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B. SCOTT AND M. G. SCOTT A checklist of Canadian Atlantic fishes with keys for identification PAL ONTARIO Most we Mw) UNEV ER SIT Y OuP TORO: We Io NTARIO MUSEUM LIB i. ih ti TN ROM W. B. SCOTT AND MG. SCOTT Contribution No. 66 LIFE SCIENCES ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO A checklist of Canadian Atlantic fishes with keys for identification W. B. SCOTT is Curator of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto. PRICE: $1.25 © The Governors of the University of Toronto, 1965 PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS INTRODUCTION The recent preparation of a text on the fishes of the Canadian Atlantic region for the Fisheries Research Board of Canada has brought into sharp focus the need for an inventory of the fishes occurring in this region. To this end a checklist of fishes inhabiting the region was prepared in mimeographed form in 1963 and circulated widely among the fisheries workers on the Atlantic coast in both the United States and Canada. The main purpose of the present publication, listing 300 species in 115 families, is to make available in convenient form keys for the identification of the fishes of the region. For convenience in this list we have left unmarked those species represented by specimens existing in the collections maintained by the Royal Ontario Museum, the Biological Stations of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada (at St. John's, Nfld., and St. Andrews, N.B.), the National Museum of Canada, the Museum of Comparative Zoology or the United States National Museum. Those species marked with an asterisk are included on the basis of literature references only. While specimens from Canadian waters may exist in the aforementioned or other collections they are not known to us. Knowledge of many of the groups is in a rather chaotic state. This is particularly so in the case of the iniomous fishes. In addition, adequate collections of Canadian Atlantic fishes are not readily available and thorough systematic collections of the fishes in the area have not been undertaken. In some cases, such as the lanternfishes, family Myctophidae, the listing is far from complete and our knowledge is very meagre indeed. Mrs. Isobel Radforth, research associate in our Department, is currently engaged in a study of this family of fishes and has kindly provided the key presen- ted here. Mrs. Radforth's work is supported by financial assistance from the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The section of the Atlantic coast of North America here considered extends from Cape Chidley in northern Labrador to Georges Bank and is inhabited by arctic fishes whose southern distribution brings them into the area. At the same time, many of the fishes which oc- cur (approximately 40%) are essentially southern forms that move into the area either regularly or sporadically during the summer months. In the former category are such fishes as leatherfin and spiny lumpsuckers, seasnails, blennies and eelpouts, and the latter category includes such fishes as the bluefin tuna, swordfish, members of the family Carangidae, marlins and filefishes. There are also forms included whose normal range is the east- ern Atlantic but which have been taken in recent years in this area, such as Molva molva, Molva byrkelange and Lagocephalus lagocephalus. From the list it will be obvious that the fauna is relatively rich and certainly more species inhabit the area than was previously thought. A set of keys for the fishes of the region has not been available since the publication in 1935 of "The Marine Fishes of Nova Scotia" by V. D. Vladykov and R. A. McKenzie, long since out of print. It has been traditional for workers in the Canadian area to use the well known work by H. B. Bigelow and W. C. Schroeder, published in 1935, entitled ''Fishes of the Gulf of Maine”, but the keys contained in the latter publication do not cover completely the fauna occurring in the Canadian area. It is not expected that the keys on the follow- ing pages will be without error. As all students will testify, faunal keys only become smooth working and efficient after much use and constant revision. It is our sincere hope that errors or omissions will be report- ed to the authors so that subsequent revisions may be improved. | The keys have been constructed so that anyone not familiar with fishes can commence by using the Key to Major Categories and determine whether the unknown animal is a lamprey, shark, ray, chimaera or bony fish. If a bony fish, the Key to the Orders and Families of Bony Fishes (p.28) will enable the reader to determine if the fish in hand is a herring, a salmonid, a stickleback, etc. Final specific identification can be made by re- ferring to the appropriate family key. Species have been included in the keys which do not appear in the checklist since these species may be found to occur in the region. If a fish is encountered in Canadian Atlantic waters which is not readily identifiable by the use of these keys we should be pleased to have it sent to the Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto 5, Ontario, or to the Biological Station, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, or to the Biolog- ical Station, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For comments and criticisms of the 1963 check- list we are especially grateful to H. B. Bigelow, D. M. Cohen, B. B. Collette, D. de Sylva, A. R. Emery, R. H. Gibbs, Marion Grey, R. Haedrich, D. E. McAllister, G. W. Mead, R. R. Miller, L. W. Scattergood and W. C. Schroeder. Thanks are due to Dr. W. E. Swinton and Dr. E. J. Cross- man for critical reading, and to Mrs. Radforth for the myctophid key. We are grateful to Mr. Peter Buerschaper for testing many of the