:>.<«■:

CHECK -LIST

OF

North American Birds

PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE

OF THE

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION

FOURTH EDITION

Constituting the "Systema Avium" for North America
North of Mexico

Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science

PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION

LANCASTER, PA.

1931

LANCASTER PRESS, INC.
LANCASTER, PA.

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

THREE editions of the Check-List of North American Birds
have been published, in 1886, 1895 and 1910, respectively.
The Committee that prepared the first edition consisted of Elliott
Coues (Chairman), J. A. Allen, William Brewster, Henry W.
Henshaw, and Robert Ridgway; the same committee with the
substitution of C. Hart Merriam for H. W. Henshaw was respon-
sible for the second edition, while the third was the work of J. A.
Allen (Chairman), William Brewster, Jonathan D wight, C.
Hart Merriam, Charles W. Richmond, Robert Ridgway, and
Witmer Stone. In 1912 Harry C. Oberholser and T. S. Palmer
were added to the Committee.

Eighteen Supplements to the Check-List were published from
time to time, three of them subsequent to the appearance of the
third edition and eight between the publication of the second and
third. The personnel of the Committees that prepared the Sup-
plements and that served prior to 1919 varied considerably and
included at different times, in addition to those mentioned above,
Charles F. Batchelder, Frank M. Chapman, Charles B. Cory, D.
G. Elliot, Walter Faxon, Joseph Grinnell, E. W. Nelson, and John
H. Sage, most of them serving but a year or two. P>om 1913 to
1919 the Committee was inactive, and in the latter year it was
reduced in number from twelve to five consisting of Drs. Stone
(Chairman), Dwight, Oberholser, Palmer and Richmond.

Those whose terms of service on the Committee covered the
greatest number of years are: Dr. Allen, and Messrs. Brewster
and Ridgway, 36 years; Drs. Richmond and Stone, 30 years;
Drs. Dwight and Merriam, 28 years; Drs. Oberholser and Palmer,
19 years, and Dr. Coues, 16 years.

In addition to the Supplements a number of lists of proposed
changes in the Check-List have been pubhshed, one by Dr.
Chapman, one by Dr. Stone and eight by Dr. Oberholser, the
latter being of the greatest service in the preparation of the pres-
ent edition of the Check-List. These lists were unfortunately
misunderstood by some who have regarded them as representing
actions by the Committee, whereas they were merely lists of

IV PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

changes proposed by various authors intended for the use of the
Committee and others interested in nomenclature.

At the Pittsburgh meeting of the Union, in November, 1924,
the preparation of a fourth edition of the Check- List was author-
ized to be undertaken at once and Witmer Stone was appointed
chairman to carry out the work with power to appoint a Com-
mittee and subdivide the duties. He chose: Jonathan Dwight,
Joseph Grinnell, Waldron deWitt Miller, Harry C. Oberholser, T.
S. Palmer, Charles W. Richmond, and Alexander Wetmore as his
associates. Two Subcommittees were also appointed, one, con-
sisting of Dr. Wetmore and Mr. Miller, being authorized to draw
up a new scheme of classification down to and including genera
and subgenera for use in the new edition. This classification down
to families and subfamilies, was published in ' The Auk ' for July
1926, pp. 337-346. The other Subcommittee including Drs.
Richmond, Oberholser, and Palmer considered such purely nom-
enclatural questions as had not been decided by previous Com-
mittees and presented their findings to the chairman.

Before its work was completed the Committee suffered severely
by the deaths of Dr. Dwight and Mr. Miller, though fortunately
not before Mr. Miller had finished his work on the classification
and Dr. Dwight had given his advice and views on the general
problems confronting the Committee. To fill the vacancies thus
created James L. Peters and John T. Zimmer were appointed,
both of whom had already rendered valuable service to the
Committee in various ways, although their official connection
with the Check-List covers little more than its final preparation
for the press. Mr. Zimmer's wide knowledge of proof-reading
and punctuation has been of the greatest assistance, while Mr.
Peters's data collected in conjunction with his forthcoming more
comprehensive 'Check-List of the Birds of the World' has been
generously placed at the service of the Committee.

At the outset it was agreed that all nomenclatural decisions of
the Committee that functioned after the appearance of the third
edition be adopted unless brought before the present Committee
for reconsideration; and that all decisions on ornithological cases
relating to species and subspecies published in the Sixteenth,
Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Supplements be also adopted with
the same proviso.

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. V

As soon as the new classification was available the chairman
drew up a systematic list of all proposed changes in nomenclature
and additions and subtractions of species or subspecies that had
not been covered by the Supplements, as well as cases brought up
for reconsideration, and with this as a basis prepared fourteen
"questionnaires" which were typed under the direction of Dr.
Wetmore and distributed in sequence to the members for study
and vote. It was impracticable to bring the Committee together
for frequent meetings and this correspondence method gave the
members more time for careful consideration and discussion of the
problems presented. Upwards of five hundred cases were pre-
sented and voted on in this way. In the few instances where the
Committee was so nearly divided that there was either a tie vote
or a majority of one, no change was made nor a proposed new
form accepted, since it was felt that where such difference of
opinion existed the only hope for stability was in adherence to
current usage.

While the questionnaires were being circulated the chairman
revised the ranges of the various species and subspecies to the
best of his ability, in the light of information published since the
appearance of the third edition, and also checked up references
and type localities, amplifying both as explained below. In the
latter work he is under deep obligations to Dr. Richmond whose
vast knowledge of the subject rendered possible the verification
of many references otherwise unobtainable. With the votes of
the Committee incorporated in the revision thus prepared, the
chairman drew up the text of the new Check-List using cut-up
copies of the third edition as a basis with all new material typed
and properly inserted. This manuscript was then submitted to
Drs. Grinnell, Richmond, and Wetmore for further revision of the
ranges and other suggestions, after which, through the kind coop-
eration of Mr. Paul G. Redington, Chief of the Bureau of Biolog-
ical Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, it was submitted to
Dr. Oberholser who incorporated such additional information
as was contained in the extensive records of the Survey. The
chairman also examined the "general notes" in the last ten years
of 'The Auk,' 'The Condor' and 'The Wilson Bulletin' for pub-
lications of accidental or other occurrences that might have es-
caped the attention of the Committee.

VI PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

The List was then put into galley proof and again submitted
not only to members of the Committee but to a number of other
ornithologists who kindly offered their assistance in correcting
the ranges. Those who read the greater part of the proof were
Outram Bangs, Charles F. Batchelder, Arthur C. Bent, Louis B.
Bishop, Allan Brooks, James H. Fleming, Ludlow Griscom, C. E.
Hellmayr, Arthur H. Howell, W. L. McAtee, James L. Peters
(later a member of the Committee), Harry S. Swarth, P. A.
Taverner, and John T. Zimmer (later a member of the Commit-
tee). Others who furnished information on certain parts or on
certain species were Glover M. Allen, R; M. Anderson, James P.
Chapin, Frank M. Chapman, J. Eugene Law, Harrison F. Lewis,
John T. Nichols, Robert C. Murphy, George M. Sutton, A. J.
van Rossem, and George Willett. Revised sets of the galley
proof were examined by some of the Committee and page proof
by Dr. Richmond, Dr. Oberholser, Mr. Zimmer, and the chairman.

The following explanations will make clear the plan of the
present edition of the Check-List.

Scope of the Check-List. After careful consideration the Com-
mittee decided to make no change in the area covered by the
Check-List. While it has been suggested that Greenland be omit-
ted as not being a part of North America and distinctly Old World
in its faunal relationship it was felt that nothing would be gained
by such action. Greenland would in any case be mentioned in
stating the range of a North American species which has oc-
curred there, even casually, while most of the Old World species
that have strayed to Greenland have also reached some point on
the North American continent, so that very few species would
be eliminated from the Check-List by such a change in limits.

It was also considered impracticable to extend the scope of the
List to Panama as suggested in the plans for the proposed
" Systema Avium " but the present publication may be regarded
as the " Systema Avium " for North America north of Mexico.

So far as time limits are concerned the effort has been made
to include all species, subspecies or changes in nomenclature pro-
posed up to the close of 1930, but we are aware that some have
been omitted entirely, while others have been referred to in foot
notes when it was not possible to take action upon them. On
the other hand a few cases taken up by the Committee de novo
have meanwhile been published during the early part of 193L

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. VII

Nomenclature. The International Code of Nomenclature
which corresponds closely with the A. 0, U. Code has been
adopted as a basis for the nomenclature of the Check-List but
where the latter Code is more explicit and carries its rulings to
further detail it has been followed. Cases not explicitly covered
by the Codes have been decided by a majority vote of the Com-
mittee without attempting to formulate definite rules.

Accidental and Introduced Species. Species known to breed or
occur regularly anywhere within the area covered by the Check-
List are included without comment but those of only casual or
accidental occurrence are marked with a star. In former editions
they were enclosed in brackets but the present method seems to
distinguish them more definitely. Species introduced by man
into North America are marked with a double star. Convenience
seemed to be best served by including all such species in the reg-
ular List rather than arranging them in separate categories.

Foot Notes. Much explanatory matter is presented in foot
notes with the idea of amplifying the text. Such matter consists
of mention of the more important additional races or suggested
changes of names which have not been accepted or adopted by
the Committee so that those who may not agree with the decisions
of the Committee may have this information before them. It
would be understood however that this information is by no
means complete.

In the case of species which are included in the Check-List
wholly on the ground of accidental or casual occurrence the dates
of occurrence are given so far as possible with footnote references
to the place of publication of the records upon which their inclu-
sion is based.

Technical Names. After careful consideration the Committee
decided to abandon the specific "group names," introduced in the
third edition, at the head of each series of subspecies, for example
Melospiza 7nelodia at the head of the Song Sparrows, as it seems
to have occasioned more confusion than benefit. It is obvious
from the inclusion of the name melodia in the middle of each
trinomial that all of them are regarded as subspecies of that one
species and the additional binomial heading seems superfluous.
If anyone wishes to refer to a Song Sparrow without identifying
it supspecifically he may use the term ^^ Melospiza melodia subsp."

Vlll PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

or if he would speak of the whole group as a unit he may use
'^ Melospiza melodia, The Song Sparrow," just as before.

The names in heavy-faced type, therefore, represent the kinds
of birds recognized in the Check-List regardless of whether they
are species or subspecies, that distinction being indicated by the
form of the name, binomial or trinomial as the case may be. As
a matter of fact while intergradation is supposed to be our cri-
terion for the separation of a species from a subspecies, in many
cases we do not have specimens showing actual intergradation
so that we only infer that it exists. Also there is sometimes
difference of opinion as to whether certain forms show intergrada-
tion or not, as in the case of the White-crowned Sparrows where
opinion is about equally divided as to whether we have three
distinct species leucophrys, gambeli, and mdtalli or three sub-
species of leucophrys. In other words we encounter all possible
degrees of difference and degrees of intergradation in the various
groups of birds, and to try to further emphasize a fundamental
difference between a species and a subspecies that often does
not exist seems misleading.

Vernacular Names. It was agreed at the outset of the work
that the chairman in preparing the text of the new edition should
adhere as closely as possible to the English names used in the
first edition on the grounds that they have proved more stable
than the technical names and in the fifty years or more that they
have been in use have built up about them a vast bibhography.
At the same time however it was recognized that a quahfying
adjective should be added to some names to bring them into
proper contrast to others; as for instance "Robin" and " Western
Robin," the former of which should obviously be "Eastern
Robin." Although both in their respective habitats will be
referred to in every day parlance as "Robin" the eastern form
has no exclusive right to this name. Sometimes "Northern"
or "Southern" have been used in correcting this omission or
"American" in contrast to a foreign form that may be included
in our List, and where no other term was available "Common"
has been employed as in the case of the Tern, Canada Goose and
Black Duck, but this word is to be construed as indicating the
best known form, not necessarily the most abundant. In some
cases an adjustment of vernacular names is by no means easy, as

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. IX

in the case of the "Small White-eyed Vireo" which enters our
territory in the Rio Grande Valley. If this name is adopted
some distinguishing term must be added to the wide-ranging
"White-eyed Vireo" which has stood as it is in all of our ornitho-
logical literature. It seems far more logical to alter the name of
the little known form of the Rio Grande to "Rio Grande Vireo"
and leave the name "White-eyed" as the exclusive property of
the bird that has always borne it, especially as other races of this
species have been named "Key West Vireo" and "Bermuda
Vireo," without bringing in the term "White-eyed" at all.
There are a few other similar cases.

It has been urged by some that since as we have trinomial
technical names with a uniform specific name running through
all, as ^^melodia" in the Song Sparrows, so we should have a
uniform name of some sort running through the vernacular names
of all the races of a species, as for instance "Common White-
eyed Vireo, Key West White-eyed Vireo, Bermuda White-eyed
Vireo, and Small White-eyed Vireo." The objections to this
scheme are the length of the names, the difficulty of their being
used in speech, on labels, or in literature, and the fact that they
would be subject to change every time we altered our views as to
the specific or subspecific rank of the bird concerned. At the
same time where names formed in this way have been adopted
in former editions of the Check-List they have not been changed.
The object throughout has been to maintain so far as possible
the stability of the English names.

References. In amplifying the references to place of publica-
tion the attempt has been made to supply more definite dates in
cases where previously only the year has been quoted, and to call
attention to the subdivision of a work published in instalments by
indicating the part, number, livraison, heft, signature, and so on
to which the date applies. This necessitates the placing of the
date in different positions in different references: i.e., after the
title or volume, if the whole work appeared in a single issue;
after the part or number to which it refers, if the publication
appeared in parts; or, in certain cases where the papers in a
journal appeared separately without any number by which to
identify them, after the page reference.

Furthermore while the ostensible date is always quoted, it has

X PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

frequently been determined that this is wrong or refers merely to
the date on which a paper was presented before a society, and
not to the date of publication. In such cases the actual date as
nearly as it has been possible to determine it has been added in
brackets, for example, the reference for Melospiza melodia fallax
appears in the third edition, as Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., VII, 1854, 119, but in the present edition, Baird, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 3, May-June, 1854 [July 3], 119.
This shows that the "Proceedings" appeared in numbers and
that No. 3, containing this reference, covered the proceedings for
May and June, 1854, but was not published until July 3. The
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington and of the
New England Zoological Club are not issued in either parts or
numbers but each paper appears separately with its date of pub-
lication. In the former however the papers are numbered con-
secutively so that it is possible to quote this number, with the
date following; in the latter no such numbers appear and as there
is no way to refer to a paper as a unit the date must follow the
page reference.

The question of priority between two names may depend upon
their actual dates of publication and it is important that these be
available in such a work as the Check-List.

In certain cases a new name may be mentioned on several
pages of a work, as in the contents, in a key to the species and in a
formal description, and for purposes of priority it may be desir-
able to quote it from the earhest page possible. In such instances
the several pages are all cited; sometimes too the name may be
published on one page and the type locality on another so that
both are given. Where a plate has been published in connection
with a new species it is also quoted even though the name may not
appear upon it, and in cases where the name dates from a plate,
as in Audubon's folio edition of the "Birds of America," the
reference to his "Ornithological Biography" is also given as there
only do we find the type locality.

Original Sources of Names. An innovation in the present
edition of the Check-List is the indication of the original basis of
names proposed by Linnaeus, Gmelin and a few other early
writers, who based their species on the plates or descriptions of
still earlier non-binomial authors and were not personally ac-

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. XI

quainted with the birds they named. Thus the source of Icteria
virens (Linnaeus) is shown to be ''The yellow bre'sted Chat,
Oenanthe americana, pectore luieo of Catesby, History of Carolina,"
thus indicating the origin of the common name by which the bird
is still known. So too the "Black-throated Green Warbler" of
Edwards' " Gleanings of Natural History " shows us the origin of
the vernacular name of Dendroica virens (Gmelin), and is the basis
for the species, while Catesby's Turdns pilaris migratorius shows
where Linnaeus got his specific name migratorius for the Robin.

Type Localities. Instead of using quotation marks when a
type locality is given verbatim, as is often done, we have at-
tempted to quote all type localities verbatim even to beginning
the quotation with a lower case letter when taken from the middle
of a sentence, and have added a restricted type locality, following
some previous revisor where such has been found. The definite
restriction of a broad type locality is very necessary since when
an old species is subdivided into races we must be sure that we
have relegated the old name to the proper race. Many a blunder
has been made in such cases and the original form inadvertently
renamed. Sometimes where no type specimen has been men-
tioned in an original description one is later found labeled by the
author or perhaps subsequently selected; in such cases great care
should be taken to be sure that it corresponds with the published
locality, unless it can be proved that the latter is erroneous,
which occasionally happens.

In the case of species based upon Catesby's "History of Caro-
lina" where the type locality may be simply "Carolina" it is
claimed that we have no right to restrict the type locality at this
late day in such a way as to overthrow the names of the first
revisor of the species in question. Coues, for instance, named
the Florida Blue Jay jlorincola, restricting the name cristata,
based on Catesby, to the northern race. Later it has been
argued that because Catesby spent most of his time in the
vicinity of Charleston this should be accepted as the type lo-
cality for all of his "Carolina" species, and as the Blue Jay from
Charleston is the Florida form the name cristata must be used for
it and the northern bird be renamed. As however we have no
means of proving that Catesby's bird was not a northern migrant
or perhaps from Virginia, since none of his specimens are extant,

xii PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

it does not seem logical to overthrow Dr. Coues's work by arbi-
trarily fixing a type locality for Catesby. (Cf. Stone, Auk, 1929,
451.)

Spelling. Original spelling has been followed in all cases
except as follows:

(1) Specific names, obviously adjectives, have been made to
agree in termination with the gender of their genus — us, a,
um — and where the gender is in doubt we have followed the usage
of the original author if he has given any indication. Where there
is reason to think that the specific name is a substantive, from the
point of view of the original describer, it is so regarded — i.e.
erythrogaster is not changed to erythrogastra or erythrogastris, and
where there is decided difference of opinion no change from cur-
rent usage has been made.

(2) Proper names in the genitive are all spelled with a single
"i" added to the name, thus avoiding the constant doubt as
to whether a given name originally terminated in "i" or "ii."
This follows the plan adopted in the third edition. In a few
cases the terminal "ii" appears, but these are not exceptions
since in all of them the personal name in the nominative ends in
"i,"' i.e. Botteri, Craveri, Mauri, Turati.

In the case of Asyndesmus lewis the specific name is regarded as
a substantive in the nominative exactly comparable to Calypte
anna and Meleagris gallopavo osceola.

(3) Diphthongs are written as separate letters except in the
original reference. In all cases involving the identity or differ-
ence of two names of slightly different spelling the A. 0. U. Code
is followed as far as it goes and in debatable instances current
usage is adopted, until we have some definite rulings on the
matter.

Accents. Mr. Charles F. Batchelder has kindly checked over
all of the accents both of new names and of those in the third
edition, in a few of which he has pointed out obvious errors. In
cases of specific names which are proper names in the genitive
the accent has usually followed that of the proper name unless the
addition of the genitive "i" necessitates a slight change for the
sake of euphony, but in generic names based on proper names
often with supplementary syllables, euphony has demanded
accent according to classical usage. In the case of diphthongs
the accent is placed over the second vowel even if it be iv or y.

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. Xlll

Statement of Range. In the case of resident species the range is
contained in one sentence except for an accidental occurrence
which is added separately, but in the case of migrants three sen-
tences are employed: (1) breeding range, (2) winter range and
migration route, and (3) casual and accidental occurrences. In
the wide-ranging Procellariidae however it was thought best to
state the limits of the range in one sentence and list the breeding
places in another.

Additional Races. Where there are one or more races of a species
in North America and other extrahmital ones the combined range
of the latter is given in brackets, in a separate paragraph, if
several races are listed, or following immediately after the range
if there is but one. This gives the reader the distribution of the
species as a whole if such information is desired or if the separa-
tion into races is not recognized.

Numbers. With the adoption of a new classification the se-
quence of the numbers originally attached to the species and
subspecies has been completely upset but it was thought ex-
tremely undesirable to renumber them since the old numbers
have been used in marking eggs for the past forty-five years and
probably hundreds of thousands of specimens depend upon them
for identification. To institute another series of numbers would
create endless confusion. Therefore the original numbers have
been retained and a concordance or index has been prepared (p.
473) in which they appear in numerical order with reference to
the page of the present ('heck- List upon which the species re-
ferred to will be found. The numbers of species that have been
cancelled or removed are placed in brackets with footnote ex-
planations.

Sequence.- — ^The sequence of genera follows the classification
drawn up by Dr. Wetmore and Mr. Miller with a few minor
changes agreed upon by Dr. Wetmore and the chairman. The
sequence of species and subspecies has been determined by the
chairman and in most cases follows Ridgway's "Birds of North
and Middle America." The subspecies have been arranged as
nearly as possible in accordance with their relationship which is
also usually geographic. In this connection it should be pointed
out that the so-called "typical" subspecies, i.e. the one in
which the specific name is duplicated, viz. Alelospiza melodia

XIV PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

melodia, differs in no way from the others in rank and is "typical '"
of nothing, being simply the first race to be described. It often
stands properly in the middle of a series of races and the only
reason for its appearance so often at the head of the group is that
it was usually the eastern race, the one with which our geographic
series generally begins, that was the first to be named.

Hypothetical List. This list has been the receptacle for various
described species that for one reason or another have been with-
held from the main text. In the present edition it has been
thought best to list all forms that have at any time been referred
to it with an explanation of their subsequent disposition. In
future it would seem advisable to restrict the hst to (1) described
species of which no specimen is extant and which it has been
impossible to identify with any known form; (2) species of which
a specimen is preserved but which appear to be cases of erratic
individual variation; (3) named species which are now regarded
as hybrids or cases of melanism. Curiously enough there are a
number of specimens belonging to the last category upon which
names have been based, which have never been mentioned in the
"Hypothetical List." (4) Well estabhshed species the alleged
occurrence of which within our limits is open to question.

Fossil List. The list of fossil birds in the present edition of the
Check-List is entirely the work of Dr. Alexander Wetmore who
besides bringing the subject up to date has added all recent spe-
cies which have occurred also as fossils, thus adding much to the
value of the List.

Summary of Changes. It has been customary to publish a sup-
plement to the Check-List embodying the changes and additions
made in the preparation of a new edition, but it was thought
better in view of the length of time that has elapsed since the
appearance of the last edition to publish this information as an
appendix to the List itself where it will be easily accessible to those
who use the work and who desire to know why changes have
been made in names or what species or subspecies have been
added to the List. The chairman is responsible for the arrange-
ment and compilation of this Summary, as time did not permit
of its being submitted to the Committee before being put in type.
Every name occurring in the last edition of the Check-List will
be found in the Index to the present edition with a page reference

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.

XV

to the Summary while in the latter heavy faced page numbers
refer back to the main text.

Index. The Index has been prepar^d by the chairman and
has been checked to a great extent by Dr. Palmer whose wide
experience with indexes renders his aid particularly valuable.

The typography of the present edition follows that of the third
with the exception that the dropping of the binomial species
headings has made it possible to abandon the two sizes of type
so that the entire text is printed in eight point.

To all who have so generously aided in the preparation of the
work the chairman, on behalf of the Committee, extends grateful
thanks while he would express his deep appreciation of the cheer-
ful cooperation of his fellow members of the Committee at all
times, which has made his work a pleasure rather than a task.

'Wither Stone, Chairman.

Jonathan Dwight.*

Joseph Grinnell.

Waldron DeWitt Miller.*

Harry C. Oberholser.

T. S. Palmer.

James Lee Peters.

Charles W. Richmond.

Alexander Wetmore.
.John T. Zimmer.

Deceased.

Committee.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PKEFACE TO THE FOUETH EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....
CHECK-LIST

II.

III.

IV

VL

VII.

VIII.

IX.

Gaviiformes

1. Gaviidae (Loons)

COLYMBIFORMES ....

1. Colymbidae (Grebes)
Procellariiformes

1. Dioniedeidae (Albatrosses)

2. Procellariidae (Shearwaters)

3. Hydrobatidae (Storm Petrels)
Pelicaniformes

1. Phaethontidac (Tropic-birds)

2. Pelecanidae (Pelicans) .
Sulidae (Gannets and Boobies)
Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants)
Anhingidae (Darters)
Fregatidae (Man-o '-war-birds)

CiCONIIFORMES

1. Ardeidae (Herons) .

2. . Ciconiidae (Storks)

3. Threskiornithidae (Ibices)

4. Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)
Anseriformes

1. Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, and Sicant
Falconiformes ....

1. Cathartidae (Vultures) .

2. Accipitriidae (Hawks and Eagles)

3. Falconidae (Falcons and Caracaras)
Galliformes

1. Cracidae (Guans) ....

2. Tetraonidae (Grouse)

3. Perdicidae (Quails) ....

4. Phasianidae (Pheasants)
•"). Meleagrididae (Turkeys)

Grviformes

1. Gruidae (Cranes) ....
xvii

«)

PAGE.

iii

xvii

1

1
1
3

.'}

5
.5
7
13
17
17
18
20
22
24

32
33
35
35

3.3

61
61
62
73
78
78
7S
87
91
92
93
93

^^yR^f^

XVlll

CONTENTS.

2. Aramiflae (Limplciiis)

3. Eallidac (Rails)
X. Oharadriiformes ....

1. Jacanidae (Jacanas)

2. Hacniatopodidae {Oynter-catcliers)

3. Charadriidae {Plover, etc.) .

4. Scolopacidae (Sandpipers, etc.)

5. Eecurvirostridae (Avocets and Stilts)

6. Phalaropodidae (Plialaropcs)

7. Stcrcorariidae (Jaegers)
S. Laridae (Gnlls and Terns)
9. Eynehopidae (SMmmers)

10. Alcidae (Aulcs and Murres)

XI. COLUMBIFORMES ....

1. Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons)

XII. PSITTACIFORMES ....

1. Psittacidao (Parrots)

XIII. CUCULIFORMES ....

1. Ouculidae (CucTcoos)

XIV. Strigiformes

1. Tytonidae (Barn Owls) .

2. Strigidae (Oivls)
XV. Caprimulgifobmes ....

1. Caprimulgidae (Goatsuckers)
XVI. Micropodiformes * ...

1. Micropodidae (Stvifts) .

2. Trochilidae (Hummingbirds)
XVII. Trogoniformes ....

1. Trogouidae (Trogons)

XVIII. Cokaciiformes

1. Alecdinidae (Kingfishers)

XIX, Piciformes

1. Picidae (Woodpeclccrs) .
XX. Passeripormes ....

1. Cotingidae (Cotingas)

2. Tyrannidac (Tyrant Flycatcli

3. Alaudidae (Larlcs) .

4. Hirundinidae (Sivallows)

5. Corvidae (Crows and Jays)
(5. Paridae (Titmice) .

7. Sittidae (Nutlmtches)

8. Certhiidac (Creepers)

9. Cliamacidae (Wren-Tits)

10. Ciiu'lidae (Bippcrs) .

11. Troglodytidae (Wrens) .
Misspelled on page 177.

ers)

PAGE.

94
95
101
101
101
102
109
126
127
128
130
143
143
151
151
157
157
158
158
161
161
161
173
173
177
177
179
184
184
185
185
187
187
201
201
201
212
215
220
229
237
239
240
241
242

CONTENTS. xix

PAGE.

12. Mimidae (MocMngbirds and Thrashers) . . . 251

13. Turdidae (Thrushes) 255

14. Sylviidae (Warblers, Gnatcatchers, and Kinglets) . 264

15. Prunellidae (Accentors) 267

16. Motacillidae (Pipits and Wagtails) .... 268

17. Bombycillidae (Waxwings) 279

18. Ptilogonatidae (SilTcy Flycatchers) . . . .271

19. Laniidae (Shrikes) 271

20. Sturnidae (Starlings) 273

21. Vireonidae (Vireos) 274

22. Coerebidae (Honey Creepers) 279

23. Compsothlypidae (Wood Warblers) . . . .280

24. Ploceidae (Weaver Finches) 300

25. leteridae (Blackbirds and Troupials) .... 301

26. Thraupidae (Tanagers) 311

27. Fringillidae (Grosbeaks, Sparrows, and Finches) . 312

HYPOTHETICAL LIST 365

SUMMAEY or CHANGES, ADDITIONS, AND ELIMINATIONS. 377

FOSSIL BIEDS OF NORTH AMERICA 401

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS 473

INDEX 479

CHECK-LIST

Class AVES. Birds.
Subclass NEORNITHES. Typical Birds.

SupERORDER NEOGNATHAE. Non-Struthious Birds.

Order GAVIIFORMES. Loons.

Family GAVIIDAE. Loons.

Genus GAVIA Forster.

Gavia J. R. Forster, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., 1788, 38. Type, by subs, desig.,
Colymbus imber Gunnerus = C. immer Brunnich (Allen, 1907).

Gavia immer immer (BRtJNNiCH). Common Loon. [7.]

Colymbus Immer Brunnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 38. (E Fieroa = Faroe
Islands.)

Range. — Breeds from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine
south to northern Illinois (formerly), northern Indiana, northern Ohio,
(formerly), northern New York, northern Pennsylvania (formerly). New
Hampshire, Connecticut (casually), Massachusetts (rarely), and in Iceland;
recorded in summer (not breeding) south to New Jersey; and in North Carolina,
South Carolina, Mississippi, the outer Hebrides, Shetlands, and the coast of
Norway. Winters from the Great Lakes, Maine, and Nova Scotia (casually)
to Florida and the Gulf coast; also from the British Isles south to the Azores,
Madeira, and the Mediterranean and Black seas.

Gavia immer elasson Bishop. Lesser Loon. [7a.]

Gavia immer elasson Bishop, Auk, XXXVIII, No. 3, July 5, 1921, 367.
(Carpenter Lake, Rolette County, North Dakota.)

2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from northern California, North Dakota and northern
Wisconsin north to British Columbia and probably Manitoba. Winters
chiefly on the coast of California, casually to southern Alaska, rarely farther
east.

Gavia adamsi (Gray). Yellow-billed Loon. [8.]

Colymbus adamsii Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., XXVII, 1859, 167 [Aug.].
(Russian America through Bering's Straits = Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast of Alaska (Pt. Hope, Pt. Barrow, Mint
River, and Salmon River), in the Mackenzie River delta, at Lake Lifton,
Hanbury River east of Clinton-Colden Lake, and on the Omolai River,
Siberia; occurs in summer on the Arctic coasts and islands of Siberia from
Novaya Zemlya and the Taimyr Peninsula eastward, and from Pt. Barrow,
Alaska, to the Boothia Peninsula; also on Great Slave Lake and Aylmer Lake,
Mackenzie. Winters on the coast of Norway, and in migrations reported to
occur casually in Great Britain, Finland, Japan, and China; on the Caspian
Sea; also on Admiralty Island, Nushagak, and Dixon Harbor, Alaska, and on
Vancouver Island.

Gavia drctica pacifica (Lawrence). Pacific Loon. [10.]

Colymbus pacificus Lawrence, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, liv, 887, 889. (San Diego, Cal.
and Puget's Sound = Presidio, near San Francisco, California.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands from Pt. Barrow, Alaska,
to Melville Peninsula and Southampton Island, southern Baffin Island, and
casually farther, south to York Factory, Great Slave Lake, Athabaska Lake,
and the Alaska Peninsula; casual in summer (not breeding) at Monterey, Cal-
ifornia. Winters mainly on the Pacific coast of North America from south-
eastern Alaska and British Columbia to southern Lower California. Accidental
in Arizona, New Mexico, New Hampshire, and New York (Long Island).

Gavia arctica viridigularis Dw^GHT. Green-throated Loon. [10a.]

Gavia viridigularis Dwight, Auk, XXXV, No. 2, April 6, 1918, 198.
(Gichega [or Ghijiga], northeastern Siberia.)

Range. — Coast of northeastern Siberia and occasional in western Alaska
(Pt. Barrow and Cape Prince of Wales), and at Victoria, British Columbia.

[Another race, G. a. arctica Linnaeus, occurs in northern Europe but alleged
North American records of this form prove to be erroneous.]

Gavia stellata (PoNTOPPiD an). Red-throated Loon. [11.]

Colymbus stellatua Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, 1763, 621. (No locality
mentioned = Denmark.)

ORDER COLYMBIFORMES. 6

Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska and the Arctic coasts and islands of
Canada and Greenland south to the Commander Islands, western Aleutian
Islands, the Queen Charlotte and other northern British Columbia islands,
northern Manitoba, southeastern Quebec, and Newfoundland; also through-
out Arctic Europe and Asia. Winters from the Aleutian Islands and the coast
of British Columbia to northern Lower California, and from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and the Great Lakes to Florida; in Europe south to the Mediterra-
nean and in Asia to southern China. Casual in Montana, Missouri, Kansas,
Nebraska, Arizona, Iowa, and Idaho; occasional in New Jersey in summer.

Order COLYMBIFORMES. Grebes.

Family COLYMBIDAE. Grebes.

Genus COLYMBUS Linnaeus.

Colymbus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 135. Type, by subs,
desig., Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
1884).

Subgenus COLYMBUS Linnaeus.

Colymbus grisegena holboelli (Reinhardt). Holboell's Grebe. [2.]

Podiceps Holbollii Reinhardt, Videnskab. Meddelelser, 1853, 76.
(Nenortalik i Julianehaabs Distrikt, Gronland.)

Range. — Breeds from northeastern Siberia, northwestern Alaska, and
northern Canada south to northern Washington, North Dakota, and south-
western Minnesota. Winters mainly on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts from
Maine to North Carolina and from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands (casually),
and southern British Columbia to southern California; also from southern
Wisconsin, and southern Ontario, southern Colorado, and the Ohio Valley,
casually to Georgia, Florida, and Tennessee; and in Asia south to Japan.
[An allied race occurs in Europe and western Asia.]

Subgenus DYTES Kaup.

Dytes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 41. Type, by subs,
desig., Dytes cornulus (Gmelin) Kaup = Colymbus auritus Linnaeus
(Gray, 1842).

Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. Homed Grebe. [3.]

Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 135. (in summis
Europae & Americse lacubus = Sweden.)

4 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from near the Arctic coast to Maine, the Magdalen Islands,
Quebec, Ontario (Lac Seul), Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Ne-
braska, and southern British Columbia; also in Iceland, northern continental
Europe, and Siberia; recorded in summer in Massachusetts, Connecticut,
Michigan, and Indiana. Winters from Maine and New York to Florida and
Louisiana and from southern Alaska to southern California, interior winter
records being mainly from the region of the Great Lakes; also winters in central
and southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Azores, and on the coasts of
China and Japan. Casual in Greenland, Bermuda, and the Commander
Islands.

Colymbus nigricollis califomicus (Heermann). Eared Grebe. [4.]

Podiceps Califomicus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 5,
Sept.-Oct., 1854 [April 12, 18.55], 179. (California.)

Range. — Breeds from southern interior British Columbia and southern
Manitoba south to northern Lower California, central Arizona, southern Texas,
and northern Iowa; casual in summer north to Great Slave Lake. Winters
from Washington to Cape San Lucas and Guatemala; ranges east to Kansas in
migration. Casual in Missouri and Indiana. [Allied races occur in Europe,
Asia, and Africa.]

Subgenus TACHYBAPTUS Reichenbach.

Tachyha-ptus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat. [plates of generic charac-
ters] pi. ii, 1849. Type, by subs, desig., Colymbus minor Reichenbach
= C. ruficollis Pallas (Reichenbach, 1853).

Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman. Mexican Grebe. [5.]

Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XII, Art. 19, Dec. 23, 1899, 256. (Lomita Ranch, Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.)

Range. — Southern Lower California and southern Texas south to Panama.
[Allied races occur in the West Indies and South America.]

Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues.

Mchmophorus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIV] 1862, No, 5,
April-May [Aug. 1], 229. Type, by orig. desig., Podiceps occidenialis
Lawrence.

Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). Western Grebe. [1.]

Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, liv, 892, 894. (Washington
Territory to California = Fort Steilacoom, Washington.)

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES. 5

Range. — Breeds from Washington, southern Saskatchewan, and southern
Manitoba south to southern California, Utah, and northern North Dakota.
Winters from southern British Columbia south through California to Lower
California and central Mexico (Jalisco). Casual in Nebraska, Kansas,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Ontario (?); and
at Craig, Alaska,

Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson.

Podilymbus Lesson, Traited'Orn.,Livr. 8, Jmie 11, 1831,595. Type, by
monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham = Colymbus podiceps Lin-
naeus.

Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe. [6.]

Colymbus Podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. Based on
The Pie-Bill Dapchick, Podiceps minor, rostro vario Catesby, Carolina,
I, 91. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — North America generally. Breeds locally from central British
Columbia, Great Slave Lake, Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to Florida, Texas,
and parts of Mexico. Winters from New York, New Jersey (occasionally),
and the Potomac Valley, Vancouver Island, southern British Columbia, Wash-
ington, Arizona, and Texas southward; and in Cuba. Casual in Bermuda;
accidental in the Azores. [Closely allied races occur in the West Indies
and in South America.]

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES. Tube-nosed
Swimmers.

Family DIOMEDEIDAE. Albatrosses.

Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus.

Diomedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 132. Type, by subs,
desig., Diomedea exidans Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus PHOEBASTRIA Reichenbach.

Phoebastria Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat. 1852 [1853], v. Type, by
orig. desig., Diomedea brachyura Temminck = D. albatrus Pallas.

Diomedea riigripes Audubon. Black-footed Albatross. [81.]

Diomedea nigripes Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 327. (Pacific Ocean,
lat. 30° 44' N., long. 146° [W.].)

b CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — North Pacific Ocean, mainly north of the Tropic of Cancer but
found occasionally near to the Equator; ranging from the Alaska Peninsula to
Lower California, north to the Aleutian Islands and southern Bering Sea
west to Formosa Channel, Japan, and the Kurile Islands. Breeds on Nihoa,
Necker, French Frigate Shoals, Laysan, Lisiansky, Pearl and Hermes Reef,
Johnston Island, Caspar Rico, Midway, Ocean, Marshall, Volcano, and Bonin
islands (formerly on Marcus Island) .

Diomedea albatrus Pallas. Short-tailed Albatross. [82.]

Dioinedea albatrus Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. v, 1769, 28. (ad oram
Kamtschatcae orientalum ... ad Insulam Beringii = Bering Sea.)

Range. — North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea east to the coast of North
America from Norton Sound, Alaska, south to Lower California and west to
Formosa, China and Japan seas, Kurile and Commander islands, and Okhotsk
Sea; north to Bering Straits in summer. Breeds on Wake and Bonin islands.

Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild. Laysan Albatross. [82.1.]

Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, I, No. ix, June 1,
1893, xlviii. (Laysan Island, North Pacific.)

Range. — Central Pacific Ocean east to the coast of Lower California
to about lat. 40° N. and west to the Bonin Islands. Breeds on Gardner,
Laysan, Midway, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa, Pearl and Hermes
Reef, Midway, Ocean, and Lisiansky islands (formerly on Marcus Island).

Genus THALASSOGERON Ridgway.

Thalassogeron Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds
N. Amer., II, 1884, 345, 357. Type, by orig. desig., Diomedea cidmin-
ata Gould = D. chrysostoma Forster.

• Thalassogeron chlororhynclios (Gmelin). Yellow-nosed Albatross. [83.]

Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 568. Based
on the Yellow-nosed Albatross Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. i, 309.
(ad caput bonae spei et in mari australi extra tropicos = Off Cape of
Good Hope.)

Range. — South Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean, and Australian seas.
Breeding range confused with that of T. chrysostomus (Forster), probably on
Falkland, Tristan da Cunha, and Gough islands and islands in the Indian
Ocean. Accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the mouth of Moisie
River, Quebec (September, 1884), i and near Seal Island, ofif Machias Bay,
Maine (August 1, 1913).2

1 Dionne, Oiseaux Quebec, 1906, 61.

2 Murphy, Auk, XXXIX, 1922, 58.

order procellartiformes. 7

Family PROCELLARIIDAE. Shearwaters, Fulmars,
AND Petrels.

Genus PUFFINUS Brisson.

Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 56; VI, 130. Type, by tautonymy,
Puffinus Brisson = Procellaria puffinus Brunnich.

Subgenus PUFFINUS Brisson.

Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). Slender-billed Shearwater. [96.]

Procellaria temdrostris Temminck, Planches Col., V, 1835, text to pi. 587.
(On le trouve dans les mers au nord du Japon et sur les cotes de la
Coree = Japan.)

Range. — Southern oceans north in the Pacific to Okhotsk and Bering seas
and eastward, mainly on southward migration, to the coast of North America
from Sitka to southern California. Breeds in Australian seas, mainly on is-
lands in Bass Strait and vicinity, Lord Howe Island, and New Zealand.

Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). Sooty Shearwater. [95.]

Procellaria grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 564. Based on the
Grey Petrel Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. ii, 399. (in hemisphaerio
australi inter 35° et 50° = New Zealand.)

Range. — Widely distributed over the great oceans; north to Labrador,
Greenland, Faroe and Orkney islands on the Atlantic coasts and to the
Aleutian and Kurile islands on the Pacific. Breeds on New Zealand and ad-
jacent islands — ^Norfolk, Stewart, Kapiti, Snares, St. Stephens, Auckland,
and Chatham, and islands near Cape Horn.^

• Puffinus puffinus puffinus (BRtJNNicn). Manx Shearwater. [90.]

Procellaria Puffinus Brxjnnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 29. (E Feroa &
Norvegia = Faroe Islands.)

Range. — Northeastern Atlantic Ocean from the coasts of Norway and
Great Britain to the Canary Islands, and perhaps regularly to South America.
Breeds on Iceland, the coasts of Wales and Ireland, the Shetland, Orkney, and
Scilly islands, Hebrides, Azores, Salvages, Madeira, and casually Bermuda
(formerly on Isle of Man). Accidental on the coast of Greenland,^ New York
(Long Island, August 30, 1917),^ and Maine (or New Brunswick).'' [Addi-
tional races occur off Great Britain and in the Mediterranean.]

1 This species is divided by some authorities, the American Atlantic coast
race being P. g. stricklandi Ridgway (Water Birds N. Amer., II, 1884, 390) and
the Pacific form P. g. chilensis Bonaparte (Consp. Avium, II, 1857, 202).

2 Reinhardt, Tidsskrift for Natiu-videnskab., Ill, 1824, 52.

3 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 121, 1922, 74.
' Brooks, Auk, XXXIV, 1917, 206.

8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Puffinus opisthomelas Coues. Black-vented Shearwater. [93.]

Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 1864, No.
2, March- April [June 30], 139. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Off the coast of California, except in the breeding season, ranging
north more rarely to Washington and British Columbia. Breeds on San
Benito, Natividad, and Guadalupe islands, off the west coast of Lower Cali-
fornia and Mexico.

PuflBnus auricularis Townsend. Townsend's Shearwater. [93.1.]

Puffinus auricularis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, No.
799, Sept. 9, 1890, 133. (Clarion Island [Mexico].)

Range. — West coast of Mexico from Cape San Lucas south to Clipperton
Island. Breeds on Clarion and San Benedicto islands, Revillagigedo group.

Puffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Lesson. Audubon's Shearwater. [92.]

Puffinus [sic] Lherminieri Lesson, Revue Zool., II, [No. 3] April [May],
1839, 102. (ad ripas Antillarum = Straits of Florida.)

Range. — Warmer parts of the western North Atlantic, more or less regulaily
to Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, and casually to the coasts of Florida, South Carolina,
Virginia, and New Jersey; accidental at Bellport, N. Y. Breeds on Bermuda,
the Bahamas, Little Saba Island (near St. Thomas), and the Lesser Antilles.
[Closely related races occur on the Cape Verde Islands, the Galapagos, and
in Polynesia.]

• Puffinus assimilis barolii Bonaparte. Allied Shearwater. [92.1.]

Puffinusbaroli "Bonelli," Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II, sig. 23, Feb. 1,
1856 [Oct. 1, 1857], 204. (ex mediterraneo = Desertas Islands, Canaries.)

Range. — -North Atlantic Ocean mainly on the eastern side ranging south
probably to the Equator. Breeds on the Azores, Canary Islands, and the
Madeira group. Accidental in Nova Scotia (Sable Island, September 1, 1896) '
and South Carolina (Sullivan's Island, August, 1883).- [Numerous allied
races are found in the southern oceans.]

Subgenus ARDENNA Reichenb.^^ch.

Ardenna Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], iv. Type, by
monotypy, Procellaria major Faber = P. gravis O'Reilly.

1 Dwight, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, 1897, 69.

2 Peters, Auk, XLI, 1924, 337.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES. 9

• Puffinus carneipes Gould. Pale-footed Shearwater. [95.1.]

Puffinus carneipes Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, Xlil, No. 85,
May 1, 1844, 365. (small islands off Cape Leeuwin [western Australia].)

Range. — Breeds in Australian and New Zealand seas, on Breaksea, North,
White, and Solitary islands, ranging northward to Japan and casually to
the coast of California.

Puffinus creatopus Coues. Pink-footed Shearwater. 191.]

Puffinus creatopus "Cooper (mss.)," Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
[XVI] 1864, No. 2, March-April [June 30], 131. (San Nicholas Island
off the coast of California = San Nicolas Island.)

Range. — Eastern portions of the Pacific Ocean, ranging north to southern
Alaska (Forrester Island) and south to southern Chile (San Carlos). Breeds
only on Juan Fernandez and Santa Clara islands.

Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly). Greater Shearwater. [89.]

Procellaria Gravis O'Reilly, Greenland, Adjacent Seas, etc., 1818, 140
(pi. 12, fig. 1). (latitude of Cape Farewell and Staten Hook, frequent-
ing Newfoundland in summer.)

Range. — Entire Atlantic Ocean from northern Europe and Greenland to
South Africa and southern South America. Breeds on Inaccessible Island
in the Tristan da Cunha group. Accidental in Florida.

Subgenus CALONECTRIS Mathews and Iredale.

Calonectris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, ser. 10, III, No. 3, July, 1915,
590. Type, by orig. desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck,

• Puflanusdiomedeadiomedea(ScopoLi). Mediterranean Shearwater. [8Sa.]

. Procellaria diomedea Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, 74.
(No locality given = Corsica.)

Range. — Mediterranean Sea, where it breeds, ranging across the Atlantic
casually, at least, to the coast of North America (Long Island, New York,
October 4, 1902; August 15, 1907). ^

Puffinus diomedea borealis Cory. Cory's Shearwater. [88.]

Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VI, No. 1, Jan., 1881,
84. (Near Chatham Island, Cape Cod, Mass.)

Murphy, Auk, XXXIX, 1922, 58.

10 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — ^Atlantic Ocean, south to at least lat. 36° S., west to the coasts
of Brazil (Bahia) and North America (Newfoundland to North Carolina).
Breeds in the Azores, Madeira, Salvage and Canary islands.

[Additional races of P. diomedea occur on the eastern Atlantic islands and
the Kerguelen group.]

Genus THYELLODROMA Stejneger.

Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, 93 (note) [Nov.
8]. Type, by orig. desig., P uffinus sphenurus Gould = P. chlororhynchus
Lesson.

• Thyellodroma cuneata (Salvin). Wedge-tailed Shearwater. [96.1.]

Puffinus cuneatus Salvin, Ibis, ser. 5, V, No. 3, July, 1888, 353. (insulis
Krusenstern = probably one of the Marshall Islands but possibly
south of Laysan.)

Range. — Warmer parts of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Breeds on the
Seychelle and Mascarene islands. Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec, etc.,
Bonin, Volcano, Marshall, Marcus, Laysan and others of the Leeward Hawaiian
Islands, Johnston and Wake islands, and San Benedicto Island in the
Revillagigedo group. Occasional at Cape San Lucas, Lower California (April
23 and June 5, 1897). ^

Thyellodroma buUeri (Salvin). New Zealand Shearwater. [96.2.]

Puffinus bulleri Salvin, Ibis, ser. 5, V, No. 3, July, 1888, 354. (New
Zealand.)

Range. — New Zealand seas east and north over the Pacific to the coast of
Chile and in small numbers, in autumn, off the coast of California (Pt. Pinos) ^
and British Columbia.^ Breeds on Mokohinu Island, New Zealand.

Genus ADAMASTOR Bonaparte.

Adamastor Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XLIII, No.
11 (for Sept. 15), 1856, 594. Type, by orig. desig., Procellaria hsesitata
FoRSTER = Procellaria cinerea Gmelin.

• Adamastor cinereus (Gmelin). Black-tailed Shearwater. [97.]

Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 563. Based on the
Cinereous Fulmar Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. ii, 405. (intra
circulum Antarcticum = lat. 48° Antarctic seas.)

1 Anthony, Auk, XV, 1898, 39.

^Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, II, 1900, 319; ser. 4, II, Pt. 2, 1918,
146 etc. (sixteen records).
3 Nichols, Auk, XLIV, 1927, 326.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES. 11

Range. — Southern oceans; north in the Atlantic to about lat. 25° S. and in
the Pacific to the coast of Peru. Breeds on Kerguelen Island in the Indian
Ocean and Macquarie Island south of New Zealand. Accidental off Monterey,
California.!

Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte.

Plerodroma Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XLII, No. 11
(for April 28), 1856, p. 768. Type, by subs, desig., Procellaria macrop-
tera Smith (Coues, 1866).

if Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl). Black-capped Petrel. [98.]

Proc[ellana] hasitata "Forster," Kuhl, Beitrage Zool., 1820, 142. (No
locality given = Dominica.)

Range. — ^Warmer parts of the North Atlantic Ocean, accidental in Florida,
Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Ontario, New Hampshire, etc., and in France and
England. Bred formerly on Guadeloupe and Dominica in the Lesser Antilles
(not extinct in 1920).

Pterodroma cahow (Nichols AND Mowbray). Bermuda Petrel. [98.1.]

Jistrelata cahoiv Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, XXXIII, No. 2, April
[March 31], 1916, 194. (Southeast side of Castle Island, Bermuda.)

Range. — Bermuda (extinct?).

• Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster). Scaled Petrel. [99.]

Procellaria inexpectata J. R. Forster, Descrip. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein,
1844, 204. (in Oceano antarctico = Antarctic Ocean.)

Range. — South Pacific and Antarctic oceans, north to lat. 54° N.
Breeds on the South Island, New Zealand, and on the Chatham and Bounty
islands. Accidental in Livingston County, New York, on Kiska and Kodiak
islands, the Aleutians (regularly?), and near Frosty Peak and Sitka, Alaska.^

Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte.

Bulweria Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bologna), VIII, 1842 [1843],
426. Type, by monotypy, Procellaria btihverii Jardine and Selby.

* Bulweria bulweri (Jardine and Selby). Bulwer's Petrel. [101.]

Procellaria Bulwerii Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., II, Nov., 1828, pi.
65 and text. (Madeira or the small islands adjacent.)

1 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1853, 5.

^ Aestrelata scalaris Brewster and Ae. fisheri Ridgway are synonymized
with P. inexpectata.

12 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Eastern portion of the North Atlantic Ocean and central and
western portions of the Pacific from Japan and China to the Marquesas
Islands. Breeds on the Azores, Salvages, Madeira, and Canary islands, and
on various islands in the North Pacific; Bonin and Volcano islands, Laysan,
Necker, Nihoa Island, French Frigate Shoals, and Johnston Islands. Acciden-
tal in Greenland ' (or Labrador) and England.

Genus FULMARUS Stephens.

Fulmarus "Leach," Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. i, Feb.
18, 1826, 233. Type, by subs, desig., Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus
(Gray, 1855). [Cf. op. 62, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.]

Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (Linnaeus). Atlantic Fulmar. [86.]

Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, 1761, 51. (in mari
septentr. intra circulum arcticum = Spitzbergen.)

Range. — North Atlantic, breeding from northern Greenland to Cumber-
land Sound and east at least to Franz Josef Land; ranges north to lat. 85°, west
to Melville Island and south to Scotland, Ireland, and Iceland. Winters south
of the Arctic Circle to the fishing banks off Newfoundland and to Georges
Bank off Massachusetts. Casual in Ontario, Connecticut, and New Jersey;
accidental on the Baltic Sea and in Madeira.

Fulmarus glacialis rodgersi Cassin. Pacific Fulmar. [86.1.]

Fulmarus Rodgersii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIV] 1862,
Nos. 7-9, July-Sept. [Oct. 28], 326. (South Indian Ocean = North
Pacific.)

Range. — Breeds on islands in Bering Sea (Pribilof, St. Matthew, Hall, and
St. Lawrence), in the neighboring Arctic Ocean (Wrangel and Herald), and
from the Kurile and Commander islands to East Cape, Siberia. Winters
from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California and Japan. ^

Genus DAPTION Stephens.

Daption Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. i, Feb. 18, 1826,
239. Type, by orig. desig., Procellaria capensis Linnaeus.

1 Specimen in Leyden Museum, cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, VI, Procell., 9;
also Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 121, 1£22, 121.

2 Fulmarus g. glupischa Stejneger is considered inseparable.

OEDER PROCELLARIIFORMES. 13

* Daption capense (Linnaeus). Pintado Petrel. [102.]

Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 132. (ad Cap.
b. Spei = Cape of Good Hope.)

Range. — Throughout the southern oceans, ranging north to Sao Paulo,
Brazil; Payta, Peru; and to Ceylon. Breeds on South Orkney, South Shet-
land, South Georgia, Kerguelen, islands of Adelie Land, and probably others.
Accidental off the coasts of California (off Monterey)^ and Maine (Harpswell,
Casco Bay, June, 1873)- and in Europe.

Family HYDROBATIDAE. Storm Petrels.
Subfamily HYDROBATINAE. Short-legged Storm Petrels.

Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach.

Oceanodroma Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], iv. Type, by
orig. desig., Procellaria furcata Gmelin.

Subgenus OCEANODROMA.

Oceanodroma furcata (Gmelin). Forked-tailed Petrel. [105.]

Procellaria furcata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 561. Based on the
Forktail Petrel Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 535. (in glacie maris Ameri-
r-.am et Asiam interfluentis = among the ice between Asia and
America (Pennant) = Bering Sea.)

Range. — North Pacific Ocean south to San Diego, California, and north
throughout Bering Sea on both coasts into Kotzebue Sound. Breeds from
the Kurile and Commander islands, along the Aleutian chain, and on islands
ofT the coast from southern Alaska to Washington and northern California.

Subgenus CYMOCHOREA Coues.

Cymochorea Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 1864, No. 2,
March-April [June 30], 75. Type, by orig. desig., Procellaria leucorhoa
Vieillot.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (Vieillot). Leach's Petrel. [106.]

Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXV,
1817, 422. (sur les bords maritimes de la Picardie, se tient sur I'Ocean,
jusqu'au Bresil = Picardy, France.)

1 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1853, 6.

2 Norton, Auk, XXXIX, 1922, 101; also Forbush, Birds of Mass. etc., I.
1925, 138.

14 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — North Atlantic from southern Greenland to the Equator, casually
to southern Africa, and North Pacific from southern Alaska to Japan and
Midway Island. Breeds from southern Greenland and Iceland to Maine and
Ireland, and from the Aleutian Islands to the Commander and Kurile islands.
Accidental in Ohio.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony. Kaeding's Petrel. [105.2.]

Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony, Auk, XV, No. 1, Jan., 1898, 37. (At Sea
near Guadaloupe [ = Guadalupe] Island, Lower California.)

Range. — Pacific coast of Lower California south to Clarion and Socorro
islands of the Revillagigedo group; casual off the coast of southern California.
Breeds only on Guadalupe Island.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson. Beal's Petrel. [106a.]

Oceanodroma beali Emerson, Condor, VIII, No. 2, March 20, 1906, 54.
(Sitka Bay, Alaska.)

Range. — Coast of western North America. Breeds from southeastern
Alaska to the Farallon Islands, California. Winter range probably ex-
tends to off southern California.

Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant. Guadalupe Petrel. [106.1.]

Oceanodro7na leucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
II, No. 8, July 23, 1887, 450. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)

Range. — ^Vicinity of Guadalupe Island, Lower California, where it bred;
believed now to be extinct.

• Oceanodroma castro castro (Harcourt). Madeira Petrel. [106.2.]

Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, 1851, 123. (De-
zerta Islands [near Madeira].)

Range. — Atlantic Ocean north to Great Britain and Denmark and south
to Saint Helena. Breeds on Madeira, the Salvages, Azores, and Cape Verde
Islands. Accidental in Pennsylvania (Chambersbm-g, April 15, 1912) .^
Indiana (Martinsville, June 15, 1902) ,2 and District of Columbia (August 29,
1893).^ [A closely allied race occurs in the Pacific north to the Galdpagos and
Hawaiian islands and the coast of Mexico]

1 Sutton, Auk, XLIV, 1927, 445.

2 Butler, Auk, XXIII, 1906, 274.

' Richmond, List of Birds of Dist. of Columb., 1896, 7; also Maynard, Birds
of Wash, and Vicinity, 1898, 186.

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES. 15

Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte). Black Petrel. [107.]

Procellaria melania Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris),
XXXVIII, No. 14 (for April 3) , 1854, 662. (Coast of California = near
San Diego.)

Range. — Pacific coast of America from off Marin County, California, to
southern Peru. Breeds on Los Coronados and the San Benito islands, and on
several islands in the Gulf of California.

Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). Ashy Petrel. [108.]

Cymochorea homochroa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 1864,
No. 2, March-April [June 30], 77. (Farallone Islands, Pacific coast of
North America = Farallon Islands, California.)

Range. — Coasts of California and Lower Calfornia from Point Reyes to
the San Benito Islands. Breeds on the Farallon Islands, on San Miguel and
Santa Cruz in the Santa Barbara group, and on Los Coronados Islands.

Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend. Socorro Petrel. [108.1.]

Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII,
No. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 134. (Socorro Island [Mexico].)

Range. — Pacific coast of Mexico and southern California from the Santa
Barbara Channel to the Revillagigedo Islands. Breeds on the San Benito
group and on Los Coronados Islands.

Genus HYDROBATES Boie.

Hydrobates Boie, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft v (May), col. 562. Type,
by subs, desig., Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-

way, 1884).

Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus). Storm Petrel. [104.]

Procellaria Pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 131. (in albo
[ = alto] Oceano = Off the coast of Sweden.)

Range. — Coasts of northern Europe, Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Maine, south along the coast of Africa to Zanzibar. Breeds mainly on
islands in the northeastern Atlantic, including Iceland, Lofoten Island (Nor-
way), Shetland, Faroe, and Orkney islands, and others; also in the Mediter-
ranean to Malta and south to Madeira. Accidental in the interior of Europe
and off the coast of Greenland.

16 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Gekus HALOCYPTENA Coues.

Halocyptena Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 18G4, No. 2,
March-April [June 30], 78. Type, by orig. desig., Halocyptena micro-
soma Coues.

Halocyptena microsoma Coues. Least Petrel. [103.]

Halocyptena microsoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 1864,
No. 2, March-April [June 30], 79. (San Jose del Caba, Lower Cali-
fornia = San Jose del Cabo.)

Range. — Pacific coast of America from Lower California to Ecuador. Breeds
on the San Benito Islands and on several islands in the Gulf of California.

Subfamily OCEANITINAE. Long-legged Storm Petrels.

Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius.

Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., I, 1840, xciii, 131,
238. Type, by subs, desig., Procellaria wilsonii Bonaparte = P.
oceanica Kuhl (Gray, 1841).

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Petrel. [109.]

Proc[ellaria] oceanica "Banks," Kuhl, Beitrage ZooL, 1820, 136 (pi. 10,
fig. 1). (Locality not given = South Georgia Island.)

Range. — All oceans except the Pacific north of the Equator (once
taken at Monterey, California), north to Labrador and Great Britain, Gulf
of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea and south to the Antarctic Continent. Breeds
on Maiu-itius, Kerguelen Island, Adelie Land and Victoria Land, South
Shetland, South Orkney, and South Georgia islands. Accidental in Ontario
(Lake Muskoka).

Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte.

Fregetta Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XLI, No. 17
(for Oct. 22), 1855, 1113. Type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma leuco-
gaster Gould.

* Fregetta tropica tropica (Gould). White-bellied Petrel. [110.]

Thalassidroma tropica Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, XIII,
No. 85, May 1, 1844, 366. (In the Atlantic where it is confined to the
equatorial regions being most abundant in the vicinity of the line =
South Atlantic Ocean.)

Range. — Southern oceans north to the Bay of Bengal, and in the Atlan-
tic Ocean to the Tropic of Cancer. Breeds on Tristan da Cunha. Accidental
at St. Marks, Florida.^ [An allied race breeds on islands in the southern Indian
Ocean, South Georgia, Falkland Islands, etc.]

1 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1851, 117.

ORDER PELECANIFORMES. 17

Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach.

Pelagodroma Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], iv. Type, by
orig. desig., Procellaria marina Latham.

• Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-Tan-
don). White-faced Petrel. [HI.]

Thalassidroma hypoleuca Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-Tandon, Orn.
Canarienne, 1841, 45. (Les parages de Teneriffe [Canary Islands].)

Range. — North Atlantic Ocean; breeds on the Salvage and Cape Verde
islands. The only North American record is 400 miles off the coast of New
Jersey (lat. 40° 34' 18" N.; long. 66° 09' W.), September 2, 1885.i [Allied races
occur in the southern oceans.]

Order PELECANIFORMES. Totipalmate
Swimmers.

Suborder PHAETHONTES. Tropic-birds.
Family PHAETHONTIDAE. Tropic-birds.

Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus.

Phaethon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 134. Type, by subs,
desig., Phaethon aetherevs Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus PHAETHON Linnaeus.

Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. Red-billed Tropic-bird. [113.]

Phaethon sethereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 134. Based
mainly on Osbeck, Dogbok ofver en Ostindisk resa S,ren 1750-1752
291. (in Pelago inter tropicos = Ascension Island, South Atlantic.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lesser Antilles and coastal islands of Venezuela
and Brazil, Ascension Island, the Cape Verde Islands, and from islands
in the Gulf of California south to the coast of Ecuador. Winters from
its breeding range southward to Chile. Casual in Jamaica, Bermuda
(April, 1901), the Pacific coasts of Lower California and southern California;
accidental on the Newfoundland Banks (August, 1876), ^ and in Arizona
(Phoenix, April, 1905).3

1 Ridgway, Auk, II, 1885, 386.

2 Freke, Proc. Roy. Soc. Dublin, 1879, 416.

3 Breninger, Auk, XXII, 1905, 408; and Miller, Auk, XXVII, 1910, 450.

18 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus LEPTOPHAETHON Mathews.

Leptophsethon Mathews, Austral Avian Record, II, Nos. 2-3, Oct. 23,
1913, 56. Type, by orig. desig., Phaethon lepturus dorotheae Mathews.

Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt. Yellow-billed Tropic-bird. [112.]

Phaethon Catesbyi Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., IV,
No. 7, May 10, 1838, col. 98. (No locality mentioned = Bermuda.)

Range. — Breeds in Bermuda and various of the West Indies and Bahamas,
ranging north to 40° N. lat. in the western Atlantic Ocean. Winters from
the Bahamas and West Indies south at least to Brazil and Ascension Island.
Accidental in Florida (Dry Tortugas, summer 1832; Merritts Island, April
21, 1886),i South Carolina (Jocassee, Oconee Co., July 30, 1926),^ New York
(Knowlesville, September, 1876),' and off the coast of Nova Scotia (September
4, 1870).^ [Closely related races breed on other tropical islands.]

Subgenus SCAEOPHAETHON Mathews.

Scseophsethon Mathews, Austral Avian Record, II, Nos. 2-3, Oct. 23,
1913, 56. Type, by orig. desig., Phaethon rubricauda westralis Mathews.

• Phaethon rubricaudus rothschildi (Mathews). Red-tailed Tropic-bird.
[113.1.]

Scseophaethon rubricauda rothschildi Mathews, Birds Australia, IV, Pt.
iii, June 23, 1915, 303. (Laysan Island, Niihau [Hawaiian group].)

Range. — Breeds on Laysan and other islands of the Leeward chain, Hawaii,
and ranges over the adjacent ocean. Accidental near Guadalupe Island, Lower
California (July 23, 1897).^ [Closely related races breed on other islands in
the Pacific and Indian oceans.]

Suborder PELECANI. Pelicans, Boobies,
Gannets, Cormorants, and Darters.

Superfamily PELECANOIDEA. Pelicans.

Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans.

Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus.

Pelecanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 132. Type, by subs,
desig., Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

1 Audubon, Orn. Biog., Ill, 1835, 442, and Brewster, Auk, II, 1885, 48.

2 Wayne and Sherman, Auk, XLIV, 1927, 94.

3 Coues, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 1880, 63.
*Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 121, 1922, 187.
5 Anthony, Auk, XV, 1898, 39.

ORDER PELECANIFORMES. 19

Subgenus CYRTOPELICANUS Reichenbach.

Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], vii. Type,
by orig. desig., Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham = P. erythrorhynchos
Gmelin.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. White Pelican. [125.]

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 571. Based
on the Rough-billed Pelican Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. ii,
586. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia and Great Slave Lake to
central Manitoba, northern Utah, southern Texas, western Nevada, and south-
ern California (formerly to central Minnesota, north-central Wisconsin, South
Dakota and Colorado). Winters from northern California, the Gulf States,
Florida, along both coasts of Mexico, and in the interior, as far as Panama.
Casual in Cuba, Antigua, and Trinidad; accidental on the Atlantic coast of
the United States and in Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Ontario, New Bruns-
wick, and northern Mackenzie.

Subgenus LEPTOPELICANUS Reichenbach.

Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], vii. Type, by
orig. desig., Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = P. occidentalis Linnaeus.

Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus. Eastern Brown Pelican.

[126.]

Pelecanus Onocroi[alus] /3 occidentalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766,
215. Based mainly on the Pelican of America Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 93. (in America = Jamaica.)

Range. — Breeds on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States
and the Atlantic coast of Central and South America from South Carolina,
Louisiana, and Texas south to Brazil; found also in the Bahamas, the West
Indies, on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador, and in the Galdpagos
Islands. Winters from Florida and the Gulf coast southward. Casual in North
Carolina and Virginia; accidental in Bermuda, Wyoming, Kansas, Nebraska,
Colorado, Iowa, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Maine (?), New York, New Jersey,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Nova Scotia.

Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway. California Brown Pelican.

[127.]

P[elecanus] californicus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Water Birds N. Amer., II, 1884, 132, 143. (Coast of California from
San Francisco Bay to Cape St. Lucas = La Paz, Lower California.)

20 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds on islands off the Pacific coast from Monterey County,
California, to the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Winters from British Colum-
bia (rarely) to California and the west coast of Mexico and central America.
Casual inland to central California and Arizona.

SupERFAMiLY SULOIDEA. Boobies, Gannets, Cormorants,

AND Darters.

Family SULIDAE. Boobies and Gannets.

Genus SULA Brisson. »

Sula Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 60; VI, 494. Type, by tautonymy, Sula
Brisson = Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus.

• Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson. Atlantic Blue-faced Booby. [114.]

Sula dactylatra Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 8, June 11, 1831, 601. (L'ile
de I'Ascension = Ascension Island, South Atlantic.)

Range. — Breeds on some of the Lesser Antilles and islands off the coasts of
Venezuela, Colombia, and Yucatan (formerlj'- on the Bahamas). Accidental
in southern Florida (Gulf Stream off Palm Beach Co.),^ Louisiana (Avery
Island, August, 1915), ^ and Texas (Rockport).^

Sula dactylatra califomica Rothschild. Pacific Blue-faced Booby. [114a.]

Sula dactylatra califomica Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XXXV,
No. cciii, Jan. 27, 1915, 43. (San Benedicto Island [Revillagigedo
Group, western Mexico].)

Range. — Western coast of Mexico, north casually to Los Alijos Rocks,
Lower California.

Sula nebouxi Milne-Edwards. Blue-footed Booby. [114.1.]

Sida Nebouxn Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), ser. 6, XIII, 1882,
Art. 4, 37 (pi. xiv). (la cote pacifique de I'Amerique = Chile.)

Range. — Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California south to the Gald-
pagos Islands and coast of northern Peru, ranging in winter to Chile. Wan-
ders to the Pacific side of the peninsula of Lower California, at the San Benito
Islands.

1 Bailey, Birds of Florida, 1925, 14.

2 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 121, 1922, 196.
'Collection U. S. Nat. Mus.

ORDER PELECANIFORMES. 21

• Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert). "White-bellied Booby. [115.]

Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 57. Based on Le
Fou de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., 973. (No locality mentioned
= Cayenne.)

Range. — Breeds on the Bahamas, some of the West Indies and islands off
the coasts of Venezuela, Central America, and Brazil, and Ascension Island.
Winters throughout its breeding range and perhaps farther south. Casual
in Louisiana (below New Orleans, September, 1884) i and Florida and acci-
dental in New York (Moriches Bay, Long Island) ,2 Massachusetts (Cape Cod,
Sept. 17, 1878),' South Carolina,^ and Bermuda. [Additional races occur in
Australia and New Caledonia.]

Sula brewsteri Goss. Brewster's Booby. [115.1.]

Sula brewsteri Goss, Auk, V, No. 3, July, 1888, 242. (San Pedro Martir
Isle [Gulf of California].)

Range. — Coasts and islands of the eastern Pacific from Lower California
south to the Galapagos; breeding as far north as Consag Rock at the head
of the Gulf of California.

• Sula piscator (Linnaeus). Red-footed Booby. [116.]

Pelecanus Piscator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 134. (in India
utraque, Europa = China Sea.)

Range. — 'Breeds on some of the West Indies, on islands off the coasts of
Venezuela and British Honduras, and on Ascension Island; also on islands in
the Pacific and Indian oceans. Accidental in Florida (Micco, February 16
1895).^

Genus MORIS Leach.

Moris Leach, Syst. Catal. Spec. Indig. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus.,
1816 [after Aug.], 35. Type, by monotypy, Moris bassana Leach =
Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.

Moris bassana (Linnaeus). Gannet. [117.]

Pelecanus Bassanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 133. (in
Scotia, America = Bass Rock, Scotland.)

Range. — Breeds on Bird Rock, Bonaventure and Anticosti islands in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on islets off southeastern Newfoundland (formerly in

1 Beyer, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Naturalists, 1897-99, 87.

2 Butcher, Auk, X, 1893, 270.

3 Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 277.

* Wayne, Birds South Carolina, 1910, 10. Specimens in the Charleston
Museum.

6 Bangs, Auk, XIX, 1902, 395.

22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and at Mingan, Quebec) ; also on islets off theBrit-
ish Isles and Iceland. Winters from the coast of Virginia (rarely to Massachu-
setts) south to the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, and Vera Cruz, and on the coasts of
North Africa, the Canaries, and the Azores. Accidental in Greenland, Labra-
dor, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Ontario.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants.

Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson.

Phalacrocorax Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 60; VI, 511. Type, by tautonymy,
Phalacrocorax Brisson = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.

Subgenus PHALACROCORAX Brisson.

Phalacrocorax cSrbo carbo (Linnaeus). European Cormorant. [119.]

Pelecanus Carbo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 133. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from the coasts of western Greenland and Cumberland
Sound to the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Magdalens;
also breeds in Iceland, the British Isles, and on the coasts of Scandinavia and
northern Russia to the Kola Peninsula. Winters from Greenland to New York
(Long Island), and casually to Maryland and South Carolina, Ontario and cen-
tral New York; also to the Canaries. [Allied races occur in Europe, Asia, and
Australia.]

Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). Double-crested Cormorant. [120.]

Carbo auritus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 8, June 11, 1831, 005. (De la
Nouvelle-Zelande = North America.)

Range. — Breeds from central Alberta, Saskatchewan, northern Ontario
(James Bay), Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Newfoundland south to northern
Nebraska, central Illinois, northeastern Arkansas, South Dakota, southern
Minnesota, and Penobscot Bay, Maine (casually). Winters from Virginia
(casually Michigan and Maine) south to Florida and on the Gulf coast. Cas-
ual in Bermuda and at Great Slave Lake.

Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon). Florida Cormorant. [120a.]

Carbo floridanus Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), III, pi. 252, 1835 (Orn.
Biog., Ill, 1835, 387). (Florida Keys.)

Range. — Breeds in Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, the Bahamas, and
the Isle of Pines. Winters north to Texas and through its breeding range
(except the Carolinas). Casual in the Lesser Antilles.

ORDER PELECANIFORMES. 23

Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt). White-crested Cormorant.

[1206.]

Carbo ciyicinaius Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., Ill,
No. 4, Nov. 16, 1837, col. 55. (insula Kadiak [Alaska] = Kodiak
Island.)

Range. — Northwest coast of North America, breeding on Kodiak Island
and along the coast of British Columbia to the Olympiades, Washington.
Accidental in Colorado.

Phalacrocorax auritus albocihatus Ridgway. Farallon Cormorant. [120c.]

Phalacrocorax dilophus alhocillatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
II, 94, April 10, 1884. (Farallone Islands to Cape St. Lucas and
Revillegigedo [sic] Islands, Western Mexico = Farallon Islands, Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — Pacific coast and coastal islands from northern Oregon to south-
ern Lower California and the Revillagigedo Islands; also on the lower Colo-
rado River and on inland lakes of California, Oregon, Utah, Arizona, and
western Nevada.

Phalacrocorax olivSceus mexicanus (Brandt). Mexican Cormorant. [121.]

Carho mexicanus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., Ill, No.
4, Nov. 16, 1837, col. 56. (Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Mexico, southeastern Texas, southern
Louisiana, Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the Bahamas south to Nicaragua.
Winter range the same. Accidental in Illinois, Kansas, and Colorado. [A
closely related race is found in South America.]

Subgenus COMPSOHALIEUS Ridgway.

Compsohalieus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds
N. Amer., II, 1884, 145. Type, by orig. desig., Carbo penicillatus
Brandt.

Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). Brandt's Cormorant. [122.]

Carbo jienicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., Ill,
No. 4, Nov. 16, 1837, col. 55. (Type locality unknown = Vancouver
Island.)

Range. — Breeds locally from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Mag-
dalena Bay, Lower California. Winters from Puget Sound to Cape San Lucas.
Casual on Forrester Island, Alaska.

Subgenus URILE Bonaparte.

Urile Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II, sig. 22, Oct. 1, 1855 [1856], 175.
Type, by tautonymy, Pelecanus urile Gmelin.

24 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas. Pelagic Cormorant. [123.]

Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 303.

(maris Camtschatici orientalis et Americanarum insularum incola =

Aleutian Islands.) ^

Range. — Breeds locally on coasts and islands of Bering Sea and the northern

Pacific Ocean from Norton Sound and St. Lawrence Island to Forrester Island,

southeastern Alaska; on the Aleutian and Commander islands to East

Cape, Siberia, and on the Arctic coast; also from Koliutschin Island, Siberia,

south through the Kurile Islands to Yezo, Japan. Winters from the Aleutian,

Pribilof, and Commander islands to Puget Sound and China. Casual at

Point Barrow, Alaska.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon. Baird's Cormorant. [1236.]

Phalacrocorax resplendens Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, pi. 412, fig.
1, 1838 (Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 148). (Cape Disappointment near
entrance of Columbia River [Washington].)

Range. — Breeds along the Pacific coast from near Victoria, British Colum-
bia, to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. Winters over nearly the
same area, e.xtending to Natividad Island and Mazatlan, Mexico.

Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin). Red-faced Cormorant. [124.]

Pelecanus Urile Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 575. Based mainly on
the Urile Steller, Beschr. von dem Lande Kamtschatka, 1774, 157.
(in Camtschatcae rupestribus maritimis = Kamchatka.)

Range. — -Breeds in the Bering Sea region, on the Pribilof and Commander
islands, and to North Cape, Siberia. Winters from the vicinity of the Pribilof,
Aleutian, Commander, and northern Kurile islands to Japan and Formosa.
Casual at St. Michael, Alaska, and the Diomede Islands.

Family ANHINGIDAE. Darters.

Genus ANHINGA Brisson.

Anhinga Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 60; VI, 476. Type, by monotypy,
Anhinga Brisson = Plotus anhinga Linnaeus.

Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). Water-Turkey. [118.]

Plotus Anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 218. Based mainly
on the Tumpinambus Brasiliensis Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Brazil, 218.
(in America australi = Brazil.)

Range. — Breeds through tropical America north to Bexar County, Texas;
Helena, Arkansas; Cairo and Mt. Carmel, Illinois (formerly); and Wihning-

1 P. pelagicus robustus Ridgway is regarded as indistinguishable from P.
pelagicus pelagicus.

ORDER CICONIIFORMES. 25

ton, North Carolina south to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argen-
tina. Winters in nearly the same area north to the vicinity of Yuma, in
California and Arizona, central Arkansas, and central Alabama and occa-
sionally to South Carolina. Casual in Ohio.

Suborder FREGATAE. Man-o'-war-birds.
Family FREGATIDAE. Man-o'-war-birds.

Genus FREGATA Lacepede.

Fregata Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 15. No species mentioned,
but obviously based on Pelccanus aquilus Linnaeus. •

FregSta magnificens Mathews. Man-o'-war-bird. [128.]

Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, Austral Avian Record, II, No. 6,
Dec. 19, 1914, 20. (Harrington, Indefatigable, Albemarle Islands,
Galapagos [Archipelago] = Barrington.)

Range. — Breeds in the West Indies, Bahamas, and on islands off the coast
of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea, islands along the west coast of Mexico,
and in the Galapagos Islands. Winters in the breeding area and adjacent
seas, ranging north more or less regularly to Florida, Louisiana, and the
coast of California as far as Humboldt Bay. Casual in Bermuda, South
Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Wis-
consin, Kansas, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio.^

Order CICONIIFORMES. Herons, Storks,
Ibises, Flamingos, and Allies. *

Suborder ARDEAE. Herons, Bitterns, and

Allies.

Family ARDEIDAE. Herons and Bitterns.
Subfamily ARDEINAE. Herons and Egrets.

Genus ARDEA Linnaeus.

Ai-dea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 141. Type, by subs, desig.,
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

^ Fregata aquila has been divided into several species and subspecies, F. a.
aquil'i being now restricted to Ascension Island. F. minor pahnerstoni has
been reported to occur off Cape San Lucas but all available Lower California
specimens prove to be magnificens.

26 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Ardea occidentalis Audubon. Great White Heron. [192.]

Ardea occidentalis Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), III, pi. 281, 1835
(Orn. Biog., Ill, 1835, 542). (between Indian Key and Key West
Florida.)

Range. — Southern Florida and the Florida Keys. Casual north to Anclote
River, Micco, and Daytona Beach, Florida.

Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron. [194.]

Ardea Herodias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 143. Based mainly
on the Ash-coloured Heron from North America ErwAErs, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 135. (in America = Hudson Bay.)

