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Xs Z m D m 2 ” tat | — w = w = | ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI _NVINOSHLIWS, $3 luvugia_ lis ! = SSTITUP elie = ; -sis=- =e pee ees eee ee ee eae 68 Maghenn. 54 35-ock~ ese kcas bake ee pee eee wien =e eee ee een 70 Central... 3 EE eee eee Pete ee ere 71 Paoiic Joi een we Sem cook aie see eee eee 72 SONOTAN. soon wick Hylidae, Gthr., Cat, Bat. Salien., 96, 1858." Scaphiopidae = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866." Pelodytidae = Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. ae vi, 69, 1866." Asterophrydidae = Asterophrydidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. Phila., n. s., vi, 79-802" Discoglossidae = Discoglossidae, Cope, N. H. Rey., v, 105-107, 1865." Order STEGOCEPHALI. (Stegocephali, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1868, 209.) LABYRINTHODONTIA. Baphetidae = Baphetidae, Cope, MSS. Anthracosauridae = Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS. GANOCEPHALA. Colosterdae = Colosteidae, Cope, MSS." ‘6 Hylida ae, Cope, T. A.N.S. Phila., i 83-85, 1866. 17 Scaphiopodidae paved: N. H. Reyv., v, 107-108, 1865. '8 Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars, Cons) olim, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866. '? Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866; Discoglossidae partim, 34, Bombinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858; Mivart, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295. * Stegocephali, Cope, Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7. 2! Colosteus, Cope. iB MICROSAURIA. Phlegethontiidae = Phlegethontiidae, Cope, MSS."* Molgophidae = Molgophidae, Cope, MSS.” Piyoniudae = Ptyoniidae, Cope, MSS. Tuditanidae = Tuditanidae, Cope, MSS. Peliontidae = Peliontidae, Cope, MSS.” Order GYMNOPHIDIA. (Gymnophiona, Miller.) Caeciliidae = Caeciliidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M.,. 57, 1850. Order URODELA. d Seiranotidae, ) Gray, P. Z. 5. zB) reniiehiiae ae en London, xxvi, 137-143, 1858. Salamandridae® = Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. 8. Lon- don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858. Hynobiidae™ = Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N.S. Phila., mh s.; v1, 107, L866. Desmognathidae = Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. Phila., n. s:, vi, LOT, 1866. Thoriidae = Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila.. 1869, 111-112. 21a Phlegethontia, Cope. 22 Molgophis, Cope. 23 Lepterpeton, Huxl.; Oestocephalus, Cope; Urocordylus, Huxl. 24 Pelion, Wyman. 2 Salamandridae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866. 26 Hynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, 1850. 12 Plethodontidae* = Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866. Amblystomidae* = Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. 5. Phila., n. s., vi, 105-106, 1866. Menopomidae = Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 52-54, 1850. Amphiumidae = Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. N. 8. Phila., n.s., vi, 104-105, 1866. Cocytinidae = Cocytinidae, Cope, MSS.“ Order PROTEIDA. Proteidae = Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 64-67, 1850. Order TRACHYSTOMATA. Sirenidae = Sirenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 67-69, 1850. Crass REPTILTIA, Order ORNITHOSAURTIA. (Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Fitzinger, Seeley.”) Dimorphodontidae = Dimorphodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. §. 1870, 234, 1871. 27 Plethodontidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 106, 1866, partim Gray, 1850. *% Amblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim, Gray, 1850. *?Cocytinus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874. * Ornithosauria = Pterosauria, Owen. 3t Dimorphodontae, Seeley. 13 Pterodactylidae = Pterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Mivebewaot, 1c l.* Order DINOSAURIA. (Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley; Pachypodes, Meyer ; Ornithoscelida, Huxley.) SYMPHYPODA. (Symphypoda, Cope; Compsognatha, Huxley.) Compsognathidae = Compsognathidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871” (name only). Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., 234, 1871 (name only). GONIOPODA. (Goniopoda, Cope; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.) Megalosauridae = Megalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. m., XIx, 234, 1871 (name only).® Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Pax, god, - 187 (name-only).” ORTHOPODA. (Orthopoda, Cope; Therosauria, Haeckel.) Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.S., HS, savy, 91, 1869." 2 Rhamphorhynchae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit. 33 Compsognathidae = Compsognathus, Wag. 34 Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsus, Cope. 85 Megalosauridae, Huxley. *6 Teratosaurus, Plateosaurus, Meyer, etc. 37 Scelidosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 14 Iguanodontidae = Iguanodontidae, Cope, T. A. P.5., Nn. 8.,.xiv, 91, 1869.* Hadrosauridae = Hadrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P.S., n. 8., Xlv, 91-98, 1869.” Order CROCODILIA. (Crocodilia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.) PARASUCHIA. Belodontidae = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 254, 1871 (name only).” AMPHICOELIA. Teleosauridae = Teleosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only). Goniopholididae = Goniopholis, Owen, ete. | PROCOELIA. Thoracosauridae = Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.5., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).* Order SAUROPTERYGIA. (Sauropterygia, Owen.) ? Placodontidae == Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.} 43 Tf a, * ~~ xix, 235, 1871 (name only) 38 Truanodontidae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. Loudon, 1870. % Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. © Thecodontia, Owen, pt.; Cope, Tr. A. P. 8., 1869, 32. “| Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope. ® Crocodilidae + Alligatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thecach- ampsa, Cope, etc., Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. *S Placodus, Agass. 15 Plesiosauridae = Plesiosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). Elasmosauridae = Elasmosauridae, Cope, Tr. A. P.5., N.S. =iv, £869,/p. 47.7 Order ANOMODONTIA. (Anomodontia, Owen.) Dicynodontidae = Dicynodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). Oudenodontidae = Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. NS A S., Xix, 235, 1871 (name only).” Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. Ichthyosauridae = Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. : | S., xix, 235, 1871. Order RHYNCHOCEPHALTA. Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). Sphenodontidae =Sphenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. Dee ey Oe Lee eral dsater idae = Rhynchosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 8., xix, 235, 1870 (name only). 44 Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, ete. 45 Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, ete. 46 Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleontology. 47 Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleontology. 48 Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum). 49 Hatteriidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., 1864, 225-7. 50 Rhynchosaurus, Owen. 16 Order TESTUDINATA. ATHECAE. (Athecae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, p. 235, 1870.) Sphargididae = Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos., 1825.” Protostegidae = Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. &., 1872, 413. _ CRYPTODIRA. Cheloniidae = Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso- phy, 1825.” Propleuridae = Propleuridae, Cope, Am. Jour. Se. and Arts, 1, 137, 1870. Trionychidae = Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi- losophy, 1825.” Emydidae = Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S, 1 fee Chelydridae = Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H. U, 8. 1,3841L° Cinosternidae = Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.§., 1, 347. Testudinidae = Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phil., 1868, p. 282.” 5t Sphargididae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz. 52 Cheloniidae, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. 53 Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass. ‘4 Emydidae—Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). 519 Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872. 5 Testudinidae, Gray, Agass. 17 Pleurosternidae = Pleurosternidae, Cope, P. A. N. §. Phila., 1868, 282 (name only). Adocidae = Adocidae, Cope, Py ALY Paves 1870, 547. PLEURODIRA. (Pleurodira, Dum. et Bibron; Chelyoidae, Agass.) Podocnemididae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1868, 282. Chelydidae = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. $8. London, 1869, pp. 208-209. Hydraspididae = Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1868, 282. Pelomedusidae = Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. BS. Phila., 1865, 185; 1868, p. 119. Sternothaeridae © —Sternothaeridae, Cope, P. A. N. 6. Phila., 1868, 119. Order LACERTILIA. (Lacertilia, Owen; Cope, P. A. A. A.5., xix, 236, 1870.) RHIPTOGLOSSA. (Acrodonta Rhiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope; Chamaeleonida, Miller.) Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845, 264 (name only).” 66 Wiegmann, Gray, etc. 2 18 PACHYGLOSSA. (Pachyglossa, Cope; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N. §. Phila., 1864, 226-227.) Agamidae = Agamidae, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845, 230. NYCTISAURA. (Nyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.; Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 225.) Gecconidae = Gecconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845, 142." PLEURODONTA. (Pleurodonta, Cope, P. A. N. §. Phila., 1864, 226.) a. Lguania. Anolidae = Anolidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 227, 228. Tguanidae = Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 227, 228.° b. Diploglossa. Anguidae — Anguidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 228. Gerrhonotidae = Gerrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 228. 57 Cope, Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1871. * Tguanidae pars auctorum. % Zonuridae, pt., Gray. 19 Xenosauridae = Xenosauridae, Cope, P. A. N. Phila., 1866, 322. Helodermidae = Helodermidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845." c. Thecaglossa. (Thecaglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope.) Varanidae = Varanidae, Cope, P. A. A A.5S., xix, 237, 1870. d. Leptoglossa. (Leptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope.) Teidae = Teidae, Cope, 'P: A. A. A. 5:, x1x, ps TP tol el lea Lacertidae = Lacertinidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. | M., 26-44, 1845.” Zonuridae By oie Cope, P. A. A. A.5S., xix, 2871-941; 1871,°- Chalcidae = Chalcidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.., 57-58, 1845." Scincidae = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 70-120, 1845. Sepsidae _ =Sepsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 121-126, 1845." 