keys in our laboratory. The stylized myctophid was drawn by Mr. Bon Harriott, the salmonid and all lettering by Mr. P. Geraghty. CHECKLIST Class MARSIPOBRANCHIL Order HYPEROTRETA (Myxiniformes) - hagfishes f. Myxinidae - hagfishes Myxine glutinosa Linnaeus 1758 - northern hagfish Order HYPEROARTIA (Petromyzontiformes) - lampreys f. Petromyzontidae - lampreys Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758 - sea lamprey Class SELACHITI Order PLEUROTREMATA (Squaliformes) - sharks ff. Carchariidae - sand sharks Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810 - sand shark* f. Alopiidae - thresher sharks Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre) 1788 - thresher shark* £f. Cetorhinidae - basking sharks Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus) 1765 - basking shark f. Lamnidae - mackerel sharks Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus) 1758 - white shark Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre) 1788 - porbeagle Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque 1810 - mako f. Scyliorhinidae - cat sharks Apristurus profundorum (Goode and Bean) 1896 - deepsea cat shark* £. Carcharhinidae - requiem sharks (maneating sharks) Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey) 1861 - whitetip shark Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur) 1818 - dusky shark Mustelus canis (Mitchill) 1815 - smooth dogfish* Prionace glauca (Linnaeus) 1758 - blue shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson) 1836 - Atlantic sharpnose shark £. Sphyrnidae - hammerhead sharks Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus) 1758 - smooth hammerhead* f. Dalatiidae - sleeper or gurry sharks Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider) 1801 - Greenland shark £. Squalidae - dogfish sharks Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt) 1825 - black dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage and Brito Capello 1864 - Portuguese shark Etmopterus princeps Collett 1904 - rough sagre* Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758 - spiny dogfish Order HYPOTREMATA (Rajiformes) - rays £. Rajidae - skates Raja erinacea Mitchill 1825 - little skate Raja bathyphila Holte and Byrne 1908 - abyssal skate* Raja fyllae Lutken 1887 - round skate* Raja jenseni Bigelow and Schroeder 1950 - Jensen's skate Raja laevis Mitchill 1817 - barndoor skate Raja lintea Fries 1838 - white skate Raja mollis Bigelow and Schroeder 1950 - soft skate Raja ocellata Mitchill 1815 - winter skate Raja radiata Donovan 1807 - thorny skate Raja senta Garman 1885 - smooth skate Raja spinicauda Jensen 1914 - spinytail skate f. Dasyatidae (or Trygonidae) - stingrays Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill) 1815 - roughtail stingray* £. Mobulidae - mantas or devilfishes Manta birostris (Walbaum) 1792 - Atlantic manta £f. Torpedinidae - electric rays, torpedos Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 - Atlantic torpedo* Order CHIMAERIFORMES - chimaeras f. Chimaeridae - chimaeras, ratfishes or ghost sharks Hydrolagus affinis (Capello) 1868 - deepwater chimaera Harriotta raleighana Goode and Bean 1895 - longnose chimaera Rhinochimaera atlantica Holte and Byrne 1909 - knifenose chimaera Class PISCES (Osteichthys) Order CHONDROSTEL (Acipenseriformes) - chondrosteans £f. Acipenseridae - sturgeons Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur 1818 - shortnose sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill 1815 - American Atlantic sturgeon Order GINGLYMODI (Semionotiformes) - gars f. Lepisosteidae - gars Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus) 1758 - longnose gar Order ISOSPONDYLI (Clupeiformes) - isospondyls Suborder Clupeoidea f. Elopidae - tarpons Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes 1847 - tarpon* £. Albulidae = bonefishes Albula vulpes (Linnaeus) 1758 - bonefish* f. Clupeidae - true herrings Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill) 1815 - blueback herring* Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson) 1811 - gaspereau, alewife Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) 1811 - American shad Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) 1802 - Atlantic menhaden Clupea harengus harengus Linnaeus 1758 - Atlantic herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill) 1815 - Atlantic round herring f. Engraulidae - anchovies Anchoa hepsetus (Linnaeus) 1758 - striped anchovy* f. Alepocephalidae - smoothheads Alepocephalus bairdii (Goode and Bean) 1879 - Baird's smoothhead* Xenodermichthys socialis Vaillant 1888 - Atlantic gymnast* Suborder Salmonoidea f. Salmonidae - salmon, trouts, chars and whitefishes Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) 1818 - lake whitefish Coregonus sp. - Atlantic whitefish Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) 1792 - pink salmon Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836 - rainbow trout Salmo salar Linnaeus 1758 - Atlantic salmon Salmo trutta Linnaeus 1758 - brown trout Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) 1758 - arctic char Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) 1815 - brook trout £f. Osmeridae - smelts Mallotus villosus (Muller) 1777 - capelin Osmerus mordax (Mitchill) 1815 - American smelt f. Argentinidae - argentines Argentina silus Ascanius 1763 - Atlantic argentine Argentina striata Goode and Bean 1896 - striated argentine* Nansenia groenlandica (Reinhardt) 1839 - large-eyed argentine f. Bathylagidae - blacksmelts Bathylagus euryops Goode and Bean 1895 - goitre blacksmelt Suborder Stomiatoidea £. Gonostomidae - anglemouths Cyclothone braueri Jesperson and Taning 1926 - Brauer's anglemouth* Cyclothone microdon (Gunther) 1878 - veiled anglemouth Gonostoma elongatum Gunther 1878 - longtooth anglemouth* Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin) 