”
hy aand sad va 8S semis aitoL et elooanslca esveewy EsoiuWdels
A a 02 6 oJ, &.S tel +09. 5 o¢ 2 ,xege ado te sautdo
Hi bSarelyad a Waalkixe stewols .giol .mo,6 ot.d aotahies
b aoiaadet G ,ofietze 3 6 S@iayee ;naol smo Gf of £ neds,
ao sion 3 aledeg pool .mim.G.d OF + ,eu0eoBitCo . be kasor,
Bt Bex 'to: out 6. ariemete cedtinw ,saed add we dnsredos eeeL
foknve tes vee div fies DBs boLloo~s. ot & yxRvO. isteteg |

(ol smo 8 tuode ,oteinotge Ipotnoudo ,tnovetebat eLvaq

B 6 siocier Diode toxeg eid seed add-te snizeed ,.totds
bie guok .nm. OL onede ,fhensdtelt .e¢aevedo thes dose. ry
f .s beoxd oi

hoow. ends. 30 motto Laoeed
aye *

re

4

a plete l toy, thetic ro bex Sdgit rey mids a a |

94

wood darker tinged with red. Wood moderately hard, heavy,
fairly strong and brittle, straight and fine grained, taking
a good polish. Annual rings of growth visible only under
high power microscope.

( Pores/( transverse section) very numerous, small (about

10 mn. in diameter), radially elongated, open, and arranged

{ chiefly in radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous, small, bordered pits. Perforations scalariforn,
sometimes 15 bars. Wood fibers about 2.395 mm. long, with
very thick walls and very small lumina, snd numerous small,
bordered pits. Wood parenchyma considerably developed and
arranged chiefly in short, irregular, tangential rows of one
cell wide, also bor@ering vessels and pith rays. Rays nume-
rous, wide, very conspicuous under the hand lens, from 1 to
6 cells wide and from 8 to 15 times as high.) ~

Distribution, common names and uses

This tree is found in several of the Caribbean Islands,
and on the Isthmus of Panama, where it grows both in the
cool forest of the atlantic coast and on the putskirts on
the low savannas of the Pacific slope. “4t Nombre de Dios, |!
it is known under the name of Mangle mata-pescado and the
mashed bark is used to stupefy fish and so make its capture
easy. Around Panama City, the same species is called
Manglillo and its flowers are much sought for on account
of their delightful fragrance.) The wood is a good timber,
hard and lasting, but its dimensions sre reduced and the supply
of it is short.

ft

The Hog-Gum ‘ree

Symphonia globulifera, Linn. fil. Suppl. 302. 17381.

Dea@cription of the tree

A tree up to 45 meters high and 1.20 m. in diameter,

;yveed ,fred yletazetom foot x«fex diin begnis,.isdash boon
euistes ,Seulern enii ine tdglexte ,citdixe bus amorse yinsied
xefos: Yino eldiaiv datwoig to again Llavaunk .detlog boog «2
»800980%Sim 1OWEd dytAa

tsede) LfLems ,svousnme viev (motices serevenerd )\eex10% |
hbeanerte bas sioqe ,betegnole. gilaibet—, (tefémets ot ..mm OL.
(nettese Jsnifssciniel) eliew feezoV .ewoxr Leiber ni ylteise |
~Mietiteiaos exoliaiatieS .etiq hexsebhbiod ,fieme ,ssorssuae dtin
sitw .piol .am O86.8-cuode etedis S008. .etad GL esaht emos
,Afeme exor93emun bie ,seniogl Ifenme yiev baa eilew uotdd yaeyv
bng begoleveh yidaeresbhienos emydcistsg boow .etviy, boxe buod
eng “te swor [sitnegnst ,telsgetsxt .jdtode at yltetdo beanexse
-Otin syen .cyer ddig fine eloseev anixeiudd cele ,shiw Ifes
of £ mort ,cuel Sneed edd ishos aposoiqenco yiey ,sbiw ),anot
| Lindh es semit OL o¢ 6 mort tue ebiw effen 3=

806) bye Bemet nommoo ,colstndintet™

-@hinelal seedéluey odd to L[eravea mi basot el sett estat
em of Avcd ewouws ti etedw ,emsied to aumdtel edd ao bre
mo etaiwe@veq ens oc bie Jenos oidnaelIaA oft So sgeugt Logo
ret aohi of sidmew th .egole oftioss sit to sepaavae wot edd
edt Sae checeeq-etem elnmell io omen odd ssf awontdt et FF
exitqeo edi 6am 08 ome faba Ytequée ot Seen st axed Setieem
heLieo et esbooqs emee eit .yshO emenel Sasotk .yeeo
deuepoe uo Yot ¢rigwoe Aomm ers exewolt act bas obo Les
pegmsd Loog e at boow eff (,eoneatrgett [otidatiob tieds to
pique sic bas beonbet ete sittctememibh sii cud ,gaiseel ius died
stuode ef dh) to

Zz

Setl mm-gol oft

© af8¥L 908, .igeuO .lis somkl,stetiledets siandgame

gow out To motigtissad

‘,MetemekR ut sr 08:1 one dgid exedem @d of ge gant A

95

the trunk straight, provided at the base with low, flat
buttresses and Covered with g reddish, scaly bark, the ra-
mification radiate and short, the crown elongate, the young
shoots, leaves and flowers glabrous.( Leaves opposite, entire,
coriaceous; the petioles canaliculate, about 1 cm. long;

the blades entire, 6 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 4 cm. broad;
costa and veins prominent on the lower face, the latter
Slender, parallel, crowded together and runhing straight to
the margin. Flowers single or clustered at the end”of the
branchlets; the peduncles about 1.2 cm. long; sepals 5, sub-
erbiculate, about 5 mm. long and broad; petals 5, thick,
broadly ovate, red, 1.5 cm. long; dise cupuliform, extrasta-
minal, about 1.5 mm. high; staminal tube obpyriform, red,
about 1 cm. long, dividing into 5 broad rays, each of which
bears 3 extrorse anthers; ovary ovoid-oblong, sessile, 5-
celled, each cell pluriovulate; style thick, about 7 mn.
long, 5-fid. Berry ovoid, indehiscent about 2 em. long,
usually containing several seeds.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light brown or nearly white when
green; heartwood darker and tinged with yellow. Wood hard,
heavy, strong, straight and very fine-grained, taking a
high polish, and durable in contact with soil. Annual rings
of growth not visible even under high power microscope.

Pores (transverse-sectiom) numerous, moderately large
(.19 mm. in diameter), round cpen in sapwood, closed with
dark yellowish tyloses in heartwood, and arranged usually
singly though occasionally in short rows of 3 to 4 radially
much flattened pores. Vessel walls Hongitutinal section)
where in contact with pith rays and wood-parenchyma bear
numerous small simple or sometimes slightly bordered pits.
Large simple pits are sometimes present on the radial walls.
Perforations simple. jjood fibers about 1.86 mm. lone, with
very thick walls and almost obliterated cell cavities;
fibers arranged irregularly; pits very small and simple.
Wood-parenchyma highly developed forming tangential lines
which alternate with much denser and slightly broader layers
of wood fibers. The isolated vessels are invariably within
the layers of this softer tissue. These two kinds of
layers may be readily distinguished under the hand lens on
a smooth transverse secticn by the fact that the wood-pa-
renchyma has much thinner cell walls and larger lumina.

me teit ,wol dtiw oved edd te bobivo-: taist pute.

8% end , ted vleos ,detbbex a diiw bex 8y88 Bre eoneoua tae
ee pinoy edd. ,etsanole mwoto edt ,tuode bas etetSex usiteoition
titae Jefigon qo esveet ) exordals stewolt base eevecl ,esoode
ae reaot »mo £ duode etelsoties es eoloitey oft ;augesettoo
Baoted «nd & O88; g spaol smo OL of &,euidnes seheig edt
tediel ed’. ,eo2t sewol ead Ko tusntmorg sutevy bnev etaeo
8 Tigi sade giteasx tos tofiteges Lohwors ,Lelierey .2ebaels

4 ent Zo"hns ect te hetetswlo wo ofacte etewold. .oteian ond
_ +dhe 3 @fagce sacl .mo 8.1 ewede asisanheg ens ; steldenexd
7 ee xobes .c eLeten ;heord ike soo! vam. seeds ,otekustdxe
_sadeettte pmre? L Legare oath ;gmek .no 8,f ,hor ,etere. yoiaoud
bot ,otrotiayqdo: edit Sect tevettc :teta on 2.5 trode 4Lentm
sobiw to dese ,oyer beord © ofmt yutbivid',sc0l .mo0 2 deodg
wd jekfease ,gnofdo-bievo yreve ;exeddne setortxe & pureed
om 3 tuode -dotdsd olyte redeLuvotusly Lieo ose | eet =
~utel .mo & tnode trece fle best biova yxted Bhtod ance
abet leveves ae vi ad

PROM Sid 30. 20 nobtqtamned

. sod etidw. yinsex so Gword tdeil (iey tobdd boowyae :
= shred bool) .wolley ddiw bogrké ius t3ixed boowixeen.
- . 6 gotsot ,bentetg~ontt yrer bas tdgteite ,anoxte, ae
* eguttt Lemos ,ftoe stiw Soetnoo at eldsind ae Heilog , a 30
-ogoceotoim rewog Agid teas neve OhALEIS 08 athe

5 egies yletershom ,auoxrenum {frottoee- cex ovskats), noxg?
dgiw Beeols ,hoowgee at aeqo buvor ,(xetemels at ah
_ YbLaues bogueria bie ,boowixsed ni sesolyd. detwolley atteb
eifier 2 of & to ewor " decoste ni yvilenofeesooo desod? eo
“noteees Lestibesvinvet) aeffew leses¥ .setog benedtel 0
‘Beed enydometeg-boow ine eyet dotq dtiw gostneo ot ezedw
Mei. hberehued Ylidgtic semitenge 10 signte ILeme esovemn f
ek Law igiie: add 20 ¢nesex, Gemtsemos sxe atiq elgmie ‘egied
- gtie . gol .om 08.f suede evadiz hoot »..eLymte enolsezoszed -
“a ie - peeitiveo [leo hetersttids teonle bus eliew dotdd yisv
se eignte bas [Lame yiev etiq ;ylxalugextl fegnetis siedi=
peril Laituegies guimtrot hegoleved yldgin eoydonexag-5ooW
ts gel sebeoid wlidalis bose sogmeb domm dtin stenistie doidw
“ahi cad _Uielserad eve elecsey bed sieet oat. «.ptedit boow To
of So cinid ow) ocedl .suenit setters efat te ereyel odd
2 enet byen odd, xebne beakegn ste th yitbes: ed yan sreyel
@q~hodw sao tect doot ott yd moitoes sexevensit cioome @ ~
eRe uh tential pus eliew [feo, teres nome: Seti- pit ia

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96

Rays very narrow, barely visible under hand lens and only
from 1 to 4 cells wide and from 6 to 8 times as high. )

Distribution, common names and uses

Symphonia globulifera I. has a very wide range, extend-
ing over western tropical Africa and tropical America. It

is a true forest tree, preferring humid districts and keep-
ing to the lower belt, not over 200 meters above sea level.
In Jamaica, it is known as Hog-Gun tree, which may be adopted
as the common English name. Hor other countries we have

Bois 4 cochon, in French Guyana and in the French speaking
West Indian Islands, Macouna, Mawna or Maouna-tree, in
British Guayana, Qanani or dnany in the Brazilian Province

of Pard, Mani and Peraman in the Alto Orinoco (Venezuela)

and Martinique and Cerillo in Panama and Costa Rica.

The wood is of a poor quality and seldom used, the large
trees being generally hollow; the bark, leaves, flowers and
fruits are filled with a bright yellow resin, which turns
to black when exposed to the sir, and is mutch used for calking
the boats. A cotton cord, well soaked into the freshly ex-
tracted resin and dried, is used by the Indians as a torch,
this @iving a bright yellow light. The fruits, also filled
with the yellow resin and of the size of a pigeon's egg,
have a fleshy, acidulous, pleasantly tasting pericarp.

Flacourtiaceae

(Fiacourtia-ramily)

The laurel-like Lindackeria
Lindackeria laurins Presl. Relig. Haenk. 2:89, t. 65.1835-36.

Description of the tree

A tree 12 to 15 meters high, the trunk 30 to 35 cm. in
diameter, usually straight, the crown pyramidal or elongate;

Pi) a
Binge

Ries

Yino Bae anel fined tehas efdistr ieee (worren Yuev eye
{,fmid se -seomtt € oc 9 Mors frre ebiw siles 4 o¢ I mots

<
~

r geen his semen neces ,wottsdisderd
Pa:
> siuaaee SHies eihiw yxev e eed 4A siertiledols oi Horumie
“SP “sesltems Leoiqext bue sokata Teotqors axrsedeew + aot
‘ pape hua evolutelbh bimmd guivaste1q ,eeit tee10t enst B st
> ..ce¥8i aoe evode siedes: OOS tevo ton dled sxewol edd of gat —
> Bex tgobered Yem folidw ,se1t See. ee mwond ef fi ,solemst al
ae S¥ad sw colitmpoo rents enen felisend commoo n SR
paleo fome1% edt al bre he dotest ak ,nonbes
Bi ,eott~etroell cc efwell , cos! ,ebelel a6
eontwont a merlieg1t edt A Besta’ ,sneyend etd ind
{alensexeY } eounzi0 os fi sas ‘hemered bite lnali ,disd te-
a »@0lG eate00 Sane ameney at * oLtEaes bie sopinitie fre
Yeptel sav, hean mofiss ine titans to0q e to ef boow ea?
bra exevrott aovesl ,duisd ent ;wollod y{Lexvenes. gated Beers .
a sivtct fobdw ,ateer wolley ¢dytid 2 déiw SeLlit ore Bdinst
tixfieo tet Losy Aggm of fue iis ont ot heeogxe fo iaigeld ot
9 Yideert oft otmi bexeoe [few ,bso0 Hottoo b-\%
_ .sonoe ® £6, 6hefbul eat yd Seex wt -beith bas ciseq.
eileen oa te eines oat .dfeht wolley sdaisd @ aify.
9uBe 3 'xoegitg @ So este sd? to bie nlest wolley oq
{disso itey guitess yltmeeestg ,avoluhtos ,

pax éne ay on

‘, 2 ies
- 3 wis 6-62 OF. xtusre 24% ake atedcme Ol of SL tent Se
" ae "20 ie Awotd. oat poe yllenex ‘segonats

2%

bark gray, more or less shaggy. Leaves alternate, glabrous,
Subcoriaceous, the petioles 6 to 9 cm. long, narrowly sul-
cate, the blades oblong lanceolate, 12 to 28 cm. long, 6 to.
9.5 cm. broad, acuminate. Floral racemes terminal, simple
or branched, few-flowered, glabrous, shorter than the leaves;
pedicels 1 cm. long more or less; sepals 5, ovate to ellip-
tic, 7 mm. long, obtuse or subacuminate; petals 5, narrow,
elliptic, about 10 mm. long white; stamens 28, free or al-
most so, glabrate, nearly 6 mm. dong, the filaments short,
the anthers basifix, emarginate at the apex; pistil about

7 mm. long, the ovary softly echinate, pubescent, l-celled,
the many ovules inserted on 3 parietal placentas; style
slender, pubescent at the base, obscurely 3-lobulate at

the apex. Capsule subglobose, echinate, l-celled, dehis-
cent, about 1 cm. in diameter, the pedicels about 1.5 cm.
long, the seeds 1 to 4, ovoid.

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood light yellowish.
Wood hard, moderately heavy, more or less brittle, very
close-grained, taking a fairly good polish. Annual rings
of growth not visible even under high power microscope.

Pores numerous, ,Small (.06 mm. in diameter), round or
tadially compressed, open, and arranged in radial rows of
from a few tc 4 or more. Vessel walls with numerous sin-
ple or bordered pits, or sometimes one-sided bordered pits
where they are in contact with pith-ray cells and wood-pa-
renchyma fibers. «requently large transversely elongated
Simple pits present. End walls of vessel segments chiefly
wholly absorbed, or in the neighborhood of the pith these
openings have scelariform bars from 5 to 8 Wood fibers
about 1.47 mm. long with relatively thick walls, Small cell
cavities and prominent partition walls; the pits are
slightly bordered with small transverse slit-like openings.
The wood-parenchyma fibers resemble the wood fibers in trans-
verse section except that they have slightly thinner walls.
There are from 1 to 4 rows of wood fibers between the tows
of wood-parenchyma fibers and the latter consist of a
great many cells, frequently from 20 to 40. Pith rays narrow,
barely visible under hand lens on smooth transverse section,
from 1 to 4 cells wide and from 20 to 30 times as high.

a tamendnle ,stanietie cevaet_).yagede esel 10 ciom ,Yetg axed
- +hee vlworren .gcol .mo € O83 G eelotteg on? ,esoeortiosdve
ot GS anol .mo 68 of SI ,etslosonsl srofdo esbeld sit eta
efqmte ,lentmied esmeoat letolG ,etaninvoe ,Seo1¢d .mo 3,e
paerees edt sect tetuode ,asiotdalg ,borswolt-wet ,Sschonerd to
anasto of stave. 4G aleqee jesol.ito stom arol «£0 ZL eiagthe

stan ,6 eletod ;evaninuosdue 10 esutdo , etot< som 1% dae

“fe 10 sett ,@2 sremsts ;etidw guol .mm OL toda oltqtife

» trode etnemelt? est? pmod omm-o ylisen ,sisidels ,o8 teem
tuode Liteiq ;xXeqe edd ta otentareme waited etencre end
Pere ata ,tneceadng ,etanidos yittoe yievo edt snot yom fT
sigte jeevnscelq isteiizeg 8 no betisant eelsvo qyoem ont

te eteLidel-® ylowwoeda ,saad eft te cnecgedny ,rehaele
-aideh ,feilec-L ,ssanifos ,saodoladga sineqgsl.-.xeds end
afte Bol coeds sleotbe, edt ,weteneih af .mo f duods- }daes -
ee oe . » Bove ,) ot LI ebeoe edt anol

Loow oly te soldyfroseu

ot stadwektoy tdgtl Soowdsesd getidw yizeen ,xorde ioowese .
ee ' Hoy: Slttind eassl «6-e20m ,Yveod yleters ps Sted boow

ankerg-006L0
id teioy teve eldleiv ton Ad warts %¢

- Baris Leusues dheasiesis hoog Yisiet e gniver
8

~ SQGOVG0TSIM Tewod

so bawot , (tetomeih af .om 80.) ifeme, ,arvorsmis aox6d
36 ewot [aiber at baguette bas ,eqgo ,Ssasor1ymos Vitel bas
«nie escicmon déiw eilaw iveaseV .st0om to } ot wet B mort
Belg heteixod Sebte-eno semitemos 10 ,atiq berebiod 16 ely
_=8g=500%: bite eiloo ysie-diig ddiw tostnoo ci ete yeds steriw.
hevteguolo yies eves? sgtel yitnerpets ,.curedit saydidases
¥ téeifto ainenaee Leesey to eliew fuk ,.¢nesoery atig a signs
' e@pedd ndiq eis to Saomocag ten sav mi to ,bediceds iw,
tia tee Hook «8 of & moxt stad atxottuelece eved ap sare O~/
fieo [isms ,efisw acids ylovideler aviv gaol .am vs.fl tsods
Bas ee atty oat :eifew coliivusq tuenimetq bas aeitivso
eat Wego akil-t!i Le eexevenetd ffeme iiiw betebiod yitdette
it af evach?t-Hoow eft eldmeser etedit emedonoreg-boow od?
. efien uscnids ylthigite eved yedtd tad? tqeoxe mottosé setov .
| Swot edd neevidsd arodit foow to ewor > od [ mott ste exedt
@ te tetemss settel oft bas exedit smyionetag-boow to
Syer cvic «Oe of OS meant yltaenpert ,aifeo yurem teets
es sersysiveis Acoome mo ensl hned isha eldtety ylered
Scapa Be Sects OG -of OS mort Soe ebiw elles 2 ov f mors

98

Distribution, common names and uses

Lindackeria laurina extends trem southern Mexico through
Central America into the meuntains of Colombia and Venezuela.
It seems to occur most frequently along the southern slopes
of Costa Rica and Panama; in the former country it is
called igro, a name taken from the térraba u-gré or hu-gré,
meaning house-post; in Chiriqui, the western province of
Panama, it is known as carbonero, and said to give a very
fine charcoal. In both countries Lindackeria laurina is
considered an excellent timber, but little used on account
oz it seldom afraining the required dimensions.

The Many-Flowered Hasseltia
Hasseltia floribunda. H.B.E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 73232, t.651.

1825.

Sometimes a mere shrub, or a tree 8 te 10 meters high,
the bark smooth and grayish on the trunk, brownish purple
on the branchlets, the crown irregular. lLeaves(alternate,
submembranous, glabrous, 3-nerved, the peticles 1.5 to 3.5
em. long, slender, the blades ovate, acuminate, 7.5 to 16.
em. long, 3.5 to 7.5 cm. broad, remotely serrate. Inflo-
rescence terminal, cymose, pseudo-umbellate, the rachis
white and pubescent, flowers wnite, pedicels 2 to 4 mm.
long; sepals 4, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, about

| 3 mn. long, pubescent, persistent; petals 4, obovate, pu-

| pescent, a little ionger than the sepals, the margin irre-
gular (sinuate) at the apex; stamens numerous, the filaments
reflected, sparsely villous; ovary globose, hairy, 2-celled,
the ovules numerous; style short, persistent. rruit small,
black, hairy, 2 seeded.)

' Description of the tree
|

edad bus ina @enen — naar

clas! acs? goixel xed aiee noi? eBttedxe

BlevseneY Sue widmolod to entasanow ony
% | Bem0SE. nieniiuoe edd “groie Yldnenysx® ten * <nooo of ‘eitéee 21.
ie ¢? Yul nso le th Ppt a jemeiel fire M iio etso0 to
S, »ox ie 19 Gteg-0) sdwizsy ens mort weiet soem oo ntneen bulleo
Sa = ae aie edd etaptitdd at mephosaae
> prem 2 evin OF Bree dns ot pense 68 wordt et tt
el ae eriusel sitexcaiatt Kos Adod 1 ', Iedoxede. oes

riioone HO Leas wleell fud ,tedmit thefleoks ne boxebiesoo

» antolanamts ss i edt guintette mobieq at %0

sivlesess bowewolt-yosi sai

Hed S88: Zh & NL 2VOn else & 1G £5

B80.

sare eit 2 Hottgitos iroged

ed gene ‘detnwerd asad sift go de Fryers brie
“yertan T: etlejeoved ~velugertt, hwoto env Dacha eperen
°B,8 o¢ &.1L Geioltted enf >, Beviten-< eugudelg”, ex
a af 00 6.' .otanimics Stare gebheid oft ,xeinele |,
A Bate tates , od aupoL yledonioy Zeactd mo 309 OF Goer,
/, > Sideer ext etelfedmn~ofpeey (soar .Lecttorced ©
ty 2S oF 4 aE pot kite guowolt oh tlt
Hogs, sentdo siafjoonal-ei ave 19 etevo .) elegee
& Oe BVat YG a eLeted sduere let yg dueseeds
ae ai. Iyien saz eel egee WAS ead reyiot alu: ee 8, 4 «slip
rf fe ,BLGIShelt Suemeda ;tege Sid Je (etelats tes ene
yates ,2s0d0L5 Yass. pevoiliv yicsiaga re
tae jetexg trode, alge iswonenda csiavs ¢ ee
batman ss FRY)

a “ |

99

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin and almost white; heartwood slightly darker.
Wood very hard, heavy, strong, tough, very close and straight-
grained, easily worked, taking g very good polish. The
annual growth of rings visible only under high power of the
microscope.

‘Pores (t+Yansverse-section) very numerous, small (.02 mn.
in diameter), round, polygonal, or slightly elongated radially,
dpen both in sapwood and heartwood, and arranged singly or
more often in pairs or even in distinct radial rows of from
3 to 6 or more. Vessel walls tiongitudinel-seetiom) uni-
formly and densely pitted with numerous exceedingly small
round bordered pits. snd walis of the vessel segments
wholly absorbed. Wood fibers about 1.55 mm. long with re-
latively thick walls and small cell cavities, the pits very
Small and slit-like. i/o0d parenchyma not very abundantly
developed, occurring chiefly in the neighborhood of vessels
and pith rays. Pith rays numerous and inconspicuous, chiefly
only one cell wide, occasionally two cells, and from 10 to
20 or more cells high.)

f

Distribution, common names and uses.

This species is known from Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela
and the eastern part of Central America and is there of usual
occurrence in the warmer lower belt. It is calied pie de pa-
loma (dove's foot) in the northern part of Colombia, but no
common name has been recorded Sor Panama, where the wood
does not seem to be used to any extent, except occasionally
LOD 1EC Li

The Panaman Incense-Tree

guelania roussoviae Pittier, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18:

163. 1916.

Description of the tree

A deciduous tree, 10 to 25 m. high, up to 50 cm. in dia-

Soaw sci 39 polsgtzeved

texted Ylirigile hoowdxeed ;etidw teomf{s bua aldt hoowged
@igieise bie seaglo Yrev . dgnot ~afo1te ,\cveed ,Biad yaor boow
lh ent ‘ .delieg boos yiev 6 guided , Cedtow “elisee .Sentexs
, ef% to xewoq tigid rebay ino oldteie egait to Atworg laesnne
i * ,eqgoeotolia
rm SO.} GiLese ,exovemn yioy (stol2o02-ooveretians ) setoe
me iletbes Estegaole yltdgile 16 ,lenogyloq ,inhor 4 (tetemeth at ~
ee > _waetle bestieize foe ,hoowdxe0d bne Bcowgee ni’ dtod segg
So gae to ewou letber gonévelh mt weve ‘to sited ni nedte etom
-fas (uoitdoes--LentintignoL}> silew LeseeY .etom x0 6 of &
iiems {Ylsnibeeoxe exorsmun dtiw bedtiy yleeneb bua yla20%
: etusmgee Lleezevy eft to ellew bu5 ..etig besebi0d Sas07 -
=e2 dtiw guol .mm dé.i tuode etedit bool .bedroede yilodw
-yxer etig edt ,eaisives [feo Ilene bus ellew dotdd ylevitel
ihe yisashuuce yey Jom exydousiey, booW .eaif+tile Sue {leme -
pisagey to boodtocdgien sid at yitetdo guisisoso ,beqoleveh
—Uftetts > ,anonoigenooti hae envotomun eyei Agia ,syex fiviq bus
¢ oe OL not fue ,elfeo owt yiienotasooo jehiw [feo eno yino
| (- data eiles etom to O08

6965 Lie semex sommoo ,Aotisucissega

oe se enreV sidmoloo ,xoheusi mort nwomd ef selosye atdz
hs eu to ex0ed? si bus sefismAéA LeitueS So t4asyg nieteeo off bis
Sey eb sty boifeo et oI (fed uswol asmxew ony nt pe ge
“en 3: ‘gH0 ,eidmolod to drsy ausigion ont ak (toot B"evod) -
-Boow end stew BeSS 402 bobrooex need eed emen &
“yikaboieecce tqesxe (snedxe yaa ot been od of meet Zon’ bass
-teus 10%

. eeil-esneonl memane. oi%
et,

.
Lomas, .

Bh .éxeH 284 22.0 wiadned risen estveseewor sineloss
if LL Sad
/

*
io estd eit 26 soltiyisoged o?

ae ; a K /
=eeb ae mo O64 oc de .dgind 1m GG. ot OL send esonbioss &

~

is

t
2

100

meter at the base, the bark grayish and more or less rugged,
the crown rounded or elongate. Leaves subcoriaceous, the
petioles hairy, 1 cm. long, the blades oblong, subacute, ser-
rulate on the margin, pellucid-dotted, pubescent above, hairy-
tomentose beneath, 8 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 3.5 cm. broad;
stipules narrow-lanceolate, small, hairy, caducous. Inflo-
rescence of 10 to 15-flowered clusters, axillary, but appear-
ing before the leaves. Pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm. long, hairy,
provided with small, scarious bracts; sepals 5, ovate, obtuse,

.7 ma. long, hairy without, greenish white; corolla none;

stamens 32 to 34, the filaments 3.5 mm. long, subglabrous,
the anthers ovate-elliptic, versatile, intermixed with 34

to 42 thick, clavate, sparsely hairy staminodes; pistil den-
sely hairy, the ovary ovoid, 1 celled, with numerous ovules
inserted on 3 parietal placentas; stigma sessile. Fruit
perry-like, the 1.5 to 2 cm. long, hairy pedicel surmounted
by the persistent calyx, the Berry globose, sub-3=sulcate,
about 3.5 cm, in diameter. Seeds numerous.)

auelania roussoviae Pittier, is the only known continen-
tal representative of the genus, the other members of which
are at home in Cuba and possibly Jamaica.

The tree was first reported from the Isthmus by A.
Fendler, who collected it in the lower Chagres district
during the first months of 1850.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood slightly darker.
Wood hard, heavy, very tough and strong, close-grained,
taking a good polish and durable in contact with the soil.
Annual rings of growth not visible under the high power mi-
croscope.

Pores very numerous, small (.02 mm. in diameter), round,
open or closed in the heartwood, and arranged singly, in
pairs or in short radial rows of from 2 to 4. Vessel walls
with numerous small simple pits where they are in contact
with pith-ray cells and wood-parenchyma fibers; where two
vessels are adjacent the pits,sre bordered. Perforations
Simple. Wood fibers about la@ mn. long, vith thick walls
and moderately small lumina, with numerous, small, slit-like,
simple pits on the radial walls. Wood-parenchyma fibers
very sparingly developed. Pith rays very numerous and in-

Pie ix easel 2G etm bane detyeig Sred ont ,cesd odd ta ieten
eit ,ayqsori.oodiie gevsel .efegnote to hebnvei gwors edd
stuoadss *uesice sebeld one ,gnol .mo Ll ,yrted seloiteg
i eevods tepoeoUny batteb=bloolieq’ .wtarem edt no et alus
;Heotd .mo 6.8 of € . prot .mo CL of & ,ditgened sactnemot
4 We te Jeroo feo water , ffaus , ot sLogonec-woxxat seisgtta
Si 804(8 tnd Tiel ine exgtenhs betewolt -af of OL to oonedacx
t. ~usted ,gtol .mo 8.f o¢ [ ehenliot ,seveel odd etoted ant
a auido ~etevo ,8 elagem ;atoetd euotisoe , [Lame sd iw hebivorg.
aa: Strode el feson vad tity He Loess tuodd bw Yt teri sok ame Tp
> oe * emote BL gd ze giro me a8 etemelrt eft .d8 o¢ SS anemdte ~
mee AG. aditw pbexloievnl ,efiteatey ottgtife-steve e1sitna ont
ie re livery ; ge botihned ited Ylee rege ,et@velo ,jotdd SS og
eelnve euo% Siu a¢iw ,beffeo ft ,btove \(teve ett” Viten ples
> Sf9a@ \.eiieeos. etinlis vgedetpo ely letetiey S a6 bettorut
. ' pedasomape feolieq yolen amet ac S of 6. ot) edhiegrrad
‘< 1482 BOLNE=S ~due ,eecoUoix \t16d gis "xyes tivtalerey edd Yd
A} (seubrsqum | eee .retsmeti fis -e oe. daode.

gteatis oo lwoma vino eng ef ,teievis getvogesex e
dott So srsdmer tedto eft ,eoney ody t6. avi Ben S vgs
Ss » sol enes qidteaay bie eds0 pA enon ve” ‘ote

R ae yd evanitel ect moxt betuogst teirit sew epxe: ent
Folate rh aon geil vewel etd ot St bhetosifoo onw ,t8eline®
— +o eidiom tert? edd gatas

_bgow edo te noivyitosed

“aexist tltdgtle foowsssed jevidw yliesn , xoind ‘ool rom
~hetitéera-sevlo ,shnoiss bug ngnot qiev Uveed § hte: “p00W
~ altos ert dtiw toeines al efdeis5 fag matlog 5003 @ gotided
tar SeWog cgi ad? sehecr eldtetv ton, déwoiy to eatkt mee
cee,

‘ (retomet ot som SO.) Llama *,esoxemua yrev seTod!
Me “wlanis koanettea bie ,Soowireed sad ni heecto t¢ ite
sev tgceov > ot & mort to gwot Lether ¢xede mt, to eifeq
Poetace at ove yout otedwiatiy efgmia [Lene sso tent
owd stodw ;etadtt smydometeq=Soow baw elies Seta |
enots eighties , boxe iad eie tt, edd theoep be ote 6
Tien Soiet dite ~seol .iim wi soda exedi? boot. “.eLigmt
Tethie .fisme ,eporsmin mihi”, etiont ifems yicterehom Sta -
; - auedis. Bry NOL o4 ‘eq-booh eifew tetbey adv ite etfq eiqmie
‘neat eHeiscKn ol eyeat avit Msi Vlgaiiegs yier

101

conspicuous in trsnsverse section, from 1 to 3 rows, usually/

2 cells wide, and from 20 to 40 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Incense-Tree, or caraiio, as it is called by the na-
tives, grows as isolated individuals all over the territory
f Panama. It loses its leaves during the dry season and is
then very conspicuous in the maze of the forest vegetation
on account of its clean grayish skeleton. In February, be-
fore the renewing of the foliage, it covers itself with in-
numerable white flowers, and its crown appear here and
there as light colored spots lest in a sea of green.

The wood, white or light brown, splits easily and is
said to burn readily, even when freshly cut. It is,however,
of little use, and the tree is better known smong the inha-
bitants of the country on account of the abundant, clear
resin or gum (carana) which exudes from incisions made in
the trunk and to which great medicinal virtues are attri-
buted.

Lythraceae
fhe many-flowered Adenaria

Adenaria floribunda H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6:185. 1823.

Description of the shrub

A shrub, or sometimes a small tree, not over 6 m. high,
the branching diffuse and spreading, the bark reddish, the
young branchlets hairy, 4-angled, the leaves and inflores-
cences densely covered with innumerable black epee Leaves
coriaceous, the petioles 2 to 4 mm. long, the blades éllip-
tic-lanceolate, long acuminate, 6 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm.
broad, light green above paler with the venation prominent
and pubescent beneath. Flowers 5 to 13+clustered in the

NA Lasies swat S of [ sort told cen gexevaneit of avosotgende
: «gid ss eon? OB GY OS: moi fas vet; el 66°S

BOG ss fone gener ado Mottud tite.

Tar oe yc feiles ef git es, 5 to ,Sexl-seneonl edt.
Bi Be wet eid rove Lis elegh beteLoel ée Eworg jeovid
“oF Bag measec yb edt galiab seves! ati eeéol tI ,smensl to

‘natvatesey teeret ent to osem edt ot anoveigenos ytev aedzg —

a od \Ueewidet nl .movefede Refyera wselo ett to tngodbe mo —
ae ae Pea Sloat! avevoo tf a atfot eit to gitiwenet ed? ext

". $e8 o19ed tesqge oword eff hoe ,er90wolt edldw efdetemon

_ -feetg TQ 868 “4 at Pi 3 atoye barotoo digit e6 exens

* $f Bae yltaee ettigqe ,nwoid digit 10 etidw ‘Sheu aie jm
_sTeTew, On. 6r tt stBo Vidnbct ‘Heaw ceve {/yitheer Weert of baa
metas edt ynons iwotd Ledted @f cove ent bie | 2069 “OLCEL- To.
_ teeio ,tanebnusde edd Le thggace no YxsaBoS edit te athetic —

“ fit oben aetestoui mctt eebsxe dotdw {aieraa) may 10 ctiees
"stadve dre tontiiv Lentotben deetg sotdw od bre ae ys

- am i . ose :

as eo. | 2 '
\
aX,

esecerds yr aD eee a ae
a mof sang | = i ae
tanh’ fox ana =¥f ae ce
Ps rte | on pes es * a ee
»90 «TOn Pee: . ete

Se ‘eshbes tied edd: tt Ebaaiye fem: eeettrs
ob tat bee Seveci ed? ,belgtia-> ,yxten
Binet xoeld eLdaxrémunct déiw Sexevoo YU
GEG Gebeld wit , gol sim Boot S eéiekveq ene |
whe S082: Beek mp OL ot O% ped an inueee 1£09 Df
uaors aottencr od? déiw teLeq evods: testy ddgkf ,!
oat balan, stale sf @ guewolt .dteened snenseds

102

axils of the leaves; usually tetramerous, sometimes 3, 5 or
6-merous; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long,pubescent; calyx turbi-
nate, pubescent, about 4 mn. long, lobulate;: petals lanceo-
late, about 3 mn. long, yellowish or purplish white, alter-
nating with the calyx lobes; stamens 7 to 12, included or
exserted; ovary globose, stipitate, 2-celled, each cell
pluri-ovulate. Fruit a pinkish white berry, about 4 mm. in
diameter, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood light cream coloréd or nearly white; heartwood
light yellow turning slightly darker or reddish upon expo-
sure to light and air. Wood moderately soft, light in
weight, not strong though tough, very fine and straight-
grained, susceptible of a -ood polish. Annual rings of
growth visible only under the high power microscope.

Pores (4#ransverse sectiern)- numerous, small (.08 mm. in
diameter), round when isolated and radially flattened when in
groups, open octh in sapwood and heartwood, and generally
arranged in groups of from two to four. Vessel walls tlen—
gituctinal seetien) with numerous small, round bordered pits.
Perforations simple. Wood fibers about 1.22 mm. long with
moderately thin walls and comparatively large lumina, and
Small simple slit-like pits. fo0od-parenchyma fibers not
abundant, usually surrounding vessels and almost always only
two cells long. Pith rays very numerous and inconspicuous
under the hand lens. They are usually one cell wide, rarely
two, and from 15 to 25 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The Adenaria is principally a South American tropical
pliant, reaching from the Canal cone even as far as Argentina.
In Central America, it is reported from Oaxaca (Mexico) but
not from the countries southward. It is known in Colombia
8S chaparral, in Venezuela as guayabito, and the weod is of
little, if any use. a.