.Range. — Breeds from Nova Scotia, central Quebec, northern Ontario,
southern Manitoba, central Alberta, and southeastern British Columbia to
Tennessee and South Carolina, west to Iowa and Nebraska, and in Bermuda.
Winters from New York (rarely Massachusetts) and the Ohio Valley to
Florida, Texas, and Panama, casually to Colombia and Venezuela. Accidental
in Greenland.

Ardea herodias wdrdi Ridgway. Ward's Heron. [1946.]

Ardea wardi Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VII, No. 1, Jan., 1882, 5.
(Oyster [= Estero] Bay, Florida.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern South Carolina, southern Georgia,
southern Alabama, southwestern Indiana, southeastern Illinois, southeastern
Iowa, and Kansas to Oklahoma, southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and the
Florida Keys. Winters in Florida, southern Alabama, Texas, and southward
in Mexico to Jalisco.

#
Ardea herodias treganzai Court. Treganza's Heron. [194c.]

Ardea herodias treganzai Court, Auk, XXV, No. 3, July, 1908, 291. (Egg
Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah.)

Range. — ^Breeds from southern Wyoming, southern Idaho, and eastern
Washington south in the interior to Salton Sea, southern California, north-
eastern Lower California, western Sonora, and southern New Mexico, east to
western Texas and central Colorado. Winters from Texas, southeastern Cali-
fornia, and Arizona to Colima, Mexico.

Ardea herodias fannini Chapman. Northwestern Coast Heron. [194a.]

Ardea herodias farmini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, Art.
8, April 15, 1901, 87. (Skidegate [Graham Island], Queen Charlotte
Islands [B. C.].)

Range. — Breeds along the Pacific coast from Cook Inlet, Alaska, to Cape
Flattery and Nisqually Flats, Washington. Winter range about the same.

ORDER CICONIIFORMES. 27

Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser. California Heron. [194c?.]

Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIII,
No. 1939, Dec 12, 1912, 550. (Baird [Shasta Co.], California.)

Range. — Breeds mainly west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, in the
Upper Austral and Transition zones from western Oregon to northern I^ower
California. Winters in its breeding range and south to Guadalupe Island,
Lower California.

Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs. Espiritu Santo Heron. [194e.]

Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, IV, 83, Feb. 23, 1912. (Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California.)

Range. — Southern Lower California from San Jose Island to San Jose del
Cabo.

[Additional races of A. herodias occur in the West Indies, Mexico, and the
Galdpagos.]

• Ardea cinerea cinerea Linnaeus. European Heron. [195.]

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 143. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Range. — Most of Europe and western Asia south of lat. 60° N., the Canary
Islands, and Africa south to the Cape and Orange River colonies. Accidental
in Iceland and southern Greenland (Godthaab, January 14, 1877 ^ and Nenor-
talik, 1856 -). [Allied races occur in eastern Asia and Madagascar.]

Genus CASMERODIUS Gloger.

Casmerodius Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 [pp. 1-450,
1841], 412. Type, by subs, desig., Ardea cgretta Gmelin (Salvador!,

1882).

Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin). American Egret. [196.]

Ardea Egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 629. Based mainly on
the Grande Aigrette Buffon, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, VII, 377. (in insula
S. Dominici, insulis Falkland et America australi ad Louisianam
usque = Cayenne.)

Range. — -Breeds in Oregon and California, and from Arkansas, Tennessee,
North Carolina, Florida, the Gulf coast, and Mexico south to Patagonia;
formerly bred north to Cape May County, New Jersey, and Wisconsin; now
greatly reduced in numbers. Winters from Oregon (rarely), California, Texas,
the Gulf of Mexico, and South Carolina southward. In late summer migrates
northward, regularly to New Jersey and southern New England, and casually
to Maine, New Hampshire, Michigan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns-

1 Hagerup, Birds of Greenland, 1891, 53.

2 Winge, Groenlands Fugle, 1898, 242.

28 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

wick, and Nova Scotia. [Allied races occur in southern Europe, tropical Asia,
tropical Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.]

Genus EGRETTA Forster.

Egretta T. Forster, Synop. Catal. Brit. Birds, 1817, 59. Type, by mono-
typy, Ardea garzetta Linnaeus.

Egretta thula thula (Molina). Snowy Egret. [197.]

Ardea Thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, 2.35. (Chili.)

Range. — Formerly bred from New Jersey (Cape May County), Nebraska,
Indiana, and Illinois south to Chile and Argentina; now breeds in the United
States locally along the coast from North Carolina to Louisiana and
Texas. Winters from Florida and Mexico southward. In late summer mi-
grates north to Kansas and Maryland and casually farther (recorded from
Alberta, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and in Bermuda,
but some of the records doubtless refer to Florida c. caerulea).

Egretta thula brewsteri Thayer and Bangs. Brewster's Egret. [197a.]

Egretta candidissima breicsteri Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Club, IV, 40, April 29, 1909. (San Jose Island, Gulf of California.)

Range. — Breeds from Utah and California south to Lower California,
migrating through Texas and Arizona to Mexico. Casual in late summer
north to British Columbia, Alberta, Colorado, and Wyoming.

Genus DICHROMANASSA Ridgway.

Dichromanassa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., IV, No.
IjFeb. 5, 1878, 246. Type, by orig. desig., Ardea rufa Boddaert =
Ardea rufescens Gmelin.

Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens (Gmelin). Reddish Egret. [198.]

Ardea rufescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Ft. ii, 1789, 628. Based mainly on
the Aigrette rousse Buffon, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, VII, 378. (in Louis-
iana.)

Range. — Breeds from the Gulf coast of the United States to Haiti, Jamaica,
and Guatemala. Winters from southern Florida southward. Casual in Colo-
rado and southern Illinois.

Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem. Dickey's Egret. [198a.]

Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem, Condor, XXVIII, No. 5,
Sept. 21, 1926, 246. (San Luis Island, Gulf of California.)

Range. — Lower California.

ORDER CICONIIFORMES. 29

Genus HYDRANASSA Baird.

Hydranassa Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 660. Type, by orig. desig., Ardea ludovi-
ciana Wilson = Egretta ruficollis Gosse.

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). Louisiana Heron. [199.]

Egretta ruficollis Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 338. (Burnt Savanna
River [Jamaica].)

Range. — Breeds from North Carolina and the Gulf States to the West
Indies and Central America, and on the Pacific coast of Mexico north to central
Lower California. Winters from Lower California and South Carolina south-
ward. Migrates casually northward in late summer (recorded from California,
Arizona, Missouri, Indiana, New Jersey, and New York (Long Island). ^
[Closely related races occur in South America and on Trinidad.]

Genus FLORIDA Baird.

Florida Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxi, xlv, 659, 671. Type, by monotypy, Ardea
caerulea Linnaeus.

Florida caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Little Blue Heron. [200.]

Ardea caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 143. Based mainly
on The Blew Heron, Ardea caerulea Catesby, Carolina, I, 76. (in Amer-
ica septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — ^Formerly bred from Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and New Jersey
to western Mexico; now breeds from Delaware southward to Florida and the
Gulf coast and in Arkansas, central Texas, Mexico, and Central America.
Winters from North Carolina and Texas southward. Migrates in late
summer regularly to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, southern New York, and
southern New England, and casually farther (recorded from Nova Scotia,
Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, and south-
ern Lower California) . [A closely related race occurs in the West Indies and
northern South America.]

Genus BUTORIDES Blyth.

Butorides Blyth, Catal. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc, 1849 [1852?], 281. Type,
by monotypy, Ardea javanica Horsfield.

1 Birds from Lower California have been separated asH.t. occidentalis Htjey
(Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1927, 83).

30 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. »

Butorldes virescens virescens (Linnaeus). Eastern Green Heron. [201.]

Ardea virescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 144. Based mainly
on The Small Bittern, Ardea stellaris minima Catesby, Carolina, I, 80.
(in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from North Dakota, central Minnesota, northern Wiscon-
sin, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to the Dry
Tortugas, the Gulf coast, Texas, Mexico, southern Guatemala, and northern
Honduras, and west to central Colorado and New Mexico. Winters from
Florida (casually South Carolina) and southeastern Texas to Central America
and the northern coast of Colombia. Casual in Bermuda, Porto Rico, and
Haiti.

Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster). Frazar's Green Heron. [201a.]

Ardea virescens frazari Brewster, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 83. (La Paz,
Lower California.)

Range. — Lower California, from San Ignacio to La Paz.

Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns). Anthony's Green Heron. [201c.]

Ardea virescens anthonyi Mearns, Auk, XII, No. 3, July, 1895, 257.
(Seven Wells, Salton River, on the Colorado Desert, Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds or summers from Portland, Oregon, to northern Lower
California, southern Arizona, and northern Sonora, Mexico. Winters from
southern California to southern Mexico and central Costa Rica.

[Other closely related races of B. virescens occur in the Bahamas, West
Indies, Mexico, and Central America.]

Genus NYCTICORAX Forster.

Nyclicorax T. Forster, Synop. Catal. Brit. Birds, 1817, 59. Type, by
monotypy, Nyclicorax infaustusFoRSTER = Ardea nyclicorax Linnaeus.

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin). Black-crowned Night Heron.
[202.]

Ai-dea Hoaclli Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 630. Based mainly on

the Hoactli or Dry Bird Ray, Synops. Avium, 179 (ex Hernandez), (in

novae Hispaniae lacubus = Lakes of Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Oregon, southern Wyoming, southern

Manitoba, and southern Quebec south to Paraguay. Winters from northern

California, Oregon, and New York southward, occasionally in New England,

southern Illinois, Michigan, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and New Brunswick.

Casual in British Columbia and in Bermuda. [A closely related race is found

in the Eastern Hemisphere.]

ORDER CICONIIFORMES. 31

Genus NYCTANASSA Stejneger.

Nyctanassa Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 295 (note)
[Aug. 3]. Type, by orig. desig., Ardea violacea Linnaeus.

Nyctanassa violacea violScea (Linnaeus). Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

[203.]

Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 143. Based on
The Crested Bittern, Ardea stellaris cristata americana Catesby,
Carolina, I, 79. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southern Illinois,
southern Indiana, Ohio (rarely), New Jersey, Massachusetts (rarely), and South
Carolina; also in the Bahamas and West Indies and south to Brazil and Peru.
Winters from southern Florida southward. Occurs casually north to Colorado,
Iowa, Nebraska, Ontario, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Nova
Scotia.

Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey. Bancroft's Night Heron. [203a.]

Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey, Condor, XXIX, No. 3, May 15, 1927,
167. (Scammon Lagoon, Lower California, Mexico.)

Range. — Locally resident in southern Lower California, south of lat. 28°30'
N., and along the Pacific coast south at least to Salvador.

Subfamily BOTAURINAE. Bitterns.

Genus BOTAURUS Stephens.

Botaurus Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XI, Pt. ii, Aug., 1819,
592. Type, by subs, desig., Ardea stellaris Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). American Bittern. [190.]

Ardea lentiginosa Montagu, Suppl. Orn. Diet., 1813, not paged, see under
Heron, Freckled (with plate). (Piddletown, Dorsetshire, England.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
northern Manitoba, southern Ungava Peninsula, and Newfoundland south to
southern California, central Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, the
Ohio Valley, and southern New Jersey, and less frequently in the southern
United States; occasional in summer and autumn in southeastern Alaska.
Winters from British Columbia, Idaho, southern Texas, Illinois, Indiana, Dis-
trict of Columbia, and Virginia south to Cul>a, Guatemala, and Panama, and
casually to the Bahamas, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and Bermuda. Accidental in
Iceland, Greenlrnd, Great Britain, and the Azores.

32 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus IXOBRYCHUS Billbkrg.

Ixobrychus Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., I, Pt. ii, 1828, 166. Type,
by subs, desig., Ardea minuta Linnaeus (Stone, 1907).

Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin). Eastern Least Bittern. [191.]

Ardea exilis Gmehn, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 645. Based on the
Minute Bittern Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. 1, 66. (in Jamaica.)

Range.^ — Breeds from extreme southern Quebec, Ontario, southern Maine,
southern Vermont, Wisconsin, central Minnesota, and North Dakota south
to the West Indies and southern Mexico. Winters from Georgia and south-
ern Texas south to the West Indies and eastern Guatemala. Casual or acci-
dental in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem. Western Least Bittern.
[191a.]

Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem, Bull. Southern Calif.
Acad. Sci., XXIII, 11, Feb. 20, 1924. (Buena Vista Lake, Kern
County, California.)

Range. — ^Breeds from southern Oregon to central Lower California and
western Guatemala. Winters from Arizona and southern California southward.
[Other races of /. exilis occur in northern South America.]

Suborder CICONIAE. Storks, Ibises, and Allies.

SupERFAMiLY CICONIOIDEA. Storks and Wood Ibises.
Family CICONIIDAE. Storks and Wood Ibises.
Subfamily MYCTERIINAE. Wood Ibises.

Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus.

Mycteria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 140. Type, by monotypy,
Mycteria americana Linnaeus.

Mycteria americdna Linnaeus. Wood Ibis. [188.]

Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 140. Based
mainly on the Jabiru-guacu Maecgrave, Hist. Nat. Brazil, 200. (in
America calidiore = Brazil.)

Range. — Breeds and usually winters along the Gulf coast from Texas to
Florida and north to South Carolina; also in the West Indies, Mexico, Central

ORDEE CICONIIFORMES. 33

and South America to central Argentina and Peru. Migrates irregularly and
casually after the breeding season to central California, Arizona, Montana,
Wyoming, Missoiui, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Kentucky, Colorado,
Nebraska, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, New Brunswick, New York, Peim-
sylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Vermont.

SuPERPAMTLY THRESKIORNITHOIDEA. Ibises and Spoon-
bills.

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE. Ibises and Spoonbills.
Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE. Ibises.

Genus PLEGADIS Kaup.

Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 82. Tj^pe, by
monotypy, Tantalus Jalcinellus Linnaeus.

Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus (Linnaeus). Eastern Glossy Ibis. [186.]

Tantalus Falcinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 241. (in Aus-
tria, Italia = Austria.)

Range. — Tropical and subtropical regions, mainly of the Eastern Hemi-
sphere. Breeds rarely and locally in central Florida and probably in Louisiana
and Mexico; also in Haiti and Cuba, ranging casually northward; recorded
from Ontario, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Colorado, Missouri, Wisconsin, Michigan,
Ohio, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, District of Columbia, and South Carolina. [A closely allied race
occurs in Java and Australia.]

Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus). White-faced Glossy Ibis. [187.]

Scolopax Guarauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 242. Based
mainly on the Guarauna (Brasiliensibus) Makcgeave, Hist. Nat.
Brazil, 204. (in America australi = Brazil.)

Range. — -Breeds from Oregon (Malheur Lake) and Utah (Great Salt Lake)
to southern Texas and southern Mexico; also locally in Louisiana and Florida
(one instance), and in South America from Peru and Brazil southward.
Casual in southwestern British Columbia, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
and New Mexico; also Straits of Magellan and Costa Rica (rarely). Winters
in Mexico north to southern California, Arizona, Texas, and Louisiana, and
in South America.

Genus GUARA Reichenbach.

Guara Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xiv. Type, by orig.

desig., Scolopax rubra Linnaeus.
4

34 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Guara Slba (Linnaeus). White Ibis. [184.]

Scolopax alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 145. Based on The
White Curlew, Numenius albus Catesby, Carolina, I, 82. (in America
= South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Lower California, central Mexico, Texas,
Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina south to the West Indies, Venezuela,
and Peru. Winters from central Mexico and the coasts of Louisiana and
Florida southward. Casual in Colorado, South Dakota, Illinois, North Caro-
lina, Vermont, Connecticut, and New York (Long Island).

• Guara rubra (Linnaeus). Scarlet Ibis. [185.]

Scolopax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 145. Based mainly
on The Red Curlew, Numenius ruber Catesby, Carolina, I, 84. (in
America = Bahamas.)

Range. — Tropical South America. Casual in the West Indies and Central
America, and recorded as an accidental straggler in New Mexico,^ Texas,^
Louisiana,' and Florida.*

Subfamily PLATALEINAE. Spoonbills.

Genus AJAIA Reichenbach. '

Ajaia Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xvi. Type, by orig.
desig., Ajaia rosea Reichenbach = Platalea ajaja Linnaeus.

Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). Roseate Spoonbill. [183.]

Platalea Ajaja Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 140. Based mainly
on the Aiaia Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Nat. Hist. Brazil, 204. (in
America australi = Brazil.)

Range. — Breeds locally in southern Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, central and
southern Florida (Tampa Bay but not breeding), the Bahamas, Cuba, and
central Mexico south to Argentina and Chile. Formerly casual north to
Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and South Carolina; accidental in California,
Utah, Kansas, Colorado, Wisconsin, and the Falkland Islands.

1 Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 264.

2 Sell, Condor, XX, 1918, 78.

3 Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 62.

* Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VIII, 1883, 185.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 35

Suborder PHOENICOPTERI. Flamingos.

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE. . Flamingos.

Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus.

Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 139. Type, by
monotypy, Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus.

Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus. Flamingo. [182.]

Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 139. Based
largely on The Flamingo, Phoenicopterus bahamensis Catesby, Carolina,
I, 73. (in Africa, America, rarius in Europa = Cuba.)

Range. — -Atlantic coast of subtropical and tropical America. Breeds locally
in the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Yucatan, Guiana, and Peru; formerly a regular
visitor near the southern tip of the Florida Peninsula; now of casual occurrence
on the Florida coast. Winters mainly in the same region. Said to have been
found on the coast of South Carolina.^

Order ANSERIFORMES. Screamers, Swans,
Geese, and Ducks.

Suborder ANSERES. Swans, Geese, Ducks,
and Allies.

Family ANATIDAE. Swans, Geese, and Ducks.
Subfamily CYGNINAE. Swans.

Genus STHENELIDES Stejneger.

Sthenelides Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., IV, 1885, 143. Type, by
monotypy, Anas melancorypha Molina.

•• Sthenelides olor (Gmelin). Mute Swan. [178.2.]

Anas olor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 502. (in Russia, Siberia,
Persico etiam littore maris caspii = Russia.)

Range. — Breeds from northern and southeastern Europe to Turkestan,
Mongolia, Persia, and eastern Siberia. Winters south to northern Africa, the
Black Sea, and northwestern India. Introduced and naturalized in the British
Isles and in New York (lower Hudson Valley and south shore of Long Island),
straying casually to the coast of New Jersey.

1 Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 256.

36 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CYGNUS Bechstein.

Cygnus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., II, 1803, 404, footnote.
Type, by tautonymy, A7ias cygnus Linnaeus.

Subgenus CYGNUS Bechstein.

• Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus). Whooper Swan. [179.]

Anas cygnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 122. (in Europa,
America septentrionali = Sweden.)

Range. — -Breeds from Iceland (and formerly Great Britain) across northern
Europe and Asia to eastern Siberia and the Commander Islands, south to lat .
62° in Europe, and lat. G5° in Siberia. Winters south to southern Europe and
Persia, rarely to northern Africa and India. Casual in Greenland (Atangmik,
Godthaab, Ingtuk, and Arsuk) ^ where it formerly bred.

Cygnus columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan. [180.]

Anas columbianus Ord, in Guthrie, Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319.
Based on the Whistling Swan Lewis and Clark, Hist. Exped. Rocky
Mts. and Pacif., II, 192. (Below the great narrows of the Columbia
River.)

Range. — Breeds mainly north of the Arctic Circle from northern Alaska to
Baffin Island, south to the barren grounds of Canada, the Alaska Peninsula,
northeastern Siberia, and St. Lawrence Island. Winters on Chesapeake Bay and
its estuaries, on Currituck Sound and vicinity, North Carolina, and less num-
erously elsewhere on the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Florida, and
formerly, at least, on the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Te.xas; also on the Pacific
coast from southern Alaska to northern Lower California; migrates through
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New York (Lake Erie and Niagara River),
Ontario, Michigan (Detroit River), western Wisconsin, Minnesota, North
Dakota, and occasionally ip Utah. Casual in Bermuda, Commander Islands,
and Mexico.

Subgenus CLANGOCYCNUS Oberholser.

Clangocycnus Oberholser, Emu, VIII, Pt. 1, July, 1908, 3. Type, by
monotypy, Cygnus buccinator Richardson.

Cygnus buccinator Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. [181.]

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn.,
Jameson ed., IV, Aug., 1831, 345. (Hudson Bay.)

Range.— Bred formerly from Alaska (Fort Y'ukon), northern Mackenzie,
and James Bay south to British Columbia, Alberta, western Montana, Mani-
toba, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Indiana. Wintered formerly
from west-central British Columbia and the central Mississippi Valley to the

1 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 130, 1925, 280.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 37

Gulf of Mexico and southern California. Now so greatly reduced in numbers
that only a few are living in a wild state in British Columbia, Alberta, and the
Yellowstone Park region.

Subfamily ANSERINAE. Geese.

Genus BRANTA Scopoli.

Branta Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, 67. Type, by tau-
tonymy. Anas bernicla Linn-VEUS {Branta Aldrovandus in synonymy),

Branta canadensis canadensis (Lintstaeus). Common Canada Goose. [172.]

Anas canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 123. Based mainly
on The Canada Goose, Anser canadensis Catesby, Carolina, I., 92. (in
Canada.)

Range. — Breeds from Mackenzie and northern Quebec to Labrador, south
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, James Bay, South Dakota, northern Colorado,
northern Utah, northern Nevada, and northern California, west to central
Oregon, central Washington, central British Columbia and occasionally, at
least formerly, in Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake) and Arkansas (Walker Lake).
Winters from southern British Columbia, northwestern Wyoming, South
Dakota, southern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southern New England, and
Nova Scotia south to Florida, the Gulf coast of Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, and
southern California and west to the Pacific coast in British Columbia. Casual
in Bermuda and Jamaica.

Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird). White-cheeked Goose. [1726.]

Bernicla occidentalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 766. (Port Townsend, W[ashington].
T[erritory].)

Range. — The Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and along the
coast of southeastern Alaska to the vicinity of Prince William Sound.

Branta canadensis leucopareia (Brandt). Lesser Canada Goose. [172<i.]

A7iser leucopareius Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., I, No.
5, May 11, 1836, 37. (Aleutian Islands.)

Range. — Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska, Yukon Territory, and
Mackenzie to Southampton Island. Winters from northern Washington to
northern Mexico.

38 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Branta canadensis htitchinsi (Richardson). Hutchins's Goose.^ 1172o.]

Ayiser Hutchinsii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 470. (Melville Peninsula.)

Range. — Breeds on Melville Peninsula, Southampton and Baffin islands, and
probably in other parts of eastern Arctic America. Migrates through Hudson
Bay, southern Manitoba, and the Mississippi Valley and winters on the Gulf
coast of Mexico. Casual on the Atlantic coast (Maryland and North
Carolina),

Branta canadensis minima Ridgway. Cackling Goose. [172c.]

Branta minima Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 22 [May 6].
(Yukon delta and contiguous shores of Norton Sound = St. Michael,
Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on the sea-coast and probal>ly on adjacent islands of north-
western Alaska west of Pt. Barrow. Winters mainly in the Sacramento and
San Joaquin valleys of California; occasional east of the Cascades in British
Columbia. Casual on the Hawaiian Islands.^

Branta bemicla hrota (MtJLLER). American Brant. [173a.]

Anas Hrota O. F. MtJLLER, Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, 14. (Isl[andis]
= Iceland.)

Range. — Breeds in the Arctic regions of eastern North America, in the
Canadian Arctic Archipelago, northern Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg islands,
on both coasts of Greenland, and, apparently, the Spitzbergen Archipelago.
Winters on the Atlantic coast of America from New Jersey to North Carolina,
rarely to Massachusetts and Florida; also less frequently on the Pacific coast
of the United States and British Columbia and on the coasts of the British
Isles; common in migration on the lower St. Lawrence River. Casual in
Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, North Dakota, Michigan, Ohio,
Wisconsin, Nebraska, Louisiana, and Texas and in Barbados. [A related race
occurs in the Arctic regions of Europe and Siberia, migrating south to the
Mediterranean.]

Branta nigricans (Lawrence). Black Brant. [174.]

Anser nigricans Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IV, 1846, 171 (i)l.
xii). (Egg Harbor, N. J.)

Range. — Breeds on Arctic coasts and islands from Siberia (Taimyr
Peninsula to Coronation Gulf), and on islands to about long. 100° W. Winters
mainly on the Pacific coast from Vancouver to Lower California, and on the

^ This bird has been confused with leucopareia and most of the references to
hutchinsi in literature refer to that form. Cf. Taverner, Annual Report,
Nat. Mus. Canada for 1929, pp. 28-40.

* This form may prove specifically distinct fropa %h^ B, canadensis group.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 39

Asiatic coast to northern China and Japan; casually in the interior in Oregon
Nevada, Utah, and Oklahoma. Accidental on the Atlantic coast (Massa-
chusetts, New York, and New Jersey) and in the Hawaiian Islands.

*Branta leucopsis (Bechstein). Barnacle Goose. [175.]

Alias leucopsis Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., II, 1803, 424.
(auf dem Zuge, Deutschland = Germany.)

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Greenland, Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlya
(possibly), the Lofoten Islands, and in northwestern Siberia. Winters in
northwestern Europe, south to the Baltic and North seas, and the British
Isles; occasionally to Switzerland and Austria, and rarely to the Azores, Spain,
Morocco, and Italy; occurs in Iceland in migration. Casual in Labrador,
southern Baffin Island, Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York (Long
Island), and North Carolina.^

Genus PHILACTE Bannister.

Philacte Bannister, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXII] 1870, No. 3,
Aug.-Dec. [March 14, 1871], 131. Type, by monotypy. Anas caimgica
Sevastianoff.

Philacte canagica (Sevastianoff). Emperor Goose. [176.]

Anas ca?iagica Sevastianoff, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop., XIII,
1802, 349 (pi. x). (Probably Kanaga (or Kyktak) Island, Aleutian
Islands.)

Range. — ^Breeds on the northwest coast of Alaska from the mouth of the
Kuskokwim River to the north side of the Seward Peninsula, Pt. Barrow, St.
Lawrence Island, and the coast of Siberia from East Cape to Koliuchin Bay.
Winters mainly in the Aleutian Islands and along the Alaska Peninsula as far
east as Bristol Bay, and west to the Commander Islands, straggling to central
British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus ANSER Brisson.

Anser Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 58; VI, 261. Type, by tautonymy, Anser
domestica Brisson = Anas anser Linnaeus (.^4 riser in synon. cf. Op.
16, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.).

Anser albifrons albifrons (Scopoli). White-fronted Goose. [171.]

Branta albifrons Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, 69. (No
locality given.)

Range. — Breeds in Arctic America from the Yulvon Valley east to Anderson
River and Clinton-Colden Lake, Mackenzie, and also on the west coast of

1 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 130, 1925, 263.

40 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, and on the Arctic coast of Siberia to Bering Strait.
Winters in western United States east to the Mississippi Valley, from southern
British Columbia and southern Illinois south to the coast of Louisiana and
Texas and to central western Mexico; also reaches Japan, China, and northern
Africa. Casual on Hudson Bay, in Quebec, Ontario, on the Atlantic coast
(Labrador, Massachusetts, Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina),
and in Cuba.

Anser albifrons gambelli Hartlaub. Tule Goose. [171a.]

Anser Gambelli Hartlaub, Revue et Mag. Zool., ser. 2, IV, [No. 1] Jan.,
1852, 7. (Texas et du sud de rAmerique du nord = Southern part
of North America.)

Range. — Breeding range unknown, probably somewhere in Arctic America.
Winters in the Sacramento Valley, California.

♦ Anser fabalis (Latham). Bean Goose. [171.1.]

Alias Fabalis Latham. General Synops., SuppL, I, 1787, 297. (England.)

Range. — ^Breeds in northern Europe and northern Asia, from Russian
Lapland east to the Yenesei River and north to Novaya Zemlya. Winters
south to southern Europe, China,, and northern Africa. Accidental in Green-
land.i

♦ Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon. Pink-footed Goose. [171.2.]

Anser hrachyrhynchus Baillon, Mem. Soc. Roy. d'Emul. d' Abbeville,
1833 [1834], 74. (AbbeviUe, France.)

Range. — Breeds in Spitzbergen, Iceland, and eastern Greenland.^ Winters
in northern Europe south to Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia.
Accidental in Massachusetts (Ipswich, Sept. 25, 1924).'

Genus CHEN Boie.

Chen Boie, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft v (May), col. 563. Type, by
monotypy, Anser hyperboieus Pallas.

Subgenus CHEN Boie.

Chen hyperborea hyperborea (Pallas). Lesser Snow Goose. [169.]

Anser hyperborens Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. \'i, 1769, 25. (in terris
borealibus ad Orientem 130° longitudinis sive circa Lenam et lanam
fluvios = northeastern Siberia.)

Range. — Breeds along the Arctic coast from Point Barrow, Alaska, to South-
ampton Island and southern Baffin Island and on Arctic islands to the north;

1 Winge, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjobenhaven, 1895, 63 [author's
separate]. (Not accepted by Schipler.)

2 Winge, Groenlands Fugle, 1898, 115.

3 Brooks, Auk, XLII, 1925, 265.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 41

also occurs in summer on the Chukches Peninsula, Siberia. Winters over the
western United States, especially in California, east to the Mississippi Valley
and from southern British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, southern Colorado, and
southern Illinois south to the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas and central
Mexico. Casual in Ontario, Quebec and on the Atlantic coast (lower St.
Lawrence River, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina) :
also on the Asiatic coast, south to Japan. Accidental in the West Indies.

Chen hyperborea atlantica Kennard. Greater Snow Goose. [169a.]

Chen atlantica Kennard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, IX, 93, Feb. 16,
1927. (Back Bay, Princess Anne County, Virginia.)

Range. — Breeds at McCormick Bay, Greenland, and on north Baffin and
Ellesmere islands. Winters on the Atlantic coast of Maryland, Virginia, and
North Carolina, from Chesapeake Bay (sometimes Delaware Bay) to Core
Sound; northward along the Atlantic coast in migration. Accidental at Cape
Fullerton, Hudson Bay.

Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). Blue Goose. [169.1.]

Anas cxrulescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124. Based on
the Blue-winged Goose Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 152. (in Canada
= Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds in southwestern Baffin Island and Southampton Island.
Migrates through the Mississippi Valley and winters mainly on the coast of
Louisiana from the Mississippi to Vermilion Bay and in lesser numbers to
BrowTisville, Texas. Casual in Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba; also occa-
sional in Quebec, Nebraska, Ohio, and California, and on the Atlantic coast
(Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Caro-
lina).

Subgenus EXANTHEMOPS Elliot.

Excinthemops Elliot, New and Unfig. Birds N. Amer., II, Pt. ix, 1868,
pi. xliv and text. Type, by orig. desig., Anser rossii Cassin.

Chen rossi (Cassin). Ross's Goose. [170.]

Anser Rossii "Baird," Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIII] 1861,
sig. 5-6, March-April [June 30], 73. (Great Slave Lake.)

Range. — Breeding area not definitely known, probably in the region east of
Coronation Gulf. Winters in California (Sacramento and San Joaquin val-
leys, and formerly to Orange County); casually north to British Columbia.
In migration north-east through Montana and Alberta to the Athabaska-
Mackenzie region. Casual in Louisiana, Utah, North Dakota, Manitoba,
Colorado, Arizona, and Chihuahua.

42 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE. Tree-ducks.
Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson.

Dendrocygna Swainson, Classif . Birds, II, [July 1] 1837, 365, Type, by
subs, desig.. Anas arcuata Horsfield (Gray, 1840).

Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Tree-duck.

[177.]
Anas autrminalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 127. Based on
The Red-bill'd Whistling Duck Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 194. (in
America = West Indies.)
Range. — Breeds from the Gulf coast of Texas (Corpus Christi) and the
lower Rio Grande Valley to Panama, and west to Mazatlan, Mexico. Winters
from Vera Cruz and Mazatlan southward. Casual in Arizona, southern Cali-
fornia, and Jamaica. [A closely related race occurs in tropical South America.]

Dendrocygna bicolor helva Wetmore and Peters. Fulvous Tree-duck.

[178.]

Dendrocygna bicolor helva Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol, Soc, Wash.,
XXXV, No. 8, March 20, 1922, 42. (Unlucky Lake, San Diego County,
California.)

Range. — Central California, central Nevada, southern Arizona, and Louisi-
ana south probably to Jalisco and the Valley of Mexico. Casual in North
Carolina, Missouri, Minnesota, and British Columbia. [A closely related race
occurs in Central and South America, Africa and India.]

• Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus). White-faced Tree Duck. [178.1.]

Anas viduata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, 205. (in Carthaginae
lacubus = Carthagena, Colombia.)

Range.— Colombia and Guiana to Uruguay and Argentina east of the
Andes; also in Africa south of the Sahara. Casual in Cuba and Costa Rica
and accidental in New Jersey (Hackensack, October, 1912).^

Subfamily ANATINAE. Surface-feeding Ducks.

Genus TADORNA Fleming.

Tadorna Fleming, Philos. Zool., II, 1822, 260. Type, by monotypy,
Anas tadorna Linnaeus.

1 G. B. GrinneU, Auk, XXX, 1913, 110.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 43

* Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus). Sheld-Duck. [141.2.]

Anas Tadorna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 122. (in Europae
maritimis = Sweden.)
Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and the British Isles south to France
and Spain; also in Siberia and central Asia. Migrates to North Africa, India,
China, and Japan. Casual in Iceland and the Faroes; accidental in Massa-
chusetts (Ipswich Bay, October 15, 1921). ^

Genus CASARCA Bonaparte.

Casarca Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 56. Type, by mono-
typy. Anas ruiila Pallas = Anas ferruginea Pallas.

• Casarca ferruginea (Pallas). Ruddy Sheldrake. [141.1.]

Anas (ferruginea) Pallas, in Vroeg, Catal., 1764, Adumbr., 5. (No local-
ity given = Tartary.)
Range. — Breeds in temperate Europe and in Asia, from Siberia south to
Mongolia, Turkestan, the Caspian and Black seas, Tibet, China, and in north-
ern Africa. Winters in the eastern Mediterranean countries, Egypt, India,
Arabia, Cejdon, and China; casually north to Japan. Casual or irregular in
the British Isles, the Faroes, and Iceland; and accidental in Greenland (Angs-
palartok Dist., Upernavik, 1892,^ and North Greenland ^}, New Jersey (Bar-
negat Bay, November 14, 1916),^ and North Carolina (Waterlily, 1886).*

Genus ANAS Linnaeus.

Anas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 122. Type, by subs, desig..
Anas boschas Linnaeus = A. platyrhynchos Linnaeus (Lesson, 1828).

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Common Mallard. [132.]

A7ias platyrhynchos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125. (in
Europae maritimis = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, northwestern
Alaska, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, west coast of Hudson Bay
(reported from Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia) south to northern
Lower California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, southern Kansas, cen-
tral Missom-i, southeastern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, southern Ohio, and
northern Virginia; breeds also in Iceland, through Europe south of the Arctic

1 Forbush, Auk, XXXIX, 1922, 104.

2 Vanhoflfen, Verhandl. Ges. fur Erdkunde, Berlin, 1893, 460.

' Winge, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren Kjobenhaven, 1895, 63.
4 G. B. Grinnell, Auk, XXXVI, 1919, 561.

44 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Circle, in the Azores and northern Africa, and from Siberia to China and
Japan. Winters from the Aleutian Islands, central Alaska, western Montana,
southern Saskatchewan (rarely), Nebraska, Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
northern Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, and Nova Scotia (casually) south to southern
Mexico, the Lesser Antilles, and Panama; also to South Africa, India, Burma,
and Borneo. Casual in Hawaii, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Grenada, and the
Bahamas.^

Anas platyrhynchos conboschas Brehm. Greenland Mallard. [132a.]

Anas conboschas C. L. Brehm, Handbuch Naturg. Vogel Deutschl., 1831,
865. (Gronland.)

Range. — West coast of Greenland as far north as Upernavik (breeding),
and on the east at least to Angmagsalik. Apparently resident but may mi-
grate locally.

Anas diazi novimexicana Huber. New Mexican Duck. [133.1.]

Anas novimexicana Huber, Auk, XXXVII, No. 2, April 15, 1920, 273.
(Rio Grande River, west of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County, New
Mexico.)

Range. — Rio Grande Valley from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to El Paso,
Texas, and probably also in Chihuahua. Casual in Nebraska and California.
[An allied race occurs in Mexico.]

Anas rubripes rubripes Brewster. Red-legged Black Duck. [133a.]

Anas obscura rubripes Brewster, Auk, XIX, No. 2, April, 1902, 184.
(Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire shore.)

Range. — Breeds north of the range of A. r. tristis, in northern Quebec
(Ungava), northern Manitoba, and northern Ontario. Winters south to
Arkansas, southern Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama, and from the Great Lakes
and New England down the Atlantic coast to northern Florida. Casual in
Colorado.

Anas rubripes tristis Brewster. Common Black Duck. [133.]

Anas rubripes tristis Brewster, Auk, XXVI, No. 2, April, 1909, 176.
Based on Ajias obscura Gmelin = the Dusky Duck Pennant, Arct.
Zool. (in Noveboraco = New York.)

Range. — ^Breeds in the Atlantic coast region from Maine to Delaware
(sparingly to North Carolina), and west to northern Indiana, Wisconsin,
and southern Ontario. Winters from New England to North Carolina, Geor-
gia, and Louisiana.

1 The Mallards of Iceland and the Azores have been recognized as distinct
races by some authors.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 45

Anas iulvigula fulvigula Ridgway. Florida Duck. [134.]

Anas obscura var. fulvigula Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VIII, No. 2, Feb., 1874,
111. (Dummits, Brevard Co. = St. Johns River, Florida.)

Range. — Southern and central Florida north at least to Alachua County and
along the northwestern coast.

Anas fulvigula maculosa Sennett. Mottled Duck. [134a.]

Anas maculosa Sennett, Auk, VI, No. 3, July, 1889, 263. (Nueces Bay,
near Corpus Christi, Texas.)

Range. — -Coasts of Louisiana and Texas, less commonly inland, along the
Mississippi in Louisiana, and to central Texas. Casual in Colorado and
Kansas.

Genus CHAULELASMUS Bonapakte.

Chaulelasnms "G. R. Gray" Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
56. Type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus.

Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.a.eus). Gadwall. [135.]

Anas strepera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125. (in Europse
aquis dulcibus = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from Little Slave Lake, Lake Athabaska, and Hudson Bay
(northern Manitoba) to central British Columbia, interior Washington, Oregon,
California, Utah, southern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, southwestern
Kansas, northern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, central Minnesota, and Ohio
(formerly) ; also in the British Isles and temperate Europe and Asia. Winters
from Chesapeake Bay, southern Illinois, northern Arkansas, northeastern
Colorado, and southern British Columbia to southern Florida, Jamaica, south-
central Mexico, and southern Lower California; also in the British Isles,
Mediterranean countries, northern India, China, and Japan. Accidental in
Bermuda and Alaska (St. Paul Island).

Genus MARECA Stephens.

Mareca Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XII, Pt. ii, 1824, 130.
Type, by subs, desig., Mareca fistularis Stephens = Anas penelope
Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838).

Mareca penelope (Linnaeus). European Widgeon. [136.]

Anas Penelope Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126. (in Europse
maritimis et paludibus = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Greenland (rarely), Iceland, Scotland and outlying
islands, northern England, northern Europe and Asia, east to Kamchatka.
Winters in the British Isles, southern Europe and Asia, and northern Africa to
Japan; also frequent in British Columbia, California, and less so, but appar-
ently regular, in the upper Mississippi Valley and on the Atlantic coast (Gulf
of St. Lawrence to Florida). Accidental in Spitzbergen, the Azores, Canary,
and Marshall Islands.

46 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Mareca americana (Gmelin). Baldpate. [137.]

Anas americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 526. Based mainly
on the American Wigeon Pennant, Arct. ZooL, II, 567. (in America a
Cayenna insulisque vicini Oceani ad sinum Hudsonis usque = New
York.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northern British Columbia and
the interior of Washington and Oregon east to Hudson Bay and Manitoba
(Shoal Lake), south to northern Indiana, northern Nebraska, northern
Colorado, northern Utah, northwestern Nevada, and northeastern California.
Winters from Chesapeake Bay (rarely Massachusetts), the Ohio Valley,
northeastern Colorado, central Utah, southern Nevada, Vancouver Island, and
southeastern Alaska to Panama and the Pacific coast of Central America.
Casual or accidental in Bermuda, the West Indies, New Brunswick, Greenland,
Aleutian, Commander, and Hawaiian islands, the Azores, British Isles, France,
and Japan.

Genus DAFILA Stephens.

Dafila Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XII, Pt. ii, 1824, 126. Type,
by monotypy, Dafila caudacuta Stephens = Anas acuta Linnaeus.

Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot). American Pintail. [143.]

Anas tzitzihoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., V, 1816, 163.
(Mexique.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska and northern Mackenzie east
to Hudson Bay and James Bay, south to central Iowa, central Nebraska, north-
ern Colorado, northern Utah, and southern California (formerly or rarely to
northern Illinois, southern Michigan, and Wisconsin). Winters from southern
British Columbia down the Pacific coast to Central America and from north-
eastern Colorado, Oklahoma, central Missouri, southern Illinois, southern
Ohio, and Chesapeake Bay (casually from Nebraska, Wisconsin, and Maine)
to the Bahamas, West Indies, and Panama; also in the Hawaiian Islands.
Casual or accidental in Greenland, southern Baffin Island, Labrador, Laysan
Island, Bermuda, and China.^ [A closely allied race is found in Europe, Asia,
and northern Africa.]

* Dafila bahamensis bahamensis (Linnaeus). Bahama Pintail. [143.1.]

Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124. Based on
The Ilathera Duck, Anas bahamensis rostro plumbco, macula A urantii
colons Catesby, Carolina, I, 93. (in Bahama = Bahama Islands.)

1 Some birds from northwestern Alaska show a tendency toward D. a. acuta
of Europe and Asia but are referred to this race. Cf. Bailey, Condor, XXVI,
1925, 109; XXXII, 1930, 265.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 47

Range. — The Bahamas, Haiti, Porto Rico, some of the Lesser Antilles, the
Guianas, and northern Brazil. Casual in Florida (Cape Canaveral, March,
1912), 1 Wisconsin, and Cuba. [A closely allied race occurs in southern South
America.]

Genus EUNETTA Bonaparte.

Eunetta Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XIII, No. 13
(for Sept. 29), 1856, 650. Type, by monotypy. Anas falcata Georgi.

• Eunetta falcata (Georgi). Falcated Teal. [137.1.]

Anas falcata Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reichs, I, 1775 167. (Baikal
region, Siberia.)

Range. — Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenisei River to Kamchatka,
the Kurile Islands, and northern Japan south to the Mongolian border.
Winters in southeastern Asia. Casual in Sweden, Hungary, and Bohemia, and
on St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (April 18, 1917).^

Genus NETTION Kaup.

Netlion Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 95. Type, by
monotypy, Anas crecca Linnaeus.

• Nettion crecca (Linnaeus). European Teal. [138.]

Anas Crecca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 126. (in Europae aquis
dulcibus = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the British Isles, Europe, and Asia, from lat. 70°
to the Mediterranean, the Azores, Mongolia, and the Amur Valley, east through
the Kurile and the Aleutian islands, to Unalaska. Winters south to the Canary
Islands, Ethiopia, India, Japan, and the Philippines. Apparently resident in
the Aleutian Islands. Casual or accidental in Greenland, Labrador, Nova
Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, New York, New Jersey, Vir-
ginia, and North Carolina.

Nettion carolinense (Gmelin). Green-winged Teal. [139.]

Anas carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 533. Based on the
American Teal Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 569. (in America a Carolina
ad sinum Hudsonis = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Great Slave
Lake, northern Manitoba, James Bay, and southern Ungava peninsula
south to central California, northern Nevada, northern Utah, northern New
Mexico, northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, northern Michigan, south-

1 Brooks, Auk, XXX, 1913, 110.

2 Hanna, Auk, XXXVII, 1920, 250.

48 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ern Ontario, western New York, and Quebec (formerly to Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Illinois). Winters from southern British Columbia, central Montana,
northern Nebraska, northern Missouri, southern Illinois, Kentucky, and
Chesapeake Bay to the Bahamas, West Indies, Honduras, and southern
Me.xico; occasionally to Sitka, the Great Lakes, New York, Massachusetts, and
Nova Scotia. Casual in Bermuda, Greenland, Great Britain, the Hawaiian
Islands, and Japan.

• Nettion formosum (Georgi). Baikal Teal. [139.1.]

Anas for mosa Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reichs., I, 1775, 168. (um
Irkutsk . . . und dem ganzen sudlichen Baikal ='«Lake Baikal, Si-
beria.)

Range. — Breeds in northern and eastern Siberia mainly between lat. 48°
and 72° N. and long. 80° and 175° E. Winters in China and Japan. Casual in
Alaska (Wainwright, September 2, 1921). i

Genus QUERQUEDULA Stephens.

Querquedula Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XII, Pt ii, 1824, 142.
Type, by tautonymy, Anas circia Linnaeus = Anas querquedula Lin-
naeus.

Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). Blue-winged Teal. [140.]

Anas discors Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 205. Based on
The White Face Teal, Querquedula americana variegata Catesby, Caro-
lina, I, 100. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, Great Slave Lake, northern
Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern Ontario, New Brunswick, Maine,
and Rhode Island south to western New York (rarely Long Island and eastern
Pennsylvania), Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, central Missoiu-i, central Kansas,
northern New Mexico, central Utah, and northern Nevada (has bred in
Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma). Winters from South Carolina,
Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, and southern California (casually Chesapeake Bay
and the Ohio Valley) to the Bahamas, West Indies, and coasts of Venezuela,
French Guiana, Brazil, and central Chile. Accidental in Greenland, Bermuda,
the British Isles, and Denmark. .

Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot). Cinnamon Teal. [141.]

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., V, 1816,
104. (dans I'Amerique meridionale sur la riviere de la Plata et a
Buenos Ayres.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, western Saskatchewan
(rarely), the central valleys of California, central Oregon, and northwestern

A. M. Bailey, Condor, XXVII, 1925, 169.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 49

Washington to central western Texas, northern Mexico, and Lower California,
east to western Montana, eastern Wyoming, and southwestern Kansas;
also in South America from Buenos Aires and the Andes of Peru to the
Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan. Winters from central California
(sparingly), southern Arizona, and central New Mexico to southern Mexico,
Nicaragua, and Panama; also from Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru (rarely
Ecuador and Colombia) to central Patagonia and Chiloe Island. Casual in
Alberta, Wisconsin, Ohio, New York, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.

Genus SPATULA Boie.

Spatula BoiB, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft v (May), col. 564. Type,
by monotypy, A7ias clypeata Linnaeus.

Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). Shoveller. [142.]

Anas clypeata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124. (in Europse
maritimis = southern Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from the Bering Sea coast of Alaska irregularly east to
Great Slave Lake and the valley of the Saskatchewan, south to western
Iowa, western Nebraska, Kansas, northwestern New Mexico, central Arizona,
and southern California, formerly or occasionally to western New York,
Indiana, Illinois, and Texas; also from the Arctic Circle to southern Europe and
central Asia, and from Great Britain to Kamchatka and the Commander
Islands. Winters from southern British Columbia, the coast of California,
Arizona, New Mexico, eastern Texas, the lower Mississippi Valley, and the At-
lantic coast from South Carolina south to the West Indies, the Pacific coast of
Mexico and Central America, Colombia, and the Hawaiian Islands; rarely
north to Minnesota, Illinois, New Jersey, and Virginia; and casually along the
Atlantic coast to Maine and Lal^rador; in the Old World winters south to
northern Africa, India, China, the Philippines, and Australia. Accidental in
Bermuda.

Genus AIX Boie.

Aix Boie, Isis von Oken, XXI, 1828, Heft iii-iv (March- April), col. 329.
Type, by subs, desig.. Anas sponsa Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838).

Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). Wood Duck. [144.]

Anas Sponsa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 128. Based mainly
on The Summer Duck, Anas americana Catesby, Carolina, I, 97. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds locally in almost every one of the United States and
southern Canadian provinces, from southern British Columbia, northwestern
Montana, southern Manitoba, and southern Ontario southward; rarely farther
north. Winters from southern British Columbia, central Missouri, southern
Illinois, and southern Virginia to Jamaica and central Mexico, rarely north
to Michigan and Massachusetts. Casual in Bermuda.
5

50 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subfamily NYROCINAE. Diving Ducks.

Genus NYROCA Fleming.

Nyroca Fleming, Philos. Zool., II, 1822, 260. T^T^, by tautonymy,
Anas nyroca Gijldenstadt.

Subgenus NYROCA Fleming.

Nyroca americana (Eyton). Redhead. [146.]

Fuligula americana Eyton, Monogr. Anatidae, 1838, 155. (North Amer-
ica.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, northern Alberta, Great
Slave Lake, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba to southeastern
Michigan, southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, central Nebraska,
southern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, southwestern Utah, central
Nevada, and southern California. Winters from southern British Columbia
to the coast of Mexico, and from northeastern Colorado, northern Arkansas,
southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay to the Bahamas, West Indies, and cen-
tral western Mexico, more rarely north to Lake Erie and southern New Eng-
land. Casual on Kodiak Island, Alaska.

• Nyroca ferina (Linnaeus). Pochard. [146.1.]

Anas ferina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126. (in Europae
maritimis = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Subarctic portions of Scandinavia, Finland, and Russia
east to Siberia (Lake Baikal), and south to the British Isles, Persia, northern Al-
geria, and southern Spain. Winters from the Mediterranean basin to India,
China, and Japan. Casual in Iceland, the Faroes, Azores, Canaries, Com-
mander Islands and Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island, May 4, 1912) .i

Nyroca collaris (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck. [150.]

Anas collaris Donovan, Brit. Birds, VI, 1809, pi. 147. (Lincolnshire (?),
England. Found in Leadenhall market, London.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan,
Manitoba and western Ontario south to southern Wisconsin, northern
Iowa, northern Nebraska, northern Utah, and central Arizona; formerly, at
least, to northern Illinois. Winters from southern British Columbia down
the Pacific coast to Mexico and from northern Arkansas, the Ohio Valley, and
Chesapeake Bay to the Bahamas, Mexico, and Guatemala; rarely in Porto
Rico, Cuba, and Massachusetts. Casual in Bermuda and Nova Scotia.

1 Evermann, Auk, 1913, 17.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 51

Subgenus ARISTONETTA Baird.

Aristonetta Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 793. Type, by orig. desig.. Anas valisineria
Wilson.

Njrroca valisineria (Wilson). Canvas-back. [147.]

Arms valisineria Wilson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 103 (pi. 70, fig. 5).
(United States.)

Range. — Breeds from Alaska (Fort Yukon) and Great Slave Lake to
central Manitoba, central western Nebraska, northern New IVIexico, northern
Utah, and western Nevada, occasionally east to southern Minnesota and
southern Wisconsin. Winters from southern British Columbia south along
the Pacific coast to Mexico, and from northwestern Montana, northern Colo-
rado, northeastern Arkansas, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay south to
Florida, the Gulf coast of Louisiana, Texas, central Mexico, and rarely
Guatemala. Casual or accidental in Bermuda, New Brunswick, and Nova
Scotia.

Subgenus FULIX Sundevall.

Fulix Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1835 [1836], 129.
Type, by subs, desig., Anas marila Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, 1884).

Nyroca marila (Linnaeus). Greater Scaup Duck. [148.]

Anas Marila Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, 1761, 39. (in Lapponia =
Lapland.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts of Europe and Asia from the Aleutian
Islands and the .Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada to the west coast of Hudson
Bay and western Ungava, Great Slave Lake, and central Manitoba (recorded
as breeding in southeastern Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, and north-
ern Iowa). Winters on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands to north-
ern Lower California, and on the Atlantic coast from southern New England
to North Carolina; also on the Gulf coast of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; oc-
casionally north to Maine and the Great Lakes and from Colorado to Nevada,
New Mexico, and Arizona; in the Eastern Hemisphere south to the Mediter-
ranean, Black, and Caspian seas. Casual in Greenland, eastern Labrador,
and Newfoundland. 1

Nyroca affiais (Eiton). Lesser Scaup Duck. [149.]

Fuligula affinis Eyton, Monogr. Anatida;, 1838, 157. (North America.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alaska (Glacier Bay), the Mackenzie and
Anderson River regions, west coast of Hudson Bay, and southeastern Ontario

1 The North American bird has been separated as N. ni. neardica Stejneger
(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 29, 1885, 161),

52 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

to southern British Columbia; formerly bred or recorded in summer in Michi-
gan, northern Ohio, southern Wisconsin, and southeastern Colorado. Winters
from southern British Columbia south along the Pacific coast of Mexico and
both coasts of Central America to Panama, and from northeastern Colorado,
northeastern Arkansas, southern Illinois, New Jersey, and Chesapeake Bay
to the Bahamas and Lesser Antilles, and occasionally north to Massachusetts.
Casual in Bermuda, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Greenland.

Subgenus FULIGULA Stephens.

Fuligula Stephens, in Sh.aw, General Zoology, XII, Pt. ii, 1824, 187.
Type, by tautonymy, Fuligula cristata auct. = Anas fuligula Linnaeus.

• Nyroca fuligula (Linnaeus) . Tufted Duck. [149.1.]

Anas Fuligula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 128. (in Europae
maritimis = Sweden.)

R.^NGE. — Breeds from the British Isles and Norway to eastern Siberia and
Kamchatka, from about lat. 70° to lat. 50°. Winters in southern Europe and
northern Africa to India, China, Japan, and Formosa. Casual in Madeira,
Liberia, the Seychelle, Pelew, Marianne, and Philippine islands, and Borneo;
also in the Kurile and Pribilof islands (St. Paul Island, May 9, 191 1),^ and
Greenland.

Genus NETTA Kaup.

Netia Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 102. Type, by
monotjTjy, Anas rufina Pallas.

^Netta rufina (Pallas). Rufous-crested Duck. [145.]

Anas rufina Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, II, 1773, 713. (in Mare Caspio
I'acubusque vastiosimis deserti Tartaric! = Caspian Sea.)

Range. — Breeds from Spain, southern Germany, and southern Russia
to Persia, Turkestan, and northern Africa. Winters on the Mediterranean,
Black, and Caspian seas, and the Persian Gulf, and in India, Burma, and Cey-
lon. Casual in the British Isles, France, Holland, Denmark, Germany, and
China, and in New York (Long Island?, Feb. 2, 1872.)2

Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger.

Glaucionetta Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 409 [Oct. 3].
Type, by orig. desig.. Anas clangula Linnaeus.

1 Evermann, Auk, 1913, 17.

2 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV, 1881, 22.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 53

» Glaucionettaclangulaclangula (Linnaeus). European Golden-eye. [151a.]

Alias Clangula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125. (in Europa;
ssepius maritima = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Arctic and Subarctic portions of northern Europe (south
to Saxony) and Asia. Winters south to the Mediterranean and Caspian seas,
India, China, and Japan. Casual in Iceland, the Azores, and the Pribilof
Islands (St. Paul Island, November 27, 1914). i

Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte). American Golden-eye.

[151.]

Clangula Americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 58. New
name for Anas Clangula Wilson [pi. Ixvii, fig. 6]. (Eastern United
States.)

Range. — Breeds from the Yukon Valley, Alaska, Great Slave Lake, south-
west shore of Hudson Bay, and northern Labrador to Newfoundland, north-
ern Ontario, New Brunswick, central Maine, New Hampshire, northern Ver-
mont, the Adirondacks, northern Michigan, northern IMinnesota, central North
Dakota, northwestern Montana, and interior British Columbia. Winters on
the Atlantic coast from Maine to South Carolina, on the Pacific from the
Commander and Aleutian islands to Lower California, and on lakes Michigan,
Erie, and Ontario; also irregularly from southern British Columbia and northern
Montana to Colorado and Arkansas, and in the Mississippi and Missouri
valleys to Iowa and Nebraska; more rarely to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
Florida, the Gulf coast, Texas, Arizona, and Sinaloa. Casual in Bermuda,
Barbuda, Greenland, and the Pribilof Islands.

Glaucionetta islandica (Gmelin). Barrow's Golden-eye. [152.]

Arms islandica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 541. Probably based
on the Iceland Duck Latham, General Synops., Ill, 545. (in Islandia
= Iceland.)

Range. — Breeds in Greenland and Iceland and on the Labrador coast; also
from south-central Alaska, British Columbia, southwestern Oregon, and the
Sierra Nevada of California east to northwestern Montana and southern
Colorado (recorded in northern Mackenzie and at Great Slave Lake). Win-
ters on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Massachusetts
(rarely farther), on the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to central California,
and in the interior irregularly from southern British Columbia and northern
Montana to southern Colorado. Casual in North Carolina, Michigan, and
Wisconsin.

Genus CHARITONETTA Stejneger.

Charitonetta Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 29, 1885, 163. Type,
by orig. desig., Anas albeola Linnaeus.

1 Hanna, Auk, 1916, 400.

54 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus). Buffle-head. [153.]

Anas Albeola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124. Based on the
Little Black and White Duck Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 100. (in
America = Newfoundland.)

Range. — Breeds from British Columbia, southern Yukon Territory, west-
central Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Great Slave Lake and southwestern coasts
of Hudson and James bays to northern Montana; reported as breeding formerly
in Maine, New Brunswick, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Wyoming, and recently at
lakes in northeastern California. Winters from the Aleutian and Commander
islands and the Alaska Peninsula south to central Mexico and Lower California,
and from northwestern Montana, Great Lakes, and the coast of Maine to South
Carolina, northern Florida, and the Gulf coasts of Louisiana and Texas. Casual
in Greenland, Bermuda, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus CLANGULA Leach.

Clangula Leach, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, 1819, App., xlviii. Type, by
monotypy, Clangula glacialis = A nas hyemalis Linnaeus.

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). Old-squaw. [154.]

Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126. (in Europa et
America arctica = Northern provinces of Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts of both hemispheres south to the
Straits of Belle Isle and Southampton Island, down the eastern and western
shores of Hudson Bay to Cape Jones and Churchill, west over the barren
grounds of Canada and Alaska to southern Yukon Territory, and down the
coasts of Bering Sea to the Aleutian and Commander islands and British
Columbia (White Pass); also over the barren grounds of Asia and Europe,
the Faroes, Iceland, and both coasts of Greenland. Winters on the Atlantic
coast south to Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina (rarely Georgia and
Florida), on the Pacific from the Aleutian Islands to Washington, less fre-
quently to southern California, and in the interior on the Great Lakes and
irregularly elsewhere to Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas. Winters
in the Old World south to the Black and Caspian seas, and less frequently to
the Mediterranean; also to Lake Baikal, Japan, and China. Casual in the
Azores and Madeira.

Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson.

Histrionicus Lesson, Manuel d'Orn., II, 1828, 415. Type, by orig. desig.,
Anas histrionica Linnaeus.

Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus). Eastern Harlequin Duck.

[155.]

Anas histrionica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 127. Based on
The Dusky and Spotted Duck Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 99. (in
America = Newfoundland.)

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 55

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, southern Greenland, southern Baffin Island, and
northern Labrador. Winters on the Atlantic coast of North America south
to the coast of Maine, more rarely to Long Island; resident in Iceland. Casual
on Lake Ontario, and accidental in South Carolina and Florida; also in Great
Britain and on the continent of Europe.

Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus Brooks. Western Harlequin Duck.

[155a.]

Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
LIX, No. 5, Sept., 1915, 393. (Cape Shipunski, Kamchatka.)

Range. — Breeds in Alaska, British Columbia, and Mackenzie, south in the
mountains to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to
central California; also westward through the Aleutian, Commander and
Kurile islands to Siberia. Winters mainly on the coast, and from the Pribilof
and Aleutian islands to central California; also on the Asiatic side from the
Commander Islands to Japan. Casual in interior North America south to
Nebraska and Missouri.

Gentjs CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte.

Camptorhynchus " Eyton " Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 58.
Type, by monotypy. Anas labradoria Gmelin.

Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gmelin). Labrador Duck. [156.]

Anas labradoria Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 537. Based on the
Pied Duck Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 599. (in America boreali =
Labrador.)

Range. — Extinct. Bred probably on the coast of the Ungava Peninsula.
Wintered on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to New Jersey and probably
to Chesapeake Bay. Casual on Bay Laprairie on the St. Lawrence River,
above Montreal, and recorded from Elmira, New York. Last record Dec.
12, 1878, W. H. Gregg, cf. Amer. Nat., XIII, 1879, 28.

Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton.

Polysticta Eyton, Catal. Brit. Birds, 1836, 58. Type, by monotypy,
Anas stelleri Pallas.

Polysticta stelleri (Pallas). Steller's Eider. [157.]

Anas stelleri Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. vi, 1769, 35 (pi. v). (E. Kam-
tschatka.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts of Siberia and Alaska from the Taimyr
Peninsula and Point Barrow south to St. Lawrence Island, Yukon Delta,
Anadyr Bay, and Kamchatka, and perhaps to the Aleutian and Shumagin
islands, and Alaska Peninsula. Winters in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands

56 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

east to the Kenai Peninsula and west to the Commander and Kurile islands; a
few also winter in Scandinavia, Denmark, and on the Baltic Sea. Accidental in
Greenland, Quebec, England, France, Germany, and Japan.

Genus SOMATERIA Leach.

Somateria Leach, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, 1819, App., xlviii. Type,
by monotypy. Anas spedabilis Linnaeus.

Subgenus EIDER Jarocki.

Eider Jarocki, Spis Ptakow Gab. zool. krol. Warsz. Urnivers., 1819, 62.
Type, by monotypy. Anas mollissimi Gmelin = A. mollissima Lin-
naeus.

Somateria mollissima borealis (Brehm). Northern Eider. [159.]

Platypus borealis C. L. Brehm, Lehrbuch Eur. Vogel, II, 1824, 813. (auf
dem Kiisten und auf dem Inseln der Bafiinsbai und Davis Strasse be-
sonders an der West Kiisten von Gronland = Greenland.)

Range. — Breeds on the coastal islands of Greenland and eastern Arctic
islands, south on the Atlantic coast to Labrador (Hamilton Inlet) and Quebec.
Winters from southern Greenland to the coast of Maine, rarely to Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut.

Somateria mollissima dresseri Sharpe. American Eider. [160.]

Somateria Dresseri Sharpe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, VIII, No. 43,
July, 1871, 52. (North America.)

Range. — Breeds on coastal islands of Labrador south of Hamilton Inlet,
Newfoundland, eastern Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Maine; also on Hudson Bay
and James Bay, as far north as Southampton Island and Cape Fullerton.
Winters on the sea coast from Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Massachusetts and rarely to Virginia. Reported in Wisconsin, Iowa, and
Colorado but these records quite likely belong to S. spedabilis.

[A closely allied race, S. m. mollissima (Linnaeus), occurs in northern
Europe.]

Somateria v-nigra Gray. Pacific Eider. [161.]

Somateria V-nigra G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXIII, 1855, No.
297 [Feb. 5, 1856], 212 (pi. cvii). (Kotzebue Sound [Alaska].)

Range. — -Breeds on the Siberian and Alaskan coasts from Cape Irkaipi to
Coronation Gulf, south on both coasts of Bering Sea to the Commander and
Aleutian islands, and east along the south side of the Alaska Peninsula to
Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet; also north to Banks and Victoria Islands.
Winters mainly in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula,
moving but little south of its breeding range. Casual on the coast of Washing-
ton and also in Manitoba.

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 57

Subgenus SOMATERIA Leach.

Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus). King Eider. [162.]

Anas spectabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 123. (in Canada,
Svecia = Sweden.)

Range. — -Breeds on both coasts of Greenland and the entire Arctic coast of
Canada and Alaska south to Hudson Strait, northern Labrador, northern Hud-
son Bay, James Bay, St. Lawrence and St. Matthew islands, and Bering Sea;
also on the Arctic coast of Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, and Spitzbergen. Win-
ters from southern Greenland to the coasts of Massachusetts and New York,
more rarely to Virginia and the Great Lakes and occasionally farther in the
interior, and from Bering Sea to the Aleutian, Kodiak, and Shumagin islands;
also Iceland, Great Britain, Norway, Holland, and the Baltic Sea. Casual in
Pennsylvania, Georgia, North Carolina, Iowa, and California, and also in
France and Italy.

Genus ARCTONETTA Gray.

Ardotietla G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXIII, 1855, No. 297
[Feb. 5, 1856], 212. Type, by monotypy, Fuligula fischeri Brandt.

Arctonetta fischeri (Brandt). Spectacled Eider. [158.]

Fuligula Fischeri Brandt, Fuligulam Fischeri Novam Avium Speciem,
1847, 10, 14 (1 pi.). (St. Michael, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts of Siberia and Alaska from the mouth
of the Lena River to Point Barrow (occasionally to Colville River), south on
the Bering Sea coast of Alaska to the mouth of the Kuskokwim River. Winters
in the vicinity of the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, and rarely eastward along
the south side of the Alaska Peninsula to Sanak Island.

Genus MELANITTA Boie.

Melaniita Boie, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft V (May), col. 564. Type,
by subs, desig., Anas fusca Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838).

Subgenus MELANITTA Boie.

• Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus). Velvet Scoter. [164.]

Anas fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 123. (in Oceano
Europaeo = Swedish coast.)

Range. — Breeds from Norway to Novaya Zemlya and northeastern Siberia.
Winters in temperate Europe and Asia south to Spain, Morocco, Egypt,
Persia, and Turkestan. Accidental in Greenland (west coast) ^ and the Faroe
Islands.

1 Reinhardt, and Schi0ler, cf. Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, IV, 1926, 33.

58 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte). White-winged Scoter. [165.]

Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte, Revue Crit. Orn. Eur., 1850, 108. (d'-
Amerique = America.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska and central British Columbia
to Hudson Bay, Ungava, Newfoundland (?), the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southern
Manitoba, central North Dakota, and northeastern Washington. Winters on
the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina, and on the
Pacific from the Commander, Pribilof, and Aleutian islands to Lower Cali-
fornia; occurs also on the Great Lakes, and irregularly to southern interior
British Columbia, Colorado, Louisiana, and Florida.^

Subgenus PELIONETTA Kaup.

Pelionetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 107. Type,
by monotypy, Anas perspicillata Linnaeus.

Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter. [166.]

Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125. Based on
The Great Black Duck from Hudson's Bay Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds,
155. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska and casually Greenland, south
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, James Bay, Mackenzie, and the interior of the
Ungava Peninsula; probably also in northern Manitoba, northern Saskat-
chewan, and Alberta. Winters on the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy
to Florida and on the Pacific from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California;
also on the Great Lakes and sparingly in the interior of southern British
Columbia, and in Louisiana. Casual in Bermuda, Great Britain, France,
Finland, Scandinavia, Belgium, Holland, and on Bering Island.

. Genus OIDEMIA Fleming.

Oidemia Fleming, Philos. Zool., II, 1822, 260. Type, by subs, desig..
Anas nigra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Oidemia americana Swainson. American Scoter. [163.]

Oidemia americana Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 450. (Hudson Bay, lat. 57° N.)

Range. — Breeds from northeastern Siberia and Mackenzie Bay to the
Bering Sea coast of Alaska, the Aleutian and Kurile islands, James Bay, and
Newfoundland. Winters on the Atlantic coast from Maine and more rarely
Newfoundland to New Jersey, and irregularly to South Carolina and Florida;
on the Pacific from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands to southern California and
from the Commander Islands to Japan and China; south in the interior to the
Great Lakes and irregularly to Wyoming, Colorado, and Louisiana.

^ The Pacific coast bird has been separated as M. d. dixoni Brooks (Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., LIX, 1915, 393).

ORDER ANSERIFORMES. 59

Subfamily ERISMATURINAE Ruddy and Masked Ducks.

Genus ERISMATURA Bonapakte.

Erismatura Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, LII, 1832, 208. Type, by
monotypy, Anas rubidus Wilson.

Erismatura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson). Ruddy Duck. [167.]

A7ias rubidus Wilson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 128 (pi. 71, figs. 5, 6).
(Delaware River, near Philadelphia.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, Alberta, and northern
Manitoba to western Minnesota, southeastern Wisconsin, southeastern
Michigan, northern Illinois, northern Iowa, central Texas, northern New
Mexico, central Arizona, and northern Lower California; reported to have bred
sporadically in Ungava, Maine, Massachusetts (Cape Cod), Rhode Island,
and central New York, and breeding colonies have been found in southern
Lower California, the Valley of Mexico, and Guatemala. Winters on the
Atlantic coast from Chesapeake Bay (more rarely from Massachusetts) to
Florida, the Bahamas, and West Indies, on the Pacific coast from southern
British Columbia to Lower California, Guatemala, and Costa Rica, and in the
interior from central Arizona, southern Illinois, and western Pennsylvania
southward. Casual or accidental in Bermuda, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
and Alaska. [A closely allied race occurs in Porto Rico, Haiti, and Jamaica.]

Genus NOMONYX Ridgway.

Nomonyx Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, 15 [March 27].
Type, by orig. desig.. Anas dominica Linnaeus.

Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus). Masked Duck. [168.]

Anas dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 201. Based mainly
on La Sarcelle de S. Domingue, Querquedula Doniinicensis Brisson,
Orn., VI, 472. (in America meridionali = Santo Domingo.)

Range. — Breeds and is apparently resident in the West Indies and eastern
South America to Argentina; has also occurred and may breed in Chile, Peru,
Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mexico, and at Browns-
ville, Texas. Accidental in Maryland, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Wis-
consin.

Subfamily MERGINAE. Mergansers.

Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach.

Lophodytes Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], ix. Type, by
orig. desig., Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus.

60 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser. [131.]

Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129. Based on
The Round-crested Duck, Anas cristatus Catesby, Carolina, I, 94. (in
America = South Carolina.)

Range. — -Breeds locally in temperate North America, from northern British
Columbia, central Alberta, Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick
to New York, central Pennsylvania, eastern South Carolina, central Florida,
southern Tennessee, northern Arkansas, northern New Mexico, Oregon, and
Washington. Winters mainly in the Southern States north to Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, Lake Michigan, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, British Columbia,
and southeastern Alaska and south to Cuba and central eastern Mexico. Acci-
dental in Bermuda, Alaska, Wales, and Ireland.

Genus MERGUS Linnaeus.

Mergus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 129. Type, by subs, desig.,
Mergus serrator Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838).

Mergus merganser americanus Cassin. American Merganser. [129.]

Mergus americanus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 1852 [Dec. 31], 187. (North America.)

Range. — Breeds in Canada and the northern United States entirely across
the continent from the base of the Alaska Peninsula, southern Yukon, Great
Slave Lake, Hudson Bay, Ungava Peninsula, and Newfoundland south to
west-central Nova Scotia, southern Maine, central New Hampshire, central
Vermont, central New York, southeastern Ontario, central Michigan, north-
eastern Wisconsin, northwestern Minnesota, southwestern South Dakota,
northern New Mexico, north-central Arizona, and central California (formerly
to the mountains of western Massachusetts, central Pennsylvania, and Ohio).
Winters mainly within the United States from the Aleutian Islands (rarely
Pribilof Islands), southern British Columbia, Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Valley,
and Prince Edward Island to Florida, the Gulf States, and northern Mexico.
Accidental in Greenland. [Allied races occur in Europe and Asia.]

Mergus serrator Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser. [130.]

Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — -Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska, Anderson River, northern
Ungava, and the coast of central Greenland south to Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, coast of Maine, northern New York, central Ontario,
central Michigan, Wisconsin, central Minnesota, southern Manitoba,
central All)erta, northern British Columbia, southeastern Alaska, and the
Aleutian Islands; also in Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, Scandinavia, northern
Russia, northern Siberia, and the Kurile Islands. Winters on the Atlantic and

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 61

Gulf coasts from Maine to Florida and Texas, on the Pacific coast from south-
eastern Alaska to southern Lower California, and in the interior from the Great
Lakes southward; also in Europe, northern Africa, the Black and Caspian seas,
Persia, northwestern India, China, and Japan. Casual in Bermuda, Cuba, and
Hawaii.

Order FALCONIFORMES. Birds of Prey.

Suborder CATHARTAE. American
Vultures.

Family CATHARTIDAE. American Vultures.

Genus CATHARTES Illiger.

Caihartes Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, 236. Type, by subs, desig., Vultur
aura Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825) .

Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture. [325.]

Caihartes septentrionalis Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., I, 1839, 162. (near
New Harmony, Indiana.)

Range. — Austral zones (chiefly) from southern British Columbia, central
Alberta, Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Wisconsin, Michigan, northern
Minnesota, southern Ontario, central New York, Connecticut, and New
Jersey south to southern Lower California, the Gulf coast of the United States,
and northern Mexico, breeding north at least to southern Michigan, north-
ern Minnesota, southeastern New York, and Connecticut. Winters throughout
most of its regular range on the Atlantic slope but not north of the Ohio
Valley, Nebraska, and California. Casual in northern Ontario, New England
(north to New Hampshire and Maine), New Brunswick, and Newfoundland.
[Closely related races occur in southern Mexico, Central and South America,
and in Cuba.]

Genus CORAGYPS Le Maout.

Coragyps "Geoffroy MS." Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1853, 57, 66.
Type, by monotypy, Vultur atratus Wilson = Vultur atratus Meyer.

Coragyps atratus atratus (Meyer). Black Vulture, [326.]

Vultur atratus "Bartram," F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, I, 1794, 290.
Basen on Vultur atratus, the black vulture or carrion crow Bartram,
Travels, 289. (in America boreali circum fluvium Sti. Johannis =
St. Johns River, Florida.)

62 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Tropical and Lower Austral zones from western Texas, Kansas,
Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Virginia, and southern Maryland
south through the Southern States to Mexico and Central America. Casual or
accidental in southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine,
Massachusetts, Indiana, southern Michigan, Ohio, New York, Arizona, and
Jamaica. [An allied race occurs in South America.]

GEmis GYMNOGYPS Lesson.

Gymnogyps Lesson, ficho du Monde Savant, ser. 2, VI, Dec. 8, 1842,
col. 1037. Type, by monotypy, Vitltur calif orniamis Shaw.

Gymnogyps califomianus (Shaw). California Condor. [324.]

Vultur califomianus Shaw, in Shaw and NoddeJr, Nat. Misc., IX, 1797,
text to pi. 301. (Coast of California = San Francisco or Monterey.)

Range. — California west of the Great Basin and desert regions, and north-
western Lower California; formerly from Tehama County south along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and throughout the Coast Ranges from
Humboldt County to the Mexican line; now restricted to the Coast Ranges
from San Benito County to Los Angeles County and the Sierra San Pedro
M^rtir of northwestern Lower California. Has been reported casually or
formerly from southeastern California, Oregon, and Washington.

Suborder FALCONES. Kites, Hawks, Buzzards,
Eagles, Harriers, and Falcons.

SuPERFAMiLY FALCONOIDEA. Hawks and Allies.

Family ACCIPITRIIDAE. Kites, Hawks, and Allies.

Subfamily ELANINAE. White-tailed Kites.

Genus ELANUS Savigny.

Elaniis Savigny, Descr. de I'Egypte, 1, 1809, 69, 97. Type, by monotypy,
Elanus caesius Savigny = Falco melano'pterus Daudin.

Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs and Penard. White-tailed Kite. [328.]

Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs and Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, VII, 46, Feb. 19, 1920. (San Rafael, California.)

Range. — California west of the desert divides; from the upper Sacramento
Valley and Humboldt County south to the San Diegan district and northern

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 63

Lower California (rarely) ; also in Texas, Oklahoma, and Florida south rarely
to Guatemala. Casual in Louisiana, Illinois, Michigan, and South Carolina.
[A closely allied race is found in South America.]

Subfamily PERNINAE. Honey Buzzards and Swallow-tailed Kites.

Genus ELANOI'DES Vieillot.

J?Za?w!(?esViEiLLOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv.ed., XXIV, 1818, 101.
Type, by monotypy,i^aZco/«rcai«s Linnaeus = F./o?-yicai(/s Linnaeus.

Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linnaeus). Swallow-tailed Kite. [327.]

Falco forficatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 89. Based on
The Swallow Tail Hawk, Accipiter cauda furcata Catesby, Carolina, I,
4. (in America =South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds locally from northern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin,
southern Indiana (formerly Ohio), North Carolina, and South Carolina to
Florida, Alabama, and eastern Mexico. Winters south of the United States.
Accidental or casual in New Mexico, Colorado, southern Saskatchewan, south-
ern Manitoba, Michigan, northern Wisconsin, Ontario, New Brunswick, Penn-
sylvania, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; also in Eng-
land and the Greater Antilles. [An allied race is found in Central and South
America.]

Subfamily MILVINAE. True Kites.

Genus ICTINIA Vieillot.

Idinia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 24. Type, by monotypy, Milvus
cenchris Vieillot = FaZco pliwibeus Gmelin.

Ictinia misisippiensis (Wilson). Mississippi Kite. [329.]

Falco misisippiensis Wilson, Amer. Om., Ill, 1811, 80 (pi. 25, fig. 1).
(Plantation of William Dunbar a few miles below Natchez [Mississippi].)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone (chiefly); breeds from northeastern Kansas,
southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and South Carolina south to Texas and
Florida. Winters in Florida and southern Texas south rarely to Guatemala.
Casual in Iowa; accidental in Colorado, Nebraska, Wisconsin, New Jersey,
and Pennsylvania.

Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson.

Rostrhamus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 1, Feb. 13, 1830, 55. Type, by
monotypy, Rostrhamus niger LiESSON = Her petotheres sociabilis Vieillot.

64 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Ridgway. Everglade Kite. [330.]

Rostrhamus sociabilis var. plumbeus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, III, 1874, 208, 209. (Everglade.-i,
Florida = near the head of Miami River.)

Range. — Peninsular Florida, Cuba, eastern Mexico, and Central America.
Winters from central Florida southward. [A closely related race occurs in
South America.]

Subfamily ACCIPITRIINAE. Bird Hawks.

Genus ASTUR Lacepede.

Astur LaciSpede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 4. Type, by subs, desig., Falco
palumbarius Liis!iS!ABVS (Vigors, 1824).

Astur atricapiUus atricapillus (Wilson). Eastern Goshawk. [334.]

Falco atricapillus Wilson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 80 (pi. 52, fig. 3). (with-
in a few miles of Philadelphia [Pa.].)

Range. — -Breeds in the Boreal zones from northwestern Alaska, northwestern
Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, southeastern Ontario, northern Quebec (Un-
gava), and Newfoundland south to interior British Columbia, Michigan,
northern New York, northern New England, Massachusetts (casually), and, in
the mountains, to Pennsylvania and western Maryland. Winters from
Alaska and the southern Canadian provinces to southern California, northern
Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, northern
Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia; migrations periodic and irregular. Casual
or accidental in Idaho, Arizona, and Florida; also in Ireland.

Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridgway. Western Goshawk. [334a.]