1788 - Muller's pearlsides f. Sternoptychidae - silver hatchetfishes Argyropelecus aculeatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1849 - Atlantic silver hatchetfish Polyipnus asteroides Schultz 1938 - Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann 1781 - transparent hatchet- ELS ls £. Chauliodontidae - viperfishes Chauliodus sloani Bloch and Schneider 1801 - viperfish f. Stomiatidae - scaled dragonfishes Stomias boa ferox Reinhardt 1842 - boa dragonfish f. Astronesthidae - bighead dragonfishes Borostomias antarcticus (Lénnberg) 1905 - straightline dragonfish* £f. Melanostomiatidae - smooth dragonfishes Grammatostomias dentatus Goode and Bean 1895 - torpedo dragonfish* Melanostomias spilorhynchus Regan and Trewavas 1930 - bluenose dragonfish* Trigonolampa miriceps Regan and Trewavas 1930 - three- light dragonfish f. Idiacanthidae - sawtailfishes Idiacanthus fasciola Peters 1876 - ribbon sawtailfish £. Malacosteidae - loosejaws Malacosteus niger Ayres 1848 - loosejaw Order INIOMI (Myctophiformes, Scopeliformes) - iniomes f. Myctophidae - lanternfishes Aethoprora metopoclampa (Cocco) 1829 - headlight fish Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt) 1837 - glacier lanternfish Ceratoscopelus madeirensis (Lowe) 1839 - horned lanternfish Gonichthys coccoi (Cocco) 1829 - Cocco's lanternfish* Hygophum benoiti (Cocco) 1838 - Benoit's lanternfish* Lampadena speculigera Goode and Bean 1879 - mirror lanternfish* Lampanyctus crocodilus (Risso) 1810 - jewel lanternfish* Myctophum affine (Lutken) 1892 - metallic lanternfish* Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque 1810 - spotted lanternfish Notoscopelus kréyeri (Malm) 1863 - Kr¢yer's lantermfish Symbolophorus veranyi (Moreau) 1888 - largescale lanternfish In addition to the genera noted above, the key to the myctophid fishes includes the following 11 genera: Centrobranchus, Diaphus, Diogenichthys, Hierops, Lepido- phanes, Lobianchia, Loweina, Neoscopelus, Notolychnus, Scopelopsis, Taaningichthys. A more detailed listing seems unwarranted in view of the very limited information available on this group of fishes in the Canadian Atlan- tic region. £. Bathypteroidae - feelerfishes Bathypterois dubius Vaillant 1888 - notch feelerfish f£. Paralepididae (Sudidae) barracudinas Paralepis brevis brevis Zugmayer 1911 - short barracudina Paralepis rissoi krd¢yeri Bonaparte 1840 - white barracudina £. Alepisauridae - lancetfishes Alepisaurus brevirostris Gibbs 1960 - shortnose lancetfish Alepisaurus ferox Lowe 1833 - longnose lancetfish £f. Anotopteridae - daggertoothfishes Anotopterus pharao Zugmayer 1911 - daggertooth Order LYOMERI (Saccopharyngiformes) - gulpers f. Eurypharyngidae - gulpers Eurypharynx pelecanoides Vaillant 1882 - pelican gulper* Order APODES (Anguilliformes) - true eels £. Anguillidae - common eels Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) 1817 - American eel £. Simenchelyidae - snubnose eels Simenchelys parasiticus Gill 1879 - snubnose eel f. Muraenidae - morays Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1840 = green moray £. Nemichthyidae - snipe eels Nemichthys scolopaceus Richardson 1848 - avtantic snipe eel Serrivomer beani Gill and Ryder 1883 - stout sawpalate* f. Nessorhamphidae - duckbill eels Nessorhamphus ingolfianus (Schmidt) 1912 - duckbill oceanic eel £. Congridae - congers Conger oceanicus (Mitchill) 1818 - American conger f. Ophichthidae - snake eels Omochelys cruentifer (Goode and Bean) 1896 - snake eel ff. Synaphobranchidae - cutthroat eels Synaphobranchus kaupi Johnston 1862 - Gray's cutthroat eel Order HETEROMI (Notacanthiformes) - tapirfishes £f. Notacanthidae - spiny tapirfishes Macdonaldia rostrata (Collett) 1889 - shortspine tapirfish Notacanthus nasus Bloch 1795 - largescale tapirfish f. Lipogenyidae - backfin tapirfishes Lipogenys gillii Goode and Bean 1895 - backfin tapirfish Order SYNENTOGNATHI (Beloniformes) - sauries, flyingfishes £. Scomberesocidae - sauries Scomberesox saurus (Walbaum) 1792 - Atlantic saury f. Hemiramphidae - halfbeaks Hyporhamphus sp. - common halfbeak f. Exocoetidae - flyingfishes Cypselurus furcatus (Mitchill) 1815 - spotfin flyingfish Cypselurus heterurus (Rafinesque) 1810 - Atlantic flyingfish* 10 Order MICROCYPRINI (Cyprinodontiformes) - killifishes £. Cyprinodontidae - killifishes, topminnows Fundulus diaphanus (LeSueur) 1817 - banded killifish Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) 1766 - mummichog Order SOLENICHTHYS - coronetfishes, seahorses, pipefishes f. Fistulariidae - coronetfishes Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus 1758 - coronetfish f. Syngnathidae - seahorses, pipefishes Hippocampus erectus Perry 1810 - spotted seahorse Syngnathus fuscus Storer 1839 - northern pipefish Order THORACOSTELI (Gasterosteiformes) - sticklebacks f. Gasterosteidae - sticklebacks Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill) 1815 - fourspine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758 - threespine stickleback Gasterosteus wheatlandi Putnam 1867 - blackspotted stickleback Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) 1758 - ninespine stickleback Order ANACANTHINI (Gadiformes) - gadoids £. Moridae - moras Antimora rostrata Gunther 1878 - blue antimora Halargyreus brevipes Vaillant 1888 - dainty mora £. Gadidae - cods Boreogadus saida (Lepechin) 1774 - arctic cod Brosme brosme (Muller) 1776 - cusk Enchelyopus cimbrius (Linnaeus) 1766 - fourbeard rockling Gadus morhua Linnaeus 1758 - Atlantic cod Gadus ogac Richardson 1836 - Greenland cod Gaidropsarus argentatus (Reinhardt) 1838 - silver rockling Gaidropsarus ensis (Reinhardt) 1838 - threebeard rockling Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus) 1758 - haddock Merluccius albidus (Mitchill) 1818 - offshore hake i Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill) 1814 - silver hake Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum) 1792 - Atlantic tomcod Micromesistius po poutassou (Risso) 1826 - blue whiting Molva byrkelange (Walbaum) 1792 - blue ling* Molva molva (Linnaeus) 1758 - European ling* Pollachius virens (Linnaeus) 1758 - pollock Urophycis | chesteri (Goode and Bean) 1878 - longfin hake Urophycis chuss (Walbaum) 1792 - squirrel hake Urophycis regius (Walbaum) 1792 - spotted hake Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill) 1815 - white hake £. Macrouridae - grenadiers, rat-tails Coelorhynchus carminatus (Goode) 1880 - longnose grenadier* Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunnerus 1765 - rock grenadier Macrourus berglax Lacépéde 1802 - roughhead grenadier Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode and Bean 1885 - American straptail grenadier* Nezumia bairdi (Goode and Bean) 1877 - marlin-spike Trachyrhynchus murrayi Gunther 1887 - roughnose grenadier Order ALLOTRIOGNATHI (Lampridiformes) - opahs f. Lamprididae - opahs Lampris regius (Bonnaterre) 1788 - opah Order BERYCOMORPHI (Beryciformes) - berycoid fishes f. Polymixiidae - beardfishes Polymixia nobilis Lowe 1838 - stout beardfish f. Berycidae - alfonsinos Beryx decadactylus Cuvier 1829 - alfonsin a Casta Larga* Beryx splendens Lowe 1833 - alfonsin a Casta* f. Diretmidae - spinyfins Diretmus argenteus Johnson 1863 - spinyfin f. Anoplogasteridae - ogrefishes Anoplogaster cornuta Valenciennes 1888 - ogrefish f. Melamphaidae - bluebacks Scopelogadus beanii (Gunther) 1887 - Bean's blueback 12 Order ZEOMORPHI (Zeiformes) - dories £. Zeidae - dories Zenopsis ocellata (Storer) 1858 - American John Dory f. Grammicolepidae - grammicolepids Xenolepidichthys americanus Nichols and Firth 1949 - grammicolepid* Order PERCOMORPHI (Perciformes) - spinyrayed fishes f. Serranidae - basses Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes) 1828 - red grouper* Polyprion americanus (Bloch and Schneider) 1801 - Atlantic wreckfish* Roccus americanus (Gmelin) 1789 - white perch Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum) 1792 - striped bass £. Apogonidae - cardinalfishes Rhectogramma sherborni Norman 1930 - Sherborn's cardinalfish f. Branchiostegidae - tilefishes Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps Goode and Bean 1879 - tilefish £. Pomatomidae - bluefishes Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus) 1758 - bluefish £. Carangidae = jacks and pompanos Caranx crysos (Mitchill) 1815 - blue runner Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) 1766 - crevalle jack* Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier) 1833 - mackerel scad Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus) 1758 - pilotfish Selene vomer (Linnaeus) 1758 - Atlantic lookdown* Seriola zonata (Mitchill) 1815 - banded rudderfish Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) 1793 - bigeye scad Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill) 1815 - Atlantic moonfish* £. Coryphaenidae - dolphins Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus 1758 - dolphin f. Bramidae = pomfrets Brama rayi (Bloch) 1791 - smallscale pomfret 13 Taractes longipinnis (Lowe) 1843 - bigscale pomfret* £. Sciaenidae - drums or croakers Cynoscion regalis (Bloch and Schneider) 1801 - weakfish Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus) 1766 - black drum £f. Mullidae - surmullets Mullus auratus Jordan and Gilbert 1882 - red goatfish* £f. Sparidae - porgies Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum) 1792 - sheepshead* Stenotomus chrysops (Linnaeus) 1766 =- scup f. Chaetodontidae - butterflyfishes Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch 1787 - spotfin butterflyfish £f. Labridae - wrasses Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus) 1758 - tautog Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum) 1792 - cunner f. Ammodytidae - sand lances Ammodytes americanus DeKay 1842 - American sand lance Ammodytes dubius Reinhardt 1838 - northern sand lance £f. Chiasmodontidae - black swallowers Chiasmodon niger Johnson 1863 - black swallower f. Gempylidae - snake mackerels Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith) 1849 - escolar Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco 1829 - oilfish f. Trichiuridae - cutlassfishes or hairtails Aphanopus carbo Lowe 1839 - black scabbardfish Benthodesmus simonyi (Steindachner) 1891 - frostfish £f. Scombridae - mackerels and tunas Auxis thazard (Lacépéde) 1802 - frigate mackerel Euthynous pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 - skipjack Sarda sarda (Bloch) 1793 - Atlantic bonito* Scomber colias Gmelin 1789 - chub mackerel Scomber scombrus Linnaeus 1758 - Atlantic mackerel Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre) 1788 - albacore Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre) 1788 - yellowfin tuna* Thunnus obesus (Lowe) 1839 - bigeye tuna Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus) 1758 - bluefin tuna 14 f. Istiophoridae - spearfishes and sailfishes or marlins Makaira albida (Poey) 1860 - white marlin Makaira nigricans Lacépéde 1803 - blue marlin £. Xiphiidae - swordfishes Xiphias gladius Linnaeus 1758 - swordfish £. Anarhichadidae - wolffishes Anarhichas denticulatus Kr¢dyer 1844 - northern wolffish Anarhichas lupus Linnaeus 1758 - Atlantic wolffish Anarhichas minor Olafsen 1774 - spotted wolffish £. Pholidae - gunnels Pholis fasciata (Bloch and Schneider) 1801 - banded gunnel Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus) 1758 - rock gunnel £. Stichaeidae - pricklebacks Chirolophus ascani (Walbaum) 1792 - Yarrell's blenny* Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer 1839 - wrymouth Eumesogrammus praecisus (Krfyer) 1837 - fourline snakeblenny umpenus maculatus (Fries) 1837 - daubed shanny Seer fabricii (Valenciennes) 1836 - slender eelblenny Lumpenus lumpretaeformis (Walbaum) 1792 - snake blenny Lumpenus medius (Reinhardt) 1838 - stout eelblenny Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius) 1780 - arctic shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata (Storer) 1839 - radiated shanny f. Zoarcidae - eelpouts Gymnelis viridis (Fabricius) 1780 - fish doctor Lycenchelys paxillus (Goode and Bean) 1879 - common wolf eel Lycenchelys sarsi (Collett) 1871 - Sars' wolf eel Lycenchelys verrilli (Goode and Bean) 1877 - wolf eelpout Lycodes atlanticus Jensen 1902 - Atlantic eelpout Lycodes esmarki Collett 1875 - Esmark's eelpout Lycodes lavalaei Vladykov and Tremblay 1936 - Laval's eelpout Lycodes pallidus Collett 1879 - pale eelpout Lycodes reticulatus Reinhardt 1838 - arctic eelpout Lycodes turneri Bean 1878 - polar eelpout Lycodes vahlii Reinhardt 1838 - Vahl's eelpout Macrozoarces americanus (Bloch and Schneider) 1801 - ocean pout 15 Melanostigma atlanticum Koefoed 1952 = Atlantic soft pout f. Stromateidae - butterfishes Nomeus gronowi (Gmelin) 1788 - man-o'-war fish Palinurichthys perciformis (Mitchill) 1818 - American barrelfish Poronotus triacanthus (Peck) 1800 - butterfish Suborder Mugiloidea f. Mugilidae - mullets Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 - striped mullet* f. Atherinidae - silversides Menidia menidia (Linnaeus) 1766 - Atlantic silverside Order SCLEROPAREI (Cottiformes) - sculpins £f. Scorpaenidae - rockfishes Helicolenus dactylopterus (De la Roche) 1809 - blackbelly rosefish Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus) 1758 - redfish f. Triglidae - searobins Prionotus carolinus (Linnaeus) 1771 - northern searobin Prionotus evolans (Linnaeus) 1766 - striped searobin f. Cottidae - sculpins Artediellus uncinatus (Reinhardt) 1833 - arctic hookear sculpin Cottunculus microps Collett 1875 - polar sculpin Cottunculus thompsoni (Gunther) 1882 - pallid sculpin Gymnocanthus tricuspis (Reinhardt) 1832 - arctic staghorn sculpin Hemitripterus americanus (Gmelin) 1789 - sea raven Icelus bicornis (Reinhardt) 1841 - twohorn sculpin Icelus spatula Gilbert and Burke 1912 - spatulate i Myoxocephalus aeneus (Mitchill) 1815 - grubby Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (Mitchill) 1815 - longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus quadricornis (Linnaeus) 1758 - fourhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius (Linnaeus) 1758 - shorthorn sculpin 16 Myoxocephalus scorpioides (Fabricius) 1780 - arctic sculpin Triglops murrayi Gunther 1888 - mailed sculpin Triglops nybelini Jensen 1944 - Nybelin's sculpin Triglops pingeli Reinhardt 1832 - ribbed sculpin f. Agonidae - poachers and alligatorfishes Agonus decagonus Bloch and Schneider 1801 - Atlantic sea poacher Aspidophoroides monopterygius (Bloch) 1786 - alligatorfish Aspidophoroides olriki Lutken 1876 - arctic alligatorfish £f. Cyclopteridae - lumpfishes and seasnails Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus 1758 - lumpfish Eumicrotremus derjugini Popov 1926 - leatherfin lumpsucker Eumicrotremus spinosus (Muller) 1777 - Atlantic spiny lumpsucker Careproctus longipinnis Burke 1912 - longfin seasnail Careproctus reinhardi (Krdyer) 1862 - sea tadpole* Liparis atlanticus (Jordan and Evermann) 1898 - Atlantic seasnail Liparis cyclostigma Gilbert 1895 - polka-dot seasnail Liparis koefoedi Parr 1932 - gelatinous seasnail Liparis liparis | (Linnaeus) 1766 - striped seasnail Liparis tunicatus Reinhardt 1836 - Greenland seasnail Paraliparis copei Goode and Bean 1896 - blacksnout seasnail* f. Dactylopteridae - flying gurmards Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus) 1758 - flying gurnard* Order HETEROSOMATA (Pleuronectiformes) - flatfishes f. Bothidae - lefteye flounders Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus) 1766 - summer flounder* Paralichthys oblongus (Mitchill) 1815 - fourspot flounder Scophthalmus aquosus (Mitchill) 1815 - windowpane f. Pleuronectidae - flounders Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus) 1758 - witch flounder Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius) 1780 - American plaice Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus) 1758 - Atlantic halibut 17 Limanda ferruginea (Storer) 1839 - yellowtail flounder Liopsetta putnami (Gill) 1864 - smooth flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) 1792 - winter flounder Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum) 1792 - *iecoetaalicale halibut Order DISCOCEPHALI (Echeneiformes) - remoras f£. Echeneidae - sharksuckers Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus 1758 - sharksucker* Remora brachyptera (Lowe) 1839 - spearfish remora Remora remora (Linnaeus) 1758 - remora Order PLECTOGNATHI (Tetraodontiformes) - triggerfishes, trunkfishes, puffers, headfishes £f. Monacanthidae - filefishes Alutera schoepfi (Walbaum) 1792 - orange filefish Alutera scripta (Osbeck) 1757 - scrawled filefish* Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill) 1818 - fringed filefish* Monacanthus hispidus (Linnaeus) 1766 - planehead filefish f. Balistidae - triggerfishes Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 - gray triggerfish Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758 - queen triggerfish* f. Ostraciontidae - boxfishes or trunkfishes Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus) 1758 - trunkfish* f. Tetraodontidae - globefishes or puffers Lagocephalus lagocephalus Linnaeus 1758 - oceanic puffer Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch and Schneider) 1801 - northern puffer f. Diodontidae - porcupinefishes Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum) 1792 - striped burrfish* £. Molidae - ocean sunfishes or headfishes Mola mola (Linnaeus) 1758 - ocean sunfish* 18 Order PEDICULATI (Lophiiformes) - anglerfishes ; £. Lophiidae - goosefishes Lophius americanus Valenciennes 1837 - monkfish f. Antennariidae - frogfishes Histrio histrio Linnaeus 1758 - sargassumfish £f. Ceratiidae - anglerfishes Ceratias holboelli Krd¢yer 1844 - big deepsea angler Cryptopsaras couesi Gill 1883 - small deepsea angler £. Himantolophidae - footbalifishes Himantolophus groenlandicus Reinhardt 1837 - Atlantic footballfish f. Ogcocephalidae - batfishes Dibranchus atlanticus Peters 1875 - Atlantic batfish 19 KEYS Key to MAJOR CATEGORIES 1 Jaws absent; fins without rays, paired fins absent; body elongate and snake-like; skin smooth, with one or 7 pairs of pore-like gill openings; a single median nostril; length to about 3 feet. Lampreys and hagfishes, class Marsipobranchii (p.21) Articulated jaws present, lower jaw movable; typi- cally with paired pectoral and pelvic fins ........ acta. ee 2 Gill openings slit-like, 5 pairs, either on sides or on under surface of body; body fusiform (sharks), or flattened (rays); skin more or less rough with small and/or large spines, never with overlapping scales. Sharks and rays (class Selachii) ...s.cecses Jae One gill opening on each side; separate anal and uri- nogenital openings (i.e. no cloaca) ...... ee eee 3 Body shape fusiform (i.e. spindle-shaped or shark- like); gill openings on side of body; caudal fin distinct and heterocercal; teeth usually sharp and strong, sometimes very small. Sharks, order Pleurotremata (p.21) Body shape flattened dorso-ventrally with gill open- ings on lower surface; pectoral fins broad and wing- like, attached throughout length to head and body; tail rod-like. Rays, order Hypotremata (p.25) 4 Operculum a flap of skin; caudal fin ending in a point; no distinct anal fin; skin smooth or denticu- late; mouth inferior, with 2 pairs of plates in upper jaw and one pair in lower jaw; males with club-shaped clasper on forehead; skeleton cartilaginous, without distinct vertebral centra. Chimaeras, order Chimaeriformes (p.28) Operculum typically a bony flap; caudal fin various; 20 distinct anal fin usually present; body usually covered with overlapping scales, sometimes naked, or plated; highly variably in body shape; skeleton ossi- fied (except in sturgeons). Bony fishes, class Pisces (Osteichthys) (p.28) Key to class MARSIPOBRANCHIT Three pairs of barbel-like tentacles about mouth and nostrils; one gill opening on each side, far behind head; mouth not cup-like. Northern hagfish, Myxine glutinosa No barbels on head; 7 distinct gill openings on each side of head; mouth cup-like and lined with horny teeth (in adults). Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus Key to Order PLEUROTREMATA - sharks Ape LIS Mi peeseOt ys) i gexees ks thasahor -wecowess -e3e6> Ana ffi Geabaent tie dsc a scwh,t amd nies away bm ote S agit te Stade Head greatly expanded laterally; eyes located at the lateral extremities. Smooth hammerhead, Sphyrna zygaena Head not greatly expanded or enlarged laterally; body fusiform and: typically .shark—Uike a. sjeis sisie'e seis eis eee Dorsal lobe of caudal fin greatly enlarged, as long as head and body combined. Thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus Dorsal lobe of caudal fin nearly equal in size to lower lobe, or only 2 or 3 times larger ...... er ee Gill slits or openings greatly enlarged, the first pair 21 nearly meeting over the throat, and all 5 seeming to almost sever the head; teeth minute and numerous; well developed lateral keels on caudal peduncle. Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus Gill slits of moderate size, not extending almost around body; teeth not minute but well developed (smooth and pavement-like in Mustelus canis) ......... 5 Origin of first dorsal fin distinctly posterior to origin of pelvic fins. Deepsea cat shark, Apristurus profundorum Origin of first dorsal fin anterior to the origin o£: pe litic 2EimSi6 6 whe dee C2WHe ibe wetanths,. SUG ena cue. & Teeth smooth and pavement-like; 2 dorsal fins, the 2nd almost as large as the first; origin of first dorsal overlapping posterior quarter of pectoral fin; spiracle below and behind posterior corner of eye. Smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis Teeth sharp and pointed; 2 dorsal fins, the first larger than 2nd, the 2nd sometimes quite small (2nd dorsal only slightly smaller than first dorsal in Carselar| seats) asa elise belie in: sa si msiecian km we ee meow a arena catia 7 First dorsal fin only slightly larger than 2nd and distinctly behind pectoral fins, free edge of first dorsal overlapping origin of pelvic fins. Sand shark, Carcharias taurus First dorsal fin obviously larger than 2nd dorsal fin eee oeoee8keeee eeeoeeteseveesreeeeenwteneeeeeteeeeeeeeeeteeeeetee @ e@eeee#®o 8 Caudal peduncle and caudal fin with one or more distinct lateral or horizontal keels ......ccccccccees 9 Caudal peduncle without distinct lateral keel ........ 10 A second smaller lateral keel below primary keel, on 20. lower lobe of caudal fin; teeth in adults with lateral cusps, one on each side of main cusp, these lateral cusps not obvious in young. Porbeagle, Lamna nasus No secondary keel below primary keel; teeth without LGCOLAL., CUSHS Us «essictaveiaicibioln Gitte eeleele mies: 6% DUR ecayialiaitc ate sea he'e Teeth in upper and lower jaws without conspicuous serrations, margins entire; anal fin origin dis- tinctly anterior to origin of 2nd dorsal fin. Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Teeth in upper and lower jaws with conspicuous serrations (lower teeth of Prionace often smooth or finely serrate); 2nd dorsal fin origin over, or slightly in advance of, anal fin origin ......... suave 6 Teeth slender and awl-like, the anterior teeth long and recurved; origin of dorsal fin wholly posterior to pectoral fins. Mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Teeth broad and triangular, the margins strongly serrated, alike in both jaws, providing straight cutting edges; origin of dorsal fin overlapping pos- terior portion of pectoral fins. White shark, Carcharodon carcharias First dorsal fin set far back, nearer pelvic than pectoral fins; pectoral fins long, about 3 times as long as broad; no prominent ridge on dorsal surface between dorsal fins; upper parts of body brilliant blue in colour. Blue shark, Prionace glauca First dorsal fin nearer pectoral than pelvic fins, its origin overlapping posterior margin of pectoral fin; length of pectorals moderate, less than 3 times as long as broad; a dorsal ridge present between the 2ctouselocflugiict site. ee ee er eT £ whe wis = A ad eee © 23 ‘3 14 15 16 17 Dorsal fin apex broadly rounded; posterior tip of anal fin long, reaching nearly to lower precaudal pit; posterior margin of lower caudal lobe with convex out- line; tips of dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins often white. Whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus Dorsal fin apex pointed; posterior tip of anal fin relatively short, not reaching nearly to lower pre- caudal pit; ridge between dorsal fins well developed. Dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus Dorsal fins without conspicuous spines at origin. Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus Dorsal fins each with a spine at the origin, spine sometimes concealed by skin (especially in Centros- creer ee Pe tate ah he ERIS Pega ce wal dice Teeth tn ‘uppér and lower “jaws ‘alike 20s WOR U I ea Teeth in upper and lower jaws not alike ...........e.-. Upper and lower teeth quadrangular, one cusp directed outward to form an almost continuous cutting edge; dorsal fin spines rounded; trailing edge of upper caudal lobe entire; colour of body usually gray with light spots; small sharks about 3 feet in length. Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias Upper and lower teeth each with 3 to 5 triangular cusps; dorsal fin spines deeply grooved; trailing edge of upper caudal lobe notched; colour uniformly dark brown to black; small sharks 2 to 3 feet in length. Black dogfish, Centroscyllium fabricii Teeth in upper jaw with only one cusp; dorsal fin spines concealed by skin; body covered with flat overlapping denticles. Portuguese shark, Centroscymnus coelolepis Teeth in upper jaw with 5 erect cusps; dorsal fin 24 spines conspicuous; body covered with distinct skin Spines. Rough sagre, Etmopterus princeps Key to order HYPOTREMATA - rays A distinct caudal fin present in addition to 2 obvious dorsal fins; tail or caudal portion thick and short; skin soft, naked and smooth. Atlantic torpedo, Torpedo nobiliana No distinct caudal fin; dorsal fin present or absent (stingray); body and tail with small or large tnberclesecss «0b asi ac eee the toutes be bbe sod.-.. No dorsal fin on tail or body; tail long, thin and with one, 2 or 3 long, well developed, serrated spines on the dorsal surface, nearer the origin than the tip; tail with thorny tubercles. Roughtail stingray, Dasyatis centroura One or 2 dorsal fins on distal or proximal portion of tail eeeeeee#e#ee#eeer##tes# @ @eeeveeeestrt8f @ @ @ © e®eeee525eseee#ee?egeseeeert et & 6 Tail thin, whip-like and with one dorsal fin on proxi- mal portion; body with 2 fins on front of head, pro- jecting forward like ears or horns (cephalic fins). Atlantic manta, Manta birostris Tail not whip-like and with 2 dorsal fins on distal portion; body without cephalic fins; body and tail with small or large spiny tubercles (Rajidae) ........ Dorsal fins separate at base; anterior outline of snout usually pointed with angle of less than 90° (R. radiata has angle about 110°) ....... Si eel Dorsal fins joined at base; anterior outline of snout eer ir ae COO or er eREE catcccws cers enece dace Mucous pores on ventral surface marked with black 25 10 pigment lending blotchy appearance; no large thorns on back; tail with 3 rows of large spines. Barndoor skate, Raja laevis Mucous pores on ventral surface not marked with black pigment; thorns on back large and/or small; large spines along dorsal midline of tail ....... alates he eee Be 6 No more than 10 large spines along tail posterior to axils of pelvic fins; snout outline blunt (angle about 110°); teeth in 36-46 rows. Thorny skate, Raja radiata More than 10 spines along midline of tail posterior to axils of pelvic fins; snout usually less than 909°.. 7 No large spines on body; large spines on midline of tail only, 21-26 in number, posterior to axils of pelvic fins. Spinytail skate, Raja spinicauda Large spines on midline of body and tail and about eyes @eeeoenseeneeeeeeeeeeenereeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee @ 8 24 to 31 large spines along midline of body and tail from nape to first dorsal fin; teeth in 56-66 rows. Jensen's skate, Raja jenseni 47 to 51 large spines along midline of body and tail from nape to first dorsal fin; teeth in 47-50 rows. White skate, Raja lintea Lower surface of disc almost uniform dark brown, darker than upper surface. Abyssal skate, Raja bathyphila Lower surface of disc light in colour, usually white; upper surface distinctly darker than lower surface ... 