Bee 8 somttomee ,eworsmextes yllaues peeveet edt 20 eltxe
wa hy shoud xyleo ;tmeceedsy enol .am d ot } Bleotbeq sauorsm-d
AL | -Oecnal sletey -stalodol (sa6f sm a tuode - "ebeoustin: ,otan

iz wtedle ou isi de thquing 20 defwelicy ,gaol .mmi © syods, ,etal
Ks 79 ‘bebstont pat of VT ecenets pdsdol xyles eft Ad iw ahiten
= ear thee oee . belise-3 Stet hadsc S€ecels YHRvO j botuseexe
| th vem & teude persed etidw dakaniq s ¢inii .otelovesizsig

oo Ceeylee dietefereg ead yd. wead ocd ce hebaporise vAuaeahbe

boow od? to gots gispaed

hoowtzaed ;etiadw. vlxeer a@ bexofoos meets Sighs Soameea, |
| =o9%0 Goqs deLtbéer vo vedveb Ylsisile gaimist wolley tag hl
_ . ft dtight ,ttes yloterefom, bocoti so tie fie ddgil of exe
ote Jig herse bue enutt Yaev ¢ e Aysons. gxoite ton Migisw
Spiist Llesanae .dieifeg Boo. = to eldis (eoene. bent
-egoosoisin wwweg gia ans rehous, xido patie déwaxg
aS

‘ah: ett! 80) Sfeme 8.80% onmsH “(nedtses. aBteusment) e104, 9,
nt ase. beneddal2 yLiets set bag betsloot nedw tasor ,(r1etematd
- . ytetetey tne ,dcowltesn fos boowyse al dice nego ,egvoty —
<eGk) eiLew feueev -tnot of cw? mort té6 egzong 2 begterte '
ayes. berehidd hawor ,ilens e#atonsn atiw (nekiteur™ a
sity grol ,a Sa.f teode ategi= S008 .olgmis anoktarotret
fte ,eotsw£ eatel yleviveragmes bas elLew aids ylovertebon
“Aa On sxedit enydonsteg=beoW .zatiq eAti-tife efqmie Lleme
gies eyarie deomis bie eleteet gnitanciise yllever sping
_ssotvoigenoout bie ahoremun qaev eyet cvigd «gaol Elles owt pep
et .ebiw Lleo atte yliense ete yedT .snel busd exo aebis = = = fy
vas a siieo éo of SL mort : aoe: ihics a a é

dled =,

sees Ane 4 sma seownehg 9 pea:

Be i pte Dav iemk Atyot a Ulegtontsy et eixenobA emt
ESmegtk su ust Sa-neve emod Latied edd mort gatioast | on hone
dad (ookteli) ecexsd mort bottOge: ef ti ,sohtems bewned + . |
a? aidcoksd i wont Gh Il , hamwicwoe eelitunco edd more a ee |
2 ae pag ont one ad to ayase 28 ergaagees at an ;

es *.

103

The Granate-Leaved Lafoensia

Laicensia punicifolia D.C., Mém. Soc. phys. Geneve 3, 2:86,

Ge 1. 1626.

Description of the tree

A tree, up to 15 m. high,the trunk straight, covered with
a dark brown colored bark, the crown few branched, the branch-
lets more or less erect. (saves coriaceous, glabrous, the
petioles 3 to 6 mua. long, ‘the blades lanceolate or sometimes

‘ovate, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 8 cm. long, 1 to 2.5 cn.

broad, lustrous above, paler beneath, the costa and veins

@ark colored and prominent. Inflorescence subpaniculate, ter-
minal, few-flowered; pedicels thick, 2 to 3.5 cm. long; flowers
le to 1l6-merous, first greenish, then purplish yellow; calyx
broadly campanulate, 2.5 to 3 cm. long and 2 em. in diameter:
petals obovate or spatulate, 3 to 3.5 cm. long; stamens nume-
rous, the filaments curled up, the anthers dorsifix and ver-
satile; style 12 to 14 cm.long. Capsule ovoid, apiculate,
about 3 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, dehiscent, l-celled;
seeds numerous.

The leaves of this tree present an interesting peculia-
rity in the presence of the lower face of the acumen of a
pore corresponding to a cavity in the thickened end of the
main nerve. No explanation seems to have been given as yet
as to the function of this organ, but it seems reasonable to

consider it as a form of hydathode.

Description of the wood

Sapwood usually thick, light or pale yellow; heartwood
Slightly darker. Wood rather hard, heavy, strong, tough,
usually straight and very fine-grained, susceptible of a very
fine polish, and moderately durable in contact with the soil.
The annual rings of growth visible under hand lens.

Pores (transverse~section) very numerous, small (.1 mn.
in diameter), radially elongated, open both in the sapwood

and heartwood, sand arranged singly or more often in radial

eee Re ee: Pm) ee Ne) ee ae ARP ay een eee ORG yy) eh ghee) ee ee ae as ar at ial ela on.
; ‘ < if oe me

BOL
i “ ei Bo |

; °°, 06:5 eTaned eeydg 2906 omen pees Pe (3 siiottotany eisnsotad
sagen ft

< Ve —
eed sdv to motigtrosed

b
a Gtvinw Serevoc ,digiesste aosid edd, ,dutd .m GL ov ge ,eemd &
» S=Honets eft bedonexd wet mwots adi ,ixed bexoloo mword 2466 6
eis ,~ewoidely ,eyoeoelto> 6sveci\| .Joexre esol Io exom Ovet
pemitewes t¢ eteloootsl aefeld siz’ ,gnol .om 6 of © eélatveds
emo GS of L ,geol .mo 6 of 8 ,etantnsos. yleestdoe jetayo |
sutev. bue atece edt ,fisened tele, ,evods auoutent ,beortc | —
ate. ,ovelvoimeqdne someceesolinl .tmenimorg bus berolog Baeh .-
“@tewol: yetol szio 8.6 ot S ,dpidd sleotbeq ; hetewols-wed (lantn
xylee swotley Melhiquig mod? ,teineety textt ,emotemrdE. of SL “-
. <codewskh at cio & fits. gool so 5 of G.S ,otolumegnad Ylopote 9% | as
sotuit ategeie sgitel .me 6.5 .e¢ 8 ,scalnteges 16 etevodo eleteq =» —
-=sey bre xitibich stedime oft. .qu delaio etnemelit edd ,enor || 7
,welnoige ,btove elweqe> .gool,mo #f of SL slyte getives ag
pbeifeo-{f ,tneoeisebh ,tetemath ni .mo S Soe gaol .mo 8 teode *' z:
- GHoTemaa BhOSE
seliscoq suitesistnt ne tnesety seit eins So eeveel edt a
® to tienpoe bot toe dost xewol eit to eonesete of RE ysit-. =|
@fi to boe Hemesttoidt edd ai Wives e of aukhnogeserros e1eg
Jz ee novig sead ova o¢-embea voivensiqxe of .svien Bien iy
6 sidanvusse; ampes tk tne ,sieg1o eldé to molveanus ead Gt Ge a,
+Chadvebyn to miet 8 ee ti gebbenco / a ih

bhouw edt to aolvgizoeed i he ae ee

'¢ .

Gouwdueed ywolley efbq 10 dmsil ,totds yliewenw boomgat

phir -aapot ,anoite ,yveed ,Sisd redvex Boo, . . ey,
as iy « <a oldi¢qgeoana ,feniatg-enit ytev bae wrigieite ys | m2
Up eatae ond aviw Joesaoy qt ofsrud yletetebom bus effog emtz
_ eae Enel bat xseinp-eldtaty djwory to eguiaet Le
ei oy BE : ’ ab *
tia f,)' items ,evorenun yrsv (sols ove oater Fo ig Ee
oo | Doowgee ot ni god nego Setanmole yliletbex wixetemetiar \ ”
3 si . es.

Ds!) cobbet tt matte oxen vo Blaate Boynexis bus Seowtzeed Sas)
y bas ; F res
bat) } 7 | > ede

we

ss

4

104

rows of two or three. Vessel walls ttongitudinel section)”

with very numerous, small round, bordered pits. Perforations
Simple. Wood fibers with moderately thick walls and small
lumina, and a few small, lit-like pits. Wood parenchyma not
strongly developed. Rays very numerous, not visible under
the hand lens on a smooth transverse section, one or rarely
two cells wide and from a few to 12 or more cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Lafoensia punicifolia ranges from Mexico southward across
Central Americs and along the western slopes of the Andes to
Bolivia. In Mexico, it is known as palo mereno, in Guatemala
aS palo culebra or palo de culebra (snake-wood), while in Pa-
nama it was formerly the origin of one cf the principal dyes
ot the native Indians, in the form or a beautiful yellow co-
lor. ‘This is probably the origin of the name amarillo, used
at Chepo. There are, however, several Kinds of amarillos.
Lafoensia punicifolia is the smarillo de fruto, and the iden-
tity of the amarillo real y amarillo calabazuelo is still un-
certain. The wood is fine grained and hard, and applied to

various uses.

Lecythidaceae
The large Monkey-Pot Tree

Lecythis ampla Miers, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 30, 1:204. 1874.

Description of the tree

A very tail tree, 30 to 40 meters high, 1 to 1.50 meters
in diameter at the base, the trunk erect, branching at the
top only and covered with a blackish, rimose and fibrous bark,
the crown broadly spreading, the branchlets slender, purplish
and verruculose without. (Leaves small, subcoriaceous, gla-
brous, exstipulate, the petioles slender, 6 mm. long, the

ye
5 ] MG,
Hh, ~{qorrooe Senbodigagh)- eLiaw Ieceov .coudd to owt to ‘amr
erorserols oF ,etlg betehtod , hanes ILema , BEOF OMSL vroy atiw
ie iiene Sue ellew to bt yloteiebas dtiw exred£t booW pth coat
don emydonereq booWw .esiq: egi(-tt! ,fleme wet e baa
mohrt eldieiv toi , BHO LSM, LIS aye , begoLleveb ulsnondts
| QAeret 10 Sho «foldoes eprevensit Avoome e £0 eoel hued edt
efyid elieo etom te SL o¢ wet @ mort base ebiw efleo ows

fuewss woe ostxell mou deguer stfotiottwa -
ew ent piole bile Bo

ri ‘Be@OTRE..
awond ot tt opti ir
be a 46 axdels

om: ‘geben edd TO Begots hieve
planets) at , suerod =a #e
ast-pt efidw ,(oow-2 }

gexh. feqtoniza edt 55 of0 50, Aigizo end ylsemro. BB
Ee eon wolley Latte tinged.» <0 mot ond ‘ , one cad rh

Liveme ener ont D0 ieee eit uid Ne of
“0 Share Letev peu e058 *e tet oe

Pate .208:4- 08 «02 contt senext ot ever slgme etdouced aoe

“bageee02 oo x (deta aa as oo. of 08 set ies

esr 8 eee foowe,, Mase eit ,oeed edt tf

sev “ ayorte csomby ,deiaoeld « adiw Bexevoo gow ia
ELaroy. xebsole ateLdouexd ond. « a yibeotd mais
| S, ,pbyesattoo ne Li ome pOves witiw seoluen

He ,guel «ou vibbaede avi oney ot si sq its

105

blades broadly ovate, rounded or subacute at the base, acu-
minate, 3.5 to 9 cm. long, 2.5 to 4 cm. broad, reticulate, the
margin sinuate-toothed and often sublobate; costa dark co-
lored and prominate on the lower face; veins 12 to 13, se-
veral times anastomosed along the margin. Inflorescence not
known. Pyxidium large and ample (20 cm. long, 15 cm. in
diameter), urnshaped, the persistent calyx lobes forming 6
broad, sharp protuberances; operculum convex and more or

less umbonate.)

4

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood light brown tinged
with red, wood hard, heavy, tough, very close and even
grained; and susceptible to good polish. Annual rings of
growth very narrow and only faintly visible under hand lens.

f

‘ Pores (transverse-secticon)few, (.210 mm. in diameter)
round, usually open in sapwood, closed in heartwood, and
arranged singly or in pairs. Vessel walls (tongittuttnai—

Section) with numerous small bordered pits, occasionally large

Simple pits present; end walls of vessel segment usually
nearly horizontal and completely absorbed. Wood fibers
about 1.74 mm. long, with very thick walls and totally obs-
cured cell cavities; pits very small, simple and obliquely
slit-like. ‘ood-parenchyma fibers abundantly developed and
arranged in regular tangential lines of from 1 to 3 cells
wide which alternate with tangential lines of wood fibers
which are only slightly wider. Wood-parenchyms lines
easily visible under hand lens. Pith rays very numerous,
barely visible under the hand lens.on a smooth transverse
section, from 1 to 3 cells wide and from a few to 10 or 12

Distribution, common names and uses

The real identity of this species is not established,
but the fruits are very:similar to those of L. smpla, des-
eribed from specimens collected in the neighboring Colombian
state of Antioquia. It is known as olleto, i.e., pot-tree,
and the fruits as olless de mono (monkey-pots); but it should
be remembered that these names apply to everyone of the
numerous species of neotropical genus. The wood is very

Cae peer? ty eee

_ -=ipe ,e60ed eg de etvoacus to bebusor ,etevo ibeord eohele
_ Ont. ,etpivotder ,bpoid .md 2 ee GS. .guol ,mo Got 668 ,etanta

-0o siab ateou jevadoldus netio hae bedtgod~ot 8 Olsten

708 ,5L of SL eatev, ;e5e2% sewol, oid mo etentmorg bus baxol
ton womevsort0lial Wrcce’ ed? gsols besomotesns egemtt Lerey
mi .mo Gl ,gnol .mo Of) -elqme bas egrel aubiteyd ..awood

d swtimuct eodol xyleo tnetarsieg od ,boyedents. ,{retemelb
0 etom bite xevaoo sulwotege ;seonetedsto1qg ytede ,baord
(ot erradmn eeel

2 iw odd | it; xeeou
Heats aword tdelk boowdtesd pevidw ylreen \dotdt omen

pave Sune eaglo yrev , Uvesd ,5ied boow sy

to sgychy lecom4 -.debtog ot eldid gecens™” bra:

— : 7

a, {xetemetb«nt .um OL82) Wet lioltoes seieverssd.) i)

2 bce ,boowsiped ai besolo, ,hoowyas ai aego pipe _ ase%s
beyterie

| Lentini tanes} efiew; Leseev —eitag ni to Ulents
: syiel yitencicesoo ,esty Housisod Liens cxorsmn doiw {

ylisuer toemsee Leaesv to ellew hae ;tneeorg ediq elumia-

Bredit boow .becioeds yleteiqmos hue Ietnostiod yliesn

} sad9 vifetot fine alflew aoldt yrev ddiw ,gnol .mm avr tsods
|” .wilenalido ine olqmte ,ileme yYrev etiq ;eettives Ifeo fez »

> +

. biote Sogqoleveh yitnmebmunde ested? anryicnereq-booW Leailetife
‘pe aifes 8 ot £ mort to seati faicnesned telmges ot begmeiie
o etedit boow to eenti Letiasgued djviw otenretis doidw ebiw

esnil angdomereq-book .tebiw yltdatia yino exe dokdw
; ~BuCTemuN yrey Byst AJIT .emel bred r9ehbas eldtaly yilese
* eerevencit dicome & HO. enol bie edt tebos olfdiety ylezed
wm Sf ta OL of wet e mort Bits ebtw elfeo € of £ moxt Pest

s - ' Fs

a : secs base seman wottiud Pxtete
: fomeerticegne ton ef nardenn eldd “to Rtioneft Leer ot?
amos

. ° -eald to emoyzeve of ylqas Geman gag tant,
os . wiey ef hboow od .anney silticiashiaiaiai to setoece.

Pee en ok eee
7 a ";< ira od

,ehel brad yw8besn sldiety ns Bese: yino bie worten ener Sawer

sigma .< to geedt ot selintesyiev exe situa ont tow ,
o oni vedduies edd ai betoeiLoo. git port Bedito

hy uy Ebi slag Sein ,etella Sonat tia pe tz vehepeo el voit hae i
biseda 3k dud ad og -¥e Ooms eniee ae. 8 ®
hexedmomst,

it

106

hard and lasting and said to resist indefinitely as well in
the ground as in fresh or salt water. Its color is a rich
reddish brown and as it is susceptible of a fine polish it
certainly ought to have some future as an export timber.

Lecythis ampla grows on the ridges of the low hills
around Port Obaidia, on the San Blas Coast. It is grega-
rious snd one of the most conspicuous trees in the Zorests
of the district. The seeds, which have not been seen, are
certainly edible and could probably be collected in quan-
tities sufficient for exportation.

Mell's Lionkey=Pot

Lecythis melliana Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.

26;;8; “pi. Ge. 29272

Description of the tree
A large tree, up to 30 m. high 2nd 80 cm. in diameter,

the trunk straight, covered with a grayish, rimose bark,

the branching radiate, beginning about 8 meters above the

ground. {Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, the petioles thick, ca-

naliculate, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, the blades ovate-oblong,

rounded and decurrent on the petiole at the base, rounded

at the apex, 12 to 35 cm. long, 10 to 14 cm. broad, the

costa thick, impressed above, very prominent beneath, the

veins prominulous on both faces; margin entire, sometimes

Slightly repand. Inflorescence paniculate, few branched,

the rachis thick, angular, glabrous. Flowers sessile, sul-

phur or orange yellow, 5 to 6 cm. in diameter; calyx tube

5 to 6 cm. long, salver-shaped, the 6 lobes ovate, cbtuse,

coriaceous, 9 to 11 mm. long and broad, the margin entire

and revolute; petals ovate or obovate, obtuse at the spex;

more or less attenuate and adnate together and with the

androphor at the base, about 4 cm. long snd 2 cm. broad;

androphor yellow, the basal ring 7 to 8 mm. broad, the ligule

about 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad, the hood ovate, shortly

AI ifLew ee yletinitebat tefeox of bree Sie salto! Sno bed
ett @ Rt toloo ett .retew ¢lee xo deext nt es basorg ent
. #2 deifog ent? » to eldiéiqesena ct th.es bus aword detbber
ov “eto $roqxe aee8 e1sdst emoe eved of tiga. ylaleties
7 o) “
i wed Lad wolseds: 20. sepbte erie fo Bwoty signe ststaned
. wegers ci t1 \.demod eelé gee onc no ,elhlé 0 ae
. @¥aevel oat ok eeext exonnkgenoco teom edt to: ano bae avotr
e%@ ;hese assed gon eved doidw ,chees eff .,totrtalh, ede te

ee “tb nt heveatioo od yidedery blues base eldtbe yinietzes ~
ey sOGitetiogxe tot dholol sive seicgiz

¢ & ilea re A
“a dnod ete .6.U .28m0d ,Hetisld sneliiem eidtyoes: — | a
<i et. %. e c : ays aus j w
; gT2eOL 2d .fq ,6:08 ‘ ‘sae aon
| _o91d odd to gottginoaed Aaa! ik sae

=e tov emets Kt «m0, 06 bus dgtd om 08 of ao ,eoxt ea ~ Sk Tag
ied esomi:x ,delyery 6 ddiw hozevyoo ,tdgtere snend « Soe ee
ae evede sistem § tuods galoniged ,ovelber .
er eelofiag, eit ,evotdals ,svosaeltoo seveod
ol6oq-stsvo eebold eft [gm0l .mo a.8 of Gif ,1
Sasex ,oeed ent te elotvey eis so Pete we hae

E< a “ig .beord .mo #£ o¢ OL, gol ,mo gb ot SL axege coon fe
sid goned Soenino1e qrer ,svods hesesiqmt ,

. aeons exitme aniaiem ;#eoe8. dicd m6 seine
srionesd wet sr abe eoneorotolinl .bneqet ¥%
2” ~eolieees etewols 2so4del's . teingis _moiit ef: oat ede
at xyes pretemetf at yap 6 of @ WOLLSY ba Epa eS

hao aon lee tediol & ond _ beqede—1v lee: <BMOk: » ot

Eco ninven edt .beead bas sool .om Lh ofoe eneheothes ow
Wes os te sssitdo ,aetevedo io eteve oe setnLoves poe
bas Dein hire aettegod adache fue stpouetds £a6t, 107 exon. # Hi
, bdors .dw & She gaol .md 2 diode ,osed oft: se yadqoubee aa a
- SAY (Show. «om d of VT gaia Lesad: "a cht Wodley Bod ions |
rode. otevo hoog sect ,begxc .ma a. tno gnol .uo $ deode —

fle

107

fimbricate on the margin; ovary 4:aelued, “Eyate sakevatane®
woody, grayish brown and rough without, 15 to 16 em. high,
the walls 2 to 2.5 cm. thick; basal part obconical, 5.5 cm.
high; calycary zcne more or less continuous and even; inter
zonal band 7 to 7.5 cm. high, 15 cm. in diameter; operculum
5 cm. thick and 11.5 em. in diameter; seeds 6.5 to 7 cm.
long, 2.5 cm. broad, about 10 in each pyxid. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and yellowish white, heartwood varying
from light yellowish to reddish brown. ood moderately hard,
heavy, strong, tough, cross and more or less coarse=grained
taking a fairly good polish. It splits and guts with diffi-
culty. Annual rings of growth are noB clearly defined even
under the compound microscope.

— {transverse sélection) not very numerous, rather
larzZe (about .15 mm. in diameter), round or more often ellip-
tical in outline, open and srranged singly or in pairs.
Vessel walls ttengitudinal sectien) with numerous very small
round bordered pits. The ends of the vessel segments are
partly absorbed. Wood fibers about 2 mn. long with father
thick céll walls and small cell cavities. Pits oblique and
slit like. Wood-parenchyma very highly developed, occuring
in regular tangential lines or bands with alternate bands of
wood fibers of equal width. All pores imbedded within the
bands of soft tissue. Pith rays numerous end rather large,
easily visible on radially cut boards. ‘The rays are from 4
to 5 cells wide and from 6 to 10 Bimes as high.) :

Distribution, common names and uses

Known from Southern Darien (Panama) only, this stately
tree will probably be found in the neighboring Colombian Chocéd.
It is common in the alluvial plains along the Tuyra River,
especially in the vecinity of Pinogana and Yavisa. ‘The wood,
which is hard, and of a fine reddish brown color is not used
extensively. The pot-like fruit, from which the names olla
de mono, and olleto (the latter designating the tree) have
been derived, contains about 10 large nuts, equalling, if
not superior to, the best varieties of 3razil nuts. When
fresh, they act as a strong laxative, for which reason they

rm |
ide tis ext Taibo ited vrevo satgrén oft no eFeotsdmtt
“alga pmo GL od af: ,twoditiw mgvox irs word déiyers , yhoow
al sd | Laoinooda dreq fesed ysotdt .mo 3.5 of & Silew edt
ae mi ;meve bie asosntinos eeel to ovom entes yisoyleo yadgid
| galore go (xetvemelh nt .oo OL .dgid seo 2.7. of TS boed Lecos
' - wee Y ov ¢.3 sheog ;tedvemeth ai .mo &,ff bine aotdt mos
ae { Mbayg sows wad OL suade | beotd eho G8 "; 9a0L

Soow sat to noisytioesé

. rier ‘ieee hSoowt1esd ,stindw delwoliey bas Aoidt boowged
<bred, Yletetebor booty .nwoxd Aebbbor od detwolley tigil moxzt
* Be fiierg-enreco enei 10 stom Sie seo1p ,dguvot ,gnoite ,yvaed
=f32ih dtiw eioe bus etifge wi + deliog boog Ylilte? se guided
seve beniteh yireefo tem.cie séwoix to ayats Lesnck »¥tiso
,eqooseotolm basognes sat rehas

a

ae nies uel egen Yiev son (npivoslss Seer os ee
= tl fo sevto erom 16 haver ,{sedeometh Bt .mm GL. Iuods) exiel

-sBtieg of io Yignie featisrie bus. nego ,emkisuo mi Leota
me YLev avotenia ditw iqeivees Lentbirdi + eflew Loseev
ote étnomyee Lessevy eft to ebne ofl .etiq boxebhied Sapor
endet dtiw srol sam 8 tuods exredtt hbooW .bedroeds ylizeq
fee empiide etid seettiveo {iso {[Lewe fue eliew {Leo stetdd
eitiuose ,heygoleved yldatd yey weiter, ais stk tls
o ebned otentetie a¢in shined xo eonti Let oegcet relsgert of
it migidiw hebbedmi eex0qg LLA .débtw Lesps.to exsdi> boow
ai tedvex bss etfonemmns syst dtid .omeats sos. Se shred

otl ete eyer on? .ebxeod tuo ylleiber so efdiaty, vie
Bi, o (Ogee be semtt at 0 mort Sos sbiw, i bon .

_.g0e8 bie Gonen Romine 9 Moksud inte id ha bad

wkatate aist., Vino, {emenel) meixed nz0edtu0& moxt ee
é Betdmoloo guitodigies edt ‘al biewot ed yidedaig ILtw.eexd
Vik. exyot edd guols aentaiq Leivitie edd at gommoo, et<
a - , B8hvey. iss skegoxid to yiiaioey edt at erie os
don BI xofLoo. sword detifer enit « to bia , 618
gone edt dotdw mort ,tinit edis-teg end
fan ieevt odd ynidmmgiceh yeiiel est) otelfo
patil auno ,etwm egiel OL tuode ante
ar ey yng 8 xi ate taed ofd a2 ‘sok

108

are shunned by the natives, while highly prized by the monkeys
and squirrels.

The Panaman Eschweilera

Eschweilera panamensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 26:

12. 1927.

Description of the tree

A tree up to 25 m. high and 40 cm. in diameter, the trunk
straight, covered with a gray, slightly rimose bark, the
crown elongate, the branchlets slender. (Leaves alternate,
glabrous, entire, coriaceous, the petioles thick, 5 to 8 mm.
long, broadly canaliculsate, the blades ovate, rounded and
subdecurrent at the base, acuminate, 9 to 14 cm. long, 3.5
to 8 cm. broad, the costa préminent on both faces. Inflo-
rescences racemose, terminal or in the axils of the upper
leaves; rachis minutely pubescent; flowers numerous, alter=
nate, pedicellate, ebracteate, glabrous; pedicels 7 to 8 mm.
long; calyx loves 6, rounded, obtuse, about 1 cm. long and
broad; petals 6, unequal, obovate, rounded at tip, ll to 15
mm. long, 7 to 11 mm. broad, the 3 exterior ones larger
and thicker; ring of the androphor not over 6 mm. in disme-
ter and supporting numerous anthers; hood transversely ovate,
covered with numerous staminodes; ovary almost entirely su-
perior, 2-celled, each cell pluriovulate; stigma sessile,
obscurely lobulate. Pyxidium globose depressed, about 4
em. long and 5 cm. in diameter, 2-celled, each cell with 1
seed, ovoid oblong, about 3 cm. long, 1.5 cm. in pase

Description of the Wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white, tinged with yellow; heart-
wood darker. Wood very hard, heavy, very tough and strong,
straight and very close grained, taking a good polish. Annual
rings of grcewth clearly visible under the hand lens.

g 1 ioe: ont yd heriag yldata citdw ,seviven edd yd bencurta exs
Oh eed ns) sap ayy . +) seLetaiups Boe

sieltewdoe asmened odZ

i .dteH .Jell .c.U .udneu ,ceivsis elenemsieay sxellowdoad
¥ i 5 t

sexd edt: Zo moity iroeed,

end ,yetemalh at «mo Od bas maid +i as ot gs onal A
- Ad ,tued seomls Ylingils ,ysig 8 ditw bereyoo agisite -
: amievis seveel) .tebisla edel[nonerd, edt: ,stegnols awory |
am 6 gt ‘8 ,dobdt eoelotteg ont ,asocositos .oriine angidels
oe hae bebrusor »@3eve eebeld edd, ,etelwollenes ylbeord ,aaol
868 tol «mo @f oF @ ed exthausoe .e6ed eft Ja Sustis9Sbdsie
otal +e808% dted ac tuenimbey atsoo eft ,be0xd »mo & of
ny ‘Tegqu oft to eLixe edt, ut 1¢ Lentmies ,ee0mese: seonscgen
crete ,CrQ TOMA exewolt ;Ineoseodsg ylotmmim eisdcer ;seveel
tmm 6 of ¥ elooiben ;euoidely ,.etsetoerde od slleokbeq at en
“gue gnel .ao L tuode ,eentdd ,herame: ,3 aedof Ze ;aa0f
eo EL ,gtd de hebasox ,etavedo ,lanpenn ,8 efedoq ;baoid
' segzel eone aolyvedxe. 8 eff ,heoid .om LL 03, ¥ penal, ~ a
ated L nk .om @ teve tom sedgorbhue oflt to guts yredotdd bae
‘6 Yleeicvener? book ;exeddus exoismum goitdioqqus baa ted
t Uleritne tzomle reve ;@ehontmete svotenuna dsiw beteyes
,oftsace emgice ,e¢ainvetgnig [iso douse ,hefleo-8 ,rolisg |
A Spode ,bsereicoh seedola patbixyi .steludol yleisoedo
oan pete Lise’ upon beLLeons empsaniat hs oad mo G Dre acer +mo

Saw aiid 30, noiggixoess,

qWoliex 82 bw. bests: ,ed idw ylreen ,alotdt boomed .
ta has agect yuev. ,yveqs ,bisd yiev Boot .cedaeb foow te
HEEL on boos ¢ yitted ,deatess seolo yrev iae digierts PE 4
: i pies tng vebew efdtety ylimedo ee to sgaix

109

(Pores (trensverse-section} few, (.15 mm. in diameter),
round when isolated or irregular when in groups, open both
in the sapwood and heartwood, end arranged singly or in small
groups or radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal section)
with numerous, Small, bordered pits, Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about 1.459 mm. long, with very thick walls and
almost no lumina, the pits large and simple. Wood parenchy-
ma very abundantly developed and in straight, distinct rows,
clearly visible under the hand lens; these rows sre from l
to 2 or occasionally 3 cells wide. Rays very numerous and
barely visible under the hand lens, from 1 to 3 cells wide
and from 5 to 8 times as high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

Known only from the virgin forests around Puerto Obaldia,
on the San Blas ccast, where it is frequent, having a deci-
dedly marked preference for the ridges of the hills up to
about 300 m. above sea level. The wood is hard and fine
grained, but has no special use. The native name, Majagua
de Indio, seems to indicate that the bark is wsed as cordage
by the Indians of the district.

The Reversed Eschweilera
Eschweilera reversa Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 26;ll.

1927

Description of the tree

A large tree, the trunk erect, nearly 80 cm. in diameter,
the bark grayish and slmost smooth, the crown elongate;
young growth sparsely villous. (Leaves stipulate, membranous,
at first deep pink all over, then on the lower face only, and
lastly entirely green; petioles thick, 3 am. long, sparsely
hairy; blades ovate-elliptic, rounded and emarginate at the
pase, acuminate at the apex, 9 to 13 cm. long, &.5 to 4.5 cm.
broad, glabrous and minutely reticulate above, paler beneath
and iso glabrous except for a few whitish appressed hairs

pet Pr feo (aqueys nt aectw xeloget'st so hetveloet ede. basex
item ak. 20 viens Segusize Sue ,coowlrsert bie boowyse eds at
pidoos Ianitwtianol}+ eLLew feecev .sawor Leather 10 Bquots
seiguie exoitexroliel ,edfq beiehicod ,ffleme ,engreman ditw
bas aifew ioidd yrev dtiw ,wrol .am east trode eredit hoowW
=Yadewoisg foot welgaie baa ogtel esigq oft ,antoul on teomis
Sot goniveth .Idgtexte at Bue beqoleveh yivaehards yiev am
of M@Gtt Bis awor seeds ;enel Brad edt xehms efdteiv yiteslo
— brea itl rag Ysev sve .ebiw elles & yilsmotéesoco 10 S oft
coe gree 2 & ot £ moat ,enef bast odd rshey eldiety ylossd
ee oo? és somtt 8 ot 2 moit bas

so0as hae semen tommoo .moitudizde £6

BES. so ‘etnard insots eteex0t gigiiv edd mort ylac awend ;
=Fosb 8 yitivert ,enenpext et ti credw ,teéoo asl& gad edt xno -
- et.qu efitd ed? 20 eeghix eit io} ones texq beaten ylbes

eat?.tne Siet et foow eff .level see ovade «i eet taede
ial ,ewar eviter edT .cfu Lefoegs on sed.tp Bi

a Se bean et aved od? tacit eteotint ot amece |

é eiiesinapine ents to anes

re

“ah st acl ed Lats
Eso 4anou teu mi artreD> stoidsis

ae peat anit to x oii aromas. : :
Gees, ‘at .arp 08 yltsen ,toeue danwid odd pend ear ‘4

caeearte mwoto efiy Ad come teomise bre deiyera ated edt
otelsgits eerse.t | senollivy lrgerhy Al worm % gtoy
ile

8 on Siok: tewol oft no edd ,teve uo tg re teiit
; nf «am & ytotdd oper papi aan veiead

110

at the base of the costa, the yeins 8 to 9, the margin en-
tire. Pyxidium 3 to 4 cm. long, 6 cm. in diameter , broadly
turbinate, the 6 sepals grown into 6 thick prominences;
margin of the internal cavity rounded and reversed or pro-
jected outwards; operculum depressed, arched or conical, the
remnants of the stigmas obscurely apparent at the center.
Seeds 2. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood very thick, light brown; heartwood much darker,
Wood hard, strong, straight and very fine grained, taking a
high polish. Annual rings of growth barely visible under
hand lens.

Pores (transverse section) moderately numerous, small
(.114 mm. in diameter), round, open in sapwood and usually
closed with white tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged
Singly or in small groups of from 2 to 3. Vessel walls (lon-
zitudinal section) with numerous, large simple pits where
in contact with pith rays; where two vessels are sdjacent
the pits are small and bordered. Perforaticns simple.

Wood fibers about 1.263 mn. long, with very thick walls and
almost obliterated cell cavities, and small, vertical slit-
lixe simple pits. Wood parenchyma strongly developed,
forming short interrupted tangential lines. Vessels are
invariably surrounded by this soft tissue. Rays very nume-
reus, Narrow, barely visible under the hand lens, from 1 to
4 cells wide and from 6 to 8 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This tree is known only from San Blas Coast in ?anama.
It did not seem to have been particularly noticed by the
natives and, though the wood is hard and has a fine texture,
it has no special application.

19 gtgrcan ort ,2 Ot, 8 axtey ont ,wtgoc edt So eBed esd ‘te ;
beards retometS at .mo & gatel .mo > ot & OULSIxye orks

“ee {esonenimorg Acid? O eguE mworg BLlegee d oat , otaniduat

em to Seewsvet nn fediuos ysiveo Lentednf edd, %6 Kisiem

wi? placiges to bedo1s ,beeseiged pulsotege pebtawiue Aetoot
s <1etteo edd te tnenagya Yleareedo Aamaite edd, ny ee
is 1 A eS beet.

¥
ae

"

“

_Pboow eft To gotig tioz0t
rotted sosm Seow! reed pnwoad diigtl wicidt yrevy seoutiat oak
s giided . DOG ESTY, ont? yxey one tigiaute., ~enonts ,itad boow
has eldtety Yleved Atwory to syots fesunk tat Leg ae
- ras ee . > pigh bo
“dees ampoimaisits uistaxahes (Gcitoee vere vent ert) ee
ciiesas bose boowgee af nego ,fnsox ,(r6et wie ey
A hese 8 hiie .hoowsdrsed edit ait asbeoiye edldw adiw besals
} Bilew LecasY .2 of & mox? to susony [heme mt’ te yb tie
exetie etig elqmits eagzel ,avoweann dtiw faokroos :
Gmooéetbe sxe-eieseev owt eiedw jeye1 ditty dein: tosdnos pt
a2 olqmie enoiteroltred «bere brad fixe Llamé-oxe etiy edd
‘tre eflew dotdd prev ddiw , eel .mom SaS.f soode eredit a,
-2hfé Lacicuey ,ilese Bue ,sebtives {feo betsretiidg) on
pbeqolevel ylanoits sayfeoeis, booW setiq elgnge a

’ _ exe sleeesY combs Let diagnus bodguxretat drone et eee .

* mi Yxevy eye .oneelt ites etds xv bo basotise Yidetievnl
Mit mows ,enel hiad- ode seb eld leivy yfoted-.~wettem, suet
5. | rigid 62-eomis & oc 0 noxt Bue obte citoo

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LLL

Fendler's Grias

Grias Fendleri Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 186. 1854.

Description of the tree

Entirely glabrous, 8 to 12 m. high and up to 85 cm. in
diameter, the trunk divided almost from the base, the limbs
erect, the bark gray and smooth. Leaves mostly on new wood,
densely fasciculate, sessile, obovate-@lliptic, long atte-
nuate at the base, acute at the apex, 25 to 65 cm. long,

4 to ll cm. broad, entire or obscurely serrate toward the
apex, the costa and primary veins prominent on both faces.
Inflorescence cauline, racemose, with a very short rachis.
Flowers small for the family, the pedicels 5 to 7 mm. long,
with one minute basal bractlet; calyx ovoid, about 6 mn.
long and 5 mm. in diameter, the lobules 4, obtuse, with a
black margin; petals 4, concave, ovate-elliptic, white, 12
to 14 mm. long, 9 or 10 mm. broad; androphor cup-shaped,
white, with numerous staminodes; anthers sessile or subsessile;
Ovary Ovoid-turbinate, 4-celled, the cells pluri-ovulate;
stigma subsessile, 4-lobulate. PyxiQitm l-celled, l-seeded,
ovoid, green without, about 3 cm. long and 2.5 cm. in dia-
meter, the peduncle about 1 cm. long; seed ovoid, hanging
from the gpex of the cell.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and yellowish white; heartwood brownish
yellow often discolored. ‘ood moderately hafa, heavy, not
strong, brittle, straight-grained and resembling somewhat
that of oak in radial section on account of the numerous
and quite conspicuous pith rays. Annual rings of growth
not visible under hand lens or compound microscope.

Pores (transverse section} rather numerous, small, about
e16 mm. in diameter), round or irregular, open at least in
Sapwood, and arranged singly or more often forming small
irregular groups and short radisl rows of from tw@ to four.
Vessel wall (longitudinal section) very thin and with nume-
rous rather large irregular bordered pits with small round

Beith 2 Mis Lihure'd

Steel O25 SleieH .yov «Foe ,mremeeG& Itelhinet salig

oid eit to motigtso2ed

_ &f .mo S6 of gn Sie aAgid..m Sl o¢ & ,snoudely yleiisnd
edmii sav ,eeed ent mort teomin bebivib anit edd Pagel msi
ee boow wen 20 yiteom eevael ,dvoore fas yery Ared edt ,toete
* otto ol ,cliqgiiié-evevode ,elicses ,eteluotogst yleenob
— .. -@%eL,..mo 38 ot GS ,xeqya ot gs etnos ,cead ont ts nobnay
2 eit Brewotd stietroe ylorwoed@ 19 exttne ,b801d .mo £L o¢ &
s8606% died ao tnemtme1g enket yiemitg bie ef8oo eit ,xeqs
v sbidest fuoda yxov 8 atiw ,osomsoat ,entineo eone
yenol mm VY o¢ @ sleoide, ont slime? od¢t-xot Ileme @ oL%i
= » tate @ tuods ,biova xyleo jteltosid Leead etimtm oe o ne iw
8 tee oEgsio , 2 e6lredol ‘sig ,tetemeli at «mm 2 Boe
. a eotdiiw Ohta iiss dave er estice i. @leteg joigien donid
Boystic =qs0 rodgertbss ;fee1d smu OL 40 @ ,yool .mm Sf o¢
{te eoedst to-eileved siedéne peeboninates ssot98emun oc iw. ane:
_ peteioro=tielg elfieo edt , befieo~s od anidand -bieve ae
he eec~L | dolleo=-t a PEGS sed eisdol-2 -elieserdne .
=@ih Ht..ac 4.3 bee ynoL wm G trode . owosid bw xe0%S ,
‘@iiyrsd .SLovo bees ;gaol .me f tuoda eLonubeq env
a -ileao edt to sege Pe’ sched

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detenord hoowd1sed j;edidw detwolley fae aoidt boowaer
on ,Yveed . Stead wlot ere bor hoov .berolLoseld netto wolley |
no gitldmseex bas beatetg-tdgiewe ,elitind aorae
- epotensa edd to daucoop mo nottoee Leibe's ni ase toutes soe
dw pte to sgntu femnaca .eye1 doiyg ewouolgancs evinp” ae
: soqoowouoks basojmos Yo, enol Sued sebos eldtety ean “9 ia :
"AZ -

s Liens ,euoremua sedzer fhottoee cuvevenct?) eexos
a0: te fege ,~ralegesis to bauow ,(vetemels of .am aL. 7
81% Diviot medte, svom 10 yLéate bogierie bos jSoowgse
so ¢ mor to ewox L[athar diode bus equotg selugetxt > md
emsttt mae tne nidt yxev (codtoee Lentoortgaol) flew Leseev =
‘a Ilene ast Lye apts Sesebrod aeivyextt odie iedver. Bn05 rue

a- 4

112

pit openings. Ends of vessel segments wither horizontal or
oblique and wholly absorbed. Wood fibers about 3.25 mm.
long with relatively thick walls and small cell cavities.
Pits exceedingly small and scarcely visible under high
power of compound microscope. ood parenchyma rather abun-
dant, scattered throughout the wood; it occurs in short tan-
gential lines of one cell in width. Rays very numerous and
conspicuous, usually from.5 to 8 cells wide and many times
as high.

