THE

COUES CHECK LIST

OF

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SECOND EDITION,
iftcbtsefc to IBatE, ant) cnttrdg Kcinrt'tten, untJEt Utmti'on of tfje

WITH A DICTIONARY OF THE

ETYMOLOGY, ORTHOGRAPHY, AND ORTHOEPY

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

THE CONCORDANCE OF PREVIOUS LISTS, AND A CATALOGUE OF HIS

ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.

BOSTON:

ESTES AND LAURIAT.
1882.

Copyright, 1882,
By ESTES AND LAURIAT.

UNIVERSITY PRESS:
JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE.

INTRODUCTION.

IN 1873, shortly after the publication of the author's " Key to North American
Birds," appeared the original edition of this " Check List," which was almost imme-
diately reissued in connection with the same writer's " Field Ornithology," in 1874.
That list reflected the classification and nomenclature of the "Key" with much
exactitude, although it included, in an Appendix, a few species additional to those
described in the "Key," and made some slight changes in the names. Excepting
some little comment in foot-notes and in the Appendix, the original " Check List"
was a bare catalogue of scientific and vernacular names, printed in thick type on one
side of the paper.

Meanwhile, the science of Ornithology has progressed, and our knowledge of
North American birds has increased, both in extent and in precision, until the orig-
inal list, faithful as it was at the time, fails now to answer the purpose of adequately
reflecting the degree of perfection to which the subject has been brought. A new
edition has therefore become necessary.

The list has been revised with the utmost care. The gratifying degree of accu-
racy with which it represented our knowledge of 1873 is exhibited in the fact, that
it is found necessary to remove no more than ten names. On the other hand,
the progress of investigation has resulted in adding one hundred and twenty names
to the list, and in showing the necessity or expedienc}' of making many changes
in nomenclature. The exact analysis of the differences between the two lists is
given beyond.

In revising the list for the main purpose of determining the ornithological status
of every North American bird, the most scrupulous attention has been paid to
the matter of nomenclature, — not only as a part of scientific classification, deter-
mining the technical relations of genera, species, and varieties to each other, but
also as involved in writing and speaking the names of birds correctly. The more
closely this matter was scrutinized, the more evidences of inconsistency, negligence,

53550

4 INTRODUCTION.

or ignorance were discovered in our habitual use of names. It was therefore
determined to submit the current catalogue of North American birds to a rigid
examination, with reference to the spelling, pronunciation, and derivation of every
name, — in short, to revise the list from a philological as well as an ornithological
standpoint.

The present "Check List," therefore, differs from the original edition in so far
as, instead of being a bare catalogue of names, it consists in a treatise on the et}'-
mology, orthography, and orthoepy of all the scientific, and many of the vernacular,
words employed in the nomenclature of North American birds. Nothing of the sort
has been done before, to the same extent at any rate ; and it is confidently expected
that the information given here will prove useful to many who, however familiar
they may be with the appearance of these names on paper, have comparatively little
notion of the derivation, signification, and application of the words ; and who
unwittingly speak them as they usually hear them pronounced, that is to say, with
glaring impropriety. No one who adds a degree of classical proficiency to his
scientific acquirements, be the latter never so extensive, can fail to handle the tools
of thought with an ease and precision so greatly enhanced, that the merit of ornitho-
logical exactitude may be adorned with the charm of scholarly elegance.

The purpose of the present " Check List" is thus distinctly seen to be twofold :
First, to present a complete list of the birds now known to inhabit North America,
north of Mexico, and including Greenland, to classify them systematically, and to
name them conformably with current rules of nomenclature ; these being ornitho-
logical matters of science. Second!}', to take each word occurring in such technical
usage, explain its derivation, significance, and application, spell it correctly, and
indicate its pronunciation with the usual diacritical marks ; these being purely
philological matters, affecting not the scientific status of any bird, but the classical
questions involved in its name.

In the latter portion of his task, which, as is always the case when thorough work
of any kind is undertaken, proved to be more difficult and more protracted than had
been expected, and delayed the appearance of the list for nearly a year after the
ornithological portion had been practically completed, the author of the original list
has received invaluable assistance from Mrs. S. OLIVIA WESTON-AIKEN, who cor-
dially shared with him the labor of the philological investigation, and to whose
scholarly attainments he is so largely indebted, that it is no less a duty than a
pleasure to recognize the co-operation of this accomplished lady.

ANALYSIS OF THE TWO EDITIONS.

THE original edition of the "Check List" ostensibly enumerates only 635 species
of North American Birds. This is owing to the fact that only full species are num-
bered, the many subspecies being given as a, b, &c., and some names being inter-
polated without corresponding numbers, both in the body of the list and in the
Appendix. By actual count there are found to be, in the body of the list, 750 ; to
which 28 are added in the Appendix : 750 + 28 = 778.

First, with regard to subtractions. It is in gratifying evidence of the general
accuracy of the original list, that it is found necessary to remove only ten (10)
names. Four of these are extra-limital ; six are mere synonyms. The following
is the —

LIST OF SUBTRAHEND NAMES.

1. JEgiothus fuscescens. Summer plumage of jE. linaria.

2. Centronyx ochrocephalus. Fall plumage of Passerculus bairdi.

3. Sphyropicus williamsoni. Male of S. thyrotdes.

4. Lampornis mango. Extra-limital.

5. Agyrtria linnaei. Extra-limital.

6. Momotus coeruleiceps. Extra-limital.

7. Ibis thalassina. Young of Plerjadis <juaranna.

8. Ardea wuerdemanni. Dichromatism of A. occidentalis.

9. Sterna " longipennis." Meaning S. pikii Lawr. Young of S. macrura.
10. Podiceps cristatus. Extra-limital, as far as known.

On the other hand, the numerous accessions to the list are in no less gratifying
evidence of the progress of our knowledge. There are no fewer than one hundred and
twent}- additions to be made. The large majorit.y of these are bonafide species, and
actual acquisitions to the North American list, being birds discovered since 1873 in
Texas, Arizona, and Alaska, together with several long known to inhabit Green-
land. It may be here remarked that although the Greenland Fauna has long been
usually claimed and conceded to be North American, yet the full list of Greenland

6 ANALYSIS OF THE TWO EDITIONS.

birds has never before * been formally incorporated with the North American, as is
done in the present instance. Aside from such additions, the increment is repre-
sented by species or (chiefly) subspecies named as new to science since 1873 ; by a
few restored to the list ; and by two imported and now naturalized species. The
following is the full -

LIST OF ADDEND NAMES. [Continued on p. 10.]

1. Turdus migratorius propinquus. Since described by Ridgway. Western U. S.

2. Turdus iliacus. Greenland.

3. Harporhynchus curvirostris (verus). Restored. Arizona.

4. Cyanecula suecica. Alaska.

5. Regulus satrapa olivaceus. Recognized as a subspecies.

6. Parus rufescens neglectus. Since described by Ridgway. California.

7. Parus cinctus. Alaska.

8. Psaltriparus melanotis. Restored. Nevada. Arizona.

9. Catherpes mexicanus (verus). Restored. Texas.

1 0. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis. Since described by Ridgway. Florida.

11. Anorthura troglodytes pacificus. Recognized as a subspecies.

12. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Recognized as a subspecies.

13. Alauda arvensis. Greenland; "Alaska;" Bermudas.

14. Motacilla alba. Greenland.

15. Mniotilta varia borealis. Recognized as a subspecies.

16. Parula nigrilora. Since described by Coues. Texas.

1 7. Helminthophaga lawrencii. Since described by Herrick. New Jersey.

18. Helminthophaga leucobronchialis. Since described by Brewster. Mass.

1 9. Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis. Since described by Langdon. Ohio.

20. Peucedramus olivaceus. Arizona.

21. Dendrosca palmarum hypochrysea. Since described by Ridgway.

22. Siurus nsevius notabilis. Since described by Grinnell. Wyoming.

23. Cardellina rubrifrons. Arizona.

24. Vireo flavoviridis. Restored. Texas.

25. Vireo solitarius cassini. Recognized as a subspecies.

26. Passer montanus. Naturalized.

27. Leucosticte atrata. Since described by Ridgway. Colorado.

28. Leucosticte australis. Recognized as a species.

29. Leucosticte tephrocotis litoralis. Recognized as a subspecies.

30. ^giothus linaria holboelli. Recognized as a subspecies.

31. uEgiothus hornemanni. Greenland.

32. Astragalinus notatus. Restored. Kentucky.

33. Passerculus sandvicensis alaudinus. Recognized as a subspecies.

34. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni. Since described by Allen. Illinois.

35. Peucaea aestivalis illinoensis. Since described by Ridgway. Illinois.

36. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi. Arizona.

37. Junco hiemalis annectens. Recognized as a subspecies.

38. Junco hiemalis dorsalis. Recognized as a subspecies.

39. Junco hiemalis cinereus. Arizona.

40. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha. Recognized as a subspecies.

41. Molothrus aeneus. Texas.

42. Sturnella magna mexicana. Texas.

* " A Catalogue of the Birds of North America," by Robert Ridgway, in Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, pp.
163-246, published since the above was written, includes Greenland birds, together with various
Mexican species not yet found within our limits.

ANALYSIS OF THE TWO EDITIONS.

43. Icterus vulgaris. Restored. South Carolina.

44. Quiscalus purpureus aeneus. Recognized as a subspecies.

45. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens. Recognized as a subspecies.

46. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons. Since described by Ridgvvay. Alaska.

47. Sturnus vulgaris. Greenland.

48. Pitangus derbianus. Texas.

49. Myiodynastes luteiveiitris. Arizona.

50. Myiarchus erythrocercus. Texas.

51. Empidonax flaviventris difficilis. Restored. Western U. S.

52. Ornithium imberbe. Texas.

53. Nyctidromus albicollis. Texas.

54. Selasphorus alleni. Since described by Henshaw. California.

55. Calothorax lucifer. Arizona.

56. Amazilia fuscicaudata. Texas.

57. Amazilia yucatanensis. Texas.

58. lache latirostris. Arizona.

59. Chordediles popetue minor. Florida.

60. Crotophaga sulcirostris. Texas.

61. Pious stricklandi. Arizona.

62. Scops asio maxwellae. Since described by Ridgway. Colorado.

63. Scops trichopsis. Inserted on Ridgway's authority. Arizona.

64. Strix cinerea lapponica. Recognized by Ridgway. Alaska.

65. Strix nebulosa alleni. Since described by Ridgway. Florida.

66. Surnia funerea ulula. Recognized by Ridgway. Alaska.

67. Speotyto cunicularia floridana. Since described by Ridgway. Florida.

68. Astur atricapillus striatulus. Recognized as a subspecies. Western N. Am.

69. Falco sacer obsoletus. Recognized as a subspecies.

70. Falco islandicus. Restored. Greenland.

71. Falco sparverio'ides. Florida.

72. Buteo albocaudatus. Texas.

73. Urubitinga anthracina. Arizona.

74. Thrasyaetus harpyia. Texas.

75. Haliaetus albicilla. Greenland.

76. Engyptila albifrons. Texas.

77. Coturnix dactylisonans. Naturalized.

78. Charadrius fulvus (verus). Alaska.

79. Charadrius pluvialis. Greenland.

80. ^Egialites hiaticula. Greenland.

81. Vanellus cristatus. Greenland.

82. Haematopus ostrilegus. Greenland.

83. Gallinago media. Greenland.

84. Arquatella couesi. Since described by Ridgway. Alaska.

85. Pelidna alpina (vera). Greenland.

86. Actodromas acuminata. Alaska.

87. Limosa aegocephala. Greenland.

88. Rhyacophilus ochropus. Nova Scotia.

89. Numenius phaeopus. Greenland.

90. Ardea cinerea. Greenland.

91. Grus canadensis (vera = fraterculus). Recognized.

92. Parra gymnostoma. Texas.

33. Rallus longirostris saturatus. Since described by Henshaw. Louisiana,

94. Porzana maruetta. Greenland.

95. Cygnus ferus. Greenland.

96. Cynus bewicki. Restored. Arctic America.

8 ANALYSIS OF THE TWO EDITIONS.

97. Anser albifrons (verus). Greenland.

98. Bernicla brenta nigricans. Recognized as a subspecies.

99. Somateria mollissima dresseri. Recognized as a subspecies.

100. Phaethon sethereus. Newfoundland.

101. Phalacrocorax violaceus resplendens. Recognized as a subspecies. California.

102. Larus cachinnans. Alaska.

103. Larus affinis. Greenland.

104. Larus canus. Labrador.

105. CEstrelata bulweri. Greenland.

106. Podicipes auritus (verus). Greenland.

107. Brachyrhamphus brachypterus. Restored. Pacific Coast.

108. Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus. California.

109. Brachyrhamphus craverii. California.

110. Lomvia troile californica. Recognized as a subspecies. California.

The original number of names, 778, minus 10, plus 120, gives the total of 888 of
the present edition of the " Check List." The number seems large, in comparison,
and I am free to confess that it includes some — some twenty or thirty, perhaps —
which my conservatism would not have allowed me to describe as valid, and the
validity of which I can scarcely endorse. I have nevertheless admitted them to a
place, because I preferred, in preparing a " Check List "for general purposes, rather
to present the full number of names in current usage, and let them stand for what
they may be worth, than to exercise any right of private judgment, or make any
critical investigation of the merits of disputed cases. Probabty, however, there are
not more than thirty cases of birds retained in this list whose claims to be recog-
nized by subspecific names can be seriously questioned.

It should be observed, that the list is not yet to be regarded as finally filled.
Our southern border has proved so fruitful of Mexican species, that various others
doubtless remain to be there detected ; and several species described as Texan b3'
Giraud in 1841 remain to be confirmed. With the accessions that may reasonably
be expected, and under current usage in the discrimination of subspecific forms, the
list will probably in a few years contain about 900 names of birds occurring in
North America north of Mexico and inclusive of Greenland.

It is to be added here, that the present southern boundary of " North America"
is a political one, wholly arbitrary so far as natural Faunal areas are concerned. It
would be far more satisfactory, from a scientific standpoint, to ignore the present
political line, and construct the " North American" list upon consideration of the
limits of the u Nearctic Region " of Sclater and Baird. This would be to extend our
area along the table-lands and higher region of Mexico to about the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec, but not so far in the tierras calientes of either coast of that countoy :
on an average about to the Tropic of Cancer. Such course would give us the
natural instead of the political Ornis of our country ; and I have no doubt that it
will some day be taken. A few Cape St. Lucas birds have been so long in the
"North American" list, that it is not thought worth while to displace them; but
with these exceptions, it is not intended to include any species not known to occur
north of Mexico.

ANALYSIS OF THE TWO EDITIONS.

Aside from those modifications which affect the ornithological or scientific status
of the " Check List," the changes in nomenclature are numerous and in many cases
radical. Without counting merely literal changes in the spelling of words, nominnl
changes are made for one or another seeming good reason in upwards of 150 cases.
In probabty not more than 30 of these, however, is the ornithological status of any
bird modified ; the changes being simply nomenclatural.

This portion of the subject is concluded with the following table, showing the
number of birds ascribed to North America b}' several authors who have published
complete lists from 1814 to the present year.

SUMMARY COMPARISONS.

Total of North American Birds given by WILSON in 1814 . . . . 283*

" " " " BONAPARTE " 1838 .... 471 *

" " " " BREWER " 1840 .... 491

" « " " AUDUBON " 1844 . . . . 50fi«

" " " " BAIRD " 1858 . ... 744 f

" " " " COUES " 1874 .... 778 J

" " " " RIDGWAY " 1880 .... 924$

" " " COUES " 1882 . ... 888 If

* Fide Baird : I have not made the count myself.

t The number is ostensibly 738; but 5 numbers are duplicated in printing, and 1 species is not
numbered, making 744; of which 22 are admitted to be extra-limital, but enumerated.

}: Total of numbered species in the body of the Check List 635; actual number of species and
subspecies 750; with 28 additional in the Appendix, making 778.

§ Total of numbered species in the Catalogue 764 ; actual number of species and subspecies 924 ;
of which 37 are admitted to be extra-limital, for all that is known to the contrary ; and several
others do not appear to be fully established as North American.

T Being the 778 of the orig. ed., minus 10 subtracted, plus 120 added, =

NOTE. Mr. Ridgway's Catalogue contains the following 52 names of birds which I do not admit
in the Check List, for reasons which may be inferred from the remarks set against each of them.
But the Mexican (not insular) species may all be expected over our border ; and the recognition of
subspecies in some cases depends upon the perspective in which we may elect to view them.

1. Harporhynchus graysoni. Extra-limital. Socorro Is., NW. Mexico.

2. Regulus obscurus. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is., Lower California.

3. Regulus cuvieri. "Pennsylvania" (Audubon). Not since identified.

4. Parus meridionalis. Extra-limital. Mexico. Since found in Arizona.

5. Certhia familiaris mexicann. Extra-limital. Mexico.

6. Salpinctes obsoletus guadalupensis. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is.

7. Thryomanes brevicauda. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is.

8. Troglodytes insularis. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

9. Panda pitiayumi insularis. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

10. Perissoghssa carbonata. " Kentucky " (Audubon). Not since identified.

11. Df.ndrtzca montana. " Pennsylvania " (Wilson). Not since identified.

12. Wilsonia minuta. "New Jersey " (Wilson). Not since identified.
.13. Setophaga miniata. " Texas " (Giraud). Doubtless.

14. Enjaticus ruber. " Texas " (Giraud). Doubtless.

15. Basileuterus culicivorus. " Texas " (Giraud). Doubtless.

10 ANALYSIS OF THE TWO EDITIONS.

16. Basileuterus belli. "Texas" (Giraud). Doubtless.

17. Lanius ludovicianus robustus. " California " (Gambel). Doubtful.

18. Prague suits cryptoleuca. Florida. If recognized as distinct.

19. Eitpltonia elegantlssima. " Texas " (Giraud). Doubtless.

20. Carpodacus purpureus californicus. California. If recognized as distinct.

21. Carpodacus ampins. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is.

22. Chondestes grammicus striyatus — gramnu'cus.

23. Junco insularis. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is.

24. Pipilo maculatus consobrinus. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is.

25. Pipilo maculatus carmani. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

26. Passerina parellina. Extra-limital. Mexico. (Texas, doubtless.)

27. Icterus wagkri. Extra-limital. Mexico.

28. Qutscalus palustris. " California " (Gambel). "Louisiana? " (Ridgway). Dubious.

29. Aphelocoma ultramarina couchi. Extra-limital. Mexico.

30. Myiozetetes texensis. " Texas " (Giraud). Doubtless.

31. Empidonaxfalcifrons(verus). " Texas " (Giraud). Doubtless.

32. Pachi/rhamphus major. Extra-limital. Mexico.

33. Hadroslomus aylaice. Extra-limital. Mexico.

34. Picus villosus leucomelas. NE. N. Arner. If recognized as distinct.

35. Colaptes auratus hybridus. Intermediate specimens of unstable character.

36. Colaptes mjipileus. Extra-limital. Guadalupe Is.

37. Moinotus coeruleiceps. Extra-limital. Mexico.

38. Rhynclwpsitta pachyrhyncha. Extra-limital. Mexico.

39. Conurus holochlorus brevipes. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

40. Bubo virginianns sitbarcticus. Wisconsin. If recognized as distinct.

41. Bubo virginianns saturatus. N. coast of N. A. If recognized as distinct.

42. Falco albirjularis. Extra-limital. Mexico, and C. and S. Am.

43. ^Esalon regulus. Extra-limital. " At sea, off Greenland, lat. 57° 41' N., long. 35° 23' W."

44. Tinnunculus alaudarius. Extra-limital. " At sea, off Cape Farewell, Greenland."

45. Pohjborus lutosus. Extra-lirnital. Guadalupe Is.

46. Buteo vulgaris. Michigan (Maynard). Identification in question.

47. Buteo borealis socorroensis. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

48. Oreortyx picta plumifera. S. and L. California. If recognized as distinct.

49. Sula cyanops. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

50. Sula piscator. Extra-limital. Socorro Is.

51. Diomedea cuhninata. Extra-limital. "Off Columbia River " (Audubon).

52. Lomvia arra brunnichi. If recognized as distinct.

POSTSCRIPT.

During the printing of the List, and since the preceding pages were stereotyped, the following
additions have been announced. They will be found at the end of the list, raising the addend
names from 110 to 120, and the whole number from 878 to 888.

111. Partis meridionalis. Arizona.

112. Myiarclius crinitus cooperi. Arizona.

113. Antrostomus vociferus arizonae. Since described by Brewster. Arizona.

114. Buteo brachyurus. Florida.

115. Buteo fuliginosus. Florida.

116. Eurinorhy norms pygmaeus. Alaska.

117. Fulica atra. Greenland.

118. Fuligula rufina. New York.

119. CEstrelata gularis. New York.

120. Piiffinus borealis. Since described by Cory. Massachusetts.

[December, loci.

KEMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES.

$ 1. ETYMOLOGY, OR DERIVATION.

ETYMOLOGY, the e'rujuoAoyio. of the Greeks, consists in tracing the derivation of a
word back to the root from which it springs, explaining its formation, inflection, and
application, thereby more clearly illustrating its virtue or quality than can be done
by merely considering any one of the various meanings it may in time acquire.
For a good illustration of this definition, see the word Gardinalis.

The large majority of the scientific names of birds are Latin or Greek words, or
modern compounds of such, derived conformably to the rules for the construction of
classic terms. In general, therefore, it is easy to give the exact meaning of the
names in their original acceptation, and to point out their applicability as terms
descriptive of the objects designated. On the whole, it has not been our design to
go beyond a good fair definition of these Greek and Latin words, considering that all
practical purposes are thus subserved. Many of the classic words being themselves
derivatives, and the field of philological inquiry being boundless, it was necessary
to keep within certain limits ; and we have therefore seldom found it advisable, even
were it practicable, in a case like the present, to trace words back of their recog-
nized stems. Yet there will be found in the present little treatise, it is believed,
much philological information of interest and actual value to all who desire to be
put at their ease in the use of the Greek and Latin names of birds.

Many pure Greek or Latin names of birds known in classic times have been
transferred in ornithology, in a wholly arbitrary manner, to totally different species.
Thus the Trochilus of the ancients was an Egyptian Plover ; in ornithological nomen-
clature, it is a genus of American Humming-birds. So also, many proper names,
and many of the epithets which classic writers were so fond of bestowing, have been
adopted as generic or specific names of birds, with little reason or with none, except
the will of the namer. The genus lache has no more to do with the Greek battle-
cry than the name of Smith or Brown has to do with trade or color.

12 REMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES.

The remaining names, not classic in origin, are a miscellaneous lot not easy to
characterize tersely. Many are modern geographical or personal names in Latin
form; as, wilsoni, genitive case of Alexander Wilson's name, Latinized Wihonus ;
or wilsonianus, an adjectival form of the same ; americana for American ; Jmdson-
icus, after the territory named for Henr}T Hudson ; noveboracensis, which is liter-
ally, inhabiting New York. Some others are post-classic, or late Latin, though in
perfectly good form ; and there are more of these, we find, than is generally sup-
posed. Not a few are wholly barbarous, as Pyranga, Guiraca ; and some of these, as
cheriway, wurmizusume, are barbarous in form as in fact. Some are monstrous
combinations, like Embernagra from Emberiza and Tanagra, or Podilymbus from Podi-
ceps and Colymbus. Some are simply Latin translations of vernacular names ; as,
Pitffinus anylorum, the puffin of the English. Finally, some are anagrams, like
Dacelo from Alcedo, or pure nonsense-words, as Dafila, Viralva, Xema.

The student who confidingly expects to discover erudition, propriety, and perti-
nence in every technical name of a bird, will have his patience sorely tried in dis-
covering what lack of learning, point, and taste many words imply. Besides the
barbarisms, anomalies, and absurdities already indicated, he must be prepared to
find names used with as little regard for precision of meaning, almost, as those of
Smith, Brown, and Jones. Nothing like the nice distinctions, for example, that the
Romans made between aier and niger, both meaning " black," or between albus and
Candidas, " white," obtains in modern science, where names are too often mere
sounds without sense, and where the inflexible rules of technical nomenclature com-
pel us to recognize and use many terms of slight or obscure or entirely arbitrary
applicability, if only they be not glaringly false or of express absurdity. Let him
for example, compare the several birds whose specific name is fuscus, and see what
color-blindness this word covers.

The large majority of the names being, as already said, of Greek or Latin deriva-
tion, we are enabled to give a reasonably full and fair account of their etymolog}',
and to point out their significance and application. There are, perhaps, not two

/

dozen words of the whole list which we are unable to explain and define.

$2. ORTHOGRAPHY, OR SPELLING.

The literation of the scientific names is fixed and exact in nearly all cases.
Their derivation being known, and their form having crystallized in a language
" dead" for centuries, the proportion of cases in which the orthography is unsettled
is comparatively small. In general, there is no alternative spelling of a Greek or
Latin word, and the modern derivatives are or can be compounded according to
rules so fixed as to leave little latitude. In some instances, of course, two or more
admissible forms of the same word occur: as hyemalis or hiemalis, cceruleus or
cceruleus, HulicEetus or Haliaetus. But, in general, there remains only one right way
of spelling, and that way easily ascertained. We say, there remains ; for of course

REMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES. 13

there were centuries when the classics were undergoing the incessant changes inci-
dent to all spoken or living languages, just as our tongue is now. But having, in
the usual process of evolution, reached that point which we mean when we use the
term " classic," the Greek and Latin have come down to us in a certain form, so
measurably fixed as to permit no decided ulterior modification. Our orthography,
as far as possible, should reflect the purity and lucidity of such crystallization ; and
a little care will enable us to make such reflection clear.

In the cases of actual Greek and Latin words employed as names of birds, there
are probably not in the whole list a dozen instances of words which admit of defen-
sible alternative spelling. In the modern compounds of Greek and Latin stems,
there is necessarily some little margin for variabilit}" ; but in all cases, perhaps, at
least a defensible orthography may be attained, though some alternative ma}T not
be without its claims to consideration. We can only say, that in this matter we
have endeavored to reach good results according to definite recognized rules.

In the much-vexed question of forming quasi-Latin genitives from the names of
persons, we have adopted the following simple and uniform rule: If the word ends
with a consonant add single i for a man's name, ce for a woman's name ; if ending
with a vowel, change that vowel to i ; as bairdi, cassini, but lawrencii, bonapartii ;
blackburnez, gracice. There are but few exceptions to this, as annce, costae. The
letter y gives the most trouble : it is best generally to treat it as a consonant, and
say sucldeyi, ridgwayi ; but it must sometimes be rendered by &, as lucice for Lucy
(Latin Lucia), derbianus from Derby. It is rarely that a case occurs that such
practice cannot readily meet. Names of birds derived from those of persons may
of course be from any language, and consequent!}' offer combinations of letters
unknown in Latin ; but it is useless to attempt to Latinize them, further than by
giving them a Latin genitive termination. We should be led into the pedantry of
brunonis for browni, or even of nigri for blacki, if we attempt any systematic Latini-
zation of '"' barbarous " proper names. It is best to apply the above rule even to
names already Latin in form, and write, for instance, blasiusi, not blasii. The
desirability of such conventional proceeding may be illustrated in the case of a bird
named after a Mr. Wilcox ; better wilcoxi, and be done with it, than vUcocis.

Hitherto, we have spoken of Latin and Greek names of birds indiscriminate!}'.
It will be remembered, however, that we are supposed to write the names alwa}"s in
Latin, be the}- of that language or actually Greek. This brings up the subject of
the transliteration of words from the latter into the former. Most of the letters of
the Greek alphabet have their exact and simple equivalents in Latin ; but some can
only be represented b}' two Latin letters, and some combinations of Greek letters
change in passing into Latin words.

The following are the simple equivalents : a = a; (3 = b; y — g ; 8 — d; e = e ;
£ = z ; f] ~ e ; i — i ; A. = I ; /j. — m ; v •= n ; £ = x ; o — o ; TT = p ; p = r ; cr or
s = s ; T — t ; w = 5.

The following are simple substitutions : K — c ; v — y.

14 EEMAEKS ON THE USE OF NAMES.

The following are expressed by two letters : 0 or & — th ; <£ = ph ; ^ — ch ;
\l/ — ps. The letter £, though written single z, is double, and equals dz.

There being no letter h in Greek, the aspirate is expressed by the sign ', preced-
ing a vowel or written over it ; thus d, e, 6, v = ha, he, ho, hy. The letter p also
takes the aspirate, in which case p = rh ; and when p is doubled, the second is fol-
lowed by h; pp = rrh.

Among other transliterations frequently occurring may be noted : Final -rj may or
does become -a; final -os or -ov becomes -us or -urn. The diphthong at becomes « ;
c'., I ; 01, oe; ov, ii; vi,yi. The letter y before itself, and before K and ^, becomes n ;
thus yy, y/c, yx = ny, nc, nek.

It is needless to give formal examples of these rules here ; for the reader will find
one or more of them illustrated on any page following the introductory matter.

§3. ORTHOEPY, OR PRONUNCIATION.

Correct pronunciation of Greek and Latin is a lost art. The best we can do now
is to follow the usage of those scholars who conform most nearly with what they show
reason for supposing to have been the powers of the letters as spoken by the Greeks
and Romans. Unfortunately for the student, there are three reputable schools who
pronounce certain letters, especially the vowels a, e, and i, so differently that their
respective methods are irreconcilable.

I. The English Method. In England, and generally in America, excepting in the
Jesuit colleges, the letters have nearly or exactly their English powers. This school
teaches us "• how not to do it," that is, to pronounce as the Greeks and Romans never
did. If we imagine a dialogue between an English Professor of Latin and the Manes
of Cicero, we are bound to infer that they would not understand each other ; in fact,
that neither would know that the other was talking Latin ; though they might write
to each other in identical words. Obviously, therefore, the English method is to be
shunned. If the student will pronounce any word in the following list as if it were
English, he will give it a sound the furthest possible removed from the right sound.
The only excuse for the English method we ever heard is, that, as we do not know
the right pronunciation, a conventional and consistent substitute is better than any
doubtful approximation ; but such talk is a mere apology for the English pis aller,
not a defence of that sorry makeshift.

II. The Continental M<dhod. This is universal in Europe, excepting in England,
and has gained much ground in America through the teaching of the Jesuits and
other learned scholars. It is also known as the Italian school. It may be defined,
in brief, as a compromise between English Latin and Roman Latin ; the vowels having
nearly or quite what is believed to have been their sounds as spoken by the Romans,
while the consonants are heard more nearly in their English powers. Leading
features of the school are : long a as in father ; long e as English a in fate ; long i
as in machine; long u as English oo in moon; y, as a vowel, practically like i ; j like

REMAEKS ON TUE USE OF NAMES. 15

y : c and q hard or soft as they -would be in English, and most other consonants as
in English, nearly or exactly.

III. The Roman Method, This way of speaking Latin, if practicable, is obviously
preferable ; and it is believed that a close approximation to Latin orthoepy is fea-
sible. "The world over, nearly all the Latin grammarians of the last quarter of a
century have urged a return to first principles. The Latin has rights of its own,
and a demonstrated pronunciation which should be respected." * The credit of lead-
ing this reform in America has been ascribed to the late Professor 8. S. Ilaldeman,
of the University of Pennsylvania, whose " Elements of Latin Pronunciation" was
published at Philadelphia in 1851.

Nevertheless, the practicability of introducing such radical reform among natural-
ists, to most of whom the writing and speaking of classical words is but an incident
of their scientific studies, may be seriously doubted, however desirable it is to do
so. We question whether ornithologists, of this generation at least, can be induced
to say Kikeronia, Kirke, and Pikicorwus, or Ghichernnia^ Chirche, and Pichicorvus for
Ciceronia, Circe, and Picicorvm, or wirraynce for virens. It ma}' be most judicious
at present, and best on the whole, to pave the way for the final consummation by
carrying into practice the many points on which scholars agree, without insisting
upon the extremes respecting which diversity of good authority is admitted.

Upon such understanding we offer, for pronouncing the Latin names of North
American birds, a scheme which insists upon the Roman sounds of the vowels and
diphthongs, but yields the point in the disputed cases of certain consonants ; conced-
ing, for example, that c ma}' remain soft before e, t, and y, and that v need not be
turned into u\ We do not profess to go into the subtleties, or even all the niceties
of Latin orthoepy. Much of the end we have in view will be attained, if we can
succeed in preventing those barbarisms and vulgarisms which constantly come from
the lips of some persons of great accomplishment in the science of ornithology.
Having ourselves heard Oh-nanth and Fully-gewler for (Enanthe and Fuligula, we
need not affect to conceal our belief that some ornithologists may profitably look a
little further into the matter than they appear to have hitherto done.

VOWELS.

The difference between a "long" and a "short" vowel is essentially one of
quantity only, not of quality : it is actually the prolongation of a sound, not neces-
sarily involving a difference in sound. Thus, if we dwell never so long on the
" short" a of fat, it does not convert the sound of that letter into that heard in the
"long" a of fate. The phonetic quality of a vowel should therefore be distin-
guished from its prosodiac quantity. Practically, however, no such discrimination
is to be made in the case of the Latin vowels. We only know them as " long " or
"short;" we determine their quantity by prosodiac rules, and make their quality

* W. G. Richardson on Latin Pronunciation : In Report of the Commissioner of Education for
1876. 8vo, Washington, 1878. p. 484.

16 EEMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES.

correspondent. For all that is known to the contrary, the Romans may have had,
for example, as many qualities of their a as we have in English ; but as we know
only their " long" and " short" «, it is simply a matter of more or less of the same
sound of the letter, not a difference in sound. Our only resource, therefore, is to
ascertain the natural or acquired quantity of the vowels according to the standard
authorities, and pronounce them conformably therewith.

It is the rule, with few exceptions, that a vowel before two consonants, or before
the double consonants x and z, is long. We are inclined to believe that in many
cases the full length of the vowel itself is not implied, but rather the length of the
whole syllable in which it occurs. For instance, in the word melanorhynchus, the
vowel y is encased in five consonants ; and the time required to speak the whole
syllable -rhynch-, in metric composition, is what makes the y long. The Romans may
have had the y as short in quality as the y's in our word pygmy. Nevertheless, we
have no assurance of this, and can only mark the y long, which means that this syl-
lable is to be pronounced -rheench-. Take the word fuscescens, again, where each
vowel is followed by two consonants. In this country we seldom if ever hear any
tiling but sounds of all three of the vowels as short as if the}' were English. We
mast, however, mark them long, which is equivalent to directing the word to be
called foosaysny nee. But it does not follow that a naturally short vowel lengthened
only kt by position" is to be sounded at full length. Thus, in t[ffinis, msignis, obso-
letns, from ad-, in-, ob-, the long mark indicates the quantity of the syllable rather
than of the vowel. The chief exceptions above alluded to are furnished by the con-
currence of a mute and a liquid, when the preceding vowel remains short, in prose,
at least.

A vowel before a single consonant, or before another vowel, is short, as a rule ;
but there are so many exceptions to this, that each case of the kind requires to be
considered on its own merits. An accented vowel is likely to be long from this
cause alone. Diphthongs are long, except before another vowel.

In Latin words derived from the Greek, the vowels e and o are likely to be long
or short, according to whether the}' stand for Greek eta or epsilon, omicron or
omega. So, also, the Latin % is long when representing the Greek diphthong et, as
it often does ; and a vowel is likely to be long when in any case it comes by the con-
traction of two or more vowels into one. Thus, the frequent Latin termination
-pus, from the Greek pous, is long, or should be, like the proper Latin pes (foot).

With these slight remarks, we take up the vowels, diphthongs, and consonants in
alphabetical order.

A. Orthoepists reckon from four to seven sounds of this vowel in English, the
four usually recognized being those heard in fate, fat, far, fall. The English sounds
of a in fate, fat, and fall are unknown in Latin. Long a in Latin is always sounded
as a in psalm ; it is almost exactly the English interjection ah ! — the name of the
letter r without any roll. Short Latin a is the same sound, but with less stress and
less prolonged, like the a in diadem, or the final a in Maria, Amelia, Hannah. Thus

EEMAEKS ON THE USE OF NAMES. 17

in the frequently recurring word americana, all three a's have the same quality, but
differ in quantity ; the first and the last a being short and the middle a long, simply
because there is where the accent, or stress of voice, comes to prolong the sound.
If the accent in this case were on the antepenult, all three a's would have exactly
the same quantity and quality.

Long a as in psalm.

Short « as in diadem.

E. Long e has the sound of French e in fete, or English e in they, or English a in
fate. Short e is like English e in them, not quite so short as in met / something
between male and met. Example of long e : exilipes, pronounced ache-seal-i-pace.

Long e as in they.

Short e as in them.

I. Long i is invariably like the English i in machine, police, oblique, pique ; that is,
the English ee in feet, ea in feat, &c. ; but never the English i ofjight, night. Short i
is the same sound, but as brief and abrupt as possible, like English i in possible,
ability, imitate. Short and long i are both heard in intrigue.

Long 1 as in machine, pique.

Short i as in ability, imitate.

O. This letter, long or short, has always its pure English sound, there being
no qualities of Latin o to correspond to such anomalies as the English o in movef
more, come, &c.

Long o as in old, no.

Short o as in odd, not.

U. It is not easy to correctly appreciate the powers of this vowel in Latin,
Long M never has the sound of English u, eu, or ew, as in fury , feud, few ; but is-
alwa3"s broad as well as long, like o in move, oo in moon, fool. Short u is not the
English u in tub or English o in love, but quite like the English u in butt, full Take-
for example the common word rufus, where the first u is long, the second short.
This word is neither roof-uss, nor rewf-uss, nor rewf-ooce ; but if the consonants per-
mitted, it would rhyme exactly with rue-ful. If I am asked " How many cats?" I
may reply " I say ruefully there are a roof-full," and in so saying twice speak both-
the long and the short Latin u.

Long u as o in move, oo in moon, ue in rue.

Short u as in butt, full, pull.

Y. This letter, as a vowel, has practically the sound of i, long or short ; more-
exactly, that of the German it (ue), as in Mutter, which is nearer Miller than Mutter..
It is scarcely a Latin letter, and chiefly occurs in words from the Greek, correspond-
ing to Greek upsilon ; as hyperboreus, uropyyialis.

It is to be remarked, that any vowel is or may be modified in quality as welli
as in quantit}' by its consonantal combination, this being especially the case when
followed by the letter r. It is as if the r were rolling away, and dragging the-
vowel after. Compare fuscus with turtur ; the first with the last syllable of turdusr

18 EEMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES.

i

&c. We suspect that some of the less evident powers ascribed b}r orthoepists to
various vowels, are not inherent in the vowels themselves, but due to consonantal
modification of the sound.

Let us add that orthoepists commonly and with great propriet}r recognize what
they call the '"neutral" vowel-sound, a quality so slight and obscure, that any one
of the vowels may express it indifferently. Thus, if we pronounce the word martyr
as rapidly as possible, it makes scarcely any appreciable difference whether it be
written martar, marter, martir, martor, martur, or martyr; as we say scarcely any
thing more than martr, the six " neutral" vowels are phonetically interchangeable.

DIPHTHONGS.

In diphthongs, each vowel must be sounded, and the two sounds be smoothly
combined. Two vowels coming together do not necessarily form a diphthong. For
example, aer is a word of two syllables, and aedon one of three ; the vowels in
these cases to be separately and distinctby uttered, as in English aerial. Proper
diphthongs, i. e., two vowel-sounds combined to make a third different from either,
are comparative!}' rare ; and all the following components of diphthongs also come
together without combining.

JE consists of ah-ay, which when rapidly spoken becomes so nearly like Latin
long e (see above) as to be practically the same. It was originally written ai, and
is by some directed to be so sounded.

AI is a very composite sound, i itself is a compound, being ah-ee, the whole
being therefore ah-ah-ee, which when run together becomes very nearly our English
eye or the pronoun 7. It seems quite like the French naif, naive, or English knife.

A and O do not combine, and seldom come together.

AU is oftenest heard, but wrongly, as in cause, or as aiv in awl, law, awful. It
is like the ow in how, now, owl. It is precisely the German au, as in ail*.

E and A do not combine ; they frequently come together, especially at the
ends of words, but each is separately pronounced. E. a., ^Ene-as Sore-as, Arde-a.

El is frequent. The analysis is ay-ah-ee, contracted to a drawling sound little
different from long English a in mate ; more exactly, English ei in vein, eight.

E and O do not combine. E-os, E-opsaltria, &c.

EU is equal to ay-oo. Strongly and rapidly uttered, it becomes the long Eng-
lish u in tube, ue in due, ew in few, eu in feud, ou in you ; and especially when initial
represents the whole word you. For example Eugenes = Tougenes = Ayooaenes. It
seldom occurs, except in Greek words.

IA, IE, II, IO, IU do not combine. The very frequent ia, especially ending a
word, and the ii, so frequent in the genitives of persons' names, are always two full
syllables. The common iu, in the ending of words makes two syllables: e.g.,
spuri-us. So seri-es, rati-o have each three syllables. Some apparent diphthongs
of vocal i with a following vowel, are really of consonantal i, which isj, pronounced
y; as plebeius, =plebe-jus, pronounced plebe-yus.

REMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES. 19

OA and OO and OU do not combine ; bo-ops has two, arcto-us or arcto-a three,
and o-olugy four syllables, ou diphthong very early passed into long u.

OE, when fully but rapidly said in combination, seems to yield the diphthong <z
preceded by a slight w sound ; the whole nearly as the English word way. If not
this, it is indistinguishable from Latin ce. We are inclined to say way-nanthe for
cenanthe ; if not this, then ay-nanthe, not ee-nanthe nor oi-nanthe. The combination
is sometimes interchangeable with ce, as ccelum or ccelum. It is to be carefully dis-
tinguished from o and e uncombined ; as in Arsinoe, Chloephaga.

OI. These two letters may combine or not. Generally they do not, each being
a distinct syllable. Thus, Pic-o-i-des is a word of four syllables, the second and
third of which are o-ee. oi in combination is given by some as in English oil, but is
perhaps more nearly the French oei in ceil. As ai passed into ce, so oi earl}' became
ce, and some direct the letter to be sounded as oi.

UA and UE, in combination, yield sounds like English wah and way ; as suavis,
suecica.

UI, equivalent to oo-ah-ee, is like the French oui (yes), very nearly the English
pronoun we. The rare UU seems to be simply u at extreme length : equus.

Y making a diphthong with a following vowel gives the sound of such vowel
preceded by w; as, Myiarchus = Mweearchus. It only occurs in Greek words, by
transliteration for upsilon.

In some cases three or four vowels come together ; but the pronunciation may
usually be determined by the foregoing rules. Thus : Agelceus, Pocecetes, Haliceetus.
In these cases respectively ae and oe are combined, and pronounced as above said ;
the other vowels are distinct. Hal-i-ce-e-tus is a word of five syllables. My-i-o-di-
oc-tes is one of six syllables, though in practice reduced to five, by slurring the y and
i together. In trudeaui, again, are four vowels together ; but in this case eau com-
bine into long o, and the word has but three syllables.

CONSONANTS.

Most of the consonants have their English powers, pure and simple. Some,
however, call for remark, especially in certain of their combinations.

The letters c and g are now said to be " always hard," without qualification. It
is a much vexed question. As it is not demonstrated that the Romans had no soft
c and g, we do not see that we may not be permitted to retain these sounds.

C then is hard, like k, before a consonant or a, o, u, soft before e, i, y, and before
the diphthongs ce, ai, oe, oi. ch is alwaj's hard ; there is no sound of ch as in church,
still less as in chaise, in Latin.

G- is hard or soft under the same circumstances as c, with the important excep-
tion, that it is hard before y in words derived from the Greek, when the y
results from the Greek upsilon (v). Example: Gymnocitta, \\otJymnocitta.

J is simply i, interchangeable with it, and always pronounced like the y in yes, or
as in hallelujah.

20 REMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES.

N followed by c hard, k, g, or x has a nasal or twanging sound of ng ; as in
English ankle, anger, pronounced ang-kle, ang-ger. Preceded by m or g, it does not
destroy these letters : as Mniotilta, Gnathodon.

P is not silent before s ; thus in psaltria articulate both. So in the digraph ph,
some direct to sound both, as in up-hill. It is difficult, if not impossible, to
articulate both letters, especially when, as often happens, a t/i succeeds. For
example, in erythrophthalmus we find that we cannot make four sounds for the
phth as in up-hill and hot-house. Practically ph becomes something between / and
r, just as in Stephen or Steven. So also the original Indo-European aspirates lh,
d/i , yh sure not retained in any European language; there is nothing to correspond
to log-house.

QU is sometimes followed by another M, as in altiloquus. propinquus. It would
seem to be rendered by kwooce.

R is strongly pronounced with a trill. It is heard at the height of its power in
the combination rrh ; as in catarrhactes, pyrrhorrhoa.

S invariably retains its sharp hissing sound. Thus essence is a rhyme with
fuscescens (as far as the s-sound is concerned) ; so also virens = virraynce, not
vy-renz. Compare hiss or this with his. So particular were the Romans to avoid
the z sound of s, that they even altered antecedent consonants ; saying, for example,
urps and pleps for urbs and plebs.

T always preserves its sound. There is nothing to correspond with the English
-tion = shun, &c. E.g., gra-ti-a, rat-i-o, init-i-um.

V is directed b}- some to be sounded like English w in we. But this is rareby
done.

X is always ks or cs, never gz or 2, even when initial, as in Xema, Xanthocephalus.

Z, which only occurs in Latin words of Greek extraction, is a double letter
equivalent to dz, and the best authorities recommend the d sound to be articulated.
Thus Aphriza, Spiza, are pronounced Afreedza, Speedza.

A word in regard to the pronunciation of modern proper names, as of persons and
places, so often recurring in ornithology. After mature deliberation, we have decided
to mark them for their pronunciation in the language to which they belong. It seems
finical and pedantic to attempt to Latinize them ; for to carry out that plan to its
logical result would be to give Irunonis instead of browni ; and even then some
names would utterly defy us, unless changed bej-ond all recognition. So we have
adopted the rule of preserving the orthography and orthoep}7 of all modern proper
names, even though containing the letter w. Barbarous geographical words of
unsettled or no known orthography may, however, be sometimes dressed in quasi-
Latin ; thus it is perfect!}' permissible to render aoonalaschkae by unalascce. We
make this remark to explain what must seem inconsistent in our use of diacritical
marks in some places ; for we mark the vowels long or short as the syllables are
pronounced in the language to which the word belongs, not as they would be in
Latin.

EEMARKS ON THE USE OF NAMES. 21

ACCENTUATION.

This is a matter of prime importance. For elegant, even for bearable, pronun-
ciation, it is essential to place the accent or stress of voice on the right syllable.
Fortunately the rules are simple, with comparatively few exceptions.

Accent the penult when it is long.

Accent the antepenult when the penult is short.

These two rules will cany us safely across the great majority of Latin words.
In man}' cases lengthening the syllable, whether penult or antepenult, is actually
equivalent to accenting it. We can scarcely recall a case of a short accented penult ;
but many short antepcnults take the accent, which is simply because it cannot be
thrown still further back. Modern proper names of three syllables with the accent
on the first, keep it there after addition of the i of the genitive case ; as, aud'uboni,
rich'ardsoni.

So important is the matter of accent, that were all other diacritical marks dis-
pensed with, we could still pronounce the words with measurable accuracy, knowing
where to put the stress of voice.

The tendency in English is constantly to throw the accent back as far as possi-
ble ; and there is much of this same practice in the usual pronunciation of Latin.
For the latter language, and especially for words derived from the Greek, we con-
sider it vicious and undesirable. It seems to us much more sensible and natural
in the case of a word compounded of two Greek words, to keep the stress of the
voice on the stem of each, than to throw it, for sake of glibness, on the most insig-
nificant syllable, often the mere connective vowel, and a short one at that. Take
for example Troglodytes, Lophophanes, Phylloscopus, or any similar words of four
syllables, compounds of two words of two S3'llables each. It is glib to accent the
antepenult, but it is done at the sacrifice of the strength and dignity of the stem
which stands penult, and which we should prefer to accent, even if short. Where
we have found it practicable on etymological grounds to lengthen and accent
such penults, we have done so ; in general, however, we have closely conformed
to routine custom, especially as there is to be strongly set before the inexperienced
student the necessity of avoiding the glaring impropriety of accenting the penult
of erythrocephalus, for example. The tendency of all persons who find it difficult to
handle a long new word, is to dissect it, with two or even three accents ; and per-
haps the inclination of the scholar to show his erudition has unconsciously led him
to the opposite extreme. Any u rule" or custom aside, the natural accent of poly-
syllabic words is rhetorical — as if each syllable were a word. It may be seen in
those words whose looseness of composition, so to speak, leaves them like sen-
tences ; as nevertheless", not' with stand" ing. The naturalness of a'naly"tic, ge'omet"ric
contrasts favorably with the conventionality of ana'lysis, geo'metry ; and there is
nothing in the quality of the final syllables to account for the differences in accent.
But we are aware that our views of this matter will not pass current, even if they
escape adverse criticism.

EXPLANATIONS.

1. THE names in the Check List are consecutively numbered from first to last, whether
they be of species or of subspecies. The latter are sufficiently distinguished by consisting
of three terms instead of two.

2. The names in the Dictionary are numbered to correspond, each page containing the
same numbers of the two series.

3. The person's name in parentheses immediately after each bird's name is that of the
original describer of the species or subspecies. The unenclosed name succeeding is that of the
authority for the particular combination of generic, specific, and subspecific terms adopted.
When the original describer is also the authority for the combination, a single unenclosed
name is given. — The following are the principal abbreviations: -

All., Allen. Gamb., Gambel. Laivr., Lawrence. Sw., Swainson.

Aud., Audubon. Gir., Giraud. Licht., Liechtenstein. Temm., Temminck.

Bd., Baird. Gm., Gmelin. Nutt., Nuttall. Towns., Townsend.

Bodcl., Boddaert. Gr., Gray. Reich.. Reichenbach. V., Vieillot.

Bp., Bonaparte. £., Linnaeus. Ridg., Ridgway. Vig., Vigors.

Cab., Cabanis. Lafr., Lafresnaye. Scl., Sclater. Wagl., Wagler.

Cass., Cassin. Lath., Latham. Steph., Stephens. Wils., Wilson.

4. After these terms come three letters, " B," " C," and " R," each followed by a number.
These stand respectively for Baird's List, 1858, Cones' 's Check List, 1874, and Ridgivay's
Catalogue, 1880. The number following each of these letters is that which the bird bears in
such lists. Thus, Turdus migratorius was named by Linnseus, who is also the authority for
the combination, and is 155 of Baird's list, 1 of Coues's, and 7 of Ridgway's. The dash
after any one of these letters shows that the species is not contained in B, C, or R, as the
case may be.

5. The note of exclamation, in parentheses, indicates that the species is in North America
only a straggler from the country that the following initial letter denotes: E., Europe,
A., Asia, M., Mexico, W. J., West Indies. G. shows the bird to be only North American
as occurring in Greenland.

6. The note of interrogation, similarly enclosed, means that the name is considered to be of
slight or uncertain value, — as of a subspecies scarcely distinguished from its stock, or of a
species not well known.

7. The Index will be found to contain matter additional to, or corrective of, that in the
body of the work. See p. 137.

CHECK LIST

OF

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

1. Turdus migratorius L. B 155. c i. R 7.

Robin.

2. Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridg. B — . c — . R 7o. (?)

Rocky Mountain Robin.

3. Turdus migratorius confmis (Bel.) Coues. B — . c la. R 8.

St. Lucas Robin.

4. Turdus iliacus L. B — . c — . R 6. (G. !E.)

Redwing.

5. Turdus nsevius Gm. B 156. c 2. R 9.

Varied Thrush.

6. Turdus mustelinus Gm. B 148. c 3. R i.

Wood Thrush.

1. Tur'-dus mi-gra-to'-rl-us. Lat. turdiis, a thrush. Lat. migro, to move from one place to

another ; migrator, a wanderer, a migrant ; migratorius, migrator}'.

2. T. m. prd-pin'-quus [propeenkvvoocej. Lat. propinquus, near, neighboring; as related to

T. migratorius.

3. T. m. con-fi'-nls [confeenis]. Lat. confmis, subs, or adj., a neighbor, neighboring; here

in sense of closely related to T. migratorius.

4. T. Il-I'-a-cus. Lat. iliacus, relating to the ilia, or haunches ; also, Lat. Iliacus, Gr. 'IXicuctfo,

relating to Troy, Trojan ; application obvious in neither case. But Aristotle gives a
kind of thrush, called l\ids, supposed by old ornithologists, as Gesner and Belon, to be
this species, said to be called by the modern Greeks l\\ds, Tv\ds, nix^y l\ids, or K^X^«
l\tdSa; and the actual form, Turdus iliacus, was an old name when Linnaeus adopted it.

5. T. nae'-vl-us (nayveus]. Lat. ncevius, spotted, from nevus, a mole (birth-mark). — The

sub-genus Hesperocichla is Gr. ctnrcpos, Lat. vesperus, evening, i.e., western, and iclx^* or
Klx^ii, a thrush.

6. T. mus-te-H'-nus. Lat. mustrlinus, weasel-like; i.e., in this case, tawny. — The sub-genus

Hylocichla is Gr. v\i), a wood, and

24 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

7. Turdus fuscescens Steph. B 151. c 6. R 2.

Wilson's Thrush.

8. Turdus unalascse Gm. B 150. c 46. R 5.

Western Hermit Thrush.

9. Turdus unalascse auduboni (Bd.) Coues. B 149 var. c 4a. R 5a.

Audubon's Hermit Thrush.

10. Turdus unalascse nanus (Aud.) Coues. B 149. c 4. R 56.

Eastern Hermit Thrush.

11. Turdus ustulatus Nutt. B 152. c 56. R 4.

Oregon Olive-backed Thrush.

12. Turdus ustulatus aliciae (Bd.) Coues. B 154. c 5a. R3.

Gray-cheeked Thrush.

13. Turdus ustulatus swainsoni (Cab.) Coues. B 153. c 5. R 4a.

Olive-backed Thrush.

7. T. fus-ces'-cens [foosaysayncej. Present participle of a supposed Lat. inceptive verb

fuscesco, I grow dark or swarthy; Lat./«sco, of same signification. It means, or should
mean, less than fuscus ; i.e., somewhat dark ; is not otherwise applicable to the lightest-
colored thrush of this group.

8. T. u-na-las'-cae. Of the Island of Unalaska. It is permissible, indeed desirable, to resolve

Gmelin's barbarous word aonalaschkae into a purer form. With this orthography the
word is of sufficiently classical aspect, and corresponds with alascensis. See Anorthiira,
No. 78, and Pusserella, No. 283.

This is T. pallasi var. nanus of the orig. ed. of the Check List. For the change, see
Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 1.

9. T. u. aud'-u-bSn-i. To John James Audubon, the "American Backwoodsman," and

famous author of the " Birds of America."

This is T. pallasi var. auduboni of the orig. ed. of the Check List.

1 0. T. u. na'-nus. Lat. nanus, from the Gr. v&wos or vdvos, a dwarf.

This is T. pallasi of the orig. ed. It is true that nanus has of late been applied exclu-
sively to the Western form, the true unalascue Gm. But the name nanus was originally
based by Audubon on a bird from Pennsylvania, and only later amplified by him to
include the Western form. The long survival of an error does not justify its continued
perpetuation after detection.

11. T. us-tQ-la'-tus. Lat. ustulatus, perfect participle of itstulo,! scorch, singe; with reference

to the ashy coloration, as if the bird had been charred.

This stands as T. swainsoni var. ustulatus in the orig. ed. The case is precisely
parallel with that of nam<s vs. pallasi; for Nuttall named the Oregon bird ustulatus in
1840, and Cabanis did not apply the name swainsoni to the Eastern Olive-backed Thrush
till several years afterward.

12. T. u. a-ll'-cl-ae. To Miss Alice Kennicott, sister of Robert Kennicott, of Illinois. See

Scops, No. 466.

This is T. swainsoni var. alicice of the orig. ed. See No. 11.

13. T. u. swam'-s6n-i. To William Swainson, the zealous and accomplished English natu-

ralist.

This is T. swainsoni of the orig. ed. See No. 11.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 25

14. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.) Bd. B 255. c 7. R 10.

Mountain Mocking-bird.

15. Mimus polyglottus (L.) Boie. B 253. c 8. R 11.

Mocking-bird.

16. Mimus carolinensis (L.) Gr. B 254. c 9. R 12.

Cat-bird.

17. Harporhynchus rufus (L.) Cab. B 201. c 10. R is.

Brown Thrush ; Thrasher.

18. Harporhynchus rufus longirostris (Lafr.) Coues. B 200. c lOa. R isa.

Texas Thrasher.

19. Harporhynchus curvirostris (Sw.) Cab. B 259. c — . R. 15.

Curve-billed Thrasher.

20. Harporhynchus curvirostris palmeri Ridg. B — . c 11. R 15«.

Bow-billed Thrasher.

21. Harporhynchus bendirii Coues. B — . c n&w. R Ua.

Arizona Thrasher.

22. Harporhynchus cinereus Bd. B — . c 12. R 14.

St. Lucas Thrasher.

14. O-ro-scop'-tes [-tace] mon-ta'-nus. Gr. opos, a mountain, a-Kiiiirr^s, a mimic; cnuairTw,

I mock, deride, jeer at. The orthography differs; authority may be found for
either Oroscoptes or Oreoscoptes ; the former was originally written by Baird ; it is
shortest : and we usually say orology, orography, &c. — Lat. montanus, relating to mons,
a mountain.

15. Mi'-mus fmeemus] p61-^-glot'-tus. Lat. mimus, Gr. /jiTfjios, a mimic. — Gr. TroAtryAan-Toj,

polyglot, from iro\vs, many, yKtarra, tongue.

16. M. ca-ro-lin-en'-sls. Lat. for Carolinian, of Carolina; Carohts, Charles, is the modern

Lat. form of Germ, florf, or $erl, a peasant ; A. S. ceorl, Scot, carle, Eng. churl. Carolina
is by some derived from Charles II. of England ; but Ribault, in 1562, built in Port
Royal a fort he called Ckarlesfort, and Laudonniere, who came to relieve Ribault's
colonists in 1564, one which he says, "je nommay la Caroline, en honneur de nostre
prince le roy Charles [IX., of France]."

17. Har-pS-rhyn'-chus [rh very strong; ch as k\ ru'-fQs. Gr. SpTrr?, a sickle ; frvyxos, a beak;

i. e., bow-billed. The former word is seen in harpy, so called from its hooked beak.
Some purists will have the r doubled in this and all such cases, making Harporrhynchits ;
but the current of modern usage has set too strongly against it to be stemmed without
liability of seeming pedantic. — Lat. rufus, rufous, reddish.

18. H. r. lon-gl-ros'-trls [loang-gi-roas-tris]. Lat. lonyus, long, rostris, beaked, from rostrum,

beak.

19. H. cur-vl-r5s'-trls. Lat. curvus, curved ; and rostris. — Not in the orig. ed.

20. H. c. pal'-mgr-i [sound the /]. Dedicated to one Edward Palmer.

21. H. bgn-di'-rl-i. To Capt. Charles Bendire, U. S. Army.

22. H. cln-Sr'-e-Qs. Lat. cinereus, ashy, or ash-colored ; from cini's, genitive cinerls, ashes. Gr.

K6vts, of same meaning, apparently from nalu, /coo>, I burn. Related English words are
incinerate, cinder, &c.

26 CHECK LIST OF' NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

23. HarporhynchTis redivivris (Gamb.) Cab. B 256. c is. R 16.

Californian Thrasher.

24. Harporhynchus redivivus lecontii (Lawr.) Coues. B 257. c iso. E I6a.

Yuuiii Thrasher.

25. Harporhynchus crissalis Henry. B 258. c 14. R 17.

Crissal Thrasher.

26. Saxicola oenanthe (L.) Bechst. B 157. c 15. R 21. (!E.)

Stone Chat ; Wheat-ear.

27. Sialia sialis (L.) Hald. B 158. c 16. R 22.

Eastern Blue-bird.

28. Sialia mexicana Sw. B 159. c 17. R 23.

Western Blue-bird.

29. Sialia arctica Sw. B IGO. c is. R 24.

Arctic Blue-bird.

30. Cinclns mexicarms Sw. B 164. c 19. R 19.

Water Ouzel ; Dipper.

31. Cyanecula suecica (L.) Brm. B — . c — . R 20. (!A.)

Blue-throated Redstart.

23. H. r6-dl-vi'-yus. Lat. redivicus, revived, from re-, red-, redi-, in sense of back again, and

rims, living. Gambel discovered in this bird a long-lost species of an older author.

24. H. r. lg-con'-ti-i. To Dr. John L. Le Conte, of Philadelphia, the famous entomologist.

25. H. cris-sa'-lis. No such Latin word; there is a verb criso or crisso, used of a certain

motion of the haunches ; crissum is a technical word lately derived therefrom, signifying
in ornithology the under tail-coverts, which in this bird are red. Cf. Gr. Kpurads, Ktpo-6s.

26. Sax-I'-cS-la oe-nan'-the foo-ay-nanthe, as if vvay-nanthe]. Lat. saxicola, a rock-inhab-

itant; saxum, a rock, and incola (in and colo), an inhabitant. — Lat. viliflora, and Gr.
olvavOri, signify precisely the same thing: the bird is prettily named "flower of the vine : "
Lat. vilis, the vine, ./fora, a flower. The Gr. olvdi/Brj, whence Lat. oenanthe, is an uncertain
bird mentioned by Aristotle and Pliny ; the name was definitely applied to this species
in 1555. The word primarily relates to the grape, ofi/rj, as if the bird were one which
frequented vineyards, or appeared with the flowering (&v6os) of the vine.

27. ST-al'-l-a sl'-al-Is. Gr. a-ta\is, a bird, in "Ath. 302 F;" from <r(a.\ov, saliva; verb ffiaMfy,

I slaver, or make some sibilant noise. To call this Anacreon a slobberer !

28. S. mex-T-ca'-na. Latinized from Mexican. The country is called Mexico, Mejico, or

Mehico, from Mexiili, the Aztec god of war.

29. S. arc'-tl-c5. Lat. arctica, northern, arctic ; i. e., Gr. &PKTOS, a bear, apKTit(6s, near the bear.

30. Cin'-clus mex-T-ca'-nus. Gr. Kiyit\os, Lat. Cinclns, the name of a bird, by some supposed

to be the European Cindus aquaticus, by others a kind of Sandpiper ; Kiyk\ifa is to
wag the tail. — Lat. mexicanus, see No. 28.

31. C^-an-g'-cQ-la sue'-cl-ca. Cyanecula is a diminutive substantive lately (perhaps not before

Brisson, 1760) formed from the Lat. adjective cyaneus, Gr. Kvdixos or Kvavfc, blue; mean-
ing, as we might say, "bluet." Ritbecula is a word similarly coined. —Lat. suecica or
soecica, Swedish ; Sweden having been called Suecia or Svecia. In that country the bird
is said to be called " Charles's-bird," Carls-fogel, whence Avis Carolina of some of the
treatises written in Latin. —"Redstart" is a corruption of SRotfjfterj, meaning " redtail,"
and Rnticilla and Phanicurus are among the translated book-names of the species.
Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. See Ibis, 1878, p. 422. Alaska.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 27

32. Phylloscopus borealis (Bias.) Dress. B — . c 20. R 34. (!A.)

Kennicott's Warbler.

33. Kegulus calendula (L.) Licht. B ici. c 21. R so.

Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

34. Regulus satrapa Licht. B 102. c 22. R 33.

Golden-crested Kinglet.

35. Begulus satrapa olivaceus Bd. B — . c — . R 33a. (?)

Western Golden-crested Kinglet.

36. Polioptila coerulea (L.) Scl. B 282. c 23. R 27.

Blue-gray Gnat-catclier.

37. Polioptila melanura Lawr. B 284. c 24. R 29.

Black-capped Gnat-catcher.

38. Polioptila plumbea Bd. B 283. c 25. R 28.

Plumbeous Gnat-catcher.

39. Chamaea fasciata Ganib. B 274. c 26. R 35.

Wren-tit.

40. Lophophanes bicolor (L.) Bp. B 285. c 27. R 36.

Tufted Titmouse.

32. Phyl-lo'-sco-pus bor-g-a'-lis. Gr. <j>v\\ov, a leaf ; <rKoir6s, a watchman ; (ncotrfu, I look

out, survey, examine ; as these birds peer about in the foliage. — Lat. boreus, the north-
wind, h. e., the nortli ; borealis, northern.

