ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS W. B. SCOTT E. J. CROSSMAN Checklist of Canadian Freshwater Fishes with Keys for Identification DEPARTMENT COPY ROM Presented to the Library of the Royal Ontario Museum by Dr. A.D. Tushingham ARIO f CHECKLIST OF CANADIAN FRESHWATER FISHES WITH KEYS FOR IDENTIFICATION W.B. SCOTT and E.J. CROSSMAN LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM Publication date: September 1969 Suggested citation: Life Sci. Misc. Publ., R. Ont. Mus , fr o. ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES The Royal Ontario Museum publishes three series in the Life Sciences: LIFE SCIENCES CONTRIBUTIONS, a numbered series of original scientific publications, including monographic works. LIFE SCIENCES OCCASIONAL PAPERS, a numbered series of original scientific publications, primarily short and usually of taxonomic significance. LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, an unnumbered series of publications of varied subject matter and format. All manuscripts considered for publication are subject to the scrutiny and editorial policies of the Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to review by persons outside the Museum staff who are authorities in the particular field involved. LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD, 1969 Chairman: P.C. SWANN Director j Royal Ontario Museum Editors : G.B. WIGGINS R.L. PETERSON W.B. SCOTT is Curator (in charge) of the Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Royal Ontario Museum, and Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Toronto. E.J. CROSSMAN is Curator of the Department of Ichthyology and Herpe- tology, Royal Ontario Museum, and Associate Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Toronto. PRICE: $1.50 (c) The Royal Ontario Museum, 1969 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction, 1 Acknowledgements, 3 Figures , 4 Checklist to Class, Order, Family and Species, 7 Map, following 25 Keys, 26 Species of Doubtful Occurrence, 75 Number of Species by Geographic Areas, 77 Number of Species in Major Watershed Basins, 77 Atlantic, 78 Hudson Bay, 80 Arctic, 82 Pacific, 83 Gulf of Mexico, 84 Literature Cited, 86 Index, 91 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Royal Ontario Museum http://archive.org/details/checklistofcanaOOscot INTRODUCTION This annotated checklist is an outgrowth of earlier lists released in 1958 and 1967. The keys are either newly prepared, adapting certain features of previously published keys, or are adapted from keys in other of the authors' publications (Scott and Crossman 1964; Leim and Scott 1966; Scott 1967). It is hoped that the present list and keys will serve as a useful aid to all those interested in the Canadian freshwater fish fauna. They also con- stitute a step in the preparation of a comprehensive text on the freshwater fishes of Canada, being sponsored by the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada. The authors earnestly solicit constructive comments on the contents of this publication, so that the text men- tioned may be as accurate as possible. The checklist includes 183 species in 24 families. Changes in nomenclature have occurred for many species since publication of previous lists. Such changes are designated in the present list by an annotation beginning with the word "Formerly ...". This list is in general accord, both in scientific and in common names, with Special Publication No. 2 (1960) of the American Fisheries Society entitled, "A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada", which is currently being revised. For simplicity, we have avoided subspecies designations as separate entities, even when the two forms are known by distinct names. Annotated references are usually made to both forms when pertinent. For convenience, species are listed in alphabetical order within genera, subfamilies or families. Below each species in the main body of the checklist is a series of annotations which designate the various political areas in which that species occurs. The meanings of the abbreviations are as follows: Nfld. - Insular Newfoundland Man. - Manitoba Lab. - Labrador (Newfoundland) Sask. - Saskatchewan N.S. - Nova Scotia Alta. - Alberta P.E.I. - Prince Edward Island B.C. - British Columbia N.B. - New Brunswick NWT. - Northwest Territories Que. - Quebec Y.T. - Yukon Territory Ont. - Ontario When species have been introduced, the province or territory is marked with an asterisk. If a question mark follows the asterisk, it indicates that the success of the introduction is in doubt.- For such species as the brown trout which are introduced throughout their Canadian range, the areas of occurrence are placed in parentheses and the asterisk appears only after the last parenthesis. For some na- tive species such as the rainbow trout which are widely introduced outside their native range elsewhere in Canada, the areas of intro- duction are placed in parentheses and marked with an asterisk after the last parenthesis. A section entitled, "Species of Doubtful Occurrence" has been included which lists fishes that have been recorded from fresh water, but whose occurrence is so rare or tenuous as to make their inclu- sion in the freshwater fauna questionable. Also included are summaries of the number of species known to occur in the various provinces, territories, and major water- sheds. Our knowledge of Alberta fishes has been increased greatly, largely from a. recent series of publications by Henderson and Peters (1969), Paetz (1967), Paetz and Nelson (1968), Willock (1968), and Willock (in press) . The artificial keys to the identity of the fishes consist of a key to the families and of keys to the species of each family represented by more than one species. The keys are of the usual variety, consisting of couplets, each half of which leads to another couplet or to the name of a single species. We have attempted to avoid, wherever possible, the necessity of making a decision based on a single characteristic, or on only internal anatomical features. The keys are prepared for use in identifying both preserved and living fishes. Wherever prominent features of the living fish differ from those of the preserved speci- men, or where features of living fish would assist in identification, they have been included. The lamprey key is limited to adults , since the accurate identification of larval lampreys or ammocetes is unusually diffi- cult and requires considerable care and experience. In the family key, families represented by a single species in Canada do not have a page number leading to a key to the species , See the checklist entry for the family. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following people, who so kindly replied to our request for comments and suggestions contained in the 1967 list, have helped to make this list more accurate: Drs. K.R. Allen, R.M. Bailey, C.F. Cole, B.B. Collette, C.C. Lindsey, D.E. McAllister, J.S. Nelson, J.R. Nursall, and Messrs. R.E. Jenkins, J.J. Keleher, V. Legendre, C. Paterson, R.J. Paterson, T.A. Willock, D.E. Woronecki. The drawings were prepared by Mr. P. Buerschaper except the schematic drawing of the lamprey mouth which was made by Mr. A. Odum. The map was prepared by Miss Barbara Atkinson. Misses Barbara Atkinson, Margaret Emery, Rebecca Rowlandson, Mrs. Milly Scott, Messrs. P. Buerschaper, S. Campbell and S. Taylor tested the various keys and assisted in the editing. The demanding task of final editing and typing was cheerfully carried out by Monica Hunter. We are grateful for the editorial advice and assistance given by Olive Koyama. TOTAL LENGTH - PREMAXILLARY CAUDAL PEDUNCLE CAU0AL FIN BRANCHIOSfEGALS PELVIC AXILLARY PROCESS PELVIC FIN (ABDOMINAL) ANAL FIN NINE PRINCIPAL RAYS FIRST OR SPINY DORSAL EYE DIAMETER NOSTRILS SECOND OR SOFT RAYED DORSAL PREMAXILLARY PELVIC FIN (THORACIC) CAUDAL FIN ANAL FIN SKETCHES OF HYPOTHETICAL FISHES SHOWING FEATURES NOTED IN TEXT NAPE PREOPERCLE MANDIBLE PRE MAXILLARY MAXILLAR INTEROPERCLE PSEUDOBRANCH MAXILLARY BARBEL IN GROOVE TERMINAL GILL COVER LOWER GILL ARCH MAXILLARY BARBELS SKETCHES OF HYPOTHETICAL FISHES SHOWING FEATURES NOTED IN TEXT PREKAXILLARY MAXILLARY ORAL VALVE -- VOMER (HEAD) ■ PALATINE - VOMER (SHAFT) LINGUAL TEETH — -OPENING TO GILL CHAMBER MANDIBULAR TEETH VENTRAL VIEW OF UPPER JAW, MOUTH AND PHARYNX DORSAL VIEW OF LOWER JAW, MOUTH AND PHARYNX OUTER .■ LATERALS INTRAORAL LAMINA SUPRAORAL LAMINA r~-„ INNER »' LATERALS TONGUE TEETH POST! RIALS SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE BUCCAL FUNHCL OF A LAHPREY SKETCHES OF HYPOTHETICAL FISHES SHOWING FEATURES NOTED LN TEXT CHECKLIST Class AGNATHA (Marsipobranchii) Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES (Hyperoartia) f. Petromyzontidae - lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner) 1836 - Pacific lamprey B.C. , Alaska Formerly Lampetra tjv'dentata (Gairdner) . Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard 1858 - chestnut lamprey Man. Ichthyomyzon fossor Reighard and Cummins 1916 - northern brook Que., Ont. lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs and Trautman 1937 - silver lamprey Que. , Ont. , Man. Lampetra ayresi (Gunther) 1870 - river lamprey B.C. Formerly L. fluviatilis (Linnaeus). L. ayresi previously relegated to synonymy of the European form L. fluviatilis. West Coast river lamprey shown by Vladykov and Follett, 1958, to be distinct. Some species previously listed in the genus Entosphenus are now listed in the genus Lampetra. Lampetra japonica (Martens) 1868 - Arctic lamprey NWT. , Y.T. , Alaska Formerly Entosphenus japonicus (Martens). Lampetra lamottei (Lesueur) 1827 - American brook lamprey Que . , Ont . Formerly Entosphenus lamottei (Lesueur). Lampetra richardsoni Vladykov and Follett 1965 - western brook B.C. lamprey Formerly L. planeri (Bloch) which should be limited to the European brook lamprey from which the western brook lamprey is distinct (Vladykov and Follett, 1965). Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758 - sea lamprey Nfld., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont. Class OSTEICHTHYES (Pisces) Order ACIPENSERIFORMES (Chondrostei) f. Acipenseridae - sturgeons Aoipenser brevirostrum Lesueur 1818 - shortnose sturgeon N.B. Specimens have been taken in the St. John River (Scott and Crossman, 1959; Magnin, 1963), and more by Gorham (pers. coram.) Aoipenser fulvescens Rafinesque 1817 - lake sturgeon Que., Ont., Man., Sask. , Alta. Aoipenser medirostris Ayres 1854 - green sturgeon B.C. , Alaska Aoipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill 1815 - Atlantic sturgeon Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que. Magnin and Beaulieu (1963) and Magnin (1964) concluded that this species was distinct from A. sturio. Aoipenser transmontanus Richardson 1836 - white sturgeon B.C. , Alaska Order LEPISOSTEIFORMES (Semionotif ormes , Protospondyli, Ginglymodi) f. Lepisosteidae - gars Lepisosteus oculatus (Winchell) 1864 - spotted gar Ont. Formerly L. productus (Cope) 1865. Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus) 1758 - longnose gar Que. , Ont. Order AMIIFORMES (Halecomorphi) f. Amiidae - bowfin Amia aalva Linnaeus 1766 - bowfin Que., Ont. Order CLUPEIFORMES (Isospondyli) f. Clupeidae - herrings Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill) 1815 - blueback herring N.B. Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson) 1811 - alewife Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) 1811 - American shad Nfld., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont., B.C.*, Alaska* Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) 1818 - gizzard shad Que . , Ont . f. Salmonidae - salmons, trouts, whitefishes, and grayling A previous list (Scott, 1958) used the family names Salmonidae, Coregonidae, and Thymallidae, but we have included the latter two under the one family, Salmonidae. For convenience, however, we are employing the widely recognized subfamily designations Salmoninae, Coregoninae, and Thymallinae. The genus Leucichthys becomes a subgenus of Coregonus in agreement with present usage. The genus Prosopium previously combined with Coregonus by some authors, (Eschmeyer and Bailey, 1955; Wilimovsky, 1954; Legendre, 1954) but retained in Scott 1958, was later re- instated (Norden, 1961). subf. Salmoninae Onoorhynohus gorbusoha (Walbaum) 1792 - pink salmon Nfld.*?, Ont.*?, B.C., NWT., Y.T. , Alaska Oneorhynchus keta (Walbaum) 1792 - chum salmon Ont.*?, B.C., NWT., Y.T. , Alaska Oneorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) 1792 - coho salmon Ont.*?, B.C., Y.T., Alaska Ontario was included in previous lists on the basis of lib- erations in Lake Erie in 1933. It is included in this list on the basis of recent introductions into Ontario waters. Oneorhynchus nerka (Walbaum) 1792 - sockeye salmon; kokanee Ont.*, Alta.*?, B.C., Y.T., Alaska Ontario is included on the basis of 1966 spawning runs of kokanee in streams tributary to Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, resulting from liberations in Ontario in 1964 and 1965. It was recently introduced into Alberta. Oneorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) 1792 - chinook salmon Ont.*?, B.C., Y.T., Alaska Salmo clarki Richardson 1836 - cutthroat trout; coastal cutthroat; Yellowstone cutthroat Que.*, Alta., B.C., Alaska The coastal cutthroat trout, S. e. clarki Richardson 1836, and the Yellowstone cutthroat trout, S. e. lewisi (Girard) 1856 are considered here as components of the same species following the AFS list. See Qadri (1959) for a statement of distinctions. Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836 - steelhead trout; rainbow trout; Kamloops trout (Nfld., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask.)*, Alta., B.C., Y.T., Alaska Salmo salar Linnaeus 1758 - Atlantic salmon; lake Atlantic salmon; ouananiche Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont.* Although originally native to Lake Ontario, current Ontario stocks result from introductions. Salmo trutta Linnaeus 1758 - brown trout (Nfld., N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C.)* Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) 1758 - Arctic char Nfld., Lab., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., NWT., Y.T., Alaska Clarification of the distinction of S. alpinus and S. malma is given in McPhail (1961) who also placed S. marstoni, the Quebec red trout, S. oquossa and S. aureolus within the synonymy of S. alpinus. 10 Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) 1814 - brook trout Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont. , Man., Sask.*, Alta.*, B.C.*, Alaska* The aurora trout, Salvelinus timagamiensis Henn and Rinkenbach 1925, is here considered conspecific with S. fontinalis (see Sale, 1967). The splake or wendigo is an artificial hybrid form for which Salvelinus fontinalis is the male parent. See lake trout. Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) 1792 - Dolly Varden Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T. , Alaska See S. alpinus and McPhail, 1961. Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) 1792 - lake trout Lab., N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. , Y.T. , Alaska Although a hybrid rather than a distinct species, the splake or wendigo is now an important fish. It is the result of hybridizing male Salvelinus fontinalis and female Salvelinus namaycush. subf. Coregoninae Coregonus alpenae (Koelz) 1924 - longjaw cisco Ont. Coregonus artedii Lesueur 1818 - cisco; lake herring (tullibee in western Canada) Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., NWT. Western Canada populations are perhaps best regarded as "C. artedii complex" (McPhail and Lindsey, pers . comm.). Coregonus autumnalis (Pallas) 1776 - Arctic cisco NWT., Y.T., Alaska Previously called lauretta herring. See McPhail (1966) for discussion of C. laurettae and C. autumnalis. Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) 1818 - lake whitefish Nfld.*, Lab., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. , Y.T. , Alaska Following the suggestion of Lindsey (pers. comm.) we treat here a possible complex of three forms: the broadly distributed lake whitefish, C. clupeaformis; the humpback whitefish, C. pidschian Gmelin 1788 of Alaska coastal waters and C. nelsoni Bean 1884. Lindsey (1963) validated C. nelsoni as a separate species occurring in the NWT. and Y.T. and later suggested the common name Yukon whitefish. 