Distribution, common names snd uses

This species was originally discovered by A. Fendler in
the forests near Chagres, at the mouth of the river of the
same name, February 12, 1850. since then, it was never col-
lected again, until one of us had the good fortune of meeting
several individual trees apparently belonging to the same
species in the forests surrounding Pinogana in southern
Darien. The tree is known to the natives as membrillo ma-
cho. The yellowish wood is easy to work and is used to a
small extent as a house and handy-work timber.

The Darien Cannonball-Tree

Couroupita darienensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. iat. Herb. 26;

(ae rao

Description of the tree

A very large, deciduous tree with a straight trunk
reaching up to 30 m. in height and 1.25 m. in diaméter, from
the apex of which the main limbs radiate horizontally,
forming a flat, sparsely branched crowns Bark of the trunk
and limbs thick, scaly, that of the branchlets with a strong
fiber. Wood brownish to yellowish, with a fetid, exceedingly
repulsive smell. Leaves obovate, short petiolate, with
toothed margins. Floral racemes short, growing from the

7h, ae sont iw. aatkion feaeay to & Bere -e@uninego ina:
late mm G&.8 tsode eredit SooW hedicede yIfodw has expiido
% skeidives fleo Ifsme one aifew wotdt yLevitslex détw wool
et. aid rohus elLdteiv yleoteos. sone {Leme ¥lyolbeedxe ezid¢
=—tmde tedder enyfoceisg boo .eqgooeotstim fhisigymoo To-—sewo
io giede ni exuooo JE ;bhoow ost tuodguoids Seredvaoe pied
® ne BuoIenN YIev BYeh "at biw ni [feo emo ta eontl teitaoy
eemtke ee bite ebiw eileo. be od ¢ mout ylleses ,enonoi . te
ef
.

eees bie eons. a1, soinaneD ohiudi ute £4

; uh. settuet -A YO betevoor tf ylleniaizo caw ab tneas rap

“edt [0 tevix ent to dtnom edt se ,ee1gedo 180m. e¢ceagt edt

ts

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wiitsem Lo ermtso> 6Geg edt Sen er to eno Lttan bedool
emee oft ot yetgnolod yitnheragge soett Lenbiviial Derovea
oe mreddnos ni exspomid galbasoriwse aeteeio? oft ck Reiosge

ae élitvcmen ee caviten eit of nwond et-eext edt sapiteg.

Us Heev ef one x10w of Yase ol Seow seftwolley edt somo

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Mee

end. =O 216% anwGL0 fetionend yleerege ,telt e# sttosot i
Bie be. edeldpnetd edt te tedd ,vieoe ,tiotdd.edmil. bas
ne , Sider @ wt iy Metvetley ot. detiswo'sd foot .rV90edit

dtbw. poteloites diode ,etevedo eeveed . sliene evialagen
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113

limbs and larger branchlets. Corolla 7 to 8 cm. in diameter,
pinkish white, the 6 petals fleshy, unequal, ovate, rounded
at the base, broadly rounded at the apex, 2.5 to 4 cm. long,
2 to 3 cm. broad, glabrous. Androphorum pinkish white,
broadening from the ring (1.8 cm. in diameter) to the galea
(2.8 to 3 cm. broad); stamens very numerous and entirely co-
vering the inner surface of the endrophorum, the ones on the
bing and ligule small, the filaments clavate, 1.2 to 1.5 mm.
long, the anthers subglobose, those on the galea much larger,
the filaments broad, attenyate, 2 to 2.5 mm. long and the
anthers also subglobose. Qvary 6-celled. Pyxidium globose,
slightly depressed, 15.5 t6 18 cm. in diameter, 6-celled, the
calycary zome apical and obsolete, the seeds few, orbiculate,
depressed, hairy, surrounded by the pulpy, acidulous disse-
piments of the endocarp and columella.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick and nearly white; heartwood grayish brown.
Wood relatively hard and heavy, strong, tough, moderately
coarse-grained, usually cross-grained, works fairly well
and takes a good polish. Annual rings of growth not clearly
visible even under high power of microscope.

Pores (transverse section) relatively few, large (about
«28 mm. in diameter), round, somewhat oval or radially
fiattened, open both in the sapwood and heartwood and arranged
singly, in pairs, or in short radial rows. Vessel walls
(longitudinal section} relatively thin with a number of
rather large irregular bordered pits; pits small and slit-—
like where they are in touch with wood fibers. The ends of
vessel segments with simple perforations. Wood fibers about
1.4 mm. long with rather thin walls and large cell cavities.
The pits are numerous, slit-like sand very minute. Wood pa-
renchyma abundantly developed, irregularly distributed
throughout the wood or often arranged in inconspicuous tan-
gential lines one cell in width. Pith rays very numerous
and quite conspicuous on the radial surface and under the
hand lens on a smooth transverse section. They are from a
feww to 5 cells wide and from 4 to 8 times 4s high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This species, related to Couroupita peruvigna and C. ni-

deseoiie: ti smo 6 o¢ 3 efLored dentekiteccbia weetel fag. eemhs
bebanor ,evevo (Lenpens ,YGeel? alateg oO edt jedtdw detsntg
ie pensk sad ‘h -697@8 seus odd de bobasien yLbeord eatd oft de
<edinw de tanks erage Sim, sesotdsls ,becid snes oes
pokes eas ot (revomBlt «ino Bist) gris efit ‘mort Oitinebsord .
“300 Yfetitne bes evotemms yiev enetista-;(heotd ;mo 8 of Bsa)
_ Sit £6 sono eft ,arrodqoxirs end ‘to eoetude temrt odd giivey
ey» ae ov S.f ,etevels ednomalit odt ,tlome olsgtl one gnizt-
g¢it@ ore fom. selLex edt do osod? ,exodolydne eisditas edt janet ~~.
ead frre scol .om GS o¢ & peteunetie ,feoid ednemeli? snd
a yeeococs muiilay? .belleo-d teere .eeodoladie oele Stsitns
ene ,beiiec-3 ,1etemeth al .oo Bi B4 8.6L befseiged ylenaitae
taLuntdxe wes ebhecd edt ,etefoada tne feslge sos Yieoyleo
ete Gsoishice ,yging odd Yo Sebusoriie ‘Qated 2 Tye 5
-siiemalos bae gzBoobne oda 49 ednemey

Sosy odd 26 notiytioset a

favo HOTS detyety Soowsised j;evidw Ulireom bus doidé soowgee:
- yhoterabon <aiwod snbrte »eveed ‘ine bien’ ‘levitate: booW
_ Slew ulrie® etrow ,beiiergsohor0 yLlevan | bontetg-oaTeod |
git seefo fom Adwors, To agent fosné s,tetflog boos, oe gene! fe .
= : »eyooectokm to tewoy dgid s68ebos neve eldtelv:
ot code) enrol ,wet ylevitefor (muolvoee eexovenerd) sero” Tue
> =ifetbet x0 favo tedwomoe Savoy ,{retemeih of smm BS,
tas 4 @ bee hoowl1aed bos bocwgee | ent at sted mego ,benotdsit :
| + Bkiew Losso¥ .swor Lether-tiode ai to, ,artag mt jwlanke ©
36 sedown sa din abd? ylegitele: (uoltoes ptt % eee
cas hus {Lame stig ;adig bexebyod vefegetit spiel iedder
Wo-sbio <i? .exed?t foow dtiw, foses ui ets youd eiedw ett
Pores exeé/it fooW .emottsrotisy elqmis adiw etnemges Lessev ,
“yeeititas {ies epiel bue eliew oicc tedtvexr dtiw goof omy $42) — i
g Soo) etunie Ytev bie etfi-tile ,evo19smet ete eehG ont
Peisdixtels yLreiayorts Boyoleve yitnebouds ey
sued ayouctgencoui al begxeixe nmectto <o boow edt srongdotded —
_ @Wexemen yaev ayex déid .ddbtw at IfLeo emo sentl {sidney
hi * Tah aphun Ste sostase Lather edt no exosoigenoo Stisp Bue
moat fie Yedt .HObtvoee esteversis dtoome # no thet hiner
“| dats ab sear? 8 of B mort foe ebiw tifeo ¢ ov wwet

| sees fis is Benne ft

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Pr of

114

caraguensis i.C., is known only from Darien, but will pro-
bably be found in the neighboring districts of Choco snd the
Atrato valley. It grows singly and widely scattered in the
virgin forest and is remarkable for its gigantic proportions.
Its size and the repugnant fetidity of its fresh wood act as
a protection against its being felled for any purpose by the
natives, smong whom it is known by the names of coco de mono
and coco zapote.

The large-flowered Gustavia

Gustavia superba (H.3.K.) Berg., Linnaea 27:444. 1854,

Description of the tree

A tree up to about 2@ meters high, and 35 cm. diameter
at the base of the trunk, the limbs few and unbranched, gla-
brous and scarry. Leaves congeated at the end cof the branehes,
glabrous, the petioles thick, 2 to 9.5 cm. long, the blades
Obleong-lanceolate, long cuneate at the base, long acuminate,
25 to 100 cm. long, 8 to 18 cm. broad, grossly and remotely
serrate on the margin, and the venation prominent on both
sides. {[ntlorescences racemose, 2 to l2-flowered, issuing
from the old wood just below the branches, the peduncles
thick, 2 to 6 em. long, the pedicels 5 toe 9 cm. long, brac-
teate at the base and bearing at the middle 4 pair of short,
broad, clasping bractlets. Plowers 8 to 12 cm. in diameter,
the receptacle about 2 cms in diameter, the calyx short snd
truncate, the petals 8, obovate, obtuse, 5 to 7 cm. long, 2
to 3 cm. broad, yellow at the base, turning to pink toward
the apex, the androphorum pinkish white, about 4.5 cm. in
diameter, with the filaments and staminedes yellow at the
base and pink at the apex, the ovary turbinate, velvety on
the upper face, with a short and obtuse style. Pyxidium
large (5 to 10 cm. long) subglobose.

Description oF the wood

Sapwood thick and nearly white; heartwood reddish brown

Si cao [hiw ted jcetied moxt tino awotr ry bOoN gbanes:
ee bas goomD to stolitelh guitaddgien odd HE
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eld.ett xgnol «mo @s¢ of 3 ,dotds selotveq ene: enosdals _
93 arte Bol ,seed eft te stasnso guol etaloormel-gnolde ~ ;
fomez be Ulewors ,beoud smo BL oF & ygmeL suo OOL od 23 i
ae no dnenimerg toideney ons bie ,wigiem edd 00 99s Bes AP
r inesi ,berewolt=3i o¢ & ,szomecet ceoneossoi0f iad
spelons bog edd ,garionsic eid woled tani boow bio ott ‘0x3
ers ,.gcol .m5 @-oc'4 BSleoibeg edt gaol .md"S 03°8" ,tetdd
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ftede 7 ead (tevemelh ot ino 8 dudde eLostqene
8 S endt ‘snid V ot 2 ,statdo ,etevodo 6 alsteq dt . eta
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ei sas 8b Hadad ,etidw dezkania aneepis ott ,xeqe- odd . es
oe ve volley eehoatmete Site etneneltt eat atin’, 26d ie
Yieviey ,etenidun? TIENG oats ,x8qa oak” ta Mig bile shor
Ebiays .¢iyte eesido bas Jaode 5 Ew: ,998t %
we ,eaodolgine (gaol «mo OL of 3

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115

with darker or nearly black streaks, wood hard, heavy, strong,
tough, straight and fine-grained, taking an excellent polish.
It splits and works rather easily. Annual rings of growth
not clearly marked even under the compound microscope.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, small (about .08 mm.
in diameter) nearly round or more often irregular when
grouped in two to four generally arranged radially. Vessel
walls (longitudinal section} with very numerous minute round
bordered pits with slightly transversely elongated pit open-
ings. The ends of the vessel segments are completely ab-
sorbed. ood fibers are about 2 mm. long with rather thick
walls and relatively small cell cavities. The pits are excee-
dingly minute and obliquely slit-like. Wood parenchyma very
abundantly developed and rather uniformly distributed, occuring
in tangential lines one cell wide. Pith rays numerous rather
conspicuous under the hand lens. ‘The rays are from 2 to 5
cells wide and from 10 to 15 times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

This species, remarkable for its beautiful flowers, has a
very limited area of dispersion. It has not been reported
frem the country to the eagt of Turbaco, near Cartagena (f£o-
lombia), the type-locality, and it does not seem to extend
westwards much farther than the Canal Zone in Panama. Its
considered as doubtful. It grows either isolated or in
small copses on gently sloping, sunny hills, an@ is known
among the natives by the name of membrillo, on account, it
is said, of its edible fruit, vaguely Peminding in shape and
taste those of the quince. In Colombia the same tree is
called Baco and it belongs to the group of the Pirigaras ,
represented in Brazil by several species. The wood is used,
to a limited extent, for building purposes.

(1) Miers in Trans. Limn. Soc. 30, p. 177.

ee ee ee AE ON OR sive hw wa et oR, wren Se 9
“eb ym - - Wee Os

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116

The small-leaved Gustavia

Gustavia pleurocarpa Pittier, Contr. U.N. Herb. 26:4. 1927.

Description of the tree

A middle sized tree, the trunk erect, covered with a
smooth, grayish bark, the crown elongate, the branchlets
slender and flexible. Leaves membranous, glabrous, the pe-
tioles 1.5 to 2 cm. long, the blades ovate-elliptic, atte-
nuate and subdecurrent at the base, subacuminate and more
or less acute at the apex, 8 to 19 cm. long, 3.5 to 7 cm.
broad; margin entire; costa prominent on both faces of the
blade; veins about 8, prominent beneath. Flowers terminal,
Single or geminate, about 6 cm. in diameter when spreading,
the peduncles, bracts, receptacle and calyx lobes brownish
purpuraceous. Peduncles & cm. long, rather thick, bearing
at the middle a pair of bracts, these ovate, acute, 4 to 6
mm. long; calyx lobes 6, ovate, acute, persistent, about
7 ma. long; petals 6, ovate, rounded at @pex, 3 to 3.5 cm.
long, about 2 cm. broad, pale-yellow, more or less purpura-
ceous without, the exterior ones larger; stamens numerous,
adnate at the base, inflected; ovary 6-celled, each cell
pluriovulate; style very short; stigmas 6, erect and adherang.
Young fruits crowned with persistent calyx lobes and more or
less distinctly 6-costate.

Description of the wood

Sapwood very thin, nearly white; heartwood light yellow,
turning darker upon exposure to light and air. Wood modera-
tely hard and heavy, very tough, strong, slightly cross and
fine-grained, taking a good polish. Annual rings of growth
visible only under the high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, small (.125
mm. in diameter), round when isolated, but when in groups
or radial rows irregular in outline, usually open, sometimes
closed in the heartwood, and arranged chiefly in small groups
or radial rows. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with
numerous, small, simple or bordered pits. Perforations

Bivedeso Seveel-Llems ent

MSQL .diag .d1e .4.0 .2tan09 ‘geetes ty egisooiselyg sivedan®

eet ond to notigtiosed

be; @ siie hexevoo ,too1s amid ent .oe1d Boxie olbhita &-
asi steldconeid ent ,edegnele awors ent. , tad deiyeirs ,dtcoms
- ‘seq ond .ebexrdsls | avoses daem eovesl eldixelt bite ro piele
best / -6t3s sbi gifiesed avo sebald edt ,gmol smo & o2 3,5 aefots
t= atom hee etextmugedss .oeed odd ta Inettsoshdne bre eatin
~~ wee V ot 8483 opaok isto “ek ot & ,xeqe edd te edsoe eget to~
‘ oft So genet ddod mo tnentmoug sisod ;eridas (lygtem 3 deo’
| lentcres siewold .dteened thentmoig 8 tneoda sutey febatd -
Pylon nedw tovemeli at .mo 6 tuodk Stecineg 1¢ sligads
ietowoue eddol uyleo Ens olgetqese: et oexd selonsbey ot
Tas Maka? tenver ,giol..mo & sslonnbeL ,enoeosTtuqing ©
ac # (eles ,etavy seeds ,efogid to rfey 6 afhbim ott Se .
i Ines tieteteveg -dg0e ,otevo ,d asdol xyieo ; sue! . me
ae 4.8 08 & ,xeqe te bebasot ,etevo ,d elsteq. pEaod, .om FT
-Bingicy easel 16 oxen ,wolleyseiey ,beotd mo inode - epee
Enoremes anonals ;ieygtel 2640 iclietxe edt ,tnontiw «
£keo sone ,bolles-o Yxeve phetooLiat ,eead edd te
be fms doers .3d aematte ;taode yrov elyts sete
ports bis eodol xyieo inetebetes divin benmwers atini>
-etatece=d . witoutterb

boow eds din _s9idytx0806

wolley dagts Soowlised ;etidw ‘elress ust yer Boongue
) boaWw ,tie foe thgil of einsoqxe noqug teoxiet g
PEGE yitdetle ,gnoxrte ,dgeod yiev ,yve0ed Soe bred ©
tg to eguki Lesons .detleg Soog « gutaed ,bentarg-ont
. ie s6qoosotolm ie8ewoy igtd etd tebas Ms aa oldies

nid. ) “lace , CuO IBN Yrev liektioue sx1evenerd ) 86

“@4ye%s al uede tod ,betveloct aedw toior , (x02 }
SHeS ,u8ge ellenes ~whditoo of selegetat ewow Lek. 0

2 | tiene. at yiteise hopients bab ,S0¢wtrsed end at beeol <i

a, 2 te (woitovs Lentousigeol) efiew Losee¥ séwot Iathar 10 .
| ge Gita bows: pet sie bsxediod so elgmte Llane RAO.

Ei?

Simple. ood fibers about 1.256 mm. long, with thick walls,
small lumina, snd small simple pits. Wood parenchyma very
abundant and arranged chiefly in very numerous tangential
lines barely visible under the hand lens on a smooth trans-
verse section. Kays numerous and conspicuous under the

hand magnifier, from 1 to 5 cells wide and from 5 to 8 times
as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

The small leaved Gustavia is known only from the Loma de
la Gloria, near Faté on the eastern Atlantic Coast of Panama,
growing there in small clusters on the higher ridges. The
natives call it Bejuco de Lucdé&, though it is not a vine, as
the word Bejuco would imply. The wood, which is fine-
grained and pretty hard, is not used to eny extent.

Rhizophoraceae
The Blliptic-Leaved Cassipourea

Cassipourea elliptica Poir.,Suppl. 2; 54. 1811.

Description of the tree

A small tree, up to about 10 m. high and 30 cm. diameter,
the trunk mostly erect and straight, covered with a smooth
grayish bark, the branching radiate or irregular and sparse,
the crewn usually elongate, the new growth glabrous. ( Leaves
small, pale green, subcoriaceous, glabrous, the petioles 5
to 6 mm, long, the blades broad elliptic, more or less acute
at both ends, 5 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 5 cm. broad, often obseu-
rely serrate on the margin. Flowers 3 to 4-clustered in the
axils of the leaves, the pedicels 5 mma. long, surrounded at
the base by many small, ovate-acuminate, hairy bracts; calyx
5-fid, 4 mm. long, glabrous without, silky hairy within;
petals 4 or 5, purplish, long unguiculate, fimbriate on the

as.

| ca Aa

a

-

anti aoidsd détiw on, sun O99.£ tuods aiedtt booW »6igmte
YSEv anrydoneteg Boow .etiq elumte Lfleow boe ,aniows, [iene
_ faeittnesnet exoremun yiev ai yiteltdo hesnetta bee dashandes.
“Lenet? dioome e mo enel buat ead tebm sidialy yflerad sertl

- ork Tehas esonotqenos bie BLOT Smit BYGh sMoltoee sarey -
pee 6 of © mott bre ebiw alles 4G ot I moult ,teite inen
; efgin se.

5 Mae. asa bie tomas fe ofweia © wotdndtxtatd

Y Swot edt moet yino mwond ef eivetes) beveel ILene edt : Es
Get to tesod oftaslis nteteges o:it oo Ste% ree .etrold ef
i? .eesbiu redgtd edt mo-eretenlo [Lema mt oxede. oe

‘Sel,only & tom ai ot dgvons sas 26 gored 4 at en soviten.—

4 seuktiet dotiw Pap ot ont. tiga ap cab eld

re -tued xe yrs 30 fean tos at , hier aeeee mah Sian

5810 sti
gersogtess® heveet-ottytita set

L16E 128 GS .Luyse ated eoitgtile eerdogtededi,
eext edd So. gummi ea

29
weTBye, bee saiwenec xe nt athe auidonaxd edt aed waP
wyeel ).avoidely dAdworg wou eft ,steynolo ylleuew ag |
b sefotte, | ods ,amordely ,eoecelsoodie ,asety ef
ie gel 10 e10% raktgiiLe Seo1d eohald odd oe
) fet to ,baowd atior a of: S; ,gaol mo OL of & ,e bre
tnt £0 redaulo-d og 8 exewolS -Pgren ets mo odesiet
te beinsovwe sel .om d.sloothey edt ,seve0el ent nap
ay: ere tind ,cteninece-eteveo ,Lleme. yasem. yd. pad =
Me pinged ect — iripeapiidn ae signee smo bt oe

eg

~~

,

118

margin; disc cup-like, supporting the numerous stamens; pis-
til 6 mm. long, the ovary globose or suoglobose, glabrous,
the style slender, hairy, the stigma capitellate. Capsule
S-celled, 3-valved, each cell l-seeded. )}

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light brown or nearly white; heartwood
very hard, heavy, brittle, straight and fine grained, fairly
easy to work, taking a good polish, not durable in contact
with the soil. Annual rings of growth usually very indis-
tinectly visible even under the high power microscope.

(Pores (tTransverse-section) very numerous in tangential
zones, these alternating with zones of a lesser number of
pores, not indicative of annual growth layers. Pores small
(.075 mn. in diameter) ,open in sapwood, often closed in
heartwood and arranged singly or in short radial rows.
Vessels (tongitudinsi-sectien} with numerous minute pits
very narrowly bordered. Perforations simple. Wood fibers
about 1.66 mm. long, with rather thick walls, small lumina,
and small, slit-like;Simple pits. Wood parenchyma strongly
developed and arranged in numerous, irregular, inconspicuous,
tangential lines. These elements surround vessels and
border rays. Under high power microscope the parenchyma
cells are easily distinguished from wood fibers by the thin
walls of the former. Rays are very narrow, barely visible
under hand lens, from 1 to 3 rows of cells wide and from 10
to 15 cells Btshs")

Distribution, common names and uses

Like the other representatives of the family, the Cassi-
pourea is generally found in close proximity to the tidal
belt. It occurs all over the Jest Indies and on the neigh-
boring parts of continental America, not being reported,
however, from any tountry north of Cogta Rica. In some
parts of Panama, it is called huesito, or small bone, an
allusion to the hardness of its fine grained wood, the use
of which is quite limited.

ie eo aia i J eM GS ee “Oe =.” T's = ‘al hale ne

at |

4 ale jensnets eporemu: edt gattzoyque eadblaqeo oelb patsrem.
_ » ,amorely ,eeodoligdue sq seodela yrseve odd , anol .mm-d L2t
efseqe) .etelletiqes amuite edd ,yited ,tebnele elyte edt

|: eboos-f ffeo aoge , bogiar-s »Petloo-s

y Boow ould 26 wots gtvseed

hoowltssd ;etidw yireen 29 awoid tdgil ,xotdtd boowgsé
ysrtet benterg enxtt bnoe tdgtertte oltdind .uvson , bied Lad ii
tostnes at sidseunh ton ,setfLog toog 2 gatigs now o¢
Yee ~sifai yuev yileven sdworg to exnti Lasts itoe ont tae q
ae, -egoceotyie vewog rigid eid 1ebas feve eidiety yhtonts
% .

. fetsnegust al exotemun rev {uottove-sere vane) eres) id
to xsdmun aegeol s to conos diiw goitanxetle 9a oe

;

2 Ifeme @et0d .e1eyel svwoty Leanne to eviteotont eines cory

- mt Besols netto ,boowqee nt meqao, (rotemelh nk mm @

Res -ewot Leiber aoe mi te yleite pace ae bae beowsused

e ediq eisuin enoreain Atiw art ooe Ienkhstiyiok) elesacy _

3 Sroctt boot .elqmie eotteintves .berebied ylworran yxev £

©. actos Lleme oilew xotdt zedsex dtiw ,gcof .m ddsf duode ~~ Zs

S {ipnotts emydouesa bool) .attq elgmfereati-tiie , fiame ee

. enone igencont -telegeri£ ,evoremsa nt boswerie bae gol

ie bie aleaeey brsOtiste etiemels seett ,eentl Letdm
— ponedonsisg edd eqgogorceim tewog yin 16dRU .Byeid x Zod a 6

Midd odd qo ated£t boow mort Bosistngnttets yliese ere ef. Neem

eltisiv gletsd .,wouren Urey ots eyei.temxot edt to eliew

Pe Of moit fice siiw efiies to ewor © o¢ L goitd “jeneL Gila rekon

onal ( Hate afleo neces

_ Eebte eds of ytimtxory ‘eeolo nt Sasot Vilersmeg ft et A
= Ss et ect a@ boe sethint tae oat teve Iie exuoo0 Re Ar ; Sine wk

pe edt ,ylimst sift 6 povidatnos oxyer netito edd oxhz _
ia
E ~betroqet yated tom .eotiemé Ietmerti¢noo Se evtsg &

“).., @nQn ol ..e9r% gateod to dixoc Vrtmmes ye ror
Ea mé .enod [fame 106 ,gtreend beiles et tt . i
©

“Obi ef ,idew hetieig call atl to seenbten ent motesl
; i an ot isp ak. foinw te

“ee

119

Myrtaceae
The common Guayabo-tree

Fie
Psidium Guajava Kaddi, Mem. 1841, &.

Description of the tree

&.small tree, mostly with a lew, more or less crooked
trunk, covered with a scaly, reddish bark, and a depressed,
broadly expanded Brown; ultimate branchlets tetragonal, suba-
late, more or less silky-pubescent. (Leaves Opposite, disti-
chous, subcoriaceous, the petioles about 5 mm. long, the
plades oblong to oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, acute
and mostly apiculate, 5 to 12 cm. long, 3 to 5 cm. broad,
obscurely transparent dotted, more or less plicate, glabrous
or glabrescent above, puberulous beneath, Peduncles axillary,
1 to 3-flowered, about 1.5 cm. long; flowers white, about
2.5 cm. in diameter; calyx closed in the bud and opening
irregularly in 4 or 5 lobes; petals 4 or 5, ovate; stamens
numerous, with ovate anthers;,cvary inferior, many-ovulste;
style simple, capitate. Berry pomiform or pyriform, 3 to
em. long; the seeds numerous, immersed in a succulent A Be

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown or sometimes nearly white;
heartwood brown, turning darker on exposure. ‘Wood moderately
hard, heavy, strong, tough, straight and exceedingly fine-
grained, taking a good polish snd durable in contact with
the soil. Annual rings of growth not visible even under
high power microscope.

[ Pores dtransverse section) very numerous and small (.05
mm. in diameter), round or slightly oval, open both in sap-
wood and in heartwood, arranged chiefly singly or sémetimes
in short radial rows of from a few to 6. Vessel walls ftom
_@itudinet-settton} with very numerous, small, transversely
elongated bordered pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers
about 1.138 mm. long, with thick walls and relatively smsll
lumina, and with a few small, slit-like, simple pits. Wood
parenchyma not strongly ee a very numerous, not

an
{ ] wv )

Sg

yt | eseoatt

/ ; j a Z ~

sent -oveyded commoo ed 8

Me

: owt
f “* oS .fSSL smell ,idbbex asvelesd mstbied

| eetd “eoud’ sis xo wottgtxezed

Seivexe Beet to oxo ,wol 8 Hotw yiteom fags bran
,beenetyeh 2 ue ,wied dethbbex ,ylsoe se iitiw berevoo~- it
a nadie gleuoygerted ateiionerd etemitia ,awoig bebiegxe 2o%td
| -28iS ,eticogge soveel) .theosedsq-yuilte eset x0 0 exe Paid
| ea? ,atol .omd Suotes esigivey edt LeAOB ON) TECENB 2
; edver ,veed odd te bebswor ,civqille-gaoldo ot”
pbeord mo ¢ o¢ & ,gnol mo SL oft @ ,etalvoige ya om tie
enoicely ,eteotiy esel 10 exom ,bestob poise
creilixe selotnwies «ddsened avolsredig, ,evods dneosedd pia Sb ag
diode ,edidw axewolt ;gnol .mo a.f duode ,bexewol28, of | a tek
gfiineqs fine bed odt ni beavlo xyiso ;reteceth ab sad B.S hen
J enemetse jedeve ,o to + aleteg j;eecol G10 8 rt é: ;
. eta lic tu Fue tek YIBVG. jerelsne otevo ditw ,
Oo of & arOtivyy “0 MIOTimog YIISE .etatigad oLgmte ©
\ gisq tnelsoora s «i Becuemmt Sor emis abses 4 iso.
Z

“ee

boow oct to ee _

]

4 jetidw ylieen eemttenes—to mword tdgil ,nidd bacneias Yi
| Yletesebom foo! .eseouxe mo sedueS gatoist sword boowdre]ed =<)
- anit ylynibeeoxe bas siigterte ,dgsot ,anocits ,yveed ,bied ‘a
aa attw voesineo ni eldatnh fire del fog hoog s yotiet ~hoaierg a.
= apie nuevo sidiety tom déwotg to sgntt Lepnk . edt Pe

¥ eyoveotola brat.

7 00.) ilene Sue evovedze yrev “puortvbe-s STSLe%t-
=uee of idod wego ,fevo yiddgiie xo bawor ,{ eveueters
> Spmttombs 10 ylgnie yltetdo | egieiin ,dboowdieed nt ;
. - seek} Bilew LeaeeVY 23°07 wet eB mo2t 9 ewor Leidax ite at
a ylosvevencs) fifeme ,esio1smen. yxev tiv taro

) -gredft Sock selgmic enotterctxs4 .ettq bexebxod 1 Sooe
/* ‘ffeme yhovitefier bne alfLer sdotd? dviw ,geol .am

. Baew -atiy elgmte, ,eati-tile ,Sieme wel 8 Ad dw

“\ CO AHoTeMIA Yew Sys Bd neat se yizaowte ton covionesea,

120

visible under hand magnifier on 4 smooth transverse section,
one to two cells wide, and from a few to 8 cells high.)

j

Bistribution, common names 2nd uses

a ( Psidium Guajava L. grows naturally all over tropical Ame-
rica and is also frequently cultivated on account ef its
fruits. It is not a forest tree, its natural habitat being
on the alluvial gravelly and open flats along the rivers, from
sea-level up to an altitude of about 1400 meters. Cattle
are very fond cof the fruit and act as propagating agents.
Through them the pastures soon become infested with the
plant, the eradication of which then becomes a real problem,
the abandonment of the land being often the only practical
solution. The guayabal, or natural guayabo bush, is one of
the typical plant associations of the American tropics. )

This Psidium is known sll cver its geographical area in
Spanish America under the name of Guayabo, the fruit being
@ guayaba. In the English West Indies, this word has become
Guava, which again is the Spanish name for several species
of Inga. The Portuguese name is Araga. The wood of the
Guayabo is very hard and fine-grained, but is of little use
on account of the small dimensions of the tree. It is an
excellent fuel. ‘The fruits give delicious preserves and
jelliws, which in some parts are commercially valuable.

;
|

The Gasparillo-Tree

Aulacocarpus completens Pittier, Smithson. Mise. Coll. 63;
n. 4-1914

Description otf the tree

A tree entirely glabrous, up to 18 m. high and 35 cm.
diam. at the base, the trunk more or less straight, covered

ee « y ee eee ORR. ee oe ee OL) ena

ss tee , } .7 a ur rue ; ae vd ae a

ie nee = ee
ia) A + a Beha Sy 2

oe “ .Qgt |

eee,

te

T° nottoee cexevenetd déoowe ¢ oo velthgan hued tebe efdtate -
i (efigtd effoo 6 of wot 8 HoTd-ite ee elieo any oe eo |

od

eeen bare gener sap Hobdnd 4set6
=6A Leoigorxs 1sv0 {le eiLaumtaee Swot «ct geatine guietes } JX
Bas j

esi 29 sasdooe ao besevitipe ylinespetst opla é eolt

Bs gaiied tetided Leistan sti ,osts tac19gt a ton ef JI .etict} —
‘moxt ,etetia oft gnole evelt pene bas ylfeverg Leivulie edit ac -
Sitred ,ersten OOSL tucde fo santitle ne ot Level~ees
sy he quitesgegosy sa toe.dus 3f512- eds Do nue akaueae ote

eit difw beveeitat engsed fuses eexsdaay ot prey

Len icoxy Leet @ eemooed neds déidw to aAoivesibere exiv. oe
festtoeig yino edt netto gufed Snel ert to ‘enna hiss ots

to en at ,dend odeyess Leigten 10

, " e' (.8otgox? ee sav te fois chabert Sela | te bh ra . aye ese |

‘at este Lebtdqetsos4 evi seve fie owond at oakptes of
Pere terae Giut ae tins hean aan teahred —

einened ead Biow a} I t¢o00 datigni ed? al -edeyads i:
setoois Lereves io omen déinage edt pit be pi iW gs 4
edt to Seow eff .ageia at omen ramen i ef?’ + oan i
@8p 6IStEL 20 at dud rt dae Yiev ef GdeYysent +4

. “te et .dext oft. “Sa ent euls Lieme oid to Janedos ao

inp Beviecerg syoloiieh ori etinrt ef® .fect: tne ile ut
seideslev NES sehen ste atueg emos at dotdw wee’ 5

“<u
a As Terns oe , ae
xT-0ffivaqcesd 9 e ai 5 ME

. 2 5 der i ip 4 asad! : oe a Gal

7 : se tat hen at Ge.’ ny : *

ee i eT ma

88 sflod ,seli .foedt ine ,tetdsid enstel

‘ D{OLob st Sty aie tg. 2 ‘
ei ‘4 bd sien Rood Pr
* ; : ac * ea Po oo
eS oe wt F Re ee ee
oe aa 2 8 M0$tg ito Dig" MiP ol oes ae
ms wig : 7 . “fbi | ee

sgh BB, boerdgid sm 6! 03 ya ,enordely ylotigns inet? kee 4
oS geaovos Mecsas date es etom) Saray ont ,oned ont 7a mate. ile
bs eae : ; | ir Ge cy Ae

yp
ey ae age

|
|

121

with a smooth, reddish or grayish bark, the crown sparse and
irregular. | Leaves opposite, coriaceous, exstipulate; petio-
les thick, to 5 mm. long; leafblades ovate-elliptic, more
or less emarginate at the base, abruptly short acuminate, 14
to 25 cm. long, 5 to 11 cm. broad, light green above, paler
beneath. Flowers axillary, single or clustered; pedicels
slender, 12 to 15 mm. long, bearing at the middle one pair
of small bractlets, these clasping, ovate-acute, persistent,
about 2 mm. long; receptacle funnel-shaped, longer than the
ovary, sepals 5, ovate-triangular, acute, about 6 mam. long,
coriaceous, caducous; petals 5, reflexed, irregularly ovate,
about ll mm. long, 9 mm. broad, unguiculate, apiculate, the
margin irregularly denticulate or lacerate; stamens 10, in-
serted on the margin of the receptacle, alternately opposed
to petals and sepals, the filaments slender, about 10 mn.
long, the anthers basifixed, introrse, with a pore on the
ventral side and 4 small glands near the apex; ovary inferior,
5-celled, each cell 4 or 5-ovulate; style truncate, sbout
7.5 mm. long. Fruit dry, 4 to l-celled, globose, more or
less depressed, crowned with the persistent calyx; cells l-
seeded; seeds ovoid, about 11 mn. long.)