60 Helodermidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., 1864, 228; 1866, 322. 6 Teidae and Ecpleopodidae, Peters, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 229) ; Teidae, Anadiidae, Cercosauridae, Riamidae, Gray. 62 Lacertidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228; Lacertidae et Cricosauri- dae, Peters; Xantusiidae, Baird. 6 Zonuridae, pt., Gray ; Lacertidae pt., Cope. 64 Chalcididae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 6 Scincidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 66 Sepsidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228. 20 e. Typhlophthalmi. (Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 228.7) Feyliniidae = Anelytropidae, Cope, P. A: N. . Phila., 1864, 230. Acontiidae = Acontiadae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 126-127, 1845.” Aniellidae = Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. §. Phila., 1864, 230. OPHEOSAURI. (Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 226.) Amphisbaenidae = Amphishaenidae, Gray, Cat. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 69, 1844.” Trogonophidae = =Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.” Order PYTHONOMORPHA. (Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P. 8., n. s., xiv, 175-182, 1870.”) Mosasauridae > Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. &., n. 8., Xiv, 182-211, 1870. 6 Typhlophth: almi, pars., Dum. et Bib., E rp. Gen. 6 Typhlinidae, Gray. ® Acontiidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. * Ophisauri, Merrem; Annulati, Wiegmann; Ptychopleures Glyptodermes, Dum. et Bib.; Amphisbaenoidea, Miiller. 71 Amphisbaenidae, Wiegmann. 7 Trogonophes, Wiegmann, Fitzinger. 7 Pythonomorpha, Cope, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1869, 251; Lacertilia Natantia, Owen, Paleontographical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles. 21 Order OPHIDLIA. SCOLECOPHIDIA. (Scolecophidia, Dum. et Bib.”) Typhlopidae = 'Typhlopidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” Stenostomidae = Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.S., xix, 237, 1871 (name only).” TORTRICINA. (Tortricina, Miiller.”) Tortricidae = Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. N. 5. Phila., 1864, 230. Uropeltidae = Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 230." ASINEA. (Asinea, Miiller, Cope.) a. Peropoda. (Peropoda, Miiller.) Xenopeltidae = Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. | Phila., 1864, 230.” Pythonidae = Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. N.8. Phila., 1864, 230.” 74 Scolecophidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 7 Kpanodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 76 Catodontiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim. 7 Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. 78 Uropeltacea, Peters; Rhinophidae, Gray. ™ Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India. 80 Holodontiens, Dum. et Bib. 22 Boidae ‘ = Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., . 1864, 230." Lichanuridae = Lichanuridae, Cope, P. A. N. §&. Phila., 1868, 2. b. Colubroidea. Achrochordidae | = Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. §. Phila., 1864, 231. Homalopsidae = Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. &. Phila., 1864, 167. Colubridae = Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 5., xix, 238, 1870." Rhabdosomidae = Rhabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.;' xix. (238. 1870>° PROTEROGLYPHA. a. Conocerca. Elapidae = Elapidae, Cope, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1864, 231." Najidae = Najidae, Cope, P. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, 231.” 8) Aproterodontiens, Dum. et Bib. ® Achrochordiens, Dum. et Bib. 8 Natricidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potamophilidae, Jan. *4 Asinea, Group 3-bb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231; Calamaridae, Olgodontidae, Coronellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Dendrophididae, Dryiophididae, Psammophididae, Lycodontidae, Scytalidac, Dipsadidae, ete., Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, et op. alt. ® Calamaridae partim, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 2-22. 86 Elapidae (pars), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237. 87 Elapidae (pars altera), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237. 23 b. Platycerca. Hydrophidae = Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M., Zio, 40, 1349." SOLENOGLYPHA.® (Solenoglypha, Dum. et Bib.) Atractaspididae = Atractaspididae, Gthr., Cat. Snakes iby) ME 239, 18582 Causidae = Causidae, Cope, P. A. N.8., Phila., 1859, 334. Viperidae = Viperidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., | OBR So Pa Crotalidae = Crotalidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.” 88 Hydridae, Gray; Hydrophidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859 333. 89 Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333. 90 Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334. 91 Viperinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther. % Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes B. M. et auctorum. ASR Par. CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM. BATRACHTA, TRACHYSTOMATA. SIRENIDAE. SIREN, Linn. Siren lacertina, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, vol. v, p. 101. The Austroriparian region; extreme points North Carolina, Florida, Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, Illinois. PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray. Pseudobranchus striatus, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology, vol. v, p. 109. Georgia. PROTEIDA. PROTEIDAE. NEcTURUS, Raf. Necturus lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, pp. 111, 115. Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States; from a few points in the Austroriparian. Necturus punctatus, Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina. 25 CADUCIBRANCHIATA. AMPHIUMIDAE. AMPHIUMA, Linn. Amphiuma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. > anpgh Meee eens ae ee see 398 i Aa Eo. k. leak i. ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTICUM, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. 4 I.—THE FAUNAL REGIONS OF THE EARTH. As is well known, the life of the different regions of the earth presents marked peculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents. To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined; and the sum of these, or the “fauna,” is found in each case to present marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian (which includes Australia, Van Diemen’s Land, New Guinea, ete.); the Neotropical, including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the Nearctic, or North America; the Ethiopian, or Africa south of the Desert of Sahara; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent islands; and, lastly, the Palaearctic, or Asia north of the Himalaya, Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different ones. The name of “realms” has been given to them. The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of nearly all types of mammalia, except the Ornithodelphia and the Marsupials; in the pres- ence of various Struthious birds; in great development of the Llapid serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs (i. e., Solenoglypha and Raniformia); in the existence of Dipnoi (Cera- todus) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the lizards and birds are of the higher types that prevail in India and Africa, viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines. The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are not found in the otlHer. Thus, in the southern, which is here understood as embracing the three realms called Australian, Neotropical, aud 55 56 Ethiopian,* the Sirenian mamimalia; Struthious birds; Blapid and Pero- podous snakes; Dipnoan, Chromid, and Characin fishes ; and Pleurodire tortoises, are universal, and not, or very sparsely, found in the northern, Of other groups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial regions, the Edentate mammalia belong to the Neotropical and Ethiopian ; the Osteo- glossid fishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Australian ; while moukeys oceur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and in the Palaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the Northern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Viperine snakes, and Rani- form frogs, are only found here in the southern hemisphere. The Neotropical realm only possesses exclusively the Platyrhine mon- keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals; Struthi- ous, Pullastrine, and Clamatorial birds; Elapid snakes; Arciferous frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoan fishes. It has but few types of the Northern regions; these are numerous pleuro- dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being onisixtly absent; and a few bears, deer, and Oscine birds. The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the prevalent features of the Palaearctic region with the southern-hemisphere types already mentioued, together with some found elsewhere only in the Palaeotrop- ical, and a very few peculiar. The two latter classes not being men- tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares, with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Hlephantidae Rhi- nocerotidae, and Chamaeleons. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae, Hippopotamidae, and Cumeleopardalidae, anoug mammals, and Polypter- idae and Mormyridae among fishes. The Northern realms of the earth agree in possessing all the earless seals; but’ most of its common characters are shared by India and Africa. With these regions they possess most all of the Ruminant and Insectivorous mammals, and all the Raniform frogs. The Palaearctie and Palaestropical are very much alike, and ought probably to be united. The latter differs in possessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros, and tapir, Mlapid serpents (cobras), and Osteoglossid fishes. In other respects, as in mammalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh-water fishes, and reptiles generally, it agrees with Northern Asia and Europe. The Nearctic or North American realm is that with which we have here todo. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across Northern Mexico, and includes. the peninsula of Lower California. It ‘Eogaea” of Gill, characterized in his article “On the geographical distribution of Fishes”, in the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History” (4), xv, 255. D7 agrees in many points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and has been united with it by some authors; but its peculiar types, and those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such an arrangement. Its relations are exhibited in the following table : Agrees with Palaearctic in— Differs from Palaearetic in— Peculiar forms. Neotropical forms. Mammalia in general -.-. Birds except PeGr ase SoRcr Emyd tortoises Raniform frogs Diemyctylus. Megalobatrachus . ...--. Percid fishes Cottidae. alo eee ne oe ay cts Accipenseridae. Spatulariidae. @xprimidaenos 2.2.22 <5 Gasterosteidae. Petromyzon. | Aunt OCaprar sys -er.= 42 = Mephitis Meleagridae Chelydra Scaphiopodidae .