Astur palumbarius var. striatulus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, III, 1874, 238, 240. (Fort Steilacoom,
Puget Sound, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones of the Pacific coast region from Cook Inlet,
Alaska, possibly south to California in the central Sierra Nevada (Yosemite Na-
tional Park), Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. Winters through much
of its breeding range and south to southern California (vicinity of San Diego)
and northern Mexico.^

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson.

Accipiter Brisson, Orn., 1760, 1, 28, 310. Type, by tauionymy, Accipiter
Brisson = Falco nisus Linnaeus.

^ The American Goshawks are sometimes regarded as subspecies of Astur
gentilis Linnaeus of Europe.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 65

Accipiter veloxvelox (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk. [332.]

Falco velox Wilson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 116 (pi. 45, fig. 1). (banks of
the Schuylkill, near Mr. Bartram's [Pliiladelphia, Pa.].)

Range. — Breeds nearly throughout the United States and Canada from
northwestern Alaska, Mackenzie (Great Bear Lake), northern Manitoba,
northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland
south to northern Florida, the Gulf coast, Texas, Arizona, and west-central
California. Winters from southeastern Alaska, southern British Columbia,
western Montana, southern Minnesota (casually), northern Nebraska, Indiana,
Illinois, Ohio, New York, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire, and
New Brunswick (casually), to Guatemala, and (casually) Panama. Accidental
in the Bahamas. [Closely allied races occur in Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico.]

Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper's Hawk. [333.]

Falco cooperii Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., II, 1828, 1 (pi. x, fig. 1). (near
Bordentown, New Jersey.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern
Ontario, southern Quebec, and Prince Edward Island to the southern border of
the United States and northern Mexico. Winters from southwestern British
Columbia, Washington, California, Colorado, Nebraska, southern Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, southern Michigan (rarely), southern Ontario (rarely), southern
New York, Massachusetts, and southern Maine to Costa Rica.

Subfamily BUTEONINAE. Buzzards and Eagles.

Genus BUTEG Lac^ pede,

Buteo Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 4. Type, by tautonymy, Falco
buteo Linnaeus.

Subgenus BUTEO LacSpede.

Buteo borealis borealis (Gmelin). Eastern Red-tailed Hawk. [337.]

Falco borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 266.^ Based on the
American Buzzard Latham, General Synops., I, Pt. i, 50, and the Red-
tailed Falcon Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 205. (in America boreali,
potissimum Carolina = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, north-
ern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to central southern
Texas, northeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, Alabama, and northern Florida.

1 Falco jamaicensis Gmelin has been used by some authors for the Jamaica
Red-tail which would replace borealis as the specific name of the group on
grounds of line priority but the description does not seem sufficiently clear to
warrant the adoption of this name.
6

66 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Winters from Kansas, northeastern Iowa, southern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
central New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and southern Maine to north-
eastern Mexico and the Gulf coast of the United States. Accidental in
England.

Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs. Florida Red-tailed Hawk. [337/.]

Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, II, 68, July
31, 1901. (Myakka, Manatee Co., Florida.)

Range. — Southern Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines.

Buteo borealis krideri Hoopes. Krider's Hawk. [337a.]

Buteo borealis var. kriderii Hoopes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXV]
1873, sig. 16 [June 3], 238 (pi. 5). (Winnebago County, Iowa.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, Wyoming, North Dakota, and Minnesota south to Nebraska and
Missouri. Winters south to Wisconsin, Illinois, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Accidental in Florida and Georgia.

Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Red-tailed Hawk. [3376.]

Buteo calurus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 7, Jan.-Feb.,
1855 [May 22], 281. (Fort Webster [Rio Mimbres], New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska and' central western Mackenzie
south to southern Lower California and east to the edge of the Great Plains.
Winters from southwestern British Columbia and throughout California to
Guatemala. Casual farther east in migration.

Buteo borealis harlani (Audubon). Harlan's Hawk. [337d.]

Falco Harlani Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), I, pi. 86, 1830 (Orn. Biog.,
I, 1831, 441). (St. Francisville. Louisiana.)

Range. — Breeds in northwestern British Columbia, southwestern Yukon,
and adjoining parts of Alaska south at least to southern Alberta. In winter
down the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf States. Casual in California, i

[Allied races of B. borealis occur in Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and Costa
Rica.

Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin). Northern Red-shouldered Hawk. [339.]

Falco lineatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 268. Based on the Red-
shouldered Falcon Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 206. (in insula Longa =
Long Island, New York.)
Range. — -Breeds from Ontario, southern Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island south to southern Kansas, northeastern Tennessee, and North

1 While there seems to be a well marked dark Red-tailed Hawk in the far
northwest it is questionable whether Audubon's plate represents the same bird
and whether all dark Red-tails are identical. Both they and light Krider's
Hawks have been regarded as mere plumage phases oi Buteo b. borealis (Gmelin).

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 67

Carolina and west to the edge of the Great Plains. Winters from central
Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Ohio, southern Ontario, central New York,
southern New Hampshire, and southern Vermont south to the Gulf coast and
Texas.

Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. [339a.]

Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 514
[Feb. 25, 1885]. (Tampa, Florida.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the Southern States from Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Aliabama, and South Carolina to Louisiana and southeastern
Florida.

Buteo lineatus extimus Bangs. Insular Red-shouldered Hawk. [339c.]

Buteo lineatus extimus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, VII, 35, Jan.
16, 1920. (Cape Florida, southern end of Key Biscajne [Florida].)

Range. — Florida Keys.

Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop. Texas Red-shouldered Hawk. [339d.]

Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop, Auk, XXIX, No. 2, April 5, 1912, 232.
(Corpus Christi, Texas.)

Range. — Central southern Texas south into Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin. Red-bellied Hawk. [3396.]

Buteo elegans Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VII, No. 7, Jan.-Feb.,
1855 [May 22], 281. (California.)

Range. — ^Resident in the Austral zones of California, chiefly in tlie San
Joaquin and Sacramento valleys and lowlands of the San Diegan district,
from Marin and Shasta counties south to northwestern Lower California.

Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot) . Broad-winged Hawk. [343.]

Sparvius platypterus Vieillot, Tableau Encycl. Meth., Ill, 1823, 1273.
New name for Falco pennsylvanicus Wilson, Amer. Orn., VI, 92 (pi. 54,
fig. 1). (L'Amerique septentrionale = Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, Ontario, central Quebec, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton Island
south to the Gulf coast and central Texas, mainly east of the Mississippi.
Winters from southern Florida and southern Mexico through Central America
to Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru; rarely farther north (reported from Con-
necticut, New Jersey, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois). Recorded
also from Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico. [Closely allied races are resident in the
Lesser Antilles.]

68 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson's Hawk. [342.]

Buteo Swainsoni Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 3. New name
for Buleo vulgaris Audubon = Falco buteo Audubon [Birds Amer.
(folio), pi. 372]. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds from interior British Columbia, Fort Yukon, Great Slave
Lake, and Manitoba south to northern Mexico. Winters in southern South
America, only occasionally north of the Equator. Casual in Quebec, Ontario,
Michigan, Vermont, New York, Maine, Massachusetts, and Florida.

Buteo albonotatus Kaup. Zone-tailed Hawk. [340.]

[Buteo] alhonotatus Kaup, Isis von Oken, [XL] 1847, Heft v (May), col.
329. (Mexico.)

Range. — -Lower Austral Zone in southwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
and extreme southern California south throughout Lower California and
Mexico to Central America and the northern coast region of Colombia and
Venezuela.

Subgenus TACHYTRIORCHIS Kaup.

Tachijiriorchis Kaup, Class. Saug. und Vogel, 1844, 123. Type, by mono-
typy, Falco pterocles Temminck = Buteo alhicaudatus Vieillot.

Buteo alhicaudatus hypospodius Gurney. Sennett's White-tailed Hawk.
[341.]

Buteo hypospodius Gurney, Ibis, ser. 3, VI, No. 1, Jan., 1876, 73. (Medel-
lin, Colombia.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of middle Texas south to Colombia. [Closely
allied races occur in South America.]

Subgenus BUTEOLA Bonaparte.

Buteola Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XLI, No. 17
(for Oct. 22), 1855, 651. Type, by orig. desig., Buteo brachyurus
Vieillot.

Buteo brachyurus Vieillot. Short-tailed Hawk. [344.]

Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., IV, 1816,
477. (No locality given = Cayenne.)

Range. — Florida, eastern Mexico, and Central America south to Peru,
Bolivia, and Brazil.

Subgenus TRIORCHIS Kaup.

Triorchis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 84. Type, by
monotypy, Falco lagopus Gmelin = jPoZco lagopus Pontoppidan.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 69

Buteo lagopus s.johannis (Gmelin). American Rough-legged Hawk. [347a.]

Falco S.johannis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 17S8, 273. Based on St.
John's Falcon Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 200. (in freto Hudsonis et
nova terra = Newfoundland.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Hudsonian Zone from the Aleutian Islands,
northwestern Alaska (Arctic coast), Victoria Island, southw^estern Baffin
Island, northern Quebec (Ungava), and northeastern Labrador to northern
Alberta, north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Newfoundland. Winters
from southern British Columbia, Colorado, Minnesota, the northern boundary
of the United States, and southern Ontario south to southern California,
southern New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and North Carolina. Accidental on
St. George Island, Pribilof Islands. [Closely allied races occur in Europe and
Asia.]

Buteo regalis (Gray). Ferruginous Rough-leg. [348.]

Archibuteo regalis Gray, Genera of Birds, I, Pt. 1, May, 1844, pi. vi.
(No locality given = Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from extreme southern Alberta and Manitoba to north-
eastern California, eastern Oregon, Utah, southern Arizona, New Mexico, and
Kansas. Winters from California and Montana to Lower California and
northern Mexico. Casual east to Wisconsin and Illinois.

Genus PARABUTEO Ridgway.

Parabuteo Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer.
Birds, III, 1874, 248, 250. Type, by orig. desig., Falco harrisii Audu-
bon = Buteo harrisi Audubon.

Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Audubon). Harris's Hawk. [335.]

Buteo Harrisi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, pi. 392, 1837 (Falco
Harrisii Om. Biog., V, 1839, 30.) (between Bayou Sara and Natchez,
Mississippi.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone in southeastern California, southern Arizona,
southern New Mexico, southern Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi south to
Cape San Lucas and Panama. Accidental in Iowa. [A closely related race
occurs in South America.]

Genus ASTURINA Vieillot.

Asturina Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 24. Type, by monotypy, Asturina
cinerea Vieillot = Falco nitidus Latham.

70 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Asturina plagiata plagiata Schlegel. Mexican Goshawk. [346.]

Asturina plagiata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, II, Asturinse, 1862, 1.
(Vera Cruz au Mexique =City of Vera Cruz, Mexico.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and Lower Rio Grande
Valley south to Guatemala. Winters south of the United States. Accidental
in southern Illinois. [An allied race occurs from southern Guatemala to Costa
Rica.]

Genus URUBITINGA Lafresnaye.

Urubitinga Lafresnaye, Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat., II, 1843, 786. Type, by
tautonymy, L'Aigle Autour, Urubitinga de Cuvier =Falco urubitinga
Gmelin.

Urubitinga anthracina anthracina (Lichtenstein). Mexican Black Hawk.

[345.]

Falco anthracinus Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. . . . Vogel . . . Mexico,
etc., 1830, 3. (Mexico.)

Range. — ^Lower Austral Zone in southern Arizona and Texas (Lower Rio
Grande Valley) south through Mexico and Central America to Peru and
British Guiana.

Genus AQUILA Brisson.

Aquila Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 28, 419. Type, by tautonymy, Aquila
Brisson = Falco chrysaetos Linnaeus.

Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle. [349.]

Falco canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 88. Based on
The White-Tailed Eagle Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, I, 1. (in Canada
= Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds in mountainous regions from northern Alaska, northwestern
Mackenzie, and perhaps casually in the Canadian provinces east of the Rocky
Mountains south to northern Lower California, central Mexico, western Texas,
Oklahoma, and formerly to North Carolina. Probably no longer breeds in the
United States east of the Mississippi except possibly in North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee. In winter south casually to Louisiana, Alabama, northern
Florida, and southern Texas. [Closely allied races occur in the Eastern Hemi-
sphere.]

Genus HALIAEETUS Savigny.

Haliapetus Savigny, Descr. de I'Egypte, I, 1809, 68, 85. Type, by
monotypy, Haliae^tus nisus Savigny = Falco albicilla Linnaeus.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 71

Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus). Gray Sea Eagle. [351.]

Falco Albicilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 89. (in Europa,
America = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Europe (formerly Scotland and Ireland)
and northern Asia to Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya; resident in Iceland
and Greenland (breeding on west coast to lat. 70° N.). In migration south to
Japan, China, northern India, southern Europe, and northern Africa. Casual
on the Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, October 5, 1899) and recorded also from
Cumberland Sound (American Harbor, October, 1877). ^ Accidental off the
coast of Massachusetts (off Nantucket Light Ship, November 14, 1914) .2

Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus Townsend. Northern Bald Eagle.

[352a.]

Haliaetus leucocephalus alascanus C. H. Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XI, No. 34, June 9, 1897, 145. (Unalaska, Aleutian Islands [Alaska].)

Range. — Boreal zones of northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, and
northern Quebec (Ungava) south to British Columbia and the Great Lakes.
Winters south at least to Washington, Montana, and Connecticut.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus). Southern Bald Eagle.

[352.]

Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 124. Based on
The Bald Eagle, Aquila capite alba Catesby, Carolina, I, 1. (in
America, Europa =South Carolina.)

Range.— United States to southern Lower California and central Mexico
breeding in suitable locations throughout its range; rare and local in California
(except on the Santa Barbara Islands) and in the arid interior States. Ac-
cidental in Sweden.

Genus THALLASOAETUS Kaup.

Thallasoaelus Kaup, Class. Sjiug. und Vogel, 1844, 123. Type, by mono-
typy, Aquila pelagica Pallas.

• Thallasoaetus pelagicus (Pallas). Steller's Sea Eagle. [352.1.]

Aquila pelagica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1811, 343. (in Insulis
inter Camtshatcam et Continentem Americes [sic] praesertim in infami
nan fragio et monte Beringii insula = Bering Island.)

Range. — Northeastern Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Bering islands.
Casual on the Pribilof Islands and on Kodiak Island (Aug. 10, 1921). ^ South
in wanter to Chosen (Korea), Japan, and the Riu Kiu Islands.

1 Kumlien; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 15, 1879, 82.

2 L S. Crandall, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 368.

3 C H. Gilbert, Condor, XXIV, 1922, 66.

72 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subfamily CIRCINAE Harriers.

Genus CIRCUS LACEpfeDE.

Circus Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 4. Type, by subs, desig., Falco
aeruginosus Linnaeus (Lesson, 1828).

Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk. [331.]

Falco hudsonius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 128. Based on
The Ring Tal'ed Hawk, Pygargus canadensis Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 107. (ad f return Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie,
northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland
south to northern Lower California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, south-
ern Illinois, southern Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, and southeastern Virgmia.
Winters from southern British Columbia, western Montana, western South
Dakota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern New York, southern
Vermont, and southern New Hampshire south to the Bahamas, Florida, Cuba,
and Colombia. Accidental in Hawaii and Barbados.

Subfamily PANDIONINAE. Ospreys.

Genus PANDION Savigny.

Pandion Savigny, Descr. de I'Egypte, I, 1809, 69, 95. Type, by mono-
typy, Pandion fluvialis Savigny = Falco haliaetus Linnaeus.

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin). Osprey. [364.]

Falco Haliaetos y carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 263.
Based mainly on The Fishing Hawk, Accipiter piscatorius Catesby,
Carolina, I, 2. (in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie,
Churchill, Hudson Bay, northern Manitoba, central Quebec, southern Labra-
dor, and Newfoundland south to Lower California, western Mexico, the Gulf
States, and the Florida Keys. Winters from Florida and the Gulf States
through Lower California and Mexico to the West Indies and Central America.
Casual south to Peru, Chile, and Paraguay and north to Greenland. [Allied
races occur in the Bahamas, Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.]

order falconiformes. 73

Family FALCONIDAE. Caracaras and Falcons,
Subfamily POLYBORINAE. Caracaras.

Genus POLYBORUS Vieillot.

Polyborus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 22. Type, by monotypy, Caracara,
BuFFON = Falco tharus Molina.

Polyborus cheriway auduboni Cassin. Audubon's Caracara. [362.]

Polyborus Auduhonii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVII] 1865,
No. 1, Jan.-March [Aug. 7], 2. (Florida.)

Range. — Northern Lower California, southwestern Arizona, Texas, and
Florida south through Mexico and Central America. Accidental in Ontario.
[An allied race occurs in South America.]

Polyborus lutosus Ridgway. Guadalupe Caracara. [363.]

Polyborus lutosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., I,
1874-5, 2d ser.. No. 6 [Feb. 8, 1876], 459. (Guadelupe Islands [ =
Guadalupe Island], Lower California.)

Range. — Extinct. Formerly occurred on Guadalupe Island, Lower Cali-
fornia.

Subfamily FALCONINAE. Falcons.

Genus FALCO Linnaeus.

Falco Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 88. Type, by subs, desig.,
Falco subbuteo Linnaeus (A. O. U. Comm., 1886).

Subgenus HIEROFALCO Cuvier.

Hierofalco Cuvier, Regne Animal, T, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 312, Type, by
monotypy, Falco candicans Gmelin.

Ffilco rusticolus candicans Gmelin. White Gyrfalcon. [353.]

Falco candicans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 275. (in Islandia et
Scotia boreali.)

Range. — -Resident in Greenland, eastern Arctic America (probably), Spitz-
bergen, and Franz Josef Land (probably). Casual in winter south to British
Columbia, Montana, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Maine, and to the
British Isles, France, and Germany.

74 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Falco rusticolus uralensis Sewertzov and Menzbier. Asiatic Gyrfalcon.

[354c.]

Falco uralensis Sewertzov and Menzbier, Orn. Geogr. Europ. Russl.,
I, 1882, 288 (tab. 3). (Ural Mountains, Russia).

Range. — Siberia to Kamchatka, islands in Bering Sea, and Bering Sea coast
of Alaska. South, casually, in winter to Washington.

Falco rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin. Black Gyrfalcon. [3546.]

Falco obsoletus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 268. Based on the
Plain Falcon Pennant, Arct. Zool., 11, 208. (in freto Hudsonis =
Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Northern North America from Point Barrow to Labrador. South
in winter to Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine, casually to New York, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; also probably
South Dakota, Kansas, Minnesota, Ohio, and Pennsylvania ^ although some of
these records doubtless represent the gray phase of F. r. candicans.

Falco mexicanus Schlegel. Prairie Falcon. [355.]

Falco mexicanus " Lichtenstein, " Schlegel, Abh. Geb. Zool., Heft iii,
1850, 15. (Mexico.)

Range. — Transition and Austral zones from the eastern border of the
Great Plains -and from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and
southeastern Saskatchewan to southern Lower California and southern Mexico.
Casual east to Manitoba, Minnesota, and Illinois.

Subgenus RHYNCHODON Nitzsch.

Rhynchodon Nitzsch, Obs. Avium Art. Carot. Comm., 1829, 20. Type,
by subs, desig., Falco peregrinus Tunstall (A. O. U. Comm., 1886).

• Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunstall. Peregrine Falcon. [356.]

Falco Peregrinus Tunstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, 1. Based on the Peregrine
Falcon Pennant, Brit. Zool., 1766. (Northamptonshire [England].)

Range. — Breeds from northern Siberia and Novaya Zemlya to the Pyren-
ees, Alps, and northern Italy, east to the Urals. Winters south to Africa and
the Indian Peninsula. Casual in Greenland.-

^ The status of the Gyrfalcons is stUl undetermined. The Greenland birds
are generally regarded as dimorphic, with a white and gray phase, but recent
examinations of large series would indicate three geographic forms, a white and
two gray ones, one similar to F. r. rusticolus of Europe, and the other close to
F. r. islandus of Iceland. The Labrador form may not be separable from one
of these and the identity of winter stragglers to the United States is uncertain.
Cf. also Klotz, Wilson Bull., 1929, 207; Schicler, Danmarks Fugle, III, 1931.

2 Schalow, Vogel Arktis, 1904, 225. Schi0ler refers all Greenland birds to
anatum which he says breeds on the west coast.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES. 75

Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. Duck Hawk. [356a.

Falco Analtnn Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 4. New name for
Falco peregrinus Wilson [Amer. Orn., IX, 120 (pi. 76)]. (Egg Harbor
[New Jersey].)

Range. — Breeds locally from Norton Sound, Alaska, northern Mackenzie,
Boothia Peninsula, Baffin Island, and the west coast of central Greenland
south to central Lower California, central Mexico, Arizona, central western
Texas, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut, and in the
mountains to Tennessee. Winters from Vancouver Island through California,
and from Colorado, southeastern Nebraska, southern Illinois, Indiana, Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, New York (Long Island), and Massachusetts to the
West Indies and Panama. Casual in South America and accidental in
England.

Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway. Peale's Falcon. [3566.]

Falco commu7iis var. Pealei Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12, Dec,
1873, 201. (Oregon, Sitka [Alaska] = Oregon.)

Range. — Breeds on the Queen Charlotte (?), Aleutian, and Commander

islands. Transient in the Sitkan district, Alaska. South in winter to Oregon.

[Other races of F. 'peregrinus occur in Europe, Asia, Malaysia, and Australia.]

Subgenus RHYNCHOFALCO Ridgway.

Rhynchofalco Ridgway, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1873, 46.
Type, by orig. desig., Falco femoralis Temminck = Falco fusco-coeru-
lescens Vieillot.

Falco ffisco-coerulescens septentrionalis Todd. Aplomado Falcon. [359.]

Falco fusco-coerulescens septentrionalis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
Xxix, No. 22, June 6, 1916, 98. (Ft. Huachuca, Arizona.)

Range. — Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Texas south through Mexico.
[Closely related races occur in South America.]

Subgenus TINNUNCULUS Vieili.ot.

Tinnunculus Vieillot, Oiseaux Amor. Sept., I, 1807, 39. Tyi)e, by subs,
desig., Falco columbarius Linnaeus (Walden, 1872).

Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus. Eastern Pigeon Hawk. [357.]

Falco columbarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 90. Based on
The Pigeon Hawk, Accipiter palumbarius Catesby, Carolina, I, 3.
(in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from the limit of trees in eastern Canada south to New-
foundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern Maine, Ontario, northern

76 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Michigan, and southern Manitoba west to the eastern border of the Great
Plains. Winters from the Gulf States south through eastern Mexico to Ecua-
dor and northern Venezuela, and in the West Indies.

Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgway. Black Pigeon Hawk. [357a.]

Falco columbarius var. Suckleyi Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12,
Dec, 1873, 201. (Shoalwater Bay, W[ashington T[erritory], Ft.
Steilacoom = Shoalwater Bay.)

Range. — Breeds apparently in western British Columbia and perhaps on
Vancouver Island. Winters in the coast region of British Columbia, rarely
south to northern California.

Falco columbarius richardsoni Ridgw^ay. Richardson's Pigeon Hawk.

[3576.]

Falco (Hypoiriorchis) richardsonii Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [XXII] 1870, No. 3, Aug.-Dec. [March 14, 1871], 145. (mouth
of the Vermilion River [South Dakota].)

Range. — Breeds in the Great Plains region from southern Alberta and
southern Saskatchewan to northern Montana and northwestern North Dakota.
Winters south through Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas to north-
western Mexico.

Falco columbarius bendirei Swann. Western Pigeon Hawk. [357c.]

Falco columbarius bendirei Swann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XLII, No.
CCLXV, Feb. 2, 1922, 66. (Fort Walla Walla, Washington State
[migrant].)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, Yukon, and northwestern Mac-
kenzie to British Columbia, northern and western Alberta, northern Saskat-
chewan, and south in the mountains to northern California. Winters south
through California and New Mexico to the Cape region of Lower California
and northeastern Mexico. Casual in Louisiana, Florida, North Carolina, and
South Carolina.

• Falco aesalon ae salon Tunst ALL. Merlin. [358.1.]

Falco Msalon Tunstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, 1. Based on L'Emerillon
Brisson, Orn., I, 382. (France.)

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe, Iceland, and the Faroes. Winters in
Africa. Accidental in Greenland. [Additional races occur in Asia.]

Subgenus CERCHNEIS Boie.

Cerchneis Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), col. 970. Type,
by monotypy, Falco rupicolus Daudin.

ORDER FALCONIFORMES, 77

• Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Linnaeus. Kestrel. [359.1.]

Falco Tinnunculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 90. (in Europae
turribus, etc. = Sweden.)

Range. — Northern part of the Eastern Hemisphere. Accidental in Massa-
chusetts (Nantasket Beach, September 29, 1887) ' and Greenland (Cape Fare-
well) .^ [Additional races occur in Asia and Africa.]

Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus. Eastern Sparrow Hawk. [360.]

Falco sparverius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 90. Based on
The Little Hawk, Accipiter minor Catesby, Carolina, I, 5. (in
America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from the Upper Yukon, British Columbia, northwestern
Mackenzie, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Que-
bec, and Newfoundland south to northwestern California, western Oregon,
Colorado, eastern Texas, and the eastern Gulf States (except the southern
border and Florida). Winters from southern British Columbia, Kansas,
Indiana, central Illinois, Ohio, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern
Vermont, and Massachusetts south through eastern Mexico to Panama.

Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson). Desert Sparrow Hawk. [360o.]

Tinnunculus phalaena Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, 12* ann., June 19,
1845, col. 1087. (San Bias and Acapulco, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from southern New Mexico, Arizona, southern California,
and southern Nevada south into Mexico and northern Lower California.
Winters south to Guatemala.

Falco sparverius peninsularis Mearns. San Lucas Sparrow Hawk. [3606.]

Falco sparverius peninsularis Mearns, Auk, IX, No. 3, July, 1892, 267.
(San Jose, Lower California.)

Range. — Southern Lower California.

Falco sparverius paulus (Howe and King). Little Sparrow Hawk. [360c.]

Cerchneis sparverius paulus Howe and King, Contrib. N. Amer. Orn.,
I, May 21, 1902, 28. (Miami, Florida.)

Range. — Florida Peninsula and the southern portion of the Gulf States
north to central Alabama.

1 Cory, Auk, V, 1888, 110, 205.

2 Hagerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 57.

78 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order GALLIFORMES. Gallinaceous Birds
and hoatzins.

Suborder GALLI. Gallinaceous Birds.

SuPERFAMiLY CRACOIDEA. Curassows and

GUANS.

Family CRACIDAE. Curassows and Guans.

Subfamily PENELOPINAE. Guans.

Genus ORTALIS Merrem.

Ortdlida { = Ortalis] Merrem, Avium Rar. Icones et Descrip., II, 1786, 40.
Type, by subs, desig., Phasianus tnotmot Linnaeus (Lesson, 1829).

Ortalis vetula vetula (Wagler). Chachalaca. [311.]

Penelope vetula Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXIII, 1830, Heft, xi (Nov.), col.
1112. (Mexico = Tampico, Tamaulipas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and Mexico south to Vera
Cruz. [Closely related races occur in southern Mexico and Central America.]

SuPERFAMiLY PHASIANOIDEA. Grouse, Quails,
Pheasants, and Turkeys.

Family TETRAONIDAE. Grouse and Ptarmigans.

Genus DEN DRAG APUS Elliot.

Dendragapus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 1864, No. 1,
Jan.-Feb. [April 23], 23. Type, by subs, desig., Tetrao obscurns Sat
(Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1874).

Dendragapus obsciirus obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse. [297.]

Tetrao obscurus Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 14 (note),
(near Defile Creek = about 20 miles north of Colorado Springs, Colorado.)

Range. — Rocky Mountains from northern Utah, southeastern Idaho, and
northern Colorado to central New Mexico and central Arizona, west to central
Nevada.

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 79

Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni (Douglas). Richardson's Grouse.

[2976.]

Tetrao Richardsomi "Sabine," Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI,
Pt. i, 1829, 141 (read Dec. 16, 1828). (Rocky Mountains, lat. 52° N.,
long. 115° W.; more numerous in Columbia River region, lat. 48° N.,
long. 118° VV. = Jasper House, Alberta.)

Range. — Rocky Mountains from central British Columbia and western
Alberta to eastern Oregon, south-central Idaho, and Wyoming.

Dendragapus obscurus flemingi Taverner. Fleming's Grouse. [297(i.]

Dendragapus obscurus flemingi Taverner, Auk, XXXI, No. 3, July
[June 29], 1914, 385. (Near Teslin Lake, Yukon Territory.)

Range. — Northern British Columbia, southern Yukon Territory, and south-
western Mackenzie.

Dendragapus fuliginosus fiiliginosus (Ridgway). Sooty Grouse. [297a.]

Canace obscura var. fidiginosa Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12, Dec,
1873, 199. (Cascade Mountains, Chiloweyuck Depot, Washington
Ter., foot of Mt. Hood, Oregon =Mt. Hood.)

Range. — Northwest coast mountains from Alaska (Skagway) and southern
Yukon to Oregon and northwestern California.

Dendragapus fuliginosus sitkensis Swarth. Sitka Grouse. [297e.]

Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis Swarth, Condor, XXIII, No. 2, March
31, 1921, 59. (Kupreanof Island, southern end of Keku Straits, south-
eastern Alaska.)

Range. — Islands of the southeastern Alaskan coast (except Prince of Wales
Island), Queen Charlotte Islands, and Porcher Island.

Dendragapus fuliginosus sierrae Chapman. Sierra Grouse. [297c.]

Dendragapus obscurus sierrx Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX,
Art. 11, April 25, 1904, 159. (Echo, El Dorado Co., California.)

Range. — Central southern Washington to Fort Klamath, Oregon, and
south in California along the Sierra Nevada to about lat. 36 and on the inner
side of the Coast Range to Mt. Sanhedrin.

Dendragapus fuliginosus howardi Dickey and van Rossem. Mount Pinos
Grouse. [297/.]

Dendragapus obscurus howardi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, XXV,
No. 5, Oct. 3, 1923, 168. (Mount Pinos, Kern Co., California.)

Range. — Mt. Pinos, southern California, east through the Tehachapi
Range and north in the Sierra Nevada to about lat. 36°.

80 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CANACHITES Stejneger.

Canachites Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 410 [Oct. 3].
Type, by orig. desig., Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus.

Canachites canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Spruce Grouse.

[298.]

Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 17.58, 159. Based on the
Black and Spotted Heath-cock Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 118. (in
Canada = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains
west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to the Labrador Peninsula.

Canachites canadensis cSnace (Linnaeus). Canada Spruce Grouse. [298r.]

Tetrao Canace Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 275. Based on La
Gelinote de Canada, Bonasa canadensis Brisson, Orn., I, 203. (in
Canada.)

Range. — Southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to the northern parts of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England. Accidental in Mass-
achusetts (one instance) . Now largely extinct in the southern part of its range.

Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop. Alaska Spruce Grouse. [2986.]

Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop, Auk, XVII, No. 2, April, 1900, 114.
(Lake Marsh, Northwest [Yukon] Territory.)

Range. — • Mt. McKinley range and the Yukon region of Alaska east to
Great Slave and Athabaska lakes.

Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell. Valdez Spruce Grouse. [298d.]

Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No.
12, May 5, 1910, 380. (Cedar Bay, Hawkins Island, Prince William
Sound, Alaska.)

Range. — 'Coast region of southeastern Alaska.

Canachites franklini (Douglas). Franklin's Grouse. [299.]

Tetrao Franklinii Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI, Pt. i, 1829,
139 (read Dec. 16, 1828J. (Rocky Mountains, lat 50°- 54° N., near
sources of Columbia River; also bases of Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens, and
Mt. Baker = Okanagan Landing.)

Range. — Southeastern Alaska (Prince of Wales, Dall, and Zarembo islands),
central British Columbia (except the extreme coastal strip), and southwestern
Alberta south to northern Oregon, central Idaho, and western Montana.

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 81

Genus BO NASA Stephens.

Bonasa Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XI, Pt. ii, Aug., 1819, 208.
Type, by subs, desig., Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Bonasa lunbellus umbellus (Linnaeus). Eastern Ruflfed Grouse. [300.]

Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 275. Based on The
Ruffed Heath-cock or Grous Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 248.
(in Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan,
southern Ontario, southern New York, and Massachusetts south to eastern
Kansas, northern Arkansas (formerly), Missouri (rarely), Tennessee, and
Virginia, and in the mountains to northern Georgia and northern Alabama.

Bonasa umbellus togSta (Linnaeus). Canada Ruffed Grouse. [300a.]

Tetrao togatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 275. Based on La
grosse Gelinote de Canada, Bonasa major Canadensis Brisson, Orn., I,
207. (in Canada.)

Range. — Northern Ontario and northern Quebec to eastern North Dakota,
northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, central New York, northern Massa-
chusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.

Bonasa umbellus thayeri Bangs. Nova Scotia Ruffed Grouse. [300d.]

Bonasa umbellus thaijeri Bangs, Auk, XXIX, No. 3, July 6, 1912, 378.
(Digby, Nova Scotia.)

Range. — Nova Scotia and probably eastern New Brunswick.

Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Douglas). Gray Ruffed Grouse. [3006.]

Tetrao Umbelloides Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI, Pt. i, 1829,
148 (read Dec. 16, 1828). (Valleys of Rocky Mountains, lat. 54° N.,
and near sources of Columbia east of the Coast and Cascade ranges.

Range. — Alberta and west-central Mackenzie south to northern Utah,
northern Colorado, and western South Dakota, including the whole of British
Columbia east of the Coast and Cascade ranges.

Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell. Yukon Ruffed Grouse. [SOOe.]

Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell, Condor, XVIII, No. 4, July 20,
1916, 166. (Forty-mile, Yukon Territory, on Yukon River, near
Alaska boundary.)

Range. — Interior of Yukon Territory and Alaska.

82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas). Oregon Ruffed Grouse. [300r.]

Tetrao Sahini Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI, Pt. i, 1S29, 137
(read Dec. 16, 1828). (Coast of Northwest America, between the 40°
and 49° parallels from Cape Mendocino to Vancouver's Island.)

Range. — ^Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland coast of British
Columbia south to Humboldt County, California.

Genus LAGOPUS Brisson.

Lagopus Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 26, 181. Type, by tautonymy, Lagopus
Brisson = Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus.

Lag6pus lag6pus albus (Gmelin). Willow Ptarmigan. [301.]

Tetrao albus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789 , 750. Based mainly on the
White Partridge Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 72. (septentrionalis
Americae, Europae et Asiae silvis = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Banks Island, west coast of central Green-
land, and the eastern Aleutian Islands south to central Mackenzie and northern
Quebec (Ungava) and in the moimtains to central Alberta and the coast
ranges of northern British Columbia. Winters south to southern Saskat-
chewan, southern Alberta, central Ontario, and southern Quebec. Accidental
in North Dakota, Montana, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Maine, and
Massachusetts.

Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley. Ungava Ptarmigan. [301c.]

Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, No. 45,
Nov. 28, 1911, 233. (Fort Chimo, Ungava [northern Quebec].)

Range. — -Northern Quebec (Ungava) probably to the northeastern shore of
Hudson Bay. •

Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger. Allen's Ptarmigan. [301a.]

Lagopus alba alleni Stejneger, Auk, I, No. 4, Oct., 1884, 369. (New-
foundland.)

Range. — Newfoundland.

Lagopus lagopus alascensis Swarth. Alaska Ptarmigan. [301d.]

Lagopus lagopus alascensis Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXX,
No. 4, Sept., 1926, 87. (Kowak River delta, Alaska.)

Range. — The Alaskan mainland (except the southeastern coast), northern
Yukon Territory, and eastward for an midetermined distance.

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 83

Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Grinnell. Alexander's Ptarmigan. [3016.]

Lagopus alexandrae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 2, Feb. 18,
1909, 204. (Mountain at Bear Bay, on Peril Strait, Baranof Island,
Alaska.)

Range. — Baranof and adjacent islands west to the Shumagin Islands, south
to Porcher Island, Alaska, and possibly a narrow strip on the mainland from.
Glacier Bay to central British Columbia.

[Allied races of L. lagopus occur in Scandinavia, Russia, and Siberia.]

Lagopus rupestris rupestris (Gmelin). Rock Ptarmigan. [302.]

Tetrao rupestris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 751. Based on the
Rock Grous Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 312. (in boreahbus oris ad
sinum Hudsonis = shores of Hudson Bay.) ^

Range. — Northern British Columbia, southern Yukon, central Mackenzie,
Keewatin, southern Baffin Island, and the Ungava Peninsula.

Lagopus rupestris reinhardi (Brehm). Reinhardt's Ptarmigan. [302o.]

Tetrao Reinhardi C. L. Brehm, Lehrbuch Eur. Vogel, II, 1824, 986.
(Gronland.)

Range. — Southwestern Greenland, breeding north to lat. 66°.

Lagopus rupestris welchi Brewster. Welch's Ptarmigan. [303.]

Lagopus welchi Brewster, Auk, II, No. 2, April, 1885, 194. (New-
foundland.)

Range. — Newfoundland.

Lagopus rupestris nelsoni Stejneger. Nelson's Ptarmigan. [3026.]

Lagopus rupestris nelsoni Stejneger, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 226.
(Island of Unalashka [Alaska].)

Range. — Unalaska, Akutan, and Unimak, Aleutian Islands.

Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Turner. Turner's Ptarmigan. [302c.]

Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 227,
230 [Aug. 5]. (Atkha Islands [sic], Aleutian Chain [Alaska].)

Range. — -Atka, one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

1 The Rock Ptarmigans are often regarded as subspecies of the FAiropean
L. mutus to which they are very closely allied. For a recent study of the
American mainland forms cf. Taverner, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada for
1928, p. 28.

84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Lagopus rupestris chamberlaini Clark. Chamberlain's Ptarmigan. [302e.]

Lagopus rupedris chamberlaini Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,
No. 1539, June 15, 1907, 469. (Adak Island, Aleutians.)

Range. — Adak, one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

Lagopus rupestris sanfordi Bent. Sanford's Ptarmigan. [302gf.]

Lagopus rupestris sanfordi Bent, Smithson. Misc. Coll., LVI, No. 30,
Jan. 6, 1912, 1. (Tanaga Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Tanaga, one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

Lagopus rupestris townsendi Elliot. Townsend's Ptarmigan. [302(i.]

Lagopus rupestris townsendi Elliot, Auk, XIII, No. 1, Jan., 1896, 26
(Kyska Island, Aleutian Chain [Alaska].)

Range. — Kiska, one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

Lagopus rupestris evermanni Elliot. Evermann's Ptarmigan. [302.1.]

Lagopus evrrmanni Elliot, Auk, XIII, No. 1, Jan., 1898, 25 (pi. iii).
(Attn Island [Alaska].)

Range. — Attn, one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

Lagopus rupestris kelloggae Grinnell. Kellogg' s Ptarmigan. [302/i.]

Lagopus rupestris kelloggae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No.
12, March 5, 1910, 383. (at 1600 feet, Zaikof Bay, Montague Island,
Prince William Sound, Alaska.)

Range. — Interior of Alaska and northern Yukon, the western Arctic coast
to Coronation Gulf, the Arctic islands (except Baffin Island), and north-
western Greenland.

Lagopus rupestris dixoni Grinnell. Dixon's Ptarmigan. [302/.]

Lagopus dixoni Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 2, Feb. 18,
1909, 207. (Near Port Frederick, at 2700 feet, Chichagof Island,
Alaska.)

Range. — Alpine summits of Baranof, Chichagof, and Admiralty islands, and
the adjacent mainland, Alaska.

Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman. Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan.
[304a.]

Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XVI, Art. 19, Aug. 18, 1902, 236. (Kenai Mountains, Alaska.)

Range. — Alpine summits from central Alaska, northern Yukon, and north-
western Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet region, Kenai Peninsula, and central
Yukon.

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 85

Lagopus leucurus leucurus (Richardson). Northern White-tailed Ptar-
migan. [304.]

Tetrao (Lagopus) leucin-us Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte,
Amer. Orn., Jameson ed., IV, Aug., 1831, 330. (Rocky Mountains,
lat. 54° N.)

Range. — Rocky Mountains froni northern British Columbia and central
Alberta south to Vancouver Island.

Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor. Rainier White-tailed Ptarmigan.

[3046.]

Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor, Condor, XXII, No. 4, Aug. 10,
1920, 146. (Pinnacle Peak, 6200 ft. altitude, Mt. Rainier, Washington.)

Range. — Cascade Mountains of Washington.

Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood. Southern White-tailed Ptarmigan.

[304c.]

Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood, Auk, XVIII, No. 2, April, 1901, 180.
(Mt. Blaine, Colorado.)

Range. — Rocky Mountain region of the United States, from Montana to
northern New Mexico.

Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger.

Tympanuchus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 [pp. 1-450,
1841], 396. Type, by monotypy, Tetrao cupido Linnaeus.

Tympanuchus cupido cupido (Linnaeus). Heath Hen. [306.]

Tetrao Cupido Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 160. Based on Le
Cocq de bois d'Amcrique, Urogallus minor, fuscus cervice, plumis Alas
imitantibus donata Catesby, Carolina, III, 1. (in Virginia = Pennsyl-
vania.)

Range. — Formerly Massachusetts (Cape Ann and Martha's Vineyard),
southern New Hampshire, New York (Long Island), Pennsylvania (Pocono
plateau), New Jersey (Schooly Mountain and the pine barrens), and probably
the shores of Chesapeake Bay in Delaware and Maryland; for many years
restricted to Martha's Vineyard and now apparently extinct (one bird only,
spring of 1930).

Tympanuchus cupido americanus (Reichenbach). Greater Prairie Chicken.

[305.]
Cupidonia americana Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xxix.
(no locality given = America.)

Range. — ^West-central Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, and southern
Manitoba to eastern Colorado, Arkansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, western

86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Indiana, and northwestern Ohio (very rare); formerly reached Kentucky,
southwestern Ontario, Michigan, and western Pennsylvania. Now probably
extinct east of Indiana.

Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bendire. Attwater's Prairie Chicken. [305a.]

Tympanuchus attwateri Bendire, Forest and Stream, XL, No. 20, May
18, 1893, 425. (Refugio Co., Texas.)

Range. — Coast region of Texas and southwestern Louisiana.

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway). Lesser Prairie Chicken. [307.]

Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12,
Dec, 1873, 199. (Prairies of Texas [near lat. 32° N.].)

Range. — Great Plains, from Colorado (the Arkansas River) and Kansas
south to New Mexico and west-central Texas.

Genus PEDIOECETES Baird.

Pedioecetes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Sm-v. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxi, xliv, [Pedioc^tetes] 619, 625. Type, by
orig. desig., Tetrao phasianellus Linnaeus.

Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus (Linnaeus). Northern Sharp-tailed
Grouse. [308.]

Tetrao Phasianellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 160. Based on
The Long-tailed Grous from Hudson's-Bay Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 117. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Central Alaska, northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec
(Ungava) to Lake Superior, and casually to the Parry Sound district, Ontario,
and the Saguenay River, Quebec.

Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord). Columbian Sharp-tailed
Grouse. [308a.]

Phasianus Columbianus Ord, in Guthrie, Geog., 2d Am. ed., 1815, 317.
Based on the Prairie Hen Lewis and Clark, Exped. Rocky Mts.,
II, 180-182. (Great plains of the Columbia River.)

Range. — Interior lowlands of British Columbia south to northeastern
California (formerly), Utah, Colorado, and northern New Mexico.

Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.

[3086.]

Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II,
93, April 10, 1884. (Illinois, and Rosebud Creek, Montana Terr. =
Illinois.)

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 87

Range. — Southern Alberta and southern Manitoba to Wyoming, eastern
Colorado, central Nebraska, eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, and western
Wisconsin, formerly to Kansas, western Michigan, and northeastern Illinois.

Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson.

Centrocercus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 358, 496. Type, by oiig. desig., Tetrao uro-
phasianus Bonaparte.

Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). Sage Hen. [309.]

Teirao urophasianus Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., Ill, No. 10, April-Sept.,
1827, 213. (Northwestern countries beyond the Mississippi, especially
on the Missouri = North Dakota.)

Range. — Sagebrush plains of the Transition Zone from middle southern
British Columbia (formerly), southern Saskatchewan, and northwestern North
Dakota south to middle eastern California, northwestern New Mexico, and
northwestern Nebraska.

Family PERDICIDAE. Partridges and Quails.

Subfamily PERDICINAE. Old World Partridges.

Genus PERDIX Brisson.

Perdix Brisson, Ornith., 1760, I, 26, 219. Type, by tautonymy, Perdix
cinerea {Perdix cited in synon.) = Teirao perdix Linnaeus.

•• Perdix perdix perdix (Linnaeus). European Partridge. [288.1.]

Tetrao Perdix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 160. (in Europae
agris = southern Sweden.)

Range. — Southern Sweden, Germany, and the British Isles to France,
Switzerland, and the Pyrenees. Introduced in various parts of North America
and acclimatized in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, also in
Wisconsin, Washington, and several other western States. [Closely allied
races occur in Spain, Italy, Russia. Siberia, etc.]

Subfamily ODONTOPHORINAE. American Quails.

Genus COLINUS Goldfuss.

Colinus Goldfuss, in Schubert, Handbuch Naturg., Ill, (Zool.) Abth.
ii, 1820, 220. Type, by monotypy, Perdix mexicanus, Caille de la
Louisiane, PI. Enl. IA9 =Tet7'ao' virginianus Linnaeus.

»8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus). Eastern Bob-white. [289.]

Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 161. Based on
The American Partridge, Perdix sylvestris americana Catesby, Carolina,
III, 12. (in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Upper Austral and southern half of the Transition Zone of
eastern North America from South Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern
Ontario, and southwestern Maine south to southeastern and northern Texas,
the Gulf coast, and northern Florida, west to eastern Colorado; introduced in
Bermuda. Now generally mixed with western and southern races which have
been introduced in the east.

Colinus virginianus floridanus (Coues). Florida Bob-white. [289a.]

Ortyx virginianus var. floridanus Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 237.
([Enterprise, Volusia Co.] Florida.)

Range. — Florida, except the extreme northern part and the Keys.

Colinus virginianus insxilanus Howe. Key West Bob-white, [289c.]

Colinus virginianus insulanus Howe, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVII, No. 1,
Dec. 27, 1904, 168. (Key West, Florida.)

Range. — -Key West. Now extinct.

Colinus virginianus texanus (Lawrence). Texas Bob-white. [2896.]

Ortyx Texanus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1853, 1.
(above Ringgold Barracks, Texas.)

Range. — Southeastern corner of New Mexico to southern Texas, and south
through northeastern Coahuila and Nuevo Leon to central Tamaulipas;
introduced in central Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, California, Mon-
tana, Oregon, Washington, and various eastern states, and in Haiti.

Colinus ridgwayi Brewster. Masked Bob-white. [291.]

Colinus ridgwayi Brewster, Auk, II, No. 2, April, 1885, 199. (about 18
mUes southwest of Sasabe [50 miles west of Nogales], Sonora, Mexico.)

Range. — -Middle part of the southern border of Arizona, between Babo-
quivari Peak and the Huachuca Mountains south to northern Sonora. Now
apparently extinct north of the Mexican border.

Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler.

Callipepla Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXV] 1832, Heft iii (March), col.
277. Type, by monotypy, Callipepla strenua Wagler = Ortyx
squamatus Vigors.

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 89

Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster. Arizona Scaled Quail. [293.]

Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VI,
No. 2, April, 1881, 72. (Rio San Pedro and Fort Bowie, Arizona = Rio
San Pedro.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones from central Arizona, New Mexico,
western Texas, southern Colorado, and western Oklahoma south probably to
northern Sonora and northern Chihuahua.

Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster. Chestnut-bellied Scaled
Quail. [293a.]

Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
VIII, No. 1, Jan., 1883, 34. (Rio Grande City, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of southern Texas, from Eagle Pass and San
Antonio south to the northern parts of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas.
[An allied race of C. squamata occurs in central Mexico.]

Genus LOPHORTYX Bonaparte.

Lophortyx Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 42. Type, by subs,
desig., Tetrao calijornicus Shaw (Gray, 1840).

Lophortyx califomica calif omica (Shaw). California Quail. [294.]

Tetrao calijornicus Shaw, in Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc., IX, 1798,
text to pi. 345. (California = Monterey.)

Range. — Humid Transition and Upper Austral zones of the Pacific coast
region from southwestern Oregon south to Monterey County, California;
introduced in Vancouver Island and Washington.

Lophortyx califomica vallicola (Ridgway). Valley Quail. [294o.]

Callipepla califomica vallicola Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII,
1885, 355 [Sept. 17]. (Interior valleys of California = Baird, Shasta
Co.)

Range. — Subarid Upper and Lower Austral zones from Upper Klamath
Lake, Oregon, south throughout California (except the humid coast strip and
the Colorado and Mohave deserts) to extreme northwestern Lower California
and east to the mountains of western Nevada.

Lophortyx califomica catalinensis Grinnell. Catalina Quail. [2946.]

Lophortyx catalinensis Grinnell, Auk, XXIII, No. 3, July, 1906, 262.
(Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California.)

Range. — Catahna Island, CaUfornia.

90 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Lophortyx calif oraica plumbea Grinnell. San Quintin Quail. [294c.]

Lophortyx californica phnnbea Grinnell, Condor, XXVIII, No. 3, May
15, 1926, 128. (San Jose, 2500 ft. altitude, 45 miles northeast of San
Quintin, Lower California, Mexico.)

Range. — Northwestern Lower California between lat. 30° and lat. 32° and
from the Pacific coast east to the eastern base of the Sierra San Pedro Martir;
casually to San Felipe on the Gulf.

Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters. San Lucas Quail. [294d.]

Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
VIII, 79, May 16, 1923. (La Paz, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California, north to lat. 30°.

Lophortyx gambeli gambeli Gambel. Gambel's Quail. [295.]

Lophortyx Gambelii "Nutt," Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, Nos.
24-25, March-April, 1843 [May 19], 260. (Some distance west [ = east]
of California = southern Nevada.)

Range. — Lower Sonoran desert region of southern California, southern
Nevada, Arizona, and southwestern Utah, and also southwestern New
Mexico to the Rio Grande Valley and the El Paso region of extreme western
Texas south into the northeastern corner of Lower California and to Guaymas,
Sonora.

Lophortyx gambeli sanus Mearns. Olathe Quail. [295a.]

Lophortyx gambelii sanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVII, No.
26, July 10, 1914, 113. (Olathe, Montrose Co., Colorado.)

Range.— Southwestern Colorado. [Reported to be derived from L. g.
gambeli introduced many years ago.]

Genus OREORTYX Baird.

Oreortyx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxi, xlv, 638, 642. Type, by orig. desig., Ortyx
picta Douglas,

Oreortyx picta palmeri Oberholser. Mountain Quail. [292.]

Oreortyx picta palmeri Oberholser, Auk, XL, No. 1, Jan. 10, 1923, 84.
(Yaquina, Oregon.)

Range. — Humid Transition Zone strip of the Pacific coast from southwest-
ern Washington south to Monterey County, California; introduced on Van-
couver Island.

ORDER GALLIFORMES. 91

Oreortyx picta picta (Douglas). Plumed Quail. [292a.]

Ortyx -picta Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI, Pt. i, 1829, 143 (read
Dec. 16, 1828). (Interior of California as far as 45° N.)

Range. — Transition Zone from the west side of Cascade Range in north-
western Oregon south through the Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges of
California nearly to the Mexican line, and east in the desert ranges to extreme
western Nevada.

Oreortyx picta confinis Anthony. San Pedro Quail. [2926.]

Oreortyx pidus confinis Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., II, 74,
Oct. 11, 1889. (San Pedro Martir [Mountains, at 8500 feet]. Lower
California.)

Range. — Chiefly in the Transition Zone of the Sierra Judrez and Sierra San
Pedro Martir, Lower California. '

Genus CYRTONYX Gould.

Cyrtonyx Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., Pt. I, 1844, pi. vii and text (also
introd., 14, 1850). Type, by subs, desig., Ortyx massenn Lesson = 0.
montezximae Vigors (Gray, 1855).

Cyrt6nyx monteztimae mearnsi Nelson, Mearns's Quail. [296.]

Cyrtonyx montezumie mearnsi Nelson, Auk, XVII, No, 3, July, 1900, 255.
(Fort Huachuca, Arizona.)

Range. — Arid Upper Austral and Transition zones from central Arizona
and central New Mexico east to central Texas and south to the mountains of
northern Coahuila, Chihuahua, and eastern Sonora. [Closely allied races
occur farther south in Mexico.]

Family PHASIANIDAE. Pheasants.

Genus PHASIANUS Linnaeus.

Phasianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 158. Type, by tautony-
my, Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus. {Phasianus cited in synonymy, cf.
Op. 16, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.)

•• Phasianus cdlchicus torquatus Gmelin, Ring-necked Pheasant. [309,1.]

Phasianus torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 742. (No locality
mentioned = southeastern China.)

Range. — Southeastern and eastern China from Canton to the middle
Yangtse. Introduced and acclimated in British Columbia and Ontario and in

92 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

various parts of the United States, England, etc. The introduced stock is of
various origins and mixed blood, at least thi-ee races being involved — colchicus,
torquatus, and mongolicus.

Family MELEAGRIDIDAE. Turkeys.

Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus.

Meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 156. Type, by subs,
desig., Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot. Eastern Turkey. [310a.]

Meleagris silvestris VrEiLLOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., IX,
1817, 447. Based on the Dindon d'Amerique Bartram, Travels
(French ed.), I, 467. (Pennsylvania.)

Range. — -Western Oklahoma, eastern Texas, the Gulf Coast, and northern
Florida to southeastern Missouri, eastern Kentucky, and central Pennsylvania;
formerly to Nebraska, Kansas, South Dakota, southwestern Ontario, and
southern Maine; now somewhat mixed with domestic and western stock in the
eastern portion of its range.

Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott. Florida Turkey. [3106.]

Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott, Auk, VII, No. 4, Oct., 1890, 376.
(Tarpon Springs, Florida.)

Range. — -Peninsular Florida, north at least to Gainesville.

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett. Rio Grande Turkey. [310c.]

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., V, No. 3, Nov. 30, 1879, 428. (Lomita, Texas.)

Range. — Middle northern Texas, south to northeastern Coahuila, Nuevo
Leon, and Tamaulipas.

Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson. Merriam's Turkey. [310.]

Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson, Auk, XVII, No. 2, April, 1900, 120.
(47 miles southwest of Winslow, Arizona.)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones in the mountains of southern
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, western Texas, northern Sonora, and
Chihuahua.

[An additional race of M. gallopavo occurs in central Mexico.]

ORDER GRUIFORMES. 93

Order GRUIFORMES. Cranes, Rails, and Allies.

Suborder GRUES. Cranes, Rails, and Limpkins.

Superfamily GRUOIDEA. Cranes and Limpkins.

Family GRUIDAE Cranes.

Subfamily GRUINAE. Cranes.

Genus GRUS Pallas.

Grus Pallas, Misc. Zool., 1766, 66. Based on Grues Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.
ed. 10., I, 1758, 141. Type, by tautonymy, Ardea grus Linnaeus
(Cf. Op. 10.3, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.).

Grus americana (Linnaeus). Whooping Crane. [204.]

Ardea americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 142. Based on
The hooping Crane, Grus americana alha Catesby, Carolina, I, 75, and
the Hooping-Crane from Hudson's-Bay Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 132.
(in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Bred, formerly, from Mackenzie and Hudson Baj- south to Ne-
braska and Iowa and in migration not uncommon east to the Atlantic coast from
New England to South Carolina and Georgia; casual in southwestern Ontario
and west to Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho. Wintered from the Gulf states
to central Mexico. Now very rare and mainly restricted to southern Mac-
kenzie and northern Saskatchewan, going south to Texas in migration.

Grus canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Little Brown Crane. [205.]

Ardea canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 141. Based on the
Brown and Ash-colour'd Crane Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 133. (in
America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from northern and western Alaska and MelviUe and Baffin
islands south to the southern mainland of Alaska, southern Mackenzie, and
Hudson Bay. Winters from California and Texas to northern Lower Califor-
nia, Jalisco, and Guanajuato, Mexico, migrating through the interior of
Canada and the United States. Migrates regularly along the Chukches
Peninsula in northeastern Siberia.

94 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Grus canadensis tabida (Peters). Sandhill Crane. [206.]

Megalornis cnnndensis tabida Peters, Auk, XLII, No. 1, Jan. 2, 1925, 122.
(Valley of the South Fork of the Humboldt River, Nevada.)

Range. — Bred, formerly, from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba,
and southwestern Michigan south to California, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois,
and Ohio and in migration east to New England; now rare east of the Missis-
sippi and rare or extinct as a breeding bird in the southern half of its former
range but still breeds from northeastern California, Wisconsin and Michigan
northward. Winters from California, Texas, and Louisiana south to. Mexico.

Grus canadensis pratensis Meyer. Florida Crane. [206a.]

Grus pratensis F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, I, 1794, 286. Based on
Grus pratensis, corpore cinereo, vertice papillosa, the great savanna crane
Bartram, Travels, 293. (Florida = Clay County, Florida.)

Range. — Peninsular Florida and southern Georgia (Okefinokee Swamp),
casually to South Carolina, and probably southern Alabama and Louisiana.

Family ARAMIDAE. Limpkins.

Genus ARAMUS Vieillot.

Aramus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 58. Type, by monotypy, Courliri,
BuFFON = Ardea scolopacea Gmelin.

Aramus pictus pictus (Meyer). Limpkin. [207.]

Tantalus pictus "Bartram" F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, I, 1794, 287.
Based on Tantulus pictus, the crying bird Bartram, Travels, 293.
(circa fluvium Sti. Johannis, nee non circa Floridae et Georgiae lacus
= St. Johns River, Florida.)

Range. — Okefinokee Swamp, Georgia, and peninsular Florida west to the
Wakulla River; also in Cuba. Casual north to South Carolina. Now local
and greatly reduced in numbers. [Allied races occur in Mexico, Central
America and Haiti.]

ORDER GRUIFORMES. 95

SuPERFAMiLY RALLOIDEA. Rails, Gallinules,
AND Coots.

Family RALLIDAE. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
Subfamily RALLINAE. Rails.

Genus RALLUS Linnaeus.

Rallus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 153. Type, by subs, desig.,
Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus (Fleming, 1821).

Rallus elegans elegans Audubon. King Rail. [208.]

Rallus elegans Audubon, Birds Aziier. (folio). III, pi. 203, 1834 (Orn.
Biog., Ill, 1835, 27). (Kentucky, South Carolina, Louisiana, and north,
to Camden, N. J. and Philadelphia = Charleston, S. C.)

Range. — Breeds from Nebraska, southern Minnesota, southwestern On-
tario, New York, and Massachusetts south to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas,
and west to Kansas. Winters mainly in the southern part of its breeding
range from New Jersey (occasionally Long Island) southward. Casual north to
Manitoba and Maine. [An allied race occurs in Cuba.]

Rallus obsoletus obsoletus Ridgway. California Clapper Rail. [210.]

Rallus elegans var. obsoletus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VIII, No. 2, Feb.,
1874, 111. (San Francisco, California.)

Range. — Resident on salt marshes of San Francisco and Monterey bays,
California; casual on Humboldt and Tomales bays. Accidental on the
Farallon Islands.

RaHus obsoletus levipes Bangs. Light-footed Rail. [210.1.]

Rallus levipes Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, I, 45, June 5, 1899.
(Newport Landing, Los Angeles [ = Orange] Co., California.)

Range. — Resident on salt marshes of southern California from Santa
Barbara (casual?) south to San Diego and probably Ensenada; now reduced
and local.

Rallus obsoletus beldingi Ridgway. Belding's Rail. [209.]

Rallus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 345 [Sept. 11].
(Espiritu Santo Islands, Lower California.)

Range. — Resident in mangrove swamps and salt marshes in the Cape
district of Lower California, north on the Pacific side to San Quintfn Bay and
on the Gulf coast to San Jose Island.

96 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Rallus obsoletus yumanensis Dickey. Yuma Clapper Rail. [210a.]

Ballus yumanentiis Dickey, Auk, XL, No. 1, Jan. 10, 1923, 90. (Bard,
Imperial County, California.)

Range. — Lower Colorado River Valley from Laguna Dam south at least
to Yuma.

Rallus longirostris crepitans Gmelin. Northern Clapper Rail. [211.]

Rallus crepitans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 713. Based on the
Clapper Rail Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 490. (in Noveboraco = Long
Island, New York.)

Range. — Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, breeding from Connecticut
to North Carolina. Winters mainly south of New Jersey, occasionally to New
York. Casual north to Maine.

Rallus longirostris waynei Brewster. Wayne's Clapper Rail. [211c.]

Rallus cre-pilans waynei Brewster, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, I, 50,
June 9, 1899. (St. Mary's, Camden Co., Georgia.)

Range. — Salt inarshes of the south Atlantic coast from southeastern North
Carolina to New Smyrna (probably Merritts Island), Florida.

Rallus longirostris scotti Sennett. Florida Clapper Rail. [2116.]

Rallus longirostris scottii Sennett, Auk, V, No. 3, July, 1888, 305.
(Tarpon Springs, Florida.)

Range. — Salt marshes of the Gulf coast of Florida and Atlantic coast from
Jupiter Inlet, southward.

Rallus longirostris insulanun Brooks. Mangrove Clapper Rail. [21 Id.]

Rallus longirostris i7isularum W. S. Brooks, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
VII, 53, June 24, 1920. (Big Pine Key, Florida.)

Range. — Mangrove swamps of the Florida Keys, Florida.

Rallus longirostris saturatus Ridgway. Louisiana Clapper Rail. [21 1«.]

Rallus longirostris var. saturatus "Henshaw," Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall
Orn. Club, V, No. 3, July, 1880, 140. (Louisiana = Rigolets, Lake
Borgne, La.)

Range.— Salt marshes on the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
and Texas.

[Additional races of R. longirostris occur in the West Indies and South
America.]

ORDEE GRUIFORMES. 97

Rallus limicola limicola Vieillot. Virginia Rail. [212.]

Rallus limicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXVIII,
1819, 558. (Etats Unis = Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick south to northern Lower California, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri,
southern Illinois, southern Ohio, Kentucky, New Jersey, and eastern North
Carolina; also in Toluca Valley, Mexico. Winters from Utah and Colorado
(casually Montana) to southern Lower California, Guatemala, and the lower
Mississippi Valley states, and from North Carolina (casually Massachusetts)
to Florida. Occurs casually north to Hudson Bay, Labrador, Newfoundland,
and Greenland; also in Bermuda and Cuba. [Closely allied races occur in
South America.] ^

• Rallus aquaticus aquaticus Linnaeus. Water Rail. [212.1.]

Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 153. (Europa =
Great Britain.)

Range. — Europe, northwestern Africa, and Egypt. Accidental in Greenland
(Angmagsalik, 1903 and on the west coast).- [Closel.y allied races occur in
northeastern Asia and Persia.]

Genus PORZANA Vieillot.

Porzana Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 61. Type, by monotypy, Marouette
Buffon = Rallus porzana Linnaeus.

• Porzana porzana (Linnaeus) . Spotted Crake. [213.]

Rallus Porzana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 262. (in Europa ad
ripas = France.)

Range. — Breeds in the northern parts of the Old World from Norway to
western Siberia and south to the Mediterranean; rarely in the British Isles.
Winters south to India, Sudan, and East Africa, casually farther. Accidental
in Greenland (Frederickshaab, Godthaab, Nenortalik, and Julianehaab).^

Porzana Carolina (Linnaeus). Sora. [214.]

Rallus carolinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 153. Based on
The Little American Water Hen Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 144. (in
America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the lower St. Lawrence River, New Brunswick,

1 The Pacific coast bird has been separated as R. I. pacificus Dickey (Condor,
XXX, 1928, 322).

2 Helms, Birds of Angmagsalik, 1926, 241.

3 Bent. BuU. U. S. N. M., No. 135, 1926, 302.

8

98 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

and Nova Scotia south to northern Lower California, Utah, Colorado, Kansas,
southern Illinois, northern Missouri, southern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland. Winters from California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida through
the West Indies and Central America to Venezuela and Peru. Occasional in
Labrador and Newfoundland; accidental in Bermuda, Greenland, England,
Wales, and Scotland,

Genus COTURNICOPS Gray.

Coiurnicops Gray, Catal. Genera and Subgenera Birds, 1855, 120. Type,
by monotypy, Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin.

Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin). Yellow Rail. [215.]

Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 701. Based on
the Yellow-breasted Gallinule Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 493. (in
Noveboraco = New York.)

Range. — Breeds in North Dakota and east-central California and occurs in
the breeding season in Wisconsin, Minnesota, northern Illinois, Ohio, Maine,
Massachusetts, southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, central Quebec
(Ungava), and Nova Scotia. Winters in the Gulf States north to North Caro-
lina, and in California. Casual in Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, and
Arizona, and in Bermuda.

Genus CRECISCUS Cabanis.

Credscus Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., VI, No. 24, Nov., 1856 [1857], 428.
Type, by monotypy, Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin.

Creciscus jamaicensis stoddardi Coale. Black Rail. [216.]

Cresciscus [sic] jamaicensis stoddardi Coale, Auk, XL, No. 1, Jan. 10,
1923, 89. (Hyde Lake, Chicago, Illinois.)

Range. — Breeds from Massachusetts, Iowa, and Kansas south to New
Jersey, Virginia, and Florida. Winters probably mainly south of the United
States to Guatemala, and casually in southern Georgia, Florida, and southern
Louisiana. Casual in Nova Scotia and Bermuda.

Creciscus jamaicensis coturniculus (Ridgway). Farallon Rail. [216.1.]

Porzana Jamaicensis var. coturniculus "Baird," Ridgway, Amer. Nat.,
VIII, No. 2, Feb., 1874, 111. (Farallone Islands, coast of California.)

Range. — Coast marshes of California and northwestern Lower California,
sparingly in the interior; mainly recorded in autumn and winter but breeds
regularly on the marshes of San Diego Bay. Casual in Washington and
Oregon.

[Another race, C. j. jamaicensis (Gmelin), occurs in Jamaica.]

ORDER GRUIFORMES. 99

Genus CREX Bechstein.

Crex Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., II, 1803, 336. Type, by
monotypy, Crex pratensis Becustein = Rail us crex Linnaeus.

• Crex crex (Linnaeus). Corn Crake. [217.]

Rallus Crex Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 153. (in Europae
agris, carectis = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Europe and Asia, from Scandinavia, Russia, and Siberia
south to northern Italy, Macedonia, and central Asia. Winters in Africa,
Arabia, and northern India (rarely). Casual or accidental in Greenland,
Baffin Island, Newfoundland (?), Nova Scotia, Maine, Rhode Island, Con-
necticut, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland, and in Bermuda.

Subfamily GALLINULINAE. Gallinules.

Genus IONORNIS Reichenbach.

lonornis Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xxi. Type, by
orig. desig., Fulica martinicensis Jacquin = FuKca martinica Linnaeus.

lonornis martmica (Linnaeus). Purple Gallinule. [218.]

Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 259. (in Martin-
icae inundatis = Martinique, West Indies.)

Range. — -Breeds from Texas, Louisiana, southern Alabama, and South
Carolina south through Mexico and the West Indies to Ecuador, Paraguay,
and Argentina. Winters from Texas, Louisiana, and Florida southward.
Irregularly north in summer to Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Wisconsin,
Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maine, Ontario, Quebec,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; accidental in Bermuda.

Genus GALLINULA Brisson.

Gallinula Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 50; VI, 2. Type, by tautonymy,
Gallinula Brisson = FttZica chhroptis Linnaeus.

Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs. Florida Gallinule. [219.]

Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, V,
96, May 17, 1915. (Arbuckle Creek, DeSoto Co., Florida.)

. Range, — Breeds from central California, Arizona, Nebraska, Minnesota,
southern Ontario, New York, and Vermont south to the West Indies, Mexico,
the Cape district of Lower California, and Panama; also in the GaMpagos
Islands and Bermuda. Winters from southern California, Arizona, Texas, and

loo CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

South Carolina southward. Casual in South Dakota, Colorado, Greenland,
southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine. [Closely related
races occur in South America and in the Eastern Hemisphere.]

Subfamily FULICINAE. Coots.

Genus FULICA Linnaeus.

Fulica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 152. Type, by subs, desig.,
Fulica atra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

• Fulica atra atra Linnaeus. European Coot. [220.]

Fulica atra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 152. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Range. — Scandinavia, Russia, and Siberia south to the Mediterranean,
northwestern Africa, Persia, India, and Japan. Accidental in Greenland,'
Iceland, Labrador (Anatalak Bay and Sandwich Bay, December, 1927),-
and Newfoundland (Exploits Harbor, December, 1927).^ [Allied races occur in
Australia and Tasmania.]

Fulica americana americana Gmelin. American Coot. [221.]

Fulica americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 704. Based on the
Cinereous Coot Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. 1, 279. (in America
septentrionali.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Coliunbia, southern Mackenzie,
central Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Bruns-
wick south to southern Lower California, Tamaulipas, Arkansas, Tennessee,
New Jersey, and sporadically in Florida; also in southern Mexico, West
Indies, and Nicaragua. Winters from southeastern Alaska, southern British
Columbia, Colorado (casually), Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts (casually),
and Virginia south to the West Indies and Costa Rica. Casual at Fort
Yukon, Alaska, in Greenland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Bermuda.
[An allied race occurs in Colombia and northern Ecuador.]

^ Hagerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 53.
2 Austin, Auk, XL VI, 1929, 208.
=• Taverner, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 227.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 101

Order CHARADRIIFORMES. Shore Birds,
Gulls, Auks, and Allies.

Suborder CHARADRII. Jacanas and Shore Birds.

SuPERFAMiLY JACANOIDEA. Jacanas.

Family JACANIDAE. Jacanas.

Genus JACANA Brisson.

Jacana Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 48; V, 12L Type, by tautonymy,
JacaiM Brisson = Parra jacana Linnaeus.

Subgenus ASARCIA Sharpe.

Asarda Sharpe, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., XXIV, 1896, 86. Type, by
monotypy, Parra variabilis Linnaeus = /^wZica spinosa Linnaeus.

Jacana spinoEja gynmostoma (Wagler). Mexican Jacana. [288.]

Parra gymnostoma Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft, v (May),
col. 517. (Mexico.)

Range. — Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and Mexico. Accidental in Florida (?).i
[A closely related race occurs from Central America to Panama.]

SuPERFAMiLY CHARADRIOIDEA. Shore Birds.
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE. Oyster-catchers.

Genus HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus.

Hcematopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 152. Type, by mono-
typy, Hamatopus ostralcgus Linnaeus.

• Haematopus ostialegus ostralegus Linnaeus. European Oyster-catcher.

[285.]

Haematopus Ostralegus Linnaeus, Sj^st. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 152. (in
Europae, Americae septentrionalis littoribus marinis = Oeland Island,
Sweden.)

1 The Florida specimen is not extant and its identity can not be definitely
determined. It was probably J. s. violacea Cory; cf. Cory, Bull. Nuttall Om.
Club, VI, No. 3, July, 1881, 130; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., X, Jan, 1916, 219.

102 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from the Arctic Circle to the coasts of Europe, the
Black Sea, and Turkestan. Winters southward to the coasts of central Africa
and India. Occasional in Greenland (Julianehaab, Gotthaab, and Nenor-
talik).! [Closely allied races occur in eastern Asia and Australia.]

Haematopus palliatus palliatusTEMMiNCK. American Oyster-catcher. [286.]

Haematopus palliatus Temminck, Manuel d'Orn., ed. 2, II, 1820, 532.
{k I'Am^rique meridionale = South America.)

Range. — Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Virginia (casually New Jersey,
Massachusetts, and New Brunswick) to Texas and Brazil, the West Indies
(except the Bahama Islands), and the Pacific coast from Tehuantepec, Mexico,
to the Gulf of Panama and Colombia; breeds locally throughout its range-
Winters from Virginia southward.

Haematopus palliatus frazari Brewster. Frazar's Oyster-catcher. [286.1.]

Hsematopus frazari Brewster, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 84. (Carmen
Island, Gulf of California.)

Range. — Pacific and Gulf coasts and islands of Lower California, southward
along the west coast of Mexico to Tepic and Jalisco; casually to Guerrero;
formerly north to Ventura County, California.

[Additional races of H. palliatus occur in South America, the Bahamas, and
the Galapagos.)

Haematopus bachmani AuDtfBON. Black Oyster-catcher. [287.]

Haematopus Bachmani Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, 1838, pi. 427,
fig. 1 (Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 245). (Mouth of the Columbia River.)

Range. — Breeds from Prince William Sound, Alaska, west throughout the
Aleutian Islands and south to the west coast of central Lower California.
Winters from the coasts of southern Alaska (Dixon Entrance, etc.) and British
Columbia to Lower California.

Family CHARADRIIDAE. Plovers, Turnstones, and
Surf-birds.

Subfamily VANELLINAE. Lapwings.

Genus VANELLUS Brisson.

Vanellus Brisson, Orn,, 1760, I, 48; V, 94. Type, by tautonymy,
Vanellus Brisson = Tringa vanellus Linnaeus.

• Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). Lapwing. [269.]

Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed, XO, I, 1758, 148. (in Europa,
Africa = Sweden.)

1 Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 9.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 103

Range. — Breeds from the Arctic Circle south to central Europe and China,
Winters south to northern Africa and India. Casual in Greenland and rarely
straggling across the Atlantic Ocean; recorded from Baffin Island, Newfound-
land, Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New York (Long
Island), North Carolina, the Bahamas, and Barbados.

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE. Plovers.

Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus.

Charadrius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 150. Type, by tauto-
nymy, Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. (Charadrios s. Hiaticula Aldro-
vandus cited in synonymy, cf. Op. 16, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.)

Subgenus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus.

Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Linnaeus. Ringed Plover. [275.]

Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 150. (Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe, also in Greenland (both coasts), Ice-
land, eastern Baffin Island, and probably Ellesmere Island, migrating along
European coasts. [An allied race occurs in northern Siberia.] ^

• Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin. Little Ringed Plover. [276.]

Charadrius curonicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 692. (in Cu-
ronia = Courland, Latvia, on the Baltic Sea.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Europe and northern Asia south to Japan,
northern Africa, and the Canaries. Winters in Africa, India, and the Malay
Archipelago. Accidental in Alaska (Kodiak Island) ^ and California (San
Francisco).' (?) [A closely allied race occurs in the Philippines, southern
China, and adjacent islands.]

Charadrius mel6dus Ord. Piping Plover. [277.]

Charadrius vielodus Ord, in reprint Wilson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1824, 71.
(Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.)
Range. — Breeds locally from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Magdalen Islands,
Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to central Nebraska, north-
eastern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, northern Ohio, northwestern Pennsyl-
vania, and coasts of New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina (Pea Island).
Winters on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from South Carolina to Texas and
northern Mexico. Casual in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Bermuda, and
Newfoundland.

^ The Greenland bird has been separated as C. h. sepientrionalis Brehm.

2 Schalow, Journ. flir Orn., 1891, 259.

3 Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VIII, 1874, 109.

104 CPIECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus CIRREPIDESMUS Bonaparte.

Cirrepides?nus Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XLIII,
No. 8 (for Aug. 25), 1856, 417. Type, by tautonymy, Charadrius
pyrrhothorax Gould = C. atrifrons Wagler. (C. cirrhepidesmus Wag-
LER quoted as a synonym.)

• Charadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas. Mongolian Plover. [279.]

Charadrius mongolus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, III, 1776, 700. (circa
lacus salsos versus Mongoliae fines = Kulussutai, probably on the
Onon River, Siberia.)

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia and the Commander Islands.
Winters from the Philippines to Australia. Casual in Alaska (Cape Prince of
Wales, June 11, 1922; i Nunivak Island-). [A closely allied race occurs in
central Asia.]

Subgenus LEUCOPOLIUS Bonaparte.

Leucopolius Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XLIII, No.
8 (for Aug. 25), 1856, 417. Type, by tautonymy, Charadrius marginatus
Vieillot. (C. leucopolius Wagler quoted as a synonym.)

Charadrius nivosus nivosus (Cassin) . Western Snowy Plover. [278.]

Aegialiiis nivosa Cassin, in Baird, Cassin, and Lavv'rence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xlvi, 696. (Presidio [near San Fran-
cisco], California.)

Range. — Breeds from Washington, northern California, and northern
Utah south to southern Lower California. Winters from central California
south along the Pacific coast to Mexico.

Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris (Lawrence). Cuban Snowy Plover. [27Sa.]

Aegialiiis tenuirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1862,
455. (Near Guantanamo, Cuba.)

Range. — Breeds on the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas and apparently in
Haiti and Porto Rico; also on salt plains in Oklahoma and Kansas. South in
winter to the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, Yucatan, and Venezuela
(Margarita Island). Casual near Toronto, Ontario.

[An additional race of C. nivosus occurs in Chile and Peru.]

Subgenus AEGIALEUS Reichenbach.

Aegialeus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xviii. Type, by
monotypy, Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte.

1 Bailey, Condor, XXVIII, 1926, 85.

"Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., XVII, 1928, 247.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 105

Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte. Semipalmated Plover. [274.]

Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V,
98 [Aug., 1825]. New name for Tringa hiaticula Wilson, Amer. Orn.,
Ord reprint, VII, 65. (Coast of New Jersey.) *

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast from Bering Sea to southern Baffin
Island and Greenland south to the valley of the Yukon, British Columbia
(Atlin Lake and the Queen Charlotte Islands), southern James Bay, north
shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Winters
from central California, Louisiana, and South Carolina to Patagonia, Chile,
and the Galdpagos. Casual in Siberia and Bermuda; accidental in Greenland
and England.

Genus PAGOLLA Mathews.

Pagolla Mathews, Birds of Australia, III, Pt. i, April 2, 1913, 83. Type,
by orig. desig., Charadrius wilsonia Ord.

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia (Ord). Wilson's Plover. [280.]

Charadrius Wilsonia Ord, in Wilson, Amer. Orn., IX, 1814, 77, (pi. 73,
fig. 5). (Shore of Cape Island [ = Cape May], New Jersey.)

Range. Breeds from Virginia (formerly New Jersey) to the northern
Bahama Islands and Florida and along the Gulf coast to Texas. Winters from
Florida to Texas and south to Guatemala, Honduras, coast of Brazil, and the
West Indies. Casual north to Nova Scotia and New England.

Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway. Belding's Plover. [280a.]

Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. viii,
June 26, 1919, 112. (La Paz, Lower California.)

Range. — Pacific coast of America from middle Lower California (both
coasts) to Peru; recorded twice near San Diego, California.
[An additional race of P. wilsonia occurs in the West Indies.]

Genus EUPODA Br.andt.

Ewpoda Brandt, in Tchihatcheff, Voy. Sci. Altai Orient., 1845, 444.
Type, by monotypy, Charadrius asiaticus Pallas.

Eupoda montana (Townsend). Mountain Plover. [281.]