Description of the wood

sapwood thin, light yellow or marly white; heartwood
slightly darker. Wood exceedingly hard, heavy, strong, tough,
straight and fine-grained, difficult to work and taking a
good polish. Annual rings of growth not visible under high
power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) rather numerous, very small
(.063 mm. in diameter), round, open in sapwood and closed in
heartwood, snd usually arranged singly, less often in psirs.
Vessel walls (longitudinai-section) with numerous, small
pordered pits, with transitions to simple pits. Perforations
Simple. Wood fibers about .9688 mm. long, with very thick
walls and almost no lumina; pits small and simple. jood
parenchyma is present only surrounding vessels, where it
forms short rows extending tangentially from both sides of
the vessel for a short distance. Rays very numerous and
narrow, from 1 to 3 cells wide, and from 3 to 5 times as
high.

v
Ad ts
“a
”
~

eto pttqille-et evo sebeldteel :anel .mm 2 ot doin ae
af ,eomabmssos sxio0de yitqoids ,96ad edt te et enisteme peel xo
teley ,ovode neery Jagil “,Seo1d .ato [Lf ot.2 {anol ,ms G8 of
alestSey ;bexeteslo to Signte -Ytellixa etewold .ddsened
\ afeq emo elfbbim off ta gniieed , aol .mm @f of BI yah
~tnedelotegq , stsos-ed evo gnbgee to esos ,eteitoaid [lemme to
edd cede nesnol ,fegerte-Lemas> eloetqooes istol .mm § Jaode
7 atret..am 3 teode ,otneB , elut-etevo. ,¢ eleges ,yievo
,edavo Yltelwogorrt . bexeltou , Slaven ;esoonbes +
ead ,oteluoigs eteLue imei (beoxd om @ waol jom EL, Juoda

af OL snemede ;ode190el 10 etetvoitneb. yiteLagsitt 2

' beecgyo yletanieils ,eloatyeoe: ont to sigiem edt ao bedzee

smn OL tuode ,xehiele eimomelts odd ,elages hie 2h i

) App, Shit nO ex0g #6 ddiw ,set04 -Sexitieed sxentues yattol
| (Pizetak yxsve jxege edd e600 ehnels Ilene + Bae ebte. onev

tuode ,etsomyat eiye gee yee 10 } Ifeo dose ,

<o stom ,esddels ,Selfeo-L ot > ,yxb tied. .ga0l .mm 3.7

~f alieo ;xyieo tiedeierey erg, dt iw 19 ,boeserqel agel

= 48 (+ gaod om Lf duods ,btovo ebese ;hobsee

. eth be Si aee ar ek eee

4 +h slat

"ie boowtxeed et tam ylue as 59. | Lay ‘Saget aye 00.0 or ;
Adigwod Boies + ¥veod. .frizt oes Boot .teztx 46

: 8 snixe!d bas xxrow of sinor tib ,beaterg-entt bas”

m6 Ofek Tehun oldtelv tom déwowg to oyu tt leunss .detiog boos
-oqonsoso tm, ‘dewey

ae flere yey , shorn sodéan ; Mnedevee- eaxevonest) 2oxod

® flema ,avorsmss ddiw trottesa-lantbuttgnol) ellew Leerev
| SBShofterotiel ..adig ofgmie of amolt tenet Atim,
Matas yiev dviw ,anol .an oube
ie boot’ .siqmie ine [lemme eviy ;entosl on deomls bane eilew
_ «.. #f siedw ,efeseevy gatbnso11se ylao vnecetq ef sarydone’
- S@ eebte déod mot? Ylisitnegiet sotinetxe ewox trode
= ite anoismin yrey BY SA -osonetath trode s 102 Leese iced
ee | aapets @ ot & most ona. ,ohiweilos 5 of £ most tae
= ’

sued,

bie oetegs mwoso edd ,tied Aetyex_ to datéhiex ,diooms 6 arte
sottey ;etelegitexe <esnooetso5 ,o¢ troago sovedt 500

‘fi Beaols fue boowgee at aeqo ,basor ,{redemsib st .mm, 600.)
) .euteg ak netto seef .yfstie beatetie Yllenen ine, boowizeed

. dugce exedt? boow ~ ,elqnte

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122

Distribution, common names and uses

This tree is not unfrequent in the eastern forests of
Panama where its hard and fine-grained wood is much prized.
Besides being used in various ways in the native building
and joiner crafts, it is said to make the best pole for
pulling up the rivers the dugouts or canoes.

The Myrtaceous Aulacocarpus, which has several other re-
presentatives, is exclusively American, but it belongs, alone
with the Chilian Tepualia, to the sub-family of the Leptos-
permoideae, all other members of which sre Australian.

Combretaceae

The obovate-leaved Verminalis

Terminalia obovata (Poir.), Hichler. Flor. bras. 148; 91-1867.

Description of the tree

A middle sized, deciduous tree, the trunk 6rect, covered
with a reddish, smooth bark, the crown elongate, the ulti-
mate branchlets slender, wisp-like, at first rubiginous pu-
bescent, glabrescent later. (Leaves alternate, clustered at
the end of the branchlets, at first rubiginous pubescent,
glabrous later; petioles Serete, 3 to 7 mm. long; blades
obovate, acuminate or obtuse, long attenwate at the base,
4.0 to 6.4 cm. long, 2.5 to 4 cm. broad; bractlets lanceolate,

densely rubiginous pubescent, 2 to 3 mm. long caducous.
Ploral spikes simple, clustered at the end of defoliate
branchlets, pendulous, 6 to 1l cm. long, the rachis slender,
pubescent; flowers sessile, distant, bracteolate; calyx
broadly 5-lobed, about 4 mm. in diameter, sparsely pubescent
Without, the subacute lcebes densely ciliate; corolla none;
stamens 10, long exserted, glabrous, the anther cells ovate;
disc annular, pulvinate, very hairy; ovary inferior, obpy-
riform, 4-angled, pubescent, 2-celled, each cell l-ovnlate;

style glabrous, slightly longer than the stamens. )

/

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ee een eh

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x er
a to aaneie: wievess eid at tHecpeilay ton el sers egat ie
oe ae bestia foum Gi boow Senteryg-ant= bas buen ett si98dw emeced / ae
ee salolind eviten edd al eyew esotiev at bean sited 4 ig i
_ > teh slog deed edt exam of bles et di ,ettexo tento a
te s600neo 19 ednogeh edt sierix sdt qu’ piles *
2 ;
z > =$1 tedvso {ereyeoa sad dotdw ,; “xe0gosigk esqsoetiyl of? x An
() wxtie ,cgmoled Jf tnd ,ceoltom Syfésione ef ,sevidedmesetg = = 8 8 8 89
fae Legdq6d eft. to ylinet-due ond ce , ilenget asiliaD ond dviw ‘
as «eiLertask exe dotdw te sisdnem seddo. Lie eat naw

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<u g ethanteves sevkel-s2¢vede edt cS

= 2 y ue hae

TEST -£02BSL yaexd .iolt .xetsotm ',(.x80¢) atevodo etleptase® — V3,

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=, . sext odd to aotsak sonst te Wie 2 Er F ‘a
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E atéin oct ,etsgtofe mwoto sid , tied ddoome ,delibes # diiw.
= : Sg evontgidxs vexit de ,atiiageiw ,iebmele éJoldougid cee
te bOtetivio ,etantedle seveet) .ievel. shape as BS ame

<¢ ~stoeseedng eponigicni texls te ,edeldoaerd edt Zo bas
o” Geheid ;su0l .om VT o¢ & ,etexvet solciteg ;x]8tel ed
=>. ,eeed edt te etarness s sod ,sautdo to oteninsoe ,6tavodd
Pgeenevenges atvoltorid ;beowd .me 2 oi 3,8 ,ysel .0o 2,082 0)
' . ‘sbeootibes soot mai 8 of S. ptievseduq syonigicus ye
Bats - etetioteb to ne ent ts beretento ,oLgmte eeodtge £

_ tebae te etdoer eft , gael «mo df ot 3 ,exolois
xEleo ;etelostvesd ,Jneterh ,oliexce persons, Ab

Ee tosonediy {isetege Tad ameLh: ae » foie Ea tuode eoet=g

te ~ yedevo ahhes nodtne oud peuwidaly bedouxe LOL enemete- ae

a ‘ eudo to tcesirt Utero mitted rev , oteniv srelomne o8bb a ee
a (pet etoneal top hoes, ,Sofleo=5 thease dag. bol ged pores Laan
na )enoied ent madd qeguo, yiddgt Le ee, ait ;

123

Description of the wood

Sapwood light yellow; heartwood darker, often turning
reddish with darker streaks. Wood very hard, heavy, very
strong, tough, very cross and fine-grained, works»with diffi-
culty, susceptible of a high polish and said to be very du-
rable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of growth not
visible on a smooth surface under the hand lens.

(Pores (tTanSverse-section) not very numerous, (about .22
mn. in diameter), round cr elliptical, open in the sapwood
and often closed in the heartwood, and arranged chiefly
singly or in pairs; in some places the pores are grouped in
tangential lines similar to those in the early wood of ring
porous wocd. Vessel walls (-lengitudinsl section) with nume-
rous small, routd, bordered pits. Perforations at the ends
of vessel segments completely absorbed. Wood fibers about
1.4 mm. long with very thick walls and small cell cavities;
the pits are very small slit-like and difficult to see under
the compound microscope. 00d parenchyma abundantly deve-
loped around all pores. These can be easily seen on a
smooth transverse surface under the hand lens. This softer
tissue frequently forms tangential lines connecting the
pores. Pith rays very numerous and invariably only one cell
wide and from a few to 10 or more cells i ee

Distribution, common names and uses
The wood of this species is said to be often used, in
some parts of South America, for building purposes. In Panama,

it is of rare occurence and does not seem to have attracted
the attention of the natives.

The Button-tree

Conocarpus erecta L., Hort. Cliff.: 485. 1737

Description of the tree

A small tree or a mere shrub, seldom over 8 m. high ana

Doow ond to wort gtroced

Siliniet netle .rsaited hoowlzses ;wolleg ¢igil boow
- giev .Yvéed ,bied yiev foot’ .cieortée t6tied dtiw a4
~£2>26 daly exsow , bettiatg+entt bae esotce: yrev sigsds ~
—5b Yyiev ed of flee bate Hetfog aid @ to efdit soda. iat
dom mMiwoiy te eanti Lesink .fkos ent dtiw tostaco nidedes
-onel Sed ode te bas eoetive Av ome eB a0 sistery °

83, aed) ,euduenion yor von (aottoes euTevEuOTH) asta)
~ Beowgee sid af nego ,feoitgtife +o fuser (xetometb nt
wltetdo Seyuserre | be boowised edi Wr besolo met to Peed
tsi bogvorg O18 aviteg eft eeoetg smoe at patteq at x10 yfLatie
anit %6 boow ylzes ed? ni esodg o¢ telimte sent{ Latéinepnat
-onor fitiw fiotteose Lentinydiqted) efiew LleeaeY .hoow snoir0g-
ehine edt ¢e snoiseiotiel .etig horeftod , ftivor ,ILeme endx
tuode siedit booW .fedioeda vistelqmos etmomgee Lesesv to
peeitiveo [feo ifLeme bue eliew Aotdd yrev dttw enol omm Of
xefins) se2 of tinolttib ine edth=tile Lieme yxev ove ed kg edt
-~oved ylinaiauds engdonersy Bool .sqoosetotm Buyogmoo edt
. - ““@ 0 Geese yliese ed use sesh .ee10g Lie favota beyqoL
- tedtoe sint .enel baed sce 1ehne sostane esxeveners dtoome
- - “epi ariteernoo sentl Laitneguat emiot yidneupets.
' feo ome ylmo yidelrevnt bae exoremsi Yiov eyex Avid seerog

282s ine somes nonmoo ,wotiudixteld ‘

‘ Bi ,been metto ed of bleé ef Betosye eidt to soow. ont
genes? nt ,B9eogtyg guathlind 10%, soltemk ddso€ to edt,
om. betoextts eved of meee tot eof bis eoners990 eorex ‘to ek th

ssevrived edd to a one
z y a ¥/

$V A6R/TTELO POH fat we

ci Bi Po ey " my : a, ; § + \ a pa » : o 7 i}
IY) Vas = hy y : a5) 235 . 1 ad’ > i bogs
rc , ee eet Le - . se a : Wt a oh y una
Pe Pe ee | Pi ly eee a oe Pe Li ae Wie, 7 Weenals a Ata) MA Gal mae ee Fi

(sate afleo wiom x10 OL of wet 8 moit arte, ebtw ae

124

30 cm. in diameter, the bark gray, smooth, the crown irre-
gular. (Leaves alternate, glabrous, the petioles 3 to 5 mn.
long, the blades lanceolate, attenuate and biglandular at
the base, acute at the tip, 4 to 8 cm. long, 1.5 to 3 cm.
long, Olive or grayish green. Flower heads globose, race-
mose, the rachis glabrous, flattened and subwinzged; flowers
small, pentamerous, hermaphrodite or only male; calyx 5-
lobate, the lobes obtuse or acute; corolla none; stamens
normally 10, but often less, inserted in two series on the
calyx, exserted; discus intrastaminal (or epigynéus) and
formed or 5 fleshy, wijlous glands; ovary inferior, l-
celled, 2-ovulate, the style filiform, as long as the sta-
mens. Achenia imbricate in a cone-like head, each with 2
well developed wings .)

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brewn or nearly white; heartwood
dark brown. Wood hard, heavy, very strong and tough, very
fine grained, taking a fairly good polish and very durable
in contact with the soil. Annual rings of growth not vi-
ble even under the high power microscope.

(Pores {+ransverse-section( very numerous, small (.063
mn. in diameter), round or nearly closed in the heartwood,
and arranged singly, irregularly, more often in wavy tan-
gential lines. Vessel walls (lengitudinal section) with nu-
merous, Small oval slightly bordered pits, resembling a sieve-
like structure with large simple pits present. Perfora-
tions simple. Wood fibers about 1.066 mn. long, with ex-
ceedingly thick walls, almost obliterated lumina, and
with minute slit-like simple pits. Wood parenchyma abun-
dantly developed and invariably arranged around vessels,
forming tangential lines connecting these. Rays storied,
numerous, and very narrow, barely visible under the hand
lens on a smooth transverse section, 1 cell wide, and
from a few to 8 or 10 cells high.)

-— ———

Conocarpus erecta L. is widely spread on the sea-shores
of Tropical America, frem southern Brazil to Florida and
the West Indies on the Atlantic side and from Ecuador, in-
cluding the Galapagos Islands, to Acapulco in Mexico, on

= ‘sexet were odd ,dicoms ,yeig aaesd ede ,setemeih at .mo 08 0 a
stim 6 ot & aelotteg edt ,evotdslyg ,otaniesls eeveod -talng :
- te teivinelgid Sra stesnetie seteloconel sebeld edt gaol
mo.5 of Gof ,an0l .mo & of 3 , gts edt te-otnos ,sead ent
' sgoex ,egedolg sbhbeed tewolt.meets datyets 10 evito eRaol ©
BtewGlt ;hesnivdse ine benedielt ,avordealy eiduei edd
‘=8 wylec ;slem.ylao io ettbouiqenmiet ,erso198medaeg if aie
) snewete ; econ elioiceo 7etgo@ 10 sentde egedel edd ,atedol
60 5 eetiee owe ol betiesnt ,eeel aetto tad .OL yllemron = ie
hae (ev@uygiqge 10) Llanimetesisdni euoetS ;hettesxe ,xyteo = ‘
of ytoixetat yrevo ;ahnely Suol{iv ,ydseLs .d 10 beret ,
(sete edt se gaol ge ,arroetilT olyve edt ,edalnve-=8 ,beffeo * Paeen
\ $ stew soee , feed ettl~enco © mi etsoiemt elaedod ', etisai a
ae (sagetw Seqoloveh Llow ; a

eae)

ed | el! ne ee
' "oy 2

. S909 945 30, AARESS somes vn
7 boows ised -; 65 béaiy ylzson 19 awoxd tigtl »aidt boowqad ..

rer grad. ie gnoute vier ,Yveed ,bted booW . .twoid maueb- of
* gidesné wiev tas deticg 500g yYfaie> « yaiset phentets eatt..

oe aty ton atwotg to esnix Laconk «lice eit atiw toeimoo ab el
ca? o. weqoseoroin tewog ight eft t9ebny. neve sin : i

0 £30.) Ilene ,esQ1smin yxev. Ingbtoce- perevans st} eo10d) .
- ,Sooed tesa on: ei besolo yfiesn xe fayes , {r]8etemetd af citi
Mh, ‘ued ywew at nedte erom ,yirelsyerit eUignie hogdarte bas her's.
vit Win (rotsoes Lantoadigued) ellew loeseVY .seati Leitaey ray Ye
Be @ goifdmeset ,etiq Bersbiod Yiengile Isve flame ,evorem . - :
_ #piotied .juseetq ettq ofqmbe egral diiw eustomite,emti- .
aa r* Hitw .gool .om 600st tuede etedit 500% .welgqnhe enort
fue ,atttoul betevetifde teomis.,aliew aotdd ylgnibees. |
\- «de anytousisg booW .etiq elqmic eitf-thie etuain ddiw |
ae eleesoy hausors fegrarts yidelievct bane begoleved yldneh — —.
< believe exe .egsdd gutdoonmes conti Ietineguet agrimtet © =~ 7)
i Bisa end tefans eldisiv ylered ,xeo11en Yiev bare ,ave ae.
~ bre ,ebiw [foo [ ,moitoes sersvenssd dtoome se mo anol

a . ut Mie BEKO : of so & OF wos 8. woke *

oe . seu has gemes: nomen ,wottudiatatd © 7 “ ana
senate to) eng no Leerge qlebiw si ol woes’ s Senan: ee Sea a
= ~ €ae stiseti of Llisexd azedtnvs mor? Set saositog Pus bo. rc ee ae

AS, srk ,tobaxok mort tug ebie oltmeitsé eid 20 sethal foo Sn
a9 jootxen wk ovinffeok at ebaelel byicoaaaasa esis BABNES

-
=

125

the Pacific. It is known also from the Western coast of
Africa. It is called daragosa in Panama, 4ider tree, Button
tree and Zaragoza mangrove in the British West Indies, lMan-
glier flibustier, m. droit and m. noir, in Martinique and
Guadeloupe, So0toncillo 4nd Manele sotoncillo tin Venezuela,
and mangue in Brazil. The wood keeps almost indefinitely
and is hishly prized as timber, being used for carpenter
work, poles, rafters, boat curves and cabinet work. The
leaves and bark are used for tanning or dyeing purposes.

Melastomaceae

The silvery Miconia

Miconia argentea (sw.) Deo. Prodrk. 2721825 1828.

Description of the tree

A shrub or a middle sized or large tree, up to 15 m. high
and 30 cm. in diameter at the base, the trunk sometimes
stunted and crooked, or a Straight, undivided bole 6 to 8 me-
ters long, the bark grayish white, slightly rimose, the
erown irregular or elongate, broader at the top; young branch-
lets angulous, more or less flattened, covered aS afe the
leaves and rachis of the inflorescences with 4 silvery indu-
mentum. (Leaves subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, the petioles cana-
liculate, slender, 2 to 8 cm. long, the blades ovate, more or |
less rounded at the base, briefly acuminate, 10 to 25 cm.
long, 6 to 15 cm. broad, glabrous and dark green above, sil-
very white beneath, the margins remotely sinuate-toothed.
Panicles terminal, ramulosé, 6 to 20 cm. long. Flowers nu-
merous, pedicellate, pentamerous; calyx 10-costate, 1.5 to 2
mm. long; petals white, 2 mm. long; stamens 10; ovary globose;
style 4 to 5 mm. long, ending in a subgultate stigma. Berry
about 3 mn. in diameter.)

Sat rae ehe tae oul

; \) te tee0n wietset edt moxt ale rewoorss sk vl ,oftieoel edv
| Bovtee coud Teblsé , eneced cut axed. beliao ef TL \aeopith
AS: “BO Gow detting edd Z OR Bt
ee, nS ‘eupiohiiel oi yttom .m ive
Se alameete’ ad offtbong ee See b
qfotitdebut- ‘Saonle ages . ;
Sotneqiss «ot Seen anrted epeints ae. ataas AGH SE bas
ed? .xiow tentdso ine sevivo teod .exetter ,eelog .,arow

‘+ 79

ve

a ssosoging giteys 10 soins tot bess exe axed bre eeveel oF :
_ ner : js “1 ae, : } 4 5. -

pgspenode eLoli 0) sede gaa»
einooly yrevite eft by

es (OSB .8GL 2S sxb0xe 10.0 (,82) seduegze etnoosU

<<.

—

——— oe

] : F ¥ a.
: are KS;
- } seit eit to a Holdqtsoseg le
- Heid mt GL ot qe (oert opxet x0-heste eihbia. e 10 dexde. ke
ee “Pemtionce tt ent seed edt te twstemsetS nf imo 08 bcs ;
mil * an & o¢ @ efcc bebivtbup ,Sdglente e vo ,bexooro Snes Setaate =.
“2 sit ,scomti Yitdglle ,etidw dezyerg rad est Sct amos -
Stowe id BIO pqot ec? te «cabeord ».etsumole 10 typed is ‘
i mae

ae Gd ete co bareves.,boceteeitesel 10 e1om ,cxoligad a
shat syxevils a diiw -ebonsoeerol ink edt 36 amg 9 A he es
tengo coloivey srt , boveen-d ,esoeoesiicodue éeveel eaten y
to Mise ,sieve sebsid ore goad” mo 8 G& § 4, xe bnats apart fa
Pe ae has Ba ad OL eten isos 4 ybteixzc , send ene te hebosoy #8 ae
aa sijs ,<vade nseig Web hue swowdels ,Se0% . mo GL ogg ienee 1 ee

-* ,Bermtqot-etenmte yiedoast eretst6e edt ,disened e¢iaw

= = eiewoli .gool smo Of ot 3 ,o80fsmex ,lentmies gelo.
ee G ov @.f.,etateoo-0f xylao pepoisemet neg od elleotbeq ,sneten %
peeodals qieve 7OL enemeta ;4G0l som 8 ,os td a a.)
5 ide @tegids etatingdua ¢ ‘at galine ,gnel .ma ¢ * lye ow
mesic ae tam S suode) ae

Fol eos mia \é : : » =~
ag = oe ual

s 5, Nae my

126

?
Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light brown; heartwood slightly darker.
Wood moderately hard, Light, not strong, straight, durable,
fine-grained, easy to work, taking a medium polish.

(Pores (+sransverse Section) small (about .13 mm. in diame-
ter), round, open, and arranged singly, in-pairs, or in short
radial rows. Vessel walls (itonzitudinal section) in con-
tact with parenchyma bears simple or bordered pits, usually
large, transverse,usually simple in contact with pith rays.
Perforations simple. Wood fibers about .806 mm. long, with
moderately thick walls and relatively small cell cavities,
septate, and simple pits, sometimes with a narrow border.
Wood parenchyma sparingly developed, occurring only in connec-
tion with vessels. Pith rays very narrow, only one cell wide
and from 10 to 25 cells high.)

bistrivution, common names and uses

Miconia argentea (Sw.) D.C. was described originally by
Swartz from the Mosquito Shore it Nicaragua. It is met with
from Trinidad to Guatemala along the Spanish Main, and, on
the Pacific side of Central America, has also been reported

at several points between the San Miguel Bay and the Mexican
bpoumary in Guatemala. Its favorite resorts are on the bor-
ders of savannas and on semi-deforested clayey hills, where

it appears as a second growth. It forms a conspicuous fea-
ture in the landscape on account of its leaves which are cons-
tantly turned up by the winds, thus showing their white
under-faces, The tree is known by the following local names:

/Cainillo, around Panama City, according to Seemann.
‘Ganillo, in Chiriqui (Panama)

Capilote,{(derived from the nahuatl capolotl?), in Guana-
caste baoste Rica).

Dos-Caras (= two faces), in the province of Los Santos
(Panama), an allusion to the color contrast between the two
sides of the leaf.

Mancha-Mancha, in southern Darien (Panama).

Marfa, in Nicoya (Costa Rica).

Maria colorado, in the Diquis Valley (Costa Rica).

This variety of names, the list of which could prebatEy

DROW git =a Hass gine pe8.

a uivigite boowdxeed jnword ¢ tit a boawget. _ .
eicewih ,Sdglewe ,poorte son. aaee Be a Yletsicbon ow ;
eae iesidcah muibom # galiled , 2iGW od teu: ai ules i a

2 yogis Bt heg-o Ua giles, eee ‘toa ie 6 ft oF he. : (, a
a tnogtoee eal ind, L) e flew Lease 1, awOx. Lalber ) seta
eifenas .attq betehtod to 3 qmic eased anya ones ag stiw tozd
eer. nthe digiw tostaoo af elgate Vilenex, serevenert .ogtal —-
Aoin .gcol .mm GOS, trode exedit fooW Lelanie anottexotziet - hg
- sbeltinvas fiso Items ylevitele: fne alfew sotdt yletareton ‘ ‘
is i eee oc worred © atiw cembtemoe .stiq slqmke ine ,otaiqes - =
2 peta Rito siluissoe ,beqgoleves ylsatteqs sertfonies ag boo {
a Live ene ylno , wore ia Byei cvid saicesey ditw nots — d
: ; meats. eifeo 8 of OL mort bus

"a

Li

t Li A

eat a . Been bx 20 | ae a =
at, “yLisistets0 Becizsseé wen 0.0 {.n8) eetaesie 6

ES » fen 6 3]. .eNgexeoti af etcnh& ot ltepsol oat mor “3 ewe - ue 7
~bote ,cbel deinege ont soote alempdand o¢ Gebinix? most 6 i. oh
13q9% reod coef sed ,eotiem’ feitusS to ebte oftieet edd << |
Rell wd> boe ysl Lemsiill nee ex? neewted atntog Leteves te
‘~26¢ eater oO s1a sdtoaet etinovet cil -.alansienD ab eee St
-etenw ,@iLida yeysho beteoicteb=imer mo bas. SACU SV RG | ar
ge Bee es

eet euioys iy ai05 ¢ parrot JI ,atwors Dnoosa)e.88 @’
igo ©xe..dotdw eeveel att So dusoaoe 10- Spar yng bean ie f
Bt Bae" t ocist: gatwode ssssit. abate edd xd gn A henna
fec0l guinvoltlo® oft yd dimen, ef eer 2

a od aittbreoos £9. emened aoLe hl aiL
esi tupintdd ot (0)
ef thtoLages Ltendek edd nox. wt F:
. a3. hel

ot to SoniVOry edd ah «eens Que Rae B

tos
el

een a neue svedduoe age i: ree
«(aotk steod) eyooil 2
ateoo) YellsVY afupid edt ak ee 1
Pa

ee :
i, Sikae ddidw to dest out Ratan te vielsey eidt. ‘

Pu
.

127

a

be extended, indicates that this small tree is a well known
one among the natives and we find indeed that it is used
everywhere, when near at hand, in the construction of their
houses. The wood, which is moderately hard and easy to work,
is said to be durable when not exposed to an excess of humi-
dity.

Darien Miconia-Tree

Miconia darienensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18:248.

fh a

Description of the tree

Up to 20 meters high(and 40 cm. in diameter, the trunk
straight, covered with a smooth grayish bark, the limbs as-
cending and forming an elongate crown; young branchlets very
short, obscurely tetragonous, sparsely puberulous. Leaves
opposite, entire, membranous, the petioles 0.5 to 1 cm.
long, puberulous, the blades elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
obtuse~acuminate, 8 to 24 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, dark
green above, paler beneath. Pannicles terminal, about 10
cm. long, ovoid or pyramidal, the rachis glabrescent. Flowers
pentamerous, clustered; pedicels 1 to 1.5 mm. long; calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed, 1.5 mm. long, glabrous; petals oblique,
Obovate, 2.5 mm. long, white; stamens 10, about 5 mm. long,
pubescent, the filament slender, the anthers gibbose and bi-
auriculate at the base and opening by a terminal pore; ovary
globose; style 4.5 mm, long, pubescent, stigma capitellate.
Berries small, bluish black.)

j

eee OO

Description of the wood

Sapwood scarcely to be distinguished from heartwood,
Wood ranges from light brown to dark brown, hard, heavy,
rather @ross and fine grained, difficult to work, taking a

fine polish, and durable tn contact with the soil. Annual

> Mwonst flew a et sexd Lleme eldt tedv setpolink ,bebuetxe ed
Ip beau ef t£ tedt beoSnt Butt ew Sus eevivan ef’ giome ene
| ated to noftoovdenes edt ot -bned te. 1600 nedw + Stemiyieyes
yltow od yess Boe biaed yLedaicebom et dokdw,boow et “.eeenod
-tmud 0 @evoxe ae od boscaxe You new eldaivs ed od Stee at
‘ wis
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(1885264 Suen tall 68.0 .ateod ,xeittid efensnetiph etn “4 m
rer ; ; : vs Lil (Fm
Berd ect to nottg ixpeed i ta Ye
L = Anwat od? jretensis xf smo Ob bus \dyid-Gieton OS 6d Yow) Mig
ze! ~ar esdmil of¢ ,Aved dealbyerg dioome 6 dtdiw besevdo »,'t: bide
Wiley eceldcneid garoy jywer= eteguole ne gaimvet fine witises «| ie
- gBevedl .enolsiedug yleeregs .sronogeited yLaxvoedo. ,Jxone me 4
i ae sme. f{ ot 6,0 eefeitey odd ,cxonerdmom »,ettina, ott a :
* phovien+ 8. ,stalooonel-olitytile esbheld ont ,enolwredsg ,

") - ‘gixeh ,baocd mo 6 of 8 renel amo 2 of 6 ,ed entniaewesuitdo ean
Pasi: “OS diode femtoted eeloinneT .cteened seleg , me lec tk
amenots waineocotdals etdoes odd ,ledbimeaiyq to blove’ eanol

“2 wyteo tyecl simu @fi ot £ aiecibog ;Setetanloa jexotemetneg “a

sempiion efeten ,sho1deiy <puol ,am 6.1 ,bettoot-8 159 eLeieamed hal

pe Bol sam tnoda OL exensie-; cet rdw apool .mm GS: , donde :

Me ke bie osoddty arodine oss: cmebiole vnemelit ond , sa ba

etevo sexoy fentmiet 2 yo aiiineygo base oead ody Ja
oe eget erate jnsocaedayg ,sn0l .am o.# e bert ors

’ ‘erate aatntd , pele con

rae «bocws 188d. mort petahnearees od - ylecteve Souwged : 1 k

» axyveed . Sted ,cwoxd a=ae — fword tight mox> one Boot a
‘@ pitied wiow of dfgotstio ,Seglerg ent? hse e80%e r8dt Romy
- Eesnas wfteoe edt mtiw Tonemak me oldexch Sue fetlog cat

war

128

rings of growth not visible under high power microscope.

(Pores (transverse section) fairly numerous, small (.13
mm. in diameter), round or radially elliptical, open or
sometimes closed in the heartwood and arranged singly or
often in short radial rows of 2 to 4. Vessel walls (longi-
tudinal section) with numerous, small, oval, simple bordered
pits; always bordered where in contact with other vessels.
Perforations simple. Wood fibers .6752 mn. long with rather
thick walls and small lumina alternating with tangential
lines of wood fibers of very much thinner walls and larger
cell cavities, the thin-walled wood fibers with lerge inter-
cellular spaces (nearly 50 per cent of the wood mass in
composed of these thin-walled wood fibers). Wood parenchyma
scantily developed. Rays invisible even under the hand lens
on a smooth transverse section, from 1 to 2 rows of cells
wide and from 10 to 20 cells high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

Thus far this tree is known only from the hills along the
Tuyra Xiver in Darien, where it is called gorgojo or gorgo-
jillco.. The wood is hard and keeps for years in the ground,

It is one of the local building materials and during the
construction of the first Panama railway, it was extensively
used for eross-ties.

The Golden-Brown Miconia

Miconia fulva Dae. Prodr. 39280.» 26ab%

Description of the tree

_ A tree seldom above 10 wters high and 50 cm. in diame-
ter, the trunk straight, covered with a reddish bark, the
erown elongate or pyramidate, the 4-angled young twigs, pe-
tioles, lower face of the leaves, rachis of the inflorescence

Te UGS AAS ee INR Oe, ae ae ee er

4

y

i seqgeneenrotm. rewog, dgid xe bes eldtely ton. dtworg, $9. sens a

“BI. ). heme .esor0mmn ylrist Usottoes eetovansit) eox0d) >
19, Hego ,leoitgtife yifetbex x0 drustor BD rte, atin
To ylmtita beguervie bie boowdse60ed edd ut besols e |
~byneol) efiew loeeeV .d ot 8 to awox Lather dione at ned
betebuoc elgmta,.levo ,liema ,ssorsmun déiw (nottooe Lanthus |
- .seleseev tedte ditw gostnes msi-etedw bstebrod- eyewls jetig
; sender nitw smol .mm SéTd. exedit booW .elgmta enotterotied
: fettnegnes dviw suiventetfe entmul ifLeme bua ellew rotdd — "
| ~ ¢enuerl boe elLew renatdd.poom yxev to-aredf hoow to eenmtl ©
-tetnt egtel ditw sxedit boow hellaw-nidt edt ,eeitiveo Lhee .
is mii esem boow edt to taso teq 63 yizreen) eeoage eae E
> gargioceteq. boot. .(exedtt boow feilew-cidd, seedt, to
» @tel inert oct sets neve eldtetyit eye Phas phe oA ciavaeoR i
sifeo 26 awor S of I moxk’ ,moitove serevensis dtoome vist 7
( aigta Bffeo OS et OL mort 7“ Sete é

esen Sue

edt gaole ellia band most. Yiu uous ei ‘nn einé a oy :
iy “gece 10 belive ef tf, etedw ,melisc at- po Ba
a rom one OF ag} “ot eqeex ine bied et hoor a

2 oft gitixs6 base elelretep patiitud Leool e

' “eo acw, ol Pacigs ome Seaga taxi edt. ns ia: 3th ie
me i. -tchoceeene nt "teks eo

Fa

el opal pied ent |

ya {oe

“B86L .O8L<8 she ‘ av Ls

goat, edt $9 cobtyizogeG “a

P. semeld sb) «fh: > bB fie opbd gvedar OL evods wobiee eek S ea St Sa:
ent ated det bbex., @ diiw bevexvoo een apa oman Wana

ee at egies geno, belztia-2 off ,ocebinerya
pamiaepes el ict sit. to giidoes, ,seveet edt. So Pe ered, a

Soles Atcha

: ; wy |
a2 ee ee
- pa ete ~

oy)
RL Cie
g }

oe

fu
Pia

129

and calyx laid over with a dense coating of golden brown, stel-
late scales. (Leaves membranous, opposite or 3 to 4-verticillate,
the petioles angulous or sulcate, 5 to 12 mm. long, the blades
S$-nerved from the base, lanceolate, long acuminate, 7 to 23 cm.
long, 1.5 to 5 cm. broad; margin obscurely sinuate. Panni-
cles terminal, 10 to 15 cm. long, pyramidal. Flowers penta-
merous, sessile; calyx campanulate, 2 mm. long, irregularly
denticulate; petals ovate, 2.2 nn. long, white, denticulate

and truncate at the apex; stamens 10, 3 to 3.5 mm. long, gla-
prous, the filaments flat, the anthers cuneate, truncate at

the apex, opening by 2 longitudinal slits; ovary semi-infe-
rior; style about 4 mm. long, glabrous, subclavate.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light brown; heartwood darker. Wood medera=
tely hard, heavy, tough, very fine-grained, susceptible to
good polish, and very durable in contact with air and water.
Amnual rings of growth very narrow and visible only under a
hand lens or compound microscope.

Pores (teansverse- section) very numerous, small (.04 mn.
in diameter), round, open or occasionally closed, with
whitish tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged singly in
small groups or distinct radial rows of from 2 to 6 or more,
gradually becoming smaller toward the outer end of the row.
Vessels sometimes partly surrounded by a single row of wood-
parenchyma fibers. Vessel. walls (longitudinal section) thin,
and where in contact with pith-ray cells the pitting varies
from simple to bordered; large bordered pits where two vessels
abutt on one another. End walls always wholly absorbed.

Wood fibers .927 mu. long, with thin walls and relatively
large cell cavities; pits usually simple, though occasio-
mally bordered. Wood parenchyma fibers not conspicuously
developed and only occuring among vessels. Individual cells
of these fibers usually long. Pith rays inconspicuous,

only one row of cells wide and from a few to 10 or more cells
high.

Distribution, common names and uses
This species seems to be very polymorphous and in its

many forms spreads from the Amazon Basin to Central America,
appearing also in some parts of the West Indies. In Chiriquf,

“| pact aad

ea cu

a Pen} ef en ae iP
oP ita o 7

ies

ay AMHoud ne bLoy to uwnivecs seteh « it bw teve biel xyleo tus

ts tolwuer-s at € a9 etleoquc’ .anehcidmem esveer) .e eo? is

‘eebeid ort -BAOL ,mm- Sl ot 3 Steolus <6 enolagsia pn a "6
= so 88 °o T .oteninvos rol ,eteloeonsl ,esed eft mort Sevren~S be
De Sdene€ .ctennks Ylotisede Gkaxem :beord ,mo 8 of Bak a a
a s<BaiRiG etewolt jLefimeryy anes smo BL ag OL ,Lentmiet eels a
o> .etreivgetz! ,grel .mi S , otetomeqasy xyfeo gelieses ,anotem b
oe etaltveitnes ,edtidw ~enot it G3 , steve aletey petetiwottmes | =e
y s8ig jel .om 3.5 of S ,Of enomets ;xeqe odd t2 steongsd baa _. "
so vs odeonet od #ortiro- stedtie edd dei etcomelit eit; enord. - i
a 26 Sat=lines yIevO patife Lanthadtianol & 4¢ gaiueq@ ,xege edt oN
(evevelodve ,sscidely pasos mm. # doode ofyte -yuets oa
3 ; Z
=> boow ont te nottgizoeed a

=eteiom SooW .usitwh Soowlrsed jhwoid tiytl stat £o wee
oe eicisgecens ,bsaterg-ontt yrev ,dgvct , yess “baad
‘ered sw bre tie déiw Joasuon at eidaiHb yxev bow vide
& sedan yim. cicleiv ine Wore Yiev Atwoxg te eye suc ip,
ebQdoe violin Sis ousios, 10, shel bed - ae ;

ott 20.) (Dams ,onttemen yrer (uo tose osvevemert
ee

Lee i Sie eee oS

eB

aviw beeolo yileagtessog <4 ego buto% Tae

fit elute feuceiie fue , boot xser odd at seaaiyd
-,@20m so 0 oF & mozD to ewox hax Joutteti 2@ eqnorg)
- «mot ead qo bad tetvo edt Diewqd icileme gutmooed
=boow So wor elaiia a yd be tue Ultreq eomisomos alt

SPMEMY (ttoitood Lanthedtsuol) 6fiew leasey ‘.etegit reviager
- getuery ghivtig eis eifeo yeraditiq diiw tostuos Gi 6a8
_ slegeov ond cusdw atiq bexsbusd-@gisel ;Setebrod ot elqals: ment.
~ ybedxonde Yllodw ayewle effew ink .veddons eno ne ddude+ <p
= Ulevicalo: tne aflew atdd asin ,gaol .mm VSe, etedhy Bo aS
ar =-GiGevvc dguoittd .efyate yilecen siiag ;celtives ff
cr; Tlavonoigenes Yon exodt* ayAoneieg boOW »bevehiod yale

: ai{fes fentivibal .slvesev grome guéauooo ying bre veh
a " yanosolgenoon! syax avid 4gnol Eliesey exedi? ogenid ba i
* yaLleo erom 10 OL Gd welt 6 mort Bue ebiw sileo..to wor cme

{

ee ed eS

i
Ps.

m9 ie mae aed RA Oe
#3 i - , ve fia ae * ry Pre
Pet a :
| : gobs Bae eemedt. HOMROS Jetta sxtong x
_ , << * = a P
ae eee at foe auedqtumy Log Yiev oc BF emees eetseqe eI het Be »
°: paottoms Lettaed of cies’ cosemé ont mort ebsexude emzo2 oonge a

amas Ceti BtesW off to etteq omos ak cele

130

it is known as palo negro or black wood, and is reputed as
incorruptible, being extensively used as building timber for
posts, beams and the like.

fhe kusty Miconia

Miconia rubiginosa Dg¢., Prodr. 3: 183. 1828.