®&. ---- Plethodontidae. Amblystomidae. Trachystomata. Necturus. Amphiumidae. Aphredoderidae. -..--. | Hypsaeidae. | Plagopterinae. Catostomidae. Amiidae. | Lepidosteidae. Bassarididae. Procyonidae. Megadermatidae. Dicotyles. . | Didelphys. Cathartidae. Tanagridae. Icteridae. Clamatores in general. Trochilidae. Odontophorinae. Alligators. Amivid and Gerrhonotid lizards. Iguanid lizards. | Cinosternidae. Solenoglyph and Elapid venomous snakes. Arcifera, Siluridae. The special peculiarities of the Nearctic region are then chiefly seen in the Fishes and Batrachia. In Birds and Mammals, its prominent divergences from the northern regions of the Old World are seen in the numerous representatives of forms which are characteristically South 58 American. Of these, the birds offer many genera peculiar to North America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The greatest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic region is seen in the Mammalia. Around the Arctic regions as well as further south, several species, both of Mammalia and Birds, are identical. Amoug Mollusks there is also much resemblance. Anodonta, Unio, and Succinea are common to both the nerthern faunae, but have no common species; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North America. Tbe snails of the west coast are very European in character, but there are but few Pupae in the Regio Nearctica, and no Clausiliae, and Bulimus is represented by few species. Il.—NUMBER OF SPECIES. The numbers of the Vertebrata found in the Nearctic realm are nearly as follows: MAMMALIA: MONOU OMA Bos nl Ate nol an eee ee wi not a EY ass eae 0 Marsupialags 290 -at en cs tees en ees Ces Gira ee 1 TI RONEAEG FS et ie one en ee ee i cwts o Cee 1 TROGONUG «2 So 5 3c asides Ek oe ee 2 139 Impochiverd:.% 2a see See PE ath A ke 28 CRiroplerns. cen boss phew ae Bayo ge se eee 23 Uetaene-. 22 206 53 tc Seine ees 2 eee see * 42 OOM ani Dag 8 tC Ren LR eee on pee 1 FV OOARGR 5 os. o ts regen Ree aes eae eee 0 Probosouiee oS o st BALES: a ee PE ae et 0 Porisaadadtyia 32005 Se See ee ee oie 0 : \ Omnivora.-... 22.<¢505.-55. ee 1 Artiodactyla ; Ruminantia. =... 6 aie 30 Selacnontool sew naigd chide ade oe Patten Chick 1 Sloloopnae a6 a S53 oe ie sd Ee eck oa ee 2 Plagiostomi ...... Pe Sis wield Pare a ne 46 LRDINOW 6k sais Rs Sececkin ie wisn eset oe eae ee oe 0 816 DERMOPTIMRI jcc cKks sock - oo -c er Sees Cale ce = on 8 LIEPTODARDIG:.; 22 <. wn dns Sn os vine oe ep ein een ate ee ee 1 Total species of Vertebrata .-.2.. x. cn-% 27ers 2, 249 This number is considerably below the truth, as many of the fishes, both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, 1emain undescribed. It is more difficult to state the number of species of the inferior divis- ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 5,000 species of Cole- opterous insects have been discovered in the Nearctic region, aud that this is probably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000 species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, Hymenop- tera, and Diptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro- poda—say, 200 Myriopoda, 400 Arachnida, and 400 Crustacea, Of worms of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion of which are not yet known to science. The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte- rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes, 61 and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed among the classes as follows: ie OP ORAM arte. = oy hsb ela see w sty Soc hha od oo ck eee 25 LETOILINE DIC MERIMS | (2 208 05g ASE Bees Bee peter eye et ee eee en ee ee 400 Fresh-water..... Hoe 3 he ek ORY Ea ee apie es Bs 438 PROSOBRANCHIATA ' WVisuri Ine ter deee mer ee eat oye mis ae Yi agi) y opr’ 297 ep HOT E O EMOUD AGS A Sect b on ana esd Me oh peta ao ae 28 ES HOE EIN OHI WAI 2 te ey ary ae ee AN elds eek 53 JEXTMIBTECG TED peo nes 2 ave a a ere te Gah ave uO | hla? ce ae 25 SRP UESER CUENTA t np ny eae RO: kee Caen ae a OE ae Bi 1 a A os 4 JAAS! TREN EE ed ee eRe ey eae GR SAE 596 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA s Ae IM Le Warg evs, & Py Gawe oh ee aad me et eee Tee BY MOLLUSCOIDA. ESN OENMOE OU Asses 2205S te Sete te card ae Peered NS eee Pee id INS OMDMANT eis Seek Be SRPRPL AES, CoS of inet EL ae eed UAL mr ER PLE Rete rt 30 STRAT OUALS pee TEE ics RA Ag OR eo ee ee 39 The remaining divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to number nearly as follows: ECHINODERMATA (123). Bast Inte- West coast. rior. coast. nO }ie @P INE ORENEDY AY 25 eyo oes < sioye) sai Pers oe a eee aS a Bret cn eet BE ap ETAUN PDE Ave Ppa siete evn oe wc Sia AR en wat ein BOW Saese ks (NTE SE FTO D TEU. i ANN ie NOR AS Ale POSED OUINH AG. 2225. cr21t a2) sieves «2 hogs 3,25 PE Pe ae 17 ae coe COELENTERATA (144). MEDUSAE: Discophora...-.... Gate + apa kers ama. Fwissicgys US} 80!) )45 eee Siphonophora...... ..-.-. sh st wettest ts Beli a Usiat: tad ves ye SCN OPHAOEEA, I< sdccsiudet SPIRES = ebay BEAU RG oO Sy) he re gees [EL ae ae hey chet SPS + i =e Soa eter Ris oe HS} ryt GeAaeM EDV WEOMDHAL Je . <=. Ss EAs oe = eee Cee eee es Sh, Melt The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the numbers of our Spongiida, INFUSORIA and RHIZOPODA, have not yet been ascertained. IlI.—RELATIONS TO OTHER REALMS. It has been already remarked that several species of Vertebrata are common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, ete. Thus, the 62 wolf extends throughout the northern hemisphere; the same may be said of the fox, the ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not improbable that our buffalo (Bos americanus) is a variety only of the B. bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear ( Ursus horribilis) bears the same relation to the European brown bear (U. arctos).. There are also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox ( Vulpes fulvus) is nearly related to the European fox (V. vulgaris), and the red squirrel (sciurus hudsonicus) to the S. vulgaris of Europe. The elk and moose (Cervus canadensis and Alces americanus) respectively answer to the C. elaphus and Alces europaeus. The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group (Cariacus) mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm; while the species of the orders Rodentia and Insectivora are mostly of characteristically distinct species or higher groups. Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are the most characteristic of any continent, and here we find in North America the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal- lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but in limited numbers; while the genera of finches are mostly distinet, and the vireos, tanagers, wood-warblers, Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do not exist in the Old World. On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers, and warblers are absent from North America. As we direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the Accipitres and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con- tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to the northern regions. The marsh-hawk (Circus cyaneus), peregrine falcon, fish-hawk, and golden eagle are examples among Falconidae. Among owls, the cases are still more numerous; such are Nyctea nivea, Surnia ulula, Otus brachyotus, Strix flammea. Some of these present geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, ¢. g., the American— Haliaétus leucocephalus to H. albicilla of Europe ; Bhgotart itor B-vulparis-; Falco sparverius to I’, tinnunculus ; Falco columbarius to F. aesalon ; Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ; Otus vilsonianus to O. vulgaris ; etc., etc, 63 The Nearctic realm possesses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae (turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has no vultures properly so-called. There are several wading-birds common to the two continents; and eases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still more numerous. The Gallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct, though not without a few corresponding species. Among lower Vertebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one frog (Rana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water, the northern pike (Hsox lucius). The numerous tortoises of North America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal life as the cerresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Chelydra is peculiarly North American, and the Cinosternidae are Mexican in character. The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor differences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all of Neotropical families, except the scines (Hwmeces), which are found elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo- tropical, Mexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows: The Nearctie— Teiidae to Lacertidae ; Gerrhonotidae to Zonuridae ; Iguanidae to Agamidae. The Batrachia present relations to the Europeo-Asiatic fauna in the species of one genus (Rana) of frogs, and one genus (Notophthalmus) of salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachian fauna is highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Hyla (tree-frogs) exists in numerous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs (Scaphiopidae) are nearly all peculiar to this fauna. The toads are of a peculiar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Bufo. The salamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of Plethodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial; while the genera Desmognathus and Amblystoma, each alone in its family, present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire- dons, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their metamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining unchanged. b4 As permanent gill-bearing Batrachia, Necturus represents the Palae- arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to North America. The Amphiuma, or spakelike Batrachia, calls to mind the similiar extinet forms of the Coal-Measures ; while Protonopsis is represented by living species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the Miocene of Ger- many. The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel, ete., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet (Mugil albula) isa valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantie, except a few cireumpolar forms, as Gasterosteus aculeatus ; but several (as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among which are certain species of Plectognathi, particularly of Diodon, Ba- listes, ete. The fresh-water fishes embrace many families characteristic of the northern hemisphere, as the cods (Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the seul- pins (Cottidae), pike (Esocidae), chubs (Cyprinidae), the salmon, and herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the eatfishes, the region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions; though it is a singular fact that one of our genera (Amiurus) is represented by single species in China. The suckers (Catostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all fresh waters; but here, again, a single species (Curpiodes sinensis) has peen detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad- dle-fish), of which one species is found in the Mississippi Valley, and