11 Coregonus hoyi (Gill) 1872 - bloater Cut. Coregonus johartnae (Wagner) 1910 - deepwater cisco Ont. Coregonus kiyi (Koelz) 1921 - klyi Ont. Coregonus laurettae Bean 1882 - Bering cisco Alaska See McPhail (1966) for discussion of this and C. autwrmalis complex. Our 1967 list used lauretta as the common name. McPhail and Lindsey (in press) propose the name Bering cisco. Coregonus nasus (Pallas) 1776 - broad whitefish B.C., NWT. , Y.T., Alaska See Lindsey (1962) for comments concerning taxonomy of this and other northwestern whitefishes. Coregonus nigripinnis (Gill) 1872 - blackfin cisco Ont., Man., Sask. , Alta. Coregonus nipigon (Koelz) 1925 - Nipigon cisco Que . , Ont . , Man . Coregonus reighardi (Koelz) 1924 - shortnose cisco Ont. Coregonus sardinella Valenciennes 1848 - least cisco B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska Coregonus zenithicus (Jordan and Evermann) 1909 - shortjaw cisco Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., NWT. Coregonus sp. N.S. New species, restricted to N.S. waters. Prosopium ooulteri (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) 1892 - pygmy whitefish Ont., B.C., Y.T., Alaska Prosopium oylindraoeum (Pallas) 1784 - round whitefish Lab., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska 12 Pvosopium williamsoni (Girard) 1856 - mountain whitefish Alta. , B.C., Y.T. P. ovegonium is here considered to be a synonym of P. williamsoni. See Holt (1960) for a comparative study. Stenodus leuoiahthys (Giildenstadt) 1772 - inconnu B.C. , NWT. , Y.T. , Alaska subf. Thymallinae Thymallus aroticus (Pallas) 1776 - Arctic grayling Que.*?, Ont.*?, Man., Sask. , Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska f. Osmeridae - smelts Hypomesus olidus (Pallas) 1814 - pond smelt NWT. , Y.T. , Alaska Osmerus epevlanus Linnaeus 1758 - rainbow smelt Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B. , Que., Ont., B.C., NWT., Y.T. , Alaska This form constitutes a perlexing complex in North America. In 1967 we listed 0. epevlanus Linnaeus, rainbow smelt for the western and arctic populations and 0. movdax (Mitchill) , American smelt, for the eastern populations. The arctic pop- ulation had been referred to previously as 0. dentex Steindachner, and as 0. e. dentex by Wynne-Edwards (1952) and Walters (1955). McAllister (1963) synonymized 0. dentex with 0. movdax. We recognize here, the great difficulty of artificially separating individuals from the arctic and eastern populations and call them one species. However, as a result of the overwhelming geographic separation it would seem useful to retain the sub- specific designations 0. e. dentex} Arctic smelt and 0. e. mordax t American smelt. Spivinchus thaleichthys (Ayres) 1860 - longfin smelt B.C. McAllister (1963) referred the longfin smelt, Spivinchus dilatus Schultz and Chapman 1934, to the synonymy of the Sacramento smelt, Spivinchus thaleichthys and recommended the common name, longfin smelt. Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson) 1836 - eulachon B.C., Alaska 13 f. Hiodontidae - mooneyes Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) 1819 - goldeye Que., Ont., Man., Sask. , Alta. , B.C., NWT. Hiodon tergisus Lesueur 1818 - mooneye Que., Ont., Man., Sask. f. Umbridae - mudminnows Dallia peatoralis Bean 1880 - Alaska blackfish Ont.*?, Alaska The genus Dallia previously listed in the family Dalliidae is currently considered to be insufficiently distinct from the genus Umbra to warrant family designation. Umbra limi (Kirtland) 1840 - central mudminnow Que., Ont., Man., Sask. f. Esocidae - pikes Esox americanus Gmelin 1788 - redfin and grass pickerels Que., Ont. The redfin and grass pickerels, previously listed as separate species, were considered by Crossman (1966) to be only sub- specifically distinct, i.e. E. a. americanus Gmelin, the redfin pickerel and E. a. vermiculatus Lesueur 1846, the grass pickerel. Esox lucius Linnaeus 1758 - northern pike Lab., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska Esox masquinongy Mitchill 1824 - muskellunge Que. , Ont . , Man. Esox niger Lesueur 1818 - chain pickerel N.S.*, N.B. , Que. Order CYPRINIFORMES (Ostariophysi) f . Cyprinidae - minnows Acrooheilus alutaceus Agassiz and Pickering 1855 - chiselmouth B.C. Previously spelled A. alutaoeum. 14 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) 1758 - goldfish (Ont. , Alta. , B.C.)* Chrosomus eos Cope 1862 - northern redbelly dace N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask. , Alta., B.C. Chrosomus neogaeus (Cope) 1866 - finescale dace N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. Formerly Pfrille neogaea (Cope). Many authors following Bailey (1951) have enlarged the genus Chrosomus to include this species. Clinostomus elongatus (Kirtland) 1836 - redside dace Ont. Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) 1850 - lake chub Lab., N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T. , Alaska Many authors following Bailey (1951) have enlarged the genus Hybopsis to include the genera Couesius, Nooomis, Erimystax and Platygobio. However, we prefer to retain Couesius , Nocomis and Platygobio. Cyprinus cavpio Linnaeus 1758 - carp (Que., Ont., Man., Sask., B.C.)* Exoglossum maxillingua (Lesueur) 1817 - cutlips minnow Que. , Ont. Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs 1929 - brassy minnow Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C. Hybognathus nuahalis Agassiz 1855 - silvery minnow Que. , Ont. , Alta. Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland) 1842 - silver chub Ont. , Man. Hybopsis x-punotata Hubbs and Crowe 1956 - gravel chub Ont. Formerly Erimystax dissimilis (Kirtland) 1841; see Couesius plumbeus above concerning genus. Hubbs and Crowe (1956) es- tablished this new name for the gravel chub. Mylooheilus caurinus (Richardson) 1836 - peamouth Alta. , B.C. Previously spelled M. caurinum. 15 Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland) 1840 - hornyhead chub Que. , Ont. , Man. Formerly Hybopsis biguttata (Kirtland) ; see Couesius plumbeus above. Nooomis mioropogon (Cope) 1864 - river chub Ont. Formerly Hybopsis mioropogon (Cope); see Couesius plumbeus above. Notemigonus orysoleuaas (Mitchill) 1814 - golden shiner N.S., P.E.I.*, N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Notropis anogenus Forbes 1885 - pugnose shiner Ont. Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque 1818 - emerald shiner Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. Notropis bifrenatus (Cope) 1867 - bridle shiner Que . , Ont . Notropis blennius (Girard) 1856 - river shiner Man. , Sask. , Alta. Notropis chrysooephalus (Rafinesque) 1820 - striped shiner Ont. Recently considered a subspecies of N. oornutus but re-erected to species by Gilbert (1964) who called it striped shiner. It is not included in the 1960 AFS list. Cross (1967) listed it but called it central common shiner. Notropis oornutus (Mitchill) 1817 - common shiner N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Notropis heterodon (Cope) 1864 - blackchin shiner Que. , Ont. Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1893 - blacknose shiner N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Notropis hudsonius (Clinton) 1824 - spottail shiner Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., NWT. 16 Notropis rubellus (Agassiz) 1850 - rosyface shiner Que. , Ont . , Man. Notropis spilopterus (Cope) 1866 - spotfin shiner Que . , Ont . Notropis stramineus (Cope) 1864 - sand shiner Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Formerly Notropis deliciosus (Girard) 1856. The specimens on which Notropis deliciosus was based were in effect N. texanus (Girard). The next available name for the species is stramineus (Suttkus, 1958). Notropis umbratilis (Girard) 1856 - redfin shiner Ont. Notropis volucellus (Cope) 1864 - mimic shiner Que. , Ont. , Man. Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay 1880 - pugnose minnow Ont. Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) 1820 - bluntnose minnow Que. , Ont. , Man. Pimephales promelas Rafinesque 1820 - fathead minnow N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. , NWT. Platygobio gracilis (Richardson) 1836 - flathead chub Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T. Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson) 1836 - northern squawfish B.C. , Alta. Previously spelled P. oregonense. Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) 1804 - blacknose dace N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man. Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) 1842 - longnose dace Lab., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T. Rhinichthys falcatus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) 1893 - leopard dace B.C. Rhinichthys osculus (Girard) 1856 - speckled dace B.C. 17 Riehardsonius balteatus (Richardson) 1836 - redside shiner Alta., B.C. Semotilus atromaaulatus (Mitchill) 1818 - creek chub N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man. Semotilus aorporalis (Mitchill) 1817 - fallfish N.B. , Que. , Ont. Semotilus margarita (Cope) 1866 - pearl dace N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T. Formerly Margariseus margarita naohtriebei (Cox) 1894. Tinea tinea (Linnaeus) 1758 - tench B.C.* f. Catostomidae - suckers Carpiodes eyprinus (Lesueur) 1817 - quillback Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. Catostomus eatostomus (Forster) 1773 - longnose sucker Lab., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska Catostomus eolumbianus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) 1893 - bridgelip B.C. sucker Catostomus eommersoni (Lacepede) 1803 - white sucker Lab., N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. Catostomus maeroaheilus Girard 1856 - largescale sucker Alta., B.C. Catostomus platyrhynchus (Cope) 1874 - mountain sucker Sask. , Alta. , B.C. Formerly Pantos teus jordani Evermann, 1893. Smith (1966) considered Pantosteus characteristics to be only of sub- generic rank within the genus Catostomus . He synonymized P. platyrhynchus Cope 1874, P. jordani Evermann 1893 and P. lahontan Rutter 1903 under the oldest specific name. The adjective, northern, is no longer appropriate. Erimyzon sucetta (Lacepede) 1803 - lake chubsucker Ont. 18 Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur) 1817 - northern hogsucker Ont. Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes) 1844 - bigmouth buffalo Ont. , Man. , Sask. Formerly Megastomatobus cyprinella. Note that Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) 1819, the smallmouth buffalo, is omitted. Scott (1958) noted that Halkett's (1913) check- list was the only basis for subsequent listings and that no valid Canadian record exists. Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque) 1820 - spotted sucker Ont. Long known in U.S. tributaries of the Great Lakes, this species was first taken from Canadian waters of Lake St. Clair in 1962 (Crossman and Ferguson, 1963). Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque) 1820 - silver redhorse Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. Moxostoma carinatum (Cope) 1870 - river redhorse Que. , Ont. Moxostoma duquesnei (Lesueur) 1817 - black redhorse Ont. Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesque) 1818 - golden redhorse Ont. Moxostoma hubbsi Legendre 1942 - copper redhorse Que. Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur) 1817 - northern redhorse Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. Formerly Moxostoma aureolum (Lesueur) . Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan 1885 - greater redhorse Que. , Ont. f. Ictaluridae - catfishes Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) 1820 - black bullhead Ont. , Man. , Sask. , B.C.* Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur) 1819 - yellow bullhead Ont. 19 Ictaiurus nebulosus (Lesueur) 1819 - brown bullhead N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask. , B.C.* Ictaiurus punctatus (Rafinesque) 1818 - channel catfish Que. , Ont. , Man. Noturus flavus Rafinesque 1818 - stonecat Que. , Ont. , Alta. Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) 1818 - tadpole madtom Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Formerly Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). Noturus miurus Jordan 1877 - brindled madtom Ont. Formerly Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). Order ANGUILLIFORMES (Apodes) f. Anguillidae - freshwater eels Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur) 1817 - American eel Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont. Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES (Mycrocyprini) f. Cyprinodontidae - killifishes Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur) 1817 - banded killifish Nfld., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont., Man. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) 1766 - mummichog Nfld., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que. Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) 1853 - mosquitofish Alta. Paetz and Nelson (1968) stated that this species was intro- duced into the outflow of Cave and Basin Hotsprings in 1924 for mosquito control and that the population still exists. 20 Order GADIFORMES (Anacanthini) f. Gadidae - cods Lota lota (Linnaeus) 1758 - burbot Lab., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. , B.C., NWT. , Y.T., Alaska Miorogadus tomcod (Walbaum) 1792 - Atlantic tomcod Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que. Order ATHERINIFORMES f. Atherinidae - silversides Lab-idesth.es sioculus (Cope) 1865 - brook silverside Que . , Ont . Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES (Thoracostei) f. Gasterosteidae - sticklebacks Apeltes quadvacus (Mitchill) 1815 - fourspine stickleback Nfld., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que. Culaea inoonstans (Kirtland) 1841 - brook stickleback N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. Formerly Euoalia inoonstans. The generic name Euoalia was pre-occupied and the new generic name was proposed by Whitley (1950). Gasterosteus aouleatus Linnaeus 1758 - threespine stickleback Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B. , Que., Ont., B.C., NWT., Alaska Gasterosteus wheatlandi Putnam 1867 - blackspot stickleback Nfld. , N.B. , Que. This species, not previously listed and often confused with G. aouleatus, was reported from Quebec by McAllister (1960) and from Newfoundland by Scott and Crossman (1964) . The name blackspot stickleback is preferred, since twospine is in- accurate. 21 Picngitius pungitius (Linnaeus) 1758 - ninespine stickleback Nfld., Lab., N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask. , Alta. , B.C. , NWT. , Y.T. , Alaska Order PERCOPSIFORMES (Salmopercae) f. Percopsidae - trout-perches Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum) 1792 - trout-perch Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska Order PERCIFORMES (Percomorphi) f. Serranidae - basses Roccus americanus (Gmelin) 1789 - white perch N.S., P.E.I. , N.B., Que., Ont. Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque) 1820 - white bass Que. , Ont. Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum) 1792 - striped bass N.S. , P.E.I. , N.B. , Que. f. Centrarchidae - sunfishes Ambloplites vupestvis (Rafinesque) 1817 - rock bass Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Leponris auritus (Linnaeus) 1758 - redbreast sunfish N.B. Formerly yellowbelly sunfish. Leponris cyanellus Rafinesque 1819 - green sunfish Ont. Leponris gibbosus (Linnaeus) 1758 - pumpkins eed N.B., Que., Ont., Man., B.C.* Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque 1819 - bluegill Que. , Ont. 22 Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque) 1820 - longear sunfish Que., Ont. Micropterus dolomieui Lacepede 1802 - smallmouth bass N.S.*, N.B.*, Que., Ont., Man.*, Sask.*, B.C.* Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) 1802 - largemouth bass Que., Ont., Man.*, Sask.*, B.C.* Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque 1818 - white crappie Ont. Pomoxis nigromaaulatus (Lesueur) 1829 - black crappie Que. , Ont. , Man. , B.C.* f. Percidae - perches Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird) 1863 - sand darter Que., Ont. Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque 1819 - greenside darter Ont. Etheostoma caeruleum Storer 1845 - rainbow darter Que., Ont. Etheostoma exile (Girard) 1859 - Iowa darter Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque 1819 - fantail darter Que., Ont. Etheostoma mioroperoa Jordan and Gilbert 1888 - least darter Ont. Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque 1820 - Central Johnny darter Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Etheostoma (Boleosoma) nigrum was represented in North America by three subspecies, all occurring in Canada: E. n. olmstedi - Maritimes to eastern Lake Ontario; E. n. eulepis - Great Lakes basin; and E. n. nigrum - Saskatchewan to western Quebec. E. olmstedi Storer (as a full species) was proposed by Cole (1967) but its status in Canadian waters is ill defined. Peroa flavesoens (Mitchill) 1814 - yellow perch N.S., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. Formerly Peroa fluviatilis Linnaeus 1758. Svetovidov and Doro- feeva (1963) synonymized the new and old world perches. P. flave8oene is retained here, pending clarification. 23 Pereina caprodes (Rafinesque) 1818 - logperch Que., Ont., Man., Sask. Pereina eopelandi (Jordan) 1877 - channel darter Que - , Ont . Pereina maculata (Girard) 1859 - blackside darter Ont. , Man. , Sask Pereina shumardi (Girard) 1859 - river darter Ont . , Man . Stizostedion aanadense (Smith) 1836 - sauger Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta. Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill) 1818 - walleye Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT. Previous list showed the yellow walleye and the blue pike, Stizostedion vitrewn glauaum Hubbs 1926 as separate entities S. v. glaucum is now considered to be extinct. f. Sciaenidae - drums Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque 1819 - freshwater drum Que., Ont., Man., Sask. f. Cottidae - sculpins Cottus aleutious Gilbert 1893 - coastrange sculpin B.C. , Alaska Formerly Aleutian sculpin. Cottus asper Richardson 1836 - prickly sculpin B.C. , Alaska Cottus bairdi Girard 1850 - mottled sculpin Lab., Que., Ont., Man., Sat»k. , Alta., B.C., NWT. The species previously reported for B.C. as Cottus hubbsi Bailey and Dimick 1949 has now been synonymized with C. bairdi (see Bailey and Bond, 1963). Cottus oognatus Richardson 1836 - slimy sculpin Lab., N.B., Que., Ont., Man., Sask., Alta., B.C., NWT., Y.T., Alaska The species previously listed for B.C. as C. philonips Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1892, has been shown to be a synonym of C. oognatus (see McAllister and Lindsey 1959). 24 Cottus aonfusus Bailey and Bond 1963 - shorthead sculpin B.C. Previously reported by McAllister and Lindsey (1961) as Cottus sp. from the Flathead River, B.C. Its status as a new species was clarified by Bailey and Bond (1963) . Cottus rhotheus (Smith) 1882 - torrent sculpin B.C. Cottus rioei (Nelson) 1876 - spoonhead sculpin Que., Ont., Man., Sask.., Alta. , B.C., NWT., Y.T. Myoxooephalus quadrioornis (Linnaeus) 1758 - deepwater sculpin Que., Ont., Man., Sask., NWT. Formerly Triglopsis thompsoni (Girard) 1852. This species was for a time considered a subspecies , thompsoni of the species M. quadrioornis. McAllister (1959b) gave evidence for elevating it to specific status, M. thompsoni. More recently, on the basis of possible intermediates in the Arctic the tendency is once more to call it a subspecies of M. quadrioornis. Until its taxonomic position is clari- fied it seems appropriate to leave as above but to retain the distinctive common name. 25 WATERSHED MAP OF CANADA 200 0 ZOO 400 «oo /»* KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FISHES OCCURRING IN THE FRESH WATERS OF CANADA 1 Mouth without true jaws, instead a circular, suc- torial disc; no paired fins; 7 pairs of gill open- ings. Lampreys, family Petromyzontidae Cp • 31) Mouth with true jaws (i.e. upper and lower jaws pre- sent); with paired fins; opercles (or gill covers) overlying gills 2 2 Upper and lower lobe of caudal (tail) fin, when pre- sent, of about equal size; body covering of over- lapping scales or naked; no barbels before mouth; skeleton bony Upper lobe of caudal (tail) fin distinctly larger than. lower lobe; mouth inferior, snout well deve- loped but not paddle-like; 5 rows of bony plates arranged longitudinally along body; 4 pairs of bar- bels before mouth. Sturgeons, family Acipenseridae (p. 33) 3 Under surface of head, between lower jaws, with strong bony plate ("gular" plate). Bowf ins , family Amiidae Under surface of head (i.e. between the lower jaws) soft and not protected by large bony plate 4 4 Pelvic fins present 5 Pelvic fins absent, body cylindrical, long and snake- like; dorsal, caudal and anal fins continuous; no distinct caudal fin. Eels, family Anguillidae 5 Adipose fin present 6 Adipose fin absent 11 26 6 Body scaleless; strong pectoral and dorsal spines; long barbels about mouth. Catf ishes , family Ictaluridae (p. 59) Body scaled, no strong spines in fins; no long barbels about mouth 7 7 Pectoral fin overlaps anterior pelvic base; scales (weakly) ctenoid. Trout-perch, family Percopsidae Pectoral fin tip never reaches anterior base of pelvic fin ; scales cycloid 8 8 Pelvic axillary process absent. Smelts, family Osmeridae (p. 42) Pelvic axillary process present 9 9 Mouth usually large, extending to middle of eye or beyond; teeth strong. Salmons and trouts, (Salmoninae) , family Salmonidae (p. 36) Mouth usually small and not extending beyond middle of eye ; teeth weak or absent 10 10 Dorsal fin base shorter than head, dorsal rays 16 or fewer. Whitef ishes , ciscoes, (Coregoninae) , family Salmonidae (p. 36) Dorsal fin base longer than head, fin very high, rays 17 or more. Grayling, (Thymallinae) , family Salmonidae 11 Pelvic fins abdominal, or apparently so, (posterior to pectoral fins, except Gasterosteidae) 12 Pelvic fins thoracic or jugular (below or anterior to pectoral fins) 20 27 12 A single soft dorsal fin present, not preceded by spines 13 Soft dorsal fin preceded by 3-10 isolated spines or by a separate spiny dorsal or 4 slender, incon- spicuous spines 25 13 Body covered with thick, hard, glossy rhomboid scales. Gar pikes, family Lepisosteidae (p. 34) Body normally scaled or with scattered prickles or narrow plates 14 14 Gill membranes not attached to isthmus (gill open- ings wide) 15 Gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus (gill openings narrow) 18 15 Head with some scales; body elongate; spotted, barred or dark coloured 16 Head without scales; body laterally compressed; silvery 19 16 Upper jaw protractile. Killifishes, family Cyprinodontidae (p. 61) Upper j aw not protractile 17 17 Jaws well developed; teeth strong; caudal fin forked. Pikes, family Esocidae (p. 43) Jaws short; teeth small; caudal fin rounded. Mudminnows, blackfish, family Umbridae (p. 43) 28 18 Lips usually thick and mouth inferior, (except Ictiobus where it is oblique and with normal lips; however in Ictiobus the long dorsal fin has over 28 rays, and the longest unbranched ray is not a serrate, heavy, spine thus sep- arating it from the two cyprinids with long dorsal rays, Cyprinus and Carassius) ; pharyn- geal teeth numerous and in one row, comb-like; swim bladder of 2 or 3 chambers. Suckers, family Catostomidae (p. 54) Lips thin, mouth seldom inferior, (except in Rhinichthys where scales are minute and much smaller than in suckers); dorsal fin long, no more than 22 rays and second unbranched element a heavy serrate spine; pharyngeal teeth in 2 or 3 rows, fewer than 9 per side; swim bladder of one chamber. Minnows, family Cyprinidae (p. 45) 19 Lateral line absent; teeth absent, belly with sharp pointed scales; dorsal fin situated over pelvic fins and well in advance of anal fin; never more than 24 anal rays . Herrings, family Clupeidae (p. 35) Lateral line present, at times indistinct; teeth present; no sharp, pointed scales on belly, belly fleshy instead; dorsal fin over anal fin and well behind pelvic fins; always more than 25 anal rays. Mooneyes, family Hiodontidae (p. 43) 20 Body plated, naked or with prickles; pectoral fins large and conspicuous. Sculpins, family Cottidae (p. 72) Body scaled (scales small and somewhat embedded in Gadidae) ; pectoral fins of moderate size, not conspicuous 21 29 21 Chin with small but distinct median barbel. Cods, family Gadidae (p. 62) Chin without small median barbel 22 22 Anal spines one or two 23 Anal spines 3 or more 24 23 Second anal spine strong and stout and conspic- uously larger than first; lateral line extending onto caudal fin. Drums, family Sciaenidae Second anal spine slender and not conspicuously larger than first; lateral line not extending onto caudal fin. Perches, family Percidae (p. 67) 24 Opercle with a spine; 3 anal spines; pseudo- branch well developed and obvious. Basses, family Serranidae (p. 63) Opercle without a spine; 3 or more anal spines; pseudobranch concealed or absent. Sunfishes, family Centrarchidae (p. 64) 25 Strong pelvic spines present; caudal fin round- ed or slightly forked. Sticklebacks, family Gasterosteidae (p. 62) Pelvic fins without spines; caudal fin forked. Silversides, family Atherinidae 30 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY PETROMYZONTLDAE (TRANSFORMED* LAMPREYS) Dorsal fin composed of two obvious lobes; lobes separated, or joined by very low and inconspicuous connection 2 Dorsal fin single but notched, notch never reach- ing dorsal surface of body 8 Supraoral teeth on broad curved bar (lamina) 3 Supraoral teeth not on broad curved bar (lamina) but consisting of a single, median, large, bi- cuspid tooth, with pointed cusps; laterals 4, bicuspid, pointed cusps; trunk myomeres 67-74; parasitic; to 860 mm in length. Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus 3 Supraoral lamina with 2 lateral cusps, no median cusp Supraoral lamina with 3 prominent, sharp cusps, one median; lateral teeth 3 or 4 with at least the middle 2 on each side tricuspid, others bicuspid, or tricuspid; semicircular row of small teeth below infraoral bar; trunk myomeres 64-74; parasitic; to 680 mm in length. Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata 4 Inner lateral teeth bicuspid or tricuspid 5 Inner lateral teeth 3, unicuspid, prominent, conical, blunt; infraoral bar with 6-8, blunt, rounded teeth; trunk myomeres 70-74; parasitic; to 280 mm in total length. Arctic lamprey, Lampetra japonioa * This key is intended only for transformed individuals. The iden- tification of immature lampreys (larvae or ammocoetes, with an oral hood) requires much more detail. 31 5 Inner lateral teeth 3, at least middle one on both sides bicuspid Inner lateral teeth 3, at least middle tooth on both sides tricuspid (rarely middle lateral on one or both sides tricuspid in Lampetra richardsoni) 6 Inner lateral teeth prominent, bluntly pointed, all bicuspid; teeth above supraoral bar prominent, sharply pointed; tongue with sharp teeth; trunk myomeres 64-70; non-parasitic; length to 187 mm. American brook lamprey, Lampetra lamottei Inner lateral teeth poorly defined, knob-like, some may be uni cuspid; teeth above supraoral bar (anterials) , if apparent, very small and peg-like; no sharp teeth on tongue; trunk myo- meres 60-70; non-parasitic; length to 154 mm. Western brook lamprey, Lampetra richardsoni 1 Teeth- above supraoral lamina (anterials) pro- minent and sharp; sharp teeth on tongue; trunk myomeres 63-71; parasitic; length to 311 mm. River lamprey, Lampetra ayresi Teeth above supraoral lamina (anterials), if apparent, very small and peg-like; no sharp teeth on tongue; trunk myomeres 60-70; non- parasitic; length to 154 mm. Western brook lamprey, Lampetra richardsoni 8 Lateral teeth all unicuspid 9 At least one or more bicuspid inner lateral teeth on each side, supraoral a single sharp bicuspid tooth; trunk myomeres 50-56; parasi- tic; to 380 mm in length. Chestnut lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus 32 Supraoral usually a single bicuspid tooth (one cusp rarely doubled), cusps sharp; infraoral lamina with prominent triangular cusps; dia- meter of sucking disc greater than that of branchial region; trunk myomeres 47-55; para- sitic; length to 328 mm. Silver lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Supraoral a single weak bicuspid tooth, cusps knob-like; infraoral lamina with low knob-like cusps; diameter of sucking disc less than that of branchial region; trunk myomeres 50-58; non- parasitic; length to 150 mm. Northern brook lamprey, Ichthyomyzon fossor KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ACIPENSERIDAE 1 Obvious plates other than fulcral plates between dorsal fin and caudal fin, and between anal fin and caudal fin No obvious plates behind dorsal or anal fin other than fulcral plates; 6-9 plates, mainly in two rows, between vent and anal fulcral; dorsal plates 11-14; lateral plates 38-48; to 20 ft. and 1800 lb. White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus One large plate between anal fin and caudal fulcral Four smaller plates usually as two pairs, bet- ween anal fin and caudal fulcral, first pair may overlap base of anal fin, second pair may look like one plate; 6-9 plates, mostly in pairs, behind dorsal fin; dorsal plates 10-16; lateral plates 26-34; to 10 ft. and 300 lb. Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus 33 Distance from tip of snout to line of barbels equal to or slightly less than one half the distance from tip of snout to anterior edge of mouth, lip excluded; snout to barbels no more than 1.5 times distance from posterior margin of mouth, lips excluded, to isthmus; gill rakers 22-40 4 Distance from tip of snout to line of barbels more than one half the distance from tip of snout to ant- erior edge of mouth, lip excluded; snout to barbels over twice the distance from posterior edge of mouth, lip excluded, to isthmus; gill rakers 18-20; dorsal plates 8-11; lateral plates 23-30; to 7 ft. and 350 lb. Green sturgeon, Aoipenser medivostvis Anal fin rays 25-30; insertion of anal fin plainly behind insertion of dorsal fin; gill rakers 25-40 but usually 32-35; caudal peduncle longer, tip of anal fin reaching only to anterior edge of caudal fulcral plate; dorsal plates 9-17; lateral plates 29-42; to 7 ft. and 350 lb. Lake sturgeon, Aoipenser fulvescens Anal fin rays 19-22; insertion of anal fin opposite insertion of dorsal fin; gill rakers 22-29; caudal peduncle shorter, tip of anal fin reaching origin of caudal fin; dorsal plates 8-11; lateral plates 22-33; to 36 inches and 9 lb. Shortnose sturgeon, Aoipenser brevirostrum KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY LEPISOSTEIDAE 1 Snout long and narrow, least snout width into snout length 14-18 times; caudal peduncle shallow and long, least depth into length 2.3-2.9 times; lateral line 34 scales 61-65; spots on body apparent only from pel- vic fin to caudal peduncle, spots on dorsal, anal and caudal fins . Longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus Snout short and broad, least snout width into snout length 6-8 times; caudal peduncle deeper and shorter, depth into length 1.7-2.0 times; lateral line scales 46-50; body, head and all fins conspicuously spotted on epidermal layer over scales. Spotted gar, Lepisosteus productus KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CLUPEIDAE Last ray of dorsal fin protracted into a long fila- ment; snout rounded, mouth slightly sub terminal; anal rays more than 25. Gizzard shad, Dorosoma oepedianum Last ray of the dorsal fin the shortest ray; snout more or less pointed; mouth terminal; anal rays fewer than 25 Lower jaw, when closed, nearly equal to upper, and fits into notch in upper jaw; maxillary ex- tends at least to posterior margin of eye; gill rakers more than 55; usually 4-6 black spots in horizontal row behind operculum. American shad, Alosa sapidissima Lower jaw, when closed, extending beyond upper jaw; maxillary extends only to midpoint of eye; gill rakers fewer than 55; one prominent black spot near upper rear edge of operculum 3 Eye diameter usually greater than snout length; peritoneum silvery. Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus Eye diameter usually smaller than snout length; peritoneum darkly pigmented. Blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis 35 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY SALMONIDAE* Scales small, those in lateral line 115-200; teeth well developed on jaws and vomer; caudal usually truncate, occasionally forked; young (6 inches or less) with dark vertical blotches (parr marks) on sides (except 0. gorbuscha) Salmons, trouts, chars (Salmoninae) Scales large, those in lateral line 100 or less; teeth weakly developed or absent; caudal fin distinctly forked; parr marks usually absent (except Prosopium and Thymallus) ; colour gener- ally silvery, silvery green, or silvery blue. Whitefishes (Coregoninae) and grayling (Thymallinae) 14 Anal rays 13-19 (usually 14-16) ; body and caudal fin of adults with black spots. Pacific salmons , Onoorhyndhus spp 10 Anal rays 7-12 (usually 9-11) ; body and caudal fin with or without black spots 3 Black spots present on head and body (young S. salccc have red spots between parr marks); scales conspicuous, fewer than 165 in lateral line; pelvic and anal fins without white leading edges; vomer flat with teeth extended backward in 2 rows Light spots, not black spots, on body, these spots being pink, red, or cream in colour; scales not conspicuous; lower fins with snow-white leading edges; vomer boat-shaped, teeth on the anterior part only * When in the sea, or in large lakes, body pigmentation is usually masked by heavy silvery colouration. The characters enumerated in the key will be evident if the specimen is examined carefully. 