Description of the tree

A shrub or small tree up to 8 m. high, the trunk 20 to
25 cm. in diameter, straight or crooked, covered with a
grayish or reddish bark, the crown irregular, the young
growth, petioles, rachis of the panfiicles and lower face of
the leaves dendely rubiginous tomentose. Leaves coriaceous,
the petioles 3 to 10 mm. long, the blades ovate, rounded at
the base, briefly acuminate, entire, 6 to 10 cm. long, 3 to
6 ecm. broad, dark green (turning to black by dessication)
and lustrous above, rusty colored beneath, 5-costate, the
2 exterior nerves inconspicuous and close to the margins.
Inflorescence panniculate, terminal, many-flowered, 5 to
20 cm. long. Flowers pentamerous; pedicels 1 to 4 m. long;
calyx sublotate, 2 to 3 mm. long, slightly hsiry; petals 2
mm. long, rounded at the apex, white; stamens 10; ovary
subglobose; style 4 mm. long. Berry blackish, 3 to 4 mm. )
in diameter.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, nearly white; heartwood light brown. Wood
hard, moderately heavy, very tough, close-grained, suscep-
tible to good polish, and very durable in contact with the
soil. Annual rings of growth not visible even under the
high power microscope.

“Pores +tfarsverse—sectien) numerous, small (,08 mn.),

Lg Satie éf ine ,. 9 o% peti t Bie,
Sel ad See kg sent oh ge

. -entl edd hae @ d ,ateeg te
i ser = ‘ 3 wy di :
ve pee all : ; | .

ir f ,

i! a ; 3 ; ‘ oy vi Pare

J ~~ f ‘ ‘ gt. oh i ‘ wy ‘ . z ¥ :

aed ¥ i ¥ Via

et:

a SEL .86L :o .1hoTd ,.4C esontstdn sidooms”

ae eext eds 2 to toltytroe¢ed

bi tee: OS aeurid edd ,daid sm 8 oF aert tEnees 0 si w
' “@ iw forsvoo ,bedoors +o tiyterte eee ae :
a * gneoy edt \redsmettt frweip: eid «tied del
: te pest sowol bus eelotkaaq edt to etdeax pg
| ,Buoecelroo eoveel) ,cectnonod avonkgt iv
f ta befor ,etevo eebeld seek te - a Of oe 8 sete og 6
os & ,attol .ad OL oF 6 etitne (, 0d ait Fou ft Sag ee
(xoldeoicsod aXoslie of et ) xe eb ,bsotd soe 8: -*
a ee edeteco-d |, dieened | oo yenur ,evods esotignl Br
ned em edt ot esolo bie aed ont gevien 10f46.
* , betewalteynsa.,lanimist , wo toteg ‘sane: ot
3 ae > ot £ eleotbey gunned cies erewolt gel
aS effete; ;wited yLadgile ,ymol .mm 5 at & ,etedoldue 4
“ ypeve ;0L smomeda ;etinw kegs odd te bekanot | (ate
Cam Sot & ,dettoal¢ vatee «gol al i siyte ; = e OL
ee Ly Be ea ec heat

RL . > ® Se
; fe

] 4 i @ a * :
oe * boow es to oa oeec . i +

os BOOK -awsad Sdytl Hoowdxsed pettaw eicnald wntde wae
“ae | agpoave , bentergeacolo ,dgwod yiev .yveed (lotexehom ise

52-2 edd dvtw tossace a: oldeush yiev bac ,detlog Seog of by,.'3
pie as nehow oeve eidisiv fon diworg 20 egals Leuk —
$i. whe adekcrhimic: xowad

4
“4 =e

( : € de DM ay yr 2
arse . “% 7 ’ r
| ‘ if

7 ~ ) yy uJ ’ , , j _—
; Bey ‘ ae we 5 oF ed 5
5 eee Se SEEN ely ee ee oan ae
es dS Rarer Dal ha tie ah tl Te J!) he i

131

round, or more or often irregular in outline; open and
arranged singly or often in radial rows of from 1 to 6 or 8.
These rows usually interrupted, but invariably straight. The
Space between two p»ith rays equsl to the diameter of vessels.
Vessel walls fiengitudinal sectien} thin, and either with
Simple or bordered pits. These pits are always bordered
where they abutt on one another. End walls of vessels always
wholly absorbed. Wood fibers 2.034 mm. long, with thin
walls and relatively large cell cavities. Pits in the

wood fibers usually simple, slit-like, oblique. Wcod-paren-
chyma fibers not conspicuously developed and only occuring
around vessels. Pith rays very numerous, hardly visible
even under the hand lens, usually only one cell wide, rarely
two, and from a few to 20 or more cells high. The indivi-
dual cells are relatively very sted

Distribution, common names and uses

The rusty Miconia has a very wide distribution. It has
been repeatedly reported and collected all along the Atlan-
tic coast from the Province of Sao Paulo in Brazil te Colom-

bia, and appears sgain in the semi-arid districts of the
lattéer country and of Peru and Ecuador as well as in a few
of the smaller West Indian Islands. In some parts of Panama
the women use the leaves te rub the cooking pans and pots and
therefrom call the treelet friega-platos, a name which
applies to many other species. In Chiriqui, where the tree
is known under the name of canillo de cerro, the stems,
which are hard and lasting, are used extensively as fence
posts and to a smaller extent in house building.

Araliaceae

The Turkey-tail tree

(inthe)

Lt

Didymopanax Morototoni Dene & Planch., Rev. hort. 1854:109.
A

Description of the tree

A tree 10 to 3O meters high, the trunk erect, often 65 cm.

isi

. “baa nege ,enilvso mt salsgetil sedto to e1om 10 . bawox
> »8 te 9 os L mott te-ewou Isivexr ni netto 16 yYlante begnerxre
3 eee <tigierte Yidetravit tod ,bedqritetad yileves awox seed?
eS - bLoeeeyv 36 tetemalh edt of Lenpe Pies Atiy ows seewled soage -
ss ftiw ssdite bas ,nidt troetdova.t pers tether ce iogaev
betebiod ayewle ets efiq seenkt .séig bershiod to elqmie
exence eloezev to eiiew bok ,xeddons eno no tinde yond etedw
ids ddiw qgnol .am 80.8 suedit Seow .hedzeeds ylilodw
ong ok at ig »seltiveo Ifeo Be oe ylevitelet bua efiaw
-—Metageboo:, .enmpiido ,edii«tile amis \ilesen exedit toow
wiulistese yino bas begolerssS glevousivenoo Jon sisdit aemydo
bs sidisiv yibiad ,enoicmiml yiev cyst avid .elessev bascie
ylorar ,obtw Ifso eso Ylmo yllewen ,cnsi Sned sit 198h00 neve
». eivibet ec? «igid efieo etom io OS of wet es mort bos , ows
; , an Yiev ylevitaeiesr exe elies Lash —

a ae a

O86. wets ees el

Sed 1 .noltndixte i opin toy © eed etocte Bit Same ost? 2
Welt orc aiole fie betcolloo hua hetxoget yibeteeqes med =~ /!
-mofod of Ituex€ nt oLiet cet to eantvoit eis mort & oom
ms edt So stoliele 6tre-huwe odd mt tags sie
>. wet gut ¢é¢ Liew 6a Tobshof ‘fax vied to fas Ye
/) emenst to afzey emos mi .xhigiel netinl teew well
ne etog bne seg ee oe asx of e5oyeol edd ees

| gotdw emer Sak Shara Poi Line & _
eat silt? eisriw SG6loeye o Wen a g
: ~ ,emete ete "ave ie 6 sinen edt uebas ia &
;suidess bie bied eid a

pores ce YLovienerx ¥ ; : a
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be wt Ayre

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132

in diameter at the base, covered with a yellowish gray,
smooth bark, branched only near the top, the limbs forming a
depressed, rounded crown. (Leaves large, digitate, clustered
at the end of the branchlets, the petioles clasping and dila-
tate at the base, straight, 30 to 75 cm. long; leaflets 8

to 10, the petiolules 3 to 10 cm. long, the blades coriaceous,
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, rounded or aubemsrginate
at the base, acuminate, 15 to 40 cm. long, 6 to 18 cm. broad,
at first softly tomentose all over, later glabrous above,
golden brown tomentose beneath. Inflorescences terminal,
very large, panniculate, the rachis subglabrous, erect, the
flowers umbellate or lateral branchlets; pedicels 3 to 7

mm. long, minutely pubescent; calyx short, 5=-toothed; petals
5, elliptic or lanceolate, stamens 5, the anthers large,
ovate; ovary 2-celled. Drupe ovate-compressed, about 5 mm.
long, 7 to 9 mm. broad, more or less costate; pubescent or
glabrous. )

/

Description of the wood

Sapwood very narrow and nearly white; heartwood slightly
darker. Wood moderately hard and heavy, fine-grained and
susceptible to very good polish. The tree has a very large
pith. Annual rings of growth usually very narrow, bub
readily distinguished by means of a hand lens.

(oares (transverse--seetion) numerous, (.14 mm. in diameter),
round, open, and scattered singly or in small groups or ra-=
| dial rows of from 2 to 6. Vessels always smaller in diame-
ter than the distance between two pith rays. The vessel
walls (lengitudinel-seetien) where in contact with pith-
ray cells have large transversely elliptical, simple pits,
together with slightly bordered pits. All other parts of the
vessel walls bear bordered pits. Und walls of vessel seg-
. ments strongly inclined and with simple elliptical openings
between the segments (simple perforation). Wood fibers
about 1.354 mm. long, with thick walls, small cell cavities,
septate, and with very small oblique, slit-like, simple
pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers only sparingly developed,
usually in the neighborhood of vessels. Pith rays very nu-
merous, Straight, invisible to the naked eye, and from 1 to
5 cells wide and from a few to 25 or more cells high. )

ve - yeas beuditbe: ; atiw Sexevoo ,esag et Je nod enalh aa : ae
“@ @ilead?, edwtl “est 40d 6d ‘teen ying herenetd ,, xx4d at cod if
et Hasosects ,ctatigib ,eyiel eoveel .nworxo bobtwox ,desesity . fa

ear i bem ot rf ae selotiey sift .eteldaigid eft to bae sad : :
ca eel. ;gnof .mo a¥ od Of .daigtei¢e ,daad oft te see
Bs - aunoak ines asbeld efd .anol “smo OL of 8 soinhetond _ a
rhe pomere 49. heobanox ,ottgtife~-eieve 10 etaigeon oe ;
a ,heoid sme SL of 6 . anol .mo O8 oF dL stan .
DS yl av OEA. angudels togal .xevd.tLa sidscannd atte takes tas tas
ae emigiet eeoheveciof{inl x ahtaened osotasmot aqwoid u6 hae : if

V2. edt. deere .encidelgdre atrioet ont od else latte <egiel Yiev
SM ot S elooibe, ;eteldoaerd Leistel 10 edelledan stewol’
| slate pbedsoot=i ,drods xyleo jtooveedny Ylocsnim ,auol am
a aerel aivdvae edd ,6 enemasa ,odelosorel 49 itary

a +t 3 teods DowBe1gmes—os uve egstG ,belleo-§ o ;steve.~
@o tneotedcg j;eveseco essl 16 e10om ,hactd .mm @ ot VT yeaol

Pi bpm edt 30 aot giroged sho hie ee
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ape oEX & Sed gout ofT .dsifog boog Tu0V 2 oldity Be

cor «WOLT Si. lavas dgwois, So 4 icy
. mi = ane bed 8. Si tanien, w “bosstcgaticss b.YLEB aS ae

ae ot .om ry anon {aciteor obte
max 20 aqvots. Liams ot =e eniere Sexettete bar

emats at telleme syewle eleseeY .3. 09 3 sork. ‘So.
a Seeeery sol | ,byex dtiq-owd meewled sonetard *
i “efitig dtiw foetnoo at sxedw tnigd aeutielb of ae reoetl ‘ett
etiy eiqmis ,i#otsqiiie Mepazevanery, eyuet even elies
to etxeqtedte fi4 stig beisiiod yledatie diiw 2.

=yoe teste so ellaw Saxo .etty berebted seed ellew
iego Leottytifle evlgmte adlw ioe bentlont ylgnows cata
core booW .{aotterotseq eiymte) peso se ite (1
fvéo [iso [Leas ,ellew deidt ddiw ,gnol .om pee go mos | ae
@iqate ,euli-tite .etipiide flexes yioy atin bas , 60
ey Segoleret eigattage yino siedtt. acrydenoreg-booW .£
oy hs Saucy ayer nett .eleesoy. to hoodtedtigten edd ond 4
ae £ mout owe ,eys bexer edt ot OLdtaival ,¢ddgterte ,
Me tata eileo sxom 10 OS o¢ wer #8 mot edt

i

; yi ‘ > > ;
; ae isi vr , i ‘ ie
Rin net ae ¥ ta es he dane x a

» v - , we : 7 my: i ' 7 ‘ an

Set a ioe a, S ie. re ae a, 1 Sed = ray wig). As,” oh. i)” ae!

133

Distribution, common names and uses

The Turkey-tail Tree has a wide dis tribution, being found
all along the northern cvast of South America from the Guia
na to Colombia, and then along the Pacific slope of Panama
and Costa Hica, where it is one of the characteristic spe-
cies of the park-like forests and of the outskirts of the
savanas, up to an altitude of about 300 meters. Itsspecific
name, morototoni, is taken from the Galibi language; in the
French Guiana it is called Bois canon batard, Bois de Mai or
Bois de Saint Jean (May, or St. John's Wood) and in Vene-
zuela Yagrumo de sabana. It is the Manga bé of Chepo and
other places in the eastern part of Panama, while in Chiri-
qui ana Costa Rica it goes by the name of pava, turkey-tail
tree, on account of the arrangement of the leaflets. The
wood is often used in boards or beams in house building,
and has been suggested as a good material for making matches.

Sapotacese

The Balata-tree of Darien

Mimusops darienensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18:

249. 1917.

Description of the tree

A tree 40 to 50 meters high and 1.5 meters and over in
diameter, the trunk straight, covered with a scaly, grayish
brown bark, the limbs strong, more or less spreading into a
depressed crown; young branchlets more or less brownish pu-
bescent. Leaves alternate, thick, coriaceous, gathered on
the newer growth, the petioles 2 to 3 cm. long, roundish,
flattened, above or obscurely canaliculate, the blades obo-
vate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, glabrous and sublustrous
above, at first more or less ferruginous and then brownish
green beneath; stipules narrow lanceolate, about 5 mm. long,

ee, he Mp eee PR ae ee, Pg
Te i : 4 on ; PAL 5 : ar : . a 7 ar,

| aoas hits Beamer sono snoliuéiadele

hess yeied MOL sud Lid. ath ebiw 2 ead een! thas ie ad? i \ 4
eit 689 mort soliemk dtuee toe Jas 0 urtedd son edd e Ska. - |
. -epamel to egols oltiosd ait goole aodd bus ,etdmolod of an
-9q8 @itelictostedo odd to ono ai ti o1)8de ,80it eteod bre
end Zo aditdetso edt to dae stee1st extL~dreq edd te. sete
git Fooge 1 ,atetem O08 Juode to sintivie ne of qe,

ms

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io isu D elo sau eh ctee staeted fio Biot beileo et donexG
ocw 8 a 19 any talee 8b eto

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silane wt elidw Vemenss to duey a 2 a
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sy sstelisel edd to cnenegieiis ef¢ to Janosoe do yootd aay
tbited sexed ni emeod to afhisod ut beex aotvtie Gf bocw nt
OE auiidem i162 istiuevem hoog « cB ‘Hedsegsae nesd «en bre =

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j 8 .Uleos e Htiw Borsvos ,ciatexte ane ont Heer Tee a ae
“th gathestyge edel xo exom. ,gnoide edmtl ont ,tied swomt
detmroxd ecel 160 s1om etéinoneid gamoy jaworo. b
hetedten ,epodeelioo ,aoidt ,eteniredis eervsel -
bauer ,guol .mo € ot 8 eelotieg edt idworg Te . Le
= aid eit podelivotienss yloruoado 10. “avods Jou ay ee.
‘a Seaieniel ans bia Siicideig ,sanids pioldo=oldgiise uo ater vie,"
getaword Asis hire Bisisesnat esol 10 erom text? ts evo yal agile
en: cum 8 suede aiooocal wotten eelygite yabpened aeetg

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134

caducous. Flowers 3 to lz-clustered in the axils of the
leaves; pedicels about the length of the petioles, more of
less brownish pubescent, tapering from apex to base; sepals
6, about 6 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, the 3 ex-
tericr ones fuzzy-pubescent without, the interior ones
grayish pubescent; corolls about 6.5 mm. long, white, spread-
ing, the tube very short, the lobes 18, the 12 exterior ones
lanceolate, acute, mostly 2-fid, the 6 interior ones smaller;
stamens snd staminodes connate at the base, the former lan-
ceolate, subulate, the 6 latter about 3 mm. long, the anthers
extrorse; pistil glabrous, the ovary 9-celled. Berry ovoid,
usually l-seeded, seed 1 to 1.5 cm. long, 0.6 mm, broad,
pointed at both ends.

This tree has 3 to 4 powerful, horizontal roots, without
buttresses; it is one of the largest trees in the forests of
Panama.

Description of the wood

sapwood thin, very light brown, tinged with red; heartwood
much darker resembling mahogany in color, turning darker on
exposure to light and air. Wood very hard, heavy, strong,
tough, straight-or cross- and fine-grained; it works with
difficulty and takes a very good polish. Annual rings of
growth barely visible under high power microscope.

Pores ( transverse-section)}—very numerous, small (.09 mm.
in diameter), round, open in sapwood, closed in heartwood and
arranged in short radial rows of from 2 to 8. Vessel walls
(longitudinal section) with numerous, small, round bordered
pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers about 1.55 mm. long,
with very thick walls and almost obliteraéed@ cell cavities
and very small dot=-like simple pits. Wood parenchyma
highly developed and arranged in numerous, tangential, con-
tinuous or broken lines of one or sometimes 2 cells wide, and
easily visible under hand lens on 4 smooth transverse sec-
tion. Rays numerous, narrow, from 1 to 2 cells wide, and
from 8 to 12 cells high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Mimusops darienensis is a tree of great economic impor-
tance, especially on account of its gum, the caucho blanco

“aks Ro ailing sat at botedéuio-ai o¢ & szewoLt -espoubeo
-OFon ,SeLloitey ont to iitpael edt trode éleotbeq ;seveel
egoe seed" OF Kegs MOit aadveyed Bab hecetdy Jo ‘Ae iaword eeol
— & edt ,puoecelic0o ,cerddo ,oteve ,atol .mi 9 tuede ,8
oy “Bea0 <oiredat edd, tcodd bw dnocasduq-ysen’ aero: motxisd
eigo° Odin .gnel .am 8.3 ¢000e elloxdo qtaeosedsg: ‘de tyets
eos, & edt SL eedoL edt’ ,dxrode- “tev: herp 6at 5

xem odd’ ,geed eit $8 ed aemxo0 ‘se bdniaere. ‘tae. énemete |
es: * F come j,i & duode sedtel 2 eft ,eteliudue ,e@efoes .--_ “
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B beord .om 0 Oo ¢gaol “my Saf ad i beee , bebese Viates ek ahi
ha a . . 3 bee tee: tn tptee

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grows ,Yveed ,fued ysev booW .1tte bos tdigtl ot STNEOGXS
tiie jexrow ti : heuletg-eakt has +beoto to JSdaterds
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pow? riéud ni besolo-,boowges nt aego , Sawer 9 (400 omnis bb ted hag sed
Lew lejeoV¥ 46 o¢ S&S moxt. do wwor father tuotie ak poe ieee a ae
yr duG6 bano1 ,ffLanc ,exroveman dviw (aoitoee [enbbodtgsok). § ~|
iol sur G6.f tuods eusdit boo .olgqmts enoitazotred; .atlqg 2 Dy
eeitives Lieo bebexetildo teome hae ellew dotds yiey athe -
onexey beow stig efgmia exti-tob Ilene yrey- baa |
‘sito op yised ,sndrsMn uf begerie hoe begoleveb yligia om
bin eiieo S gomitemos i6-em0 to ewentl nedoid 10 eNoK a.
| SaTevsne1d avoome a 19 suel- hired te bay pier | ert i
obi afLigo & of I mort. ,worred , aso vemsit
“ee iighe eilee eter fmm

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165

Or balata of the commerce, but also for its wood, which under
the names of nfspero or bull -tree, is used in conjunction
t least

with Achras 2apots and 3 one species of Sideroxylon |

for railroad ties and other strong constructions.

It seems to be one of the commonest trees in the forests
of the Atlantic watershed of Panama up to an altitude of
about 300 meters, and, according to the native balata-hunters
it ewtends far into the Atrato basin and the Sini valley
in Colombia. The extraction of the gum goes on without con-
sideration to the preservation of the tree. Indeed, one

. rarely meets with an uninjured individual and the extermina-
tion of the species is furthered at a rapid rate.

The obovate Breakbill

Bumelia obovata A. D.C. Prodr. 8:;191. 1844.

Description of the tree

n

A small tree, 6 m. high or less, the trunk seldom over
20 cm. in dismeter, branched from close to the base, the
bark brownish, more or less scaly, the branchlets usually
aculeate at the end. (Leaves small, deciduous, glabrous, s
single or in clusters, the ,etioles about 8 ma. long, the
blades obovate-cuneate, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
lustrous above, about 4 em. long and &£ cm. broad. Flowers
glabrous, 2 to 8-clustered on the foliar nodes; pedicels
3 fo 7 mm. long; sepals 5, ovate, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, persis-
tent; corolla white, a little over 4 mn. long, deeply lobate;
exterior lobes 5, oblong, with smooth margin; interior
lobes 10, sublanceolate, acute or 2-cuspid, inserted in
pairs between the exterior ones and partly covered by the
staminodes; stamens 5, opposed to the larger lobes, the
anthers exserted; pistil 3.5 mm. long, the ovary globose,
5<celled, surrounded with a crown of stiff hairs; the style
slender, persistent, ending in a minute stigma. Berry owoid,
l=-seeded, with thin mesocarp; seed ovoid, lustrous, brown,
the small umbilical area near the apex.)

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A regis sefolvouivenco giowWws testo bie ee
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= to ehiuvitia os of qs amenet to beder)etew oftdnelté edt to ©
peat todnudl-~ai ef ac eyite: edd of gotiioooe ,bre ,etetem OOS twods .

Yelisy imte ent hoe nteed oterta exit ocit tat ebnetas tt.

ke. sran’ tHontiv mo geo: edd to solvoeitxe © -8idmoiod
aa 8no., beehat poeta ede <9 molt evreesty ott ot neatosae

7, -sertintetxe 6f3 bite Lenbiviint berntntay ue dtiw edeem yleres wi
- sores Sige: e ve betedsist et eetoege edt to molt %
{Lidieeré etevodo exit iy) ome +n

$061 .{@L;8 ~ihotd .0,d .4 atdavode etl i Die aati

per! of? to noitgbuoaeG ie a ;

xers mofiies dns1d eld ,aeol 19 dgid .m 0 , cert Lleme A

end. ,oasd on? ov seolo mout berlonexd .totemeib ai mo OF
-" “Gileres stelionaid oct .yleon.ceel xo e1om , detaword betel
4 2 ,ekozdsly, ,ssombloeh ,ileme eeveel) . bere edt ts reas oreag
ie: ast pumol .om & thode eoloive., vdt ,exeten[o nt 10 el
Ss segs ot te evanigiuame 16. febnsot od aero -0F BVOG0 &¢
at et ezewoll .beoxd smo S due etek -mo d tuede ,eyode one
D +. Sfecibey ;ceben “sllct est fo Setedevio=-8 o2 Ss poems
=etatey gaol amar 2S of & ,eotevo , 3c elages ;gnol mans”
pedecol yiqoot gaol eth 2 troveJeliirl « ,etidw silorsg =
' Okt cit aipaae rivoome dtiw ,anoldo .d sedol oft 7

Dae: 3 fet r98ewt ,bigqsie-& 19 eg hoa oteLoooneldve beef i
Seis ye oexevso yitieg tie came idftiedz0e ead ceowted & teq
ade ~eadeL wégrel Ons oF becouge 8 etemetlé jet ‘ Hi
enodols Yrevo en? anol my 6.8 Lriety :betxeexe penne pad
gee edt jexted ttite to uivets e dtiw hebnuoryse ,belfoo-G - « —
tee .eegtie etontn s of gatooe Peabo ages boty rebnels:
: x twotd good eaih ~ffove bees ;qrece@sem aidt détw ,beheot=L, _
nee ce "go%eas 6it Teen edie Leotlidms — edt |

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136

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, light yellowish; heartwood darker. Wood
hard, heavy, very brittle, very close grained, taking an
excellent polish. Annual rings of growth not visible even
under high power microscope.

Pores very numerous, small (.15 mm. or less in diameter),
round or slightly elongated radially, open and arranged in
small irregular groups or in branching radial rows, so cha-
racteristic of this group of plants. Vessels usually sur-
rounded by several rows of wood-parenchyma fibers. Where
these elements are in contact with wood-parenchyma and pith-
ray cells they are provided with large elliptical simple
pits in addition to bordered pits. End walls or vessel
segments completely absorbed. Wood fibers 2.48 mm. long.
Thick walls and small cell cavities; the cell walls sre
marked with small slit-like simple pits. Wood-parenchgyma
fibers highly developed, forming numerous irregular tan-
gential lines, from one to four or more rows of cells wide.
Pith rays very numerous and inconspicuous, hardly visible
under the hand magnifier, usually from 1 to 2 cells wide,
or occasionally from 3 to 4 and from a few to sometimes as
many as 30 cells high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

This small tree is, so far as is known, the only Isthmian
representative of the thorny Sapotacese of America, which all
belong to the genus Bumelia. It is found all over the West
Indian Islands, on the high plateaus end western watershed
of Mexico and along the Pacific coast of Central America.

On some of the Windward Islands, it goes by the name of box-
wood and break-bill while it is called bois-de-bouis, petit-
pbouis and bois-de--er in the French Antilles, and id caimitillo
in Panama. The wood is very hard and used in the manufac-
ture of small house-hold imprements, handles and the like.
The fruit is edible and tastes not unlike that of the star-

apple or caimito (Chrysophyllum cainito L.).

S61

boow og Bo woltgironed

SooW .texieh hboowitesd ;delbwolisey tdgii ,atdd boowged
- ep gilxtet ,benisrvg seols yrev ,elttixd yiev ,yveed: , hited
tieye Oidisiv gon dtwousg to egaiu faunnk .dsilog tnelleoxe
-sgoosctoin tewog dsid sr8bh4d81s

itetemeth mi gael 10 «om GL.) ifene ,evotommm yrev es10T)
at begiette boe neyo ,yilatber betegnole ylédgiia ro Basox
-edg of ,eawot [eibet anifonewd ai to eqsota tslisg)8ei1r Iieme
arse yileves eLesseY .atusiq to quorg eidd to oftetsetdoex
exenW .exedit suydoneteg-boow to ewort Isxevse yd bebasox
-itig Soe saydeneteg-boow divdiw vostmoo atl sie stnemele spent
efigmte [sotiqtiie egisl ditw hebivotg exe yedd ellen yer
fessev to elfaw bud .atiq betebuied ot acitibbs at eti«
«parol .mm 84.8 exedit booW .bedicede yletelqmoo atnemges
exe eliew [feo sat zyeettiveo {foo [Leme base ellew xotat
emgdoieisq-booW .atiq efqmte eAti-tile [Lane dtiw beaxen
-ied telagetil avuoremsn yiimrot ,Seqoleveb yiniatd aexredtt
-Ofiw eliso to awot etem to uH0t of ono mort ,eenil Latines
eidielty ylbted ,sesouolgqemoond ine exotemun Yiev Byer atid

,ebiw giles $ of I mott Ullaven ,reitiigan bused ent rebag.

ge eemitemoa of wot s mott fas > o¢ & moxrt Yllemelaaooo 10
(-fgid eifeo 08 es Yuan

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)Galmdatel yino sit ,nwomd ef em tel on ,ef osit Ifema erat
Ife doidw .sotitoemAé to erxsoatoget yoxodt oft to evitstnesszqes
dasWed? tevo fle bnsot ei tI .cilemsd anneg edt ot gnoled
federetew areteow ime ensetelq Agia edt mo ,ebaoelel meibal
seoitems Cattued to tesoo sitios’ edt gnols bae dokxeli to

=0d to ems sit yd eeog tf ,abmelel StewbatW edt to emoe xO |

~ =8¥sq ,ginod-cb-stod bel[leo ef ti elidw Iltd-daeid brs.

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=ostmmen eit mt bees Sua brad yisy et Soow of. .emened a
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Do, HINA Sid creat Asie Na
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137

The Sclerous Lucuma

Lucuma sclerocarpa Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18:
766... ofl 6.

Description of the tree

A laticiferous tree, up to 25 m. high, the trunk mostly
straight, 30 to 40 cm. in diameter at the base, the bark
smooth, grayish. Young branches sparsely ferruginous-pu-
bescent. (Leaves alternate, entire, membranous, the petioles
about 1.5 cm. long, canaliculate, the blades ovate-elliptic
or elliptic, 10 to 25 cm. long, 4 to 9 cm. broad, subde-
current, glabrous above, sparsely villous, paler or very
light brown beneath; costa and veins prominent and sparsely
hairy beneath. Flowers pedicellate, 3 to 6-clustered on de-
foliate axils; bracts small, ferruginous-pubescent; pedi-
cels 1 to 3 mm. long, scarious-pubescent, with 2 minute,
ovate, Clasping bractlets at the base; sepals 6, free,
ovate, the 2 exterior ones smaller, scaly outside, the in-
terior ones 5 to 6 mm. long, pubescent without on the ex-
posed parts, silky within; corolla about 8 mn. long, gla-
brous, the tube broad, the 5 lobes irregularly rounded; sta-
minodes free; stamens 1.5 to 2 mm. long, glabrous; pistil
about 7 mm. long, the ovary ovoid, 5-celled, densely hairy,
the style glabrous, divided at the tip into 5 papillose lo-
bules. Berry sclerous, sessile, ovate or pear-shaped, 7
cm. long and 4.5 cm. in diameter; seed large, ovoid, the
umbilical area extending from one end to the other. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood moderately thick, dark reddish brown; heartweed
somewhat darker colored. Wood hard, heavy, very strong and
tough, fine-grained, splits and works moderately easily,
takes a good polish, and is very durable in contact with
the soil. Annual rings of growth not visible under high
power microscope.

‘ Pores ( transverse-section) comparatively few, small,
(414 mn. in diameter) round or often radially elliptical,

sere! eapoteloe ail 4

aticsed #08 20.0 .xén0s ,x0iaera srsescialan emssosat
vat LOL@L eal.

soit edt to nottgizoged

Yteon. Jawut ed? ,datd-.u 88 od qu ,sext euoretioltel A-
uhsed edt ,eged edt Js ustemsth ‘nk .mo OD ot O8 Wdaleite
aq-enonigutie® Ylesiteys aedoneid gusoY -.detyerg ,tt come
piseg ont ,asonsidmem ,siidne ,etentetie seveod .tnesesd |
. seg tt asbheld end jedeinotLeseo -utol .mo é.f£ dn0de.
aque ,bedoid .mo @ ot > +@s0l .mo G&S o3 OF ,oltqtile to
tev 10 “zeLeq ,emolity ylesiege -svode esotdels),dne1t9
2 bos. Seen lett atiey Bis eteoo ;désened word toatl
etevenio-3d of 5 ,etelLootbeg exewolh siitsenesd yried
Pbe n4 ; tneceeduq—euontguer6t »tleme etoetd pelixe stelfot —
. ,efunia S dttw dmeceedug-asotisce ,gaol som 8.0¢ L efeo
> ‘een alaqee ;ee@ead edt te aleltosid adigeslo- ,oteroa
“tik edt ebletuo yisos ,relleme sono totxretxe § silt ,etevo
ake odd no tuodtiw dneoesduq , gaol .mm a o¢ 2 Beno totxeds
eis ‘~Rs0L sam § tuode ellores ;nidéiw yalle ,etteq begoq
ete ;Ssbaso1 ylisivgeii1t eedof{ ¢ edt ,bsoid-edus edd avoid
| Liter jasoidelg ,guol .mm & ot G,f enemste ;e0x1t sobonia
+ ited yisaneh ,beliso-3 ,biovo yievo odd spook. -om T tuode
- ; eeoiliusg & otmi qts edt te Sebivib -encidelg olyte exit
¥ , begede-is9q a0 etevo ,ellteess ,avousios YIted .delsd
eng ,biovo ,egiual bese j;reteweli at .mo &.4 Sue guol .mo
: {.t0dso ent of base emo mort peters Aste. ay ve apenned

boow edt to wottgirosed . . ties
treed ;mword deibbet xxebh ,dotdt yletevebom Soowged

Prariese YIev ,vveed , bisa boow -DSetoloc zsexxeb pom me

Itese yleverebom axxow fae etiiga ,bemterg-oalt ,dguot
Ad by toatuoo mt eideish qiev et bne ,feifog boog » setet —
: seas xeban aldiety gon dtworg te agais Launna .fioe eft
; -ogoseoioim iswog

re: i 18 wot yloviseseqmoo (sodt 908 - eaisvamett ) esit0d > fe.
, 3 beads tie Verarys wetto xo bavor (xodemeth af .mm BIL) ;

wee

, : a
i

138

arranged singly but more often in radial rows of from a few
to 6 or 8. The vessel walls (ieongitudinal-section) where
in contact with ray cells and wood parenchyma, hawe large
transversely elliptical pits, simple, with transitions to
bordered. Large elliptical simple pits sare present on the
radial surface of vessels.. Perforations simple with occa-
sional scalariform perforations of from 1 to 7 bars. Wood
fibers arranged in regular radial rows, about 1.321 mm. long,
with relatively thick walls and small lumina and small
Simple pits. Wood parenchyma rather strongly developed and
arranged in numerous narrow tangential lines visible under
hand lens on a smooth transverse section. These lines are
from 1 to 3, usually 2 rows of cells wide which alternate
with from a few to 4 to 10 rows of wood fibers. Rays nume-
rous and exceedingly small, barely visible under hand lens
on smooth transverse section, from 1 to 3 cells wide and
from a few to 10 or more cells high; the rays often termi-
nate above and below in wood parenchyma and it is difficult
sometimes to say where the ray ends and the fiber begins. )

Distribution, common names and uses

Most Lucumas, mainly known from Peru and Brazil, bear
fleshy, edible fruits, so that the woody pericarp of this
newly discovered Panaman species is a distinct, unusual fea-
ture. The tree is gregarious and found scattered along the
creeks and on the lower hills of the San Blas Coast. The
wood is hard and fine grained, but as yet unnoticed by the
natives, who do not seem to have any name for it.

S locaceae
investian® Benity)
The Chirican-Symplocos

Symplocos chiriquensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18:
168. 1916.

Description of the tree
A tree up to about 30 m. high, and 50 cm. or less in

: | A oS
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= gi

wet # mout to ewor Letbat af getto exom sud yignte beatae
euesw (mottoesLemtirtignel} elfew Leseev efT .€ 16 3 o8
egret over » emydonet sg hoow bue elfeo yet détw tostioo ai
_ oF anoltieueit attw ,elqmte ,ettgq Leottgiile ylearevens«s
Beco fio dneeeiq ote atta olqmte {[eolttqik{{lo ental .berebiod
-e900 dtiw ofgmte enoitetoted ..slezeev to esatuve Leibat
BooW .exed ¥ ot I mott to enottexotieg miotixusilece Lanole ‘
vaped sam {S8.f tuods ,ewor Leather isivget ai begierte sredit ~
iieme fue eximel Ifeme Sue eflew dotdd yleovitelet détw ¢
tne begoleveh ylsnorte sefitet smydonsrey boow Nora eLlqmie
aebas eidtety sentl Leitnegnued woiten evotemin re | bbe
ete eouti esedT .mottoce setoveiatt dioome smo Bre
otentetis dotdw ebiw elles to ewou & yllenen ,f of I m0
_ ‘pyek .exedit boow to swor OL o¢ S o¢ wet & mot? ad Ew
enol” baed tebos eldieiv ylexed ,ileme ciastbasate hoe abox
‘Bae obiw efleo § ot £ mott moitoes eetevensis dtegome mo
> sn karees MetTto eyert edt j;deid eifes stom to OL ot wel 8 mott
_ dEeitheb ef 3i bee emydonexeg Soow nt woled na eveds etac
PS gurnaiad zedtt edt fue ebne odd exedw Yee * “Gomis omioe

; er & $me seme nommoo ito. itudtad ake a
teed (Liser@ fe ote? mort mword ylntam ,seauond teolt
gkdt &e Kiger yhoow sit tedt oe vadisx eldtie . rae
eet Leveons ,tonitelbh & el aelocys nemened bersvoostd
end anole berettece basot baa axoixegety ef oert eft
edf ..t¢809 eal€ mesos to allid tewol edt oo Sas repel
Z eit a4 peoltenans sey ee tnd ,bentets extt bas biter et boow
sae ti tot emer yas oved ot meee Som ob odw ,geviven

excospolcaye | ie
me i~tseld owe ) aa

eodolgmyl-aeoixidd eit” *

ass f

i By ' | . Mattia: seem ot
(8L -dxet teh .6.U .atmed ,«xeitstin elfanerspiiido dooo. ie

-OL@L .68L Sine
tgs wey
eer edt te aoligttoeed a he vi
ef io «mo 0G bus te 0 08 tuods of a cost a ee
‘ i rf
P rey a a0 F ts ha aes aa 4 ;
zs <7} in ‘ Ade. ie Pay ee) ~~ ae ae Bee 7

139

diameter at the base. Bark of the trunk grayish and smooth,
,that of the minor branchlets purplish green and glabrous.
Leaves membranous, glabrous, the petioles 7 to 10 mn. long,
canaliculate, subdecurrent on the branchlets, the blades
elliptic or obovate, cuneate at the base, more or less ob-
tuse acuminate, the margin crenate and subrevolute. Floral
racemes axillary, 1 to 5-flowered, 2 to 4 times as long as the
petioles, the rachis minutely hairy. lowers sweet-scented,
sessile or very briefly pedicelled; calyx campanulate, 4 to
5-lobate, surrounded at the base with 3 to 5 very deciduous,
deltoid, ciliate bractlets; calyx lobes broadly rounded, ci-
liate on the margin; corolla pink, tubulous, the 5 petals
about 10 mm. lohg, 4 to 5 mm. broad; stamens about 35, 3-se-
riate, adnate at the base, included, the free part of the fi-
laments flattemed and apiculate at the apex; anthers cordate;
Ovary 4 to 5-celled; silky hairy: style slender, about 7 m.
long; stigma capitellate.)

Deseription of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light yellow or nearly white; heart-
wood somewhat darker. Wood soft, moderately heavy, tough,
Strong, straight and fine grained, taking a fairly good po-
lish, not durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings
of growth not visible under the high power microscope.