10 A distinct row of spines originating at nape and extending along midline of body and tail, body other- 26 ti 12 E3 14 mse thas matniby coma) ce pees wy: 5: :ceiln sys case ceed os ama e a wlew coer ii No distinct row of spines along midline of body and seldom on midline of tail; body otherwise with small and/or large «spines. «.:. sesssees Ballade hadi i Spiciak tha tenet Aap ae 13 Spines along midline of body and tail diminishing in size posteriorly, becoming more or less indistinguish- able at 2/3 distance from origin; tail with small spines or prickles only; spines more prominent on young but these have one or 2 conspicuous pale cross bars on tail near base; snout blunt, having an angle of greater than 90°. Smooth skate, Raja senta Spines along midline of body and tail, well developed and conspicuous but not obviously diminishing in size PESTO GD s Speciaicl aio bie seid als wie. 6 wilacdlele0'e(eve's «ielecete cece chaise 12 Snout blunt, having an angle greater than 90°; males attain length of about 21 inches (Gulf of St. Lawrence and southward). Little skate, Raja erinacea Snout sharp, having an angle of less than 90°; males mature at about 38 inches (Northern Labrador and Greenland waters). White skate, Raja lintea Body generally with only small spines or prickles. but a large spine in front of each eye and spiracle and one or 2 on each shoulder; tail generally without large spines; teeth in 54-56 rows. Soft skate, Raja mollis Generally with large and/or small spines on body and tail, body without unique row of midline spines; tail generally with some well developed and conspicuous Spheesoes i «ted 2 ee eee eee we. sabe eee er eee 14 Teeth in upper jaw in 30-38 rows; tail usually with a series of rows of large spines extending onto the 27 2 body; tail long, from centre of cloaca to tip 1.3 to 1.6 times as great as the distance from centre of cloaca to snout; tail even longer in young. Round skate, Raja fyllae Teeth in upper jaw in more than 38 rows (38-110); tail Spines variable but not usually in midline (except in young of erinacea); tail length from centre of cloaca to tip 1.3 times or less than the distance from centre of cleaea tov snout: ceeds sea Saal a Oh i die «inven ware Slade Uithe « Teeth in upper jaw in 38-64 rows, usually less than 54; males mature at length of 16-18 inches. Little skate, Raja erinacea Teeth in upper jaw in 72-110 rows, usually 90-100; males mature at length of 26 inches or more. Winter skate, Raja ocellata Key to family CHIMAERIDAE Snout short and rounded; claspers of males bifid (forked) or trifid. Deepwater chimaera, Hydrolagus affinis Snout long and pointed; claspers of males simple and rod-like ceeceroereereceoeeec cee eee oe ee oeee ecoevceeee eeceoveeeeen Dental plates with knobs and ridges on surface; no denticles on upper margin of caudal fin. Longnose chimaera, Harriotta raleighana Dental plates smooth or nearly so; a series of rounded knobs or denticles on upper margin of caudal fin. Knifenose chimaera, Rhinochimaera atlantica Key to orders and families of BONY FISHES There are a large number of fishes in this category, approximately 20,000 species, varying greatly in size and shape. Compare, for instance, the seahorse 28 and the cod, or a stickleback and a halibut. A key to the identification of the major groups, while it may be difficult to follow at times, will assist in the identification by enabling the reader to determine if the specimen in hand is a member of the smelt family, cod family, mackerel-like fishes, etc. Identification to species can be accomplished by referring to the page following the family or group name. Dorsal fin Caudal fin Maxillary Nostrils Adipose fin -= =a w@wmmm sence ecm ewens oceans weer @e2@@ eee 2 @ @ @ oe = Caudal Cheek auda .__» Pectoral fin Peduncle Mouth (terminal) seh cin recipe Figure 1. Names of body parts of a bony fish (salmonid) Caudal or tail fin heterocercal (shark-like), i.e. dorsal lobe distinctly larger than ventral lobe; 5 longitudinal rows of bony plates along body; skeleton cartilaginous; mouth inferior, preceded by 4 barbels. Sturgeons, family Acipenseridae (p.42) Caudal fin not obviously heterocercal, but when present is nearly or quite homocercal ..c.eeciescnvves ee ee ae Caudal fin abbreviate-heterocercal, i.e. the scaled peduncle extends more posteriorly above than below but fin nearly symmetrical; body covered with thick rhombic plates; dorsal and anal fins located far back, about equidistant from the snout; jaws long, narrow and heavily toothed. Gars, family Lepisosteidae Caudal fin not abbreviate-heterocercal, nearly or quite 29 homocercal when present; body with overlapping scales, bony rings or plates, prickles or spines, or naked ... 3 Body strongly compressed laterally and asymmetrical, with both eyes on one side, eyed side uppermost and pigmented; lower side unpigmented or nearly so. Flatfishes, order Heterosomata (p.83) Body shape variable but symmetrical, usually of con- ventional shape; one eye on each side of head; (dorso- ventral flattening occurs in some pediculate fishes).. 4 Anterior dorsal fin spine(s) located on head and modi- fied and elongated to form an illicium or movable fishing lure (anglerfishes), or this spine modified to a short stubby projection on snout; pectoral fins usually stalked and limb-like. Anglerfishes and batfishes, order Pediculati (p.87) Anterior dorsal fin spines not modified to form an Li ljeiam or) fishing “‘lureties COMO eael. 21. eae x OS Upper jaw prolonged into a stiff hard process, like a spear; lower jaw pointed but much shorter and not spear-like. Swordfishes and spearfishes, families Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae (p.71) Upper jaw alone not prolonged into spear-like process ; (but both upper and lower jaw may be prolonged) ...... 6 Lower jaw prolonged and extended in a spear-like process (its length greater than head length). Halfbeaks, family Hemiramphidae Lower jaw alone not prolonged and spear-like ......... / Pelvic fins present (although sometimes reduced to a few rudimentary spines) .......... Pe i irr pare ae Nb eae a wig ties a > ps ‘ 2 es ~. SSE en TE RE LN SSF ORR ee oy : ” “ : = er? P . needy z aay . on Ft : ‘ © Pe SARE POTS NE! PRIOR ES mage as ; 5 ; ; ps : abe as : sat Die Bit fam ov? Se“av — ia hho Ete sar ane alsecmenamenanrs nee 3 * Wee, : my ee? 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