Charadrius montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII,
Pt. ii, [Nov. 21] 1837, 192. (tableland of the Rocky Mountains =
near Sweetwater River, Wyoming.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Montana and western Nebraska south to
western Kansas, northern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas. Winters
from northern California, southern Arizona, and southern Texas to southern
Lower California and central Mexico. Accidental in Florida and Massa-
chusetts.

106 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus OXYECHUS Reichenbach.

Oxyechus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xviii. Tjqje, by
orig. desig., Charadrius vociferus Linnael'S.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer. [273.]

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 150. Based on
The Chattering Plover, Pluvialis vociferus Catesby, Carolina, I, 71.
(in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from northern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
northern Ontario, and southern Quebec south to the Bahamas, Florida,
central Mexico, and southern Lower California. Winters from southern
British Columbia, Colorado, Missouri, southern Illinois, western New York,
and New Jersey south to Bermuda, the Greater Antilles, northern Venezuela,
and northwestern Peru. Casual in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and New-
foundland, and in the British Isles. [Closely related races are resident in the
West Indies and on the coast of Peru.]

Genus EUDROMIAS Brehm.

Eudromias C. L. Brehm, Isis von Oken, XXIII, 1830, Heft, x (Oct.), col.
987. Type, by monotypy, Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus.

• Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus). Dotterel. [269.1.]

Charadrius Morinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 150. (in
Europa ad Alpes migrans per Upsaliam, etc. = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in the Alps, Great Britain, Scandinavia, and Siberia.
Winters in southern Europe and northern Africa. Accidental in Alaska (King
Island, July 23, 1897 » and Cape Prince of Wales, Junel 5 and 19, 1929 ^) and
in Japan.

Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson.

Pluvialis Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 46; V, 42. Type, by tautonymy,
Pluvialis aurea Bni&soN = Charadrius pluvialis Linnaeus = C apricarius
Linnaeus. {Pluvialis quoted in synonymy.)

Pluvialis apricaria apricaria (Linnaeus). Eiu-opean Golden Plover. [271.]

Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 150. (in
Oelandia, Canada = Oeland Island, Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from Great Britain and central Europe to Iceland, Norway,
and northwestern Siberia. Winters south to northern Africa and southern
Asia. Casual in Greenland where it breeds occasionally.

1 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, 22.

2 A. M. Bailey, Condor, XXXII, 1930, 161.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 107

Pluvialis dominica dominica (Muller), American Golden Plover. [272.]

Charadrius Dondnicus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 116.
Based on Le Pluvier dore de S. Domingue, Pluvialis Dominicensis
aurea Brisson, Orn. V, 48. (St. Domingo [West Indies].)

Range. — Breeds from Point Barrow along the Arctic coast to Melville
Peninsula and probably western Baffin Island north to Melville and North
Devon islands and south to Ard Lake and Churchill, Manitoba. Winters on
the pampas of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Uruguay. Migrates
south, mainly over the Atlantic Ocean, from Nova Scotia and New England; a
few pass south through the Mississippi Valley, and all migrate north by this
route; regular migrant on the Pacific coast in autumn. Formerly abundant,
now much less common. Casual in Greenland and Bermuda, accidental in
Great Britain, Heligoland and Australia.

Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin). Pacific Golden Plover. [272a.]

Charadrius fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 687. Based on the
Fulvous Plover Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. 1, 211. (in Tahiti
maritimis et uliginosis = Tahiti.)

Range. — Breeds in northern Siberia from Liakof Island to Bering Strait
and in Alaska along the coast of Bering Sea and Kotzebue Sound. Winters in
the Hawaiian Islands, China, Oceanica, New Zealand, and Australia. Occa-
sional in migration on the coast of British Columbia.

Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvier.

Squatarola Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 467. Type, by
tautonymy, Tringa squatarola Linnaeus.

Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. [270.]

Tringa Squatarola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 149. (in
Europa = Sweden .)

Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan. Breeds on the Arctic coast and islands from
Point Barrow to Southampton and western Baffin islands, also on the Arctic
coast of Russia and Siberia. Winters from the Mediterranean to South Africa;
also in India and Australia, and from southern British Columbia, California,
Louisiana, and North Carolina to Brazil, Peru, and northern Chile; in migration
occurs throughout the United States and in Greenland and Bermuda. Acci-
dental in Hawaii; casual aU summer on the coasts of Florida and western
Ecuador.^

1 This species has been divided by some authors into several races, the North
American race being known as S. s. cynosurae Thayer and Bangs and the
East Siberian form which reaches Alaska as S. s. hypomelas (Pallas),

108 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subfamily APHRIZINAE. Surf-birds.

Genus APHRIZA Audubon.

Aphriza Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 249. Type, by monotypy,
Aphriza townsendi Audubon = Tringa virgata Gmelin.

Aphriza virgata (Gmelin). Surf-bird. [282.]

Tringa virgata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Ft. ii, 1789, 674. Based on the
Streaked Sandpiper Latham, General Synops., Ill, ISO. (in sinu
Sandwich = Prince WilHam Sound, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on the Alaska Mountains in south-central Alaska (Mt.
McKinley Park and Forty-mile River system) . Winters more or less regularly
on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and the coast of southern
Alaska, and thence south as a transient winter visitant to Chile and the Straits
of Magellan.

Subfamily ARENARIINAE. Turnstones.

Genus ARENARIA Brisson.

Arenaria Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 48; V, 132. Type, by tautonymy,
Arenaria Brisson = Tringa interpres Linnaeus.

• Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). European Turnstone. [283.]

Tringa Interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148. (in Europa
& America septentrionali = Gotland, Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from western Greenland and Iceland through Arctic
Europe and Asia to Kamchatka. Winters on the coasts of Europe and Asia to
South Africa. Accidental in Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, September 8,
1892).!

Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). Ruddy Turnstone. [283a.]

Tringa Morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 249. Based
mainly on The Turn-Stone, Morinellus marinus Catesby, Carolina, I,
72. (ad maris littora Americae septentrionalis; & Europae = coast of
Georgia.)

Range. — Breeds from western and northern Alaska to Southampton and
western Baffin islands. Winters from central California, Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and North Carolina to southern Brazil and central Chile ; occurs in
migration over North America in general and individuals linger all summer on
mainland beaches and on Laysan and other Pacific islands. Accidental on the
Andaman Islands.^

1 Bishop, Auk, XXIII, 1906, .33.5.

^ Turnstones of islands in Bering Sea are intermediate between the two forms
and represent A. i. oahuensis Bloxham which is sometimes recognized as dis-
tinct.

OEDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 109

Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). Black Turnstone. [284.]

Strepsilas rnelanocephalus Vigors, Zool. Journ., IV, No. 15, Oct., 1828
[Jan., 1829] 356. (Northwest coast of [North] America.)

Range. — ^Breeds along the coast of Alaska from Bering Straits south to the
Sitka district. Winters from southeastern Alaska south to the Cape district of
Lower California. Casual in northeastern Siberia. Individuals occur all
summer on the coasts of southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, and California.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers.
Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE. Woodcock and Snipe.

Genus PHILOHELA Gray.

Philohela Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, 90. Tj'pe, by orig. desig.,
Scolopax minor Gmelin.^

Phil6hela minor (Gmelin). American Woodcock. [228.]

Scolopax minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 661. Based on the
Little Woodcock Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 463. (in Americae ... in
Carolinae . . . Noveboraci silvis humidis = New York.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota,
northeastern Minnesota, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Colorado, southern
Kansas (formerly), southern Louisiana, and northern Florida. Winters from
southern Missouri, the Ohio Valley, and southern New Jersey (occasionally
northern Indiana and Massachusetts), south to Texas and central Florida.
Casual in Manitoba, Montana, Newfoundland, and Bermuda.

Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus.

Scolopax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 145. Type, by subs,
desig., Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

• Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linnaeus. European Woodcock. [227.]

Scolopax Rusticola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 146. (in
Europa = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from the Arctic Circle to Great Britain, Russia, Siberia,
and mountains of Europe and Asia; also in the Azores, Canary, and Madeira

1 It is claimed that Rubicola "Vieill." Richardson (Wilson and Bona-
parte, Amer. Orn., Jameson ed.. Ill, 1831, 98) should replace Philohela, but
on the other hand there is no evidence that it was intended as a new name and
it seems an obvious misprint for Rusticola, a name applied to the European
Woodcock.

110 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

islands. Winters in Great Britain, southern Europe, northern Africa, China,
and India. Occasional in eastern North America from southern Quebec and
Newfoundland to Virginia; accidental in Greenland. [A closely allied race
occurs in the Eiu Iviu Islands.]

Gentis CAPELLA Frenzel.

Capella Frenzel, Beschr. Vogel und Eyer Wittenberg, 1801, 58. Type,
by monotypy, Scolopax coelestis Frenzel = Scolopax gallincKjo Lin-
naeus,

• Capella gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). European Snipe. [229.]

Scolopax Gallinago Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 147. (in
Europa = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Great Britain, northern Europe, and Siberia to latitude
70°, and in mountains of Europe and Asia. Winters in Great Britain, southern
Europe, northern Africa, India, China, the Philippines, and Borneo. Casual
in Greenland,^ accidental in Labrador (Makkovik, December 24, 1927) ^
and Bermuda.' [An allied race occurs in Iceland and the Faroes to which the
stragglers to America may be referable.]

Capella delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe. [230.]

Scolopax delicata Ord, in reprint Wilson, Amer. Orn., IX, 1825, ccxviii.
(Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds from western Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie,
northern Manitoba, the Ungava Peninsula, New Brunswick, and New-
foundland south to southern California, northern Nevada, southern Colorado,
eastern South Dakota, northern Iowa, northern Illinois, northern Indiana,
central Ontario, and northwestern Pennsylvania. Winters from southeastern
Alaska, southern British Columbia, southern Montana, New Mexico, central
Colorado, and southern Virginia through Central America and West Indies to
Colombia and southern Brazil; remains in winter casually and locally north to
Nebraska, Minnesota, Illinois, and Nova Scotia. Accidental in Greenland,
Hawaii, Bermuda, and Great Britain (Hebrides).

• Capella media (Latham). Great Snipe. [230.1.]

Scolopax Media Latham, General Sjoiops., Suppl., I, 1787, 292. (Lanca-
shire, [England].)

Range. — Breeds from northern Germany, Russia, and Siberia north beyond
lat. 71°. Winters from the Mediterranean to South Africa; in migration from
Great Britain to Persia. Accidental in Canada (Hudson Bay).*

1 Hagerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 54. Schi0ler also records C. g. fdroeensis
(Brehm) from the east coast.

2 Austin, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 209.

' Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 43.

* Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., II, 1831, 501.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. Ill

Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Boie.

Lymnocryptes Boie, Brehm's Omis, II, 1826, 127. Type, by monotypy,
[Scolopax] gallinula [Linnaeus] =<ScoZopax minima Brunnich.

• Lymnocryptes minimus (Brunnich). European Jack Snipe. [230.2.]

Scolopax Minima Brunnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 49. (E Christiansoe
[Island, Denmark].)

Range. — Breeds in Lapland, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Siberia and
rarely in Germany and the Baltic coimtries. In winter south to the Canaries,
northern Africa, India, China, and Japan. Casual in the Faroes, Madeira,
Pribilof Islands, Alaska (St. Paul Island, spring of 1919),' and Labrador
(Makkovik, December 24, 1927). ^

Subfamily NUMENIINAE. Curlews, Yellow-legs, and Allies.

Genus NUMENIUS Brisson.

Numenius Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 48; V, 311. Type, by tautonymy,
Numenius Brisson = Scolopax arquata Linnaeus.

Numenius americanus americanus Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew. [264.]

Numenius americanus Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem. Ueb. Vogel, IV,
Pt. ii, 1812, 432. (New York.)

Range. — Breeds in Utah, southern Idaho, and eastern Nevada; formerly in
southern Wisconsin, Iowa, northern Illinois, eastern Nebraska, and eastern
Kansas. Winters from central California and southern Arizona south to
Guatemala, and formerly on the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida,
Louisiana, and Texas. Formerly a regular migrant north to Massachusetts,
now a straggler east of the Mississippi. Casual in the West Indies.

Numenius americanus occidentalis Woodhouse. Northern Curlew. [264a.]

Numinius [sic] occide7italis Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
No. 6, Nov.-Dec, 1852 [Feb. 7, 1853], 194. (near Albuquerque, New
Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and eastern
British Columbia (formerly Vancouver Island) south to Oregon, Montana,
Wyoming, and South Dakota. Winters south to southern California, New
Mexico, and northern Mexico.^

1 Hanna, Condor, XXII, 1920, 173.

2 Austin, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 209.

^ This bird has also been named A^. a. parvus Bishop (Auk, XXVII, 1910, 59),
on the assumption that Woodhouse's name did not apply to it.

112 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

• Numenius arquatus arquatus (Linnaeus). European Curlew. [264.1.]

Scolopux Arquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 145. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from the British Isles to the plains of the Caucasus and
from the Scandinavian Peninsula and basin of the Volga to Holland. Winters
in South Africa, Madagascar, and India. Casual in the Faroes, Azores,
Iceland, and on both coasts of Greenland; ^ accidental in New York (Long
Island) .2 [A closely allied race occurs in Siberia.]

Genus PHAEOPUS Cuvier.

Phceopus Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 485. Type, by
tautonymy, Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus.

• Phaeopus phaeopus phaeopus (Linnaeus). Whimbrel. [267.]

Scolopax Phaeopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 146. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, British Isles, northern Scandinavia, Finland,
and Russia north to the Arctic Circle. Winters in Africa and India; casually
north to Iceland. Occasional in Greenland (Arsuk, May 25, 1887) ; ^ accidental
in Nova Scotia (off Sable Island, May 23, 1906) " and New York (Long Island,
September 4, 1912). ^
[A closely allied race occurs in eastern Asia.]

Phaeopus tahitiensis (Gmelin). Bristle-thighed Curlew. [268.]

Scolopax tahitiensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 656. Based on the
Otaheiti Curlew Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. i, 122. (in Tahiti
[Society Islands].)

Range, — Occurs in summer and probably breeds in western Alaska from
the Kowak River to the Kenai Peninsula; non-breeding migrants linger all
summer on Laysan and Phoenix islands. Winters on islands of the South
Pacific from Hawaii to New Caledonia.

Phaeopus hudsonicus (Latham). Hudsonian Curlew. [265.]

Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Index Orn., II, 1790, 712. (in sinu
Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds on the coast of Alaska from the mouth of the Yukon
northward and locally east to northern Mackenzie and northern Manitoba

1 Helms, Dansk. Orn. For. Tidssk., XI, Heft 3-4, Sept., 1917, 173.

2 Marshall, Auk, IX, 1892, 390.

3 Chamberlain, Auk, VI, 1889, 21. Has bred on southwest coast (Schiller)
* Brewster, Auk, XXVI, 1909, 190.

5 Miller, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 226.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 113

(Churchill). Non-breeding migrants linger all summer from the coast of
Virginia to western Ecuador. Winters from Lower California to southern
Honduras, from Ecuador to southern Chile, and from British Guiana to the
mouth of the Amazon; migrates mainly along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts;
rarer but regular in spring in the interior. Casual on the Pribilof Islands and
in Greenland and Bermuda; accidental in Iceland and Spain.

Phaeopus borealis (Forster). Eskimo Curlew. [266.]

Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772 Art. 29, (read
Jime IS and 25) 431. (Fort .Albany, Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Formerly bred on the Barren Grounds of northern Mackenzie
northwest perhaps to Norton Sound, Alaska. Formerly a common autumn
transient on the Atlantic coast from Labrador southward to New York (Long
Island) and northern New Jersey, thence over the ocean to South America.
Wintered on the plains of Argentina and Patagonia to Chile and casually the
Falkland Islands. Accidental or casual in northeastern Siberia, the Pribilof
Islands, Greenland, Iceland, and the British Isles. Now nearly or quite
extinct; last specimen taken in the United States near Norfolk, Neb., April 17,
1915; last in Argentina, Jan. 11, 1925; reported at Hastings, Neb., April 8, 1926.

Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson.

Bartraviia Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 7, April 9, 1831, 553. Type, by
monotypy, Bartramia laticauda Lesson = Tringa longicauda Bechstein.

Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Upland Plover. [261.]

Tringa longicauda Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem. Ueb. Vogel, IV, Pt. ii,
1812, 453. (Nordamerika.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northern Yukon, southern
Mackenzie, central Manitoba, central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern
Ontario, southern Quebec, and southern Maine to southern Oregon, north-
eastern Utah, Colorado, southern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, southern
Illinois, southern Indiana, and northern Virginia (casually South Carolina).
Winters on the pampas of South America from southern Brazil to Argentina
and Chile. Casual or accidental in northeastern California, Greenland, Nova
Scotia, New Brimswick, Bermuda, and western Europe. Rapidly becoming
rare.

Genus ACTITIS Illiger.

Aditis Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, 262. Type, by subs, desig., Tringa
hypoleucos Linnaeus (A. O. U. Comm., 1886).

114 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. [263.]

Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 249. Based
mainly on the Spotted Tringa Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 139.
(in Europa & America septentrionali = Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds from tree limit in northwestern Alaska, northern Mac-
kenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ungava Peninsula, and Newfoundland
south to southern California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern
Texas, southern Louisiana, central Alabama, and northern South Carolina.
Winters from southern British Columbia, Louisiana, and South Carolina to
southern Brazil, central Peru, and Bolivia, and casually Argentina. Accidental
in Greenland, Great Britain, Heligoland, Belgium, and western Germany.

Genus TRINGA Linnaeus.

Tringa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148. Type, by tautonymy,
Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. {Tringa cited in sjTionymy; cf. Op. 16,
Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.)

Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson. Eastern Solitary Sandpiper. [256.]

Tringa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 53 (pi. 58, fig. 3). (Po-
cano Mt., Pa., Kentucky, and New York = Pocono Mt., Pennsylvania.)

Range.- — Summers from central Alberta, northern Manitoba, northern
Ungava Peninsula, and Newfoundland south to Nebraska, Illinois, northern
Iowa, Indiana, northern Ohio, and northern Pennsylvania; breeds in central
Alberta and doubtless in other portions of its summer range. Winters
casually in Florida and from southeastern Texas, the West Indies, and Costa
Rica to Ecuador and possibly Argentina. Accidental in northern Alaska,
GaUipagos Islands, Greenland, Bermuda, and Great Britain; regular on
migration in British Columbia, and casual west to New Mexico, Wyoming, and
Montana.

Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Beewster). Western Solitary Sandpiper.

[256a.]

Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Auk, VII, No. 4, Oct., 1890,
377. (San Jose del Cabo [Lower California].)

Range. — Summers from Kotzebue Sound and Great Bear Lake south to
Washington and Colorado; breeds in Alaska but probably only casually in the
United States; migrates through British Columbia, Alberta, California, and
Lower California; casual east to Idaho, North Dakota, and Texas. Winters in
South America from Ecuador to Argentina.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 115

'f Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. Green Sandpiper. [257.]

Tringa Ocrophus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., eel. 10, 1, 1758, 149. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. Winters from
southern Europe and China to southern Africa and the Malay Archipelago.
Accidental in Nova Scotia (Halifax). i

Genus RHYACOPHILUS Kaup.

Rhyacophilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 140. Type,
by subs, desig., Tringa glareola Linnaeus (Gray, 1842, App., 14).

• Rhyacophilus glareola (Linnaeus). Wood Sandpiper. [257.1.]

Tringa Glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 149. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Europe and northern Asia. South in winter to Africa,
India, the Malay region, and Australia. Accidental in Alaska (Sanak Island,
May 27, 1894;^ St. George Island, May 19, 1914),* Hawaiian Islands, and
Madeira.

Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird.

Heteroscelus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxii, xlvii, 728, 734. Type, by monotypy,
Totanus brevipes Vieillot.

Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin). Wandering Tattler. [259.]

Scolopax incana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 658. Based on the
Ash-coloured Snipe Latham, General S^Tiops., Ill, 154. (in insulis
Eimeo et Palmerston = Eimeo [Moorea] Island, Society group. Pacific
Ocean.)

Range. — Breeds from south-central Alaska (Mt. McKinley and Nome) to
east-central Yukon (Macmillan River) and south to Prince William Sound;
occurs west to Norton Sound and northern Siberia. Winters from southern
California to the Galdpagos and Ecuador, in Hawaii, Oceanica, and Australia;
migrating along the Pacific coast and east to Crater Lake, Oregon.

• Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieillot). Polynesian Tattler. [259.1.]

Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., VI, 1816,
410. (Pays incormu = Timor.)

1 Brewer, Bull. Nuttall Om. Club, III, 1878, 49.

2 Littlejohn, Condor, VI, 1904, 138.

3 Hanna, Auk, XXXIII, 1916, 401.

116 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Shores and islands of the western Pacific and eastern Indian
oceans from Kamchatka to Australia, Borneo, etc. Casual on St. Paul Island,
Pribilof Islands, Alaska (October 4, 1911,i September 2, 1917,i September 17,
1919 2).

Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte.

Catoptrophorus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1827, 323.
Type, by monotypy, Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin). Eastern Willet.

[258.]

Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 659. Based on
the Semipalmated Snipe Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 469. (in Nove-
boraco = New York.)

Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia, and from New Jersey
to Florida, and on the Gulf coast to Texas; also in the Bahamas and the Greater
Antilles. Winters from North Carolina and the Bahamas to Brazil. Acci-
dental in Kansas, Bermuda, and Europe.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster). Western Willet.

[258a.]

Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster, Auk, IV, No. 2, April, 1887,
145. (Larimer County, Colorado.)

Range. — Breeds from east central Oregon, southern Alberta, Saskatchewan,
and southern Manitoba to northeastern California, central Utah, central Colo-
rado, Nebraska, western Minnesota, and northern Iowa; casual in summer (not
breeding) as far south as western Ecuador. Winters from northern California
on the Pacific coast and from the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida to
Ecuador, Peru, and the Galdpagos Islands; in fall migration occurs in southern
Ontario and on the Atlantic coast from New England south. Accidental in
southwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska,

Genus TOTANUS Bechstein,

Totanus Bechstein, Orn, Taschenb. Deutschl., II, 1803, 282. Type, by
tautonymy, Totanus maculatus Bechstein = Scolopax totanus Linnaeus,

Tfitanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs. [254.]

Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 659, Based on
the Stone Snipe Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 468. (auctumno in arenis
littoris Labrador = Chateaux Bay, Labrador.)

Range, — Breeds from Mt. Iliamna, Alaska, central Alberta, southern
Ungava, and Labrador to southern British Columbia, southern Manitoba,

1 Hanna, Auk, XXXVII, 1920, 250,

2 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 146, 1929, 49.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 117

Newfoundland, Mingan and Anticosti islands. Winters from central Cali-
fornia (casually Washington), southern Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, South
Carolina (casually North Carolina) south to Patagonia; rare on the Canadian
prairies. Occasional at all times of year (non-breeding birds) in the West
Indies, Bahamas, Florida, Texas, and California, and in Bermuda in migration;
accidental in Greenland and the British Isles.

Tetanus flavipes (Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs. [255.]

Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 659. Based on the
Yellowshank Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 468. (auctumno in Nove-
boraco = New York.)

Range. — Breeds from Kotzebue Sound and the upper Yukon Valley, Alaska,
northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec (Ungava) to
northern British Columbia, Alberta, and southern Manitoba. Formerly
reported to breed casually south to Illinois, Indiana, and New York. Winters
in Argentina, Chile, and Patagonia, and casually in Mexico, Louisiana,
Florida, and the Bahamas. Migrates mainly east of the Rocky Mountains
but occurs in the Pribilof Islands, California, Lower California, Bermuda, and
Greenland; rare in spring on the Atlantic coast; accidental in Great Britain.

• Tetanus totanus robustus Schioler. Iceland Redshank. [253.1.]

Totanus calidris robustus Schioler, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., XIII,
1919, 211. (Iceland.)

Range. — Breeds in Iceland and possibly the Faroes. Wmters in the
British Isles and on the coasts of western Europe to Morocco. Casual in
Greenland.^ [Closely allied races occur throughout Europe and in eastern
Asia.]

Subfamily CALIDRIDIINAE. Sandpipers, Godwits, and Allies.

Genus CALIDRIS Anonymous.

Calidris Anonymous, Allgem. Lit.-Zeitung, II, No. 168, June 8, 1804,
col. 542. Type, by tautonymy, Tnnga calidris Gmelin = Tringa
canutus Linnaeus.

Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson). American Knot. [234.]

Tringa rufa Wilson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 43 (pi. 57, fig. 5). (Middle
Atlantic States = New Jersey.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Ellesmere Island east to northern Greenland
and west to southeastern Victoria Island, possibly to Point Barrow, Alaska;
migrates along both coasts of North America and through Alberta. Winters in

1 Helms, Birds Angmagsalik, 1926, 245.

118 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

South America south to Patagonia and rarely on the coasts of South Carolina
and Florida, occasionally north to New England; small numbers have been
found throughout the summer on the coasts from Virginia to Florida. [A
closely allied race occurs in Europe and may breed in eastern Greenland.] ^

• Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). Eastern Asiatic Knot. [234.1.]

Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Ft. i,
May, 1821, 192. (Java.)

Range. — Breeds in Siberia, China, and Japan. South to Australia and
India in winter. Accidental at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (May 28, 1922) .^

Genus ARQUATELLA Baird.

Arquatella Baird, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxii, xlvii, 714, 717. Type, by monotypy, Tringa
maritima BRtJNNicH.

Arquatella maritima (BRtiNNicn). Purple Sandpiper. [235.]

Tringa Maritima Brtjnnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 54. (E Christiansoe &
Norvegia = Christiansoe Island, Denmark.)
Range, — Summers and probably breeds from Melville Island, northern
EUesmere Island, and northern Greenland south to southern Baffin Island and
south Greenland; also in Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya,
Norway, Russia, Siberia, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands. Winters from
southern Greenland and New Brunswick to New York (Long Island), and
casually to southern New Jersey, and in the Old World to the British Isles,
northern Azores, the Mediterranean and Baltic seas. Casual in migration to
the Great Lakes, Missouri, Georgia, Florida, and Bermuda.

Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis (Coues). Pribilof Sandpiper. [2356.]

Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, in Elliott, Rep. Seal Isl. Alaska, 1873 (not
paged). (St. George Island, Pribilof Islands.)
Range. — Breeds on St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, and the Pribilof Islands.
Winters on the coast of southeastern Alaska near Lynn Canal; wanders in
migration north to Norton Sound and southwest to Unalaska.

Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway. Aleutian Sandpiper. [235a.]

Arquatella couesi Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, V, No. 3, July, 1880,

160. (Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska = Attn Island, Aleutian

Islands.)

Range. — Breeds on the Aleutian and Shumagin islands and at Cape Prince

of Wales, Alaska. Winters on its breeding range and also along the Pacific

coast south to Oregon.

1 Riley refers Alaskan birds to the Asiatic race, C. c. rodgersi Mathews, cf.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIV, 1918, 614.

2 Bailey, Condor, 1924, 195.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 119

• Arquatellaptilocnemis quarta (Hartert). Commander Sandpiper. [235c.]

Erolia maritima quarta Hartert, Novitates Zool., XXVII, No. 1, June 15,
1920, 137. (Bering Island, Commander Islands.)

Range. — Commander Islands; casual on Attn Island, Aleutian chain
(June 23, 1911).i

Genus PISOBIA Billberg.

Pisobia Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., I, Pt. ii, 1828, 136. Type, by
subs, desig., Tringa minuta Leisler (A. O. U. Comm., 1908).

Pisobia acuminata (Horsfield). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. [238.]

Totanus acuminatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIII, Pt. i,
May, 1821, 192. (Java.)

Range. — Breeds on the Chukches Peninsula, Siberia. Winters in Japan and
south to New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Tonga Islands, Australia, and
New Zealand; occurs in fall migration on Kotzebue and Norton sounds,
Pribilof and Unalaska islands. Casual on the coast of British Columbia and
near San Diego, California. Accidental in Hawaii and Great Britain.

Pisobia melanotos (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. [239.]

Tringa melanotos Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXXIV,
1819, 462. (Paraguay.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast from northeastern Siberia to northern
Alaska (mouth of the Yukon), northeastern Mackenzie, and Southampton
Island. Winters in South America from Peru and Bolivia to northern ChUe,
Argentina, and central Patagonia; rare migrant on the Pacific coast; common in
faU migration in the Mississippi Valley and on the Atlantic coast, rare in spring
especially in the latter region. Casual or accidental in Hawaii, New Zealand,
Japan, Aleutian Islands, Greenland, and England.

Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot). White-rumped Sandpiper. [240.]

Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXXIV,
1819,461. (Paraguay.)

Range. — Breeds along the Arctic coast from northern Alaska (Point
Barrow) and Mackenzie to Southampton and southern Baffin islands; reported
in summer east to Greenland. Winters from Paraguay to southern Patagonia
and the Falkland Islands; in migration most abundant in the Mississippi
Valley but uncommon in Alberta and on the Atlantic coast. Casual in Ber-
muda, the Azores, Great Britain, the West Indies, and Franz Josef Land.

1 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 142, 1927, 159.

120 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Pisobia bairdi (Coues). Baird's Sandpiper, [241.]

Adodromas Bairdii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIII] 1861, sig.
11-17, June-Aug. [Dec. 28], 194. (Fort Resolution [Great Slave Lake,
Canada].)

Range. — Breeds along the Arctic coast from western Alaska to Baffin
Island and probably Greenland south to Mackenzie (Aylmer Lake region).
Winters in Chile, Argentina, and Patagonia; occurs regularly in migration
from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi Valley and in Central America
and northern South America, and irregularly in autumn on the Pacific coast
from Alaska to Lower California, on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to
South Carolina, and on the Gulf coast of Florida. Casual in summer in Guer-
rero, Mexico; accidental in England.

Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. [242.]

Tringa minidilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXXIV,
1819, 466. (Amerique jusq'au dela du Canada = Halifax, Nova Scotia.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northern British Columbia, and
Labrador south to the valley of the Upper Yukon, Magdalen Islands, New-
foundland, and Nova Scotia (Sable Island) . Winters from southern California,
Texas, and North Carolina through the West Indies and Central America to
Brazil, the GaMpagos Islands, and central Patagonia; in migration occurs
throughout the United States west to northeastern Siberia and north to
Greenland. Accidental in Europe.

• Pisobia subminuta (Middendorff). Long-toed Stint. [242.1.]

Tringa subminuta Middendorff, Reise Sibir., II, Pt. ii, 1851, 222.
(Hohen des Westabhanges vom Stanowoi Gebirge und des Niihe des
Ausflusses der Uda = Stanovoi Mts., Siberia.)

Range. — Eastern Asia to Australia. Breeds in eastern Siberia, Kamchatka,
and the Kurile Islands. Winters in India, Burma, Malay Archipelago,
Philippines, and Australia. Accidental on Otter Island, Pribilof Islands,
Alaska (July 8, 1885). i

Pisobia ruficollis (Pallas). Rufous-necked Sandpiper. [242.2.]

Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, III, 1776, 700. (circa
Lacus salsos Dauuriae campestris = Kulussutai, eastern Siberia.)

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (Cape
Prince of Wales,^ Wainwright,^ and probably Nome). Winters in the Malay
Archipelago, the Philippines, and Australia.

1 Townsend, Cruise of the 'Corwin,' 1885, 1887, 100.

2 Bailey, Condor, XXVIII, 1926, 32.
» Thayer, Condor, XI, 1909, 173.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 121

Genus EROLIA Vieillot.

Erolia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 55. Type, by monotypy, Erolia variegata
Vieillot = Scolopax testacea Pallas.

Erolia testacea (Pallas). Curlew Sandpiper. [244.]

Scolopax testacea Pallas, in Vroeg, Catal., 1764, Adumbr., 6. (Valt op.
voorn, Eyland = Holland.)

Range. — Breeds in the Yenisei Delta and on the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia.
Winters in Africa, Madagascar, India, Malay Archipelago, and Australia,
casually to New Zealand; in migration occurs from Great Britain to China and
the Philippines. Occasional in Alaska (Point Barrow), Ontario, Nova Scotia,
Maine, Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and New Jersey; accidental
in the West Indies (Grenada and Carriacou) and in Patagonia.'

Genus PELIDNA Cuvier.

Pelidna Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 490. Type, by
subs, desig., Tringa cinclus Linnaeus, 1766 = Tringa alpina Linnaeus,
1758 (Gray, 1840).

• Pelidna alpina alpina (Linnaeus), Dunlin. [243.]

Tringa alpina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 149. (in Lapponia
= Lapland.) *

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the British Isles, Norway, and Russia north
to Kolguev Island and south to Holland and northern Germany. Winters
from Great Britain, Holland, and the Caspian Sea to central East Africa and
Calcutta. Accidental in eastern North America (Massachusetts, Connecticut,
New York) .2

Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-backed Sandpiper. [243a.]

Scolopax sakhalina Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.. Ill,
1816, 359. (en Russia = Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea.)

Range. — Breeds on the northern coast of Siberia west to the mouth of the
Yenisei and in Arctic America from the mouth of the Yukon to the Boothia and
Melville peninsulas south to Hudson Bay (Churchill); migrates through
the Great Lakes. Winters on the Pacific coast from southern British
Columbia to southern Lower California and from New Jersey (casually
Massachusetts) south on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Florida, Louisiana and

1 Alaskan birds have been referred to E. chinensis Gray (Zool. Misc., 1831, 2).

2 The resident bird of the British Isles has been separated as P. a. schinzi
Brehm and the breeding bird of Greenland as P. a. arciica Schi0ler. Some of
the stragglers to North America may have been referable to these races.

122 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

southern Texas; also in Asia from China and Japan to the Malay Archipelago.^
[Allied races of P. alpina occur in central Europe.]

Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied.

Limnodromus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil, IV, Abth. ii, 1833, 716. Type,
by monotypy, Scolopax grisea Gmelin.

Limnodromus griseus grfseus (Gmelin). Eastern Dowitcher. [231.]

Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 658. Based on the
Brown Snipe Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 464. (in Noveboraci maritimis
= Long Island, New York.)

Range.— Breeds from central Alberta to the west side of Hudson Bay,
Churchill, and northward. Winters from Florida (casually North Carolina)
and the West Indies, south to central Brazil and Peru; migrates regularly on the
Atlantic coast of the United States and less abundantly in the interior and on
the Pacific. Casual in the Canadian maritime provinces and accidental in
Greenland, Alaska, Idaho, Bermuda, the British Isles, and France; occasional
in summer (non-breeding birds) on the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina.

Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. [232.]

Limosa scolopacea Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., I, 1823, 170. (near
Boyer Creek = Council Bluffs, Iowa.)

Range. — Breeds from Point Barrow to the mouth of the Yukon, east to
northwestern Mackenzie. Winters from Louisiana, Florida, central Cali-
fornia, Cuba, Jamaica, and Mexico south to Panama and Ecuador; in migration
on the Pacific coast and in western Mississippi Valley; occasional in summer
(non-breeding birds) south to western Ecuador. Casual on the Atlantic coast
from Nova Scotia (Sable Island) southward, and on the northern coast of
eastern Siberia south to Japan.

Genus MICROPALAMA Baird.

Micropalama Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxii, xlvii, 714, 726. Type, by orig. desig.,
Tringa hirnantopus BoNAPviRTE.

Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper. [233.]

Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1826, 157.
(Long Branch, New Jersey.)

Range. — Breeds from near the mouth of the Mackenzie to Coronation Gulf
and Hudson Bay (Churchill) . Winters in South America south to Uruguay

1 The American bird has been regarded by some as distinct from that of
Asia, under the name P. a. pacifica Coues.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 123

and Chile; casual in winter in southern Texas and Mexico; in migration
occurs in interior Canada, the western Mississippi Valley, the West Indies, and
Central America; less common and irregular on the Atlantic coast and the
coast of British Columbia. Casual in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, and Bermuda.

Genus EREUNETES Illiger.

Ereunetes Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, 262. Type, by monotypy, Ereunetes
'petrificatus Illiger = T^nn^a pusilla Linnaeus.

Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper. [246.]

Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 252. Based on La
petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue, Cinclus Dominicensis minor
Brisson, Orn., V, 222. (in Domingo = Santo Domingo, West Indies.)

Range. — -Breeds from northeastern Siberia and the Arctic coast of North
America south to the mouth of the Yukon and Hudson Bay (Churchill) and
east to southwestern Baffin Island and northern Labrador. Winters from
South Carolina and the Gulf of Mexico through the West Indies and Central
America to Patagonia; migrates mainly east of the Rocky Mountains but
occurs in migration in British Columbia. Casual in the Pribilof Islands;
accidental in the British Isles.

Ereunetes maurii Cabanis. Western Sandpiper. [247.]

Ereunetes Mauri Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., VI, No. 24, Nov., 1856 [1857],
419. (Cuba.)

Range. — Breeds along the Alaska coast from the Yukon delta to Point
Barrow. Winters from North Carolina and Washington to Venezuela and
Peru; in migration occurs mainly west of the Rocky Moimtains, less commonly
in the interior and on the Atlantic coast as far north as New Hampshire, and in
the West Indies.

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis.

Tryngites Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., VI, No. 24, Nov., 1856 [1857], 418.
Type, by orig. desig., Tringa rufescens YiEii^hOT = Tringa subruficollis
Vieillot.

Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot) . Buflf-breasted Sandpiper. [262.]

Tringa subruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,
XXXIV, 1819, 465. (Paraguay.)

Range. — Breeds along the Arctic coast from northern Alaska to northern
Mackenzie. Winters in Argentina and Uruguay; most abundant in migration
in the Mississippi Valley and Canadian prairies; occasional on the Atlantic

124 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

coast in autumn and rare but regular on the coast of British Cokimbia north to
St. Michael, Alaska, and to northeastern Siberia; also once in California.
Casual or accidental in Bermuda, the West Indies, western Europe, and Japan.

Genus LIMOSA Brisson.

Linrosa Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 261; V, 48. Type, by tautonymy, Liinosa
Brisson = Scolopax limosa Linnaeus.

Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit. [249.]

Scolopax Fedoa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 17.58, 146. Based on the
Greater American Godwit Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 137. (in
America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alberta and southern Manitoba south to
South Dakota (formerly to Utah, Nebraska, Iowa, and Wisconsin). Winters
from central California, Louisiana, Florida, and Georgia south to Ecuador and
Peru (rarely Argentina); in migration occurs on the Pacific coast north to
British Columbia and formerly (but now very rare) on the Atlantic coast south
to the Lesser Antilles. Casual in southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Missis-
sippi Valley, and Nova Scotia; accidental in Alaska.

• Limosa lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus). Bar-tailed Godwit. [250a.]

Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 147. (in
Lapponia = Lapland.)

Range. — Breeds in northern Scandinavia, northern Finland, etc. Winters
in northern Africa and southwestern Asia. Accidental in Massachusetts (Cape
Cod, Sept. 16, 1907).!

Limosa lapponica baueri Naumann. Pacific Godwit. [250.]

Limosa Baueri Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschl., VIII, 1836, 429.
(Neuholland = Australia.)

Range. — Breeds from eastern Siberia and Kamchatka to western Alaska
(Point Barrow, Kotzebue Sound, Colville delta, Nome, and Unalaska).
Winters in the Malay Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand, and Oceanica;
migrates through China, Japan, and the Philippines. Casual in migration
north to Point Barrow; accidental in Hawaii.

Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. [251.]

Scolopax Haemastica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 147. Based on
The Red-breasted Godwit Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 138. (in
America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds on the lower Anderson River, Mackenzie, west to Port
Clarence, Alaska, and east to Hudson Bay (ChurchUl) and Southampton

1 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 142, 1927, 295.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 125

Island. Winters in Chile, Argentina, Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands; in
migration occurs principally east of the Great Plains, more commonly on the
Atlantic coast in autumn and in the Mississippi Valley in spring; rare in Canada
south of the prairie region. Casual in Bermuda.

• Limosa limosa limosa (Linnaeus). Black-tailed Godwit. [252.]

Scolopax Limosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 147. (in Europa =
Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from Holland, western Russia, and Siberia at least as far
north as Iceland and the Arctic Circle. Winters in the Mediterranean region
and to Ceylon and southern Africa. Accidental in Greenland.^ [A closely
allied race occurs in eastern Siberia.]

Genus PHILOMACHUS Anonymous.

Philomachus Anonymous, Allgem. Lit.-Zeitung, II, No. 168, June 8, 1804,
col. 542. Type, by monotypy, Tringa -piignax Linnaeus.

• Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus). Ruff. [260.]

Tringa Pugnax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148. (in Europa
minus boreali = southern Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from Russia and Siberia to Great Britain (rarely) and from
Lapland to Holland, Belgium, northern France, Bavaria, and Hungary.
Winters throughout Africa, and in India, Ceylon, Borneo, and Burma. Strays
occasionally to the Western Hemisphere, on Bering and Pribilof islands and
in Greenland, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Indiana, North Carolina, Barbados, and
northern South America.

Genus CROCETHIA Billberg.

Crocethia Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., I, Pt. ii, 1828, 132. Type,
by monotypy, Charadrius calidris Linnaeus = Trynga alba Pallas.

Crocethia alba (Pallas). Sanderling. [248.]

Trynga alba Pallas, in Vroeg, Catal., 1764, Adumbr., 7. (Coast of
the North Sea.)

Range.^ — -Breeds on the Arctic Islands, Southampton, and northern Green-
land; also in Iceland, Spitzbergen, and northern Siberia. Winters from central
California, Texas, Virginia, and Bermuda to Patagonia; casually in Massa-
chusetts and British Columbia (Vancouver Island); also from the Mediter-
ranean, Burma, and Japan to South Africa and various Pacific islands, includ-

1 Holboell, Naturhist. Tidsskr., IV, 1843, 409. Hagerup, Birds Greenland,
1891, 55.

126 CHECK-LIST OF NOKTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ing Hawaii. Occurs casually at Pt. Barrow, Alaska, and non-breeding
birds linger all summer on the coast of Florida and on certain Pacific Islands.^

Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson.

Eurynorhynckus Nilsson, Orn. Suecica, II, 1821, 29. Type, by mono-
typy, Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson = PZatoZea pygmea Linnaeus.

• Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus) . Spoon-bill Sandpiper. [245.]

Platalea pijgmea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 140. (in Surinami
= eastern Asia.)

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Cape Serdze, Providence Bay).
Winters on the coasts of Japan, India, and Burma. Casual on Choris Pen-
insula and Wainwright Inlet, Alaska.^

Family RECUR VIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts.

Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaeus.

Recurvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 151. Type, by
monotypy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus.

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. Avocet. [225.]

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 693. Based
mainly on the American Avocet Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 502. (in
America septentrionali et Nova Hollandia = North America.)

Range. — Breeds from eastern Washington, southern Alberta (formerly
Great Slave Lake) and southern Manitoba south to southern California,
southern New Mexico, southern Texas, Kansas, and northern Iowa (formerly
Wisconsin, Illinois, and New Jersey) ; has occurred in summer north to southern
Mackenzie. Winters from central California and southern Texas to southern
Guatemala. Casual from British Columbia, Ontario, and New Brunswick to
Florida and the West Indies, but rare east of the Mississippi River.

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson.

Himantopus Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 46; V, 33. Type, by tautonymy,
Himantopus Brisson = C/iaracZnus himantopus Linnaeus.

Himantopus mexicanus (Mijller). Black-necked Stilt. [226.]

Charadrius Mexicanus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 117.
Based on the Echasse de Mexique, Himantopus Mexicanus Brisson, V,
36. (in Mexico.)

1 The bird of eastern America has been separated by some authors as C a.
rubida Gmelin and that of Asia and the Pacific coast of America as C. a. tridac-
tyla Pallas.

2 Dixon, Aulv, XXXVIII, 1918, 387.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 127

Range. — Breeds from central Oregon, northern Utah, southern Colorado,
and Nebraska to northern Lower California, southern New Mexico, southern
Texas, coast of Louisiana, and Mexico, and from central Florida, casually
Virginia (?) (formerly New Jersey) and the Bahamas through the West Indies
to northern Brazil and Peru. Winters from Lower California, southern Texas,
southern Louisiana, and Florida (casually North Carolina) south through
Central America and the West Indies to northern Brazil, Peru, and the Gahl-
pagos. Casual in migration north to North Dakota, central Iowa, Wisconsin,
Michigan, Illinois, and New Brunswick, and in Bermuda.

Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes.

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson.

Phalaropus Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 50; VI, 12. Type, by tautonymy,
Phalaropus Brisson = Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus.

Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. [222.]

Tringa Fulicaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148. Based on the
Red Coot-footed Tringa Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 142. (in America
= Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere
Island, and Greenland south to delta of the Yukon, northern Mackenzie (?),
Southampton Island, and Hudson Bay; also from Iceland (locally), Spitz
bergen, and Novaya Zemlya to eastern Siberia. Winters on the oceans off
the coast of South America, at least as far south as Falkland and Juan Fernan-
dez islands and off the coasts of Arabia and West Africa; reported in winter
north to southern California, Florida, and the Mediterranean Sea; migrates
along both coasts of the United States mainly well off-shore. Casual in
migration in southern California (inland), Colorado, Kansas, Alabama,
Vermont, Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and Maryland;
rarely in Hawaii and New Zealand.

Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot.

Steganopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXIV, 1818,
124. Type, by orig. desig., Le Charlito a tarse comprime Azara =
Steganopics tricolor Vieillot.

Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Wilson's Phalarope. [224.]

Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXXII,
1819, 136. (Paraguay.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern
Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to central California, Nevada,
Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, southern Kansas (formerly), central Iowa, Missouri

128 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(formerly), northern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana. Winters from
central Chile, central Argentina, and Patagonia south to the Falkland
Islands; occurs in migration casually in Ontario and on the Atlantic and Gulf
coasts from Maine to Florida and Alabama and on the Pacific coast from
southern British Colmnbia (Vancouver Island) to Lower California and the
Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.

Genus LOBIPES Cuvier.

Lobipes Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 495. Type, by
orig. desig., Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus = Tringa lobata Linnaeus.

Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope. [223.]

Tringa tobata [sic] Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 17.58, 148, [lohata in
Emendanda, 824]. Based on the Cock Coot-footed Tringa Edwards,
Nat. Hist. Birds, 143. (in America septentrionali, Lapponia = Hudson
Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from the Pribilof Islands, northern Alaska, Melville Island,
and central Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands (including Near Islands),
Prince William Sound, valley of the Upper Yukon, northern Mackenzie (?),
northern Manitoba, southern James Bay, and northern Quebec (Ungava);
also from Iceland, the Faroes, Orkneys, Hebrides, Ireland (rarely), Norway, and
Russia east to Siberia and the Commander Islands. Migrates on the ocean off
both coasts of North America and through interior Canada and the United
States to Patagonia, also through Eurasia to north Africa and southern Asia.
Winters off the coasts of Peru and West Africa. Casual in Pennsylvania,
Bermuda, and Hawaii.

Suborder LARI. Skuas, Gulls, and Terns.
Family STERCORARIIDAE. Jaegers and Skuas.

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson.

Stercorarius Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 56; VI, 149. Type, by tautonymy,
Stercorarius Brisson =Larws parasiticus Linnaeus.

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck). Pomarine Jaeger. [36.]

Lesfris pomarinus Temminck, Manuel d'Orn., 1815 [1814], 514. (les
regions du cercle arctique; de passage accidentel sur les cotes de HoUande
et de France = Arctic regions of Europe.)

Range. — Breeds from Banks, Somerset, and Melville islands and central
Greenland to northwestern Alaska and northern Mackenzie; also in the
Eastern Hemisphere from Iceland and Spitzbergen along the Arctic coasts of

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 129

Norway, Russia, and Siberia. Winters off the coast of Virginia and in the
Gulf of Mexico southward; also in the Galiipagos and off the coast of Peru;
in the Old World to South Africa, and Australia; common fall migrant on the
coast of California. Casual in the interior United States. ^

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). Parasitic Jaeger. [37.]

Larus 'parasiticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. (intra
tropicum Cancri, Europae, Americae, Asiae = coast of Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, Melville, and other Arctic
islands, and northern Greenland to southwestern Alaska, the Aleutian Islands,
southern Mackenzie, Hudson Bay, and northern Labrador; also on Arctic
islands of Siberia and northern Europe south to Scotland. Winters from
southern California to Argentina, occasionally to the Straits of Magellan, and
from Florida to the eastern coast of South America ; also from Europe to Cape
of Good Hope and the Persian Gulf and occasionally to Australia and New
Zealand. Casual in the interior of Canada and the United States to the Great
Lakes, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Colorado; accidental in Massachusetts
and Maine in winter and occasional on the Atlantic coast in summer.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. Long-tailed Jaeger. [38.]

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,
XXXII, 1819, 157. (le nord de I'Europe, de I'Asie et de I'Amerique =
northern Europe.)

Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of Europe and Asia, the
northern and northwestern coasts of Alaska, northern Mackenzie, EUesmere
Island, and north Greenland south to northern Labrador. Winters south to
Gibraltar and Japan and recorded in winter on the coasts of South Carolina
and Florida; in migration occurs off the Atlantic coast and in Chile and Argen-
tina; also in British Columbia, Manitoba, Missouri, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, and
Illinois. Casual on the Pacific coast of North America south to California.

Genus CATHARACTA BRtiNTsricH.

Catharacta BRtJNNiCH, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 32. Type, by subs, desig.,
Catharacta skua BRiJNNiCH (Reichenbach, 1851).

Catharacta skua Brunnich. Northern Skua [35.]

Catharacta Skua BRiJNNiCH, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 33. (E Feroa & Islandia
= Iceland.)

Range. — Reported to breed near Lady Franklin Island at the mouth of
Davis Strait, and on southeastern Baffin Island; also breeds in Iceland, and on
the Faroe, Shetland and Orkney islands. Winters on the fishing banks off
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts, casually south to New York

' The Pacific coast bird has been separated as S. p. camtschaticus Pallas.
10

130 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(Long Island) and the Niagara River; in Europe from the British Isles and
Norway south to Gibraltar and casually to Madeira and the Mediterranean Sea.

• Catharacta chilensis (Bonaparte). Chilean Skua. [35.1.]

Stercorarius antarcticus, var. b. chilensis, Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II,
sig. 26, Feb. 1, 1856 [Oct. 1, 1857], 207. (Ex. Am[erica] m[eridionale] =
Chile.)

Range. — Most abundant on the coasts of Chile and Peru but found on
both coasts of South America from Rio de Janeiro and Callao southward;
casual north in summer to Japan, California, Washington, and British Colum-
bia; breeding grounds unknown.

Family LARIDAE. Gulls and Terns.

Subfamily LARINAE. Gulls.

Genus LARUS Linnaeus.

Larus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. Type, by subs, desig.,
Larus mariniis Linnaeus (Selby, 1840).

Subgenus LARUS Linnaeus.

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus. Glaucous Gull. [42.]

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 226
(note). (Northern Norway.)

Range. — 'Breeds on Arctic coasts and islands from northwestern Alaska,
Melville Island, Ellesmere Island, and northern Greenland south to the
Pribilof Islands, northern Mackenzie, James Bay, eastern Labrador, and
Newfoundland, and on Arctic islands of the Eastern Hemisphere. Winters
from the Aleutian Islands and Greenland south to California, the Great Lakes,
and New York (Long Island), and casually to Bermuda, North Carolina, Texas,
Missouri, Wisconsin, and Hawaii; in Europe and Asia south to the Mediter-
ranean, Black, Caspian, and Red seas, and Japan. Accidental in Alberta. i

Larus leucopterus Vieillot. Iceland Gull. [43.]

Larus Leucopterus Vieillot, Tableau Encycl. Meth., I, 1820, 346. (bale
de Baffin = Baffin Bay.)

Range. — Recorded in summer from Victoria Island and Boothia Peninsula
(not verified) to central Greenland (?) and east to Jan Mayen Island. Winters
from southern Greenland south to New York (Long Island), northern New
Jersey, and the Great Lakes; in Europe south to the British Isles, France,

1 The Alaskan bird has been regarded as a distinct race by some authors
under the name L. h. barrovianus Ridgway.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 131

Scandinavia, and the Baltic Sea. Accidental in Nebraska, Maryland, North
Carolina, Florida, Madeira, and Italy. (American records confused with
the preceding species.)

Larus glaucescens Naumann. Glaucous-winged Gull. [44.]

Larus glaucescens Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschl., X, 1840, 351.
(Nord-Amerika.)
Range. — Breeds from Norton Sound south to Washington; also on the
Aleutian Islands and islands in Bering Sea, and in northeastern Siberia from
Kamchatka and Commander Islands northward. Winters from the Aleutian
and Pribilof islands south to Lower California, Hawaii (casually), and northern
Japan; ranging occasionally to Point Barrow.^

Larus marinus Linnaeus. Great Black-backed Gull. [47.]

Larus marinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. (in Europa =
Gotland, Sweden.)
Range. — -Breeds from northern Labrador, Iceland, and central Greenland
south to Nova Scotia, northern British Isles, Scandinavia, and northern
Russia. Winters from southern Greenland south to the Great Lakes and
Delaware Bay (casually to Florida) ; also to the Canaries, Azores, the Mediter-
ranean, Black, and Caspian seas, and the coast of Senegal. Accidental in
Nebraska and in Bermuda.

Larus schistisagus Stejneger. Slaty-backed Gull. [48.]

Larus schislisagus Stejneger, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 231. (Bering

Island and Petropaulski, Kamtschatka = Bering Island, Commander

Islands.)

Range. — Breeds in Kamchatka and on the Commander Islands. Winters

south to southern Japan. Casual in Alaska (Unalaska, Port Clarence, Nome,

Sitka), Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), and on Diomede and Herald islands.

Larus occidentalis occidentalis Audubon. Western Gull. [49.]

Larus occidentalis Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 320. (Cape Disap-
pointment [Washington].)
Range. — Breeds from Washington to northern California and the Farallon
Islands. Winters south to Los Angeles County, California where some remain
all summer. Casual in southern British Columbia; accidental in Colorado.

Larus occidentalis wymani Dickey and van Rossem. Wyman's Gull. [49?).]

Larus occidentalis wymani Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, XXVII,
No. 4, July 15, 1925, 163. (Santa Catalina Island, California.)
Range. — Coast of California and Lower California from Monterey County
and the Santa Barbara Islands south at least to Asunci6n Island, Lower Cali-
fornia. Accidental in Illinois (Chicago).

^ Larus kumlieni Brewster and Larus nelsoni Henshaw transferred to the
Hypothetical List.

132 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

• Larus occidentalis livens Dwight. Yellow-footed Gull. [49a.]

Lams occidentalis livens Dwight, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXII, No. 5,
Feb. 14, 1919, 11. (San Jose Island, Lower California.)

Range. — -Resident within the Gulf of California, breeding from Consag
Rock, near lat. 31°, south at least to San Jose Island, lat. 25°. Wanders south
on the coast of Mexico to about lat. 20° N.; casual at Hyperion, Los Angeles
County, California.

• Larus fuscus graellsi Brehm. Lesser Black-backed Gull. [50.]

Larus Graellsii A. E. Brehm, Naturhist. Zeitung, Neue Folge, III, 1857,
483. (Malaga.)

Range. — Breeds on the Faroes, Channel Islands, and the west coast of
France. Winters from the British Isles to Morocco, Senegal, Nigeria, the
Azores and Canaries, and the western Mediterranean. Accidental in Green-
land.^ [Allied races occur in the British Isles and Siberia.]

Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. Herring Gull. 51n.]

Larus Smithsonianus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIV] 1862,
No. 6, June [Aug. 1], 296. (Eastern and Western coasts of North
America.)

Range. — Breeds from south-central Alaska and southern Baffin Island south
to northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, northern North Dakota,
central Wisconsin, southern Ontario, northern New York, and Maine (casually
Massachusetts). Winters from southern Alaska south to Lower California
and western Mexico, and from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes
south to the Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan, and the coast of Alabama and Texas.

Larus argentatus thayeri Brooks. Thayer's Gull. [516.]

Larus thayeri Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo)., LIX, No. 5, Sept., 1915,
373. (Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Island, Canada.)

Range. — Arctic coasts and islands of North America west of Greenland,
reaching Alaska (Point Barrow and Nome) in migration. South in winter to
the coast of British Columbia and California, and casually to Quebec, Illinois,
and New Jersey.

• Larus argentatus vegae Palmen. Vega Gull. [52.]

Larus argentatus Brxjnn., var. Vegae Palmen, in Nordenskiold, Vega-
Exped. Vetensk. lakttag., V, 1887, 370. (Pidlin and vicinity, extreme
northeastern Siberia.)

Range. — Breeds on the northern coast of Siberia. Winters south to China
and Japan (Gulf of Tonkin and Bonin Islands). Occurs casually in Bering
Sea and on the coast of Alaska to the Aleutian Islands.

[A closely related race of L. argentatus occurs in Europe.]

1 Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel., Kjobenhavn, 1853 (1854), 78.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 133

Larus califomicus Lawrence. California Gull. [53.]

Larus Californicus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1854, 79.
(near Stockton, California.)

Range. — Breeds on inland lakes of Canada and the United States from
Great Slave Lake south to Great Salt Lake, Utah, Stump Lake, North
Dakota, and Mono Lake, California; casual in summer from Washington to
southeastern Alaska. Winters from southern British Columbia and Utah to
Lower California, Oaxaca, and the coast of Texas. Accidental in Kansas,
Hawaii, and Japan.

Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. [54.]

Larus Delawarensis Ord, in Guthrie, Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319
(Delaware River, below Philadelphia.)

Range. — Breeds mainly on interior lakes of Canada and the United States,
from southern Alaska, Great Slave Lake, northern Manitoba, and James Bay
south to southern Oregon, southern Colorado, northern Utah, Idaho, North
Dakota, southern Ontario, northern New York (casually), and the north shore
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; formerly in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and northern
Michigan; also occurs in summer in British Columbia. Winters from British
Columbia, central California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, the Great Lakes,
and Maine to the Gulf coast, Cuba, and southern Mexico. Accidental in
Bermuda and Hawaii.

Larus canus brachyrhynchus Richardson. Short-billed Gull. [55.]

Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer.
Orn., Jameson ed., IV, Aug., 1831, 352. (Great Bear Lake [Fort
Franklin, Mackenzie].)

Range. — ^Breeds from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, to Anderson River and
south to central British Colimibia (on the coast) and Athabaska Lake. Win-
ters from southeastern Alaska to southern California. Casual at Point Barrow
and accidental in Quebec (?), Wyoming, and the Kurile Islands. [An allied
race occurs in Europe.]

Subgenus CHROICOCEPHALUS Eyton.

Chroicocephalus Eyton, Hist. Rarer Brit. Birds, 1836, 57. Type, by subs,
desig., Larus capistratus Temminck = L. ridihundus Linnaeus (Gray,
1840).

• Larus ridibundus ridibtindus Linnaeus. Black-headed Gull. [55.1.]

Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 225. (in Mari
Europseo = England.)

Range. — Breeds from the Faroes and Scandinavia east to western Siberia
and south to the Mediterranean. Winters in North Africa, the Canaries, the

134 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Azores, India, China, Japan, and the Philippines. Casual in Iceland; acci-
dental in Greenland,! Massachusetts (Newburyport, January 27, 1930),-
Mexico (Vera Cruz), and Barbados.^ [An aUied race occurs in extreme eastern
Siberia.]

Larus atricilla Linnaeus. Laughing Gull. [58.]

Larus Atricilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. Based on the
Laughing Gull, Larus major Catesby, Carolina, I, 89. (in America =
Bahamas.)

Range.- — ^Breeds from Maine and Massachusetts (formerly Nova Scotia)
south to Florida, Texas, southern California, the Lesser Antilles, and Vene-
zuela. Winters from South Carolina and the Gulf coast south to Brazil,
Peru, and Chile. Casual in Colorado, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Ontario, Iowa,
and Quebec; accidental in Lower California, Bermuda, and Europe.

Larus pipixcan Wagler. Franklin's Gull. [59.]

Larus Pipixcan Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May),
col. 515. (Advena est, neque educat stagnis Mexicanis prolem =
Mexico.)

Range.- — -Breeds in prairie regions of interior North America from south-
ern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and south-central Manitoba to Utah,
South Dakota, Iowa (formerly), and southern Minnesota. Winters from the
Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas to Peru, Patagonia, and Chile. Accidental
in California, Colorado, Ontario, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Massachusetts,
New Brunswick, the Lesser Antilles, and Hawaii.

Larus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. [60.]

Sterna Philadelphia Ord, in Guthrie, Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319.
(No locality mentioned = near Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range.^ — Breeds in interior North America from northwestern Alaska and
northern Mackenzie south to central British Columbia and central Alberta;
has occurred in summer (not breeding) on the coast of northern New Jersey,
Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. Winters from Massachusetts (Maine
rarely) to Florida, on the Gulf coast to Yucatan, and on the Pacific coast from
southeastern Alaska to Lower California and western "Mexico (Jalisco); in
migration west to Kotzebue Sound and east to Quebec (Ungava). Casual in
Peru, Bermuda, and the Bahamas; accidental in Greenland, Laysan Island,
Great Britain, France, and Heligoland.

1 Schipler, Dansk. Orn. For. Tidssk., XI, 1917, 175.

2 Emilio and Griscom, Auk. XLVII, 1930, 243.

3 Lincoln, Auk, XLII, 1925, 374,

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 135

Subgenus HYDROCOLOEUS Kaup.

Hydrocoloeus Ivaitp, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 113. Type,
by subs, desig., Larus minutiis Pallas (Gray, 1842).

• Larus minutus Pallas. Little Gull. [60.1.]

Larus minutus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, III, 1776, 702. (Circa alueos
majorum Sibiriae fluminum = Berezof, Tobolsk, Siberia.)

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Iceland to the Sea of
Okhotsk. South in winter to the Mediterranean. Casual in northern India,
the Faroes, and interior central Europe; accidental in Maine (St. George,
August 12, 1904;! Scarborough, July 20, 1910 2), New Jersey (Pt. Pleasant,
August 11, 1929; 3 Point Newark, May 12, 1929;^ Staten Island, May 6,
1929 ^), and New York (Fire Island, September 15, 1887; ^ Rockaway Beach,
May 2, 1902; ^ Easthampton, January 2, 1930 ").

Subgenus BLASIPUS Bruch.

Bldsipus "B[ona]p[arte]," Bruch, Journ. fiir Om., I, No. 2, March, 1853,
108. Type, by monotypy, Larus bridgesi Fraser=L. modestus

TSCHUDI.

Larus heennanni Cassin. Heennann's Gull. [57.]

Larus Heermanni Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 1852 [Dec. 31], 187. (San Diego, California.)

Range. — Breeds on the west coast of Mexico and on many islands in the
Gulf of California south to Las Marietas; also on San Roque Island, lat. 27°
on the Pacific side of Lower California. Widely distributed after the breeding
season from southern British Columbia to Guatemala. Reduced in numbers
in late years.

Genus PAGOPHILA Kaup.

Pagophila Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 69, (196).
Type, by monotypy, Larus eburneus Phipps=L. albus Gunnerus.

Pagophila alba (Gunnerus). Ivory Gull. [39.]

Larus albus Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 285 (note),
(northern Norway.)

1 Norton, Auk, XXXIII, 1916, 377.

2 Norton, Auk, XXVII, 1910, 447.

3 Edwards, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 532.
* Eaton, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 376.

5 Chapin, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 377.

6 Dutcher, Auk, V, 1888, 171.

' Brashier, Auk, XX, 1903, 52.

8 Helmuth, Auk, XLVII, 1980, 528.

136 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in high Arctic latitudes from Bruce Patrick Island and
northern Baffin Island to northern Greenland, and on Arctic islands of the
Eastern Hemisphere. Winters in the Arctic regions and casually south to
Manitoba, Lake Ontario, and New York (Long Island); in Europe south
casually to France. Casual at Point Barrow in autumn; accidental in British
Columbia and Manitoba.

Genus RISSA Stephens,

Rissa Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. 1, Feb. 18, 1826, 180.
Type, by monotypy, Rissa hrunnichii Stephens =Lar(is tridactylus
Linnaeus.

Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnaeus) . Atlantic Kittiwake. [40.]

Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. (in Europa
septentrionali = Great Britain.)

Range. — Breeds from the eastern Arctic islands west, probably, to Somerset
Island, and on the east coast of Baffin Island south to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
and from the Arctic islands of Europe and western Siberia to northern France.
Winters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to New Jersey, and casually to
Virginia, Florida, Bermuda, and also to the Canaries, Azores, and the Mediter-
ranean, Black, and Caspian seas. Accidental in Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin,
Missouri, Colorado, and Wyoming.

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. Pacific Kittiwake. [40a.]

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris "Stejneger Ms.," Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer., II, 1884, 202, 205. (Kotzebu
Sound, Alaska.)

Range. — Coasts of North Pacific, Bering Sea, and adjacent Arctic Ocean.
Breeds from Cape Lisburne and Herald Island south to Aleutian, Kurile
and Commander islands, Kamchatka, and northeast coast of Siberia, wander-
ing to Pt. Barrow, Alaska. Winters from Sitka and possibly the Aleutian
Islands south to northern Lower California.

Rissa brevirostris (Bruch). Red-legged Kittiwake. [41.]

Larus {Rissa) brevirostris "Brandt," Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., I, No. 2,
March, 1853, 103. (Nord-Westkuste von America = Northwestern
America.)

Range. — Breeds on islands in Bering Sea (Pribilof, Near, and Commander,
groups). Winters on adjoining oceans. Accidental in Yukon Territory
Alaska (St. Michael), in Kamchatka, and on Wrangel Island.

Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray.

Rhodostethia Macgillivray, Manual Brit. Orn., II, 1842, 252, Type,
by orig. desig., Larus rossii Richardson = Larus roseus Macgillivray.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 137

Rhodostethia rosea (Macgillivray). Ross's Gull. [61.]

Larus roseus Macgillivray, Mem. Wernerian Soc, V, 1824, 249. (Ig-
loolik, Melville Peninsula, ex Richardson.)

Range. — Arctic regions; erratic and irregular. Breeds in the delta of
Kolyma River, northeastern Siberia, and Indigirka River, from its mouth to
300 miles inland. Recorded in summer from Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land,
Bennett and Wrangel islands, Siberia, and Melville Peninsula. Migrates to
Kamchatka, the Arctic coast of Alaska, and the west coast of Greenland.
Accidental in England, the Faroe Islands, Heligoland, France, and Italy.

Genus XEMA Leach.

Xema Leach, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, 1819, App., Ivii. Type, by
monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine.

Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine's Gull. [62.]

Larus sabini J. Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XII, Pt. ii, 1819, 522 (pi.
29). (Sabine Islands near Melville Bay, west coast of Greenland, lat.
75° 29', long. 60^ 9'.)

Range. — Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Kuskokwim River to Norton
Sound, in northern Mackenzie, south Victor, Southampton, and southwestern
Baffin islands to northern Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland, and on
Arctic islands and coasts of Europe and Asia (Taimyr Peninsula and Spitz-
bergen). Winters on the coast of Peru and migrates along the Pacific coasts
of British Columbia and California, the main flight apparently some miles
from shore. Casual on the Atlantic coast and in the interior (Labrador,
Quebec, Maine, Massachusetts, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Montana, British
Columbia, Saskatchewan, New York, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, and Utah);
accidental in Bermuda, Switzerland, Hungary, the British Isles, and France.

Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns.

Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm.

Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm, Isis von Oken, XXIII, 1830, Heft x (Oct.), col.
994. Type, by monotj'py, Lachseeschwalbe, Gelochelidon mcridionalis
Brehm = Steriia nilotica Gmelin.

Gelochelidon nilotica aranea (Wilson). Gull-billed Tern. [63.]

Sterna aranea Wilson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 143 (pi. 72, fig. 6). (Cape
May, New Jersey.)

Range. — -Breeds on the Atlantic coast from Virginia (formerly New Jersey)
to Georgia and on the Gulf coast from Mississippi to Texas; also in the Ba-
hamas, Cuba, and at the mouth of the Amazon; a breeding colony recently

138 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

established on Salton Sea, southern California. Casual on the Florida coast
and north to Maine, New Brunswick, Ohio, and Illinois. Winters from Texas
and Louisiana to southern Guatemala and western Panama, and from Brazil
to Patagonia. [Closely allied races occur in Europe, Asia and Australia.]

Genus STERNA Linnaeus.

Sterna Linnaeus. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 137. Type, by subs, desig.,
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus STERNA Linnaeus.

• Sterna trudeaui Audubon. Trudeau's Tern. [68.]

Sterna Trudeaui Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, pi. 409, fig. 2, 1838
(Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 125). (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.)

Range. — Breeds on the coasts of Argentina and Uruguay, and on St. Am-
brose Island off the coast of Chile. Winter range unkno^v^l ; in migration occurs
from Brazil to the Straits of Magellan. Accidental in New Jersey.

Sterna forsteri Nuttall. Forster's Tern. [69.]

Sterna forsteri Nuttall, Manual Orn. U. S. and Canada, II, 1834, 274
(note). New name for Sterna hirundo Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer. p. 412 (nee Linnaeus), (banks of the Saskatchewan between
Cumberland House and Lake Winnipeg, ex Richardson.)

Range. — Breeds in the interior of California, southern Oregon, Washington,
Utah, and Nevada, and from southeastern Manitoba south to northern Colo-
rado, northern Nebraska, Minnesota, northeastern Illinois, and southern
Ontario (formerly); also on the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and Virginia.
Winters from central California, the Gulf of Mexico, and South Carolina to
southern Guatemala; in migration occurs irregularly on the Atlantic coast
as far north as Massachusetts and casually in British Columbia. Accidental
in Brazil.

Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnaeus. Common Tern. [70.]

Sterna Hirundo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 137. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan. Breeds from Great Slave Lake, northern
Manitoba, central Ontario, and Gulf of St. Lawrence south to southern Alberta,
Saskatchewan, noi'thern North Dakota, southern Wisconsin, northern Ohio,
northwestern Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Breeds also in the Bahamas,
on the coast of Venezuela, the Florida Keys, Dutch West Indies, and the Gulf
coast of Alabama and Texas; also in Europe, western Asia and northern
Africa, the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira. Winters in Florida, on both coasts
of South America, and western Mexico south to the Straits of Magellan; also

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 139

in southern Asia and Africa; in migration on the Pacific coast from southern
British Columbia (including the interior) to southern Lower California. Ac-
cidental in Oklahoma. [A closely allied race occurs in central Asia.]

Sterna paradisaea Brijnnich. Arctic Tern. [71.]

Sterna Paradisaea BRtJNNiCH, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 46. (E Christiansoe =
Christiansoe Island, Denmark.)

Range.^ — Breeds from northern Alaska east to Baffin Island, northern
Ellesmere Island, and northern Greenland, south to the Commander and
Aleutian islands, southeastern Alaska, northern British Columbia, Lower Slave
River, northern Manitoba, Maine, and Massachusetts, and in the entire Arctic
regions of Europe and Asia. Winters in the Antarctic Ocean, south to lat. 74°;
in migration, on the Pacific coast south to southern California, and on the
Atlantic coast south to New York (Long Island) and on the coasts of Brazil,
Peru, Chile, France, and South Africa (Nigeria and Natal) . Accidental in the
interior of the United States- and in Hawaii.

Sterna dougalli dougalli Montagu. Roseate Tern. [72.]

Sterna Dougallii Montagu, Suppl. Orn. Diet., 1813, not paged, see under
Tern, Roseate (with plate), (the Cumbrey Islands in Firth of Clyde
[Scotland].)

Range. — Breeds locally on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and on the coasts of
Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey (rarely), and Virginia (formerly Maine to
Florida), and in Bermuda, the Bahamas, Lesser Antilles, and from the Dry
Tortugas to Venezuela and British Honduras; also in Europe from lat. 57° N-
to the Mediterranean Sea, and on the coasts of Africa, Ceylon, and southern
China. Winters from Louisiana (occasionally), southern Mexico, and the
Bahamas to Brazil. Accidental in Ohio, Indiana, and western New York.
[Allied races occur in Australia and in the Indian Ocean.]

Sterna aleutica Baird. Aleutian Tern. [73.]

Sterna aleutica Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, Pt. ii, 1869, 321 (pi. 31,
fig. 1). (Kadiak [= Kodiak Island, Alaska].)

. Range.— Breeds on two small islands in Norton Sound, on Kodiak Island,
and near Yakutat, Alaska, and occurs on the Bering Sea coast of Siberia.
South in winter to Japan.

Sterna fuscata fuscata Linnaeus. Eastern Sooty Tern. [75.]

Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 228. Based on
L'Hirondelle-de-mer Brune, Sterna fusca Brisson, Orn., VI, 220. (in
Insula Dominicensi = Santo Domingo, West Indies.)

Range. — ^Breeds in America from the Dry Tortugas, Bahamas, West Indies,
and tropical islands of the Atlantic to Venezuela and west to British Honduras,

140 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

formerly to Texas; wanders north rarely to Nova Scotia, Maine, New York,
New Jersey, West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Winters
from Louisiana to Brazil and the Falkland Islands. Casual in Bermuda.
Accidental in England and France. [Allied races occur on islands in the
Pacific and Indian oceans.]

• Sterna fuscata crissalis (Lawrence). Socorro Sooty Tern. [75a.]

Haliplana fuliginosa var. crissalis Lawrence, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., XIV, 1871 [1872], 285. (Socorro Island, Revillegigedo Group,
Mexico.)

Range. — -Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America from Sinaloa and
the Alijos Rocks to Panama and south to the GaMpagos Islands. Occasional
on the coast of Lower California.

• Sterna anaethetus melanoptera Swainson. Bridled Tern. [76.]

Sterna melanoptera Swainson, Birds Western Africa, II, 1837, 249.
(Western Africa.)

Range. — Breeds from the Bahamas and the West Indies to British Hon-
duras and Venezuela; also on the west coast of Africa. Accidental in Florida,
Georgia, and South Carolina. [Allied races occur in the Old World tropics.]

Subgenus STERNULA Boie.

Sternula Bote, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft v (May), col. 563. Type,
by monotypy, Sterna rninuta Linnaeus = S. albifrons Pallas.

Sterna antillarum antillarum (Lesson). Least Tern. [74.]

Sternula antillarum Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, XX, 1847, 256.
(Guadeloupe Island, West Indies.)

Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Massachusetts to
the Florida Keys and Texas, on islands in the Mississippi and Missouri river
systems (formerly at least) to South Dakota and Iowa and west to southwestern
Kansas and northern Nebraska; also in the Bahamas and West Indies south to
the coasts of Venezuela and British Hondiu-as. Winters from the coast of
Louisiana along the eastern coast of Central and South America to Argentina,
and on the eastern coast of Africa. Casual in Ontario and Nova Scotia.

Sterna antillarum browni Mearns. Brown's Tern. [74a.]

Sterna antillarum browni Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIX, No. 14,
April 4, 1916, 71. (near Monument 258, Mexican Boundary Line,
edge of the Pacific Ocean, San Diego Co., Calif.)

Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast from central California to southern
Mexico. Winters along the coast of Central America to Peru.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 141

Genus THALASSEUS Boie.

Thalasseus Boie, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft v (May), col. 563. Type,
by subs, desig., Sterna cantiaca Gmelin = Sterna sandvicensis Latham
(Wagler, 1832). (Cf. Op. 62, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.)

Thalasseus maximus maximus (Boddaert). Royal Tern. [65.]

Sterna maxima Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 58. Based on the Hiron-
delle de Mer, de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., 988. (Cayenne.)

Range. — -Breeds in the Bahamas, the West Indies, and on the South
Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Virginia to Texas; also on the Pacific coast of
Lower California and Mexico; ranging casually to Massachusetts; not rare in
summer from San Francisco Bay south to western Mexico. Winters from
Florida, Louisiana, the Bahamas, and California south to Brazil, Peru, and
Argentina. [An allied race occurs on the west coast of Africa.]

Thalasseus elegans (Gambel). Elegant Tern. [66.]

Sterna elegans Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhUa., IV, No. 6, Dec,
1848 [June 16, 1849], 129. (Mazatlan [Sinaloa], Pacific coast of Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of the Gulf of California and at
two points midway on the Pacific side of Lower California. Winters on the
Pacific coast south to Chile and occurs in autumn along the coast of California
north to San Francisco. Accidental at Corpus Christi, Texas.

Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot). Cabot's Tern. [67.]

Sterna acuflavida Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1847, 257.
(Tancah, on the coast of Yucatan.)

Range — Breeds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Virginia and North
Carolina to Florida, Texas, British Honduras, the Bahamas, and West Indies.
Winters from Horida, the Bahamas, and West Indies to Central America,
Colombia, and Brazil, and on the Pacific coasts of Oaxaca and Guatemala.
Accidental in Ontario, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. [An allied race occurs
in Europe and northern Africa.]

Genus HYDROPROGNE Kaup.

Hydroprogne Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 91. Type,
by subs, desig., Sterna caspia Pallas (Gray, 1846).

Hydroprogne caspia imperator (Coues). Caspian Tern. [64.]

Thalasseus imperator Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIV] 1862,
No. 10-12, Oct.-Dec. [Feb. 26, 1863], 538. (Interior of the fur coun-
tries, Hudson's Bay and Labrador = Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake.)

Range. — Breeds at Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis,
Klamath Lake, west-central California, central Lower California, on islands in

142 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

lakes Michigan, Huron (Georgian Bay), on the north shore of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, and also on the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Caro-
lina, and Virginia. Winters from the coast of central California to Lower
California and western Mexico (Colima), and on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
from South Carolina to Mexico. Casual in migration north to southern British
Columbia, the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and Newfoundland; and in the
Mississippi Valley. [Closely related races occur in Europe, etc.]

Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesqxje.

Chh'domns Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., I, No. 8, Feb. 21,
1822, 3, col. 5. Type, by monotypy, Sterna melanops Rafinesque =
Sterna surinamensis Gmelin.

Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). Black Tern. [77.]

Sterna surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 604. Based on the
Surinam Tern Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. ii, 352. (in Surinam,
200 nonnunquam milliaria a littore.)

Range. — Breeds in interior North America from central eastern Alaska,
Great Slave Lake, central Manitoba and Ontario south on inland lakes to
southern British Columbia, California, Nevada, Colorado, Kansas, northern
Missouri, and Tennessee; also to lake shores of northern Ohio, .northwestern
Pennsylvania and western New York. Winters from Surinam to Peru and
Chile; migrates mainly through the interior United States but occurs regularly
along the Atlantic coast in late summer and autumn though rarely in spring.
Casual in the Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Bermuda, the West Indies, and the Bahamas. [A closely allied
race occurs in Europe.]

• Chlidonias leucoptera (Temminck). White-winged Tern. [78.]

Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Manuel d'Orn., 1815 [1814], 483. (les bords
de la Mediterranee, etc. = Mediterranean Sea.)

Range. — -Breeds in central and southern Europe from central Russia
and Bavaria (occasional) eastward to temperate Asia, more or less regularly to
Australia. In winter southward throughout Africa. Accidental at Lake
Koshkonong, Wisconsin (July 5, 1873),^ and on Barbados.