33. Rgg'-u-lus cal-en'-du-la. Lat. reijulus, diminutive of rex, a king ; exactly equivalent to

"kinglet." — Calendula is a substantive which may be formed from the gerund of the
verb caleo, I am warm ; figuratively, glowing ; in allusion to the fiery color on the head.
It was apparently coined by Brisson, 1760, for the European Regulus cristatus, but was in
17C6 appropriated by Linnaeus to the present species. The early ornithologists had a
great variety of names for these diminutive birds, mostly indicating royalty or other
high station, in obvious reference to the " crown ; " as Rex, Regulus, Reijillus, Tyrannus or
Tvpavvos, Basiliscus or Bao-i\ia-Kos, Presbys or Upffffivs, BatnAeus ; to say nothing of
Orchilus or 'OpxiAos, Trochilus or Tpo%iAos, Parus, Sylvia, Motacilla, Passerculus, Troglodytes,
&c. The French Roitelet or Roytelet, and the German Simtgletn, correspond to " kinglet."

34. R. sat-ra'-pa. Lat. satraps, satrapes, or satrapa, Gr. craTpairys, from the Persian kbsbatram,

meaning a crown or a kingdom : English satrap. Alluding to the bird's golden crown.

35. R. s. 61-i-va-ce-us. Late Lat. olivaceus, olivaceous, olive-colored. See Virco, No. 170.

36. Po-li-op'-ti-la coe-rul'-e-a [sayrulea]. Gr. iro\i6s, hoary, gray; irriXov, feather; in allu-

sion to the whitish edgings of the primaries. — Lat. coerulea or ccerulea or cerulea, blue,
azure. Any of these forms of the word is admissible. We prefer cmulea.

37. P. mei-an-u'-ra. Gr. /xeAaj, fem. fj.tKa.wa, black ; ovpa, tail. See Index, p. 137.

38. P. plum'-be-a. Lat. plumbcus, plumbeous, lead-colored ; from plumbum, lead.

39. Cham-ae'-a [kam-ay-ah] fas-cl-a'-ta. Gr. xaMa'> adverb, on the ground. — Lat. fastis, a

bundle of faggots; hence, fasciatus, striped. The allusion is to the indistinct bands
across the tail-feathers of the bird that lives in bushes close to the ground.

40. L6ph-o'-pha-nes [-nace] bi'-col-6r. Gr. \6<pos, a crest; and (paivw, I appear; in allusion

to the conspicuous crest. — Lat. bicolor, two-colored.

N. B. — The accentuation of this and many similar words is questionable, and per-
haps arbitrary. We give the above in deference to technical rule, conformably with
Arista' phanes, &c. The actual usage, in this country at least, is Loph-o-pha'-nes ; and

28 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

41. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.) Cass. B 287. c 28. R 38.

Plain Titmouse.

42. Lophophanes atrocristatus Cass. B 286. c 29. R 37.

Black-crested Titmouse.

43. Lophophanes wollweberi Bp. B 288. c 30. R 39.

Bridled Titmouse.

44. Parus atricapillus L. B 290. c si. R 41.

Black-capped Chickadee-

45. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Han*.) All. B 289. c 3i«. R 4i«.

Long-tailed Chickadee.

46. Parus atricapillus occidentalis (Bd.) Coues. B 291. c sic. R 416.

Western Chickadee.

47. Parus carolinensis Aud. B 293. c 3i&. R 42.

Carolina Chickadee. [See Addenda, No. 879.

48. Parus montanus Gamb. B 294. c 32. R 40.

Mountain Chickadee.

49. Parus hudsonicus Forst. B 296. c 33. R 45.

Hudsonian Chickadee.

we instinctively incline to the latter, both as throwing the stress of voice on the radical
syllable, instead of on the connecting vowel, and as the a in -phanes represents two vowels,
ai or cc as in phenomenon, pkcenogamous.

41. L. In-or-na'-tus. Lat. in, negative, and ornatus, ornate, adorned; orno, I ornament.

42. L. a-tro-cris-ta'-tus. Lat. ater, atra, atrum, black ; and cristatus, crested ; crista, a crest.

Commonly written atricristatus ; see Parus, No. 44.

N. B. — The tenability of the position taken by Dr. Coues (B. C. V., i, p. 117 ; 1878)
respecting atro-cristatus has been queried by several correspondents; among them Mr.
W. C. Avery, of Greensboro', Ala., who some time since furnished an extensive com-
mentary on the names of the old Check List, and whose suggestions have often proved
valuable. Mr. Avery maintains atricristatus, adducing albicerata (sc. Jicus) from Pliny,
15, 18 ; and atri-, albi, magni-, &c., is undoubtedly a correct form of such compounds.
But we take cristatus to be a perfect participle, and put ater in the ablative of instru-
ment ; there being no such word as atricristatus, unless we coin it. We consider the word
equal to cristatus atro, conformably with usage in Picus albo-larvatus, Tyrannus aurantio-atro-
cristatus, &c. Compare also the actual Latin auro-clavatus, striped with golden.

43. L. woll-web'-gr-i. To Wollweber.

44. Pa'-rus a-tri-cap-fl'-lus. Lat. parus, a titmouse ; etymology in question, but apparently

pants for parvus, small, petty, like the actual adverb parum, little ; Gr. iraupos, of same
signification, th. iravu; cf . pau-cus, pau-lus, pau-per, &c. — Lat. atricapillus, black-hair (ed) ;
capillus, hair of the head ; a diminutive, allied to caput, and Gr. Kt(f>a\-fi, the head. Com-
pare English capillary, thready, hair-like, i. e., as fine as a hair. Notice atri-, not atro-;
cf. Lophophanes, No. 42. If the compound were with capillatus, it would be atrocapillatus.

45. P. a. sep-ten-tri-6-na'-Hs. Lat. septentrionalis, northern ; scptemtriones (septem and trio)

being the constellation of seven stars near the north pole.

46. P. a. oc-cTd-en-ta'-Hs. Lat. occidentalis, western ; occido, I fall ; i. e., where the sun sets.

47. P. ca-r61-ln-en'-sls. See Mimus, No. 16.

48. P. mon-ta'-nus. Lat. montanus, relating to a mountain ; mons, genitive mentis, a mountain.

49. P. hud-s6n'-i-cus. Latinized from the name of Henry Hudson, discoverer of the region.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 29

50. Parus rufescens Towns. B 205. c 34. R 46.

Chestnut-backed Chickadee.

51. Parus rufescens neglectus Ridg. B — . c — . R 46a. (?)

Calif ornian Chickadee.

52. Parus cinctus Bodd. B — . c — . R 44. (!A.)

Siberian Chickadee.

53. Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.) Bp. B 298. c 35. R 47.

Least Bush-tit.

54. Psaltriparus plumbeus Bd. B 299. c 36. R 48.

Plumbeous Bush-tit.

55. Psaltriparus melanotis (Haiti.) Bp. B 297. c — . R 49. (!M.)

Black-eared Bush-tit.

56. Auriparus flaviceps (Sund.) Bd. B 300. c 37. R so.

Yellow-headed Verdin.

57. Sitta carolinensis Gm. B 277. c 38. R si.

White-bellied Nut-hatch.

58. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.) All. B 278. c 38a. R sia.

Slender-billed Nut-hatch.

50. P. ru-fes'-cens. Lat. rufescens, present participle of the inceptive verb rufesco, to grow red;

be rufous. — "Chickadee" is an obvious onomatopoeia, from the bird's note.

51. P. r. neg-lec'-tus. Lat. neglectits, neglected ; verb negligo ; equal to nee (now), not, and lectus,

chosen, picked, taken ; lego, I gather in, select, &c. Neglect is a nearly exact opposite
of collect.

52. P. cinc'-tus. Lat. cinctus, girdled; perfect participle of cinr/o, I surround, encompass,

encircle. A cingulum is a little something that goes around as a girdle does, whence
surcingle, cinche.

53. P-sal-tri-pa'-rus min'-I-mus [sound the initial p ; the a in pants is properly long ; some-

times shortened in composition]. Lat. psaltria, Gr. ^d\Tpta, one who plays on the lute;
from the verb psallo, iJ/aAAw, to strike such an instrument ; English psaltery, &c. ; and
parus, a titmouse. See No. 44. — Lat. minimus, least, superlative of parvus, small.

54. P. plum'-bg-us. Lat. plumbeus, plumbeous, lead-colored.

55. P. mel-an-5'-tis. Gr. yue'Aas, genitive fj.f\avos, black ; ovs, genitive wr6s, ear.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List, and scarcely established as North American,
though given by Baird in 1858. Supposed to have been seen by Ridgway in Nevada,
August, 1868. See Rep. Surv. 40th Par., iv, 1877, p. 415. See Index, p. 137.

56. Aur-I-pa'-rus [owriparusj fla'-vl-ceps. Lat. aureus, golden, from aurum, gold ; and parus,

a titmouse. — Lat.yZww/s, yellow, forflagvus, fromflagro, to glow; whence English defla-
grate, flagrant, &c. Ceps is a Lat. termination, from Gr. Ke^oATj, the head; compare
caput, cephalic, occiput, &c. — A more strict method of compounding aure-us with pants
would give aureiparus ; but it may be taken direct from aurum, making auriparus admis-
sible ; as we should say " gold-tit," like " bush-tit," " coal-tit."

57. Sit'-ta ca-r6-lin-en'-sls. Gr. a-trra, ffirrr, ; Lat. sitta, a nut-hatch ; the word occurs in

Aristotle. It is related to ffirrditri, ^irraKos, Lat. sittace, psittaats, a parrot ; the implication
being some sharp sound made by the bird, as English pal/ ! There is a Greek verb
fyiTT&(ca, to make such a noise. — Lat. carol/nensis, see Mimus, No. 16.

58. S. c. a-cu-lg-a'-ta. Lat. aculeatus, sharpened, dim. aculeus, sharp, acus, a needle ; from acer,

sharp. Gr. aids, a point ; compare O.KWV, O.K/J.T), &Kpos, &c., English acme, acropolis, acer-
bity, acrimony, and numberless words in many languages, from

'60 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

59. Sitta canadensis L. B 279. c. 39. R 52.

Ked-bellied Nut-hatch.

60. Sitta pusilla Lath. B 280. c. 40. R 53.

Brown-headed Nut-hatch.

61. Sitta pygmaea Vig. B 281. C4i. R 54.

Pygmy Nut-hatch.

62. Certhia familiaris L. B 275. c 42. R 55.

Brown Creeper.

63. Campy lorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.) Gr. B 262. c 43. R 56.

Brown-headed Cactus Wren.

64. Campylorhynchus affinis Bd. B — . c 44. R 57.

St. Lucas Cactus Wren.

65. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say) Cab. B 264. c 45. R 58.

Rock Wren.

66. Catherpes mexicanns (Sw.) Bd. B 263. c — . R 59. (IM)

Canon Wren.

59. S. ca-nad-en'-sis. Latinized from Canadian. — Nut-hatch is nut-hatcher or nut-hacker (Fr.

/tac/ter, Swed. hacka), the bird that hacks, pecks, nuts; also called nut-jobber, to job
being to peck, or thrust at.

60. S. pu-sil'-la [puceellah, not pewzillerj. Lat. pusittus, petty, puerile ; directly formed from

puer, pusus, or pusio (Gr. irais), a boy; here and commonly used simply as signifying
small. The Sanskrit root reappears in endless forms of kindred meaning.

61. S. pyg-mae'-a. Gr. iruyn-h, the fist; hence irvy^atos, Lat. pyijmams, a pygmy, fistling, or

torn-thumb. As a measure of length, from elbow to clenched n'st, a irvy/j.T) was about
13£ inches ; the original Pygmies were a race of African dwarfs at war with the Cranes ;
pyymueus came afterward to mean any thing pygmy, dwarfed, and is here applied to a
very small nut-hatch. Compare Machetes pugnax, No. 639.

62. Cer'-thi-a fam-fl-i-a'-rls. Gr. KepOios, Lat. certhius, become later certhia. The name

occurs in Aristotle, who apparently uses it for this very species, which he also calls
Kvnro\6yos, mipologus ; that is to say, a gatherer of insects ; itvfy, a bug, and \iyu, I col-
lect. — Lat. familiaris, familiar, domestic, hence common ; J'amiUa, or older familias, the
family, the household.

63. Cam-py-16-rhyn'-chus brun-nei-cap-Il'-lus [broonaycapeellus]. Gr. /ca^Aos, bent, from

KC^TTW, I bend ; and ptyxos (rhynchus), beak. — Lat. bninneus, brown ; capitlus, hair. The
adjective brunneus is post-classic, Latinized from It. bruno, Fr. brun, Germ, braun; A. S.
bi/rnan, to burn ; related are brand, brunt, and many similar worfls, among them brant ; see
Berni'cla, No. 700.

64. C. af-fm'-is [affeen'is]. Lat. affinis, i. e., ad and finis, at the end of, hence bordering on,

neighboring ; here in the sense of related to, resembling, having affinity with, No. 63.

65. Sal-pinc'-tes ob-sS-le'-tus. Gr. ffa\^yx-r-f,s, a trumpeter, becoming in Latin salpinctes, from

<nfAiiry|(salpigx = salpinx), a trumpet; in allusion to the bird's loud, ringing song.—
Lat. obsolctvs, unaccustomed, from ob, against, and noleo, I am wont ; hence obsolete, in
sense of effaced, all the colors of the bird being dull. — Wren is A. S. ivrenna.

66. Cath-er'-pes mex-T-ca'-nus. Gr. KaSep^s, a creeper; KaOepiru, I creep down, from Kara,

down, and epirw, I creep, crawl. The stem of the word is seen in herpes, the disease
which creeps over the skin ; herpetology, the science of creeping things, reptiles ; repto or
repo, I creep, in Latin, simply altered from epiria. — Lat. mexicanus, see No. 28.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 31

67. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridg. B — . c 46. R 59a.

Speckled Canon Wren.

68. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Gra.) Bp. B 2(55. c 47. R GO.

Carolina Wren.

69. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamiensis Ridg. B — . c — . R GO&.

Floridan Wren.

70. Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri (Couch) Coucs. B 200. c 17 a. R coa.

Texan Wren.

71. Thryothorus bewicki (Aud.) Bp. B 267. c 48. R 61.

Bewick's Wren.

72. Thryothorus bewicki leucogaster Bd. B — . c 48«. R 616.

White-bellied Wren.

73. Thryothorus bewicki spilurus (Vig.) Bd. B — . C48&. R eia. (?)

Speckled-tailed Wren.

74. Troglodytes domesticus (Bartr.) Coues. B 270, 272. c 49. R 63.

House Wren.

75. Troglodytes domesticus parkmani (Aud.) Coues. B271. C49a. R 63«.

Western House Wren.

67. C. m. con-sper'-sus. Lat. conspersus, speckled; perfect participle of conspergo, from con

and s/iarr/o (Gr. tnreipw), I strew, scatter, sprinkle ; whence English sparse, scattered, and
many other words, as disperse, aspersion. — The Span, canon, brutalized as Eng. canyon, is
constantly used in the West for a rocky gorge or mountain-pass.

68. Thry-6-tho'-rus lu-do-vl-ci-a'-nus. Gr. Qpvov, a reed, rush, and Oovpos, a leaping, spring-

ing, from (06pu), 0po><ncw, I run or rush through. The penult is marked long, as equiva-
lent to Gr. ov. — Lat. Ludoviciana, Louisiana, of or relating to Ludovicus, Louis (XIV.,
of France). The old Territory was vastly more extensive than the present State is.

69. T. 1. mi-a-ml-en'-sis. Latinized from the name of the Miami river in Florida.

70. T. 1. ber-lan'-di-er-i. To Dr. Louis Berlandier, a naturalist, sometime resident in Mexico.

71. T. be'-wick-i. To Thomas Bewick, "the father of wood-engraving."

72. T. b. leu-co-gas'-ter [lewco-j. Gr. \evit6s, white, and yao-rtp, stomach, belly; whence

English gastric, gastronomy.

73. T. b. spfl-u'-rus. Gr. a-iri\os, spotted ; olpa, tail.

74. Trog-16'-dy-tes [-tace] dom-es'-ti-cus. Gr. rpcay \oSur-rjs, a cave-dweller, from rp(ay\ij, a

cave (literally, a hole made by gnawing — rpuya, I gnaw), and SUTI/S, an inhabitant,
from 8wo> or Svta, I go in or under. The TpcayhoSurat or Trorj/odytce were a cave-dwelling
people of ^Ethiopia. The name was later applied to a kind of wren. — Lat. domesticus,
domestic, from domus,a house. — The specific name aedon, applied by Vieillot to this
bird, is the Gr. a^div, a songster, par excellence the nightingale; from aetSu, I sing. — The
pronunciation of Troglodytes wavers ; we mark it as commonly heard, and also as seems to
be defensible, in Latin, the penult being indubitably short; though to do so violates one
of the leading principles of Greek accentuation, that no word with the ultimate long
is a proparoxytone. Many persons say Trog'lody"tes, conformably with English Trog'-
lodyte/;. The case is precisely parallel with that of Lopho'phanes, q. v., No. 40; and the
analogy of Aristo'phanes is not decisive, the Greek being 'Aptaro^dftis or 'Apio-ro^aj/^s,
not 'Apiffr6(f)afris.

75. T. d. park'-man-I. To Dr. George Parkman, of Boston, murdered by Professor John W.

Webster, in 1849.

32 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

76. Anorthura troglodytes hiemalis (Wils.) Coues. B 273. c 50. R 65.

Winter Wren.

77. Anorthura troglodytes pacificus (Bd.) Riclg. B — . c — . R 65a. (?)

Western Winter Wren.

78. Anorthura troglodytes alascensis (Bd.) Coues. B — . c 50a. R 66.

Alaskan Winter Wren.

79. Telmatodytes palustris (Bartr.) Cab. B 268. c 51. R 67.

Long-billed Marsh Wren.

80. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola Bd. B — . c — . R 67a. (?)

Tule Marsh Wren.

81. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.) Cab. B 269. c 52. R 68.

Short-billed Marsh Wren.

82. Eremophila alpestris (L.) Boie. B 302. c 53. R soo.

Horned Lark; Shore Lark.

83. Eremophila alpestris leucolsema Coues. B — . c 53&. R 300a. (?)

Western Shore Lark.

84. Eremophila alpestris chrysola3ma (Wagl.) Bd. B — . c 53«. R sooc.

Southern Shore Lark.

76. An-or-thu'-ra tr5g-15'-dy-tes hl-em-a'-lls. Gr. a or o.v, privative, opdos, straight, ovpa,

tail. The name was invented by Rennie, because he considered Troglodytes etymologi-
cally inapplicable to a wren. — Lat. hiemalis or hyemalis, of or pertaining to winter ; from
(hiemps) hiems or hyems, winter, a weakened form of the Gr. xe*M«. a gushing, a torrent,
or ^ifiuiv, ^e rainy, tempestuous, or winter season ; Skr. hi ma, snow. We oftener use
the y than the i, but the latter is correct.

77. A. t. pa-cl'-fi-cus. Lat. pacificus, pacific, peaceful, literally peace-making, from pax, geni-

tive pads, peace, andyac/o, I make, do. The application is to the occurrence of the bird
on the west coast of the United States.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. (Baird, Key. Am. B., i, 1864, p. 145.)

78. A. t. a-las-cen'-sis. Alascensis, relating to Alaska.

79. Tel-ma-t6'-dy-tes pal-us'-trls. Gr. re\/j.a, genitive TeAjuaros, a marsh or swamp ; SUTTJS, an

inhabitant, from Suw, I go in or under. — Lat. palustris, adjective from pahs, a marsh,
whence palustrine, like lacustrine from /crews, marine from mare.

80. T. p. pal-u-dl'-c6-la. Lat. palus, genitive paludis, a marsh; and (in)cola, an inhabitant.

See No. 79.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. (Baird, Rev. Am. B., i, 1864, p. 148.)

81. Cis-tS-tho'-rus stel-la'-ns. Gr. K'HTTOS, a shrub, and 6ovpos, from (66p<a) 6pcaffKa>, I run or

rush through ; compare Thryothorus, No. 68. Cabanis, who coined the word in 1850, gives
Gifl3cf)(upfer as the German translation. Lat. stellaris, stellar, starry, adjective from stella,
a star, like aster, Gr. a.<rr-f]p ; here in the sense of speckled.

82. Er-e-m6'-phl-la al-pes'-tris. Gr. epri/j.os, a desert; <pi\fia, I love. — Lat. Alpestris (not

classic), from Alpes, Alps ; perhaps from a\<p6s, albus, white ; that is, snowy.

83. E. a. leu-cS-lae'-ma. Gr. \tvi<6s, white ; \at/j.6s, the throat.

This is a slight variety, lately described by Coues from the high central plains ; it is
the bleached form of that region. (B. N. W., 1874, p. 38.)

84. E. a. chry-sO-lae'-ma. Gr. xpvcreos, golden ; that is, of a golden color, from xPvffds,

and \atfj.6s, the throat. — A. S. laferc, Scot, laverock, Germ, lercfye, Eng. lark.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

33

85. Alauda arvensis L. B — . c — . R 299. (!E.)

European Skylark.

86. Motacilla alba L. B — . c — . R 69. (G.)

White Wagtail.

87. Budytes flavus (L,) Gr. B — . c 54. R 70.

Yellow Wagtail.

88. Anthus pratensis (L.) Bechst. B — . c 556w. R 72. (IE.)

Meadow Pipit.

89. Anthus ludovicianus (Gm.) Licht. B 105. c 55. R 71.

Louisiana Pipit; American Titlark.

90. Neocorys spraguii (And.) Scl. B IGG. c 56. R 73.

Missouri Skylark; Sprague's Pipit.

85. A-lau'-da ar-ven'-sis. Lat, alauda, a lark, said to be literally "a great songstress," or one

who sings on high ; from the Celtic al, great, high, and and, song. Some say from Gr.
&A.TJ, roaming, and uSy, song ; ;'. e. the bird that sings as she soars. The form of the
word might suggest ala, wing, and laus, genitive laudis, praise; as if the bird sang praises
on wing. But the Celtic is the only tenable etymon. — Lat. arvensis, relating to a
ploughed field; arvum, arable land; arvus for aruus, ploughed; aw, I plough.
Not in the orig. ed. Said to occur in Greenland, Alaska, and the Bermudas.

86. Mo-ta-cll'-la al'-ba. Lat. motacilla = wagtail, " quod semper caudam nwvet" early applied

to some small bird; Lat. moveo, motus, I move, motion, and Gr. xi\\u of similar
signification. There is a Greek word Kl\\ovpos, for the wagtail ; on the contrary there
are the Lat. albicilla, atricilla, meaning white-tail, black-tail, &c. The implication in
either case seems to be tail, considered as a movable part. Compare Fr. hochequeue.

Not in the orig. ed. The species is North American only as occurring in Greenland.

87. Bu'-dy-tes fla'-vus. Budytes is an unknown word to us, unless conjectured to be Svrrjs,

with the augmentative particle @ou-. See Troglodytes, No. 74. The particle 0ov, however,
is from f)ovs, a bull, ox, cow, and becomes " augmentative," just as we say " horse-laugh,"
" bull-finch," " elephant-folio," &c., being therefore of obvious inapplicability to this deli-
cate little bird.

Since the above was written, Mr. Henry T. Wharton, of London, has kindly replied
to queries respecting various words of which we were in doubt. In this case, his MS.
confirms the above etymology, but in a different application ; the actual form, /3ot/5uT7/s,
being found in " Opp., Ix. 3. 2," for some small bird ; qu., one that goes among cattle ?

There is some question whether the yellow wagtail of Alaska be the true B.flavus.

88. An'-thus pra-ten'-sls. Lat. anthus, Gr. &v6os, a kind of bird. — Lat. pratensis, adjective from

pratum, a meadow. For anthtts, compare ananthe = r it (flora, under Saxicola, No. 26.
This is North American as found in Greenland, and said to also occur in Alaska.

89. A. lu-do-vi-cT-a'-nus. Lat. Lndovicus, nom. prop. See Thryothorus, No. 68. Pipit, little

used in this country, though always said for these birds in England, is an onomatopoeia
(ovofjiaroiroda, word-making to express the sense by the sound), like the Lat. pipio, I pip,
peep, chirp ; see Pipilo, No. 301. Titlark is good English for a small kind of lark, like
tit-mouse, torn-tit; tit in all its forms, and with numerous related words, conveying the
sense of something little or otherwise insignificant.

90. Ne"-8'-c8-rys spra'-gul-i [three syllables]. Gr. i/e'os, new; Kopvs, primarily a helmet;

hence applied to the crested lark. — To Isaac Sprague, companion of Audubon on the
Missouri.

34 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

91. Mniotilta varia (L.) V. B 167. c 57. R 74.

Black-and-white Creeper.

92. Mniotilta varia borealis (Nutt.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 74a. (?)

Small-billed Creeper.

93. Parula americana (L.) Bp. B ies. c 58. R 88.

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.

94. Parula nigrilora Coues. B — . c — . R 89a.

Sennett's Warbler.

95. Protonotaria citrea (Gra.) Bd. B IGO. c 59. R 75.

Prothonotary Warbler.

96. Helmintherus vermivorus (Gm.) Bp. B 178. c 60. R 77.

Worm-eating Warbler.

91. MnI-6-tH'-ta var'-I-a. Gr. pviov, moss, and ri\\<a, I pluck, or ri\r6s, plucked. Neither

the orthography nor the applicability of the word is obvious. Vieillot wrote sometimes
mniotilta, sometimes mniotilla. The conjectured application is to the weaving of moss into
a nest. — Lat. varia, variegated, as this bird is with black and white.

92. M. v. bor-6-aMls. Lat. boreal'ts, northern. See Phi/lloscopus, No. 32.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List.

93. Pa'-ru-la am-e'r-I-ca'-na. Lat. panda, diminutive from parus, a titmouse, q. v., No. 44.

— Lat. americana, American. America is generally supposed to derive its name from
Amerigo Vespucci, Latinized Americus Vespucius ; and is said to have first appeared in
the form of America Provincia, on a map published at Basle in 1522. The counter-argu-
ment is : (1) The name if from the Italian navigator's would have been from his surname.
(2) His name was Alberico Vespuzio. (3) Americ, or Amerique, is the native name of
a range of mountains in Nicaragua. " It is most plausible that the State of Central
America, where we find the name Americ signifying great mountain, gave the continent
its name." (Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, i, p. 592.) The author cited seeks to establish a
connection with the Hindu Uleru, or Meruah, of similar signification.

94. P. nig-rf-lo'-ra. Lat. niger, black; and hrnm, a thong, strap, a bridle-rein; hence the

cheeks, along which the bridle passes. The " lore " has become in ornithology a techni-
cal name for a small space on the side of a bird's head between the eye and the bill.

Not in the first ed. of the Check List. Lately discovered in Texas by Mr. George B.
Sennett. See Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, p. 11.

95. Pro-t5-no-ta'-ri-a cit'-rg-a. Low Latin for prothonotary ; from Gr. irpwros, first, and Lat.

notarius, a scribe, a notary-public. The bird is le Protonotaire of Buffon, Latinized by
Gmelin as protonotarins in 1788; but for the name, as Pennant observed in 1785, "the
reason has not reached us." — Lat. citrea, of or pertaining to the citron, in allusion to the
yellow color.

96. Hel-min-the'-rus ver-ml'-vSr-us. Gr. f\mi>s, genitive '4\fjLivQos, and e^ptov, from Ofy, an

animal. The word is very incorrectly compounded. Its full form is hclminthotherium ;
we may perhaps reduce it by elision to kelmintherus, but helmitkents, as originally written
by Rafinesque, is inadmissible. This is the accepted derivation; but we may suggest a
short cut to the same etymon, 6-fip, an animal; f\/j.ii>6odr)pas, a worm-hunter, like the
actual opi>i6oOr)pa.s, a fowler, in Aristoph., Av. 62 ; being tA/uii's and 6-npa, the chase, from
6^p ; though we hesitate to act upon this by writing Helmintheras. — Lat. vermivorus,
worm-eating, from vermis, a worm (verto, I turn, in the sense of squirming or wriggling)
and voro, I eat.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 35

97. Helmintherus swainsoni (Aud.) Bp. B 179. c GI. R 76.

Swainson's Warbler.

98. Helminthophaga pinus (L.) Bd. B iso. c 02. R 79.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler.

99. Helminthophaga lawrencii Ilerrick. B — . c — . R so. (?)

Lawrence's Warbler.

100. Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewster. B — . c — . R 82. (?)

White-throated Warbler.

101. Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis Langdon. B — . c — . R — . (?)

Cincinnati Warbler.

102. Helminthophaga chrysoptera (L.) Bd. B isi. c 63. R si.

Blue Golden-winged Warbler.

103. Helminthophaga bachmani (Aud.) Cab. B 182. c 64. R 78.

Bachman's Warbler.

104. Helminthophaga luciae Coop. B — . c 65. R 83.

JLucy's Warbler.

105. Helminthophaga virginiae Bd. B — . c 66. R 84.

Virginia's Warbler.

106. Helminthophaga runcapilla (Wils.) Bd. B 183. c 67. R 85.

Nashville Warbler.

97. H. swain'-son-i. To Wm. Swainson, Esq., the celebrated English naturalist. Notice

that this word, like others containing the letter w, cannot be Latinized without change ;
the nearest Latin would be sud-ln'-sdn-l, in four syllables. See also lawrencii, next but
one below ; this should be lau-rtn'-cl-l or lav-ren'-d-i. But it is futile, finical, and pedantic
to undertake such transliterations in the cases of modern proper names.

98. Hel-mm-th6'-pha-ga pi'-nus. Gr. 4'A/xiy, a worm, and tpayeiv, to eat. — Lat. pinus, Gr.

irirvs, a pine-tree. Notice that pinus is a substantive, not an adjective ; it may be put in
the genitive, pinus, of a pine, but is just as well left nominative.

99. H. law-rgn'-ci-i. To George N. Lawrence, Esq., of New York, long time one of the lead-

ing ornithologists of America.

Not in orig. ed. Since described, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1874, p. 220, pi xv.

100. H. leu-co-bron-chi-a'-lls. Gr. Afi//cos, white, and Pp6-yx°s, t'ic throat; this becomes in

Latin bronchus, whence the adjective bronchialis, English bronchial, bronchitis, &c.
Not in orig. ed. Since described, Bull. Nutt. Club, i, 1876, p. 1, pi.

101. H. cin-cm-na-ti-en'-sis. Of Cincinnati, Ohio, where discovered.

Not in the orig. ed. Lately described by F. W. Langdon, in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat.
Hist., ii, July, 1880, p. 119, and Bull. Nuttall Club, v, October, 1880, p. 208. pi. iv.

102. H. chry-sop'-tg-ra. Gr. xPvff°'""rfP°s> golden-winged, from xp"""^, gold, and irrfp6v, wing.

103. H. bach'-man-I. To Rev. John Bachman, D.D., of Charleston, S. C., collaborator with

Audubon in the " Quadrupeds of North America."

104. H. lu'-ci-ae. To Miss Lucy Baird, daughter of Professor S. F. Baird.

105. H. vir-gm'-I-ae. To Mrs. Virginia Anderson, wife of Dr. W. W. Anderson, who discov-

ered the bird.

106. H. ru-fl-cap-il'-la. Lat. rufits, reddish, and capillus, hair of the head. See Parus, No. 44.

38 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

107. Helminthophaga celata (Say) Bd. B 184. c 68. R 86.

Orange-crowned Warbler.

108. Helminthophaga celata lutescens Ridg. B — . c 68a. R 86«.

Pacific Orange-crowned Warbler.

109. Helminthophaga peregrina (Wils.) Cab. B iss. c 69. R 87.

Tennessee Warbler.

110. Peucedramus olivaceus (Gir.) Coues. B — . c — . R 92.

Olive Warbler.

111. Dendrceca aestiva (Gin.) Bd. B 203. c 70. R 93.

Summer Warbler.

112. Dendrceca virens (Gm.) Bd. B 189. c 71. R 107.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

113. Dendrceca occidentalis (Towns.) Bd. B 100. c 72. R 109.

Western Warbler.

114. Dendrceca townsendi (Nutt.) Bd. B 101. c 73. R los.

Townsend's Warbler.

107. H. ce-la'-ta. Lat. celatus, concealed, from celo; the orange color of the crown being hidden.

108. H. c. lu-tes'-cens. Lat. inceptive verb lutesco, present participle lutescens, from luteus,

yellow ; from lutum, an herb used in dyeing yellow. There is actually no such verb as
lutesco, the describer of the species having apparently mistaken lutesco, I grow muddy,
become miry, for a supposed lutesco, I grow yellow, by some confounding of luteus,
muddy, loamy (hence possibly clay-colored or yellowish) with lutei;s, golden-yellow. The
bright yellowness of the bird in comparison with H. celatn being its prime characteristic,
the propriety of assuming the derivation to be from lutum, and hence writing lutescens,
from a supposed lutesco, is obvious.

A form lately distinguished by Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., iv, 1872, p. 457.

109. H. pSr-g-gri'-na. Lat. peregrinus, wandering, alien, exotic, that comes from foreign parts;

from per, through, and ager, a field or land ; literally, " across country."

110. Peu-ce'-dra-mus 61-i-va'-cg-us. Gr. irtvKT], a pine-tree, and $pa/j.f?i>, 2d aorist infinitive,

from rpe'xco, I run. The allusion is to the pine creeping habits of the bird. N. B. Many
genera are compounded from the same root, and spelled either -dramus or -tiromus. Either
is correct. — Lat. olivaceus, pertaining to the olive; in this case, in color, olivaceous.
Not in the orig. ed. Since discovered in Arizona by H. W. Henshaw.

111. Den-droe'-ca aes-ti'-va [dayndrwaykah aysteevah]. Gr. SffSpov, a tree, and oliceco, I

inhabit ; olicos, a habitation. The word was originally compounded Dendroica by G. R.
Gray : later emended as above. The full form would be Dendraecetes, like Pocecetes,
Nephfccftes (OIKTJT^S, an inhabitant). — Lat. cestira, adjective from crstas, the summer
season ; cestus, heat, ardor (Gr. aWca, I burn). Notice the long accented penult.

112. D. vir'-ens [pronounced virraynce]. Lat. virens, participle present of circo, I grow green.

113. D. 5c-cl-den-ta'-lis. Lat. occidentalis, occidental, western; that is, in the place where the

sun sets ; from occido, I fall down.

114. D. town'-send-i. To J. K. Townsend, Esq., companion of Nuttall during his travels.

The first syllable of this word represents the exact pronunciation of Latin au diphthong
— like English ow ; as if we made it ta-un-.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 87

115. Dendrceca chrysoparia Scl. & Salv. B — . c 74. R IOG.

Golden-cheeked Warbler.

116. Dendrceca nigrescens (Towns.) Bd. B 102. c 75. R 105.

Black-throated Gray Warbler.

117. Dendrosca ccerulescens (L.) Bd. B 193. c 76. R 94.

Black-throated Blue Warbler.

118. Dsndrceca ccerulea (Wils.) Bd. B 201.077 R 98

Coerulean Warbler.

119. Dendrceca coronata (L.) Gr. B 194. c 78. R 95.

Yellow-rumped Warbler.

120. Dendrceca auduboni (Towns.) Bd. B 195. c 79. R 96.

Audubon's Warbler.

121. Dendrceca blackburnse (Gm.) Bd. B 196. c so. R 102.

Blackburn's Warbler.

122. Dendrceca striata (Forst.) Bd. B 202. c si. R 101.

Black-poll Warbler.

123. Dendrceca castanea (Wils.) Bd. B 197. c 82. R 100.

Bay-breasted Warbler.

115. D. chry-so-par-i'-a. Gr. xpwros, gold, and irapeid, cheek. Greek diphthong a becomes

long i in Latin: hence, -paria, not -pareia; see also beyond, among the names of pigeons
ending in -pella.

116. D. nlg-res'-cens. Lat. nigresco, I grow black; an inceptive verb, present participle

niijrescens, equivalent to being blackish, or partly black. See No. 120.

117. D. coe-rul-es'-cens [pronounced sayrullaysaynce]. Lat. ccerultsco, I grow blue; a coined

inceptive verb from cceruleus, blue; this from coelum, the (blue) sky ; compare Gr. /coIXos,
hollow, i. e., the vault of heaven, and ccelare or celare, to conceal, as if in a hollow place,
&c. N. B. There is constant difference of orthography: either cce- or cce- is defensible;
the former seems preferable. In English we may write indifferently cccrulean, ccerulean,
or cerulean.

118. D. coe-rul'-g-a. See last word.

119. D. cor-o-na'-ta. Lat. coronatus, crowned, from corona, a crown, garland, or wreath. Gr.

120. D. aud'-u-bon-i. To John James Audubon, "the American backwoodsman," as he liked

to be called.

121. D. black'-burn-ae. To Mrs. Blackburn, an English lady. Commonly written blackburnice,

in four syllables, with accent on the antepenult; more correctly as above. Diacritical
marks are futile in such a case as this ; the English name is never pronounced blark-
boorn, as it would be according to rule for the quantity of the vowels in Latin.

122. D. strl-a'-ta. Lat. participial adjective from strio, I furrow, channel, flute, groove, striate,

stripe ; stria, substantive, a furrow, stripe, &c.

123. D. cas-tan'-g-a. Lat. castanea, a chestnut ; in allusion to the bay or chestnut color. The

word is a noun, but is constantly used adjectivally. Gr. Ka.srra.vov, the nut of Castana, a
city of Thessaly.

38 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

124. Dendrceca pennsylvanica (L.) Bd. B 200. c 83. R 99.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

125. Dendrceca maculosa (Gm.) Bd. B 204. c 84. R 97.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler.

126. Dendrceca tigrina (Gm.) Bd. B 206. c 85. R 90.

Cape May Warbler.

127. Dendrceca discolor (V.) Bd. B 210. c 86. R 114.

Prairie Warbler.

128. Dendrceca gracise Coues. B — . c 87. R 104.

Grace's Warbler.

129. Dendrceca dominica (L.) Bd. B 200. c 88. R 103.

Yellow- throated Warbler.

130. Dendrceca dominica albilora Bd. B — . c 88a. R iosa.

White-cheeked Warbler.

131. Dendrceca kirtlandi Bd. B 205. c 89. R no.

Kirtland's Warbler.

132. Dendrceca palmamm (Gm.) Bd. B 208. c 90. R us.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler.

124. D. p£nn-syl-va'-nl-ca. An adjective coined from sylranus, sylvan, this from syka, which

is sibilated and digammated from Gr. v\ri = (a-)v\Ftj, a wood; preceded by the name of
William Penn ; "Penn's woods." The modern use of the y is less correct than i would
be. The whole word would preferably be written pensilvanica, as it is in some ornitho-
logical works of the last century.

125. D. ma-cul-o'-sa. Lat. maculosus, spotted or full of spots ; macula, a spot.

126. D. tig-ri'-na. Lat. tigrinus, striped (like a tiger, tigris, Gr. rlypis). The quantity of the

antepenult is doubtful, perhaps common. By ordinary rule, it is long, and Tigris makes
the final spondee of some hexameter lines. On the other hand, the combination of a
mute or /and a liquid does not necessarily lengthen a preceding vowel in prose; and
some other combinations of consonants also permit the vowel to remain short, in cases
of Greek words, as Cycnus or Cytjnus. We leave it short, as usually heard. — Perisso-
glossa, a generic name now often used for this species, is the Gr. irfpia-aos and y\uxrffa, in
allusion to the peculiarity of the laciniate tongue.

127. D. dis'-col-or. Lat. discolor (post-classic), party-colored ; opposed to concoJor, whole-colored.

128. D. gra'-ci-ae. To Mrs. Charles A. Page, ne'e Grace Darling Coues, the author's sister.

Would more strictly be written gratia (Lat. gratia, grace, favor, thanks).

129. D. d6m-tn'-T-ca. Lat. dominicus, relating to the lord or master of the household, dominns ;

domus, a house. So, to dominate, to have dominion. The application is here to the West
Indian island named originally Hayti, then San Domingo. The bird was early described
from that locality.

130. D. d. al-bi-lo'-ra. Lat. albus, white, and forum, the lore or cheek. See Panda, No. 94.

131. D. kirt'-Iand-i. To Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, of Ohio. See remarks under D. blackburnce.

132. D. pal-ma'-rum. Lat. palmarum, of the palms, genitive plural of pal ma, a palm.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 39

133. Dendrceca palmarum. hypochrysea Ridg. B — . c — . R H3a. (?)

Yellow-bellied Red-poll Warbler.

134. Dendrceca pinus (Bartr.) Bd. B 198. c 91. R in.

Pine-creeping Warbler.

135. Slums auricapillus (L.) Sw. B 186. c 92. R 115.

Golden-crowned Thrush.

136. Smrus nsevius (Bodd.) Coues. B 187. c 93. R lie.

Water Thrush.

137. Smrus nsevius notabilis Grinnell. B — . c — . R H6a. (?)

Wyoming Water Thrush.

138. Siurus motacilla (V.) Bp. B 188. c 94. R 117.

Large-billed Water Thrush.

139. Oporornis agilis (Wils.) Bd. B 174. c 95. R us.

Connecticut Warbler.

140. Oporornis formosa (Wils.) Bd. B 175. c 96. R 119.

Kentucky Warbler.

133. D. p. hy-po-chry'-se'-a. Gr. 6w6, becoming Lat. hypo-, under, below, beneath, and xpucreos,

golden ; referring to the under parts of this variety, which are yellower than those of
palmarum. Properly, hypo- in such connection simply diminishes the force of the adjec-
tive ; hypoleucus, hypochryseus, meaning whitz's/t, yellowt'sA ; but the present is an estab-
lished usage in ornithology.

Not in the orig. ed. — Since .described by Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Club, i, 1876, p. 84.

1 34. D. pl'-nfis. See Helminthophaga pinus, No. 98.

135. Sl-u'-rus aur-T-cap-il'-lus. Gr. <refo>, I wave or brandish, and o?po, tail. The word is pre-

cisely equivalent to Lat. motacilla, French hochequeue, English wagtail. It was originally
and has since commonly been written Seiurus. (See Coues, Bull. Nuttall Club, ii, no. 2,
1877, p. 29.) We keep the i long as representing Gr. e». — Lat. aurum, gold, and capillus, hair ;
golden-haired. (See Coues, ibid., p. 30.) See also Lophophanes, No. 42, and Parus, No. 44.

136. S. nae'-vi-us. Lat. ncevus, a birth-mark, nevus, or spot; whence ncevius, so marked, or, in

general, spotted in any way.

137. S. n. no-ta'-bl-lls. Lat. notabilis, notable, from nota, a note, and the termination -bilis.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Later described by R. Ridgway, from Grin-
nell's MS., in Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 12. Very doubtful.

138. S. mo-ta-cfl'-la. See Motacilla, No. 86.

139. 6p-6r-5r'-nls a'-gl-lls. Gr. oirwpa, the autumn, and Spvts, a bird ; in allusion to the abun-

dance of the species in the fall, in comparison with its scarcity in the spring. — Lat. agilis,
agile, from acjo, I act ; literally, do-able, that is, act-ive ; the adjectival termination being
simply applied to the root of the verb, both in Latin and English.

140. O. for-mo'-sa. Lat. formosa, beautiful ; primitively, in the sense of shapely, well-formed,

in good or full proportion; forma, form. So said of Juno, in whose "lofty mind"
remained judicium Paridis, spretwque injuria formce, h.e.,of her slighted beauty. Verg.,
., i, 27.

40 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

141. Geothlypis trichas (L.) Cab. B 170. c 97. R 122.

Maryland Yellow-throat.

142. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.) Bd. B 172. c 98. R 120.

Mourning Warbler.

143. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (And.) Bd. B 173. c 99. R 121.

Maegillivray's Warbler.

144. Icteria virens (L.) Bd. B 176. c 100. R 123.

Yellow-breasted Chat.

145. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawr.) Coues. B 177. c iooa. R i23«.

Long-tailed Chat.

146. Myiodioctes mitratus (Gm.) Aud. B 211. c 101. R 124.

Hooded Flycatching Warbler.

x

141. Gg-oth'-ly-pTs trlch'-as. Gr. yrj or yea, the earth, and ®\VTTIS, " a proper name." — Gr. Opi£,

genitive rpix^s, hair; there is also the actual word -rpix<is, for some kind of a thrush,
occurring in Aristotle. Some take the rpix<is of Aristotle to be the bird named by
Linnaeus Turdus pilaris, i.e., the hairy thrush; but Sundevall reasonably identifies it
with T. musicus. Of course it had originally nothing to do with the present species, to
which Linnaeus applied the term trichas in 1706. — Cabanis coined Geothlypis in 1847,
simply explaining @\viris as a "proper name." The meaning of the term is obscure,
but we think it may be explained, considering that 0\vTtis is the same as Bpaviris, which
latter occurs in Aristotle as the name of some conirostral granivorous bird never satis-
factorily identified. Sundevall says Bpaviris ,,txiiirbe in cinitjcn codices Q\VTT'LS (Thlypis)
<jefd)vteben" ; and the identity of the two words appears to be established, seeing that
6\dca, I break, bruise, crush, whence 6\aviris, has the same meaning as Opavca, whence
6pavtris. (See Aristoph., Av. 406.) In each case the name is that of a bird considered
as granivorous — as a seed-eater, i. e., seed-breaker, famcitfrcffcnbcr, coccolhraustes, (nropo-
6Aa(TTT)s. /C.T.A. But the name, though thus perfectly explicable, is very badly chosen
to designate a strictly insectivorous species, its only pertinence being in yco-, signifying
the humility of this bird of brake and briar.

142. G. pM-a-del'-phl-a. Named for the " city of brotherly love." Gr. 4>i\e'co, I love, dSeA^cfs,

brother ; the latter from d connective (for a/*«) and Se\<f>vs, the womb, that is, having
one mother. But the compound itself, Philadelphia, is classic, as the name of a city, and
there are the actual words <pi\a8(\<pfta, <f>t\a8f\(p'ta, amor fraternus, charitas fraterna. The
Lat. is marked for quantity as above in the authority consulted; but some contend for
the Greek accent, philadelphl'-a.

143. G. mac-gil-llv-ray'-i. To William Macgillivray, Esq., of Edinburgh, author of much of

Audubon's scientific work, besides several other important treatises.

144. Ic-tgr'-I-a vlr'-ens. A dialectic form, invented by Vieillot, of Gr. fartpos or Lat. icterus;

primarily, the disease jaundice ; also a certain yellow bird, probably the golden oriole of
Europe, by the sight of which jaundiced patients were fancied to be cured. The name
was in 1760 by Brisson applied to the American orioles as a generic term, Icterus ; and
by Vieillot later, in the form Icteria, to the present genus. — Lat. virens, present parti-
ciple of cireo, I grow green.

145. I. v. lon-gl-caud'-a [-cowda]. Lat. lonrjus, long, and cauda, tail.

146. Myi-6-dI-6c'-tes mi-tra'-tias. Gr. /uuTa, a fly, and 5<c£/crr;s, a pursuer. — Lat. mitratus,

wearing a turban ; Gr. jin-pa, a turban or other head-dress, cf. (tirSca, I weave. The
word is sometimes six-syllabled, but properly reducible to five, the yt, from Gr. v?, being
slurred ; the sound is that of mivee-, not ml- or me-.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 41

147. Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.) Bp. B 213. c 102. R 125.

Green Black-capped Flycatching Warbler.

148. Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus (Pull.) Riclg. B — . c I02a. R I25a.

Pacific Black-capped Flycatching Warbler.

149. Myiodioctes canadensis (L.) And. B 214, 215. c 103. R 127.

Canadian Flycatching Warbler.

150. Cardellina rubrifrons (Gir.) Scl. B — . c — . R isi.

Red-fronted Flycatching Warbler.

151. Setophaga picta Sw. B2is. c 105. R 129.

Painted Flycatching Warbler.

152. Setophaga ruticilla (L.) Sw. B 217. c 104. R 128.

American Redstart.

153. Certhiola bahamensis Reich. B 301. c 106. R 159. (!W. I.)

Bahaman Honey Creeper.

147. M. pu-sH'-lus. See Sttta, No. 60.

143. M. p. pi-16-6-la'-tus. Lat. pileum or pilcolum, Gr. vIXos, a kind of cap, a skull-cap; pileo-
latus, capped. In late days, pileum has become a technical word in ornithology, meaning
the top of the head.

149. M. can-a-den'-sls. Latinized from Canada, with the termination -ensis. Canada is said to

be the Iroquois word Kanata, a village or collection of huts.

150. Car-del-li'-na rub-ri'-frons. Apparently an arbitrary variation from Lat. carduelis, a

kind of finch, from cardans, a thistle. — Lat. ruber, red, andfrons, the forehead. The pro-
nunciation of rubrifrons is in question; everybody says roo'bryfrdnz ; as it* is not a classic
word, we can only mark it by analogy with such words as rubrlco, &c. But see above,
Dendrceca, No. 126, in favor of rUb'rifrons, as the i here comes before /"and a liquid.
Not in the orig. ed. of the List ; since discovered by H. W. Henshaw in New Mexico.

151. Se-t6'-pha-ga pic'-ta. Gr. <Hjs, genitive fft\r6s, an insect; and tyaye'iv, to eat. The con-

necting vowel o need not lengthen before;^, as this is only equivalent in force to f. —
Lat. pictits, painted, pictured, here in the sense of brightly or highly colored ; piiiyo, I
paint, depict.

152. S. rut-I-cil'-la. Lat. rittilus, reddisli ; for the rest see Motacilla, No. 86. The word is exactly

equal to redstart, which is Anglicized from the Germ. JRotbftcrt or SfJctfyftcrj, all three words
meaning simply redtail.

153. Cer-thI'-6-la ba-ha-men'-sis. CertJtioIa is a coined diminutive of Certhia, which see,

No. 62 ; we usually hear it accented on a long penult, which is certainly vicious. — Baha-
mensis is Latinized from Bahama.

In the first ed. of the Check List, this species stands as C.flaveola, corrected in the
Appendix. If we were to use the latter, it would be fldcula, notfldreola. Certhiola is
correctly formed as a diminutive from Certhia, like lincola from linen ; for the general rule,
however, in cases when the stem ends in a consonant, we may recall the exquisite lines
attributed to the death-bed of Hadrian : —

Animula vagula blandula,

Hospes comesque corporis,

Quae nunc abibis in loca,

Pallidula rigida nuclula,

Nee, ut soles, dabis jocos ?

42 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

154. Pyranga rubra (L.) V. B 220. c 107. R iei.

Scarlet Tanager.

155. Pyranga sestiva (L.) V. B 221. c ios. R 104.

Summer Tanager.

156. Pyranga sestiva cooperi (Ridg.) Coues. B — . c io8a. R I64a.

Cooper's Tanager.

157. Pyranga hepatica Sw. B 222. c 109. RIGS.

Hepatic Tanager.

158. Pyranga ludoviciana (Wils.) Bp. B 223. c no. R 163.

Louisiana Tanager.

159. Hirundo erythrogastra horreorum (Bartr.) Coues. B225. c in. R 154.

Barn Swallow.

160. Iridoprocne bicolor (V.) Coues. B 227. c 112. R 155.

White-bellied Swallow.

161. Tachycineta thalassina (Sw.) Cab. B 228. c 113. R 156.

Violet-green Swallow.

154. Py-ran'-ga rub'-ra. The word Pyranga has a classic twang, as if formed in part from the

Gr. irvp, fire ; but it is a barbarous word, taken from some South American dialect.
Several similar combinations of letters occur in Marcgrave. Vieillot wrote it Piranqa
in 1807, and Pyranga in 1816. The latter has come into general use. — The English
tanayer is simply altered from the South American tanagra or tanyara, both of which
words occur in the older authors, the latter being in general use until Linnaeus, perhaps
by a misprint, gave the former currency.

155. P. aes-ti'-va. See Dendrceca, No. 111.

156. P. a. coop'-6r-i. To Dr. J. G. Cooper, of California.

157. P. he-pat'-I-ca. Gr. rfirap, genitive ^iraros, the liver, or Lat. hepar, hej>atis, the same;

whence ^7roTi«dj or hepaticus, the direct adjective. The allusion is to the liver-colored
plumage.

158. P. lu-do-vi-cl-a'-na. See Thryotharus, No. 68.

159. Hlr-un'-do gr-y-thro-gas'-tra h5r-re"-6'-rum. Lat. hirundo, a swallow, from the Gr.

XeAiSaSj/, of same meaning. — Gr. tpv6p6s, red or ruddy, and yaa-r-np, the belly. — Lat.
ftorrenm, a barn, in the genitive plural. (On the etymology of hirundo, and various
other, including the English, names of swallows, see Birds Col. Vail., i, 1878, p. 369.)

160. Ir-I-do-proc'-ne bl'-c61-8r. Gr.'lpu, genitive "ipjSos, Lat. 7m, Iridls, Iris, the messenger

of the gods ; also the rainbow ; from efyw or tyu, to announce. The allusion is to
the sheen of the plumage. Gr. Up6Kvr), or Lat. Procne or Proyne, a proper name, the
daughter of Pandion, fabled to have been transformed into a swallow. — Lat. bicolor,
two-colored.

161. Tach-y-cln-e'-ta thal-as'-sl-na. Gr. raxvcivriros, moving rapidly, i.e., a swift runner;

TOX^S, swift (Beta, to run); Kivnr^p, from Ktvew, to move. — Gr. OaXoura-ivos, sea-green,
ed\affffa, the sea, from &\s, the sea, or salt. Observe accentuation of thalassina. We keep
the penult of Tachycine'ta long as being Gr. i\, but are not sure that it should not be
transliterated Tachycin'lta.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 43

162. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say) Cab. B 226. c 114. R 153.

Cliff or Eave Swallow.

163. Cotile riparia (L.) Boie. B 220. c 115. R 157.

Bank Swallow.

164. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.) Bd. B 230. c lie. R 158.

Rough-winged Swallow.

165. Progne subis (L.) Bd. B 231. c m. R 152.

Purple Martin.

166. Ampelis garrulus L. B 232. c us. R iso.

Bohemian Waxwing.

167. Ampelis cedrorum (V.) Bd. B 233. c no. R 151.

Cedar Waxwing.

168. Phainopepla nitens (Sw.) Scl. B 234. c 120. R 26.

Black Ptilogonys.

162. Pet-r5-chgl-i'-don lu'-ni-frons. Gr. ire-rpa, a rock, and x^'S^". a swallow; alluding to

the places where the nests are often built. — Lat. luna, the moon, that is, a crescent, anil
frons, the forehead or front ; referring to the white frontal crescent. Luna is contracted
from Lucina, a proper name, epithet of Juno, from lucco, I shine ; lux, light.

163. C6'-ti-le ri-par'-I-a. The generic name was originally written Cotile by Boie, afterward

by him Cohjle. The latter orthography came into general use, the alleged etymology
being KOTV\IJ, a cup, in supposed allusion to the excavations in which the bird nests.
The proper orthography is Cotile, from KWTI\O.S, the swallow ; literally, the twitterer,
babbler, prattler, from Kiart\\ta, I prate. (See Wharton, Ibis, October, 1879, p. 451 ; and
Coues, Bull. Nuttall Club, April, 1880, p. 90.) — Lat. riparia, riparian: ripa, the bank of
a stream.

164. Stel-gl-dop'-te-ryx ser-rl-pen'-ms. Gr. <rre\yls or ffr\tyy'ts, a scraper; and -irrf'pv^, wing.

— Lat. serri/iennis, saw-feathered ; serra, a saw, penna, a feather. Both words mean sub-
stantially the same thing, having reference to the peculiar structure of the outer web of
the first primary.

165. Prog'-ne sub'-Is. Lat. Progne; see Iridoprocne, No. 160. — Lat. sulis, a word not known

except as applied by Pliny to a bird said to break eagles' eggs ; application in this case
unknown.

166. Am'-pe-Hs gar'-ru-lus. Gr. apveXis, or &fj.ire\os, the grapevine; also, a small bird which

frequented vineyards, by some conjectured to be the present species ; djuireAiou/ also
occurs as the name of a bird. — Lat. garruhis, garrulous, loquacious, from yarrio, I
chatter (Gr. yripvai or yapvw, I speak, yrjpvs or yapvs, voice) ; also, as substantive, a
jay-bird, which is the implication in this case.

167. A. ced-ro'-rum. Lat. ccdrus, genitive plural cedrorum, the cedar ; Gr. KfSpos.

168. Pha-I-nS-pep'-la nit'-ens. Dr. Sclater says (Ibis, 1879, p. 223) that he formed the word

from (f>a.€ti>6s, shining, and that it should be written as above, as he originally did.
This, however, is merely a poetic form, from <t>a.fiv<a, itself poetic for (paivw. It would
appear to be most naturally written P/tmiopeplo, like phenomenon, phtpnorjamous, &c., from
the same source ; but if the orthography Phuinopepla, in five syllables, be preserved, it
can be easily defended. Gr. Tre'irAa, poetic plural of TreVAos, a robe. — Lat. nitens, present
participle from niteo, I shine.

44 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

169. Myiadestes townsendi (Aud.) Cab. B 235. c 121. R 25.

Townsend's Flycatching Thrush.

170. Vireo olivaceus (L.) V. B 240. c 122. R 135.

Red-eyed Greenlet.

171. Vireo flaviviridis Cass. B 241. c — . R isc.

Yellow-green Greenlet.

172. Vireo altiloquus barbatulus (Cab.) Coues. B 243. c 123. R 137.

Black-whiskered Greenlet.

173. Vireo philadelphicus Cass. B 244. c 124. R 138.

Brotherly-love Greenlet.

174. Vireo gilvus (V.) Bp. B 245. c 125. R 139.

Warbling Greenlet.

175. Vireo gilvus swainsoni Bd. B — . c i25a. R isoa.

Western Warbling Greenlet.

176. Vireo flavifrons V. B 252. c 126. R 140.

Yellow-throated Greenlet.

177. Vireo solitarius V. B 250. c 127. R 141.

Blue-headed Greenlet.

178. Vireo solitarius cassini (Xantus) Ridg. B 251. c — . R i4ia. (?)

Cassin's Greenlet.

169. Myl-a-des'-tes [mweeadaystace] town'-send-I. Gr. /j.v'ia, a fly, and fSfffr-fis, an eater;

tSca, or f8o/j.ai, I eat; see Myiodioctes, No. 146. (Not to be written Myiadectes, as if fly-
" taker," Muscicapa, from fj.v7a and Se/cr^s, from Se'xo^ai). — To J. K. Townsend, from
wliom Audubon received many new birds, and to whom lie dedicated several.

170. Vlr'-g-o [vlr'ryoh, not vi'reo] 61-I-va'-c6-us. Lat. vireo, a kind of bird, from vireo, I am

green or flourishing. — Late Lat. olu-aceus, olive-like, olive-colored ; green obscured with
neutral tint ; oliva, the olive, from olea, Gr. t\ala, the olive-tree ; whence oleum, Gr.
t\aiov, Eng. oil, oleaginous, &c.

171. V. fla-vl-vir'-l-dis. Lat. Jlavus, yellow, and viridis, green, from vireo. See Auriparus,

No. 56. Commonly but wrongly written flavoviridis.

This species is not in the first ed. of the Check List; it has only recently been dis-
covered in the United States, in Texas, by J. C. Merrill.

172. V. al-tI'-16-qQus bar-ba'-tu-lus. Lat. altus, high, from alo, I bear up, sustain, and

loquiis, an adjective from loqnor, I speak ; pronounced ahlty'lockwooce, like ventri'loquisl,
grandi'loquent, &c. — Lat. barbatnhts, having a small beard; barbatus, bearded; barba, a
beard. The allusion is to the dusky maxillary streaks.
1 73. V. phll-a-del'-phl-cus. See Geothlypis phlladflpJn'a, No. 142.

174. V. gll'-vus [7 hard]. Lat. gilvus, gilbus, galbus, hehms, yellowish, greenish-yellow ; German

gc!6, Ital. r/ia/lo, A. S. gelew, geoluwe. ; related to fulvus, Jlavus, &c.

175. V. g. swam'-s5n-I. To William Swainson.

176. V. fla'-vl-frons. Lat. Jlavus, yellow ; frons, forehead. See Auriparus, No. 56.

OBS. — It would appear from B. C.V., i, 1878, p. 494, that the proper name of this species
is V. 5ch-r8-leu'-cus (Gm.) Coues. Gr. wxpos, ochraceous, yellowish, and \tvn6s, white.

177. V. sS-li-ta'-rt-us. Lat. solitarius, solitary ; solus, alone.

178. V. cas'-sin-i. To John Cassin, of Philadelphia, sometime the "Nestor of American

ornithology " ; the only ornithologist America ever produced who knew any consider-
able number of Old World birds. — Not in the orig. ed. ; since recognized.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 45

179. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues) Allen. B — . c 1270. R HI&.

Plumbeous Greenlet.

180. Vireo vicinior Coucs. B — . c 128. R 147.

Gray Greenlet.

181. Vireo noveboracensis (Gm.) Bp. B 248. c 120. R 143.

White-eyed Greenlet.

182. Vireo huttoni Cass. B 249. c iso. R 144.

Hutton's Greenlet.

183. Vireo belli Aucl. B 246. c isi. R 145.

Bell's Greenlet.

184. Vireo pusillus Coues. B — . c 132. R 146.

Least Greenlet.

185. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. B 247. c 133. R 142.

Black-capped Greenlet.

186. Lanius borealis V. B 236. c 134. R 148.

Great Northern Shrike; Butcherbird.

187. Lanius ludovicianus L. B 237. c 135. R 149.

Loggerhead Shrike.

188. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Sw.) Coues. B238. c 135«. Ri49a.

White-rumped Shrike.

179. V. s. plum'-bg-us. Lat. plumbeus, plumbeous, lead-colored ; plumbum, lead.

180. V. vi-ci'-ni-or. Lat. comparative degree of viclnus, neighboring ; vicinia, a neighborhood

or vicinity ; this from vicits, digammated from Gr. O!KOS, a house. The allusion is to the
close resemblance of the species to others.

181. V. nov-g-bor-a-cen'-sls. Very late Latin for of, or pertaining to, New York; novus, new,

and eboracensis, pertaining to Eboracum, the old name of York, England ; Noueboracum is
literally New York.

182. V. hut'-t5n-I. To William Hutton, of Monterey, California.

183. V. bgl'-li. To J. G. Bell, of New York, for many years the most skilful and most distin-

guished taxidermist of America.

184. V. pu-sil'-lus. See Silta pusllla, No. 60.

185. V. a-tri-cap-il'-lus. Lat. ater, atra, black ; the opposite of rtllms. It properly means dead

black, as niger does glossy black, which latter would have been better in this case.
Capillus, hair of the head, from caput, head ; whence English capillary, thready.

186. Lan'-I-us b6r-g-a'-lls. Lat. lanius, a butcher; from lanio, I rend, lacerate. See Falco,

No. 502. — Lat. boreas, the north wind, /(. e., the north ; whence borealis, northern.

For reason of the generic change from Collurio of the orig. ed. of the Check List, and
for Shrikes' names in general, see Birds Colorado Valley, i, 1878, p. 537 et seq.

187. L. lu-do-vl-cl-a'-nus. Lat. Ludovicus, Louis, a proper name. The application here is to

the Territory of Louisiana, formerly of great extent. See Thryothorus, No. 68.

188. L. ex-cub-T-to-ri'-des. Lat. excubilor, a watchman, sentinel, from ex, out of, and cubitor,

one who lies down, from cubo ; i. e., an out-licr. The termination of the word is the Gr.
eTSos, appearance or resemblance (ei5a>, I see). There is a difference in the orthography
of the word: it has pftenest been written excubitoroides, and pronounced in six syllables,
with the accent on the penult. But if this spelling is used, it should be excubiloroldes,

46 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

189. Hesperophona vespertina (Coop.) Bp. B sos. c 136. R 165.

Evening Grosbeak.

190. Pinicola enucleator (L.) V. B 304. c 137. R 166.

Pine Grosbeak.

191. Pyrrhula cassini (Bd.) Tristr. B — . c iss. R IGT. (!A.)

Cassiu's Bullfinch.

192. Passer domesticus (L.) Koch. B — . c m. R — . [imp. and Nat.]

Philip Sparrow.

with the diasresis over the i, and consequently making seven syllables. So long a word
is therefore preferably shortened by omitting the connecting vowel o; which, with the
usual change of Gr. el to long i in Latin, gives the above spelling and pronunciation.
The full number of letters in the compound is excubitorieides.