‘Pores (transverse section) very numerous, small, about
(.09 mm. in diameter), round, open, and arranged uniformly
throughout the wood, either singly or in radial rows. Vessel
walls (longitudinal section) with numerous small bordered
pits. Perforations scalariform, sometimes as many as 12
bars. Wood fibers about 1.858 mn. long, with rather thick
walls and relatively small lumina, snd few bordered pits.
Wood parenchyma only sparingly developed. Rays small, from
1 to 4 cells wide and from 3 to 4 times as high. |

Distribution, common names and uses

Symplocos chiriquensis, the camaledén of the natives, is
known only from the country around the Chiriqui Volcano, where
it seems to constitute one of the conspicuous elements of the
forests of the middle belt, being easily found out when loaded

with the profuse crop of its sweet scented flowers. ‘The wood
is white and soft, and used only as fuel.

cd oome Sue detyets tacit ent to died . ceed edt ta r9setemalth
ean a hoa neets deliging ateldomeid x¢mim edt to tags,
sof -om OL of ¥ aolotteg ont ,sso1dely ,exoneidmom eeresi |
_ Bebeld edt ,eteldouard edd oo inerineshdns ,etelsollaaas
ede asef 10 etom ,onad oft ta etesnuo ,etevode x0 otiqiife
Ce role .siuLoverdve bie etanexs ataiem odd -etenigsos sant
B anol ae cemid S of S ,berewolt-c o¢ I wisllixe ost
nmeos-teowe stewol’ ~viled Yletuaim etdost edt ,eeletteg
Be S ,etelaneqmes xyleo ; ebtesiteg yitetid y1ev xo eliecee
yeuoubloeh yer é 4d 8 délw eaad odd te Debnacrise ,esedol~-<
eo ,bebonno1 ylbscid sedol xyleo jeseltoeid etailio ,brotleb
wey So ond ,etolucas ,atiy eifoico jalgiss edd ao etait
3 ,o6 tuode atonsts -heoid sam 42 oF PS em@ol .mm OL tudes
ve : edt ‘$0 tieq 601% edt .Sohsfan! .s¢ad edt te.otanhe., si aix
Je btoo Gisdine jxeya edt Js etelustye bus bemetdelt atnomel —
ma T tuode” 2369 Le elyte :ytled yAlie ;belles-d of S yxevo
. aussie a: ne, pacol

a

é boow ac3 ey -¢ 29 nolvgizosed
nt yetidw ylreen ro woll 0 Tg oF yrev ,doldd bhoowge’

ioe “reed art dToe booW .isxteb Jadwemes beow
0 Boog Yiriet « guided bonkers outs bne Idgteite ,guors
egeix lomas ..fioa oft ddiw coatnes sh eldexub ton Pte
_ seqooeo%ein xewoq datd edd tebas eldiaiv ton dtwoig to

a: ,i Lene SCOT emi Urey (noitoes seisyeneit) aerot)
yieoxo™ bees Sexnsitte bose ,mego , fisiot _(tetemakb at fm bh Bh
eeV .awot Lathex al 10 Ugile iedtie .foow edt tuo.
~ betebued [Lene encremin dtiw (notvoee Lentiottgnol} ites ‘
$f 68 \fiem ee aomttemos ,m@totiisLece enotdarotirel .adig
dotdt tedta: dtiw ,snol .mm 646.1 duode exedit boow .ersd
-satig betebtcd wet boe ,animpl ifeme yLovitelor bas eliew —
r Tent ayed beqoloves ie reg yao pmlc eet SooW
‘a ' digid om eomid 2d moxt Bue ebiw elles & ov Lf

gabiar pao Yur aNnS

0 adnemele exnonot vo est to ene etudivenoo enecs
eda duc basct fake guted ,tied eibiim sid 0 arog

edt igtanaele betneos Joews ati to qoio sasitorg end ong i As,
% dips ae Rios bean ane .t208 ‘ne ov idw RR

140

Boraginaceae

Prince-Wood Tree

Cordia alliodorsa (R. & P.) Cham., Linnaea 19:121. 1823.

Description of the tree

& tree 10 to 20 m. high and seldom over 50 cm. in dia-
meter at the base. ‘Trunk strsight, branching from 5 to 10
mM. above ground, the crown sparse and irregular; bark grayish
and rimose. {Leaves alternate, entire, petiolate; petioles
1.5 to 2 cm. long; blades ovate to lanceolate, attenuate
toward the base, more or less acute or acuminate at the
apex, Sparsely stellate hairy above, densely so beneath, 10
to 18 cm. long, 3 to 7 cm. broad. Inflorescences large, and
broad, terminal, panniculate; »eduncles and pedicels densely
stellate hairy; calyx tubulose, stellate-hairy, 4 to 5 mm.
long, with 10 salient longitudinal ribs and 5 minute teeth;
corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, persistent, white at first
and then turning to brown; stamens exserted, the anthers
ovate-elliptic; stigma bifid, each branch divided into broad
lobes. Fruit drupaceous, surrounded by the accrescent calyx.

The largest specimens of this tree are usually found in
localities with abundant rainfall. They always show the pe-
culiarity of the forks of the younger twigs being thickened
in a rounded, hollow swelling which shelters some kind of
predacious ant.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light brown; heartwood slightly darker,
remotely resembling slippery elm. Wood moderately hard and
heavy (specific gravity varies from .574 to .700), strong,
close-grained, taking a medium good polish. Annual rings
of growth barely visible under high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) moderately numerous, small
(.04-.18 mm. in diameter), round, open or sometimes closed
with dark colored tyloses in the heartwood, and arranged

exer sn lystGa

ser? BooW-eo0lte

© gB80L .L821eL weanntd \.niedd (.4 8 22)

seit ont Ses oitgixoeed

bh ce mo 03 tevo mobLoee Mew ‘ogid’ ym 08 i of lnaies: p digit,

ot 6 mort gittdonerd ,tigierts anuxT .esed eit te i9tem

eg Se ;telegotrtk bre oG%age mwoto sv . basors eveds .m

sibs tren ;etaloiteg ,erttnoe ,etantetls ssvaed ) -soomix bos ~
ie oa oternedse ,etelooonel of sievo-eobslid ;snol’.mo S$ of @.f .

. ett ta et niimoe 410 siuoe Beol- 10 exem ,eead ext Srewot

£ ,iteoned oe Yleemed ,evods yried eteliste ylesreqe ,xeue

a seomesesiolini .beoid .mo VY ot & , gol .mo 6L ot

Di
ag

‘Yisens 6 eLectbuq ine eelonnbsy jevelyotumeg ,lanimies ,bsoxrd 3.
sm 8 ot d ,ytied-etaliote ,seoiudst xyleo ;yxted otefleta
et

Saito S bus sdix festive boiol teetiee OL dvtw ,guol .
aye rect te etinw ,¢netetereg ,bedoL-2 , beyaie-tevles alloc.
eg stedtne ont ~besieexe atemats rawoad od gitairt nedt base

Bs ord o¢at febivib donetd dose ,bttid amgive soldat iffe-stevo
xut eo tneope1998 ext ww be hasontse ,amoeoequib ttre | ,aedoL

b hawt ylleues exe eet atdd to anemiocegs teeguael eft
edt wode eyewle yest .Iletate: saebavde dd tw’ setdilaoo.
: parexolid gited eniwe tenanoy edd to axrot edt to ystuBit
icc enon gies eis ola ant iiows welled , bebssox se: a
a ths. exo toebe

3

Soow end” to mons Geeneee

reseed yitdaltle boowste0d spewoxd Idgil ,Axotds boowyes |
Bred yletetehom boo mle Yrsqulls gutidmeces yletomes |
sgaonts (GOP. o¢ BYG. mort eeictevy ytivery sltioege) yveed —
nix Levsonk .detfog boos muthom a gata? Par E. Grated

“ae “seqyooRotslm Tewog iat tehis sidtety. ylorad dd¢worg to

ene ” -euowenst qletetesom iderdyen ‘eet evenest } 26rof »
nie eemitenoe 16 nego ,bowor -,(tetemeth nt .mm Bi.-80,)
— bak boowttsed eit ai soeolys beroloo ae, Oe)

141

Singly in small circular groups, or in short tangential lines.
Vessel walls (longitudinal section) of uniform structure with
numerous small bordered pits. nd walls of vessel segments
nearly horizontal and completely absorbed. Wood fibers about
1.52 mm. long with thick cell walls and small cell cavities.
Wood-parenchyma fibers very highly developed and surrounding
all vessels and scattered in groups throughout the wood.

Pith rays very numerous and conspicuous under the hand lens,
usually from 2 to 6 cells wide and from 10 to 30 times as
high. The regular ray cells in the center of the pith rays
are small and around in tangential section; those above and
below as well as on the sides are from 2 to 4 times as wide;
radially usually much shorter. )

Distributions common names and uses

The prince-wood tree is found growing all over tropical
America, including the West Indies, and it grows either iso-
lated or in small clumps up to an altitude of about 1.200
meters, always on hills slopes or on well-drained flats. In
Central America, including Panama and part of Mexito, it is
known under the hisleading name of laurel, in Cuba it is the
baria (varilla?), in the French West Indies the Bois de Cypre
or Cipe, and in Venezuela the pardillo. The woo s sa 0
be incorruptible and is used extensively for beams, flooring,
ceiling, as well as for finer work.

It is also variously known in other parts of tropical

America as Prince-wood, Spanish elm, Dominica rose-wood, bois
de Rhodes,

fhe Panaman Prince-wood

Cordia lasiocalyx Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18;251. 1917.

Description of the tree

A small or middle sized tree, with a low trunk and a

mL tetimesgust trode ot 16 ,equotg teluoxto I[leme nt ylgate
ddiw erstourte miotius to (soljoes Ienibutignol) eLfew Leasev
drenrges fsesev to ellew fai .etiq beiebiod [ieme exotemma
dg etedtt booW .bedxoads yletetaqmoo. bne Latnosizrod Yixsen
attiveo Ifeo Ifeme fae alfew [feo Adolidd dtiw gaol .mm Sa,i
giiboiermse one bogofoveb yldgid yrev siedit. smydonersy-boowW
= . boow edt tuodguosdt equotg ni berettaoe hae Eleenoev Lie
| eel bared edt 19eban exosoiganes bus esotemin ysov eyax atid
_. Be eomtt O& of OL mort baa ebiw alieo 3d of S mott ylleuen
Byer dtigq edd to tedmeo eft Sk eliceo yer taluger edT .dgid
Bae eveds ssodt ;mottoes [ettueguet ni osote bue flere exe
wv ae sons 5 ot & mott ets sehia ent no ea [few ee woled
( stotrore osm. weir Yileibsar

Bees bes comet somo dD guoltudtxtetc.

Leokqoxd seve Ils two beget et cext. hoow-e0ui1q: ont
sost tedtio eworg ti bue ,e@efbal seeW od? guatbuloni BOLTOmA
»i tuode to ebstitie oe of qs eqaulo Ileme ai x0 betel”
ae ~@teit benteib-lisw mo 10 seqole sliin.ao eyewls ,stedem
Fob ti ,ovtweM to dxeq bas emaned pilbolout ,sofismd Lexdaepd
t ei gi edu at ,leotsei to omen guibseleta edt 19bn0, awoas
‘9b @toé oft eetint tseW donerl ont at , (fait z r) at
‘Bree @f Boow edt ae ead elosseno¥ x :
peenet yemeed sot ylevisnetxe beau et bne elditquate od
-Xxow tentt rot ee Liew es ‘smilies

Sace

eages 0892 _gotained oaee Spesegs ,boow-s0n ltd as. soiteud
e = +eehods 28

hoow~sonitg cemsned od’

eo ¢ . to liqi tose

are
a _teotgors to etxeq tento. ot gwond ylesotzev opie. et : Oa

Ls 88:81. .d10K .teii -G.U ,udmod. ,rettsid xyleootesl etbiod:

Bis edie BS
"oe

.
2
4

ree 8 8,
rah
.

Wenge

aA i *
nl hil {

“hs |

= Ses aa “ eel P
a eA se”! LSS osting, OM

ees i *

etre aT
ik oa i 7 ae in:
; £8 jie: Cae a nh

142

rounded-depressed spreading crown, the bark grayish, smooth,
the branchlets, leaves and inflorescences all glabrous.
Leaves subcoriaceous, the petioles sulcate, slender, 8 to 14
mn.e long, the blades elliptic or elliptic-oblong, cuneate at
the base, long acuminate, 10 to 12 cm. long, 3.5 to 4.5 cm.
broad, often lustrous on both faces and paler on the infe-
rior one; costa prominent on both sides, veins few, distant,
interreticulate and anastomosed.

Inflorescence cymose-panniculate, axillary or terminal;
cymes more or less regularly dichotomous, many flowered,
about equsl to the leaves or shorter. Calyx 5.5 mm. long,
tubulous-campanulate, obscurely 10-sulcate, 3-toothed, the
teeth ovate, l- or 2-apiculste; corolla white, the tube
funnel-shaped, about 5.5 mm. long, the lobes ovate, obtuse,
reflexed and not contiguous; stamens inserted at the corolla-
throat, exserted, the filaments villous at the base, the
anthers deeply emarginate at the base, with the connective
apiculate; pistil 5.5 mm. long, the ovary globose, the style
bifid, each part dividing again in 2 branchlets each of which
ends in a clavate stigma. Fruit not known. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light yellowish or nearly white; heart-
wood slightly darker. Wood rather soft, light, tough, mode-
rately coarse and cross-grained, not easily worked and not
durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of growth
not visible under the high power microscope.

.Pores few, large (.1 mm. in diameter), round, open in
spawood, closed in heartwood, arranged singly or occasionally
in pairs or small groups. Vessels (longitudinal section)
with numerous small simple, bordered and transversely elon-
gated pits. Perforations simple. iood fibers about .9485
mne long, with moderately thick walls and small lumina.
Wood-parenchyma fibers strongly developed and arranged in
nuherous inconspicuous tangential lines, alternating with
much wider bands of wood fibers. Wood-parenchyma fibers
invariably surround vessels. Kays numerous and quite cons-
picuous under the hand lens, from 3 to 6 cells wide and from
4 to 8 times as high. )

,feixets duted edt ,1wow goibseige beaseigqeh-Sebnxve:

ares es ffs esoneoseeroltat fue egovesl ,etotdonerd ens.

8 ,tebnels ,steolue seloiitsg oft ,anceosticodnse aevect |
Py pe eonuo ,gooldo-oftgqif{fe to ofdgtil{e eebeld sdt . gaol .mm
«mo 8,f o¢ G.& ,amol .mo Si ot OL ,oteninuos guol ,sead eit
stati edt so teleg Sas eeost dgod no exoxtesl neste ,dbeotd
atb ~wet entey ,eebte dvod no tneniImetq steoo : 9210 190i
ebeagoemoccais Sas eteluoivexsedat

Lentmiet 16 yreliixe ,otalsotunag-exomyo soneoestoltal
,bexewolt yrem ,evomovodolb ylieimger aeel 20 o1om eemyo
4s £ ,mm 8.8 xyled »tetrode to soveel oft o¢ Leups tuode

ae, wtoort-§ ,etaol{se-OL ylorsoedo , oveluneqmeo-axvolndud

oe ent votidw eiforco j;eteluotqe-S to -£ ,etevo aveot

198 tdo steve sedol eit ,yaol .om 3.3 soda begetie-Lennut ;
BLL" o8. edd ge betreant enomade janpongitnoo ton bae bexeltex

eft ,ebed edd ¢a evolliv atmemelit edd ,betrsexe .deordt

witosimos edt diitw ,eeed soit ea ed antgreme ylyeebh eiedtue

oly ite edd ,seodoly yisve odd Boe «mm 8.8 Litetg jetelsotys

folie Xe. dose eteldonerd S$ mt a aulbivii gisq dose ,bitid

7 ( sftword gon tints .emgite otevelo e@ ni ebae

boow edd to petigisosed

_ sttsed ,etidw yLlisen 10 detwolley Sdgil ,dotd? boowged
anon. eAgcot ,tdgifl ,¢ttoe sedtvax 500W rset: yltngife boow
Fen Snes be xiow yilese ton ,bemietg-2e0t.o bus eeis0o Stat
<e mreats to egaix Lenora .Ltoe odt dtiw toetnoo al sidsexsh
seqgooceortoim sroweg dgid edt sebm eldiety son.

a Reqo .dbasor ,(retemelhb at .om £.) egiel ,wet estos
Yilenolssoce 10 einate hegnetie ,hoows1eed of beeolo ,hoowage
“(nottoos Lentbutigques ) eleeeev ha ffame 10 etieg at
® ylesteveneit bus hSerebied ,efLqmie ileme euoteman Stiw
Se, inode etedit booW eLqmee adiottexrctrel .atig betas
- - atimul ffeme bus eflew dotdé yletercbom dsviw ,gnol .om
aa ak Bheagnaiie bus begoleveh ylascite exedit emydouetag-booW
' eS ‘dtiw guttesuetie ,sentl leituesnet ecosoigenoont aot odwa
atedit eaysone1eg-booW .etedit boow to ebued tebiw doum
@tisp base evotonun GYGH -elessev busotuve yidetisvaol
baw ebtw efieo 6 et 8 mort ,snci heen oft t38bas exouotg
a | ( -dgtd ee somtt & of &

143

Distribution, common names snd uses

Thus far this tree has been reported only from the ve-
cinity of Garachiné, Southern Darien, where it goes by the
name of nigttite, meaning a small sandflea, an allusion pro-
bably to ae appearance of the fruit or seed. The wood is
not used for any special purpose,

Verbenaceae

(Verbena-Family)
The Large-Flowered Fiddlewood or Iguana-tree

Cytharexylum macrochlamys Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.
183254. 1916

Description of the tree

A tree, 25 to 30 m. high, the trunk up to 50 cm. in
diameter, straight, covered with a reddish, rugose bark,
the crown elongate; terminal branchlets thick, glabrous, 4
or 6-angled, more or less fistulose. _ Leaves membranous, gla-
brous, alternate or ternate, the petioles 1.5 to 3 cm. long,
the blades ovate to elliptic, 10 to 24 cml long, 6 to 9 cm.
broad, subscute or obtuse, entire, with 2 large glands at the
base. Racemes axillary, usually ternate, subterminal, the
rachis subglabrous, 12 to 25 cm. long. Flowers zygomorphous,
about 1.7 cm. long; pedicels very short, puberulous; calyx
5 mm. long, salver-shaped, irregularly 5-toothed, suglabrous;
corolla glabrous, white, the tube 11 mm. long, broad,
Slightly arcuate, the lobes 5, the median one rounded, narrow
at the base, acuminate, the lateral ones broader and subobtuse;
stamens included, inserted below the middle of the tube, gla-
brous; pistil 4 mm. long, glabrous, the ovary ovoid with 4
uniovulate cells; stigma capitellate, obscurely 2-lobate. )

geen bite genac sommoo ,Koltndfiuteid

=e. ait ‘mort yao betuogex ueed 2en ests aldé. tat awit
, +h Ud seog tf ex9edw ,neited axsdtuoc ,dctdosted to Wate
worg moietsile us ,seltines Llama 2 aaineon ae in to emex
Tie at boow od - besa 410. ¢iuxt edt to Sonetsegge ens ot. ylded
ae *: »980giug Leloage ws aot boas ton

a

a ome. 08 o¢ qis dasis eid ,fgid sm 08 oF as sounded

ated osogut ,deibber e aviw borevoo ,vdgisite ,tovemels
anordels , dolde eteidougid: Leniares ;evegnole.owore edi.
x10 er m90 eoveel ) .seolstelt easel so erom , Selgue-d x0
{.mo 5 of G1 soloiteg edt ,etanied 10 etenetia ,enoud
-e © § ot 3... mrol imo 26 of OL ,oitgiite 04 stavo esbalid odd
Pid ebosls epiel & dittw ,otivac:,eentdo vo etsoedne ,haoid
,Leulmres dus peodenist gilasess +Veellixs senooch) s9aed
pgs rome aye etewol% .gmol..ao aS of Si. ,sxoxdelgdue eidoer
rieo ;6uolutedng ,vui0ds Yrey eLeolbeg ;ano0l »mo Tol teode
ry felgve _ bodisoss ~2 yliselogenst ,beqere-r0evise .2c0ol .me ec
bs} _baotd ~Snol .cur [L edud. ed? .ettdw ,euordels eiloxes
w 10" dine ,bebaset emo meftbom oct ,@ eodol ond’ ,ovauore yletigi fe
i fue bie tebectd aso Lsxetal edd otnaiswos ,o8e0 oft fe.
“4k ent to elbbim ett woled betueant ,bebmiont ancnests
isa flove Yrsve oct ,evordels ,grol .om } Sitely javond
ga Biol-S veennagso ,stelletiqss smgite ieiiae egaLavorns

144

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, yellowish white; heartwood slightly darker.
Wood moderately soft, light, net strong, brittle, straight and
only moderately fine grained, easily worked and taking a fair-
ly good polish, not durable in contact with the soil. Annual
rings of growth quite prominent under hand lens, often rather
wide near the center.

\Pores (transverse-section) very numerous in the early
wood, fewer in late wood, small (.15 mm. in diameter), round,
open and arranged singly, in pairs, short radial rows or
frequently in long tangential rows and almost unbroken row
of pores at the beginning of the early wood. Y¥essel walls
¢iengitudinal section) with numerous small simple and bordered
pits; pit openings transversely slit-like. Perforations
simple. Wood fibers, about .8577 mm. long, septate with
very thin walls and large lumina, and numerous small, simple,
sometimes bordered pits. Wood parenchyma highly developed,
vessels arranged sparingly around and most abuudant in the
early wood. Rays numerous, small, barely visible under hand
lens, from 1 to 4 cells wide and from 3 to 5 times as high.)

Distribution, cOmmon names and uses

This species, conspicuous among the fiddlewoods, grows
on the fertile alluvial flats of the Faté River, which emp-
ties into the Caritbean Sea one or two miles to the east-
ward of the now almost obliterated historical settlement of
Nombre de Dios. These flats are covered with a dense forest
growth, which proved to have an especially rich tree flora.

The natives call our new species iguanero, or iguana-tree,
because, they say, the lizard-like reptile of that name, which
they diligently hunt on account of its delicate chicken-like
meat, is often caught while busy feeding on the leaves sand
flowers. ‘The hard, tough wood, dull yellow in the heart of
the trunk, is of little use.

ae

Soow ent to holvgisoaed

soutah yitdgile Soowtrsed ;ed tnw deiwollsy , golds Boowged
Seatexie ,elttizd gaotte tom ,¢dsil ,¢tee ylotseirobom 5008
@ giidet Sas bextow yllees -benterg. extt yleterohom yiao
mi .itoe edt diiw tostaoo ni eldew»b ton efetiog boos ¥f
196 ‘ex aetto ,ctel baed r98bas tnemtmoiy sting idwory to @naiz
Pe. -1edmeo eft rs]8en obiw
kt edd ut evoremm: yiev {nottove-eeteversit-) aet09|
, boron ,(tetemath at .mm GL.) Lfeme ,b00ow otel mt rewet ,boow
ae. “wo ewot Leber dzone ,etieg at ,Ylaate begnetia boxe seyge
wor aedeidan geomis bie ewor isitnegued gnol at yléneupe1t
_ eiiew feeso¥ .boow yixae edt to uoiniiged edd ts esteg to
oe %E je? fae olqmie [Leme svorsmgm diiw (aottoss Lentinttgnel)-
etottarotret .oedtf-tile ylosusvensis egnineqo tig ;etigq
dtiw etetges , anol .mm 'T88. tuods ,stedtt booW .elqmte
, ignite -tfeme avoremin bas , eniool egiel base eLfew atdt yrev
i Begokoves yldgid emydomereq hooW .etigq betshied semitemose
edt at toebaunde veom baa Sase0ts ylgunitede- este eleeter
7: ai tebas eidisty yleted ,Ileme ,evotemina & -boow yitae
{ inaesi ee semis & of & moxt his ebiw elles * of L moztt ,aenel

Pe
fun peer

een bie commen oo ,aotinsdiutealta
mn B25 bie semen coesee fe s-

sworg -@boowelbhbit end anome axosotqgenoo jeetoogs ata

ma Soidw ,sevia bte% edt to edelt Latvulle elitzet eds a0
bkée end of selim ows to SM set meeddiis0 ons ofat estt

to tnemefites L[eoltoteld beteietifido seomle wor eit to biaw

t cine eeueh ae déiw hetevos ere stult seed? ,so0ld oh exdmox

é toi eert dolr yiietesqee fe evanh-od hevorg Kone Peete

iccige ee 798 seloege wen sno Lieo eovitan edt

omen tedd F Get exti-seizestif eit , yee yedt “eaneosd
=teao tdo Sense es est to sapooos mo tourd yitmogiits yeds
“ap ge gevael oft mo gatbeol yeud eftdw tdgueo aetto et teem —
eee. end mt wolley {inh ,boow dgwod ,hred ei? .exewolt
-oen eltsiL tovet . saTT a dal

Rs,
ie

*

145

The Panaman Vitex

Vitex floridula Duchass. & Walp. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 3;
240. 1852.

Description of the tree

A middle sized deciduous tree, the trunk straight, co-
vered with grayish rimose bark, the branchlets at first pu-
berulous, later subglabrate. ‘Leaves coriaceous, undeve-
loped at the time of flowering, glabrous, 3-foliolate, the
lateral leaflets very.caducous; petiole slender, 3 to 4.5 cm.
long; petiolules 4 to 18 mm. long; blades ovate to elliptic,
acute or subobtuse, 4 to 13 cm. long, 2 to 6 cm. broad, the
terminal one largest. Cymes axillary, shorter than the petio-
les of the mature leaves, 3 or 4 times divided, the rachis
minutely pubescent; bractlets linear, 1.5 mm. long, hairy,
deciduous; calyx pubescent, cupuliform, irregularly 5-toothed,
about 3 mm. long; corolla purplish blue, hairy without, the
tube 5 mm. long, ventricose, the inferior lobe larger, orbi-
cular, the lateral and upper lobes almost even, obovate; .
stamens long exserted, the filaments 5.5 and 6.5 mm. long,
barbate at the base, the anthers ovoid, contiguous; ovary
globose, glabrous; style glabrous, up to 9 mm. long. Berry
ovoid, glabrous, bluish black, about 14 mm. long.

Like the other Panaman member of the genus, Vitex maso-
niana Pittier, this tree is usually gregarious. en, -
tween March and May, one happens to look at the distant fo-
rests, either from the open parts of the Canal, the savannas
of the western slope, 0o ‘the steamer running close to the
coast, he may sometimes Notice pale purple spots jutting
from the green background. These show the presence of one
of our Vitex, in full blossoms but still leafless.)

At close range, the Panaman Vitex is a tree of scant
ramification, seldom over 20 meters high, but reaching some-
times about 1 meter in diameter. The trunk is straight and
usually slanting.

Description of the wood.
Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood Slightly darker.

viv

fot JO. oDUTA .qlew it .gie® 3 :eeadonc aisbtiolt mai
-SB6L.'.083 “a

sent edt to. seis qizesed

Bt = ao) Ath ieite ansig. add ,eexmt exoxubtioob bests efhbbia &
ig tazit ts eteidonard et ettad eezoni«a detyers diviw. vot
spvehos ,evosostioo eeveel) ,eteidelzdua zetel ,asolwied
ont , eteloifot-8 ,esordsla ,gnixewolt to omit. edt te bogol—
rae! ot & ,tebaela sloiteg j;euooubeo yrov ateitese! Lazevel
., tqtile o¢ etevo sebeld ;gmol .om al a 2 eelniciteq anol
end -beo1d..mo d ot S&S ,smol .mo EL otf d ,oenutdodue x0 } nos
ent sais setiode ,yreliixe coryS .teeguel exo ienimted

fs eidoer odd ,bebiyis Semtt > 20 8 ,seveol oxsten edd to sel

.. g wate. nel som 3,4 ~taenil avelioexd ;taecsedug ylotenin —
-bestoos +3 cL rey ea hy erro tl Largard ,tneoeedug ayiso jasouhicedh
| end , feodtiw yilied ,enid detigusg eiforoo ;sn0l .mm & tuode
olde »tegtel edol xoitetsit ed? ,eeootitaey ,snol .am 8 edud
|. -petevodo.,seve teomle seodol s0ggss éne feretel edt ,taluo
ygmor mm @.6 Bos 8.¢ etaempeft? sdt ,betieexe gnol anemeve
aie sevo ;avougiinoo ,biove esediae ods ,o8ed oft te etadted
“yates -gnolL .mm @ ot gs ,emordels elyte ;euotdelg>),secdels
i. oan, -gaol .om 'f t¢uods ,doald deivid exoxdaly. sSOeen

22 at 6 ot, VY. ,es0eR edt to xedmem genensd tedte esit yeni
ay -euoltagexg yilawas at eett aidd ,reidti.
<3 ioasats ext de dool ot aneqged eno ,YeM bas dotell
ree odt ,f[aned ed? to etueg nego edd mort xresidle vetser
edd ot eeols enim: temsese eat a0 ,ogele nisteew edt to —
gaivtat siege elqing sleg soltom sentiomos yem ed ,de@s00
em “eso to eoneesaig edt wode ssect .hasotaicad nesta edi mort
=u) oe (-aselteel illite stud emoaaeid ia Sat ,xedtV 190 hein ;
ajuane to cert 2 at xevtiV memened edt ,egmer eaolo JA
2 gitidosex dud ,dgid exetem OS 1evo mobles ,foltaettias:
‘tigiswe et duit eff ,tetemeth at tevem [ tyode comkt
zie Sus yilases

‘Age. edd to aphtgts oem

146

Wood hard, heavy, strong, brittle, cross and fine grained,
easily worked, taking a fairly good polish, and said to be
durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of growth
not clearly defined and visible only under the microscope.

\Pores (transverse section) numerous, (.166 mm. in dia-
meter), round, open or sometimes closed in the heartwood,
and arranged either singly or in small groups. Vessel walls
(Llongitudinal-section} with numerous, small, slightly bor-
dered pits, with transitious simple pits. Where two vessels
are in contact, the pits are bordered, but where wood paren-
chyma and pith ray cells are adjacent the pits are larger,
simple, and usually transversely elongated. Perforations
Simple. Wood fibers about 1.046 mm. long, the walls modera-
tely thick and the lumina relatively large, with few simple
pits. Wood fibers often septate and occasionally with spiral
markings. Wood parenchyma sparingly developed. Rays nume-
rous and quite conspicuous under hand lens, from 3 to 6 cells
wide and from 5 to 10 times as high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

In common with Mason's Vitex, this species is known to

the natives by the name of cuajado or cuajd and the wood,
which is of a light brown color and tather hard and lasting,

is generally used as building material. It is said to keep
long in earth. None of the two species have been found,

so far, outside of the Isthmus, where they are not unfre-
quent in the forests of the lower belt.

Apocynaceae

The arboreous Mountain Jessamine

Tabernaemontana arborea Rose, Bot. Gaz. 18; 206. 1903

Description of the tree
A tree 10 to 15 m. high, 25 to 35 cm. in diameter at the

a jheataxe entt bre seoro ,efttiad pore eUveed , Sred BooW

_ od. o¢ bisa bus ,detiog boon ylitat « sutdet bexrow eltese

- gidwetg to egats Lennna .ftoe edt dtiw testaoo at eldeiw

seer eds seban ylao ofdiatv hae heutteb we. ton

i Llaw feeeseY .eqsuotg [lemme at 109 ylanis sendig hegustie fre

: -tod Yltdyile ,flems ,snor8smum ddiw (nottoee Lantbudt gaol)

rs a owt sted eetig olguie euoitienait diiw ,etviq beteb
; = hove etedw tnd ,bhershicd sre atig odd - toetnoo ai sts

te giel ore atlg sit tusce) be ers slfeo yer ‘dtiq brs emydo

ool sete -hetagnole Yieereveneis yileven bane hag cap
smn 620.f tuods eredit booW

moxt ,enef brad eb snogohaetod ajo | bie exo7
(saigid ee somid OL of & mort hae obtw

+

eases Boe semst sommoo oobtugtaeeta

on “a mwomk el arene sid ,xed1V e'noeeM dtiw nommoo al
,boow edt bas BLavo so bal aye to eman eit yd eevitsa ont
niteel Bue bt at one Sy owotd tigtl e to ef dolaw
“goad oz” btee et $1 -Lfetretam gntbitsd ee bees yileroneg at
basot need eved eetooge cwl eit to exo .diéxres at gaol ~
> estas ton ers yedd etedw ,eumaitel eit to ebtetso..% OB
~tled xowol eit to eteexot eit at Tass

_ B0RE’ . 08 :8I .2@)-.to ,es0h eerodrs anedqome

seit edt to notéqizoeed

147

base, the trunk straight with a darkish gray, more or less
shaggy bark, the crown flat and high, the branchlets stout,
subquadrangular at the ends, somewhat fistulous, marked with
numerous annular rings formed by the scars of fallen leaves,
glabrous. ( Leaves ovate, obovate or elliptic-lanceolate,
long cuneate at the base, abruptly contracted in a short acu-
men, glabrous, deciduous. Inflorescences axillary or termi-
nal, dichotomous, glabrous, many-flowered; floral pedicels
q@pout 8 mm. long; calyx 5-lobate, glabrous, the lobes divided
almost to the base, ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. long, each
bearing on the inside 3 to 6 basal, elongated glands; corolla
white, the tube dilated at the base, 8 to 9 mm. long, the
lobes ovate-oblong, 15 mm. long, 8 mm. broad, rounded at the
apex. Follicles smooth, about 8 cm. long and 0.5 cm. in dia-
meter, geminate, ovoid-elongate. }

/

Description of the wood

Sapwood usually narrow, nearly white; heartwood somewhat
darker or sometimes reddish brown. Wood very hard and tough,
heavy, strong, very close and straight-grained, taking a
very good polish,

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, small (about
-O78 mm. diam.), round or often polygonal in outline, open
in sapwood, often closed in heartwood and arranged usually
in radial rows of a few to 6 or 8. Vessel-walls (longitu-
dinal section) with numerous, small, round, bordered pits.
Perforations simple. Wood fibers about 1.5 mm. long with
relatively thick walls and small cell cavities. Pits excee-
dingly small, oblique and slit-like. Wood parenchyma spa-
ringly developed, occuring only in the neighborhood of
vessels and pith rays. Rays very numerous, from 1 to 5 cells
wide and from 10 to 20 times as high. )

Distribution, common names and uses
No common names are given for this species, which was

found only in the Canal Zone and in Darien. The wood, which
is heavy and hard, is of little use.

ie pont 20 Stom ,YStR deixxeh @ dtiw tigiewte sna ast ,ebed
_tH0t6 etaldonetd ot ,datd bas Jalt awor edé. ,Atad ysgede
Serian ,auoludeit tedwemos, ,sbiro eft te telvgnetbaupdse
Bevecl nelle te atace ent yd Bem egnix telonmie evsotemsn
i: . telosousl-oltgiile zo etevodo ,otevo asveel) ».anotdeig
-v98 Ixodes e ul betosittaes yitquide ,cead edd ta etesnuo gneol
«trod to YielLixe: seonecest0l Ini ,euoubiosb _snoidely , nen
pesmeoties Letol> ;bes0ewoli=yuen ,ssouels ,avomoetodoth, ,ien
pivbh @edo!l ert auordsls ,stedol-3 xylso parol .om 6 Swodp
foes yenol .mm S tnode ,esntdo ,etavo ,ebad est ot deoniea
ee :einsls bet egnole ,leeed 36% § ebtemt ent no maliteed
«eat anol ,mm & ot & ,osad at te heteltS edud edt ,ovtnw
env te bebavot ,Seotd .cm 6 ,gmol .om GL ,gnof{do-stevo sedol
“eth oe m0 369 bane reread 9 fi B guode , dtoome sefot{loG .xege _
+ Stennole-biove yes jaesee.

ps
i ¢
<2 i , ; : gq"

Bes boom eats to notdgtsoned ot Ae ak

‘sedwemoe boowdte0d qotidw ylueen ,wotten yileves Sboowgesd
fasot due bied yrev booW word deibbet semitemoe to texish
Pe vi e ne ,Senlatag-tialerte base veolo pro deitog bog treed

Seeds} flame Bsgremsit: epoca esxevenert) eex
-. Mego ,eanilige at Lanosyleg > 00% <0: grap Phen “ft ret
“yileves Sogierie bas boowlieet ut beeolo mparediear te ,boowqes mi
tgxol) allew-LeseeV .6 xa 3 ot wet @ to awor Letbex at
etic bexebrod ,iaser ,flewe ,esotemu dtiw (nottoes. a
fitiw anol .om 4.L tuode @tedit hoow .elfqmte enotsvaxotzst
-eeoxe evit .estviveao Iieo Ifeme Sue eflew xotdt ylevitelez
weg esurydonetseg booW .exti-tile hue euptide ,[lems yionth
_ %e boordrodigten edy at ylao gativose beqoleved Ygaiz
altos 3 of [ mov? ,evotemun Yxev Bye .eyex dtiq bose eleassvy —
eS ; dg id ee eemit 08 of OL mort bos ebiw
~~

806s bee eenet omnes , nods raver

‘ta dintes .eeloeqgs aidd 10% aevig sve some common ali! in
dondw bOow exit .“elreC ni hoe -enok Larned odd ak yino Sanot.
oa efdttf to al ,birad bas yveod at

; r a; ara
eS Gee Sg"

wee ay the ret ;
cya pase Ger BART * pm

.

148

Bignoniaceae

The Panama Guayacan or Spurions Lignum Vitae

Tecoma Guayacan Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald; 181 - 1854.

Description of the tree

A deciduous tree 12 to 30 m. high and up to 1.20 m.
in diameter, the main roots running near the surface of the
ground, the trunk erect, with buttresses at the base, co-
vered with a reddish or grayish, almost smooth bark, the
limbs ascendent and forming a rounded crown. Branchlets
subtetragonous, clothed as are the young leaves and the pe-
duncles, with a dense, rufous, stellate indument. Leaves
digitate; peduncles thick, 12 to 15 cm. long, canaliculate;
leaflets usually 5, seldom 6 or 7, the petiolules 1 to 2.5
cm. long, the blades ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base,
acuminate, 8 to 12 cm. long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, dark green
and more or less hairy above, grayish tomentose and reti-
culate, with the costa and veins very prominent beneath;
margin entire. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose-trichoton,
developing before the appearance of the leaves. Flowers
numerous; pedicels 0.8 to 1.6 cm. long, slender; calyx tu-
bulous-campanulate, irregularly 5-toothed (the teeth rounded
or obtuse), 11 mm. long, sparsely stellate hairy; corolle
bright yellow, barbate within, campsanulate-infundibuliforn,
the tube about 5 em. long, glabrous without, barbate within,
the lobes broad, rounded, glabrous, sinuate on the margin;
stamens 4, inserted on the corolla about 7 mm. from its
base, the fifth one reduced to a filiform appendix, filaments
glabrous, 1.5 to 2 cm. long; pistil glabrous, 3.5 cm. long,
the 2 stigmas ovate-cbtuse. Capsule not known.