Genus ANOtJS Stephens.

Anoi'is Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. i, Feb. 18, 1826,
139. Type, by subs, desig., Anoiis niger Stephens = (Sierna stolida
Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

1 Brewer, Amer. Nat., VIII, 1874, 188.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 143

Anoiis St olidus stolidus (Linnaeus). Noddy Tern. [79.]

Sterna siolida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 137. Based largely on
Hirundo marina minor capite albo Catesby, Carolina, I, 88 and Sloane,
Jamaica, I, 31, (in Americas Pelago = West Indies.)

Range. — Breeds on the Dry Tortugas and resident in the Bahamas and
West Indies and from British Honduras to Margarita Island, Venezuela; also
on St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, and Ascension islands. Casual in Bermuda
and accidental on the Atlantic coast of Florida. [Allied races occur in the;.
Indian and Pacific oceans.]

Family RYNCHOPIDAE. Skimmers.

Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus.

Rynchops Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 138. Type, by monotypy,
Rynchops nigra Linnaeus.

Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus. Black Skimmer. [80.]

Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 138. Based mainly
on the Cut Water, Larus major Rostro inequali Catesby, Carolina, I,
90. (in America = coast of South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic coast from New Jersey and Massachusetts
(formerly) to Florida, the Gulf coast, and Texas; wanders casually north to
Bay of Fundy and Lake Ontario. Winters from the Gulf coast (casually
South Carolina and Georgia) to the northern and eastern coasts of South
America. Casual in the West Indies; accidental inland, in New York, South
Carolina, and Tennessee, and in Bermuda. [An allied race occurs in the in-
terior of South America.]

Suborder ALCAE. Auks, Murres, and Puffins

Family ALCIDAE. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

Subfamily PLAUTINAE. Great Auks.

Genus PLAUTUS Brijnnich.

Plauius BRiJNNiCH, Zool. Fund., 1771, 78. Type, by monotypy, Brille-
fuglen = ^tea vmpennis Linnaeus.

Plautus impeimis (Linnaeus) . Great Auk. [33.]

Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 130. (in Europa
arctica = Norwegian Seas.)

144 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — -Now extinct; last one killed on Eldery Island, Iceland, in 1844.
Former known breeding places: Funk Island, Newfoundland, the Faroes,
Orkneys (Papa Westray), islands off the southwest coast of Iceland, and prob-
bably on the coast of Norway. In winter south to Maine and Massachusetts,
casually to South Carolina and Florida, and in Europe to Denmark, France,
and northern Spain. Casual on the outer Hebrides, St. Kilda, the Irish coast,
and on the Mediterranean Sea.

Subfamily ALCINAE. Auks and Murres.

Genus ALCA Linnaeus.

Alca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 130. Type, by tautonymy,
Alca torda Linnaeus. (Alca cited in synonymy; cf. Op. 16, Internat.
Comm. Zool. Nomencl).

Alca torda Linnaeus. Razor-billed Auk. [32.]

Alca Torda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 130. (in Europae
borealis oceano = southern Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Greenland and middle Labrador to New-
foundland and New Brunswick (Bay of Fundy), formerly to Maine; also from
Iceland east to the British Isles, Norway, and Lapland. Winters from
southern Labrador and Ontario to New York (Long Island) and casually to
North Carolina (Currituck Sound); in Europe from the British Isles to the
Azores and Canaries, and on the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.

Genus URIA Brisson.

Uria Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 52; VI, 70. Type, by tautonymy, Uria
Brisson = CoZ?/ot6 us aalge Pontoppidan.

Uria aalge aalge (Pontoppidan). Atlantic Murre. [30.]

Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, I, 1763, 621, (pi. xxvi).
(Iceland.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Greenland, southern Labrador, and the Gulf
of St. Lawrence south to Nova Scotia; also in northwestern Europe, Iceland,
the Faroes, Orkneys, and Shetlands. Winters south to Maine, casually to
Massachusetts, and in the Eastern Hemisphere to the Mediterranean Sea and
coast of Morocco. Accidental on Hudson Bay.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 145

Uria aalge califomica (Bryant). California Murre. [30o.]

Catarractcs Californicus H. Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII,
1861, 142. (Farrellones Islands, near San Francisco, California =
Farallon Islands.)

Range. — Breeds on the coasts of Bering Sea and the North Pacific from
St. Matthew Island and Pribilof Islands south to California (the Farallons and
San Miguel Island) and west through the Aleutian and Commander islands to
Kamchatka. Winters from the Aleutian, Pribilof, and Commander islands
south to southern California.

[An allied race of U. aalge occurs in the British Isles.]

Uria lomvia lomvia (Linnaeus). Brtinnich's Murre, [31.]

Alca Lomvia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 130. (in Europa
boreali = Greenland.)

Range. — Breeds on the Eastern Arctic islands, Hudson Strait, Labrador,
and northern Greenland to the Gulf of St. LawTence and Magdalen Islands;
also on the Arctic coasts of Europe and Siberia. Winters from southern Green-
land and Hudson Bay to New York (Long Island) and casually to South
Carolina; also to Great Britain and the North Sea. Subject to irregular migra-
tory irruptions through the Great Lakes, to the interior of Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, and Ohio.

Uria lomvia arra (Pallas). Pallas's Murre. [31a.]

Cepphus Arra Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 347. (in oceano
orientali circa Camtschatcam = Kamchatka.)

Range. — Breeds from Kodiak, Aleutian, and Commander islands and
islands in Bering Sea and in the Arctic Ocean (Wrangel and Herald islands
and Koliuchin Island, Siberia) to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska; also recorded in
summer from Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, and Japan. Winters in the
open sea about the Aleutian and Commander islands south to Japan. Casual
at Point Barrow, Alaska.

Genus ALLE Link.

Alle Link, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, I, 1806, 17. Type, by
monotypy, Alle nigricans Link = A^ca alle Linnaeus.

Alle t'Ue (Linnaeus). Dovekie. [34.]

Alca alle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 131. (in Europae Amer-
icae arcticae oceano = Scotland.)

Range. — Breeds on the north coasts and islands of Greenland, Iceland,
Spitzbergen, and Novaya Zemlya. Winters from southern Greenland to New
York (Long Island) casually to Delaware Bay and the coasts of Virginia,
11

146 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

North Carolina, and South Carolina; also from the North Sea and the British
Isles to the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira. Accidental near Melville Island,
Hudson Bay, and in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and Bermuda.

Genus CEPPHUS Pallas.

Cepphus Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. v, 1769, 33. Type, by monotypy,
Cepphus ladeolus Pallas =^?co grylle Linnaeus, albino.

Cepphus grylle grylle (Linnaeus). Black Guillemot. [27.]

Alca Grylle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 130. (in Europae
borealis oceano = Southern Sweden.)

Range. — 'Breeds from central Labrador south to Nova Scotia and Maine;
also in Europe from Iceland and Scandinavia to northern Scotland. Winters
from Cumberland Sound south to Cape Cod and casually to New Jersey; in
Europe south to northern France. ^

Cepphus grylle mandti (Mandt). Mandt's Guillemot. [28.]

Uria ynandtii "Light.," Mandt, 01)s. Hist. Nat. Itin. Groenl., 1822, 30.
(Spitzbergen.)

Range. — Breeds on Arctic coasts and islands south to northern Hudson
Bay, James Bay and the mainland of Siberia. Winters in the Arctic Ocean and
casually south to Norton Sound, southern Quebec and Lake Ontario. Acci-
dental in New Brunswick.

Cepphus columba Pallas. Pigeon Guillemot. [29.]

Cepphus Columha Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 348. (in
oceano arctico pariterque circa Camtschatcam et in omni freto inter
Sibiriam et Americam = Bering Sea.)

Range. — Coasts and islands of Bering Sea, Aleutian, Kurile, and Com-
mander islands and East Cape south to the Santa Barbara Islands, California,
and to northern Japan. Winters north to the Pribilof and Aleutian islands.

Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt.

Brachyramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., II, No.
22, March 19, 1837, col. 346. Type, by subs, desig., Colymbus mar-
7noratus Gmelin (Gray, 1840).

1 An intermediate race connecting this wth the following has been proposed
as C. g. arctica Brehm, cf. Austin, Bull. N. E. Bird Banding Asso., V, No. 1,
Jan., 1929.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 147

Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin). Marbled Murrelet. [23.]

Colymhus marmoratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 583. Based on
the Marbled Guillemot Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 517. (in America
occidentali et Camtschatca = Prince William Sovmd, Alaska.)

Range, — Breeds in the Queen Charlotte Islands and summers (possibly
breeds) from Unalaska and Kodiak islands and the Sitkan District of Alaska
South to Humboldt County, California. Winters from the Pribilof Islands to
San Diego, California.

Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors). Kittlitz's Murrelet. [24.]

Uria brevirostris Vigors, Zool. Journ., IV, No. 15, Oct. 1828- Jan. 1829,
357. (San Bias, Mexico = North Pacific.)

Range. — Summers and probably breeds on the Aleutian Islands east to
Glacier Bay and Point Barrow, Alaska; also in Kamchatka, northern Japan,
and on the Arctic coast of eastern Siberia. Winters from Kamchatka to the
Kurile Islands.

Genus ENDOMYCHURA Oberholser.

Endotmjchura Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [LI] 1899, sig. 13
[June 2], 201. Type, by orig. desig., Brachyramphus hypoleucus
Xantus.

Endomychura hypoleuca (Xantus). Xantus's Murrelet. [25.]

Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI]
1859, sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. [Jan. 12, 1860], 299. (Cape St. Lucas,
Lower California.)

Range. — Resident along the coasts and about certain islands of southern
California and western Lower California; known to breed from Anacapa Island
to the San Benito Islands. Has occurred in winter as far north as Point Arena,
Mendocino County, California.

Endomychura craverii (Salvadori). Craveri's Murrelet. [26.]

Uria Craveri Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., VIII, 1865, 387.
(Golfo della California Lat. 27° 50' 12" Long. 110° 10' 45" = Raza
Island, Gulf of California.)

Range. — Resident in the Gulf of California, breeding on many of the
islands; occurs after the breeding season on the ocean off the Pacific side of
Lower California north to Monterey Bay, California.

Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt.

Synthliboramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., II,
No. 22, March 19, 1837, col. 347. Type, by subs, desig., Alca antiqua
Gmelin (Gray, 1840).

148 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin). Ancient Murrelet. [21.]

Alca antiqua Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 554. Based on the An-
cient Auk Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 512. (in mari inter Camtschatcam,
insulas Kuriles et Americam intermedio = Bering Sea.)

Range. — Breeds on Forrester Island, Sangar Island (Queen Charlotte
group), Kodiak, and the Aleutian Islands to the Near Islands, and from
Kamchatka to the Commander Islands, Kurile Islands, and northern Japan.
Winters from the Aleutians south to Lower California (Ensenada), and to
Japan. Accidental in Idaho, Wisconsin, southern Quebec, Ontario, and on
Lake Erie; casual on the Pribilof Islands.

Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt.

Plychoraniphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., II, No. 22,
March 19, 1837, col. 347. Type, by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas.

Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas) . Cassin's Auklet. [16.]

Uria Aleutica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 370. (Russis ad
oceanum Orientalem = North Pacific Ocean.)

Range. — -Breeds from the Aleutian and Queen Charlotte islands to Lower
California (lat. 27°). Winters on the open seas as far north as Puget Sound,
Washington.

Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup.

Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 155.
Type, by monotypy, Alca ■psittacula Pallas.

Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Pallas). Paroquet Auklet. [17.]

Alca psiltacula Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. v, 1769, 13 (pi. ii; pi. v, figs.
4-6). (in mari Kamtschatkam . . . et circa insulas partim versus
laponiam partim versus Americam Septentrionalem sparsus = Kam-
chatka.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska and the northern coast of eastern
Siberia south to the Aleutian Islands. Winters south to the coasts of Oregon
and central California, and in the Kurile Islands. Accidental on Franklin
Bay, Arctic America.

Genus AETHIA Merrem.

Aethia Merrem, Vers. Grundr. Allgem. Gesch. und nat. Eintheil. Vogel, I
(Tentamen Nat. Syst. Avium, 7, 13, 20), 1788. Type, by monotypy,
Alca cristatella Pallas.

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES. 149

Subgenus AETHIA Merrpm.

Aethia cristatella (Pallas). Crested Auklet. [18.]

Alca cristatella Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. v, 1769, 18 (pi. iii; pi. v, figs.
7-9). (ultimarum versus Japoniam insularum maxime incola et circa
insulam Matmey = Hokushu (Yezo), Japan, to Kamchatka.)

Range. — From Kodiak Island throughout the Aleutian and Commander
islands to the Kurile Islands and north to Diomede Island: largely resident.
Casual at Point Barrow and south to Japan in winter.

Subgenus CICERO NIA Reichenbach.

Ciceronia Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], iii. Type, by
orig. desig., Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte = Una pusilla Pallas.

Aethia pusilla (Pallas). Least Auklet. [20.]

Una pusilla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 373. (circa
Camtschatcam = Kamchatka.)

Range. — -Breeds from Diomede and other islands in Bering Sea, Cape
Lisbume, Kotzebue Sound, and the Aleutian Islands. Winters at sea from the
Aleutian and Commander islands south to Japan. Casual at Point Barrow,
Alaska and the Mackenzie delta. Accidental in Washington.

Subgenus ALCELLA Stone.

Alcella Stone, Auk, XXIV, No. 2, April, 1907, 197. Type, by orig. desig.,
Alca pygmaea Gmelin.

Aethia pygmaea (Gmelin). Whiskered Auklet. [19.]

Alca pygmaea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 555. Based on the
Pygmy Auk Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 513. (circa insulam avium inter
Asiam septentrionalem et Americam = Islands in Bering Sea.)

Range. — Commander Islands to Kamchatka and Japan; rare in the
Aleutian Islands east to Unalaska; largely resident.

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte.

Cerorhinca Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1828, 427. Type,
by monotypy, Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte = A Zca monocerata
Pallas.

Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas). Rhinoceros Auklet. [15.]

Alca monocerata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 362. (circa
promontorium S. Eliae Americae et ad littora insulae Kadiak = Cape
St. Elias, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds from St. Lazaria and Forrester islands, Alaska, south to
Washington, formerly to the Farallon Islands, California and west to the Aleu-

150 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tians, Kurile Islands, and northern Japan. Winters on the open sea from
Washington south to northwestern Lower Cahfornia (rarely south to lat. 25°),
Guadalupe Island, and Japan. Casual in summer to Monterey County,
California.

Subfamily FRATERCULINAE. Puffins.

Genus FRATERCULA Brisson.

Fratercula Brisson, Orn., 1760, 1, 52; VI, 81. Type, by monotypy, Frater-
cula Brisson = Alca arclica Linnaeus.

Fratercula arctica arctica (Linnaeus). Atlantic Puffin. [13.]

Alca arctica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 130. (in Europae
borealis oceano= Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Greenland and Ungava Bay south to Nova
Scotia, Bay of Fundy, and Maine; also from Norway and the British Isles to
Portugal. Winters south to Massachusetts, casually to New York (Long
Island) and New Jersey; also to Morocco and casually to the Azores. Acci-
dental in Ontario (Ottawa).

Fratercula arctica naumaimi Norton. Large-billed Puffin. [13a.]

Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., II,
May, 1901, 144. Based on Mormon glacialis Naumann (nee Tem-
minck) ; cf. Norton, Auk, 1917, 205, 206. (Spitzbergen, ex Naumann.)

Range. — Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean from central western
Greenland to Novaya Zemlya and Spitzbergen; mainly resident.

Fratercula comiculata (Naumann). Horned Puffin. [14.]

Mormon comiculata Naumann, Isis von Oken, IX, 1821, Heft viii (Aug.),
col. 782 (pi. vii, figs, 3, 4). (Kamschatka.)

Range. — 'Breeds on the Siberian coast, the Commander Islands, both sides of
Bering Strait, Kotzebue Sound, and St. Michael to Forrester Island, Alaska.
Winters from the Aleutian and Commander islands south to the Kurile Islands
and from the Queen Charlotte Islands to California (Pacific Grove).

Genus LUNDA Pallas.

Lunda Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 363. Type, by subs.
desig., Alca cirrhata Pallas (Gray, 1840).

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES. 151

Lunda cirrMta (Pallas). Tufted Puffin. [12.]

Alca cirrhata Pallas, Spin. Zool., I, Fasc. v, 1769, 7 (pi. i; pi. v, figs. 1-3).
(in Mari inter Kamtschatcam et Americam Archipelagumque Kurilum
= Bering Sea.)

Range. — 'From Cape Lisburne, Alaska, south to the Santa Barbara Islands,
California, and from northeastern Siberia (Koliuchin Island) to Japan;
practically resident. Reported from Maine and Greenland.

Order COLUMBIFORMES. Pigeon-like
Birds.

Suborder COLUMBAE. Pigeons and Doves.

SuPERFAMiLY COLUMBOIDEA. Pigeons and

Doves.

Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons and Doves.

Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus.

Columba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 162. Type, by subs, desig.,
Columba oenas Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825).

Subgenus PATAGIOENAS Reichenbach.

Patagioenas Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xxv. Type, by
monotypy, Columba leucocephala Linnaeus.

Columba leucocephala Linnaeus. White-crowned Pigeon. [314.]

Columba leucocephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 164. Based
mainly on The White-crown' d Pigeon, Columba capita albo Catesby,
Carolina, I, 25. (in America septentrionali = Bahama Islands.)

Range. — Southern Florida Keys, the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, some of
the Lesser Antilles, Swan Island, Cozumel Island, and islands off the coast of
Central America from British Honduras to western Panama. Casual in
winter in Monroe and Dade counties, Florida. (About twelve Florida records.)

152 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

• Columba squamosa Bonnaterre. Scaled Pigeon. [314.1.]

Columba Squamosa Bonnaterre, Tableau Encycl. Meth., I, 1792, 234.
(La Guadeloupe= Guadeloupe Island, West Indies.)

Range.— West Indies. Accidental at Key West, Florida (Oct. 24, 1898,i
and May 6, 1929 2).

Subgenus CHLOROENAS Reichenbach.

Chloroenas Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xxv. Type, by
monotypy, Columba monilis Vigors= Columba fasciata Say.

Columba fasciata fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. [312.]

Columba fasciata Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 10 (note),
(tributary of the Platte = Plum Creek, near Castle Rock, Douglas Co.,
Colorado.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from southwestern British Colum-
bia, Montana, and north-central Colorado south through the southwestern
United States and Mexico to Guatemala, and east to western Texas. Winters
from the southwestern United States southward. Accidental in North Dakota.

Columba fasciata vioscae Brewster. Viosca's Pigeon. [312a.]

Columba fasciata vioscae Brewster, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 86. (La
Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California in the Sierra de la Laguna.
[An additional race of C. fasciata occurs in Salvador, Honduras, and
Nicaragua.]

Columba flavirostris flavirostris Wagler. Red-billed Pigeon. [313.]

Columba flavirostris Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May),
col. 519. (Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande VaUey, Texas, south through Mexico (both
coasts) and Central America to Guatemala, Honduras, and Salvador. [A
closely allied race occurs in Nicaragua and Costa Rica.]

Subgenus LITHOENAS Reichenbach.

Lithoenas Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xxv. Type, by
monotypy, Columba livia Gmelin.

1 Atkins, Auk, XVI, 1899, 272.

2 Chapman, Auk, XLVIII, 1931, 116.

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES. 153

•• Columba livia Iivia Gmelin. Rock Dove. [313.1.]

Columba livia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 769. (No locality
given = Southern Europe . )

Range. — -Southern Europe, the British Isles, northwestern Africa, and Asia
Minor; widely domesticated. As the Domestic Pigeon it is extensively reared
in the United States and has sometimes escaped and become naturahzed
about towns. [Closely allied races occur in India, Persia, West Africa, etc.]

Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte.

Zenaida Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Zenaida amabilis Bonaparte = CoZum6a zenaida Bonaparte.

Zendida zendida zenaida (Bonaparte). Zenaida Dove. [317.]

Columba zenaida Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 30, [June
30, 1825]. (southern Florida = Florida Keys.)

Range. — Florida Keys (formerly), the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Haiti,
Jamaica, Porto Rico, the Virgin Isles, the Lesser Antilles, Grand Cayman,
Little Cayman, and Cayman Brae. [A closely allied race occiu-s on the
coast of Yucatan.]

Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte.

Zenaidura Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II, sig. 11, Dec. 10, 1854 [April
15, 1855], 84. Type, by monotypy, Columba carolinensis Linnaeus.

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus). Eastern Mourning Dove.
[316.]

Columba carolinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 286. Based
on The Turtle of Carolina, Turtur carolinensis Catesby, Carolina, I, 24.
(in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Austral and Lower Transition zones from New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, southern Maine, Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin
west to eastern Kansas and Iowa and south to the Gulf coast and the Bahamas.
Winters from Iowa, southern Michigan, and Massachusetts southward
throughout its range, and casually along the eastern coast of Mexico and
Central America to Panama. Casual or accidental in Greenland, Quebec,
Labrador, and Bermuda.

Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse). Western Mourning Dove.
[316o.]

Ectopistes marginellus Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No.
3, May-June, 1852 [Aug. 20], 104. (Cross Timbers, north fork of the
Canadian River, Oklahoma.)

154 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in western and interior North America from Minnesota,
western Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the Pacific coast, north to Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, and British Columbia, and south throughout Mexico. Winters
south to western Panama. Casual at Fort Yukon, Alaska.

[Allied races of Z. macroura occur in Cuba and on Clarion and Tres Marias
islands.]

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson.

Edopistes Swainson, Zool. Journ., Ill, No. 11, Sept.-Dec, 1827, 362.
Type, by subs, desig., Columba migratoria Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. [315.]

Columba migratoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 285. Based
mainly on The Pigeon of Passage, Palumbus migratorius Catesby,
Carolina, I, 23. (in America septentrionali =South Carolina.) ^

Range. — Now extinct. Bred formerly from middle western Mackenzie,
central Keewatin, central Ontario, central Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to
Kansas, Mississippi, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New York. Wintered
principally from Arkansas and North Carolina south to central Texas, Louisi-
ana, and Florida. Casual west to Oregon, Nevada, Washington, and eastern
Mexico; accidental in Bermuda, Cuba, the British Isles, and Europe. [Last
specimen killed April, 1904; last positively identified in life 1907.]

Genus SPILOPELIA Sundevall.

Spilopelia Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Avium Disp. Tentamen, Pt. 2, 1872
[1873], 100. Type, by orig. desig. (p. 186), Colionba tigrina Temminck.

•• Spilopelia chinensis chinensis (ScoPOLi). Chinese Spotted Dove. [315.1.]

Columba chinensis Scopoli, Delic. Jlor. et Faun. Insubr., II, 1786, 94.
(China.)

Range.- — Eastern China from Canton to Shanghai, Formosa, and Hainan.
Introduced and naturalized about Los Angeles, California. [Allied races occur
in southeastern Asia.]

Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte.

Streptopelia Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II, sig. 8, Nov. 25, 1854 [April
15, 1855], 63. Type, by subs, desig., Columba risoria Linnaeus
(Gray, 1855).
•• Streptopelia risoria (Linnaeus). Ringed Tixrtle Dove. [315.2.]

Columba risoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165. (India.)

^ It has been claimed that the name Columba macroura Linnaeus, usually
applied to the West Indian Mourning Dove, belongs more properly to this
species. Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 164) based his name on both birds and
it seems undesirable to make the change as much difference of opinion is
involved.

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES. 155

Range. — Native country unknown, but domesticated nearly throughout
the world. Naturalized about Los Angeles, California, and in Cuba, Haiti,
Jamaica, and St. Bartholomew. Of the wild species it most closely resembles
S. decaoda Frivaldsky, ranging from southeastern Europe to Japan, India,
and Ceylon.

Genus MELOPELIA Bonaparte.

Melopelia Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II, sig. 11, Dec. 10, 1S54 [April 15,
1855], 81. Type, by subs, desig., Columba meloda Tschudi (Gray,
1855).

Melopelia asiatica asiatica (Linnaeus). Eastern White-winged Dove, [319.]

Columba asiatica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 163. Based
mainly on The Brown Indian Dove Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 76.
(in Indiis = Jamaica.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south through eastern Mexico
to Costa Rica; also in the southern Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Old Providence,
and Jamaica. Casual in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; accidental in New
York (Long Island).

Melopelia asiatica meamsi Ridgway. Western White-winged Dove. [319a.]

Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVIII,
No. 18, May 27, 1915, 107. (Five miles north of Nogales, Arizona.)

Range. — Southwestern New Mexico, southern Arizona, southeastern Cali-
fornia, and northern Lower California south through Mexico to Guerrero,
Mexico, and Puebla, and the Tres Marias Islands. Accidental in Colorado,
Washington, and British Columbia (Vancouver Island).

[An allied race occurs in western Costa Rica and western Panama.]

Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Boie.

Columbigallina Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), col. 977.
Type, by subs, desig., Columba passeri?ia Linnaeus (Gray, 1841).

Columbigallina passermapasserina (Linnaeus). Eastern Ground Dove. [320.]

Columba passerina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165. Based
mainly on The Ground Dove, Turtur minimus guttatv^ Catesby,
Carolina, I, 26. (in America inter tropi cos = South Carolina.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the South Atlantic and Gulf states from
South Carolina to southeastern Texas. Accidental farther north (Tennessee,
North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New
York).

156 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Columbigallina passerina pallescens (Baird). Mexican Ground Dove. [320a.]

Chnn.aepelin passerina? var. pallescens Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi.
PhUa., [XI] 1859, sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. [Jan. 12, 1860], 305. (Cape
St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower California, southeastern California, southern Arizona, and
western Texas south to Guatemala.

Columbigallina passerina bahamensis (Maynard). Bahama Ground Dove.

[3206.]

Chamaepelia Bahamensis Maynard, Amer. Exch. and Mart, III, No. 3,
Jan. 15, 1887, 33; No. 6, Feb. 5, 1887, 69. (Nassau, New Providence
I., Bahamas.)

Range. — Bahamas and Bermuda.

[Other races of C. passerina occur in Central and South America and in the
West Indies.]

Genus SCARDAFELLA Bonaparte,

Scardafella Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XL, No. 1
(for Jan. 3), 1855, 24. Type, by subs, desig., Columba squamosa
Temminck = Scardafella ridgwayi Richmond (Gray, 1855) .

Scardafella inca inca (Lesson) . Inca Dove. [321.]

Chamaepelia inca Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, XX, 1847, 211.
(Mexico [probably west coast].)

Range. — -Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south to
Honduras. [An allied race occurs in southern Honduras and northern
Nicaragua.]

Genus LEPTOTILA Swainson.

Leptotila Swainson, Classif . Birds, II, [July 1] 1837, 349. Type, by mono-
typy, P[eristera\ rufaxilla Selby = Columba rufaxilla Richard and
Bernard.

Leptotila fulviventris angelica Bangs and Penard. White-fronted Dove.
[318.]

Leptotila fulviventris angelica Bangs and Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, VIII, 29, May 8, 1922. (Brownsville, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south through Mexico (both
coasts). [Allied races occur in southeastern Mexico, Central America, and in
the Tres Marias Islands.]

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES. 157

Genus OREOPELEIA Reichenbach.

Oreopeleia Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xxv. Type, by
monotypy, Columba violacea martinicana Brisson =Columba martinica
Linnaeus.

Oreopeleia chrysia (Bonaparte). Key West Quail-Dove. [322.]

Geotrygon chrysia Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XL,
No. 3 (for Jan. 15), 1855, 100. (Florida.)

Range.— Key West (formerly: Sept. 15, 1889,i Oct. 20 and Nov. 12, 1897), =
the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Haiti.

•Oreopeleia montana (Linnaeus) . Ruddy Quail-Dove. [322.1.]

Cohunhn montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 163. Based on
The Mountain Partridge Sloanb, Voy. Jamaica, II, 304. (in Jamaica.)

Range. — Tropical America, including the West Indies, north to Cuba, and
in Mexico north to Vera Cruz and Guerrero. Accidental at Key West,
Florida, December 8, 1888; ^ May, 1923."

Order PSITTACIFORMES. Parrots, Paroquets,
Macaws, etc.

Family PSITTACIDAE. Parrots, Paroquets, and Macaws.
Subfamily ARINAE. Parouuets and Macaws.

Genus CONUROPSIS Salvadori.

Conuropsis Salvadori, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 146, 203.
Type, by orig. desig., PsUtacus carolinensis Linnaeus.

Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis (Linnaeus). Carolina Paroquet. [382.]

PsUtacus carolinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 97. Based
on The Parrot of Carolina, Psittacus carolinensis Catesby, Carolina, I,
11. (in Carolina, Virginia = South Carolina.)

Range. — Apparently extinct (last seen 1904). Formerly ranged throughout
Florida, north along the Atlantic coast to southern Virginia and west to

1 Scott, Auk, VII, Jan. 15, 1890, 90.

2 Brewster, Auk, XV, 1898, 185.

3 Scott, Auk, VI, 1889, 160.
* Holhster, Auk, XLII, 130.

158 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Georgia and Alabama. Casual farther north; Di.strict of Columbia, Pennsyl-
vania, and New York.

Conuropsis carolinensis ludovicianus (Gmelin) . Louisiana Paroquet. [382a.]

Psittaciis ludovicianus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 347. Based on
Papagai a tete aurore DuPratz, [ = Perroquet de la Louisiane DtjPratz,
Hist, de la Louisiane, II, 128]. (in Louisiana.)

Range. — Extinct. Formerly ranged from Louisiana and Mississippi north
to Tennessee, Kentucky, western New York, Ohio (shore of Lake Erie),
Indiana, and Wisconsin, and west to Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas,
Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Indian Territory.

Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte.

Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, Revue et Mag. Zool., ser. 2, VI, [No. 3]
March, 1854, 149. Type, by monotypy, Macrocercus pachyrhynchus
Swainson.

Rhynchopsitta pachyrh'ncha (Swainson). Thick-billed Parrot. [382.1.]

Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June,
1827, 439. (Tableland of Mexico.)

Range. — Mountains bordering the Mexican tableland, northward sporad-
ically to the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, and casually to the Dragoon,
Galiuro, and Graham ranges.

Order CUCULIFORMES. Cuckoo-like Birds.

Suborder CUCULI. Cuckoos, Roadrunners,
AND Anis.

Family CUCULIDAE. Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis.
Subfamily CUCULINAE. Typical Cuckoos.

Genus CUCULUS Linnaeus.

Cuculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 110. Type, by subs,
desig., Cuculus canorus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Cuculus optatus Gould. Himalaya Cuckoo. [388.1.]

Cuculus optatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845, XIII, No. 145 [April],
18. (Port Essington, Northern Territory, Australia.)

ORDER CUCULIFORMES. 159

Range. — Breeds in the Himalayas. Winters in Australia. Accidental in
the Pribilof Islands, Alaska (8t. Paul Island, July 4, 1890). i

Cuculus canorus bakeri Hartert. Baker's Cuckoo. [388.2.1

CkcuIus canorus bnlrri Hartert, Vog. palaark. Fauna, II, 1912, 948.
(Shillong, Khasia Hills.)

Range. — Breeds in the mountains of Burma, northwest Yunnan, western
Szechwan, Kansu, and eastern Tibet. Accidental in Alaska (St. Lawrence
Island, Bering Sea., summer of 1930).-

Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot.

Coccyzus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 28. Type, by monotypy, Coucou de
la Caroline Buffon =Ciic%ihis americamis Linnaeus.

Coccyzus minor maynardi Ridgway. Maynard's Cuckoo. [386a.]

Coccyzus maynardi Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 274. (Baha-
mas and Florida Keys =Ten Thousand Islands, Florida.) ^

Range. — Bahama Islands, Cuba, Florida Keys, and southern coast of
Florida north to Anclote Keys. [Allied races occur on other islands of the
West Indies and in Central America.]

Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. [387.]

Cuculus americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 111. Based on
The Cuckoo of Carolina, Cuculus carolinensis Catesby, Carolina, I, 9.
(in Carolina = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Austral zones from North Dakota, Minn-
esota, southern Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick south to Nuevo Leon,
Tamaulipas, Louisiana, and the Florida Kej's, and west to South Dakota,
Nebraska, eastern Colorado, and Oklahoma. Migrates through Mexico, the
West Indies, and Central America, and winters in Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Uruguay. (Said to breed in Jamaica, Porto Rico, Haiti, and
Cuba.) Accidental in Greenland, Great Britain, Italy, and Belgium. Casual
in Bermuda.

Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway. California Cuckoo. [387a.]

Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887,
273. (Western United States= Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from British Columbia
to southern Lower California, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa, and from the Pacific

1 W. Palmer, Auk, XI, 1894, 325.

2 Friedmann and Riley, Auk, XLVIII, 1931, 269.

« All Florida records prove to be referable to this form and C. m. minor is
excluded from the Check-List.

160 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

coast to central Colorado and western Texas. Winter home not determined,
jjrobably in iSouth America; occurs in Costa Rica in migration.

Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. [388.]

Cuciihis erythropthalmus Wilson, Amer. Orn., IV, 1811, 16 (pi. 28, fig. 2).
(near Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southeastern Alberta,
southern Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Prince Edward Island south to
Kansas, Arkansas, North Carolina, and the mountains ot Georgia. Winters
in South America from Colombia to Peru. Accidental in Greenland, the
Azores, Italy, and Ireland.

Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE. Ground Cuckoos,

Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler.

Geococcyx Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May), col. 524.
Type, by monotypy, Geococcyx variegaia WAGi,KR = Saurot}tcra cali-
forniana Lesson.

Geoc6ccyx califomianus (Lesson) , Road-ninner. [385.]

Sawothcra californiana Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, VI, 1829,
420. (La Californie =southern California.)

Range. — Mainly Lower Austral and lower part of Upper Austral zones in
California (north to the head of the Sacramento Valley), southern Utah,
Colorado, Kansas, middle Texas, and the lower Gulf coast south through
Lower California and the tableland of Mexico to Puebia and Michoacan.

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE. Anis.

Genus CROTOPHAGA Linnaeus.

Crotophaga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 105. Type, by mono-
typy, Crotophaga ani Linnaeus.

• Crotophaga ani Linnaeus. Smooth-billed Ani. [383.]

Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, 1758, 105. Based on
The Great Black-Bird Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, II, 298. (in America,
Africa =Jamaica.)

Range. — West Indies, Yucatan, Central and South America. Casual in
Louisiana and southern Florida; accidental near Philadelphia ^ and North
Carohna (Edenton, August 23, 1866) .^

^ Baird in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac,
IX, 1858, 72.
2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 289.

ORDER STRIGIFORMES. 161

Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson. Groove-billed Ani. [384.]

Crotophaga sidcirostris Swainson, Philos, Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827,
440. (Tableland, Temascaltepec [Mexico].)

Range. — -Breeds from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south to Peru
and British Guiana. Casual in Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana, and Florida.

Crotophaga sulcirostris pallidula Bangs and Penard . San Lucas Ani. [384o.]

Crotophaga sulcirostris pallidula Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., LXIV, No. 4, Jan., 1921, 365. (San Jose del Cabo, Lower
California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California.

Order STRIGIFORMES. Owls.
Family TYTONIDAE. Barn Owls.

Genus TYTO Billberg.

Tyto Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., I, Pt. ii, 1828, tab. A. Type, by
monotypy, Strix alba Scopoli.

Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte). Bam Owl. [365.]

Strix pratincola Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 7. New name
for Strix flammea Wilson [Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 57] Audubon [Birds
Amer. pi. 171]. (No locaUty given = Pennsylvania.)

Range. — ^Upper and Lower Austral zones from northern California, Colo-
rado, Nebraska, Illinois, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, Ohio, western
New York, and Connecticut south to the Gulf states, southern Mexico, and
Nicaragua. Casually to Oregon, British Columbia, Manitoba, Minnesota,
Ontario, Vermont, and Massachusetts. [Allied races occur in South America,
the West Indies, Europe, Asia, etc.]

Family STRIGIDAE. Typical Owls.

Genus OTUS Pennant.

Otus PENisfANT, Indian Zoology, 1769, 3. Type, by monotypy, Otus
bakkamoena Pennant.

Otus dsio naevius (Gmelin). Eastern Screech Owl. [373??i.]

Strix naevia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 289. Based on the Mottled
Owl Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 231. (in Noveboraco = New York.)

12

162 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — New Brunswick, Maine, northern New York, Ontario, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, and southern Manitoba south to the uplands of Georgia, Alabama,
Tennessee, eastern Oklahoma, and northern Arkansas. Accidental on Prince
Edward Island.

Otus asio asio (Linnaeus). Southern Screech Owl. [373.]

Strix asio Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 92. Based on The Little
Owl, Noctua aurita minor Catesby, Carolina, I, 7. (in America = South
Carolina.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from Virginia to Georgia and the Gulf States
west to Louisiana, north in the Mississippi Valley to western Tennessee,
southern Illinois, southeastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas.

Otus asio floridanus (RiDGW ay). Florida Screech Owl. [37.3n.]

Scops o^-^io var. Floridanus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12, Dec,
1873, 200. (Indian River, Florida.)

Range. — Peninsular Florida.

Otus asio mccalli (Cassin). Texas Screech Owl. [3736.]

Scops McCallii Cassin, lUustr. Birds Calif., Texas, etc., Pt. 6, [Sept. 12]
1854, 180. (Texas and Northern Mexico = Lower Rio Grande, Texas.)

Range. — Extreme southern Texas north to Bexar and Comal counties,
west to Kinney County, and south to Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Otus asio hasbroucki Ridgway. Hasbrouck's Screech Owl. [373i.]

Otus asio hasbroucki Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. vi, 1914,
694. (Palo Pinto Co., Texas.)

Range. — Central Texas, from Travis County to Palo Pinto and Dallas
counties, and probably other adjoining counties.

Otus asio aikeni (Brewster). Aiken's Screech Owl. [373^.]

Megascops asio aikeni Brewster, Auk, VIII, No. 2, April, 1891, 139. (El
Paso County, Colorado.)

Range. — -Foothills and plains of eastern Colorado and Kansas north to
northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota and south to New
Mexico.

Otus asio maxwelliae (Ridgway). Rocky Mountain Screech Owl. [373e.]

Scops asio, e. maxwelliae Ridgway, Field and Forest, II, No. 12, June,
1877, 213. (Mountains of Colorado =Boulder County.)

ORDER STRIGIFORMES. 163

Range.— Foothills and plains adjacent to the eastern Rocky Mountains from
eastern Montana and western South Dakota to central Colorado.

Otus asio macfarlanei (Brewster). MacFarlane's Screech Owl. [373A.]

Megascops asio macfarlanei Brewster, Auk, VIII, No. 2, April, 1891, 140.
(Fort Walla Walla, Washington.)

Range.— Interior of southern British Columbia south to eastern Washing-
ton, Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, and northeastern California.

Otus asio kennicotti (Elliot). Kennicott's Screech Owl. [373d.]

Scops Kennicottii Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIX] 1867 No. 3,
June-Sept. [Nov. 1], 99. (S^tka [.\laska].)

Range. — Northwest coast region from Sitka, Alaska, to Washington.

Otus asio brewsteri Ridgway. Brewster's Screech Owl. [373j.]

Otus asio brewsteri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Ft. vi, 1914,
700. (Salem, Oregon.)

Range. — Oregon, west of the Cascades, and Chelan County, Washington,
south to Humboldt County, California.

Otus asio bendirei (Brewster). California Screech Owl. [373c.]

Scops asio bendirei Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VII, No. 1, Jan.,
1882, 31. (Nicasio, California.)

Range. — Coast district of California from near the Oregon line south through
the San Francisco Bay region.

Otus asio quercinus Grinnell. Pasadena Screech Owl. [373A;.]

Otus asio quercinus Grinnell, Auk, XXXII, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1915, 60.
(Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California.)

Range. — Southern California west of the desert region and along the western
flank of the Sierra Nevada north to Mt. Shasta; also on the Pacific side of
northern Lower California north of lat. 30° 30'.

Otus asio cineraceus (Ridgway) . Mexican Screech Owl. [373/.]

Megascops asio cineraceus Ridgway, Auk, XII, No. 4, Oct., 1895, 390.
(Arizona and parts of northern and central Mexico = Fort Huachuca,
Arizona.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone from central Arizona east to southern New
Mexico and central western Texas; also in Lower California between lat. 29°
and 30°, and in Sonora.

164 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Otus asio gilmani Swarth. Sahuaro Screech Owl. [373Z.]

Otus asio gilmani Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., VII, No. 1, May 26,
1910, 1. (Blackwater, Pinal Co., Arizona.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of southern Arizona, and the Colorado River
Valley of southeastern California and northeastern Lower California.

Otus asio xantusi (Brewster). Xantus's Screech Owl. [373.2.]

Megascops xantusi Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLI, No. 1, Sept.,
1902, 93. (Santa Anita, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California.

Otusflammeolus (Kaup). Flanunulated Screech Owl. [374.]

Str[ix] flammeola "Light.," Kaup, in Jardine, Contrib. Orn., 1852 [1853],
111. (Vera Cruz, Mexico.)

Range. — -Southern British Columbia, eastern Washington, and Idaho to
western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the higher mountains of California
south through Mexico to the highlands of Guatemala.

Otus trichopsis (Wagler). Spotted Screech Owl. [373.1.]

Scops trichopsis Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXV] 1832, Heft iii (March),
col. 276. (Mexico.)

Range.— Southern Arizona (Huachuca and Catalina mountains) to
Guatemala.

Genus BUBO Dumeril.

Bubo Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, 34. Type, by tautonymy, Strix
bubo Linnaeus.

Bubo virginianus subarcticus Hoy. Arctic Horned Owl. [3756.]

Bubo subarcticus Hoy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 6, Nov.-Dec,
1852 [Feb. 7, 1853], 211. (Racine, Wisconsin.)

Range. — Breeds from Hudson Bay and the tree limit in the valley of the
Mackenzie south to northern Alberta, central Manitoba, southwestern Sas-
katchewan, and northern Ontario. In winter to southern British Columbia,
and the northern United States from Idaho to Nebraska and Wisconsin, casu-
ally to New York and Massachusetts.

Bubo virginianus heterocnemis (Oberholser). Labrador Horned Owl.

[375/.]

Asio magellanicus heterocnemis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXVII, No. 1352, [Jan. 22] 1904, 187. (Lance au Loup [ =Wolf Bay],
Labrador.)

ORDER STRIGIFORMES. 165

Range. — Northern Ungava, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia;
migrating in winter to Ontario, and casually to Connecticut.

Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). Great Homed Owl. [375.]

Strix virginiana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 287. Based mainly
on the Virginia Eared Owl Latham, General Synops., I, Pt. i, 119. (in
omni Americana, etc. =Virginia.)

Range. — Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick south to the Gulf coast and
Florida, west to Wisconsin, extreme eastern Minnesota, Iowa, southeastern
South Dakota, eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.

Bubo virginianus occidentalis Stone. Montana Horned Owl. [375/.]

Buho virginianus occidentalis Stone, Auk, XIII, No. 2, April, 1896, 155.
(Mitchell Co., Iowa. Winter specimen.)

Range. — Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, west to Nevada,
southeastern Oregon, northeastern California, Wyoming, and Montana, north
to central Alberta. South in winter to Iowa.

Bubo virginianus algistus (Oberholser) . Saint Michael Horned Owl. [375^.]

Asio magellanicus algistus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII,
No. 1352 [Jan. 22], 1904, 190. (St. Michael, Alaska.)

Range. — Coast region of northwestern Alaska from Bristol Bay to Kotzebue
Sound.

Bubo virginianus lagophonus (Oberholser). Northwestern Homed Owl.

[375i.]

Asio magellanicus lagophonus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXVII, No. 1352 [Jan. 22], 1904, 185. (Fort Walla Walla, Wash-
ington.)

Range. — Idaho, eastern Washington,' and northeastern Oregon north
through eastern and central British Columbia to Cook Inlet and interior
Alaska. Occasionally south to Colorado in winter.

Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgway. Dusky Homed Owl. [375c.]

Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgway, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel,
Pt. iii, Orn., 1877, 572 (note). (Simiahmoo, Washington.)

Range. — Pacific coast region from southeastern Alaska (Sitka, etc.) to
northern California (Humboldt County).

Bubo virginianus pacificus Cassin. Pacific Homed Owl. [375d.]

Bubo virginianus var. pacificus Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif., Texas, etc.,
pt. 6, [Sept. 12] 1854, 178. (the west = central California.)

166 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — California except the Colorado Desert and the extreme northern
coast district north to central southern Oregon; also in northwestern Lower
California.

Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone. Western Horned Owl. [375a.]

Bubo virginiamis pallescens Stone, Amer. Nat., XXXI, No. 363, March 1,
1897, 237. (Watson Ranch, 18 miles southwest of San Antonio, Texas.)

Range. — Central Texas to Arizona, southeastern California, and north-
eastern Lower California, south into Mexico (Sonora to Durango and Nuevo
Leon) .

Bubo virginianus elachistus Brewster. Dwarf Horned Owl. [375e.]

Bubo virginiamis elachistus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLI,
No. 1, Sept., 1902, 96. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to San Francisco ' Bay,
California.

[Additional races of B. virginianus occur in Mexico and in Central and South
America.]

Genus NYCTEA Stephens.

Nyctea Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. ii, Feb. 18, 1826,
62. Type, by tautonymy, Strix erminea Shaw = Strix nyctea Lin-
naeus.

Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. [376.]

Strix Nyctea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 93. Based on The
Great White Owl Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 61. (in Europa et
America septentrionali = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds on the barren grounds from the islands of Bering Sea, the
Yukon Delta, Melville Island, and northern Greenland south to central
Mackenzie, central Keewatin, and northern Ungava; also in Jan Mayen,
Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, on the Kola River, northern
Russia, and the Siberian tundra. Winters from the Arctic coast south to the
southern Canadian provinces and Montana, with periodic and irregular migra-
tions to the Middle States and the Ohio Valley, straggling to California, Texas,
Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Bermuda; also to Iceland, the Shet-
lands, Orkneys, Hebrides, Scotland, Germany, and Russia.

Genus SURNIA Dum^ril.

Surnia Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, 34. Type, by subs, desig.,
Strix funerea Gmelin = Strix ulula, LinnaeXTS (Gray, 1840).

ORDER STRIGIFORMES. 167

• Surnia ulula pallasi Buturlin. Siberian Hawk Owl. [377.]

Surnia ulula pallasi Buturlin, Orn. Monatsb., XV, No. 6, June, 1907,
100. (Siberia.)

Range. — Eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and Ussuriland. Casual in Alaska
(St. Michaels, Oct., 1876 i and Bethel Island, Nov.").

Surnia ulula caparoch (Muller). American Hawk Owl. [377a.]

Strix caparoch P. L. S. MtJLLER, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 69. (Europa =
Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, and
Hudson Strait to southern British Columbia, central Alberta (casually Mon-
tana), and Ungava. Winters south to the southern Canadian provinces,
casually to Washington, Nebraska, Minnesota, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio,
Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachu-
setts, and Maine. Accidental in England and Bermuda.

[Closely related races of S. ulula occur in Europe and Asia.]

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie.

Glauddium Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), col. 970.
Type, by subs, desig., Strix passmna Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Glaucidium gndma pinicola Nelson. Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. [379.]

Glauddium gnoma pinicola Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, No.
25, June 24, 1910, 103. (Alma, New Mexico.)

Range. — Rocky Mountain region, from Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming
south through Colorado to New Mexico and the mountains of southern Arizona
and extreme eastern California.

Glaucidium gnoma swarthi Grinnell. Vancouver Pygmy Owl. [3796.]

Glaucidium. gnoma swarOii Grinnell, Auk, XXX, No. 2, April [March 31],

1913, 224. (Errington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.)

Range. — Vancouver Island, British Columbia.

Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli Ridgway. Coast Pygmy Owl. [379c.]

Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. vi,

1914, 791. (Humboldt Bay, Calif.)

Range. — Pacific coast district from southeastern Alaska to Monterey
County, California, and east to the west base of Mt. Shasta and Lake County,
California. Casually to eastern Washington.

1 Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, III, 1878, 38.
- Collection L. B. Bishop.

168 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Glaucidium gnoma californicum Sclater. California Pygmy Owl. [379a.]

Glaucidium californicum Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXV, 1857, No.
327 [May 26], 4. (Oregon and California = Calaveras County, Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — California (except the humid coast belt at the north and the
southeastern deserts), from San Diego County north to the vicinity of Mount
Shasta and through central Oregon and Washington to central British
Columbia.

Glaucidium gnoma hoskinsi Brewster. Hoskins's Pygmy Owl. [379.1.]

Glaucidium gnoma Jioskinm, Brewster, Auk, V, No. 2, April, 1888, 136.
(Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California, north to lat. 27°.

Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi Sharpe. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl. [380.]

Glaucidium ridgwayi Sharpe, Ibis, ser. 3, V, No. 1, Jan., 1875, 55. (Cen-
tral America = Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and southern Arizona south
through Mexico and Central America to Panama. [Allied races occur in
South America.]

Genus MICROPALLAS Coues.

Micropallas Coues, Auk, VI, No. 1, Jan., 1889, 71. Type, by orig. desig.,
Athene whitneyi Cooper.

Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi (Cooper). Whitney's Elf Owl. [381.]

Athene whitneyi J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [ser. 1] I, sig. 8
[before Dec], 1861, 118. (Fort Mojave, lat. 35°, Colorado Valley [Ari-
zona].)

Range. — Southeastern California, southern Arizona, southwestern New
Mexico, and Sonora. ,

Micropallas whitneyi idoneus Ridgway. Texas Elf Owl. [381a.]

Micropallas whitneyi idoneus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 50,
Pt. vi, 1914, 810. (Five miles from Hidalgo, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south to Guanajuato, Puebla,
and the Valley of Mexico.

Micropallas whitneyi sanfordi Ridgway. Sanford's Elf Owl. [3816.]

Micropalliis whitneyi sanfordi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 50,
Pt. vi, 1914, 809. (Miraflores, Lower California.)

Range. — Southern Lower California.

ORDER STRIGIFORMES. 169

Genus SPEOTYTO Gloger.

Speotyto Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1S42 [pp. 1-450, 1841],
226, Type, by monotypy, Strix cunicularia Molina.

Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte). Western Burrowing Owl.

[378.]

Strix hypugaea Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., I, 1825, 72 (note). (Western
United States= Plains of the River Platte.)

Range. — Pacific coast of the United States east to Minnesota, western Iowa,
and Louisiana, and from British Columbia and Manitoba, south to Panama;
migratory north of Oregon and northern Kansas. Accidental in Indiana, New
York, and Massachusetts.

Speotyto cunicularia fioridana Ridgway. Florida Burrowing Owl. [378a.]

Speotyto cunicularia var. fioridana Ridgw^ay, Amer. Sportsman, IV,
No. 14 (n. s. No. 40), July 4, 1874, 216. (16 miles east of Sarasota Bay,
Manatee Co., Florida.)

Range. — Prairie region of central and southern Florida.

[Numerous allied races of S. cunicularia occur in South America, Haiti,
Antigua, and the Bahamas.]

Genus STRIX Linnaeus.

Strix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 92. Type, by tautonymy,
Strix stridula =S. aluco Linnaeus. {Strix in synonymy; cf. Op. 16,
Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl.)

Strix varia varia Barton. Northern Barred Owl. [368.]

Strix varius Barton, Fragm. Nat. Hist. Penn., 1799, 11. (Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds from northern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, southern
Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentuckj^, northern
Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina and west to eastern Wyoming,
central Montana, and eastern Colorado.

Strix varia dlleni Ridgway. Florida Barred Owl. [368o.]

Strix nebulosaalleni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, sig. 1 [March 27],
1880, 8. (Clearwater, Florida.)

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf states from central North Carolina to
eastern Texas, north to northern Alabama and Arkansas.

170 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Strix varia helveola Bangs. Texas Barred Owl. [3686.]

Syrnuim. varium helveolum Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, I, 31,
March 31, 1899. (Corpus Christi, Texas.)

Range. — South-central Texas (Lee and Bexar counties to the Gulf coast).

Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus). California Spotted Owl. [369.]

Syrnium occidentale Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., [XI] 1859,
sig. 15-19, Aug.-Sept. [Jan. 10, 1860], 193. (Fort Tejon, California.)

Range. — Mountains of southern California and northern Lower California
north along the western flank of the Sierra Nevada at least to Mariposa County.

Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam), Korthem Spotted Owl. [369a.]

Syrnium occidentale caurinum Merriam, Auk, XV, No. 1, Jan., 1898,
39, 40. (Mt. Vernon, Skagit Valley, Washington.)

Range. — Southern British Columbia to Pt. Reyes, Marin County, California.

Strix occidentalis lucida (Nelson). Mexican Spotted Owl. [3696.]

Syrnium occidentale lucidum Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI,
No. 40, Nov. 30, 1903, 152. (Mt. Tancitaro, Michoacan, Mexico.)

Range. — Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas through the mountaii s
of Arizona to the mountains of central Mexico (Guanajuato and Michoacan).

Genus SCOTIAPTEX Swainson.

Scotiaptex Swainson, Classif. Birds, I, [Oct. 1] 1836, 327. Type, by subs,
desig., Strix cinerea Gmelin = Strix nebulosa Forster (Ridgway, 1874).

Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa (Forster). Great Gray Owl. [370.]

Strix nebulosa J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, Art. 29. (read
June 25), 424. (Severn River [northwestern Ontario].)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and upper Canadian zones from tree
limit in north-central Alaska and northwestern Mackenzie south to the central
Sierra Nevada of California, northern Idaho, northern Montana, and Ontario.
Southward in winter irregularly through the southern Canadian provinces,
Wyoming, Nebraska, North Dakota, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, northern New
Jersey, New York, and New England.

• Scotiaptex nebulosa barbata (Latham). Siberian Gray Owl. [370a]

Strix barbata Latham, Index Orn., I, 1790, 62. (Siberia . . . mountains
in the eastern parts.)

ORDER STRIGIFORMES. 171

Range. — Eastern Siberia; casual in the Yukon Delta, Alaska (Yukon
delta, April 15, 1876). i

[Additional races of S. nebulosa occur in northern Europe and Asia.]

Genus ASIO Brisson.

Asio Brisson, Orn., 1760, 1, 28, 477. Type, by tautonymy, Asio Brisson
= Strix otus Linnaeus.

Asio wilsonianus (Lesson). Long-eared Owl. [366.]

Otus Wilsonianus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 2, May 8, 1830, 110.
(Etats-Unis et principalement dans I'automne Pennsylvanie = Penn-
sylvania.) ^

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southern
California, northern Texas, Arkansas, and Virginia. Winters from southern
Canada to southern Florida, Louisiana, and central Mexico. Casual in
southeastern Alaska.

Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontoppidan). Short-eared Owl. [367.]

Strix flammea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, I, 1763, 617, (pi. xxv).
(Sweden.)

Range. — ^B reeds irregularly and locally from northern Alaska and the
Aleutian Islands, northern Mackenzie, northern Quebec (Ungava), and Green-
land south to California, Colorado, southern Kansas, Missouri, northern Ohio,
northern Indiana, and the coast of New Jersey; also breeds in Europe and
northern Asia. Winters from British Columbia, Wyoming, Minnesota,
Indiana, Ohio, and Massachusetts south to Louisiana, Cuba, and Guatemala.
[Allied races occur in South America, the Falkland, Galapagos, and Hawaiian
islands, and in southwestern Siberia.]

Genus CRYPTOGLAXJX Richmond.

Crypioglaux Richmond, Auk, XVIII, No. 2, April, 1901, 193. Type, by
orig. desig., Strix tengmalmi Gu'E'Lm = Strix fujicrca Linnaeus.

Cryptoglaux fxinerea richardsoni (Bonaparte). Richardson's Owl. [371.]

Nyctale Richardsoni Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 7. New
name for Strix tengmalmi Audubon [Birds Amer. (folio), pi. 380].
(Bangor, Maine.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and upper Canadian zones from limit of
trees in central Alaska and northern Yukon and Mackenzie south to northern

1 Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, III, 1878, 37.

2 This species has been sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the European
A. otus.

172 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

British Columbia, northern Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and the Ma^idalen
Islands; casual in summer in Vermont. In winter south to southern Canada
and southwestern British Columbia; casually to Oregon, Colorado, Nebraska,
Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, western Pennsylvania, and New England, but rare
eastward.

• Cryptoglaux funerea magna (Buttjrlin). Tengmalm's Owl. [371a.]

Nijdala magna Buturlin, Orn. Monatsb., XV, No. 5, May, 1907, 80.
(Kolyma River, 68° 40', N. Siberia.)

Range. — Kamchatka and Kolyma districts, eastern Siberia. Casual in
Alaska (St. Paul Island, Jan. 26, 1911).i

[Another closely allied race of C. funerea occurs in northern Europe.]

Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin) . Saw-whet Owl. [372.]

Strix acadica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 296. Based on the
Acadian Owl Latham, General Synops., I, 149. (in America septen-
trionali = Nova Scotia.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alaska, central British Columbia, Alberta,
Manitoba, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to the Sierra
Nevada of CaHfornia, central Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and the
mountains of Mexico to Vera Cruz; also in southern Nebraska, northern
Indiana, northern Illinois, and in the mountains of Pennsylvania and Maryland.
Winters south to southern California, Louisiana, Virginia, and casually to the
Carolinas and Georgia.

Cryptoglaux acadica brooksi Fleming. Queen Charlotte Owl. [372a.]

Cryptoglaux acadica brooksi J. H. Fleming, Auk, XXXIII, No. 4, Oct. 11,
1916, 422. (Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Colum-
bia.)

Range. — Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

1 Evermann, Auk, XXX, 1913, IS.

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES. 173

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES. Goatsuckers
AND Allies.

Suborder CAPRIMULGI. Goatsuckers,

POTOOS, AND FrOGMOUTHS.

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE. Goatsuckers.

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE. Goatsuckers.

Genus ANTROSTOMUS Bonaparte.

Anfrostomus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 8. Type, by subs,
desig., Caprimulgiis carolinensis Gmelin (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus ANTROSTOMUS Bonaparte.

Antrfistomus carolinensis (Gmelin). Chuck-will's-widow. [416.]

Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 1028. Based
mainly on The Goat Sucker of Carolina, Caprimulgus Catesby,
Carolina, I, 8. (in Virginia et Carolina = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from southern Missouri,
southern Illinois, southern Indiana, southeastern Kansas, and southern Mary-
land south to central Texas and the Gulf States. Migrates through eastern
Mexico; winters from Florida to the Greater Antilles, Central America, and
Colombia. Casual in West Virginia and Cape May County, New Jersey;
accidental in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.

Subgenus SETOCHALCIS Oberholser.

Setochalcis Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 86, [April 6] 1914, 11.
Type, by orig. desig., Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson.

Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wilson). Eastern Whip-poor-will. [417.]

Caprimulgus vocifertis Wilson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 71 (pi. 41, figs. 1-3).
(Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds from Manitoba, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and

Nova Scotia south to the northern parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina, and from eastern North Dakota,

174 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Nebraska, and Kansas eastward. Winters from the lowlands of South
Carolina and the Gulf States to British Honduras, Salvador, and casually to
Costa Rica.

Antrostomus vociferus arizonae Brewster. Stephens's Whip-poor-will.

[417a.]

Antrostomus vociferus arizonae Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, V,
No. 2, April, 1881, 69. (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas south
through the mountains of northern Mexico. Winters south to Guatemala.

[A closely related race of A. vociferus occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, and
Salvador.]

Genus PHALAENOPTILUS Ridgway.

Phalaenoptilus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, 5 (month not
on record). Type, by orig. desig., Caprimulgus nuttallii Audubon.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Audubon). Nuttall's Poor-will. [418.]

Caprimulgus Nuitallii Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), VII, 1844, 350
(pi. 495). (Upper Missouri = between Fort Pierre and mouth of Chey-
enne River, South Dakota.) ^

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones, from south-
eastern British Columbia, northwestern North Dakota, southern South
Dakota, western Iowa, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas south to
southern Arizona, northern Coahuila, and central Texas, west to eastern
California east of the Sierra Nevada. Winters from southeastern CaHfornia
and southern Texas to central Mexico.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway. Dusky Poor-will. [4186.]

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii californicus Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds,
1887, 588 (.note). (Nicasio and Calaveras County, Cahfornia =
Nicasio.)

Range. — California, west of the Sierra Nevada and the Mohave and
Colorado deserts, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northwest-
ern Lower California, about kit. 30° 30'; chiefly in the Upper Sonoran Zone.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli hueyi Dickey. Desert Poor-will. [418c.]

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii hueyi Dickey, Condor, XXX, No. 2, March 15,
1928, 152. (Bard, Imperial Co., California.)

Range. — Valley of the lower Colorado River, in southeastern California,
southwestern Arizona, and extreme northeastern Lower California.

1 P. 71. nitidus Brewster is regarded as not separable from P. n. nuttalli.

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES. 175

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli dickeyi Grinnell. San Ignacio Poor-will. [418(i.]

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii dickeyi Grinnell, Condor, XXX, No. 2, March
15, 1928, 153. (San Ignacio, lat. 27°, Lower California.)
Range. — Lower California from about lat. 30° south.

Genus NYCTIDROMUS Gould.

Nyclidromus Gould, Icones Avium, II, Aug., 1838, pi. xii. Type, by
monotypy, Nyctidromus derhyanus Gould.

Nyctidromus albicoUis merrilli Sennett. Merrill's Pauraque.^ [419.]

Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli Sennett, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 44.
(Nueces River, Nueces Co., Texas.)

Range. — Gulf coast of southern Texas and the Rio Grande Valley south
into Tamaulipas. In winter to Vera Cruz and Pueblo. [Allied races occur in
Mexico and in Central and South America.]

Subfamily CHORDEILINAE. Nighthaw^ks.

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson.

Chordeiles Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
II, 1831 [1832], 496. Type, by monotypy, Caprimulgus virginiamis
Gmelin = C. minor Forster.

Chordeiles minor minor (Forster). Eastern Nighthawk. [420.]

Caprimulgus minor J. R. Forster, Catal. Anim. N. Amer., 1771, 13.
Based on The Whip-poor Will Catesby, Carolina, III, 16. (No
locality = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern 'Yukon, central Mackenzie, northern
Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Alberta, British
Columbia, northwestern Washington, south-central Illinois, northern Arkan-
sas, southeastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, and southern Virginia and west
to the edge of the Great Plains from Minnesota to northeastern Oklahoma.
Migrates through the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Central America;
winters in South America from Colombia to Argentina. Casual in Alaska and
accidental on Melville Island, Arctic Ocean, and in the Scilly Isles, Great
Britain.

Chordeiles minor chapmani Coues. Florida Nighthawk. [4206.]

Chordiles popetue Chapmani "Sennett's MS," Coues, Auk, V, No. 1,
Jan., 1888, 37. (Gainesville, Florida.)

» Pronounced Pau-rd-que cf. Stone, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 389.

176 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf states from central North Carolina to
eastern Texas north to central Alabama, southern Illinois, and south-central
Arkansas. Winters in South America from Colombia to Argentina.

Chordeiles minor howelli Oberholser. Howell's Nighthawk. [420e.]

Chordeiles virginianus howelli Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 86,
[April 6] 1914, 57. (Lipscomb, Lipscomb Co., Texas.)

Range. — Southern Great Plains and central Rocky Mountain regions; from
Wyoming to middle Texas, Colorado, Oklahoma, middle and western Kansas,
northeastern Utah, northeastern New Mexico, and southwestern Nebraska,
casually to North Dakota. Winters probably in South America and migrates
through Nicaragua.

Chordeiles minor aserriensis Cherrie. Cherrie's Nighthawk. [420/.]

Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis Cherrie, Auk, XIII, No. 2, April, 1896,
136. (Aserri River Valley, San Jose, Costa Rica.)

Range. — Central-southern Texas (Cameron County to Wharton, Bexar, and
Edwards counties) and Tamaulipas. South in migration at least to Costa
Rica.

Chordeiles minor sennetti Coues. Sennett's Nighthawk. [420c.]

Chordiles popetue Senneitii Coues, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 37. (50
miles west of Pembina, Minn. = Pembina, North Dakota.)

Range. — Northern portion of the Great Plains; breeds in northern North
Dakota, and northeastern Montana south to eastern Wyoming, northwestern
Iowa, and northern Nebraska. Migrates south through Oklahoma and Texas,
probably to South America.

Chordeiles minor henryi Cassin. Western Nighthawk. [420a.]

Chordeiles Henryi Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif., Texas, etc., Pt. 8, [March 13]
1855, 239. (Fort Webster, New Mexico.)

Range.^ — Southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent high plains; breeds in
southwestern Colorado, eastern Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Sonora.
In migration east to central Oklahoma and south to Jalisco and Tamaulipas;
winters probably in South America.

Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell. Pacific Nighthawk. [420d.]

Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinnell, Condor, VII, No. 6, Nov. 22,
1905, 170. (Bear Lake, 6700 feet, San Bernardino Mountains, CaU-
fornia.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern British Columbia to southwestern
Saskatchewan, central Montana, central Utah, and northwestern Wyoming

ORDER MICROPODIIFORMES. 177

south along the Pacific coast to northern California and in the Sierra Nevada
south to the San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. In migration to
Nicaragua and winters probably in South America.

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence. Texas Nighthawk. [421.]

Chordeiles texensis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1857, 167.
(Texas [ = Rio Grande Valley].)

Range. — -Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from north-central California,
southern Nevada, southern Utah, and central Texas south to about lat. 30°
in Lower California, and to south-central Mexico. Winters from central
Mexico to Panama, casually in southeastern Arizona.

Chordeiles acutipennis inferior Oberholser. San Lucas Nighthawk. [421a.]

Chordeiles acutipennis inferior Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No.
86, [April 6] 1914, 109. (Triunfo, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower California from about lat. 30° south.

[Additional races of C. acutipennis occur in Central and South America.]

Order MICROPODIIFORMES. Swifts and
Hummingbirds.

Suborder MICROPODII. Swifts.

Family MICROPODIDAE. Swifts.
Subfamily CHAETURINAE. Spine-tailed Swifts.

Genus NEPHOECETES Baird.

Nephoecetes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xvii, xxix [Nephocaetes, 140, 142]. Type,
by monotypy, Hirundo nigra Gmelin.

Nephoecetes niger borealis (Kennerly). Black Swift. [422.]

Cypselus borealis Kennerly, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [IX] 1857, sig.
14-16, Oct.-Dec. [May 1, 1858], 202. (Simiahmoo Bay, Puget Sound,
Washington Territory.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska, Montana(?), and southern
Colorado south to southern Mexico. Winters in southern Mexico. [AUied
races occur in the West Indies.]
13

178 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CHAETURA Stephens.

Chsetura Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. ii, Feb. 18, 1826,
76. Type, by subs, desig., Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus (Jardine, 1832)..

Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus). Chimney Swift. [423.]

Hirundo Pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192. Based on
The American Swallow, Hirundo cauda aculeata americana Catesby,
Carolina, III, 8. (in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from central Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, Mani-
toba, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland, south to Florida and the Gulf
coast, and west to east-central Montana and eastern Texas. Winters south
of the United States, probably in Amazonas, Brazil; common spring transient
in Haiti and reported from Mexico and Central America. Accidental in New
Mexico, Greenland, and Bermuda.

Chaetura vauxi (Townsend). Vaux's Swift. [424.]

Cypcelus Vauxi J. K. Townsend, Narr. Journ. Rocky Mts., April, 1839,
348. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska and central British Columbia
to the Santa Cruz Mountains, Cahfornia, east to Montana and Nevada, but
rare or casual east of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada. Migrates through
Lower California and Arizona and winters in Central America south to
Guatemala.

Subfamily MICROPODINAE. Typical Swifts.

Genus MICROPUS Meyer and Wolf.

Micropus Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. deutschen Vogelkunde, I, 1810,
280. Type, by subs, desig., Hirundo apus Linnaeus (Salvador), 1880).

• Micropus pacificus pacificus (Latham). White-rumped Swift. [424.1.]

Hirundo pacifica Latham, Suppl. Index Orn., ISOl, Iviii. (New South
Wales.)

Range. — Breeds from eastern Siberia to northern China and Japan.
Migrates through India and winters in Australia. Casual in Alaska (St.
George Island, August 1, 1920) .^

MaiUiard and Hanna, Condor, XXIII, 1920, 294.

ORDER MICROPODIIFORMES. 179

Genus AERONAUTES Hartert.

Aeronautes Hartert, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 459. Type, by
orig. desig., Cypselus melanoleucus Baiud = Aca7ithylis saxatalis Wood-
house.

Aeronautes saxatalis saxatalis (Woodhouse). White-throated Swift. [425.]

Acanthylis saxatalis Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni and Colo.
Rivers, 1853, 64. (Inscription Rock, New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from south-central British Columbia and southern Alberta
south to the Cape district of Lower California and southern Mexico, and from
the Pacific coast east to the Black Hills and western Nebraska. Winters from
west-central California southward. Accidental in Michigan. [A closely
allied race occurs in Guatemala and Salvador.]

Suborder TROCHILI. Hummingbirds.

Family TROCHILIDAE. Hummingbirds.
Subfamily TROCHILINAE. Typical Hummingbirds.

Genus CALOTHORAX Gray.

Calothorax Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 13. Type, by orig. desig.,

Cynanthus lucifer Swainson.

Calothorax lucifer (Swainson). Lucifer Hummingbird. [437.]

Cynanthus Lucifer Swainson, Philos, Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 442.
(Temascaltepec [Mexico].)

Range. — Southern Arizona (Camp Bowie) and western Texas (Chisos
Mountains) south to the City of Mexico, Puebla, and Chiapas. Winters in
Mexico.

Genus ARCHILOCHUS Reichenbach.

Archilochus Reichenbach, Journ. flir Orn., I, 1853, Extra-Heft [1854]
(Aufz. der Colib.), 13. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus alexandri

BOURCIER AND MuLSANT.

Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus). Ruby-throated Hummingbird. [428.]

Trochilus Colubris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 120. Based on
The Hummingbird, Mellivora avis carolinensis Catesby, Carolina, I, 65.
(in America imprimis septentrional! = South Carohna.)

180 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from Alberta, central Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Cape
Breton Island south to the Gulf coast and Florida, west to North Dakota, Ne-
braska, Kansas, and central Texas. Winters from middle and southern Florida
and Louisiana through southern Mexico and Central America to Panama; casual
in Cuba and Bermuda in migration. Accidental near St. Michael, Alaska,

Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant). Black-chinned Humming-
bird. [429.]

Trochilus Alexandri Bourcier and Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, IX,
1846, 330. (Sierra Madre, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia to extreme northern
Lower California, Sonora and Tamaulipas east rarely to western Montana
and central Texas, chiefly in the Upper Austral Zone. Winters in Mexico
south to Guerrero and Mexico City.

Genus CALYPTE Gould.

Calypte Gould, Monogr. Trochil., Ill, 1856, pi. 134. Type, by subs,
desig., Ornismya costae Bourcier (Elliot, 1879).

Calypte costae (Bourcier). Costa's Hummingbird. [430.]

Ornismya Costae Bourcier, Revue Zool., II, No. 8, Oct., 1839, 294. (la
California =Magdalena Bay, Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from southern California and
southwestern Utah south to southern Lower California, Arizona, and southern
New Mexico. Winters in southern Lower California and northwestern
Mexico; rarely in southeastern California.

Calypte anna (Lesson) . Anna's Hummingbird. [431.]

Ornismya Anna Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouch., 1829, xxxj, 205 (pi. 74).
(la Calif ornie =San Francisco.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of California, chiefly west of the Sierra Nevada,
and the northwestern portion of Lower California. In migration casually to
Ariznna, northern Sonora, Guadalupe Island, Todos Santos Islands, etc.

Genus SELASPHORUS Swainson.

Selasphorus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
II, 1831 [1832], 324. Type, by subs, desig., Trochilus rufus Gmelin
(Gray, 1855).

Selasphorus platycercus platycercus (Swainson) . Broad-tailed Hummingbird.

[432.1

Trochilus platycercus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827,
441. (No locality given = Mexico.)

ORDER MICROPODIIFORMES. 181

Range. — Breeds from southern Idaho, Montana, and southern Wyoming to
the Valley of Mexico and from extreme eastern California east to western
Nebraska and western Texas. Winters in Mexico. [A closely allied race
occurs in the highlands of Guatemala.]

Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. [433.]

Trochilus rufus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 497. Based on the
Ruffed Honey-sucker Pennant, Arct. Zool., II, 290. (in sinu Americae
Natka = Vancouver Island, British Columbia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Canadian zones of western North
America, from the coast of Alaska (lat. 61°), southern Yukon, east-central
British Columbia, and southern Alberta south to Oregon and southwestern
Montana. Winters in southern Mexico and occurs in migration east to
Wyoming, eastern Colorado, and western Texas. Accidental in South
Carolina.

Selasphorus alleni Henshaw. Allen's Hummingbird. [434.]

Selasphorus alleni Henshaw, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, II, No. 3, July,
1877, 53. (Coast district of California = Nicasio, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the coastal district of California in the Transition and
Upper Austral zones, from Humboldt County (and probably in extreme south-
western Oregon) south to Ventura County, and on the rianta Barbara Islands.
Winters on the Santa Barbara Islands and probably in northwestern Mexico.
Has been recorded casually in migration in eastern and southern California,
Arizona, and Lower California. Accidental in Montana.

Genus ATTHIS Reichenbach.

Atthis Reichenbach, Journ. fiir Orn., I, 1853, Extra-Heft [1854] (Aufz. der
Colib.), 12. Type, by subs, desig., Ornisniya htloisa De Lattre and
Lesson (Gray, 1855).

Atthis heloisa heloisa (De Lattke and Lesson). Heloise's Hummingbird.

[435.]

Ornysmia Heloisa De Lattre and Lesson, Rev. Zool., II, No. 1,
Jan., 1839, 15. (Jalapa et Quatepu [ = Coatepec, Vera Cruz, Mexico].)

Range. — Central and southern Mexico from Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, and
San Luis Potosi to Guerrero and Tepic. Casual in southern Arizona (Ramsey
Canon, Huachuca Mountains, July 2, 1896, two specimens).^ [Additional
races occur in Mexico.]

1 Ridgway, Auk, 1898, p. 325. A. morcomi Ridgway is regarded as identical
with A. h. heloisa.

182 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus STELLULA Gould.

Stellula Gould, Introd. Trochil., 1861, 90. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus
calliope Gould.

Stellula calliope (Gould) . Calliope Hummingbird. [436.]

Trochilus (Calothorax) Calliope Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., [XV] 1847,
No. 168 [March 29], 11. (Mexico =Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from northern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, and
Montana south in the higher mountains of the Pacific coast to northwestern
Lower Cahfornia and in the Rockies to New Mexico; chiefly in the Canadian
Zone. Winters in Mexico south to Guerrero and Mexico City.

Genus EUGENES Gould.

Eugenes Gould, Monogr. Trochil., II, 1856, pi. 59. Type, by monotypy,
Trochilus fulgens Swainson.

Eugenes fulgens (Swainson) Rivoli's Hummingbird. [426.]

Trochilus fulgens Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No, 6, June, 1827, 441.
(Temascd,ltepec [Mexico].)

Range. — Mountains of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico,
Mexico, and Central America south to Nicaragua.

Genus LAMPORNIS Swainson.

Lampornis Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 442. Type,
by monotypy, L. amethystinus Swainson = Ornismya clemendae

Lesson.

Lampornis clemenciae clemenciae (Lesson) . Texas Blue-throated Humming-
bird. [427a.]

Ornismya cletnenciae Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouch., 1829, xlv, 216 (pi.
80). (Mexico.)

Range. — Central and southern Mexico from Michoacan and Oaxaca north-
ward to extreme western Texas (Chisos Mountains).

Lampornis clemenciae bessophilus (Oberholser). Arizona Blue-throated
Hummingbird. [427.]

Cyanolaemus clemenciae bessophilus Oberholser, Condor, XX, No. 5,
Sept. 27, 1918, 181. (Fly Park, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.)

Range — Mountains of southern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Huachuca,
Chiricahua, Santa Rita), New Mexico (San Luis Mountains), and the Sierra
Madre of Mexico.

ORDER MICROPODIIFORMES. 183

Genus AMAZILIA Lesson.

Amazilia Lesson, L'Echo du Monde Savant, ser. 2, VIII, No. 32, Oct.
22, 1843, col. 757. Type, by subs, desig., Ornismya dnnamomea
Lesson (Stone, 1918).

• Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl (De la Llave). Riefifer's Hummingbird. [438.]

Trochilus Tzacatl De la Llave, Registro Trimestre, II, No. 5, 1833, 48.
(Mexico.)

Range. — ^Eastern Tamaulipas south through eastern Mexico and Central
America to Colombia and Venezuela. Casual in central southern Texas
(Ft. Brown, June 1876). ^ [An additional race occurs in Ecuador.]

Amazilia yucatanensis chalconota Oberholser. Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
[439.]
Amazilia cerviniventris chalconota Oberholser, Auk, XV, No. 1, Jan.,
1898, 32. (Beeville, Texas = Brownsville [collector's label reads
"Bville" which was his abbreviation for Brownsville].)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas south to southern Tamaulipas
and Nuevo Leon. Winters south to southern Vera Cruz. [Allied races in
southern Mexico and Yucatan.]

• Amazilia salvini (Brewster). Salvia's Hummingbird. [439.1.]

Cyanomijia salvini Brew^ster, Auk, X, No. 3, July, 1S93, 214. (Nacosari,
Sonora, Mexico.)

Range. — Huachuca Moimtains, Arizona (Palmerlee, Cochise County, July 4,
1905),^ and eastern Sonora (Nacosari, March 31, 1887) ^ (only two specimens
known).

Genus HYLOCHARIS Boie.

Hijlocharis Boie, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May), col. 546.
Type, by subs, desig., Trochilus saphirinus Gmelin (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus BASILINNA Boie.

Basilinna Boie, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May), col. 546.
Type, by subs, desig., Trochilus leucotis Vieillot (Gray, 1855).

Hylocharis xSntusi (Lawrence) . Xantus's Hummingbird. [440.]

Amazilia xantusii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1860, 109.
(Cape San Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California, rarely north to lat. 29°.

1 Merrill, Bull. NuttaU Orn. Club., I, 1876, 88.

2 Bishop, Auk, XXIII, 1906, 336.
2 Brewster, Auk, X, 1893, 214.

184 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Hylocharis leucotis leuc6tis (Vieillot). White-eared Hummingbird. [440.1.]

Trochilus leucotis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXIII,
1818, 428. (au Bresil = Mexico.)

Range. — Tamaulipas, Chihuahua, and Sonora, Mexico, and the Chiricahua,
Huachuca, and Santa Rita mountains of southeastern Arizona south to
Guatemala. [An allied race occurs in Nicaragua.] ^

Genus CYNANTHUS Swainson.