189. Hes-pgr-6-pho'-na ves-per-ti'-na. Gr. eoWpo, Hesperus, the west, the place of sunset

(x^pa, region, being understood); hence, the evening; and <f>wf], the voice; <$><aviia, I
speak; <£a&>, <prj^i, related to (paivu, &c. — Lat. Vespertinus, pertaining to the evening,
Vesperus being the same as Hesperus. — The genus-name is universally written Htsperi-
phona, as Bonaparte originally spelled it, but the above is certainly correct, as it is pure
Greek for what Vesjtensona would be the Latin of. The pleonastic name signalizes a
belief, formerly entertained, that the bird sings chiefly at evening. — Grosbeak or grossbeak
is corrupted from the Fr. grosbec, thick-bill.

190. Pi-ni'-co-la e-nu-cl€-a'-tor. Lat. pinus, a pine, and incola, an inhabitant, from colo, I

cultivate ; formed like many other words in -co/a, as saxicola, agricola, &c. — Lat. enucleator,
one who " shells out," or enucleates ; from enucleo, I take out the kernel ; nucleus, the
nucleus or kernel, this from nux, a nut. The two words indicate the characteristic
habitat and habit of the bird.

191. Pyr'-rhu-la cas'-sin-i. Lat. pyrrlnda, a bullfinch; a diminutive of PyrrJnis, a proper

name ; Gr. irvppos, fiery-red, from irvp, fire ; in allusion to the bright color of the bird. —
To John Cassin.

It is still uncertain what relation this bird may best be considered to bear to the Old
World form P. coccinea, as no Alaskan specimens, since the type, have been forthcoming.
We give it as it stands in the body of the orig. ed. of the Check List.

NOTE. — Another species of this genus has lately been reported from Greenland by
Kumlein (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 15, p. 74; 1879) ; but the case remains very dubious.

192. Pas'-ser dom-es'-tl-cus. Many interesting words are grouped about this ubiquitous bird,

which has been named in nearly or quite all civilized languages ; some of them may be
here noticed. — 1. Passer domesticus, literally "house sparrow," is itself a very old Latin
biblionym, though used for less than a century as a technical term. Passer is good
Latin for sparrow, and particularly for this very species, which is said to have been
noted, if not named, for its salacity ; but the etymology of this word is unknown to us,
as it also appears to be to the authors of several lexicons; one says passer for padser,
from pando, I spread. Passer seems to have become of general signification, almost as
broad as English " bird " or " fowl." The Ital. is passera, passere, passara, and this lan-
guage also had passer domesticus in passara cazaremja. The word passes directly into the
Fr. passerat, passereau, and to the Eng. technical adjective passerine, sparrow-like; while
the Span, paxaro (as if pacsaro) or pajaro is apparently the same. — 2. The Gr. name
for this species was ffrpov66s, in Aristotle ; which in modern technic has become, in the
form strulftio, the name of the ostrich, Struthio camelus L., and has given our Eng. adjec-
tive strut/lions, ostrich-like. The actual application to the ostrich, however, dates back to
Aristotle, whose o-rpovQAs 6 tv Atftur), or Libyan fowl, was the ostrich — like the Lat.
passer martinis, i. i]., the bird brought from over the sea. — 3. The Gr. word Trvpyi-nqs, from
irvpyos, a tower, and meaning a dweller in the tower, has been of late years used to some

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 47

193. Passer moiitaims (L.). B — . c — . R — . [imp. and Nat.]

European Tree Sparrow.

194. Carpodacus purpureus (Gm.) Gr. B sos. c 139. R 168.

Purple Finch.

195. Carpodacus cassini Bd. B SOT. c 140. R 169.

Cassin's Purple Finch.

196. Carpodacus frontalis (Say) Gr. B 308. c 141. R no.

Crimson-fronted Finch ; House Finch ; Burion.

extent as the generic mime, under the form Pyrgita: though having originally no refer-
ence to the species whatever, it is a very apt designation of a bird which nests so habit-
ually about buildings. — 4. The word FringiUa, one of a large group, giving name to the
Finch family, Frinyillidie, and to the English adjective frinyilline, is the origin of the
word finch itself ; though it is only for about a century that it has had any thing to do
with the present species. Friny'dlu is the Latin nnme of the same bird that the Greeks
called ffirifa or ffirifa, spiza, the F. cuclebs L., English Chaffinch. Frlnyilla or frinr/uilla has
been derived by some from frango, I break, as the bird does seeds (just as we have in
Gr. 6\viris or 6pavwis). But its etymology appears when we regard the non-nasalized
form friyllla, from friyutio or friyultio (= frinyutio or fringultio, formed like singultio, I
hiccup), I twitter, chirp, stammer; these words being themselves lengthened from
friynlo, I croak, as a crow, and this from friyo, I squeak, squeal. (Cf. Gr. <ppvyca, and the
actual (ppuyi\os, the name of a bird in Aristophanes, and source of the modern genus
Freyilus, a jackdaw. The idea seems to be some short sharp sound, as the hissing,
sizzling of something cooking, — friyo or (ppv-yca, I cook.) Fi-inylllu reappears in several
Italian forms, from two of which two series of words branch off; from such nsfringuello,
frinco, are derived, with loss of the r, Germ, ftiuf, finf, and Eng. Jinch ; while from sucli
as frinsone we pass through yrinson, quinson, pinson, or later Fr. pinion to Eng. spink, a
name of F. Calebs. — 5. An entirely different set of words gives the pedigree of modern
Eng. sparrow, back from which we pass to sparrowe, or sparowe, or sparwe, Gothic spar tea
or sparva, A. S. spearwa ; related forms being spiirr, spar, sper, spurr, spun; sparf, spatz, sperij,
sperk, sperlinyk, round again to the present Germ, fperling or fiaittffpcrltng, housesparrow, passer
domesticus. — 6. Eng. sparrow also curiously leads us back again to Latin, through such
a form as sparva, Latinized as span-ins; so, also, Falco sparverius, i. q. friny'dlarius,
cnrt^'ias, Fr. espervier or e'pervif.r, anglice sparrow-hawk. — 7. There is said to be an old
Flemish name mousche for this bird, which may not improbably connect with O. Fr.
moncet, moisson. — 8. The present Fr. is moineau, or moineau franc, or moineau de rilJe. —
9. Several languages have applied cant names to this sturdy vulgarian ; Span, aorrion,
thief, rogue, scamp ; Fr. gamin ; American tramp, hoodlum. — 10. An onomatopoeia as
interesting as Frlnyilla itself has arisen from the sharp, abrupt, dissyllabic note. This is
represented by the syllables yellop (cf. Gr. f\\6ir-os), //clli/p, or pity/lap, easily becoming
Philip. Early in the sixteenth century appear the ' Boke of Phyllup Sparrowe " and the
"Praise of Philip Sparrow "; and this name is Shakspearian.
Introduced, but now thoroughly naturalized everywhere.

1 93. P. mon-ta'-nus. Lat. montanus, of mountains.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since introduced from Europe, and naturalized in some places.

194. Car-p6'-da-cus pur-pur'-g-us. Gr. KapirSs, a fruit, and Sdxos, from Sawiw, I bite ; 2cl aorist

toaxov, or SaKov. — Lat. purpureus, purple ; Gr. iropQvpeos, English porphyry, &c. ; cf.
Trvp<p6pos (irup, <f>fp<a} the fire-bearer, an epithet of Prometheus. — The quantity of the
penult is in question; we usually hear carpodd'-cus in this country; but carpS'-dacusiS'
preferable.

195. C. cas'-sln-i. To John Cassin.

196. C. fron-ta'-lis. "Lat. frontalis, relating to the forehead; frons, forehead, front.

48 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

197. Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus (Cab.) Ridg. B — . c I4io. R noa.

Rose-breasted Fincli.

198. Loxia leucoptera Gm. B 319. c 142. R m.

White-winged Crossbill.

199. Loxia curvirostra americana (Wils.) Coues. B sis. c 143. R 172.

Common American Crossbill.

200. Loxia curvirostra mexicana (Strickl.) Coues. B — . c I43a. R i72a.

Mexican Crossbill.

201. Leucosticte atrata Ridg. B — . c — . R 176.

Ridgway's Rosy Finch.

202. Leucosticte australis Allen. B — . c — . R 177.

Allen's Rosy Finch.

203. Leucosticte tephrocotis Sw. B 322. c 144. R 175.

Swainson's Rosy Finch.

204. Leucosticte tephrocotis litoralis (Bd.) Cones. B — . c — R i75a.

Baird's Rosy Finch.

197. C. f. rh6-d6-col'-pus. Gr. p6Sov, the rose, and /CO'ATTOS, the breast; in allusion to the rose-

red color of that part.

The form C.f. hamorrkous, given in the orig. ed. of the Check List, is the Mexican
race; the above should replace No. 141a.

198. L6x'-I-a Ieu-c5p'-t£-ra. Gr. A.o|/as, an epithet of Apollo, whose oracles were sometimes

obscure or equivocal; from Ao|os, oblique, devious, deviating from a straight line; very
pertinent to the Crossbill. — Gr. \evK<is, white, and irrep6v, wing.

199. L. cur-vi-ros'-tra. Lat. curvus, curved ; and rostrum, bill. In this and numberless similar

cases of a noun compounded with an antecedent adjective, the whole word is treated as
an adjective, capable of inflection according to gender. Thus curvirostra is as if curviros-
ter or curvirostr-us, -a, -urn. So we even find loiujicaud-us, -a, -um, like auricom-us, -a, -urn,
and the Vergilian centiman-us, -a, -um. In such a case as the present, the adjectival form
curvirostris (like -ventris) might be more elegant. But curvirostra has the sanction of
several centuries' use as a noun, having apparently been invented as a Latin synonym
of Loxia ; it is not, however, classic. Other synonyms are crucirostra, cruel/era, cruciata ;
Fr. Bec-croise', Germ, ^trcujjf^nabet, &c.

200. L. c. mex-I-ca'-na. Lat. mexicana, of Mexico. See Sialia, No. 28.

291. Leu-co-stic'-te a-tra'-ta. Gr. Asu/co's, white, and crriKT-fi, variegated; from a-rtfa, I punc-
ture, brand, or mark. — Lat. atrata, blackened ; a participial adjective, from an obsolete
or rather hypothetical verb atro.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List ; described from Colorado by Ridgway, Amer.
Sportsm., iv, No. 16, p. 241, July 18, 1874.

202. L. aus-tra'-lls. Lat. australis, southern; from ouster, the south wind, hot and dry; this

from Gr. atiu, I dry up or parch.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List, as then not supposed valid.

203. L. teph-rS-co'-tts. Gr. re<f>pos, gray, ashy, from retypa, ashes ; and ous, genitive wr6s, the

ear ; the connective consonant c being introduced for euphony.

204. L. t. li-tQr-a'-lis. Lat. litoralis, littoral ; from lit us, the shore, of sea, lake, or river. The

word is commonly written littoralis, but preferably as above.

Not in the first ed. of the Check List, as not then supposed to be valid.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 49

205. Leucosticte griseinucha (Brandt) Bd. B 323. c I44a. R 174.

Brandos Rosy Finch.

206. Leucosticte arctoa (Pull.) Bp. B 324. c 145. R — .

Pallas's Rosy Finch.

207. JEgiothus linaria (L.) Cab. B 320. c 146, i4Ga. R 179.

Common Red-poll.

208. .aUgiothus linaria holboelli (Brehm) Coues. B — . c — . R I79a. (?)

Holboll's Red-poll.

209. JEgiothus hornemanni (Holb.) Coues. B 321. c — . R 178. (G.)

Greenland Mealy Red-poll.

210. ./Egiothus exilipes Coues. B — . c 1466. R 178«.

American Mealy Red-poll4

211. Linota flavirostris brewsteri (Ridg.) Coues. B — . c 147. R 180. (?)

Brewster's Linnet.

205. L. grls-el-nu'-cha. Lat. griseus, gray, and nucha, the nape or scruff of the neck. Neither

part of the word is classic ; griseus is Latinized from such a word as seen in Fr. grisr
Ital. griso, English grisly ; and nucha, a technical word in ornithology, is Latinized from
Fr. nuque, the nape (A. S. cnaep, a knob, knoll), which is the same as Gaelic CHOC, Welsh
crnvc. Nape is thus closely related to neck itself; A. S. hnecca, Dan. nakke, Dutch nak
or nek, Germ, nacfen, &c.

206. L. arc-t5'-a. Gr. &PKTOS, a bear; also, the constellation; hence, the north; adjective

apKTtaos, same as apKTiKos, northern, whence Lat. arctous and arcticus, of same signi-
fication.

207. Aeg-i'-6-thus H-na'-rl-a. Gr. Alyio8os, given by Cabanis as a proper name : supposably

derived from cuyis, a goat-skin, or ffigis, and Tidij^i, to put or place, as if the shield-
bearer, like vEgisthus. The application is far from being evident. The word is
probably only another form of cdyiOos, the name. of an unknown bird, occurring in
Aristotle, Hist. ix. 1, conjectured by some to be this very species. — Lat. linaria;
from linum (Gr. \ivov], flax ; the root is seen in many words, as line, linear, linen, lint,
linnet, &c.

208. A. 1. hol'-boel-H. To Carl v. Holboll, a Danish naturalist, chiefly known in ornithology

for his researches in Greenland.

Not recognized in the first ed. of the Check List.

209. A. horn'-g-man-m. To Hornemann, who had to do with Greenland birds.

This species is not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. It is only American inasmuch
as it is found in Greenland. It is absolutely confined to that country, and is the bird
usually quoted as Greenlandic " canescens."

210. A. ex-il'-I-pes. Lat. exilis (for exigilis, from exigo), small, slender, £c., and pes, foot. See

Ardetta, No. 667.

211. Li-no'-ta fla-vl-ros'-tris brews'-tSr-I. See Linaria, above : the word is not classic, being

directly Latinized from the Fr. linotte, one of the numberless words from linum, linea,
&c. — Lat. ^flavirostris, yellow-billed. — To William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass., an
excellent ornithologist.

This is questionably North American, and questionably a good species.

50 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

212. Chrysomitris pimis (Bartr.) Bp. B 317. c 148. R 185.

'Piue Linnet; American Siskin.

213. Astragalinns tristis (L.) Cab. B 313. c 149. R 181.

American Goldfinch.

214. Astragalinus lawrencii (Cass.) Coues. B SIG. c iso. R 183.

Lawrence's Goldfinch.

215. Astragalinus psaltria (Say) Coues. B 314. c 151. R 182.

Arkansaw Goldfinch.

216. Astragalinus psaltria arizonse Coues. B — . c i5i«. R 182«.

Arizona Goldfinch.

212. Chry-s6-mi'-trls pi'-nus. Gr. xp^fo/JLtrpis, having a golden head-dress or girdle ; XPV(T*OS>

golden, and /j.irpa, a mitre. There are other forms of the word, varying in the vowels, as
Xpv(rofj.irpr]s and xpf"'°j"*5Tf"s- The latter, whieh occurs in Aristotle, is translated aurivittis
by Gaza ; as Sundwall remarks, heightening the probability that it is the same word as
Xpv(rofj.irpr)s, and is based upon the bright appearance of the European Goldfinch, F.
carduelis L. — Some other names of classic origin for the Goldfinch and its relatives may
be here conveniently noted. Aristotle had three species of " Acanthophuga " as he called
them ; i. e., birds living upon prickly plants ; as we should say, "thistle-birds." 1. One
of these was the Opaviris or 6\vir(s, concerning which see Geothlypis, No. 141. 2. The
Xpvo-opriTpis, as just said. 3. His atcavOls, which was undoubtedly the Fringilla canna-
bina L. This in Latin becomes spinus, of late years taken as the specific name of F.
spinus L. — The exact Latin of "thistle-bird" is carduelis, occurring in Pliny; it is from
carduus, a thistle, and reappears in numerous shapes ; as Ital. carduello, cardello ; carduelino,
cardel/ino (compare Cardellina, No. 150), and also gardcllo and gardellino; Fr. chardonneret,
&c. Aristotle speaks of the sharp voice of his a.Kav6is — \iyvpa. ; whence ligurinus, another
of the many names for birds of this kind. So have we later derived siskin from the
sharp note ; Swedish siska, Dutch sijsken, Germ, jteftg, Polish czyz, &c. — Another Greek
name for some kind of thistle-bird, perhaps the European Goldfinch, is ao-Tpayakwos, in
1850 applied by Cabanis to the American Goldfinch, as a generic term : see next word.
— Lat. pinus, a pine-tree.

213. As-tra-ga-li'-nus trls'-tis. Gr. a<TTpaya\7vos is given by Cabanis as the word, and as a

name of a thistle-bird ; it is evidently an adjectival form from a.ffTpdya\os, a die, one
of the ankle-bones, and also, in Dioscorides, the name of some kind of plant ; whence
the modern botanical genus Astragalus. The original application of o.ffrpayaK'ivos is
undoubtedly to some bird that lived upon, or frequented, the plant in mention, its recent
transference to an American Goldfinch being of course arbitrary. When the present
species was first described it was called chardonneret de I'Am&rique, i. e., carduelis ameri-
cana: see No. 212. — Lat. tristis, sad, in allusion to the plaintive cry of the bird.

214. A. law-rgn'-ci-I. To George N. Lawrence, of New York, the eminent ornithologist.

215. A. psal'-tri-a. See explanation of Psaltriparus, No. 53. Psaltria is not a Lat. adj.

to be made agreeable in gender with Astragalinus, but a Greek noun, ^/d\rpia., signifying
a female lutist. "Arkansaw" is not, as it would seem to be, "Kansas" with a prefix,
nor is it the name by which the aborigines of that country knew themselves; nor is
" Kansas " the right name of any tribe of Indians. The meaning of neither of these
words is known. "Arkansaw" is preferable to Arkansas, as nearer the original
" Arkanso."

216. A. p. a-rl-zo'-nae. Named after the Territory of Arizona, where discovered in 1864.

See Peuccea, No. 253.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 51

217. Astragalinus psaltria mexicanus (Sw.) Coues. B 315. c 151&. R 1826.

Mexican Goldfinch.

218. Astragalinus notatus (Du Bus) Coues. B sio. c — . R 184. (!M.)

Black-headed Goldfinch.

219. Plectrophanes nivalis (L.) Meyer. B325. c 152. R 186.

Snow Bunting ; Snowflake.

220. Centrophaiies lapponicus (L.) Kaup. B 326. c 153. R 187.

Lapland Longspur.

221. Centrophanes pictus (Sw.) Cab. B 327. c 154. R 188.

Painted Longspur.

222. Centrophanes ornatus (Towns.) Cab. B 328, 329. c 155. R 189.

Chestnut-collared Longspur.

223. Rhynchophanes maccowni (Lawr.) Bd. B 330. c 156. R 190.

Maccown's Longspur.

224. Passerculus bairdi (Aud.) Coues. B ssi. c 157, i57&is. R 101.

Baird's Savanna Sparrow.

217. A. p. mex-I-ca'-na. Lat. mexicanus, of Mexico. See Sialia, No. 28.

218. A. not-a'-tus. Lat. notatus, noted, marked ; noto, I make note of. In allusion to the dis-

tinction between tin's species and C. mayellanicus.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Said by Audubon to have been actually
taken in Kentucky. (?)

219. Plec-tro'-pha-nes niv-a'-lis. The Gr. ir\i]Krpov, or Lat. plectrum, was an instrument foi'

striking the lyre, from ir\-fi<rffw, I strike ; also used for a quill, a spur, &c. ; the meaning
in this case is the hind claw of the bird, which is remarkably long and straight. The
rest of the word is from <pa.ivu, to appear, to seem, &c., the claw in mention being likened
to the instrument spoken of. Obs. There is continual difference in opinion respecting
the pronunciation of this and similar words, according to whether we consider them as
Greek or as Latin. The rule in Greek would retain the accent upon the root of each word
entering into the composition, giving Plec'-tro-pha"-nes. But in Latinizing it is allowable,
and indeed preferable, to accent as above ; as we have also done in the cases of Helmin-
tho'phaga, Lopho'phanes, &c. The gender of the many coined words ending in -phones is
practically in question among ornithologists ; we make them masculine.

220. Cen-tro'-pha-nes lap-pon'-I-cus. Gr. Kevrpov, a prick, nail, claw, &c., from Kfvrfai, I

prick or goad. The reference, as in the case of Plectrophanes, is to the long hind claw.
See Plectrophanes. — Lat. lapponicus, pertaining to Lapland, formerly Lapponia.

221. C. pic'-tus. Lat. pictus, painted, from pingo, I paint or ornament; in allusion to th"

variegated colors.

222. C. 6r-na'-tus. Lat. ornatus, adorned, decorated, from orno, I ornament.

223. Rhyn-ch6'-pha-nes mac-cown'-I. Gr. pvyxos, snout, muzzle, beak, and tpaivu ; in allu-

sion to the large bill. See Plectrophanes. — To Capt. J. P. McCown, then of the U. S.
Army.

224. Pas-ser'-cu-lus baird'-I. Lat. passcradus, a little sparrow; diminutive of passer. — To

Spencer F. Baird, long time the leader in North American ornithology.

Centronyx ochrocephalus, No. 157 bis of the first ed., is this species in fall plumage.

52 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

225. Passerculus princeps Mayn. B — . c us. R 192.

Ipswich Savanna Sparrow.

226. Passerculus sandvicensis (Gm.) Bd. B 333. c 1596. R 193.

Sandwich Savanna Sparrow.

227. Passerculus sandvicensis savana (Wils.) Ridg. B332. c 159. R i93a.

Common Savanna Sparrow.

228. Passerculus sandvicensis anthinus (Bp.) Coues. B334. c I59a. R 194.

Pipit Savanna Sparrow.

229. Passerculus sandvicensis alaudinus (Bp.) Ridg. B 335. c — . R 1936.

Lark Savanna Sparrow.

230. Passerculus rostratus (Cass.) Bd. B 336. c IGO. R 196.

Beaked Savanna Sparrow.

231. Passerculus guttatus Lawr. B — . c i60a. R 195.

St. Lucas Savanna Sparrow.

232. Pocecetes gramineus (Gm.) Bd. B 337. c iei. R 197.

Bay-winged Bunting; Grass Finch.

233. Pocecetes gramineus confinis Bd. B — . c i6ia. R 197«.

Western Grass Finch.

234. Coturniculus passerinus (Wils.) Bp. B 338. c 162. R 198.

Yellow-winged Sparrow.

225. P. prin'-ceps. Lat. princeps, first, principal ; from primus, first, and -ceps.

226. P. sand-vi-cen'-sis. Named after Sandwich Island, one of the Kurile or Aleutian Archi-

pelago.

227. P. s. sa-va'-na. Properly Span, sabana or sarana, anglicized savanna or savannah, a

meadow. As a quasi-Latin word, it should have but one n, as in the Spanish. The
quantity of the penult is marked by the general rule for accentuation in Spanish, that
words ending in a vowel have the accent on the penult.

228. P. s. an-thi'-nus. Arbitrarily formed from anthus, a pipit, which see, No. 89.

229. P. s. al-aud-i'-nus. Arbitrarily formed from Lat. alauda, a lark ; this from the Celtic al,

high, and and, song.

Not in the orig. ed., as then not recognized as valid.

230. P. ros-tra'-tiis. Lat. rostratus, beaked, i. e., having a large beak ; rostrum, a beak ; this from

rodo, to gnaw, corrode, &c.

231. P. gut-ta'-tus. Lat. guttatus, spotted, speckled; from gutta, a drop; as if marked with

droppings.

232. P6-oe'-c6-tes gra-min'-e'-us. Gr. ir6a, irota, ir6rj, iroirj, grass, herbage ; and oi/ee-njs, an

inhabitant ; from of/cos, a dwelling. The orthography of this word has been unsettled :
it was first written Pooccetes by Baird in 1858, and has since been variously spelled.
The stem of the first word is iro, giving po-; and o'lKfrrjs becomes in Latin cecetes ; the
above form seems eligible, as first emended by Sclater in 1859. It may be susceptible,
but not preferably, of further contraction into Pacetes. — Lat. gramineus, grassy, figura-
tively applied to a bird that lives much in the grass ; gramen, grass.

233. P. g. c5n-fl'-nls. Lat. confinis, like affinis, allied to, &c. ; con, with, and finis, the boundary,

limit, edge, or end of a thing.

234. Co-tur-nl'-cu-lus pas-sgr-I'-nus. Arbitrary diminutive of coturnix, a quail ; said to be

so called from the resemblance of the sound of its voice to the sound of the word. —
Passerinus, an arbitrary adjective from passer, a sparrow ; sparrowlike.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 53

235. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus Ridg. B — . c 162«. R i98a.

Bleached Yellow-winged Sparrow.

236. Coturniculus henslowi (Aud.) Bp. B 339. c ics. R 199.

Henslow's Sparrow.

237. Coturniculus lecontii (Aud.) Bp. B 340. c 164. R 200.

Le Conte's Sparrow.

238. Ammodramus maritimus (Wils.) Sw. B 342. c 165. R 202.

Seaside Finch.

239. Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens Ridg. B — . c 165«. R 203.

Floridan Seaside Finch.

240. Ammodramus caudacutus (Wils.) Sw. B 341. c 166. R 201.

Sharp-tailed Finch.

241. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen. B — . c — . R 20ia.

Nelson's Sharp-tailed Finch.

242. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.) Bd. B 368. c 167. R 234.

Lincoln's Song Sparrow.

243. Melospiza palustris (Bartr.) Bd. B 369. c 168. R 233.

Swamp Song Sparrow.

244. Melospiza fasciata (Gin.) Scott. B 363. c 169. R 231.

Song Sparrow.

235. C. p. per-pal'-ll-dus. Lat. pallidus, pallid, pale, and the intensive particle per.

236. C. hen'-slow-i. To Prof. J. S. Henslovv, of Cambridge, Eng.

237. C. Ig-con'-ti-I. To Dr. John L. Le Conte, of Philadelphia.

238. Am-mo'-dra-mus mar-it'-i-mus. Gr. &/j.fj.os, sand, sea-sand ; for the rest of the word, see

under Peucedramus, No. 110. The name was originally written as above by Swainson,
and we see no necessity of changing it to Ammodromus, It is commonly accented on the
penult. — Lat. maritimus, maritime ; mare, the sea.

239. A. m. nig-res'-cens. Lat. nigrescens, present participle of nigresco, I grow black; niger,

black.

240. A. caud-a-cu'-tus fkowclakootns not cordakewtus]. Lat. cauda, tail, and acutus, acute,

sharp ; cicus, a pin or point, Gr. O.KTJ or a/a's, whence the Lat. verb acuo, of which acutus
is the perfect participle.

241. A. c. nel'-son-i. To E. W. Nelson, of Illinois, who discovered it near Chicago.

Not in the orig. cd. Since described by Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, p. 03.

242. Mel-6-spi'-za lin'-col-ni. Gr. yue'Aos, a song, melody, and fftrlfr or ffir'ifr, some small bird ;

from fftrifa, I chirp. Not to be confounded, as some writers have done, with a-m^'ias, a
kind of hawk. The cnrify of Aristotle is supposed to be Fringilla cadels. — To Robert
Lincoln, sometime a companion of Audubon. — In strictness, the above generic name
should be pronounced melospeedzah ; and the / in lincolni be heard.

243. M. pal-us'-tris. Lat. palustris, pertaining to a swamp; from pains, a swamp.

244. M. fas-ci-a'-ta. Lat. fasciatim, striped ; /asm, a bundle of fagots. The allusion is to the

indistinct bands upon the tail feathers ; so obsolete arc they, in most cases, that it is
only recently that it has been admitted that this is the species described by Gmelin.
But the markings are as obvious, in some cases, as those on the tail of ChamcEa fasciata.
The species is given as M. mclodia in the orig. ed. of the Check List.

54 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

245. Melospiza fasciata fallax (Bd.) Riclg. B 367. c i69a. R 23ia.

Gray Song Sparrow.

246. Melospiza fasciata guttata (Nutt.) Ridg. B — . c IGO&. R 23id.

Oregon Song Sparrow.

247. Melospiza fasciata rufina (Brandt) Ridg. B sec. c icoc. R 23ie.

Rufous Song Sparrow.

248. Melospiza fasciata heermanni (Bd.) Ridg. B 304. c i69rf. R 2316.

Heermann's Song Sparrow.

249. Melospiza fasciata samuelis ( Bd.) Ridg. B 343, scs. c iG9e. R 23ic.

Samuels' Song Sparrow.

250. Melospiza cinerea (Gm.) Ridg. B — . c IGD/. R 232.

Bischoff's Song Sparrow.

251. Peucsea aestivalis (Licht.) Cab. B 370. c 170. R 226.

Bachman's Summer Finch.

252. Peucsea sestivalis illinoensis Ridg. B — . c — . R 226«.

Illinois Summer Finch.

253. Peucaea eestivalis arizon.se Ridg. B — . c 170«. R 227.

Arizona Summer Finch.

245. M. f. fal'-lax. Lat. futtax, false, fallacious, deceitful ; in allusion to the perplexity attend-

ing the attempt to distinguish it specifically from M. fasciata.

246. M. f. gut-ta'-ta. Lat. guttatus, spotted ; gutta, a drop.

247. M. f. ru-fi'-na. Lat. rufus, reddish, of which rujinus is an arbitrary form.

248. M. f. heer'-man-ni. To Dr. A. L. Heermann, of Philadelphia, sometime naturalist of the

Pacific R. R. Survey.

249. M. f. sam-u-e'-lis. To E. Samuels. Samuelis is more euphonic than the usual form

samuelsi would be.

This is M. gouldii of the first ed. of the Check List, the name now adopted having
, priority.

250. M. cm-er'-e-us. Lat. cinereus, ashy (-colored) : from cinis, genitive cineris, ash. So cin-

der, in-c/n-erate, &c.

This is M. insignis Bd. of the first ed. of the Check List. As Ridgway has shown
(Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 3) the "Cinereus Finch" of Pennant, on which Gmelin named
a Frinrjilla cinerea, from Unalashka, is this bird.

251. Peu-cae'-a aes-tl-va'-lis. Gr. irfvich, a pine; supposed to be from ITVKW, to prick, in allu-

sion to the " needles " of this tree. Lat. aestivalis = cestivus, pertaining to summer ;
cestas, summer.

252. P. a. Tl-H-n8-en'-sTs. To the State of Illinois, with the termination -ensis, indicating

locality. Illinois is the French corruption of the name by which the aborigines called
themselves — Illini, " the men."

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List ; since described by Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Club,
iv, 1879, p. 219.

253. P. a. a-rl-zo'-nae. To the Territory of Arizona. Arizona is probably a corruption of

Orazona, the significance of which is unknown ; but it may be observed that zona is the
word in the Opata language for the fruit of the inezcal, a characteristic product of the
region.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 55

254. Peucsea cassini (Woodk.) Bd. B 371. c ITO&M. R 228.

Cassia's Summer Finch.

255. Peucsea ruficeps (Cass.) Bd. B 372. c m. R 230.

Rufous-crowned Summer Finch.

256. Peucsea ruficeps boucardi (Scl.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 230a.

Boucard's Summer Finch.

257. Peucsea carpalis Coues. B — . c m6«*. R 229.

Bendire's Summer Finch.

258. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.) Coues. B 355. c 172. R 224.

Black-throated Finch.

259. Amphispiza belli (Cass.) Coues. B 356. c 173. R 225.

Bell's Finch.

260. Amphispiza belli nevadensis Ridg. B — . c i73a. R 225a.

Nevada Finch.

261. Junco hiemalis (L.) Scl. B 354. c 174. R 217.

Common Snowbird.

262. Junco hiemalis aikeni Ridg. B — . c I74a. R 216.

White-winged Snowbird.

254. P. cas'-sin-I. To John Cassin, of Philadelphia.

255. P. ru'-fi-ceps. Lat. rufus, reddish, and -ceps, a termination denoting the head ; from

K€<(>a\ri.

256. P. r. bou-car'-di. To Adolphe Boucard, a French naturalist, who collected in Mexico and

Central America.

257. P. car-pa'-lls. Gr. Kapiros, fruit, berry, grain; also, the wrist; Latinized as carpus. The

derivation supposed to be Kaptyco, I gather, as fruit ; Lat. carpo, I take, seize. The quasi-
Latin carpus is only used as signifying the wrist ; the adjective carpalis is an arbitrary
form, denoting of or pertaining to the wrist; carpus and carpal are common terms in
anatomy. The allusion is to the bright color on the carpal-joint of the bird's wing.

258. Am-phl-spi'-za bi-lin-g-a'-ta. Gr. d,u</>t, on both sides, and a-rrifr, a finch ; in allusion to

the close relation of the genus to those about it. See Melospfza, No. 242. Lat. bilineata,
two-lined; Ills, twice, and lineatus, striped; linea, a line: see Linaria, No. 207.
This is the Poospiza bilineata of the first ed. of the Check List.

259. A. bCl'-li. To J. G. Bell, of New York.

260. A. b. ngv-a-den'-sis. To the Territory of Nevada. It were better written nivadensis,\n

Latin, but is directly from the Spanish adjective ncvada, snowy, white as snow ; Lat.
nii-eus, snowy, from nix, genitive, niris, snow. The Territory was named for the snow-
capped peaks of its Sierras Nevadas.

261. Jun'-co [pronounced yooncoj hi-g-ma'-lls. Lat. juncus, a reed or rush; cf. junr/o, I join,

junctus, joined ; either, reeds growing densely together, or used as withes to bind with?
— For hiemalis, see Anorthura, No. 76.

262. J. h. ai'-kgn-i. To Charles E. Aiken, of Colorado, its discoverer.

This and several other connecting forms of Junco (Nos. 264, 266, 267) are not in
the orig. ed. of the Check List.

56 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

263. Junco hiemalis oregomis (Towns.) Coues. B 352. c ITS. R 218.

Oregon Snowbird.

264. Junco hiemalis annectens (Bd.) Coues. B — . c — . R 219.

Pink-sided Snowbird.

265. Junco hiemalis caniceps (Wooclh.) Coues. B 353. c 176. R 220.

Gray-headed Snowbird.

266. Junco hiemalis dorsalis (Heniy) Coues. B 351. c — . R 221.

Red-backed Snowbird.

267. Junco hiemalis cinereus (Sw.) Coues. B 350. c — . R 222.

Cinereous Snowbird.

268. Spizella monticola (Gm.) Bd. B 357. c 177. R 210.

Tree Chipping Sparrow.

269. Spizella domestica (Bartr.) Coues. B 359. c 178. R 211.

Chipping Sparrow ; Hairbird.

270. Spizella domestica arizonee Coues. B — . c i78a. R 2ii«.

Arizona Chipping Sparrow.

271. Spizella agrestis (Bartr.) Coues. B 358. c 179. R 214.

Field Chipping Sparrow.

272. Spizella pallida (Sw.) Bp. B 360. c iso. R 212.

Clay-colored Chipping Sparrow.

263. J. h. Sr-g'-gS-nus. To the Territory of the Oregon. The name is much in dispute; by

some derived from the name of a plant (origanum) growing there. It is probably, how-
ever, the Algonkin name of the " great river," the Columbia.

264. J. h. an-nec'-tens. Present participle of annecto, I join together, connect, annex; ad, to,

and necto, I fasten, join. The bird is very closely related to several others.

265. J. h. ca'-nl-ceps. Lat. canus, hoary, grayish white, and -ceps, the termination indicating

head, from «f<pa.\-i).

266. J. h. dor-sa'-Hs. Lat. dorsum, the back, whence the late Latin adjective, dorsalis.

267. J. h. cin-eV-g-us. Lat. cinereus, ashy (-colored) ; cinis, ash.

The true Mexican cinereus has been found in the United States (Arizona) since the
orig. ed. of the Check List appeared.

268. Spiz-el'-la [pronounced speedzaylla] mon-ti'-c5-la. An arbitrary diminutive, in Latin

form, from Gr. a-irlfa, a fin-ch. — Lat. monticola, a mountain-dweller, from mons, genitive
mentis, a mountain, and colo, I dwell. Mons is from a root min, whence emineo, for exam-
ple, I project ; eminent, imminent, prominent, and also the deponent verb minor, to threaten,
whence minatory, &c., are all allied.

269. S. d5m-es'-tl-ca. Lat. domestica, from domus, a house.

This is S. socialis of the orig. ed. of the Check List.

270. S. d. a-ri-z5'-nae. To the Territory of Arizona. See Peuccea, No. 253.

271. S. ag-res-tls. Lat. agrestis, of or pertaining to a field ; aye.r, a field, supposed by some to be

related to ago, as something that may be worked ; others say from the Gr. a-yp6s, land.
This is S. pusilla of the orig. ed. of the Check List.

272. S. pal'-ll-da. Lat. pallidus, pale, pallid.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 57

273. Spizella breweri Cass. B SGI. c isoa. R 212.

Brewer's Chipping Sparrow.

274. Spizella atrigularis (Cab.) Bd. B 362. c isi. R 215.

Black-chinned Chipping Sparro\v.

275. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gm.) Bp. B 349. c 182. R 209.

White-throated Crown Sparrow.

276. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.) Sw. B 345. c 183. R 200.

White-browed Crown Sparrow.

277. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia Ridg. B 346. c 1836. R 207a.

Intermediate Crown Sparrow.

278. Zonotrichia gambeli Nutt. B 346. c I83a. R 207.

Gambel's Crown Sparrow.

279. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall.) Bd. B 347. c 184. R 208.

Golden Crown Sparrow.

280. Zonotrichia querula (Nutt.) Gamb. B 348. c 185. R 205.

Harris's Crown Sparrow.

281. Chondestes grammicus (Say) Bp. B 344. cise. R 204, 204a.

Lark Finch.

273. S. brew'-gr-I. To Thomas Mayo Brewer, of Boston, long the leading oologist of the

United States.

This is given in the first ed. of the Check List as a var. of pallida.

274. S. a-trl-gul-a'-ris. Lat. ater, atra, atrum, black ; and gularis, pertaining to the throat ; gula,

the throat, gullet.

275. Zo-no-trich'-I-a [pronounced Dzonotreekeya] al-bl-col'-lls. Gr. &vn, a girdle, band,

zone, and rpixas or rpixuis, some kind of bird ; in allusion to the conspicuously banded
heads of sparrows of this group. Or, the latter part of the word may be directly from
rpixias (6pi£, genitive rptxos), hairy; i.e., having the head striped. — Lat. albicollis,
white-throated ; albus, white, and collum, the collar, neck.

276. Z. leu-co'-phrys. Gr. \eu/c<k, white, and oippvs, eyebrow.

277. Z. 1. In-ter-mgd'-T-a. Lat. intermedius, intermediate, between two things ; inter, between.

among, and medius, middle ; related to Gr. /ue'<roy, of same meaning.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discriminated both from leucophrys and from gambeli.

278. Z. gam'-bgl-i. To William Gambel, of Philadelphia, one of the pioneers in Californian

ornithology.

In the orig. ed. this is given as a var. of leucophrys; since decided to be distinct.

279. Z. cor-6-na'-ta. Lat. coronatus, crowned, participle of corono, I crown; corona, a crown.

Coronis or Koptavis was the name of a Thessalian princess ; also, a scroll with which
writers marked the end of a piece of writing — "finis coronal opus." Corone or Koptavrj
was also a crow or raven, into which the princess was fabled to have been transformed
by her spouse Apollo, and survives in ornithology in the term Corvus corone L.

280. Z. qu£r'-u-la. Lat. querulus or querulosus, plaintive, querulous ; from queror, to complain,

lament.

281. Chon-deV-tes gram'-ml-cus. Gr. x^fyoy, cartilage ; also, a kind of grain; -estes is from

the root «8«, I eat. Is not the word more properly to be written c.hondrestes 1 We suppose
it to be masculine. — Lat. grammicus, from gramma, a line, word, mark, in allusion to the

58 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

282. Passerella iliaca (Merr.) Sw. B 374. c IBS. R 235.

Fox Sparrow.

283. Passerella iliaca unalascensis (Gra.) Riclg. B 375. c iso. R 235a.

Townsend's Fox Sparrow.

284. Passerella iliaca schistacea ( Bel.) All. B 376. c isoa. R 235c.

Slate-colored Fox Sparrow.

285. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (Bd.) Hensh. B — . c — . R 2356.

Large-billed Fox Sparrow.

286. Calamospiza bicolor (Towns.) Bp. B 377. c 100. R 256.

Lark Bunting.

287. Spiza americana (Gm.) Bp. B 378. c 101. R 254.

Black-throated Bunting.

288. Spiza townsendi (Aud.) Ridg. B 379. c 102. R 255. (?)

Townsend's Bunting.

stripes on the head ; Gr. ypctju/ta, ypa/j.(j.iic6s. Usually written yrammaca or grammaais, for
which there is no authority. And even the corrected form is bad enough ; for grammicus
does not mean lineatus, striped, marked with lines, but linearis, linear, having the quality
of a line.

282. Pas-sgr-el'-la i-H'-a-ca. An arbitrary diminutive of Lat. passer, like spizella from spiza.

— For iliaca, see Turdus iliacus, No. 4. Applicability of the name inobvious ; it may be
intended to note some resemblance to the thrush in mention, or refer to the conspicuous
markings of the flanks.

283. P. i. u-na-las-cen'-sis. The name of the Aleutian Island for which this species is named,

has no settled orthography : Unalashka, Unalaschka, Unalascha, Ouna-, Oona-, Aoona-,
Aona-, &c. In the present case, Pennant wrote Unalascha Bunting, of which Gmelin
made Emberiza unalaschcensis, and was nearly followed by Ridgway ; but the word may
be euphonized as above, just as we have alascensis as the name of a wren, No. 78.
This stands as Passerella townsendii in the orig. ed.

284. P. i. schis-ta'-cg-a. Lat. (late) schistaceus, slaty, relating to slate; in this case, in color;

schistos or trx'ffros, split, cleft, or fissile, capable of easy cleavage, as slate-stone is. The
same stem is seen in schism, schismatic.

This stands as P. townsendii var. schistacea in the orig. ed.

285. P. i. mSg-a-rhyn'-cha. Gr. fieya, great, large, and pvyxos, Lat. rhynchus, snout, muzzle,

beak. More exactly to be written megalorhyncha.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List ; since revived by H. W. Henshaw.

286. Cal-a-mo-splz'-a bi'-c61-6r. Lat. calamus or Gr. kd\a/j.os, a reed, rush, cane, flag; and

spiza. See under Passer, No. 192, and Me/ospiza, No. 242. — Lat. bicolor, two-colored; bis,
twice ; in allusion to the black-and-white of the male.

287. Spiz'-a [pronounced Speedzah] am-gr-T-ca'-na. See under Melospiza, No. 242.

This stands as Euspiza amer. in the orig. ed. For the change, see Ridg., Pr. Nat.
Mus., ii, 1880, p. 3.

288. S. town'-sgnd-i. To J. K. Townsend.

Given as Euspiza towns, in the orig. ed. No second specimen of this alleged species is
known, and it is not improbable that the type came from an egg laid by S. americana.
But even such immediate ancestry would not forbid recognition of "specific characters;"
the solitary bird having been killed, it represents a species which died at its birth.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 59

289. Zamelodia hidoviciana (L.) Coucs. B sso. c 193. R 244.

Rose-breasted Song Grosbeak.

290. Zamelodia melanocephala (Sw.) Coues. B 381. c 194. R 245.

Black-headed Song Grosbeak.

291. G-uiraca coerulea (L.) Sw. B 332. c 195. R 246.

Blue Grosbeak.

292. Passerina ciris (L.) Gray. B 334. c 196. R 251.

Painted Finch ; Nonpareil.

293. Passerina versicolor (Bp.) Gray. B 385. c 197. R 250.

Versicolor Painted Finch.

294. Passerina amcena (Say) Gray. B 386. c 198. R 249.

Lazuli Painted Finch.

295. Passerina cyanea (L.) Gray. B 387. c 199. R 248.

Indigo Painted Finch ; Indigo-bird.

296. Spermophila moreleti Pucheran. B 388. c 200. R 252.

Morelet's Seed-eater.

297. Phonipara zena (L., 1758) Bryant. B — . c 201. R 253. (! w. I.)

Black-faced Finch.

289. Za-mel-6'-di-a lu-dS-vi-cI-a'-na. Gr. ££, an intensive particle, and jueAySio, singing,

melody ; in allusion to the strikingly rich song. — To Louisiana ; see Thryuthorns, No. 68.
This is given as Goniaphea lud. in the orig. ed. For the change, see Coues, Bull.
Nutt. Club, v, 1880, p. 98.

290. Z. m6l-an-6-cgph'-a-la. Gr. /i/Aos, feminine ^f\aiva, neuter nt\av, black ; Kt<pa\i), the head.

291. Guir'-a-ca [pronounced Gweerahcah] coe-rul'-6-a. The generic word is barbarous, from

some South American vernacular, and of uncertain meaning. It occurs, with several
similar words, asguira, in Marcgrave. We mark the accent (for which there is no author-
ity) as usually heard. — For caerulea, see Polioptila, No. 36.

292. Pas-ser-i'-na ci'-ris. Passerina, formed from Passer, as PassereUa and Passerculus also are.

— Ciris, Gr. Ketpis, a kind of bird, into which Scylla, daughter of Nisus, is fabled to have
been changed. — Nonpareil = " the incomparable."

For use of Passerina, instead of Cyanospiza of the orig. ed., see Coues, Bull. Nutt.
Club, v, 1880, p. 96.

293. P. ver-si'-col-6r. Lat. versicolor, of changing or versatile colors, many-colored, party-col-

ored ; verso, I turn about, change, am occupied with, versed in, &c.; color, color.

294. P. a-moe'-na [ahmwaynah]. Lat. amcena, delightful, charming, dressy.

295. P. cy-an'-g-a. Lat cyaueus, Gr. Kvdveos or vvavos, dark blue.

296. Sper-mo'-phi-la more-lgt'-I. Gr. <rWp/xa, genitive <nre 'pharos, a seed ; from aireipw, equal

to the Lat. sparrjo, I sow seed : and <pl\os, from <pi\ew, I love. The word is contracted ;
the full form is spermatophila. — To - Morelct, a French naturalist.

297. Pho-ni'-pa-ra ze'-na. Gr. <t>wh, a sound, the voice ; <}>r)jj.[, I speak ; the English "phonetic"

is from the same. The rest of the word appears to be from Lat. pario, I bring forth, beget,
produce, having the same root as is seen in primi-/)«m, /w-turient, vivi-;w-ous, &c. ; if
so, the word is a hybrid which would be better written sonipara or vocipara. The mean-
ing of zm<i we do not know ; we suppose it not to be of Greek or Latin derivation.

This is given as P. bicolor in the orig. ed. of the Check List, after Frinyilla bicolor L.,
1766; but it seems that F. zena L., 1758, is the prior tenable name.

60 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

298. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bp. B 389. c 202. R 243.

Texas Cardinal Grosbeak.

299. Cardinalis virginiana Bp. B 390. c 203. R 242.

Cardinal Grosbeak j Virginia Redbird.

300. Cardinalis virginiana ignea (Bd.) Coues. B — . c 203a. R 242«.

Fiery-red Cardinal Grosbeak.

301. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (L.) V. B 391. c 204. R 237.

Towhee Bunting; Chewink.

302. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Coues. B — . c 204«. R izia.

White-eyed Towhee Bunting.

303. Pipilo maculatus oregonus (Bell) Cones. B 392. c 205. R 23S&.

Oregon Towhee Bunting.

304. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Sw.) Coues. B sos. c 205a. R 238.

Arctic Towhee Bunting.

305. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (Bd.) Coues. B 394. c 2056. R 238a.

Spurred Towhee Bunting.

298. Pyr-rhu-lox'-I-a sin-u-a'-ta. A forcible combination of Pyrrhula and Lor/a : see these

words, Nos. 190 and 199 ; or may be said to be more properly compounded of pyrrhus,
wppos, fiery-red, and Ao£/as; in which event, it should be written pyrrholoxia. — Lat. sinua-
tus, bent, bowed, curved, as the bill of the bird is ; from sinuo, the verb ; sinus, the noun,
a curve, bending, bay.

299. Car-dm-a'-lls vir-gln-I-a'-na. Lat. cardinalis, pertaining to a door-hinge : cardo, genitive

cardinis, a door-hinge ; hence, that upon which something turns or depends ; as, cardinal
points of the compass; hence, any important thing or person; applied with obvious sig-
nification to the chief officials of the Pope. These ecclesiastical dignitaries wear red ;
hence the phrase " cardinal-red." The term is applied to the bird as descriptive of its
rich red color. As a Latin word, cardinalis is only an adjective; used substantively, its
gender is either masculine or feminine. We take the latter, because most words ending in
is- are feminine. — Lat. virginiana, of Virginia, euphemistically named for Elizabeth,
daughter of Henry VIII.

300. C. v. Ig'-ne-a. Lat. igneus, fiery, flaming; said of color as well as of other properties ;

ignis, fire.

301. Pi'-pil-6 g-ryth-roph-thal'-mus. Vieillot, in forming the word, wrote both pipilo and

pipillo. It is a Latin verb, meaning, like pipio, I pip, peep, chirp. Notice the accentua-
tion and quantity of the vowels. — Gr. epvBpos, red or reddisli ; epfv8ai, I redden ; o(p6a\-
(j.6s, the eye, from 0-n-To/j.ai, a verb obsolete in the present, or opdw, I see ; we find both
words in " ophthalmic," " optic." The species is red-eyed. — The curious English words
" towhee " and " chewink " are onomatopoeic : that is, coined to imitate the sound of
the bird's voice.

302. P. e. al'-len-I. To Joel Asaph Allen, of Cambridge, Mass., one of the leading naturalists

of the United States.

303. P. ma-cul-a'-tus 6r-6-go'-nus. Lat. maculatus, spotted ; macula, a spot. — To the Oregon

River. Quantity of the penult in question, perhaps better ore'gonus.
The stock species, P. maculatus, is not North American.

304. P. m. arc'-tl-ca. See Sialia, No. 29.

305. P. m. mg-gal'-6-n~x. Gr. fj.tyd\r] (feminine of neyas), large, great, and ovv£, Lat. onyx, a

nail, claw, talon. The word is commonly accented on a long penult; a practice perhaps
defensible on the ground that megald-dnyx = megalonyx.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Cl

306. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Bd.) Ridg. B 397. c 206. R 240.

Brown Towhee Bunting ; Cafion Bunting.

307. Pipilo fuscus albigula (Bd.) Coues. B — . c 206a. R 240a.

White-throated Towhee Bunting.

308. Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vig.) Coues. B 396. c 2066. R 2406.

Crissal Towhee Bunting.

309. Pipilo aberti Bd. B 395. c 207. R 241.

Abert's Towhee Bunting.

310. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns.) Bd. B 398. c 208. R 239.

Green-tailed Towhee Bunting.

31 1. Embernagra rufovirgata Lawr. B 373. c 209. R 236.

Green Finch.

312. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.) Sw. B 399. c 210. R 257.

Bobolink ; Reed-bird ; Rice-bird.

306. P. fus'-cus m6s-6-leu'-cus. Lat./«sc«s, fuscous, dark, dusky, like furvus ; both allied to

Gr. optyAs, of same meaning, from bptyvii, night or darkness f — Gr. pea-os, middle, \evx6s,
white ; in allusion to the color of the middle under parts. This word is derived from
AeiWco or j\ava-ff(a, I shine ; this from ay\aia, splendor, the name of one of the Muses.

This is given as P. fuscus in the orig. ed. ; but the bird of Arizona is said to be dis-
tinguishable from the Mexican stock species.

307. P. f. al-bl'-gu-la. [Not albiyew'ler.] Lat. albus, white ; yula, throat. This is one of num-

berless cases where the termination of the word is in question. Albiyulu may be taken
as a feminine noun, and left in this form, whatever the gender of the word with which
it is associated ; or it may be considered an adjective in -us, -a, -um, and made masculine
to agree with P. fuscus. There is ample authority and precedent for the latter course,
which our taste disinclines us to take. English affords a parallel latitude of construc-
tion, as when we say indifferently "yellow-rump warbler "or "yellow-rumped warbler,"
" Carolina chickadee " or " Carolinian chickadee." A better form than either albiyulus
or albigula would be albigularis.

308. P. f. cris-sa'-lls. Late Lat. crissalis, pertaining to the crissum, or under-tail coverts, which

in this bird are highly colored. There are no such classic words, they having been in-
vented by Illiger in 1811 ; but, there is a verb crisso, expressing a certain action of the parts.

309. P. a'-bgrt-I. To Lieutenant J. W. Abert, of the U. S. Army, who discovered it.

310. P. chlo-ru'-rus. Gr. x^up^s, green, from x^oa> green grass ; olpa, tail.

311. Em-ber-na'-gra ru-fS-vir-ga'-ta. Embernagra is a villanous word, concocted by Lesson

out of Emleriza and Tanarjra. Emberiza, a bunting, is a word the derivation of which
is not classic. It is said, doubtless correctly, to be Latinized from the O. H. G. Embritz;
"Charleton (1668) has Embryza" (Wharton's MS.) ; and we may add that there were
various other forms of the word before it settled into the present one. — There are Latin
words Tanager and Tanayra ; but these are geographical proper names, having nothing
to do with the present case. Tanynra or Tanayra is a South American vernacular
word. — Lat. rufus, rufous, reddish, and viryatus, literally, made of twigs; from virya, a
rod, switch, the application being the stripes with which the bird is marked. Commonly
written ruftviryata : see Lophojihanes, No. 42.

312. D61-ich'-5-nyx 6-ry-z!'-v6-rus. Gr. So\ix^s, long, and <jw£, a nail, claw, talon. The gender

is in question ; but the Greek uw^, Lat. onyx, is masculine, though Latin words in -yx are
usually feminine. The usual pronunciation is dolicho'nyx: but see Pipilo, No. 305. Gr.
opvfr, or Lat. onjza, rice, and voro, I devour.

62 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

313. Molothms ater (Bodd.) Gray. B 400. c 211. R 258.

Cowbird.

314. Molothrus ater obscuras (Gm.) Coues. B — . c 2110. R 258«.

Dwarf Cow-bird.

315. Molothrus seneus Cab. B — . c — . R 259.

Bronzed Cowbird.

316. Agelseus phceniceus (L.) V. B 401. c 212. R 261.

Red-winged Marsh Blackbird.

317. Agelseus phoeniceus gubernator (Wagl.) Coues. B402. C2i2a. R2da.

Red-shouldered Marsh Blackbird.

318. Agelaeus tricolor Nutt. B 403. c 2126. R 202.

Red-and-white-shouldered Marsh Blackbird.

313. Mo-lo'-thrus a'-ter. Unde derivatur? The orthography and etymology of molothrm are

alike in dispute. Swainson himself says, " /j.o\odpos, qui non vocatus alienas aedes intrnt;"
that is, an uninvited guest. There being no such Greek word as /j.o\o6pos, hut there being
a good Greek word p.o\o$pos, meaning one who roams in quest of food, a vagabond, a
beggar, a parasite, a " tramp" (as we should say now), and therefore exactly answering
to Swainson's explanation of his molothrus, it has been supposed by Cabanis that Swain-
son meant to say molobrus, and the word has consequently been changed. Though this
is very true, it is also to be observed that Swainson wrote moluthnts more than once,
showing it not to be a misprint or other mistake, and that, further, it is quite possible to
construct the word molothrus from juwAos and Bpua-Kia (Qope'iv, Qopta, 6uai), and answer all
the conditions of Swainson's definition; molothrus being, in this case, a bird which takes
uninvited possession of other birds' nests, and there leaves an alien egg in mockery of
the rightful owners. We therefore see no necessity to replace molothrus by molobrus. The
first o is marked long as being Gr. w, the second as lengthened hy position.
This stands in the orig. ed. as M. pecoris, corrected in a footnote.

314. M. a. ob-scu'-riis. Lat. obscurus, obscure, dark; obscuro, I darken; Gr. a-Kid, shadow,

shade.

This stands as M. pecoris var. obscurus in the orig. ed.

315. M. a. ae'-ng-us. Lat. ceneus, of brass, brassy, brazen, bronzed; from CES, genitive cms, brass.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered by J. C. Merrill, in Texas.

316. A-gel-ae'-us phoe-m'-c6-us. Gr. aye\atos, pertaining to flocks and herds, from a-yf\Tj, a

flock : this from ayelpw, I assemble, from &yu>, I lead ; in allusion to the gregariousness
of these Blackbirds. — Gr. (poiviictos, or Lat. phceniceus, deep red ; " a color first intro-
duced into Greece by the Phoenicians." The fabulous bird Phoenix, and the name of
Phoenician, and the word for flame-color, are all the same, <f>olvt^. This itself is a radi-
cal word, but related through tpoivos, (povos, with <pevco, <f>aa>, I kill, slay, as if the idea of
the whole set of words were that of murder, from its traditional color of blood. The
obvious application is to the scarlet on the wings.

317. A. p. gub-er-na'-tor. Lat. gubernator, Gr. Ku/Sepi/^Trjj (cybernetes), a pilot, helmsman;

rjtibernum or qubernaculum, a rudder, tiller ; ijnbcrno, Gr. Kv@fpvdia or Ku&ipvu, I steer a ship ;
hence, to direct or govern in general. Govern, governor, are directly from gubcrno, and
the actual Latin lingers in gubernatorial. The implication is the red shoulder-knots or
epaulettes of the bird, as if signs of rank or command.

318. A. tri'-col-or. Lat. tricolor, three-colored; tres, three, becoming in composition tri-.

This stands as A. phosntceus var. tricolor in the first ed., but proves to be sufficiently
distinct.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 63

319. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus (Bp.) Bd. B 404. c 213. R 260.

Yellow-headed Swamp Blackbird.

320. Sturnella magna (L.) Sw. B 406. c 214. R 203.

Meadow Starling; Field-lark.

321. Sturnella magna mexicana (Scl.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 263a.

Mexican Meadow Starling.

322. Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.) Allen. B 407. c 2i4«. R 264.

Western Meadow Starling.

323. Icterus vulgaris Baud. B 408. c — . R 265. (!W.i.)

Troupial.

324. Icterus spurius (L.) Bp. B 414. c 215. R 270.

Orchard Oriole.

325. Icterus spurius affinis (Lawr.) Coues. B — . c 2i5a. R — . (?)

Texas Orchard Oriole.

326. Icterus galbula (L., 1758) Coues. B 415. c 216. R 271.

Baltimore Oriole.

319. Xan-tho-c6ph'-al-us Ic-tgr-5-cgph'-al-us. Gr. £oi/0o's, bright yellow. — Gr. JWepos, or Lat.

icterus, see Icteria, No. 144. Related apparently to fa«, I attack, as disease does.

320. Stur-nel'-la mag'-na. Diminutive of Lat. sturnus, a starling ; as spisella from sptza. — Lat.

magnus, great, large ; root mag, as seen in Gr. pc'yas ; whence also mactus, magnified, glo-
rified : magi, magician, magic, are all allied.

321. S. m. mex-i-ca'-na. Latinized Mexican. See Sialia, No. 28.

Not in the orig. ed. Since discovered in Texas by J. C. Merrill.

322. S. m. neg-lec'-ta. Lat. neglecta, neglected, that is, not chosen, not heeded; from nee, not,

and lego, I choose, select, &c. See Parus, No. 51.

323. Ic'-tgr-us vul-ga'-ris. See Sturnus, No. 363. — Troupial or troopial, from the Fr. trouper, is

simply trooper, the bird that goes in troops.

Not in the orig. ed. Said to straggle to Southern States. No late case of its so doing.

324. I. spu'-n-iis. For Icterus, see Icteria, No. 144, and Xanihocephalus, No. 319. — Lat. spurius,

illegitimate, bastard, spurious ; related to the Gr. a-iropd, seed, generation, birth, &c.,
(Tire'ipo), I sow seed. The bird was formerly called " Bastard Baltimore Oriole," whence
the undeserved Linnaean name.

325. I. s. af-fi'-nis [accent the penult]. Lat. affinis, ad, and Jim's, allied, affined.

This subspecies is very slightly distinguished from its stock.

326. I. gal'-bu-la. Lat. galbula or galgnla, some small yellow bird of the ancients ; doubtless

derived from some word signifying yellow ; there are Latin words galbus, gcdbanus, Germ.
gclb, &c., of such meaning. — The curious English word oriole, for which no derivation
is given in some standard works, has evidently a similar reference to the color yellow,
being equivalent to aureole ; Lat. anrum or Gr. avpov, gold : such form of the word for
gold, with or- instead of anr-, is seen in the Fr. or. — "Baltimore," the former specific
name of the bird, is not directly from the city of that name, but from the name of Sir
George Calvert, first Baron of Baltimore, the colors of the bird being chosen by him for
his livery, or, as Catesby has it (N. H. Car., i, 1731, p. 48), the bird being named from its
resemblance in color to the Lord's coat of arms — " which are Paly of six Topaz and
Diamond, a Bend, interchang'd." The name baltimore, L., 1766, as given in the orig. ed.
of the Check List, is antedated by Coracias galbula L., 1758 ; see Coues, Bull. Nutt. Club,
April, 1880, p. 98.

64 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIEDS.

327. Icterus bullocki (Sw.) Bp. B 416. c 217. R 272.

Bullock's Oriole.

328. Icterus cucullatus Sw. B 413. c 218. R 269.

Hooded Oriole.

329. Icterus parisiorum Bp. B 411. c 210. R 268.

Scott's Oriole.

330. Icterus melanocephalus auduboni (Gir.) Coues. B 409. c 220. R 266.

Audubon's Black-headed Oriole.

331. Scolecophagus ferrugineus (Gm.) Sw. B 417. c 221. R 273.

Rusty Grackle.

332. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.) Cab. B 418. c 222. R 274.

Blue-headed Grackle.

333. Quiscalus macrurus Sw. B 419. c 223. R 275.

Great-tailed Crow Blackbird.

327. I. bfil'-lSck-I. To William Bullock, sometime a collector in Mexico, and proprietor of a

famous museum in London.

328. I. cu-cul-la'-tiis. Lat. cucullatus, hooded ; cuculla, a kind of hood or cowl fastened to a gar-

ment, to be drawn over the head.

329. I. par-is-I-5'-rui,i. Lat. Parisiorum, of the Parisians. The Parisii were a people of Gaul,

settled on the river Senones, now the Seine ; their chief city, Lutetia, called also Lutetia
Parisiorum and Parisii, is now Paris. There is no applicability of the name to the bird :
Bonaparte probably so called it from national vanity, or because he found a specimen
in a museum in Paris. The name is commonly but wrongly written parisorum.

330. I. mel-an-6-cgph'-al-us aud'-u-b6n-i. Gr. /ue'Aas, feminine //eAaipa, black ; and Ke<j>a\ri,

head. — To J. J. Audubon.

331. Sco-le-co'-pha-gus fer-ru-gln'-e'-us. Gr. aKcaK^Ko^ayos, a worm-eater; tr/ccoATjf, genitive

ffKw\i)Kos, a worm, and Qdyw, I eat. It is also a Latin word, scolex, worm. — ~Lat.ferrugi-
nens, rusty-red, color of iron-rust; from ferrugo, iron-rust; ferrum, iron. — The curious Eng-
lish word^rradHe or grakle is anglicized from Lat. graculus or gracculus, a very uncertain
bird, by some supposed to be the jackdaw, by others the cormorant or sea-crow ; and
the Latin word itself is supposed to be merely in imitation of a hoarse croak, gra, gra.
See what is said under Querquedula, No. 714.

332. S. cy-an-6-cgph'-al-us. Gr. Kvavos, or Lat. cyaneus, blue; and KetpaXri, head.

333. Quis'-ca-lus mac-ru'-rus. Unde derii-atur quiscalus 1 We have no proof whence it comes

or what it means: it varies in form, as quiscala, quiscula. Mr. W. C. Avery asks: "Is
quiscalus an onomatopceon ? I can find no Latin or Greek word like it." Mr. H. T.
Wharton observes : " Quiscafus seems a native name ; if it is, the termination -us only
obscures its origin without Latinizing it." Professor A. Newton remarks at greater
length : " Quiscalus was doubtless taken by Vieillot from the Gracula quiscula of Linnsus
(S. N., ed. 10, p. 109). I cannot find this word or any thing like it in any older author;
but I have an instinctive conviction that it must occur somewhere ; for, as far as my
studies of Linnaeus's work go, they show me that he did not invent names. From his
printing the word in both eds. (10th and 12th) with a capital initial letter, it is obvious
that he regarded it as a substantive, and I should think he must have found it in some
book of travels as the local name of a bird. The word seems to me Spanish or quasi-
Spanish — say Creole — and the regular Castilian quisquilla, which dictionaries explain
to be a trifling dispute, suggests a meaning, especially when one reads of the noisy and
fussy bickerings of your Boat-tails." If, as seems highly probable, we are here on the

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 65

334. Quiscalus major V. B 420. c 224. R 277.

Boat-tailed Crow Blackbird ; Jackdaw.