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, very light yellow; heartwood dark brown
tinged with red. Wood very hard, heavy, strong and tough,
cross and fine-grained, taking a beautiful polish, and excee-
dingly durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of

Tt ‘
. ,

me i: eevilY momgit anotingé io meoeyend anexed on

R08 - Les shLeton *yoVv .vck ,miemesd eosyasy eingoet

sexs et to goltigitosed
5 or

tt O86£ ov qos bas dgid .m O08 of i eer enomhtosh &
edt to sostiva edt isen guinagr evoot aism edd ,isdemeid at
=09 ,ceed eft ¢a eeseottind dtiw ,doewe damit edd , bnoty

my so , tied dioome teomls ,detyety to deatbbex e dtiw berey ©
eteidonerd .nwoto Seiasot s gitmiot bus imefhneoes aedmti
~6q ont Sane eeveel anvoy end sta ea hertolo ,avonogesttetdue
eveol .tmogmint etell[ete ,aeotsi ,eanebh « dtitw ,welonpd

z wotlenss ,guol .mo Gf ot S! ,dotds eolousbeq ;etaertgis —

ye ?

SoS of £ aeluletseg oft ,7 10 3 mobles ,6 ylleven ateltesl
) pape te Sehewor ,etaloeousl-etavo sebaid edd ,guol .mo
08TS wish ,feord .mo } of & ,gnoL .mo SL ot 6 imsos
«ffex bas esotnemod deiystg ,evode yriad eeel to etom bis
ymtsened tnenimoig ytev entev bus eteoo odd dtiw ,eteino
odolsd-seodmyi0o ,lanimiet seoneosetolini ,eitine nigiem
gtewoli .eovael edt to sonsiseoyys oft oxolted anigofeved

«ut “yieo ;xebaele ,gnol .mo 6,1 of 6.0 eLeotbey ;anqzommn

wou ddese? edd) bedtoot-G Ylrtalugor1t ,eteinisqneo-anolud

eflorao iytied etsliece bares g ,ouol .mm ff ,(eantdo 10
- pwtotifedtinstnt-otelumeqmeo ,aidtiw etedied Wollsy dgird
~aidtiw etedied ,tvodtiw avordels ,gcol .mo 3 dwode odat odd
ads tem odt mo steunts ,evordels ,befmset ,be0rd eodol edt
<n aa moxt .am T tuode affLores edt mo betroeent ,b amemeye
Bdmemelit .xthueqqes mrotilit e gt heoudex emo dsvtit edt ,esad ‘al

mol .mo a.8 ,esotdals Litetq ;ga0ol .mo & ot 3.1 ,asoxdely

ey -mwonx tom eluege? ,seutdo-stsvo samatie & edd

‘.

a te

| boow edt to aotigtussed
“pwoxd sSiah hoowi1eed ;wollsy sigif yrov ,aordt boowges.

we .
dyed Sie grouse ,yveod .fied yrev booW ber déiw begaitg =
so0x9 due ,deifog futtiveed se amines ,benitatg-entt Sas seoto
So eguts Less {ioe ond de tw goednos at eldarsh yigatb

a Ve
PPh om

149

growth visible under the high power microscope.

_ Pores (transverse.section) very numerous and small
(about .05 mm. in diameter), round when isolated, open in
sapwood, closed with conspicuous yellowish green tyloses
in the heartwood and arranged singly, in pairs or in small
groups of 3 to 4. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with
numerous relatively large bordered pits. Perforations
Simple. Wood fibers about 1.48 mm. long, with very thick
walls and nearly obliterated lumina, and with minute, slit-
like simple pits. Wood parenchyma strongly developed and
grouped around vessels and in short irregular tangential wavy
lines. All pores are surrounded by these elements. Rays
very numerous and inconspicuous, barely visible with a hand
lens on transverse section, from 1 to 2 cells wide and from
6 to 8 cells high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

The Panama Guayacan is known thus far from the eastern-
most boundary of Panama and Guatemala, growing principally
on the dry foothills at some distance from the Pacific Coast,
and never much above 300 meters of altitude. The only part
of the Isthmus where it is known to grow on the Atlantic
side of the continental divide is in the Chagres Basin,
where the depression in the mountains is so deep as to allow
full sweep to the monsoon winds, and the penetration to the
north of the semi-arid climate of the southern coast. [In
Guatemala, however, it appears again on the Atlantic water-
shed in the semi-arid Alta-Verapaz, while in Mexico, it
reaches as far as the States of Guerrero and Michoacan,
again on the Pacific coast.

(The native name Guayacdn, is applied to species of two
very distinct genera, a fact that has originated a very
unfortunate confusion. It is, in the first place, the ori-
gin of the generic name Guajacum, applied to Zygophyllaceous
trees, the wood of which has been long known as Lignum vi-
tae, the typical Guayacdn being Guajacum officinale from
Venezuela, while again e Guayacdn polvillo of Colombia is

also a species of Tecoma. )

“The Guayacén of Panama and Costa Rica, as well as the
Guayacdn polvillo of Colombia on the other hand, are Bigno-

Cat

-eqoosotoim iswog dgid eds rebas eldielv déwoig

{femme hne svyoremsx yiev (mottoss eerevaner?) asi0% )
mi nego ,fetalost nodw Sawyer ,{r9etemsth at .mm 80. tsiods)
secolyt neers detwefley esosolqence ditw besofo , hboowgee
fieme ai t0 suteg at ,Ylante begnerte bus boowlxsed edd at -

itiw (nottoes.teniputiancl) silew f[oansV .) ot & to equoty
enott¢etotied .etig borshiod egiel ylevitsler axoremun
aoidd yrev diiw ,gcol .om 3%,.{f tuoda eredtt boow .elqmte
-tiia ,odsnim déiw bae ,aniosl betsreti{do ylisen bas ellew
es hne beqoleveb ylanoise amydomexsy Sook .etig elqmie extt
Yvaw leisnegned telwgerti wrens al his slessev basots hogquoig
ei .atncemele eeedi yd hehasousrse ors eorog If4 .sentl
Sosd a dtiw elditeiv yier1sed ,suorolgenooal bus ehotsmen Yrer
BOTs bie eftw alieo & of I mort ,uoisoss sereveneit wo enel
a? . \eAate sifseo & ot 3

\ ¥ an

eser bis soman Li fag © ,toltud taseid

—x1evees eit moti tet eudt mwomd el neosyend emane. of?
Yileqioxtixy gaiwogg .,elametsev fae amened to yxebasod teom
.t2800 sittosd odd mott oometalh omoe ts elitdioot yxb edt so
tiaqg Yine eXT .oebstitie to Bretem 008 evode doum teven bap
SitueltA edd no wo1g ot mwotid ei tt etedw enmddel edt to
,fiisel eetgedd ent at at ebiviib [etnentinoo edt to shies
wofls ot se gseb o8 ef enxiatavom edt al soleeexqeh edd sit9edw
edt ef Nolveiteneg edt hue ,ehatw foosnom edd of qeowe Iiut
Sl .tkeoo niedtvos edd to evamifo Bbrte-imes edd to ddica
-tevew situsité edt ac alese ateeque Si ,xevewod ,slamatau®

$f ,ooixel at elinw ,saqeieV-st LA bixa-imes edt ni

,~leosodelli bus oxsxuzres® to setasé odd B86 1st 28 egdbeex
: -te209 oftiosd eft no Bisges

awd to eetoogs ot bellage a! ,mboeyend omen eviten edt)
oe Yiev e beteantgixo sed tadd Fost s ,siteneg sonitatd yrer
“Sito edt ,ooalq text? sdt at ,ef SI. .molenitaoo stanstzotan
ssoecellysigoyys of Beligqe ,muostacd oman ofiensg sit to aty
-iv mutsil es swons grol need @en doidw to hoow eit ,eoe1t

Mois Slautoitto muosi and guied Aboeyend Leotqys oft ,
at eidmolso5 TS olliviog TROBYSED © tege elinw ,elevsens)
_.smooe? Lo setoege e@ oels

“s

eid ap ilew ee ,eoki steod fue amened to o A |
=onglé exe ,fied t0d¢o edt ao sidmgloo to 9.

150

niaceous trees of very distinct appearance and which have
no right to the denomination of Lignum vitae, under which
the first one is often known among Americans in the Canal

Zone. Guayacan, Gua jacum and Lignum vitae are really sy-
nonyms, when they apply to the Zygophyllaceous trees, with
blue flowers, known by the botanists as gna jecus arboreum
and G. officinale, but only the first one should be used

for the yellow flowered Tecoma of the Isthmus. In Guatemala,

the same tree goes under the name of cortés, or corteza, and
in some parts of Mexico as verdecillo.»

/ The wood of the Isthmian Guayacan is one of the most
highly prized timbers of the Panamanian forests, and efforts
should be made to grow the trees and insure a regular supply
for the market. About 1848, Seemann noticed in the ruins
of the Cathedral of Old Panama "beams of its wood, which
have been exposed to the influence of climate since the des-
truction of the city in 1617". These beams were perfectly
sound at the time and are still so today. Many of the gua-
yacan ties used in the building of the first Panema railroad
have been used again after many years of service, This hard
wood has many other applications; the natives even turn the
roots into curves for their schooners and small crafts, and
the Indians make mortars, pestles, hoes snd other small im-
plements requiring hard wood, out of the broad buttresses
at the base of the trunk. }

The Pink-flowered Tecoma

Tecoma pentaphylla Juss., D.C. Prodr. 9; 217. 1845. _

Ot Ieamcks Diet

Description of the tree

A de¢iduous tree 8 to 15 m. high, and up to 40 cm. in
diameter, the trunk usually erect, covered with smooth grayish
bark, the crown either depressed and spreading or elongate;
young branchlets tetragonous, glabrous. (Leaves coriaceous,
opposite, glabrous; petioles 7 to 10 cm. long, broad and flat

_eved dotdw base eometaegge toniveth yrev to seexd enoooatna
; dotdw xeboo ,setdiv mumatl to motteantmonsh edt o¢ tngtt on
a e890 ead nt pee Letgeg awond medto a athe tt texit ent
“Ye Yileex eta eetiv id bas moet. sete er
: x idiw ,eeort cieosetion Ona Ont of peceker edw:
fed aD en Sc otaasey edd Yd ree axowolt mtd
: texit edt yino tod ,eleiitottte 12
ffeneseu0 nt reeks ae edt to smooeT herswo: 8y 8:
“Bf ie a Lae xo ,edt¢%o0o to emaem eit tehas e5eoy soxt omee ont
sofitcebiov ee colxeM ba ‘Sitsq hee a}
cma mes keactao ( ee

r dace ror ee 0608 seowyand Kelnitel’ edt’ to BOON oon.
exote. has ,etee1ct celcemated edd to eredmitt bertig eitats
w yore rely er p exient bre eeert odd wows et ebsm od Siworie
Bla rein at al beoison anemesé ,6h6L tuod& .terxxem edd tot —
dotdw ,boow evi to emeed” esnisued bL0 to Lexbedted end to
eb edd eonte egamtio to eonenltni edd of becogxe seed oved
yltsetxeq etew emeed esedl ."VLai nt ytto edt to noktonst
80g, edd to Yew. ,yebot os ILids era bue emit ed? se hbovoe
f outlet eneied terit edd to autblitud eid al Seev aots neosy
ted etdT ,eolviee to etaey Yuen iette uiege been aesd eves
“mist seve eeviten odd ;anottestiqas redto yoam ead boow
Se Bes Ifeme bas etenoooe xzfedt sot esrvtso otni” stoox
“Eieme tedto foe aeod ,celteeq ,eisetiom oxem east ent .
_ wenners ind beord ed? to ss0- «boon hred gaitinper e¢ :
-dowtt eit to eBed: “a |

Pay

anooet see ae ont
e te. wa ae | a} ja

ee1d od odd to wottgirosed ©

- ea
smo Od of qe, ons ,faih’.m 8L of e oor anenbrheniay ay ta
dteome dtiw herevoo ,tosie ylisnes wurst odd~ aetenai
fe 10 anibeerge bre Seeeetges teddies awoto ode or
eirco seveoil | eee (aucnogerset & cele <i

151

above, rounded beneath; leaflets 3 to 5, the petiolules 0.5
to 4.5 cm. long (the lateral ones shorter), the blades ovate,
cuneate and often with a black spot at the base, shortly
acuminate, 6 to 15 cm. long, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad (the late-
ral ones smaller), minutely scaly on both sides, light green
above, paler beneath; costa and nerveS prominent on the
lower face, often dark colored on young leaves. Inflorescen-
ces terminal, corymbose, many flowered: peduncles dichoto-
mous, minutely scaly; pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long; calyx tubu-
lar-campanulate, subbilabiate, irregularly lobulate, 10 to
11 mm. long, persistent; corolla pale pink, tubular-campanu-
late, glabrous without, piloculous within, the tube rather
narrow, abcut 3.5 cm. long; stamens 4, glabrous; pistil 2 to
2-5 cm. long, the ovary minutely scaly, the stigmas ovate
acute. Capsule subcylindrical, stipitate, cuspidate, 18 to
28 cm. long.

Descgviption of the wood

Sapwood thick, light yellowish brown; heartwood slightly
darker. Wood rather hard, heavy, strong, tough, moderately
fine and cross-grained, taking a fairly good polish, and
very durable in contact with the soil. Annual rings of
growth visible only under high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section} rather numerous, (about .14
mm. in diameter), round or polygonal when isolated, open,
and arranged wingly, in pairs, or small groups, generally
in threes. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with nume-
rous, rather large, bordered pits. Perforations simple.
Wood fibers about .9204 mm. long, with rather thin walls, re-
latively large lumina, and small, slit-like, oblique, simple
pits. They are easily distinguished from the wood-parenchyma
fibers, which have thinner walls, larger cell cavities, and
are arranged in conspicuous tangential lines which alternate
with lines of wood fibers. ‘The wood parenchyma usually
surrounds vessels, but the latter are not always found within
the tangential lines of wood parenchyma. Hays numerous,
small, not conspicuous on the transverse section - storied
as seen in tangential surfaces from 1 to 2 cells wide and
from 8 to 12 cells high.)

“a: 3 eae en ® ee eae) ee i | ae . tia pet oy r 2 A ee ae
. ' } re ;
f

fas

8.9 seluloited. eat) ,8 ot § stetteci sat gened bebanos, ,evode
,etevo.sebeld out ,{asdi0de eeno Jareteal sAdt). gol .mo-8,2. o2
yisirose , send "eds te Soga Apeld a diiw setto bas etsenso
-otel oid} Seoid .mo 6.7 o¢ 6.8 ,yiol .m9 Sl of 3 ,Staninsss
meets Yipil ,eebie diod mo yleoe yletunim ,(usilems eono Isr
edd oo dnenimorqg Beviem hae ateco ;dd ened xeleg ,svodea
afeosoteltnl .eevesl gamoy no herofoo arab cesto ,esst tone!
=-otodcolbh eolonmhoq ;betewolt yoen .eeodmyi00 ,fenimred e2e0
ascot xyleo ;gaol .om 8 oF S eleotiea :yLleoe. Yietuaio ,evon
of OL ,etel{udol ylislupesit ,stetdeliddne ,stsiumeqmsc-tel
—mmeymes-ieisdst ,anciq efleq ef{foxres ;tastetereq ,gmol .mm [I
wedter ednt edd ,atdtiw enofsseliq ,tuodiiw exordely ,etal
of S Lttety ;anctdelg ,d anomete : anol .mo &.8 tuode ,worten
ssevo genyiss ext ,yleos yletunim yrevo odd , gaol .mo 38

a? Si jetebiqsxo ,eteviqti<a ,leolirhbngtyodse sizaysd 287008
: “ s _ ognol- smo 88

_boow ond 36 moidgiaogzed

vies athe Boowstaed z2moxd SnaentEae 8X tigil .kokié boowges
Yleratebhom ,dgvot ,gnoicve ,yveod , hued rz0iter oow . , seed
bag ,fetlog boos ylttset e antuet , bent sty-aeoxe bre ext
to egnix isunmd .ilas edt ddiw oat neo al eideish yer
/egossotoin tewoq “gid sshay ylno eldialy dtwor,

afi. tuode) .avoremen tedtet {moltoee sarevenett) aero |
oqo ,betafoet medw Lenogylog to Savor ,{xetemelS of .om
YLletenss ,aqnuots Ifeme 10 ,atteg at ,ylgniw hegnette fire
moment déiw {nottose ‘Laud badtanoL} ellew IseeeY .eserit at
~6igmie enoltexoivest .acdigq Sexrebied ,exzisi redsex ,eo1
~8t ,a@ilew nidd tedisr dtiw ,snol .mm S08, inode aredit booW
—@igmte ,espilido ,exi{-+tile ,iiame bue ,entowl egret Bitty
emysione rey -bo ow edt moxt podetuguiteth yileee ete Ye Teoh g
bie ,settives Ifeo 19gteal ,eliew reqmids eved Soe et £3
stenustie doidw esatt fattoogned esosolgenoo af hegierte ere
Witeves amyionereg boow el .exedit boow to senil diiw
ainsiw Sosot eyewis son exes sstdal eft cud ,eloasov ebunotive
eotsmsa eyei .emydometeq Soow to eontL Ieitaegies ed?
| beisote - soitoes esievensid oft ao ewosotgenoo tom ,iLeme
Peas we ebiw alles ° ot L aout nee ie Leitnegiat ni 608 a8
(> daar elieo. at oF: 6 —

152

Distribution, common names sand uses

Tecoma pentaphylla is distributed slong the northern
coast of South America, and on some of the smaller Antilles,

reaching west as far as Nicaragua following the open plains
of the Pacific coast. In Panama, it does not seem to occur
on the Atlantic slope, except in the middle Chagres basin.
In the French island of Martinique, this tree is known as
poirier, or poirier du pays, i.e., pear-tree or native pear-
tree, On account of a remote likeness of the leaflets with
the leaves of the real pear-tree. In Venezuela it is called
apamate. For the Panamanians it is the roble, roble de sa-
bana, or black oak, names which in Costa xica apply also to
Couralia rosea, and recall the firmness of the wood. It is
used locally in the building of piers, boats, railroads, as
well as in joiner and cart work.

Rubiaceae

Black's Alseis

Alseis blackiana Hemsley, Diag. Pl. Nov. pars. alt. 30. 1879.

Description of the tree

A tree up to 15 m. high and 25 cm. in dismeter, the trunk
more or less straight, covered with a gray, smooth bark, the
crown elongate, the branchlets terete and glabrous. ( Leaves
opposite, submembranous, the petioles 1.5 to 2 cm. long, the
blades obovate-oblong, 8 to 12 cm. long, 2.5 to 3 cm. broad,
long cuneate at the base, acute at the apex, the costa and
veins prominent on both sides and sparsely pubderubous beneath;
stipules acutely lanceolate, 8.5 to 1l mm. long, caducous.
Inflorescence racemose, terminal; flowers numerous; bracts
narrow lanceolate, acute, caducous; calyx cup-like, 5-toothed:
corolla white, tubular, shortly 5-lobulate, the lobes obtuse;
stamens 5, long exserted, the filaments barbate at the base,
the anthers dorsifixed; ovary inferior, elongate, puberulous,
many ovulate; style a little longer than the corolla tube,
bifid. Capsule small, dehiscent, 4-valvate; seeds ovate-de-
pressed, very small. |

goa Site Bsmel Mommoo ,fo erraanTs

nl “grisddxen edt goles betudiitets et. iuetans aagoies

re itni ssfleme edd to emok ao ina 20 enh 3 #seoo
alg. soge edt gaitwollot eusgetectii ee ret 28 teow gainosex

5999 of meee ton. aeoh Jf ,emamet ol .Jeeoo. otttosd edt to
tiged sexgeid elbbim edt ai dqeoxe ,egols oltaeliA edd xo

> Be gwond et seat eltdt ,sxpinisxeli to reas fonexs sit gl

irl Beg evitan 40 eers-1asy ,..6.1. ,e%ag SR og to .,zetit

. . fiw avetteel odd te scsoneXil efomex nee MSO0de8 10 ,88%

Welles et tt slosseneV al .sett-160q tae edt to. Perec! ons

mw RE BE pee eBicor et? et od Bheltuemeied edd 107.

ae f 6 B0fn Bteod Ai doidw comen ,xe0 Aoeld

are « _»hoow aft To ee eat Iiece1 bie , 36807

esi? 2H3 Xo foltigtroasd

a pea hae ~Tetemerf at .mo 4S base deid .m Gf o¢ qu eaxds “oN an
edt ,Ated cicome ,yeig 2 dtiw Sorevoo ,tigiewe secl t0.e10m
erect) .esordels Sue eisio¢ etaldonerd edt ,etegnole gwete

E..m0 S of 6.f eoiotteg edt. ,suonsidmendss , ot
ms sil 5 o¢ 4.8 ,gmoL-.mo SL of & ,suoldo-etavodo sebaid

fie avzoo edt .xeqe edd te oduos ,sead odd ts Pr a

wed sooditreduy Yleetege bas sebia .dtod ao mot, Hea ee Py iy

Buocubeo ,a00l .mm ff of c.6 ,etelooonal. eesce anevacs *

Jo@ud ;axoteduina aiewolt ;leniimieds .,eesomeset pores yrs #
ag: -, etif-quo xyiso Sao DuLRO ,etuee ,etelooon yonea
O Bed0L odd ,evelsdoied yltaode ,xeiudet ot idw elLozoo.
f edd te o¢adiad stuomeltt edd rbatiesxe giol ,¢ peu pe
apes , eteusole ,xoizetnd yrevo ;hexltiares areddas ens

Loves edt a teanel alttit es eiyte ;etelsve Yen |

sebcodave inl Iatalate evy-2 ,tpeoeides ,Liame elseqed hatte
Bs iat ‘(+ ffeme vy aamsicne

ae ;
ee

153

Description of the wood

Sapwood thin, nearly white; heartwood darker, yellowish.
Wood hard, heavy, rather tough, slightly cross- and very
fine grained, working easily, taking a good polish. Annual
rings of growth visible only under high power microscope.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, small (about
-O8 mm. in diameter), round open both in sapwood and in
heartwood, and arranged ehiefly singly or oceasionally in
pairs. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous,
small, bordered pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers
about 1.002 mm. long, with relatively thin walls, large lu-
mina, and small simple pits. Wood parenchyma sparingly de-
veloped, occurring only in the neighborhood of vessels.
Rays very numerous, from 1 to 6 cells wide and from 3 to 4
times as high.

Distribution, common names and uses

Black's Alseis is known only from Panama where it is
not uncommon east of the Canal in the virging forests of the
lower belt; no native name has been recorded and the wood
does not seem to have any special application.

The snowy Sunleat

Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC. Prodr. 4;367. 1830

Description of the tree

A tree 18 to 20 m. high and 50 to 60 cm. in diameter,
the trunk long or short, straight or crooked, more or less
furrowed, covered with a reddish gray, scaly or shaggy bark,
the limbs ascendent, the crown rounded; young branchlets
more or less reddish and verruculose, the extreme shoots
subangulate, flattened below the axils. (Leaves opposite,

boow efit to aotdqtxosed

o peksing: ;te1e5 boowtxeed ;edinw ylteen ,abdt Pee a :

ee EOE bas -ecots yitdstile ‘geod tedie1 ,yvseed ,d%ed hoow
ienuri .deifog boog 4 goitvatd ,ylicse gnaisiow Denisxg eanit
; “eqovaoro ta tewog dgid t9ehas yino eldisiv “ddworg to agaist

ia) iLemé ,anotemux yiev (molioes eetevensis) eex0d

tt hae boowgse ai dtod aeqo Savor ,(retemeis at som 60,

ae at rearrres to ylgute yltetdo bogretis bue , boows raed
ey’ omen Aviw (moidoes I ‘out tacos ) eilew [eaaev erie
@uedft SooW .elquie exottetotied .atiq bexrebi0ed™ ff

{ epuel ,eLiew aid? yLevitelex dtiw ,sno0f «mm $00.1 trode

= beets Ireqe emyfoneteg fooll stig eigmfte Ilema bas , enim

.eLeesev to Soodtoddgion ent ai ylano guktivose ,Seqofev

Be 8 moxt Sue ebiw elfeo 4 of £ mort ,ssoteman yrer eyen

: sfigtd ge somit

Yeelase qwoue edt

SEL .188;B .thows L0G (Ldey) momiestortaso mail

est ory 32. £0 F; seeud

mM. _ xetonas ak .mo 03 ot 06 Bae aisld .m og os va eed A ‘
= ge a5 eon" ,Sedooto to sigtetse ,tiods 10 gool xavit i
“Qapede to ylese ,ystg deibbet e-diitw bereveo ,bowommwt
a aoe oneid “TOY sbehasor awors edt i gebaeoRe: edmil edt _
- @tobddg snotixe edt ,osoluoviiey pas dethbex eset to eg at
Suet ea vit wad veline ia wole heneite LAER RSRRERS sa in,

154

subcoriaceous, the petioles terete, 0.5 to 2 cm. long, the
blades ovate-elliptic, attenuate at the base, obtuse at the
apex, 4 to 10 cm. long, 1.5 to 4 cm. broad, sublustrous
above, glaucous with salient, pubescent or villous venation
beneath; stipules small, pubescent. Inflorescence corymbiforn,
trichotomous, terminal, the ultimate branchlets ending in

a 3-geminate cluster of flowers, of which the middle one is
sessile and the lateral ones are short pedicelled; calyx
4-toothed, one of the teeth often sepal-like, the clawlet
then 1 cm. long and slender, the blade ovate or rounded,
attenuate or emarginate at the base, about 2 cm. long and
broad, white; corolla tube about 3 mm. long, wooly inside,
the 4 lobes about 5 mm. long; stamens 4, inserted at the
throat of the corolla and alternate with the lobes; ovary in-
ferior, ovoid, minutely pubescent; style short, smooth or
hairy at the base, bilobate, Capsule oblong, 7 to 9 mm.
long, glabrous or pubescent, costate, opening in 2 valves;
seeds very small, ovate, winged.

In the axils of the weins on the lower face of the
leaves, there is almost always a small opening corresponding
with a cavity in the parenchyma and protected by long crossed
hairs. The cavities (Acarododomatien of the German bota-
nists) usually shelter tiny mites; they are found on the
leaves of many species of Rubiaceae as also in other groups
of the vegetable kingdom.

Description of the wood

Practically no distinction between sapwood and heartwood.
Wood hard, heavy, strong, very fine-grained and durable,
taking a good polish. Faint annual rings of growth recogni-
zable only under the high power microscope.

/

| Pores {transverse section) very numerous, small (.06 mn.
in diameter), round, open, arranged singly or less often in
short radial rows, vessels in such rows only seldom conti-
guous. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous
small simple or bordered pits. End walls completely ab-
sorbed, usually nearly horizontal and circular or elliptical.
Wood fibers about 1.34 mn. long, with thick walls and small,
Simple, slit-like, oblique pits. Wood-parenchyma fibers
sparingly developed, usually present only around vessels.
Pith rays very abundant, narrow, barely visible under hand

Sace A ee oe ee AS ee a ae we EP ee ee Oe he Un ey, 0 n vw a |
Ss - - Thing f
¥ ce a | < ;

edd ,anol .mo & ov &.0 ,eteted ealotiey sdt ,exoecsixzoesodsa

edt te santdo ,.seed ond te eiavnetia ,oitatiie-sisvo.eebeld
suoxtepidse ,bacid .mo S ov G.L ,guol .mo OL ot & ,xege

~. foeivaeney evolliv. tO tneosedsg ,tuetlee Adiw asvoosals evoda
mrotidmyioo someoeet0ltnl stnheveedsg atieme eoingite 1% saned
af guiine eteidonerd etamtiia edt ,famionres -asomot odo ts?

ef eno e6ihbim sai doifiw to ,exewolt to tstauf[o stanimes-8 @ ©
feo ;bellootheq ttode sie seme Laeietsl ott bane elisece

tefmelo oft ,stii-[eqoe netto dteet eit to eno , bedtoot-s
,bebasox to ovavo ebald edd ,zshmele bre gaol ito £ mert

bas gaol .mo & tuode ,exad edd ts otantgrems 19 sdannetts
ebient yloow , sol .mm 6 SHode edut sllorco ;o0l dw -, deed

od? te botiecnt > enomete ;anol .om 3 tuoda sedol } ont

_-=ith yisve ;eedol edd fitiw eterredie bus efLo10s edt bo teoudt
‘so fitoomn ,ttode elyte ;tneceedng yYLletunim ,biovo ,19fiet

«sm @ of ? -guoldo elnaqed ,ededolid 988d edt t@ oriert
:geviev S ni snimeqo .evetess ,tneoredag 10 estordelg anol
-bosiiw , etave ,ifeme yxov &bece

edt to soet rowol edt mo sate edt to altxs edt ol
wetixoguersco gainego Ifame « eyewle tJeomla st otedt ,eovael
Sesecto gaol yd bedostoug bus ehy icons | edd at Wives 6 diiw
-stod namie ede to nektamoboboteod) esiviveo ed? ssitad

add uo bavot exe yout jeetim yold xetiede Yitasess ¢
eget, tedvo al cele se seeosidnn to setoegs Yiem fo eovesl
»mobgrkx eldavegev- sit to

hoow sad to moitgizosed

.boow’xsed Sane hoowgea noowted moitoniveth om ylleoisoerd
Siders bas hbentetg-entt yrev .giotte ,yveed , bien booW
diy plea fitwors to egaix L[eunmia tated .tetilog bo08 8 aoinxes
4 + 9qooe oxoln tewog dgid est tebas vine eg

i a0.) ILeme ,suovemut yrev (noitose esrovenert} eexod
ni wetto eselL 10 ylatie beguetre ,neqo ,Snuo0r "eabeneti's ar
-iin00 mobiles «lao ewoi dose alt slLegesy ,Bwot “Leibst txode
exorsmen dviw (netiees Lentisiignel) silew LleaseY .anong
~de Yletelqmoo aliew bai .atiq berebiod 19 elqmts Ilems
-Lastdgtiie xo salsorts bus Letnosizod iresu fesan ,Sedioe ~
~fiewe ne ellew Xoldt dtiw ,gael .ma $6.1 trods ered? booW
“eastr: emydonotegehoow .atiq enpiide ,eiti-tile ,olqmis.
-eleeeev bauoie ylto inesetq yilewen ,begeloveb ylgatisye
boad 1ebn0 oldtety plexus — wottan "ies 8 yiev eer tis

155

magnifier from 1 to 3 rows of cells wide and from a few to
several cells high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

The snowy sunleaf extends from the Orinoco basin to the
east, along the northern coast hills of South America, into
Central America, where its western and northern known limits
are at Hacienda Chacalapa”in southern Mexico. It is also a
native of Cuba, where it goes under the name of dégame. All
over Central America it is called sélamo, besides being one
of the madroftios cof the Costa Ricans and the alazano, or

uayabo alazano, of Panama. In Venezuela, it is knwon as
betun. The wood is applied to many minor uses, and iB ex-
ported from Cuba as dégame spars to be used as a substitute
for the true lancewood. Dégame lancewood is a name often
applied to it in the trade.

The Hairy~leaved Genipa

Genipa Caruto H.3.k., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 318. 1818.

Description of the tree

& tree seldom over 15 m. high, with a diameter of 30 to
35 cm at the base, the trunk straight or crooked, covered
with a grayish, smooth bark, the crown usually depressed and
spreading. {Leaves coriaceous, bunched at the end of the
branchlets, the petioles broad, up to 0.5 cm. long, the
blades obovate, long cuneate st the base, obtusely acuminate,
8 to 25 cm. long, 3 to 12 cm. broad, glabrous and almost
glossy above, grayish and tomentose-pubescent beneath; sti-
pules ovate-triangular, scarious, brown, pubescent without,
caducous, 0.8 to 1.5 cm. long. Inflorescence cymose-corym-
bose, more or less congested, terminal; bracts stipuliform,
ovate-triangular, 3 to 4 mm. long. Flowers yellowish white,
opening all at a time; calyx tubulous, truucate or sub-toothed,

4

ot net &@ moxt bus ebiw effeo to ewox & o¢ L moxt tekt
| (.datd ellos Lexrevee

Seen bas semen sommoo ,mottudtiteta

edd of aised ocoouix0 ent moxt ehietxe teelanse ywoue edt
o¢nt ,sotioms ddso8 to elfid tesoo sxedtxrom eft gnole ,tese
etinii awond nxeddxon fas ateteew ati orterw ,eotiemé féttned
@ oats ci tI .ootxel miedtuce ui‘sqeleoetd shnetoslh te ore
=i LA + BS So oman edt isbhas se0g ti etedw ,aedud to eviven
Ome safe? sebieod ,omeilae belies ei ti soitems ieitneD 168v0
ss $0 -,onssele edt Bus éneoth etacd eft to solotbem edt to

Ss mowiid GF Ft ,alovseneY nl .smaned to ,onesals ox be

eae

Pee hue ,@98H iotim yoann oF ber tage ek Soow © fod -
etutivedue 6 ee beer ed of @1846 emsyeb Be edd mort bedtog
metho emen # et boowsonel anagha ~boowsonel esid edt 10t

-ebert odt at df of beligqge

aginsd beveel-yiteh edt
rah

| e8£8E .8L£8 36 «qe & .299 vor Pre 1 -o2.! o¢wxi2ad agised ;

Td huis .
ree

. eet edt to motigtzoasG . |

@t 08 to tovemeth « dtiw ,dyid .m OL tevo moblee cost @

bereven ,bodoo19 ic tdyiette Auwis edd ,esed edd ga mo GS |

‘pee beeeoigeh yileves awo1o add ,Xtad déooms ,detyets @ dé iw

eft to Bae edd te beronnd ,aworositoo seveol| .guibseiga Ne ay

edt ,sa0l .mo 3.0 ot qu ,beotd eelotteq ait ' ateldonetd
jee Yleantdo ,oead eat te stsenno gaol ,etevodo eebald

gomie Sue euordels ,heotd .mo SL ot & , aol .mo 3&8 oF ie: ag
jiitsened tuseseduqg-seosnemes bus deiysts -ovoda yasols
ouviw ¢dueceedsg .mword ,esolrese ,telugicizt-etevo eelng |

wmgxoo~sa0myo eonsosetoltal -.yaol .mo G.f od 8.0 ,ssooubBo
otiiagite stosid ;lentmre? ,betsegros eael 10 etom ,eB0d-

etidw deiwolley exewolt .unol .am d of & ,talugnetrt-etavo

r -dse so eteorgis ,esoluded eyieo ;omid 2@ te Iie gaisego

Lee ry Ata
e, Syl ash. seni an ull
: be

156

6 to 8 mm. long, turning black by dessication; corolla 5

to 6-lobate, softly pubescent without and within, the tube
equal to the calyx, the lobes narrow, obtuse, the limb
about 3 cm. in diameter; anthers 5 or 6, sessile, inserted
at the throat of the corolla tube; ovary inferior, 2-celleda;
style included, broadening toward the apex in a yellow
stigma. Berry ovoid, glabrous, many seeded, about 5 cm.
long, the outer shell coriaceous, the mesocarp pulpy. )

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, nearly white; heartwood darker. Wood
very hard, heavy (1), very brittle and close grained, taking
an excellent polish. Annual rings of growth visible only
under the high power microscope.

\ Pores very numerous, small (.069 mm. in diameter),
round, open, and arranged singly or in short radial rows.
Vessel walls (longitudinal section} with numerous small bor-
dered pits. Hnd walls completely absorbed, usually nearly
horizontal and circular or elliptical in outline. Wood fi-
bers about 1.28 mm. long, with thick walls, very small cell
cavities, and few simple, slit-like, oblique pits. Wood-pa-
renchyms fibers sparingly developed, usually present only
around vessels. Contrary to wood fibers they have thin walls
and large cell cavities. Pith rays very abundant, narrow,
not visible to the naked eye, from 1 to 3 cells wide, usually
only 2, or from a few to 20 cells high. The marginal cells
very large, often from 4 to 6 times as wide as the inner ones.)

Distribution, common names and uses

Genipa Garuto is very closely allied with Genipa america-
na L., the smooth-leaved Genipa; all posible trans ons be-

tween the two can be observed and their distributive areas
are the same. A number of authors sre inclined to think that
they should be considered simply as extreme forms of one
single species, the name of which, according to the law of
priority, would be G. americana L. Both forms grow more or
less intermixed throughout the West Indies, and in the low
belt of tropical America, up to about 500 meters of elevation.

(1) Density 0.730 elasticity 3.263; resistence 0.762, according
to Heckel (Plantes utiles des colonies francaises).

4 eal a fein 1) ill Tet te 9. Mot oe en OP Om ee ah _ Bie hol x dees bol é, y Se te Eo lh wi a WS Cede

oal

&@ a[fLoreo jmotveoteash yd uAoaeld ger .so0L .mm, 8 of 2.

edut edt ,atdéiw baue duodtiw tneoseduq ylstos ,etadel-a o¢
dmifl edt ,ceutdo ,woxrran aedol aa «xyieo end ot Lanpe
bediecalt ,elieses ,3 10 3 eredine xed omelh ai .mo 8 sucda
sbefieo-S ,rofusink yrevo j;edut sllordo sit to teordd oft ta
wolLey eof xeqe odd Avewed anineheord ,Sefslont elyte

0 @ tuodea ,.hebese yuem ,esotdals tev. Yrtsh ,amgive
‘etqisg guacceem fer re ,eeeoRiico ifLeds uretdso ond yaaol

hoow eit to holiaitoged

hooW .textteh boowixsed ;etidw yizeca ,doldt
gutted ,beniata essofo fas elttind yxrev , (5) wees -btad yiev
yino ofidteiv diwesy to agatx lenonA .datlog tnefieoxe na
»sqoonotolm tewog Agid ed? tebry

,(t9demetbh at sma 000.) Ifeme ,ano1smn yrev ee10d |
-awox [ether trode ot to yYlgnie hbeunetis bie ,meqge ,bravor
“rod ffLeme exsorsenun diiw (sottveosea Lenibsudigact) efLew LeageV
yilzeex yilasen ,Sedicede yYLetveLqmoo ellew bud .etiq bhereh
~kt booWw .sniltwo al Iaoltigiile 16 1talvotio bis Latnos tied
fies ileme yiov ,eidaw daoid? datiw ,snol .mm 838.1 sgode ated
-aq~-hoow .etigq suptideo ,oxti-tife ,alqmia wet hue ,eettives
yino tneserq yliaves ,beqoleveh yianiieqe exodit emyfones
effew aind even yordd exedt® Soow ot Yreutnod .eloesey: bavote
~worren ,tnabasde yrevy ayet dvigq .eetiivaeo fieo egrel bas
Gilesen , ehiw effeo & o¢ £ most 29y9 besten edt of oldieiv ton
elieo teniazem ed? ,.dutd elleo OS ot wet e mott xo ,.3 ylacd
+8000 senni eft es obiw ee eomit:3 ot } mort netto. opral Yiev

x sess bne seman iommoo ,motindixvetd
naatxene egined avin Seite yleaolo yrev ef oduxed agdi0d i
~60 enoiifetet? efdtacq IIs ;aqined beveel~dioome sat ,.i.