36 Caudal fin distinctly marked with radiating rows of black spots; body never with red spots; adi- pose often with black margin; scale rows 120- 180 Caudal fin usually unspotted, but never with regular rows of black spots; reddish spots some- times on body; scale rows usually 110-130 Red or orange-red dash on lower jaw, along inner border of mandible; minute teeth usually present at base of tongue (basibranchial teeth) . Cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki No red colouration present on lower jaw; minute teeth at base of tongue absent. Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Maxillary to below centre of eye in 6-inch fish, seldom far behind eye (except in large males); gill cover with 2 or 3 large spots only; branchio- stegals usually 12; dorsal fin rays usually 11; vomerine teeth usually not well developed; small fish have red spots between parr marks; no red on adipose fin. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar Maxillary to below last half of eye on 5-inch fish, and extending well beyond eye in larger fish; gill cover usually with many spots; branchio- stegals usually 10; dorsal fin rays usually 9; vomerine teeth well developed; rust-red spots sometimes on adults and often on margin of adi- pose fin. Brown trout, Salmo trutta Caudal fin deeply forked; dorsal and caudal fins, body and head covered with small, often bean- shaped light spots, body never brightly coloured 37 with orange or red; parr marks quite irregular, and narrow; pyloric caecae over 90. Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush Caudal fin square (truncate) or slightly forked, body with light-coloured spots of cream, pink, or red; dorsal and caudal fins with dark wavy lines and marks, or unspotted, without light spots; pyloric caecae less than 75 Caudal fin square or nearly so; dorsal and caudal fins with distinct, dark wavy lines or blotches; lower fins with pure white leading edges usually followed by black; back usually with wavy lines (vermiculations) ; sides with pink or red spots, many of which have blue borders; young with 8-10 regularly arranged parr marks on sides. Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Caudal fin nearly square or slightly forked, (may be deeply forked in freshwater populations in eastern Canada) without dark wavy lines on dorsal and caudal fins; lower fins with pure white lead- ing edges, but not usually followed by black; sides with creamy, pink, or reddish spots, not extending onto fins; parr marks vague or irregular, not well defined Spots usually large and less numerous; gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch 7-13, on lower limb 12-19; pyloric caecae 20-74. Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus Spots round, small, and numerous; gill rakers on upper limb of first gill arch 3-9, on lower limb 8-14; pyloric caecae 13-47. Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma 10 Distinct black spots on back and on caudal fin 11 No distinct black spots on back or caudal fin but fine black speckling may be present 13 38 11 Large black spots on back and caudal fin, the largest as large as eye; scales small, 169-229 in first row above lateral line; gill rakers 26-34. Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spots on back and caudal fin small, largest as large as pupil of eye; scales moderate, fewer than 154 in first row above lateral line ; gill rakers 19-28 12 12 Small black spots on both lobes of caudal fin; flesh at base of teeth of lower jaw black; pyloric caecae 140-185; gill rakers 20-28. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshcojytscha Small black spots when present on tail on upper lobe only; flesh at base of teeth of lower jaw pale; pyloric caecae 45-80; gill rakers 19-25. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch 13 Gill rakers on first arch 30-40, long, slender and crowded; pyloric caecae 60-115. Sockeye salmon (or kokanee) , Oncorhynchus nerka Gill rakers on first arch 19-26, short, stout and widely spaced; pyloric caecae 140-186. Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta 14 Dorsal fin base equal to or longer than head, dorsal fin usually with more than 17 rays, fin large and sail-like on fishes 8 inches or larger; colour of back bluish or purple, dorsal and pelvic fins sometimes with green or reddish spots. Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus Dorsal fin base shorter than head, dorsal fin rays fewer than 17; dorsal fin not expanded; colour usually silvery, back sometimes black, blue, or green. Whitef ishes (Coregoninae) 15 39 15 A single small flap of skin between nostrils; snout pinched, rather pointed, mouth inferior; gill rakers stout, short, usually 13-20 but to 26 in Alberta and British Columbia. Round whitef ishes , Prosopium spp 16 Two small flaps of skin between nostrils, snout not pinched but usually somewhat broad; mouth inferior, overhung by snout, or mouth terminal, lower jaw may be projecting beyond upper; gill rakers generally long and slender, more than 22 (except in Stenodus ) 18 16 Gill rakers 20-25 (rarely 26) ; scales around caudal peduncle in 20-23 rows. Mountain whitef ish, Prosopium williamsoni Gill rakers 13-20 17 17 Lateral line scales 85-100; scales around caudal peduncle 22-24; pyloric caecae 50-117. Round whitef ish, Prosopium oylindraoeum Lateral line scales 55-70; scales around caudal peduncle 18-20; pyloric caecae 15-23. Pygmy whitef ish, Prosopium ooulteri 18 Mouth inferior, overhung by snout; premaxill- aries retrorse; gill rakers usually fewer than 32 19 Upper and lower jaws nearly equal, or lower jaw projecting; premaxillaries antrorse; gill rakers usually more than 32 (except Stenodus) 21 19 Gill rakers 19-25, short; maxillary short and broad, its length less than twice its width; lower fins thick, opague, often with bluish cast in life. Broad whitef ish, Coregonus nasus Gill rakers 23-33, long; maxillary longer, its length twice or more the width; lower fins not 40 especially thick, transluscent , often sprinkled with dark chromatophores 20 20 Scales in lateral line less 90 (70-85) ; mouth inferior, obviously overhung by snout; minute teeth on premaxillaries , palatines and vomer of juveniles only (under 100 mm long). Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeafornvts Scales in lateral line more than 90 (91-100) ; mouth terminal or nearly so; teeth on pre- maxillaries, palatines and vomer, small but present even on adults. Undescribed whitefish in Nova Scotia Coregonus sp, 21 Body shape pike- like; lower jaw distinctly pro- jecting; gill rakers 19-24; scales, small, 97-110 in lateral line. Inconnu, Stenodus leuoichthys Body shape herring-like; upper and lower jaws equal or nearly so (lower jaw may project slightly) ; gill rakers more than 32 (commonly 40 or more); scales larger, usually 65-85 (Coregonus auturrmalis , 86-111). Subgenus Leuciehthys } 12 species* * Numerous keys to the species of the subgenus Leuoichthys have been attempted. All of them are unsatisfactory because of the excessive phenotypic plasticity of the ciscoes, hence no attempt to separate them is made here. The most variable and wide rang- ing species is C. artedii. 41 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY OSMERLDAE Gill rakers on upper half of arch 4-6; pyloric caecae 8-11; scales in lateral line 70-78, lat- eral line complete; pronounced concentric marks on operculum. Eulachon, Thaleichthys paoificus Gill rakers on upper half of arch 8-14; pyloric caecae 0-6; scales in lateral line 65 and fewer, lateral line incomplete; no obvious concentric marks on operculum Maxillary extending only to middle of pupil; tongue teeth minute and villiform; pyloric caecae 0-3; snout somewhat rounded; rarely over 120 mm. Pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus Maxillary extending beyond pupil, usually to posterior margin of eye; tongue teeth from medium conical to large canine; pyloric caecae 4-11; snout more pointed; size larger Gill rakers on lower half of arch 27-34, total gill rakers usually over 37; anal rays usually 16-18; base of anal fin more than 3 times eye diameter; no enlarged teeth on tongue; rarely over 135 mm. Longfin smelt, Spirinchns thaleichthys Gill rakers on lower half of arch 18-24, total gill rakers usually under 37; anal rays usually fewer than 16; base of anal fin about 2.5 times eye diameter; one or two prominent, curved canine teeth on tip of tongue larger; size large to 324 mm. Rainbow smelt, Osmerus eperlanus 42 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY HIODONTIDAE Ventral surface keeled from isthmus to anal fin; origin of dorsal fin opposite or behind origin of anal fin; maxillary extends beyond middle of pupil. Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides Ventral surface keeled from pelvic fins to anal fin; origin of dorsal fin well ahead of origin of anal fin; maxillary short of, or just to, middle of pupil. Mooneye, Hiodon tergisus KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UMBRIDAE Pelvic fin small, half as long as pectoral; anal fin of 11 or 12 rays with base about as long as base of dorsal; area between dorsal and anal with blotches; caudal fin spotted. Blackfish, Dallia peotoralis Pelvic fin large, as long as pectoral; anal fin of 8 or 9 rays with base about half as long as base of dorsal; area between anal and dorsal with vague, vertical bars; prominent vertical black bar at base of caudal; caudal fin not spotted. Central mudminnow, Umbra limi KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ESOCIDAE Submandibular pores 10 or more; cheeks and/or opercula not fully scaled Submandibular pores 8 or fewer (rarely 9) ; both cheeks and opercula more or less fully scaled 43 Submandibular pores 12-20; branchiostegal rays 16-19, most often 8 + 10 on each side*; pattern silvery or light ground colour with dark spots, blotches, or vertical stripes; neither cheeks nor opercula completely scaled. Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Submandibular pores 10-11 (rarely 9) ; branchio- stegal rays 13-16, most often 7 + 8 on each side; pattern dark ground colour with wavy ver- tical stripes in young, or horizontal rows of bean-shaped spots in adults; cheeks fully scaled, opercula not so. Northern pike, Esox luaius Submandibular pores 7 or 8 (rarely 9) and branchiostegal rays 14-17, most often 6+9 on each side; colour pattern dark ground coat with wavy, vertical stripes in young and gold- en chain- like markings in adults. Chain pickerel, Esox nigev Submandibular pores 7 or 8 and branchiostegal rays 11-13 on each side Branchiostegal rays usually 5 + 7 or 5 + 8 on each side; snout short, convex in upper profile; cardioid scales between pelvics more than 5, and more than 5 in a line from origin of anal fin to dorsal surface; lower fins red to orange. Redfin pickerel, Esox a. americccnus Branchiostegal rays usually 4 + 7 or 4 + 8 on each side; snout longer and concave in upper profile; cardioid scales between pel- vics fewer than 5, and fewer than 5 in a line from origin of anal fain to dorsal surface; lower fins dusky to yellow-green. Grass pickerel, Esox a. vermiculatus * 8 on ceratohyal, 10 on epihyal 44 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CYPRINIDAE 1 Dorsal fin base long, more than 11 soft rays; dorsal and anal fins each with strong spine, serrated on trailing edge Dorsal fin base short, fewer than 11 rays; no spines in fins (except Acrooheilus aleuticus and Ri chords onius balteatus which may occasion- ally have 11 rays ) Two pairs of long barbels on upper jaw; pharyn- geal teeth molar-like (1,1,3-3,1,1); gill rakers 21-27; scales in lateral line usually more than 32 (mirror and leather carp are only partially scaled) . Carp, Cyprinus carpio Barbels absent; pharyngeal teeth not molar-like (4-4); gill rakers 37-43; scales in lateral line usually less than 32. Goldfish, Carassius auratus 3 Premaxillaries not protractile (i.e. no groove across snout in midline) Premaxillaries protractile (i.e. with groove across snout) Lower jaw conspicuously trilobed, its centre lobe tongue-shaped; body stout; caudal pe- duncle deep. Cutlips minnow, Exoglossim maxillingua Lower jaw of normal shape; body flecked with darkened scales or speckled; body streamlined; caudal peduncle slender 45 Snout long, projecting far beyond mouth; lateral band indistinct or absent. Longnose dace, Rhinichthys aataraotae Snout scarcely projecting beyond mouth; lateral band prominent; rusty-red lateral band on spawning males. Blacknose dace, Rhiniohthys atratulus 6 Maxillary with barbel (sometimes concealed in maxillary groove) 7 Maxillary without a barbel 16 7 Barbel terminal and slender, at or near end of maxillary 8 Barbel in front of posterior end of upper jaw, often hidden in groove above maxillary 23 8 Scales in lateral line very small, 90 or more; body deep, about 25% of total length. Tench, Tinea tinea Scales in lateral line fewer than 80; body depth moderate, 20% or less of total length .. Mouth large, gape extending to below ant- erior margin of eye; pectoral fins long, narrowed, and pointed, the tips reaching to anterior base of pelvic fins or nearly so; lateral line scales 48-59. Flathead chub, Platygobio gracilis Mouth moderate to small, gape not extending to anterior margin of eye; pectoral fins rounded or bluntly pointed, not reaching base of pelvic fins 10 46 10 Lateral line scales 52 or more 11 Lateral line scales less than 50 13 11 Lateral line scales 68-79; pelvic axillary scale well developed. Peamouth chub, Myloaheilus oaurinum Lateral line scales 52-65; pelvic axillary scale absent or weakly developed 12 12 No fleshy stays on dorsal aspect of pelvic fins; lateral line scales 54-65; body some- times with specialized darkened scales. Lake chub, Couesius plionbeus Conspicuous fleshy stays on dorsal aspect of pelvic fins, joining fin rays to body; body conspicuously speckled; lateral line scales 52-57. Leopard dace, Rhinichthys falcatus 13 Snout projecting only slightly beyond mouth 14 Snout projecting considerably beyond mouth 15 14 Angle enclosed by scale radii about 70 -75 ; caudal spot large and distinct; snout length into standard length more than 9 times; dis- tinct mid-dorsal line and lateral band. Hornyhead chub , Nocomis biguttatus Angle enclosed by scale radii 95 -105 ; no caudal spot; snout length into standard length 8 or less; no mid-dorsal line; lat- eral band indistinct. River chub , Nocomis miaropogon 47 15 Body with X-shaped dark spots. Spotted chub, Hybopsis x-punotata Body without definite spots; scales large and deciduous; lower 3 or 4 rays of caudal fin unpigmented. Silver chub , Hybopsis storeriana 16 Lateral line scales more than 55 17 Lateral line scales 54 or fewer 25 17 Mouth terminal, not overhung by snout; gape small or large 18 Mouth inferior, overhung by snout; gape small 22 18 Peritoneum black; lateral line incomplete; body robust, not noticeably compressed; size small , to about 76 mm (3 inches) 19 Peritoneum silvery or speckled, not black; lateral line complete; body laterally com- pressed or elongate and pike-like; size larger, to 89 mm (3.5 inches) or more 20 19 Intestine with 2 crosswise coils in addi- tion to main loop; mouth small, terminating distinctly in advance of eye; a dark line, entire or broken, between lateral band and back. Redbelly dace, Chrosomus eos Intestine shorter, with single main loop; mouth larger, extending almost to below anterior margin of eye; back uniformly pigmented. Finescale dace, Chrosomus neogaeus 48 20 Pelvic fin origin not in advance of dorsal fin, dorsal inserted over pelvic fin origin; body elongate, not markedly compressed; young with small but precise black spot at caudal base. Squawfish, Ptychooheilus oregonense Pelvic fin origin in advance of dorsal fin origin; body laterally compressed; no black spot at caudal base 21 21 Dorsal rays 9 or 10 (seldom 8) ; anal rays 10-22, usually 15; snout short, less than eye diameter. Redside shiner, Richardson-ius balteatus Dorsal rays 8; anal rays 9 (seldom 10); snout long and pointed, greater than eye diameter. Redside dace, Clinostomus etongatus 22 Lower jaw with a hard and almost straight cutting edge (like a chisel); anal rays 9; peritoneum jet black. Chiselmouth, Acrooheilus alutaceum Lower jaw with fleshy lip, mouth sucker-like; anal rays 7; peritoneum dark brown. Speckled dace, Rhiniohthys osoulus 23 Scales in lateral line fewer than 50; young with distinct mid-lateral black band; each scale with dense pigment anteriorly. Fallfish, Semotilus eorporalis Scales in lateral line more than 50; scales without black pigment anteriorly 24 24 A black spot near anterior base of dorsal fin, sometimes indistinct in young; upper jaw extend- ing to vertical through front of eye; lateral 49 line scales 52-62; silvery, no distinct spawn- ing colour. Creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus No black spot on dorsal fin; upper jaw not reaching a vertical through front of eye; barbel often small or absent; lateral line scales 65-75; sides often with scattered, darkened scales; spawning males with red on flanks and belly. Pearl dace, Semotilus margarita 25 Abdomen behind pelvic fins with a fleshy keel lacking scales; lateral line strongly decurved, following ventral outline of body; anal fin rays 12 or 13. Golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas Abdomen behind pelvic fins rounded over and scaled; lateral line not strongly decurved; anal fin rays usually less than 12 26 26 A dark spot (sometimes faint) at front of dor- sal fin, slightly above base; back flattish; first dorsal ray separated by membrane from first well-developed ray; pre-dorsal scales small , crowded 27 No dark spot at front of dorsal fin above base (a dark pigmented area at anterior base in Notropis umbratilis) ; back scarcely flattened; first dorsal ray closely attached to first well-developed ray; pre-dorsal scales usually large and distinct 28 27 Lateral line incomplete; caudal spot faint; mouth terminal but small. Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Lateral line complete; a distinct caudal spot; mouth subterminal. Bluntnose minnow, Pimephales notatus 50 28 Mouth very small and nearly vertical; dorsal fin rays typically 9. Pugnose minnow, Opsopoeodus emiliae Mouth larger; dorsal fin rays typically 8 29 29 Anal fin rays 9-12 (rarely 8) 30 Anal fin rays 7 or 8 (rarely 9) 33 30 Origin of dorsal fin over, or in front of, vertical through insertion of pelvic fins; lateral scales twice as high as wide; lower fins of males red during spawning. Creek shiner, Notropis oornutus* Origin of dorsal fin behind vertical through insertion of pelvic fins; scales round or nearly so 31 31 Body deep, depth equal to or more than length of head; dorsal fin with black pigmented area at anterior base; sides stippled with pigment; spawning males have bluish body, and rosy lower fins. Redfin shiner, Notropis umbratilis Body slender, depth much less than length of head; no black spot at base of dorsal fin 32 * N. ohrysooephalus has been described as a species distinct from N. oornutus; chin usually pigmented; pre-dorsal, dorso-lateral scale rows 13-16 in ohrysooephalus; chin usually unpigmented; pre- dorsal, dorso-lateral scale rows 18-24 in oornutus. See Gilbert, C.R., 1964, Bull. Fla. St. Mus. 8(2):95-194, and Miller, R.J., Copeia 1968 (3): 640-647, for opposing opinions. 51 32 Snout sharp, its length more than two-tnirds distance from posterior margin of eye to posterior margin of gill-cover; pigmentation on sides usually bordered below by lateral line. Rosy face shiner, Notropis rubellus Snout blunt, its length less than two-thirds distance from posterior margin of eye to posterior margin of gill-cover; pigmentation on sides terminating above lateral line. Emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides 33 Intestine short, with single main loop; mouth usually terminal (subterminal for N. blermius and N. hudsonius) 34 Intestine elongate, coiled on right side; mouth subterminal 42 34 Dorsal fin with black blotch on membranes bet- ween posterior rays (except in young); eye less than one-quarter length of head in adults; snout sharp or pointed. Spotfin shiner, Notropis spilopterus Dorsal fin without black blotch on membranes between posterior rays; eye more than one- quarter length of head in adults; snout not sharp or pointed 35 35 Lateral band indistinct or absent, sometimes diffuse posteriorly; body somewhat compressed, and deep ; mouth subterminal 36 Lateral band usually distinct (less so on N. volucellus and N. stramineus) , often extending onto head; body slender; mouth usually terminal 37 52 36 A large, conspicuous black spot at base of caudal fin (particularly obvious on young) ; scales in lateral line 36-39; anal rays 8. Spottail shiner, Notropis hudsonius No black spot at caudal base; scales in lat- eral line 35-37; anal rays 7. River shiner, Notropis blennius 37 Lateral band usually dark and obvious, con- tinued forward through eye and onto snout; lateral line usually incomplete 38 Lateral band weakly developed or dusky, not continued forward through eye; lateral line complete 41 38 Mouth very small, almost vertical; upper jaw extending only to vertical through nostril; lateral line nearly or quite complete; peri- toneum black. Pugnose shiner, Notropis anogenus Mouth larger, upper jaw reaching beyond a vertical through nostril almost to below eye; lateral line incomplete; peritoneum silvery 39 39 Lateral band on chin (chin black) , and on pre- maxillaries . Blackchin shiner, Notropis heterodon Lateral band on snout but not on chin (chin not black) 40 40 Anal rays typically 8; dorsal fin located be- hind vertical through pelvic insertion. Blacknose shiner, Notropis heterolepis Anal rays typically 7; dorsal fin inserted over or before a vertical through pelvic in- sertion. Bridle shiner, Notropis bifrenatus 53 41 Anal rays usually 8 (sometimes 9) ; black pig- ment about anus and base of anal fin; pig- mentation extending below lateral line. Mimic shiner, Notropis voluaellus Anal rays usually 7; little or no black pig- ment about anus or base of anal fin, nor be- low lateral line. Sand shiner, Notropis stramineus 42 Dorsal fin rounded; scales with about 20 radii in adult; colour brassy. Brassy minnow, Hybognathus hankinsoni Dorsal fin somewhat falcate; scales with about 10 radii in adult; colour silvery. Silvery minnow, Hybognathus nudhalis KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CATOSTOMIDAE Dorsal fin with long base and more than 20 rays, first 4-7 rays of dorsal extended to form pointed or rounded lobe at least as high again as rest of fin; distance from insertion of dorsal to origin of caudal less than dorsal fin base Dorsal fin with short base and fewer than 20 rays, no rounded or pointed anterior lobe, rays a uniform gradation in length; distance from insertion of dorsal to origin of caudal greater than dorsal fin base Dorsal fin with moderate anterior lobe, first ray about 3 times as long as short- est dorsal ray; mouth horizontal to oblique, 54 subterminal but little overhung by snout, mouth larger - maxillary twice eye dia- meter; caudal fin with shallow fork. Bigmouth buffalo, Iatiobus cyprinellus Dorsal fin with very high, pointed, ant- erior lobe, first ray at least 4 times as long as shortest ray; mouth, horizontal, inferior and markedly overhung by snout, mouth small - maxillary about equal to eye diameter; caudal with deep fork. Quillback, Carpiodes cyprinus Lateral line present; snout rounded; mouth horizontal, inferior and overhung by snout; greatest body depth less than one-third the scaled length Lateral line absent; snout broadly pointed; mouth oblique and only subterminal, not noticeably overhung by snout; greatest depth one-third or greater than one-third of scaled length; dorsal fin appears large for body length; wide, horizontal, mid- lateral black band except in largest spec- imens; usually no more than 120-150 mm (5-6 inches) in length. Lake chubsucker, Erimyzon suoetta Side of body with prominent spotted pattern, approximately 10 horizontal rows of dark spots about the size of the pupil, one on each scale. Spotted sucker, Minytrema melanops No such pattern of small spots 5 Head large and broad, depression between eyes; eyes very high and past midpoint of head; snout long and markedly turned down; 55 body pattern of dark blotches and 3 wide, oblique bars; usually not over 200 mm (8 inches) in length. Northern hog sucker, Hypenteliwn nigricans Head convex or rounded on top, eyes lower, and approximately in middle of head 6 6 Scales small, more than 55 in lateral line; swim bladder with 2 chambers; body cylin- drical {.Catostomus) 7 Scales larger, fewer than 50 in lateral line; swim bladder with 3 chambers; body subcylin- drical to laterally compressed (Moxostoma) 11 7 Scales small, over 90 in lateral line 8 Scales larger, fewer than 90 in lateral line 9 Lower lip not completely cleft, 3 rows of papillae cross the base; 3 or 4 rows of papillae on upper lip; cartilagenous edge of jaws obvious inside lips when mouth open; sometimes a notch at point of lateral con- nection of upper and lower lips; least cau- dal peduncle depth less than one-half length of dorsal base; membranous connection bet- ween base of pelvic fins and body; not over 375 mm (15 inches) in length. Bridgelip sucker, Catostomus columbianue Lower lip completely cleft, no rows of papi- llae cross base, at most one row of small papillae on floor of cleft; only 2 rows of papillae on upper lip; cartilagenous edge of jaw not conspicuous without pulling lips back; never a notch at point of lateral connection of upper and lower lips; least caudal peduncle depth more than one-half length of dorsal base; no membranous stays between pelvic fins and body. Longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus 56 Lower lip incompletely cleft, 3 or 4 rows of papillae crossing base; cartilagenous edge of jaws visible inside lips when mouth open; pronounced notch at point of lateral connec- tion of upper and lower lips; anterior margin of upper lip not pappilate, no upper lip papil- lae visible from front; more than 15 oblique rows of scales from lateral line to origin of dorsal; never more than 200 mm (8 inches) in length. Mountain sucker, Catostomus platyrynchus Lower lip completely cleft, no rows of pap- illae crossing base; cartilagenous edge of jaws not conspicuous; no notch at point of lateral connection of lips, papillae of upper lip visible from front; fewer than 15 oblique rows of scales from lateral line to origin of dorsal; size at least to 610 mm (24 inches) in length 10 10 Lower lip much wider than its height; oblique rows of scales from lateral line to dorsal origin 8-10; dorsal fin rays 10-12; least caudal peduncle depth more than one-half length of dorsal fin base; no membranous con- nection between pelvic fins and body. White sucker, Catostomus oommersoni Lower lip almost as high as wide; oblique rows of scales from lateral line to dorsal origin 11-14; dorsal fin rays usually 13-15 (rarely 12 or 16); least caudal peduncle depth less than one-half the dorsal fin base; membranous con- nection between pelvic fins and body. Largescale sucker, Catostomus macrocheilus 11 Scales around the caudal peduncle equal 16 12 Scales around the caudal peduncle equal 12 or rarely 13 13 57 12 Maximum depth into scaled length of body less than 3h times; tip of snout to centre of pupil less than centre of pupil to posterior edge of operculum; plicae of lips crossed by trans- verse lines; lower lips meet mid-ventral at an acute angle. Copper redhorse, Moxostoma hubbsi Maximum depth into scaled length of body about 4 times or over; tip of snout to centre of pupil greater than centre of pupil to post- erior edge of operculum; no transverse lines crossing plicae; lower lips meet at an obtuse angle. Greater redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi 13 Maximum depth into scaled length 3.5 times or less; plicae of lips with distinct trans- verse lines, lower lip thin. Silver redhorse, Moxostoma anisurum Maximum depth into scaled length about 4 times or more; no transverse lines cross- ing plicae of lips , lower lip thicker 14 14 Origin of pelvic fins anterior to the mid- point of the base of the dorsal fin; lower pharyngeal arch heavy and triangular; teeth increasing in size toward bottom, subcylin- drical and reduced in number. River redhorse, Moxostoma oarinatum Origin of pelvic fins opposite the mid-point of the base of the dorsal fin; lower pharyn- geal less heavy not triangular; teeth com- pressed , comb-like , and numerous 15 15 Eye diameter equal to about one-half the maximum width of the lips; nostrils above the tip of the maxillary. Black redhorse, Moxostoma duquesnei Eye diameter equal to two-thirds or more of the maximum width of the lips; nostrils be- hind the tip of the maxillary 16 58 16 Posterior edge of lower lips nearly a straight line; mouth small, lips not reach- ing maximum width of snout; mouth overhung by snout; head roundly pointed, contained 4.3-5.4 times in standard length. Northern redhorse , Moxostoma maarolepidotum Posterior edge of lower lips a definite ob- tuse angle; head more flattened at front; mouth larger, lips reaching maximum width of snout; mouth little overhung by snout. Golden redhorse, Moxostoma erythrurian KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ICTALURIDAE 1 Adipose fin short, fleshy, free at posterior end, obviously well separated from the caudal fin; tail round, squared, or forked; can be up to 610 mm (24 inches) in length Adipose fin long, low, a simple, ridge-like extension of the caudal fin, with or without a notch marking point of connection; tail round, or squared; never over 305 mm (12 inches ) in length Caudal fin deeply forked; obvious bony ridge connecting skull and origin of dorsal; bar- bels at corners of mouth more than 3 times as long as those near nostrils. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Caudal fin round, square, or slightly indent- ed, never deeply forked; area between head and origin of dorsal compressable, no bony ridge; barbels at corners of mouth about twice as long as those near nostrils 59 Upper barbels gri/ to yellow, lower barbels yellow to white; depressed anal fin overlaps anterior rays of caudal fin; distance from isthmus notch to lower jaw notch much less than distance from lower jaw notch to tip of lower jaw. Yellow bullhead, Ictalurus natalis Upper and lower barbels dark brown to black; anal fin does not reach anterior rays of cau- dal fin; distance between isthmus and lower jaw notches close to distance from lower jaw notch to tip of lower j aw Barbs on trailing edge of pectoral spines strong even near tip, and catch fingernail when moved toward tip; anal rays usually 21- 24; dorsal ray membranes not noticeably dark- ened. Brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus Barbs on trailing edge of pectoral spines weak or absent, especially near tip, if pre- sent near base, barbs usually catch finger- nail only when moved toward base; anal rays usually 17-21; dorsal ray membranes usual? y noticeably darkened. Black bullhead, Ictalurus melas Dorsal surface more or less flat to origin of adipose fin, greatest depth, at origin of dorsal, into body length to base of caudal rays over 6 times; strongly countershaded, dark above, yellow to white below, small white to yellow spot at dorsal insertion; premaxillary tooth patch with lateral ex- tensions; can be to 305 mm (12 inches) in length. Stonecat, Noturus flavus Dorsal surface rises to obvious apex at dor- sal origin, greatest depth into body length 60 to base of caudal rays about 4 times; generally dark, or pale with dark, saddles and bars ; premaxillary tooth patch with- out lateral extensions; never over 152 mm (6 inches) in length Body pale, conspicuously marked with dark saddles and bars; ventral surface white to yellowish; caudal fin outlined in black and white; very strong barbs on pectoral spines; dorsal spine at least three-quarters maximum height of dorsal fin. Brindled madtom, Noturus miurus Body generally dark, ventral surface dusky, often 3 noticeable dark horizontal lines behind dorsal fin; myotomes often obvious; caudal fin dusky; no barbs on pectoral spines; dorsal spine not more than one-half maximum height of dorsal fin. Tadpole madtom, Noturus gyrinus KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CYPRINODONTIDAE Gill rakers usually 5, widely spaced and ob- vious; branchiostegal rays 6,6, never 5,5; distance from origin of dorsal to end of ver- tebral column when stepped forward from dor- sal fin origin, reaches a point about middle of eye. Banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus Gill rakers usually 9 or more, crowded and not obvious; branchiostegal rays 5,5, rarely 6,6; distance from origin of dorsal fin to end of vertebral column when stepped forward from dorsal fin origin, reaches to posterior half of operculum. Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus 61 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY GADIDAE 1 Two dorsal fins, base of first short, length of base of second 6 or more times that of the first; one anal fin. Burbot , Lota lota Two dorsal fins, bases of near equal length; two anal fins. Tomcod, Microgadus tomcod KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY GASTEROSTEIDAE Dorsal spines usually 9 (7-12) , short and in- clined alternately to left and right; gill membranes united but entirely free from is- thmus; a median ventral plate present; no bony plates on sides. Ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius Dorsal spines 3-6; gill membranes united to isthmus; lateral bony plates present or ab- sent 2 Dorsal spines 4, 5 or 6; spines may be long or short; no bony plates on sides; belly posterior to pelvic bases not plated 3 Dorsal spines 3 (rarely 2 or A) , usually with vertical bony plates along sides; a long bony plate extending posteriorly from pelvic bases 4 3 Dorsal spines 4, 5 or 6, short; pelvic spines also short; length of all spines 62 less than eye diameter. Brook stickleback, Culaea inoonstans Dorsal spines 4 (rarely 5), long, inclined alternately to left and right; length of first and second dorsal spines and pelvic spines distinctly greater than eye dia- meter. Fours pine stickleback, Apeltes quadraaus Pelvic fin of one spine and one soft ray, spine with one pointed cusp at base; cau- dal peduncle with a keel; body without round black spots; colour in life, green, blue or silvery. Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Pelvic fin of one spine and 2 soft rays, spine with 2 well-developed pointed cusps at base; caudal peduncle keelless; many round black spots along sides; colour in life, lemon-yellow. Blackspot stickleback, Gasterosteus wheatlandi KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY SERRANIDAE Dorsal fins slightly joined at base by membrane; sott anal rays 9 or 10; anal spines stout, not graduated in length, second and third spines subequal; no teeth on base of tongue; no lateral stripes . White perch, Rocaus amerioanus Dorsal fins entirely separated at base; soft anal rays 10 to 13; anal spines grad- uated in length; fine teeth at base of tongue; 4 to 7 lateral stripes 63 Soft anal rays 12 or 13; anal spines slen- der, the longest spine equal to or greater than one-half height of fin. White bass, Roaaus ahrysops Soft anal rays 10 or 11; anal spines more slender, longest spine less than one-half height of fin. Striped bass, Roaaus saxatilvs KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CENTRARCHIDAE Dorsal spines 10-12; branchiostegal rays 6 (rarely 5) ; base of anal fin into base of dorsal fin 1.5-3 times , Dorsal spines 6-8; branchiostegal rays 7; base of anal fin equal to, or slightly longer than base of dorsal (crappies, Pomoxis) Anal spines 6; spines arise in a scaled groove; body with 7-9 horizontal rows of black spots below lateral line; base of anal about 1.5 times into base of dorsal. Rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris Anal spines 3, not in groove, no horizon- tal rows of spots below lateral line, base of anal into base of dorsal 2.1-3.3 times 3 Lateral line scales more than 55; greatest depth into standard length 3-3.3 times (basses , Miaropterus) A Lateral line scales fewer than 50; great- est depth into standard length 2-2.5 (sunf ishes , Lepomis) 5 64 Upper jaw extends at least to mid-pupil but not beyond eye; connection between dorsal fins higher, shortest spine more than one- half the longest; 68-81 scales in lateral line; pelvic fins joined by membrane, mem- brane connecting fins to body hidden; young with conspicuous orange and black bands on caudal fin. Smallmouth bass, Miovopterus dolomieui Upper jaw extends beyond eye; connection bet- ween dorsal fins lower, shortest spine less than one-half the longest; 58-69 scales in lateral line; pelvic fins not joined by mem- brane, membrane connecting fins to body ob- vious ; young without colourful pigment on caudal fin but with prominent lateral band. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides 5 Opercular flap in life with black centre and yellow, orange, or red spots or band around margin (in preserved specimens the once coloured areas are white or colourless) Opercular flap in life all black, not mark- ed or edged by yellow, orange, or red in life (not edged with white or colourless in preserved specimens) Pectoral fins longer, 3 times in standard length, pointed at leading edge; gill rakers very short and knobbed; opercular flap short, black in centre, edged with white or yellow, with prominent well defined red spot at post- erior edge. Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus Pectoral fins shorter, 4 times in standard length and rounded; gill rakers short but not knobbed; opercular flap longer, black in centre, edged with yellow, orange, or red, no prominent precise red spot 65 Black area of opercular flap usually as deep as long, bony edge of flap entire, not cren- ate; gill rakers long and slender; pectoral fin long and pointed; base of anal fin into base of dorsal fins 2.0-2.3 times; ventral edge of preopercle finely serrate; black spot at posterior base of second dorsal fin. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Black area of opercular flap usually longer than deep; bony edge of flap crenate; gill rakers short and stout; pectoral fin short and rounded; base of anal into base of dor- sals 2.3-2.6 times; preopercle not serrate; no black spot at posterior base of second dorsal fin. Redbreast sunfish, Lepomis auritus Opercular flap as deep as long, black area edged with red and/or yellow, most promi- nently on bottom and end; bony edge entire, not crenate; scales smaller, 44 or more in lateral line, 8-10 diagonal rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal origin. Green sunfish, Lepomis oyanellus Opercular flap long, narrow, turned up, black area completely edged with red and/or yellow; bony edge crenate; scales larger, 39 or more in lateral line, 4-6 diagonal rows between lateral line and dorsal origin. Longear sunfish, Lepomis megalotis Dorsal spines 6; base of anal fin longer than base of dorsal fins; eye diameter 6 times in head, 2 times in snout; body pale with 6-8 vertical bars (prominent in life) . White crappie, Pomoxis annularis Dorsal spines 7 or 8; base of anal fin equal to base of dorsal fin; eye diameter 4-5 times in head, less than 2 times in snout; body darkly and irregularly blotched with black. Black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus 66 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY PERCIDAE Mouth large, maxillary extending to midpoint of eye or beyond; lower borders of preopercle ob- viously serrate; branchiostegals 7 or 8; mod- erate to large fish Mouth small, maxillary usually not extending beyond anterior margin of eye; lower borders of preopercle smooth, not serrate; branchio- stegals 6 (rarely 5); small bottom dwellers, never over 152 mm (6 inches) in length, (dar- ters) Anal fin with 2 spines and 6-8 soft rays; teeth in lower jaw all about equal height, no canines on tip; space between pelvic fins less than width of base of one fin; body deeper and laterally compressed, with 6-8 wide dark vertical bars. Yellow perch, Peroa flavesaens Anal fin with 2 spines and 12 or 13 soft rays; canine teeth present, usually two on tip of lower jaw; space between pelvic fins equal to base of one fin; body shallower and sub cylindrical , Rays of second dorsal fin usually 18-22; membrane of first dorsal dusky without definite spots, a large black blotch at posterior base of spinous dorsal in adults; lower lobe of caudal fin with white tip; in adults, cheek scales small, hard to see, cheek and operculum naked at 152 mm (6 inches) 67 in length; 3 pyloric caecae each about as long as stomach; 5-7 dark saddles on back. Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum* Rays of second dorsal fin usually 17-20; membrane of first dorsal clear with definite spots, in young, pigment confined to upper edge, no large blotch at posterior base; lower lobe of caudal fin without white tip; in adults cheek scales more apparent, cheek naked but scales on operculum obvious at 152 mm (6 inches) in length; usually 5 (3-9) pyloric caecae, each shorter than stomach; back with 3 or 4 saddles which become patches below fins and on peduncle. Sauger, Stizostedion canadense Anal fin large, equal to or larger than soft dorsal fin; pelvic fins well sepa- rated; caudal fin usually slightly forked; lateral line usually complete; space bet- ween pelvic bases and along belly either naked or with enlarged ctenoid scales, fe- males sometimes with only one enlarged scale between pelvic fins; body usually elongate and shallow Anal fin smaller than soft dorsal fin; distance between pelvic fins variable, from width of pelvic base to one-half pelvic base; caudal fin slightly forked, square or rounded; lateral line complete or incomplete; space between pelvic fins and along belly either naked or with scales, but scales never enlarged, body usually somewhat compressed laterally * No attempt is made to separate here the subspecies Stizostedion vitreum gtaucum, the blue pike. The species occurred only in Lakes Erie and Ontario and apparently has been extirpated. Spe- cimens of a dull grey form reported from various inland lakes have proven to be colour mutants of the walleye, S. V. vitreum. 68 Flesh pellucid in life; anal fin with a single thin spine; dorsal fins widely separated; body extremely elongate and partially naked, with scales confined to midline of sides; a series of 10-12 small, rounded, green spots along midline of sides. Sand darter, Ammoarypta pelluoida Flesh opague; anal fin with 2 spines; dor- sal fins not widely separated; body usually scaled Premaxillaries protractile, clearly sep- arated from snout by a deep groove; a series of small brown oblong or round blotches along sides, frequently joined together by a thin line. Channel darter, Peroina copelandi Premaxillaires not protractile (a shallow groove may be evident in P. shumardi) Snout prolonged to from a conical protu- berance, projecting beyond upper jaw; lateral line scales 78-103; body with 14- 16 dark vertical bars, alternate bars be- ing expanded and drop-like at lower ends; a distinct black spot at caudal base. Logperch, Percina caprodes Snout not prolonged, not projecting beyond upper jaw; lateral line scales fewer than 78; body with lateral blotches, with or without black spot at caudal base Cheeks scaleless; midline of belly scale- less but with a bridge of scales before anus; a prominent suborbital bar; anal fin 69 usually large, the rays long, reaching al- most to base of caudal fin; sides with 9 or 10 blotches or bars. River darter, Peroina shumardi Cheeks scaled; midline of belly scaled; sub- orbital bar present; anal fin not unusually large, not reaching to caudal base; sides with a series of black, oblong, confluent blotches and continuous with a black band that extends across gill cover and around snout. Blackside darter, Etheostoma maoulatum Premaxillaries protractile; one thin anal spine; body usually with X-, M-, or W-shaped markings on sides. Johnny darter, Etheostoma nigrum* Premaxillaries not protractile, usually bound to snout by fleshy bridge (the frenum) or fused to preorbitals at sides {E. blennioides) ; two anal spines, the first usually stout and stiff 10 10 Gill membranes not obviously joined but meeting in a V over isthmus 11 Gill membranes broadly joined by a sheet of tissue covering isthmus but free from it 13 * Throughout its North American range Etheostoma (Boleosoma) nigrum was considered for many years to be represented by three subspecies, all of which occurred in Canadian waters, E. n. olmstedi from Mari- time provinces to eastern Lake Ontario drainages, E. n. eulepis in Great Lakes basin and E. n. nigrum from Saskatchewan and Hudson Bay to western Quebec. However, Cole (1967) elevated olmstedi to full species status but as yet the occurrence of this species E. olmstedi Storer in Canadian waters is not clearly defined. 70 11 Cheeks scaled (scales sometimes covered light- ly with tissue) ; dorsal soft rays usually 10 or 11; lateral line ending under spinous dorsal fin; 10-12 dark vertical bars on sides, not extending downward to ventral surface; caudal fin distinct- ly speckled; males colourful in life with blue or green patches between darker bars on sides and blue and red on spinous dorsal fin. Iowa darter, Etheostoma exile Cheeks naked; dorsal rays usually 12-13, or 8-9; lateral line variously incomplete or absent 12 12 Dorsal rays 12 or 13; dorsal spines 9 or 10; lateral line usually incomplete; 6 dark, ver- tical bands on body from anus to tail, meeting (or nearly so), on ventral surface; males colour- ful in life with green, blue, and orange coloura- tion on head, sides, dorsal and anal fins. Rainbow darter, Etheostoma caerulewi Dorsal rays 8 or 9 ; dorsal spines 7; lateral line completely absent or with up to 7 pored scales; sides with 7 or 8 squarish, dark patches on sides; a distinct suborbital bar; caudal fin distinctly barred or speckled. Least darter, Etheostoma miovapevoa 13 Dorsal spines 6-8, short, length equal to or shorter than eye diameter, those of males often with fleshy tips; body slender, elongate; head distinctly pointed, mouth terminal; colour in life brownish, with 10-12 short, vertical bars. Fantail darter, Etheostoma ftabellare Dorsal spines 13, not short, length obviously greater than eye diameter and never with fleshy tips; body robust; snout distinctly rounded, overhanging the small mouth; body greenish in life with V-shaped marks that extend below the midline. Greenside darter, Etheostoma blennioides 71 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY COTTIDAE 1 Gill membranes free from isthmus; second pre- opercular spine directed backwards, conspicuous. Deepwater sculpin, Myoxoaephalus quadricornis Gill membranes attached to isthmus; second pre- opercular spine skin covered, and directed down- wards , Lateral line complete to base of caudal without deflection; upper preopercular spine usually longer than two-thirds eye diameter and curved inwardly; mandibular pores large, one on midline of tip of chin. Spoonhead sculpin, Cottus rioei Lateral line incomplete, or if complete deflected downwards on caudal peduncle; upper preopercular spine equal to one-half eye diameter and not cur- ved inwardly; mandibular pores small Two pores on tip of chin; lateral line complete or incomplete; first 2 dorsal spines not notice- ably close together (associated with separate basals) ; caudal vertebrae 20-24 One pore on tip of chin; lateral line complete; first 2 dorsal spines noticeably close together (associated with single basal) ; caudal verte- brae 24-28 Lateral line complete; palatine tooth patch long, and in contact with vomerine tooth patch; head length 3 times or less in standard length; prick- les on body usually extending onto sides and back; base of prickle serrate; usually 2 narrow, forward- 72 slanting bars under second dorsal fin; under- side of head mottled with large and small speckles. Torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus Lateral line complete or incomplete; palatine tooth patch absent or short, not in contact with vomerine tooth patch; head length usually 3 times or more in standard length; prickles restricted to a small area behind pelvic fin; base of prickle not serrate; either 3 dark bars or none under second dorsal fin; under- side of head uniformly speckled Palatine teeth absent; anal fin rays usually 10-12; pelvic fin rays 3 or 4, when present the fourth ray usually less than two-thirds length of longest pelvic ray; last 2 dorsal and anal rays often separated, arising from separate basals. Slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus Palatine teeth present; anal fin rays usually 12-14; pelvic fin rays 4, the fourth about three-quarters length of the longest ray; last 2 dorsal and anal rays close