335. Quiscalus purpureus (Bartr.) Licht. B421. C 225. R 278.

Purple Crow Blackbird ; Purple Grackle.

336. Quiscalus purpureus seneus Ridg. B — . c — . R 278&.

Bronzed Crow Blackbird.

337. Quiscalus purpureus aglaeus (Bd.) Coues. B 422. c 225a. R 278a.

Florida Crow Blackbird.

338. Corvus COraX L. B 423. 424. C 226. R 280.

Raven.

339. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. B 425. c 227. R 281.

White-necked Raven.

340. Corvus frugivorus Bartr. B 426. c 228. R 282.

Common American Crow.

341. Corvus frugivorus floridanus (Bd.) Coues. B 427. c 228<*. R 282a.

Florida Crow.

342. Corvus caurinus Bd. B 428. c 2286. R 2826.

Northwestern Crow.

right track of the word, we may perhaps go a step further, and trace the undoubtedly
barbarous word quisculus through qtiisquilla to the similar Lat. quisquilice, which the lexi-
cons give as meaning refuse, dregs, or other trifling worthless matters; as we might say,
riff-raff, rag-tag ; and such would not be wholly inappropriate to these vagabond troopers,
so common everywhere as to come under the contempt of familiarity. — Gr. /j.a.Kp6s, long,
large, and ovpa, tail.

334. Q. ma'-j5r. Lat. major, greater, comparative of magnus.

335. Q. pur-pur'-g-us. See Carpodacus, No. 194.

336. Q. p. ae'-ng-Qs. See Molotkrus, No. 315.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List : since recognized.

337 Q. p. ag-lae'-us. Gr. ay\aios or aj\a6s, shining, from o-yAa/a, splendor; also the name of
one of the Muses. Obs. — Not to be confounded with agekeus, which see, No. 316.

338. C5r'-vus c6r'-ax. Lat. corvus, a crow. — Lat. corax or Gr. K<fy>a|, a raven. — Corvus is by

some considered an onomatopceon, and referred through the Gr. Kpdfa, Kpwfa, to croak,
back to a Sanscrit root of same signification. — Corax is more obviously a word of
similar formation, as may also be the English crow.

339. C. cryp-to-leu'-cus. Gr. Kpwn-Tos, hidden (with which compare Eng. crypt), and Aey/cos,

white ; the allusion being to the concealed white at the bases of the feathers of the neck.

340. C. fru-gl'-v6-rus. Lat. /rugivorus, fruit-eating; frux, genitive frugls, fruit, and voro, I

devour. Frux is from frnor, fruitus, fructus, as it is something that may be enjoyed.
Voro is rooted in &op, as seen in ftopd, food, and fido-itu (Pota), I eat.
This is given as C. americamis in the orig. ed. of the Check List.

341. C. f. fl5-rl-da'-nus. To Florida. Flora, Goddess of flowers ; flos, a flower.

342. C. cau-ri'-nus. There is no such Latin word. Caurinus has been supposed to be equiva-

lent to corvinus, crow-like, but is directly derived from caurus, the North-west wind, the
species having been discovered on the North-west coast of the United States.

This stands as C. americamis var. caurinus in the orig. ed. : it has been redetermined to
be distinct, as originally described by Baird.

66 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

343. Corvns maritimus Bartr. B 429. c 229. R 283.

Fish Crow.

344. Picicorsrus columbianns (Wils.) Bp. B 430. c 230. R 284.

Clarke's Nutcracker.

345. G-ymnocitta cyanocephala Maxim. B431. c 231. R 285.

Blue Nutcracker.

346. Psilorhinus morio (Wagl.) Cab. B 444. c 232. R 288.

Brown Jay.

347. Pica rustica hudsonica (Cab.) Ridg. B 432. c 233. R 286.

American Magpie.

348. Pica rustica nuttalli (Aud.) Coues. B 433. c 233a. R287.

Yellow-billed Magpie.

349. Cyanocitta cristata (L.) Strickl. B 434. c 234. R 289.

Blue Jay.

350. Cyanocitta stelleri (Gm.) Strickl. B 435. c 235. R 200.

Steller's Jay.

351. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Bd.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 290&. (?)

Connective Jay.

343. C. mar-It'-I-mQs. See Ammodramus, No. 238.

This stands as C. ossifragus in the orig. ed.

344. Pi-cl-cor'-vus cS-lum-bl-a'-nus. The generic name is compounded of pica and corvus :

see these words, Nos. 347 and 338. — The specific name refers to the Columbia Eiver,
whence Lewis and Clarke first brought specimens.

345. Gym-n8-cit'-ta cy-an-8-c6ph'-a-la. Gr. yv^vos, naked ; in allusion to the nostrils being

exposed, as is unusual in this family ; K/TTCC or Kta-ffa, a jay. — See Scolecophagus, No. 332.

346. Psi-16-rhi'-nus m5r'-I-o. Gr. tyi\6s, smooth, bare, bald, in allusion to the uncovered nos-

trils, from ififco; and j>is, genitive pivos, the nose. — The specific name is morio, "a dark
brown gem," in allusion to the color, which is remarkable in this group of birds.

347. Pi'-ca rus'-ti-ca hud-son'-i-ca. Lat. pica, a magpie. It is supposed by some to be for

piga, that equivalent to pigta or picta, from pingo, I paint; hence signifying painted,
speckled, pied. The same dubious etymology is ascribed to the masculine form of the
word, picas, which see, No. 433. — Lat. nistiais, rustic, rural, from rus, the country as dis-
tinguished from the city. — To Hudson's Bay, named after Henry Hudson, the explorer.
This stands as P. melanoleuca hudsonica in the orig. ed. ; but rustica has long priority.

348. P. r. nut'-tal-li. To Thomas Nuttall, the botanist and ornithologist.

This stands as P. melanoleuca nuttalli in the orig. ed.

349. Cy-an-S-cit'-ta cris-ta'-ta. Gr. Kvav6s, cyaneus, blue, and jrfrra, a jay. — Lat. cristatus,

crested ; crista, a crest ; related to cresco, I grow, and crinis, hair, through a common root.
For use of Cyanocitta instead of Cyanurus, as in the orig. ed., see Coues, Bull. Nutt.
Club, v, 1880, p. 98.

350. C. stei'-ier-I. To G. W. Steller, surgeon and naturalist.

351. C. s. an-nec'-tens. Lat. annectens (ad and necto, to bind), annexing, annectant, connecting,

tying together ; because this subspecies is intermediate between others of the same stock,
serving to link them to each other.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 67

352. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Bd.) Coues. B 430. c 235a. R 290c.

Long-crested Jay.

353. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridg.) Coues. B — . c 2356. R 290a.

Blue-fronted Jay.

354. Aphelocoma floridana (Bartr.) Cab. B 439. c 236. R 201.

Florida Jay.

355. Aphelocoma floridana woodhousii (Bd.) Allen. B 438. c 236«. R 292.

Woodhouse's Jay.

356. Aphelocoma floridana californica (Vig.) Coues. B437. c 2366. R 293.

Californian Jay.

357. Aphelocoma ultramarina arizonse Ridg. B 440. 0237. R 295.

Arizona Jay.

358. Xantlrura luxuriosa (Less.) Bp. B 442. c 238. R 296.

Rio Grande Jay.

359. Perisoreus canadensis (L.) Bp. B 443. c 239. R 297.

Canada Jay.

360. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons Ridg. B — . c — . R 2976.

Alaskan Jay.

352. C. s. mac-ro'-15-pha. Gr. yua/cpo's, long, and \6<pos, a mane, crest, comb, from \firw, as is

also \cir(s, \firos, a scale, and many similar words. Usually pronounced macrolo'pha.

353. C. s. fron-ta'-lls. Lat. frontalis, relating tofrons, the forehead, front.

354. A-phS-16'-co-ma flo-ri-da'-na. Gr. d^eATjs, smooth, sleek, and KO/JIT), Lat. coma, hair ; in

allusion to the lack of crest. The word primarily means smooth, even in the sense of
free from stones ; a privative, and 4>eA.os or $f\\6s, a stone ; <pe\\<=vs, rocky soil, &c.

355. A. f. wood-hous'-i-i. To S. W. Woodhouse, M. D., of Philadelphia, who explored in

New Mexico and Ari/.ona.

356. A. f. cal-i-for'-ni-ca. To the State of California.

357. A. ul-tra-mar-i'-na a-ri-z5'-nae. Lat. ultra, beyond, from the adverb uls, beyond, opposed

to cis, on this side; and marina, marine, relating to the sea, mare ; in allusion to the deep
blue color, as of the high sea ; " ultramarine " blue. — See Peuccea, No. 253.
This stands in the orig. ed. as A. sordida, " Sieber's Jay."

358. Xan-thu'-ra lux-u-ri-5'-sa. Gr. £av66s, yellow, and otpa, tail. — Luxiiosa was doubtless

intended by Lesson for Lat. luxuriosa, luxurious, in allusion to the elegant coloration.

This stands in the orig. ed. as X. yncas var. luxuosa, but proves to be distinct from the
Peruvian yncas.

359. P6r-I-so'-r6-us can-a-den'-sls. Unde. derh'atur ? One of the dictionaries gives a sorix,

defined as a bird dedicated to Saturn ; whence Perisoreus might be derived as an adjec-
tival form, intensified by the preposition peri-. This would accord in idea with the term
infaustus bestowed by Linnaeus on the European species, and also with Dysornilhia, the
generic term invented by Swainson ; there being some superstition attaching to the jays
of this genus. But we advance this etymology as mere conjecture. We may note also
the Gr. tropos, a tomb or sepulchre.

360. P. c. fu'-ml-frons. Lat. fumus, smoke, and/rons, forehead; related to Gr. 6vo>, I offer

incense.

Described since the orig. ed. ; Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 5.

68 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

361. Perisoreus canadensis obscurus Ridg. B — . c 239a. R 298.

Oregon Jay.

362. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Bd. B — . c 2396. R 297a.

Rocky Mountain Jay.

363. Sturnus vulgaris L. B — . c — . R 279. (G. IE.)

European Starling.

364. Pitangus derbianus (Kaup) Sol. B — . c — . R 308.

Lord Derby's Flycatcher.

365. Myiodynastes luteiventris Scl. B — . c — . R 310.

Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.

366. Milvulus tyrannus (L.) Bp. B 122. c 240. R 302. (is. A.)

Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

367. Milvulns forficatus (Gm.) Sw. B 123. c 241. R soi.

Swallow-tailed Flycatcher; Scissor-tail.

368. Tyrannus carolinensis (L.) Bd. B 124. c 242. R 304.

Tyrant Flycatcher; King-bird; Bee-martin.

369. Tyrannus dominicensis (Gm.) Rich. B 125. c 243. R 303.

Gray Tyrant Flycatcher; Gray King-bird.

361. P. c. 6b-scu'-rus. See Molothrus, No. 314.

362. P. c. cap-I-ta'-lis. Lat. capltal/s, capital, relating to the head, caput, the color of which

distinguishes the race from the stock species.

363. Stur'-nus vul-ga'-rls. Lat. sturnus, a stare or starling. — Lat. vulgaris, vulgar, common;

vulgus, or volgus, the people or folk, is digammated Gr. Fo\xos> with transposition of
letters from ox^oy> a crowd.

Not in the orig. ed. Only American as occurring in Greenland, and there only acci-
dentally, in one known instance.

364. Pit-an'-gus der-bi-a'-nus. Pitangus is a barbarous word, of some South American ver-

nacular ; it occurs, in several forms, in Marcgrave. — The species is dedicated to the
Earl of Derby.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Since discovered in Texas by G. B. Sennett.
See Coues, The Country, i, p. 184, July 13, 1878.

365. Myi-6-dyn-as'-tes lut-gT-ven'-tris. Gr. fjLvta, a fly, and Swao-r^s, a sovereign, ruler, &c. ;

tivvafiis, power, from Swa/j.a.i, I can, I am able. — Lat. luteus, luteous, yellow, from lutum, a
plant used for yellow dye, and venter, genitive ventris, the belly ; said to be digammated
from Gr. (vrtpov, the entrails.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List : since discovered in Arizona by H. W.
Henshaw. See Hensh., Rep. Expl. W. 100 Merid., v, 1875, p. 346, pi. xiv.

366. Mil'-vu-lus tyr-an'-nus. Lat. milvulus, diminutive of mih-us, a kite. — Lat. tyrannus, Gr.

Tvpavvos, a ruler, despot, " tyrant ; " well applied to a bird of this genus.

367. M. for-fl-ca'-tus. Lat. forficatus, a participial adjective, as if from a verb forfico ; forfex, a

pair of shears, scissors, which the deeply forked tail resembles.

368. Tyr-an'-nus ca-rS-lin-en'-sIs. See Milvulus, No. 366. — Named after the State of Caro-

lina : the direct adjective from Carolus, Charles. See Mimus, No. 16.

369. T. dom-m-I-cen'-sis. Named after the island of Hayti, or St. Domingo; dominicus, do-

minus, domus. See Dendracca, No. 129.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 69

370. Tyrannus verticalis Sa}r. B 126. c 244. R 306.

Arkansas Tyrant Flycatcher.

371. Tyrannus vociferans Sw. B 127. c 245. R SOT.

Cassiu's Tyrant Flycatcher.

372. Tyrannus melancholicus couchi (Bd.) Coues. B 128, 120. c 246. R 305.

Couch's Tyrant Flycatcher.

373. Myiarchus crinitus (L.) Cab. B iso. c 247. R 312.

Great Crested Flycatcher. [See Addenda. No. 880.

374. Myiarchus erythrocercus Scl. and Salv. ? B 132 V c — . R 311. (?)

Rufous-tailed Crested Flycatcher.

375. Myiarchus cinerescens (Lawr.) Scl. B 131. c 248. R 313.

Ash-throated Crested Flycatcher.

376. Myiarchus lawrencii (Gir.) Bd. B. 133. c 249. R 314. (!M.)

Lawrence's Crested Flycatcher.

377. Sayiornis sayi (Bp.) Bd. B 136. c 250. R sie.

Say's Pewit Flycatcher.

370. T. ver-ti-ca'-lis. Lat. verticalis, vertical, i. e., relating to the vertex, top or crown of the

head, which has a flame-colored patch. The etymological meaning of vertex is vortex, the
turning or whirling thing, from verto, I turn.

371. T. vo-ci'-fSr-aiis. Lat. present participle vociferans, vociferating, vociferous, from vocifero ;

vox, genitive vocis, voice, unAfero, I bear.

372. T. mel-an-chol'-I-cus. Gr. /u.f\ayxo\tK6s, melancholy, from fif\as, feminine yueAcui/a, black,

and x^Aos, gall, bile ; Lat. melancholicus, atrabilious. The ancients had some notions on
this subject which make the term not wholly inapplicable to a bird of splenetic, irri-
table-disposition, as all of this genus are. — To Lt. D. N. Couch, U. S. A., who collected
extensively in Matamoras and Texas.

373. Myi-ar'-chus cri-m'-tus [not " crinnytus," as usually heard]. Gr. yuu?a, a fly, and apx<$s,

a ruler, leader, chief, from a.px<», I am first, lead, rule, or a.px"n, the beginning. This
theme is seen in our prefix arch-, as arch-bishop, &c. — Lat. crinitus, haired, i. e., crested,
from crinis, hair of the head. See Myiodioctes, No. 146.

374. M. e-ryth-ro-cir'-cus. Gr. tpv0p6s, reddish, and Kf'pKos, tail.

Not in the Check List, orig. ed. Since discovered in Texas by G. B. Sennett. The
proper name of the species is much in question. The bird is the M. crinitus erythrocercus
of Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 2, p. 32, and v, no. 3, p. 402 ; the M. eryth-
rocercus var. cooperi of Ridgway, Pr. Nat. Mus., i, p. 138; and the M. mexicanus of Eidg.,
Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 14.

375. M. cm-er-es'-cens. Lat. present participle of an inceptive verb cincresco, I grow ashy ;

in the sense of being somewhat ashy; cinereus, ashy, from cinis, ash. N. B. — The
name has always been written cinerascens, for which we find no authority; while there
is actually a verb cineresco : we therefore emend as above.

376. M. law-ren'-ci-I. To George Newbold Lawrence, of New York.

377. Say-I-6r'-nis say'-i. " Sayornis" is a violent combination of the name of Mr. Thomas

Say, of Philadelphia, with the Greek word for bird, opvts. It may be somewhat improved
as above, when the combination of vowels becomes no more unusual than is seen in
myio-dioctes, myia-rchus, &c. In equally loose style, Bonaparte made the specific name
s, — a direct Latinization of the same person's name; but it must either be put in

70 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

378. Sayiornis nigricans (Sw.) Bp. B 134. c 251. R 317.

Black Pewit Flycatcher.

379. Sayiornis fusca (Gm.) Bd. B 135. c 252. R sis.

Pewit Flycatcher ; Phoebe-bird.

380. Contopus borealis (Sw.) Bd. B 137. c 253. R sis.

Olive-sided Pewee Flycatcher.

381. Contopus partinax Cab. B — . c 254. R sio.

Coues's Pewee Flycatcher.

382. Contopus virens (L.) Cab. B 139. c 255. R 320.

Pewee Flycatcher ; Wood Pewee.

383. Contopus virens richardsoni (Sw.) Coues. B iss. c 255a. R 321.

Western Pewee Flycatcher.

384. Empidonax acadicus (Gm.) Bd. B 143. c 256. R 324.

Acadian Flycatcher.

385. Empidonax trailli (Aud.) Bd. B 140. c 257. R 325«.

Traill's Flycatcher.

386. Empidonax trailli pusillus (Bd.) Coues. B 141. c 257a. R 325.

Little Western Flycatcher.

the genitive, sayi or sail, or in adjectival form, saynna or saiana ; it must in the latter
case be feminine to agree with sai/iornis. The above emendation of both generic and
specific names is respectfully submitted. (See Coues, Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880, p. 99.)

378. S. nig'-ri-cans. Present participle of nigrico, I am blackish ; niger, black.

379. S. fus'-ca. Lat./uscus, dark, dusky, swarthy. See Pipilo, No. 300.

380. Con'-to-pus bor-e-a'-lis. Gr. KOVTOS, in some sense unknown to us, and irov'i, foot. — Lat.

borealis, northern ; boreas, the north wind. — " Pewee," like " pewit," is an onomatopceon.

N. B. — Many words ending in -opus, from the Gr. irovs and a connecting vowel o, are
habitually accented on the lengthened penult, and the last syllable is made short. But
as -pus here stands for Gr. irovs, and the connecting vowel is invariably short, we should
throw the accent back to the antepenult, and dwell on the last syllable. Thus, not
Conto'-pus, Hcemato'-pus, Phalaro'-pus, but Cont'C-pus, Hcema'td-pus, Phalar'8-pus.

381. C. pir'-ti-nax. Lat. pertinax, pertinacious, holding fast on to ; from per and tenax, tenacious,

from teneo, I hold ; this species closely resembling C. borealis.

382. C. vir'-ens. See Dendrosca virens, No. 112.

383. C. v. rich'-ard-sQn-i. To Dr. John Kichardson, an author of the Fauna Boreali-

Americana, &c.

384. Em-pid-o'-nax a-cad'-I-cus. Gr. f/niris, genitive f/j.iriSos, a small kind of insect, gnat ; and

&va£ or &va£, king. — Acadicus, Latinized adjective for Acadian ; from Acadia or Acadie.

N. B. — This species has never been found, and probably does not occur, in the region
formerly called Acadia ; the name is therefore geographical!}' false. The name " Aca-
dian Flycatcher," whence Muscicapa acadica Gm., no doubt actually refers to Traill's or
the Least Flycatcher, the proper name of the present species being probably Empidonax
subviridis (Bartr.) Coues. Lat. subviridis, somewhat green, greenish.

385. E. trail'-li. To Thomas Stewart Traill, a Scottish naturalist. He was professor of medi-

cal jurisprudence in the University of Edinburgh, and editor of one of the later editions
of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica."

386. E. t. pu-sil'-lus. See Sitta, No. 60.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 71

387. Empidonax minimus Bd. B 142. c 258. R 326.

Least Flycatcher.

388. Empidonax flaviventris Bd. B 144. c 259. R 322.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

389. Empidonax flaviventris dimcilis Bd. B i44a. c — . R 323. (?)

Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

390. Empidonax hammondi (Xant.) Bd. B 145. c 200. R 327.

Hammond's Flycatcher.

391. Empidonax obscurus (Sw.) Bd. B 146. c 261. R 328.

Wright's Flycatcher.

392. Mitrephoms fulvifrons pallescens Coues. B — . c 202. R 329<z.

Buff-breasted Flycatcher.

393. Ornithium imberbe Scl. B — . c — . R 331.

Beardless Flycatcher.

394. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus (Scl.) Coues. B 147. c 263. R sso.

Mexican Vermilion Flycatcher.

395. Nyctidromus albicollis (Gm.) Burm. B — . c — . R 356.

Pauraque.

387. E. mln'-I-mus. Lat. minimus, least, smallest, superlative degree of parvus, little.

388. E. fla-vi-ven'-tris. Lat. flaous, yellow; ventris, pertaining to the belly, venter, belly; prob-

ably digammated from Gr. fi>r(poi>, the entrails.

389. E. f. dif-fi'-cl-lls. Lat. difficilis, difficult, not facile ; dis-facilis, not easily do-able ; facto, I

do; like agilis, active, or utilis, useful, from arjo and utor. It is applied to the bird
as the French would call a person difficile, that is, hard to get at, manage, understand,
impracticable; the subspecies not being readily distinguished from E.flaviventris,

390. E. ham'-m6nd-i. To Dr. W. A. Hammond, sometime Surgeon General, U. S. Army.

391. E. 5b-scu'-rus. See Molo/hrus, No. 314. — To C. Wright, the discoverer. Swainson's bird

is very uncertain, and our species might be called E. wrighti.

392. Mi-tre'-ph6r-us ful'-vi-frons pal-les'-cens. Gr. p-'iTpa. or /un-prj, a mitre or other head-

dress, and <pop6s, bearing, from <j>ep<a, same as Lat. fero, I bear. We believe either
mitrephorus or mitrophorus to be admissible; the former has currency, though the latter
maybe preferable. — Lat. fu/vus, yellowish, fulvous, and frons, forehead. — Lat. palles-
cens, somewhat pale, from pallesco, I grow pale ; palleo, of same meaning. The allusion
is to the pale coloration in comparison with the stock-form /<//n/«ws. [See Index, p. 137.]

393. 6r-nlth'-i-um im-ber'-be". Gr. opviQtov, a little bird ; diminutive of Spvis, a bird. — Lat.

imberbe, beardless, from in, negation, and barbn, beard. The genus is commonly written
Ornithion, but it is customary to change -ov of the Greek into -urn in Latin.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by G. B. Sennett. See Coues, The
Country, i, p. 184, July 13, 1878.

394. Py-r5-cgph'-a-lus rub-Tn'-g-us mex-I-ca'-nus. Gr. irCp, genitive irvpiis, fire, /ce^aA??,

head. — Lat. rubineus (not classic), equivalent to rubens, ruby-colored, rose-reel.

395. Nyc-tl'-dr6-mus al-bl-col'-lls. Gr. vv£, genitive VVKT<!S, night, and Spd/i/os. act of running:

in allusion to the nocturnal activity of the bird. See Ammodramus, No. 238. — Lat. albus,
white, and collis, neck.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by G. B. Sennett, and J. C. Merrill.

72 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

396. Antrostomus carolinensis (Gm.) Gould. B 111. c 264. R 353.

Chuck-will's-widow.

397. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.) Bp. B 112. c 265. R 354.

Whip-poor-will. [See Addenda, No. 881.

398. Phalaenoptilus imttalli (Aud.) Ridg. B us. c 266. R 355.

Nuttall's Whip-poor-will.

399. Chordediles popetue (V.) Bd. B 114. c 267. R 357.

Night-hawk.

400. Chordediles popetue henryi (Cass.) All. B 115. c 267«. R 357«.

Western Night-hawk.

401. Chordediles popetue minor (Cab.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 3576. (!w. i.)

Cuban Night-hawk.

402. Chordediles acutipennis texensis (Lawr.) Ridg. B lie. c 268. R 358.

Texan Night-hawk.

396. An-tro'-sto-mus ca-rS-Hn-en'-sIs. Gr. &vrpoi>, Lat. antrum, a cave, a-Topa, mouth; in

allusion to the cavernous capacity of this fissirost. — The curious English name, like
" whip-poor-will," is an onomatopceon, being an attempt to express the bird's cry in
words.

397. A. vo-ci'-fgr-us. Lat. vociferus, vociferous, clamorous, from vox, genitive, vocis, voice, and

fero, I bear ; vox is said to be digammated from Gr. #<J/.

398. Phal-ae-nop'-til-us nut-tal-11. Gr. (fxiXatva, a moth, and irriKov, plumage ; in allusion to

the peculiar velvety plumage, like the furriness of a moth's wing. — To Thomas Nuttall.
This is given as Antrostomus nuttalli in the orig. ed. The genus has since been estab-
lished by Ridgway, Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 5.

399. Chor-de-di'-les popetue. Gr. x°p8r), a chord, a stringed instrument, and SeiAT;, con-

tracted from 8e/eA.oy, root tt\<a, the evening, here apparently meaning to -close in, as
evening does. The allusion is to the crepuscular habits of the bird, its curious notes
being oftenest heard at evening. Swainson originally wrote chordeiles, — an inadmissible
contraction, and further erroneous in retaining Gr. et instead of changing to long Lat. i.
The word has sometimes been written chordiles. Cabanis properly emends as above.
Swainson was very negligent in these matters : for instance, he made a genus aipunemla,
the proper form of which is cepycnemis. — The word popetue is barbarous, of meaning
and pronunciation alike unknown to us. We have heard it as three and as four sylla-
bles, accented in each case on the antepenult.

This stands as Chordeiles virginianus in the orig. ed.

400. C. p. he"n'-ry-I. To Dr. T. Charlton Henry, who collected and observed in the West.

401. C. p. mm'-6r. Lat. minor, minor, less, smaller, this form holding such relation to the stock

species.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Stated to have occurred in Florida. See
Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 219.

402. C. a-cu-tl-pen'-nTs tex-en'-sls. Lat. aaitus, acute, sharp, pointed, and penna, wing or

feather, in allusion to the long wings. — Texcnsis, adjective formed from Texas. Texas
is properly a plural noun, singular Texa, meaning the Texas ; as we should say now, the
Texans, a race of the Caddos. Tachies and Taxus are also found.
This stands as C. texensis of the orig. ed.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 73

403. Panyptila saxatilis (Woodh.) Coues. B 107. c 269. R 349.

White-throated Rock Swift.

404. Nephoecetes niger borealis (Kenn.) Coues. B 108. c 270. R 350.

Black Rock Swift.

405. Chaetura pelasgica (L.) Steph. B 109. c 271. R 351.

Chimney Swift.

406. Chsetura vauxi (Towns.) De Kay. B no. c 272. R 352.

Vaux's Chimney Swift.

407. Basilinna xantusi (Lawr.) Elliot. B — . c 273. R 347.

Xantus Humming-bird.

408. Eugenes fulgens (Sw.) Gld. B — . c 274&w. R 334.

Refulgent Humming-bird.

409. Trochilus colubris L. B 101. c 275. R 335.

Ruby-throated Humming-bird.

403. Pan-yp'-tl-la sax-at'-l-lls. Gr. irdvv, much, very, from TTUS, iraffa, irav, all, and -miXov, wing:

in allusion to the great length of this member. — Lat. saxatilis, rock-inhabiting : saxum,
a rock.

404. Neph-oe'-cg-tes nlg'-er bor-6-a'-Hs. Gr. vtQos, a cloud, and O»K«TTJS, an inhabitant; well

applied to this bird of great wing and high flight. See Pocecete.s, No. 232. — Lat. nitjer,
black. — Lat. borealis, northern.

405. Chae-tu'-ra pel-as'-gl-ca. Gr. xa'Tr?. a stiff hair, a bristle, and ovpa, tail, in allusion to the

spines which project from the ends of the tail-feathers.

The specific word was written pe/uytca by Linnasus in 1758, and pehisgia by him in
1766. The word has occasioned much conjecture as to its orthography, derivation, and
applicability. We cannot suppose it to be pelayica, pelagic, relating to the high seas, like
marine. It is apparently one of Linnaeus's whims of nomenclature, by which he likened
this migratory species to a Pelasgian, one of the nomadic tribes of Greece, the Pelasrji,
Tlt\aayoi. There is indeed a geographical name pelasrjia, but such would hardly be used
in this form, and would be geographically false, moreover. Excluding pdasgia or peluglca
as out of the question, and supposing the allusion to be to the nomadic Pelasfji, we con-
clude that the proper form of the word is as above given, pelasgica, the adjective
meaning Pelasgian, i. e., in a tropical sense, nomadic, migratory.

406. C. vaux'-I. To William S. Vaux, of Philadelphia.

407. Bas-H-in'-na xan'-tus-i. Gr. fraaiKtwa, a queen, feminine form of /3a<riA.ei5s, a king. To

Louis John Xantus de Vesey, who later called himself John Xantus, an energetic and
successful collector in South-western United States, and Mexico. We suppose the name
originally meant yellow, fai/0os, xanthus, and in fact it is written xanthusi sometimes.
This is given as Hcliopcedlca xantusi in the orig. ed. of the Check List.

403. Eu'-gSn-es ful'-gens. Gr. euye^s, well-born; from e5, well, and ytvos, birth; ylyvopcu, I
am born. — La.t. fulgens, glittering, refulgent, fromfulgeo, I shine, flash, gleam, glitter.
Not in the orig. ed. : since discovered in Arizona by H. W. Henshaw.

409. TrSch'-I-lus col'-u-bris. Gr. rpSx^os or rpox'^os, Lat. trochilus, a kind of bird; from
rpoxos, a runner. The bird originally so called by Herodotus was an Egyptian species
of plover, of the genus sEgialitis, which was so named from its habit of coursing the
banks of streams. The name was also applied by the ancients to some small bird,
species uncertain, perhaps a warbler, wren, or kinglet. Very curiously, the name waa
afterward transferred to the American humming-birds, becoming fixed in modern nomen-

74 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

410. Trochilus alexandri Bourc. and Muls. B 102. c 276. R 336.

Alexander Humming-bird.

411. Selasphorus rufus (Gm.) Sw. B 103. c 277. R 340.

Rufous Humming-bird.

412. Selasphorus alleni Hensh. B — . c — . R 341.

Allen Humming-bird.

413. Selasphorus platycercus (Sw.) Gld. B 104. c 278. R 339.

Broad-tailed Humming-bird.

414. Calypte annse (Less.) Gld. B 105. c 279. R 338.

Anna Humming-bird.

415. Calypte costae (Bourc.) Gld. B IOG. c 2so. R 337.

Costa Humming-bird.

416. Atthis heloisae (Less, and De Lat.) Reich. B — . c 281. R 342.

Heloise Humming-bird.

417. Stellula calliope Gld. B — . c 282. R 343.

Calliope Humming-bird.

418. Calothorax lucifer (Sw.) Gra}-. B — . c — . R 349.

Lucifer Humming-bird.

clature as a genus in that family in consequence of such usage on the part of Linnaeus.
— The name colubris might be an adjective formed from coluber, a snake, in allusion to
the scales on the hummer's throat ; hut this is unlikely. There are old treatises on birds
in which the terms colibri, kolibri, colibry occur, and the word is doubtless barbarous.

410. T. a-lgx-an'-dri. To Alexandre.

411. S6-las'-phor-us ru'-fus. Gr. <r(\as, <rt\aos, light, and Dope's, bearing, tpf'pca, I bear ; eupho-

niously compounded, at the expense of strict propriety. — Lat. rufus, rufous, reddish.

412. S. al'-len-i. To C. A. Allen, of Nicasio, California.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since distinguished from S. rufus by Mr. Henshaw : see Bull.
Nutt. Club, ii, 1877, p. 54.

413. S. plat-y-cer'-cus. Gr. irAcn-uj, broad, wide ; nepxos, tail.

414. C. an'-nae. Dedicated to the Duchess of Rivoli.

This is Selasp/iorus anna in the orig. ed.

415. Ca-lyp'-te cos'-tae. Gr. Ka.\virrri, a proper name ; Ka\virru, I conceal. — To Costa.

This is Selasphorus costce. in the orig. ed.

416. At'-this h61-6-I'-sae. Gr. 'ArOis, Attic, Athenian; probably in allusion to some peculiar

charm of the bird. Attic was ne plus ultra Greek, as Parisian is par excellence French.
This is Sc/asphorus heloisce of the orig. ed.

417. Stel'-lu-la cal-H'-S-pe. Lat. stellula, a little star, diminutive of stella, a star. — Gr. KaA-

\t6irr], Calliope, one of the Muses ; ica\6s, feminine /caAAV?, beautiful, &c., and 6ty, voice.
The application of the word to a voiceless bird is not obvious, unless it be simply
dedicatory.

418. Cal-6-tho'-rax lu'-ci-fgr. Gr. Ka\ds, beautiful, and eupa.%, thorax, chest. — Lat. Lucifer,

Lucifer, the light-bearer, from lux, lucis, light, and fcro, I bear. Both words note the
glittering plumage.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Arizona by H. W. Henshaw ; and first
announced from that locality under the erroneous name of " Doriclia enicura," in Am.
Sportsm., v, p. 328, Feb. 20, 1875. See Lawr., Bull. Nutt. Club, ii, 1877, p. 108.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 75

419. Amazilia fuscocaudata (Fras.) Elliot. B. — . c — . R 345.

Dusky-tailed Humming-bird.

420. Amazilia cerviniventris Gld. B — . c — . R 340.

Buff-bellied Humming-bird.

421. lache latirostris (Sw.) Elliot. B — . c — . R 348.

Circe Humming-bird.

422. Trogon ambiguus Gld. B 65. c 284. R 384. (!M)

Copper-tailed Trogon.

423. Ceryle alcyon (L.) Boie. B 117. c 286. R 382.

Belted Kingfisher.

424. Ceryle americana cabanisi (Reich.) Coues. B us. c 287. R 383.

Texas Kingfisher.

425. Crotophaga ani L. B 66, 67. c 288. R 389.

Black Ani.

419. Am-a-zil'-I-a fus-co-caud-a'-ta. The word amasilia is apparently Latinized from Lesson's

word amazili, used in the plural form amazilis for a group of hummers. We do not know
what it means. — Lat. fuscus, dark, and caudata, tailed; cauda, tail.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by J. C. Merrill. This has been
called Pyrrliophxna riejferi in papers relating to the Texas specimens. See Merrill, Bull.
Nutt. Club, i, 1876, p. 88, and Kidg., Pr. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 147.

420. A. cer-vi-m-ven'-trls. Lat. cervtnus, relating to a deer, cervus ; and ventris, pertaining to

the belly, venter. The allusion is to the yawn-colored under parts.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by J. C. Merrill. See Bull. Nutt.
Club, ii, 1877, p. 26, and Pr. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 148.

421. I'-a-che la-tl-ros'-tris. Gr. lax'fi, a battle-cry; also a proper name, whence derived. — Lat.

latirostris, broad-billed ; latus, wide, like Gr. irAoruj, of same meaning; and rostrum, beak.
Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List ; since discovered in Arizona by H. W.
Henshaw. See Amer. Sportsm., Feb. 20, 1875.

422. Tro'-gon am-bi'-gu-us. Gr. rpu>y<ai>, a gnawer, rodent, from rpwyw, I gnaw, eat away,

corrode ; from the stout, dentate bill ; see Troglodytes, No. 74. The word was applied by
Moehringin 1752 to the Brazilian Trogon, called curucuiby the natives, and made generic
by Brisson in 1760. — Lat. ambiguus, ambiguous, equivocal, of more than one meaning,
in a double sense; hence, doubtful, uncertain; from ambo, both, on two sides, and ayo,
to act or do. Ambiguity is literally a double-dealing, " with double sense deluding ; "
compare Fr. double entendre, and such homely expressions as " back and fill," " blow hot
and cold," " on the fence," " hedge" (to bet on both sides). It was badly applied to this
fine species when considered doubtfully distinct from T. mcxicanus.

"This stands as T. mexicanus in the orig. ed. For its actual occurrence in Texas, see
Pr. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 118.

423. Ce'-ry-le al'-cy-on. Gr. KT)pv\os, a kingfisher. — Gr. a\Kvti>v, Lat. halcyon or alci/on, a

kingfisher. 'A\Kv6vr) or Alcyone was a mythical character, daughter of JEolus, fabled to
have been transformed into a kingfisher when, out of love for her shipwrecked husband
Ceyx, she threw herself into the sea. The kingfisher was also believed to nest on the
water, at a time the waves were stilled ; hence the term " halcyon days."

424. C. am-er-I-ca'-na cab-an'-is-i. To Dr. Jean Cabanis, long time one of the leaders of

German ornithology, and editor of the Journal fiir Ornithologie.

425. Cr5-to'-pha-ga a'-nl. Gr. Kporcay, a bug, tick, plant-louse ; and <f><iyos, from <pdyofi.ai, I eat.

76 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

426. Crotophaga sulcirostris Sw. B — . c — . R 390.

Groove-billed Ani.

427. Geococcyx californianus (Less.) Bd. B 68. c 289. R 385.

Ground Cuckoo ; Chaparral Cock ; Road-runner.

428. Coccygus erythrophthalmus (Wils.) Bd. B 70. c 290. R 388.

Black-billed Cuckoo.

429. Coccygus americanus (L.) Bp. B 69. c 291. R 387.

Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

430. Coccygus seniculus (Lath.) V. B 71. c 292. R 386.

Mangrove Cuckoo.

431. Campephilus principalis (L.) Gr. B 72. c 293. R 359.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

432. Hylotomus pileatus (L.) Bd. B 90. c 294. R 371.

Pileated Woodpecker.

433. Picus borealis V. B so. c 296. R 362.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

426. C. sul-ci-ros'-trls. Lat. sulcus, a groove, furrow, channel ; a word sibilated from Gr.

O\KOS, a trace, track, trail ; and rostris, pertaining to the beak, rostrum.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by G. B. Sennett. See Coues, The
Country, i, July 13, 1878, p. 184.

427. G£-6-c5c'-cyx cal-i-f6r-m-an'-us. Gr. 77} or yea, the earth, and K({*CKU|, a cuckoo. The

latter word is onomatopoeic, and runs in similar forms througli many languages, the idea
being always to express the cuckoo's voice in a word: Lat. cuculus; Fr. coucou ; Eng.
cuckoo, cuckow ; Germ, .ff'ufuf, &c. See Coccygus, No. 428.

428. Coc'-cy-gus g-ryth-r5ph-thal'-mus. The generic name is modified from K^KKV^, a cuckoo.

Its orthography has given rise to much variance of opinion. It was originally written
by Vieillot coccyzus; such spelling has been accepted by Sclater and others, and is per-
haps defensible on the ground that there is a Greek verb KOKKV£G*, I make a noise like a
cuckoo, whence a noun KOKKV&S, becoming coccyzus in Latin, might be formed. Boie
first emended Vieillot's name to coccygus, in which he was followed by Cabanis and many
others. Other forms of the word found in ornithological writings are : coccyzon, coccy-
gius, coccysns, coccyzius, coccygon. We adopt Boie's form coccygns, being directly from the
genitive of KOKKV£, not wishing to unnecessarily interfere. — For erythrophthalmus, see
Pipilo, No. 301.

429. C. am-gr-i-ca'-nus. To America. See Parula, No. 93.

430. C. sen-i'-cu-lus. Lat. seniculus, a little old man ; diminutive of senex, an old man. The

allusion is probably to the gray on the head, a sign of senility.

431. Cam-pe'-phil-us prin-ci-pa'-lls. Gr. KO/MTTJ, a caterpillar, from its bending; well-illus-

trated in the way a " measuring-worm " bends. The word primarily means a bending :
/ca,u.7rTos, bent ; KO./J.TTTW, I bend ; the same word is seen in Campy lorhynchus, for example.
<f>i\os, <pi\t<a, I love. — Lat. principalis, principal, chief, from the great size of the bird.

432. Hy-16'-t6-mus pi-lg-a'-tus. Gr. V\OTOIJ.OS, cutting wood, ('. e., a woodcutter: v\t), wood,

and Tfpveiv, to cut. — Lat. pileatus, capped, i.e., crested; from pileus or pileum, a cap ;
related to p'tlus, a hair ; the same root is seen in depilatory, pile, as of velvet, &c.

433. PI'-cus b6r-g-a'-lls. Lat. Picus, a mythical person, and also a woodpecker, because the

former, one of the victims of Circe, whose love he had scorned, was transformed into a
woodpecker. The etymology of picas is doubtful ; the word is said by some to be prob-

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 77

434. Picus scalaris Wagl. B 79. c 297. R 363.

Texas Woodpecker.

435. Picus scalaris nuttalli (Gamb.) Coues. B 78. c 297a. R 364.

Nuttall's Woodpecker.

436. Picus scalaris lucasanus (Xant.) Coues. B — . c 297*. R 363a.

St. Lucas Woodpecker.

437. Picus stricklandi Malh. B — . c — . R 365.

Strickland's Woodpecker.

438. PicUS villoSUS L. B 74. C 298. R 360, 360a.

Hairy Woodpecker.

439. Picus villosus harrisi (Aud.) All. B 75. c 298«. R 3606.

Harris's Woodpecker.

440. Picus pubescens L. B 76. c 299. R SGI.

Downy Woodpecker.

441. Picus pubescens gairdneri (Aud.) Coues. B 77. c 299a. R 36ia.

Gairdner's Woodpecker.

ably for pigus, from pingo, I paint, and hence to mean pigtus or pictus, painted, spotted ; if
so, it is well applied to the woodpecker, a bird of variegated colors, a much pied bird:
compare Pica, No. 347. Others hold, however, that picus is from the same root as the Gr.
iriirw or TTITTOS, a little bird, a peeper, chirper ; just as Gr. 'i-mros or fa/cos and Lat. eqnus
(which was formerly spelled very differently, and with c instead of 7) are cognate.
This would make it an onomatopoeon, like pipit, pipilo, &e. — Lat. borealis, northern ;
boreas, the north-wind.

NOTE. — According to Professor Newton (Ibis, 3d ser., vi, 1876, p. 94 seq.), the type
of the Linnsan genus Picus is P. martins. The same author adds, in a private note
addressed to Dr. Coues, that " the adjective in any other combination loses its classical
allusion, which all naturalists, including Linnaeus, until comparatively recent times,
recognized." It would also appear that our H. pilealus, No. 432, is congeneric with
P. martins. On these premises, No. 432 should stand as Picus pileatus, and some other
generic name be found for Nos. 433-441. It is regretted, that, as the untoward circum-
stances (tent-life in unbookish Arizona) under which these proof-sheets are being cor-
rected do not permit us to follow up the matter at present, we are obliged to let the
current nomenclature pass with this explanation.

434. P. sca-la'-ris. Lat. scalaris, ladder-like; scala, a flight of stairs, a ladder, scale, shortened

from scand/a, from scando, I climb. The idea in Wagler's mind may have been the
climbing or scaling of trees by the bird; more likely the bars on the back, resembling
the rounds of a ladder.

435. P. s. nut'-tal-ll. To Thomas Nuttall. — Perhaps entirely distinct from No. 434.

436. P. s. lu-cas-a'-nus. To Cape St. Lucas, S. Cala., where discovered.

437. P. strick'-land-i. To Hugh E. Strickland, the eminent English ornithologist.

Not in the orig. ed. Since discovered in Arizona by II. W. Henshaw. See Amer.
Sportsm., v, p. 328, Feb. 20, 1875.

438. P. vil-lo'-sus. Lat. rillosus, shaggy, hairy, villous ; from villus, a hair, tuft of hair.

439. P. v. har'-ris-I. To Edward Harris, companion and friend of Audubon.

440. P. pu-be'-scens. Lat. pubescens, present participle of pubesco, I come to puberty, i.e., the

time when the hair grows on the genitals ; pubes, the parts on which such hair grows ;
hence, pubescent, hairy, downy.

441. P. p. gaird'-ngr-i. To Dr. Gairdner, a Scottish naturalist.

78 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

442. Xenopicus albolarvatus (Cass.) Bd. B si. c 295. R 366.

White-headed Woodpecker.

443. Picoi'des arcticus (Sw.) Gray. B 82. c soo. R 367.

Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.

444. Picoi'des americanus Brehm. B 83. c soi. R 368.

Bauded-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.

445. Picoi'des americanus dorsalis (Bd.) Allen. B 84. c sola. R 368a.

Striped-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.

446. Sphyropicus varius (L.) Bd. B 85. c 302. R 369.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

447. Sphyropicus varius nuchalis Bd. B 86. c 302a. R 369«.

Nuchal Woodpecker.

448. Sphyropicus varius ruber (Gm.) Ridg. B 87. c 3026, or 303. R 3696.

Red-breasted Woodpecker.

449. Sphyropicus thyroides (Cass.) Bd. B 88, 89. c 304, 305. R 370.

Brown-headed Woodpecker.

442. Xen-6-pi'-cus al-bS-lar-va'-tus. Gr. feVos, a guest, stranger; |eVoj, rare, foreign, &c. — Lat.

albolarvatus, white-masked ; albus, white, and lart-a, a mask. The same word is used fur
insects in their early stage, when the characters of the imaijo, or perfect insect, are
masked or hidden in the caterpillar.

Given as Picus a. in the orig. ed. For generic characters, see Ridgw., Pr. Nat. Mus.,
ii, 1880, p. 6.

443. Pi-co-i'-des arc'-ti-cus. Lat. picus, a woodpecker, and Gr. elSos, resemblance. The word

is one of the numerous bastards in the genera of Picidce, which authors seem bent on
producing ; there is no such word as Picus in Greek, yet they have constantly com-
pounded it with Greek adjectives. The el becomes long i; the o is the connecting
vowel ; the word should have the diasresis over the i, and be pronounced in four sylla-
bles, with accent on the penult. All such hybrid words are so far wrong as to be past
praying for, and scarcely worth the trouble of trying to twist into some decent shape.

444. P. am-gr-i-ca'-nus. To America. See Parula, No. 93.

445. P. a. dor-sa'-lis. Lat, dorsalis, pertaining to dorsum, the back.

446. Sphy-ro-pF-cus var'-i-us. Gr. atyvpov, a hammer, and Lat. picus. It was originally written

spht/rapicits by Baird ; but the connecting vowel should be o in this case. It is usually
accented on the antepenult, with shortening of the i in picus, for which we see no reason,
beyond our extreme tendency to throw the accent always backward. The word is a
hopeless hybrid, even when emended as above; sphijrocopus (a-tyvpoicdiros) would have
been classic for a hammerer. — Lat. varius, various, varied, variegated ; referring to the
coloration in this case.

447. S. v. nu-cha-lis. Quasi-Lat. nuchalis, relating to the nape, nucha, which is red in this bird,

not in S. varius. See Leucosticte, No. 205.

448. S. v. rub'-er. Lat. ruber, red.

This stands as S. ruber in the body of the orig. ed. of the Check List : as above in the
appendix.

449. S. thy-ro-i'-des. Gr. OvptoetS-lis, resembling a certain kind of shield ; in allusion to the

shield-shaped black spot on the breast ; 0vpe6s, a shield, elSos, resemblance. The fuller
form of the word would be thyrpoides, in five syllables. It has always been wrongly
written thyroideus. See especially Picoiries, No. 443.

NOTE. — S. williainsoni, No. 305 of the orig. ed., is the male of the same species.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 79

450. Centurus carolinus (L.) Bp. B 91. c 306. R 372.

Red-bellied Woodpecker.

451. Centurus aurifrons Wagl. B 92. c 307. R 373.

Yellow-fronted Woodpecker.

452. Centurus uropygialis Bd. B 93. c sos. R 374.

Gila Woodpecker,

453. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (L.) Sw. B 94. c 309. R 375.

Red-headed Woodpecker.

454. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridg. B 95. c sio. R 377.

Californian Woodpecker.

455. Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons Bd. B — . c sioa. R 377a.

Narrow-fronted Woodpecker.

456. Asyndesmus torquatus (Wils.) Coues. B 96. c 311. R 376.

Lewis's Woodpecker.

457. Colaptes auratus (L.) Sw. B 97. c 312. R 378.

Golden-winged Woodpecker; Flicker.

458. Colaptes chrysoides Malh. B 99. c 313. R 379.

Gilded Woodpecker.

450. Cen-tu'-rus ca-rd-li'-nQs. Gr. Ktvrpov, a point, prickle, and ovpa, tail ; spine-tailed. The

full form would appear to be Centrums (like Centrocercus, for example), but there is a way
of getting Centurus from Kfvr-r)- ; /tei/reco is the verb to prick, goad, &c. — Carolinus is badly
syncopated from carol i nianus ; carolinensis would have been better still.

451. C. aur'-i-frons. Lat. aurifrons, golden-forehead ; aurum, gold (yellow), umlfrons, forehead.

452. C. u-r6-py-gi-a'-lis. There is a very late Latin word uropygium, the rump, from which

the above is derived as an adjective. But this is merely a modern Latinizing of the good
Gr. ovpoTTvyiov or oppoirvytov, the rump ; from ovpa, tail, and Trvyi], the buttocks. The
allusion in this case is to the conspicuously white rump of the bird, which a Greek would
have called irvyapyos (pyrjarc/us).

453. Mel-an-er'-pes g-ryth-ro-ceph'-a-lus. Gr. /me\as, genitive yueAoi/os, black, and tpirris, a

creeper ; fpirca, I creep, crawl. See Catherpes, No. 66. The full form would be melano-
herpes. — Gr. epvOpds, red, and «re0aA^, head.

454. M. for-mi-ci'-vor-us baird'-I. Lat. formica, an ant, and voro, I devour, in allusion to a

habit of the species. — To Prof. Spencer Fullerton Baird. See Ridg., Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 21, 1881, p. 85. Given in the orig. ed. as M. formicivorus.

455. M. f. an-gus'-ti-fr5ns. Lat. angustus, narrow, straitened, from ango, I press upon, draw

together, &c. ; Gr. ayxta, I squeeze, strangle, distress, &c. ; the same root and idea is seen
in anxious, anxiety, &c. ; frons, forehead. The allusion is to the narrowness of the yellow

frontal band.
\~*

456. A-syn-des'-mus tSr-qua'-tus. Gr. d privative, vvv, together, with, Seo-^s, a bond ; in allu-

sion to the loosened texture of the feathers of the under parts. — Lat. torrjtiatus, collared ;
inrtj'iis, a necklace, collar ; torqueo, I twist, twine around; tortus, twisted, distorted, con-
tortion; so also torture, as of one wrenched or racked. The allusion is to the ashy collar
on the neck of the bird. — The English name is that of Merriwether Lewis, the explorer
in company with Clark (Clark's Crow, Picicorvus).

457. C61-ap'-tes aur-a'-tus. Gr. KoAcwmfc, a chisel, hammer; KoKdirru, I use such an instru-

ment; very appropriate to a woodpecker. — Lat. auratus, gilded, golden (colored); aurum,
gold ; also very apt to this bird.

458. C. chry-s6-i'-dgs. Gr. xpvffeos> XPvff°vs, golden, of the color of gold, xpv(r^s> «?5os,

resemblance.

80 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

459. Colaptes mexicanus Sw. B 98. c 314. R 378a.

Red-shafted Woodpecker.

460. Conurus carolinensis (L.) Kuhl. B 63. c 315. R 392.

Carolina Parrot ; Paroquet.

461. Ahico flammeus pratincola (Bp.) Coues. B 47. c 316. R 394.

American Barn Owl.

462. Bubo virginianus (Gm.) Bp. B 48. c 317. R 405.

Great Horned Owl.

463. Bubo virginianus arcticus (Sw.) Cass. B — . c 3i7a. R 405a, 4056.

Arctic Horned Owl.

464. Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass. B — . c 317&. R 405c.

Pacific Horned Owl.

459. C. mex-I-ca'-nus. To Mexico.

460. C6-nu-rus ca-r6-lm-en'-s!s. Gr. KUVOS, Lat. conus, a cone, pine-cone, whence our word

for a figure of that kind ; olpa, tail; in allusion to the wedged or cuneate tail.

NOTE. — The nomenclature of our owls, Nos. 401-488, must be considered still
unsettled in several instances, though we have endeavored to approximate toward a
fixed terminology in this difficult group, where the species and subspecies are not readily
determined, and where authors have bandied about the generic and specific names so
indiscriminately as to produce great confusion. The names here provisionally adopted
are in the main according to results reached by Mr. Ridgway, who has given special
attention to these birds.

\_j

461. Al-u'-co flam'-mg-us prat-m'-c6-la. The meaning of Aluco we do not know, further than

that it has long been used for some kind of owl ; perhaps related to e'Aeo's, which occurs
in Aristotle as the name of some owl, and is enumerated by Brisson among the syno-
nyms of the European barn owl. Numberless names of owls in very many languages
are doubtless more nearly related than their diverse orthography would show at first
sight, and mostly appear to be onomatopoeic, in imitation of the hooting, howling cries
of these inauspicious birds of the night : Eng. owl, owlet, howlet; A. S. ul, eul, ule ; Dutch,
uil; Dan. uyle ; Sw. uggla ; Germ, eule; Fr. hulotte ; Ital. alocho (compare aluco) ; Sansk.
uluka, &c. — Lat. flammeus, flaming, fiery-red; flamma (flag-ma), a flame, blaze; the root
is seen in^af/rant^n^itious, de/?agrate ; flagro, I flare up, am inflamed; and many kin-
dred words. The allusion, rather strong, is to the flagrant colors of this species in com-
parison with most owls. — Lat. pratincola, an inhabitant of fields; pratum, a meadow,
incola, an inhabitant (in and colo, I cultivate).

This stands as Strix flammea americana in the orig. ed., and Ridgway has A.flammea
americana; but pratincola Bp. (1838) antedates americana Aud. (1839) ; and, on the gen-
eric nomenclature of owls, especially on the type of Strix L., see Newton, Yarr. Br. B.,
4th ed., i, p. 150, and Ibis, 3d ser., vi, 1876, p. 94.

462. Bu'-bo vir-gm-i-a'-nus. Lat. bubo, the horned owl ; perhaps related to bubulus or bubahis ;

bos, Gr. @ovs, a bull, horned cattle ; there is a similar Greek word &vas, for a horned owl.
So, also, the verb bubo or bubalo, to low, hoot ; the word for the bittern, butor, botaums
(bos, taums), and others, are related, all being onomatopoeic, with reference to the low-
ing or bellowing of cattle. — Virginianus, see Cardinalis, No. 299.

463. B. v. arc'-tl-cus. See Sialia, No. 29.

464. B. v. pa-d'-fi-cQs. Lat. pacificus, pacific, peaceable, peace-making ; pax, peace, facio, I do,

make; "the stilly sea." The reference is to the habitat of the bird.

We retain the three forms of Bubo as given in the orig. ed. Mr. Ridgway, after dis-
missing Mr. Cassin's var. pacificus, has four : B. v., and B. v. arcticus, as we have them ;

CHECK LIST OF NOET1I AMERICAN BIRDS. 81

465. Scops asio (L.) Bp. B 49. c sis. B 402.

Screech Owl; Mottled Owl; Red Owl.

466. Scops asio kennicotti (Elliot) Coues. B — . c 3i8a. R 402rf.

Kennicott's Screech Owl.

467. Scops asio maxwellae Ridg. B — . c — . R 402c.

Rocky Mountain Screech Owl.

468. Scops asio maccalli (Cass.) Coues. B 50. c 3is&. R 4026.

McCalPs Screech Owl.

469. Scops asio fioridanus Ridg. B — . c 3i8c. R 402a.

Florida Screech Owl.

470. Scops trichopsis Wagl. B — . c — . R 403. (?)

Mexican Screech Owl.

471. Scops flammeolus (Licht.) Scl. B — . c 319. R 404.

Flammulated Screech Owl.

472. Asio wilsonianus (Less.) Coues. B 51. c 320. R 395

Long-eared Owl.

will: B. r. snbarcticus, after Hoy, and B. v. saturates, Ridg., from the North-west coast,
the latter being var. pacijicus of Hist. N. A. B., iii, p. 65.

•465. Scops as'-I-o. Lat. scopes or scops, Gr. <rit<a\]/, a kind of owl. Here we have a name for
owl which regards the bird in an entirely different sense from that implied in any of the
onomatopoeic names. The etymology is disputed. Some say from ovccSirTeo, I mock,
scoff, deride, which would make scops the same as O-KWTTTTJS, a mocker, mimic ; the actions
of an owl seeming to travesty the beholder. Others have it from a-Koireu, I look out,
survey, contemplate, the root of this being seen in scope, telescope, &c. ; or from crKeirrofjLai,
I examine, scrutinize, am sceptical about any thing ; the reference being to the great
staring eyes of the bird, or its air of contemplation. — Lat. asio, a horned owl ; occurring
in Pliny ; apparently a word of Hebrew extraction, the significance of which is unknown
to us.

466. S. a. kgn-ni-cot'-tl. To Robert Kennicott, of Illinois, an ardent and able naturalist, who

sadly lost his life on the Yukon River, in Alaska, where the variety was procured.

467. S. a. max'-wel-lae. To Mrs. M. A. Maxwell, of Boulder, Colorado, the discoverer.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List ; since described. See Field and Forest, June,
1877, pp. 210, 213.

468. S. a. mac-cal'-H. To Colonel G. A. McCall, U. S. A., of Philadelphia, who studied

ornithology in Texas.

The S. a. enano, recently attributed to Texas by Coues and Sennett, has been identi-
fied with this by Ridgway.

469. S. a. flo-ri-da'-nus. To Florida.

470. S. trich-op'-sis. Gr. fy/f, genitive rpixos, hair, and £nf>, aspect, countenance ; i. q., hairy-

faced, bristly about the bill ? or general plumage of that character ?

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. If not the species itself, then its identifica-
tion with any United States specimens, would appear to be dubious. The name is
inserted upon Mr. Ridgway's autlmrit}'.

471. S. flam-me'-6-lus. Lat. flammeoliis, diminutive of flammeus-: see Ahico, No. 461.

472. As'-i-6 wil-son-i-a'-nus. For asio, see Scops, No. 465. — Latinized Wilsonian; to Alexander

Wilson, "father of American ornithology."

This stands as Otus vulc/aris var. wilsonianus in the orig. ed., but is now regarded as

82 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

473. Asio accipitrirms (Pall.) Newt. B 52. c 321. R 395.

Short-eared Owl.

474. Strix cinerea Gm. B 53. c 322. R 399.

Great Gray Owl.

475. Strix cinerea lapponica (Retz.) Cones. B — . c — . R 399o. (!A.)

Lapland Great Gray Owl.

476. Strix nebulosa Forst. B 54. c 323. R 397.

Barred Owl.

477. Stris nebulosa alleni Ridg. B — . c — . R 397«.

Florida Barred OwL

478. Strix occidentalis (Xant.) Ridg. B — . c 324. R 398.

Western Barred Owl.

479. Nyctea scandiaca (L.) Newt. B GI. c 325. R 406.

Snowy OwL

sufficiently distinct from the European bird. — The genus Otus is from the Lat. otus, Gr.
&TOS or &r6s, the eared owl; Gr. ovs or 3>s, genitive COTO'S, an ear; from o5ay, a handle.
(See Bubo, No. 462, and compare /3vas and /Sous.) — The genus Asio would appear to be
eligible for the group of long-eared owls commonly called Otus of late years. — It is
quite likely that the most available specific name for our bird is americanus (Stcph.), as
Ridgway has it.

473. A. ac-cip-It-ri'-nus. Lat. accipitrinus, accipitrine, hawk-like ; see Accipiter, No. 494.

This stands as Braclujotus pnlustris in the orig. ed. But both the eared owls may well
be put in one genus, and the name accipitrinus has priority over brachyotus. This last
word is literal Greek for " short-eared."

474. Strix cm-gr'-g-a. Lat. strix, stryx, or strynx, or Gr. ffrpty£, a screech-owl ; from strido, I

screech, utter shrill strident sounds of any kind ; Gr. a-rpCfa ; sibilated from rpifa. The
same root is seen in the English strident, stridulous. — Lat. cinereus, ashy ; cinis, ashes. See
Harporhynchus, No. 22.

This stands as Syrnium Jnpponicum var. cinereum in the orig. ed., by a blunder ; for the
latter name has priority over the former. The late rectifications made by Newton in
the genera of owls cause Strix to be referred to the common Brown Owl of Europe,
strictly congeneric with our Barred Owl. If the great Gray Owls be considered generi-
cally distinct, they may be called SCOTIAPTEX. Mr. Ridgway uses the genus Ulula for
this group, which he separates from Strix proper.

475. S. c. lap-pon'-I-ca. To Lapland.

This European conspecies of the great Gray Owl has lately been attributed to North
America by Ridgway : see Bull. Nutt. Club, iii, 1878, p. 37 ; Alaska. Not in orig. ed.

476. S. neb-u-lo'-sa. Lat. nebulosus, nebulous, misty, foggy, in the sense here of dark clouded

color; from the Gr. j/e^eA?? (ve<f>os), a cloud. So, also, Lat. nubes, a cloud; nubo, I
marry, nubilis, marriageable; the bride being veiled (nupta) for the nuptials.
This is Syrnium nebulosnm of the orig. ed.

477. S. n. al'-len-i. To J. A. Allen, of Cambridge, Mass. See Pipilo, No. 302.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since described. See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 8.

478. S. 6c-cl-den-ta'-lls. Lat. occidentalis, occidental, western, where the sun sets ; occido, I

fall down (ob and cado, not occido, I slay).
This is Syrnium occidental of the orig. ed.

479. Nyc'-te-a scan-di-a'-ca. Gr. NVKTSUS, Lat. Nycteus, a proper name ; as an adjective, noc-

turnal; Lat. nox, Gr. vv£, night. There are very many derivatives, of which Nyctala is
one. — Lat. Scandiaca, Skandinavian, relating to Scandia or Scandinavia.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 83

480. Surnia funerea (L.) Rich. & Sw. B 02. c 326. R 407.

American Haul, Owl.

481. Surnia funerea ulula (L.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 407. (?) (!A.)

European Hawk. Owl.

482. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bp.) Ridg. B 55. c 327. R 400.

Richardson's Owl.

483. Nyctala acadica (Gm.) Bp. B 50, 57. c 328. R 401.

Acadian Owl; Saw-whet OwL

484. Glaucidium. gnoma Wagl. B GO. c 320. R 409.

Pygmy Owl.

480. Sur'-ni-a fu-ne'-ri-a. Surnia and Syrnium are forms of the same word, the meaning and

derivation of which are alike unknown to us; we follow Newton in using the former;
see Sund., Tent., p. 104. — Lat. funereus, funereal ; from funus, a funeral, burial pro-
cession. Applicable to an owl, either regarded as a bird of ill omen, or with reference to
its dismal cry, as if wailing the dead.

This stands Surnia ulula kudsunica in the orig. ed. Names of owls are " confusion
worse confounded." See Ridg. Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 8.

481. S. f. ul-ul-a. Lat. ulula, a, Plinian name of the screech-owl; ululo, Gr. oAoAufco, I howl, hal-

loo, make a "hullaballoo"; all onomatopoeic. Compare also the Hebrew, 2£n, whence
hallelujah.

Not in the orig. ed. The old world Hawk Owl, at best hardly distinguishable from
the American, is stated to occur in Alaska as a straggler from Asia ; and all the Hawk
Owls of Great Britain are said to be of the American variety. The case itself is as
perplexing as its nomenclature is involved.

482. Nyc'-ta-la teng'-mal-mi rlch'-ard-son-i. Gr. vi/Kra\os or vvinaKos, drowsy, sleepy. See

Nyctea, No. 479, for basis of the word. — To P. G. Tengmalm, a Swedish naturalist. — To
Sir John Richardson, the English naturalist.

483. N. a-cad'-i-ca. To Acadia, or Acadie, a locale now in Maine, scene of Longfellow's

" Evangeline."