_« @g9%6 evitudiutelbh xtedt bus bevreedo ed neo ows odd
ters tkds of Heaifonmi sis erodidue to tecmon A .emee eit ere

eno to emrot emextxe ea e@ hetehtaneo ed bivorde: yond
to wel edt ot gatbuoooe ,fotr Mev sma eft ,esivege eLgute
Vee) Bapeee agin | earot dted ol 2 od biuow ,
bus ,aeifal test ¢ sid beximrocat

enapiarels to exetem 006 twode ot aH ‘BObTO at is i“ died

-/

satbacoos .80%.0 eomedatee:s ;698.6 ytiotteale o8t.0 ttamed (Lf)
» (@eetaonstt asimefLoo eeb selits eetuali) LedeeH ot

157

The tree is not gregarious and is found mostly in sevanas or
in clumps of deciduous forests interspersed through these.

The generic name is derived from the Tupi, genipapo, and other
rear are found in many other primitive languages, ss for
nstance;

Taino; xagua, whence the Spanish Jagua.

Aruak; tsaoua.

Gallinago: labouloubou, when spoken of by men.
tsaoua, when spoken of by women. ~

Guarauno; Caruto, used also by the Venezueljans.

Guaycurt; nottikai. ¥

Panos: nane.

Guarani: nhandipa-guazt.

Cocamas: ouito.

Runa Simi; huito, vitt.

These name are all from eastern South America and ex-
tracted from the Beitraege zur Ethnographie of the celebrated
von Martius. In Central America we find the following names
in use;

Cuna; saéptur, sapturu-udla.
Chocé: pipara.

Guaymi: Kremé.

Térraba; brir.

Salvador & Guatemala: Irayol.

The wood is fine-grained and does not split when exposed
to the sun. It is often used in some parts for joiner and
lathe-work, for gun-stocks, etc.; in Chepo (Panama) it is the
choice material of house-builders for the hinge-bearing side
of doors, designated by the singular name of pié de verguenza
(shame's foot). {The bark is rich in tamnin. The pulp Fi the
fruit, acid and very astringent, is edible and used sometimes
together with pine-apples and eashew fruits, in the prepara-
tion of a fermented beverage. But the principal importance

f the tree, in primitive economics, consists in the dark
blue dye which is obtained from the fruit by maceration, snd
which is used extensively for tattooing and body-painting;
among the Cuna*eCuna and the Guaymies of Panama,)it enters
into ingredients of facial adornment, and the former cele-
brate the coming into puberty of a girl by dipping her into

eves eet yLieon bagot ei cae satbentann ton ef sets edt

adv dgvoidd fesrteqetetat ateo1st enosbiceb to aqmmio at

end D. doe y~ogegines ,iqui edt mort Sevired et emen ofvoeieg od?
tee 88 Sogevgnes hierar inn ‘tedie yYoem Ar Soeot ste semen

. peace cs

sega dataege. edd ecnedw. , engi 0keg
; ey rales hk
fem yo to medoge sedw ,vodsolmodeal :ogentiled
siemow Ye to nexoge nodw , esoee
epriekLonneney: ed? yd 8 bess | otued Romesh
she On):

bez axe speci titge ton esob chee hentetg-entt et ishewe eat.
tentoj, tot efxeq sotoe mi beew aetto et t1 .oge edd a
oi (emenel) cgedd ai ;.ov0 ,axeota-nng rot ,ktOW 2: fet
gatussd-~-ognid ett x0% exobliid-canon te, fettetem: ‘eofoda |
atey ob big to emex telveate sit yd betantgtzeb ,et00b to
9 glad ont .Mionead of doit ek axed eff) «(toot stemeta)
emee bea fuse eldife al ,snagniiutdes y19v bas bioe tinxt
“3. 1484 - ais ub ,atintt wedees fas eelgce-saly Chay Aa
, sound togmt Legioniszy edt to€ .egereved bednemret « to mois
She mies eid al ateatanoo ,sosimoness ovidintiq at. ,eeit edd xo
hire » ,Hokteareoem yi tinxt edi mott henistde et dotdw ays. enid
Ey Lacperig oh opie Sig giloctites aot yleviasedxe bees si doisy
ap “exets9 OL emened to sotmyes® odd foe seubeansovedd | or

? eco Tamtot ear fine ,tuemmuobe Leiset te atae

. | lah ie ya 3s ¢ te ytuedsq o¢al NOR edt oats.

tae
py 4

ee er aaa ea ae

~

¥ i

158

& bath of Genipa dye. (Among the Chocoes, the use of the
Same decoction is more general and indiscriminate, men,
women and children appearing at times uniformly smeared with
the bluish black liquid, other times with only their hands,
feet or some other part of the body in the same color, while
for feast days they adorn themselves with elaborate patterns,
mostly monochrom, but also often varied by means of other

vegetable pigments. )

The corymbose Ama joua

Amajoua corymbosa H.3.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:419, t. 294.
1818.

Description of the tree

4 small dioecious tree up to 8 meters high and about
30 cm. in diam. at the base, the bark more or less shaggy,
grayish brown, the crown scant and irregular. {Leaves coria-
ceous, the petioles half terete, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, narrow- .
ly canaliculate, the blades ovate, or ovate-elliptic, subcu-
neate at the base, briefly and obtusely acuminate, 10 to 25
mm. long, 4 to 9 cm. broad, glabrous above, pilose pubescent
on the costa and veins beneath; stipules oblong, acute, 1.5
cm. long, membraneous, glandulous at the base within. Male
‘inflorescence corymbose, loose, the rachis silky ferrugi-
neous, the pe@uncles compressed. Flowers hexamerous; calyx
cupular-tubulous, silky pubescent, 6-toothed, to 4 mm.
long; corolla 18-19 mm. long, the lobules lanceolate, fal-
cate, slightly tomentellous without, the tube swollen, pu-
berulous at the base; stamens 6 mm. long, inserted on the
corolla tube. Female inflorescence capitate, few flowered,
the peduncles 0.5 to 1.5 cm. long. Flowers sessile; calyx
3 to 4 mm. long; corolla 10 mm. long; stamens sterile; ovary
oblong, 3 mm. long; style clavate, 6 mm. long. Berry small,
2-celled, many-seeded, crowned with a thick disc.)

ve

eft to eas eft \Genoond eft smomA) .eyb eqined to ated s
fear ,otemimitosiinit bite Lereneg erom et mottoocsh emse
ag iw berseme viorotings semtt te anttasqges nerhiido bas xomow
pined itedd ylno dttw semis tedto ,btupil Aoeld detoid edt
PA sem etofloo emee edt mi ybod edt to tieq tsedto smos to teet
,antetieq otstodele dtiw wevieemed? arobe yedt eysh taset tot
. -redito to aneem yd beitev nedto cele tud ,moxrdoonom ylteom
Ate (-ednomgty eldategev

axolema eeodmytoo elt
| 088 +t ,C13:8 qe & .ed .vOW .2.8.H ssoseoe esha

6161

eeit ons to agtigtioasd

pro
ea me anode bos daid exetem & ot gx eott evotoooth ifeme &
__atagede geel to etom Ared edt ,casd edd te .msth ak .mo C8
esiico sevael| .rsingetit me tnece swore edt ,nwo1d delivers
"3 orten ,snol .mo G.f otf I ,eteicet tLed soLlotieq odt ,enoes
“as ode oisqtile-evavo 10 ,etevo esbalc oft ,etelvoifenso Uf
~@% ot OL ,oseniavos yleeutdo bue yitetid ,eaed edt ta etece
gednq saoliq ,evods esoidedg , beoid .mo @ of } ,eooL .ao
@.f ,etnos ,guoldo seinqits + dd seed anievy bus at@oo ed’ mo
elon ~iiddiw eesd edt te enolsicelsy ,evoensidmem , gaol .md

- -Rgwrret yaille eidoest edt ,ssool ,seodmyi0s sonesseroftar
* xefeo ;evotemexed esswolt )beaeergmos eolonmheg eff ,enon
> b o¢ 8 ,bedtoot~-3 ,tneoeedng yilie ,evoludnt-r
-[at ‘ eteLosonal eef{sdel ont ,anol .mm @f£-8L allot yanol
nig diel Lons edst edt ,tsodtiw esolletuemot yisdgita ,eteo 8 8
ont no betueent .gnol .mm 5 amemets jeeed odd te enoissed

etewol t wet ,otatiges sonmeogetsital efameG .edui oleh
xyleo jaLleses etewoll. .gf@f .mo d,f of 4.0 eolonubeq eds
@ jelitete snemede rgmoL .pm OL sllotoo : gaol mor Dd ot &

8 Yxred 4»grol .mm 6 ,etaveio sixts ;gnol .mm & ,gnofdo
\woeth aoidd 6 sit Ew Senwo1l ,hebsee-ynem be lloosg

Description of the wood

Sapwood nearly white; heartwood slightly darker. Wood
hard, heavy, tough, exceedingly close-grained, easily
splitting, of fone texture and taking an excellent polish.
Annual rings of growth not visible except under high power
microscope.

Pores (transverse section) numerous, exceedingly small
{(.06 mm. in diameter) round or elliptical, open, arranged
Singly, in small irregular groups or in radial rows of from
2 to 4. Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous
minute simple and bordered pits. Perforations simple, with
Slanting ends. Wood fibers about 1.26 mm. long with very

thick walls and nearly obsgure, oblique, simple pits, arranged

in irregular radial rows, wood-parenchyma moderately abun-
dant, arranged irregularly in short tangential rows and in
more or less radial rows; a number of these elements abut
vessels and pith rays. Kays numerous, narrow, barely visi-
ble under hand lens; from 1 to 5 cells wide and from 4 to 8
times as high. The rays usually terminate above and below
in wood-parenchyma cells.)

Distribution, common names and uses

Besides from Panama, Amajoua corymbosa is known from
Trinidad and the northern part of South America. It grows
only at low altitudes, preferably in deciduous, semi-dry
forests and on the outskirts of savannas. In Panama
it is called madrofio, together with several other Rubiaceous
trees and shrubs. The wood is strong and of current use,
where available, in native house-building.

The spurious Calabazuelo

Stachyarrhena heterochroum Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.

18s 142. IGE.

Description of the tree
A tree 8 to 10 m. high, the trunk straight, covered with

CoA

et ee ae eek ee eet ee eee ee hl ee ke ee Re Ae ee ee en eR
ie Tay, cag: ~~ A ‘ : } ; ; oe - . ; 1 vi otaurd A

eal

boow add to moligitosed

HoowW .texieh ylicgife hoowsieen j;etidw yirteex hoowqec -
.Uliese ,Senltetsg-seolo yinnibeooxs ,dawot ,yveed , brea
steileg InoLleoxs ma anitad baa erutxet enot to ,anistifqe
yvewou. daid teins ¢qeoxe eldtety ton. adwotg to anaiz Lesmurk
; oqooeoro ls

ffLema ylanibeeoxe ,euo renin (aottoee: eetévensis} corod |
' femterts ,nego ,f[aottqtiie te baso:r (revemelbd at .mm 30, }
mott to ewot Lather mi 160 aguois tslsgertl [fame at ,yignuie
#ooremua diiw (moticoe Leathedianol) silew Leseev +) ot 8
fidiw ,eigmte enotteiotrel .atiq Setebiod bne oLqmte stcnia
yiev diiw guol .am 08.i tsode siedtt booW .abae gaivsele
boanerta .avig elqmta ,expiido ,eiigedo ylxrsen bre eilaw dotad
etide Ulotetebom emydoretaq~foow ,awor Lather tslugeaxt at
oi bus ewot Letinegues t1i0ode ni yluslugemit begueria .taeb
tedsa etnemels eesd? to xredmiin 8 j;ewou Leiber seel 19 eto
-tetv yiloted ,wovren ,enotsmse syekh .Byet déig bas sileesev
6 o¢ BD mott Soe obitw effeo @ ot {[ mort ;anel bused sebas old
woled Sime evods Sstantmiss yLisveg ayet eT .duid ea eomis
RaEee amysonetag-boow al

iy ‘ : + SR» &

Been bus seman jwommos stottudbuget

" gett mwond si sa odayz09 yw smeared mort achieet” ;
“gwWoig ¢i eee weal HO a4 mreddron- edd ine ithe
- @xb-imea ,euonbtoeh ni Yldereterq ,sebstitie wol

Pi =
P f >

amsened ol .eennevee £0 avtidatso edd nso bas Hina .
edéauatens xedt¢e Le1revee dtiw reddegod 6 | ox ban Befizso ei dt ..
888 thetiuo te bie gnorts ef boow of fe boa eooxd 4

He's »gibblind -sesod ovit an ne veldelaore suede

Be 4: elovacdele® asolzaye eos a tela? elas a
saten tel 860 atnes Volhuaté heed
PANY GRAD

SS ,

ad iw bexvevoo ,tigieute aantt ed? ,dgid .m Of ot & eoxs A <n

160

a grayish, smooth bark, the branching radiate and forming a
pyramidal crown, the young branchlets terete and glabrous.
Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, the petioles thick, 2 to 3 cm.
long, the blades ovate to oblong-elliptic, acute at the
base, abruptly acuminate or sometimes caudate, 15 to 28 cm.
long, 5 to 9 cm. broad, lustrous and dark green above, paler
beneath with the costa and veins prominent; stipules connate,
2 to 3mm. high. Floral spikes pendulous, mostly terminal,
18 to 28 cm. long, glabrous; flowers sessile, solitary and
usually remote; calyx campanulate, 2 mm. long, the margin
obscurely denticulate; corolla 8 mm. long, turbinate, pur-
plish pink within, pale pink without, the 5 lobes oblong,
rounded, spreading, densely villous within; stamens 5, in-
serted on the middle of the tube, the filaments very short;
stigmas broad, acute. Fruit subglobose, cherry red)

Description of the wood

Sapwood thick, light brown; heartwood much darker. Wood
hard, heavy, more or less brittle, very fine-grained, works
rather easily, and takes a good polish. Annual rings of
growth not visible.

Pores (transverse section) very numerous, small (.04 mn.
in diameter), can not be seen under hand lens magnifying 6
to 8 diameters, round and often closed both in sapwood and
heartwood, and arranged singly or in very small groups.
Vessel walls (longitudinal section) with numerous, very small
simple and bordered pits. Perforations simple. Wood fibers
about 1.52 mm. long, with thick walls, almost obliterated
lumina, and minute vertical simple pits. Wood parenchyma
sparsely developed and scattered among the wood fibers, fre-
quently forming short tangential rows of one cell in wadth.
Rays very numerous and narrow, scarcely visible under the
hand lens, from 1 to 2 cells wide and from 4 few to 8 or 12
cells high. }

i

Distribution, common names and uses
Thus far, the genus Stachyarrhena had never been reported
outside of Brazil, and the discovery on the Isthmus of one
of its representatives is highly interesting. Stachyatrrhena
fieterochroum is known cnly from the Loma de la Gloria, back

Pa waterrot Sue etelbex goidonezd edd ,atted d?oome ,M5lysig «
sauodaly bus etseres eveldomsid guscy sdt .nwoto Laiimeryg,
hie yo SB of & ,wotds sefotteq end ,enoeoetton ,esotdels seveel!
est te etuce ,obtgiile-gnoldo of etevo esheld ent: ,gn0l
mp G8 of GL ,evabreo semitomoe 19 sieningoe yitquads 188d
geleq ,evods meo1ts dish bam exoitenl ,hscid .mo @ ot & ,gmot
fee eeingive ;tnentsoug emiev bua ateoo ont dAtiw. diteened
hemimres yileos ,cxolsbaeg aedtge fsi0lt .Ayid som 8 ot 8
bas ytetifoe ,eliseees exowolt j;exoudely ,amol .mo 68 of BL
titeteam ed? ,gn0l .om & ,eteistisaquss zyleo :stome1 yiiauers
vs, a: esteniduss ,gnol .om 8 ef[foros sod alooltned ylersoedo
; ede cedol @ odd ,tuodtiw sity elag “tdtiw doty detiq
Ee ,2 sBnemate retdt kw emolitvy yiesneh ,antbserqe , bebawor
a “yanodd Yrev-acnomelit edt ,eds? ont to elbbia edt ao Setzee
ey | (sbox yurede e2odolgdue dint .stw#os Seord sangite
Secae \.

boow et otiatzosed

a Pcdned doom Soowsised ;awoid tdgti ,dotds soowaee
AoW ~beaietg-enit yrev ,elitixud esol 10 erom ,yvaed ,bied
20 onal Lesh .deilog boon s teoiet. ine ,xlisas nesd at >
aay | »eidiely ton, dtworg

he {Leme ,avo1emmn yiev (nolttoee-carevenast ) a610%

galytinaem exe baed 19bms moee od ton aco ,lt0etemeth al

@ Boowges at dtod besolo nestto bne bhasot ,etetomeib & oy
oy oe ssquory I[leme yxev oi 19 Ylgotie begusiie bas ay hate
ay YET syorsmes dtiw {motsoes Lantbutiancol) silew LeaseV
wee it hoo .elgmie anolverotzes -.etiq betebiod tus eiqmtea -
bot eres tide teomis ,sllew stotdt dtiw ,acol .am 83.£ tuods

. wydonexsq book ,etiq elgmte Ceottrev etanim bas: yeutmet
sett ,siedit boow edd gnome besedstace. bus beqoleveb yleezeqs ——
u 6s bbw nt [leo eno te ewou Lelineogasd tuode gaimrot ylinenp
. oat ‘tebos eldietvy yloousce ,wOTIBM bie encismun Yrev. .
© 6 of wet 2 mort base sbiw alles & oc L mou? ,sael boad

{ oigtd nana FE. y ie

jet “eed ieven hed enodatsyioste euasa edd: , Pet a ;

to avudtel edt x0 areas: 88. baa ,lisaid to eb iesaro ¥
‘ .. gs —apale ag yideid ef sqrt? stasannaes eit bed
8) St a sat mort aac frworis af: §

161

of Fato on the Caribbean coast east of Colon, being known
there by the very unsppropriate name of calabazuelo. The

wood is considered as a good timber and is used for rafters
and other smsll pieces in house-building.

The western Bone-wood

Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Paris 5: 176. 1834.

Description of the tree

A small tree up to 6 m. high, the trunk straight, covered
with a gray, smooth bark, the branches opposite, horizontal,
forming a pyramidate or elongate crown; branchlets trichoto-
mous, with a glabrous, green bark. L2aseee opposite, coria-
ceous, entirely glabrous, the petioles broadly canaliculate,
7 to 12 mm. long, the blades ovate-elliptic to eliiptic-
lanceolate, cuneate at the vase, obtusely acuminate, 8 to 20
cm. long, & to 6 cm. broad, minutely reticulate, the costa
and veins prominulous on both faces; stipules short, broad
and rounded, but ending insa pointed awn up to 5 mm. long.
Flowers glabrous, in axillary or terminal, few flowered, tri-
chotomous cymes; calyx very short, funnel-shaped, truncate:
corolls white, salver-shaped, the tube narrow, about 12 mm.
long, the 4 lobes lanceolate and long acuminate, about as
long as the tube, valvate in the bud; stamens 4, inserted
into the corolla-tube, the anthers linear, sessile, subexserted;
ovary l-celled, 2-ovulate; style elongate with bifid stigma.
Berry globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, dry, 1-seeded.)

Description of the wood

Sapwood very thin, nearly white; heartwood darker, tinged
with yellow. Wood hard, moderately heavy, very tough, close-
grained, taking a good polish. Annual rings of growth not
clearly defined even under the high power microscope.

i: oe ar
gwoml guied ,molod to tess’ tease useddixseS st oo oted to
2) ete -,ofLeuredsiao to omen otetiqorqqens ytev edt yd. erst

ext" et Zot beex al bae tedmit foog 8 ae Sexsbisnos et boow

-gutbiind-sesod at esoetq fleme sedvo Sine

‘hoow-en0d mieszew sat 3

te tet . 008 smo ,. doth «a {.2) eiletnebioos esnexe

eo -266L .ovl 38 seized

st

a ae esi? sdt to moitgttosed
jerevoo ,t4 lerte aAnsit oct igid:.m 3 ot qu eoxd {fame &

etmoxired ,eticoqgo codonerd ond , stad dicome ,yexs 6 dtiw

-otodoiut edeldonsid ;awo1o siegnole 10 stebimeryg.e gaimxe®
-sitos ,stieoggo aeveeal .iued userg ,ewoxdely ea déiw ,asom
-eteLsotlesso ylbeoid sefoiteg edt ,esordeig yleiitne ,anoss
-sottgtile of oltqtile-etavo sebeld edd ,gnol .mm Sf ot F
& ,stiadingos yleeastdo ,seed sdt tea atsennyo ,staeloooual

we Ss a
eteoo edv ,eteivotte: yletumtm beer «mod of 8 ,gool smo

“beors ,tiods selegqite j;eeoet. dtod no sxoiucimoiq entew bas

iol «mm G of qu awe Sodagéeqie-nt gaibne tod ,bebamet bac

Herewolt wet ,Lanimies 10 yiellixe “i ,euosdels exowolt

ommat ,ieqede-Leanst ,sroda yrev xyleo ;semyo exomotodo
SL tuods ,worren edut edd pboqeds-1evien ,otidw eiloios
as tnods ,eteationos anol bua eteLooonal sedol + ent , anol
“eect ,* ensmete ; bad edt at etevisy .sdnt edt ae gaol

fue ,eliceee ,re0enti exeddue edd ,sdst-eliotos edd ott
fe bitid dtiw etegmole elyte ;sielnve-S ,beifeso-[ yrevo
[eee foew<t yxb ,tetematS at .om 8 toda ,esodoly yrred

~~ Boow edt to wotigtussed

‘ bone

fon dauors 30 22 ieweq daid edt ishoan cove bemtteh yiteelo
ats
Ae

ane ary.

a a

be ,texveb boowtress ;etidw YLxre0en ,aidt yxev Boowged =
p ,tiggot yrev .yvecd yledatebom .b1ed booW. .waifey diim =
« ddwots to sgait launck .«eifeg 005 s guided ,henterg

162

Pores (transverse section) not numerous, very small
(.04 mm. in diameter) and often irregular in outline, open,
and arranged singly or in small groups or radial rows of 2 or
3 in number. Vessel walls (ilengitudinal section)—with nume-
rous small simple and bordered pits. End walls of vessel
segments completely absorbed. Wood fibers about 1.428 mm.
long, with thick walls, small cavities and few simple, slit-e
like pits. In transverse section the wood fibers are chiefly
polygonal. Wood-parenchyma fibers not abundantly developed
and usually bordering pith rays and vessels. Pith rays rather
prominent under hand lens on a smooth transverse section,
from 1 to 5 cells wide and from 5 to 15 times as high.)

Distribution, common names and uses

This small tree is a common constituent of the underwood
in the virgin forests of the lower belt, on both watersheds
of Panama. Its area extends from Southern Mexico over Central
America and northern South America to the three Guayanas, em-
bracing also most of the ‘Jest Indian Islands. In Panama it is
known aS huesito, i.e. small bone-wood, on account of the
hardness Of itS white, fine grained wood; in some parts of the
British West Indies, it is called Wild Coffee and Wild Jasmine.
fhe straight stems are extensively used in native house
building, while the wood is applied to the making of handles
and other small objects.

“fLame YiIev ,exotemen ton (nrotcoos eerevenext) seret/
‘S040 entitde nt relbgsttl hetto bas (retemeth at Lom 30, )

¢ awo1r Leather 16 aqrorg ILeme nivro YLeale beguetie baa

* fitin-(motcose Isatbutiguet) silew IseeeY “.tedmun ai &
i; _ Leeeey to efiew bak .etiq betebrod bus elqmie ILame evox
oe 2 put 884.15 tuode exsdit booW .bedioads yletelqmoo staemgen
‘ife ,elamiea wet bue esitives IIeme ,ellew Aotdt dtiw ,gnot

x fteide exe exedit hoow ed? moitoese eerevenert mI .etkq ext
2 gene ng amen dom etedit emydoneteqebooW .Lenosylog
enter syst atid .eieetsy ine eyes détq gitt0ehrod ylleven oat
~wortose eetsvensit diooma ae ao enel bned t8ebas tnsnimorg

(Mats 28 somit Gf of 3 mort bue obiw efieo @ ot L ov’ )

sy teo® ie

ee i eeu bie eemen commoo sie

boowzeboy edt to tnemivanoo mommoo es at seit {leme eidt
ghederetew dtod ao ,tied sewol edi to eteoi0t wigiiv edd at
eisvmed revo oolxel mteddsok moit sinvedxe eo%8 stil .emaned to

seney oud eexds edt of eotxemé idvoe miede10n bite eottemk .

“emeue% oI .ehnelel msibnl teot edt to eon one od taoat

ee So tndooe no ,Soow-omod fisms',6.t.,
‘to adieg -emoe mt : boow tery entt ,ett
Bil. thee. ; Ww hire ot 6 Lh bellao et th worsal seen deséi
as eenon sviven af Beer sebeage st ors st St
ed to aitare adv ov Beliqge st beow sdd's .
is patseL de’ ifene = Ste bid

iia? 2eLe
~~
ae Oe

‘

Ao aed

a aN
ais ofS,

Vamdirss nia

<r wna eta it me gf oth. 2
~
H ~

Index

Adenaria floribunda 101

Alseis blackiana 152
Ama joua corymbosa 158
Anacardiaceae 77

Anacardium Rhinocarpus 77

Andira inermis 59
Annonaceae 15
Apocynacese 146
Araliaceae 131

Arboreus Mountain Jes-
samine 146

Arboreous Pera 72

Aulococarpus comple-

tens 120

Balata-tree of Darien 133
Bauhinia ligulata 36
Bernouilli's Cacao

Tree 88
Bignoniaceae 148
Birdcatcher's Milk-

wood 73
Black's Alseis 152

Bombacacese 86

Bombacopsis Fendleri 86

Boraginaceae 140
Breakax-Tree Family 83
Broad-leaved Berba ot
Brownes macrophylla 35
wunbidd ghevata’ =? dee
Burseraceae 67
Button-tree 123

Byrsonima Cumingiana 62

Cacao-lamily 88
Caesalpiniaceae 24
Caesalpinia coriaria 39

Cabycophyllum candi-

dissimum 153

Capparidaceae 21
q

Caracas Triplaris HI

Caribbean Ternstroemia 93
Cassipourea elliptica 117
Castilla fallax 6
Cativo or Prioria Tree 26
Cedrela fissilis 68

Centrolobium patinense 54

: _
P ry -

oe “ ppsoanedaod

4 treLhse% eteqoondmos
eeecenige:o&

vlimel sexl-xerso1e
edt 06 hevasl-bsoxré

extutgoroes rehiaahtll

fe th Bw te

atevodo wiremie:

esoosteeiLe
; . eetd <crottud
aceiguimnd amtnostyé

elimsi-cadeo
escosintaisased ©

alusiioo elniglesesd.

-fhreo mullydgooyked
osmiee th

esecebizaqys®

eivalgit? seosted

atmeortenret meeddt1rad

xeflet eillitead

sei! elicied 10 ovited

aifteekt ented

Tv iaaenal sithineatten

ainudisol? alreneds
enaticeld ateeLa
s2odmyi0o éudhens
vv eaocal brecans
TY suguscontdd nwiSteoena
ea eimrent extbas
aL esscenonts
ane seedanyoog &
feL | escosilaxa
-sel aistavol exetod1d
oat : enimes

‘38 ex6% exostodya

-elymoo euqzecosolsa
accot

S8L netted to ooxd-steled
as etalvsil statduek
0808) e"tiftyomsed

ee
“ eegoelnouglé
Liu ¢'xedoteobulé

ateelé e'dware 0%)

Cespedesia macrophylla
Chagres Tapirira
Chepan Quira

Chirican Copaiba Tree
Chirican Symplocos
Chlorophora tinctoria
Coccoloba uvifera
Combretaceae

Common Guayabo-Tree
Common Satin-Wood Tree
Conocarpus erecta
Copaifera chiriquensis
Cordia alliodora
Cordia lasiocalyx
Corymbose Ama joua
Coumarouna panamensis
Couroupita darienensis
Crataeva Tapia
Cuming's Golden Spcon
Curatella americans
cytharexylun macro-

chlamys

164

92
80
55

143

Dalbergia retusa 50

Darien Browneopsis 33
Darien Carnnonball Tree
Darien Red Wood 54

Darien Satin-Wood Tree 65

Darien's Tounatea 41
Desmopsis panamensis 15
Dialium divaricatum 38
Didymopanax Morototoni
Dilleniaceae 90
Dimorphandira mezgistos-
perma 24
Diphysa carthagenensis 48
Dividivi-Tree 39
Elaecarpaceae 83
Elliptic-Leaved Cassi-
pourea 117
Elm Family yd
Enterolobium Schom-
burgkii 23

Eschweilera panamensis

Eschweilera reversa 109

112

131

108

gates elgredfet

E . gtegoenwoxd aelxed

ES 90! [Ledwonated se tred

. BOOW Sed aoltred

7 8 eer booW-altec netred

zi a } estanse?
dol %

e'neiszed

at atenemaney sleqgonsed
we 7

aatgottevib muifeld
trod of 010i xacegomybhid
1 ossneineliic

ge teccehien ex haerig ome
:. earreg

stanenegedt1e0 seyagid
4 eer T-89i bivid

ao é
saad : E

easoagisoee ls --

staged heveol-oltqiifs

aliydqotoem eteekeqsed
siitige! aergedd

axis meqedd

eetl sdisgod maoirtdd
scooolgmye masigidd
atrovoni? etodqoxeldd
exetivy edeloooed
exeoaterdmed
sert-odsysnd sommod
eexT hooWi-alteg nommoo
sivets eugreooned
afenoupinide exe%keqo®
stobolile, athxo0
xylepotasl efixod
asoLema seodmyxoo
sienomeney SCO MRE PD

eern[g | Sif efenenetzed ao dqworsiad
vlinss afk aS eige? sveetexD .
modes muldcloretad 28 mooqgée mebf[od e gota D be tk.
ain rislaind ag aneoltoms efietexso
-orlen mlygenmle gD

Euphorbiaceae 70
Faramea occidentalis 161

Fendler's False Bombax 86

Fendler's Grias lil
FPlacourtiaceae 96
Flacourtia Family 96
Fustic-Tree 8

Garlic-scented Gratae-

va 21
Gasparillo Tree 120
Genipa caruto 155
Giant Cashew Tree 77
Giant Milk-wood 75

Gliricidia maculata 46
Golden-Brown Miconia 128
Granate-Leaved Lafoen-
sia 103
Grias Fendleri lil
Gustavia pleurocarpa 116
Gudstavia superba 114
Hairy-leaved Genipa 155

Hasseltia floribunda 98
Helicostylis latifolia 4

Heliocarpus appendicu-
latus 85

Hieronymia alchorneoi-

des 70
Hieronyma Tree 70
Hog-Gum Tree 94
Icica panamensis 67
Jamaican Milk-Wood 76

Lafoensia punicifolia 103
Large-Fiowered Fiddle-

wood or Iguana-tree 143
Large-flowered Gusta-

via 114
Large-leaved Brownea 35
Large-leaved Cespede-

sia 92
Large Monkery-Pot Tree 104
Lauraceae 18

Laurel-like Lindackeria 96

Lecythidaceae 104
Lecythis ampla 104
Lecythis melliana 106
Ligulate Bauhinia 36

-solpmegqs esqueootleH
a piapincencs SEM
si - -toemzodols eiaymoels

ot ve eeb
OF perl amytote lh
Bee eert mv 2-30H

¥3 sienomaneg eofol

hy SooW~21i tl neotamet

_ Sor silLottotasg sieneota.
-sibbii berswokk-eatad

GAL eexl-attangl 10 S00w
-svenu Setewolt-sated

ate : siv

ae

Leia eonwoTe beveet-ogiml
wohogee) bevesi-oyied

$¢ PC, ele
Sof osiT tod-yremtrol egied

OL sseosised
ae etxetoabats eitl-Lers ad
| bot escoasidtyood
a eS elqns eid yoed
| ‘ sof | eieiifen etdtyood
ee eintdvel etelogid

ant

i Be 5 lA i els at

_ oF esoceidtodgull

fal aeilstuebtooo semetst
88 xadmoi sealed a'xelbued

BEE 2 eeira e'ieliaeS
ae _ eseositisookl®
ae. yLdmst eitxsosal’
8 -. , 842-oftent

~eate1D betneoe-olfied
os. eorl offtrageed
sel . otpreo egiaed
vy eexT wedaad Soelo
ay Soow-ilih daatD

df = eteluoem sibtoirile
af elnoolM owox8 ~ae5Lod
-ieotel bevsol-ed aiere

Lf troLine% eat
6lf aqisooiselg sivatsse

=

Ail . sdteque sivetekue

66L eginon bevest-qitel

6& ebagdtrolt ebdfeseet

& atliotitel etiytsootien

igs 2

166

Lindackeria laurins 96 Mosquito Wood Tree 79
Lucuma sclerocarpa 137 Mosquitoxylum jamai-
Ly thracese 101 cense 19
Macrolobium floridum 31 Moraceae 3
Magnoliaceae 13 Myristicaceae 16
Malpighiaceae 62 Myrtaceae 119
Many-flowered Adena- Nazarene Tree 30
ria 101 Nutmeg-Family 16
Many-flowered Hassel- Obovate Breakbill 135
tia 98 Obovate leaved Termi-
Many-flowered Tapiri- nalia 132
ra 82 Ochnaceae 92
Melastomaceae 125 Ocotea veraguensis 19
Meliaceae 68 Panama Bladder Pod
Mell's Monkey-Pot 106 Tree 48
Mexican Elm 1 Panaman Cocobola 50
Miconia argentea 125 Panaman Desmopsis 15
Miconia darienensis 127 Panaman Eboe 60
Miconia fulva 128 Panaman Eschweilera 108
Miconia rubiginosa 130 Panaman Flat-Pod tree 52
Miconia-Tree 127 Panaman Guayacan or
Mimo saceae 23 Spurious Lignum vi-
Mimusops darienensis 133 tae 148

“eext booW of tepsoM |

_ vtamel mplyxos inpeom
6800

sseoBton

esecsolteityl

sagoat tu

eer? eneiskall

| YL tmel-gemt nt

| Eh idtecte of svodo

re -taxbt Koveot'o¥avedo
i eilen

” . epeosndo0

_ elemengsxev setoo0

* $od tebbal€ emanet
‘ eet

alodeoed secienst

etegonesd” denened

200k. ‘henenet

dof axeltowsoes tremene?

88 _ eext bot-sJelt asmanel

oe) neosyend aemaaed
+E maght exodange

ecixoel strexioabril
aqreasotelos bmbobs
oxsveratyl

mibivolt mrtdoroxcal
' “ppedat Tongan
preoatigta tei
-enebh borewolt-yrel
-Leseah serewolt-~Gialt
tie a naa; .

-Lrige? Serewoltoyied
tenrnliggit
‘esdoRmoteslon

’ “eseoaliow
tom=yeanom a rL6u
gla nedtxem

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WSl sienendizeb eimootis.
Sat “eying? eireo fd jie
Ost: er eincvall ae
v2 .
as 08 Pi
8eE lemme iecr ea ‘
Roel |
Ne ‘ ‘

Panaman Icica 67
Panaman Incense Tree 99
Panaman Letterwood 3
Panaman Mora 24
Panaman Prince-wood 141
Panaman Swartzia 42
Panaman Sweetia £6
Panaman Talauma 13
Panaman Vitex 145
Papilionatee 46
Peltogyne purpurea 30
Pera arborea 72
Phoebe effusa 18
Pink-flowered Tecoma 150

Piratinera panamensis 3

Platymiscium dubium 55
Platymiscium polysta-

chyum 57
Platypodium maxonia-

num 52
Polygonaceae 10
Prince-wood Tree 140
Prioria copaifers 26

167

Psidium Gua java

Quira

Reversed Eschweilera

Rhizophoracege

tublaceae

Rusty Miconia

Rutacese

Sandspaper Leaf Tree

Sapium giganteum

Sapium jamaicense

Sapium aucuparium

Sapotaceae

Savanna Angelin

Schomburgk's Enterolo-
biun

Sclerus Lucuma

Sea-Grape Tree

Showy Macrolobium

Silvery Micoptia

Sloanes megaphylla

Small-lesved Gustavia

Snowy Sun-leaf

Spotted Gliricidia

119
57
109
117
152
130
64
90
75
76
73
133
59

23
137
10
31
125
83
116

153
46

evel asd mut bted

siting

- greliewdesd bhestevei

seooetongqostiA
esdccvald ni
“@imootMm utes

a

sseoeton

eta ont
eeisoismel mulqed
ar aukxequoxe msiged
he oasoet ogee
atLogna anciey e&
— a agin modo’
muid

Suwa apieloe
eexl sqerd-s08
mstdaferoel ywose
simoo tii yroviic

Bi iydqegem semeolG

hy, gear collect
o% etbiotshso fies S048

s

&3

_soLoT memenad

eer? esieonl temenst

boowiedsel memsned

ero nemened

Soow-sonitd cenanet

sisdiewe nestened

sivoowe temsaed

easelel namened

xedtV games’
eatsnoheeant

| BOTHGIOg enygor led
ee1odita e194

sautte edeodd

engoe? betewols-antd

Blecomeney exonkiexts —
mitch asontmytelt

~ateylog muios Layt elt oe

—

-sinoxen mut bogys ald Ay

Spreading Sigua
Spurious Calabazuelo
Spurious Isthmian Rub-
ber Tree
Stachyarrhena hetero-
chroum
Sterculiaceae
Swartzia panamensis
Sweet Cedrela
Sweetleaf Family
Sweetia panamensis
Symphonia globulifera
Symplocacese
Symplocos chiriquen-
Sis
Tabernaemontana arbo-
rea
Talauma sambuensis
Tapirira chagrensis
Tapirira myriantha
Tecoma Guayacan
Tecoma pentaphylla

Terminsalia obovata

18
159

138

138

138

146
13
80
82

148

150

122

168

Ternstroemia Seemannii

fheaceae

Theobroma Bernouilli

Tiliaceae

Tounatea darienensis

Triplaris caracasana

Turkey-tail Tree

Ulmaceae

Ulmus mexicans

Veraguan Ocotea

Verbena ceae

Verbena-ramily

Virola Warburgii

Vitex floridula

Warburg's Nutmeg-Tree

Western Bone-Wood

Wild Tamarind (Pealiom)

Zanthoxylum elephan-
tiasis

Zanthoxylum Pittieri

Zuelania roussoviae

65
99

en “eat

y “Hanansee stosoxtemten *

sapnatsye

sleseuetrss is@0 acto!

£4, enessosies efrelgix?
fel eevt Lred-yodtraT
* procemlU

eaneotxem enmiv .

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(ove Oj baliemel p£t0
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-oxeted anedyisylos?é

elenemensq sizdxrene

-nespi rtp. seooLgaye

-0d4B axednomoauxodel

, ateneryads extiigs?

gett xed

' eseosilsoresé

yiimed teolteswe
— Sicoemsnag sideows

sseosoolgane

ete

etenendmee emmebet =

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