together, arising from same basal Head length usually 2.9-3.2 in standard length; pectoral fin rays usually 14-16; lateral line incomplete and usually of 28-36 pores; pre- opercular spines 3. Mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi Head length usually 3.2-3.9 in standard length; pectoral fin rays usually 13 or 14; lateral line incomplete and usually of 22-33 pores; preopercular spines 2. Shorthead sculpin, Cottus oonfusus 73 7 Anal fin rays 15-19; pectoral fin rays 15- 18; palatine teeth present; dark, oval spot on upper posterior portion of first dorsal fin. Prickly sculpin, Cottus asper Anal fin rays 12-16; pectoral fin rays IS- IS; palatine teeth absent; dark, oval spot absent on first dorsal fin. Coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus 74 SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL OCCURRENCE The species below are fishes which have been recorded from fresh water in Canada but either so rarely or on such tenuous cir- cumstances as to make doubtful their real establishment in fresh water. f. Squalidae - dogfish sharks; Squatus acanthias Linnaeus - spiny dogfish; B.C., (McAllister, 1959a). f. Clupeidae - herrings; Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes - Pacific herring; B.C., (McAllister, 1959a). f. Salmonidae - salmons, trouts, whitefishes, and grayling; Salmo aguabontta Jordan - golden trout; introduction in Alberta of unknown success. Salmo sdlar Linnaeus - Atlantic salmon; recently introduced in lakes in National Parks in Alberta. f. Cyprinodontidae - killifishes; Lebistes retiaulatus (Peters) - guppy; Alta. Mollienesia latipinna Lesueur - sailfin molly; Alta. Xiphophorus helleri Heckel - swordtail; Alta. Aquarium specimens introduced into hot springs near Banff and surviving. f. Cichlidae - cichlids; Cichlosoma nigro fas datum (Gunther) - zebra cichlid; Alta. Aquarium specimens introduced into hot springs near Banff and surviving. f. Embiotocidae - surfperches; Cymatog aster aggregata Gibbons - shiner perch; B.C., (McAllister, 1959a). f. Cottidae - sculpins; Clinooottus aouticeps (Gilbert) - sharpnose sculpin; B.C., (McAllister, 1959a). Leptoaottus armatus Girard - Pacific staghorn sculpin; B.C., (McAllister, 1959a). Myoxocephalus quadrioornis (Linnaeus) - fourhorn sculpin; Man. f. Cyclopteridae - lumpfishes and snailfishes; Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus - lumpfish; Ont., (Ryder e_t al, 1964). f. Ammodytidae - sand lances; Ammodytes amerioanus DeKay - American sand lance; Nfld., (Scott and Crossman, 1964). f. Bothidae - lefteye flounders; Scophthalmus aquosus (Mitchill) - windowpane; Nfld., (Scott and Crossman, 1964). 75 f. Pleuronectidae - righteye flounders; Liopsetta putnami (Gill) - smooth flounder; N.B., Que., Vladykov (pers. comm.) stated that this flounder had been taken in the St. Lawrence River, 30 miles from the sea. There are specimens in the ROM from freshwater in the Waweig River, N.B. MacKenzie (1959) reported them as taken "just above Newcastle" on the Miramichi River where salinities are as low as 0.1%. Platiahthys stellatus (Pallas) - starry flounder; B.C. The adults of this species have long been known to enter freshwater. The adults as well regularly occur in at least marginal freshwater (see Carl et^ al, 1959; McAllister, 1959a). Pseudopleuroneotes ameriaanus (Walbaum) - winter flounder; Nf Id. , (Scott and Crossman, 1964). 76 NUMBER OF SPECIES BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS IN A TOTAL FAUNA OF 183 SPECIES Number of Species 1969 Insular Newfoundland 20 Labrador (Nfld.) 21 Nova Scotia 34 Prince Edward Island 19 New Brunswick 48 Quebec 106 Ontario 136 Manitoba 76 Saskatchewan 59 Alberta 53 British Columbia 72 Northwest Territories 41 Yukon Territory 32 Alaska 39 NUMBER OF SPECIES IN MAJOR WATERSHED BASINS Atlantic 146 Hudson Bay 94 Arctic 56 Pacific 70 Gulf of Mexico 27 77 ATLANTIC WATERSHED BASIN 146 species Lampetra lamottei Iahthyomyzon fossor Iehthyomyzon uniouspis Petromyzon marinus Aeipenser brevirostrum Aeipenser fulvesoens Aeipenser oxyrhynchus Lepisosteus oculatus Lepisosteus osseus Amia oalva Alosa aestivalus Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa sapidissima Dorosoma oepedianum Coregonus alpenae Coregonus artedii Coregonus clupeaformis Coregonus hoyi Coregonus johannae Coregonus kiyi Coregonus nigripinnis Coregonus nipigon Coregonus reighardi Coregonus zenithieus Coregonus sp. Onoorhynohus gorbuseha* Onoorhyndhus kisuteh*? Onoorhynohus nerka* Onoorhynohus tshawytscha* Pros opium ooulteri Prosopium oylindraoeum Salmo olarki* Salmo gairdneri* Salmo salar Salmo trutta* Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus namayoush Thymallus arcticus*? Osmerus eperlanus Hiodon alosoides Hiodon tergisus Dallia peotoralis*? Umbra limi Esox amerioanus Esox lucius Esox masquinongy Esox niger Carassius auratus* Chrosomus eos Chrosomus neogaeus Clinostomus elongatus Couesius plumbeus Cyprinus carpio* Exoglossum maxillingua Hybognathus hankinsoni Hybognathus nuohalis 78 ATLANTIC WATERSHED BASIN (cont.) Hybopsis storeriana Hybopsis x-punctata Nocorrris biguttata Nooomis micropogon Notemigonus orysoleuoas Notropis anogenus Notropis atherinoides Notropis bifrenatus Notropis chrysocephalus Notropis oornutus Notropis heterodon Notropis heterolepis Notropis hudsonius Notropis rubellus Notropis spitopterus Notropis stramineus Notropis umbratilis Notropis voluoellus Opsopoeodus emiliae Pimephales notatus Pimephales promelas Rhinichthys atratulus Rhiniohthys cataractae Semotilus atromaculatus Semotilus oorporalis Semotilus margarita Carpiodes oyprinus Catostomus oatostomus Catostomus commersoni Erimyzon suoetta Hypentelium nigricans Iotiobus oyprinellus Minytrema melanops Moxostoma anisurum Moxostoma oarinatum Moxostoma erythrunon Moxostoma hubbsi Moxostoma maorolepidotum Moxostoma valenoiennesi Iotalurus melas Iatalurus natalis Iotalurus nebulosus Iotalurus punatatus No turns flavus No turns gyrinus No turns miurus Anguilla rostrata Fundulus diaphanus Fundulus heteroclitus Lota lota Miorogadus tomood Labidesth.es sioculus Apeltes quadraous Culaea inoonstans Gasterosteus aouleatus Gasterosteus wheatlandi Pungitius pungitius Peroopsis omisoomayous Roocus ameriaanus 79 ATLANTIC WATERSHED BASIN (cont.) Roccus ohrysops Rocous saxatilis Ambloplites rupestris Lepomis auritus Leporrtis cyanellus Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis megalotis Micropterus dolomieui Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis annularis Pomoxis nigromaculatus Ammocrypta pelluoida Etheostoma blennioides Etheostoma caeruleum Etheostoma exile Etheostoma flabellare Etheostoma microperca Etheostoma nigrum Perca f laves oens Percina caprodes Pevcina oopelandi Percina maculata Stizostedion oanadense Stizostedion vitreum Aplodinotus grunniens Cottus bairdi Cottus cognatus Cottus rioei Myoxooephalus quadrioornis HUDSON BAY WATERSHED BASIN 94 species Iohthyomyzon oastaneus Ichthyomyzon uniouspis Acipenser fulvescens Coregonus artedii Coregonus clupeaformis Coregonus hoyi? Coregonus nigripinnis Coregonus nipigon Coregonus zenithicus Oncorhynchus gorbuscha*? Onoorhynchus keta*? Oncorhynchus tshawytscha*? Prosopium cylindraceum Pros opium Williams oni Salmo clarki Salmo gairdneri Salmo salar Salmo trutta* Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus fontinalis 80 HUDSON BAY WATERSHED BASIN (cont.) Salvelinus malma Salvelinus namayaush Thymallus arotiaus Hiodon alosoides tiiodon tergisus Umbra limi Esox lueius Esox masquinongy Carassius auratus* Chrosomus eos Chrosomvs neogaeus Couesius plumbeus Cyprinus aarpio* Hybognathus hankinsoni Hybognathus nuahalis Noaomis biguttata Nooomis storeriana Notemigonus arysoleuaas Notropis atherinoides Notropis blennius Notropis cornutus Notropis heterolepis Notropis hudsonius Notropis rubellus Notropis stramineus Notropis volucellns Pimephales notatus Fimephales promelas Platygobio gracilis Ehiniohthy8 atratulus Rhiniohtky8 oataractae Semotilus atromaculatus Semotilus oorporalis Semotilus margarita Carpiodes cyprinus Catostomus oatostomus Catostomus oommersoni Catostomus platyrhynchus lotiobus cyprinellus Moxostoma anisurum Moxostoma maorolepidotum Iotalurus me las Ictalurus nebulosus Iotalurus punotatus Noturus flavus Noturus gyrinus Fundulus diaphanus Gambusia affinis Lota lota Culaea inoonstans Gasterosteus aouleatus Pungitius pungitius Percopsis omiscomayous Ambloplites rupestris Lepomis oyanellus Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis megalotis Mioropterus dolomieui Mioropterus salmoides Pomoxis nigromaoulatus Etheostoma exile Etheostoma nigrum 81 HUDSON BAY WATERSHED BASIN (cont.) Perca flavescens Percina caprodes Peraina maculata Percina shumardi Stizostedion aanadense Stizostedion vitreum Aplodinotus grunniens Cottus bairdi Cottus aognatus Cottus rioei Myoxocephalus quadricornis ARCTIC WATERSHED BASIN 56 species Lampetra gaponica Coregonus artedii Coregonus autumnalis Coregonus olupeaformis Coregonus laurettae Coregonus nasus Coregonus nelsoni Coregonus nigripinnis Coregonus sardinella Coregonus zenithicus Onoorhynohus gorbusoha Oncorhynehus keta Onoorhynohus nerka Onoorhynohus tshawytscha Prosopium ooulteri Prosopium oylindraoeum Prosopium williamsoni Salmo gairdneri Salmo trutta* Salvelinus alpinus Salve linus fontinalis* Salvelinus malma Salvelinus namayoush Stenodus leuoichthys Thymallus aroticus Hypomesus olidus Osmerus eperlanus Hiodon alosoides Dallia pectoralis Esox luoius Chrosomus eos Chrosomus neogaeus Couesius plumbeus Hybognathus hankinsoni Mylooheilus oaurinus Notropis atherinoides Notropis hudsonius Pimephales promelas Platygobio gracilis Ptychocheilus oregonensis Rhinichthys cataractae Richardsonius balteatus 82 ARCTIC WATERSHED BASIN (cont.) Semotilus margarita Lota lota Catostomus aatostomus Catostomus oorrmersoni Catostomus macrooheilus Percopsis omisoomaycus Etheostoma exile Peroa flavesaens Stizostedion vitreum Cottus asper Cottus cognatus Cottus ricei Myoxocephalus quadrioornis Culaea inoonstans Pungitius pungitius PACIFIC WATERSHED BASIN (+ BERING SEA) 70 species Lampetra japonica Entosphenus tridentatus Lampetra ayresi Lampetra richardsoni Acipenser medirostris Aoipenser transmontanus Alosa sapidissima* Coregonus autumnalis Coregonus clupeaformis Coregonus pidsohian Coregonus nasus Coregonus nelsoni Coregonus sardinella Onoorhynohus gorbusoha Onoorhynchus keta Onoorhynohus kisutch Onoorhynchus nerka Onoorhynohus tshawytsoha Prosopium coulteri Prosopium cylindraceum Prosopium williamsoni Salmo clarki Salmo gairdneri Salmo trutta* Salvelinus fontinalis* Salve linus malma Salvelinus namaycush Stenodus leuoiohthys Thymallus arcticus Hypomesus olidus Osmerus eperlanus Spirinohus dilatus Thaleiohthys paoificus Dallia pectoralis Esox luoius Acrooheilus alutaceus Carassius auratus* Couesius plumbeus 83 PACIFIC WATERSHED BASIN (+ BERING SEA) (cont.) Cyprinus oarpio* Hybognathus hankinsoni Mylooheilus oaurinus Notropis atherinoides Ptyohoohei lus oregonensis Rhiniohthys catavaotae Rhiniohthys falaatus Rhiniohthys osaulus Riohardsonius balteatus Tinea tinea* Catostomus oatostomus Cato8tomu8 aolumbianus Catoetomus oommersoni Catostomus maorooheilus Catostomus platyvhynohus Iotalurus melas* Ictalurus nebulosus* Lota lota Gasterosteus aculeatus Pungitius pungitius Peroopsis omisoomaycus Lepomis gibbosus* Mioropterus dolomieui* Mioropterus salmoides* Pomoxis nigromaoulatus * Perca flavescens* Cottus aleutious Cottus asper Cottus bairdi Cottus ooqnatus Cottus rhotheus Cottus confusus GULF OF MEXICO WATERSHED BASIN 27 species Prosopium williamsoni Salmo olarki Salmo gairdneri Salmo trutta Esox luoius Carassius auratus Chrosomus eos Chrosomus neogaeus Couesius plumbeus Cypvinus carpio Hybognathus hankinsoni Hybognathus nuchalis Pimephales promelas Platygobio gracilis Rhiniohthys oatavactae Semotilus margarita Catostomus oatostomus Catostomus oommersoni 84 GULF OF MEXICO WATERSHED BASIN (cont.) Catostomus platyrhynahus Etheostoma exile Moxostoma maorolepi datum Perca flaveeaens Noturus flavus Stizostedion canadense Lota lota Cottus bairdi Culaea inoonstans Two recent publications by Willock (1968; in press) have greatly increased knowledge of the species that occur in those limited drainages in Saskatchewan and Alberta, which are connected with the Missouri River. 85 LITERATURE CITED Bailey, R.M. 1951. A check-list of the fishes of Iowa, with keys for identification. Jji Iowa Fish and Fishing, by J.R. Harlan and E.B. Speaker, Iowa Cons. Comm. , p. 185-237. Bailey, R.M. and C.E. Bond. 1963. Four new species of freshwater sculpins, genus Cottus^ from western North America. Occ. Pap. Mus . Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 634. 27 p. Carl, G.C., W.A. Clemens and C.C. Lindsey. 1959. The fresh-water fishes of British Columbia. British Columbia Prov. Mus., Hand- book No. 5. 192 p. Cole, C.F. 1967. A study of the eastern Johnny darter, Etheostoma olmstedi Storer (Teleostei, Percidae) . Chesapeake Sci. 8(1): 28-51. Cross, F.B. 1967. Handbook of fishes of Kansas. Univ. Kansas, Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ. 45. 357 p. Crossman, E.'J. 1966. A taxonomic study of Esox americanus and its subspecies in eastern North America. Copeia 1966(1): 1-20. Crossman, E.J. and R.G. Ferguson. 1963. The first record from Canada of Minytrema melanops. Copeia 1963(1): 186-187. Eschmeyer, P.H. and R.M. Bailey. 1955. The pigmy whitefish, Coregonus coultevi, in Lake Superior. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 84(1954): 161- 199. Fortin, P. 1865. Continuation of the list of fishes found in the Gulf of and River St. Lawrence. Jji Annual report of Pierre Fortin, Esq., etc. Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly, p. 61- 69. Gilbert, C.R. 1964. The American cyprinid fishes of the subgenus Luxilus (genus Notropis) . Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Ser. 8(2): 194 p. Halkett, A. 1913. Check list of the fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. King's Printer, Ottawa. 138 p. Henderson, N.E. and R.E. Peter. 1969. Distribution of fishes of southern Alberta. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 26(2): 325-338. 86 Holt, R.D. 1960. Comparative morphometry of the mountain whitefish, Pros opium Williams oni. Copeia 1960(3) : 192-200. Hubbs, C.L. and W.R. Crowe. 1956. Preliminary analysis of the Ameri- can cyprinid fishes, seven new, referred to the genus Hybopsis, subgenus Erimystax. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. , Univ. Michigan, No. 578. 8 p. Legendre, V. 1954. Key to game and commercial fishes of the province of Quebec. The freshwater fishes. Game and Fish. Dept., Quebec, Vol. 1. 180 p. Leim, A.H. and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 155. 485 p. Lindsey, C.C. 1962. Distinctions between the broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus, and other North American whitefishes. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 19(4): 687-714. 1963. Status of the whitefish species Coregonus nelsonii Bean, and designation of a new type. Copeia 1963(1): 173-174. MacKay, H.H. 1963. Fishes of Ontario. Ontario Dept. of Lands and Forests. 300 p. Magnin, E. 1963. Notes sur la repartition, la biologie et particuliere- ment la croissance de 1' Acipenser brevirostris LeSueur 1817. Le Nat. Canadien 90(3): 87-96. 1964. Validite d'une distinction specifique entre les deux acipense'ride's: Acipenser sturio L. d' Europe et Aoipenser oxyrhynchus d'Amerique du Nord. Le Nat. Canadien 91(1): 5-20. *" / s Magnin E. and G. Beaulieu. 1963. Etude morphometrique comparee de 1' Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill du Saint-Laurent et de \* Acipenser sturio Linne de la Gironde. Contrib. Ministlre de la Chasse et des PeVheries No. 92. 38 p. McAllister, D.E. 1959a. Records of marine fishes from freshwater in British Columbia. Canadian Field-Nat. 73(1): 13-14. 1959b. The origin and status of the deepwater sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii, a nearctic glacial relict. Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada 172: 44-65. 1960. Le Gasterosteus wheatlandi, nouvelle espe'ce de poisson pour la province de Quebec. Le Nat. Canadien 87(5): 117-118. 1963. A revision of the smelt family, Osmeridae. Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada 191. 53 p. 87 McAllister, D.E. and C.C. Lindsey. 1961. Systematlcs of the fresh- water sculpins (Cottus) of British Columbia. Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada 172, Contrib. Zool. 1959: 66-89. McKenzie, R.A. 1959. Marine and freshwater fishes of the Miramichi River and Estuary, New Brunswick. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 16(6): 807-833. McPhail, J.D. 1961. A systematic study of the Salvelinus alpinus complex in North America. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 18(5): 793- 816. 1966. The Covegonus autvamalis complex in Alaska and north- western Canada. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 23(1): 141-148. Norden, C.R. 1961. Comparative osteology of representative salmonid fishes, with particular reference to the grayling (Thymallus araticus) and its phylogeny. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 18(5): 679-791. Paetz, M.J. 1967. The Angler's Domain, p. 247-255. In Alberta, A Natural History, W.G. Hardy (Ed.). Mis Mat Corp. Ltd., Edmonton. 343 p. Paetz, M.J. and J.S. Nelson. 1968. Keys to the fishes of Alberta. 25 p. (mimeo). Qadri, S.U. 1959. Some morphological differences between the subspecies of cutthroat trout, Salmo elarkii olarkii and Salmo clarkii tewisi3 in British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 16(6): 903-922. Ryder, R.A. , W.B. Scott and E.J. Crossman. 1964. Fishes of northern Ontario, north of the Albany River. Roy. Ontario Mus., Life Sciences Contrib. No. 60. 30 p. Sale, P.F. 1967. A re-examination of the taxonomic position of the aurora trout. Canadian J. Zool. 45: 215-225. Scott, W.B. 1958. A checklist of the freshwater fishes of Canada and Alaska. Roy. Ontario Mus., Div. Zool. Palaeo. 30 p. 1967. Freshwater fishes of eastern Canada. Toronto, Univ. Toronto Press (2nd ed. revised). 137 p. Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1959. The freshwater fishes of New Brunswick: a checklist with distributional notes. Roy. Ontario Mus., Div. Zool. Palaeo., Contrib. No. 51. 37 p. 88 1964. Fishes occurring in the freah waters of insular Newfoundland. Canada, Department of Fisheries. 124 p. 1967. Provisional checklist of Canadian freshwater fishes. Roy. Ontario Mus . Info. Leaflet. 39 p. Smith, G.R. 1966. Distribution and evolution of the North American catostomid fishes of the subgenus Pantosteus } genus Catostomus. Univ. Michigan, Mus. of Zoology, Misc. Publ. No. 129. 132 p. Suttkus, R.D. 1958. Status of the nominal cyprinid species Moniana delioiosa Girard and Cyprinella texana Girard. Copeia 1958(4): 307-318. Svetovidov, A.N. and E.A. Dorofeeva. 1963. Systematics, origin and history of the Eurasian and North American perches and pike- perches (genera Perca> Luaioperca, and Stizostedion) . Voprosy Ikhtiol. , 3(4) : 625-651. Vladykov, V.D. and W.I. Follett. 1958. Redescription of Lampetra ayresii (Gunther) of western North America, a species of lamprey (Petromyzontidae) distinct from Lampetra fluviatilis (Linnaeus) of Europe. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 15(1): 47-77. 1965. Lampetra richardsoni, a new nonparasitic species of lamprey (Petromyzontidae) from western North America. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 22(1): 139-158. Walters, V. 1955. Fishes of western Arctic America and eastern Arctic Siberia. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 106(5): 225-368. Wilimovsky, N.J. 1954. List of the fishes of Alaska. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. 4(5): 279-294. Willock, T.A. 1968. New Alberta records of the silvery and brassy minnows, stonecat, and sauger, with a preliminary list of the fishes of the Milk River in Alberta. Canadian Field-Nat. 82(1): 18-23. (in press) . Annotated checklist of fishes of the Missouri drainage in Canada. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. Whitley, G.P. 1950. New fish names. Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South Wales (1948-49). p. 44. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. 1952. Freshwater vertebrates of the arctic and subarctic. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 94. 28 p. 89 INDEX Underlined page numbers indicate location in the keys, Page numbers not underlined refer to position in the checklist. Aaipenser bvevivostvum, 8, _34 fulvesaensy 8, 34 medivostvis 3 8, 34 oxyrhynahus , 8, 33 sturiOj 8 tvansmontanus , 8, 33 Acipenseridae, 8, 2j6 key to, _3_3 Acipenseriformes, 8 Aaroaheilus aiutaaeum, 14, 49 alutaceus, 14 Agnatha, 7 Alaska blackfish, 14 Aleutian sculpin, 24 alewife, 9, _3_5 Alosa aestivalis, 9, 35 pseudoharengus , 9, 35 sapidissima, 9, 35 Ambloplites rupestris, 22, ^4 American brook lamprey, 7, _32_ American eel, 20 American sand lance, 75 American shad, 9, 3_5 American smelt, 13 Amia aalva, 9 Amiidae, 9, _26 Amiiformes, 9 Ammoarypta pellucida, 23, 69 Ammodytes amevicanus, 75 Ammodytidae, 75 Anacanthini, 21 Anguilla vostvata> 20 Anguillidae, 20, 26. Anguilliformes, 20 Apeltes quadracus, 21, 63 Aplodinotus grunniens, 24 Apodes, 20 Arctic char, 10, 38 Arctic cisco, 11 Arctic grayling, 13, ^ Arctic lamprey, 7, 31^ Arctic smelt, 13 Atherinidae, 21, 30 Atheriniformes, 21 91 Atlantic salmon, 10, _3_7, 75 Atlantic sturgeon, 8, 33_ Atlantic tomcod, 21 banded killifish, 20, 61 basses, 22, _30_ Bering Cisco, 12 bigmouth buffalo, 19, _55 black bullhead, 19, 60 black crappie, 23, 66^ black redhorse, 19, J58 blackchin shiner, 16, 5_3 blackfin cisco, 12 blackfish, 28, 43 blacknose dace, 17, 46 blacknose shiner, 16, 5_3 blackside darter, 24, 70. blackspot stickleback, 21, ^3_ bloater, 12 blue pike, 24, 68 blueback herring, 9, 3_5 bluegill, 22, 66 bluntnose minnow, 17, _50 Bothidae, 75 bowfin, 9 bowfins, _26 brassy minnow, 15, 5^ bridgelip sucker, 18, _56 bridle shiner, 16, 53 brindled mad torn, 20, 61 broad whitefish, 12, 40 brook silverside, 21 brook stickleback, 21, 63_ brook trout, 11, 38 brown bullhead, 20, 60 brown trout, 10, 37 burbot, 21, 62 Carassius auratus, 15, 45 carp, 15, 45 Carpiodes cyprinus, 18, 55 catfishes, 19, 27 Catostomidae, 18, 29 key to, 54 Catostomus catostomus, 18, 56 Qolwribianus , 18, 56 eommersoni, 18, 57 maaroaheilus , 18, 57 platyrhynchus , 18, _57 92 central Johnny darter, 23 central mudminnow, 14, 43 Centrarchidae, 22, 3_0 key to , 64^ chain pickerel, 14, 44 channel catfish, 20, 59 channel darter, 69^ chars, 36^ chestnut lamprey, 7, 32 chinook salmon, 10, 39 chiselmouth, 14, h9_ Chondrostei, 8 Chrosomus eos, 15, 48 neogaeus, 15, 48 chum salmon, 10, _39_ Cichlidae, 75 cichlids, 75 Ciahlosoma nigvofasciatum, 75 cisco, 11 ciscoes, 27 Clinoaottus aautioeps , 75 Clinostomus elongatus, 15, h9_ Cliepea harengus pallasij 75 Clupeidae, 9, _2_2» 75 key to, 35 Clupeiformes , 9 coastal cutthroat trout, 10 coastrange sculpin, 24, 7J*_ cods, 21, 30 coho salmon, 10, 3_9_ common shiner, 16 copper redhorse, 19, _58^ Coregonidae, 9 Coregoninae, 11, 2_7, 3_6, 3_9 Covegonus alpenae, 11 artedii, 11 autwmalis, 11, 12 clupeafornris, 11, 41 hoyiy 12 johannae, 12 kiyi, 12 lauvettae > 11, 12 nasus, 12, 40 nelsoni, n nigripinnis , 12 nipigon, 12 pidschian, 11 reighardi, 12 sardinella, 12 sp., 12, 41 93 zenithicus > 12 Cottidae, 24, 29, 75 key to, 72 Cottus aleuticus, 24, 74 asper>j 24, 74 bairdi, 24, 73 aognatuSy 24, 73 aonfusuSy 25, 73 kubbsi, 24 philonips, 24 vhotheus, 25, 73 viceiy 25, 7_2 sp., 25 Couesius s 15 plumbeus, 15, 47 creek chub, 18, 50 creek shiner, 51 Culaea inoonstans } 21, j>3 cutlips minnow, 15, 45_ cutthroat trout, 10, 37_ Cyclopteridae, 75 Cyalopterus lumpus, 75 Cymatogastev aggvegatay 75 Cyprinidae, 14, 29 key to, 45 Cypriniformes, 14 Cyprinodontidae, 20, 28, 75 key to, 61 Cyprinodontiformes, 20 Cyprinus oarpio, 15, 45^ Dallia peotovalis, 14, 43_ Dalliidae, 14 deepwater cisco, 12 deepwater sculpin, 25, _7_2 dogfish sharks, 75 Dolly Varden, 11, 38 Dorosoma eepedianum, 9, 35 drums, 24, 30 Embiotocidae, 75 emerald shiner, 16, _52 Entosphenus japonious, 1 lamottei, 7 tridentatus , 7 Erimystax, 15 dissimilis, 15 Erimyzon suaetta, 18, 55^ 94 Esocidae, 14, 28 key to, 43_ Esox americanus , 14 americanus americanus, 14, 44 americanus vermiculatus , 14, 44 lucius, 14, 44 masquinongy , 14, 44 niger, 14, 44 Etheostoma blennioid.es> 23, 71 (Boleosoma) nigrum, 23 caeruZeum, 23, 71 exile, 23, 71 flabellare, 23, 71 maculatum, 70 microperca, 23, 71 nigrum, 23, 70 nigrum eulepis, 23 nigrum nigrum, 23 nigrum olmstedi, 23 oVmstedi, 23 Eucalia inconstans, 21 eulachon, 13, 42^ European brook lamprey, 7 Exoglossum maxillingua, 15, 4J> fallfish, 18, 49 Families, key to, 2j5 fantail darter, 23, 71 fathead minnow, 17, 50 finescale dace, 15, 48_ flathead chub, 17, 46 fourhorn sculpin, 75 fourspine stickleback, 21, 63 freshwater drum, 24 freshwater eels, 20, 26 Fundulus diaphanus, 20, 61 heteroclitus, 20, 61 Gadidae, 21, 30 key to, J52_ Gadiformes, 21 Gambusia af finis, 20 gar pikes, 2^8 gars, 8 Gasterosteidae, 21, 3_0 key to, 62^ Gasterosteiformes, 21 95 Gasterosteus aculeatus, 21, 63 wheattandi } 21, 63 Ginglymodi, 8 gizzard shad, 9, J35_ golden redhorse, 19, 59^ golden shiner, 16, _50 golden trout, 75 goldeye, 14, ^3_ goldfish, 15, 45 grass pickerel, 44^ grass pickerels, 14 gravel chub, 15 grayling, 9, 27, 36, 75 greater redhorse, 19, _58 green sturgeon, 8, 3k_ green sunfish, 22, 66 greenside darter, 23, 71 guppy, 75 Halecomorphi, 9 herrings, 9, 29, 75 Hiodon alosoides, 14, 43 tergisus, 14, 43 Hiodontidae, 14, 23 key to, 43 hornyhead chub, 16, 47 humpback whitefish, 11 Hybognathus hankinsoni, 15, 54 nuohalis, 15, 54 Hybopsis biguttata, 16 micropogon, 16 storeriana, 15, 48 x-punotata, 15, 48 Hypentelium nigricans, 19, 56 Hyperoartia, 7 Hypomesus olidus, 13, 42 Ichthyomyzon castaneus, 7, 32 fossor, 7 , 33 uniauspis, 7, 33 Ictaluridae, 19, 27. key to, 59 Iotalurus melas, 19, 60 natalis, 19, 60 nebulosus, 20, 60 punatatus, 20, 59 Iatiobus bubalus, 19 cypvinellus, 19, 5_5 96 inconnu, 13, 41 Iowa darter, 23, 71 Isospondyli, 9 Johnny darter, 70 Kamloops trout, 10 killifishes, 20, 28, 75 kiyi, 12 kokanee, 10, 39 Labidesth.es siaaulus, 21 lake Atlantic salmon, 10 lake chub, 15, h]_ lake chubsucker, 18, f>5 lake herring, 11 lake sturgeon, 8, 34 lake trout, 11, 38 lake whitefish, 11, 41 Lampetra ayresi, 7, 32 fluviatilis, 7 japonica, 7, 31 lamottei, 7, 32 planerit 1 richardsonij 7, 32 tvidentata, 7, 31 lampreys, 7, 26 key to , 31 largemouth bass, 23, 6^5_ largescale sucker, 18, _57 lauretta herring, 11 least cisco, 12 least darter, 23, 71. Lebistes reticulatus , 75 lefteye flounders, 75 leopard dace, 17, j4_7 Lepisosteidae, 8, ^8 key to, _34_ Lepisosteiformes, 8 Lepisosteus oaulatus, 8 osseusy 8, 35_ productus, 8, 35 Lepomis auritus, 22, 66 eyanellus, 22, 66 gibbosuSy 22, 65_ 97 maaroahirus , 22, 66 megalotis, 23, 66 Leptoaottus armatus, 75 Leuoichthys, 9, 41 Liopsetta putnami^ 76 logperch, 24, 69_ longear sunfish, 23, ^6_ longfin smelt, 13, ^2 long jaw cisco, 11 longnose dace, 17, 46 longnose gar, 8, 3_5 longnose sucker, 18, 5_6 Lota lota, 21, 62 lump fish, 75 lumpfishes, 75 Margarisous margarita nachtriebei , 18 Marsipobranchii, 7 Meganostomatobus cyprinella, 19 Microcyprini, 20 Miorogadus tovnood, 21, 62 Mioropterus dolomieui, 23, 65 salmoides, 23, j>5 mimic shiner, 17, _54 minnows , 14 Minytrema melanops, 19, 55 Mollienesia latipinna, 75 mooneye, 14, 43 mooneyes, 14, ^9_ mosquitof ish, 20 mottled sculpin, 24, 73 mountain sucker, 18, 5_7_ mountain whitefish, 13, 40 Moxostoma anisurum, 19, 58 aureolum, 19 aarinatum, 19, 58 duquesnei, 19, 58 erythrwmrriy 19, 59 hubbsiy 19, 58 macrolepidotwn, 19, 59 valenoiennesi } 19, 58 mudminnows , 14 , 28 mummichog, 20, 61 muskellunge, 14, 44 Mylooheilus oaurinum, 15, 47 caurinus, 15 Myoxocephalus quadricormis , 25, 7_2, 75 thompsoniy 25 98 ninespine stickleback, 22, jS2 Nipigon cisco, 12 Nocomis, 15 biguttatus, 16, 47 mioropogoriy 16, ^V7_ northern brook lamprey, 7, 13 northern hogsucker, 19, 56^ northern pike, 14, 44 northern redbelly dace, 15 northern redhorse, 19, j>9 northern squawfish, 17 Notemigonus crysoleucas, 16, 50 Notropis anogenus, 16, 53 atherinoides > 16, 52 bifrenatuSj 16, 53 blenniuSj 16, 53 ehrysocephalus, 16, 51 corTtutus, 16, 51 deliciosus, 17 heterodon, 16, 53 heterolepis, 16, 53 hudsonins, 16, 53 rubellus, 17, 52 spilopteruSj 17, 52 stramineus , 17, 54 texonus, 17 wnbvatilis, 17, 51 yoZwceZZus, 17, 54 Noturus flavusy 20, 60 gyrinus, 20, 61 miurus, 20, 61 Onoorhynahus gorbuscha, 9, ^9 fceta, 10, 39. kisutch, 10, 39 nerka, 10, 39 spp. , 36 tshauytsoha, 10, 39 Opsopoeodus emiliae, 17, j>l Osmeridae, 13, _2_7 key to, 4^2 Osmerus dentex, 13 eperlanus, 13, 42 eperlanus dentex, 13 eperlanu.8 mordax, 13 mordax, 13 Ostariophysi, 14 Osteichthyes, 8 ouananiche, 10 99 Pacific herring, 75 Pacific lamprey, 7, 11 Pacific salmons, _36 Pacific staghorn sculpin, 75 Pantosteus jordani, 18 lahontan, 18 platyrhynchus , 18 peamouth, 15 peamouth chub, h]_ pearl dace, 18, 50 Peroa flavescens, 23, 67 fluviatilis, 23 perches, 23, ^30 Percidae, 23, 30 key to, 67 Perciformes, 22 Peraina caprodes, 24, 69 aopelandi, 24, 69 maoulata, 24 shwnardi, 24, 70 Percomorphi, 22 Percopsidae, 22, _27_ Percopsiformes, 22 Percopsis omiscomaycus } 22 Petromyzon marinus, 8, 31 Petromyzontidae, 7, 26 key to, 31 Petromyzontiformes, 7 Pfrille neogaea, 15 pikes, 14, 28 Pimephales notatus, 17, 50 promelas, 17, J50 pink salmon, 9, ^39^ Pisces, 8 Platiohthys stellatus, 76 Platygobio, 15 gracilis, 17, 46 Pleuronectidae, 76 Pomoxis annularis, 23, 66 nigromaaulatus 3 23, 66^ pond smelt, 13, 42^ prickly sculpin, 24, 74 Prosopium eoulteri, 12, 40 aylindraoeum, 12, 40 oregonium, 13 spp. , 40 williamsoni, 13, 4^ Protospondyli, 8 Pseudopleuronectes amerioanus, 76 Ptyohoaheilus oregonense, 17, 49 oregonensiSy 17 100 pugnose minnow, 17, _51 pugnose shiner, 16, 53 pumpkinseed, 22, 65 Pungitius pungitius, 22, 62 pygmy whitefish, 12, ^0 Quebec red trout, 10 quillback, 18, 55 rainbow darter, 23, 71 rainbow smelt, 13, 42 rainbow trout, 10, _37 redbelly dace, 48 redbreast sunfish, 22, ^6_ redfin pickerel, 44 redfin pickerels, 14 redfin shiner, 17, ^1 redside dace, 15, ^£ redside shiner, 18, 49 Rhinichthys atratulus, 17, 46 cataraatae, 17, 46 falaatuSj 17, 47 osaulus, 17, 49 Richardsonius balteatus, 18, ^9 righteye flounders, 76 river chub, 16, 47 river darter, 24, 1Q_ river lamprey, 7, _32 river redhorse, 19, ^8 river shiner, 16, 53 Roaaus amerieamcSj 22, 63 ckrysops, 22, 64 saxatiliSy 22, 64 rock bass, 22, ^4 rosyface shiner, 17, bl_ round whitefish, 12, 40 round whitefishes, 40 Sacramento smelt, 13 sailfin molly, 75 Salmo aguabonita, 75 clarkiy 10, 37 alarki clarkT^ 10 alarki lewisi, 10 gairdneri, 10, 37 salar, 10, J37, 75 trutta> 10, 37 101 Salmonidae, 9, 2_7, 75 key to, 3j6 Salmoninae, 9, 21_, 3_6 salmons, 9, 2_7, 36, 75 Salmopercae, 22 Salvelinus alpinus, 10, 11, 38 aureolus, 10 fontinalis, 11, 38 malma, 10, 11, 38 marstoni, 10 namaycushy 11, 38^ oquassa, 10 timagamiensis , 11 sand darter, 23, ^69 sand lances, 75 sand shiner, 17, ^ sauger, 24, 68 Sohilbeodes gyrinus, 20 miurus, 20 Sciaenidae, 24, 30 Scophthalmus aquosus, 75 sculpins, 24, _29^, 75 sea lamprey, 8, 31 Semionotiformes, 8 Semotilus atromaaulatus , 18, 50 oorporalis, 18, 49 margarita, 18, _50 Serranidae, 22, 30_ key to, 6_3 sharpnose sculpin, 75 shiner perch, 75 shorthead sculpin, 25, _7_3 shortjaw cisco, 12 shortnose cisco, 12 shortnose sturgeon, 8, 34 silver chub, 15, 4f3 silver lamprey, 7, 3_3 silver redhorse, 19, _58 silversides, 21, 3_0 silvery minnow, 15, 54 slimy sculpin, 24, 73 smallmouth bass, 23, j>5_ smallmouth buffalo, 19 smelts, 13, 27 smooth flounder, 76 snailfishes, 75 sockeye salmon, 10, 3_9 speckled dace, 17, 4£ spiny dogfish, 75 102 Spirinchus dilatus, 13 thaleichthys, 13, 42 splake, 11 spoonhead sculpin, 25, 12_ spotfin shiner, 17, 52_ spottail shiner, 16, _53 spotted chub, 48_ spotted gar, 8, _35 spotted sucker, 19, _5_5 Squalidae, 75 Squalus aeanthias, 75 squawfish, 49^ starry flounder, 76 steelhead trout, 10 Stenodus ZeueiehthySj 13, ^l sticklebacks, 21, 30 Stizostedion canadense, 24, 68^ vitreum, 24, 68 vitreum glaucum, 24, 68 vitreum vitreum, ^68 stonecat, 20, ^0 striped bass, 22, 64_ striped shiner, 16 sturgeons, 8, 26^ suckers, 18, 29_ sunfishes, 22, ^0 surf perches, 75 swordtail, 75 tadpole madtom, 20, 6\1 tench, 18, 46 Thaleiahthys paeifieus, 13, kl^ Thoracostei, 21 threespine stickleback, 21, 6V3 Thymallidae, 9 Thymallinae, 13, 27^, 36 Thymallus arcticus, 13, 39 Tinea tinea, 18, ^ tomcod, ji2_ torrent sculpin, 25, 73 Triglopsis tnompsoni3 25 trout-perch, 22, Z7 trout-perches, 22 trouts, 9, _27, 36, 75 tullibee, 11 Umbra limi, 14, 43 Umbridae, 14, 28 key to, 4»3_ 103 walleye, 24, j>8 wendigo, 11 western brook lamprey, 7, 32^ white bass, 22, 6^_ white crappie, 23, ^6 white perch, 22, 6_3 white sturgeon, 8, ^3_ white sucker, 18, _5_7 whitefish, 41^ whitefishes, 9, 2]_, 36, 39, 75 windowpane, 75 winter flounder, 76 Xiphophorus helleri, 75 yellow bullhead, 19, 60 yellow perch, 23, j67 yellow walleye, 24 yellowbelly sunfish, 22 Yellowstone cutthroat trout, 10 Yukon whitefish, 11 zebra cichlid, 75 104