484. Glau-cid'-i-um gno'-ma. There is a Greek word y\avKi8wi>, but that is some kind of fish,

not a bird. It is, however, related to y\avi-, which means an owl. There is also an
adjective y^avKuSijs, from y\av£ and e'lSos, from which Glaucidium may be modified.
The allusion in all these cases is to the eyes of the bird ; if not in color, then in the
general aspect and expression of these remarkable organs of vision. There being actu-
ally no owls with blue eyes, as y\avKos, glaucus, is commonly translated, the direct impli-
cation is probably to the owl as the bird of wisdom, sacred to Minerva, y\avKWTrts being
one of the most familiar Homeric epithets of the " blue-eyed " goddess. Such may
therefore be the meaning of y\av£, without reference to the color of the bird's own eyes.
— The word gnoma is very pat for an owl, and especially interesting in such application.
Gr. yvia/j.a, an opinion, decision ; yvwfj.-^, reason ; yvcafj.<av, a judge, arbiter ; all from yiyvwffnw,
I know ; whence also gnostic, and the very English word know, with countless related
forms, all rooted in the idea of knowledge. Hence gnoma is apt for the bird of Minerva,
goddess of wisdom, and is given just as Athene was made a similar epithet. Further-
more, the English word gnome, by which we may directly translate gnoma in this case, is
from the same root, meaning etymologically " the knowing one," " one who arbi-
trates certain destinies " : by metonymy, a kind of sprite or elf presiding over mines.
Gnoma is thus an eligible epithet of a bird which combines a reputation for wisdom
witli certain superstitions connected with the gnome-like or goblin-like quality of its
knowingness.

84 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

485. Glaucidium ferrugineum (Maxim.) Kaup. B — . c sso. R 410.

Ferrugineous Owl.

486. Micrathene whitneyi (Coop.) Coues. B — . c 331. R 411.

Elf Owl.

487. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bp.) Coues. B 58, 59. c 332. R 408.

Burrowing Owl.

488. Speotyto cunicularia floridana Ridg. B — . c — . R 40Sa.

Florida Burrowing Owl.

489. Circus cyaneus hudsonius (L.) Coues. B 38. c 333. R 430.

Marsh Hawk ; Harrier.

490. Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus ( — ) Ridg. B 37. c 334. R 429.

Everglade Kite.

491. Ictinia subccerulea (Bartr.) Coues. B 36. c 335. R 428.

Mississippi Kite.

492. Elamis glaucus (Bartr.) Coues. B 35. c 336. R 427.

White-tailed or Black-shouldered Kite.

485. G. fer-ru-gln'-e-um. ~La.t. ferrugineum, rusty-red; ferrugo, iron-rust; fermm, iron.

486. Mi-cra-then'-i whit'-ney-i. Gr. fjuicp6s, small ; 'A0Tjj>7j or 'ABrjva or 'A.6r)vaia, the Greek

goddess of wisdom, to whom the owl was sacred. There was already a genus Athene,
when Dr. Coues constructed the above. The genus Atthis, No. 416, is rooted with the
same, as are Attic, Athens, Athenian, Athenaeum, &c. — To Professor J. D. Whitney, Director
of the Geological Survey of California.

487. Spe-o'-ty-to cun-i-cu-la'-ri-a hy-po-gai'-a. Gr. o-n-tos, a cave, excavation ; TVTC!>, a kind

of owl. The first refers to the burrowing of this species ; the last, like ulula, is onoma-
topoeic, in imitation of an owl's hooting or "tooting"; tyto, a " tooter." — Lat. cunicu-
larius, a miner, burrower; cuniculus, a mine, pit, hole. — Lat. Jiypogceum, a vault, cellar;
Gr. inr&yeios, under ground, subterranean ; vir6, under, yea, yrj, the ground. Thus all
three words refer to the same thing.

488. S. c. flor-id-a'-na. To Florida, " land of flowers."

Not in the orig. ed. ; since described ; Ridg., Am. Sportsman, July 4, 1874, p. 216.

489. Cir-cus cy-an'-g-us hud-son'-!-us. Gr. itipKos, Lat. circus, a kind of hawk, so called

from its circling in the air. — Gr. KVO.VOS, Lat. cyaneus, blue ; the color of the old male. —
To Hudson's Bay.

490. Rostr-hanV-us so-cl-a'-bl-lis plum'-be-us. Lat. rostrum, beak, and hamus, Gr. xat*°s> a

hook, from the greatly decurved form of the upper mandible. It is a queerly com-
pounded word, meaning literally bill-hook, though the person who invented it meant to
say hook-bill, hamirostrum. It is very bad form as it stands, but we hardly know how
to emend without entirely changing it. — Lat. sociabilis, sociable, gregarious ; socius, a
companion. — Lat. plumbeus, plumbeous, lead-colored.

491. Ic-tin'-i-a sub-coe-rul'-e-a. Gr. IKT'IV or lurlvos, a kite ; probably rooted same as ttcrepos, a

disease, in the idea of attacking ; Lat. ictus, a blow, &c. — Lat. sub, a prefix of diminishing
force, and cceruleus, blue; bluish, pale blue. See Dendrceca, No. 117.

This stands as 1. mississippiensis in the orig. ed. See Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1875,
p. 345.

492. El'-an-us glau'-ciis. Lat. elanus, a kite ; derived from the Gr. eAaiW, I drive on, urge

forward, press upon, harass, &c. ; a good name for a bird of prey which exhibits what
the French would call elan. — Lat. glaucus, Gr. y\avnos, bluish, glaucous; from A.et5o>,
\f6fftrca, I shine. See Glaucidium, No. 484.

This is Elanus leucurus in the orig. ed. See Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1875, p. 345.

CHECK LIST OF NOETII AMERICAN BIRDS. 85

493. Elano'ides forficatus (L., 1758) Coues. B 34. c 337. K 426.

Swallow-tailed Kite.

494. Accipiter fuscus (Gm.) Bp. B 17. c 338. R 432.

Sharp-shinned Hawk ; Pigeon Ha\vk.

495. Accipiter cooperi Bp. B 15, 10. c 339. R 431.

Cooper's Hawk; Chicken Hawk.

496. Astur atricapillus (Wils.) Bp. B 14. c 340. R 433.

American Goshawk.

497. Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridg. B — . c — . R 433a. (?)

Western Goshawk.

498. Falco sacer Forst. B — . c 341. R 4126.

American Continental Gyrfalcon.

o

493. El-an-o-I'-des for-fi-ca'-tus. Lat. elanus (see No. 402) and Gr. eTSos, resemblance. — For

forficatus, see Milvulus, No. 367.

This is Nauclerus furcatus of the orig. ed. See Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr.,
iv, No. 1, 1878, p. 42.

494. Ac-clp'-i-ter fus'-cus. Lat. accipiter, a general name for a hawk ; accipio, I take, seize ;

from ad and capio: Gr. Kawrca, of similar meaning. Some, however, derive the word
(as it seems to us, fancifully) from acuo and peto, i. e., the swift flyer. The root cap- is a
very general one for words denoting this idea of taking ; as in English accept, except,
captive, capable, capacious, &c. — Lat.J'uscus, fuscous, dark-colored.

495. A. coop'-gr-I. To William Cooper, of New York.

496. As'-tur a-trl-ca-pfl'-lus. Lat. astur, a hawk; evidently related to aster, a star; asterias,

starry, i.e., speckled; French autour is the same. The European Goshawk was called
Asterias and " Star-hawk " by some of the old ornithologists, and the term atrrepias
j'e'paf is classic. The Italian is astore or asturo, and some dialectic form of this is said to
give the name to the A9ores or Azores Islands, from the abundance of hawks there. —
For atricapillus, see Parus, No. 44. The word yos- prefixed to hawk is Anglo-Saxon ;
yoshafoc is goose-hawk; /tafoc, and many similar words, are related to faitcon, falcon, falco,
which see, No. 498.

497. A. a. stri-a'-tu-lus. Lat. striatulus, diminutive of striatus, striate, streaked, striped; imply-

ing not the smallness of the streaked object, but the fineness of the stripes themselves.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Since described by Ridg., Hist. N. A. B., iii,
1874, p. 240.

498. Fal'-co sa'-cer. Gr. (pd\K(av, Lat.y<//co, a falcon, from the falx, falcis, a sickle, scythe: in

allusion to the falcate form of the hooked beak. The English is directly f rom falco, and
the word reappears in many languages : Fr.fntcon ; It&l.falcone ; Span, halcon, &c. — The
word Gyrfalcon or Jcrfalcon lias much exercised the ingenuity of the dictionaries. To
us the etymology seems clear and indisputable. It is found in many forms, as rjer-, gir-,
gyr-, giro-, ier-, Her-, and this leads directly to iepds, divine, sacred, noble, auspicious,
chief, &c. ; lepevs, a priest; whence itpa£, the actual Greek word for a hawk, as used in
divination, and therefore sacred. The idea is the same as that in hicrarch, &c. The
English Gyrfalcon or Jerfalcon is therefore a mere transliteration of HicrojWco. In
the same spirit, Steenstrup recently made a genus Gyralca for the principal bird of the
auk tribe, already known in many vernaculars by a corresponding epithet. Speculations
respecting c/y?-- as meaning gyms, a whirl, from the hawk's gyrations, are superfluous.—
Lat. sacer sacred, consecrated, sanctified, &c. ; the root sac- is the Greek root 07, as seen
in aytos, ayvds.

By the above name we indicate the continental Gyrfalcon of Arctic America, corre-

86 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

499. Falco sacer obsoletus (Grn.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 4i2c.

Labrador Gyrfalcon.

500. Falco islandicus Gm. B 12. c — . R 4i2a.

Iceland Gyrfalcon.

501. Falco candicans Gm. B 11. c 34i«. R 412. (G.)

Greenland Gyrfalcon.

502. Falco mesicanus Licht. B 10. c 342. R 4is.

American Lanier Falcon.

503. Falco peregrinus Tunstall. B 5, 6. c 343. R 414.

Peregrine Falcon ; Duck Hawk.

504. Falco peregrinus pealii (Ridg.) Coues. B — . c 343a. R 4i4a. (?)

Peale's Peregrine Falcon.

505. Falco columbarius L. B 7. c 344. R 417.

Pigeon Hawk.

506. Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridg. B — . c 344a. R 4i7a. (?)

Suckley's Pigeon Hawk.

spending to F. gyrfalco of Continental Europe, without raising the much-vexed question
of their identity. We give the dark Labrador bird as a variety of this, and the Ice-
landic and Greenlandic as both specifically distinct; though we suppose all the northern
Hierofalcones to be but geographical races of a single species.

499. F. s. 5b-sol-e'-tus. Lat. obsoletus, unaccustomed, unwonted, disused, obsolete ; here refer-

ring simply to the ill-defined character of the markings ; ob and soko, I am accustomed.

Not in orig. ed. This is Falco labradorus of Audubon, lately accredited by Mr. Eidg-
way with varietal distinction, and identified with F. obsoletus Gm.

500. F. Is-land'-I-cus. [ees-]. Latinized directly from the native name of Ice-land (Island,

otherwise known as Eisland and Ijsland), and thus meaning Icelandic, — not "in-
sular."

501. F. can'-dl-cans. Lat. candico, I am white ; present participle of the verb ; candidus, white ;

cundeo, I am shining, &c. Candid is pure, clean, hence trutlif ul ; candescent, brilliantly
glowing; candidates were so called because clothed .in white; candles give light; canescent
hairs grow white ; in all these, and countless words, the same root is seen.
In the orig. ed. as Falco sacer var. candicans ; see above, No. 498.

502. F. mex-I-ca'-nus. To Mexico, whence Lichtenstein described it. It has been identified

with F. polyagrus of Cassin. " Lanier" or " Lanner " is the name applied in ornithology
and falconry to certain Old World species ; it is from laniarius, of a butcher, laniator, a
butcher, from lanio, I lacerate, mangle; lanius (which see, No. 18G) is the same thing.

503. F. pgr-e-gri'-nus. See Helminthophaga, No. 109.

This stands as F. communis in the orig. ed. It is well to stretch a point in favor of
Tunstall, 1779, to be able to restore this well-known name.

504. F. p. peal '-1-1 [in three syllables]. To Titian K. Peale, of United States Exploring Expe-

dition fame. Of doubtful standing.

505. F. col-um-ba'-rT-us. Post-classic Lat. columbarius, pertaining to a pigeon, columba; or, a

pigeon-fancier, as this spirited little falcon is.

506. F. c. suck'-lgy-I. To George Suckley, known in ornithology for his researches in Oregon

and Washington Territories. The first syllable is long, and pronounced with the full
Latin force of u, like oo in moon. A very dubious bird.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 87

507. Falco columbarins richardsoiii Ridg. B — . c 345. R 418.

Richardson's Pigeon Hawk.

508. Falco sparverius L. B is. c 340. R 420.

Sparrow Hawk.

509. Falco sparverius isabellinus (Sw.) Ridg. B — . c 346a. R 420a.

Isabel Sparrow Hawk.

510. Falco sparverioYdes Vig. B — . c — . R 421. (!w. i.)

Cuban Sparrow Hawk.

511. Falco fusciccerulescens V. BO. c 347. R 410.

Femoral Falcon.

512. Buteo unicinctus harrisi (Aud.) Ridg. B 46. c 348. R 434.

Harris's Buzzard Hawk.

513. Buteo albocaudatus V. B — . c — . R441.

White-tailed Buzzard Hawk.

507. F. e. rich'-ard-s6n-I. To Sir John Richardson, the species having been described and

figured in the Fauna Boreali-Americana.

508. F. spar-v6'-ri-us. — Post-classic Latin, meaning, relating to a sparrow, as columbarins from

cohtmba. There is a quasi-Latin word sparvius, from which sparverius is directly formed.
The word sparrow in some of its forms doubtless antedates any corresponding word in
the South European languages. We have not traced the Latin sparvius or span-erius
back of Gesner, 1555. See Passer, No. 192.

509 F. s. I-sa-bel-H'-nus. The Lady Isabel, having confidence in her husband's prowess,
vowed not to change her chemise until that warrior had taken a certain town. He was
longer about it than she expected, and she wore the garment until it assumed a peculiar
brown tint : hence the term " isabel-color " ; whence quasi-Latin isabellinus.

510. F. spar-v6-rT-8-i'-des. This is an aggravated case of bastardy. Anglo-Saxon and Gothic

spurwa or sparra, Latinized as sparvius, a sparrow, whence sparrerius, a sparrower, so to
speak, or sparrow-catcher, as this hawk is ; with the Gr. eI5os, to denote the resemblance
of the West Indian to the North American bird.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Lately said to have occurred in Florida.
See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 220.

511. F. fus-ci-coe-rul-es'-cens. Lat. fuscus, dusky, and cosrulescens, growing blue; i. e., being

bluish: cceruleus, blue. This was written fuscocaerulescens by Vieillot, but the above is
preferable. " Femoral " relates to the color of the thigh ; femur, the thigh-bone.
This is F.femoralis of the orig, ed. See Sharpe, Cat. Accip. Br. Mus., i. p. 400.

512. Bu'-tg-5 u-nl-clnc'-tus har'-rls-i. Lat. bntco, a buzzard-hawk; of doubtful etymology;

the word occurs in Pliny. — Lat. uni, once, and cinctus, girded ; units, one, and cingo, I
gird, bind about ; with reference to the single zone of white color on the tail. — To
Edward Harris, of Philadelphia.

513. B. al-b6-caud-a'-tus. — Lat. albus, white, caudatns, tailed; cauda, tail. The latter part of

the word being a participial adjective of a supposed verb caitdo, permits albus to be in the
"ablative of instrument," "white" being that wherewith the bird is "tailed." In
another form, it would be albicaudn, like albicilla for instance. See No 42.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas both by G. B. Sennett and J. C.
Merrill. See Cones, The Country, July 13, 1878, p. 184; and Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., i,
Oct. 2, 1878, p. 154.

88 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

514. Buteo cooperi Cass. B 29. c 349. R 437. (?)

Cooper's Buzzard Hawk.

515. Buteo harlani (Aud.) Bp. B 22. c sso. R 438.

Harlan's Buzzard J Itiwk.

516. Buteo borealis (Gm.) V. B 23. c 351. R 436.

Red-tailed Buzzard Hawk; Hen Hawk.

517. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.) Ridg. B 20, 24. c ssia. R 4366.

Western Red-tailed Buzzard Hawk.

518. Buteo borealis lucasanus Ridg. B — . c 35i&. R 43Gc.

St. Lucas Buzzard Hawk.

.

519. Buteo borealis krideri Hoopes. B — . c ssic. R 436a. (?)

Krider's Buzzard Hawk.

520. Buteo lineatus (Gm.) Jard. B 25. c 352. R 439.

Red-shouldered Buzzard Hawk.

521. Buteo lineatus elegans (Cass.) Ridg. B 26. c 352«. R 439a.

Western Red-shouldered Buzzard Hawk.

522. Buteo abbreviates Cab. B — . c 353. R 440.

Band-tailed Hawk.

523. Buteo swainsoni Bp. B is, 19, 21, 28. c 354. R 442.

Swainson's Buzzard Hawk.

514. B. coop'-Sr-I. To Dr. James G. Cooper, of California, well known for his studies of the

birds of that country. Doubtful species : only one specimen known.

515. B. haV-lan-i. To Dr. Eichard Harlan, of Philadelphia, author of Medical and Physical

Researches, Fauna Americana, etc.

516. B. bor-e-a'-lis. Lat. borealis, northern ; boreas, the north wind.

517. B. b. cal-u'-rus. Gr. tca\6s, beautiful, and ovpa, tail.

518. B. b. lu-cas-a'-nus. Named after Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

519. B. b. kri'-dgr-i. To John Krider, the veteran taxidermist of Philadelphia. Dubious.

520. B. H-ne-a'-tus. Lat. lineatus, lineated, limned, from linio ; linea, a line. In reference to the

streaking of the plumage.

521. B.I. e'-le-gans. Lat. elegans, elegant, because select, chosen : e and %o, I pick out.

522. B. ab-brev-i-a'-tus. Lat. abbreviatus, shortened; ab and brevio, I abridge, contract ; brevis,

short ; Gr. Ppa-%vs. Applicability unknown to us.

This stands as B. zonocercus in the orig. ed. See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 220.

523. B. swam'-s5n-i. To William Swainson, Esq., the celebrated English naturalist.

Mr. Sharpe has lately called this B. obsoletus (Gm.), but very erroneously, Gmelin's
bird of that name being a Gyrfalcon. — B. insignatus of Cassin is simply a melanism.
— B. bairdi of Cassin is the young. — This bird is the nearest form we have to the Euro-
pean B. vulgaris, which latter has been attributed to Michigan : see Maynard, Bull. Nutt.
Club, i, No. 1, 1876, pp. 2-6.

The meaning of the word "buzzard " is unknown to us. It runs through several
languages, as buzlmrd, buzard, busard, buse. Some think it onomatopoeic, related to
buzz ; that seems doubtful ; more likely related to the Latin buleo. Bates is a Latin
proper name, but of no obvious connection.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 89

524. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.) Bp. B 27. c 355. R 443.

Broad- winged Buzzard Hawk. [See Addenda, Nos. 882, 883.

525. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gm.) Riclg. BSO, 31. C356. R447.

American Rough-legged Buzzard.

526. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.) Gr. B 32. c 357. R 448.

Ferrugineous Rougli-legged Buzzard.

527. Asturina plagata Schl. B 33. c 358. R 445.

Gray Hawk.

528. Urubitinga anthracina (Licht.) Lafr. B — . c — . R 444.

Anthracite Hawk.

529. Onychotes graberi Riclg. B — . c 359. R 446.

Gruber's Hawk.

530. Pandion haliaetus (L.) Sav. B 44. c 360. R 425.

Fish Hawk ; Osprey.

531. Thrasyaetus harpyia (L.) Gr. B — . c — . R 450. (! M.)

Harpy Eagle.

524. B. penn-syl-van'-I-cus. See Dendroaca, No. 124.

525. Arch-i-bu'-tg-5 lag-6'-pus sanc-ti-jo-han'-nls. Lat. archi-, equivalent to Gr. dpx°'y> a

leader, a chief ; &px«>, I rule, I am first ; the word simply means " arch-buzzard," like
archbishop, archetype, architect, &c. — Lat. lagopus, Gr. \ayuirovs, hare-footed, from \ayuis, a
hare, and irovs, a foot : in allusion to the feathering of the tarsi. The penult here remains
long in Latin as it is in Greek ; but words in -opus, where the o is simply a connecting
vowel, shorten the penult. — Lat. sancti-johannis, of Saint John, alluding to the place in
Newfoundland so called.

526. A. fer-ru-gm'-g-us. See Scolecophanus, No. 331.

527. As-tur-i'-na pla-ga'-ta. Asturina is simply formed from Lat. astur, which see, No. 496,

without any difference of meaning. — Lat. plugata, striped, from playo, I strike ; plarja, a
blow, stroke, stripe ; Gr. ir\riyfi, a blow, wound, from tr\ri<T(ru or TT\^TTW, I strike. Com-
monly written phujiata, for which we see no good reason.

528. U-ru-bi-tin'-ga an-thra-ci'-na. Urubitinga is a barbarous word, of some South American

dialect ; urubu means a vulture ; we do not know what the rest of the word is, nor the
quantity of the first two vowels ; we hear them long and leave them so. — Lat. anihra-
cinus, Gr. a.v(!paKivos, carbuncular ; &vdpa.^, genitive &vOpanos, a carbuncle ; also a live coal,
a coal. The application in the present case is not to a glowing coal, like a carbuncle,
but to a dead coal, coal-black ; the glossy black of anthracite coal, as the bird is.

529. O-nych'-o-tes gru'-bgr-i. Gr. oj/u|, genitive ow^os, a claw; the rest of the word is the

regular suffix -TTJS, -tes, making the whole signify " the clawed one." Notice the accent.
— To F. Gruber, a taxidermist of San Francisco.

This bird is questionably North American ; but distinct from any Hawk in this list.

530. Pan-di'-5n hal-I-a-e'-tus. Lat. Pandion, Gr. Tlai/Slav, was the alleged father of Progne

and Philomela : see Coues, B. Col. Vail., i, 1878, p. 371. Observe quantity and accent of
the penult. — Gr. oA.y, genitive a\6s, salt, the sea, and ebjrJs, an eagle; "sea-eagle."
See Haliaetus, No. 533.

531. Thra-sy-a-e'-tus har-pyi'-a or har-py'-I-a [either three or four syllables; in either case

pronounced har pwe.fi* ah]. Gr. Qpaavs, bold, audacious, and arjTos, eagle; see No. 533.
Generally written Thrasaetus, as originally by Gray : but the above is preferable; com-
pare Thrasyas, Thrasybulus, Thrasymachus, £c., all retaining the // (u). — The "

60 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

532. Aquila chrysaetus (L.) Cuv. B 39. c 361. R 449.

Golden Eagle.

533. Haliaetus albicilla (L.) Leach. B 42. c — . R 452. (G.)

White-tailed Eagle; Sea Eagle.

534. Haliaetus leucocephalus (L.) Savig. B 41, 43. c 302. R 451.

White-headed Eagle; Bald Eagle.

535. Polyboms cheriway (Jacq.) Cab. B 45. c 363. R 423.

Caracara Eagle.

Harpyice or Harpies were fabulous monsters, embodying the idea of female rapacity as
birds of prey, with crooked talons and beak (ap-rrri).

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List ; lately ascertained to occur in Texas. See
Oswald, Am. Nat., 1878, p. 151 ; and Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 221.

532. A'-qufl-a chrys-a-e'-tus. Lat. aqitila, an eagle. The etymology is disputed. It is given

by some, without qualification, as from Gr. UKVS, Lat. acer, odor, sharp, swift, from Jac
or y/a&. Some say from aquilus, dark, swarthy ; others, as related to aqnUo, the north
wind ; others from Gr. ayKv\os, crooked, hooked, as the bird's beak is: this would corre-
spond to the derivation of gryps, ypvty, a griffin, from ypvirds, bent, hook-nosed. It is
conjectured, also, from ayKv\r), the curve of the limb, or the curved limb, with which the
bird, as Jove's lightning-bearer, grasped the thunder-bolts. Some allied forms of the
word, in which g appears instead of the q, as agiiila, aigle, eagle, favor the supposition
that the name has something to do with the great wings of the bird. — Gr. xp^a-aitros or
XpwdeTos, golden eagle ; xPuff^s< golden, aer6s, eagle. See Haliaetus, No. 533.

533. Hal-I-a-e'-tus al-bi-cll'-la. Gr. a\s, genitive a\6s, salt ; the (salt) sea ; and oero's or ay-rAs

or aleros, an eagle ; there is also the actual Greek' aAiaeros or a\taieTos, for the " sea-
eagle," that is, the osprey. There is also the actual Latin transliteration " haliseetos,"
for the same bird. So many vowels coming together, with such variation in the original
Greek, has kept the orthography incessantly fluctuating. Savigny, who was a classical
scholar, as well as an ornithologist, originally spelled the genus he founded Haliwetus.
This is perfectly correct, in fact, the poetic form, as transliterated from a\ia(eros, with
only the usual and proper change of Greek at into Latin ce. Many purists keep to this
spelling, which is perfectly defensible, and has the advantage of being that used by the
founder of the genus. But, as Haldeman remarks, however desirable Haliccetus may be
in poetical writing, it is more consonant with a strict scientific spirit to simplify the
word into Haliaetus, deriving it in this case from aerds or OTTO'S. We accept and adopt this
form upon such understanding. Having settled this, the next question arises respecting
the quantity of the vowels, and accentuation of the syllables. If derived from aerrfs,
the word would be HaHd'elm ; if from drjro's, it would be Haliae'lus. We prefer the latter.
In any event, the form "Haliaetus," in four syllables, is inadmissible: the word must
have at least five syllables. But ornithologists may be forgiven for anything in this
case, seeing that the grammarians have disputed it for some centuries. — Lat. albicilla,
white-tailed. See Motacilla, No. 86.

This species, though frequently attributed to North America, has of late years been
dropped. It is now restored, on the strength of its occurrence in Greenland, though not
elsewhere in North America that we know of. Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List.

534. H. leu-co-cgph'-a-lus. Gr. \evit6s, white, and Kf<pa\-fi, head.

535. P61-y'-b6r-us cheriway. Gr. iro\vp6pos, eating a great deal, very voracious. — Cheriway

and Caracara are both barbarous words, the meaning of which we know not : from some
South American dialect.

This stands in the orig. ed. as P. lharus var. auduboni.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 9t

536. Pseudogryphus californianus (Shaw) Ridg. B 2. c 364. R 453.

Californian Vulture.

537. Cathartes aura (L.) 111. B i. c 3G5. R 454.

Turkey Buzzard.

538. Catharista atrata (Bartr.) Less. B 3. c 366. R 455.

Carrion Crow.

539. Columba fasciata Say. B 445. c. 367. R 456.

Band-tailed Pigeon.

540. Columba erythrina Licht. B 446. c 368. R 457.

Red-billed Pigeon.

541. Columba leucocephala L. B 447. c 369. R 458.

White-crowned Pigeon.

542. Engyptila albifrons (Bp.) Coues. B — . c — . R 463.

White-fronted Pigeon.

533. Pseu-do-gry'-phiis cal-i-for-nl-a'-nus. Gr. fytvSos, false, from tyeuSco, I deceive, and Lat.
yry/ihus, for gryps, genitive gryphis, a griffin, a fabulous bird ; from Gr. ypv\\/, the same,
from ypvw6s, bent, hook-nosed. The word is badly formed in two languages : had better
have been Pseudorjryps. Gryphus is a name early transferred by ornithologists from its
fabulous prototype to the condor of the Andes ; and Mr. Ridgway made Pseudoyryphus
from the resemblance of the Californian vulture to the latter.

This stands as Cathartes cal. in the orig. ed. See Ridg., Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880,
p. 79.

537. Cath-ar'-tes au'-ra [ow-rah, not or-ah]. Gr. Ka0a.prrjs, a purifier, from Kadalpta, I cleanse,

purify, purge ; from the good offices of the bird as a scavenger in warm countries. —
Aura is a name applied to this bird by the oldest writers who speak of it, and, in all its
various forms, as rendered by De Laet and others who treat of tropical American
Cathartidce, it is of South American or Mexican origin, and apparently related to
urubu or oiirubu. It early crystallized in its present orthography, and was soon Latinized,
or at least declined as a Latin word; as, rex aiirarum, or regina aurarum (genitive plural),
" king of the vultures." That it has any connection with Lat. aura, Gr. avpa, air,
atmosphere, may well be doubted.

538. Cath-ar-is'-ta a-tra'-ta. Badly framed from Ka9apifa, only another form of KaBatpca, of

same meaning; see No. 537. — Lat. atrata, participial adjective, blackened; ater, black.
This stands as Cathartes atratus in the orig. ed. See Kidg., Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880,
p. 80.

539. C61-um'-ba fas-cl-a'-ta. Lat. columba, a pigeon; etymology unknown. — See Chamaia,

No. 39.

540. C. g-ryth-ri'-na. Lat. erythrma, Gr. epvGplvos, reddish ; from tpvQpAs, red.

This is C.flavirostris of the orig. ed. As the bill is not at all yellow, another name is
desirable. See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 9.

541. C. Ieu-c6-c6ph'-a-la. Gr. \fvxAs, white, and /ce^oA^, head.

542. En-gyp'-ti-la al'-bl-fr5ns. Gr. tyyvs, narrow, slender, contracted, and ir\iKov, a feather;

from the attenuated outer primaries. — Lat. albus, white ; frons, forehead.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by G. B. Sennett. See Coues, Bull.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, p. 48, and Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880, p. 100 ; Ridg., Pr.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 158.

92 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

543. Ectopistes migratorius (L.) Sw. B 448. c 370. R 459.

Wild Pigeon ; Passenger Pigeon.

544. Zenaidura carolinensis (L.) Bp. B 451. c 371. R 460.

Carolina Dove.

545. Zenaida amabilis Bp. B 449. c 372. R 402.

Zenaida Dove.

546. Melopelia leucoptera (L.) Bp. B 450. c 373. R 464.

White-winged Dove.

547. Chamaepelia passerina (L.) Sw. B 453. c 374. R 465.

Ground Dove.

548. Chamaepelia passerina pallescens (Bd.) Coues. B — . c 374a. R — . (?)

St. Lucas Ground Dove.

549. Scardafella inca (Less.) Bp. B 452. c 375. R 466.

Scaled Dove.

550. Geotrygon martinica (Gm.) Reich. B 454. c 376. R 467.

Key West Pigeon.

543. Ec-tS-pis'-tes ml-gra-to'-ri-us. Gr. e/rroirjo-rfc, a wanderer, passenger;

wander, change place ; from tK, out of, and TOTTOS, place ; " out of place." — Lat.
migratorius, of same meaning; migro, I migrate.

544.. Zen.-a-i-du'-ra ca-ro-lin-en'-sis. We think zenalda is a barbarous word. Its meaning we
do not know. See Phonipara, No. 297, and compare zena there given. The rest of the
word is formed by adding the Greek ovpd. Bonaparte originally wrote senaidura, which
has usually, of late, following Dr. Coues' lead, been turned to zencedura ; but if the
word is not classic, there is no occasion for the modification.

545. Zgn-a-I'-da am-a'-bil-is. Zenaida, a proper name, perhaps Spanish ; meaning unknown

to us : see No. 544. — Lat. amabilis, lovable, lovely; amo, I love.

546. Mel-6-pel-I'-a leu-cop'-ter-a. Gr. /ueAos, melody, and ireAeia, a dove. Name derived

from ire'AAos, the peculiar dark slaty-blue color, so characteristic of pigeons ; we say
to-day in sporting parlance " blue-rocks " for the ordinary domestic pigeon. The word,
like many others ending in -pelia, is often wrong-written -pdeia. Observe that the Greek
et becomes long i in Latin, giving us -pelia, accented on the penult. — Gr. Aewco's, white,
and Trrepoi/, a wing.

547. Cham-ae-pel-I'-a pas-sgr-i'-na. Gr. xa.p.ai, an adverb, on the ground, and -jre\fia, a dove.

See No. 546. See Chamcea, No. 39. This word is spelled about a dozen different
ways, by writers or printers who are careless or ignorant. — Lat. passerina, sparrow-like,
in allusion to the diminutive size : passer, a sparrow. See No. 1C2.

548. C. p. pal-les'-cens. See Mitrephorus, No. 392. Scarcely distinguishable from No. 547.

549. Scar-da-fel'-la in'-ca. Scardafella is an Italian word, thus accounted for by Bonaparte,

who founded the genus, in his " Coup d'CEil sur 1'Ordre des Pigeons " (p. 43 of the
separate copies) : " une expression du Dante m'a inspire le nom de scardafella, qui peint
1'apparence e'cailleuse de notre treizieme genre." The " scaly appearance " is due to the
coloration, not the texture, of the feathers. — Inca is a barbarous word ; the incas or yncas
were Peruvian chiefs.

This is S. squamosa var. inca in the orig. ed. ; later determined to be distinct.

550. Ge-6-try'-g6n mar-tin'-I-ca. Gr. yea, the earth, the ground, and rpv-ycav, a pigeon ; from

rpvfa, to coo ; onomatopoeic, like turtur. There seems to be reason for keeping the
penult long, and accenting it. — Lat. martinica, Latinized adjective from Martinique, one
of the West Indies.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 93

551. Starnoenas cyanocephalus (L.) Bp. B 455. c 377. R 468.

Blue-headed Pigeon.

552. Ortalis vetula maccalli (Bd.) B 456. c 378. R 469.

Texan Guau.

553. Meleagris gallipavo L. B 458. c 379. R 470.

Domestic Turkey ; Mexican Turkey.

554. Meleagris gallipavo americana (Bartr.) Coues. B 457. C 379a. R 470a.

Common Wild Turkey of the United States.

555. Canace canadensis (L.) Bp. B 460. c sso. R 472.

Canada Grouse ; Spruce Partridge.

556. Canace canadensis franklini (Dougl.) Coues. B 461. c ssoa. R 472a.

Franklin's Spruce Partridge.

557. Canace obscura (Say) Bp. B 459. c ssi. R 471.

Dusky Grouse.

558. Canace obscura richardsoni (Dougl.) Coues. B — . c ssia. R 4716.

Richardson's Dusky Grouse.

551. Star-noe'-nas cy-an-6-cgph'-a-lus. From 1 (probably Italian; Agassiz gives

Starna as a proper name), and Gr. olvds, Lat. anas, the vine : also, a kind of pigeon ; cenas
seems to have been transferred to the pigeon, as cenanthe was to some other bird ; see
Saxicola, No. 26. The oivds of Aristotle is Colamba livia L. — Gr. Kva.v6s, cyanus, blue,
and K€(pa\-fi, head.

552. Or'-tal-is vSt'-u-la mac-cal'-H. Gr. 6pra\ls, a pullet, a kind of quail. This word

was universally written ortalida, until Mr. Wharton showed that the way Merrem,
writing Latin, construeted the sentence in which the word first occurs made it the accu-
sative case ; arguing hence that Merrem meant to found a genus ortalis, not ortalida.
See Ibis, October, 1879, p. 450. The Rev. Mr. Avery's MS. in our possession makes
the same correction, though without comment. — Lat. vetula, a little old woman ; derisive
diminutive from vetus, old, veteran ; digammated from Gr. eras, a year. — To General
George A. McCall, U. S. Army.

553. Mgl-e-ag'-rls gal-H-pa'-v5. Gr. fj.e\ea.-yp(s, Lat. meleacjris, a guinea-hen ; literally, a field-

tender, farmer; from yu.eA.ei, relating to the care of a thing, and aypos, a field. The word not
transferred from the African Nnmida to the American Turkey until near the middle of
the 16th century, and occasionally confounded for many years after that. Meleager
or MeAeaypJj was a mythical person who suffered a cruel fate : his sisters, the Meleayrides,
who bitterly lamented his death, were changed into guinea-hens ; the profusely-spotted
plumage of which gives evidence of the tears they shed for him. — Lat. gallipavo, usually
written (jallopavo, a very late combination of yallus, a cock, and jiaro, a pea-fowl, bird of
Juno ; the latter word from the Gr. raws or raws or rauv, a pea-fowl.

554. M. g. am-er-i-ca'-na. Of America.

555. Can'-a-ce ca-na-den'-sls. Canace, a proper narne ; she lived in incest with her brother;

application not obvious, unless referring in a general way to the polygamy of gallina-
ceous birds.

This and following species are given as Tetmo in the orig. ed. ; but may be properly
separated generically from Tetrao uroga/ius.

556. C. c. frank'-lin-i. To Sir John Franklin, of Arctic fame and sorrow.

557. C. ob-scu'-rus. Lat. obscitrus, obscure, i. e., dark-colored.

558. C. o. rlch'-ard-s6n-l. To Sir John Richardson, often already mentioned in this List.

94 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

559. Canace obscura fuliginosa Ridg. B — . c 3816. R 47ia.

Fuliginous Dusky Grouse.

560. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bp.) Sw. B 462. C382. R 479.

Sage-cock ; Cock-of-the-Plains.

561. Pedicecetes phasianellus (L.) Elliot. B — . c 383. R 478.

Northern Sharp-tailed Grouse.

562. Pedicecetes phasianellus columbianus (Orel) Coues. B 403. c 383a. R478&

Common Sharp-tailed Grouse; Prairie Hen of the Northwest.

563. Cupidonia cupido (L.) Bd. B 464. c 384. R 477.

Pinnated Grouse ; Prairie Hen.

564. Cupidonia cupido pallidicincta Ridg. B — . c 384o. R 477a.

Pale Pinnated Grouse.

565. Bonasa umbella (L.) Steph. B 465. c 385. R 473.

Ruffed Grouse ; " Pheasant " in the Middle and Southern States.

559. C. o. fu-li-gin-6'-sa. Lat., post-classic, fuliijinosa, of a dark sooty color; fa/,igo, soot;

falica, orfulix, a coot ; so called from its color.

560. Cen-tr5-cer'-cus u-r6-pha-si-a'-nus. Gr. Kevrpov, a spine, and KepKos, tail; " sharp-

tailed." — Gr. ovpa, tail, and <pa.aia.vos, Lat. phasianus, Fr.faisan, Engl. pheasant, pertaining
to the river Phasis in Colchis. The scientific name of the English pheasant is Phasiaiuis
colchicus. The name " pheasant " has been ignorantly transferred to various American
birds of this family.

561. PSd-i-oe'-cg-tes pha-sl-an-el'-lus. Gr. irfSiov, a plain ; as we should say, prairie; from

•n-foof, the ground ; and OJ'/CE'TTJS, an inhabitant ; see Pocecetes, No. 232. The word was
originally written Pedioccetes. — Lat. phasianellus, diminutive of phasianus ; see Centro-
cercus, No. 5GO.

562. P. p. c61-um-bi-a'-nus. To the Columbia river, whence the birds were brought by

Lewis and Clarke.

563. Cu-pi-do'-m-a cu-pi'-do. The bird was named by Linnreus Tetrao cupido, after the " blind

bow-boy," son of Venus, not with any allusion to erotic concerns, but because the little
wings on the bird's neck were likened to "Cupid's wings." The same idea is repeated
in the English " pinnated " grouse. Professor Reichenbach formed Ids genus Cupidonia
by merely adding a suffix. If he had written cupidinea, he would have had a classic
word, directly formed, like cupidus, from cupido, exactly expressing the sense intended
by Linnsens to be conveyed. — The Latin tetrao, from the Gr. rerpawv, and tetrioc, from
the Gr. rerpi£, were certain gallinaceous birds, so called from their wont to cackle,
: all onomatopoeic.

564. C. c. pal-ll-di-cinc'-ta. Lat. pallidus, pallid, pale; and cinctus, begirt, encircled; cimjo,

I bind.

565. Bon-a'-sa um-bel'-lus. Gr. jSoVcuros, Lnt. bonasiis, a wild bull. The allusion here is to the

"drumming" noise made by the bird, likened to the bellowing of a bull ; see Bubo,
No. 462, and Botaurus, No. 666. Also written Bonasia. — Lat. umbel/us, or umbella, an
umbel, umbrella ; from umbra, shade, shadow, whence penumbra, umbrageous, &c. The
allusion is to the tuft of feathers on the side of the neck, as in the case of cupido, which
see, No. 563. Linnaeus wrote Tftrao umbellns, masculine ; but we see no reason why
umbella, the noun feminine, should not be used with Bonasa; it is equally good Latin.
The adjective umbellata would be preferable to either.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 95

566. Bonasa umbella umbello'ides (Dougl.) Bd. B 465*. c 3S5a. R 473a.

Gray Ruffed Grouse.

567. Bonasa umbella sabinii (Dougl.) Coues. B 4G6. c 3856. R 4736.

Oregon Ruffed Grouse.

568. Lagopus albus (Gru.) Aud. B 467, 470 ?. c 386. R 474.

Willow Ptarmigan.

569. Lagopus rupestris (Gm.) Leach. B 468. c 387. R 475.

Rock Ptarmigan.

570. LagOpUS leUCUrUS Sw. B 469. C 388. R 476.

White-tailed Ptarmigan.

571. Ortyx virginiana (L.) Bp. B471. c 389. R 480.

Virginia Partridge ; Quail ; Bob-white.

572. Ortyx virginiana floridana Coues. B — . c 389a. R 480«.

Florida Partridge.

573. Ortyx virginiana texana (Lawr.) Coues. B 472. c 3896. R 4806.

Texas Partridge.

574. Orortyx picta (Dougl.) Bd. B 473. c 390. R 481.

Plumed Partridge ; California Mountain Quail.

575. Lophortyx californica (Shaw) Bp. B 474. c 391. R 482.

Crested Partridge ; California Valley Quail.

576. Lophortyx gambeli Nutt. B 475. c 392. R 483.

Gambel's Crested Partridge ; Arizona Quail.

577. Callipepla squamata (Vig.) Gr. B 476. c 393. R 484.

Scaled Blue Partridge.

566. B. u. um-bel-16-i'-des. Lat. vmbellus, which see, next above, and e?5os.

567. B. u. sa-bi'-rri-i. To J. Sabine.

568. Lag-o'-pus al'-bus. Gr. \ayanrovs, Lat. layopus, hare-foot ; \ay<as, a hare, and irovs, foot. —

Lat. albus, white. For the length of the accented penult, see Archibuteo, No. 525.

569. L. ru-pes'-tris. Late Lat. rupestris, pertaining to, or inhabiting, rocks; rupes, a rock.

570. L. leu-cu'-rus. Gr. Aetwco'y, white, o5pa, tail.

571. Or'-tyx vlr-gm-i-a'-na. Gr. opru|, a quail; related to opra\ls; both are akin to opvis, a

bird. The word is masculine in Greek, but in transliteration into Latin becomes
feminine, like other nouns of same termination. — The English word partridge, Scot.
patrick, Fr. perdrix, Span, perdiz, Ital. perdice, Lat. perdix, Gr. irep5t£, are all the same.

572. O. v. flo-ri-da'-na. To Florida.

573. O. v. tex-a'-na. To Texas.

574. Or-6r-tyx pic'-ta. Gr. Spos, a mountain, and 6prv£; see Oroscoptes, No. 14. — Lat. picttts,

painted, depicted ; pinr/o, I paint; in allusion to the beautiful colors.

575. Loph-dr'-tyx cal-I-for'-nl-ca. Gr. Ao'<£os, a crest, helmet, and 6prv£.

576. L. gam'-bgl-T. To William Gambel, of Philadelphia. See Zonotrichia, No. 278.

577. Cal-li-pep'-la squa-ma'-ta. Gr. /caAo's, feminine Ka\\-n, and WTTA.OS, a certain robe of

state; Ka.\\nrfir\os, beautifully robed, as this quail is. — Lat. squamata, squamous, scaled,
covered with scales, the peculiar colors presenting such an appearance; squama, a scale.

96 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

578. Cyrtonyx massena (Less.) Gould. B 477. c 394. R 485.

Massena Partridge.

579. Coturnix dactylisonans Meyer. B — . c — . R — .

Migratory Quail (imported).

580. Squatarola helvetica (L.) Cuv. B 510. c 395. R 513.

Black-bellied Plover ; Bull-head.

581. Charadrius dominicus Mull. B 503. c 390. R 515.

American Golden Plover.

582. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (Gm.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 5i5a. (!A.)

Asiatic Golden Plover.

583. Charadrius pluvialis L. B — . c — . R 514. (G.)

European Golden Plover.

578. Cyr-t5'-nyx mas-se'-na. Gr. Kvpros, bent, curved, crooked, and uj/u|, a claw, nail ; related

to Lat. uncus, a hook. — To the French Marshal Andre' Massena, Prince d' Essling.

579. Co-tur'-nix dac-tyl-I'-s6n-ans. Lat. coturnix, a quail; onomatopoeic, a sono vocis,

from the sound of the voice, just as we have invented " bob-white " and " whip-poor-
will." — Lat. dactyl isonans, sounding a dactyle. The dactyle, in poetry, is afoot con-
sisting of a long and two short syllables ; from SO.KTV\OS, the finger, which has a long
and two short joints. Sono, I sound; sonorous, &c.

This bird, lately imported, has become naturalized, with the same right to a place
in the list that Passer domcsticus has acquired.

580. Squa-ta-rS'-la hel-ve'-tl-ca. Of squatarola the authors learned little, until a note from

Professor Newton supplied the desired information, in substance as follows : As a
generic term it is of course from the Linnsean Trinaa squatarola, and Linnreus obviously
got his trivial name from Willughby, who says (Ornith., ed. 1676, p. 229), — " Pluvialis
cinerea. Squatarola Venetiis dicta, ubi frequens est. The Gray Plover." The word is not
to be found in the best Italian dictionaries ; but Salvador!, in his Fauna d' Italia — Uccelli,
seems to acknowledge it as a genuine word ; though probably it is only local in its
application. It may possibly have to do with the regular Italian squartare, "to quarter."
— Lat. helcetica, from ancient Helvetia, now Switzerland; the bird is still often called
" Swiss plover." The Helvetians were probably so called from their fairness, with
flaxen or auburn hair ; helvus, helveolus (related to gilvus), meaning some such color.

581. Char-ad'-n-us dom-m'-i-cus. [Ch- hard; second syllable long.] Gr. xaP^Ptos< some

kind of a bird, supposed to be a plover, and the same as rpo'x'A-os ; from xa.pa.8pa, the
watery places inhabited by such birds. As used by Aristotle, the word apparently
refers to Oedicnemus crepitans. — Lat. dominicus, see Dendraca, No. 129.

This stands as C. fulvus var. virginicus in the orig. ed., but Miiller's name has
priority over Gmelin's. See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 9; and Cassin, Pr. Pliila.
Acad., 1864, p. 246.

582. C. d. ful'-vus. Lat. fulv us, fulvous, yellow.

Not in the orig. ed. Since discovered in Alaska. See Coues, in Elliot's Prybilov
Report, 1875, 179 ; and Birds N. W., 1874, p. 450, note.

583. C. pluv-T-a'-lis. Lat. pluvialis, rainy, pertaining to rain, bringing rain; pluvia, rain; ptuo,

to rain : the bird was supposed in some way related to rain or the rainy season : " plover "
is the same.

Not in the orig. ed. ; ascertained to occur in Greenland ; see Newt., Man. N. H.
Greenl., 1875, p. 101 ; Freke, Zoologist, September, 1881, p. 374.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 97

584. ^Egialites vociferus (L.) Cass. B 504. c 397. R 510.

Kildeer Ring Plover.

585. JEgialites wilsonius (Ord) Cass. B 50G. c 398. K 522.

Wilson's Ring Plover.

586. .^Egialites semipalmatus (Bp.) Cab. B 507. c 399. R517.

Semipalmated Ring Plover ; Ring-neck.

587. ^Egialites rn.elod.us (Ord) Cab. B 508. c 400, 400a. R 520.

Piping Ring Plover; Ring-neck.

588. ^Egialites melodus circumcinctus Ridg. B — . c 400a. R 520«. (?)

Belted Piping Plover.

589. ^gialites hiaticula (L.) Boie. B — . c — . R 518.

European Ring Plover.

590. ^gialites curonicus (Gm.) Gray. B — . c 400&is. R 519.

European Lesser Ring Plover.

591. ^Egialites cantiaims nivosus (Cass.) Coues. B 509. c 401. R 521.

Sno\vy Ring Plover.

584. Aeg-I-a'-lI-tes v5-cl'-f6r-us. Gr. alyta\tr^s, masculine, or alyia\?ns, feminine, or alyia-
\evs, an inhabitant of the seashore ; alyia\6s, the coast, from the breaking of the waves
upon it (&yvvt*.i). The name is very appropriate to these beach-birds. Both forms,.
cegialites, masculine, and (egialitis, feminine, are in common use ; either is perfectly
correct ; but as Boie wrote ceyialites originally, this form should be preserved. — Lat,
vociferus, vociferous ; vox, genitive vocis, voice, and fe.ro, I bear ; vox digammated
from &ty.

535. A. wll-son'-i-iis. To Alexander Wflson.

536. A. sem-I-pal-ma'-tus. Lat. semi, half; sibilated from Gr. fai, hemi-, a contraction of

tfnurvs, half, and palmatus, palmated, web-footed ; palma, the palm of the hand, the hand
itself; from Gr. iraA.efyoj, of same meaning. The bird is conspicuously webbed between;
the toes, in comparison with its allies.

587. A. mel-o'-dus. Lat. melodus, Gr. (te\y86s, melodious, sweetly singing; jueAos, melody, and

uSri, a song, an ode. (Notice the long o, being in place of the Gr. omega with iota
subscript.)

588. A. m. cir-cum-cmc'-tus. Lat. circum, around ; cinctus, belted, girded. See Parus, No. 52.

The black is said to form a complete necklace.

589. A. hi-a-ti'-cu-la. Of this word we can give no satisfactory account. It is "classic" in

ornithology, going back for over two centuries ; in form, it is a diminutive of hiatus,.
from Mo, I yawn, gape.

Not in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to inhabit Continental North America, as-
well as long known in Greenland. See Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Club, iii, 1878, p. 49 seq.

590. A. cu-r5n'-I-cus. Lat. Curonicus, Curonian, of the region formerly called Curonia.

The bird described as sEg. microrhynchus, Ridg., Am. Nat., viii, 1874, p. 109, has since
been identified with the above. See Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 10 ; 1881, p. 67. The bird"
is very questionably North American.

591. A. can-tl-a'-nus n!v-5'-sus. Lat. Cantianus, Kentish. — Lat. nivosus, snowy, in allusion

to the color ; nix, genitive nivis, snow ; Gr. vfy, vi<t>os, snow.

98 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

592. Podasocys montanus (Towns.) Coues. B 505. c 402. R 523.

Mountain Plover.

593. Vanellus cristatus Mej^er. B — . c — . R 512. (G.)

Lapwing.

594. Aphriza virgata (Gm.) Gray. B 511. c 403. R 511.

Surf Bird.

595. Haematopus ostrilegus L. B — . c — . R 506. (G.)

European Oyster-catcher.

596. Hsematopus palliatus Temm. B 512. c 404. R 507.

American Oyster-catcher.

597. Hsematopus niger Pall. B 513. c 405. R 508.

Black Oyster-catcher.

598. Strepsilas interpres (L.) 111. B515. c 406. R soo.

Turnstone.

599. Strepsilas interpres melanocephalns (Vig.) Coues. B SIG. c 406a. R 510.

Black-headed Turnstone.

592. Pod-as-6'-cys mon-ta'-nus. The word Podasocys is simply the transliteration of the

familiar Homeric epithet of Achilles, "swift as to his feet" — iroSas UKVS 'AxiAAevy. —
Lat. montanus, pertaining to mountains.

593. Va-nel'-lus cris-ta'-tus. Lat. vanus, empty, void, vain, whence vanellus, as a diminutive,

for the restless, idle, and noisy bird. " In the spring the wanton lapwing gets himself
another crest." (Tennyson.) — Lat. cristatus, crested.

Not in the orig. ed. Only North American as occurring in Greenland. See Reinh.,
Ibis, 1801, p. 9.

594. Aph-ri'-za vlr-ga'-ta. Gr. a(pp6s, surf, sea-foam, and £aca, I live ; badly formed, but

euphonious. Compare Aphrodite, the Greek Venus, foam-formed. Audubon, who
invented the word, gives the above etymology ; but Wharton's MS. suggests more
direct derivation from d$pi£cu, I foam. — Lat. virgata, striped, streaked; virga, a rod,
green sprout, osier ; from vireo, I am green.

595. Haem-at'-6-pus 6s-trl'-le-gus. Gr. aifj.a.TOTrovs, red-footed ; aT/ua, genitive a'/yuaros, blood,

and irovs, foot. The word is commonly but wrongly accented on the penult ; but that
would be alfj.aTcaTr6s, meaning red-eyed. — Lat. ostrca, an oyster, and lego, I collect,
gather. Commonly written ostralegus ; but the above seems to be the correct form,
agreeable withfrugileyus, for example, and conformable with the actual word ostrifirus
in the following lines : —

Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per sequora vectis,
Pontus et ostrifcri fauces tentantur Abydi. — Verg., Georg., 5, 206, 207.
Not in orig. ed. Only North American as occurring in Greenland. See Ibis, 1861, p. 9.

596. H. pal-ll-a'-tus. Lat. palliatus, wearing the pallium, a kind of cloak ; to " palliate " is

literally to hide, cover up as with a cloak. The allusion here is to the particular colora-
tion of the bird. See Contopus, No. 380.

597. H. nig'-gr. Lat, niger, black.

598. Strep'-si-las in-ter'-pres. Gr. <rrpf<pca, future crrpfyco, I turn ; o-Tpetyis, a turning over ;

and \as, a stone ; literally " turn-stone." — Lat. interpres, a go-between, factor, broker,
agent; literally, an interpreter, that is, inter-praetor- praetor, a Roman magistrate, from
pros and to, I go before.

599. S. i. m€l-an-5-c6ph'-al-us. Gr. ju.tA.as, genitive (*e\avos, black, and Ke^aA.^, head.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

600. Recurvirostra americana Gm. B 517. c 407. R 566.

American Avocet.

601. Himantopns mexicanus (Mull.) Ord. B 518. c 408. R 567.

Black-necked Stilt.

602. Steganopus wilsoni (Sab.) Coues. B 519. c 409. R 565.

Wilson's Phalarope.

603. Lobipes hyperboreus (L.) Cuv. B 520. c 410. R 564.

Northern Phalarope ; Red-necked Phalarope.

604. Phalaropus fulicarius (L.) Bp. B 521. c 411. R 563.

Red Phalarope ; Gray Phalarope.

605. Philohela minor (Gm.) Gr. B 522. c 412. R 525.

American Woodcock.

606. Scolopax msticmla L. B — . c 413. R 524. (IE.)

European Woodcock.

600. RS-cur-vi-ros'-tra am-er-I-ca'-na. Lat. recurvus, bent upward, recurved, and rostrum,

beak : as the bill of the avocet notably is. — The English word is either avocet or avoset,
the meaning of which we know not.

601. Him-an'-to-pus mex-i-ca'-nus. Gr. l/j.avT6irous, Lat. himantopus, the stilt, from I/J.OLS,

genitive i^avros, and irovs, foot. The former word means a thong or strap; applied to
this bird on account of its very long leathery legs like straps. Commonly accented on
the penult ; see Contopus, No. 380.

This stands as H. nigricollis .of the orig. ed.; see Cassin, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1864, p. 246.

602. Steg-an'-6-pus wfl'-son-i. Gr. aTeyavAirovs, web-footed ; ffreyavos, webbed ; tneydv-t}, a

web ; art-yea, I cover, roof in, and irovs, foot. Commonly accented on the penult ; see
Contopus, No. 380.

603. Lob'-i-pes hy-per-bor'-e'-us. Gr. \o06s, Lat. lobus, a lobe, flap, and Lat. pes, foot; "lobe-

foot," in allusion to the flaps on the toes. — Lat. hyperboreus, Gr. virep/Bopeos, hyperborean,
in the extreme north, "beyond the north wind," in the sense of where the north wind
comes from.

604. Phal-ar'-6-pus ful-T-ca'-ri-us. Gr. <pa\apis, the coot, so called from the conspicuous

white of the bill, <pa\apos meaning white, bright, clear, &c. ; and irovs, foot ; phalaropus
is " coot-foot ; " the phalarope was early called " coot-footed tringa," from the flaps on
the toes, like those of a coot. The full form of the word would be phalaridopus. — Lat. •
fulicarius, relating to a coot; the specific name being derived, like the generic, from the
lobate feet. See also Fulica, No. 686. See Contopus, No. 380.

605. Phfl-o'-he'l-a min'-or. Gr. <pt\os, loving, or a lover, and e\os, a swamp. Commonly

accented on a wrongly lengthened penult. — Lat. minor, comparative degree of parvus,
smaller (than the European woodcock).

606. Scol'-o-pax rus-ti'-cu-la. Gr. <TKo\6ira.£, Lat. scolopax, a snipe; the name of this very

species. The dictionaries give it as a theme, and any possible derivation is open to
conjecture, cf. 0-/co'Aoi|/, from the shape of the bill (most likely) ; o-/co>Arj£, a worm ;
a-Ka\\(a, I scratch. — Lat. rusticits, a rustic, a countryman; diminutive msticulus ; from
rus, the country, as opposed to the city. The word occurs as rusticola in Linnaeus, and
has so almost universally been written ; but as Wharton shows (Ibis, 1879, p. 453), this
is erroneous. The word would be ruricola, if from rus and coto, I inhabit. Rusticula is
good Latin, and the epithet of "little countryman " is very appropriate to the bird.

100 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

607. Gallinago media Leach. B — . c — . R 526. (G.)

European Snipe.

608. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.) Bp. B 523. c 414. R 526a.

American Snipe; Wilson's Snipe.

609. Macrorhamphus grisens (Gin.) Leach. B 524. c 415. R 527.

Red-breasted Snipe ; Gray-back Snipe ; Dowitcher.

610. Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (Sa}-) Coues. B525. C4i5a. R527a.

Western Red-breasted Snipe.

611. Micropalama himantopus (Bp.) Bd. B 536. c 416. R 528.

Stilt Sandpiper.

612. Ereunetes pusillus (L.) Cass. B 535. c 417. R 541.

Semipalmated Sandpiper.

613. Ereunetes pusillus occidentalis (Lawr.) Coues. B — . c 4i7a. R 54ia. (?)

Western Semipalmated Sandpiper.

614. Actodromas minutilla (V.) Coues. B 532. c 418. R 538.

Least Sandpiper.

615. Actodromas bairdi Coues. B — . c 419. R 537.

Baird's Sandpiper.

607. Gal-lm-a'-go me'd'-i-a. Lat. gallus, a cock, gallina, a hen, gallinula, a chicken, gallinarius

or gaUinaceus, relating to poultry; the present word is an arbitrary derivative, as a
Latin word, though the forms gallinago, gallinazo, and others are found in different lan-
guages. It is formed from gallina like fringittago from fringilla, or like virago from vir.
— Lat. medius, median, medium, in the middle (in size, between certain other species).
Not in the orig. ed. ; only North American as occurring in Greenland.

608. G. wll'-son-i. To Alexander Wilson.

609. Mac-ro-rham'-phus gris'-e-us. Gr. /j.a.Kp6s, great, large, long; and pd^os, beak, bill.

Notice that the p is aspirated, requiring to be followed by h, as many writers forget.
— Griseus, gray, grisly, grizzly ; not classic ; a late Latinizing of an Anglo-Saxon word ;
compare Fr. gris and Gr. ypavs or ypyvs, yepaids, ytpas or yrjpas — all these relate to age,
when people grow gray. The word " grous " or " grouse," " the gray bird," may be
related. See Leucosticte, No. 205.

610. M. g. scol-6-pa'-ce-us. The word is formed as an adjective from scolopax, which see,

No. 606; scolopaceous, scolopacine, snipe-like.

611. Mic-rS-pal'-a-ma him-an'-to-pus. Gr. /j.iKp6s, small, and ira\d/j.T], the palm, the hand;

same as the Lat. palma ; referring to the webbing between the toes. — Himantopus, see
No. 601.

612. E-reu-ne'-tes pus-il'-lus. Gr. fpevvnr-fis, a searcher ; from the way in which the bird

probes with its bill. — Lat. pusillus, puerile ; see Sitta, No. 60.

613. E. p. 5c-ci-den-ta'-lis. Lat. occidentalis, western. See Dendrceca, No. 113.

614. Ac-tS'-drom-as min-u-tll'-la. Gr. d/cr^, the seashore; from &ywm, &yca, I break, as the

waves do there ; Spo/j.ds, rapidly running • see Ammodramus, No. 238, and Eudromias, No.
591. — Lat. minutus, small, minute, diminutive, of which minutilla is an arbitrary diminu-
tive; minuo, I lessen, diminish ; it ought to have been minutula.

615. A. bair'di. To S. F. Baird.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMEEICAN BIRDS. 101

616. Actodromas maculata (V.) Coues. B 531. c 420. R 534.

Pectoral Sandpiper.

617. Actodromas bonapartii (Schl.) Cones. B 533. C421. R 536.

White-ruinped Sandpiper.

618. Actodromas cooperi (Bd.) Coues. B 527. c 422. R 535. (?)

Cooper's Sandpiper.

619. Actodromas acuminata (Horsf.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 533. (! A.)

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.

620. Arquatella maritima (Briinn.) Bd. B 528. c 423. R 530.

Purple Sandpiper.

621. Arquatella couesi Ridg. B — . c — . R 531.

Aleutian Sandpiper.

622. Arquatella ptilocnemis (Coues) Ridg. B — . c 426Ms. R 532.

Prybilov Sandpiper.

623. Pelidna alpina (L.) Boie. B — . c — . R 539. (G.)

European Dunlin.

616. A. ma-cul-a'-ta. Lat. maculatus, spotted ; macula, a spot.

617. A. b5-na-par'-tl-i. To Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano and Canino.

618. A. coop'-er-i. To William Cooper, Esq. Only one specimen known.

619. A. ac-u-ml-na'-ta. Lat. acuminata, acuminate, sharpened, from acumino; like aculeata

from aculeus. See Silta, No. 58.

Not in the orig. ed. Since observed at St. Michael's, Alaska. See Pr. Nat. Mus.,
iii, 1880, p. 222.

620. Ar-qua-tel'-la mar-it'-i-ma. Arquatella, for arcuatula, is an arbitrary diminutive of arqua-

tus, bent, bowed : this is poor Latin for arcuatus, curved, arcuate ; arcuo, I bend ; areas,
a bow, an arc. It refers to the slightly curved bill. — Lat. maritimus, maritime; mare,
the sea.

621. A. m. coues'-i. To Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. The name of this person is Norman-

French, and is still not infrequently found in the north of France, pronounced in two
syllables, with the grave accent on the last : Cou-es — Coo-ayz. On the removal of his
ancestors to the Isle of Wight, the pronunciation naturally became corrupted into Cow~.
The original spelling, though sometimes changed to Cowes, has been preserved in the
family, no grown male members of which are known to be living in the United States
excepting the person here in mention and his brother, Dr. S. F. Coues, U. S. N. The
meaning of the word is unknown to us.

Not in the orig. ed. Since described, from Alaska. Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880, p. 160.

622. A. m. ptfl-oc-ne'-mTs. Gr. ini\ov, a feather, and Kvn^ts, a greave, boot; the crus being

feathered to the heel.

This is the Tringn crassirostris of the orig. ed., very wrongly so named ; also, it is
T. nracilis, Harting. See Coues, Elliott's Prybilov Islands, 1875.

623. P61-Id'-na al-pi'-na. ? Gr. irf\i8v6s, gray; from ire\os, some dark color. — Lat. Alpina,

Alpine ; Alpes, Alps. See Eremophila, No. 82.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Only North American as occurring in Green-
land. See Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, p. 103, where the Dunlin of
Greenland is recognized as distinct from var. americana.

102 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

624. Pelidna alpina americana (Cass.) Allen. B 530. c 424. R 539o.

American Dunlin.

625. Ancylochihis snbarquatus (Guld.) Kaup. B 529. c 425. R 540.

Curlew Sandpiper.

626. Tringa caimtus L. B 520. c 420. R 529.

Red-breasted Sandpiper ; Robin Snipe ; Knot. [See Addenda, No. 881.

627. Calidris arenaria (L.) 111. B 534. c 427. R 542.

Sanderling.

628. Limosa fceda (L.) Ord. B 547. c 428. R 543.

Great Marbled Godwit.

629. Limosa hsemastica (L., 1758) Coues. B 548. c 429. R 545.

Hudsonian Godwit.

624. P. a. am-gr-I-ca'-na. See Parula, No. 93.

625. An-cy-lo-chi'-lus sub-ar-qua'-tus. Gr. ay/cuAoxeiAos, having a curved bill : ayitv\os,

crooked, bent, from ayKcov, the bent elbow, and xe'Aos> tne mouth, from a word signify-
ing to open, to gape. — Lat. subarquatus, slightly curved ; see Arquatella, No. 620.