one in the Yang-tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Neare- tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars, which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting again one species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop- ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish (Amia), type of the order Halecomorphi, which bave some remote affinities with South American forms. ° The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in the table on page 57. But few species are common to the Nearetie and ee 65 Southern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Felis con- color), and no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into Brazil; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both realms. These are mostly waders, as follows: Rallus crepitans. Limosa fedoa. Tryngites rufescens. Actiturus bartramius. Heteroscelus brevipes. Symphemia semipalmata, Breunetes petrificatus. Aegialitis vilsonius. S Nyctherodius violaceus. To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Cathartes aura. Then certain marine birds and a few fishes extend along the coasts of both regions, but their number is comparatively small. The number of species of the Nearctic realm which occur in the Mex- ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples of mammals, and several species of wood-warblers, vireos, and hawks represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and tbe ringed snake Ophibolus dolia- tus ; the only batrachian is the Rana halecina berlandieri. A few other species, as Hutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same region. In the higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com- munity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batrachia and Reptilia extend to its Brazilian region, but there are afew common genera of Mammalia (Mephitis, Procyon, Ursus, Sciurus, Hesperomys, and Didelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and the scansores, syndactyli, and clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae. The number of genera which enter Mexico and Central America is much greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, and batrachians. as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds. Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms are omitted. 5H 66 MAMMALIA. Lyne. Urocyon. Putorius. Bassaris. Geomys. Thomomys. Ochetodon. Arvicola. Neotoma, Sigmodon. Cariacus. Antilocapra. REPTILIA. Crotalus. Candisona. Ancistrodon. Tropidoclonium. Tropidonotus. Butaenia, Trimorphodon. Hypsiglena. Ophibolus. Phimothyra. Pityophis. Coluber. Faatilla. Chilomeniscus. Cinosternum. Chelydra. Pseudemys. Chelopus. Sceloporus. Phrynosoma, Heloderma, Barissia, Gerrhonotus. Oligosoma., Eumeces. Cnemidophorus. _e- 67 BATRACHIA. Amblystoma. Spelerpes. Spea. Rana. Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. They are Girardinus, Gambusia, Haplochilus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae, and Atractosteus of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the above genera terminates at various points; but those which belong to the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly confined te the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic, which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject will be considered in a subsequent paper. In comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the Reptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the Anolis prin- cipalis, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of Florida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in the Nearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West Indian genus Dromicus is represented by one species, a rare snake from the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no community of species and none of genera, excepting in the case of the cosmopolitan genera Bufo and Hyla. IV.—THE REGIONS. We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six principal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian, Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro- riparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the isothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a belt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes south of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the Mis- sissippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis- sipp!, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the high lands of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Rio Grande. 68 The Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of 77° F. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west of the Mississippi River. Many of its forms extend up the bottoms of the rivers which tlow to the eastward through * The Plains.” The Cen- tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the Sierra Nevada, and south on the mountains of Nevada, and along the mountains of New Mexico. The Sonoran includes parts of Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in Mexico. It does not cross the Sierra Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra Nevada as far as, including Owen’s Valley in Eastern California, latitude 37°, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies the lower valley of the Rio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in Western Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego. The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions included in Eastern North America differ from all the others in the abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards. Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar- riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined. The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disappear, while a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have been proposed, viz: The Carolinian; the Alleghanian; the Canadian ; and the Hudsonian. The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianian, and Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera being distributed over some or all of the remaining regions. The num- ber of peculiar species in all departments of animal life is large. It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six- teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the same manner. The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area are— 69 LIZARDS. Anolis. Oligosoma. SNAKES. Haldea. ; Cemophora. Tantilla. Spilotes. Abastor. Farancia. TORTOISES. » Macrochelys. CROCODILES. Alligator. BaTRACHIA. Engystoma. Manculus. Stereochilus. Muraenopsis. Siren. I have omitted from this list ten genera which are restricted to one or the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Anolis (chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char- acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the Nearctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char- acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re- gions; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Hlaps (also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celuta, Virginia, Haldea, and Storeria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern region. This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found here, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), Rana, and Chorophilus. 70 There are no less than nine genera of birds which do not, or only accidentally, range northward of this district. They are— - Plotus. Tantalus. Platalea. _Blanus. Ietinia. Conurus. Chamaepelia. Campephilus. Helmitherus. All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or farther. Among mammals, but few species and one genus (Sigmodon) are confined to it. Lepus aquaticus and L. palustris, the cotton-rat, the Florida Neotoma, ete., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish- fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it will be considered. The Hastern region differs from the Austroriparian almost entirely in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities by which it is so widely separated from the Central region. No genus of mam- mals is found in it which does not range into the Central or other region, excepting Condylura (star-nosed mole); but numerous species are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. These number from twenty totwenty-five. Among birds, the following genera are shared with the more southern region only: Quiscalus, Seiurus, Oporornis, Helmitherus, Protonotaria, Parula, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Rep- tiles, and but one of Batrachians (G@yrinophilus), is confined to ‘this region; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cnemidophorus, Eumeces, and Scelo- porus, Which are universally Nearetic. The Batrachian genera not found in the Central are— Scaphiopus. Gyrinophilus. Spelerpes. Plethodon, Hemidactylium. Desmatognathus. Menopoma. Necturus. ce: The characteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Nearctica are much more marked; two entire orders, represented by the gar (Ginglymodi) and dog-fish (Halecomorphi), are confined to it, and a series of genera of Percidae, embracing many species, known as Ltheostominae, have the same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority of the generaof Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions, the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow- ing rivers aud streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.* The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests, as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from the eastern border to the Rocky Mountains; and the Rocky Mountain region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered with grass, and isalmost totally treeless; the latter is covered with “ sage- brush” (Artemisia),1 short stout bush, which forms extensive areas of tree- less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it formerly sought alsothe tracts of grass occasionally found among the Artemisia. The regim, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern by the possession of se‘eral genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, 7. e., An- tilocapra, Haplocerus, aid Ovis, as well as certain species of the same group, i. €., Cariacus macrotis (Wack-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera of mammals which distinruish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomys, Spermophilus, Dipodomys, Perognathus, and Lagomys. A few species of Spermophilus extend ito the northwestern portion of the Eastern; while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range over the Central subregio,, and into the Western and Gulf States the Austroriparian as tar as he Savannah River. A great many species of birds are peculiar to the Gntral region, and the following genera : Goscoptes. A drobata. Miadestes. Necorys. Saljncies. Piciorvus. Chonestes. Calanspiza. Embenagra. Centrorcus. Pedioeces, * Excepting the course of the Missi¢ ppi, and perhaps the Rio Grande. (P The game-birds of the Central region are larger than those of the Eastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus urophasianus ; the Pedi- oeceles phasianellus, or cock of the plains; the Tetrao obscurus ; several ptarmigan (Lagopus); and Bonasa; the last three Palaearctic genera also. The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare. Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it adds Phrynosoma, Crotaphytus, and Holbrookia. Among snakes, no genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Llaps are wanting. There is but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few; most of the genera of Anura are found, except Hyla. Among sala- manders, the only genus is Amblystoma ; but this is abundant, its large larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The burrowing-frog, Spea bombifrons, ranges the same region, and breeds in much the same way. No genus of Batrachians or Reptiles is pecaliar to the Central region. Fishes are few in families and species, largely inConsequence of the poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog- fish, and sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cypriniqme, Catostomidae, Sal- monidae, and Cottidae are the only families abundnt in individuals and species. The same remarks apply in great part/o the Columbia River, where, however, the Salmonidae have a great @velopment. These sal- mon are principally marine species, which as¢nd the river to deposit their spawn. They belong to many species, ‘ll peculiar to the region, and embrace incredible numbers of individuas. The Pacific region is nearly related to tte Central, and, as it con- sists of only the narrow district west of thy Sierra Nevada, might be regarded as a subdivision of it. It, howver, lacks the mammalian genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesse certain peculiar genera of birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or caparral-cock), Chamaea, and Oreortyx (wountain-partridge). Of marin mammalia, there are several peculiar types, as the eared seals (Otatdae) and sea-otter (Enhydra). There are some genera of reptiles, e. g Charina, related to the Boas, Lodia, Aniella, Gerrhonotus, and Xanteéa, which do not occur in the Central subregion. There are three chracteristic genera of Batrachia, all salamanders. viz, Anaides, Batracheps, and Dicamptodon; while the Eastern genera Plethodon and Diemyg!us re-appear after skipping the entire Central district. The other tpes of Eastern Anura are found here, there being two species of Hyl 73 A single species of tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) exists in the Pacific region. The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district in being poor in types. It adds the viviparous Pharyngognathi of the fam- ily of Hmbiotocidae, which is represented by a number of species. The marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great number of species of Salmo and Sebastes and the variety of types of Cottidae. In its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab- itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Cottus) exists on the same coast, and several valuable species of cods (Gadus auratus, G. periscopus, and Brachygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong especially to the northern coasts. The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de- scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found 4n the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are different from those of the Central ; such are Callipep'a (partridge), Cieh— topsts, Mitrephorus (Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchus, and Geococcyx. Most of these genera occur in Mexico, and the last-named in California also. It is in Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The following genera are not found in any of the other regions described : LIZARDS. Heloderma. Sauromalus. Uma. Coleonyc. SERPENTS. Gyalopium. Chionactis. Sonora. Rhinochilus. Chilopoma. Eight other genera of Reptilia are peculiar to this faura and that of the Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder- ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Neo- tropical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran 74 region is characterized by a peculiar structure of the rostral plate, which is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree; two of the genera (Phimothyra and Chilomeniscus), common to the Lower Cali- fornian region, present the same peculiarity. This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no Jess than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also possesses a majority of the species of horned toads (Phrynosoma); only four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu- dinate fauna is very poor, possessing a few species of Nearctic charae- ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type. The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodela, but several ofthe Anura. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Rana, bat six species of toad (Lu/o), this being the headquarters of that genus in the Regnum Nearcticum. The eastern genus Scaphiopus appears here, instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species of tree-frog. Two species of turtles of the Cinosternidace have been found. The fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo- rado River proper, the Salmonidae and Cottidae appear to be wanting, leaving only Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. A strongly-marked division of the former, the Plagopterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most striking feature of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region. The Lower Californian region much more nearly resembles the Sonoran than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species of birds and reptiles. Scines appear to be wanting, bat other lizards abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which do not occur in any other region of Nearctica: LIZARDS. Verticaria. Diplodactylus. Cyclura. SNAKES. Lichanura. These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America. It shares with the Sonoran only, the following: 75 LIZARDS. Dipsosaurus. Callisaurus. Uta. Phyllodactylus. SNAKES. Trimorphodon. Hypsiglena. Phimothyra. Chilomeniscus. These genera constitute the most characteristic feature of the two faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho- don, Hypsiglena, and Phyllodactylus are well represented in Mexico. Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Hyla, Scaphiopus, and Bufo, but, on the other hand, Plethodon, as in the Pacific and Hastern. Of the fresh-water fish-fatina, nothing is known; the streams are few and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary of California. Among the Invertebrata, the Mollusca present facts of distribution similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata. Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Pacific districts are plainly marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are entirely confined the Streptopomatidae and the great majority of the Unionidae, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails (Mesodontinae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con- fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the group of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina and Hygromia. The Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of the four hundred land-shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be- long to the western coast. Among snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and Polymita are represeuted by handsome species. Macrocyclis and Bin. neya belong especially to this region. As is to be supposed, the Znsects indicate a greater number of subdi- visions than the other animals. The fresh-water Crustacea have been but sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution; thus Cambarus (craw-fish) and Artemia are found everywhere where physical conditions are suitable. 76 V.—THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION. V*. Reptiles whose distribution corresponds with the area of the Austroriparian region—24 : Trachystomata. Siren lacertina. Anura. Engystoma carolinense. Acris gryllus gryllus. Hyla squirella. Hyla carolineusis. Ophidia. Caudisona miliaria. yAucistrodon piscivorus. Elaps fulvius. , Haldea striatula. Farancia abacura. Cemophora coccinea. /¥phibolus doliatus coccineus. _ Coluber obsoletus confinis. Coluber guttatus. Tropidonotus fasciatus. Lacertilia. ~ Oligosoma laterale. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus. Ophbeosaurus ventralis. Anolis principalis. Testudinata. Macrochelys lacertina (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys concinna. Testudo carolina. Crocodilia. , Alligator mississippiensis. As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis- ianian, and Texan districts. Ci The Floridan district contains either peculiar species of animals, or those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic birds axe chiefly of the latter character, but among reptiles the follow- ing are confined to it: V». Species confined to the Floridan district of the above—18: Urodela. Manculus remifer. Anura. ° Hyla gratiosa. Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas). Rana areolata capito. Ophidia. Elaps distans (Sonoran also). Contia pygaea. Eutaenia sackenii. Tropidonotus compsolaemus. Tropidonotus compressicaudus. Tropidonotus ustus. Tropidonotus cyclopium. Helicops allenii. Lacertilia. Rhineura floridana. Kumeces egregius. Eumeces onocrepis. Sceloporus floridanus. Sphaerodactylus notatus (Cuba). Crocodilia. Crocodilus americanus (Cuba). Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, Sphaerodactylus, and Litho- dytes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the above list which are peculiar to the Floridan district of the Nearctic fauna are— Lithodytes. Helicops. Rhineiira. Sphaerodactylus. 78 A venomous snake, the Elaps distans, is common to tkis district and the Sonoran fauna. Some small mammals are confined to this region also. The genera of birds that do not range north of it are— Certhiola. Zenaeda Oreopelia Pigeons. Starnaenas Rostrhamus : Polyborus Bales Aramus Autaontn Waders. Phoenicopterus. Haliplana {Terns Anoiis The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa- rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of Mammalia, the genera Alces, Mustela, Jaculus, Arctomys, Fiber, and Condy- lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit, etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory-billed wood- pecker, parrakeet, etc., while its Dlaps fulvius, or coral-snake, is one of the most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A species of the West Indian Dromicus (serpents) has been found on the Atlantic coast. Ve. Species confined to the Louisianian district—36: (E confined to the Eastern portion ; W to the Western, as far as known). Trachystomata. Pseudobranchus striatus. E. Proteida. Necturus punctatus. E. Urodela. Amphiuma means. Muraenopsis tridactyla. W. Amblystoma talpoideum. E. Amblystoma cingulatum. E. 79 Stereochilus marginatum. E. Manculus quadridigitatus. HE. Spelerpes guttolineatus. KE. Anura. Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus. Bufo quercicus. Chorophilus nigritus. Chorophilus angulatus. Chorophilus oculatus. Chorophilus ornatus. Ophidia. Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus. Virginia harperti. Virginia elegans. W. Tantilla coronata. Abastor erythrogrammus. -Osceola elapsoidea. E. Ophibolus rhombomaculatus. Coluber quadrivittatus. E. Spilotes couperii. E. Bascanium flagelliforme flagelliforme. HE. Bascanium anthicum. W. Tropidonotus taxispilotus. ~Heterodon simus simus. \ Testudinata. Aspidonectes asper. W. Aspidonectes ferox. Aromochelys carinatus. Pseudemys hieroglyphica. (?) Pseudemys scabra. Chrysemys reticulata. Cistudo clausa triunguis. (Penna.) A number of the genera of the above catalogue are not yet known to extend their range into the Floridan or Texan districts, as follows : Pseudobranchus. Muraenopsis. Virginia. Abastor. Osceola. 80 The genus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether within the Texan district is not certain, as the line separating the latter from the Louisianian district is not well known. The Spelerpes multi- plicatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way, of uncertain reference. é The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them (marked E) extending beyond the borcers of the Austroriparian region V«, Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east- ward of it—13: Urodela. Amblystoma microstomum (E.). Ophidia. Carphophiops helenae. Virginia elegans. Ophibolus calligaster (E.). Coluber emoryi (E.). Eutaenia faireyi (E.). Eutaenia proxima. Tropidonotus grahamii (E.). Tropidonotus rhombifer. Testudinata. Macrochelys lacertina. Pseudemys troostii. Malacoclemmys geographica (E.). Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.), The Texan district of the Austroriparian region is not the range of any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the Louisianian district, many of which are represented by correspond- ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be enumerated, besides a salamander and a toad. Several species of mam- mals are also peculiar to it, 7. e., five rodents and two skunks. Of birds, three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx texanus, Virea atricapillus, and Milvulus forficatus. Many Mexican birds are found on the Rio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Jcterus parisorum. The high northwestern regions of the State should be assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges (Callipepla squamata and Cyrtonyx massena) and the finch (Peucaea cassinii), 81 Several genera of mammals, birds, and reptiles exist in the Texan region, which constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis- ianian ; these are— MAMMALS. Dicotyles (Nt.). Bassaris (P. Nt.). BIRDS. Geococcyx (P.S8.). REPTILES. Holbrookia (€.8.). Phrynosoma (C. 8. P.). Stenostoma (Nt. P.). None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Nt.) the Neotropical region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary. Ve. Species confined to the Texan district—21 : Caducibranchiata. Amblystoma texanum. Anura. Bufo valliceps (also Mexico). Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii. Hyla carolinensis semifasciata. Rana areolata areolata. Ophidia. Crotalus adamanteus atrox. Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax. Elaps fulvius tener. Tantilla gracilis. Tantilla hallowellii. Tantilla nigriceps. Contia episcopa. Ophibolus doliatus annulatus. Diadophis punctatus stictogenys. Coluber lindheimerii. 6H 82 Eutaenia marciana (extends W.). Tropidonotus clarkii. Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei. Lacertilia. Holbrookia texana. Phrynosoma cornutum. Testudinata. Aspidonectes emoryi. VI.—THE EASTERN REGION. This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian; the Alieghe nian; the Canadian; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by the ranges of mammals and reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds. The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt north of the Louisianian, and south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend from Long Island, south of the hill-region of New Jersey, to the south- eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central North Carolina, and then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The Alleghanian embraces the States north of the line just described, excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now describe. This includes Northern Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, with the Green Mountains; the Adirondacks and summits of the Alleg- hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada East and north of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson’s Bay, and is narrowed southeastward to Newfoundland, VI*. Species peculiar to the Eastern region—34: Proteida. Necturus lateralis. Caducibranchiata. Menopoma fuscum. Amblystoma bicolor. 83 Amblystoma xiphias. Amblystoma jeffersonianum. Spelerpes ruber montanus. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desmognathus fusca fusea. Desmognathus nigra. Anura. Bufo americanus fowlerii. Chorophilus triseriatus corporalis. Hyla pickeringii. Rana palustris. Rana temporaria silvatica. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis Rana septentrionalis (nearly). Ophidia. y Caudisona tergemina. y Virginia valeriae. Ophibolus doliatus triangulum. 7 Cyclophis vernalis (rare south). Coluber vulpinus. Pityophis sayi sayi. _ Storeria occipitomaculata. Kutaenia sirtalis ordinata. Tropidoclonium kirtlandii. Lacertilia. EHumeces anthracinus. Testudinata. _, Aspidonectes spinifer. Amyda mutica. Pseudemys rugosa. Chelopus guttatus. Chelopus muhlenbergii. Chelopus insculptus, Emys meleagris. 84 The Carolinian fauna is not so marked among reptiles as among birds. One genus of the former, Cnemidophorus (swift lizard), does not range north of it, with the genera Virginia, Cyclophis, Haldea, and Pityophis among serpents. Species contined in their northern range by the same limit are— Ophibolus doliatus doliatus. Ophibolus getulus. © - Tropidonotus sipedon erythrogaster. Pseudemys rugosa. Malacoclemmys palustris. Hyla andersonii. Genera of birds restricted in the same way are— _~Guiraca. - Helmitherus. _ Minus. _ Polioptila. - Gallinula. _Herodias. _ Florida. _Himantopus. > Recurvirostra. The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species of Reptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do not extend north of it are the following: LIZARDS. 7 Sceloporus. _ Bumeces. SNAKES. Carphophiops. _-Coluber. _- Cyclophis. - Ti ropidonotus. _- Ophibolus. _ Heterodon. -Caudisona. Crotalus. Ancistrodon. 85 BATRACHIA. Chorophilus. Hyla. Hemidactylium. Desmognathus. Menopoma. Necturus. The species thus restricted number twenty-six. The genera of birds which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are— _Sialia. _ Vireo. , Pyranga. _ Harporhynchus. _ Lroglodytes. _-Cyanospiza. ~ Pipilo. _Ammodromus. , Sturnella. , Icterus. _Zenaedura. -Cupidonia. , Ortyx. _ Meleagris. ,Ardetta. , Rallus. The catamount, red-squirrel, jumping-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna. The Canadian fauna is distinguished for its few reptiles (there being only seven species) and Batrachia, as follows : TORTOISES. _-Chelydra serpentina. Chelopus insculptus. Chrysemys picta. SNAKES. -Bascanium constrictor. _ Hutaenia sirtalis. - Diadophis punctatus. _ Storeria occipttomaculata. 86 FROGS. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. Rana septentrionalis. SALAMANDERS. Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desmognathus nigra. Spelerpes ruber. Spelerpes bilineatus. Spelerpes longicauda. This fauna extends south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squirrel, and brook-trout (Salmo Jontinalis), and Desmognathus ochrophaea, as far as Georgia. Several mammals are restricted in northward range by the boundary of this fauna; such are the buffalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-eat, panther, star-nosed mole, ete.; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it. VI*. Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so: Urodela. Amblystoma jeffersonianum laterale. Anura. Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii. Rana septentrionalis. Rana temporaria cantabrigensis. In the Hudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh waters begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout and white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel, ground-hog, ete., do not range north of it. The following singing: birds breed there: Anthus ludovicianus. Saxicola oenanthe. Ampelis garrula. Aegiothus linaria. Pleetrophanes lapponica, Plectrophanes nivalis. Plectrophanes picta, Leucosticte tephrocotis. The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe. Numerous waders and swimming-birds breed in this region, the whole 87 : number being thirty-six ; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander north of it. To this category many of the common species of the Mid- dle States belong. North of this the species of vertebrates are circumpolar or arctic. The ichthyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to be considered. For the present, they wiil be united, though the distri- butiou of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con- trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle in view, we may revert briefly to this distribution over this district of the Nearctic region. This large area is characterized by the distribution of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam- ined—those of Semotilus, Ceratichthys, Hypsilepis, Catostomus, ete., or by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in its different portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari- ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (1), which belongs to the Lake region, which, in the district, commences at latitade 42° and extends to the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity of the Atlantic subdistrict (IL) may be said to be the abundance of Esox, Salmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Haploidonotus. The first two are abundant in the Lake region, while Anguilla and Haploidonotus have but a partial distribution’there. In (III), the Mississippi basin, Hsowx is represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Salme occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists in the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is especially characterized by the paddle-fish (Spatularia or Polyodon), the shovel-sturgeon (Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar (Atractosteus) ; also by the buffalo (Dubalichthys), the Cycleptus, etc., among suckers, and the fork-tailed catfish (Ichthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Hap- loidonotus is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afflu- ents. The gradation from the Mississippi grouping of species to the Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order from 88 those emptying into the Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast, until we reach the rivers of Massachusetts and Maine, where the great- est modification of the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed out by Agassiz, who calls this region a “ zodlogical island,” and enu- merates the characteristic Nearetic genera which are wanting there. I give now a list showing the points at which Mississippi genera cease, as we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our present knowledge extends. Gulf rivers: Haploidonotus has not yet been indicated from eastward of these, except in the Lake area. Roanoke: Campostoma ceases here. James: Micropterus and Ambloplites cease. Potomac: Pomowys, according to Professor Baird (verb. commn.), ceases here. Susquehanna: Ceratichthys, Bxroglossum, Chrosomus, Carpiodes, cease. Delaware: Clinostomus, Hypsilepis analostanus, Enneacanthus, and Lepi- dosteus cease. Hudson: Semotilus corporalis, according to F. W. Putnam (verb. commn.), ceases. The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis- trict (LV) are first, then, Salmo, Esox, Anguilla, Perea ; and, secondly, the general types Boleosoma. Semotilus, Hypsilepis, Stilbe, Hybopsis (bi/re- natus), Fundulus, and Amiurus ; and the Lake types Lota and Coregonus. VII.