Cynanthus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 441. Type,
by subs, desig., Cynanthus latirostris Swainson (Stone, 1907).

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson. Broad-billed Hummingbird. [441.]

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827,
441. (Table land? of Mexico.)

Range. — Mountains of southern Ai-izona, southwestern New Mexico, and
Nuevo Leon south to the City of Mexico and Guerrero.

Order TROGONIFORMES. Trogons.
Family TROGONIDAE. Trogons.

Genus TROGON Brisson.

Trogon Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 42; IV, 164. Type, by subs, desig., Trogon
viridis Linnaeus =Trogon strigilatus Linnaeus (Stone, 1907).

Trogon ambiguus ambiguus Gould. Coppery-tailed Trogon. [389.]

Trogon ambiguus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Ill, 1835, No. 27
[June 1], 30. (Northern Mexico.)

Range. — Mountains of southern Arizona (Huachuca, Santa Catalina,
eastern San Luis Mountains, and near Tombstone), and lower Rio Grande
Valley, Texas (Fort Brown) south through Mexico to Guerrero and Tepic.
Of rare occurrence in the United States. [An allied race occurs in the Tres
Marias Islands, Mexico.]

1 The birds of Arizona and northern Mexico have been separated as H. I.
borealis Griscom (Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 379, 1929, 10.)

ORDER CORACIIFORMES. 185

Order CORACIIFORMES. Kingfishers, Motmots,
Rollers, Bee-eaters, and Hornbills.

Suborder ALCEDINES. Kingfishers.

SuPERFAMiLY ALCEDINOIDEA. Kingfishers.

Family ALCEDINIDAE. Kingfishers.

Subfamily CERYLINAE. Typical Kingfishers.

Genus MEGACERYLE Kaup.

Megaceryle Kaup, Verh. naturhist. Vereins Hessen, II, 1848, 68. Type,
by subs, desig., Alcedo guttata Vigors = Ceryle guttulata Stejneger
(Sharpe, 1871). [Gray, 1855, designated Alcedo maxima as type of
Megaceryle Reichenbach, 1851, but not of Kaup, 1848.]

Subgenus STREPTOCERYLE Bonaparte.

Streptoceryle Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, II, No. 11, Aug., 1854, 320 (or
Consp. Volucr. Anisod., 1854, 10). Type, by subs, desig., Alcedo
torquata Linnaeus (Gray, 1855).

Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus). Eastern Belted Kingfisher. [390.]

Alcedo alcyo7i Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 115. Based on The
Kingfisher, Ispida Catesby, Carolina, I, 69. (in America = South
Carolina.)

Range — Breeds from Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, central Quebec,
southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to the southern border of United
States, and west to the base of the Rocky Mountains. Winters from British
Columbia, Nebraska, Ilhnois, Indiana, Ohio, and Virginia south to the West
Indies, Central America, Colombia, British Guiana, and Trinidad, and irreg-
ularly as far north as Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Ontario. Acci-
dental in Holland, Ireland, and the Azores.

Megaceryle alcyon caurina (Grinnell) . Western Belted Kingfisher. [390a.]

Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell, Univ. Cahf. Publ. Zool., V, No. 12,
March 5, 1910, 388. (Graveyard Point, Montague Island, Prince
WilUam Sound, Alaska.)

186 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska and Yukon Territory southwest of
the Rocky Mountains to San Diego County, California, and to Owens River
east of the southern Sierra Nevada. Winters from north-central California
and Idaho (casually) south throughout Lower Cahfornia and Arizona to
Sonera, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Durango.

• Megaceryle torquatatorquata (Linnaeus). Ringed Kingfisher. [390.1.]

Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 180. Based mainly
on Le Martin-pescheur hupe du Mexique, Ispida Mexicana cristata
Brisson, Orn. IV, 518. (in Martinica, Mexico = Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds throughout most of Mexico, Central America, and South
America to Paraguay and Bolivia. Casual in the Lower Rio Grande Valley,
Texas (Laredo, Texas ^), [Closely allied races occur in the Lesser Antilles and
South America.]

Genus CHLOROCERYLE Kaup.

Chloroceryle Kaup, Verh. naturhist. Vereins Hessen, II, 1848, 68. Type,
by subs, desig., Alcedo superciliosa Linnaeus =^. aenea Pallas
(Sharpe, 1871).

Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis (Sharpe). Texas Kingfisher. [391.]

Ceryle septentrionalis Sharpe, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 134.
(Lower California south to Panama; southwestern U. S. =Teapa,
Tabasco, Mexico.)

Range. — Along the Rio Grande Valley, Texas, as far as Valverde County
and north to Mason, Kerr, Bexar and Comal counties; also in southern Arizona
and southward throughout the mainland of Mexico to Yucatan. [Allied races
occur in tropical America.]

1 Stone, Auk, XI, 1894, 177.

ORDER PICIFORMES. 187

Order PICIFORMES. Woodpeckers, Jacamars,
Toucans, and Barbets.

Suborder PICI. Woodpeckers and Wrynecks.

Family PICIDAE. Woodpeckers.

Subfamily PICINAE. Typical Woodpeckers.

Genus COLAPTES Vigors.

Colaptes Vigors, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XIV, Pt. iii, 1826 (?) [read Dec.
23, 1825], 457 (note). Type, by orig. desig., Cuculus auratus Linnaeus.

Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker. [412«.]

Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs, Auk, XV, No. 2, April, 1898, 177. (Water-
town, Mass.)

Range. — Breeds from Canada east of the Rocky Mountains and north to
the limit of trees in Alaska and throughout the northern and central United
States south to the northern edge of the Lower Austral Zone; more or less
regularly resident except in the extreme northern parts of its range. South in
winter to the Gulf coast and southern Texas. Accidental in Greenland and
on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska.

Colaptes auratus auratus (Linnaeus). Southern Flicker. [412.]

Cuculus auratus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 112. Based on
The Golden-winged Woodpecker, Picus major, alis aureis Catesby,
Carolina, I, 18. (in Carolina = South Carolina.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the South Atlantic and Gulf states from
North Carolina to southern Florida and central Texas north to extreme
southern Illinois and Indiana, southeastern Missouri, and southeastern Kansas.

Colaptes cafer cafer (Gmelin). Northwestern Flicker. [413a.]

Picus cafer Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, p. 431. (ad caput bonae
spei = Bay of Good Hope, Nootka Sound, British Columbia.)

Range. — Northwest coast from Sitka, Alaska, to northern California
(Humboldt County), including most of southern British Columbia east to the
Kootenay district.

188 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. [413.]

Colaptes collaris Vigors, Zool. Journ., IV, No. 15, Oct. 1828-Jan. 1829,
354. (N.W. coast of America = Monterey, California.)

Range. — From southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and south-
western Saskatchewan east to the western portion of the Great Plains (South
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and western Texas), where it interbreeds exten-
sively with C. auratus, south to southern California and Mexico (to Zacatecas
and Diu-ango). In winter casually farther east, and south to northern Lower
California.

Colaptes cafer martirensis Grinnell. San Pedro Flicker. [4136.]

Colaptes cafer martirensis Grinnell, Auk, XLIV, No. 1, January 5, 1927,
67. (La GruUa, Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir, Lower California.)

Range. — ^Western slopes of the Sierra San Pedro Martir and Sierra Juarez,
northern Lower California, reaching the coast in winter.

Colaptes cafer rufipileus Ridgway. Guadalupe Flicker. [415.]

Colaptes mexicanus rufipileus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., II, No. 2, April, 1876, 191. (Guadeloupe = Guadalupe Island,
Lower California.)

Range. — -Now extinct. Formerly resident on Guadalupe Island, Lower
California.

Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway. Mearns's Gilded Flicker. [414a.]

Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV,
No. 9, Feb. 24, 1911, 32. (Quitovaquito, Arizona.)

Range. — Southwestern Arizona, southeastern California, Sonora, and
extreme northwestern Lower California, mainly along the borders of the
Colorado River and its tributaries.

Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens Anthony, San Fernando Flicker. [4146.]

Colaptes chrysoides brurmescens Anthony, Auk, XII, No. 4, Oct., 1895, 347.
(San Fernando, Lower California.)

Range. — Middle Lower California between lat. 28° and lat. 30°.

Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (Malherbe). Cape Gilded Flicker. [414.]

Geopicus (Colaptes) chrysoides Malherbe, Revue et Mag. Zool., ser. 2, IV,
[No. 12] Dec, 1852, 553. (I'Amerique Cape San Lucas, =Lower Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California, north locally to about lat. 28°.

ORDER PICIFORMES. 189

Genus CEOPHLOEUS Cabanis.

Ceophloeus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., XII, No. 5, May, 1862, 176. Type,
by orig. desig., Picus lineatus Linnaeus.

Subgenus PHLOEOTOMUS Cabanis and Heine.

Phloeotomus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., IV, Pt. ii, sig. 13, for July
11, 1863, 102. Type, by orig. desig., Picus pileatus Linnaeus.

Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Northern Pileated Woodpecker.
[405a.]

Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs, Auk, XV, No. 2, April, 1898, 176.
(Greenville, Maine.)

Range. — Transition and Canadian zones from Mackenzie, Manitoba, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
and Pennsylvania, and farther south in the Alleghanies.

Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus (Linnaeus). Southern Pileated Woodpecker.

[405.]

Picus pileatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113. Based mainly
on The larger red-crested Woodpecker, Picus niger maximus capite
rubro Catesby, Carolina, I, 17. (in America =South Carolina.)

Range. — Lower Austral forests of southern United States from southeastern
Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Oklahoma to northern Florida and the Gulf coast,
west to middle Texas.

Ceophloeus pileatus floridanus (Ridgway). Florida Pileated Woodpecker.

[4056.]

Phlccotomus pileatus floridanus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV,
No. 9, Feb. 24, 1911, 33. (Prevatt's Camp, 24 miles southwest of
Kissimmee, Florida.)

Range. — Central and southern Florida north to Orange County.

Ceophloeus pileatus picinus (Bangs). Western Pileated Woodpecker. [405c.]

Phlaoiomus pileatus picinus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, IV, 79,
April 2, 1910. (Sumas, British Columbia.)

Range. — Pacific coast district from southern British Columbia to Marin
Coimty, California, and along the Sierra Nevada to Fresno County, east to
Idaho and western Montana.

190 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus CENTURUS Swainson.

Cenlurus Swainson, Classif. Birds, II, [July 1] 1837, 310. Type, by
monotypy, Picus carolinus Linnaeus.

Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus) . Red-bellied Woodpecker. [409.]

Picus carolinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113. Based on The
Red-bellied Woodpecker, Picits ventre rubro Catesby, Carolina, I, 19.
(in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones of the eastern United States from
southeastern South Dakota, southeastern Miimesota, southwestern Ontario,
western New York, southern Pennsylvania (locally), and Delaware south to
central Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida Keys. Casual north to Colorado,
Massachusetts, and New York; accidental in Arizona and northwestern
Nebraska.

Centurus aurifrons (Wagler). Golden-fronted Woodpecker. [410.]

Picus Aurifrons "Lichtenst.," Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXII, 1829,
Heft V (May), col. 512. (Mexico.)

Range. — Central northern Texas south to the Valley of Mexico.

Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird. Gila Woodpecker. [411.]

Centurus urojnjgialis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 3,
May- June, 1854 [Oct. 20], 120. (Bill Williams Fork of Colorado River, New
Mexico =Arizona.)

Range. — Lower part of the Lower Austral Zone, from the Colorado Valley in
northeastern Lower California, southeastern California, and the extreme
southeastern corner of Nevada east through southern Arizona to southwestern
New Mexico and south through western Mexico to Nayarit and Jalisco.

Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grinnell. Cardon Woodpecker. [411a.]

Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grinnell, Condor, XXIX, No. 3, May
15, 1927, 168. (Mouth of Canon San Juan de Dios, within ten miles
east of El Rosario, near lat. 30°, Baja [ =Lower] California.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone, between lat. 28° and lat. 30°, across the
peninsula of Lower California and north along the western rim of the Colorado
Desert to about lat. 32°.

Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway. Brewster's Woodpecker. [4116.]

Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV,
No. 9, Feb. 24, 1911, 32. (Santiago, southern Lower California.)

ORDER PICIFORMES. 191

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to San Ignacio, and on
Santa Margarita Island.

GiaNus MELANERPES Swainson.

Melanerpcs Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
II, 1831 [1832], 316. Type, by orig. desig., Picus erythrocephalus
Linnaeus.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus). Red-headed Woodpecker. [406.]

Picus erythrocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113. Based
on The Red-headed Woodpecker, Picus capite toto ruhro Catesby,
Carolina, I, 20. (in America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Transition and Austral zones from southeastern British Columbia,
central Alberta, Manitoba, and southeastern Ontario south to the Gulf
coast and southern Florida, and from central Montana, central Wyoming,
central Colorado, New Mexico, and central Texas east to valleys of the
Hudson and Delaware; irregular in occurrence and local in New England and
southern New Jersey; irregularly migratory in the northern parts of its range.
Casual in Arizona, Utah, Nova Scotia, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick.

Genus BALANOSPHYRA Ridgway.

Balanosphyra Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, No. 9, Feb. 24,
1911, 34. Type, by orig. desig., Picus formicivorus Swainson.

Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora (Swainson). Ant-eating Woodpecker.

[407.]

Picus formicivorus Swainson, Philos, Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 439.
(Temascaltepec [Mexico].)

Range. — South-central Texas (Kerr County and the Chisos Mountains)
south throughout eastern and southern Mexico.

Balanosphyra formicivora aculeata (Mearns). Mearns's Woodpecker.
[407c.]

Melanerpes formicivorus aculeatus Mearns, Auk, VII, No. 3, July, 1890,
249. (Squaw Peak, central Arizona.)

Range. — Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas south over northwestern
Mexico to Durango.

Balanosphyra formicivora bairdi (Ridgway). California Woodpecker.
[407a.]

192 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Melanerpes formicivorus hairdi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 21,
1881, 34, 85. (California** western Mexico down to Colima at least =
Petaluma, California.)

Range. — Upper Austral and lower part of Transition zones of the Pacific
coast region from southwestern Oregon south to southern California.

Balanosphyra fonnicivora martirensis Grinnell and Swarth. San Pedro
Woodpecker. [407d.]

Balanosphyra fonnicivora martirensis Grinnell and Swarth, Condor,
XXVIII, No. 4, July 15, 1926, 176. (La Jolla, Sierra San Pedro
Mdrtir, Lower California.)

Range. — Mainly in the Upper Austral Zons of northwestern Lower Cali-
fornia from about lat. 30° north nearly to the United States boundary.

Balanosphyra formicivora angustifrons (Baird). Narrow-fronted Wood-
pecker. [4076.]

Melaner-pes formicivorus var. angustifrons Baird, in Cooper, Geol. Surv.
Calif., Orn., I, 1870, 405. (Cape San Lucas [Lower California].)

Range. — Cape region of Lower California.

[Additional races of B. formicivora occur in Central and northern South
America.]

Genus ASYNDESMUS Coues.

Asyndesmus Cotjes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVII] 1866, No. 1,
Jan.-March [June 11], 55. Type, by orig. desig., Picus torquatus
Wilson = Picus levris Gray.

Asyndesmus lewis Gray. Lewis's Woodpecker. [408.]

Picus Levois "Drapiez," Gray, Gen. Birds, III, 1849, App., 27. New
name for Picus torquatus Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 31. (No locality
mentioned = Montana, about lat. 46° N.)

Range. — Transition Zone from southern British Columbia and southern
Alberta to Arizona and New Mexico, and from the inner coast ranges of
California to the Black Hills, South Dakota, western Nebraska, western
Kansas, and eastern Colorado. In winter to extreme northern Lower Cali-
fornia, western Texas, and Chihuahua, Mexico, Casual in eastern Kansas and
Oklahoma; accidental in Rhode Island.

Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird.

Sphyrapicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xviii, xxviii, 80, 101. Type, by orig. desig.,
Picus varius Linnaeus.

ORDER PICIFORMES. 193

Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus) . Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. [402.]

Picus varius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 176. Based mainly on
The Yellow belly'd Woodpecker, Picus varitis minor ventro luteo
Catesby, Carolina, I, 21. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and upper part of Transition zones from
central Mackenzie, central Alberta, Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Cape
Breton Island south to central Missouri, central Indiana, northern Ohio, North
Carolina (mountains), and Massachusetts (mountains of northern Berkshire
Coimty); casually Connecticut. Winters from Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan,
and Massachusetts to the Gulf coast, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, western
Mexico (Jalisco), and western Panama. Casual or accidental in Wyoming,
eastern Colorado, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Croix.

Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. Red-naped Sapsucker. [402a.]

Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence,
Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxviii, 103. (Mimbres River,
New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Boreal and Transition zones; chiefly east of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade ranges, and from central British Columbia and southern
Alberta south to northeastern California, eastern Oregon, Montana, Wyoming,
central New Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona. Winters south to west-
central Mexico and Lower California. Casual in Kansas.

Sphyrapicus varius ruber (Gmelin). Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker.

[403a.]

Picus ruber Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, i, 1788, 429. Based on the Red-
breasted Woodpecker Latham, General Synops., I, 562. (in Cayenna =
Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island.)

Range. — Breeds from Alaska (Skag-\vay) south to western Oregon, chiefly
in the Canadian Zone. Winters south to Monterey, California.

Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell. Southern Red-breasted Sap-
sucker. [403.]

Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell, Condor, III, No. 1, Jan. 15, 1901, 12.
(Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California.)

Range. — Breeds in the mountains of California, from the Trinity and
Warner moimtains south to the San Jacinto Mountains, in the Canadian and
Transition zones. Winters in adjacent lowlands and south in northwestern
Lower CaUfornia to about lat. 30°.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus (Cassin). Williamson's Sapsucker. [404.]

Picus thyroideus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 12, Nov.-
Dec, 1851 [Feb. 17, 1852], 349. (CaUfornia = Georgetown, about
twelve miles from Sutter's Mill, Eldorado County.)

14

194 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the mountains from southern British Columbia through
Washington, Oregon and the Sierra Nevada to the San Jacinto Mountains,
chiefly in the Canadian Zone. Winters sparingly in adjacent lowlands and
south as far as lat. 31° in northern Lower California.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae (Malherbe). Natalie's Sapsucker. [404a.]

Picus Nataliae Malherbe, Journ. fiir Orn., II, No. 8, March, 1854, 171.
(Mexique.)

Range. — Boreal forests of the Rocky Mountain region from Montana to
central Arizona and central New Mexico. Winters from southern New Mexico
and western Texas south to Jalisco, Mexico.

Genus DRYOBATES Boie.

Dryobates Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), 977. Type,
by monotypy, Picus pubescens Linnaeus.

Subgenus DRYOBATES Boie.

Dryobates villosus septentrionalis (Nuttall). Northern Hairy Woodpecker.

[393a.]

Picus septentrionalis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, ed. 2, I,
1840, 684. (Northern parts of the continent as far as the 63d parallel
as weU as in the Oregon Territory = Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan,
Canada.)

Range. — Canadian Zone of northern North America, from central southern
Alaska, middle Yukon, central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and south-
eastern Quebec south to central Ontario, northern North Dakota, Montana,
and central British Columbia. South in winter to Nebraska.

Dryobates villosus terraenovae Batchelder. Newfoundland Woodpecker.
[393ff.]

Dryobates villosus terrcEnovce Batchelder, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, IV,
37, June 24, 1908. (Placentia, Newfoundland.)

Range. — Newfoundland.

Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnaeus). Eastern Hairy Woodpecker.
[393.]

Picus villos\is Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 175. Based on The
Hairy Woodpecker, Picus medius quasi villosus Catesby, Carolina, 1, 19.
(in America septentrionali = New Jersey.)

Range. — 'Transition and Upper Austral zones of northeastern United States
and southern Canada, from Manitoba, central North Dakota, south-central

ORDER PICIFORMES. 195

Ontario, central southern Quebec, and Magdalen Islands to western North
Carolina, and central Texas, west to eastern Colorado.

Dryobates villosus auduboni (Swainson). Southern Hairy Woodpecker.
[3936.]

Picus Audubonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 306. (Georgia.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of South Atlantic and Gulf states from
southeastern Missoiui, southern Illinois, southeastern Virginia, and northern
Alabama to southeastern Texas and southern Florida.

Dryobates villosus sitkensis Swarth. Sitka Hairy Woodpecker. [393i.]

Dryobates villosus sitkensis Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., VII, No. 9,
October 9, 1911, 315. (Etolin Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Coast region of southeastern Alaska and northern British
Columbia.

Dryobates villosus picoideus Osgood. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker.

[393/.]

Dryobates picoideus Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 21, 1901, 44. (Cum-
shewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia.)

Range. — Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

Dryobates villosus harrisi (Audubon). Harris's Woodpecker. [393c.]

Picus Harrisi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, 1838, pi. 417, figs. 8, 9
(Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 191). (Columbia River = near Fort Vancouver,
Washington.)

Range. — 'Humid coast belt of southern British Columbia south to Humboldt
County, California.

Dryobates villosus hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine. Cabanis's Woodpecker.
[393d.]

Dryobates hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., IV, Ft. ii, sig.
9, for June 20, 1863, 69 (note). San Jose, California.)

Range. — Coast district of California from Mendocino County southward,
mountains of southern California, and the southern Sierra Nevada east to the
White Mountains of California.

196 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Dryobates villosus scrippsae Huey. Lower California Hairy "Woodpecker.

[393^-.]

Dryobates villosus scrippsae Huey, Trans. San Diego Sec. Nat. Hist., V,
No. 1, Feb. 20, 1927, 9. (La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir, Lower
California, Mexico, alt. 7500 ft.)

Range. — Sierra Judrez and Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir, Lower California.

Dryobates villosus orius Oberholser. Modoc Woodpecker. [393^'.]

Dryobates villosus orius Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, No.
1840, June 3, 1911, 597, 609. (Quincy, California.)

Range. — Sierra Nevada of central California north to Oregon and south-
central Washington and east to Nevada. Casual in winter to western Wash-
ington.

Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy Wood-
pecker. [393e.]

Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony, Auk, XV, No. 1, Jan., 1898, 54.
New name for Dryobates v. montana Anthony, Auk, XIII, No. 1,
Jan, 1896, 32. (Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to Montana,
west to Utah (Uintah Mountains) = Boulder County, Colorado.)

Range. — Canadian and Transition zones of the Rocky Mountains from
central British Columbia, eastern Washington, and Montana south to eastern
Utah and northern New Mexico, and east to western Nebraska and western
South Dakota. Casual in southeastern Alaska.

Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser. White-breasted Wood-
pecker. [393Z.]

Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL,
No. 1840, June 3, 1911, 597, 608. (Bui-ley, New Mexico.)

Range. — Arizona and New Mexico to central western Texas and southern
Utah.

Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser. Chihuahua Woodpecker. [393A.]

Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus., XL, No.
1840, June 3, 1911, 597, 612. (El Salto, Durango, Mexico.)

Range. — Southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona, south over
northwestern Mexico to Zacatecas, Coahuila, and Jalisco.

[Additional races of D. villosus occur in Mexico and Central America.]

Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson). Northern Downy Wood-
pecker. [394c.]

Picus {Dendrocopus) medianus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 308. (New Jersey.)

ORDER PICIFORMES. 197

Range. — Canadian and Transition zones of the central parts of eastern
North America from southeastern Alberta, Manitoba, southern Ungava, and
Newfoundland south to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Tennessee, and Virginia.
Casual west to eastern Colorado.

Dryobates pubescens pubescens (Linnaeus) . Southern Downy Woodpecker.
[394.]

Picus pubescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 175. Based on
The smallest Spotted Woodpecker, Picus varius minimus Catesby,
Carohna, I, 21. (in America septentrionaU = South Carolina.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the South Atlantic and Gulf states, from
Florida to eastern Texas, north to Oklahoma and North Carolina.

Dryobates pubescens nelsoni Oberholser. Nelson's Downy Woodpecker.

[394d.]

Dryobates pubescens nelsoni Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII,
No. 1080, June 24, 1896, 549. (Nulato, Alaska.)

Range. — Canadian Zone from northwestern Alaska and southwestern
Mackenzie to southern Alaska, extreme northern British Columbia, and
central Alberta; casually farther east, probably to northern New England.

Dryobates pubescens leucurus (Hartlaub), Batchelder's Woodpecker.

[3946.]

Picus leucurus Hartlaub, Naumannia, II, Heft 2, 1852, 55. (Rocky
Mountains.)

Range. — Canadian and Transition zones from the Kenai Peninsula, southern
Alaska, and British Columbia east of Cascade range (casual on the coast) to
eastern California, eastern Montana, western Nebraska, central Colorado,
New Mexico, and Arizona.

Dryobates pubescens gairdneri (Audubon). Gairdner's Woodpecker.

[394a..]

Picus Gairdnerii Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 317. (No locality given
= Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Humid Transition Zone of the Pacific coast from southern British
Columbia south to Mendocino County, California. Casually farther in winter.

Dryobates pubescens turatii (Malherbe). Willow Woodpecker. [394e.]

Picus Turati Malherbe, Monogr. Picidees, I, 1860, 125 (pi. 28, figs. 1-3).
(Near Monterey, California.)

Range. — Upper Austral and Transition zones of California (except on
northwest coast and desert ranges).

198 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Dryobates scalaris symplectus Oberholser. Texas "Woodpecker. [396.]

Dryobates scalaris symplectus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLI,
No. 1847, June 30, 1911, 140, 155. (Mouth of Nueces River, Texas.)

Range. — Texas east of the Pecos River and mainly west of the 97th merid-
ian, southeastern Colorado, and south into Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and
Coahuila.

Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser. Cactus Woodpecker. [3966.]

Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLI,
No. 1847, June 30, 1911, 140, 152. (Tucson, Arizona.)

Range. — Central western Texas through New Mexico and Arizona to
extreme northeastern Lower California and southeastern California, north to
extreme southern Nevada and southwestern Utah, and south to northern
Durango.

Dryobates scalaris eremicus Oberholser. San Fernando Woodpecker.

[396c.]

Dryobates scalaris eremicus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLI,
No. 1847, June 30, 1911, 141, 151. (San Fernando, Lower California,
Mexico.)

Range. — Northern Lower California from about lat. 29° north to lat. 32°.

Dryobates scalaris lucasanus (Xantus). San Lucas Woodpecker. [396a.]

Picus lucasanus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI] 1859, sig. 21-
23, Oct.-Nov. [Jan. 12, 1860], 298, (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower California, in Lower Austral deserts from Cape San Lucas
north to about lat. 29°.

[Additional races of D. scalaris occur in Mexico.]

Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel). Nuttall's Woodpecker. [397.]

Picus Nuttalii [sic] Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, Nos. 24-25,
March-April, 1843 [May 19], 259. (Near the Pueblo de los Angeles,
Upper California = Los Angeles, California.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone west of the southern Cascade Mountains and
the Sierra Nevada from southern Oregon to northwestern Lower California.

Dryobates arizonae arizonae (Hargitt). Arizona Woodpecker. [398.]

Picus arizonae Hargitt, Ibis, ser. 5, IV, No. 2, April, 1886, 115. (in
montibus Santa Rita, in Arizona dictis.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone in the mountains of southeastern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico, south through Sonora and Chihuahua to north-
western Durango. [A closely allied race occurs in southern Mexico.]

ORDER PICIFORMES. 199

Subgenus PHRENOPICUS Bonaparte.

Phrenopicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, II, No. 8, May, 1854, 123
(Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Type, by subs, desig., Picii^ queru-
lus Wilson = PiCM5 borealis Vieillot (Gray, 1855).

Dryobates borealis (Vieillot). Red-cockaded Woodpecker. [395.]

Piciis borealis Vieillot, Oiseaux Am6r. Sept., II, 1807 [1808 possibly 1809],
66 (pi. 122). (dans le nord des Etats-Unis = Southern States.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of South Atlantic and Gulf States north to
southeastern Virginia, Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Missouri.
Accidental in New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania.

Subgenus XENOPICUS Baihd.

XeTwpicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xviii, xxviii, 83, 96. Type, by monotypy,

Leuconerpes alholarvatus Cassin.

Dryobates albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin). Northern White-headed
Woodpecker. [399.]

Leuconerpes alholarvatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 5,
Sept.-Oct., 1850 [Dec. 7], 106. (near Sutter's Mill, Calif ornia = Oregon
Canon, near Georgetown, 12 miles from Sutter's Mill.)

Range. — Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada from Washington to
Kern County, California, and the inner coast ranges to Colusa County, east
to western Idaho and western Nevada; rarely in extreme southern British
Columbia.

Dryobates albolarvatus gravirostris (Grinnell). Southern White-headed
Woodpecker. [399a.]

Xenopicus gravirostris Grinnell, Condor, IV, No. 4, July 17, 1902, 89.
(Camp Chileo, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, California.)

Range. — Ti-ansition Zone of the mountains of southern Cahf ornia (San
Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, and Cuyamaca ranges).

Genus PICOIDES Lacepede.

Picaides Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 7. Type, by subs, desig.,
Picus tridactylus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Picoides arcticus (Swainson). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. [400.]

Picus {Apternus) arcticus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 (1832), 313. (near the sources of the
Athabasca River, lat. 57° N., the eastern declivity of the Rocky
Mountains.)

200 CHECK-LIST OF NOETH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Canadian Zone, from central Alaska, Yukon, northern Mackenzie,
northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec south to Oregon, the Sierra Nevada
of California (Mariposa County), Montana, Wyoming (Black Hills), northern
Minnesota, Michigan, northern Ontario, northern New York, Vermont, New
Hampshire, and Maine. Casual in winter in Nebraska, Wisconsin, Michigan,
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut, southern New York,
Pennsylvania, and northern New Jersey.

Picoldes tridactylus bacatus Bangs. American Three-toed Woodpecker.

[401.]

Picoides americaniis bacatus Bangs, Auk, XVII, No. 2, April, 1900, 136.
(Bangor, Maine.)

Range. — -Hudsonian and Canadian zones from Labrador and northern
Quebec, southern Mackenzie, and northern Manitoba to northern Minnesota,
northern Michigan, central Ontario, northern New York, New Hampshire, and
Maine. Casual in winter in Massachusetts, southern Ontario, southern Wis-
consin, and southern British Colimibia.

Picoides tridactylus dorsalis Baird. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. [4016.]

Picoides dorsalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxviii, 97, 100. (Laramie Peak
[Wyoming].)

Range. — Boreal forests of the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana
and Wyoming to the high mountains of Arizona and New Mexico.

Picoides tridactylus fasciatus Baird. Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker.

[401o.]

Picoides Americanus var. fasciatus Baird, in Cooper, Geol. Surv. Calif.,
Orn., I, 1870, 385. (No locality mentioned = Fort Simpson, Mackenzie
River.)

Range. — Hudsonian and Canadian zones from Alaska, Yukon, and western
Mackenzie through Alberta and western Saskatchewan to southern British
Columbia, Washington, Oregon, northern Idaho, and northern Montana.

[Additional races of P. tridactylus occur in northern Europe and Asia.]

Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray.

Canipephilus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 54. Type, by orig. desig.,
Pic us jmncipalis Linnaeus.

ORDER PICIFORMES, 201

Campephilus principalis (Linnaeus). Ivory-billed "Woodpecker. [392.]

Picus principalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113. Based on
The Largest White-bill Woodpecker, Picus maxitmis rostro albo Cates-
BT, Carolina, I, 16. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Formerly the South Atlantic and Gulf states from Texas to North
Carolina, north in the Mississippi Valley to Oklahoma, Missouri, southern
Illinois, and southern Indiana; now greatly restricted; reported as occurring
locally in small numbers in central Florida, and possibly in southern Missouri,
southern Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Order PASSERIFORMES. Perching Birds.

Suborder TYRANNI. Songless Perching Birds.

Family COTINGIDAE. Cotingas.

Genus PLATYPSARIS Sclater.

Platypsaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXV, 1857, No. 331 [July 14],
72. Type, by orig. desig., Pachyramphus lati.ostris Bonaparte.

• Platypsaris aglaiae albiventris (Lawrence). Xantus's Becard. [441.1.]

Hadrostomus albiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII,
1867, 475. (Western Mexico, Plains of Colima.)

Range. — Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (one record, June 20, 1888) ,i south
through western Mexico to Oaxaca; also Nuevo Leon. [Additional races occur
in Mexico and Central America.]

Family TYRANNIDAE. Tyrant Flycatchers.

Genus TYRANNUS Lacepede.

Tyrannus Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 5. Type, by tautonymy,
Lanius tyrannus Linnaeus.

Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. [444.]

Lanius Tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 94. Based
mainly on The Tyrant, Muscicapa corona rubra Catesby, Carolina, I,
55. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south

1 Price, Auk, V, 1888, 425.

202 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

to central Nevada, northern New Mexico, southeastern Texas, and southern
Florida. Winters from southern Mexico to Colombia, British Guiana, Peru,
and Bolivia. Casual in Cuba in migration; accidental in southwestern Green-
land.

Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis (Gmelin). Gray Kingbird. [445.]

Lanius dominicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 302. Based
largely on Le Tyran de S. Domingue, Tyrannus dominicensis Brisson,
Orn., II, 394. (in insula S. Dominici et Jamaica = Santo Domingo. )i
Range. — Breeds from the coast of southeastern South Carolina (rarely)
and Georgia to southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Haiti, and Jamaica. Migrates along the coast of Middle America from
Cozumel Island to Panama, and winters in northern South America (Venezuela
and Colombia). Accidental in British Columbia (Vancouver Island), Massa-
chusetts, New York (Long Island), and southern New Jersey. [An allied race
occurs in the Lesser Antilles.]

Tyrannus melancholicus couchi Baird. Couch's Kingbird. [446.]

Tyrannus couchii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxx, 170, 175. (San Diego and New
Leon, Mexico = Nuevo Leon, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, south through
northeastern Mexico to Vera Cruz and Puebla. Ranges farther south in
winter.

• Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus Berlepsch. Lichtenstein's King-

bird. [446a.]

Tyrannus chloronotus Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 474. (Temax,
Yucatan.)

Range. — Southern Mexico from southern Vera Cruz southward to Colombia,
Venezuela, and the lower Amazon Valley in Brazil. Accidental in Grenada,
Cuba, Maine (Scarborough, October 31, 1915),^ and British Columbia (Van-
couver Island, February, 1923).^

• Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson. West

Mexican Kingbird. [4466.]
Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson, Novitates
Zool., XXIV, Pt. 2, 1917, 412. (San Bias, Tepic, Mexico.)

Range. — Western Mexico in Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, and Guerrero.
Accidental in Jefferson County, Washington, Nov. 18, 1916.^

[Additional races of T. melancholicus occur in southwestern Mexico and
South America.]

1 Sitta curvirostris Hermann (Tabula Affin. Anim., 1783, 204) has been urged
as an earlier name applicable to this species.

2 Norton, Auk, XXXIII, 1916, 382.
sKermode, Condor, XXX, 1928, 251.

* van Rossem, Condor, XXXI, 1929, 182.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 203

Tjnrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird. [447.]

Tyrannus verticalis Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 60 (note).
(Ash River, near Rocky Mts. = near La Junta, Colorado.)

Range. — -Breeds mainly in Austral zones from southern British Columbia,
southern Alberta, and southern Manitoba south to northern Lower California
and Chihuahua, east to western Minnesota, western Iowa, central Kansas,
Oklahoma, and western Texas. Winters from western Mexico to Nicaragua.
Accidental in Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, Massachusetts,
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and Florida.

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson. Cassin's Kingbird. [448.]

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci., XX, 1826, 273.
(Temascaltepec, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones from central Cali-
fornia and central Montana south to Michoacan and Jalisco, Mexico, and east
to eastern Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas. Winters from central
California and northern Mexico to Guatemala. Casual in Oregon.

Genus MUSCIVORA Lacepede.

Muscivora Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 5. Type, by subs, desig.,
Muscicapa forficata Gmelin (Fischer, 1813).

• Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus). Fork-tailed Flycatcher. [442.]

Muscicapa Tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 325. Based
on Le Tyran a queue fourchue, Tyrannus Cauda bifurca Brisson, Orn.,
II, 395. (in Canada, Surinamo = Cayenne.)

Range. — Southern Mexico to northern Patagonia. Accidental in Missis-
sippi (Natchez, August, 1822), i Kentucky (near Henderson, late October), i
New Jersey (Camden, June, 1832, i Bridgeton, December, 1820,^ Trenton,
autumn, 1900),^ Massachusetts (Martha's Vineyard, October 22, 1916),* and
Maine (Marion, Washington County, December 1, 1908).*

Muscivora forficata (Gmelin). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. [443.]

Muscicapa forficata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 931. Based
mainly on the SwallowtaUed Fly-catcher Latham, General Synops., II,
356. (in nova Hispania = Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Nebraska to southern Kansas and southern
Texas, casually to southwestern Missouri, western Arkansas, and western

1 Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 387.

2 Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., I, 1825, 1.

^ Babson, Birds of Princeton, 1901, 56.
" Foster, Auk, XXXIV, 1917, 337.
6 Knight, Auk, XXVII, 1910, 80.

204 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Louisiana. Winters from southern Mexico to Panama. Accidental locally
from Colorado, northern Manitoba, Ontario, Hudson Bay, and New Brunswick
south to Florida.

Genus PITANGUS Swainson.

Pitangus Swainson, Zool. Journ., Ill, No. 10, April-Sept., 1827, 165.
Type, by orig. desig., Tyrannus sulphuratus Vieillot = Lanius sul-
phuratus Liiwaeus.

Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus (Kaup). Derby Flycatcher. [449.]

Saurophagus Derbianus Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIX, 1851, No. 221
[Oct. 28, 1852], 44 (pi. xxxvi). (Zacatecas in Mexico.)

Range. — Valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas, south to the Caribbean
slope of western Panama. Accidental in California. [Allied races occur in
Central and South America.]

Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte.

Myiodynastes Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, II, 1857, 35.
Type, by monotypy, Muscicapa audax Gmelin.

Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rossem. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
[451.]

Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rossem, Condor, XXIX, No. 2,
March 15, 1927, 126. (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds in high mountains of southern Arizona and probably ad-
jacent parts of Mexico. Migrates through Central America and winters prob-
ably in western South America. [A closely allied race occurs from southern
Mexico to Bolivia.]

Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis.

Myiarchus Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg., X, Pt. i, 1844, 272. Type, by
subs, desig., Muscicapa fer ox Gmelin (Gray, 1847).

Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs. Northern Crested Flycatcher. [452a.]

Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs, Auk, XV, No. 2, April, 1898, 179.
(Scituate, Mass[achusetts].)

Range. — Breeds from the upper edge of the Transition Zone in southern
Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to
southern Texas and South Carolina. Winters from eastern and southern
Mexico to Panama and Colombia. Accidental in Wyoming and Cuba.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 205

Myiarchus crinitus crinitus (Linnaeus). Southern Crested Flycatcher. [452.]

Turdus crinitus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 170. Based on The
Crested Fly-Catcher, Muscicapa cristata, ventre luteo Catesby, Caro-
lina, I, 52. (in America = South Carolina.)

Range .^ — -Peninsular Florida, north along the Atlantic coast to southern
South Carolma. Winters in southern Florida and the Florida Keys, possibly
in Central America.

Myiarchus tyrannulus magister Ridgway. Arizona Crested Flycatcher. [453.]

Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II,

90, April 10, 1884. (Camp Lowell, Arizona, Tehuantepec, Mexico =
Camp Lowell.)

Range. — Southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south through
western Mexico to Oaxaca and Chiapas. Casual in Lower California.

Myiarchus tyrannulus nelsoni Ridgway. Mexican Crested Flycatcher. [453a.]

Myiarchus magister nelsoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt.
iv, 1907, 903. (Alta Mira, Tamauhpas, Mexico.)

Range. — Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, south through eastern and
southern Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, and Salvador.

[Additional races of M. t]jrannulus occur in the West Indies and Guiana.]

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence). Ash-throated Flycatcher.

[454.]

Tyrannula cinerascens Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1851,
121. ([Between San Antonio and the Rio Grande] Western Texas.)

Range. — -Breeds from Washington, northern Utah, central Colorado, and
northern Texas to northern Lower California (lat. 30°), Sinaloa, Durango,
and Tamaulipas. Accidental in northern Wyoming and northern Colorado.
Winters south to Guatemala and Yucatan.

Myiarchus cinerascens pertinax Baird. Lower California Flycatcher. [4546.]

Myiarchus pertinax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI] 1859, No.
21-23, Oct.-Nov. [Jan. 12, 1860], 303. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower
California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to lat. 28° 30'.

Myiarchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway. Olivaceous Flycatcher. [455a.]

Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II,

91, April 10, 1884. (Sta. Efigenia, Tehuantepec = Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca, Mexico.)

Range. — Southern Arizona south through western Mexico to Oaxaca.
Accidental in Colorado. [Additional races occur in Mexico and Central
and South America.]

206 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus SAYORNIS Gray.

Sayornis Gray, Catal. Genera and Subgenera Birds, 1855, 146. Type, by
orig. desig., Musdcapa say a Bonaparte.

Sayornis phoebe (Latham) . Eastern Phoebe. [4.56.]

Musdcapa Phoebe Latham, Index Orn., II, 1790, 489. (Noveboraco
= New York.)

Range. — Breeds from central western Mackenzie, central Manitoba,
central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island south to northeastern New Mexico, central Texas, northern
Mississippi, and the highlands of Georgia. Winters in the United States chiefly
south of lat. 37° (casually to Pennsylvania), south to Vera Cruz and Oaxaca.
In migration casually west to eastern Colorado and Wyoming; accidental in
California, Lower California, and Cuba.

Sayornis nigricans nigricans (Swainson). Black Phoebe. [458.]

Tyrannula nigricans Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 5, May, 1827,
367. (Tableland of Mexico.)
Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones from southwestern
Oregon through California west of the Sierra Nevada and east through southern
California and Arizona to southern Utah, southern New Mexico, and central
Texas, and through Mexico (except Lower California, the Gulf coast, and Yuca-
tan) to Chiapas. Casual in winter to Costa Rica.

Sayornis nigricans salictaria Grinnell. San Quintin Phoebe. [458a.]

Sayornis nigricans salictaria Grinnell, Auk, XLIV, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1927,

68. (San Jose, lat. 31°, 2500 ft. altitude. Lower California.)

Range. — Chiefly in the Upper Austral Zone of northern Lower California
from about lat. 30° north to the United States border and also in southern
Arizona.

Sayornis nigricans brunnescens Grinnell. San Lucas Phoebe. [4586.]

Sayornis nigricans brunnescens Grinnell, Auk, XLIV, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1927,

69. (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to about lat. 29°.

Sayornis saya saya (Bonaparte). Say's Phoebe. [457.]

Musdcapa saya Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., I, 1825, 20 (pi. 11, fig. 3).
(Arkansaw River, about twenty miles from the Rocky Mountains =
near Pueblo, Colorado.)
Range. — Breeds from central Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern
Alberta, central Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and central North Dakota south to

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 207

southern California, Arizona, southern New Mexico, Sonora, and Chihuahua
and east to western Iowa (casually) and central Kansas. Winters from central
California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas to
Vera Cruz and Puebla. Accidental in Wisconsin, Missouri, Illinois, New York,
and Massachusetts.!

Sayomis saya quiescens Grinnell. San Jose Phoebe. [457a.]

Sayornis sayus quiescens Grinnell, Condor, XXVIII, No. 4, July 15,
1926, 180. (San Jose, 2500 ft. altitude, latitude close to 31°, about 45
miles northeast of San Quintin, Lower California, Mexico.)

Range. — Northern section of the Lower California peninsula, from lat. 30°
north to the United States boundary. Ranges more widely in winter, casually
to the Colorado delta.

Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis.

Empidonax Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., Ill, No. 18, Nov., 1855, 480. Type,
by monotypy, Tyrannula pusilla Swainson = Tyrannula minima
Baird.

Empidonax flaviventris (Baird and Baird). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. [463.]

Tyrannula flaviventris W. M. and S. F. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
I, No. 28-29 July-Aug., 1843 [Sept. 18], 283. (Cumberland Co., Pa. =
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from northern British Columbia,
southern Mackenzie, central Manitoba, central Quebec, and Newfoundland
south to central Alberta, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, New York,
northern Pennsylvania, southern New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. West in
migration to the eastern border of the Plains, eastern Texas, and eastern Mex-
ico; winters from southern Mexico and Guatemala to Panama. Occasional in
western Florida; accidental in Greenland.

Empidonax virescens (Vieillot) . Acadian Flycatcher. [465.]

Platyrhynchos virescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,
XXVII, 1818, 22. (New name for Muscicapa querula Wilson, Amer.
Orn. II, pi. 13, fig. 3, 1810.) (No locality given = near Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds from the northern limit of Upper Austral Zone in north-
eastern Nebraska, central Iowa, southern Michigan, southeastern Ontario, New
York, southern Vermont (casually), and Massachusetts (casually) south to
southern Texas, the Gulf States, and central Florida. Migrates through
Yucatan and Central America, casually to the Bahamas and Cuba; winters in
Colombia and Ecuador.

! The bird of the Yukon VaUey, Alaska, has been separated as S. s. yukonensis
Bishop (Auk, XVIII, 1900, 115).

208 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Empidonax traflli brewsteri Oberholser. Little Flycatcher. [466.]

Empidonax trailUi brewsteri Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., XVIII, No. 3,
Jan., 1918, 93. (Cloverdale, Nye County, Nevada.)

Range. — Breeds from extreme southwestern British Columbia, northern
Washington, central Idaho, and central Wyoming south to northern Lower
California, southern New Mexico, central Texas, and Durango. Winters from
Nicaragua and Costa Rica to Brazil, Bolivia, and northern Argentina.^

Empidonax trailli traflli (Audubon). Alder Flycatcher. [466a.]

Musdcapa TrailUi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), I, pi. 45, 1828 (Orn.
Biog., I, 1831, 236). (skirts of the woods along the prairie lands of the
Arkansas River.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones from central
Alaska, northern British Columbia, northwestern Mackenzie, northern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to
sotithern British Columbia, northwestern Montana, northeastern Colorado,
central Arkansas, and Kentucky, and to the mountains to West Virginia,
western Maryland, and Pennsylvania; also in Connecticut and northern New
Jersey. Winters from Yucatan, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to Colombia and
Ecuador.

Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird). Least Flycatcher. [467.]

Tyrannula minima W. M. and S. F. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I,
No. 28-29, July-Aug., 1843 [Sept. IS], 284. (Cumberland Co., Pa. =
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from west-central
Mackenzie, central Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south
to central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa,
Indiana, northern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, and in the Alleghanies
to North Carolina. In migration west to eastern Colorado and central Texas;
winters from northeastern Mexico and Yucatan to Panama. Accidental in
Peru and Grand CajTnan Island, West Indies.

Empidonax hammondi ( Xantus) . Hammond's Flycatcher. [468.]

Tyrannula hammondii DeVesey [ = X.-usttus], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
[X] 1858, sig. 7-9, April-May [after April 19], 117. (Fort Tejon,
California.)

Range. — Breeds in Transition and Canadian zones from southeastern
Alaska, southern Yukon, and southern Alberta to the Sierra Nevada, central

1 This is the "Traill's Flycatcher" of the Third edition of the Check-List.
It seems best in view of the confusion in the use of the name trailli (cf . Oberhol-
ser, op. cit.) to abandon the English name "Traill's" entirely and to revert to
the old name. Little Flycatcher, for this form and retain Alder Flycatcher for
the other.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. ' 209

California and Colorado. Winters from northern Mexico to the highlands of
Guatemala.

Empidonax wrighti Baird. Wright's Flycatcher. [469.]

Empidonax urightii BArRD, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 200. (El Paso, Texas.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Canadian zones from central British
Columbia, Yukon (casually), and west-central Saskatchewan south to southern
California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas, and east to the eastern
base of the Rocky Mountains. Winters from northern Mexico to Guatemala.

Empidonax griseus Brewster. Gray Flycatcher. [469.1.]

Empidonax griseiis Brewster, Auk, VI, No. 2, AprU, 1889 (separates
publ. Jan. 31), 87. (La Paz, Lower California.)

Range.— Breeds in the Great Basin from northeastern Colorado to eastern
Oregon and extreme eastern California. Winters from southern California
and southern Arizona south in Lower California and Mexico to Puebla and
Nayarit.

Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird. Western Flycatcher. [464.]

Empidonax difficilis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Repl. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxx, 198. (West coast; Ft. Steilacoom,
Ft. Tejon = Fort Tejon, California.)

Range. — Breeds from Glacier Bay, Alaska, southeastern British Columbia,
Montana, and southwestern South Dakota to southern California and western
Texas. Winters in Mexico south to Cape San Lucas, the Tres Marias Islands,
and Oaxaca.

Empidonax difficilis cineritius Brewster. San Lucas Flycatcher. [464a.]

Empidonax cineritius Brewster, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 90. (La
Laguna [ = Sierra de la Laguna], Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds in the mountains of the Cape district of Lower California
north to the Sierra San Pedro Martir.

[An additional race of E. difficilis occurs in Mexico.]

Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaeus CouES. Buff-breasted Flycatcher. [470o.]

Empidonax pygmaeus Coues, Ibis, n. s. [= ser. 2], I, No. 4, Oct., 1865,
537. (Fort Whipple, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds in the mountains of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and
Chihuahua to Sinaloa and Durango. Winters south of the United States to
Jalisco, Nayarit, Morelos, and Michoacan. [Closely allied races occur in
Mexico.]
15

210 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus MYIOCHANES Cabanis and Heine.

Myiochanes Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., II, sig. 9, for Sept. 30, 1859
[1860], 71. Type, by monotypy, Platyrhynchus cinereus Spix.

Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris (Chapman). Coues's Flycatcher. [460.]

Contopus pertinax pallidiventris Chapman, Auk, XIV, No. 3, July, 1897,
310. (Pima County, Arizona.)

Range. — Mountains of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south
through Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango to Nayarit. Accidental in Colo-
rado. [Allied races occur in Mexico and Central America.]

Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus). Eastern Wood Pewee. [461.]

Musdcapa virens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 327. Based on
Muscicapa Carolinensis cinerea, Le Gobemouche cendre de la Caroline
Brisson, Orn., II, 368. (in Carolina ad ripas = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern
Quebec, and Prince Edward Island to southern Texas and central Florida,
west to central Nebraska and west-central Texas. Winters from Nicaragua to
Colombia and Peru. Casual in Colorado; accidental in Cuba.

Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson). Western Wood Pewee.

[462.]

Tyrannula richardsonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 146 (pi. 46, lower fig.). (Cumberland
House [Saskatchewan].)

Range. — ^Breeds from central Alaska (casual at Point Barrow), southern
Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to northern Lower
California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas.
Migrates through Mexico and Central America; winters in Ecuador, Peru,
and Bolivia.

Myiochanes richardsoni peninsulas (Brew^ster). Large-biUed Wood Pewee.

[462a.]

Contopus richardsonii peninsulae Brewster, Auk, VIII, No. 2, April, 1891
(separates publ. Feb. 17), 144. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone of the Sierra de la Lagima,
Cape district of Lower California. Winters on the mainland of western
Mexico south to Oaxaca, casually to Costa Rica.

[An additional race of M. richardsoni occurs in southern Mexico.]

Genus NUTTALLORNIS Ridgway.

Nuttallornis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 337. Type, by
monotypy, Tyrannus borealis Swainson = Muscicapa mesoleuca
Lichtenstein.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 211

Nuttallomis mesoleucus (Lichtenstein). Olive-sided Flycatcher. [459.]

Muscicapa mesoleuca Lichtenstein, Preis-\'erz. . . . Vogel . . . Mex-
ico, etc., 1830, 3. (Oaxaca, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in Canadian and Transition zones from central Alaska,
southern Mackenzie, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec,
and Cape Breton Island south in coniferous forests of the western United
States to northern Lower California, New Mexico, Arizona, and western Texas;
also in northern Michigan, New York, northern New Jersey and Massachusetts
and south in the mountains to North Carolina. Migrates through Mexico and
Central America and winters in northern South America from Colombia to
Peru. Accidental in Greenland.^

Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould.

Pyrocephalus Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 1839, 44. Type, by monotypy,
Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould + Muscicapa coronata Gmelin =
Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert.

Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater. Vermilion Flycatcher. [471.]

Pyrocephalus mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXVII, 1859,
No. 386 [May], 45. (Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from southeastern California, southern
Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern Arizona, southern New
Mexico, and southern Texas (east to Brookshire), south to Lower Cahfomia and
southern Mexico. Accidental in Florida. [Alhed races occur in Yucatan,
South America, and the Galdpagos Islands.]

Genus CAMPTOSTOMA Sclater.

Camptostoma Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXV, 1857, No. 339 [Nov.
16], 203. Type, by orig. desig., Camptostoma imherbe Sclater.

Camptostoma imberbe Sclater. Beardless Flycatcher. [472.]

Cam.ptostoma imherbe Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXV, 1857, No.
339 [Nov. 16], 203. (in vicinitate urbis S. Andres Tuxtla, in rep.
Mexicana [Vera Cruz].)

Range. — Southern Arizona and valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas,
south through Mexico to Guatemala and northwestern Costa Rica.

1 A western race, N. m. majorinus Bangs and Penard, has been proposed
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXIV, 1921, 90).

212 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Suborder PASSERES. Song Birds.
Family ALAUDIDAE. Larks.

Genus ALAUDA Linnaeus.

Alauda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165. Type, by subs, desig.,
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus (Selby, 1825).

•• Alauda arvensis arvensis Linnaeus* Skylark. [473.]

Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 165. (in Europae
apricis = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Europe (except southeastern portion and southern Italy)
and the British Isles. Winters as far north as Germany. Accidental in
Greenland and Bermuda. Introduced and resident on Vancouver Island,
British Columbia; also introduced but not permanently established at several
localities in the United States, although for several years it was resident and
breeding on Long Island, New York. [Allied races occur in southern Italy,
Mediterranean countries, Siberia, China, and Japan.]

Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte.^

Otocoris Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bologna), II, 1838, 407.
Type, by monotypy, Phileremos cornutus Bonaparte = Alauda cornuta
Wilson = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus.

Otocoris alpestris arcticola Oberholser. Pallid Homed Lark. [474a.]

Otocoris alpestris arcticola Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV,
No. 1271, June 9, 1902, 816. (Fort Reliance, Yukon River, British
America.)

Range. — Breeds from Alaska (except Pacific coast strip) and in the upper
Yukon Valley, south on high mountains through British Columbia to Washing-
ton. Winters south to Oregon, Utah, and Montana.

Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop. Hoyt's Horned Lark. [474/c.]

Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop, Auk, XIII, No. 2, April, 1896, 130. (Can-
do, Towner County, North Dakota.)

Range. — Breeds from the mouth of the Mackenzie to the west shore of
Hudson Bay and south to northern Alberta and northern Manitoba. Winters
south to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, New York, and Connecticut.

^ Chionophilos "Petenyi," Brehm (Handbuch Liebh. Stuben- und Haus-
vogel, 1832, 296) is claimed to be tenable and an earlier name than Otocoris
Bonaparte.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 213

Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus). Northern Homed Lark. [474.]

A lauda alpestris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 166. Based mainly
on The Lark, Alauda gutture flavo Catesby, Carolina, I, 32. (in
America septentrionali = coast of South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in Canada from Hudson Strait south to the head of James
Bay, Labrador, southeastern Quebec (Gaspe), and Newfoundland. Winters
south to the Ohio Valley and Georgia and west to Manitoba. Casual in
Louisiana and Bermuda; accidental in Greenland.

Otocoris alpestris leucolaema (Coues). Desert Horned Lark. [474c.]

Eremophila alpestris var. leucolaema Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 38,
39. (Fort Randall [South Dakota].)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alberta to Nevada, northern New Mexico,
and western Texas. Winters south to southeastern California, northern
Low^er California, Chihuahua, and Sonora.

Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw. Prairie Homed Lark. [4746.]

Otocorys alpestris praticola Henshaw, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 264.
(Mt. Carmel and Richland Co., 111., and Gainesville, Texas = Richland
County, Illinois.)
Range. — Breeds from southern Manitoba and south-central Quebec to
eastern Kansas, central Missouri, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, and Con-
necticut. Winters south to Texas, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida (rarely),
and casually to Arizona and Colorado.

Otocoris alpestris giraudi Henshaw. Texas Horned Lark. [474d.]

Otocorys alpestris giraudi Henshaw, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 266.
(Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Texas = Corpus Christi.)

Range. — Coast of Texas and Tamaulipas from Galveston Bay to a little
south of the Rio Grande.

Otocoris alpestris strigata Henshaw. Streaked Homed Lark. [474g'.]

Otocorys alpestris strigata Henshaw, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 267. (Ft.
Steilacoom, Puget Sound, and Yuba Co., California = Fort Steilacoom,
Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in the Pacific coast belt of Washington and Oregon west of
the Cascades south to Siskiyou County, California. East in winter to eastern
Washington and Oregon and south to northern California.

Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwight. Dusky Horned Lark. [474i.]

Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwight, Auk, VII, No. 2, April, 1890, 153. (Ft.
Klamath, Oregon.)

214 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds chiefly in Transition Zone from southern British Columbia
and northwestern Idaho to northeastern California east of the Cascades and
in northwestern Nevada. Winters south to central California.

Otocoris alpestris insularis Townsend. Island Homed Lark. [474m.]

Otocoris alpestris insularis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII,
No. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 140. (San Clemente Island, California.) '

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California. Occurs in winter on the
neighboring mainland.

Otocoris alpestris actia Oberholser. California Homed Lark. [474e.]

Otocoris alpestris actia Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, No.
1271, June 9, 1902, 845. (Jacumba, San Diego County, California.)

Range. — San Francisco Bay to northern Lower California and east to thr"
San Joaquin Valley.

Otocoris alpestris enertera Oberholser. Magdalena Horned Lark. [474n.]

Otocoris alpestris enertera Oberholser, Prop. Biol. Soc. Wash., XX,
No. 8, March 27, 1907, 41. (Llano de Yrais (near Magdalena Bay),
Lower California.)

Range. — Central Lower California from Santa Rosalia Bay to Magdalena
Bay.

Otocoris alpestris rubea Henshaw. Ruddy Homed Lark. [474/.]

Otocorys alpestris nibeus Henshaw, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 267.
(Stockton, California.)

Range. — Sacramento Valley, California.

Otocoris alpestris occidentalis McCall. Montezuma Horned Lark. [474Z.]

Otocoris? occidentalis McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 9,
May- June, 1851 [Dec. 31], 218. (Near Santa Fe, New Mexico.)

Range. — Central Arizona and New Mexico, migrating into western Texas,
Sonora, and Chihuahua.

Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwight. Scorched Homed Lark. [47Ah.]

Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwight, Auk, VII, No. 2, April, 1890, 148.
(Camp [= Fort] Huachuca, Arizona.)
Range. — Central southern Arizona. In winter south into Sonora and
Chihuahua.

1 Townsend's name was first published by Dwight (Auk, VII, No. 2, April,
1890, 152).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 215

Otocoris alpestris ammophila Oberholser. Mohave Homed Lark. [474o.]

Otocoris alpestris ammopkila Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV,
No. 1271, June 9, 1902, 849. (Cosa [.= Coso] Valley, southeastern
California.)

Range. — Mohave Desert to Owens Valley, California. Ranging in winter
to extreme southern California and Nevada.

Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila Oberholser. Sonora Homed Lark. [474_/.]

Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV,
No. 1271, June 9, 1902, 845, 864. (Yuma, Arizona.)

Range. — Extreme southern Nevada south along the Colorado River in
western Arizona and eastern California to northeastern Lower California.^
[Additional races of O. alpestris occur in Mexico, Colombia, Europe, and Asia.]

Family HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows.

Gents CALLICHELIDON Baird.

Callichelidon Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 19, May, 1865, 303. Type,
by orig. desig., Hirundo cyaneoviridis H. Bryant.

• Callichelidon cyaneoviridis (Bryant). Bahama Swallow. [615.1.]

Hirundo cyaneoviridis H. Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII,
1859, 111. (Nassau, [New Providence, Bahamas].)

Range. — Bahama Islands. Accidental on Garden Key, Dry Tortugas
(April 7, 1890),2 and at Tarpon Springs, Florida (Sept. 3, 1890).^

Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis.

Tachycineta Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct. 1851 [1850?], 48. Type, by
subs, desig., Hirundo thalassina Swainson (Gray, 1855).

Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Violet-green Swallow. [615.]

Tachycineta lepida Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, No. 6, March 5,
1902, 31. (Campbell's ranch on the Laguna Mountains [Coast Range],
20 miles north of Campo, San Diego Co., California.)

1 The Horned Lark of Saskatchewan has been separated as 0. a. enthymia
Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 817), and that of the north-
ern Sierra Nevada, California, as 0. a. sierrae Oberholser (Condor, XXII,
1920, 34), while specimens from extreme southeastern Arizona have been re-
ferred to the Mexican 0. a. aphrasta Oberholser. 0. a. pallida Dwight
( = dwighti Stresemann) proves to be wholly Mexican.

2 Scott, Auk, VII, 1890, 265.

3 Brewster, Auk, XIV, 1897, 221.

216 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from central Alaska, Yukon, and central Alberta south to
northern Lower California and northern Durango, east to western South
Dakota and western Nebraska. Winters in Mexico south to Guatemala and
Costa Rica, migrating through western Texas. Accidental in Illinois.

Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster. San Lucas Swallow. [615a.]

Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
XLI, No. 1, Sept., 1902, 167. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Southern half of Lower California north to El Rosario and the
Sierra Juarez.

[An additional race of T. thalassina occurs in Mexico.]

Genus IRIDOPROCNE Coues.

Iridoprocne Coues, Birds Colo. Valley, 1878, 412. Type, by orig. desig.,
Hirundo bicolor Vieillot.

Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. [614.]

Hirundo bicolor Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 61 (pi. 31).
(Centre des Etats-Unis = New York.)

Range. — -Breeds from northwestern Alaska, southern and western Macken-
zie, northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec to southern California, Colorado,
Kansas, northeastern Arkansas, and Virginia. Winters from central Cali-
fornia, southern Texas, coast region of the Gulf and South Atlantic States, and
North Carolina (frequently to New Jersey) south over the greater part of
Mexico to Honduras and Cuba. Occasional in Bermuda in migration.

Genus RIPARIA Forster.

Riparia T. Forster, Synop. Catal. Brit. Birds, 1817, 17. Type, by mono-
typy, Riparia europaea Forster = Hirundo riparia Linnaeus.

Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow. [616.]

Hirundo riparia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192. (in Europae
coUibus arenosis abruptis = Sweden.)

Range.— Breeds from northern Alaska and northern Quebec south to south-
ern California, Arizona, Texas, central Alabama, and Virginia; also in Europe
and the British Isles, east to Siberia, and from lat. 70° N. south to Tunisia
and Algeria. Migrates through Mexico and Central America to Brazil and
Peru; casual in Tucumdn, Argentina; also to East and South Africa and India.
[Closely allied races occur in Egypt and northeastern Asia.]

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird.

Stelgidopteryx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, .xxxiv, 312. Type, by monotypy, Hirundo
serripenm's Audubon.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 217

Stelgidopteryx ruficoUis serripennis (Audubon). Rough-winged Swallow.

[617.]

Hirundo serripennis Audubon, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 593. (Charleston,
South Carolina.)

Range. — -Breeds from southern British Columbia, Montana, North Dakota,
Minnesota, central Wisconsin, southeastern Ontario, southern New York,
western Massachusetts, and Connecticut south to the southern United States
from southern California to central Florida, and to Vera Cruz and Jalisco.
Winters from southern Arizona and Mexico southward to Costa Rica. Casual
in Manitoba. [Additional races occur in Mexico and Central America.]

Genus CHELIDONARIA Reichenow.

Chelidonaria Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., XXXVII, No. 186, April, 1889,
187. Type, by orig. desig., Hirundo urbica Linnaeus.

• Chelidonaria urbica urbica (Linnaeus). European Martin. [615.2.]

Hirundo urbica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — -Breeds in Europe and Asia east to Turkestan. Winters in Africa
and northwestern India. Accidental in Greenland (east coast). ^ [Closely
allied races occur in northern Africa, Asia, and Japan]

Genus HIRUNDO Linnaeus.

Hirundo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 191. Type, by subs, desig.,
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert. Bam Swallow. [613.]

Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 45. Based on the
Hirondelle a ventre roux de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., 724, fig. 1.
(Cayenne.)

Range. — -Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie (Great
Bear Lake), southern Manitoba, and central Quebec south to southern Cali-
fornia, southern Texas (west of long. 97°), northern Arkansas, Tennessee,
northern Alabama, and North Carolina, and in Mexico south to Jalisco and
Nayarit. Migrates through the Bahamas and the West Indies and winters
from Mexico to Brazil, northern Argentina, and central Chile. Casual at St.
George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska; accidental in Greenland, the Galapagos,
and Bermuda .2

• Hirimdo rustica rustica Linnaeus. European Swallow. [613.1.]

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 191. (in Europae
domibus intra tectum = Sweden.)

1 Schalow, Vogel Arktis, 1904, 258.

2 Often regarded as a subspecies of the European H. rustica Linnaeus.

218 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds throughout Europe, northwestern Africa, and western
Asia. Winters south to India, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and
Africa. Accidental in Greenland (both coasts).^ [Closely allied races in Asia
and northeastern Africa.]

Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis.

Petrochelidon Cabanis, Mas. Hein., I, Oct., 1851 [1850?], 47. Type, by
subs, desig., Hirundo melanogaster Swainson (Gray, 1855.).

Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons (Rapines que). Northern Cliff Swallow.
[612.]

Hirundo albifrons Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n. s., I, No. 7, Feb. 14,
1822, 3. (Newport, Kentucky, and Madison, Indiana = Newport,
Kentucky.)

Range. — Breeds from central Alaska, the upper Yukon Valley, north-central
Mackenzie, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, Anticosti Island, and Cape
Breton Island south over nearly all of the United States except Florida and
the Rio Grande Valley (but only casually south of lat. 38° and east of long. 97°)
and along the coast district of western Mexico to Nayarit. Migrates through
Florida and Central America and probably winters in Brazil and Argentina.^

Petrochelidon albifrons tachina Oberholser. Lesser Cliff Swallow. [612a.]

Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI,
No. 7, Feb. 21, 1903, 15. (Langtry, Texas.)

Range. — Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande Valley, and through
eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz. Winter home not definitely known but un-
doubtedly in South America. Migrates through Costa Rica and Panama.

Petrochelidon albifrons melanogaster (Swainson). Mexican Cliff Swallow.

[6126.]

Hirundo melanogaster Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 5, May, 1827,
366. (Tableland of Mexico = Real del Monte [Hidalgo].)

Range. — Breeds in southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, Sonora,
and Chihuahua south over the Mexican tableland to Guatemala. Winter
home probably in South America.

• Petrochelidon fulva cavicola Barbour and Brooks. Cuban Cliff Swallow.

[612.1.]

Petrochelidon fulva cavicola Barbour and Brooks, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Club, VI [Jan. 13, 1917], 52. (San Antonio de los Banos, Prov.
Havana, Cuba.)

1 Schalow, Vogel Arktis, 1904, 258.

- The Cliff Swallow of the northwest has been separated as P. a. hypopolia
Oberholser (Canadian Field Naturalist, XXXIII, 1919, 95).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 219

Range. — Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. Accidental on Garden Key, Dry
Tortugas, Florida (March 22 and 25, 1890) .i

Petrochelidon fulva pallida Nelson. Coahuila Cliff Swallow. [612.1a.]

Petrochelidon fulva pallida Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, No. 43,
Oct. 10, 1902, 211. (Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.)

Range. — Coahuila and Tamaulipas, Mexico; north to Kerr County, Texas.

[Additional races of P. fulva occur in Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Haiti.]

Genus PROGNE Boie.

Progne Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), col. 971. Type,
by monotypy, Hirundo purpurea Linnaeus = H. subis Linnaeus.

Progne subis subis (Linnaeus). Purple Martin. [611.]

Hirundo Subis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192. Based on The
Great American Martin Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 120. (ad sinum
Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds from west-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern
Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia west to
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales), and south
to the Mexican boundary, the Gulf coast, Florida, Vera Cruz, and Jalisco.
Occurs in migration in Central America, Venezuela, and Guiana and winters in
Brazil. Accidental in Bermuda and the British Isles.

Progne subis hesperia Brewster. Western Martin. [611a.]

Progne subis hesperia Brewster, Auk, VI, No. 2, April (separates publ.
Jan. 31), 1889, 92. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower California, from lat. 31° to Cape San Lucas. Winter home
not definitely known; occurs in migration in Nicaragua.

• Progne cryptoleuca Baird. Cuban Martin. [611.1.]

Progne cryptoleuca Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 18, May, 1865, 277.
(Remedies, Cuba.)

Range. — Cuba; accidental in southern Florida.

Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin). Gray-breasted Martin. [611.2.]

Hirundo chalybea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 1026. Based mainly
on I'Hirondelle de Cayenne, Hirundo cayanensis Brisson, II, 495.
(in Cayenna = Cayenne.)

1 Scott, Auk, VII, 1890, 264.

220 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas south through
Mexico and Central America to Peru and northern Brazil. [An allied race
occurs in Bolivia and southern Brazil.]

Family CORVIDAE. Jays, Magpies, and Crows.
Subfamily GARRULINAE. Jays and Magpies.

Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte.

Perisoreus Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, XLIX, 1831, 42. Type, by
subs, desig., Corvus canadensis Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Perisoreus canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Jay. [484.]

Corvus canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 158. Based on
Le Geay brun de Canada, Garrulus Canadensis fuscus Brisson, Orn.,
II, 54. (in Canada.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from the limit of conifers in northern
Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, central Quebec, Labrador, and Newfoundland
south to central British Columbia, central Alberta, northern Minnesota,
Michigan, the Adirondack Mountains of New York, northern Maine, New
Hampshire, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Casual farther south in winter
to southern Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. ^

Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway. Rocky Mountain Jay. [484a.]

Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 11,
Nov., 1873, 193 (cf. also No. 12, Dec, 1873), 199. (Henry's Fork and
Ft. Benton, Wyoming Terr. = Henry's Fork, southwestern corner of
Sweetwater Co., Wyoming.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones of the Rocky Mountain region from south-
ern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern South Dakota south
to Arizona and New Mexico. Winters south to northwestern Nebraska.

Perisoreus canadensis fiimifrons Ridgway. Alaska Jay. [4846.]

Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill,
1880, 5 (month not recorded). (Coast of Alaska north of Sitka =
Nulato, Alaska.)
Range. — Wooded parts of Alaska except the coast district east and south of
the Alaska Peninsula.

1 The following proposed races have been separated from true canadensis:
P. c. nigricapillus Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 15), Labrador;
P. c. sanfordi Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVII, 1914, 49), New-
foundland and Nova Scotia; P. c. barbouri Brooks (Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, VII, 1920, 49), Anticosti Island, Quebec, and P. c. albescens Peters,
(Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, VII, 1920, 51), Red Deer River, Alberta.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 221

Perisoreus obscurus obsctirus Ridgway. Oregon Jay. [485.]

Perisoreus Canadensis var. obscurus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 11,
Nov., 1873, 194 (cf. also No. 12, Dec. 1873, 199). (Shoalwater Bay,
Washington Ter.)

Range. — Pacific coast from Western Washington to Mendocino County,
California.

Perisoreus obsciirus griseus Ridgway. Gray Jay. [485a.]

Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway, Auk, XVI, No. 3, Jul}', 1899, 255.
(Keechelus Lake, Kittinas [ = Kittitas] Co., Washington.)

Range. — Southwestern British Columbia, south-central Washington, and
Oregon through the Cascades to northern California (Mt. Shasta and the
Warner Mountains).

Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland.

Cyanocitta Strickland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, XV, No. 98,
April, 1845, 261. T>-pe, by orig. desig., Corvus crislatvs Linnaeus.

Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus). Northern Blue Jay. [477.]

Corvus cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 106. Based on The
Blew Jay, Pica glandaria caerulea cristata Catesby, Carolina, I, 15.
(in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alberta, northern Manitoba, Quebec, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south to central Illinois, Tennessee,
and Virginia, and west to western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, and central
Texas. Ranges farther south in winter. Casual in New Mexico.

Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues. Florida Blue Jay. [477a.]

Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 421.
(Florida = Welaka, Putnam Co.)

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf states from the coast of North Carolina to
northern Florida, and west to Louisiana.

Cyanocitta cristata semplei Todd. Semple's Blue Jay, [4776.]

Cyanocitta cristata semplei Todd, Auk, XLV, No. 3, July 6, 1928, 364.
(Cocoanut Grove, Florida.)

Range. — Central and southern Florida.

Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri (Gmelin). Steller's Jay. [478.]

Corvus Stelleri Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788,' 370. Based on Steller's
Crow Latham, Synops., I, Pt. i, 387. (in sinu Natka Americae borealis
= Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, B. C.)

222 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Pacific coast from the Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, south into Wash-
ington (including Vancouver and other coastal islands except the Queen
Charlotte Islands).

Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae Osgood. Queen Charlotte Jay. [478d.]

Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 21, Sept. 26,
1901, 46. (Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands,
B.C.)

Range. — Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

Cyanocitta steUeri carbonacea Grinnell. Coast Jay. [478e.]

Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell, Condor, II, No. 6, Nov. 16, 1900,
127. (Stevens' Creek Canon, Santa Clara Co., California.)

Range. — Humid Pacific coast strip from northern Oregon to the Santa
Lucia Mountains, California, east to the Gabilan, and the Mt. Diablo ranges
and mountains on the west side of Napa Valley.

Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (RiDGW ay). Blue-fronted Jay. [478a.]

Cyanura Stelleri var. Jrontalis Ridgway, Amer. Joum. Sci., ser. 3, V, No.
25, Jan., 1873, 41, 43. (the Columbia along the Sierra Nevada to
southern California = Carson City, Nevada.)

Range. — Canadian and Transition zones of both slopes of the Sierra Nevada
from Mt. Shasta south to the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego Co., California,
and also the inner coast ranges of northern California (west of Sacramento
Valley) from the Bully Choop Mountains south to Mt. St. Helena and Mt.
George (east of Napa Valley). Casual in northwestern Lower California.

Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird). Black-headed Jay. [478c.]

Cyanura stelleri var. annectens Baird, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. N. Amer. Birds, II, 1874, 281. (Headwaters of the Columbia
= Hell Gate, east of Missoula, Montana.)

Range. — 'Boreal and Transition zones of the Rocky Mountains from British
Columbia south to eastern Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming. Casual in Utah
and western Nebraska.

Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). Long-crested Jay. [4786.]

Cyanogarrulus diadematus Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 48, May
6, 1850 [Feb. 3, 1851], 377. (Ex Mexico mer. Zaoatecas = Zacatecas,
Mexico.)

Range. — Transition and Boreal zones of the southern Rocky Mountains
from the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and southern Wyoming to Chihuahua,
Sonora, Zacatecas, Jalisco, and Nayarit. Accidental in Quebec.

[Allied races of C. stelleri occur in Central America south to Nicaragua.]

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 223

Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis.

Aphelocoma Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, sig. 28, for Oct. 15, 1851, 221 (note).
Type, by subs, desig., Garrulus californicus Vigors (Baird, 1858).

Subgenus APHELOCOMA Cabanis.

Aphelocoma coerulescens (Bosc). Florida Jay. [479.]

Corvus coerulescens Bosc, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, I, Ft. i, 1795, 87.
(in America septentrional i = Florida.)

Range. — Peninsula of Florida.

Aphelocoma califomica immanis Grinnell. Long-tailed Jay. [481c.]

Aphelocoma califomica immanis Grinnell, Auk, XVIIT, No. 2, April,
1901, 188. (Scio, Oregon.)

Range. — Extreme southern Washington, valleys of Oregon between the
Cascades and the Coast ranges, and the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of
California and adjacent mountain slopes.

Aphelocoma califomica oocleptica Swarth. Nicasio Jay. [481d.]

Aphelocoma califomica oocleptica Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
XVII, No. 13, Feb. 23, 1918, 413. (Nicasio, Marin County, California.)

Range. — Coast region of northern California, from Humboldt Bay south to
the east side of San Francisco Bay.

Aphelocoma califomica califomica (Vigors). California Jay. [481.]

Garrulus Californicus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 21 (pi. v).
(Monterey [California].)

Range. — Coast region of California from the southern arm of San Francisco
Bay to the Mexican line, east to the eastern base of the Coast ranges.

Aphelocoma califomica obscura Anthony. Belding's Jay. [4816.]

Aphelocoma califomica obscura Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2,
II, sig. 6, Oct. 11, 1889, 75. (Valladares, Lower California.)

Range. — Northwestern Lower California south to lat. 30°; mainly in the
Upper Austral Zone.

Aphelocoma califomica hypoleuca Ridgway. Xantus's Jay. [481a.]

Aphelocoma califomica hypoleuca Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887,
356. (Cape St. Lucas, La Paz, etc. = La Paz, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to lat. 29°, in the Lower
Austral and Arid Tropical zones.

224 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Aphelocoma calif ornica woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay. [480.]

Cyanociita woodhousii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xliii [woodhousei, 584], 585.
(central Rocky Mountains = Fort Thorn, New Mexico.)

Range. — Upper Austral and Transition zones from southeastern Oregon,
southern Idaho, and southern Wyoming south to southeastern California (east
of Sierra Nevada), southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southwestern
Texas.

Aphelocoma calif ornica texana Ridgway. Texas Jay. [480.2.]

A-phelocoma texana Ridgway, Auk, XIX, No. 1, Jan., 1902, 70. (near
head of Nueces River, Edwards Co., Texas.)

Range. — Central and central-western Texas, from Kerr and Edwards
counties to Davis Mountains.^

[Additionrl races of A. calif ornica occur in Mexico.]

Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw. Santa Cruz Jay. [481.1.]

Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw, Auk, HI, No. 4, Oct., 1886, 452. (Santa
Cruz Island, California.)

Range. — Santa Cruz Island, California.

Subgenus SIEBEROCITTA Coues.

Sieberocitta Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, ed. 5, I, 1903, 497. Type, by
* monotypy, Cyanocitta ultramarina var. arizonae Ridgway.

Aphelocoma sieberi arizonae (Ridgway) . Arizona Jay. [482.]

Cyanodtta ultramarina var. Arizonae Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No.
12, Dec, 1873, 199. (Ft. Buchanan and Copper Mines = Old Fort
Buchanan, near Crittenden, Pima Co., Arizona.)

Range. — -Upper Austral Zone in southern Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora,
and Chihuahua.

Aphelocoma sieberi couchi (Baird). Couch's Jay. [482a.]

Cyanocitta couchii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 588. (Monterey, Mexico.)

Range. — Chisos Mountains, central-western Texas, to southern Nuevo Leon
and northern Coahuila.

[Other closely allied races of A. sieberi occur in Mexico.]