626. Trm'-ga can-u'-tus. Lat. tringa, or trynga, or tryngas, a sandpiper; not classic. Derived

from Gr. rpvyyas, an obscure and obsolete word, occurring in Aristotle as the name of
some unknown bird. The species was very aptly named by Linnaeus after old King
Canute, who, it is said, sat on the seashore and allowed the waves to reach him, to
rebuke his toadying courtiers who had declared the sea would obey his majesty , — a
myth according well with the habits of sandpipers. — Canutus, if it has any relation
with, or is of same meaning as canus, gray, hoary, iroAto's, is well suited either to the
old king, or to this sandpiper in its winter dress.

627. Cal-id'-ris a-re-na'-ri-a. Gr. <rKa\i§pis or Ka\i8pis, Lat. scalidris or calidris, aij obscure

Aristotelian bird, by some supposed to be the modern totanus calidris. The word is
apparently from trtca\is, some digging instrument, from O-KOAA.CO, I scrape, rake, &c., and
refers to the same probing habits of this sandpiper that ereinieles signalizes. But the
form Challdris also occurs, as in Belon for example ; whence some refer the word to the
Gr. x«^'£' Lat. calx, calculus, &c., considering that it alludes to the pebbly or shingly
beaches which the bird frequents. — Lat. arenarius, relating to sand; arena, sand, or a
sandy place, as the arena was, where gladiatorial and other sports were witnessed by
the Roman brutes.

628. Li-mo'-sa foe'-da. Lat. limosus, miry, muddy ; limits, mud, slime. — We can learn nothing of

any such word nsfedoa, and take it to be a misprint or other mistake for feed us, -a, -urn,
ugly, unseemly, &c. It might be supposed to have some relation to feed us, a compact,
treaty, the sense of which is seen in federal, confederate, &c., and the application of which
would be to the gregariousness of the bird. But fccdus, in the latter sense, is not an
adjective; it is fccdus,fceder!s, and the adjectival form would be federatits ; while there is
an adjective fadus, ugly, as well as a verb fvedo, to defile, the participial of which is
foedatus. In view of these facts, we propose to substitute jferfa forfedoa, until some satis-
factory explanation of the latter can be given. Fcdoa occurs at least as far back as
Edwards as the name of this species, and has since passed unchallenged.

629. L. haem-as'-ti-ca. Gr. ai/xao-Ti/co's or alfjutTiitds, hsemastic or haematic, of a bloody-red

color ; alfj.dcrcrci}, I make bloody ; aljua, blood ; referring to the red under parts, so con-
spicuous in this species.

This stands as L. hudsonica in the orig. ed. See Coues, Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880,
p. 100.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 103

630. Limosa segocephala (L.) Leach. B — . c — . R 540. (G.)

Dlack-tailed Godwit.

631. Limosa uropygialis Gould. B — . c 430. R 544. (!A.)

White-rumped God\vit.

632. Symphemia semipalmata (Gra.) Hartl. B 537. c 431. R 552.

Semipalmated Tattler ; Willet.

633. Totanus melanoleucus (Gm.) V. B 539. c 432. R 548.

Greater Tattler ; Stone Snipe.

634. Totanus flavipes (Gm.) V. B 540. c 433. R 549.

Lesser Tattler ; Yellowshanks.

635. Totanus glottis (L.) Bechst. B 538. c 434. R 547. (!E.)

Greenshanks.

636. Rhyacophilus ochropus (L.) Ridg. B — . c — . R 551. (!E.)

Green Sandpiper.

637. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.) Bp. B 541. c 435. R 550.

Solitary Tattler.

638. Tringoi'des macularius (L.) Gr. B 543. c 436. R 557

Spotted Tattler; Spotted Sandpiper.

630. L. aeg-6-ceph'-a-la. Gr. alyoKf'(pa\os, an Aristotelian epithet of some unknown bird ; it

literally means "goat-headed," but what application? About the middle of the sixteenth
century it was applied by Belon to a species of Limosa, perhaps from the cry of the bird
being fancied like the bleating of a goat ; " bleating " is a term in every-day use now to
express the peculiar sounds made by some snipes. — The curious English word god wit
is derived by Johnson from Anglo-Saxon god, good, and wild, animal : by others from
god, and veide, game ; latter not unlikely.

Not in the orig. ed. Only North American as a straggler to Greenland.

631. L. u-ro-py-gl-a'-lls. See Centunis, No. 452.

632. Sym-phe'-mi-a sem-i-pal-ma'-ta. Gr. cvfj.<prifJLi ; cvv, with, and <f>i)fj.i, I speak; alluding to

the noisy concerts of the birds. — Lat, semipalmata, half-webbed: see sErjiaUtes, No. 584.
"Willet" is derived from the sound of the bird's voice; sometimes written "pilwillet."

633. To-ta'-nus mel-an-o-leu'-cus. Totanus is Latinized from the Italian tot.ano, a name of

some bird of the kind. We suppose it should be accented on a lengthened penult. —
Gr. fj.e\as, genitive fj.e\avos, black, and \evtcos, white.

634. T. fla'-vl-pes. Lat. Jlavus, yellow ; pes, foot.

635. T. glot'-tis. Gr. yAwcrcra or y\wrra, the tongue ; referring to the noisiness of the bird.

This is given in the orig. ed. as Totanus chloropus.

636. R. 6ch'-ro-pus. Gr. uxpds, pale, sallow, wan, and irovs, foot. From this word come

Lat. ochra, and our ochre, ochreons, orhraceous, as names of some dull yellowish color.
Linnceus had originally ocrophus by misprint.

Not in the orig. ed. Since found in Nova Scotia as a straggler from Europe. See
Bull. Nutt. Club, iii, 1878, p. 49.

637. Rhy-a-c5'-phH-us sol-I-ta'-ri-Qs. Gr. £vo£, genitive {IVO.KOS, a stream, brook; f>4w or f>v<a,

I flow ; and <pi\os, loving, loved, a lover. — Lat. solitarius, solitary ; solus, alone.

638. Trin-g5-i'-des mac-ul-a'-rl-us. See Tringn, No. 623, and add f?8oj, resemblance. Note

that the word is in four syllables, accented on the penult. — Lat. macularius, not classic ;
like maculatus and maculosus, spotted ; macula, a spot.

104 CHECK LIST OF NOBTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

639. Machetes pugnax (L.) Cuv. B 544. c 437. R 554. (!E.)

Ruff (<£) ; Reeve (?).

640. Bartramia longicauda (Becbst.) Coues. B 545. c 438. R 555.

Bartramian Tattler.

641. Tryngites rufescens (V.) Cab. B 546. c 439. R 556.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

642. Heteroscelus incanus (Gm.) Coues. B 542. c 440. R 553.

Wandering Tattler.

643. Numenius longirostris Wils. B 549. c 441. R 558.

Long-billed Curlew.

644. Numenius phseopus (L.) Lath. B — . c — . R 561. (G.)

European WMmbrel.

639. Mach-e'-tes pug'-nax. Gr. /iox^T^y, a fighter, combatant, in allusion to the pugnacity of

the male in the breeding season ; /ua^o/wat, I fight ; /u.a.x'r>< a battle. — Lat. pugnax, pugna-
cious, combative; pugno, I fight; pugna, a battle; properly, fisticuffs, as the primitive
mode of fighting; pugnum, the fist; root pity, whence come the whole set of words, and
others, as pygmy, &c.

640. Bar-tram'-I-a 16n-gl-caud'-a. To William Bartram, " grandfather of American orni-

thology." — The usual generic name, actiturus, is from the Gr. OLKT'IT^S, a doer by the sea,
a beach-inhabiter, a " longshoreman," from d/crVj, the seashore, and ovpa, tail. — Lat.
longus, long, and cauda, tail.

This is Actiturus bartramius of the orig. ed. See Coues, Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880,
p. 100.

641. Tryn'-gl-tes ru-fes'-cens. See Tringa, No. 626. Here we have another form of the word,

nearer the original Gr. rpvyyas, with the termination -TTJS, -tes ; this suffix commonly
denoting active agency, as the English -er, for example, makes work-er from work. —
Lat. rufescens, present participle of rnfesco, I grow reddish.

642. Hgt-g-ro'-scSl-us In-can'-us. Gr. eVepoj, opposite, different, otherwise, and <r/ceA.os, the

leg, shin ; from the peculiar scutellation of the leg. — Lat. incanus, very gray, quite
hoary, as the bird is : in and canus.

643. Nu-me'-ni-us 16n-gl-ros'-tris. A curious etymology is this, if the derivation assigned be

true. Gr. veos, new, young, and p.^v, a month, /j.r)i>rj, the moon; the narrow arcuate bill
being likened to the new crescent moon. The same word is seen in meniscus, a kind of
lens, but primarily and literally a little moon. But numenius might also be derived
directly from numen, a nod, a bending of the head downward and forward (hence assent,
command, and hence a divinity, who nods assent or expresses its will by such gesture) ;
Gr. veu/j.a, a nod, vtvta, I nod ; very applicable to the attitude of the bird. Whichever
of these derivations we approve, they amount to practically the same thing; for numenius
certainly refers to the shape of the bill, being used by the ornithologists of the heroic
age as synonymous with arquata or arcuata. — Lat. longirostris, long-billed ; longus and
rostrum. — "Curlew" is not an imitation of the bird's voice, but a mangling of the
French name cour-h'eu, " run-place," from the coursing of the birds : compare courlis,
courly, courlan, cocorli, &c.

644. N. phae'-6-pus. Gr. <t>ai6s, dark colored, dusky, gray, swarthy ; its exact meaning is

expressed when we say " gray of the morning : " related to tyaivco, I appear ; irovs, foot.
" Whimbrel " is apparently Anglo-Saxon ; related to whim, whimsical, in the sense of
nighty, a gad-about.

Not in the orig. ed. Only North American as a bird of Greenland.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 105

645. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. B 550. c 442. R 559.

Hudsoiiian Curlew.

646. Numenius borealis (Forst.) Lath. B 551. c 443. R 560.

Eskimo Curlew.

647. Numenius taitensis (Gm.) Lath. B — . c 442tis. R 562. (!A.)

Otahiti Curlew.

648. Tantalus loculator L. B 497. c 444. R soo.

Wood Ibis.

649. Plegadis falcinellus (L.) Kaup. B soo. c 445. R 503.

Glossy Ibis.

650. Plegadis guarauna (L.) Riclg. B — . c 445&is, 445/er. R 504.

White-faced Glossy Ibis.

651. Eudocimus albus (L.) Wagl. B 499. c 446. R 501.

White Ibis.

645. N. hud-son'-I-cus. To Hudson's Bay, after Henry Hudson.

646. N. bSr-g-a'-Hs. Lat. borealis, northern ; boreas, the northwind.

647. N. ta-T-ten'-sTs. Of Otaheite, one of the Society or Friendly Islands. The original orthog-

raphy, tahitiensis, is resolvable into the above, which is less barbarous in sound and look.
Though named for the island called in English Otaheite, or better Otahiti, the first syl-
lable is to be dropped as being merely the definite article the. It is the native name
O-tahiti, ^e-island; i. e., the principal island.

This is N.femoralis, Peale, of the orig. ed., Appendix.

648. Tan'-tal-us 16-cu-la;-t6r. Gr. To^raAos, Tantalus, the Phrygian king, who, admitted to

the councils of the gods, betrayed their secrets, and was tormented, " tantalized," with
food and water in sight but unattainable. — Lat. focus, a place; hculus, a little place,
division, compartment ; loculatus or loculosus, furnished with compartments, full of
" pigeon-holes " ; but qu. loculator and its application to this bird ?

649. Ple'-ga-dis fal-cln-el'-lus. Gr. ir\r)yds, a scythe, sickle, from Tr^a-aw or TTA^TTW, I strike.

The actual form, Plegadis, may be a diminutive ; if so, it is exactly Greek for the quasi-
Latin falcinellus, falcicula, or falcunculus, a little scythe, small hook ; falx, a reaping-hook
or any thing of that falcate shape, as the bill of this bird is. See Falco, No. 498.

This stands in the orig. ed. as Ibis falcinellus var. ordii. But it has proved to be not
satisfactorily distinguished from the European form ; while as to the generic designa-
tion, see Ibis, 1878, p. 112.

650. P. gu-a-rau'-na. A barbarous word, of some South American (Brazilian) dialect. It

occurs as such in Marcgrave and other early ornithologists.

This stands as Ibis guarauna in the orig. ed. ; see No. 649. The Ibis thafassimts of
Ridg., Am. Nat., viii, 1874, p. 110, inserted in the Appendix of the orig. ed. as No. 445 ter,
proves to be the young of this species : see Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv.
Terr., iv, No. 1, 1878, p. 57.

651. Eu-dSc'-I-mus al'-bus. Gr. tv56><i/j.os, well-tried; hence, approved, famous, of high

repute : from ew, well, and SUKI/UOS, assayed and found acceptable ; Ss'xo/xcu, I accept.
The ibis or ?j3is of the ancients (not this species) was a celebrated and sacred bird; it
was the Egyptian bird, now called Ibis cetlnopica. — Lat. albus, white.
This is Ibis alba in the orig. ed. See Elliot, Ibis, 1877, p. 482.

106 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

652. Endocimus ruber (L.) "VVagl. B 498. c 447. R 502.

Scarlet Ibis.

653. Ajaja rosea (Briss.) Reich. B 501. c 448. R 505.

Roseate Spoonbill.

654. Mycteria americana L. B — . c 448&/s. R 499. (!M.)

American Jabiru.

655. Ardea herodias L. B 487. c 449. R 487.

Great Blue Heron.

656. Ardea occidentalis And. B 488, 489. c 450, 451. R 486.

Great White Heron ; Florida Heron.

657. Ardea cinerea L. B — . c — . R4S8. (G.)

European Blue Heron.

658. Herodias egretta (Gm.) Gr. B 486, 486*. c 452. R 489.

Great White Egret.

659. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.) Bp. B 485. c 453. R 490.

Little White Egret ; Snowy Heron.

660. Hydranassa tricolor (Mull.) Ridg. B 484. c 454. R 492.

Louisiana Heron.

652. E. rub'-gr. Lat. ruber, red. This is Ibis rubra in the orig. ed.

653. Ajaja ro'-sg-a. Lat. roseus or rosaceus, rosy, rose-red; rosa, a rose; related to Gr. p6Sov;

see for instance in rhodocofpus, rose-breasted. — Ajaja or ajaia or aiaia or ai/aya is the old
Brazilian name of this bird, of signification and pronunciation alike unknown to us.

This stands as Platalea ajaja in the orig. ed. ; for the change of this long-standing
name, see Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 10.

654. Myc-te'-ri-a am-gr-i-ca'-na. Gr. ^vKT-ftp, the nose, sncut; (tvttT-npifa, literally, "I work

the nose," i. e., turn up the nose at, sneer, scorn, deride, &c. ; well applied to the expres-
sion of this ugly bird.

655. Ar'-dg-a her'-o'-dl-as. Lat. ardea, a heron. — Gr. epwS.as, epwSas, or epcaStos, a heron.

There is also a proper name Herodias.

656. A. oc-ci-den-ta'-Hs. See Dendrceca, No. 113.

NOTE. — The Ardea wurdemanni of the orig. ed. is a dichroism of this species. See
Ridg., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, No. 1, 1878, p. 227.

657. A. c!n-€r'-e-a. Lat. cinereus, ashy. See Harporhijnchus, No. 22.

Not in the orig. ed. Only North American as occurring in Greenland. See Reinh.,
Ibis, 1801, p. 9.

658. H6r-6'-dI-as e-gret'-ta. Latin proper name Herodias: see Ardea, No. 655. — Egretta is

Latinized from the French aigrette, a top-knot, plume; whence also egret. These words
are said to be related to heron itself, all springing from O. H. G. hiegro, a heron.

659. Gar-zet'-ta can-dl-dis'-sT-ma. Garzetta is the Italian name of the corresponding Euro-

pean species. — Lat. candidissima, very white, entirely white; superlative of cundldus.
See Fnko, No. 501.

660. Hyd-ra-nas'-sa tri'-c<5l-Sr. Gr. vScap, water, giving in Latin hydra-, and vaacra or fT/vcra,, a

water-fowl ; from a verb meaning to swim. We have here two words very fruitful of
derivatives ; one giving us the compounds of hi/dr-, as hydraulic, the other those relating
to the sea, a ship, or swimming: nautical, aeronaut, nany, navigate, nausea; the latter is
originally " sea "-sickness, and literally " ship "-sickness. — Lat. tricolor, three-colored.

This stands as Ardea Ifucogastra var. leucoprymna in the orig. ed. See Ridg., Bull.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, No. 1, 1878, p. 224.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 107

661. Dichromanassa rufa (Bodd.) Ridg. B 482, 433. c 455. R 491.

Reddish Egret.

662. Florida ccerulea (L.) Bd. B 490. c 456. R 490.

Little Blue Heron.

663. Butorides virescens (L.) Cab. B 493. c 457. R 494.

Green Heron.

664. Nyctiardea grisea nsevia (Bodd.) Allen. B 495. c 458. R 495.

American Night Heron.

665. Nycterodius violaceus (L.) Reich. B 496. c 459. R 496.

Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

666. Botaurus mugitans (Bartr.) Coues. B 492. c 4GO. R 497.

American Bittern.

667. Ardetta exilis (Gm.) Gr. B 491. c 461. R 498.

Least Bittern.

661. Dl-chro-ma-nas'-sa ru'-fa. Gr. Sis, twice; xP"Ma» chroma, color ; originally, probably,

flesh-color; and va<raa, a water-fowl; alluding to the dichroism or dichromatism wliicli
prevails in this and other herons, these birds of the same species being found either pure
white or variously colored. — Lat. rvfus, reddish.

This stands as Ardea rufa in the orig. ed. See Ridg., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr.
Surv. Terr., iv, No. 1, 1878, p. 246.

662. Flo'-rl-da coe-rial-e-a. ~Lat. florid us, florid, flowery ; flos, a flower ; but the genus is named

for the State of Florida. — Lat. ccendeus, blue ; see Poliojjtila, No. 30.

663. Bu-tor-i'-des vir-es'-cens. Lat. butio or butor, a bittern; equal to bo-taur, bo-taurus, bos-

taurus? see Bubo, No. 462; eTSos, resemblance. There is also a proper name Butor ides —
Lat. virescens, present participle of viresco, I grow green, am greenish, from vireo, which
see, No. 170.

664. Nyc-ti-ar'-dg-a gris'-e-a nae'-vi-a. Badly formed from Gr. vvfr gen. VVKTOS, night, and

Lat. ardea, a heron ; better Noctiardea, like Noctttuca, &c. — Lat. griseus, see Macrorkam-
phus, No. 609, and Leucosticte, No. 205. — Lat. ncevius, see Turdus, No. 5.

665. Nyc-ter-6'-dI-us vi-o-la'-ce-us. Gr. i/i5{, night, and fpca8i6s, a heron, like the Latin ardea.

Commonly written nyctherodius ; but we see no occasion for the /;, the e not being aspi-
rated ; though the h is seen in the Lat. herodias. — Lat. violaceus, violet-colored ; viola,
a violet, pansy.

636. Bo-tau'-rus mu-gi'-tans. The many words bittern, bitorne, bitore, butor, butio, are all onoma-
topoeic, from the hollow guttural sound of the bird's voice, and are referable to bos-
taurus or bo-taurus? see Bubo, No. 462. — Lat. mugitans, bellowing ; mugito, I low like a cow ;
as the children say, " moo."

667. Ar-det'-ta ex-i'-lis. Ardetta is an Italian word, equivalent to ardeola, diminutive of ardea.
— Lat. exilis, contracted from exigilis, equivalent to exiguus, from exigo, this equal to ex
and ago, literally, I drive out. Any thing exacted or exact, is carefully measured, con-
sidered, strictly accounted for; hence likely to be scanty, as opposed to abundant, or
superfluous ; therefore, poor, thin, mean, small; any of these latter adjectives well suited
to this lean little bird. We have the idea in several applications in the English words
exigency, an emergency ; exiguous, small ; the French exigeant, exacting ; and in our
rare though actual word exile, small. (The latter must not be confounded, however,
with exile, banishment, one banished ; though this might seem exactly from exigo, " I
drive out," it is from another root: exsulo, exsui.)

108 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

668. Grus americana (L.) Temm. B 478. c 462. R 582.

White Crane; Whooping Crane.

669. Grus canadensis (L.) Teinm. B 480. c 463. R 584.

Northern Sandhill Crane.

670. Grus pratensis Bartr. B 479. c — . R 583.

Southern Sandhill Crane.

671. Aramus pictus (Bartr.) Coues. B 481. C 464. R 581.

Scolopaceous Courlan ; Limpkin.

672. Parra gymnostoma Wagl. B — . c — . R 568. (! M.)

Mexican Jacana.
i

673. Rallus longirostris crepitans (Gm.) Ridg. B 553. c 465. R 571.

Clapper Rail ; Salt Marsh Hen.

668. Grus am-Sr-i-ca'-na. Lat. grits, genitive gruis, feminine noun of the third declension, a

crane. The word refers to the hollow guttural voice of the birds, and is apparently
related to English grunt.

669. G. can-a-den'-sis. It was doubtless upon the northern bird, figured by Edwards, that

Linnaeus based this name. G. fraterculus of Cassin has been found distinct from the
common sandhill crane of the United States, and identical with the northern bird. It is
therefore properly a synonym of canadensis, and another name must be found for the
United States bird commonly called canadensis. See next species. See Ridg., Bull.
Nutt. Club, v, 1880, p. 187 ; Coues, ibid., p. 188.

670. G. pra-ten'-sis. Lat. pratensis, relating to pralum, a field.

Not in the orig. ed. See last species.

671. Ar'-a-mus pic'-tiis. The word aratmts is unknown to us. Agassiz gives it as " nom.

propr." A correspondent remarks: " Vieillot's Analyse is very incorrectly printed, and
some letter may have been omitted or changed ; hence the clue is still to seek. The
origin seems hopeless, unless revealed by accident." Under these circumstances, it is
consoling to reflect that the word is more decorous in form than many of known classic
derivation. — Lat. pictus, see Setophaga, No. 151.

672. Par'-ra gym-n5'-st6-ma. Parra is a good Latin word, being the name of some unknown

bird regarded as of ill-omen ; as occurring in Pliny, said to be the European Lapwing,
VaneUus cristatns. Transferred by Linnaeus to a mixed lot of spur-winged birds,
chiefly of America. " Jafana " is the Brazilian name of a species of this genus ; made
a generic term by Brisson in 1760, and we do not see why it should not be employed
instead of Parra. — Gr. yv/j.i/6s, naked, and o-ro'/xa, mouth ; in allusion to the caruncular
skin at the base of the bill.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since discovered in Texas by J. C. Merrill : see Bull. Nutt.
Club, i, 1876, p. 88 ; Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, p. 167.

673. Ral'-lus lon-gl-ros'-tris crep'-i-tans. Rallus is said to be contracted from rarulus, a

diminutive of rarus, rare ; and to mean thin, slight ; if so, the adjective has become an
apt generic name for these lean narrow birds. It is more likely, however, to be
onomatopoeic, Latinized in late days from the French rasle, rale, a rattling cry, Engl.
rail, to reproach, deride, £c., having nothing to do with the English rail (of a fence) ;
very applicable to these clamorous birds. — Lat. longirostris, long-billed. — Lat. cre/ii/ans,
present participle of crepito, I creak, crackle, clatter, crepitate; a frequentative or inten-
sive form of crepo, of same signification.
This is R. longirostris of the orig. ed.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 109

674. Rallus longirostris obsoletus (Ridg.) Coues. B — . c 466a. R 570.

California Clapper Rail.

675. Rallus longirostris saturatus Hensh. B — . c — . R 57ia

Louisiana Clapper Rail.

676. Rallus elegans And. B 552. c 466. R 569.

King Rail; Fresli Marsh Hen.

677. Rallus virginianus L. B 554. c 467. R 572.

Virginia Rail.

678. Porzana maruetta (Leach) Bp. B — . c — . R 573. (G.)

Spotted Crake.

679. Porzana Carolina (L.) V. B 555. c 468. R 574.

Carolina Crake ; Rail ; Sora ; Ortolan.

680. Porzana noveboracensis (Gm.) Cass. B 557. c 469. R 575.

Yellow Crake.

681. Porzana jamaicensis (Gm.) Cass. B 556. c 470. K 576.

Black Crake.

674. R. 1. 6b-s61-e'-tus. Lat. obsoletus, obsolete, grown unaccustomed, passed out of vogue ;

ob, opposition, and solesco, I grow accustomed ; soleo, I am accustomed. The application
is to the faded, as if worn out and disused, coloration.

This is R. elegans var. obsoletus, of the orig. ed., Appendix : see Bull. Nutt. Club, v,
1880, p. 139.

675. R. 1. sat-u-ra'-tus. Lat. saturatus, saturated, satiated, filled full ; i. e., having eaten

enough ; satis, enough : whence satisfied, &c. The allusion is to the color, which is full,
i. e. rich, dark, heavy.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since described. See Bull. Nutt. Club, v, 1880, p. 140.

676. R. g'-lg-gans. Lat. elegans or eligans, elegant; literally, choice, select ; from e and lego, I

pick out; quite equivalent to electus, chosen, picked, eclectic, &c.

677. R. vir-gm-i-a'-nus. To Virginia, "mother of Presidents," and wet-nurse of Secession.

678. P6r-za'-na ma-ru-et'-ta. Porzana is an Italian word, the meaning of which we know not ;

it has been in book-use for several centuries, as the name of some marsh bird. — Maruetta
is likewise Italian : said to be applicable to anything by the sea, and hence to be equiva-
lent to maritime. — Crake is to crackle, cackle, creak, croak, quack, &c. ; see Crex, No.
683, Querquedula, No. 714.

Not in the orig. ed. Only North American as occurring in Greenland. See Reinh.,
Ibis, 1861, p. 12.

679. P. ca-ro-li'-na. To Carolina. This is the rail of sportsmen. It is also called sora or

soree ; why, we know not : the word is colloquial and local, and has scarcely crept into
the books. The word "ortolan" has a curious connection with this species. It is
Italian and French, equal to the Latin hortulanus, relating to a garden : the " ortolan "
is Emberiza hortulana, a bunting, esteemed a great delicacy by gourmands ; and our
crake has been called ortolan for no better reason than that it is also edible and sapid !
The same name is sometimes applied to the bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, because it is
found abundantly in the same marshes in the fall, and sells in the same restaurants as
the same bird as the rail, the two being brought in together by the gunners.

680. P. nS-vg-b6r-a-cen'-sis. No New York. See Vireo, No. 181.

681. P. jam-a-T-cen'-sis. To Jamaica. The name signifies in the vernacular the island of

springs, of flowing water.

110 CHECK LIST .OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

682. Porzana jamaicensis coturniculus Bd. B — . c 470a. R 576a.

Farallone Black Crake.

683. Crex pratensis Bechst. B 558. 0471. R577. (!E.)

Corn Crake.

684. Gallinula galeata (Licht.) Bp. B 560. c 472. R 579.

Florida Gallinule.

685. lonornis martinica (L.) Reich. B 561. c 473. R 578.

Purple Gallinule.

686. Fulica americana Gm. B 559. c 474. R 580.

American Coot. [See Addenda, No. 885.

687. Phcenicopterus ruber L. B 502. c 475. R 585.

Red Flamingo.

688. Cygnus buccinator Rich. B 562. c 476. R 589.

Trumpeter Swan.

689. Cygnus columbianus (Ord) Coues. B 56iws. c 477. R 588.

American Swan.

682. P. j. co-tur-ni'-cu-lus. Lat. diminutive of Coturnix, which see, No. 579.

683. Crex pra-ten'-sis. Gr. Kp<=£, Lat. crex, a crake; all three of these words are the same,

meaning the creaking, crackling cry of the bird ; KP^KKU, I make such a noise. — Lat.
pratensis, see Grus, No. 670. (A subgenus, " Crescicus," which passed in some American
works for the black rail, was simply a misprint for creciscus, which is a Greek diminu-
tive form of

684. Gal-lm'-u-la gal-g-a'-ta. Lat. gallinula, a diminutive of gallina, a hen: see Gallinago, No.

608. It is commonly but wrongly accented on the penult, and pronounced gally-new'-ler!
But gahl-leen'-u-lah is doubtless nearer the sound a Roman would have made if he had
used the word. — Lat. galeata, hehneted ; galea, a helmet ; galeo, I crown with a helmet ;
very apt, in allusion to the frontal shield of a bird of this genus.

685. I-on-5r'-ms mar-tin'-I-ca. Gr. tov, Itavia, a violet, and opvis, a bird ; well applied to these

luxurious porphyritic or hyacinthine " sultans." — English violet is from Lat. viola, and
this is very easily gotten from the Greek. — To the island of Martinique.

686. FuT-I-ca am-gr-i-ca'-na. Lat. fulica, same as fidix, a coot, from the sooty color of the

bird ; fullijo, soot, whence fuliginosus, &c.

687. Phoe-ni-cop'-ter-us rub'-Sr. Gr. (f>oiviK6irrepos, Lat. phccmcopterus, the flamingo ; literally,

red-winged : fyoivit, and irrepov : see Agelceus, No. 316. — Lat. ruber, red. — English flamingo
seems to come directly through the Spanish flamenco, the name of this bird ; both these,
as the French fiamant, are of course from the Latin jlamma, flame, fiery-red.

688. Cyg'-nus buc-cin-a'-tor. Gr. KVKVOS, Lat. cycnus or cygnns, a swan ; famed for its dying

song ; also name of a person fabled to have been transmuted into the bird. The name
is probably rooted in the idea of singing, this being one of the most persistent and
ubiquitous myths. — Lat. buccinator, a trumpeter, who uses his cheeks so much in blowing
his instrument ; buccina, or fivKavti, a trumpet ; bucca, the cheek.

689. C. cS-lum-bi-a'-nus. Of the Columbia River, where specimens were noted by Lewis and
Clarke, afterwards named by Ord.

This stands in the orig. ed. as C. americanus. For the change, see Coues, Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr., 2d ser.. No. 6, 1876, p. 444.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Ill

690. Cygims musicus Bechst. B — . c — . R 586. (G.IE.)

Whooping Swan.

691. Cygims bewicki Yarr. B — . c — . R 587. (!E.)

Bewick's Swan.

692. Anser albifrons (Gin.) Bechst. B — . c — . R 593. (G.)

European White-fronted Goose.

693. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.) Coues. B 565, 566. c 478. R 593«.

American White-fronted Goose.

694. Chen coerulescens (L.) Ridg. B 564. c 479. R 590.

Blue Goose.

695. Chen hyperboreus (Pall.) Boie. B 563. c 480. R 591.

Snow Goose.

696. Chen hyperboreus albatus (Cass.) Ridg. B — . c 480a. R 59ia.

Lesser Snow Goose.

697. Chen rossi (Bd.) Ridg. B — . c 481. R 592.

Ross' Snow Goose.

«

690. C. mu'-sl-cus. Gr. (iou<riK<is, Lat. musicus, relating to a muse, any one of the Muses ;

hence, " music " is primarily and most properly to be predicated of high ideals in gen-
eral, whether in science, letters, or art. The term musicus, however, as applied to a
swan, is a lucus a non lucendo, unless a relationship between the Muses and the Graces
be imagined.

Not in the orig. ed., and here admitted with doubt. Greenland only, as straggler
from Europe. See Keinh., Ibis, 1861, p. 13, and Freke, Zoologist, September, 1881,
p. 372. See next species.

691. C. be'-wick-L To Thomas Bewick.

Not in the orig. ed., and here doubtfully admitted. See Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880,
p. 222, where Ridgway revives the record given in Fn. Bor.-Am. ii, 1831, p. 465, and
states that the description of specimens killed at Igloolik, Arctic America, lat. 66°,
indicates the true Bewick's Swan. But on the doubt in the case of these Arctic Swans,
if any different from C. colnmbianus, see Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, p. 113,
and especially Freke, Zoologist, September, 1881, p. 366.

692. An'ser al'-bl-frons. Lat. anser, a goose. How anser came about we do not know; we sup-
pose it related more or less radically to anas, and so to va.o-<ra, a duck ; see Hydranassa,
No. 660. — Lat. albifrons, white forehead.

Not in the orig. ed., and here admitted with doubt, the identification of the Green-
land white-fronted geese being questionable, cf. Reinh., Ibis, iii, 1861, p. 12; Newt.,
Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, p. 113, and Freke, Zoologist, September, 1881, p. — .

693. A. a. gam'-bel-li. To William Gambel.

694. Chen [pronounced cane] coe-rul-es'-cens. Gr. x^"> a goose. — See Dendrceca, No. 117.

695. C. hy-per-bor'-e-us. Lat. hyperboreus, hyperborean, northern ; see Lobipes, No. 603.

696. C. h. al-ba'-tus. Lat. albatus, whitened, made white.

697. C. r6s'-sl. To Bernard R. Ross, Chief Factor, H. B. Co.

112 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

698. Chloephaga canagica (Sevast.) Eyt. B 573. c 482. R 598.

Painted Goose.

699. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.) Boie. B 572. c 483. R 597. (!E.)

Barnacle Goose.

700. Bernicla brenta (Pall.) Steph. B 570. c 484. R 595.

Brant Goose.

701. Bernicla brenta nigricans (Lawr.) Coues. B 571. c — R 596.

Black Brant Goose.

702. Bernicla canadensis (L.) Boie. B 567. c 485. R 594.

Canada Goose; Common Wild Goose.

703. Bernicla canadensis leucoparia (Brandt) Coues. B 568. c 485a. R 594'>,

White-cheeked Canada Goose. f594c.

704. Bernicla canadensis Irutchinsi (Rich.) Coues. B 569. c 4856. R 594a.

Hutchins' Canada Goose.

705. Dendrocygna fulva (Gm.) Burm. B 575. c 486. R 600.

Fulvous Tree Duck.

706. Dendrocygna autumnalis (L.) Eyt. B 574. c 487. R 599.

Autumnal Tree Duck.

698. Chl<5-e'-pha-ga ca-na'-gi-ca. Gr. x^a or X^r), young grass, whence x^pts, green ;

(pdyw, I eat. — Mr. H. W. Elliott informs us there are Eskimos of Alaska who call them-
selves " Kanagiamoot," i. e., "the people of the Kanag " — whatever that may be;
whence quasi-Lat. canagica.

699. Ber'-ni-cla leu-cop'-sis. Bernicla or bernicula is Latinized from the French bernicle or

bernache, Engl. barnacle. We only know this word as the name of the little cirriped crus-
taceans out of which this goose was fabled to sprout, ripen, and fall like a fruit from
its stem. A correspondent observes : " Max Mtiller says hibernaculum, but he gives no
reason whatever (nor for hibernicula;) founded on the word having been ever used." (cf.
Lect. on the Sci. of Lang., 2d ser.) — Gr. \fvx6s, white, and otyts, appearance.

This species is Greenlandic, but otherwise North American only as a straggler. For
a resume' of occurrences, see Freke, Zoologist, September, 1881, p. 372.

The geese of this genus stand in the orig. ed. as species of Branta ; but that word
having been found unavailable as a generic term, the name Bernicla is restored.

700. B. bren'-ta. Latinized from brent, brant, brand, or branded goose; the forms brentus and

brenthus are also found. See Campi/lorhynchus, No. 63. Brent or brant goose is therefore
simply burnt goose, from its blackish appearance, as if charred.

701. B. b. nig'-ri-cans. Lat. nigricans, being blackish, like nigrescens. — Not in the orig. ed.

702. B. ca-na-den'-sis. See Myiodioctes, No. 149.

703. B. c. leu-co-pa-ri'-a. Gr. \evn&s, white ; trapftd, the cheek.

704. B. c. hutch'-In-si. To - Hutchins, to whom we were at one time indebted for most

that was known of the birds of interior British America.

705. Den-dr5-cyg'-na ful'-va. Gr. SevSpov, a tree, and KVKVOS, a swan ; see Ct/gnus, No. 688. —

Ii&t.fulvu8, fulvous, reddish.

706. D. au-tum-na'-lls. Lat. autumnalis or auctumnalis, relating to the autumn, when the

increase of the earth is harvested ; auctumnus, the autumn ; aitctus, an increase, increased ;
auctor, a producer, author ; augeo, I increase, furnish forth, augment.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 113

707. Anas boscas L. B 576. c 488. R eoi.

Mallard.

708. Anas obscnra Gm. B 577. c 489. R 002.

Dusky Duck.

709. Anas obscura fulvigula Ridg. B — . c 4S9a. R 60S.

Florida Dusky Duck.

710. Dafila acruta (L.) Jen. B 578. c 490. R 605.

Pintail ; Sprigtail.

711. Chaulelasmus streperus (L.) Gr. B 584. C491. R 604.

Gadwall.

712. Mareca penelope (L.) Selby. B 586. c 492. R 606. (!E.)

European Widgeon.

713. Mareca americana (Gin.) Steph. B 585. c 493. R 607.

American Widgeon.

714. Qnerq.ned.nla crecca (L.) Steph. B sso. c 494. R en. (!E.)

English Teal.

707. An'-as bos'-cas. Lat. anas, a duck; doubtless related to vaaa-a. See what is said under

Ilydranassa, No. 660. — Gr. /Socncay, Lat. boscas or boscis, a duck, probably this very
species ; from /3o'<r/co>, I graze. This word has almost invariably, in ornithology, been
written boschas — very wrongly, as Wharton was lately at pains to point out (Ibis, 1879,.
p. 453).

708. A. 6b-scu'-ra. Lat. obscurus, dark, obscure.

709. A. o. ful-vi'-gu-la. Lat. fulviis, fulvous, and gula, throat. This and many similar words-

are viciously accented on a long penult.

710. Da'-fi-la a-cu'-ta. Dajila is a nonsense-word, invented by W. E. Leach, like Harelda.,

meaning nothing. — Lat. acuta, sharpened, pointed ; as the tail of the bird is.

711. Chau-le-las'-mus strep'-e-rus. Gr. xa^'os> prominent, projecting, protuberant; and

tKaafjios, a layer, plate, lamella; referring to the denticulations of the bill. — Lat. stre-
perus (not classic), noisy, clamorous; as we should say, obstreperous; strepitus, a noise;
strepo, I make a fuss.

712. Ma-re'-ca pe-nel'-6-pe. Mareca is said to be a Brazilian vernacular word for some kind

of duck ; long after, it was transferred to the widgeon. But it may also be remarked
that there is the Lat. Marlca, a water-nymph. Ray has Ulureca (Syn., p. 149). — Penel-
ope was the celebrated wife of Ulysses, mother of Telemachus ; penelops, or in Gr..
, was some kind of duck. Linnams wrote the latter.

713. M. am-er-i-ca-na. See Parula, No. 93.

714. Quer-que'-dii-la crec'-ca. Lat. qurrqnedula, a kind of small duck; etymology obscure,

and not at all to our way of thinking in the authorities consulted ; apparently from
Kaptca'pta, Kepx«>, Kfpnis, KipK-rj, KptKco, KP^ a set of onomatopoeic words formed to express-
a shrill or harsh creaking sound; hence related to creak, quack, crackle, &c , and quite
equivalent to the very word crecca, which we have here, and which seems but an arbitrary
adjective formed from /cpe/cco. Charleton calls one of the ducks Anas " caudncuta. The
Cracke (a strepitn)." The form quacula is found in some writers; and "quack" is the
usual word to express a duck's voice. See Crex, No. 683.

114 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

715. Querquedula carolinensis (Gm.) Steph. B 579. c 495. R 612.

Green-winged Teal.

716. Querquedula discors (L.) Steph. B ssi. c 490. R 609.

Blue-winged Teal.

717. Querquedula cyanoptera (V.) Cass. B 582. c 497. R 6io.

Cinnamon Teal.

718. Spatula clypeata (L.) Boie. B 583. c 498. R 608.

Shoveller.

719. Aix sponsa (L.) Boie. B 587. c 499. R 613.

Summer Duck ; Wood Duck. [See Addenda, No. 886.

720. Fuligula rn.ari.la (L.) Steph. B 588. c soo. R 614.

Greater Black-head ; Scaup Duck.

721. Fuligula affinis Eyt. B 589. 0501. R 615.

Lesser Black-head ; Scaup Duck.

722. Fuligula collaris (Donov.) Bp. B 590. c 502. R 616.

Ring-neck ; Black-head.

723. Fuligula ferina americana (Eyt.) Coues. B 591. c 503. R 618.

American Pochard ; Red-head.

715. Q. ca-rS-lm-en'-sIs. To Carolina. — The genus Netlion, in which this teal has been placed

by some, is the Gr. J/TJTTJOJ/, a little duck ; contracted from v^r-rapiov, a diminutive of
VTJcraa or j/fji-To: see Hydranassa, No. 060. Very curiously, it seems to have been used
by the Greeks as a familiar term of endearment, just as we sometimes now say " little
duck," or " ducky darling "

716. Q. dis'-cors. Lat. discors, discordant, disagreeing, unlike; literally "two-hearted," from

dis, twice, and cor, the heart ; opposed to concors, concordant.

717. Q. cy-an-op'-te'-ra. Gr. Kvav6s, blue, irrtpov, wing.

718. Spa'-tu-la clyp-e-a'-ta. Lat. spatula or spathula, Gr. a-iraGis, a spatlie, spatula, spoon, ladle;

with reference to the spathulous or spoon-like shape of the bird's bill. — Lat. dypeatus,
furnished with a shield, wearing a shield; ch/peus or c/ipeits or clupeus or c/ipeum, a shield:
commemorating in this case the rounded expanse of the bill.

719. A'-ix spon'-sa. Gr. a."i£ or &i£; application not obvious. Nor is the orthography settled.

If the word be from the monosyllable cu| it should be Latinized cex ; if from the dissyl-
lable &<£ it becomes aix. In the uncertainty, we do not change the accustomed form ;
though we suspect CEX to be preferable. — Lat. sponsa, a bride, a spouse, a betrothed;
that is, a promised one ; spondeo, I promise sacredly, I vow. Prettily applied to this
lovely duck, as if the bird were arrayed for bridal.

720. Ful-Tg'-u-la ma-n'-la. Lut.fuligula or fulicula, diminutive of fulica or fulix, a coot ; fuliyo,

soot. — Marila we know nothing about; qu., a proper name? qu. Gr. fj.ap(\rj, embers,
charcoal, from the scaup's pitch-black foreparts ?

721. F. af-fin'-is. Lat. uffinis, affined, allied ; ad, andjinis. See Campylorfiynchus, No. 64.

722. F. col-la'-rls. Lat. collaris, relating to the neck, collum ; this species having a ring of color,

like a collar, round the neck.

723. F. fe-ri'-na am-gr-I-ca'-na. Lat. ferina, wild, in a state of nature, feral.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 115

724. Fulignla vallisneria (Wils.) Steph. B 592. c 504. R 617.

Canvas-back.

725. Clangula glaucium (L.) Brehm. B 593. c 505. R 020.

Golden-eye.

726. Clangula islandica (Gm.) Bp. B 594. c 506. R 619.

Barrow's Golclen-eye.

727. Clangnla albeola (L.) Steph. B 595. c 507. R 621.

Buffle-liead ; Butter-ball ; Spirit Duck.

728. Harelda glacialis (L.) Leach. B 597. c 508. R 623.

Long-tailed Duck; Old Wife.

729. Camptolaemiis labradorius (Gm.) Gr. B eoo. c 509. R 624.

Labrador Duck.

730. Histrionicus minntus (L.) Coues. B 596. c 510. R 622.

Harlequin Duck.

724. F. val-lis-ner'-i-a. Vallisneria is a genus of aquatic plants, the wild celery, V. spiralis L.,

named for Antoine Vallisner, a French botanist. The name was applied to the bin!
from its fondness for this plant as food. The name canvas-back, from the peculiar
coloration of the upper parts, is an Americanism which lias been in use at least since
1800. (e.g., see Barton, Med. and Phys. Journ., pt. i, vol. ii, 1805, p. 101.)

725. Clan'-gu-la glau'-ci-um. Lat. dnnr/ttla, diminutive of claiyor, a clang, noise; the corre-

sponding Gr. K\a.yy>i means particularly the outcry of wild animals ; /cAa£o>, future
K\dyt,ta, I cry out. It was applied to this bird several centuries ago. — Gr. y\avKiov or
y\avKiov, a kind of wild duck, perhaps this very species. Under the varying forms of
glaucion, glaucium, glaucius, and glaucia, it has been definitely applied to this duck for
more than three centuries.

728. C. Is-land'-i-ca. To Iceland. See Falco, No. 500.

727. C. al-be'-6-la. Diminutive (irregular) form of albus, white: albula would be better form.

"Buffle-head" is a corruption of buffalo-head, from the puffiness of the head: "butter-
ball " from the fatness of the bird at times : " spirit duck," from the quickness of diving.

728. Har-el'-da gla-cT-a'-lis. Harelda is a nonsense-word, invented by Leach. — Lat. (jlacinlis,

glacial, icy, relating to ice; glades, ice. (Unde derivatur 1 cf. Gr. yXavKos.)

729. Camp-to-laem'-us lab-ra-do'-ri-us. Gr. Ka.iJ.vr6s, flexible, as leather is, for instance ;

Ka.jj.irca, I bend; and \at/j.6s, the throat; but the whole word refers to the soft leathery
expansion of the bill, as if Camptorhynchug, for which latter word, preoccupied in zoology,
it was proposed as a substitute. — To Labrador ; which name is said to have been given
to the country by the Spaniards, it being considered cultivable, as Greenland was not;
Span, labrado, cultivated land; lubrador, laborer; labrar, to work.

730. His-trI-6'-m-cus mi-nu'-tus. Lat. Instrionicus, histrionic, relating to histrio, a stage-

player ; because the bird is tricked out in various colors, as if it were dressed to play
some part on the stage. The word is related in the most interesting manner to historia,
history, and histology, the science of tissues of the body ; the idea being the weaving
together of things, to make, as history, a connected account, as in histology, a tissue of
organs. We still say, for example, a tissue of falsehood, &c. These words are all
related to ivrAs, a loom, or the web woven on it.

116 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

731. Somateria stelleri (Pall.) Jard. .B598. c 511. R 625.

Steller's Duck.

732. Somateria fischeri (Brandt) Cones. B 599. c 512. R 626.

Spectacled Eider.

733. Somateria mollissima (L.) Boie. B — . c — . R 627.

Eider Duck.

734. Somateria mollissima dresseri (Sharpe) Coues. B 606. c 513. R 627a.

American Eider Duck.

735. Somateria v-nigra Gray. B 607. c 514. R 628.

Black-throated Eider.

736. Somateria spectabilis (L.) Boie. B eos. c 515. R 629.

King Eider.

737. CEdemia americana Sw. B 604. c 516. R eso.

American Black Scoter.

738. CEdemia fusca (L.) Flem. B eoi. c 517. R 631.

Velvet Scoter; White- winged Scoter.

739. CEdemia perspicillata (L.) Flern. B 602. c 518. R 633.

Surf Duck.

731. So-mat-e'-ri-a stel'-ler-i. Gr. a-S>fj.a, genitive o-co^aros, the body, and epiov, wool, down ;

with reference to the famous "eider-down "produced by species of this genus. — To
G. W. Steller, the surgeon and naturalist of Bearing's second voyage, 1741-42.

732. S. fisch'-er-i. To Gotth. Fischer von Waldheim, a Russian naturalist.

733. S. mol-lls'-si-ma. Lat. mollissima, superlative degree of moll is, soft ; this a contraction

for mouilis, mobile, moveable, from moueo, I move. The reference is of course to the
downy plumage.

See next species. Since the American bird has been distinguished from the Euro-
pean, the latter has been said to be also found in North America, on the west side of
Cumberland Gulf. See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 222. This requires us to
restore the name S. mollissima, but it is No. 734 that equals No. 513 of the orig. ed.

734. S. m. dres-ser-i. To Henry E. Dresser, of London, author of the " Birds of Europe," &c.

This is the S. tnollissima of writers on American birds and of the orig. ed. of the
Check List. See Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 1871, p. 51. See last species.

735. S. v-nlg'-ra. This is a queer way of saying that the bird has a black v-shaped mark on

the throat — " digammated," indeed!

736. S. spec-ta'-bl-lls. Lat. spectabilis, that may be seen, hence, worth seeing, a spectacle ;

speclo, spicio, specio, I look at; whence a thousand derivatives.

737. Oe-de'-ml-a am-er-T-ca'-na. Gr. ot5r]/j.a, Lat. oedema, a swelling, tumefaction; olSdw, I

swell ; referring to the humpiness or gibbosity of the bill.

738. O. fus'-ca. Lat. fuscus, fuscous, dark; not well applied to this black bird.

739. O. per-spic-il-la'-ta. Irregularly formed from perspicio; equivalent to perspicibilis, con-

tracted to perspicilis, and then given a participial termination, as if from a verb per-
spicdlo; meaning perspicuous, that may be clearly seen, hence conspicuous, spectacular;
see Somateria, No. 7-10.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 117

740. CEdemia perspicillata trowbridgii (Bel.) Coues. B cos. c 5i8a. R -

Long-billed Surf Duck.

741. Erismatura rubida (Wils.) Bp. B 609. c 510. R 634.

Ruddy Duck.

742. Nomonyx dominica (L.) Kidg. B 6io. c 520. R 635.

St. Domingo Duck.

743. Mergus merganser L. B en. c 521. R 636.

Merganser ; Goosander.

744. Mergus serrator L. B 012. c 522. R 637.

Red-breasted Merganser.

745. Mergus cucullatus L. B 613. c 523. R ess.

Hooded Merganser.

746. Sula bassana (L.) Briss. B 617. c 524. R 650.

Gannet ; Solan Goose.

747. Sula leucogastra (Bodd.) Salv. B 618. c 525. R 652.

Booby Gannet.

748. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Lath. B 615. c 526. R 640.

American White Pelican.

740. O. p. trow-brid'-gi-i. To W. P. Trowbridge, who collected in California.

741. Er-Is-ma-tu'-ra rub'-i-da. Gr. epei(r/j.a, a stay, prop, pier, and ovpa, tail, as the stiffened

member of the bird might seem to be. — Lat. rubidus, ruddy, reddish.

742. N6m-o'-nyx dom-in'-i-ca. Gr. i/6/uos, law, order, regular way, and uVu£, nail. The nail at

the end of the bill in all the species of so-called Erismatura, except rubida, is formed in a
particular way. — See Dcndmca, No. 129.

743. Mer'-gus mer-gan'-ser. Lat. mergtts, a diver; mergo, I dive, mergcre, mersi, mersttm;

whence submerged, immersed, &c. — Merganser is simply merr/us + anser, i. e., diving-
goose.

744. M. ser-ra'-tor. Lat. serrator, a sawyer ; serratus, sawn, i. e., saw-shaped, serrate, serried,

as the prominent teeth of the bill look like those of a saw ; se.rra, a saw ; supposed to be
equal to secra, from seco, I cut.

745. M. cu-cul-la'-tus. Lat. cncullatus, hooded, wearing the cnculltim, a kind of hood, a capu-

chon, perhaps from its circular shape (KVK\OS). Very appropriate in this case.

746. Su'-la bas-sa'-na. Suln, by Agassiz given as a proper name, was Latinized lately from

the French name, Le Side. — Quasi-Lat. bassanus is an adjective derived from the name
of one of the great haunts of the bird, the Bass Rock, Firth of Forth, Scotland.

747. S. leu-co-gas'-tia. Gr. \evit6s, white, and yaa-r-fip, the belly.

This stands as S.Jiber in the orig. ed. See Salv., Tr. Z. S. ix, pt. ix, 1875, p. 496.

748. Pel-e-ca'-nus trach-y-rhynch'-us. Gr. irf^Kav, or TreAeKiVos, or Lat. pekcamis, a pelican.

The etymology is obscure; but the pelican was fabled to strike and wound its own
breast, that the young might be nourished with blood ; and there are various Greek and
Latin words signifying some cutting and striking instrument, as an axe, which are
nearly identical in form with the above. — Gr. rpaxi>s, rough, uneven, and pvyx0*- ''"'
«beak; with reference to the deciduous excrescence or " centre-bo ird " on the upper
mandible.

118 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

749. Pelecamis fuscus L. BGIG. c 527. R641.

Brown Pelican.

750. Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) Leach. B 520. c 528. R G42.

Common Cormorant.

751. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw.) Nutt. B 623. c 530. R 643.

Double-crested Cormorant.

752. Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinnatus (Brandt) Ridg. B 022. c 520.

White-tufted Cormorant. PR (}^b.

753. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus (Bartr.) Coues. B 624. c 530a. R 643a.

Florida Cormorant.

754. Phalacrocorax mexicanus (Brandt.) S. & S. B 625. c ssi. R 644.

Mexican Cormorant.

755. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt) Ileerm. B 626. c 532. R645.

Tufted Cormorant.

756. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pall. B 021. c 533. R 648.

Pallas's Cormorant.

757. Phalacrocorax bicristatus Pall. B — . c 534. R 647.

Red-faced Cormorant.

758. Phalacrocorax violaceus (Gm.) Ridg. B 627. c 535. R 646.

Violet-green Cormorant.

749. P. fus'-cus. Lat. fuscus, fuscous, dark.

750. Phal-a-cro'-cor-ax car'-bo. Gr. <£aAaKpo/copaf, Lat. phalacrocorax, a cormorant ; from

<t>a\a.Kpos, bald, and Ko'pa|, a raven. Compare Phalaropus, No. 604. The cormorant was
often called " sea-crow," and " cormorant " is nothing but corvus marinus ; Fr. cormoran ;
Ital. corvo marine ; Span, cnervo mar i no or cuervo calvo (bald-headed crow). — Lat. carbo, a
coal, charcoal ; whence carbon ; from the black color.

The cormorants are all given as Graculus in the orig. ed. But this was according
to a way which G. R. Gray had of determining the types of genera, which has been
found not available. Graculus signifies that the bird is so like a crow in color ; cf. Eng-
lish " sea-crow," above.

751. P. di'-16ph-us. Gr. Sis, twice, and Ao'^os, crest.

752. P. d. cin-cin-na'-tus. Lat. cincinnatus, having curly hair; Lat. cincinnus, Gr. K'LKIVVOS, a

curly lock.

753. P. d. flo-ri-da'-nus. To Florida. Bartram named the bird before Audubon did.

754. P. mex-i-ca'-nus. To Mexico. See Sialia, No. 28.

755. P. pe-nT-cil'-la'-tus. Lat. pem'a'llum, a pencil, or painter's brush ; equivalent to peniculus,

a little brush; this from penis, a tail, or the male organ: compare pendco, I hang; as
something pendent or appendaged. The reference is to the tufts of lengthened feathers
on the bird.

756. P. per-splc-il-la'-tus. See (Edtmia, No. 739.

757. P. bi-cris-ta'-tus. Lat. bis, twice, and cristatus, crested. Exactly equal to the Gr. 8/Ao0os.

758. P. vT-o-la'-ce-us. Lat. violaceus, violet-colored ; viola, a violet. See lonornis, No. 685.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 119

759. Phalacrocorax violaceus resplendens (And.) Ridg. B — . c — . R646a.

Baird's Cormoraiit.

760. Plotus anhinga L. B 023. c 536. R 649.

Anhinga; Darter; Suake-bird.

761. Tachypetes aquilus (L.) V. B 619. c 537. R 639.

Frigate Bird ; Man-of-war Bird.

762. Phaethon sethereus L. B — . c — . R 655. (?!)

Red-billed Tropic-bird.

763. Phaethon flavirostris Brandt. B 629. c 538. R 654.

Yellow-billed Tropic-bird.

764. Stercorarius skua (Briinn.) Cones. B 652. c 539. R 696.

Skua.

765. Stercorarius pomatorhirms (Temm.) Lawr. B 653. c 540. R 697.

Pomatorhiiie Ja'ger.

759. P. v. res-plen'-dens. Lat. resplendens, resplendent, splendid, or lustrous; resplcndeo or
splendeo, I shine, gleam. Splendor is derived by some etymologists from o"ir\y(i')56s,
live coals.

Not in the orig. ed. Since recognized by Ridgway, Pr. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, p. 222.
Farallone Islands.

760. Plo'-tus an-hm'-ga. Gr. ir\(ar6s, being a good swimmer; from irAww or ir\tca, I swim,

navigate ; Lat. plotus ; and very early applied, in ornithology, to divers swimming birds.
— Anhinga is a barbarous word, from the Portuguese anhina, and equivalent to the
Lat. anguina, snaky; annuls, a snake; very well applied to this curious bird, which in its
subaqueous excursions strangely resembles a swimming serpent. See Coues, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iii, 1878, p. 101. We should like to substitute the Latin form of the word,
but that would probably be going too far.

761. Tach-y'-pgt-es a'-quil-us. Gr. raxv^fT-ns, Lat. tachy petes, flying rapidly; TOX^S, swift,

and •n-erofj.ai, I fly. — Lat. aquilus, swarthy, dark-colored. The word is vaguely sup-
posed by most persons to have something to do with ar/nila, an eagle, in consideration
of the raptorial prowess of this piratical high-flyer ; but it would in that case be either
aqulla, substantive, an eagle, or aquilinus, adjective, aquiline. Aquila and aquilus are
doubtless the same word, etymologic-ally ; but the present specific name has nothing
further to do with the genus Aqnila, which see, No. 532.

762. P. ae-the'-rS-us. Gr. alOeptos, Lat. (ethereus, etherial, relating to the aid-ftp, ailher, ether, or

serene upper air, as opposed to arjp, aeV, the lower aerial region ; the birds of this genus
being noted for soaring aloft. Th. uWca, &<a.

Not in the orig. ed. If there be no mistake in identification, this species has
straggled to Newfoundland. See Freke, Comp. List B. of Eur. and N. A., p. 44 (rcpaged
from Proc. Roy. Soc. Dubl., 1879).

763. Pha'-g-thon fla-vi-ros'-tris. Gr. QaeQav, Lat. Phaethon, a proper name, an epithet of the

sun ; Phaethon having once undertaken to drive the chariot of the sun, his father Helios ;
well applied to these highly aerial birds of the Tropics. Sometimes very wrongly
written Phcelhon, and even Phcelon. — "Lsit. fiacirostris, yellow-billed.

764. Ster-cSr-a'-ri-us sku'-a. Lat. Stercorarius, having to do with ordure, a scavenger; stercus,

excrement ; from the filthy habits of the bird. — Skua is the name applied to the bird
by the Faroese.

765. S. po-ma-tQ-rhin'-us. Gr. Troika, genitive iraj/taroj, a flap, lid, cover; and pis, genitive pivos,

120 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

766. Stercorarius parasiticus (Brunn.) Gray. B 654. c 541. R 698.

Parasitic Jager.

767. Stercorarius buffoni (Boie) Coues. B 655. c 542. R 699.

Arctic Jager ; Long-tailed Jager.

768. Lams glaucus Brunn. B 656. c 543. R 660.

Glaucous Gull.

769. Larus leucopterus Faber. B 658. c 544. R661.

White-winged Gull.

770. Larus glaucescens Licht. B 657, 659. c 545. R 662.

Glaucous-winged Gull.

771. Larus marinus L. B eeo. c 546. R 663.

Great Black-backed Gull.

772. Larus argentatus Brunn. B — . c 547. R 666.

Herring Gull.

773. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. B66i.C547a. R 666a.

Smithsonian Herring Gull.

the nose ; from the scale-like covering of the nostrils. Temminck, habitually careless
in such matters, originally wrote pomcirinus, and we have almost always said " /if/marine "
jager, with some vague notion of the sen in the case of this marine bird; but Newton's
explanation of the word, as above, is undoubtedly correct. 3*uicr or jaeger is the German
for hunter, these birds being habitual hunters and plunderers of the gulls and terns.
The name was originally applied to a class of wild huntsmen who lived on the banks of
the Rhine, and supported themselves entirely by plunder and robbery.

766. S. par-a-si'-ti-cus. Gr. Trapcwn-i/cJs, Lat. parasiticus, parasitic ; Gr. irapda-iTos, Lat. para-

situs, a parasite, from irapd, by the side of, and O-?TOS, grain, food ; literally, one who sits
at the table of another ; as we should say now, in vulgar parlance, a " free-luncher,"
"bummer," " dead-beat " ; hence, in general, any kind of a hanger-on.

767. S. buf-fon'-I. To Jean Louis Le Clerc, Compte de Buffon, the famous French panegyrist

of nature, particular friend of Linnaeus, who wrote a great history of birds with the
help of the Abbe' de Montbeillard, and caused Daubenton to prepare the' celebrated
1008 Planches Enlumine'es.

768. Lar'-us glau'-ciis. Gr. \dpos, Lat. laws, a gull. — Lat. glaucus, glaucous, bluish, y\avic6s.

See Glautidhim, No. 484. Gull is supposed to be named for its gluttony, from gulo, a
glutton (r/nla, the gullet) ; Welsh, gwylan ; Fr., goeland. •

769. L. leu-cop'-ter-us. Gr. \tvic6s, white, and -mepov, wing.

770. L. glau-ces'-cens. Lat. (decidedly post-classic) gJaucescens, the present participle of a

suppositions inceptive verb glaucesco, 1 grow bluish ; meaning here somewhat bluish.

771. L. ma-ri'-nus. Lat. marinus, marine ; mare, the sea.

772. L. ar-gen-ta'-tus. Lat. argentatus, silvered, silvery ; the participle of an obsolete verb

argento ; argentum, silver, money, from &pyvpos, silver, apyds, white, the color of the
metal. One writer has criticised the use of argentatus to denote a silvery color, arguing
that argentatus woulrl mean silvered over, silver-plated, or frosted, and proposed to sub-
stitute some other derivative of argentum. But this is hypercriticism ; the word is
more apt or fit for the bird than most specific names are.

773. L. a. smlth-son-T-a'-nus. To the Smithsonian Institution ; this named for James Smiths

son, illegitimate son of Hugh Percy, Duke of Northumberland.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIEDS. 121

774. Larus occidentalis And. B 002. c 5476. R 664.

Western Herring Gull.

775. Larus cachinnans Pall. B — . c — . R 667.

Pallas's Gull.

776. Larus affinis Reinh. B — . c — . R 665. (G.)

Reinhardt's Gull.

777. Larus californicus Lawr. B 663. c 548a. R 668.

Californian Gull.

778. Larus delawarensis Orel. B 664. c 548. R 669.

Ring-billed Gull.

779. Larus canus L. B — . c — . R 671. (! E.)

Mew Gull.

780. Larus brachyrhynchus Rich. B 665, 673. C 549. R 670.

American Mew Gull.

781. Larus heermanni Cass. B 666. c 551. R 672.

White-headed Gull.

782. Rissa tridactyla (L.) Bp. B 672. c 552. R 658.

Kittiwake Gull.

774. L. oc-cld-en-ta'-lls. See Dendrceca, No. 113.

775. L. ca-chin'-nans. Lat. cachinnans, laughing immoderately; cachinno, I roar with laughter ;

Gr. Kaxafa or Kayxa-fa, of same meaning. Well expressing the outcry of the gull.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since determined to occur in Alaska. This is L. borealis of
Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad., i, 1869, p. 305.

776. L. af-fi'-nis. Lat. affinis, allied ; ad andjinis. See Campylorhynchus, No. 64.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since determined to be a good species ; North American only
as accidentally Greenlandic. See Reinh., Vid. Medd. Nat. For. KJ4>b., 1853, p. 78.

777. L. cal-T-for'-ni-cus. To California.

778. L. d61-a-war-en'-sTs. To the State of Delaware ; named for Lord De La Ware.

779. L. ca'-nus. Lat. canus, ashy, hoary-gray. Mediately derived from naiw, to burn, con-

sume, the root here seen giving rise to many words, as cinereus, kinetic, &c.

Not«in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to inhabit Labrador. See Saunders, P. Z. S.,
1878, p. 178, and Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Club, iii, 1878, p. 50.

780. L. brach-y-rhynch'-us. Gr. /Spaxvs, short, and f>vyxos' beak.

NOTE. — We give all these Lari, excepting one, as good species, in deference to recent
investigation ; but much doubt that the method of treating them in the orig. ed. is not
more natural after all.

781. L. heer'-man-m. To Dr. Adolphus L. Heermann, of Philadelphia, who collected exten-

sively in the south-west.

This stands in the orig. ed., very erroneously, as L. belcheri.

782. Ris'-sa trl-dac'-ty-la. Rissa or Ritsa is the Icelandic vernacular name. — Lat. Iris, thrice,

and dactylus, digit, whether finger or toe : Gr.. SaVruAor. This bird has the hind toe
rudimentary, leaving only three perfect digits. — Kittiwake is an old Scotch name of
this species ; perhaps from its cry.

122 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

783. Rissa tridactyla kotzebmi (Bp.) Coues. B — . c 552a. R 658a. (?)

Kotzebue's Kittiwake.