—THE CENTRAL REGION. VII*. Species peculiar to the Central region—12 : Anura. Spea bombifrons. Ophidia. Ophibolus multistratas. Eutaenia radix. Eutaenia vagrans vagrans. __ Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis. Lacertilia. Eumeces septentrionalis. Eumeces inornatus, Eumeces multivirgatus. Holbrookia maculata maculata. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii. — aE 89 Testudinata. Pseudemys elegans. Chrysemys oregonensis. Cistudo ornata. VII.—THE PACIFIC REGION. VILI*. Species confined to the Pacific region—44 : Urodela. Amblystoma macrodactylum. Amblystoma paroticum. Amblystoma tenebrosum. Amblystoma aterrimum. Dicamptodon ensatus. Batrachoseps attenuatus. Batrachoseps nigriventris. Batrachoseps pacificus. Plethodon intermedius. Plethodon oregonensis. Anaides lugubris. Anaides ferreus. Diemyctylus torosus. Anura. Bufo halophilus. Hyla regilla. Hyla cadaverina. Spea hammondii. Rana temporaria aurora. Rana pretiosa. Ophidia. Crotalus lucifer. Contia mitis. Lodia tenuis. Pityophis catenifer. Bascanium constrictor vetustum. Eutaenia hammondii. EKutaenia elegans. EKutaenia sirtalis pickeringii. 90 Eutaenia sirtalis concinna. Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia. Eutaenia cooperii. Eutaenia atrata. Charina plumbea. Stenostoma humile. Lacertilia. Aniella pulchra. Eumeces skiltonianus. Xantusia vigilis. Barissia olivacea. Gerrhonotus principis. Gerrhonotus grandis. Gerrhonotus seincicandus, Uta graciosa, Uta schottii. Phrynosoma Dlainvillei. Testudinata. j Chelopus marmoratus. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus is common to the Pacific and Lower Cali- fornia regions. IX.—THE SONORAN REGION. JX*. Species confined to the Sonoran region—68 : Anura. Bufo alvarius. Bufo debilis. 3ufo microscaphus. Bufo speciosus. Bufo lentiginosus frontosus. Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.) Hyla arenicolor. Scaphiopus varius rectifrenis. Scaphiopus couchii. Ophidia. Crotalus pyrrhus. Crotalus cerastes. Crotalus tigris. 5 a Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus. Crotalus molossus. | Caudisona edwardsii. Elaps euryxanthus. Chilomeniscus ephippicus. Chilomeniscus cinetus. Chionactis occipitalis. Contia isozona. Sonora semiannulata. Gyalopium canum. Rhinochilus lecontei. Ophibolus pyrrhomelus. Ophibolus getulus splendidus. Diadophis regalis. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha chlorophaea. Phimothyra grahamiae. Bascanium flagelliforme piceum. Chilopoma rutipunctatum. Eutaenia macrostemma. Butaenia vagrans angustirostris. Tropidonotus validus validus. Tropidonotus sipedon couchii. Stenostoma dulce. Lacertilia. Eumeces obsoletus. Eumeces guttulatus. Cnemidophorus grahamil. Cnemidophorus inornatus. Cnemidophorus octolineatus. Cnemidophorus tessellatus gracilis. Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanostethus. Gerrhonotus nobilis. Gerrhonotus infernalis. Heloderma suspectum. Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis. Uma notata. Sauromalus ater. Crotaphytus reticulatus. Uta ornata. 92 Sceloporus ornatus. Sceloporus jarrovii. Sceloporus poinsettii. Sceloporus torquatus. Sceloporus couchii. Sceloporus marmoratus. Sceloporus clarkii. Phrynosoma modestum. Phrynosoma maceallii. Phrynosoma regale, Phrynosoma planiceps. Phrynosoma hernandezii. Coleonyx variegatus. Phyllodactylus tuberculatus. Testudinata. Cinosternum sonoriense. Cinosternum henrici. Cinosternum flavescens. Testudo agassizii. Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only. X.—THE LOWER CALIFORNIAN REGION, X*, Species peculiar to the Lower Californian region—27 : Urodela. Plethodon croceater. Anura. Hyla curta. Ophidia. Crotalus enyo. Crotalus mitchellii. Tantilla planiceps. Chilomeniscus stramineus. Ophibolus californiae. Ophibolus getulus conjunetus. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha. Phimothyra decurtata. Pityophis vertebralis. Bascanium aurigulum. 93 Tropidonotus validus celaeno. Charina bottae. Lichanura trivirgata. Lichanura myriolepis. Lichanura roseofusca. Lacertilia. Phyllodactylus unctus. Phyllodactylus xanti. Cnemidophorus maximus. Verticaria hyperythra. Callisaurus dracontoides. Uta thalassina. Uta nigricauda. Sceloporus clarkii zosteromus. Phrynosoma coronatum. Cyclura hemilopha. XI.—RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES. The first observation with regard to the Batrachian and Reptilian fauna of North America is the usual one, viz, that the number of spe- cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach the tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one- fourth is included in the three Southern regions—the Austroriparian, the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian; yet these contain more than half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are found in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly resulting from the very small production of animal heat by these ani- mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, has the greatest influ- ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than in multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col- ored reptiles are not wanting in the tropics, brilliantly-colored species are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although the Regnum Nearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south- ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog- nathus among salamanders, and Hyla among frogs. So with snakes of the genera Crotalus, Caudisona, Ophibolus, Bascanium, and Hutaenia. It is 94 also true of the lizards of the genera Phrynosoma, Holbrookia, and Sce- loporus. DButaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in the Mexican sub- region, as is also the case-with the Anoles. The North American species of Anolis does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it. Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques- tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since a greater or less part of their life is, in most species, necessarily spent in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation for sustenance, the modifying influence of moisture on their habits must be very great. The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera- ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos- phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and Reptilia. There are but nine species of both classes peculiar to it, while a few others enter from sur- rounding areas. The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the same conditions. Thus the well-watered, forest-covered Eastern and Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs, the tree-toads, and the turtles. The dry and often barren Sonoran and Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re- gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise. Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This prevails throughout the Batrachia and Reptilia of the Sonoran re- gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of which red is much the most usual. This peculiarity doubtless results immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces- sary, and as such habits become antomatic, the permanence of the color is naturally established. 95 Another peculiarity of the Sonoran region, and which it shares with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an extraordinary development of the rostral shield either forward or out- ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred such genera to a group he termed the Probletorhinidae, but which has not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of snakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter (Phimothyra) is closely imitated by a genus (Lytorhynchus) which occurs on the borders of the African Sahara. The Heterodon of the Eastern States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds there; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto- gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela- tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relation to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the foot in the genus Uma, a character exhibited in higher perfection in the South African genus Ptenopus. * The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta- tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones especially developed for excavating purposes. * Proc. Acad. Phila:, 1868, p. 321. 4 = f _ ’ - ° Oe ep ie, » ; pis 710%, hy! ae 2k wh Su tle ita Ha, Fock f ' . ’ Paw Diced qa alae 7 a” 2 : I “25 wed lithe 1,9 if) ride Lat et F - ae _ . . Sh 7 oh BRIS Me See yah ++ - bs ‘\ uv = Aes es ‘ ' *. i, . f ‘ sf * x 4 Je, - r ¢ « “* q ' * = , i i 7 eos. Ast, EN: Pep ly LOGACA PE Y:, ‘The present list only includes the titles of works and memoirs which embrace discussions of systematic or distributional relations of the reptiles of the Regio Nearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe- cies only will be added at a future time. The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz, LeConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe- cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Nearctica. In 1856, Dr. Hallowell remarked ‘the rarity of salamanders and turtles in the Sonoran region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the faunal subdivisions of Eastern North America with great success, basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia. The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value, adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay I am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor Baird on the birds and mammals. A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia. 1817. Cuvier. Regne Animal. First edition. Paris. 1820. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum. 1824. Wagler, in Spix Serpentes Brazilium. 1825. Latreille. Familles Naturelles du Régne Animal. Paris. 1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London. 1826 (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Reptilien. *Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 309. (ig ; v7 98 1826 (October). Boie, H. Erpetologie von Java in Ferrusac’s Bulletin 1827. 1850. 1831. 1832. 1832. 18354. 1854. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1837. 1839. 1841. 1845. 1844. 1844, 1845. 1849. 1849. 1850. 1853. L893. des Sciences Naturelles et Géologiques. Boie, F., in Isis von Oken, p. 508. Wagler. Natiirliches System der Amphibien. Miiller. Beitriige zur Anatomie der Amphibien, Tiedemann u Treviranus’ Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie, iv, p. 199. Wiegmann und Ruthe. Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin. Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribuzione Metodica degli Animali Vertebrati. Rome. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. i. General Clas- sification and Anatomy. The Testudinata. Paris. Wiegmann. Herpetologia Mexicana. Berlin. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ti. Testudinata ; Lacertilia, in general. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. ili. Crocodilia, Chamaeleontidae, Gecconidae, Varanidae. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. iv. Sauriens (Iguanidae and Agamidae). Paris. Schlegel. Essai sur le Physionomie des Serpens. Hague. Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. vy. Lacertidae, Chalcididae, and NScincidae. Dumeéril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. viii. Batrachia Gymnophiona, and Anura, Fitzinger. Systema Reptilium. Vienna. Dumeéril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale, vol. vi. Ophidia in general; Scolecophidia and Asinea, parts. Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians in the British Museum. London. Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London. Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museuin. London. ; Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, ete. Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281. Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the British Museum. London. (January). Baird and Girard, Catalogue of the Serpents of North America. Washington. Dumeril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidiens Institut de France. 1854. 1869. 1870. og Duméril et Bibron. Erpétologie Générale. Tome vii, part 1, Ophidia Asinea; part 2, Venomous Serpents. Tome ix, Batra- chia Urodela. Tome x, plates. LeConte, J. Catalogue of the North American Testudinata. Por- - ceedings of Philadelphia Academy, vol. vii. Gray. Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. London. ; Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, part ii. North American Testudinata, p. 233. Gray. On the Classification of the Old World Salamanders. Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society, London, p. 235. Giinther. Catalogue of the Colubrine Serpents in the British Museum. London. Giinther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the British Museum. London. Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 330. Owen. Paleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep- tiles.) Jan. Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per VIconografia Generale. Milan. Cope. Characters of the Higher Groups of Reptilia Squamuata. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224. Giinther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society. Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia Natural History Review. London. Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Cope. On the Families of the Raniform Anura. Journal of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189. Giinther. Contribution to the Anatomy of Hatteria. Philosophi- cal Transactions. Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xiv. Cope. A Review of the Species of Plethodontidae and Desmogna- thidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93. Jope. On the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the Reptilia, and on the Systematic Arrangement of the Class. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge. 100 1870. Gray. Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. London. 1872. Huxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. London. B.— Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American’ Batrachia and Reptilia. ; 1857. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vol. i, part i, p.449. On the Geographical Distribution of North American Testudinata. 1866. Baird. Tlre Distribution and Migration of North American Birds. American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, p. 78, 184-347 (Jan- uary). 1866. Verrill. Report of some Investigations upon the Geographical Distribution of North American Birds. Proceedings of the Bos- ton Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 259 (May). 1866. Cope. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran Province of the Nearctic Region. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad- emy, p. 300 (October). 1869. Cope. On the Origin of Genera. Philadelphia. 1871. Allen, J. A. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. vol. ii, No. 3, p. 404. 1873. Cope. Gray’s Atlas of the United States, p. 32. Geographical Distribution of North American Vertebrata (with map). IN| I) aye Page. J\IHIRTIOIE e Cenhies soon dade seep aeeece 35 Atchrochordidae)-= sos.) 5..<-.144-=6 - 22 NCOMMICRO re ss nahn cle =tea seka te 20 JAGR 2 seb SCOAEO SSE ROD BP ODO OOO R Sore 30 AGOGO ase AS545 Osseo neaeeeeboDds 17 A@miindln@s “secs eapgcodesoeee cee ce 18 JOE) 2565 Gee cecpeeesos spaces eso 9 Alleghanian district.......----.--- 84 Alligator ..-.- a veeinwyaiaye apni 54 Amblystoma <- <2. <9 - 2 pecan --=-- 25 JAAN OWS OUAG ET ES plonoees eeoo. sgecec 12, 2d INT ON GONE AE ke seoooo cases onoee- 14 Amiphisbaenidae).<.2.2 2. =. .-s-s25) <= 20, 44 ANT O DUOC SS d058 SAN Den ECOS Saoene 25 AMM UUM RO m ae ape ates a) ee ee 12, 25 AiO VOW So ocnc'e Selesbecs co5seniscene 51 WANTATCLEBie = trate alo ois ecieictbrniainiscisi Sete 28 ATLEISULOG OM erieeye tc clams nc ae eee 34 J MOGUICMNG sous ges oec pees sods adeae 18, 46 Ami ellamactaeersesata cy stisey sacle” 44 ENTINE NOR ey rea ee er eee 20, 24 PAN ON AC Reis cco alececiaciareciersioa sets 18, 50 PAM OMG mee cece ne seas Vee Selec toe 50 PAN OM OCOMbI Alsat ale aioe cies cia eto 15 Anthracosauridae -.-.-..... Se ee 10 INDI ee ao Soe RES E EEO Oe See 7,29 PAPIOASPISE) = cis aisle aeclae eS ciseaameis 33 PNECIIOUM Sacto aus aioe ashton ciaeeela ae 9, 30 PATOMOCHOLY Rete eee ee ise aehetaeete 52 Arrangement of the families and higher divisions of Batrachia and IMs O0UE eae oon ee Se GREE aE sercoac a AS DIGONECLOS ssc -s-2 26-2 oes cte ers 51 ANSTO D. 7S SEES Se neeet sb 21,34 Asteroplinydidde!.s2c-6 «cis--)eeece 10 AHeCRG 2. == 22 of Sans oF dejonslocieiels 16, 50 Aimactaspididaes. -- -s-2-2-scs2=.<<< 23 Austroriparian region.... .....----. 68, 76 aphetiGaen- sal. -\tecee feos ees 10 IBANISSIa ee cece Maeda mecpiemieie sects 46 ISAS ORIN aes oa leemeaie See aia ae ae 40 Batinac Wiis sees cp y= eo ae oe 7, 24 Batrachophnymidac.--.... --5-.----- 9 PS TUGUCROSP DS eaten am 0) 5 Sas euNS ee 26 Belodontbida@eess: .el5-)s.c ee 14 Bibliogmaphyse see sa. Sssiesis se ; 97 O12 Omemer ere ease =, ce core cee = aaa ee 22, 43 BLE VACIMUIOe Ome ceca ssce ne seer 8 . SMO pseere ee cre atone eo ocleiene celts eae eee 29 Butlonid acres ges ceese sce ete ME) PB ULOMTOLMUIG sa==pee nals eee ae ela 9, 29 Caducibranchiataeoceess. ease 22S 95 C@aecilidaeet. =e sesh ases cece ee 11 Callisaurus....-- Se Rene a ee re 47 Canadian fauna... .--- Ebene rs ee 85 Carolimonefannayse tees ee eee : 84 Chu NG] DINO Ci eee eee eee ees dace o4 Cadi Sondpsse ee ee ee eee eee 33 Gansidaepecuwsane ao sete cosas ees 23 Cemophoraicncs.= ae ee eee 36 Central terion. o5s-2 2. 5. James ankles Chaleidaer. sa pea eases eis 19 @hantacleontidae=- ase eee seo eeee 17 Charinapins sore tue eee. Soe ae 43 Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Reptilia of the Nearctic or North American realm .........--. 24 @heloniidsaeste— = sae see eee Ono Chrelonian 3s coset tegen eee ol CHelOPUS Sofa csisteisiciertcemersio ss sneer 53 Chelydidne ss feces e sees ace Eee 17 Chelydrars. 142k aoe rece ete Sil Chelyduidae: tesa seesane ee eee 16, 51 Chilonreniscus\-syss0ee ces eee. 35 Chionietiseesseescone mo ere eee 35 Chilopomar esas ae cetceisee eae 40 Chorophiltiskessse sees eee eee 30 Chrysemysra: she se ot so. ee 53 @inostermidae ence cee akieteere- rele 16, 52 @imostennmuain se soos ne ee ee een 52 Cisthitd Osa ssciseoeoa Teese eee ee 53 Crremidophorusiseese= eee as 45 Cocytinidde' ose 201. 28 soi: ee 12 Coleone was s4- sti cess eas 50 Colosterdacses cues 25222 nee soe 10 Colostethiddee tas. 2 asso ees 7 Colulbenesc2- secesocnce sete eee 39 Colubridaeise: 222 esetcaen cee 22, 34 Compsognathidae ......-..--..--.- 13 Conte phanesis (sates sets aan ree 38 Conta 6-2) = fos tat cess See 36 @rocod ila ee on sae eeshe nies even See 14, 54 @rocodilidaercs ses cee mpeg ee 14 @rocoOdUss= soi we soca 2 2s gees oe 54 Crotalidageesass2--255-se5enceos oe 3085 Crotalus. sss2 2). esse shaas see saueis 33 101 Page Crotapnytus 2-05 fase see eee eee 47 Crypiouins 2-2. ss a5 nk new eee 16, 51 Cyclophis 22. 6:cncdensenseecnaeee eee 38 Cyolnura step esnyeetice= eck capers 50 | Cystionatbidae. ee .cwaceso=co sna 9, 31 Dactylethridac........-.-.------ is 9 Dendrobatidne--- -.- 2 >> s--se~ bee 8 Desmognathidae ...-.. ..-... =... 11, 28 Digdophis tn sien ccs apo seeee eee ae 37 Dicampiodon-. ~~ > 55. o-= = een == on 3 26 Dicynodonuigne .... 22556. cte0s-na5 15 DiGNIYOUVLUS seca ee cee se a 38 BASteIn ROPlON ose sree noe 68, 82 POIGDIONO) a cod sag aoe ee eee 22, 34 1S C0 ea eS ee Em Karahi T5- 34 WJASMOSRUTIORS 5d oes Sewer eme na 15 WOM YOIGHO soos axes een a ieee ee 16,52 US te ars ae er ete nies ae ee ee 53 Pn eystoma:.. scl ss sess dese ee eens 30 PV StOMIORS 6 eam econ es ace eee 8, 30 By DITO RAS (2 wa eg noite ae eo a et 31 HIUINOUGS Coos ae son een tea eer 44 PUG an oem ee ee se ee 40 Mrenmochelys,..2-\2< a --ideaes eee 51 RSrONGIS jc =am caeweeee ee een ee eee 35 Faunal regions of the earth.-.-....- 55 BOVUNNOESG po cave as cen neer ss ieee 20 BICHisrermis .4 onsen eee eee 8, 30 Mloridan district... ..-.<.-.5<< excc~ 77 Ganotephalac. = sowewsice osetia 10 aStPOOnMIA <2 ce atee eee en Sheen 8 Geccanidw 4s ce. cee ce eee 18, 50 Geographical distribution in the Regnum Nearcticum, with special reference to the Batrachia and ROOM So Aceon ache hewatkeee 10, 30 Eynobiidne vs 2s. ee ek 11 Hypaigiona . 2. cious wane bobs oaks 338 Ichthyopterygia..........-......- 15 Ichthyosauridae....--....---...--- 15 PONBMIG oo. 2c o-oo ee ee 47 IounnIGgeh. 00S. 22> winced eee ee 18 TIguanodontidae.-......... -------.- 14 Introductory remarks-......-.-..- 3 Labyrinthodontia .- -...-.--=.-.-.- 10 Eineernase- 2 -<1cnss Daceriia sof. 22 ae oc pelos cepapaeen ake yee heptoplossa; <= - ee cman ees ey 52 Macrollemmys’.--. <- -22- sasecunes 53 Manculus’ soo/ps5~ scene sonenh eee 27 Mepalosauridae-2.- .<- 226 aot ee 13 Menoponin = 2222. eo.te an eee eee 25 Menopomidae..-.--. rere Ae 12, 25 MiCrOsAUNIN =~ - <= 6.caee see ateet es oe 11 Molropindae. ..-. . 0 eee ee 11 MOsShSSUTIGRG <2. Sed conn seen ce ee 20 Murssnopais <5. tae ee seen ew 25 Najides 2. o<. 3 ca sane eee eee eee 22 Neetarns.o- 2 5..6n acu eeee as ne seeee 24 Number 0f Species .-5.a2.-2.0.enens 58 Nyctisaura . 22 <. scares ace 18, 50 Odontaplosse = a-.s8eaee weno wees 9 O)PORONIA .- 2220) soca See 44 Ophibolus'.22/t52ce. wees ne seetons an 36 | Ophidid -..: Ase apeeee ee Opheossuria «eee .-see- dean es oe 44 Opheosnarus ices sien noe 46 Omithosaurid .-.0.-2590n06 seein eer 12 Ornithotarsidae..=-<2-.6--- «j-<. 13 OTChONORA. < occ csteceies eas ees 13 OBGOOLIK wen eiceeieeen eden aoe ee 36 103 @udenodontidaess2-).-2- 22. -=-+<=:. 15 Bachyolossaeeer =. sceeon sa = 18 JAW CUI OAR EO ase eeee « SB Boo eos 72, 89 Barasuchi niga 2 = setae slaere= 5 = a= 14 Relrontidagmerec=* oss sce es = 1 11 elodytidae~ss- == 2s eens = 10 Relomedusidaey. - eases = Se -t 2 17 IPI NITION INO Ce geiconine Coe BeeeInese 38 Phiesethontidaclsecses---.----)--- = ia IPA YAISCIO9G 2 aetna ~s- -- soe wie 8 hryMOsOma saaseeee =- = . = ie > sy, = » ” = ” ee ” ms; RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S31Y¥vUst S a=» ae » ool _ on Q iia Sg aa =—s . 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