784. Rissa brevirostris Brandt. B 674, G75. c 553. R 059.

Short-billed Kittiwake.

785. Pagophila eburnea (Gm.) Kanp. B 676, 677. c 550. R 657.

Ivory Gull.

786. Chro'icocephalus atricilla (L.) Lawr. B 667. c 554. R 673.

Laughing Gull.

787. Chro'icocephalus franklini (Rich.) Bruch. B 668, 66'.). c 555. R 674.

Franklin's Rosy Gull.

788. Chro'icocephakis Philadelphia (Orel) Lawr. B 670. B 556. R 675.

Bonaparte's Rosy Gull.

789. Rhodostethia rosea (Macg.) Bruch. B 678. c 557. R 676.

Wedge-tailed Gull.

790. Xema sabinii (Sab.) Leach. B eso. c 558. R 677.

Fork-tailed Gull.

791. Xema furcata (Prov. & Des Murs) Bruch. B 679. C 559. R 678.

Swallow-tailed Gull.

792. Sterna anglica Mont. B 681. c 560. R 679.

Gull-billed Tern ; Marsh Tern.

783. R. t. kot-ze-bui'-i. To Otto de Kotzebue, the Russian navigator.

784. R. brS-vi-ros'-tris. Lat. brevis, short, and rostris, pertaining to the bill, rostral; from

rostrum.

785. Pa-go'-phi-la g-bur'-ng-a. Gr. irdyos, ice, and (pi\os, loved. — Lat. eburnea, of ivory, like

ivory (in whiteness or hardness) ; ebur, ivory ; directly from the Sanscrit word for
elephant.

786. Chro-i-c6-ceph'-a-lus a-trl-cil'-la. Gr. xp^^Ss, colored, and Kftpa^, head. This word

has given great trouble from Eyton's, the founder's, saying it was from KpoiKos, there
being no such word. Various attempts to derive it from xpoia. or xP°^a> or from XP^.
Xpods, color, and to rectify the supposed erroneous orthography, have resulted in
kroikocephalus, chrcecocephalus, chroiocepJialus, chroocephalus. Wharton has shown Eyton's
original orthography to be correct, lacking only the diaeresis over the i, there being
actually such an adjective as XP°>IK^S> not given in the common dictionaries. (See
Zoologist, March, 1878, p. — . ) — Lat. atricilla, black-tailed; only applicable to the
young bird. See Motacilla, No. 86.

787. C. frank'-Hn-I. To Sir John Franklin.

788. C. phil-a-del'-phi-a. To the City of Brotherly-Love. See GeoiMypis, No. 142.

789. Rh6-do-ste'-thl-a ros'-g-a. Gr. p65ov, the rose, and arriQos, the breast ; rose-breasted. -

Lat. roseus, rosy.

790. Xg'-ma sa-bin'-i-I. Xema is a nonsense word, invented by Leach : it is sometimes written

zema. — To Edward Sabine, by his brother.

791. X. fur-ca'-ta. Lat. furcatus, forked, furcate, bifurcate, forficate; furca, a fork.

792. Ster'-na ang'-lT-ca. Sterna is not classic, having nothing to do with sttirnus, a starling, or

with sternum, the breast-bone, or sterno, to strew. Agassiz gives the latter etymon. It is

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 12o

793. Sterna caspia Pall. B 682. c SGI. R GSO.

Caspian Tern.

794. Sterna maxima Bodd. B ess. c 502. R 681.

Cayenne Tern ; Royal Tern.

795. Sterna elegans Ganib. B 684. c 563. R 682.

Elegant Tern.

796. Sterna cantiaca Gm. B GSS. c 564. R 683.

Sandwich Tern.

797. Sterna hirundo L. B 689. c 565. R 686.

Common Tern or Sea Swallow.

798. Sterna forsteri Nutt. B 686, 691. c 566. R 685.

Forster's Tern.

799. Sterna macrura Naum. c 690, 693. c 567, 568. R 687

Arctic Tern.

800. Sterna dougalli Mont. B 692. c 569. R 688.

Roseate Tern.

801. Sterna superciliaris antillarum (Less.) Coues B 694. c 570. R 690.

Least Tern.

a Latinization, perhaps not older than about 1523, of the English tern, or stern, or sterne,
or stirn, there being all these, and other old forms of the word ; Danish tcerne, &c. We
have a vague impression that the word is onomatopoeic, from the cry of the bird One
of the names of the bird is the Swiss Schnirring. Most languages, however, have a
different set of words, equivalent to our sea-swallow; as Fr. H irondelle-de-mer ; Germ.
<3ee=$d)J»albe, &c. — Lat. anglica, English ; Montagu having named the bird after a
country where it is comparatively seldom seen.

793. S. cas'-pl-a. To the Caspian Sea.

794. S. max'-i-ma. Lat. maximus, superlative degree of mac/mis, large.

This is S. regia of the orig. ed. We are now willing to accept Boddaert's name.

795. S. g'-le-gans. See Rattus, No. 673.

This is S. galericuiata of the orig. ed. We are glad to return to the orig. name of this
species, which H. S. has shown to be not galericuiata Licht., as S. & S. had it.

796. S. can-tl-a'-ca. An adjective formed from Cantium, a place in Britain, mentioned by

Julius Caesar ; now Kent, England.

797. S. hir-un'-do. See Hirundo, No. 159.

798. S. for'-ster-i. To John Reinhold Forster, who wrote, among many other things, a valuable

account of Hudson's Bay birds, published in 1772.

799. S. mac-ru'-ra. Gr. /j.ai<p6s, long, and ovpa, tail. The word is often written macroura, and

defensibly so, the full form being macrooura. But it is permissible to shorten oou into
long ii, as we habitually do in It.ucurus for leucoourus.

800. S. dou'-gal-li. To Dr. McDougall, of Scotland.

This stands as S. para di sea Briinn., of the orig. ed. But Briinnich's bird being
unquestionably the Arctic Tern, No. 799, we do not see why the latter should not be
called S. paradisea.

801 S. sup-er-cH-T-a'-rls. Lat. sitperciliaris or super dlioxus, supercilious; i.e., relating to the
eye-brow, supercilium ; super and cilium, a hair ; because one raises the eyebrows in expres-

124 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMEEICAN BIRDS.

A

802. Sterna tradeam Aud. B 687. c 571. R 684. (! s. A.)

Trudeau's Tern.

803. Sterna aleutica Bd. B — . c 572. R 689.

Aleutian Tern.

804. Sterna fuliginosa Gm. B 688. c 573. R 691.

Sooty Tern.

805. Sterna ansesthetica Scop. B — . c 574. R 692.

Bridled Tern.

806. Hydrochelidon lariformis (L., 1758) Coues. B 695. c 575. R 693.

Black Tern.

807. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Meisn.) Boie. B — . c 575&«. R 694. (! E.)

White-winged Black Tern.

808. Anous stolidus (L.) Gray. B 696. c 576. R 695.

Noddy Tern.

809. Bhynchops nigra L. B 697. c 577. R 656.

Black Skimmer.

sion of certain emotions, as, surprise. But when surprised at anything, we question it,
or doubt it, and this implies a feeling of superiority in ourselves ; hence haughtiness,
loftiness, even disdain and scorn, for the person or object which makes us supercilious.
Super is the Gr. virtp. Cilium is the eyelid, before transferred to the eyelashes ; it is the
Greek KV\OL, the eyelids. Cilia, in the plural, has latterly been much used in the sciences
for any sort of little hairs or fringes, or flagdla ; as, ciliated epithelium, &c. — Lat. antil-
larum, of the Antilles ; in the genitive plural.

802. S. tru-deau'-i. To Dr. James Trudeau, of Louisiana.

Included as North American on the authority of Audubon.

803. S. a-leu'-ti-ca. To the Aleutian Islands.

804. S. fu-ll-gin-o'-sa. See Cariace, No. 559.

805. S. an-aes-the'-ti-ca. Gr. avaiffQ-ei-riK^s, insensible, unfeeling, not perceiving ; hence, as

applied to this bird, stupid, foolish ; a or av, privative, and a.lcrQ-rjriK.6s, sensible, &c. ;
aur077<m, sensation, perception, feeling; ai<T9dvonai, I perceive. We have the English
(esthetic direct from the Greek, though this has experienced a refinement of meaning the
original did not possess ; also in medicine, anaesthesia, the state of insensibility produced
by such drugs as tether or chloroform, called from their property, ancesthetic. The word
has been brutally written anosthceta ; ancestheta is one amendment already introduced, and
the above is a further improvement.

806. Hy-dr6-ch6-ll'-d5n Iar-i-f5r'-mis. Gr. iiSwp, water, and xf^l^"> a swallow, i. e., sea-

swallow. — Lat. lariformis, gull-like, shaped like a gull: larus &a& forma.

807. H. leu-cop'-tg-ra. Gr. A.ev/cJs, white, and irrepov, wing.

North America in one known instance (Wisconsin); see Brewer, Am. Nat., 1874,
p. 188.

\_t

808. A'-n6-us stfil'-T-dus. Gr. &voos or &vovs, literally mindless, unmindful of ; a privative and

vous, the mind, intellect, understanding. It is applied to the bird as exactly equivalent
to stolidus, or anasthetica, as stolid, apathetic, insensible, in view of its indifference to
the presence of man. — Lat. stolidus, stolid; related to stultus, foolish, silly.

809. Rhynch'-ops nig'-ra. Gr. pvyx0*, tne beak, and dty, the face ; well applied to a bird whose

extraordinary beak is such a prominent feature. — Lat. niger, feminine nigra, black.

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. l-.r>

810. Diomedea brachyura Temm. B 631. c 578. R 701.

Short-tailed Albatross.

811. Diomedea nigripes And. B — . c 579. R 700.

Black-footed Albatross.

812. Phcebetria fuliginosa (Gra.) Coues. B 633. c 580. R 703.

Sooty Albatross.

813. Ossifraga gigantea (Gm.) Reich. B 634. c 581. R 704. (!)

Giant Fulmar.

814. Fulmams glacialis (L.) Steph. B 635. c 582. R 705.

Fulmar.

815. Fulmarus glacialis pacificus (Aud.) Coues. B 636. c 5S2a. R 705a. (?)

Pacific Fulmar.

816. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersi (Cass.) Coues. B — . c 5826. R 7056. (?)

Roclgers's Fulmar.

817. Priocella tenuirostris (Aud.) Ridg. B 637. c 583. R 706. (!)

Slender-billed Fulmar.

810. DI-Q-me-de'-a brach-y-u'-ra. Lat. Diomedeus, adjective relating to Diomedes or A

Jove-counselled, a Grecian hero famous at the siege of Troy : application probably
fanciful. Pliny's Dlomedece aves were birds living on the Island Diomedea in the
Adriatic. — Gr. Ppaxvs, short, and ovpa, tail.

811. D. nlg'-ri-pes. Lat. niger, black, and pes, foot.

812. Phoe-be'-tn-a fu-H-gin-o'-sa. Gr. <t>oi/3r]Tpia, a prophetess, soothsayer, like ^oi/Sao-r/jia,

Phcebastria, another genus of this family invented by Reichenbach ; fyoifiafa is to
prophesy ; literally, to " play Apollo " with oracular utterances ; <f>o?#os, Phcebus, a
synonym of Apollo. These words are with great propriety and correct sentiment
applied to albatrosses, the import of whose weird presaging will be felt by one who reads
Coleridge's " Antient Mariner," or himself goes down the deep in ships.

813. Os-si'-fra-ga gl-gan'-te-a. Lat. ossifmgus, bone-breaking, from os, genitive ossis, a bone,

and frango, I break; in the perfect, fregi, participle/rac<«s: three forms of the word
repeated in English infrangible, fragile, fracture: the Latin digammated from Gr. pyyvv/ji ;
the stem here seen giving an immense crop of words. — Lat. yiijanteus, gigantic, giant;
the original " giants," gigantes, riyavres, were a race of Titans, who attempted to scale
high heaven; they were the sons of Tartarus and Earth; but, being probably illegiti-
mate, took the name of their mother; ."gigantic" meaning literally "earth-born,"
yyyfvfis ; yri, and yiyvofj.ai.

Only Nort,h American as astray on the high sea.

814. Ful'-ma-rus gla-ci-aMis. Fulmarus is arbitrary Latinization of fulmar, which is said to be

akin to fuli mart, foul 'mart, or foumart, a polecat; probably from foul (dirty), and the root
of the word murder (Wharton's MS.). — Glacialis, see Harelda, No. 728.

815. F. g. pa-ci'-fl-cus. See Anorthura, No. 77.

816. F. g. rod'-ggr-si. To Commodore John Rodgers, U. S. Navy.

817. Pri-o-cel'-la tgn-u-I-ros'-tris. Priorella we do not recognize, unless, perhaps, it is a

frightful concatenation of Prion and Procellaria, two well-known genera of this family.
French ornithologists were frequently guilty of such atrocities ; see Embcrnagra, No. 311,
for example. Agassiz gives it as Prion and Procella. Prion is the Gr. irpiuv, a saw, from
the prominent teeth of the bill; for Procellaria, see below. — Lat. tenuirostris, slender-

126 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMEEICAN BIRDS.

818. Daptium capense (L.) Steph. BG39. c 584. R 719. (!)

Pintado Petrel; Cape Pigeon.

819. CEstrelata hsesitata (Kuhl) Coues. B 638. c 585. R 717. (!)

Black-capped Petrel. [See Addenda, No. 887.

820. CEstrelata bulweri (Jard. & Selb.) Coues. B — . c — . R 718. (G. !E.)

Bulwer's Petrel.

821. Halocyptena microsoma Coues. B — . c sso. R 720.

Least Petrel.

822. Procellaria pelagica L. B 645. c 587. R 721.

Stormy Petrel.

823. Cymochorea leucorrhoa (V.) Coues. B 642. c 588. R 723.

Leach's Petrel.

billed; tenuls, slender, slight; more literally thin, as if spread out thin; from tenuo,!
make thin, dilute, rarefy ; from Gr. Ttivta, I stretch out, spread out, extend.
The bird is questionably North American, unless as astray on the high sea.

818. Dap'-ti-um cap-en'-se. Gr. SOLTTTWV or Suimov, a diminutive of SUTTTJJJ or SVTIJS, a diver.

This set of words vary in the vowels in different dictionaries, and may not all be found ;
compounds of them are seen in ornithology in eudyptes, eitdytcs, &c. They are all from
one root. The above is almost universally written daption, but in transliteration from
Greek to Latin becomes properly daptium. — Capense, of the Cape of Good Hope, which
was the cape in those days ; Caput Bonce-Spei, as it was called ; caput, head, a headland.
— " Pintado " is painted ; i. f., of variegated colors ; pinyo, I paint.
Only North American as astray on the high sea.

819. Oes-tre'-la-ta haes-I-ta'-ta. Gr. olarpri \aros, literally, goaded on by a gad-fly, (i.e., a

goad-fly), diff-rpos, oestrus, as cattle are; hence, goaded on in any way, as these wide-
ranging ocean birds seem to be by some mysterious impulse which drives them over the
waves. The latter part of the word, -lata, the " goaded on " part of the whole idea, is from
the Gr. f\avv<a, I urge on, drive. — Lat. hcesitata, literally, stuck fast; htesito, I stick fast,
intensified from licerco, I hang to, cleave to, adhere; in a tropical sense, I hesitate; the
latter is the application in this case, the describer of the bird being uncertain about it,
and therefore hesitating to name it. When at length the above generic and specific
terms were combined, the bird was put in the bad way of a stuck-fast gad-about !
Only North American as astray on the high sea.

820. O. bul'-wgr-I. To Bulwer.

Only North American as a straggler to Greenland. See Newton, Man. Nat. Hist.
Greenl., 1875, p. 108 ; Freke, Zoologist, September, 1881, p. 378.

821. Hal-o-cyp-te'-na mic-ro-so'-ma. Gr. a\s, genitive a\6s, the salt sea, &KVS, swift, Trrr/vos,

winged. — Gr. ju/wpos, small, tria^a., body; "the sharp-winged little sea-body."

822. Pro-cel-la'-rl-a pel-a'-gi-ca. Lat. procellaria or procellosa, stormy, tempestuous, relating

to storm ; prorelln, a storm. — Gr. Tre\ayiKos, pelagic, relating to the sea ; thoroughly
Greek, but transferable into Latin. — Petrel is commonly fancied to be a diminutive
of Peter, Petrus, who attempted to walk on the sea of Galilee, as these little birds seem
to be continually doing, in the way they patter over the ocean waves ; but there are
many forms of petrel, as petteril, peterel, £c., and the word may be related to the verb
to patter, just used.

823. Cy-m6-ch6r-e'-a leu-cor'-rho-a. Gr. KV/AO., genitive Kvfj.aros, the surging billows, and

xopeia or x°P^a' a choir, a dancing; literally, the wave-dancers. One of my critics has
favored me with an excellent reason why, according to his faithful dictionary, the

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 127

824. Cymochorea melsena (Bp.) Coues. B 643. c 589. R 724.

Black Petrel.

825. Cymochorea homochroa Coues. B — . c 500. R 725.

Ashy Petrel.

826. Oceanodroma furcata (Gm.) Bp. B 640. c 501. R 726.

Fork-tailed Petrel.

827. Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gr.) Bp. B 641. c 592. R 727.

Hornby's Petrel.

828. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl) Coues. B 644. c 593. R 722.

Wilson's Petrel.

829. Fregetta grallaria (V.) Bp. B 646. c 594. R 728. (!)

Lawrence's Petrel.

830. Priofinus melarmrus (Bonn.) Ridg. B 651. c 595. R 707. (!)

Black-tailed Shearwater.

word ought to have been cymatochoreutes. We would refer him to his dictionary again
for certain words beginning with sync- and euph-. The stem of the first part of the word
is seen in accumulate, to roll up ; of the second in chord, choir, choral, choresis, or chorea
(St. Vitus's dance), &c. — Gr. \evic6s, white, and oppos, the rump.

824. C. mSl-ae'-na. Gr. /ueAas, feminine /ue'Aaiw, black. The orthography introduced by

Bonaparte, melania, requires to be emended as above.

825. C. ho-mo'-chro-a. Gr. 6/j.6s, equal, like, and xP°'a> color; in allusion to the unicolor

plumage.

826. O-cg-an-o'-dro-ma fur-ca'-ta. Gr. 'fl/ceat/o'y, Oceanus, the divinity of, and the ocean

itself; supposed to be WKVS, swift, and vtca, I flow. See Ammodramus, No. 238, and
Hydranassa, No. 660. — Lat. furcatus, forked; furca, a fork.

827. O. horn'-by-I. To Admiral Hornby, R. N.

828. O-ce-an-i'-tes o-c€-an'-i-cus. Gr. w/ceoj/iTrj?, a son of the sea; sprung from Oceanus.

See Oceanodroma, No. 826. — Gr. wKeavin6s, oceanic.

829. Fre-get'-ta gral-la'-ri-a. Fregetta, fregeta, fregala, as variously spelled, is from the Ital.

freyata, Span, frarjnta, Fr. fre'gate, Eng. frigate ; according to Diez, the Lat. fahrlcata ;
originally applied in French ornithology to the bird called man-of-war, Tachypetes
aquilus ; applied by English ornithologists about 1790 to some species of the present
family, and very lately taken by Bonaparte for a generic term. — Gra/lce, among the
Romans, was a pair of stilts, the word being contracted from gradula, this from gradi/s,
a step; and the Gral/atores were people who acted on the stage on stilts. The word was
early taken in ornithology for wading birds, called gralke or grallatores, from their length
of leg; from these words we have derived the English adjectives grallarial and grallato-
rial ; and grallaria is an obvious easy Latin derivative, though probably never used by
the Romans.

Only North American as astray on the high sea.

830. Prl-o'-fln-us mel-an-u'-rus. Priofinus, unless we are mistaken, is a dreadful concoction

of prion and puffinus, by the same victims of misapplied ingenuity who gave us Priocclla;
see this, No. 817, and Puffinus, next below. — Gr. fj.(\as, genitive pehavot, black, and
oi/pa, tail.

Only North American as astray on the high sea.

128 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

831. Puffiims kuhli (Boie) Bp. B — . c 596. R 708.

Cinereous Shearwater. [See Addenda, No. 888.

832. Puffinus major Faber. B 647. c 597. R 709.

Greater Shearwater.

833. Puffinus creatopus Coop. B — . c 598. R 710.

Flesh-footed Shearwater.

834. Puffinus anglorum Temm. B 649. c 599. R 711.

Manks Shearwater.

835. Puffinus obscurus (Gm.) V. B 650. c eoo. R 712.

Dusky Shearwater.

836. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues. B — . ceoi. R713.

Black-vented Shearwater.

837. Puffinus fuliginosus A. Strickl. B 648. c 602. R 714.

Sooty Shearwater.

831. Puf -fin-us kuhl'-i. Two very different kinds of birds early received the name of puffein

or puffin: one of these, the Fratercula arctica, has retained it in English, in place of the
old English coulterneb ("ploughshare-nose"), which soon gave way; the French now
call it macareux. The other, namely, the shearwater, soon lost the name of puffin; but
meanwhile puffin had been taken into the books, and, at the pen of those who wrote
their treatises in Latin, became puffinus or puphinus; and this was subsequently fixed
as a generic term for the Shearwater Petrels. We do not know the exact meaning of the
word, but suppose it has something to do with puff, as suggested by the stout, " puffy "
shape of the bodies of the Auks, as if puffed up. — The species is dedicated to Dr. Hein-
rich Kuhl, whose early death left much promise unfulfilled.

832. P. ma'-jor. Lat. major, greater, comparative degree of magnus, great.

A

833. P. cre-at'-6-pus. Gr. npeas, genitive npearos, flesh, and TTOVS, foot ; in allusion to the

color of the feet. We see the same stem in the anatomical term pan-creas, " all-flesh."

834. P. an-gl5'-rum. " Puffinus ane/lorum " is a curiosity. It simply says in Latin " the puffin

of the English," just as one might cite Puffinus jonstoni, the puffin of Jonston's treatise.
Willughby, edited in Latin in 1676, called it "Puffinus Anglorum," meaning only that it
was the bird " called puffin in English " ; and Temminck, in 1820, not unhappily made
the phrase generic and specific as the technical name of the bird. — " AJanks " or " Manx "
is the name of the people and of their language, of the Isle of Man ; so " manx shear-
water "is as if we were to say "the puffin of the Isle of Man." — " Shearwater " is
defined by early ornithologists as "avis aquce super/idem radens," — the bird that grazes,
skims, shaves, shears over the surface of the water ; rado, I shave, scrape ; the stem is
seen in erase, razor, &c. See above, Puffinus, No. 831.

835. P. 6b-scu'-rus. Lat. obscurus, dark-colored.

NOTE. — There is doubt that the small dark shearwater of our South Atlantic coast
is the P. obscurus of Gmelin, and Finsch has lately proposed to call it P. auduboni. But
until we have more light on this obscure group, we prefer not to disestablish several well-
settled names in this genus. See Ridg., Pr. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 12.

836. P. 5-pis-th5'-m6-las. Gr. oniffOe, backward, and /xeAos, black ; a Greek way of saying

black behind.

NOTE. — This is supposed by some to be Puffinus gavia (Forst.).

837. P. fu-li-gin-o'-stts. See Canace, No. 659.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIBDS. 129

838. Puffinus amaurosoma Coucs. B — . c 003. R 715.

Spectral Shearwater.

839. Puffinus tenuirostris Temm. B — . c 604. R 716.

Slender-billed Shearwater.

840. Colymbus torquatus Brunn. B 698. c. 605. R 736.

Great Northern Diver or Loon.

841. Colymbus torquatus adamsi (Gr.) Coues. B — . c 605«. R 737.

Yellow-billed Loon.

842. Colymbus arcticus L. B 699. c eoe. R 738.

Black-throated Diver.

843. Colymbus arcticus pacificus (Lawr.) Coues. B 700. C 606a. R 739.

Pacific Black-throated Diver.

844. Colymbus septentrionalis L. B 701. c 607. R 740.

Red-throated Diver.

845. JEchmophorus occidentalis (Lawr.) Coues. B 704. c 608. R 729.

Western Grebe.

846. JEchmophorus occidentalis clarki (Lawr.) Coues. B705. C608«. R730.

Clark's Grebe.

847. Podicipes griseigena holbcelli (Reinh.) Coues. B 702. c 6io. R 731.

American Red-necked Grebe.

838. P. a-mau-ro so'-ma. Gr. a.fj.avp6s, dark, dim, dusky, and o-cD^a, body.

NOTE. — This is probably Proc. grisea Gm., as held by Finsch and Salvin.

839. P. ten-u-i-ros'-tris. See PrioceUa, No. 817.

840. Co-lym'-bus tor-qua'-tus. The Latin coh/mbus is simply a transliteration from the Greek,.

and has nothing to do, notwithstanding the great similarity, with the purely Latin
cohimba, a dove; the latter being not Greek at all, nor the former Latin, except as
directly transferred from the Greek. The two words are consequently not related,
unless it be in a radical manner; Corssen, however, considers them to be the same. Gr.
K6\u/j./3os or Ko\v/j.@is, a diver or swimmer; KoXv^oua, I dive, swim. The K6\v/j.0ts of
Aristotle was a species of grebe (Podicipes). — Lat. torquatus, see Asyndesmus, No. 456. —
" Loon " is an old Scotch word. See No. 874.

841. C. t. a'-dams-I. To Dr. C. B. Adams, of the British Navy.

842. C. arc'-ti-cus. See Sialia, No. 29.

843. C. a. pa-ci'-fi-cus. See Anorthura, No. 77.

844. C. sep-ten-tri-6-na'-lis. Lat. septentrionalis, northern; septentriones, the north, northern

regions ; septem-trio, the constellation of the Wain. See Parus, No. 45.

845. Aech-mo'-phor-us oc-cid-en-ta'-lls. Gr. alxfJ-ri, a spear, and <(>op6s, bearing; in allusion

to the long, slender, sharp bill. — For orciili ntaUx, see Dendrceca, No. 113. — Grebe is a
French word, the meaning of which we do not know.

846. A. o. clark'-I. To J. H. Clark.

847. P6d-i'-ci-pes grls-ei'-gen-a hol'-bogl-li. The extraordinary word "podicops" has

excited much curiosity, and stimulated some ingenious surmises. As it stands, podiceps
seems to be the Greek irovs, genitive TroSJs, foot, and the Latin termination -ce/>s, denot-
ing head ; and "foot-head " it has doubtless been taken to be by many, who, if thinking
of it at all, have felt vaguely that some allusion was intended to the bird's somersaulting

130 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

848. Podicipes cornutus (Gm.) Lath. B 706. c en. R 732.

Horned Grebe.

849. Podicipes auritns (L.) Lath. B 708. c — . R 733. (G.)

European Eared Grebe.

850. Podicipes anritus californicus (Heerm.) Coues. B 707. c 612. R 733a.

American Eared Grebe.

851. Podicipes dominions (L.) Lath. B 708«. c 613. R 734.

St. Domingo Grebe.

852. Podilymbus podicipes (L.) Lawr. B 709. c 614. R 735.

Pied-billed Grebe; Dab-chick.

853. Fratercula corniculata (Naum.) Gray. B 713. c 017. R 744.

Horned Puffin.

in the water, — turning "heels over head," as we should say. In deriving the name of
the family of grebes, some curious words have been ventured ; as Podicijiinie, as if the
genitive were podicipis, or Podicipitince, as if the genitive were podicipitis. There is no
doubt that podiceps, and everything derived from it, is absurd. We have not traced the
word back of 1758, when it probably originated in a misprint. Going back further in
the annals of ornithology, we soon come upon the word in its proper form, viz., podicipes,
occurring repeatedly in Willughby and various writers of about that period. The word
is the Latin podex, genitive podicis, the rump, buttocks, and pes, foot ; being simply a
translation into Latin of a very vulgar English name. Having crystallized in the shape
of podiceps, by Latham's employ of the word as a generic term, and then been used for a
century, it will not be easy to eradicate ; but the attempt should be made to substitute
the proper podicipes. The genitive of this is podicipedis, and the family name should be
PodicipedidcB. — Lat. griseus, gray : gena, cheek.

NOTE. — There is no technical reason or excuse for using the word at all. For
Colymbus, Brisson, 1760, is the proper name for the genus of grebes, having meant
Grebe, not Loon, from the time of Aristotle to that of Linnaeus, when the latter used it
for loons and grebes indiscriminately. The loons were called Menjus by Brisson ; and
Eudytfs, Illiger, 1811, seems to be the tenable generic name for them.

84-8. P. cor-nu'-tus. Lat. cornutus, horned; cornu, a horn; in reference to the tufts of feathers
on the head.

84-9. P. aur-i'-tus. Lat. aitritus, eared; auris, an ear; Gr. ovs, genitive a>r6s, ear; in allusion
to the auricular tufts of feathers.

Not in the orig. ed. Only North American as occurring in Greenland.

850. P. cal-i-for'-m-cus. To California.

851. P. dom-m'-i-cus. To the Island of St. Domingo. See Dendroeca, No. 129.

852. PSd-i-lym'-bus pod-T'-ci-pes. The word podilymbus, sometimes aggravated into pody-

limbus, is a peculiarly villanous miscegenation of podi[ceps and co\lymbus ; see the latter
word, No. 840, and Podicipes, No. 847.

853. Fra-ter'-cu-la cor-m-cul-a'-ta. " Fratercula " is a singular word, the application of which

to this bird is not obvious, and the form of which seems absurd : & feminine noun mean-
ing "little brother." Fraterculus is a proper classical word, a diminutive of fratrr,
brother. But there is no larger bird sufficiently near this species for the latter to be
called the "little brother." Fratercula in ornithological writing is much older than
1760, when Brisson made a genus of it, and we are inclined to think that it is humorously
used ; all the more so by being made feminine, in the same spirit that prompted the
comic writer Plautus to invent the verb frntcrcnlo, as he did sororio, to signalize the
swellings of the breasts of boys, like ««w'n-brothers, at puberty. If there be anything in

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 1S1

854. Fratercula arctica (L.) Stoph. B 715. c 618. R 743.

Common Puffin ; Sea Parrot.

855. Fratercula arctica glacialis (Leach) Coues. B 714. c eisa. R 743a.

Large-billed Puffin.

856. Fratercula cirrata (Pall.) Steph. B 712, 716. c 619. R 745.

Tufted Puffin.

857. Ceratorhina monocerata (Pall.) Cass. B 717, 718. c 620. R 746.

Horn-billed Auk.

858. Simorhynchus psittaculus (Pall.) Schl. B 725. c 621. R 747.

Parroquet Auk.

859. Simorhynchus cristatellus (Pall.) Merr. B 710, 720. c 622. R 748.

Crested Auk.

860. Simorhynchus pygmseus (Gm.) Ridg. B 721. c 623. R 749.

Whiskered Auk.

861. Simorhynchus pusillus (Pall.) Coues. B 722, 723. c 624. R 750.

Knob-billed Auk.

862. Ftychorhamphus aleuticus (Pall.) Brdt. B 724. c 625. R 751.

Aleutian Auk.

this, the application of the word to the birds is to be sought in their stout puffy shape,
that which appears to have caused the English word puffin. See Puffinus, No. 831. — Lat.
corniculata, horned, a diminutive of cornutus: referring to the acute epidermal process on
the upper eyelid, which is deciduous, being shed like the horns of deer.

854. F. arc'-ti-ca. See Sialia, No. 29.

855. F. a. gla-cl-a'-lls. See Harelda, No. 728.

856. F. clr-ra'-ta. Lat. cirratus or cirrhatus, having curled locks, or ringlets, curly-haired;

cirrus or ctrrhus, a curl of hair ; well applied to this oddly feather-tufted bird.

857. Cer-at-6-rhi'-na mo-no-cer-a'-ta. Gr. Kipas, genitive Keparos, a horn, and pis, genitive

pivos, the nose ; alluding to the prominent deciduous horn which grows up from the
base of the bill, over the nostrils. — Gr. /j.6vos, only, alone, single, transliterated as Lat.
mono-, in composition, and Kepas, horn, Latinized as ceras, ceratis, whence an adjective
form, ceratus, horned; that is, unicorn, one-horned.

858. Si-mo-rhyn'-chus psit-ta'-cu-lus. Gr. <n/j.os, flat-nosed, snub-nosed, like the negro ; pvyx0*-

beak ; well applied to these birds, whose bills are singularly shaped. The same idea is
expressed in the Latin simia, an ape, whence our English simian, become a common
word since Darwinism has been so much discussed. — Lat. psittaculus, a little parrot,
diminutive of psittacus. See Sitta, No. 57.

859. S. crls-ta-tel'-lus. Lat. diminutive of cristatus, crested.

860. S. pyg-mae'-us. See Sitta, No. 61.

This is S. camtschaticus of the orig. eel. ; but Alca pygmcea Gm. is based on the young
of the same species, called S. cassitii by Coues.

861. S. pus-il'-lus. See Sitta, No. 60.

862. Pty-cho-rham'-phus a-leu'-ti-cus. Gr. VTV\, genitive irrvxos, a fold, and pd/nQos, the

beak ; well alluding to the wrinkled covering of the bill ; which, by analogy with what
is known of other species, may be taken as an indication that the soft part concerned
will be found to grow some kind of excrescence, not yet discovered. — Lat. aleuticus,
of the Aleutian Islands, — the country of the people called Aleuts.

132 CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMEEICAN BIRDS.

863. Alle nigricans Link. B 738. c 626. R 752.

Sea Dove; Dovekie.

864. Synthliborhamphns antiquus (Gra.) Coues. B 736. c 627. R753.

Black-throated Auk.

865. Synthliboramplms umizusume (Temm.) Coues. B 737. c 628. R 754.

Temminck's Auk.

866. Brachyrharnphus marmoratus (Gm.) Brdt. B 732, 733. c 629. R 755.

Marbled Murrelet.

867. Brachyrharnphus kittlitzi Brdt. B 735. c 630. R 756.

Kittlitz's Murrelet.

868. Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xant. B — . c — . R 757.

White-bellied Murrelet.

869. Brachyrhamplms craverii (Salvad.) Coues. B — . c — . R 758. (?)

Craveri's Murrelet.

870. Brachyrharnphus brachypterus Brdt. B 734. c — . R 759. (?)

Short-winged Murrelet.

863. Al'-le nig'-ri-cans. Alle is a local designation of this species and of Uriagrylh. Its mean-

ing we do not know. It was long the specific name of the bird, taken for the generic
by Link in 180G. — Lat. nigricans, present participle of a supposed verb nigrico, equivalent
to nitjresco, I grow black, am blackish.

This stands in the orig. ed. as Mergulus atte : for the reason of the change, see Coues,
Bull. Nutt, Club, iv, 1879, p. 244.

864. Syn-thli-bo-rham'-phus an-ti'-qu-us. Gr. trw0Ai/3co, I compress ; avv, with, and 0\(&a>,

I press ; pau.(pos, beak. — Lat. antiquus, antique, ancient ; with reference to the gray of
the head, like an old man's. Antiquus is simply for anticuus, this a form of anticus, from
ante, before; one having retained the idea of being before in space, that is, in front of,
the other having acquired the idea of priority in time, like antea; the opposition in
either case is with post, postea, behind, after.

865. S. u-mi-zu'-su-me. This appalling word we know nothing about except that it is

transliterated from the Japanese, Temminck having described the species from that
country; " son nom japonais est wumizusume," he says. We drop the w.

866. Brach-y-rham'-phus mar-mo-ra'-tus. Gr. /Spaxvs, short, and pdfj.<pos, beak. — Lat. mar-

moratus, marbled ; marmor, marble ; in allusion to the veined and clouded color. Marmor
is the Gr. /j.dp/j.apos, from /j.a,p/j.a'ipa>, I shine, glitter, sparkle, as did the beautiful white
stone which Praxiteles carved. — Murrelet is a word coined by Coues in 1868 as a dimin-
utive of murre, like rivulet from river.

867. B. kitt'-litz-i. To F. H. von Kittlitz, traveller and naturalist.

868. B. hyp-o-leu'-cus. Gr. v-n-6, under, and \evic6s, white, meaning neither whitish nor under

the white, but white underneath.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since "recognized as probably valid.

869. B. cra-ve'-ri-i. To Sig. Federico Craveri.

Not in the orig. ed. ; since recognized as perhaps distinct.

870. B. bra-chyp'-te-rus. Gr. Ppaxvs, short, and -n-rfpov, wing.

Not in the orig. ed. Since recognized by Ridgway. Pacific Coast.

CHECK LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS. 133

871. Uria grylle (L.) Briiun. B 726. c 631. R 760.

Black Guillemot ; Sea Pigeon.

872. Uria columba (Pall.) Cass. B 727. c 632. R 761.

Pigeon Guillemot.

873. Uria carbo (Pall.) Brdt. B 728. c 633. R 762.

Sooty Guillemot.

874. Lomvia troile (L.)'Brdt. B 729, 730. c 634. R 763.

Common Guillemot; 3Iurre.

875. Lomvia troile californica (Bry.) Coues. B — . c — . R 763a. (?)

California Guillemot.

876. Lomvia arra (Pall.) Coues. B 731. c 635. R 764, 764a.

Thick-billed Guillemot.

877. Utamania torda (L.) Leach. B 711. c 616. R 742.

Razor-billed Auk. •

878. Alca impennis L. B 710. c 615. R 741.

Great Auk.

•

871. U'-ri-a gryl'-le. Gesner and others state that ovpta is the Greek name of a guillemot,

or some other water-bird. Uria occurs all through ornithology from Gesner, and was
made a genus by Brisson in 1760. The meaning we do riot know; perhaps akin to
urinari, Skr. ndri, water. — Gylle is said to be from Gr. ypv\\i£a>, I grunt ; the bird has
been called sibilans by some ; but grisla and grylle are N. European names.

872. U. col-um'-ba. Lat. columba, a pigeon, applied in the same way that we call the bird

" sea-pigeon " in English.

873. U. car'-bo. Lat. carbo, a coal, charcoal; here used in allusion to the uniformly sooty

color, as if the bird were charred.

874. L6m'-vi-a tro-i'-le. Lomwia and lomvia are two of many forms in which is found spelled

the vernacular name of the bird, in Scotch, Fasroese, and related languages ; as Dan.
lun, Dutch loen, Eng. loon or loom. It was taken by Linnaeus for the specific, and much
later by Brandt for the generic name. — Troile, on the contrary, may be of classic origin,
Troilus being the son of Priam ; also used as synonymous with Trojan ; application in
this case arbitrary, if any. Newton says " possibly a compliment to Troil, the Ice-
lander." Briinnich wrote it Troille in 1704 (Orn. Bor., p. 27).

875. L. t. cal-i-f5r'-m-ca. Pertaining to the State of California.

Not in the orig. ed. Since recognized by Ridgway.

876. L. ar'-ra. Lat. arra or arrha was purchase-money, or a pledge in earnest of a contract,

and might have been applied by Pallas to a bird in such demand by the natives as to
serve as a sort of unit or standard of exchange in barter. " Salerne says the great blue
parrot of Brazil is called Arras or Aras ; this seems here transferred to the sea-parrot."
(Wharton's MSS.)

877. U-ta-man'-T-a tor'-da. Both these words are mere Latinizations of vernacular names.

Utamania or utumania was in the bird-books long before Leach made a genus of it, and
so was tord or tordmule. We do not know what these words mean, further than that they
signify this species. Ray says (Syn., 1713, p. 119): "Ad litora Cretse invenitur;
indigenis ' Utamania ' dicta."

878. Al'-ca im-pen'-nis. Alca is not classic, being merely a Latinization of the vernacular

name, found in several different forms, as alk, alck, alka, auk, awk. The third of these

134 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

is found in the old treatises written in Latin, and the change to alca is of course imma-
terial. The meaning of the word is in question. The form awk (which we observe some
late English scholars use) might suggest a relationship with awkward, in view of these
ungainly fowl ; but awkward means simply left-handed. Quite probably alk is related,
and not distantly, to elk, the bird and the beast being the largest, or most notable, or
most prevailing animals of their respective kinds in the consideration of the people.
But elk is in Latin alee (quite like alca), and this is uniform with the Greek a\K7i, mean-
ing strength, prowess ; one of the names of Hercules, for example, being derived there-
from. The probability that alk, elk, alee, and a\K-r\ are radically if not still more closely
related, is heightened by the other vernacular names of this bird, c/ure-fowl, goir-fuyd, &c.,
these qualifying prefixes being similar to those seen in gerj'alon, and recognized by
Steenstrup in inventing his genus Gyralca, the idea of size, strength, or other predomi-
nance being evident. If this be so, the alk, the Gare-fowl, is the fowl, par excellence, as
elk, alee, is the great beast, as GW-falco is the falcon ; with the implication of some honor
or special esteem. We are thus led directly to Hierofalco, which see, No. 498. — Lat.
impennis, featherless, i. e., wingless, with reference to the diminutive wings, unfit for
flight ; in, negative, and penna, a feather.

Though the Great Auk is extinct in North America, and has doubtless disappeared
from the face of the earth, we still keep the place in memmio.ni of this " most honourable
and antient fowle."

ADDENDA.

THE foregoing list of 878 names agrees with the analysis of the original and of
the present edition of the Check List: 778 -• 10 + 110 - 878.* But in the course
of the year during which this edition has been printing, the following ten addi-
tions to the bird-fauna of North America have been announced : -

879. Parus nieridionalis Scl. B 202. c — . R 43.

Mexican Titmouse.

880. Myiarchus crinitus cooperi (Bd.) Coues. B 132. c — . R 311.

Mexican Great-crested Flycatcher.

831. Aiitrostomus vociferus arizonae Brewst. B — . c — . R — .

Arizona Whippoorwill.

832. Buteo brachyurus V. B — . c — . R — . (is. A.)

Short-tailed Buzzard.

879. Pa'-rus me-ri-di-o-na'-lis. Lat. meridionaUs, southern, southerly; for meridialis, from

meridies, midday, noon.

Not in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to occur in Arizona. Brewst., Bull. Nutt.
Club, vi, No. 4, October, 1881, p. 252.

880. Myi-ar'-chus cri-nF-tus coo'-p€r-i. To William Cooper.

Not in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to occur in Arizona. Brewst., Bull. Nutt.
Club, vi, No. 4, October, 1881, p. 252.

831. An-tro'-sto-mus vo-ci'-fer-us a-ri-zo'-nae. To the Territory of Arizona.

Not in the orig. ed. Since described from Arizona. Brewst., Bull. Nutt. Club, vi,
No. 2, April, 1881, p. 69.

882. Bu'-tg-o bra-chy-u'-rus. Gr. PpaX6s, short, and otpa, tail.

Not in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to occur in Florida. See Ridg., Bull. Nutt.
Club, vi, No. 4, October, 1881, p. 210.

* The stereotyped plates of the introductory pnges, indicating 878 names, with 110 additions,
have been punched to give the total of 888 with 120 additions.

136 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

883. Buteo fuliginosus Scl. B — . c — . R — . (is. A.) (?)

Sooty Buzzard.

884. Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus (L.) Pearson. B — . c — . R — . (!A.)

Spoon-billed Sandpiper.

885. Fulica atra L. B — . c — . R — . (G.)

European Coot.

836. Fuligula rufina (Pall.) Steph. B — . c — . R — . (IE.)

Rufous-crested Duck.

887. CEstrelata gularis (Peale) Brewst. B — . c — . R — . (!)

Gular Petrel.

888. Puffinus borealis Cory. B — . c — . R — . (?)

Northern Shearwater.

883. B. fu-li-gin-o'-sus. Lat. fuliginosus, sooty, of a dark sooty color ; fuligo, soot.

Not in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to occur in Florida (if really distinct from
B. brachyurus). See Ridg., Bull. Nutt. Club, vi, No. 4, October, 1881, p. 212.

884. Eu-ry-no-rhyn'-chus pyg-mae'-Qs. Gr. eupiW, I dilate, widen, spread out; from evpvs,

broad; and f>vy^os, beak. It is found spelled in many different ways; often tin-in- or
eurhin-, as if supposed to be eS and fris or piv, the nose. — See Sitta, No. 61.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Since given by Ridgway as occurring at Point
Barrow, Arctic coast of Alaska, in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 21, 1881, p. 85. We
are informed that the alleged occurrence is questionable.

885. Ful'-i-ca a'-tra. Lat. atcr, atra, atrum, black.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Since reported to have been obtained in
Greenland in 1876. See Ridg., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 21, 1881, p. 85, and Freke,
Zoologist, September, 1881, p. 374.

886. Ful-Ig'-u-la ru-fi'-na. Late Lat. rufinus, reddened, reddish, formed from rufus, of same

meaning.

Not in the orig. ed. of the Check List. Specimen said to have been procured
in Fulton Market, New York, February, 1872, and to be now in the Nat. Mus. at Wash-
ington. Ridg., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 21, 1881, p. 85; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Club, vi,
1881, p. 173.

887. Oes-tre'-la-ta gul-a'-ris. Lat. gularis, pertaining to yula, the throat.

Not in the orig. ed. Since ascertained to occur in New York. See Brewst., Bull.
Nutt. Club, vi, No. 2, April, 1881, p. 94.

Only North American as astray on the high sea.

888. Puf'-fin-us bor-e-a'-lis. Lat. borealis, northern.

Not in the orig. ed. Since described as new from Massachusetts. See Cory, Bull.
Nutt. Club, vi, No. 2, April, 1881, p. 84.

LIST OF WORDS DEFINED.

Note (1). — This Index contains matter additional to or corrective of that in the body of the text.

Note (2). — The figures refer, not to the pagination of the book, brft to the numeration of the names :

e. </., Turdus, No. 1, not page 1.
Note (3). — When a word occurs in the List more than once, — as in cases of most generic and

many specific or subspecific names, — the reference is usually to the place where it is

first or best defined.

Note (4). — Words differing only in termination, — asamerican-us,-a,-um, — are usually not duplicated.
Note (5). — Generic names are distinguished by a capital initial letter.

abbreviatus, 522
aberti, 309
acadicus, 384, 483
Accipiter, 494
accipitrinus, 473
Actodromas, 614
aculeata, 58
acuminata, G19
acutipennis, 402
adamsi, 841
JEchmophorus, 845
JSgialites, 584
JEgiothus, 207
asgocephala, 630
seneus, 315
sestiva, 111
sestivalis, 251
aathereus, 762
affinis, 64
Agelaeus, 316
agilis, 139
aglaeus, 337
agrestis, 271
aikeni, 262
Aix, 719
Ajaja, 653
alascensis, 78
Alauda, 85

alaudinus, 229
alba, 86
albatus, 696
albeola, 727
albicilla, 533
albicollis, 275, 395
albifrons, 542, 692
albigula, 307
albilora, 130
albocaudatus, 513
albolarvatus, 442
Alca, 878
alcyon, 423
aleutica, 803, 862
alexandri, 410
aliciae, 12
Alle, 863
alleni (C. A.) 412
alleni (J. A.) 302
alpestris, 82
alpina, 623
altiloquus, 172
Aluco, 461
amabilis, 545
amaurosoma, 838
Amazilia, 419
ambiguus, 422
americana, 93

Ammodramus, 238
amoena, 294
Ampelis, 166
Amphispiza, 258
anassthetica, 805
Anas, 707
Ancylochilus, 625
anglica, 792
anglorum, 834
angustifrons, 455
anhinga, 7GO

ani, 425. Said to be the Bra-
zilian name of the bird
annae, 414
annectens, 264, 351
Anorthura, 76
Anoiis, 808
Anser, 692
anthinus, 228
anthracina, 528
An thus, 88
antillarum, 801
antiquus, 864
Antrostomus, 396
Aphelocoma, 354
Aphriza, 594
Aquila, 532
aquilus, 761

138

LIST OF WORDS DEFINED.

Aramus, 671

Archibuteo, 525

arctica, 29

arctoa, 206

Ardea, 655

Ardetta, 667

arenaria, 627

argentatus, 772

arizonae, 253

Arquatella, 620

arra, 876. Both conjectures

in the text wrong. Simply

onomatopoeic; Russian arrie

or arra
arvensis, 85
Asio, 472
asio, 465

Astragalinus, 213
Astur, 496
Asturina, 527
Asyndesmus, 456
ater, 313
atrata, 201, 538
atricapillus, 44, 185
atricilla, 786
atrigularis, 274
atrocristatus, 42
Atthis, 416. It is also a proper

name

auduboni, 9, 120
aura, 537
aurantia, 121
auratus, 457
auricapillus, 135
aurifrons, 451
Auriparus, 56
auritus, 849
australis, 202
autumnalis, 706

baehmani, 103
bahamensis, 153
bairdi, 224
barbatulus, 172
Bartramia, 640
Basilinna, 407
bassana, 746
belli, 183
bendirii, 21
borlandieri, 70
Bernicla, 699
bewicki, 71
bicolor, 40, 286
bicristatus, 757
bilineata, 258

blackburnae, 121. This proba-
bly should stand D. aurantia,
Coues

bonapartii, 617

Bonasa, 565

borealis, 32

boscas, 707

Botaurus, 666

boucardi, 256. Peuccea rujiceps
boucardi is not in the orig. ed.
Since discovered in Arizona
by H. W. Henshaw, Ornith.
Wheeler's Surv., 1875, p. 117.

Brachyrhamphus, 866

brachyrhynchus, 780

brachypterus, 870

brachyura, 810

i>renta, 700

brevirostris, 784

breweri, 273

brewsteri, 211. The dubious
Linota brewsteri may be a
hybrid between ^Egiothus li-
naria and Chrysomitris pinus.
See Brewst., Bull. Nutt.
Club, vi, no. 4, Oct. 1881,
p. 225

brunneicapillus, 63

Bubo, 462

buccinator, 688

Budytes, 87

buffoni, 767

bullocki, 327

bulweri, 820

Buteo, 512

Butorides, 663

cabanisi, 424
cachinnans, 775
casrulea. See ccerulea
Calamospiza, 286
calendula, 33
Calidris, 627
calliope, 417
Callipepla, 577
Calothorax, 418
calurus, 517
Calypte, 415
Campephilus, 431
Camptolajmus, 729
Campylorhynchus, 63
Canace, 555
canadensis, 59, 149
canagica, 698
candicans, 501

candissima, 659

caniceps, 265

cantiaca, 796

cantianus, 591

canus, 779

canutus, 626

capense, 818

capitalis, 362

carbo, 873

Cardellina, 150

Cardinalis, 299

Carolina, 450, 679

carolinensis, 16

carpalis, 257

Carpodacus, 194

caspia, 793

cassini, 178

castanea, 123

Catharista, 538

Cathartes, 537

Catherpes, 66

caudacutus, 240

caurinus, 342

cedrorum, 166

celata, 107

Centrocercus, 560

Centrophanes, 220

Centurus, 450

Ceratorhina, 857

Certhia, 62

Certhiola, 153

cervinivcntris, 420

Ceryle, 423

Chaetura, 405

Chamsea, 39

Chamsepelia, 547

Charadrius, 581

Chaulelasmus, 711

Chen, 694

cheriway, 535

Chloephaga, 698

chlorurus, 310

Chondestes, 281. P. 57, penul-
timate line, for chondrestes ?
read cliondredesles ?

Chordediles, 399

Chro'icocephalus, 786

chrysaetus, 532

chryso'ides, 458

chrysola;ma, 84

Clirysomitris, 212

chrysoparia, 115

chrysoptera, 102

cincinnatiensis, 101. Helmm-
thophaga cincinnatiensis may

LIST OF WORDS DEFINED.

139

be a hybrid between H. pinus
and Oporornis formosa. See
Ridg., Bull. Nutt. Club, v,
1880, p. 237

cindnnatus, 752

Cinclus, 30

cinctus, 52. Parus cinctus is not
in the orig. ed. Since ascer-
tained to occur in Alaska.
See Bull. Nutt. Club, ii, no.
1, Jan. 1877, p. 37

cinerescens, 375

cinereus, 22, 250

circumcinctus, 588

Circus, 489

ciris, 292

cirrata, 856

Cistothorus, 81

citrea, 95

Clangula, 725

clypeata, 718

Coccygus, 428

cocrulea, 36

coerulescens, 117

Colaptes, 457

collaris, 722

colubris, 409

Columba, 539

columba, 872

columbarius, 505

Columbia nus, 344

Colymbus, 840

confinis, 3, 233

conspersus, 67

Contopus, 380

Conurus, 460

cooperi, (J. G.) 156

cooperi, (Wm.) 495

corax, 338

corniculata, 853

cornutus, 848

coronata, 119, 279

Corvus, 338

costae, 415

Cotile, 163

Coturniculus, 234

coturniculus, 682

coturnix, 579

couchi, 372

couesi, 621

craverii, 869

creatopus, 833

crecca, 714

crepitans, 673

Crex, 683

crinitus, 373
crissalis, 25, 308
cristata, 349
cristatellus, 859
Crotophaga, 425
cryptoleucus, 339
cucullatus, 328, 745
cunicularia, 487
cupido, 563
Cupidonia, 563
curonicus, 590
curvirostra, 199
curvirostris, 19
cyanea, 295
Cyanecula, 31
cyaneus, 489
cyanocephalus, 332
Cyanocitta, 349
cyanoptera, 717
Cygnus, 688
Cymochorea, 823
Cyrtonyx, 578

dactylisonans, 579

Dafila, 710

Daptium, 818

delawarensis, 778

Dendrocygna, 705

Dendrceca, 111

derbianus, 364

Dichromanassa, 661

difficilis, 389. Empidonax flavi-
ventris difficilis was not recog-
nized in the orig. ed.

dilophus, 751

Dioraedea, 810

discolor, 127

discors, 716

Dolichonyx, 312

domesticus, 74

dominica, 129

dominicensis, 369

dorsalis, 266

dougalli, 800

dresseri, 734

eburnea, 785
Ectopistes, 543
egretta, 658
Elano'ides, 493
Elanus, 492
elegans, 521, 676
Embernagra, 311
Empidonax, 384
Engyptila, 542

enucleator, 190

gremoe'ca, 256 Us. Peuccea r. r.,
Brown, Bull. Nutt. Club, vii,
Jan. 1*82, p. 26, Texas. (?)-
Gr. fp?]fj.os, a desert ; oiKtta, I
inhabit

Eremophila, 82

Ereunetes, 612

Erismatura, 741

erythrina, 540

erythrocephalus, 453

erythrocercus, 374

erythrophtlialmus, 301

Eudocimus, 651

Eugenes, 408

Eurynorhynchus, 884

excubitorides, 188

exilipes, 210

exilis, 667

falcinellus, 649
Falco, 497
fallax, 245
familiaris, 62
fasciata, 39, 244
ferina, 723
ferrugineus, 331, 485
fischeri, 732
flammeolus, 471
flammeus, 461
flaviceps, 56
flavifrons, 176
flavipes, 634
flavirostris, 211
flaviventris, 388
flaviviridis, 171
flavus, 87
Florida, 662
floridanus, 341
fceda, 628
forficatus, 367
formicivorus, 454
formosa, 140
forsteri, 798
franklini, 556
Fratercula, 853
Fregetta, 829
frontalis, 353, 196
frugivorus, 340
fulgens, 408
Fulica, 686
fulicarius, 604
fuliginosa, 559
Fuligula, 720
Fulmarus, 814

140

LIST OF WORDS DEFINED.

fulvifrons, 392
fulvigula, 709
fulvus, 582
f umifrons, SCO
f unerea, 480
f urcata, 791, 826
f uscescens, 7
fuscicoerulescens, 511
f uscocaudata, 419

gairdneri, 441

galbula, 326

galeata, 684

Gallinago, 607

Gallinula, 684

gallipavo, 553

gambeli, 278

Garzetta, 659

Geococcj'x, 427

Geothlypis, 141

Geotrygon, 550

gigantea, 813

gilvus, 174. Should probably

stand as Vireo ockroleucus>

Coues

glacialis, 728
glottis, 635
glaucescens, 770
Glaucidium, 484
glaucium, 725
glaucus, 492, 768
gnoma, 484
graciae, 128
grallaria, 829
gramineus, 232
grammicus, 281
griseigena, 847
griseinucha, 205
griseus, 609
gruberi, 529
Grus, 668. See Miiller, Nat.

Syst. Suppl., 1776, p. 110;

Cass., Pr. Phila. Acad., 186*4,

p. 245
grylle, 871
guarauna, 650
gubernator, 317
Guiraca, 291
gularis, 887
guttatus, 231
Gymnocitta, 345
gymnostoma, 672

hasmastica, 629
Hsematopus, 595

hassitata, 819

Haliaetus, 533

haliaetus, 530

Halocyptena, 821

hammondi, 390

Harelda, 728

harlani, 515

Harporhynchus, 17

harpyia, 531

harrisi, 439

heermanni, 248

Helnrintherus, 96

Helminthophaga, 98. Accord-
ing to Ridgway, Bull. Nutt.
Club, vii. no. 1, Jan. 1882, p.
53, the name Helminthophaga
is preoccupied, and it has con-
sequently been changed by
him to Hdminihaphila

heloisce, 416

helvetica, 580

henryi, 400

henslowi, 236

hepatica, 157

Herodias, 658

herodias, 655

Hesperocichla, 5

Hesperophona, 189

Heteroscelus, 642

hiaticula, 589

hiemalis, 76

Himantopus, 601

himantopus, 611

Hirundo, 159

hirundo, 797

Histrionictis, 730

holboelli, 208

homochroa, 825

hornbyi, 827

hornemanni, 209

horrcorum, 159

hudsonicus, 49, 645

hutchinsi, 704

huttoni, 182

Hydranassa, 660

Hydrochelidon, 806

hyemalis, see hiemalis

Hylocichla, 6

Hylotomus, 432

hyperboreus, 603

hypochrysea, 133

hypogsea, 487

hypoleucus, 868

lache, 421

Icteria, 144

icterocephalus, 319

Icterus, 323

Ictinia, 491

ignea, 300

iliacus, 4, 282. Turdus iliacus
is not in the orig. ed. Green-
land. Reinh., Ibis, 1861, p. 6

illinoensis, 252

imberbe, 393

impennis, 878

inca, 549

incanus, 642

inornatus, 41

intermedia, 277

interpres, 598

lonornis, 685

Iridoprocne, 160

islandicus, 500

•

jama'icensis, 681
Junco, 261

kennicotti, 466
kirtlandi, 131
kittlitzi, 867
kotzebuii, 783
krideri, 519
kuhli, 831

labradorius, 729

Lagopus, 568

lagopus, 525

lapponicus, 220

lariformis, 806

Larus, 768

latirostris, 421

lawrencii, 99. Helminthophaga
laicrencii may be a hybrid
between H. pinus and H.
chrysoptera. See Brewst. Bull.
Nutt. Club, vi, no. 4, Oct.
1881, p. 218.

lecontii, 24

lecontii, 237

leucobronchialis, 100. Helmin-
thopaga leucobronchialis may be
a hybrid between H. pinus
and H. chrysoptera. See
Brewst., Bull. Nutt. Club, vi,
no. 4, Oct. 1881, p. 218

leucocephalus, 534

leucogaster, 72, 747

leucolaema, 83

leucoparia, 703

LIST OF WOEDS DEFINED.

141

leucophrys, 276
leucopsis, 699
leucoptera, 198, 546
leucorrhoa, 823
Leucosticte, 201
leucurus, 570
Limosa, 628 •
linaria, 207
lincolni, 242
lineatus, 520
Linota, 211
litoralis, 204
Lobipes, 603
loculator, 648
Lomvia, 874
longicaucla, 145
longirostris, 18
Lophophancs, 40
Lophortyx, 575
Loxia, 198
lucasanus, 436
luciae, 104
lucifer, 418
ludovicianus, 68, 187
lunifrons, 162
luteiventris, 365
lutescens, 108
luxuriosa, 358

maccalli, 468
maccowni, 223
macgillivrayi, 143
Machetes, 639
macrolopha, 352
Macrorhamphus, 609
macrurus, 333, 799
macularius, 638
raaculata, 616
maculosa, 125
magna, 320
major, 334, 832
Mareca, 712
marila, 720
marinus, 771
maritimus, 238
marmoratus, 866
martinica, 550, 685

maruetta, 678

massena, 578

maxima, 794

maxwellae, 467

media, 607

megalonyx, 305

megarhyncha, 285

melasna, 824

melancholicus, 372
Melanerpes, 453
melanocephalus, 599, 290
melanoleucus, 633
melanotis, 55. Psaltriparus
me/anotis has lately been
definitely ascertained to oc-
cur in Arizona

melanura, 37. According to
Brewster, Polioptila melanura
should read P.californica. See
Bull. Nutt. Club, vi, p. 103
melanurus, 830
Meleagris, 553
melodus, 587
Melopelia, 546
Melospiza, 242
merganser, 744
Mergus, 743
meridionalis, 879
mesoleucus, 306
mexicana, 28

miamiensis, 69. TJiryothorus
ludovicianus miamiensis is not
in the orig. ed. Since de-
scribed from Florida. Am.
Nat., ix, 1875, p. 469
Micrathene, 486
Micropalama, 611
microsoma, 821
migratorius, 1
Milvulus, 366
Mimus, 15
minimus, 53, 387
minor, 605, 401
minutilla, 614
minutus, 730
mitratus, 146

Mitrephorus, 392. This generic
term being preoccupied in
Coleoptera, Mitrephanes is
substituted (Gr. jujVpij, mitre,
Quivw, I appear). See Coues,
Bull. Nutt. Club, vii, no. 1,
Jan. 1882, p. 55
Mniotilta, 91
mollissima, 733
Molothrus, 313
monocerata, 857
montanus, 14
monticola, 268
moreleti, 296
morio, 346
Motacilla, 86
motacilla, 138

mugitans, 666
musicus, 690
mustelinus, 6
Mycteria, 654
Myiadestes, 169
Myiarchus, 373
Myiodioctes, 146
Myiodynastes, 365

nsevius, 5, 136

nanus, 10

nebulosa, 476

neglectus, 51. Parus rufescens

neylectus is not in the orig.

ed. Since described by Ridg-

way, Pr. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,

p. 485. California
nelsoni, 241
Neocorys, 90
Nephcecetes", 404
Nettion, 715
nevadensis, 260
niger, 404
nigrescens, 116, 237
nigricans, 378, 701, 863
nigrilora, 94
nigripes, 811
nitens, 167
nivalis, 219
nivosus, 591
Nomonyx, 742
notabilis, 137
notatus, 218
noveboracensis, 181
nuchalis, 447
Numenius, 643
nuttalli, 348
Nyctala, 482
Nyctea, 479
Nycterodius, 665
Nyctiardea, 664
Nyctidromus, 395

obscurus, 314
obsoletus, 65, 499, 674
occidentalis, 46, 113, 478
oceanicus, 828
Oceanites, 828
Oceanodroma, 826
ochropus, 636
(Edemia, 737
CEnanthe, 26
CEstrelata, 819
olivaceus, 170
Onychotes, 529

142

LIST OF WORDS DEFINED.

opisthomelas, 836
Oporornis, 139
oregonus, 263
ornatus, 222
Ornithium, 393
Orortyx, 574
Oroscoptes, 14
Ortalis, 552
Ortyx, 571
oryzivorus, 312
Ossifraga, 813
ostrilegus, 595

pacificus, 77, 464
Pagophila, 785
palliatus, 596
pallida, 272
pallidicincta, 564
palmarum, 132
palmeri, 20
paludicola, 80
palustris, 79, 243
Pandion, 530
Panyptila, 403
parasiticus, 7G6
parisiorum, 329
parkmani, 75
Parra, 672
Parula, 93
Parus, 44
Passer, 192
Passerculus, 224
Passerella, 282
Passerina, 292
passcrinus, 234, 547
pealii, 504
Pedioecetes, 561
pelagica, 822
pelasgica, 405
Pelecaims, 748
Pelidna, 623

penelope, 712. Qu. penelops
penicillatus, 755
pennsylvanica, 124
peregrina, 109, 503
Perisoreus, 359
perpallidus, 235
perspicillata, 739, 756
pertinax, 381
Petrochelidon, 162
Peucaea, 251
Peucedranius, 110
phaeopus, 644
Phaethon, 762
Pha'inopepla, 167

Phalacrocorax, 750

Phalaenoptilus, 398

Phalaropus, 604

phasianellus, 561

Philadelphia, 142

philadelphicus, 173

Philohela, 605

Phoebetria, 812

phceniceus, 316

Phcenicopterus, 687

Phonipara, 297

Phylloscopus, 32

Pica, 347

Picicorvus, 344

Pico'ides, 443

picta, 161, 221, 574

Picus, 433

pileatus, 432

pileolatus, 148

Pinicola, 190

pin us, 98

Pipilo, 301

Pitangus, 364

plagata, 527

platycercus, 413

Plectrophanes, 219

Plegadis, 649

Plotus, 760

plumbea, 38

pluvialis, 583

Podasocys, 592

Podicipes, 848

podicipes, 852

Podilymbus, 852

Polioptila, 36

Polyborus, 535

polyglottus, 15

pomatorhinus, 765

Pooecetes, 232

popetue, 399

Porzana, 678

pratensis, 88, 670

pratincola, 461

princeps, 225

principalis, 431

Priocella, 817

Priofinus, 830

Procellaria, 822

Progne, 165

propinquus, 2. Turdus migra-
torius propinqnus is not in
the orig. ed. Since de-
scribed by Ridgway, Bull.
Nutt. Club, ii, no. 1, Jan.
1877, p. 9. Western U. S.

Protonotaria, 95

psaltria, 215

Psaltriparus, 53

Pseudogryphus, 536

Psilorhinus, 346

psittaeulus, 858

ptilocnemis, 622

Ptychorhamphus, 862

pubescens, 440

Puffinus, 831

pugnax, 639

purpurcus, 194

pusilla, 60

pygmaea, 61

Pyranga, 154

Pyrocephalus, 394

Pyrrhula, 191. The difficulty
with P. cassini may be owing
to wrong sexing of the single
known specimen

Pyrrhuloxia, 298

Querquedula, 713
querula, 280
Quiscalus, 333

Rallus, 673
Recurvirostra, 600
redivivus, 23
Regulus, 33
resplendens, 759
rhodocolpus, 197
Rhodostethia, 789
Rhyacophilus, 636
Rhynchophanes, 223
Rhynchops, 809
richardsoni, 383
riparia. 163
Rissa, 782
rodgersi, 816
rosea, 653, 789
rossi, 697
rostratus, 230
Rostrhamus, 490
ruber, 448, 652
rubida, 741
rubineus; 394
rubra, 154
rubrifrons, 150
rufescens, 50
ruficapilla, 106
ruficeps, 255
rufina, 247, 886
rufovirgata, 311
rufus, 17

LIST OF WORDS DEFINED.

143

rupestris, 569
rustica, 347
rusticula, 606
rutieilla, 152

sabinii (J.), 567
sabinii (Iv), 790
sacer, 498
Salpinctes, 65
sanmelis, 249
suncti-johannis, 525
sandvicensis, 22ti
satrapa, 34
saturatus, 675
savana, 227
saxatilis, 403
Saxicola, 26
sayi, 377
Sayiornis, 377
scalaris, 434
scandiaea, 479
Scardafella, 549
schistacea, 284
Scolecophagus, 331
scolopaceus, 610
Scolopax, 606
Scops, 465
Scotiaptex, 474
Selasphorus, 411
semipalmatus, 586
seniculus, 430
scptentrionalis, 45
serrator, 744
serripennis, 164
Setophaga, 151
Sialia, 27
sialis, 27

Simorhynchus, 858
sinuata, 298
Sitta, 57
Siurus, 135
skua, 764

smithsonianus, 773
sociabilis, 490
solitarius, 177, 637
Somateria, 731
sparverioides, 510
sparverius, 509
spectabilis, 736
Speotyto, 487
Spermophila, 296
Sphyropicus, 446
spilurus, 73
Spiza, 287
Spizella, 268

sponsa, 719

spraguii, 90

spurius, 324

squamata, 577

Squatarola, 580

Starnoenas, 551. Ital. starna, a

partridge
Steganopus, 602
Stegidopteryx, 164
stcllaris, 81
stelleri, 350, 731
Stellula, 417
Stercorarius, 764
Sterna, 792
stolidus, 808
streperus, 711
Strepsilas, 598
striata, 122
striatulus, 497
Strickland!, 437
Strix, 474
Sturnella, 320
Sturnus, 363
subarquatus, 625
subccerulea, 491
subis, 165
subviridis, 384
suckleyi, 506
suecica, 31
Sula, 746
sulcirostris, 426
superciliaris, 801
Surnia, 480
swainsoni, 13, 97
Symphemia, 632
Synthliborarnphus, 865, pessim€,

lege
Synthliborbamphus, 864

Tachycineta, 161
Tachypetes, 761
ta'itensis, 647
Tantalus, 648
Telmatodytes, 79
tengmalmi, 482
tenuirostris, 817, 839
tephrocotis, 203
Tetrao, 563
texensis, 402
thalassina, 161
Thrasyaetus, 531
Thryothorus, 68
thyro'ides, 449
tigrina, 126
torquatus, 456

Totanus, G33
townsondi, 114, 169
tracbyrbyncbus, 748
trailli, 385
tricbas, 141
tricbopsis, 470
tricolor, 318
tridactyla, 782
Tringa, 626
Tringo'ides, 608
tristis, 213
Trocbilus, 409
Troglodytes, 74
Trogon, 422
troile, 874
trowbridgii, 740
trudeaui, 802
Tryngites, 641
Turclus, 1.
Tyrannus, 368
tyrannus, 366

ultrarnarina, 357

ulula, 481

umbella, 565

umbelloides, 566

umizusume, 865

unalascas, 8

unalascensis, 283

unicinctus, 512

Uria, 871

uropbasianus, 560

uropygialis, 452

Urubitinga, 528. U. anthracina

is not in the orig. ed. Since

discovered .in Arizona by H.

W. Henshaw, Am. Sportsm.,

v, Feb. 1878, p. 328
ustulatus, 11
Utamania, 877

vallisneria, 724
Vanellus, 593
varia, 91
varius, 446
vauxi, 406
vermivorus, 96
versicolor, 293
verticalis, 370
vespertina, 189
vicinior, 180
villosus, 438
violaceus, 665, 758
virens, 112, 144
Vireo, 170

144

LIST OF WOEDS DEFINED.

virescens, 663
virgata, 594
virginias, 105
virginiana, 299
v-nigra, 735
vociferans, 371
vociferus, 397, 584
vulgaris, 363

whitneyi, 486
wilsonius, 585
•wilsonianus, 472
wollweberi, 43
woodhousii, 355

Xanthocephalus, 319
Xanthura, 358

xantusi, 407
Xema, 790
Xenopicus, 442

Zamelodia, 289
Zenaida, 545
Zenaidura, 544
Zonotrichia, 275

APPENDIX,

CATALOGUE OF THE AUTHOR'S ORNITHOLOGICAL
PUBLICATIONS, 1861-1881.

* ANONYMOUS. t REVIEWS.

1861.

1. *Ornithology. — Washington Described, pp. 24-27. (12mo. Washington,,

Philp & Solomons, 1861.)

A slight sketch of the Birds of the District of Columbia.

2. A Monograph of the Tringeae of North America. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,

Phila., xiii, July, 1861, pp. 170-205.

3. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii,.

August, 1861, pp. 215-257.

4. A Monograph of the Genus ^Egiothus, with descriptions of new Species. —

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii, November, 1861, pp. 373-390.

1862.

5. List of Birds ascertained to inhabit the District of Columbia, with the times

of Arrival and Departure of such as are non-residents, and Brief Notices
of Habits, etc. By Elliott Coues and D. Webster Prentiss. — Sixteenth
Ann. Rep. Smiths. List., for 1861, 1862, pp. 399-421.

6. Synopsis of the North American Forms of the Colymbidae and Podicipiclge. —

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv, April, 1862, pp. 226-233.
Abstract of a monograph published in full in Birds of the Northwest, 1874.

7. Revision of the Gulls [Larinse] of North America ; based upon specimens im

the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci..
Phila., xiv, June, 1862, pp. 291-312.

Abstract of a monograph published in full in the Birds of the Northwest, 1874, pp.
689-717.

146 APPENDIX.

8. Supplementary Note to a "Synopsis of the North American Forms of the

Colymbidae and Podicepidse." — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv, Septem-
ber, 1862, p. 404.

9. A Review of the Terns [Sterninae] of North America. — Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila., xiv, December, 18G2, pp. 535-559.

1863.

10. Additional Remarks on the North American ^Egiothi. — Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila., xv, February, 1863, pp. 40, 41.

1 1 . On the Lestris richardsoni of Swainson ; with a Critical Review of the Sub-

family Lestridinae. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, May, 1863, pp.
121-138.

12. [On the specific validity of Larus smithsoniauus.] — The Ibis, v, July,

1863, p. 367.

1864.

13. The Crania of Colymbus torquatus and C. adamsii compared. — Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, February, 1864, pp. 21, 22.

14. A Critical Review of the Family Procellaridse ; Part I., embracing the

Procellarieae, or Stormy Petrels. — Proc. Acad. Nat. /Sci. Phila., xvi,
March, 1864, pp. 72-91.

15. A Critical Review of the Family Procellaridae : Part II.; Embracing the

Puffinese. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, April, 1864, pp. 116-144.

16. Notes on certain Central- American Laridae, collected by Mr. Osbert Salvin

and Mr. F. Godman. — The Ibis, vi, July, 1864, pp. 387-393.

1865.

17. Ornitholog}' of a Prairie- Journey, and Notes on the Birds of Arizona. — The

Ibis, 2d ser., i, April, 1865, pp. 157-165.

18. [Notes on Birds observed at Fort Whipple, Arizona.] — The Ibis, 2d ser.,

i, October, 1865, pp. 535-538.

1866.

19. Field Notes on Lophortyx Gambeli. — The Ibis, 2d ser., ii, January, 1866,

pp. 46-55.

20. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple, Arizona : with which are incorporated all

other species ascertained to inhabit the Territory ; with brief critical and
field Notes, descriptions of new species, etc. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xviii, March, 1866, pp. 39-100.

Fifty copies reissued, repaged, under the title : [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, January 1866.] | — | Prodrome of a Work )

APPENDIX. 147

on the | Ornithology | of | Arizona Territory. | By Elliott Coues, M.A., M.D. | (Ass't Sur-
geon U. S. Army.) | — | Philadelphia : | Merrihew & Son, Printers. | I860. 8vo. pp. 1-G4.
NOTE. — Part I. of the work here forecast pub. 1877 under the title : Birds of the
Colorado Valley, etc.

21. A Critical Review of the Family ProcellariicUe : — Part III; embracing the

Fulmareae. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, March, 1866, pp. 25-33.

22. Critical Review of the Family Procellariiclae : — Part IV ; Embracing the JEstre-

lateae and Prioneae. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, May, 1866,
pp. 134-172.

23. Critical Review of the Family ProcellariicUe ; Part V ; embracing the Diome-

deinse and the Halodrominae. With a General Supplement. — Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, May, 1866, pp. 172-197.

24. From Arizona to the Pacific. — The Ibis, 2d ser., ii, July, 1866, pp. 259-275.

Notes on the birds observed during the journey.

25. The Osteology of the Cobymbus torquatus ; with Notes on its Myology. -

Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pt. ii, November, 1866, pp. 131-172,
figg. 2, pi. 5.

Separately reissued, under the title : On the | Osteology and Myology | of | Colymbus
torquatus. | By Elliott Coues, A.M., M.D., | Brevet Captain and Assistant Surgeon
United States Army. | [From the Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural
History, vol. i, part ii.] | Cambridge : | printed at the Eiverside Press. | November, 1866.
4to. pp. 131-172, figg. 2, pi. 5.

1867.

26.*fThe Birds of New England.— The Round Table, No. 140, Sept. 28, 1867,
pp. 213, 214.

E. A. Samuels' work.

1868.

27. A Monograph of the Alcidse. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. Phila. , xx, January,

1868, pp. 2-81, figg. 1-16.

Also separate, redded : A Monograph | of | the Alcidae. | By | Elliott Coues, A.M.,
M.D. | (Ass't. Surgeon U. S. Army.) | — | Philadelphia: | Merrihew & Son, printers, I
No. 243 Arch Street, | 1868. 8vo, pp. and figg. as above.

See also under 1870.

28. List of Birds collected in Southern Arizona by Dr. E. Palmer; with remarks.

— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, January, 1868, pp. 81-85.

29. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. — Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii,

October 7, 1868, pp. 104-127.

30. Catalogue of the Birds of North America contained in the Museum of the

Essex Institute ; with which is incorporated A List of the Birds of New
England. With Brief Critical and Field Notes. — Proc. (Comm.) Essex
Inst., v, 1868, pp. 249-314.

Fifty copies reissued, with new index, repaged, retitled : A List | of the | Birds of
New England. | By Elliott Coues, | Asst, Surgeon, U. S. A. | — | [Reprinted from the

148 APPENDIX.

Proceedings of the Essex Institute, Vol. v.] | — | Salem, Mass. | Essex Institute Press. |
1868. 8vo. pp. 1-71.

31. Instances of Albinism among our Birds. — Amer. Nat., ii, No. 3, May, 1868,

pp. 161, 162.

About a dozen cases, chiefly of North American species.

32. Bird's-Eye Views. — Amer. Nat., ii, No. 10, December, 1868, pp. 505-513 ;

ii, No. 11, January, 1869, pp. 571-583, figg.
On the structure of the eye in Birds.

1869.

33. On a Chick with supernumeraiy Legs. — Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., May

19, 1869, pp. 78-82.

34. *Of Doves and Thorns. — The Liberal Christian, July 24, 1869.

Breeding of Zenaidura carolinensis.

35. *Of a "Fast" Bird [Geococcyx californianus] . — The Liberal Christian,

Aug. 14, 1869.

36. *A Skeleton in the House. -- The Liberal Christian, Sept. 11, 1869.

Molothrus ater X Polioptila coerulea.

37. Sea-side Homes. — Amer. Nat., iii, No. 7, September, 1869, pp. 337-349.

On the breeding of Sterna antillarum and ^Egialites wilsonius.

38. On Variation in the Genus JEgiothus. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi,

October, 1869, pp. 180-189.

Supplementary to the article in op. cit., 1861, p. 373.

39. *Structure of Feathers. — The Liberal Christian, Oct. 9, 1869.

40. On the Classification of Water Birds. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi,

December, 1869, pp. 193-218.

Reissued, repaged. On the | Classification | of | Water Birds. | By Elliott Coues,
A. M., M. D., Ph. D., | [etc., 4 lines.] | — | [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences | for December, 1869.] | — | Philadelphia : | Mer-
rihew & Son, printers. [ No. 243 Arch Street. | 1870. 8vo. pp. 28.

1870.

41. Extracts from a Memoir intituled 'A Monograph of the Alcicbe.'— Zoologist,

2d ser., v, 1870, pp. 2004-2016, 2081-2090, 2124-2132, 2155-2163, 2205-
2214, 2245-2253, 2289-2296, 2327-2334, 2369-2378, 2396-2403.
Reprinted, modified, from Proc. Phila. Acad., 1868, pp. 2-81.

42. The Clapper Rail [Rallus crepitans]. — Amer. Nat., iii, No. 11, January,

1870, pp. 600-607.

43. The Great Auk [Alca impennis], — Amer. Nat., iv, No. 1, March, 1870,

p. 57.

APPENDIX. 149

44. The Cow Bird [Molothrus ater]. — Amer. Nat., iv, No. 1, March, 1870,

p. 58.

45. Foot-notes from a Page of Sand. — Amer. Nat., iv, No. 5, July, 1870,

pp. 297-303.

Tracks made by Sandpipers, &c.

46. The Natural History of Quiscalus major. — The Ibis, 2d ser., vi, July, 1870,

pp. 367-378.

47. fOrnithological Results of the Exploration of the North-west. — Amer. Nat.,

iv, No. 6, August, 1870, pp. 367-371.

Review of Dall and Bannister's and Baird's papers on the Birds of Alaska, in Trans.
Chicago Acad., 1869.

1871.

48. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C., and Vicinity. (No. 1.)

[Vertebrates.] — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, May 2, 1871,
pp. 12-49.

Birds, pp. 18-47. There are 5 Nos. of this, 1871-1879, the 1st and 4th relating to Birds.

49. The Yellow-headed Blackbird [Xanthocephalus icterocephalus] . — Amer. Nat.,

v, No. 4, June, 1871, pp. 195-200, fig.

Biography of the species, with references to other birds observed in Kansas.

50. j Recent Ornithological Publications. — Amer. Nat., v, No. 4, June, 1871,

pp. 234-238.

Bannister on Anserinse, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1870, p. 130 ; Ridgway on Falconidas, ibid.,
p. 138.

51. -jTrogress of American Ornithology. — Amer. Nat. v, No. 6, August, 1871,

pp. 364-373.

Review of J. A. Allen's memoir on Florida Birds, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 1871.

52. Mechanism of Flexion and Extension in Birds' Wings. — Amer. Nat., v,

Nos. 8 and 9, September, 1871, pp. 513, 514.

Abstract of the paper in the Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1871.

53. Bullock's Oriole [Icterus bullocki]. — Amer. Nat. v, No. 11, November,

1871, pp. 678-682, fig. 120.

54. Singular Albino [Dolichonyx oryzivorus]. — Amer. Nat., v, No. 11, Novem-

ber, 1871, p. 733.

55. The Long-crested Jay [Cyanocitta macrolopha]. — Amer. Nat., v, No. 12,

December, 1871, pp. 770-775, fig.

56. fGray's Hand List of Birds. — Amer. Nat., v, No. 12, December, 1871,

pp. 775-779.

1872.

57. Mechanism of Flexion and Extension in Birds' Wings. — Proc. Amer. Assoc.

Adv. /Sci., xx, for 1871, 1872, pp. 278-284, figg.

150 APPENDIX.

58. Observations on Picicorvus Columbianus. — The Ibis, 3d ser., ii, January,

1872, pp. 52-59.

59. Ornithological Query [Turclus migratorius] . — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 1, Jan-

uary, 1872, p. 47.

60. fTwo Late American Papers on Ornithology. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 3. March,

1872, pp. 165, 166.

Ogden on Chettusia, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1871, p. 191 ; Lawrence on New Troglodytidse
and Tyrannidae, ibid., p. 233.

61.*fAn Ornithological Blunder [Bonasa jobsii] . — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 3, March,
1872, pp. 172, 173.

62. Contribution to the History of the Blue Crow [Gymnokitta cyanocephala] of

America. — The Ibis, 3d ser., ii, April, 1872, pp. 152-158.

63. | Newton's Ornithological Register. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 6, June, 1872,

pp. 360, 361.

64. The Nest, Eggs, and Breeding Habits of Harporhynchus crissalis. — Amer.

Nat., vi, No. 6, June, 1872, pp. 370, 371.

65. A New Bird [Glaucidium ferrugineum] to the United States. — Amer. Nat.,

vi, No. 6, June, 1872, p. 370.

66. Studies of the Tyrannidae. — Part I. Revision of the Species of Myiarchus.

— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiv, June 25-July 16, 1872, pp. 56-81.

67. fThe Boston Society's Ornithological Catalogue. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 8,

August, 1872, pp. 472, 473.

Review of A. Hyatt's paper on Spheniscidae.

68. Nest and Eggs of Helminthophaga lucise. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 8, August,

1872, p. 493.

69. Occurrence of Couch's Flycatcher [Tyrannus melancholicus couchi] in the

United States. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 8, August, 1872, p. 493.

70. -f-Giebel's Thesaurus. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 9, September, 1872, pp. 549-551.

71. Material for a Monograph of the Spheniscidae. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

.Phila., xxiv, September, 1872, pp. 170-212, pll. 4, 5.

72. fRecent Discoveries in Ornithotomy. — Amer. Nat., vi, No. 10, October, 1872,

pp. 631-635.

Morse on the Carpus and Tarsus of Birds, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1872 ; and Rein-
hardt, Cranial Bone of Musophagidae, Vidd. Meddel. Nat. Fork. Kj$b., 1871.

73. Key | to | North American Birds | containing a concise account of every

species of | Living and Fossil Bird | at present known from the continent
north of the Mexican | and United States Boundary. | Illustrated by 6 steel
plates, and upwards of 250 woodcuts. | By | Elliott Coues, | Assistant Sur-
geon United States Army. | — ] Salem : Naturalists' Agenc}'. | New York :
Dodd and Mead. | Boston: | Estes and Lauriat. | 1872. 1 vol. imp. 8vo.

APPENDIX. 151

4 prel. 11., pp. 1-361, 1 1., pll. 1-6, figg. 1-238. (Pub. Oct. 1872. Ed.
of 2,200 cop. Copyright, Putnam and Coues.)

74. [Contributions to] Sharpe and Dresser's Hist, of the Birds of Europe, Parts

xi, xii, xv, 1872. *

1873.

75. [Contributions to] Sharpe and Dresser's Hist, of the Birds of Europe, Parts

xvi, xx, xxi, 1873.

76. fDubois' Conspectus. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 1, January, 1873, pp. 40-42.

Review of C. F. Dubois' Conspectus Avium Europsearura.

77. jNew England Ornithology. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 1, January, 1873,

pp. 42, 43.

Review of C. J. Maynard's paper in Pr. Bost. Soc., xiv, 1872, p. 356.

78. [Circular relating to the "Birds of the Northwest."] — Headquarters Depart-

ment of Dakota, Feb. 14, 1873.

79. f Handbook of British Birds. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 3, March, 1873, pp.

163-165.

Review of J. E. Harting's work of that name.

80. fOrnithology of the West. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 4, April, 1873, pp. 220-223.

Review of J. A. Allen's paper in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,iu, 1872, p. 113.

81. f African Ornithology. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 4, April, 1873, pp. 226, 227.

Review of J. H. Gurney, Sr.'s, Andersson's Birds of Damara Land.

82. Some United States Birds, New to Science, and other Things Ornithological.

— Amer. Nat., vii, No. 6, June, 1873, pp. 321-331, figg. 65-70.

83. New Avian Subclass [Odontornithes]. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 6, June, 1873,

p. 364.

84. Color-variation in Birds Dependent upon Climatic Influences. — Amer. Nat.,

vii, No. 7, July, 1873, pp. 415-418.

Criticism of R. Ridgway's papers in Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, p. 454; v, 1873, p. 39.

85. -fLate Local Lists. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 7, July, 1873, pp. 418-421.

Reviews of W. H. Dall, Pr. Co/a. Acad., 1873; C. H. Holden and C. E. Aiken, Pr.
Bost. Soc., xv, 1872, p. 193 ; W. D. Scott, ibid., p. 219.

83. " Birds walking under Water." — Forest and Stream, Oct. 16, 1873.

87. Notes on Two little-known Birds of the United States [Passerculus bairdi,

Neocorys spraguii]. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 11, November, 1873, pp.
695-697.

88. Use of small shot. — Amer. Sportsm., Nov. 22, 1873, p. 117.

89. Specimens of Bird Architecture [Icterus]. — Amer. Sportsm., Nov. 29, 1873,

p. 129.

152 APPENDIX.

90. Range of the Eared Grebe [Podiceps auritus californicus]. — Amer.

vii, No. 12, December, 1873, p. 745.

91. Notice of a Rare Bird [Coturniculus lecontii]. — Amer. Nat., vii, No. 12,

December, 1873, pp. ?48, 749.

92. Report | on the | Prybilov Group, or Seal Islands, of Alaska. | By | Hemy

W. Elliott, | Assistant Agent Treasury Department. | — | Washington :
Government Printing Office. | 1873. 1 vol. oblong 4to. (Appendix.
Ornithology of the Piybilov Islands. By Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A.)
This is the orig. ed., very scarce (150 copies.). See 1875.

93. A | Check List | of | North American Birds. | — | By | Elliott Coues. | — |

Salem. | Naturalists' Agency. | 1873. 8vo. 2 prel. 11., pp. 1-137, 2 11.

This is the orig. ed. Separately published December, 1873. Also published with
" Field Ornithology," 1874.

1874.

94. Field Ornitholog}'. | Comprising a | Manual of instruction | for | procuring,

preparing, and preserving Birds, | and a | Check List of North American
Birds. | By | Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. | [Monogram.] | Salem : | Natu-
ralists' Agenc%y. | Boston : Estes & Lauriat. | New York : Dodd & Mead. |
1874. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-iv, 1-116, 1-137, 2 11.

Published January, 1874. The "Check List" originally published separately, 1873.

95. [On the Classification of Birds, with Characters of the Higher Groups, and

Analytical Tables of North American Families.] — Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgwaijs Hist. N. A. Birds, i, 1874, pp. xiv-xxviii.

96. Glossary of Technical Terms used in Descriptive Ornithology. Including a

number of prominent Anatomical and Physiological Terms. — Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgwaifs Hist. N. A. Birds, iii, 1874, pp. 535-560.

97. Specimens of Bird Architecture [Cinclus mexicanus]. — Amer. Sportsm., iii,

Jan. 17, 1874, p. 245.

98.*|The Birds of North America.— The Nation, No. 447, Jan. 22, 1874, p. 65.
Review of Theodore Jasper's work.

99. Specimens of Bird Architecture [Chffitura pelasgica]. — Amer. Sportsm., iii,
Feb. 14, 1874, p. 313.

1 00. Hybrid Ducks [Anas boscas x Hyonetta moschata] . — Forest and Stream,

Feb. 19, 1874.

101. Hybrid Ducks [Anas boscas x Dafila acuta]. — Forest and Stream, March

5, 1874.

102. Pet Owls [Bubo virginianus] . — Amer. Sportsm., iii, March 7, 1874, p. 354.

103. fThe New Work on Birds. — Amer. Sportsm., iii, March 28, 1874, p. 412.

lleview of Baird, Brewer, and llidgway's work.

APPENDIX. 153

104. f Avifauna of Colorado and Wyoming. — Amer. Nat., viii, No. 4, April,

1874, p. 240.

105. The Snow-bird [Jnnco hiemalis] as a Sparrow. — • Field and Stream,

April 4, 1874.

With reference to the construction of a game law.

106. Powder-down. — Forest and Stream, ii, April 9, 1874, p. 134.

Luminosity of these feathers in Ardeidie.

107. Specimens of Bird Architecture [hole-breeders]. — Amer. Sportsm., iv,

April 11, 1874, p. 19.

!O8.*tNorth American Ornithology. —The Nation, No. 460, April 23, 1874, p. 270.'
Review of Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's work.

109.*fHistory of North American Birds. — Forest and Stream, April 30, 1874,
p. 179.

Review of Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's work.

110. Habits and Characteristics of Swainson's Buzzard [Buteo swainsoni]. —

Amer. Nat., viii, No. 5, May, 1874, pp. 282-287.

111. t Birds of Illinois. —Field and Stream, May 2, 1874.

Review of R. Ridgway's paper, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, p. 364.

112. Small Shot. Reply to " Arrow." — Amer. Sportsm., May 30, 1874.

113. The Californian Vulture [Cathartes californianus] . — Amer. Sportsm., iv,

June 13, 1874, p. 160, fig.

114. Wild Turing [Meleagris gallipavo americana] — Grouse. — Field and

Stream, June 13, 1874.

115. Dusky Grouse ; Blue Grouse ; Pine Grouse [Canace obscura]. — Field and

Stream, June 27, 1874, p. 154; July 11, 1874, p. 170.

116. English Sparrows [Passer domesticus]. — Amer. Nat. viii, No. 7, July,

1874, p. 436.

cf. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Georjr. Surv Terr., v, No. 2, 1879, p. 178.

117. Shooting Wood Ibises [Tantalus loculator]. — Amer. Sportsm., iv, July 11,

1874, p. 225.

118. Plumed Quail [Lophortyx gambeli]. — Field and Stream, July 25, 1874,

p. 187; Aug. 8, 1874,' p. 203 ; Aug. 22, 1874, p. 224.

119. New Species of North American Bird [Tringa ptilocnemis] . — Amer. Nat.

viii, No. 8, August, 1874, pp. 500, 501.

120. The Cranes [Gruidse] of America. — Forest and Stream, iii, Aug. 20, 1874,

p. 20.

121. The Blue Quail [Callipepla squamata]. — Field and Stream, Aug. 29,

1874.

154 APPENDIX.

122. f Recent Publications in Ornithology. — Amer. Nat., viii, No. 9, September,

1874, pp. 541-546.

Reviews of several papers, chiefly on N. Am. Birds.

123. New Variety of the Blue Grosbeak [Guiraca coerulea eurhyncha]. — Amer.

Nat., viii, No. 9, September, 1874, p. 563.

124. How to Shoot. — Field and Stream, Sept. 26, 1874.

125. On the Nesting of Certain Hawks, etc. — Amer. Nat., viii, No. 10, October,

1874, pp. 596-603.

Falco communis, Buteo swainsoni, Archibuteo ferrugineus, and other birds of Montana.

126. *fA History of North American Birds. — Field and Stream, Oct. 31, 1874.
Review of Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's work.

127. The Rails — Family Rallidae. — Amer. Sportsm., v, Oct. 31, 1874, p. 65.

128. The Sparrow [Passer domesticus] War. — Amer. Sportsm., v, Nov. 21,

1874, p. 113.

cf. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., v, No. 2, 1879, p. 178.

1 29. Shells — Paper or Brass ? — Forest and Stream, Dec. 24, 1874.

130. Department of the Interior. | United States Geological Survey of the Terri-

tories. | F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist-in-Charge. | — | Miscellaneous Pub-
lications — No. 3. | - - | Birds of the Northwest : | A Hand-book | of | The
Ornithology | of the | Region drained b}T the Missouri River | and its Tribu-
taries. | — | By Elliott Coues, | Captain and Assistant Surgeon U. S.
Army. | — | Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1874. 1 vol.
8vo. pp. i-xii, 1-791.

Pub. Dec. 1874. Ed. of 2,200 copies. 214 copies rebound, reissued, retitled: Birds of
the North- West : | a Handbook | of | American Ornithology, | containing accounts of all
the birds inhabiting the | Great Missouri Valley, | and many others, together representing
a large majority of the | Birds of North America, | with copious biographical details from
personal | observation, and an extensive synonymy. | . . . Boston : | Estes & Lauriat, |
Salem Naturalists' Agency, | 1877.

131. Monograph of the North American Laridse. — Birds of the Northwest,

December, 1874, pp. 589-717.

1875.

132. A Report | upon the | Condition of Affairs | in the | Territory of Alaska. |

— | By Henry W. Elliott, | Special Agent Treasury Department. [ - - |
Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1875. 1vol. 8vo. pp.277.
(Chap. IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov Islands. By Dr. Elliott Coues,
U. S. A. pp. 166-212.)

Reprinted from the orig. ed., 1873.

133. The Fauna | of the | Prybilov Islands | abridged from the | " Report on the

Prybilov Group or Seal Islands of Alaska," | by Henry W. Elliott ; with
an Appendix on the | Ornithology by Dr. Elliott Coues (Washington, 1873).

APPENDIX. 155

| By J. E. Harting, F. L. S. F. Z. S. | London | reprinted from the Natural
History columns of | " The Field" for private circulation | 1875 8vo.
pp. 38, pi. 1.

134. The Sparrows [Passer domcsticus]. — Amer. Sportsm., v, Jan. 23, 1875,

p. 264.

135. On the Breeding of certain Birds [of Montana Territory]. — Amer. Nat.,

ix, No. 2, February, 1875, pp. 75-78.

136. [On the Nest and Eggs of Gymnocitta cyanocephala.] — The Ibis, 3d ser.,

v, April, 1875, pp. 270, 271.

137. Albino Black-Bird [Xanthocephalus icterocephalus] . — Rod and Gun, vi,

April 10, 1875, p. 24.

138. Duck Shooting a Cheval. — Amer. Sportsm., April 24, 1875.

139. Sparrows [Passer domesticus] — more evidence. — Hod and Gun, vi, July

17, 1875, p. 249.

140. Ornithology of the Transit-of- Venus "Centennial." — Forest and Stream,

Aug. 19, 1875.

141. Fasti Ornithologia3 Redivivi. — No. I. Bartram's 'Travels.' — Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., May-September, 1875, pp. 338-358.

1 42. *| [Notice of Brewer's Catalogue of the Birds of New England.] — N. Y.

Independent, Oct. 7, 1875.

143. fA late paper on Birds. — Amer. Nat., ix, No. 10, November, 1875,

pp. 570, 571.

W. Brewster's, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y. xi, 1875, p. 129.

144. Contributions | to the | Natural History | of | Kerguelen Island, | made in

connection with the American Transit-of- Venus | Expedition, 1874-75. |
By | J. H. Kidder, M.D., | Passed Assistant Surgeon U. S. Navy. | — |
I. | Ornithology. | Edited by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. | - - | Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., No. 2, 1875, pp. i-ix, 1-51. Washington: Government
Printing Office. 1875.
Published November, 1875.

1876.

145. [Peucedramus, g. n., Coues MS.] — Rep. Expl. W. 100 Merid., Vol. v,

1875, p. 202. (Pub. 1876.)

146. On the Breeding-Habits, Nest, and Eggs, of the White-tailed Ptarmigan

(Lagopus leucurus). — B-ull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr.,
2d ser., No. 5, Jan. 8, 1876, pp. 263-266.

Also published separately. 8vo. Washington, 1876.

147. Bewick's Wren, Thryothorus Bewicki. — Amer. Nat., x, No. 1, January,

1876, p. 48.

156 APPENDIX.

148. Range of the Bay Ibis [Plegadis falcinellus]. — Amer. Nat., x, No. 1,

January, 1876, p. 48.

149. Coues to " Boone" [on Brant]. — Rod and Gun, vii, Jan. 15, 1876, p. 248.

1 50. An Account of the various Publications relating to the Travels of Lewis and

Clarke, with a Commentary on the Zoological Results of their Expedition.
— Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2d ser., No. 6, Feb. 8,
1876, pp. 417-444.

Also separate. 8vo. Washington, 1876.

151. Contributions to the Natural History of Kerguelen Island, [etc.]. Oology,

etc. By J. H. Kidder and Elliott Coues. — Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 3,
February, 1876, pp. 7-20.

152. A Study of Chionis minor with reference to its Structure and Systematic

Position. By J. H. Kidder, U. S. N., and Elliott Coues, U. S. A. —
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 3, February, 1876, pp. 85-116.

153. Reply to Mr. J. A. Allen's "Availability of certain Bartramian Names in

Ornithology." — Amer. Nat., x, No. 2, February, 1876, pp. 98-102.

154. Breeding Range of the Snow-Bird [Junco hiemalis]. — Amer. Nat., x,

No. 2, February, 1876, pp. 114, 115.

155. Unusual Nesting Sites of the Night Hawk [Chordediles popetue] and

Towhee Bunting [Pipilo ery throphthalmus] . — Amer. Nat., x, No. 4,
April, 1876, p. 239.

156. Dr. Coues upon Quail, etc. — Hod and Gun, viii, April 1, 1876, p. 9.

157. Dr. Coues on Brant, etc. — Rod and Gun, viii, April 1, 1876, p. 8.

158. fMr. Gentry's Book about Birds. — Rod and Gun, viii, April 29, 1876,

p. 71.
Review of Life Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, Vol. I.

159. The Labrador Duck [Camptoloemus labradorius] . — Amer. Nat., x, No. 5,

May, 1876, p. 303.

160.*tLife-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsj'lvania. — The Nation, May 4,
1876.

Review of Vol. I. of T. G. Gentry's work.

161. The European Woodcock [Scolopax rusticula] shot in Virginia. — Amer.

Nat., x, No. 6, June, 1876, p. 372.

162. Notable Change of Habit of the Bank Swallow [i. e., Stelgidopteryx serri-

pennis]. — Amer. Nat., x, No. 6, June, 1876, pp. 372, 373.

163. Letters on Ornitbolog}r. No. 1. — The Oregon Robin [Turdus naevius]. —

Chicago Field, June 24, 1876, fig.

This illustrated series of 30 Letters, running from above date to July, 1879, at various
intervals, is in part new, partly from the " Birds of the Northwest."

APPENDIX. 157

164. Tarsal Envelope in Camp3*lorhynchus and allied Genera. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, i, No. 2, July, 1876, pp. 50, 51.

165. Brant once more. — Hod and Gun, July 8, 1876.

166. Letters on Ornithology. No. 2. — The American Tree-Creeper [Certhia

familiaris]. — Chicago Field, Aug. 12, 1876, fig.

167. Letters on Ornithology. No. 3. — The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher [Polioptila

coerulea]. — Chicago Field, Aug. 26, 1876, fig.

168. On the Number of Primaries in Oscines. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, No. 3,

September, 1876, pp. 60-63.

169. Letters on Ornithology. No. 4. — The Horned or Shore Lark [Eremophila

alpestris]. — Chicago Field, Oct. 7, 1876, fig.

170. Peculiar Nesting-Site of the Bank-Swallow [i.e., Stelgidopter}'x serripennis].

— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, No, 4, November, 1876, p. 96.

171. Dr. Coues on " Partridge," " Quail," Etc. — Rod and Gun, Nov. 11, 1876.

172. Letters on Ornitholog3T. No. 5. — Marsh Wrens [Telmatodytes palustris,

Cistothorus stellaris]. — Chicago Field, Nov. 18, 1876, figg.

173. *Anecdote of a Crow's [Corvus maritimus] Intelligence. — N. Y. Indepen-

dent, Nov. 23, 1876.

174. The Destruction of Birds by Telegraph Wire. — Amer. Nat., x, No. 12,

December, 1876, pp. 734-736.
Copied abridged by the press at large.

175. Letters on Ornitholog}'. No. 6. — The Shrike, or Butcher Bird [Lanius

borealis]. — Chicago Field, Dec. 2, 1876, fig.

176.*|Recent Text-books of Zoology. — N. T. Independent, Dec. 2, 1876.
Reviews of E. S. Morse's and S. Tenney's works.

177. Letters on Ornithology. No. 7. — The Catbird (Mimus carolinensis] . —

Chicago Field, Dec. 9, 1876, fig.

178. Letters on Ornithology. No. 8. — Nuthatches [Sittidae]. — Chicago Field,

Dec. 16, 1876, fig.

179.*f Life-Histories of Animals, including Man. — The Nation, No. 369, 1876.
Review of A. S. Packard's work.

180. Letters on Ornitholog}\ No. 9. — The Red-tailed Buzzard [Buteo borealis]
and other Hawks. — Chicago Field, Dec. 23, 1876, fig.

181.*fThe Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England. — The Nation, Dec. 28,
1876.

Review of H. D. Minot's work.

182. Letters on Ornithology. No. 10. — Titmice, Tomtits, or Chickadees
[Paridtie]. — Chicago Field, Dec. 30, 1876, figg.

158 APPENDIX.

1877.

183. Note on Podiceps dominicus. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, No. 1, January,

1877, p. 26.

1 84. Eastward Range of the Ferruginous Buzzard [Archibuteo ferrugineus] . —

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, No. 1, January, 1877, p. 26.

185. Letters on Ornithology. No. 11. — Swallows [Hirundinidse] . — Chicago

Field, Jan. 6, 1877, figg.

186. Letters on Ornithology. No. 12. — Woodpeckers [Picidue]. — Chicago

Field, Jan. 13, 1877, 6 figg.

187.*|The Land Birds and Game Birds of New England. — Forest and Stream,
Jan. 25, 1877.

Review of H. D. Minot's work.

188.*fLand Birds and Game Birds of New England. — Rod and Gun, Jan. 27,
1877.

Review of H. D. Minot's work.

189. Letters on Ornithology. No. 13. — The Harrier [Circus cyaneus hud-

sonius]. — Chicago Field, Feb. 3, 1877.

190. To the Swallow. — Rod and Gun, Feb. 3, 1877.

191. Letters on Ornithology. No. 13 [bis = 14]. — Grasshoppers [in connec-

tion with habits of the Sharp-tailed Grouse, Pedioecetes phasianellus
columbianus] . — Chicago Field, March 17, 1877, fig.

1 92. Corrections of Nomenclature in the Genus Siurus. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

ii, No. 2, April, 1877, pp. 29-33.

193. f Minot's "Birds of New England." — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, No. 2,

April, 1877, pp. 49, 50.
Review of H. D. Minot's work.

194. Western Range of Conurus carolinensis. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii,

No. 2, April, 1877, p. 50.

195. Note on the Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, ii, No. 2, April, 1877, p. 51.

196. Remarks on the Birds of the District of Columbia. By Drs. E. Cones and

D. W. Prentiss. — Field and Forest, ii, No. 11, May, 1877, pp. 191-193.
Also in a separate pamphlet entitled : Catalogue of the Birds of the District of
Columbia, prepared by Pierre Louis Jouy, with Remarks on the Birds of the District, by
Drs. Coues and Prentiss. 8vo. Washington, 1877, pp. 11.

1 97. The Song that the Bluebird Sings. — Harper's Magazine, May, 1877, p. 891.

Reprinted in many places.

198. Notes on the Ornithology of the Region about the Source of the Red River

of Texas, from Observations made during the Explorations conducted by
Lieut. E. II. Ruffner, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. By C. A. H.

APPENDIX. 159

McCauley, Lieut. Third United States Artiller}-. Annoted by Dr. Elliott
Coues, U. S. A. — Hull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Sura. Terr., ii, No. 3,
May, 1877, pp. 655-695.

Also separate, new cover-title, same pagination.

199. Birds [etc.]. — The (Baltimore) Mirror, June 1, July 1, Aug. 1, Sept. 1,

Oct. 1, Nov. 1, Dec. 1, 1877.
From the " Birds of the Northwest."

200. Leptoptila \_lege Engyptila] albifrons, a Pigeon new to the United States

Fauna. —Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 82-83.

201. Melopelia leucoptera in Colorado. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, No. 3, July,

1877, p. 83.

202. Dr. Coues replies to Dr. Brewer [in the Sparrow (Passer domesticus) contro-

versy].— Washington Gazette, July 8, 1877.

203. Letters on Ornitholog}*. No. 15. — Curious Crows [Picicorvns columbiaiius,

Gymnocitta cyanocephala] . — Chicago Field, July 14, 1877, figg.

204. Letters on Ornithology. No. 16. — The English Sparrow [Passer domes-

ticus]. — Chicago Field, July 21, 1877.
Many reprints elsewhere.

205.*fOur Birds of Prey ; or, the Eagles, Hawks, and Owls of Canada. — The
Nation, — 1877, p. 341.

Review of H. G. Vennor's work.

206. Letters on Ornitholog}'. No. 16 [bis]. — The American Warblers. — Fam-
ily Sylvicolidae. — Chicago Field, Dec. 15, 1877, fig.

1878.

«

207. Department of the Interior | United States Geological Survey of the Terri-

tories | F. V. Hayclen, U. S. Geologist-in-Charge | - - | Miscellaneous
Publications — No. 11 | - - | Birds of the Colorado Valley j A Repository
of | Scientific and Popular Information | concerning | North American Or-
nithology | By | Elliott Coues | — | ^H).tf, ft&s %f).idmv xalag wQag ayovaa \
— | Part First | Passeres to Laniidse | Bibliographical Appendix | Seventy
Illustrations | — | Washington | Government Printing Office | 1878 8vo.
pp. i-xvi, 1-807, figg. 70.

208. List of Faunal Publications relating to North American Ornithology. —

Birds Colorado Valley, Part I, 1878, Appendix, pp. 567-784 or [1] —
[218].

This constitutes the First Instalment of Ornithological Bibliography ; for 2d, 3d, and
4th, see 1879 and 1880.

160 APPENDIX.

i

209. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C., and Vicinity. (No. 4.)

By Drs. Elliott Coues and H. C. Yarrow. — Proc. Acad. Nat. /Sci. Phila.,
1878, pp. 21-28.

Supplementary to No. 1, Vertebrates, 1871. Birds, pp. 22-24. (No. 3, Fishes, is by
Dr. Yarrow.)

210. Note on Passerculus bairdi and P. princeps. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii.

No. 1, January, 1878, pp. 1-3, pi. col'cl.

21 1. The Northern Phalarope [Lobipes hyperboreus] in North Carolina. — Bull.

Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 1, January, 1878, pp. 40, 41.

212. The Willow Grouse [Lagopus albus] in New York. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, iii, No. 1, January, 1878, p. 41.

213. Pipilo erythrophthalnius with spotted Scapulars. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

iii, No. 1, January, 1878, pp. 41-42.

214. Melanism in Turdus migratoi'ius. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan-

uary, 1878, pp. 47, 48.

215. The Sparrow [Passer domesticus] Pest. - - The Country, Jan. 19, 1878.

216. Letters on Ornithology. No. 17. — The Aquatic Wood-Wagtail, or New

York Water Thrush. (Siurus nrevius.) — Chicago Field, Feb. 2, 1878.

217. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, from Obser-

vations made during the season of 1877. By George B. Sennett. Edited,
with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. — Bull. U. /S. Geol. and
Geogr. Surv. Terr., iv, No. 1, Feb. 5, 1878, pp. 1-66.
Also separate, new cover-title, same pagination.

218. Peculiar Feathers of Young Ruddy Duck [Erismatura rubida]. — Amer.

Nat. xii, No. 2, February, 1878, pp. 123, 124, fig.

219. Justice to the English Sparrows [Passer domesticus]. - - The Country, Feb.

16, 1878.

220. fA Book on Bird- Architecture. - - The Country, March 16, 1878.

Ernest Ingersoll's proposed treatise.

221. On the Moult of the Bill and Palpebral Ornaments in Fratercula arctica. —

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 87-91.

222. Habits of the Kingfisher [Ceryle alcyon] . — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,

No. 2, April, 1878, p. 92.

223. Nesting of Vireo olivaceus. — Bull Nutt. Orn, Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878,

p. 95.

224. Nest and Eggs of Selasphorus platycercus. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,

No. 2, April, 1878, p. 95.

225. Meaning of the word " Anhinga." — Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, iii, No. 2, April,

1878, p. 101.

APPENDIX. 161

226. Letters on Ornithology. No. 18. — The Yellow-breasted Chat. — Chicago

Field, June 29, 1878.

227. The Eave, Cliff, or Crescent Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). — Bull.

Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 105-112.

228. fMr. H. Saunders on the Sterninae. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 3,

July, 1878, pp. 140-144.

Review of the paper in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Land , 1876, p. 638.

229. Swallow-tailed Kite [Elanoides forficatus] in Dakota in Winter. — Bull.

Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, p. 147.

230. New Birds [five species] for the United States Fauna. — The Country,

July, 13, 1878, p. 184.

231. Field-Notes on Birds observed in Dakota and Montana along the Forty-ninth

Parallel during the Seasons of 1873 and 1874. — Bull. V. S. Geol. and
Geogr. Surv. Terr., iv, No. 3, July 29, 1878, pp. 545-662.
Also separate, new cover-title, same pagination, 8vo, Washington, 1878.

232. The Ineligibility of the European House Sparrow [Passer doraesticus] in

America. — Amer. Nat., xii, No. 8, August, 1878, pp. 499-505.

Reprinted, Chicago Field, Aug. 31, 1878 ; reprinted, The Country, Aug. 3, 1878 ; and
elsewhere.

233. A Hint to Egg-Collectors. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No. 4, October,

1878, p. 191, cut.

234. Nest and Eggs of Helminthophaga pinus. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, No.

4, October, 1878, p. 194.

235. f Wilson's and Bonaparte's American Ornithology. — The Nation, Nov. 7,

1878.

Review of the Porter and Coates' edition of 1878.

1879.

236. fJones and Shulze's Illustrations of the Nest and Eggs of the Birds of Ohio.

— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No. 1, January, 1879, p. 52.

237. [Note on Dendroeca chrysoparia] . — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No. 1, Jan-

uary, 1879, p. 60.

238. Nests and Eggs of the Clay-colored Bunting [Spizella pallida] . — The Oolo-

yist, iv, No. 7, February, 1879, p. 50.

239. Coues on the Nest and Eggs of the Water Thrush [Siurus neevius].-- The

Oologist, iv, No. 8, March, 1879, p. 57.

240. The Sparrow [Passer dornesticus] Nuisance. — The Washington World,

March 17, 1879.

162 APPENDIX.

241 . History of the Evening Grosbeak [Hesperophona vespertina]. — Bull. Nutt.

Orn. Club, iv, No. 2, April, 1879, pp. 65-75.

242. fLangdon's Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. — Butt. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,

No. 2, April, 1879, pp. 112, 113.

243. Note on Dendroeca townsendi. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No. 2, April,

1879, p. 117.

244. Note on Bucephala islandica. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No. 2, April,

1879, pp. 126, 127.

245. Letters on Ornithology. No. 19. — The Curlews [Numenius] of North

America. — The Chicago Field, April, 26, 1879.

246. Letters on Ornithology. No. 20. — The American Bittern [Botaurus mugi-

tans]. — Chicago Field, May 10, 1879.

247. Letters on Ornithology. No. 21. — History of the Red-breasted, or Cinna-

mon Teal [Querquedula c}Tanoptera] . — Chicago Field, May 17, 1879.

248. Letters on Ornithology. No. 22. — The Snow Goose, or White Brant

[Chen hyperboreus] . — Chicago Field, May 24, 1879.

249. Private Letters of Wilson, Ord and Bonaparte. — Penn Monthly, June,

1879, pp. 443-455.

250. Letters on Ornithology. No. 23. — The American Coot [Fulica americana].

— Chicago Field, June 9, 1879.

251. Letters on Ornithology. No. 24. — The Wood Ibis [Tantalus loculator]. —

Chicago Field, June 14, 1879.

252. Letters on Ornithology. No. 25. —The Solitary Tattler; Wood Tattler

[Rhyacophilus solitarius]. — Chicago Field, June 21, 1879.

253. Letters on Ornithology. No. 26. — Semipalmated Tattler, Willet, Stone

Snipe [Symphemia semipalmata]. — Chicago Field, June 28, 1879.

254. To prevent Grease from injuring the Plumage of Birds. — Amer. Nat., xiii,

No. 7, July, 1879, p. 456.

255. [On the Use of Trinomials in Zoological Nomenclature]. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, iv, No. 3, July, 1879, p. 171.

256. Le Conte's Thrasher (Harporhynchus lecontii). — The Oologist, iv, No. 12,

July, 1879, pp. 99-100.

257. Letters on Ornithology. No. 27. — Bartramian Sandpiper or Tattler; Up-

land Plover [Bartramia longicauda]. — Chicago Field, July 5, 1879.

258. Letters on Ornithology. No. 28. — The Buff-breasted Sandpiper [Tryngites

rufescens]. — Chicago Field, July 12, 1879.

APPENDIX. lt>3

259. Letters on Ornithology. No. 29. — Great Marbled Godwit [Limosa foeda] .

- Chicago Field, July 19, 1879.

260. Letters on Ornithology. No. 30. --The Great White Egret [Herodias

egretta]. -- Chicago Field, July 26, 1879.

261. flngersoll's Nests and Eggs of American Birds. — Amer. Nat., xiii, No. 8,

Aug. 1879, pp. 515, 516.

262. t Texan Ornithology. --Amer. Nat., xiii, No. 8, August, 1879, pp. 516-519.

263. Nesting of the Great Blue Heron [Ardea herodias] in the West. — Chicago

Field, Aug. 2, 1879.

264. On the Present Status of Passer domesticus in America, with Special Refer-

ence to the Western States and Territories. — Bull. U. S. Geol. and
Geogr. Surv. Terr., v, No. 2, Sept. 6, 1879, pp. 175-193.
Including the bibliography of the subject. Also Bep. pamphlet.

265. Second Instalment of American Ornithological Bibliography. — Bull. IT. S.

Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., v, No. 2, Sept. 6, 1879, pp. 239-330.

The First Instalment forms the Appendix of " Birds of the Colorado Valley," Part I,
1878. — Also sep. pamphlet, new cover-title, same pagination.

266. Note on the Black-capped Greenlet, Vireo atricapillus of Woodhouse. —

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No. 4, October, 1879, pp. 193, 194, pi. I
(colored).

267. Southward Range of Centrophanes lapponica. — Butt. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,

No. 4, October, 1879, p. 238.

268. Obituary. [Miss Genevieve E. Jones.] — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No.

4, October, 1879, p. 228.

269. A Correction [respecting Buteo borealis] . — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,

No. 4, October, 1879, p. 242.

270. Note on Alle nigricans, Link. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, No. 4, October,

1879, p. 244.

271. Destructiveness of English Sparrows [Passer domesticus]. — Amer. Nat.,

xiii, No. 11, November, 1879, p. 706.

272. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, from

Observations made during the Spring of 1878. By George B. Sennett.
Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. — Bull. U. S.
Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., v, No. 3, Nov. 30, 1879, pp. 371-440.
Also separate, new cover-title, same pagination.

1880.

273. The Origin of the Turkej" [Meleagris gallipavo]. — Forest and Stream, xiii,

No. 22, Jan. 1, 1880, p. 947.

164 APPENDIX.

274. Sketch of North American Ornithology in 1879. — Amer. Nat., xiv, No. 1,

January, 1880, pp. 20-25.

275. On the Nesting in Missouri of Empidonax acaclicus and Empidonax trailli.

— Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 1, January, 1880, pp. 20-25.

276. jlngersoll's Nests and Eggs of American Birds. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

v, No. 1, January, 1880, pp. 38, 39.

277. |The Misses Jones and Shulze's Nests and Eggs of Ohio Birds. — Bull. Nutt.

Orn. Club, v, No. 1, January, 1880, pp. 39, 40.

278. Description of the Female Dendroeca kirtlandi. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

v, No. 1, January, 1880, pp. 49, 50.

279. Note on Limosa hsemastica. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 1, January,

1880, pp. 59, 60.

280. Capture of Phaethon flavirostris in Western New York. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, v, No. 1, Januaiy, 1880, p. 63.

281. Depredations of the European Sparrow [Passer domesticus]. — Amer. Nat.,

xiv, No. 2, February, 1880, p. 130.

282. Advent of Passer domesticus in North Carolina. — Amer. Nat., xiv, No. 3,

March, 1880, p. 213.

283. Notes and Queries concerning the Nomenclature of North American Birds.

- Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, \, No. 2, April, 1880, pp. 95-102.

284. Further Light on the Moult of the Bill in certain Mormonidse. — Bull. Nutt.

Orn. Club, v, No. 2, April, 1880, pp. 127-128.

285. Fourth Instalment of Ornithological Bibliography : being a List of Faunal

Publications relating to British Birds. — Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ii,
May 31, 1880, pp. 359-482.

This Instalment antedates the Third, below. Also separate, with new cover-title.

286. [Letters on Passer domesticus in America and Australia.] — Forest and

Stream, April 15, 1880, p. 204.

287. Shufeldt's Memoir on the Osteology of Speotyto cunicularia hypogoea. —

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 3, July, 1880, pp. 129, 130, pll. I-III.

288. fGentry's Nests and Eggs of the Birds of Pennsylvania. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, v, No. 3, July, 1880, p. 179.

289. fOber's Camps in the Caribees. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 3, July,

1880, p. 179.

290. Nest and Eggs of Catherpes rnexicanus conspersus. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, v, No. 3, July, 1880, pp. 181, 182.

291. Number of Eggs of Ardea herodias. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 3,

July, 1880, p. 187.

APPENDIX. 165

292. Note on Grus fraterculus of Cassin. — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 3,

July, 1880, p. 188.

293. Third Instalment of American Ornithological Bibliography. — Bull. U. S.

Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., vi, No. 4, Sept. 30, 1880, pp. 521-1066.

Not published till after the 4th, above. Not separate, occupying the whole No. of

the Butt.

294. "Behind the Veil." — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 4, October, 1880,

pp. 193-204.

Gossip over letters and other relics of Wilson and Audubon.

295. fMarsh's Palaeornithology. — Butt. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, No. 4, October,

1880, pp. 234-236.

Review of 0. C. Marsh's " Odontornithes."

296. Rural Bird Life | being | Essays on Ornithology | with instructions for pre-

serving objects | relating to that science | by | Charles Dixon | with forty-
five illustrations ; and a preface | B}r Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. . . .
Boston | Estes and Lauriat | 299 to 305 Washington Street. | [1880.] 1
vol. sm. 8vo. Title and pp. i-xvi, 1-374, 45 illust.
American Editor's preface, pp. iii-viii.

1881.

297. A curious Colaptes [auratus x mexicanus] . — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi,

No. 3, July, 1881, p. 183.

298. A Correction [Trogonidoe] . — Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, No. 3, July,

1881, p. 188.

299. Probable Occurrence of Sarcorhamphus papa in Arizona. — Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, vi, No. 4, October, 1881, p. 248.

300. New England Bird Life | being a | Manual | of | New England Ornithology

| revised and edited from the Manuscript of | Winfrid A. Stearns |
Member of the Nuttall Ornithological Club etc. | By | Dr. Elliott Coues
U. S. A. | Member of the Academy etc. | Part I. — Oscines | Boston |
Lee and Shepard Publishers | New York Charles T. Dillingham | 1881
1 vol. 8vo. Title and pp. 1-324, figg. 1-56.

University Press : John Wilson & Son, Cambridge, Mass.

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included in other works. By E. J. Lowe. Illus-
trated with 72 colored plates" and numerous wood-
cuts. 8vo. Cloth. London. 1871.

Reduced from $10.00 to $6.00.

So many new ones have been introduced, that it has been
deemed necessary to publish a separate volume. This work
will be found to contain colored plates or woodcut illustra-
tions of one hundred and fifty -one new species.

BRITISH MOSSES. Their Homes, Aspects,
Structure, and Uses. Containing a Colored Fig-
ure of each species, etched from Nature. By
F. E. Tripp. Illustrated with beautifully colored
plates. 2 vols. Eoyal 8vo. Cloth. London, 1874.
Reduced from $25.00 to $13.00.

It is a book to read, to ponder, to mark, learn, and in-
wardly digest. . . . Let those who want to know the " moral "
of mosses inquire within the covers of the volume. He will
there find that these humble plants have their uses, their
Tirtues, and their mission.

NATURAL HISTORY (Museum of): being
a Popular Account of the Structure, Habits, and
Classification of the various departments of the
Animal Kingdom. By Sir John Richardson and
others. With a History of the American Fauna,
by Joseph B. Holder, M.D., Fellow of the New
York Academy of Sciences. Illustrated with hun-
dreds of steel engravings, also many finely col-
ored plates, and numerous woodcuts. 4to. Cloth,
gilt, extra. New York, 1880.

Reduced from $24.00 to $10.50.

commend these handsome volumes very heartily to all in-
terested in natural history.

STRUTT'S SYLVA BRITANNICA
AND SCOTICA; or, portraits of Forest
Trees distinguished for their antiquity, magni-
tude, or beauty. Drawn from Nature, and etched
by Jacob George Strutt. Imperial folio. Com-
prising 50 very large and highly finished etchings.
Half bound morocco, extra, gilt edges. London,
1826. Reduced from $45.00 to $18.00.

Some of the etchings resemble the paintings by Waterloo

very strikingly ; but the whole are various, beautiful, and

interesting.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (History
of). Accurately delineating every known Sper
cies, with the English as well as the Scientific
Names, accompanied by full Descriptions, Date
of Appearance, Lists of "the Localities they haunt,
their Pood in the Caterpillar State, and other
Features of their Habits and Modes of Existence,
&c. By Rev. F. 0. Morris, B.A. The plates
contain nearly 2,000 exquisitely colored speci-
mens. In 4 vols. Royal 8vo. Cloth. London.
Reduced from $60.00 to $32.00.
Speaking of entomology, we should place Mr. Morris's
" History of British Moths " at the head. It gives a colored
figure of every known British moth, together with dates of
appearance, localities, description, and food of caterpillar. It
forms a handsome work for a library, and will, we should
hope, lead many to commence the fascinating study of ento-
mology.

OUR NATIVE FERNS; or, a History of
the British Species and their Varieties. By E.
J. Lowe. With 79 colored and 909 wood engrav-
ings. 2 vols. 8vo. Cloth. London, 1874.

Reduced from $20.00 to $12.00.

The importance and value of this work may be inferred
from the fact that it contains descriptions of 1,294 varieties
of British ferns, with 79 colored plates of species and vari-
eties, and 909 wood engravings, containing much interesting
information. The localities are described, each synonyme
given, and a description of the proper method of cultivation.
There are 184 varieties figured.

BRITISH SEA-WEEDS. Drawn from Pro-
fessor Harvey's "Phyeologia Bvitannica." With
Descriptions, and Amateur's Synopsis, Rules for
Laying on Sea-weeds, an Order for Arranging
them in the Herbarium, and an Appendix of
New Species. By Mrs. Alfred Gatty. Illus-
trated with 80 exquisitely colored plates, contain-
ing 384 figures. 2 vols. 8vo. Cloth. London,
1874. Reduced from $24.00 to $13.00.

In her present work she has endeavored, and we think
most successfuly, to translate the terms and phrases of
science into the language of amateurs. Mrs. Gatty's famil-
iarity with the plants themselves has enabled her to do this
office without falling into the errors to which a mere com-
piler in separating from the beaten track would be liable.

HISTORY OF BRITISH BUTTER-
FLIES. By the Rev. F. O. Morris, B.A.
Illustrated with 72 beautifully colored plates.
Royal 8vo. Cloth. London, lt>76.

Reduced from $10.00 to $0.00.

With colored illustrations of all the species, and separate
figures of the male and female, where there is any obvious
difference between them, and also of the under side, together
with the caterpillar and chrysalis, and a full description of
each, with copious accounts of their several habits, localities,
and times of appearance, together with details as to their
preservation, &c., with new and valuable information, — the
result of the author's experience for many years.

ALPINE PLANTS. Descriptions and 200
accurately colored figures (drawn and engraved
expressly for this work) of some of the most
striking and beautiful of the Alpine Flowers.
Edited by David Wooster. 2 vols. Roval 8vo.
Cloth. London. Reduced from $20.00 to $13.00.
The manner in which '' Alpine Plants " is produced is
creditable alike to author ami artist. The literary portion
is not the mere dry botanical description often found in such
works, but a popular description of the plant, — instructions
as to its culture and treatment, — with any interesting infor-
mation in connection with it that can be obtained. . . . We
heartily commend this work to all lovers of flowers.

OWEN (Richard). Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology of Vertebrates. Vol. I. Fishes and
Reptiles. Vol. II. Birds and Mammals. Vol.
III. Mammals. 3 vols. 8vo. Cloth. Illus-
trated with an immense number of beautiful
woodcuts. London, Longmans, 1866-68.

Reduced from $24.00 to $10.50.

This work has long been the highest authority on this
subject, and has received the praise of such men as Tyndall,
Huxley, and others. Humboldt speaks of Owen as the great-
est anatomist of his age, and he is generally called the Cuvier
of England and the "Newton of natural history."

AMERICAN NATURALIST (The). A
popular illustrated Magazine of Natural History.
Edited by A. S. Packard, Jr., E. S. Morse, A.
Hyatt, and F. W. Putnam. Numerous illustra-
tions, man}' full-paged. 10 vols. (Complete
from commencement to 1878.) 8vo. Cloth.
Salem, 1868-77. Reduced from $50.00 to $25.00".
The Naturalist contains departments of Geography and

Travel, Microscopy, and Proceedings of Scientific Societies.

A digest of the contents of foreign scientific journals and

transactions is also given, together with the latest home and

foreign scientific news.

GEOLOGY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. A

report comprising the results of Exploration or-
dered by the Legislature, by C. H. Hitchcock and
J. H. Huntington. Illustrated with nearly 250
illustrations, maps, diagrams (many of which are
full-page). 3 vols. Royal 8vo.' 1,200 pages.
Half morocco. With large and valuable Atlas
completing the work, forming the fourth volume.
Concord, 1874. Reduced from $40.00 to $25.00.
This great work, which is without a doubt the most valu-
able report ever published, contains many articles of interest
to the general reader, as well as the geologist, as many of the
articles were prepared by gentlemen eminent in their spec-
ialties, such as the Natural History and Botany, and a His-
tory of the Explorations among the White Mountains, &c.

NATURALIST'S LIBRARY, JAR-
DIN E'S. By Sir William Jarcline. 42 vols.
Foolscap. 8vo. 1,200 colored plates. With
numerous Portraits and Memoirs of Eminent
Naturalists. Extra cloth, top edges, gilt. (Sold
only in sets.) London, 1865.

Reduced from $84.00 to $36.00.
Contents : British Birds ; Sun Birds ; Humming Birds ;
Game Birds ; Pigeons ; Parrots ; Flycatchers ; Peacocks ;
Lions ; Tigers ; British Quadrupeds ; Dogs, 2 vols ; Rumi-
nating Animals, vol. 1 (Deer, Antelopes, &c.)| Ruminating
Animals, vol. 2 (Goats, Sheep) ; Seals; Whales, &c. ; Mon-
keys ; British Butterflies ; British Moths, &c. ; Foreign
Butterflies ; Foreign Moths ; Beetles ; Bees ; Introduction,
and Foreign Fishes ; British Fishes, 2 vols. ; Perch, &c ;
Fishes of Guiana, 2 vols.

Sir William Jardine's coadjutors in this admirable series
were Swainson, Selby, Macgillivray, Waterhouse, Duncan,
Hamilton, Smith, and others.

This book is, perhaps, the most interesting, the most
beautiful, and the cheapest series ever offered to the public.

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