1 The Texas specimens formerly referred to A. cyanotis Ridgway prove to be
A. c. texana Ridgway so that the former race is removed from the North
American list.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 225

Genus XANTHOURA Bonaparte.

Xanthoura Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 48, May 6, 1850 [Feb. 3,
1851], 380. Type, by subs, desig., Corvus peruvianus Gmelin = Corvus
yncas Boddaert (Gray, 1855).

Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens Ridgway. Green Jay. [483.]

Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens Ridgway, Auk, XVII, No, 1, Jan., 1900, 28.
(Fort Brown, Texas = Brownsville, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, as far north as Laredo, and in
Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Genus PICA Brisson.

Pica Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 30, II, 35. Type, by tautonymy, Pica
Brisson = Corvus pica Linnaeus.

Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine). American Magpie. [475.]

Corvus Hudsonius Sabine, in Franklin, Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, 1823, 671.
(Cumberland House [Saskatchewan].)

Range. — ^Principally Boreal and Transition zones from the Alaska Peninsula,
middle Yukon, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba
south to northern Arizona and New Mexico, and from eastern Washington and
the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada to western North Dakota and New
Mexico. Casual in Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Ontario, and the
Hudson Bay region; accidental in Quebec. [Numerous allied races in Europe,
Asia, and northwestern Africa.]

Pica nuttalli (Audubon). Yellow-billed Magpie. [476.]

Corvus Nutallii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, 1836 [1837?], pi. 362,
fig. 1 (C. Nuttallii Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 450). (Santa Barbara, Upper
California.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones of California west of the Sierra
Nevada, from Tehama County to Ventura and Kern counties, chiefly in the
Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys.

Subfamily CORVINAE. Ravens and Crows.

Genus CORVUS Linnaeus.

Corvus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 105. Type, by subs, desig.,
Corvus corax Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Corvus corax principalis Ridgway. Northern Raven. [486a.]

Corvus corax principalis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 361.

(Greenland to Alaska, etc. = St. Michael, Alaska.)
16

226 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Northwestern Alaska, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island,
and northern Greenland south to Washington, central Minnesota, Michigan,
coast region of New Jersey (formerly), and Virginia, and in the higher AUe-
ghanies to Georgia.^

Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler. American Raven. [486.]

Corvus sinuatus "Lichtenst.", Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXII, 1829,
Heft vii (July), col. 748. (Mexico.)

Range. — Oregon, southeastern British Columbia, Montana, and North
Dakota south to Nicaragua and east probably to Missouri, Illinois, and
Indiana.^
[Allied races of C. corax occur in Europe and Asia.]

Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven. [487.]

Corvus cryptoleucus Couch, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 2,
March-April, 1854 [May 20], 66. (State of Tamaulipas, Mexico =
Charco Escondido.)

Range. — Deserts of the western United States and Mexico, from Arizona,
New Mexico, and central Texas south to Guanajuato, Mexico; formerly north
to northern Colorado, western Nebraska, and western Kansas.

Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Eastern Crow. [488.]

Corvus brachyrhynchos C. L. Brehm, Beitr. Vogelkunde, II, 1822, 56.
(Nordlichen Amerika = Boston, Mass.)

Range. — Breeds from southwestern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, south-
em Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Maryland, the northern part of the
Gulf States, and northern Texas. Winters from about the northern boundary
of the United States southward.

Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus Howell. Southern Crow. [488c.]

Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI,
No. 52, October 23, 1913, 199. (Bon Secour, Alabama.)

Range. — From the lower Potomac and Ohio vaUeys south to southern Geor-
gia and the Gulf coast (except Florida) and west to eastern Texas.

1 The Raven of the eastern United States and southern Canada has been
separated as C. c. europhilus Oberholser (Ohio Jom-nal Sci., XVIII, 1918, 215)
and specimens from the Santa Barbara Islands, California, have been referred
to C. c. clarionensis Rothschild and Hartert, described from Clarion Island,
Mexico.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 227

Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus Coues. Florida Crow. [488a.]

Corvus americanus pascuus Coites, Auk, XVI. No. 1, Jan., 1899, 84. New-
name for Corvus americanus var. floridanus Baird. (near Fort Dallas,
extreme southern Florida = Miami.)

Range. — Peninsula of Florida.

Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridgway. Western Crow. [4886.]

Corvus americanus hesperis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 362.
(Western United States north to Washington Territory, Idaho, Mon-
tana, etc., south to northern Mexico = Fort Klamath, Oregon.)

Range. — •Western North America, from central British Columbia, southern
Saskatchewan, and Montana south to northern Lower California and central
New Mexico.

Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus Baird. Northwestern Crow. [489.]

Corvus caurinus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xUii, 559, 569. (Northwestern coast =
Fort Steilacoom, Washington.)

Range. — -Northwest coast from Kodiak Island and Kukak Bay, Alaska, to
Puget Sound, Washington.

Corvus ossifragus Wilson. Fish Crow. [490.]

Corvus ossifragus Wilson, Amer. Om., V, 1812, 27 (pi. 37, fig. 2). (Great
Egg Harbor [ = Beasley's Point], New Jersey.)

Range. — Atlantic and Gulf coasts from the low^er Delaware and Hudson
River valleys, southern Massachusetts, and Connecticut to Louisiana, Florida,
and eastern Texas.

• Corvus frugflegus frugflegus Linnaeus. Rook. [490.1.]

Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 105. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range.— Europe in general, including Great Britain. Winters in southern
Europe and northern Africa. Accidental in Greenland (east coast) .^ [Closely
allied races occur in Turkestan and eastern Asia.]

• Corvus comix comix Linnaeus. Hooded Crow. [490.2.]

Corvus Comix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 105. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

1 Schalow, Vogel Arktis, 1904, 242.

228 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Great Britain and continental Europe, except the southwestern
part. Casual in Iceland and Greenland (east coast) .^ [Closely allied races
occur in western Siberia, Mesopotamia, Sardinia, and Corsica.]

Genus CYANOCEPHALUS Bonaparte.

Cyanocephalus Bonaparte, Osserv. Stato Zool. Eur., 1842, 17. Type,
by monotypy, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied.

Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). Pifion Jay. [492.]

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., II, 1841, 22.
(Junction of Marias and Yellowstone rivers, Montana .2)

Range. — Upper Austral and Transition zones, breeding chiefly in the pinon
and juniper belt of the mountains, from central Washington, Idaho, and central
Montana south to northern Lower California, Arizona, southern New Mexico,
and western Texas, and from the Sierra-Cascade ranges east to the eastern base
of the Rocky Mountains and northwestern Nebraska. Casual on the coast of
California and in eastern Nebraska and Kansas.

Genus NUCIFRAGA Brisson.

Nucijraga Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 30; II, 58. Type, by monotypy,
Nucijraga Brisson = Corvus caryocatactes Linnaeus.

Subgenus PICICORVUS Bonaparte.

Picicorvus Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 48, May 6, 1850 [Feb. 3,
1851], 384. Type, by monotypy, Corvus columbianus Wilson.

Nuc if raga Columbiana (Wilson). Clark's Nutcracker, [491.]

Corvus columbianus Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 29 (pi. 20, fig. 2).
(Shores of the Columbia [River, between the Dalles and the mouth].)

Range. — Breeds from southern Alaska, southwestern Alberta, and western
South Dakota south to high moimtains of northern Lower California, Arizona,
and New Mexico. In winter spreads somewhat southward and into lower
altitudes. Casual in western Nebraska and east to Missouri and Arkansas;
accidental in Wisconsin and Iowa.

1 Schalow, Vogel Arktis, 1904, 243.

2 There is some error in this statement of Wied, as the Marias flows into the
Missouri many miles from the Yellowstone.

order passeriformes. 229

Family PARIDAE. Titmice, Verdins, and Bush-Tits.
Subfamily PARINAE. Titmice.

Genus PENTHESTES Reichenbach.

Pcnthestes Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat. [plates of generic characters],
pi. Ixii, 1850. Type, by orig. desig., Parus lugubris Temminck.

Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus). Black-capped Chickadee.

[735.]

Parus atricapillus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 341. Based on
Parus atricapillus Canadensis, Le Mesange a teste [ = tete] noire de
Canada Brisson, Orn., Ill, 553. (in Canada.)

Range. — ^Canadian and Transition zones from northern Ontario, central
Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southern Missouri, Illinois, northern
Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, and in the Alleghanies
south to North Carolina. Irregularly somewhat farther south in winter.^

Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). Long-tailed Chickadee.

[735a.]

Parus septentrionalis Harris, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, No. 12,
Nov.-Dec, 1845 [Feb. 18, 1846], 300. (Yellowstone River, about 30
miles "below" [ = above] its junction with the Missouri t= Montana].)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian and Transition zones from Kenai
Peninsula, Alaska, central Mackenzie, and northern Manitoba south to north-
ern New Mexico and eastern Kansas, and from eastern Oregon to western
Minnesota and western Iowa. South in wnter to central Texas.

Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis (Baird). Oregon Chickadee. [7356.]

Parxis occidentalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 185S, xxxvii, 388, 391. (Northern Pacific
Coast of the U. S. [many localities] = Shoalwater Bay, Washington.)

Range. — Transition Zone of the northwest coast from extreme southwestern
British Columbia to extreme northwestern California.

1 Birds indistinguishable from P. a. atricapillus but obviously intergrades
between P. a. septentrionalis and P. a. occidentalis occupy an area in south-
western British Columbia, eastern Washington, western Montana, and western
Idaho.

230 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Penthestes atricapillus tumeri (Ridgway). Yukon Chickadee. [735c.]

Parus atricapillus turneri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II, 89, April
10, 1884. (St. Michael's, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian Zone of northern Alaska north and west of
Cook Inlet.

[Additional races of P. atricapillus occur in Europe and Asia.]

Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis (Audubon). Carolina Chickadee.

[736.]

Parus carolinensis Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 341 (Birds Amer. (folio),
pi. 160, 1833). (near New Orleans, La., and Charleston, S. C. =
Charleston, South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in Upper and Lower Austral zones from central Missouri,
Indiana, central Ohio, southwestern and southeastern Pennsylvania, and cen-
tral New Jersey south to southeastern Louisiana and the Gulf coast.

Penthestes carolinensis impiger (Bangs), Florida Chickadee. [7366.]

Parus carolinensis impiger Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, IV, 1,
March 16, 1903. (Deep Creek, about three miles from Lake Ashby,
Florida.)

Range. — Peninsula of Florida.

Penthestes carolinensis agilis (Sennett) . Plumbeous Chickadee. [736a.]

Parus carolinensis agilis Sennett, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 46. (Bee
Co., Te;cas.)
Range. — Breeds in Lower Austral Zone from northern Oklahoma to Refugio
and Kendall counties, Texas.

Penthestes sclateri eidos Peters. Mexican Chickadee. [737.]

Penthestes sclateri eidos Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club., IX, 113,
June 24, 1927. (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.)

Range. — Canadian and Transition zones from the Chiricahua Moimtains,
Arizona, south into Mexico. [An allied race occurs in central Mexico.]

Penthestes gfeibeli grinnelli van Rossem. Grinnell's Chickadee. [7386.]

Penthestes gamheli grinnelli van Rossem, Auk, XLV, No. 1, Jan. 19, 1928,
104. (Priest Lake, Bonner County, Idaho.)

Range. — -Northern British Columbia south to east-central Oregon, eastern
Washington, and northern Idaho. Casual west of the Cascades.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 231

Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus Grinnell. Short-tailed Chickadee. [738c.]

Penthestes gambeli abbreviatvs Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII,
No. 17, May 4, 1918, 510. (Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains, near
Seiad Valley P. O., Siskiyou Coxmty, California.)

Range. — Higher mountains of central and northern California, southern
Oregon, and northwestern Nevada south to Mt. Sanhedrin and Mt. Whitney.

Penthestes gambeli bafleyae (Grinnell). Bailey's Chickadee. [738a.]

Parus gambeli baileyae Grinnell, Condor, X, No. 1, Feb. 1, 1908, 29.
(Mount Wilson, altitude 5500 feet, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles Co.,
California.)

Range. — Higher mountains of southern CaUfornia, from the extreme
southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare County and the Santa Lucia Mountains in
Monterey Coxmty to the Cuyamaca Mountains in San Diego Coimty.

Penthestes gambeli atritus Grinnell and Swarth. San Pedro Chickadee.

[738d.]

Penthestes gambeli atratus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
XXX, No. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, 163. (La Grulla, 7200 feet, Sierra San
Pedro Mdrtir, Lower California, Mexico.)

Range. — Transition and Canadian zones of the Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir
and Sierra Judrez, northern Lower California.

Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway). Moimtain Chickadee. [738.]

Parus gambeli Ridgway, A. O. U. Check-List, [March 20] 1886, 335. New
name for Parus montanus Gambel. (About one day's journey west of
Santa Fe, New Mexico.)

Range. — Rocky Mountains of the United States from Wyoming and
Montana south to Arizona, New Mexico, and central western Texas.

Penthestes gambeli inyoensis Grinnell, Inyo Chickadee. [73'8e.]

Penthestes gambeli inyoensis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII,
No. 17, May 4, 1918, 509. (Panamint Mountains, 3 miles east of
Jackass Spring, 6290 feet, Inyo Countj', California.)

Range. — Higher mountains of eastern California, from Mono Craters and
the White Mountains in Mono Covmty to the Panamint Mountains in Inyo
County.

232 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Penthestes cinctus alascensis (PraL4.k). Alaska Chickadee. [739.]

Poecila cinda alascensis Pra^ak, Orn. Jahrbuch, VI, 1895, 92. (Alaska;
Ochotsk = Alaska.)

Range. — Shores of Okhotsk Sea, Siberia, and northern Alaska (St. Michael
and Kowak River) east to northwestern Mackenzie (Anderson River) in the
Hudsonian Zone.

Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus (Forster). Hudsonian Chickadee. [740.]

Parus Hudsonicus J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, Art 29
(read June 18 and 25), 408, 430. (Severn River [west coast of] Hudson
Bay, Canada.)

Range. — Breeds in Hudsonian and Canadian zones from Kowak Valley,
Alaska, and tree limit in central Mackenzie and northern Manitoba south to
central Manitoba and central Ontario (northern Michigan in July). In winter
casually to northern Illinois.

Penthestes hudsonicus columbianus (Rhoads). Columbian Chickadee. [7406.]

Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads, Auk, X, No. 1, Jan., 1893, 23.
(Field, British Columbia.)

Range. — Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to southern British Columbia, northern
Montana, and Alberta.

Penthestes hudsonicus littoralis (Bryant). Acadian Chickadee. [740a.]

Parus hudsonicus, var. littoralis H. Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
IX, 1865, 368. (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from Labrador, central Quebec, and New-
foundland south to Nova Scotia, Maine, the mountains of northern Vermont
and central New Hampshire, and the Adirondacks of New York. In winter
casually to Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, southern New York,
northern Pennsylvania, and northern New Jersey.^

Penthestes rufescens rufescens (Townsend). Chestnut-backed Chickadee.

[741.]

Parus rufescens J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, Pt. ii,
[Nov. 21, 1837], 190. (forests of the Columbia river = Fort Vancouver,
Washington.)

Range. — Pacific coast in Canadian and Hmnid Transition zones, from
Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Sonoma County, California, east to western
Montana.

1 The Labrador bird has been separated as P. h. nigresccns C. W. Townsend
(Auk, XXXII, 1916, 74) but the alleged characters seem to represent the young
of P. h. littoralis in first winter plumage (.cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
LXX, No. 4, 348).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 233

Penthestes rufescens neglectus (Ridgway). Nicasio Chickadee. [741a.]

Parus rufesce7is /3 neglectus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1879, 485
[May]. (Coast of California = Nicasio, Marin Co., California.)

Range. — -Coast of middle California in the Humid Transition Zone of
Marin County.

Penthestes nifescens barlowi (Grinnell). Barlow's Chickadee. [7416.]

Parus rufescens harlowi Grinnell, Condor, II, No. 6, Nov. 16, 1900, 127.
(Stevens' Creek Caiion, Santa Clara Co., California.)

Range. — Coast of middle California in the Transition Zone, from San
Francisco Bay to a little south of Monterey Bay.

Genus BAEOLOPHUS Cabanis.

Baeolophus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct. 1851 [1850?], 91. Type, by
monotypy, Parus bicolor Linnaeus.

Baeolophus bicolor (Linnaeus). Tufted Titmouse. [731.]

Parus bicolor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 340. Based on The
Crested Titmouse, Parus cristatus Catesby, Carolina, 1, 57. (in America
septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones from Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, and New Jersey south to central Texas,
the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Casual in the southern parts of Wiscon-
sin, Michigan, Ontario, New York, Maine, and in Connecticut.

Baeolophus atricristatus atricristatus (Cassin). Black-crested Titmouse.

[732.]

Parus atricristatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 1850 [Dec. 7], 103 (pi. 2). (On the Rio Grande, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral and Arid Tropical zones from the Rio Grande
Valley south through eastern Mexico to Coahuila, San Luis PotosI, and north-
ern Vera Cruz.

Baeolophus atricristatus sennetti Ridgway. Bennett's Titmouse. [732a.]

Bseolophus atricristatus sennetti Rldgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50,
Pt. iii, [Dec. 31] 1904, 386. (Leon Springs, Bexar Co., Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of central Texas, from Tom Green and Concho
counties east to the Brazos River, and from Young County south to Nueces and
Bee counties.

234 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Baeolophus inomatus sequestratus Grinnell and Swarth. Oregon Tit-
mouse. [733c.]

Baeolophus inornatus sequestratus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif.
Publ. ZooL, XXX, No. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, 166. (Eagle Point, Jackson
County, Oregon.)

Range. — Jackson County, Oregon, and Siskiyou County, California, be-
tween the Coast and Cascade ranges.

Baeolophus inomatus inomatus (Gambel). Plain Titmouse. [733.]

Parus inornatus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, No. 10, July-
Aug., 1845 [Dec. 5], 265. (Upper California near Monterey.)

Range. — Northern and central California from Mendocino and Shasta
counties to Kern and San Luis Obispo covmties.

Baeolophus inomatus transpositus Grinnell. San Diego Titmouse. [733d.]

Baeolophus inornatus transpositus Grinnell, Condor, XXX, No. 2,
March 15, 1928, 154. (Moxmt Wilson, Los Angeles County, California.)

Range. — Southwestern California from Santa Barbara County to San Diego
County.

Baeolophus inomatus murinus Ridgway. San Pedro Titmouse. [733e.]

Bseolophus inornatus murinus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI,
No. 28, Sept. 30, 1903, 109. (Nachoguero Valley, Lower California.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of northwestern Lower California from the
United States boundary south to lat. 30°.

Baeolophus inomatus cineraceus (Ridgway). Ashy Titmouse. [7336.]

Lophophanes inornatus cineraceus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI,
1883, No. 10, Oct. 5, 154. (Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone of the Cape region of Lower
California.

Baeolophus inomatus griseus (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse. [733o.]

Lophophanes inornatus griseus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882,
344 [Sept. 5]. (Nevada, Utah, and Colorado to New Mexico = Iron
City, Iron Co., Utah.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone of the mountains from north-
eastern California, Nevada, southern Idaho, Utah, southwestern Wyoming,
and Colorado to southeastern California, southern Arizona, southeastern New
Mexico, and central western Texas.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 235

Baeolophus wollweberi annexus (Cassin). Bridled Titmouse. [734.]

Parus annexus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 5, Sept.-Oct.,
1850 [Dec. 7], 103. (Texas, upon the Rio Grande = southern Arizona.)

Range. — Mountains of southwestern New Mexico, southern Arizona, Sonora,
and Chihuahua. [An allied race occurs in southern Mexico.]

Subfamily REMIZINAE. Verdins.

Genus AURIPARUS Baird.

Auriparus Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 6, Aug., 1864, 85. Type, by
orig. desig., /Egithalus flaviceps Sundevall.

Auriparus flaviceps Mviceps (Sundevall). Arizona Verdin. [746.]

jEgithalus flaviceps Sundevall, Ofv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., VII, 1850, 129
(note), (e Sitka in America bor. occid. vel e California = northern
Lower California.)

Range. — Deserts from southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern
Utah, Arizona, southeastern New Mexico, and southern Texas south to north-
ern Lower California, northern Sonora, Durango, CoahuUa, and Tamaulipas.

Aiiriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus Oberholser. Cape Verdin. [746a.]

Auriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus Oberholser, Auk, XIV, No. 4, Oct.,
1897, 391. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone in the southern part of Lower California,
south of about lat. 30°, and in southwestern Sonora.

Subfamily PSALTRIPARINAE. Bush-Tits.

Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte.

Psaltriparus Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XXXI, No.
14 (for Sept. 30), 1850, 478. Type, by monotypy, Psaltriparus per-
sonatu-s Bonaparte = Paru^ melanotis Hartlaub.

Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend). Coast Bush-Tit. [743.]

Parus minimus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, Pt.
ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 190. (Forests of Columbia River [probably near Fort
Vancouver, Washington].)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones along the Pacific coast from ex-
treme southwestern British Columbia south to the Mexican border in San
Diego County, CaUfornia,

236 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Psaltriparus minimus califomicus Ridgway. California Bush-Tit. [743o.]

Psaltriparus minimus califomicus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II,
89, April 10, 1884. (Baird, Shasta Co., California, Ft. Tejon, Walker's
Basin = Baird, California.)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones of Jackson County, Oregon,
and interior California from Modoc and Siskiyou counties to Kern County.

Psaltriparus minimus melanurus Grinnell and Swarth. Black-tailed
Bush-Tit. [743c.]

Psaltriparus minimus melanurus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., XXX, No. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, 169. (San Jose, 2500 feet,
lat. 31°, Lower California.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of Lower California, from the United States
boundary south to lat. 30°.

Psaltriparus minimus grindae Ridgway. Grinda's Bush-Tit. [7435.]

Psaltriparus grindx "Belding MS," Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI,
1883, 155 [Oct. 11]. (Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — -Mountains of the Cape district of Lower California, in the Upper
Austral Zone.

Psaltriparus minimus pi iimbeus (Baird). Lead-colored Bush-Tit. [744.]

Psaltria plumbea Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 3, May-
June, 1854 [July 3], 118. (Little Colorado, N. M. [near long. 111° W.,
Arizona].)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones from eastern Oregon and
western Wyoming south to northern Sonera and western Texas, and from

eastern California to central Colorado.

Psaltriparus minimus llo> di Sennett. Lloyd's Bush-Tit. [745.]

Psaltriparus lloydi Sennett, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 43. (Limpia
Canon, near Fort Davis [Presidio = Jeff Davis] Co., Texas.)

Range. — Mountains of the southeastern desert region, mainly in the Upper
Austral Zone, from southern New Mexico and central western Texas (moun-
tains between Pecos River and Rio Grande) south into Sonora and Chihuahua.

[Additional races of P. minimus occur in Mexico and Central America.]

order passeriformes. 237

Family SITTIDAE. Nuthatches.
Subfamily SITTINAE. Typical Nuthatches.

Genus SITTA Linnaeus.

Sitta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 115. Type, by monotypy,
Sitta europsea Linnaeus.

Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham. White-breasted Nuthatch. [727.]

Sitta carolinensis Latham, Index Orn., I, 1790, 262. (in America,
Jamaica = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian, Transition, and Upper Austral zones from
southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, central Ontario, and southern Quebec
south to northern Texas, central Illinois, and South Carolina. Casual in north-
eastern Manitoba.

Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scott. Florida Nuthatch. [7276.]

Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scott, Auk, VII, No. 2, April, 1890, 118. (Tar-
pon Springs, Florida.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone of Georgia and Florida and
along the Gulf coast, north in the Mississippi Valley to Kentucky, southern
Illinois, and southeastern Missouri.

Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. [727c.]

Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, No.
1274, June 2, 1902, 923. (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southern Alberta
south to Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila, and from the eastern base of the
Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada eastward across the Rocky Mountains.

Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cassin. Slender-billed Nuthatch. [727a.]

Sitta aculeata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 1856 [April 25, 1857], 254. (Cahfornia.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from
southern British Columbia to northern Lower California and from the Pacific
coast east to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada.

238 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Sitta carolinensis tenuissima Grinnell. Inyo Nuthatch. [727e.]

Sitta carolinensis tenuissima Grinnell, Condor, XX, No. 2, March 20,
1918, 88. (Hanaupah Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County,
California, 8700 feet.)
Range. — Panamint and White mountains of Cahfornia.

Sitta carolinensis alexandrae Grinnell. San Pedro Nuthatch. [727/.]

Sitta carolinensis alexandrae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXI, No.
15, March 9, 1926, 405. (Near Arroyo La Encantada, 3 miles north of
La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir, Lower California, Mexico, 7200
ft. alt.)

Range. — Pine belt of the Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir, Lower California.

Sitta carolinensis lagunae Brewster. San Lucas Nuthatch. [727d.]

Sitta carolinensis lagunse Brewster, Auk, VIII, No. 2, April, 1891
(separates publ. Feb. 17), 149. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds in the LTpper Austral Zone of the Cape district of Lower
California.

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch. [728.]

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 177. Based on Le
Torchepot de Canada, Sitta Canadensis Brisson, Orn., Ill, 593. (in Canada.)

Range.— Breeds in the Canadian Zone from the upper Yukon Valley,
southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland
south to northern Minnesota, Michigan, Massachusetts, mountains of New York
(Long Island, casually), and Indiana (casually) ; south in the Sierra Nevada and
Rocky Mountains to California, Arizona, and New Mexico, and in the Allegha-
nies to North Carolina; also on Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Winters
from southern Canada south to southern California, New Mexico, Ai-izona, the
Gulf coast, and northern Florida; migrates, periodically and irregularly south-
ward in autumn, but never common in spring.

Sitta pusilla pusilla Latham. Brown-headed Nuthatch. [729.]

Sitta pusilla Latham, Index Orn., I, 1790, 263. (Carolina, Jamaica
= South Carolina.)
Range. — Lower Austral Zone from eastern Arkansas, southern Missouri, and
southern Delaware south to the Gulf coast and eastern Texas. Casual in
Ohio, New York, and the Bahamas.

Sitta pusilla caniceps Bangs. Gray-headed Nuthatch. [729a.]

Sitta pusilla caniceps Bangs, Auk, XV, No. 2, April, 1898, 180. (Clear-
water, Florida.)
Range. — Peninsula of Florida.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 239

Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch. [730.]

Sitta pygmxa Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 25 (pi. 4, fig. 2).
(Monterey [California].)

Range. — Transition Zone of the coast region of California from San Louis
Obispo County north to Mendocino County.

Sitta pygmaea melanotis van Rossem. Black-eared Nuthatch. [7305.]

Sitta -pygmaea melanotis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XLII, No.
20, June 25, 1929, 176. (Chiricahua Moimtains, Cochise County,
Arizona.)

Range. — ^Rocky Moimtain region from southern British Columbia, northern
Idaho, and eastern Washington to the Mexican boundary and the Sierra
Nevada of California, south to the San Bernardino Moimtains. Casual in
South Dakota and Nebraska.

Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony. White-naped Nuthatch. [730a.]

Sitta pygmsea leuconucha Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, II,
sig. 6, Oct. 11, 1889, 77. (San Pedro [Mdrtir] Mountain, Lower Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — -Transition Zone from Riverside and San Diego counties, Cali-
fornia, south to the Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir, Lower California.

Family CERTHIIDAE. Creepers.
Subfamily CERTHIINAE. Typical Creepers.

Genus CERTHIA Linnaeus.

Certhia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 118. Type, by subs, desig.,
Certhia familiaris Linnaeus (Selby, 1825).

Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte. Brown Creeper. [726.]

Certhia Americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11. New
name for Certhia familiaris Audubon, [Birds Amer., folio, pi. 419].
(Western [ = eastern] and northern parts of North America.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian and Transition zones from southern
Manitoba, central Ontario, and southern Quebec south to eastern Nebraska,
northern Indiana, New York, and Massachusetts and along the Alleghanies to
North Carolina, casually also in southeastern Missouri. Winters over a large
part of its breeding range and south to central Texas, southern Alabama, and
southern Florida.

240 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway. Rocky Mountain Creeper. [72Q>b.]

Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882,

114 [July 21). (Middle Province of North America north to Kadiak,
Alaska, breeding south to New Mexico and Arizona = Mt. Graham,
Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds in boreal zones from central Alaska (Mt. McKinley), cen-
tral British Columbia, and southern Alberta south in the Rocky Mountains to
Arizona and New Mexico. In winter ranges to southeastern California and
probably into Mexico.

Certhia familiaris albescens Berlepsch. Mexican Creeper. [726a.]

Certhia mexicana albescens Berlepsch, Auk, V, No. 4, Oct., 1S8S, 450.
(Ciudad Durango, N. W. Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Canadian and Transition zones from southern Arizona
south to Nayarit and Zacatecas, Mexico.

Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood. Sierra Creeper. [726d.]

Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood, Auk, XVIII, No. 2, April, 1901, 182.
(Battle Creek, Tehama Co., California.)

Range. — Canadian and Transition zones from the Cascade Mountains of
Washington and the Sierra Nevada of California north to southern British
Columbia and northern Idaho and south to the San Jacinto Mountains, spread-
ing into adjacent valleys in winter.

Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway. California Creeper. [726f .]

Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882,

115 [July 21]. (Pacific coast of North America, breeding from moun-
tains of northern California to British Columbia = Simiahmoo, Wash-
ington.)

Range.^ — ^Pacific coast, in the Canadian and Transition zones, from Sitka,
Alaska, to Monterey County, California.

[Additional races of C. familians are found in Mexico and Guatemala and in
Europe and Asia.]

Family CHAMAEIDAE. Wren-Tits.

Genus CHAMAEA Gambel.

Chamaea Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, No. 7, Jan.-Feb.,
1847 [May 7], 154. Type, by orig. desig., Parus fasciatus Gambel.

Chamaea fasciata phaea Osgood. Coast Wren-Tit. [7426.]

C/iama?a/ascmto p/ia?a Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, No. 11, May
29, 1899, 42. (Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 241

Range. — Humid Transition Zone of Pacific coast of Oregon from the
Columbia River to near the California line.

Chamaea fasciata rufula Ridgway. Ruddy Wren-Tit. [742c.]

Chamaea fasciata rufula Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, No. 28,
Sept. 30, 1903, 109. (Nicasio, Marin Co., California.)

Range. — Humid Transition coast strip of California from Del Norte County
south to Santa Cruz County.

Chamaea fasciata fasciata (Gambel). Gambel's Wren-Tit. [742.]

Parus fasciatus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, No. 10, July-
Aug., 1845 [Dec. 5], 265. (California = San Francisco Bay region.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone on the eastern and southern shores of San
Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley, south along the coast to San
Luis Obispo County.

Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridgway. Pallid Wren-Tit. [742a.]

Chamsea fasciata henshawi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 13
[July 21]. (Interior of California including western slope of Sierra
Nevada = Walker Basin, between Kernville and Caliente, California.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of the foothills and valleys of interior and
southern California from Shasta County south, and along the coast from Santa
Barbara County to the Mexican boundary.

Chamaea fasciata canicauda Grinnell and Swarth. San Pedro Wren-
Tit. [742d.]

Chamaea fasciata canicauda Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., XXX, No. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, 169. (La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro
Mdrtir, Lower California, Mexico.)

Range. — Mainly in the Upper Austral Zone of northwestern Lower Cali-
fornia, from the United States boundary south to lat. 30°.

Family CINCLIDAE. Dippers.

Genus CINCLUS Borkhausen.

Cinclus Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1797, 300. Type, by monotypy,
Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus.

Cinclus mexicanus imicolor Bonaparte. Dipper. [701.]

Cinclus unicolor Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., Ill, No. 9, Jan., 1827, 52, 53.

(Near the Rocky mountains, on the Athapescow Lake = near the

source of the Athabaska River.)
17

242 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — From near tree limit in northwestern Alaska, northeastern British
Columbia, and central western Alberta south to southern California and
southern New Mexico. Accidental in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and in
western Nebraska. [A closely allied race occurs in Mexico and Guatemala.]

Family TROGLODYTIDAE. Wrens.

Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot.

Troglodytes Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., II, 1807 [1808, possibly 1809],
52. Type, by subs, desig.. Troglodytes sedon Vieillot (Baird, 1858).

Troglodytes aedon aedon^ Vieillot. Eastern House Wren. [721.]

Troglodytes sedon Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., II, 1807 [1808, possibly
1809], 52 (pi. 107). (No definite locality mentioned = eastern United
States.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from
Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to
Kentucky, Virginia, and the uplands of South Carolina. Winters in eastern
Texas and Tamaulipas, and in the South Atlantic and Gulf states (rarely to
New Jersey).

Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audtjbon. Western House Wren. [721a.]

Troglodytes Parkmanii Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 310. (Columbia
River [= near Fort Vancouver, Washington].)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and northern Wisconsin south to the San
Pedro Mdrtir Mountains, Lower California, southern Arizona, central western
Texas, southern Missouri, and southwestern Kentucky. Winters from Cali-
fornia and Texas southward in Mexico to Jalisco, Guerrero, and Oaxaca; also
occasionally in northern and central Florida. Casual in northern Illinois.

Genus NANNUS Billberg.

Nannus Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., I, Pt. ii, 1828, table A, and
p. 57. Type, by monotypy, Motacilla troglodytes Linnaeus.

Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieillot). Eastern Winter Wren. [722.]

Troglodytes hiemalis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,
XXXIV, 1819, 514. (a la Nouvelle-Ecosse et dans I'Etat de New-
York = New York.)2

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from southern Alberta, southern
Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to

1 The "a" and "e" are separate syllables; not a diphthong.
^ The North American Winter Wrens are often regarded as subspecies of the
European N. troglodytes.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 243

central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, Rhode Island, and
Massachusetts, and through the Alleghanies to northern Georgia. Winters
from about its southern breeding limit to Texas and central Florida.

Nannus hiemalis meligerus (Oberholser) . Aleutian Wren, [723.1.]

Anorthura meligera Oberholser, Auk, XVII, No. 1, Jan., 1900, 25. (Attu
Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.)

Range. — ^Attu Island, Aleutian chain.

Nannus hiemalis kiskensis Oberholser. Kiska Wren. [722c.]

Nannus troglodytes kiskensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LV,
No. 2265, April 28, 1919, 228. (Kiska Harbor, Kiska Island, Aleutian
Islands, Alaska.)

Range. — Kiska and Little Kiska islands, Aleutian chain, Alaska.

Naimus hiemalis alascensis (Baird). Alaska Wren. [723.]

Troglodytes alascensis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, Pt. ii, 1869, 315
(pi. XXX, fig. 3). (George's Island, Behring's Sea = St. George Island,
Pribilof Islands.)

Range. — -Saint George and Saint Paul islands, Pribilof Islands.

Nannus hiemalis tanagensis Oberholser. Tanaga Wren. [722d.]

Nannus troglodytes tanagensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LV,
No. 2265, April 28, 1919, 230. (Tanaga Bay, Tanaga Island, Aleutian
Islands, Alaska.)

Range. — Islands of Tanaga, Adak, and Atka, Aleutian chain, Alaska, and
probably other adjacent islands.

Nannus hiemalis petrophilus Oberholser. Unalaska Wren. [722e.]

Nannus troglodytes petrophilus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LV,
No. 2265, April 28, 1919, 232. (Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands,
Alaska.)

Range.— Unalaska, Amaknak, and Akutan islands, Aleutian chain, Alaska.

Nannus hiemalis semidiensis Brooks. Semidi Wren. [722/.]

Nannus hiemalis semidiensis W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LIX,
No. 5, Sept., 1915, 400. (Choyiet Island, Semidi Islands, Alaska.)

Range. — Semidi Islands, off the southern coast of the Alaska Peninsula.

244 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Nannus hiemalis helleri (Osgood). Kodiak Wren. [7226.]

Anorthura hiemalis helleri Osgood, Auk, XVIII, No. 2, April, 1901, 181.
(English Bay, near Kodiak, Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Kodiak Island, Alaska.

Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird). "Western "Winter "Wren. [722a.]

Troglodytes hyemalis var. -pacificus Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 10,
Sept., 1864, 145. (Simiahmoo, Puget Sound, "W. T. [ = "Washington].)

Range. — Breeds from Prince "William Sound, Alaska, and western Alberta
south to central California and northern Colorado. Winters from southern
British Columbia to southern California and southern New Mexico. Acci-
dental at Pt. Earrow, Alaska.

Genus THRYOMANES Sclater.

Thryomanes Sclater, Catal. Amer. Birds, 1862, 22. Type, by monotypy.

Troglodytes hewickii Audubon.

Thryomanes bewicki bewicki (Audubon). Bewick's "Wren.i [719.]

Troglodytes Bevykkii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), I, pi. 18, 1827 (Orn.
Biog., 1, 1831, 96; Y, 467) . (Five mUes from St. FrancisvUle, Louisiana.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Upper Austral Zone from southeastern
Nebraska, northern Illinois, southern Michigan, and central Pennsylvania
south to central Arkansas, northern Mississippi, central Alabama, central
Ceorgia, and highlands of South Carolina. Winters from near the northern
limit of its range southward to the Gulf coast and central Florida. Casual
east to New York and New Jersey; accidental in Ontario and New Hampshire.

Thryomanes bewicki cryptus Oberholser. Texas "Wren. [719c.]

Thryomanes hewickii cryptus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI,
No. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 425. (San Antonio, Texas.)

Range. — Breeds in Austral zones from Kansas to Texas (except extreme
western part), Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon.

Thryomanes bewicki eremophilus Oberholser. Baird's "Wren. [7196.]

Thryomanes hewickii eremophilus Oberholser, Proc. .U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXI, No. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 427. (Big Hatchet Mountains, Grant
Comity, New Mexico.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone from Colorado, southern Utah, southern Ne-
vada, and exti'eme western Texas to Arizona, New Mexico, and southeastern
California, south to Coahuila, Durango, and central Zacatecas.

Pronounced Bu-ick's Wren; the "ew" is a diphthong.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 245

Thryomanes bewicki calophonus Oberholser. Seattle Wren. [719e.]

Thryomanes hewickii calophonus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXI, No. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 440. (South Park, King Co., Wash-
ington.)i

Range. — Transition Zone of the Pacific slope from southern Vancouver
Island and southern British Columbia to Oregon.

Thryomanes bewicki mariaensis Grinnell. Nicasio Wren. [719/.]

Thryomanes bewicki marinensis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V,
No. 8, Feb. 21, 1910, 307. (Nicasio, Marin County, California.)

Range. — Humid coast belt of southwestern Oregon and northwestern Cali-
fornia (south to Marin County).

Thryomanes bewicki spiliirus (Vigors). Vigors's Wren. [719a.]

Troglodytes spilurus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 18 (pi. 4, fig.
1). (No locality given = near San Francisco, California.)

Range. — Upper Austral and Transition zones of west-central California from
the Golden Gate and San Francisco Bay to northern Monterey County.

Thryomanes bewicki drymoecus Oberholser. San Joaquin Wren. [7196r.]

Thryomanes hewickii drymoecus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXI, No. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 437. (Baird [Shasta County], California.)

Range. — Sacramento Valley and lower half of the San Joaquin Valley,
California, including the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, north to central
southern Oregon and east to the Warner Mountains.

Thryomanes bewicki correctus Grinnell. San Diego Wren. [719A;.]

Thryomanes hewickii correctus Grinnell, Condor, XXX, No. 2, March 15,
1928, 154. (Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California.)

Range. — Coastal belt of California from the west side of the San Joaquin
Valley, in San Benito and Monterey counties, southeast through the San
Diegan district to near the Mexican boundary.

Thryomanes bewicki nesophilus Oberholser. Santa Cruz Wren. [719/i.]

Thryomanes hewickii nesophilus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI,
No. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 442. (Santa Cruz Island, California.)

Range. — Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, California.

1 Another race T. b. arihoriv^ Oberholser has been proposed from south-
western British Columbia (Wilson Bulletin, XXXII, No 1, March 27, 1920, 25).

246 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Thryomanes bewicki catalinae Grinnell. Catalina Wren. [719i.]

Thryomanes beivicki catalinae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V,
No. 8, Feb. 21, 1910, 308. (Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California.)

Range. — Santa Catalina Island, California.

Thryomanes bewicki leucophrys (Anthony) . San Clements Wren. [719.1.]

Thryothorus leucophrys Anthony, Auk, XII, No. 1, Jan., 1895, 52. (San
Clemente Island, California.)
Range. — San Clemente Island, California.

Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser. Sooty Wren. [719fZ.]

Thryomanes heivickii charienturus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXI, No. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 435. (Nachoguero Valley, Lower Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — Northwestern Lower California, south to lat. 30°.

Thryomanes bewicki cerroensis (Anthony). Cedros Island Wren. [719j.]

Thryothorus cerroensis Anthony, Auk, XIV, No. 2, April, 1897, 166.
(Cerros [or Cedros] Island, Lower California.)

Range. — -Cedros Island, and locally on the middle part of the peninsula
of Lower California, lat. 30° to 25°.

Thryomanes brevicauda Ridgway. Guadalupe Wren. [720.]

Thryomanes brevicauda Ridgway, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., II,
No. 2, April, 1876, 186. (Guadeloupe [ = Guadalupe] Island, Lower
California.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Now probably extinct.

Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot.

Thryothorus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 45, 70. Type, by monotypy,
Troglodytes arundinaceus Vieillot = Sylvia ludoviciana Latham.

Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham) . Carolina Wren. [718.]

Sylvia ludoviciana Latham, Index Orn., II, 1790, 548. (in Louisiana.)

Range. — ^Upper and Lower Austral zones from southeastern Nebraska,
southern Iowa, Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, and lower Hudson and Connecti-
cut valleys south to central Texas, the Gulf States, and northern Florida.
Casual or accidental in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire,
and Massachusetts.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 247

Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis Ridgway. Florida Wren. [718a.]

Thryothorus Ludovicianus var. Miamensis Ridgway, Amer. Nat., IX, No.
8, Aug., 1875, 469. (Miami Rivfer, Florida.)

Range. — Peninsula of Florida from Levy and Putnam counties southward.

Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis Sennett. Lomita Wren. [7186.]

Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis Sennett, Auk, VII, No. 1, Jan., 1890,
58. (Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo Co., Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and northern Tamaulipas, in
the Lower Austral Zone.

Genus HELEODYTES Cabanis.

Heleodytes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct., 1851 [1850?], 80. Type, by subs,
desig., Furnarius griscus Swainson (Gray, 1855).

Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe). Northern Cactus Wren. [713.]

Campijlorhynchus couesi Sharpe, Catal. Birds Brit. Mus., VI, 1881, 196.
(Laredo, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral deserts from the southern parts of California,
Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and central Texas south to northern Lower
California and the northern states of Mexico.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony. Bryant's Cactus Wren.

[713a.]

Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony, Auk, XI, No. 3, July, 1894,
212. (San Telmo, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone on the Pacific side of northwestern Lower
California, from lat. 31° to lat. 29° 30'.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus affinis (Xantus). San Lucas Cactus Wren.

[7136.]

Campylorhynchus affinis Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI] 1859,
sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. [Jan. 12, 1860], 298. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower
California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California, in the Lower Austral and Arid
Tropical zones, north to lat. 29°.

[Additional races of H. brunneicapillus occur in Mexico.]

Genus TELMATODYTES Cabanis.

Telmatodytes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct., 1851 [1850?], 78 (note). Type,
by subs, desig., Cerihia palustris Wilson (Baird, 1858).

248 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson) . Long-billed Marsh Wren. [725.]

Certhia palustris Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 58 (pi. 12, fig. 4) . (Borders
of the Schuylkill and Delaware [rivers, Philadelphia, Pa.].)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones of the Atlantic
slope from Rhode Island to the Potomac Valley and coast of Virginia. Winters
from southern New Jersey to South Carolina and sparingly to Florida. Casual
in New Brunswick; accidental in Greenland.

Telmatodytes palustris griseus (Brewster). Worthington's Marsh Wren.
[7256.]

Cistothorus paliistris griseus Brewster, Auk, X, No. 3, July, 1893, 216.
(Sapelo Island, Georgia.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone in the South Atlantic coast region from South
Carolina to northern Florida.

Telmatodytes palustris marianae (Scott). Marian's Marsh Wren. [725e.]

Cistothorus marianae Scott, Auk, V, No. 2, April, 1888, 188. (Tarpon
Springs, Florida.)

Range. — Gulf coast from Charlotte Harbor, Florida, to Mississippi.

Telmatodytes paliistris thryophilus Oberholser. Louisiana Marsh Wren.

[725/1.]

Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XVI, No. 39, Nov. 12, 1903, 149. (Sabine, Texas.)

Range. — Coast district of Louisiana and Texas.

Telmatodytes palustris laingi Harper. Alberta Marsh Wren. [725/.]

Telmatodytes palustris laingi Harper, Occas. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
V, 221, Dec. 10, 1926. (Athabasca Delta, Main Branch, nine miles
above mouth. Alberta, Canada.)

Range. — Breeds in Alberta and western Saskatchewan.

Telmatodytes palustris dissaeptus^ (Bangs). Prairie Marsh Wren. [725d.]

Cistothorus {Telmatodytes) palustris dissaeptus Bangs, Auk, XIX, No. 4,
Oct. 1902, 352. (Wayland, Mass.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones of the Great
Plains and Prairie district of the central Mississippi Valley east to Ontario,
New York, and New England. Winters southward in Mexico to Jalisco,
Zacatecas, and Vera Cruz, and along the Gulf coast to western Florida.
Casual in migration in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina,

Accent, dissaeptus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 249

Telmatodytes palustris plesius (Oberholser). "Western Marsh Wren.

[725c.]

Cistothorus palustris plesius Oberholser, Auk, XIV, No. 2, April, 1897,
188. (Fort Wingate, New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Upper Austral Zone from central British Co-
lumbia to New Mexico and from central Washington, central Oregon, and
northeastern California east to central Colorado. Winters from California
and central Texas (casually farther north) south to Cape San Lucas, Sinaloa,
and Tamauhpas.

Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird). Tule Wren. [725a.]

Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 10,
Sept., 1864, 148. (Shoalwater Bay, Washington Territory.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper and Lower Austral zones in
the coast district from British Columbia to southern California. Winters
from Washington south to Cape San Lucas and northwestern Sonora.

Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus Swarth. Suisim Marsh Wren. [725^.]

Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus Swarth, Auk, XXXIV, No. 3, July
[Jime 30], 1917, 310. (Grizzly Island, Solano County, California.)

Range. — ^West-central California, breeding at the confluence of the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin rivers, in Napa and Solano counties, and thence south
to Tulare County. In winter spreads beyond its breeding range to Oregon
and southern California.

Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis.

Cistothorus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct., 1851 [1850?], 77 (note). Type,
by subs, desig., Troglodytes stellaris Naumann (Gray, 1855).

Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann). Short-billed Marsh Wren. [724.]

Troglodytes stellaris "[Lichst.],^' Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschl.,
Ill, 1823, table to p. 724. (Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from southeastern
Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern Ontario, and southern Maine south
to eastern Kansas, central Missouri, central Indiana, and northern Delaware.
Winters from southern Illinois and southern New Jersey to southern Texas,
the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Accidental in Colorado and Wyoming.

Genus CATHERPES Baird .

Catherpes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xix, xxxvi, 354, 356. Type, by orig. desig.,
Thryothorus mexicanu^ Swainson.

250 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Catherpes mexicanus albifrons (Giraud). White-throated Wren. [717.]

Certhia albifrons Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, not paged
or numbered [17 (pi. viii)]. (Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of central western Texas, near the mouth of the
Pecos River, and on the northern part of the Mexican tableland from Nuevo
Leon to Zacatecas.

Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway. Canon Wren. [717a.]

Catherpes Mexicanus var. co7ispersus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VII, No. 10,
Oct., 1873, 603. (Fort Churchill [Washoe Mountains], Nevada.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones of the Great Basin and Rocky
Mountain region, from southern British Columbia, Idaho, and northern Colo-
rado south to northeastern Lower California, western Texas, Sonora, and
Chihuahua.

Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway. Dotted Wren. [7176.]

Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V,
1882, 343 [f-'ept. 11]. (California north to San Francisco and the Cala-
veras River = Forest Hill, Placer Co., CaUfornia.)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones from southeastern Washington
and Oregon through California west of the deserts and throughout Lower
California. Casual in northwestern Washington.

[An additional race of C. mexicanus occurs in southern Mexico.]

Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis.

Salpinctes Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg., XIII, Pt. i, 1847, 323. Type,
by subs, desig., Troglodytes obsoleta Say (Gray, 1855).

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say). Common Rock Wren. [715.]

Troglodytes obsoleta Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 4 (note).
(Northern part of Douglas Co., Colorado, near junction of Plum Creek
with South Platte River.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition and Austral zones from southern
British Columbia, west-central Alberta, and west-central Saskatchewan south
to central Sonora, San Luis Potosi, and Zacatecas, and from the Pacific, in-
cluding the Farallon, Santa Barbara, and Los Coronados islands, peninsula of
Lower California and adjacent islands, east to western North Dakota, central
Nebraska (caisually Minnesota and western Iowa), and central Texas. Winters
in the southern part of its United States range and in Mexico.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 251

Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Ridgway. Guadalupe Rock Wren.

[716.]

Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Ridgway, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv,
Terr., II, No. 2, April, 1876, 185. (Guadeloupe [ = Guadalupe] Island,
Lower California.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
' [Allied races of S. obsoletus occur in Mexico and Central America.]

Family MIMIDAE. Mockingbirds and Thrashers.

Genus MIMUS Boie.

Mimus Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), col. 972. Type,
by monotypy, Turdus polyglottos Linnaeus.

Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnaeus). Eastern Mockingbird. [703.]

Turdus polyglottos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 169. Based
mainly on The Mock-Bird, Turdus minor cinereo-albus non maculatus
Catesby, Carolina, I, 27. (in Virginia.)

Range. — Chiefly in Austral zones from eastern Nebraska, southern Iowa,
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Maryland south to eastern Texas, the CJulf coast,
and southern Florida, and sparingly north to New Jersey, southeastern Penn-
sylvania, New York, and Massachusetts. Accidental in Wisconsin, Ontario,
Maine, and Nova Scotia; introduced in Bermuda.

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird. [703a.]

Orpheus leucopterus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 17. (No
locality mentioned = Monterey, California.)

Range. — Chiefly in Austral zones from central California, southern Wyo-
ming, northwestern Nebraska, and western Kansas south to Cape San Lucas,
Jalisco, Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz, and on the Tres Marias and Santa Barbara
islands. Accidental on Guadalupe Island.

[Additional races of M. polyglottos occur in the Bahamas and West Indies.]

Genus DUMETELLA S. D. W.

Dumetella S. D. W., Analyst, V, No. xviii, Jan., 1837, 206. Type, by
monotypy, Turdus felivox Vieillot = Muscicapa carolincnsis Lin-
naeus.

Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus). Catbird. [704.]

Muscicapa- carolincnsis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 328. Based
mainly on The Cat Bird, Muscicapa veriice nigro Catesby, Carolina, I,
66. (in Carolina = Virginia.)

252 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition and Austral zones from central
British Columbia, southern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to western Wash-
ington (rarely), northeastern Oregon, northern Utah, northeastern New Mex-
ico, southeastern Texas, central Alabama, central Georgia, and northern
Florida; resident in Bermuda. Winters from the Southern States to the Baha-
mas and Cuba and through Mexico to Panama; casual in winter north to Wis-
consin, the Middle States, and Massachusetts. Accidental on the Farallon
Islands and in Europe.

Genus TOXOSTOMA Wagler.

Toxostoma Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May), col. 528.
Type, by monotypy, Toxostoma vetula Wagler = Orpheus curvirostris
Swainson.

Tox6stomarufiim (Linnaeus). Brown Thrasher. [705.]

Turdus rujus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 169. Based on the
Fox-coloured Thrush, Turdus ruffus Catesby, Carolina, I, 2S. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — -Breeds mainly in the Transition and Austral zones from southern
Alberta, southern Manitoba, northern Michigan, southeastern Ontario, south-
western Quebec, and northern Maine south to the Gulf coast of eastern
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and central Florida, and from the base of the
Rocky Mountains in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado eastward. Winters
from southeastern Missouri and North Carolina to central southern Texas,
central Florida, and casually farther north. Accidental in Arizona and Europe.

Toxostoma longirostre sennetti (Ridgway). Sennett's Thrasher. [706.]

Harporhynchus longirostris sennetti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X,
1888, 506 [Aug. 6]. (Southern Texas = Lomita, near Hidalgo, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral and upper Tropical zones from the lower Rio
Grande Valley and Gulf coast of Texas (Corpus Christi) south to central
Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Coahuila, and San Luis PotosI; occasionally north
to Galveston. [A closely aUied race occurs in southeastern Mexico.]

Toxostoma cinereum cinereum (Xantus). San Lucas Thrasher. [709.]

Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI] 1859,
sig. 21-23 [Jan. 12, 1860], 298. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Lower Austral and Arid Tropical zones of Lower California from
about lat. 28° southward.

Toxostoma cinereum meamsi (Anthony) . Meams's Thrasher. [709a.]

Harporhynchus cinereus meamsi Anthony, Auk, XII, No. 1, Jan., 1895,
53. (San Quintin, Lower California.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 253

Range. — Pacific slope of northern Lower California (Lower Austral Zone)
from lat. 28° 30' to lat. 31°.

[An additional race of T. cinereum occurs in southern Mexico.]

Toxostoma bendirei (CouEs). Bendire's Thrasher. [708.]

Harporhynchus Bendirei Coues, Amer. Nat., VII, No. 6, June, 1873, 330.
(Tucson, Arizona.)

Range. — Lower Austral deserts of the Southwest. Breeds in southeastern
California, Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora. Winters
south to northern Sinaloa. Accidental in Colorado and southwestern Cali-
fornia (Los Angeles).

Toxostoma ctirvirostre palmeri (Coues). Palmer's Thrasher. [707a.]

Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri "Ridgw. Ms.," Coues, Key N.
Amer. Birds, 1S72, 351. (Tucson, Arizona.)

Range. — -Lower Austral Zone from central western Arizona south to Sonora
and northern Chihuahua.

Toxostoma curvirostre curvirostre (Swainson). Curve-billed Thrasher.

[707.]

Orpheus curvirostris Swainson, PhUos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 5, May, 1827,
369. (Table land [of Mexico] = near Temascdltepec.)

Range. — -Austral and Arid Tropical zones from southeastern Arizona and
southern New Mexico south to CoUma, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla,
and Vera Cruz.

Toxostoma curvirostre oberholseri Law. Brownsville Thrasher. [7076.]

Toxostoma curvirostris oberholseri Law, Condor, XXX, No. 2, March 15,
1928, 151. (San Diego, Duval County, Texas.)

Range. — Southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas,

Nuevo Leon, and Coahmla).

Toxostoma redivivum redivivimi (Gambel). California Thrasher. [710.]

Harpes rediviva Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, No. 10, July-
Aug., 1845 [Dec. 5], 264. (Monterey, in Upper California.)

Range. — Austral zones of California west of the high Sierra Nevada and the
southeastern deserts, from Monterey and Placer counties through the San
Diegan district to lat. 30° in Lower California.

254 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Toxostoma rediviviun sonomae Grinnell. Sonoma Thrasher. [7106.]

Toxostoma redivivum sonomae Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 1 1 ,
Oct. 21, 1915, 155. (One mile west of Guerneville, Sonoma County,
California.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of northern California from the head of the
Sacramento Valley (Baird, Shasta Coimty) and the inner coast ranges (Covelo,
Mendocino County) to Eldorado County, and in the coast belt through the
San Francisco Bay region to Santa Cruz.

Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence. Leconte's Thrasher. [711.]

Toxostoma LeContei Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1851, 121.
(California near the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers = Fort
Yuma, California.)

Range. — Lower Austral deserts of southeastern California, extreme southern
Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah, Arizona, and northeastern Lower
California south to San Felipe Bay; also in the southern San Joaquin Valley of
California from Onyx and Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, to Huron, Fresno
County.

Toxostoma lecontei arenicola (Anthony). Desert Thrasher. [711o.]

Harporhynchus lecontei arenicola A'nthony , Auk, XIV, No. 2, April, 1897,
167. (Rosalia Bay, Lower California.)

Range. — Pacific coast strip of Lower California (Lower Austral Zone), from
lat. 26° to lat. 29°.

Toxostoma dorsale dorsale Henry. Crissal Thrasher. [712.]

Toxostoma dorsalis Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [X] 1858, No.
7-9, April-May [after April 19], 117. (Fort Thorn [Donna Ana Co.,
New Mexico].)

Range. — Breeds in deserts of the Austral zones from southern Nevada and
southern Utah south to extreme northeastern Lower California, Sonora, and
Chihuahua, and from southeastern California to central western Texas.

Toxostoma dorsale trinitatis Grinnell. Trinidad Thrasher. [712a.]

Toxostoma crissale trinitatis Grinnell, Condor, XXIX, No. 2, March 15,
1927, 122. (El Valle de la Trinidad, 2500 feet, lat. 31° 20', Lower
California.)

Range. — Trinidad Valley, northern Lower California.

Genus OREOSCOPTES Baird.

Oreoscoptes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. R.
R. Pac, IX, 1858, xix, xxxv, [Oroscoptes, 346]. Type, by monotypy,
Orpheus montanus Townsend.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 255

Oreoscoptes montanus (Townsend). Sage Thrasher. [702.]

Orpheus montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII,
Pt. ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 192. (Plains of the Rocky Mountains = Sandy
Creek, lat. 42° N., long. 109° 30' W., Wyoming.)

Range. — Arid sagebrush plains and foothills of the western United States.
Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from southern British Colum-
bia, central Montana, and western Nebraska south to southern California and
northern New Mexico. Winters from southern California and the mountains
of central Texas to northern Mexico (Chihuahua and Tamaulipas), Cape San
Lucas, and casuaUy to Guadalupe Island.

Family TURDIDAE. Thrushes, Bluebirds, Stonechats,
AND Solitaires.

Genus ARCEUTHORNIS Kaup.

Arceuthornis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 93. Type, by
subs, desig., Turdus -pilaris Linnaeus (Gray, 1842).

• Arceuthornis musicus (Linnaeus). Red-winged Thrush. [760.]

Turdus musicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 169. (in Europae
sylvis = Sweden.)

Range. — Europe and Asia. Breeds in the northern countries. Winters
from the British Isles and southern Europe to India and Persia. Accidental
in Greenland (Frederikshaab, October 20, 1845) .^

Genus TURDUS Linnaeus.

Turdus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 168. Type, by subs, desig.,
Turdus merula Linnaeus (Selby, 1825) .

Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus. Eastern Robin. [761.]

Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 292. Based
mainly on The Fieldfare of CaroUna, Turdus pilaris, migratorius
Catesby, Carolina, I, 29. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina,
winter migrant.)

Range. — Breeds in the Boreal, Transition, and Upper Austral zones from
limit of trees in northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba,
northern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Cook Inlet, Alaska, central
Alberta, Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.
Winters from central Kansas, Ohio Valley, and eastern Massachusetts (irreg-
ular farther north) to the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and to Nuevo

1 Reinhardt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 439; referred to A. m. coburni Sharpe by
SchicSler.

256 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Leon, Mexico. Accidental in Greenland, Bermuda, and Cuba. Introduced
and locally established in England.

Turdus migratorius achriisterus (Batchelder). Southern Robin. [7616.]

Merula migratoria achrustera Batchelder, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
I, 104, March 6, 1900. (Raleigh, North Carolina.)

Range". — Breeds in the southern part of the Upper Austral Zone from
southern Illinois and Maryland to northern Mississippi, central Alabama,
northern Georgia, and upper South Carolina.

Turdus migratorius caurinus (Grinnell). Northwestern Robin. [761c.]

Planesticu^ migratorius caurinus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
V, No. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, 241. (Windfall Harbor, Admiralty Island,
Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds from Glacier Bay, Alaska, south through the Pacific coast
region of British Columbia and Washington.

Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway. Western Robin. [761a.]

Turdus projrinquus Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, II, No. 1, Jan.,
1877, 9. (Western region including eastern base of Rocky Mountains
= Laramie Peak, Wyoming.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian and Transition zones from south-
eastern British Columbia and Montana south to southern California, JaUsco,
Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz, and from the Pacific coast east to the border of the
Great Plains. Winters from southern British Columbia and Wyoming south to
middle Lower California and to the highlands of Guatemala.

[An additional race of T. migratorius occurs in Mexico.]

Turdus confinis Baird. San Lucas Robin. [762.]

Turdus confinis Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 2, June, 1864, 29.
(Todos Santos, Cape St. Lucas [Lower California].)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of the mountains in the Cape district of Lower
California.

• Turdus merula merula Linnaeus. Eiu-opean Blackbird. [761.1.]

Turdus merula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 170. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — ^The British Isles and Europe. Accidental in Greenland.^ [Re-
lated races occur in southern Spain, North Africa, and central Asia].

1 Schi0ler, Dansk Ornith. For. Tidssk., XI, Haeftea 3-4, Sept., 1917, 175.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 257

Genus IXOREUS Bonaparte.

Ixoreus Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), XXXVIII, No.
1 (for Jan. 2), 1854, 3 (note). Type, by orig. desig.. Tardus naevius
Gmelin.

Ixoreus naevius naevius (Gmelin). Pacific Varied Thrush. [763.]

Turdus naevius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 817. Based on the
Spotted Thrush Latham, General Synops., II, Pt. 1, 27. (in sinu
Americae Natca = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, B. C.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Upper Transition zones from Yakutat
Bay, Alaska, south to Humboldt County, California. Winters from extreme
southern Alaska south to southern California.

Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson). Northern Varied Thrush. [763a.]

Orpheus meruloides Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 187 (pi. 38). (Fort Franklin, lat. 63^
[Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie].)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and upper Canadian zones from the Yukon
Delta, Kowak Valley, and Mackenzie delta south to Prince William Sound,
Alaska, the southern part of the Mackenzie Valley, and south in the mountains
through eastern British Columbia to northwestern Montana and northeastern
Oregon. Winters mainly in the interior of California south to Los Angeles
County and irregularly to northern Lower California. Casual on Guadalupe
Island; accidental in Kansas, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, and
Quebec.

Genus HYLOCICHLA Baird.

Hylocichla Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 1, June, 1864, 12. Type, by
orig. desig., Turdus rnustelinus Gmelin.

Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). Wood Thrush. [755.]

Turdus rnustelinus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 817. Based on the
Tawny Thrush Latham, General Synops., II., Pt. i, 29. (in Nove-
boraco = New York.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from southern South
Dakota, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, southeastern Ontario, central
New Hampshire, and southern Maine (casually) south to eastern Texas,
Louisiana, southern Alabama, and northern Florida. Winters from Puebla,
southern Mexico, to western Panama and occasionally in Florida. Casual in
migration in the Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica; accidental in Colorado and
Bermuda.
18

258 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas) . Alaska Hermit Thrush. [759.]

Muscicapa guttata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1811, 465. (in insulis
Americae praesertim Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Range. — -Breeds mainly in the Hudsonian Zone from south-central Alaska
(Mt. McKinley) south to Kodiak Island, Cross Sound, and northern British
Columbia. Winters south to Cape San Lucas, Lower Cahfornia, Sonora,
Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas; in migration east to eastern Oregon,
Idaho, Nevada, and New Mexico.

Hylocichla guttata nanus (Audubon). Dwarf Hermit Thrush. [759c.]

Turdus Nanus Audubon, Birds of Amer. (folio), IV, pi. 419, fig. 1, 1838
(Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 201). (vaUeys of the Columbia River = Fort
Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from Cross Sound,
Alaska, south to the coast region of southern British Columbia. Winters
south to California, Lower California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell. Monterey Hermit Thrush. [759cZ.]

Hylocichla aonalaschkas slevini Grinnell, Auk, XVIII, No. 3, July, 1901,
258. (Vicinity of Point Sur, Monterey County, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone of the coast belt in California from
northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County. South in migration
and in winter to Lower California, Arizona, and Sonora.

Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding). Sierra Hermit Thrush. [759e.]

Turdus sequoiensis Belding, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, II, 18, June 11,
1889. (Big Trees, [Calaveras Co., California].)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from southern British Columbia to southern
California. Southeast in migration and in winter to Texas and northern
Mexico.

Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell. Mono Hermit Thrush. [759/.]

Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell, Condor, XX, No. 2, March 20,
1918, 89. (Wyman Creek, 8000 feet. White Mountains, Inyo County,
California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones of the White Moun-
tains, Mono and Inyo counties, California.

Hylocichla guttata auduboni (Baird). Audubon's Hermit Thrush. [759a.]

Turdus auduboni Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 1, June, 1864, 16. (Ft.
Bridger [Wyoming].)

OKDER PASSERIFORMES. 259

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and upper Transition zones from south-
eastern British Columbia and Montana south to Nevada (Toyabe Mountains),
and mountains of Arizona and New Mexico; also in the Sierra de la Laguna,
Cape district of Lower California. Winters in western and central Texas
and south over the Mexican tableland to Guatemala.

Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard. Eastern Hermit Thrush.

[7596.]

Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard, Auk, XXXVIII, No. 3, July
5, 1921, 433. (Shelbiu-ne, New Hampshire.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from Yukon, south-
western Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and southern Quebec south to central
Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Minnesota, northern Michigan, Ontario,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Long Island (locally), and the mountains of
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Winters from Massachusetts (locally)
and the lower Delaware and Ohio valleys to Texas and Florida. Occasional in
Bermuda; accidental in Greenland and Europe.

Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (NuTT all). Russet-backed Thrush. [758.]

Turdus cestidatus [ = ustulatus] Nuttall, Manual Orn. U. S. and Canada,
I, ed. 2, 1840, 400, 830 (and errata, p. vi). (Forests of Oregon = Fort
Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — -Breeds mainly in the Canadian and Transition zones from Juneau,
Alaska, to San Diego County, California. Winters from Vera Cruz, Guate-
mala, and Costa Rica to eastern Ecuador and British Guiana; transient
in Lower California. Accidental in Iowa, Missouri, New Mexico, and South
Carolina.

Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Olive-backed Thrush. [758a.]

Tardus Swainsoni "Cab. MSS." Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845, 28.
New name for Merula wilsoni Swainson, nee Turdus wilsoni Bonaparte.
(Carleton House [Saskatchewan River], lat. 53°.)

Range. — -Breeds mainly in the lower Hudsonian and Canadian zones from
northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, central
Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, eastern Oregon,
northern California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, northern Michigan, New York,
northern New England, and in the mountains to Pennsylvania and West
Virginia. Winters from southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Ar-
gentina. Casual in Lower California, Cuba, and Bermuda.

Hylocichla minima aliciae (Baird.) Gray-cheeked Thrush. [757.]

Turdus aliciae Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxxi, 210, 217. (lUinois and upper Mis-
souri = West Northfield, Illinois.)

260 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian Zone in a narrow belt just south of tree
limit from northeastern Siberia through northwestern Alaska, northwestern
Mackenzie, and northern Manitoba to central Quebec, and in Newfoimdland.
Migrates through eastern North America and along the east coast of Central
America and winters in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and British Gui-
ana; west in migration to Montana, Kansas, and Texas. Accidental in Cuba,
Greenland, and Heligoland.

Hylocichla minima minima (Lafresnaye). Bicknell's Thrush. [757a.]

Turdiis minimus Lafresnaye, Revue ZooL, XI, [No. 1] Jan., 1848, 5.
(ad Bogotam in Nova-Granada = Bogotd., Colombia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and upper Canadian zones in Nova Scotia,
the mountains of northern New England, the Catskills and Adirondacks of New
York, and probably in the mountains of western Massachusetts. Migrates
through the southeastern United States and the Bahamas and winters in Haiti
and Venezuela.

Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens) . Veery. [756.]

Turdus Fuscescens Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, X, Pt. i, Sept.,
1817, 182. (Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower Canadian and Transition zones from Michigan,
southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Anticosti Island south to northern
Indiana, northern Ohio, and New Jersey, and in the Alleghanies to North
Carolina and northern Georgia. Migrates through Yucatan and Central
America and winters in Colombia, British Guiana, and Brazil.

Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. Willow Thrush. [756a.]

Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV,
1882, 374 [April 13]. (Fort Garland, Colorado.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower Canadian and Transition zones from southern
British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,
and Wisconsin (and apparently also Newfoundland) south to central Oregon,
Nevada, Utah, northern New Mexico, and central Iowa. Winters in South
America to BrazU. Casual in migration to Indiana, Wisconsin, Mississippi, and
the eastern United States.

Genus SIALIA Swainson.

Sialia Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 5, May, 1827, 369. Type, by
monotypy, Sialia azurea Swainson = Motacilla sialis Linnaeus.

Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus). Eastern Bluebird. [766.]

Motacilla sialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 187. Based mainly
on The Blew Bird, Rubicula americana caerulea Catesby, Carolina, I,
47. (in Bermudis and America calidiore = South Carolina.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES, 261

Range. — -Breeds from the lower Canadian to the Lower Austral zone from
southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland
south to central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida;
casually west to base of the Rocky Mountains in Montana, Wyoming, and
Colorado; resident in Bermuda. Winters most commonly south of the Ohio
Valley and the Middle States, casually farther north.' Accidental in Cuba.*

Sialia sialis fulva Brewster. Azure Bluebird. [766a.]

Sialia sialis fulva Brewster, Auk, II, No. 1, Jan., 1885, 85. (Santa Rita
Mountains, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from the mountains of
southern Arizona south to Jalisco, Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz. Winters south to
northern Guatemala.

Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Chestnut-backed Bluebird. [767a.]

Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway, Auk, XI, No. 2, April, 1894, 151, 157.
(Camp 110, New Mexico = Cactus Pass, 20 miles east of Kingman,
Mohave Co., Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from Utah, Colorado, and
central western Texas south to Durango and Zacatecas. Winters from
southern Utah and southern Colorado south to Sonora and Zacatecas. Acci-
dental in Iowa.

Sialia mexicana occidentalis Townsend. Western Bluebird. [767.]

Sialia occidentalis J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, Pt.
ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 188. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washing-
ton.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southern British
Columbia east to northern Idaho and western Montana and south to southern
California. Winters south to San Diego County, California, and extreme
northern Lower California.

Sialia mexicana anabelae Anthony. San Pedro Bluebird. [7676.]

Sialia mexicana anahelx Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, II, sig. 6,
Oct. 11, 1889, 79. (San Pedro Martir Mountain, Lower California.)

Range. — Sierra San Pedro Mdrtir and Sierra Juarez of northern Lower
California (chiefly Transition Zone). In winter scattering somewhat to ad-
jacent lowlands.

[Additional races of S. mexicana occur in Mexico and Central America.]

1 The resident Bluebird of peninsular Florida has been separated as S. s. grata
Bangs (Auk, XV, April, 1898, 182).

262 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Sialia cumicoides (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird. [768.]

Moiadlla s. Sylvia Cumicoides "Borkh.", Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem.
Ueb. Vogel, III, Pt. ii, 1798, 546 (pi. 121). (Virginien = Western
America.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and locally in the upper Transition zones
from southern Yukon, northwestern British Columbia, central Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to the mountains of southern
California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, and from the Cascade
Range and Sierra Nevada to southwestern North Dakota and western Ne-
braska. Winters from California and Colorado south to Guadalupe Island,
Lower California, and Sonora, and east to Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Casual at Great Slave Lake; accidental at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake.

Genus OENANTHE Vieillot.

Oenanthe Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 43. Type, by monotypy, Turdus
leucurus Latham = T. leucurus Gmelin.

Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus). European Wheatear. [765.]

Motacilla Oenanthe Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 186. (in Europae
apricis lapidosis = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from the British Isles, Scandinavian Peninsula, central
Europe, and high mountains of southern Europe east to northern and east-
central Alaska and south to the mouth of the Yukon and the Pribilof Islands.
Winters southward to India and eastern Africa.

Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa (Gmelin). Greenland Wheatear. [765a.]

Motacilla leucorhoa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 966. (in fluvium
Senegal = Senegal River.)

Range. — ^Breeds in the Arctic Zone from Ellesmere Island and Boothia
Peninsula east to Greenland and Iceland and south to northern Quebec.
Winters in West Africa, migrating through the British Isles and France. Cas-
ual in migration or winter in Keewatin, Ontario, New Brunswick, Quebec,
New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Bermuda, and Cuba.

[Additional races of 0. oenanthe occur in northern Africa, Turkestan, and
Spain.]

Genus CYANOSYLVIA Brehm.

Cyano-sylvia Brehm, Isis vouOken, XXI, 1828, Heft viii (Aug.), col. 920.
Type, by monotypy, Motacilla suecica Linnaeus.

Cyanosylvia suecica (Linnaeus). Red-spotted Bluethroat. [764.]

Motacilla suecica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 187. (in Europae
alpinis = Sweden.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 263

Range. — Breeds in Sweden, Russia, and Siberia. Winters in northern
Africa and India. Casual or local in western Alaska, breeding at Cape Blos-
som 1 and Meade Point.^ [Allied races occur in Europe and Asia.]

Genus CALLIOPE Gould.

Calliope Gould, Birds Europe (Pt. 16), II, March 1, 1836, pi. 118 and
text. Type, by monotypy, Calliope lathami Gould = Motacilla
calliope Pallas.

*^ Calliope calliope camtschatkensis (Gmelin) . Greater Kamchatka Nightin-
gale. [764.1.]

Turdus camtschatkensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 817. (Camt-
schatca.)

Range.' — -Northeastern Asia. Casual on Kiska Island, Alaska (June 17,
1911).^ [A closely allied race occurs in Siberia.]

Genus MYADESTES Swainson.

Myadestes Swainson, Nat. Libr., XIII, Flycatchers, 1838, 132. Type,
by monotypy, Myadestes genibarbis Swainson.

Myadestes townsendi (Audubon). Townsend's Solitaire. [754.]

Ptilogony's [sic] Townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, pi. 419, fig.
2, 1838 (Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 206). (Columbia River = near Astoria,
Oregon.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from central eastern Alaska, southwestern
Mackenzie, and central western Alberta south through the Sierra Nevada to
the San Bernardino Mountains, California, and through the Rocky Mountains
to Arizona and New Mexico; reported breeding in the Transition Zone in the
mountains of Durango, Zacatecas, and Coahuila, Mexico. Winters from
southern British Columbia and Montana southward, straggling to northern
Lower California, central Texas, Kansas, and eastern Nebraska. Accidental
in lUinois and New York.

1 Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 1, 1900, 64.

2 Bishop, in litt.

3 Bent, Smithson. Misc. Coll., LVI, No. 32, Feb. 12, 1912, 22.

264 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Family SYLVIIDAE. Warblers, Gnatcatchers,
AND Kinglets.

Subfamily SYLVIINAE. Warblers.

Genus ACANTHOPNEUSTE Blasius.

AcanthopneuMe J. H. Blasius, Naumannia, Vol. VIII, Heft 4-6, 1858
[1859?], 313. Type, by subs, desig., Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius
(Salvador!, 1881).

Acaxithopneuste borealis kennicotti (Baird). Kennicott's Willow Warbler.

1747.]

Phyllopneuste Kennicotti Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, Pt. 2, 1869,
313 (pi. XXX, fig. 2). (St. Michael's in Norton Sound, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds in western Alaska (St. Michael, Nushagak, AUoknagik
River, Kowak River, etc.). Winters in southeastern Asia. [A closely related
race occurs in northern Asia.]

Genus LOCUSTELLA Kaup.

Locustella Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 107. Type,
by monotypy, Sylvia locustella Latham.

* Locustella ochotensis (Middendorff). Middendorflf's Grasshopper- Warb-
ler. [747.1.]

Sylvia {Locustella) ochotensis Middendorff, Reise Sibir., II, Pt. ii, 1853,
185 (pi. xvi, fig. 7). (Mouth of Ouda River, Ockhotsk Sea.)

Range. — Eastern Asia, from Kamchatka to the Kuriles and Bering Island,
south in migration to the Moluccas. Accidental on Nunivak Island, Alaska.'

Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE. Gnatcatchers.

Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater.

Polioptila Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXIII, 1855, No. 274 [March
27], 11. Type, by orig. desig., Motacilla caerulea Linnaeus.

Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. [751.]

Motacilla caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 337. Based on
the Little Blue-grey Fl3'catcher Edwards, Gleanings, 194. (in Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.)

1 Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., sen 4, XVII, No. 8, July 10, 1928.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 265

Range. — Breeds in the Lower and Upper Austral zones from eastern Ne-
braska, Iowa, and southern parts of Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, southwest-
ern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southern New Jersey south to southern
Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. Winters from southern Texas,
southern Mississippi, and the coast of South Carolina (rarely Virginia) to the
Bahamas and Cuba, and through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala.
Casual northward to southeastern Minnesota, New England, and New York.

Polioptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell. Western Gnatcatcher. [7516.]

Polioptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
XV, No. 16, Sept. 15, 1926, 494. (Pleasant Valley, Mariposa County,
California, 600 feet.)

Range. — Breeds from northern interior California (Shasta County),
southern Nevada, southern Utah, and Colorado (El Paso County) south to
northern Lower California, Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Colima. Winters
from southern California southward.

Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway. San Lucas Gnatcatcher. [751a.]

Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 535
(note), March 21, 1883 [April 3]. (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.)

Range. — Austral zones of southern Lower California, north to about
lat. 28°.

[Additional races of P. caerulea occur in Mexico and the Bahamas.]

Polioptila melanura melanura Lawrence. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher. [752.]

Polioptila melanura Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1857,
168. (Texas = Rio Grande Valley.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from southeastern California, southern
Nevada, central Arizona, west-central New Mexico, and the Rio Grande
Valley south to Tamaulipas, Sonora, Nuevo Leon, and San Felipe Bay,
Lower California.

Polioptila melanura margaritae Ridgway. Margarita Gnatcatcher. [7526.]

Polioptila margaritx Ridgway, BuU. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. iii, 1904,
733. [Santa] Margarita Island [Lower California].

Range. — Lower California from about lat. 29° to lat. 24° 30'.

Polioptila melanura abbreviata Grinnell. Xantus's Gnatcatcher. [752a.]

Polioptila melanura abbreviata Grinnell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
XV, No. 16, Sept. 15, 1926, 497. (Cape San Lucas, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California (Arid Tropical and Lower
Austral zones), north to La Paz.

266 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Polioptila melanura calif omica Brewster. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. [753.]

Polioptila calif omica Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VI, No. 2, April,
1881, 103. (Riverside, San Bernardino [= Riverside] Co., California.)

Range. — San Diegan district of southern California from Ventura south to
about lat. 30° in northwestern Lower California.

Subfamily REGULINAE. Kinglets.

Genus REGULUS Cuvier.

Regulus Cuvier, Legons Anat. Comp., I, 1800, table ii. Type, by mono-
typy, Les Roitelets = Motacilla regulus Linnaeits.

Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein. Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet.

[748.]

Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35. (Am. sept. =
North America.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from central Alberta, central Manitoba,
southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to Minnesota, Michigan, New
York, the highlands of Massachusetts, and in the higher Alleghanies south to
North Carolina. Winters from Iowa (casually Minnesota), Ontario, and New
Brunswick to northern Florida and Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. [748a.]

Regulus satrapa var. olivaceus Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 5, July,
1864, 65. (Puget Sound, wintering to Fort Crook = Simiahmoo, Wash-
ington.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from Kodiak Island and Kenai Peninsula,
Alaska, south to the San Jacinto Mountains, California, and New Mexico.
Winters from British Columbia (casually Alaska) to the highlands of Mexico
and Guatemala.

Genus CORTHYLIO Cabanis.

Corthylio Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., I, No. 2, March, 1853, 83. Type, by
subs, desig., Motacilla calendula Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way, 1874).

Corthylio calendula calendula (Linnaeus), Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

[749.]

Motacilla Calendula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 337. Based on
The Ruby-crowned Wren Edwards, Gleanings, 95. (in Pennsylvania
= Philadelphia, Pa.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 267

Range. — ^B reeds in Boreal zones from northwestern Alaska, northwestern
Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and west-central Quebec to southern Arizona,
central New Mexico, northern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
(casually Michigan and Maine). Winters from southern British Columbia,
Iowa, and Virginia (casually farther north) south over the United States and
the Mexican tableland to Guatemala, and in Lower California. Accidental in
Greenland.

Corthylio calendula cineraceus (Grinnell) . Western Ruby-crowned King-
let. [749c.]

Reguhis calendula cineraceus Grinnell, Condor, VI, No. 1, January 15,
1904, 25. (Strain's Camp, Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone of the Siskiyou Mountains and Sierra
Nevada south to Tulare County, California, and less commonly in the San
Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains; also in northern Idaho.
Winters in the San Diegan district and in the interior valleys west of the Sierra
Nevada, and throughout Lower California.

Corthylio calendula griimelli (Palmer). Sitka Kinglet. [749rt.]

Reguliis calendula grinnelli W. Palmer, Auk, XIV, No. 4, Oct., 1897, 399.
(Sitka, Alaska.)

Range. — Pacific coast. Breeds from Prince William Sound and Skagway,
Alaska, to British Columbia. Winters south to middle California.

Corthylio calendula obscurus (Ridgway). Dusky Kinglet. [7496.]

Regulus calendula obscurus Ridgway, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., II,
No. 2, April, 1876, 184. (Guadeloupe [= Guadalupe] Island, Lower
California.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

Family PRUNELLIDAE. Accentors.

Genus PRUNELLA Vieillot.

Prunella Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 43. Type, by monotypy, Fauvette
de haie Buffon = Motacilla modularis Linnaeus.

• Prunella montanella (Pallas) . Mountain Accentor. [749.1.]

Motacilla montanella Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, III, 1776, 695. (in
Dauuriam = Dauria.)

Range. — Siberia, from the Ural Morntains to Bering Sea, south to Trans-
baikalia, the Tian Shan Mountains, and Mongolia. Winters in north China

268 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

and Chosen (Korea). Occasional in Europe; accidental on Nunivak Island,
Alaska. 1

Family MOTACILLIDAE. Wagtails and Pipits.

Genus MOTACILLA Linnaeus.

Motacilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 184. Type, by subs.
desig., Motacilla alba Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

• Motacilla alba alba Linnaeus. White Wagtail. [694.]

Motacilla alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 185. (Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds from Iceland and Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea,
east to the Ural Mountains. Winters in tropical Africa, Madeira, and the
Canary Islands. Accidental in northern Ungava (Fort Chimo, Aug. 29, 1883), ^
and Greenland (Godhavn).^

• Motacilla alba ocularis Swinhoe. Swinhoe's Wagtail. [695.]

Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe, Ibis, [ser. 1] II, No. 1, Jan., 1860, 55. (Amoy,
China.)

Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia. Winters south to southern China.
Casual in western Alaska (Attu Island, Aleutian chain,< and mouth of Yukon^) ;
accidental in Lower California (La Paz, Jan. 9, 1882)."^

• Motacilla alba lugens KiTTLiTZ. Black-backed Wagtail. [695.1.]

Motacilla lugens "Pallas", Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln zur Naturg. Vog.,
Heft 2, 1833, 16. (Kamtschatka.)

Range. — Kamchatka, Kurile, and Commander islands. Casual on Attu
Island, Aleutian chain (May, 1913).'

[Additional races of M. alba occur in Europe and Asia.]

Motacilla flava alascensis (Ridgway), Alaska Yellow Wagtail. [696.]

Budytes flavus alascensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, No. 28,
Sept. 30, 1903, 105. (St. Michael, Alaska.)

1 Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XVII, 1928, 251.

2 Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 236.

' Arctic Manual, 1875. Said to breed on east coast (Schiller).

* Turner, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 178; bird seen May 14, 1881,
may have been M. a. lugens.

^ Bishop, N. A. Fauna, No. 19, 1900, 91; six seen supposed to have been
this race.

« Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV, 1882, 414.

? Thayer and Bangs, Auk, XXXVIII, 1921, 460.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 269

Range. — Breeds in the Arctic Zone in extreme northeastern Siberia and
western Alaska from Point Barrow and Kotzebue Sound to Nushagak River;
migrates through the western Aleutian Islands to eastern Asia. [Additional
races of M. flava occur in Europe and Asia.]

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein.

Anthus Bechstein, Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl., II, 1805, 302. Type, by
subs, desig., Alauda campestris Linnaeus (Mathews, 1915).

Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall). American Pipit. [697.]

Alauda ruhescens Tunstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, 2. (Pennsylvania = Phila-
delphia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Arctic Zone from northeastern Siberia, northern
Alaska, northern Mackenzie, lat. 68° on the west coast of Davis Strait, and lat.
70° on the west coast of Greenland south to Great Slave Lake, northern
Manitoba, Quebec (Gaspe), and Newfoundland, and from the Aleutian Islands
to Prince William Sound; also on high mountains south to Oregon, Colorado,
and New Mexico. Winters from northern California and the Ohio and lower
Delaware valleys to the Gulf coast. Lower California, and Guatemala. Casual
in Bermuda; accidental in Heligoland.

• Anthus spinoletta japonicus Temminck and Schlegel. Japanese Pipit.

[697.1.]

Anthiis pratensis japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, 1847, 59. (Japan.)

Range. — Breeds in Kamchatka, eastern Siberia as far as the Lena River, and
in the Kurile Islands. Winters south to Japan and China. Casual on Nuni-
vak Island, Alaska (September 10, 1927). ^

[Additional races of A . spinoletta occur in Europe, Asia, and northern Africa.]

• Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus). Meadow Pipit. [698.]

Alauda pratensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 166. (in Europae
pratis = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes and over the greater part of Europe.
Winters in northern Africa. Accidental in Greenland.-

• Anthus cervinus (Pallas). Red-throated Pipit. [699.]

Motadlla Cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1811, 511. (in
Camtschatka = Kamchatka.)

1 Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XVII, July 10, 192S, 250.

2 Arctic Manual, 1875. Said to breed occasionally (Schiller).

270 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds on the tundras of northern Siberia and locally in northern
Europe. Winters southward to southern China, Egypt, and Abyssinia.
Accidental in western Alaska (St. Michael, 1867), ^ Aleutian Islands, - and
Lower California (San Jose del Cabo, Jan. 2t), 1883).^

Anthus spraguei (Audubon). Sprague's Pipit. [700.]

Alauda Spragueii Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), VII, 1844, 334 (pi.
486). (Near Ft. Union [western North Dakota].)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from west-central Saskatchewan and
southern Manitoba south to western Montana and North Dakota. Winters
from Texas, southern Louisiana, and southern Mississippi through eastern and
central Mexico to Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Michoacan. Casual in Florida,
Georgia, and South Carolina.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE. Waxwings.

Genus BOMBYCILLA Vieillot.

Bombycilla Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 88. Type, by
monotypy, Bomhycilla cedrorum Vieillot.

Bombycaia garrula pallidiceps Reichenow\ Bohemian Waxwing. [618.]

Bomhycilla garrula pallidiceps Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb., XVI, No. 12,
December, 1908, 191. (Shesly Fluss im nordlichen Britisch Columbien
= Shesly River, British Columbia.)

Range. — ^Breeds from western Alaska to northern Mackenzie and northeast-
ern Manitoba south to southern British Columbia and southern Alberta.
Winters east to Nova Scotia and south irregularly to Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Colorado, California, and Arizona.
[Allied races occm- in northern Europe and Asia.]

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing. [619.]

Bomhycilla cedrorum Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 88 (pi.
57). (Amerique depuis le Canada jusqu'au Mexique = eastern North
America.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, central Alberta, central
Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south
to northwestern California, northern New Mexico, Kansas, northern Ai-kansas,

1 Turner, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 180.

2 Zander, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, Extraheft I, 64.
sRidgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, 156.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 271

North Carolina, and northern Georgia. Winters throughout nearly all of
the United States and southward to Cuba, Mexico, Lower California, and
Panama. Accidental in the Bahamas, Bermuda, Jamaica, and the British
Isles.

Family PTILOGONATIDAE. Silky Flycatchers.

Genus PHAINOPEPLA Baird.

Phainopepla Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xix, xxxiv, [credited to Sclater on] 923.
Type, by orig. desig., PtUogonys nitens Swainson.

Phainopepla nitens lepida Van Tyne. Phainopepla. [620.]

Phainopepla nitens lepida Van Tyne, Occas. Papers Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., V, 149, May 22, 1925. (Riverside, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from central California, southern
Utah, and central western Texas south to Cape San Lucas and northwestern
Mexico. Winters from southern California southward. Casual in central
Nevada and northern California. [A closely related race occurs in Mexico.]

Family LANIIDAE. Shrikes.

Subfamily LANIINAE. Typical Shrikes.

Genus LANIUS Linnaeus.

Lanius Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 93. Type, by subs, desig.,
Lanius excuhitor Linnaeus (Swainson, 1824;.

Lanius borealis borealis Vieillot. Northern Shrike. [621.]

Lanius borealis Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 80 (pi. 50).
(Centre des Etats-Unis = New York.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian Zone and locally in the Canadian from
northern Ungava to southern Ontario and southern Quebec, west at least to the
east side of Hudson Bay. Winters southward to Kentucky, Virginia, and
North Carolina (casually).

Lanius borealis invictus Grinnell. Northwestern Shrike. [621a.]

Lanius borealis invictus Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. I, Nov.,
1900, 54. (Kowak River, Alaska.)

272 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian Zone from northwestern Alaska and
Mackenzie south to extreme northern British Cokimbia, Alberta, and Sas-
katchewan. Winters irregularly south to northern California, Arizona
(casually). New Mexico, and Texas; east to Minnesota.

Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus Linnaeus. Loggerhead Shrike. [622.]

Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 134. Based on
Lanius Ludovicianus, La Pie-griesche de la Louisiane Brisson, Orn., II,
162. (in Ludovicia = Louisiana.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the Atlantic and Gulf States from southern
North Carolina to southern Florida and west through southern Georgia and
Alabama to central Louisiana.

Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer. Migrant Shrike, [622e.]

Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer, Auk, XV, No. 3, July, 1898, 248.
(Kingston, Ontario [Canada].)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from
southeastern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and New
Brunswick south to northeastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mis-
souri, southern Illinois, northwestern Pennsylvania, Kentucky, western North
Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana and the interior of Virginia (but only locally
in the eastern states). Winters chiefly in the Mississippi Valley and Texas,
irregularly north to southern New England.

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson. White-rumped Shrike.

[622a.]

Lanius excubitorides Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 (1832), 115 (pi. 34). (Carlton House, Saskatche-
wan Plains.)

Range. — Breeds in Austral zones (locally Transition) from central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to southeastern
California, extreme northeastern Lower California, Arizona, Texas, and north-
ern Mexico (to Nayarit and Durango), and from the western border of the
Great Basin east to long. 98°. Winters in the southwestern United States and
south to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.^

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway. California Shrike. [622&.]

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgwat, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 467.
(Cahfornia, especially coast district = Calaveras County.)

1 Includes L. I. sonoriensis and L. I. nevadensis A. H. Millfr (Condor, XXXII,
1930, 155).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 273

Range. — Breeds (mainly in Austral zones) from the interior valleys of
British Columbia south through central Washington and central Oregon to
lat. 32° in Lower California; west to the Pacific coast from Sonoma County
southward, also east to southwestern Montana and northern Utah. Winters
in California and Lower California, and in western Mexico south to Morelos.

Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni Oberholser. Nelson's Shrike. [622/.]

Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni Oberholser, Condor, XX, No. 6, Dec. 12,
1918, 209. (Todos Santos, southern Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to lat. 29°, and on Santa
Margarita Island; in the Arid Tropical and Lower Sonoran zones.^

Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns. Island Shrike. [622c.]

Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns, Auk, XV, No. 3, July, 1898, 261.
(Santa Cruz Island, California.)

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.^

Family STURNIDAE. Starlings.

Genus STURNUS Linnaeus.

Sturnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 167. Type, by subs, desig.,
Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

•*• Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus. Starling. [493.]

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 167. (in Europa,
Africa = Sweden.)

Range. — ^Western and central Europe. Winters south to Africa. Acci-
dental in Greenland. Introduced in 1890 in New York City and thence has
spread as far north as New Brunswick, southwestern Quebec, and southeastern
Ontario, west to Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, and south to Texas,
Mississippi, and Florida. [Many allied races in Em-ope and Asia.]

Genus AETHIOPSAR Gates.

^thiopsar "Sharpe," Gates, Fauna British India (Birds), I, Dec, 1889,
539. Type, by subs, desig.. Pastor fuscus Wagler (Sharpe, 1892).

1 Includes L. I. grinnelli Oberholser (Wilson Bull., XXXI, 1919, 87).

2 Includes L. I. mearnsi Ridgway (Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., XVI, 1903, 108).

19

274 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

•• Aethiopsarcristatellus cristatellus (Linnaeus). Crested Mynah. [493.1.]
Gracula cristatella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 109. (China.)
Range. — Lowlands of south China. Introduced and naturalized in Van-
couver, British Columbia, and has spread thence up the Fraser River Valley and
to other points.

Family VIREONIDAE. Vireos.
Subfamily VIREONINAE. Typical Vireos.

Genus VIREO Vieillot.

Vireo Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 83. Type, by subs,
desig., Vireo musicus Vieillot = Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin =
Tanagra grisea Boddaert (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus VIREO Vieillot.

Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse. Black-capped Vireo. [630.]

Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,. VI, No. 2,

March-April, 1852 [June 9], 60. (San Pedro River, 208 miles from San

Antonio, on the road to El Paso del Norte [Texas].)

Range. — Breeds from central southern Kansas to central Texas. Probably

winters in Mexico south to Sinaloa and the volcano of Toluca. Accidental

in Nebraska.

Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert). White-eyed Vireo. [631.]

Tanagra grisea Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 45. Based on the Ta-
nagra olive de la Louisiane Daubenton, PI. Enl., 724, fig. 1. (Louisiana.)
Range — -Breeds chiefly in Austral zones from southeastern Nebraska,
southern Wisconsin, Ohio, New York, and Massachusetts to central Texas and
southern Florida. Winters from Texas, southern Alabama, southern Georgia,
Florida, and South Carolina through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and Honduras.
Casual north to Michigan, Vermont, Ontario, and New Brunswick, and in
Cuba.

Vireo griseus maynardi Brewster. Key West Vireo. [631a.]

Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewster, Auk, IV, No. 2, April, 1887, 148.
(Key West, Florida.)
Range. — -Florida Keys.

Vireo griseus bermudianus Bangs and Bradlee. Bermuda Vireo. [6316.]

Vireo bermiidianus Bangs and Bradlee, Auk, XVIII, No. 3, July, 1901,
252. (Hamilton, Bermuda.)
Range. — Bermuda.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 275

Vireo griseus micrus Nelson. Rio Grande Vireo. [631c.]

Vireo novchoracensis micrus Nelson, Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1899, 30.
(Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Range. — Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south to Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and
San Luis Potosl.

Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin. Button's Vireo. [632.]

Vireo Huttoni Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 7, Dec, 1850-
Feb., 1851 [June 30, 1851], 150 (pi. 10, fig. 1). (Monterey, California;
Georgilam [Georgetown], California = Monterey.)

Range. — Pacific coast strip (Transition and Upper Austral zones) from ex-
treme southern British Columbia (chiefly Vancouver Island) south through
Washington, Oregon, and California west of the high Sierra, to about lat. 30°
in northwestern Lower California.

Vireo huttoni Stephens! Brewster. Stephens's Vireo. [632a.]

Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club., VII, No. 3,
July, 1882, 142. (Morse's Well, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.)

Range. — Southern Arizona to central western Texas and south to Tamauli-
pas, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and Nayarit.

Vireo huttoni cognatus Ridgway. Frazar's Vireo. [632d.]

Vireo huttoni cognatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, No. 28,
Sept. 30, 1903, 107. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California, in the Upper Austral Zone.

Vireo belli belli Audubon. Bell's Vireo. [633.]

Vireo Bellii Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), VII, 1844, 333 (pi. 485).
(Near St. Joseph, Missouri.)

Range. — Breeds in Austral zones from northeastern Colorado, southern
South Dakota, northern lUuiois, and northwestern Indiana to eastern Texas
and Tamaulipas. Winters from Mexico to northern Nicaragua. Accidental
in New Hampshire and Michigan.

Vireo belli medius Oberholser. Texas Vireo. [6336.]

Vireo bellii medium Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, No. 8,
Feb. 21, 1903, 17. (BoquiUas, Texas.)

Range. — Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster, and Kinney counties)
south to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico, and Guatemala.

276 CHECK.-lt>;r OK \OKTK .UIEKICW ^^iKtK

Vir»v» b«Ui .in:>Joie Urp.:v\ v> AristKU, Virteo, ItvvV-i

Virxv ■,(.■,■ •■':i'7,',i KtDV!WAT. Ptvc- Biol. Sxv. Wy^h.. XVI, Xo. ■^.

Ranv»b. — Brwds in th« Lowvr Aiu^tnU Zoa« of soutliotusteru Calit'ortoa
(.alvns ^H<? Cclvj-rado RiiiT?r\ southern An.av>tu*. isouthwvsceru Xt.-w Moxicv?,
*n*i stt'cu Tt'xaks $*.Hith. to ChihoaLhua and 5?maloA. Winter rar^w

Vijreo b<U'. ■'•■:•■'■.•.> Coce:^v L«Ast Vire\K Ltvikt.l

Vvx^: ; - . .,^ CocKSv Ptw- Acad. Xat. Sci. PfciLla.. [XVlllI IS^. Xo. I,
JaB.-\lan:h [Junne III. ^ i>Cap«f J^. Luvnw$ [Lowvr CalifwrtiiatO

Raxvmi. — F" 'y ta th*^ Lowvr Aii- ' from th»? upp«r Sacra-

BKeato VaUsy. i. mainij" wvst of th' ^ rra, to about lat. 30" in

Lowvr Califonua. Winters in southern Lowvr Caktomia and Mexiox

Vireo Tk&ttor Coces. Gmr Vtneo» [CJ*4.t

Vimt m-iwwr C0CIB&. PtvKV Acad. Xat. J>«L Phtla^ [XVlllJ IS66,. Xo> I,
Jan.-March. [Jun* 1 1 1, 75. ^.Tort WMppl*. .VriaooaJ

Evkx«^. — v?oiUbem Calitortiia i^Anith. fcvtu Kfru Coiucity. southern Xevuda,
th* Grand Cafiion of th* Colorado, and s%.'uth.wvt?tem Colorado south to
Dortltwwftvrtt Lowvr California. ^>aora. and Duranjcv>.

Lu:» ■\ Cx^rs. AXt» Lawkenxe. Repv Ex;^l and Surv.

K ^ ^ MX. vaav [ = 3CEt%ij. S^i. Typie. by ori^. desig.,

y,.- .,^^ ViKiU-OT.

Vir^ jVratixoT. Tefl.ow-titro*c«d Vinfo, [62S.I

Im YoEUXOT. Otsifaux .Xm^r. :?«ept.. I. ISOT [ISCSI, S5 (pL M).

^,t u..^ ^ . .J = eaj«tem United States.'*

RjtXttK. — Brwds ta the Ttansitioa and AiBstml iv>q«s frvm east-««nCral Sa»-
katch^tran. southenx XIamtoba. south*^- arto. southwestern Quebeir,

and M:Liae south to cx^ntral Te^ts. c«c >.aDa. central .\Iabaiua, and

■otthem Honda. Winterf fn>m Yucatan and southern Mexico throuf^
Oettlxal America to Coloorbia and Venexuela, casually in Cuba and the

Vkm sriiKEiBS sriifefaiBS vWcl;sox\ Btoe-kesded Viivo. [6:^9.1

iriKwiMiM MfrfwM Wofocr. .Vmer. Orn., II. IS 10, 143 (pL 17, fig. 6).
vBturtram's Woods. Philadelphia. F^

oiiDiiii i'A»J4Kiaro}iMK.-;. 277

Haxqz. — Hn^^in in ibfe CaoaSan anl Trar*xitiofj z/yr<<;». fr'-r.-, —

Miuilcenzje, cent ml MsLtiluA/n, rwjrth'^rri (}nUtno, »!/>uih<rn* Qi>#;Uy. a;
JirtittjTi Iklaud v^uth t/j r-*: • • ' m N'or'h f>=; raJ

ItAixA. Wir/ on'ia arW (roi

Vireo •olitarius altic<;la }>KKv, ;; ;•. Mouniajn Virt<y. .♦/^-^c,

VVrco )s/AiUjrTiiu fdlvcoUi Li:.}.-*, :.: i.u.. Auk, III, No. 1, Jari !'>'. ill
(H'u^ihuuit, MAtxja Co., North Carolmaj

IlA.voe. — href fin in th*: dtxtAAinu Aud 'Tnxttai'uAi i/ittMi tA Hth A>. .
from v;**.U:ni hlarybaii Uj tau^j-.m 'I'mxtHftt-H aod Tntr\\it:ni (jifsri^.
in the Ujwlno/iK frwa Houtb Carolioa to yi/jrvia.

Vtreo foUtanus jri&nbetu Coces. Ptttmbeotu Vtreo. ((}20&.l

Ftreo plumht^u! Covzn, i^tte. Acad. Xat, Sd. Fbib,, (X VII J J W5«, Xo. 1,

Jan.-March (Junfc Jlj, 74. '^F'jrt Wbipj/k {.AritonaJ,;

Kamoe. — BreediK frou rj/jrtbern Nevada, oortJMsm Utah, MPOtliNerD Montaaa,
DOftbeaet(;rn Wyr/rnibi;, attd iiootfawetrt«ni Sooth Dakete MOth tfaroansb An-
zona aad central western Texaa to QuhttUroa «Lr>/! tl>^ rri/frmt^ir^ of V«^h ''> ^z
Wiztlers aoutb to (Jaxa«ai a»d CtAimsL.

Vireo ioUtaritis ctfacim X43nr», CaMta's Vtreo.

Vtreo eaeanu XAjrrcs, Proe, Aead, Nat. 8e». PUla., IXl li^^,
April- May (May h], 117. /^Fort T'tjoo, Cfljfforma.^

Kaxge. — Breed* in the Tmaitioa lAfUf. ^rrjrt. '^tttaX BtitiA Cokmttm,
sonthwestem AU.ierta, Idaho, and wcatero } : ith thsooili CahionHa

and western NewJa to the fSerxm Haa i*?.; > .^i^irtir, Lr/wer CaHfanna.
Winters in Mexico sooth to Jatiaeo, Mkboacaa, Gnaaajttait/j, Oaxa^a, aad
Quapas ; alao in irestera Goatemala; tmgntn throof^ Utah, Ahzoaa, Coiondo
and New Madeo.

Vireo foiitanas hicaiiniia Banrana. Saa Lacas Vireo. /^J^i.]

Ftreo apK(ar»M JMfatginrt Basvaraa, Aak, VIII, No. 2, April, U01, 147,
(Saa Joa^ del Raaeho [sear Tiioai^ Lower Califonaa.)

Rajt^— Cape ifiatnet of Lover CaHfanoa, ia the Upper Aartcal Zoae.

8nM0ea VmOSfUTA Bmu^axtk.

FineaafiwB Bovatactk, Geos- sad Cooap. List, U(38, 2S, Typ^ bjr
deai^ Mutdeofa tUmuua LaaiJixa (Gray, 1&40>.

278 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Vireo calidris barbatulus (Cabanis). Black-whiskered Vireo. [623.]

Phyllomanes harhatulus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., Ill, No. 18, Nov., 1855,
467. (Cuba.)

Range. — Breeds on west coast of southern Florida (as far north as Anclote
Keys), Key West, Dry Tortugas, Haiti, Cuba, Little Cayman, and the
Bahamas. Winters in Colombia. [Allied races are found in the West Indies.]

• Vireo flavoviridisfiavoviridis (Cassin). Yellow-green Vireo. [625.]

Vireosylviaflavoviridis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 7, Dec,
1850-Feb., 1851 [June 30, 1851], 152. (Panama and San Juan de
Nicaragua = Nicaragua.)

Range. — Breeds in Mexico from Sinaloa, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas
south to Costa Rica. Winters chiefly in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru.
Accidental at Brownsville, Texas, (Aug. 23, 1877), ^ Riverside, CaUfornia
(Oct. 1 [= Sept. 29], 1887),2 and Godbout, Quebec (May 13, 1883).^ [Allied
races occur in southwestern Costa Rica, Panama, and on the Tres Marias
Islands.]

Vireo olivaceus (LiNNAEiTs). Red-eyed Vireo. [624.]

Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 327. Based
mainly on The Red ey'd Fly-catcher, Muscicapa oculis rubris Catesby,
Carolina, I, 54. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.; ^

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, central western Mackenzie,
central Manitoba, central Ontario, Anticosti Island, and Cape Breton Island
south to northern Oregon, Washington, Idaho, southern Montana, eastern
Wyoming, eastern Colorado, western Texas, northern Coahuila, southern
Alabama, and central Florida. Migrates through eastern Mexico, Yucatan,
and Central America (casually Cuba and the Bahamas); winters in Colombia
and Venezuela south to Ecuador and southern Brazil. Accidental in Nevada,
California, and Greenland.

Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin) . Philadelphia Vireo. [626.]

Vireosylvia philadelphica Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 7,
Dec, 185(>-Feb., 1851 [June 30, 1851], 153 (pi. 10, fig. 2). (Philadel-
phia, Pa.)

1 Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878, 125.

2 Price, Auk, V, 1888, 210.

3 Merriam, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VIII, 1883, 244.

* It has been claimed that inasmuch as Edwards's Muscicapa olivacea upon
which Linnaeus, in part, based his name is apparently Vireo calidris, the
name olivaceus must be transferred to that species. As, however, Catesby's
Red ey'd Fly-catcher, which is also quoted by Linnaeus, is unquestionably this
bird, no change has been made, cf. Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., LXVII, No. 3, 1925, 205.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 279

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from northern and central Alberta,
southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Maine to northern
North Dakota, northern Michigan, and New Hampshire. Winters from
Cozumel Island, Yucatan, and Guatemala to Veragua, Panama.

Vireo gflvus gilvus (Vieillot) . Eastern Warbling Vireo. [627.]

Muscicapa gilva Vieillot, Oiseaux Am4r. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 65 (pi. 34).
(New York.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba, central Ontario, and Nova Scotia south to northwestern
Texas, southern Louisiana, eastern Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia,
west to North Dakota. Winter home not definitely known but south of the
United States.

Vireo gilvus swainsoni Baird. Western Warbling Vireo. [627a.]

Vireo swainsonii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxxxv [ = xxxv], 336. (Petaluma, Cal-
[ifornia].)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie,
and north-central Alberta south to southern Lower California, northern Sonora,
Arizona, New Mexico, and central western Texas, and east to western South
Dakota and northwestern Nebraska. Winters south to western Guatemala.

Family COEREBIDAE. Honey Creepers.

Subfamily COEREBINAE. Typical Honey Creepers.

Genus COEREBA Vieillot.

Coereba Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., II, 1807 [1808, possibly 1809], 70.
Type by monotypy, Certhia flaveola Linnaeus.

• Coereba bahamensis (Reichenbach). Bahama Honey Creeper. [635.]

Certhiola bahamensis Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., I, 1853, 253.
(Bahama.)

Range. — Bahamas. Accidental on the east coast of Florida ^ and the Keys
(Indian Key, January 31, 1858).^

1 Nichols, Auk, XXXVIII, 1921, 461, one seen at Miami, Feb. 7, 1921.
^ Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac.
IX, 1858, 924.

280 check-list of north american birds.

Family COMPSOTHLYPIDAE. Wood Warblers.

Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot.

Mniotilta Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 45. Type by monotypy, Figuier
varie, Buffon = Motacilla varia Linnaeus.

Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black and White Warbler. [636.]

Motacilla varia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 333. Based mainly
on Ficedula Dominicensis varia, Le Figuier vari^ de S. Domingue Brisson
Orn., Ill, 529. (in Jamaica, Dominica = Santo Domingo.)

Range. — Breeds from central western Mackenzie, central Manitoba,
northern Ontario, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick to eastern
Texas, Louisiana, central Alabama, and northern Georgia, west to South
Dakota and casually to Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. Winters from Co-
lima and Nuevo Leon to Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and in Florida, the
Bahamas, and West Indies to Guadeloupe; casually in southern Texas, central
and southern California, and in southern Lower California. Accidental in
Washington and Bermuda.

Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird.

Proionotaria Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xix, xxxi, 235, 239. Type, by monotypy,
Motacilla citrea Boddaert.

Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). Prothonotary Warbler. [637.]

Motacilla citrea Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 44. Based on the
Figuier a ventre et tete jaunes de la Louisiane Daubenton, PI. Enl. 704,
fig. 2. (Louisiana.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone and along river bottoms of the
Upper Austral Zone from northeastern Nebraska, southeastern Minnesota,
southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, Ohio, central Delaware, and eastern
Maryland (once in northern New Jersey) south to eastern Texas, southern
Alabama, and northern Florida. Winters from Nicaragua to Colombia and
casually in Venezuela and southern Mexico; but apparently crosses the Gulf in
migration and is not found in Mexico north of Campeche. Accidental in the
West Indies, casual north to New Jersey, New York, New England, Michigan,
Ontario, and New Brunswick, and in Arizona.

Genus LIMNOTHLYPIS Stone.

Limnothlypis Stone, Science, n.s., XL, No. 1018, July 3, 1914, 26. Type,
by orig. desig., Sylvia swainsonii Audubon.

Limnothlypis swainsoni (Audubon). Swainson's Warbler. [638.]

Sylvia Swainsonii Audubon, Birds Amer. (foho), II, 1834, pi. 198 (Orn.
Biog., II, 1834 [1835?], 563). (Edisto River, near Charleston, S. C.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 281

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from northeastern Oklahoma,
southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and southeastern
Virginia (Warwick County) south to Louisiana and northern Florida. Winters
in Jamaica and southern Yucatan; migrates through Cuba and the Bahamas.
Casual in Nebraska, Texas, and Vera Cruz.

Gentjs HELMITHEROS Rafinesque.

Helmitheros Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, LXXXVIII, 1819, 418.
Type, by orig. desig., Helmitheros migratorius Rafinesque = Motadlla
vermivora Gmelin.

Hehnitheros vermivorus (Gmelin). Worm-eating Warbler. [639.]

Motacilla vermivora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 951. Based mainly
on The Worm eater Edwards, Gleanings, 300. (in Pennsylvania =
Philadelphia.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the L^pper Austral Zone from southern Iowa,
northern Illinois, western New York, southeastern and southwestern Pennsyl-
vania, and the Hudson and Connecticut River valleys south to southern
Missouri, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia, and the
mountains of South Carolina (casually farther south). Winters from Chiapas
to Panama, in Cuba and the Bahamas, and rarely in Florida. Casual in
Massachusetts, Vermont, southern Ontario, and southern Wisconsin.

Gentjs VERMIVORA Swainson.

Vermivora Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 434. Type,
by monotypy, Sylvia solitaria Wilson = Certhia pinus Linnaeus.

Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus). Golden-winged Warbler. [642.]

Motacilla chryso-pUra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 333. Based on
The Golden-winged Flycatcher Edwards, Gleanings, 189. (in Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from central Minnesota, south-
eastern Ontario, and Massachusetts south to southern Iowa, northern Illinois,
northern Indiana, northern New Jersey, and in the mountains to northern
Georgia. Winters from Guatemala to Colombia and Venezuela, and casually
in southern Mexico. Very rare in Florida and southern Georgia (crossing the
Gulf of Mexico in migration); casual in Kansas, accidental in Manitoba and
Cuba.i

Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus). Blue -winged Warbler. [641.]

Certhia Pinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 187. Based largely
on The Pine-Creeper Edwards, Gleanings, 140. (in America septen-
trionali = Philadelphia, Pa.)

1 For the hybrid forms V. leucobrdnchialis Brewster and V. laivrencei Her-
RiCK, see Hypothetical List.

282 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from southeastern Minnesota, southern Michigan, western
New York, southern Massachusetts (rarely), Rhode Island (occasionally),
and southern Connecticut south to northeastern Kansas, central Missouri,
northern Alabama, northern Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.
Winters from southern Mexico (Puebla) to Guatemala and casually to Colom-
bia; migrates across the Gulf of Mexico and very rare in southeastern United
States south of Virginia. Occasional in southern Ontario; accidental in the
Bahamas.

Vermivora bachmani (Audubon). Bachman's Warbler. [640.]

Sylvia Bachmanii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), II, pi. 185, 1833 [1834?]
(Orn. Biog., II, 1834 [1835?], 483). (near Charleston- [S. C.].)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone in southeastern Missouri, north-
eastern Arkansas, western Kentucky, northern Alabama, and near Charleston,
South Carolina, and probably in southern Indiana and eastern North Carolina.
Winters in Cuba; in migration occurs in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
Georgia, and Florida. Casual in Virginia and the Bahamas.

Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee Warbler. [647.]

Sylvia peregrina Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 83 (pi. 25, fig. 2). (banks
of the Cumberland river in Tennessee.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from the upper Yukon Valley, south-
ern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, central Quebec, and Anticosti Island south
to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Manitoba, northern
Minnesota, northern Michigan, Ontario, New York ( Adirondacks) , northern
Maine, and New Hampshire.. Winters from Oaxaca to Colombia and Vene-
zuela; in migration occurs mainly in the Mississippi Valley, usually rare in
spring on the Atlantic • slope. Occasional in Florida and Cuba; accidental in
California and Greenland.

Vermivora celata celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler. [646.]

Sylvia celatus Sat, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., I, 1823, 169 (note).
(Engineer Cantonment near Council Bluff = Omaha, Nebraska.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower Hudsonian and Canadian zones from Kowak
River, Alaska, southeast to northern Manitoba. Winters in the Gulf and
South Atlantic states north to South Carolina casually to Ohio and Massachu-
setts; also on the Pacific coast from southern California south through Lower
California, and in Mexico to Mt. Orizaba; in migration mainly in the Mississippi
Valley; rare along the Atlantic slope from New Hampshire southward. Acci-
dental in Greenland.

Vermivora celata lutescens (Ridgway). Lutescent Warbler. [646a.]

Helminthophaga celata var. lutescens Ridgway, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3,
IV, No. 23, Nov. [Dec], 1872, 457. (Pacific Coast from Kadiak to Cape
St. Lucas = Fort Kenai, Alaska.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES, 283

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones of the Pacific coast
from the shores of Cook Inlet south to the San Bernardino Mountains of
southern California. Winters from Chihuahua to Guatemala and in southern
Lower California.

Vermivora celata sordida (Tow'nsend). Dusky Warbler. [6466.]

Helminthophila celata sordida C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIII, No. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 139. (San Clemente Island, [California].)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone on San Clemente, Santa
Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa islands, California, and Todos Santos
Islands, Lower California; also on the mainland, in the vicinity of San Diego and
probably south to El Rosario, lat. 30°. Winters widely on the adjacent main-
land, casually to the San Francisco Bay region (Berkeley, Palo Alto, and else-
where) .

Vennivora ruficapilla ruficapflla (Wilson) . Nashville Warbler. [645.]

Sylvia ruficapilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 120 (pi. 27, fig. 3).
(near Nashville, Tennessee.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian Zone from central Saskatchewan,
central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to Nebraska,
northern Illinois, northern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, and Connecti-
cut. Winters from Vera Cruz and Chiapas to Guatemala and casually in
Florida and southern Texas; migrates across the Gulf of Mexico and is very
rare on the Atlantic slope south of Chesapeake Bay. Accidental in Greenland.

Vennivora ruficapilla ridgwayi van Rossem. Calaveras Warbler. [645a.]

Ver7nivora ruficapilla ridgwayi van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XLII,
No. 21, June 25, 1929, 179. New name for V. r. gidturalis (Ridgway)
nee Cabanis. (Ft. Tejon, Cal., East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada
= East Humboldt Mountains.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from southern British Columbia
south to the central Sierra Nevada of California, eastern Oregon, and Idaho.
Winters in Mexico south to Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Jalisco, and Colima;
in migration to Lower California and east to Texas.

Vennivora virginiae (Baird) . Virginia's Warbler. [644.]

Helminthophaga virginiae Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Birds
N. Amer., Atlas, 1860, vii (note) (pi. 79, fig. 1). (Fort Burgwyn, N[ew]
M[exico].)i

1 While the text of the Birds of North America is identical with that of Vol.
IX of the Pacific Railroad Reports, the preface differs, and the several editions
of the Atlas differ materially from one another. In the Appleton and Lippin-
cott eds. (1860) this species appears on p. vii, while in the Salem ed. (1870) it is
on p. vi.

284 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from Nevada, Utah, and northern
portions of Colorado south to southern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains)
and northeastern New Mexico. Winters in Mexico south to Morelos, Guer-
rero, Michoacan, and JaHsco.

Vermivora crissalis (Salvin AND Godman). Colima Warbler. [647.1.]

HehninthopMla crissalis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, ser. 6, I, No. 3, July,

1889, 380. (Sierra Nevada, Colima, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from the Chisos Mountains, Texas, south in Mexico

through the mountains of Coahuila to western Tamaulipas and possibly to

Colima and Michoacan. Winters apparently in Mexico south to Colima.

(Known from only twelve specimens; exact range not determined.)

Vermivora luciae (Cooper). Lucy's Warbler. [643.]

Helminthophaga luciie J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [ser. 1] II,
sig. 8 (before Dec), 1861, 120. (near Fort Mojave, near lat. 35° in the
Colorado Valley [Arizona].)

Range. — Breeds in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers (Lower
Sonoran Zone) from Santa Clara Valley, Utah, south through New Mexico,
Arizona, and southeastern California. Winters in western Mexico south to
Jalisco. Casual in New Mexico.

Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis.

Compsothhjpis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct., 1851 [1850?], 20. Type, by
subs, desig., Parus americanus Linnaeus (Gray, 1855).

Compsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson). Northern Parula Warbler.

[648a.]

SyMa pusilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., IV, 1811, 17 (pi. 28, fig. 3). (Pennsyl-
vania, Kentucky, and New York = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition and Austral zones from eastern
Nebraska, northern Minnesota, central Ontario, Anticosti Island, and Caj e
Breton Island south to Texas, Louisiana and Maryland. Winters in the
Bahamas and the West Indies to Barbados, and from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca to
Nicaragua. Casual in Wyoming and Colorado; accidental in Greenland.^

Compsothlypis americana americana (Linjstaeus). Southern Parula Warbler.

[648.]

Parus americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 190. Based on
The Finch-Creeper, Parus Jringillaris Catesby, Carolina, I, 64. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in Austral zones from the District of Columbia south to
Alabama and Florida. Winters in Florida and the Bahamas (Great Inagua).

^ This includes. C. a. ramalinae Ridgway.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 285

Compsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora (CouEs). Sennett's "Warbler. [649.]

Panda nigrilora Coues, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., IV, No. 1, Feb.
5, 1878, 11. (Hidalgo, Texas.)

Range. — Valley of the lower Rio Grande in Texas south to Nuevo Leon,
Tamaulipas, and southeastern San Luis Potosi, mainly in the Lower Austral
Zone. [Numerous allied races occur in Central and South America.]

• Compsothlypis graysoni RiDGW AY. Socorro "Warbler. [649.1.]

Compsothlypis graysoni Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 492.
(Socorro Island [Revillagigedo Group], off coast of northwestern Mexico.)

Range. — Socorro Island, Mexico. Casual at Todos Santos (Nov. 3, 1923,
July 23, 1924) ^ and El Oro (one seen Feb. 5, 1924), ' southern Lower California.

Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Henshaw.

Peucedramus Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Geog. Expl. "West of 100th Merid., 1875,
156. Type, by orig. desig., Sylvia oUvacea Giraud.

Peucedramus olivaceus (Girai'd). Olive "Warbler. [651.]

Sylvia olivacea Giraud, Srxteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, not paged or
numbered [16 (pi. vii, fig. 2)]. (Texas = Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone of the White, Chiricahua, and
Huachuca mountains of Arizona, the mountains of southern New Mexico,
and southward in the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala.^

Genus DENDROICA Gray.

Dendroica Gray, Append. List Gen. Birds, 1842, 8. Type, by orig. desig.,
Motadlla coronata Linnaeus.

Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin). Eastern Yellow "Warbler. [652.]

Motadlla aestiva Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 996. Based mainly on
the Figuier de Canada Daubenton, PL Enl., 58, fig. 2. (in Gujana,
aestate in Canada = Canada.)

Range. — Breeds through North America east of Alaska and the Pacific slope
from tree limit south to Nevada, northern New Mexico, southern Missouri,
northern Alabama, northern Georgia, and northern South Carolina. "Winters
from Yucatan to Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.

1 Lamb, Condor, XXVII, 1925, 36.

2 The Arizona bird has been named P. o. arizonae Miller and Griscom,
Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 183, July 18, 1925, 10.

286 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa (Pallas). Alaska Yellow Warbler. [6526.]

Motacilla rubiginosa Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1811, 496. (in
insula Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian Zone throughout most of Alaska
and south to Vancouver Island. Migrates through California, New Mexico,
and Lower California, and winters from Mexico to Panama.

Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinnell. California Yellow Warbler. [652c.]

Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grestnell, Condor, V, No. 3, May 14, 1903, 72.
(Palo Alto, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Pacific coast strip from western Washington south
through Oregon and California, west of the Great Basin and southeastern
deserts to about lat. 30° in Lower California. Migrates through eastern Cali-
fornia, Arizona, and Lower California; winters sparsely in the Cape district of
Lower California and south to Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster. Sonora Yellow Warbler. [652a.]

Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster, Auk, V, No. 2, April, 1888, 137
[separates publ. Feb. 10]. (Oposura, Sonora, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone of southeastern California,
northeastern Lower California, Sonora, Chihuahua, southern Arizona, New
Mexico, and central western Texas, Winters from Mexico south to Guate-
mala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

[An additional race of D. aestiva occurs in Mexico.]

Dendroica erithachorides castaneiceps Ridgway. Mangrove Warbler.
[653.]

Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII,
1885, 350 [Sept. 17]. (La Paz, Lower California.)

Range. — Both coasts of Lower California from about lat. 27° southward; also
on the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America from Sinaloa to Guatemala.
[Allied races occur in tropical America.]

Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). Magnolia Warbler. [657.]

Sylvia magnolia Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 63 (pi. 23, fig. 2). (Mi-

. ami, near its junction with the Ohio; in magnolias near Fort Adams, on

the Mississippi; near Philadelphia, Pa. = Fort Adams, Mississippi.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and upper Transition zones from south-
western Mackenzie (casually Great Bear Lake), central British Columbia,
central Manitoba, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to central Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, Minnesota, northern Michigan, and northern Massa-
chusetts, and in the mountains of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 287

Virginia, and Virginia. Winters from southern Mexico (Puebla and Chiapas)
to Panama, and also rarely in Haiti and Porto Rico; in migration west to the
base of the Rocky Mountains. Accidental in California, British Columbia,
Greenland, the Bahamas, and Cuba.

Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). Cape May "Warbler. [650.]

Motacilla tigrina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 985. Based on The
Spotted Yellow Flycatcher Edwards, Gleanings, VI, 101. (in Canada.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from southern Mackenzie, northern
Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to southern Manitoba,
Maine, and New Hampshire, west in migration to Kansas and North Dakota.
Winters in the Bahamas and the West Indies to Tobago. Accidental in
Yucatan.

Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin). Black-throated Blue
Warbler. [654.]

Motacilla caerulescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., T, Pt. ii, 1789, 960. Based on
La Fauvette bleuatre de St. Domingue Biffon, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, V,
164. (in insula S. Domingo.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from northern
Minnesota, central Ontario, and southern Quebec south to central Minn-
esota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, Pennsylvania (mountains), and
northern Connecticut. Winters from Key West, Florida, to the Bahamas,
Greater Antilles, and Cozumel Island, and casually to Guatemala and Colom-
bia; in migration casually to North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and
New Mexico. Accidental on the Farallon Islands, California.

Dendroica caerulescens caimsi Coues. Cairns's Warbler. [654o.]

Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi Coues, Auk, XIV, No. 1, Jan., 1897, 96.
(Mountains of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee = Craggy
Mountain, Buncombe Co., N. C.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones of the southern AUe-
ghanies from Maryland to Georgia. Winters in the West Indies.

Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). Myrtle Warbler. [655.]

Motacilla coronata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 333. Based on
The Golden-crowned Fly-catcher Edwards, Gleanings, 187. (in
Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones from tree limit in
northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and central
Quebec south to northern British Columbia, southern Alberta, northern Minne-
sota, northern Michigan, central Ontario, New Hampshire, and M aine, and in
the mountains of New York, Vermont, and Massachusetts. Winters from

288 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Kansas, the Ohio Valley, and New Jersey (locally southern New England)
south to the Greater Antilles, Mexico, and Panama, and on the Pacific coast
from central Oregon to southern California and northern Lower California.
Accidental in Greenland and eastern Siberia.

Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend). Audubon's Warbler. [656.]

Sylvia Auduboni J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, Pt. ii
[Nov. 21, 1837], 191. (forests of the Columbia river [near Fort Van-
couver, Washington].)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from central British
Columbia, central Alberta, and west-central Saskatchewan south to the moun-
tains of southern California, Arizona, and southeastern New Mexico, and east
to South Dakota (Black Hills) and western Nebraska. Winters from the val-
leys of northern California (casually southern British Columbia) and the Rio
Grande to Guatemala. Accidental in Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Massa-
chusetts.

Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons Brewster. Black-fronted Warbler. [656a.]

Dendroica nigrifrons Brewster, Auk, VI, No. 2, April, 1889, (separates
publ. Jan. 31), 94. (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, and south through
the mountains of Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico, to Guatemala.

Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend). Black-throated Gray Warbler. [665.]

Sylvia nigrescens J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, Pt.
ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 191. (Vicinity of the Columbia river = near Fort
WiUiam [Portland], Oregon.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from southern British Columbia, Ne-
vada, northern Utah, and northwestern Colorado south to northern Lower
California, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico. Winters in southern
Lower California and in Mexico from Durango to Michoacan, Vera Cruz, and
Oaxaca. Accidental in Massachusetts.

Dendroica townsendi (Townsend). Townsend' s Warbler. [668.]

Sylvia Townsendi "Nuttall", J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., VII, Pt. ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 191. (forests of the Columbia River
= Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in the Boreal and Transition zones from Prince William
Sound and the upper Yukon, Alaska, south to Washington, and east to south-
western Alberta and western Montana. Winters from central California to
Nicaragua; in migration east to eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, eastern
Colorado, and western Texas. Accidental in Pennsylvania.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 289

Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin) . Black-throated Green Warbler, [667.]

Motadlla virens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 985. Based on The
Black-throated Green Warbler Edwards, Gleanings, 190. (in Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range.— Breeds in the lower Canadian and Transition zones from central
Alberta, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfound-
land south to southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northern Ohio,
northern New Jersey, Connecticut, and New York (Long Island), and in the
Alleghanies south to northern South Carolina, northern Georgia and northern
Alabama. In migration west to eastern Texas; winters in Mexico (Nuevo
Leon to Chiapas and Yucatan), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. Occa-
sional in the West Indies and the Florida Keys; accidental in Colorado, Cali-
fornia (Farallon Islands), Arizona, Greenland, Porto Rico, and Europe;
recorded in Virginia (Dismal Swamp) in summer (possibly D. v. waynci).

Dendroica virens waynei Bangs. Wayne's Warbler. [667o.]

Dendroica virens waynei Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zocil. Club, VI, 94,
October 31, 1918. (Near Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.)

Range. — Resident in the coastal district of South Carolina.

Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin. Golden-cheeked Warbler.
[666.]

Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Sal vest, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
XXVIII, 1860, No. 435 [Aug.], 298. (Guatemalensis provincia Verae
Pacis, inter montes = Vera Paz, Guatemala.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone of Texas from Tom Green to
Bosque and Bexar counties. Winters in the highlands of Southern Mexico,
Guatemala, and northern Nicaragua.

Dendroica occidentalis (Tow nsend). Hermit Warbler. [669.]

Sylvia occidentalis J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, Pt.
ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 190. (forests of the Columbia = Fort Vancouver,
Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in the upper Transition Zone from Washington (chiefly
west of the Cascades) to the southern Sierra Nevada in California. In migi'a-
tion to Nevada, Arizona, and Lower California; winters in Mexico, Guatemala,
and Nicaragua.

Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). Cerulean Warbler. [658.]

Sylvia cerulea Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 141 (pi. 17, fig. 5). (Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in Austral zones from southeastern Nebraska, south-
eastern Minnesota, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, southern Ontario,

20

290 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

western New York (and casually in Duchess County), western Pennsylvania,
and West Virginia south to northeastern Texas, Louisiana, central Alabama,
and northern Georgia, and locally in the Hudson Valley, western North Caro-
lina, western Virginia, eastern Maryland, and central Delaware. Winters in
Venezuela, eastern Ecuador and central and eastern Peru; in migration through
Central America. Casual in Lower California, New Mexico, Colorado, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania,
Manitoba, Cuba, and the Bahamas.

Dendroica fusca (Mtjller). Blackbumian Warbler. [662.]

Motadllafusca P. L. S. MIIller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 175. (Guyane
= French Guiana.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower Canadian and upper Transition zones from cen-
tral Manitoba, central Ontario, Quebec, and Cape Breton Island to central
Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Michigan, Massachusetts, and Connecticut,
and in the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia and South Carolina,
Winters from Venezuela and Colombia to central Peru and less commonly north
to Yucatan; in migration to Nebraska, Texas, and Kansas, straggling to
Montana, New Mexico, and the Bahamas.

Dendroica dominica dominica (Linnaeus). Yellow-throated Warbler. [663.]

Motacilla dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 334. Based
mainly on Ficedula Dominicensis cinerea, La Figuier cendre de S. Do-
mingue Brisson, Orn., Ill, 520. (in Jamaica, Dominica = Santo
Domingo.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Lower Austral Zone from southern Maryland,
Delaware, and southern New Jersey, to middle Florida. Winters in southern
Florida, the Bahamas, and Greater Antilles, and also casually north to Georgia
and South Carolina and in the Lesser Antilles. Casual in New York, Massa-
chusetts, and Connecticut.

Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway. Sycamore Warbler. [663a.]

Dendroica Dominica var. albilora "Baird", Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VII,
No. 10, Oct., 1873, 606. (Belize, [British] Honduras.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones of the Mississippi
Valley from southeastern Nebraska, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan,
Ohio, West Virginia, and western North Carolina south to central Texas and
Louisiana. Winters from Puebla, Nayarit, and Colima, Mexico, to Nicaragua
and Costa Rica and casually in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Accidental in
Connecticut and South Carolina.

Dendroica graciae graciae Baird. Grace's Warbler. [664.]

Dendroica gradx "Coues, MSS.", Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 14,
April, 1865, 210. (Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 291

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Transition Zone in the mountains of southern
Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora, and Chihuahua. Winters in Mexico
south to Nayarit, Jalisco, and Michoacan. Casual in northern Colorado and
central western Texas. [A closely allied race occurs in Guatemala and northern
Nicaragua.]

Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). Chestnut-sided "Warbler. [659.]

Motacilla pensylvanica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 333. Based
on the Red-throated Fly-catcher Edwards, Gleanings, 193. (in
Pensylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from central Saskatchewan,
central Manitoba, southern Quebec, central Ontario, and Newfoundland south
to eastern Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, northern Ohio, northern New Jersey,
and Rhode Island, and in the Alleghanies and outlying ridges and foothills to
Tennessee and South Carolina; also casually in southern Missouri and the
Wabash Valley. Winters from Guatemala to Panama. Casual in Florida, and
accidental in California (Mendocino County), Greenland, the Bahamas, and
southern Mexico.

Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Bay-breasted Warbler. [660.]

Sylvia castanea Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 97 (pi. 14, fig. 4). (Penn-
sylvania.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from east-central Alberta, central
Manitoba, and Newfoundland south to southern Manitoba, northern Maine,
the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire and the Adirondacks of New
York. Winters in Panama and Colombia; ii-regular in migration on the At-
lantic slope and rare south of Virginia; but a regular migrant across the Gulf
of Mexico and through Guatemala to Panama. Casual in Montana, South
Dakota, and Texas; accidental in Greenland.

Dendroica striata (Forster). Black-poll Warbler. [661.]

Musdcapa Striata J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, Art. 29
(read June 18 and 25), 406, 428. (Severn River = Fort Severn, west
coast of Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones from the limit of
trees in northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, north-
ern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northern British Columbia, Manitoba,
Michigan, northern Maine, and the mountains of New York, Vermont, and
New Hampshire. Winters from Guiana and Venezuela to Brazil; migrates
through the Bahamas and West Indies. Casual in New Mexico, Colorado,
Mexico, Chile, and Ecuador. Accidental in Greenland.

Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson). Northern Pine Warbler. [671.]

Sylvia pinus Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 25 (pi. 19, fig. 4). (Southern
States = Georgia.)

202 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from northern Mani-
toba, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Bruns-
wick south to east-central Texas and the Gulf States. Winters from southern
Illinois and the coast of Virginia to Florida, eastern Texas, and Tamaulipas, and
casually north to Massachusetts. Occasional in Bermuda and Prince Edward
Island; accidental in Greenland.

Dendroica pinus florida (Maynard). Florida Pine Warbler. [671a.]

Pinacantor vigorsii florida Maynard, Directory Birds East. N. Amer.,
1906, 244 (Deep Creek and Enterprise, Florida).

Range. — Resident in southern Florida from Volusia, Lake, and Citrus coun-
ties to Homestead and Long Pine Key, in the southern Everglades.
[Allied races of D. pinus occur in the Bahamas and Haiti.]

Dendroica kirtlandi (Baird). Kirtland's "Warbler. [670.]

Sylvicola kirtlandii Baird, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1852, 217 (pi. 6).
(near Cleveland, Ohio.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone in Oscoda, Crawford, and Roscom-
mon counties, Michigan. Winters in the Bahamas at least as far south as the
Caicos Islands; in migration recorded casually from Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Ontario, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Virginia, South Carohna, Georgia,
and Florida.

Dendroica, discolor discolor (Vieillot). Northern Prairie Warbler. [673.]

Sylvia discolor Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., II, 1807 [1808, possibly
1809], 37 (pi. 98). (Etats-Unis et les grandes lies Antilles = New
York.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Upper and Lower Austral zones from eastern
Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania, south-
ern New Jersey, Massachusetts (along the coast), and New York (casually
in Duchess County), south to Arkansas, southwestern Missouri, northern
Mississippi, southern Alabama, central Georgia, and the Bahamas, and north
locally to central Michigan, southern Ontario, and New Hampshire; rarely and
locally in the Gulf States. Winters from central Florida through the Bahamas
and the West Indies and casually on islands off the coast of Central America
(Swan, Cozumel, Chinchoro and Corn).

Dendroica discolor coUinsi Bailey. Florida Prairie Warbler. [673fl.]

Dendroica discolor collinsi H. H. Bailey, Bull. Bailey Mus. Nat. Hist., No.
3, Nov. 16, 1926, [1]. (Dade Co., Florida.)

Range. — Breeds in mangrove swamps on the coast of Florida from New
Smyrna and Anclote Key southward. Winters, at least in part, in Florida.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 293

Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmeiin). Western Palm Warbler. [672.]

Motacilla palmanim Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 951. Based on

the Bimbele ou fausse Linotte Buffon, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, V, 330.

(in insula S. Dominici = Santo Domingo.)

Range. — ^Breeds in the Canadian Zone from southern Mackenzie (Fort

Simpson) and northern Manitoba south and southeast to northern Minnesota.

Winters from southern Florida and the Bahamas to the Greater Antilles and

Yucatan; occurs casually in migration on the Atlantic slope mainly in autumn;

Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and New Jersey, etc.

Accidental in California, Montana, and Colorado.

Dendroica palmarum hypochryseaRiEGWAY. Yellow Palm Warbler. [672a.]

Dendrceca palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, I,

No. 4, Oct. [ = Nov.], 1876, 85, 87. (Atlantic States from east Florida

to Nova Scotia = Cambridge, Mass.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from Ontario, central Quebec, and

Newfoundland south to southern Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine.

Winters from Louisiana to Florida, casually in West Virginia, Pennsylvania and

Massachusetts. Accidental in Ohio, Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda.

Genus SEIURUS Sw^ainson.

Seiurus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 5, May, 1827, 369. Type,
by subs, desig., Motacilla aurocajyilla Linnaeus (Swainson, 1827).

Seiurus aurocapaius (Linnaeus). Oven-bird. [674.]

Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 334. Based on
The Golden-crowned Thrush Edwards, Gleanings, V, 91. (in Penn-
sylvania = at sea, apparently off Haiti.)

Range. — Breeds from southwestern Mackenzie (casually the lower Yukon
Valley), northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to
southern Alberta, Colorado, Kansas, Arkansas, southern Missouri, northern
Alabama, northern Georgia, and eastern North Carolina. Winters from north-
ern Florida (casually South Carolina) and islands off the Louisiana coast
through the Bahamas and West Indies to St. Thomas, and from Mexico (Nuevo
Leon) to Colombia. Casual in migration in California and at Mazatlan,
Sinaloa.

Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin). Northern Water-Thrush.

[675.]

Motacilla noveboracensis Gmelin; Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 958. Based on

the New York Warbler Latham, General Synops., II, Pt. 2, 436. (in

Louisiana, et Noveboraci sepibus = New York.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Canadian Zone from northern Ontario,

northern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southern Ontario, northwestern

294 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

New York, and northern New England (casually southern New England), and
in the mountains south to Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Winters from the
Valley of Mexico to Colombia and British Guiana, and from Florida and the
Bahamas throughout the West Indies; in migration west to Minnesota, Iowa
and Missom-i. Accidental in Greenland.

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway. Grinnell's Water-Thrush.

[675a.]

Seiurus ncm-us notabilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, 12
[month not recorded]. (Black HiUs [= shores of Como Lake, Carbon
Co.], Wyoming.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in Boreal zones from the limit of trees in northwest-
ern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, and north-
ern Manitoba south to southern British Columbia, central Montana, north-
western Nebraska, northern Minnesota, and northwestern Michigan. Winters
in Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, and the Bahamas, and from Lower California and
Mexico to northern South America; migrates throughout the Mississippi Valley
and along the Atlantic coast from South Carolina southward. Accidental at
East Cape, Siberia, and in California; casual in Connecticut and New Jersey.

Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). Louisiana Water-Thrush. [676.]

Turdus motacilla Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., II, 1807 [1808?], 9 (pi.
65). (Kentucky.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Upper Austral Zone from eastern Nebraska,
southeastern Minnesota, and the southern parts of Michigan, Ontario, New
York, and New England south to northeastern Texas, southern Alabama,
northern Georgia, and central South Carolina. Winters from northern Mexico
to Colombia, the Greater Antilles, Antigua, and the Bahamas. Accidental in
California.

Gentjs OPORORNIS Baird.

Oporornis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xix, xxxii, 240, 246. Type, by orig. desig., Sylvia
agilis Wilson.

Oporornis formosus (Wilson). Kentucky Warbler. [677.]

Sylvia jormosa Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 85 (pi. 25, fig. 3). (Ken-
tucky.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones from southeastern
Nebraska, southern Wisconsin, northern Ohio, central western Pennsylvania,
and the Hudson Valley south to eastern Texas, Louisiana, southern Alabama,
and northern Georgia, Winters in Mexico, from Tabasco, Campeche, and
Chiapas, through Central America to Colombia. Accidental in Vermont,
Michigan, and Cuba.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 295

Oporomis agilis (Wilson) . Connecticut Warbler. [678.]

Sylvia agilis Wilson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 64 (pi. 39, fig. 4). (Connecti-
cut.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from Alberta and Manitoba to central
Minnesota and northern Michigan. Winters in Colombia, Venezuela, and
northern Brazil, migrating through South Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas;
rare in spring east of the AUeghanies but common in the Mississippi Valley; in
autumn rare in the Mississippi Valley but common east of the AUeghanies.
Casual northeast of Massachusetts and in Ontario; accidental in Colorado.

Oporomis Philadelphia (Wilson) . Mourning Warbler. [679.]

Sylvia Philadelphia Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 101 (pi. 14, fig. 6).
(within a few miles of Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower Canadian Zone from east-central Alberta,
central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the
Magdalen Islands south to central Minnesota, Michigan, central Ontario, and
in the mountains of New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and West Vir-
ginia. Winters from Nicaragua and Costa Rica to Venezuela, Colombia, and
Ecuador; in migration mainly west of the AUeghanies and to eastern Texas but
rare in the lowlands of the GuU States apparently making a continuous flight
across the Gulf of Mexico. Accidental in Porto Rico and Greenland.

Oporomis tohniei (Townsend). Macgillivray's Warbler. [680.]

Sylvia Tolmiei J. K. Townsend, Narr. Journ. Rocky Mts., AprU, 1839,
343. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the lower Canadian and Transition zones from
southeastern Alaska (casually to Pt. Barrow), and central British Columbia,
central Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan south to central California, north-
ern Arizona, and northern New Mexico, and from the Pacific coast to the east-
ern foothiUs of the Rocky Mountains and the Black HiUs of South Dakota.
Winters from Lower California to Colombia. Casual east in migration to
North Dakota, Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, and central Texas.

Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis.

Geothlypis Cabanis, Archiv fur Naturg., XIII, Pt. i, 1847, 316, 349. New
name for Trichas Swainson, April, 1827, nee Gloger, March, 1827.
Type, by tautonymy, Turdus trichas Linnaeus.

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson). Northern YeUow-throat.

[681d.]

Trichas brachidactyliis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 295. (northern
provinces of the United States.)

296 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Range. — Breeds from Newfoundland, southern Labrador, Quebec, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine south to northern Pennsylvania, southern
New York, and northern New Jersey, and west to Ontario and North Dakota.
Winters in the Bahamas, West Indies, and through eastern Mexico to Costa
Rica; rarely in Ohio.

Geothlypis trichas trichas (Li]snsrAEus). Maryland Yellow-throat. [681.]

Turdus trichas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 293. Based on The
Maryland Yellow-Throat Edwards, Gleanings, V, 56. (in America
septentrionali = Maryland.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Pennsylvania south to eastern Texas and
northern parts of Georgia and Alabama. Winters from North Carolina and
Louisiana to Florida, the Bahamas, and Haiti; casually Pennsylvania and New
Jersey.

Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman. Florida Yellow-throat. [6816.]

Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman, Auk, VII, No. 1, Jan., 1890, 11.
(Tarpon Springs, Florida.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from the Dismal Swamp,
Virginia, coast region of South Carolina, central Alabama, and central Georgia
south to Florida and along the Gulf coast to Louisiana. Winters from the
coast of South Carolina to southern Georgia and southern Alabama.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellow-throat. [681a.]

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VIII,
No. 3, July, 1883, 159. (Truckee River, Nevada.)

Range. — -Breeds from extreme southeastern Alaska, central British Colum-
bia and Vancouver Island, central Alberta, and western portion of the Great
Plains (South Dakota and Texas) south to south-central California and south-
ern Nevada. Winters through Lower California and in western Mexico to
Nayarit.

Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat. [681e.]

Geothlypis trichas simiosa Grinnell, Condor, III, No. 3, May 15, 1901, 65.
(Palo Alto, California.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone in the coast belt of California from San
Francisco Bay south to San Luis Obispo County. Casual in winter south to
Orange County.

Geothlypis trichas scirpicola Grinnell. Tule Yellow-throat. [681/.]

Geothlypis trichas scirpicola Grinnell, Condor, III, No. 3, May 15, 1901,
65. (El Monte, Los Angeles Co., California.)

Range. — Resident in fresh water marshes of Los Angeles, Orange, and San
Diego counties, California, north to Santa Barbara and the South Fork of Kern

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 297

River; also along the Colorado River to its delta and on the western side of
Lower California to lat. 30°.

Geothlypis beldingi goldmani Oberholser. Goldman's Yellow-throat.

[682a.]

Geothlypis beldingi goldmani Oberholser, Condor, XIX, No. 6, Dec. 7,
1917, 183. (San Ignacio, Lower California, Mexico.)

Range. — Lower California from lat. 26° to lat. 28°.

Geothlypis beldingi beldingi Ridgway. Belding's Yellow-throat. [682.]

Geothlypis beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 344, Sept. 5,
[Sept. 11], (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.)

Range. — Arid Tropical Zone in the Cape district of Lower California.

Genus CHAMAETHLYPIS Ridgw.\y.

Chamacthlypis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 525. Type, by
orig. desig., Geothlypis poliocephala Baird.

Chamaethlypis poliocephala poliocephala (Baird) . Rio Grande Yellow-throat.

[682.1.]

Geothlypis poliocephala Baird, Review Amer. Birds, sig. 15, Apr., 1865,
225. (Mazatlan [Sinaloa, Mexico].)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the lower Rio Grande Valley, and northern
and central Mexico south to Sinaloa, Michoacan, and Morelos. [Allied races
occur in southern Mexico and Central America.]

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot.

Icteria Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], iv, 85. Type, by
monotypy, Icteria duviicola Vieillot = Muscicapa viridis Gmelin =
Turdus virens Linnaeus.

Icteria virens virens (Linnaeus). Yellow-breasted Chat. [683.]

Turdus virens Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 171. Based on The
yellow brested Chat, Oenanthe americana, pectore luteo Catesby,
Carolina, I, 50. (in Amei'ica = South Carolina, 200 or 300 miles from
the sea.)

Range. — -Breeds mainly in Upper and Lower Austral zones from southern
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, central New York, and southern
Florida. Winters in Mexico and Central America from Puebla, Vera Cruz, and
Yucatan to Costa Rica. Casual in southern Saskatchewan, New Hampshire,
and Maine.

298 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Icteria virens longicauda Lawrence. Long-tailed Chat. [683o.]

Icieria Longicauda Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N, Y., VI, 1853, 4.
(California = near Stockton.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower Transition and Austral zones from southern
British Columbia, northern Montana, and North Dakota south to Lower
California, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Mexico, and east to central Nebraska.
Winters on the tableland and west coast of Mexico from Chihuahua to Oaxaca.

Genus EUTHLYPIS Cabanis.

Euthhjpis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct., 1851 [1850?], 18. Type, by orig.
desig., E. lacrymosa Cabanis = Basileuterus lachrymosa Bonaparte.

• Eiithlypis lachrymosa tephra Ridgway. Western Fan-tailed Warbler.

[688.1.]

Euthhjpis lachrymosa tephra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. ii,
Oct. 16, 1902, 738. (Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua [Mexico].)

Range. — Western Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Jalisco); casual at
Santo Domingo, northern Lower California (Dec. 31, 1925).^ [An allied race
occurs in southern Mexico.]

Genus CARDELLINA Du Bus.

Cardellina Du Bus, Esquisses Orn., 1849, pi. 25. Type, by monotypy,
Cardellinaamicta DvBvs = MiiscicaparubrifronsGiRAVD.

Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). Red-faced Warbler. [690.]

Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, not
paged or numbered [15 (pi. vii, fig. 1)]. (Texas = Mexico.)

Range. — Mountains of southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico,
mainly in the Transition Zone, and south through Mexico to the highlands of
Guatemala. Migratory in the northern part of its range.

Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte.

Wilsonia Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23. Type, by subs,
desig., Motacilla mitrata Gmelin = Muscicapa citrina Boddaert
(Ridgway, 1881).

Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert) . Hooded Warbler. [684.]

Muscicapa Citrina Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 41. Based on the
Gobe-mouche, de la Louisiane Daubenton, PI. Enl. 666, fig. 2. (Louisi-
ana.)

1 GrinneU and Lamb, Condor, XXLX, 1927, 126.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 299

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral and Lower Austral zones from south-
eastern Nebraska, northern Iowa, southern Michigan, central New York, and
the lower Connecticut Valley south to the Gulf coast of Louisiana, Alabama,
and Georgia, and in northern Florida. Winters from Vera Cruz and Yucatan
to Panama. Occasional in the Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica and casually
north to Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and Massachusetts.

Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Wilson's Warbler. [685.]

Musdcaipa pusilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 103 (pi. 26, fig. 4).
(Southern States, and lower parts of the states of New Jersey and
Delaware = southern New Jersey.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from tree limit in northwestern and central
Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to
southern Saskatchewan, northern Minnesota, central Ontario, New Hampshire,
Maine, and Nova Scotia. Winters in eastern Central America from Guate-
mala to Costa Rica and occasionally north to Mexico (Michoacan); migrates
mainly along the AUeghanies; practically unknown in the Lower Austral Zone
from North Carolina to Louisiana, apparently crossing this region and the Gulf
of Mexico in a continuous migratory flight. Casual in British Columbia,
Washington, and Colorado.

Wasonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas). Northern Pileolated Warbler. [685a.]

Motadlla pileolata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1811, 497. (In
insula Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from northern Alaska south through eastern
Oregon and eastern California to the mountains of New Mexico and central
western Texas, and on the Pacific coast to the Queen Charlotte Islands.
Winters from Mexico (Durango and Nuevo Leon) to Panama. Casual in
Minnesota and Missouri.

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway. Golden Pileolated Warbler. [6856.]

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. ii,
1902, 714. (Pacific Coast district = Red Bluff, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Pacific coast district from southern British Columbia
to southern California. Winters in Chihuahua, Sonora, and the Cape district
of Lower California, and in western Panama. Casual in migration in eastern
Oregon and Arizona.

Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Warbler. [686.]

Muscicapa canadensis LiNNAEtrs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 327. Based
on Muscicapa Canadensis aurea, Le Gobe-mouche cendre de Canada
Brisson, Orn,, II, 406. (in Canada.)

300 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone and casually in the Transition from
southern Alberta, central Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, and
Newfoundland south to central Minnesota, central Michigan, southern
Ontario, central New York, and Connecticut, and along the Alleghanies to
northern Georgia and Tennessee. Winters in Ecuador and Peru and casually
in Guatemala and Costa Rica; in migration to eastern Mexico (Tamaulipas and
Puebla). Casual in Colorado; accidental in Greenland.

Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson.

Setophaga Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 5, May, 1827, 368. Type,
by subs, desig., Motacilla ruticilla Linnaetjs (Swainson, 1827).

Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). American Redstart. [687.]

Motacilla Ruticilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 186. Based on
The Red-Start, Ruticilla amcricana Catesby, Carolina, I, 67. (in
America = Virginia.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian and Transition zones from northern
British Cohunbia, central western Mackenzie, central Manitoba, southern Que-
bec, and Newfoundland to Oregon, northern Utah, Colorado, central Okla-
homa, Arkansas, southern Alabama, northern Georgia, and North Carolina.
Winters in the West Indies and from central Mexico (Puebla) and southern
Lower California (casually) to Ecuador and British Guiana. Casual in
Oregon, California, Arizona, and northern Ungava.

Setophaga picta picta Swainson. Painted Redstart. , [688.]

Setophaga picta Swainson, Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, I, 1829, pi. 3 and text.
(Real del Monte [Hidalgo], Mexico.)

Range. — Mainly in the Transition Zone in the mountains of central Arizona,
southern New Mexico, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon south over the Mexican
tableland to Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. Migratory in the
northern part of its range. [An allied race occurs in Central America.]

Family PLOCEIDAE. Weaver Finches.
Subfamily PASSERINAE. House Sparrows.

Genus PASSER Brisson.

Passer Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 36; IH, 71. Type, by subs, desig.. Passer
doniesticus Brisson = Fringilla domestica Linnaeus (Gray, 1841),

• Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus). English Sparrow. [688.2.]

Fringilla domestica Linnaexjs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 183. . (in Europa
= Sweden.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 301

Range. — Throughout Europe and the British Isles except Italy, east to
Siberia. Introduced into North America in 1850 at Brooklyn, N. Y., and
during the next twenty-five years in various other cities including Quebec,
Canada, and Halifax, Nova Scotia; now thoroughly naturalized as far as settle-
ments extend. [Allied races occur in northern Africa, Asia Minor, and south-
ern Asia.]

• Passer montanusmontanus (Linnaeus). European Tree Sparrow. [688.3.]

Fringilla moniana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 183. (in Europa

= North Italy.)

Range. — British Isles, Europe, and northern Siberia. Introduced into the

United States in 1870, at St. Louis, Mo., where it has become established.

[Allied races occur on the Riukiu Islands, Hainan eastern Siberia, Formosa, the

Malay Peninsula, and Greater Sunda Islands.]

Family ICTERIDAE. Meadowlarks, Blackbirds,

AND TrOUPIALS.

Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson.

Dolichonyx Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 435. Type,
by monotypy, Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). Bobolink. [494.]

Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 179. Based
mainly on The Rice-Bird, Horiulanus carolinaisis Catesby, Carolina, I,
14. (in Cuba, in Carolinam = South Carolina.)
Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southeastern British
Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern
Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to northeastern Cali-
fornia, northern Nevada, Utah, Colorado, northern Missouri, Illinois, Indiana,
central Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Winters in South
America to southern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, northern Argentina, and Paraguay;
migrates through the West Indies and along the east coast of Central America;
casually in New Mexico. Accidental in Greenland, Labrador, Bermuda, and
the Galapagos.

Genus STURNELLA Vieillot.

Sturnella Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 34. Type, by monotypy, Stourne, ou
Merle a fer-a-cheval Buffon = Alauda mag^ia Linnaeus.

Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). Eastern Meadowlark. [501.]

Alauda magna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 167. Based on The
large Lark, Alauda magna Catesby, Carolina, I, 33. (in America,
Africa = South CaroUna.)

302 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from eastern
Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to
northern Texas, Missouri, and North Carohna, and west to western Nebraska,
Kansas, and northwestern Texas. Winters regularly from the Potomac and
Ohio valleys south to the Gulf States, and north locally to the Great Lakes
and southern Maine,

Stumella magna argutula Bangs. Southern Meadowlark. [501c.]

Sturnella magna arguhda Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, I, 20, Feb.
28, 1899. (Dunedin, Hillsboro Co., Florida.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from southern Illinois, southwestern Indiana,
and South Carolina south to Florida and the coast of Louisiana and south-
eastern Texas.

Stumella magna hoopesi Stone. Rio Grande Meadowlark. [501a. ]

Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XLIX] 1897,
sig. 10 [April 21], 149. (Brownsville, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from north-central Arizona, southern New
Mexico, and southern Texas south into Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and
Tamaulipas.

Stumella neglecta Audubon. Western Meadowlark. [501.1.]

Sturnella neglecta Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), VII, 1844, 3.39 (pi.
489). (Missouri River above Fort Croghan = Old Fort Union, North
Dakota.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, and
southern Manitoba south to northwestern Lower California, northern Mexico,
and central Texas. Winters from southern British Columbia and Iowa south
to southern Lower California, Jalisco, and Guanajuato, east casually to Wiscon-
sin, southern Michigan, and northern Illinois. Accidental in southern
Mackenzie.

Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte.

Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 54, June 15, 1850 [Feb.
3, 1851], 431. Type, by monotypy, Psarocolius perspicillatus Wagler
= Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed Blackbird.

[497.]

Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 223
[Feb., 1826]. New name for /. icterocephalus Bonaparte, ibid. I, 27.
(Pawnee villages on the river Platte = Nebraska.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie,
central Manitoba, east side of Hudson Bay, and northern Minnesota south to

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 303

northern Lower California, Arizona, Jalisco, Michoacan, and Valley of Toluca,
Mexico, and east to southern Wisconsin, central Iowa, northern Illinois, and
Indiana. Winters from southwestern California, southern Arizona, and south-
western Louisiana south to Cape San Lucas, Jalisco, Michoacan, and Puebla.
Accidental in Greenland and in various eastern localities from Ontario and
Quebec to South Carolina, Florida, and Cuba.

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot.

Agelaius Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, by subs, desig., Troupiale
commandeur, Buffon = Oriolus phoenicetis Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus). Eastern Red-wing. [498.]

Oriolm phoeniceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 161. Based
mainly on The Red-wing'd Starling, Sturnus niger, alis superne rubenti-
bus Catesby, Carolina, I, 13. (in America septentrionaU = South
Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec south to the north-
ern parts of the Gulf States. Winters mainly south of the Ohio and Delaware
valleys, locally north to Massachusetts.

Agelaius phoeniceus meamsi Howell and van Rossem. Florida Red-wing.

[498c.]

Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi Howell and van Rossem, Auk, XLV, No. 2,
April 16, 1928, 159. (Alligator Bluff, Kissimmee River, Florida.)

Range. — Greater part of the Florida peninsula, south to the lower Kis-
simmee Valley and the Caloosahatchee River, north to Putnam County and
Anastasia Island, and west on the Gulf coast to Apalachicola.

Agelaius phoeniceus fioridanus Maynard. Maynard's Red-wing. [4986.]

Agelaius phoeniceus fioridanus Maynard, Birds East. N. Amer., Pt. xl,
1895, 698. (Key West, Florida.)

Range. — Florida Keys and the southern portion of the Florida Peninsula,
north to Lake Worth and Everglade, Collier County.

Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem. Gulf Coast Red-
wmg. [498/1.]

Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem, Auk, XLV, No. 2,
April 16, 1928, 157. (Santa Rosa Island, opp. Mary Esther, Florida.)

Range. — Gulf coast from Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida, west at least to
Galveston, Texas.

304 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus Ohe^holser. Rio Grande Red-wing.

[498^.]

Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus Oberholser, Wilson Bull., XXXI, No.
1, March, 1919, 20. (Brownsville, Texas.)

Range. — Southern coast of Texas and the Lower Rio Grande Valley south
through eastern Mexico to Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and northern Vera Cruz.

Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser. Giant Red-wing. [498i.]

Agelaius phosniceus arctolegus Oberholser, Auk, XXIV, No. 3, July, 1907,
332. (Fort Simpson, Mackenzie.)

Range. — -Breeds from Mackenzie and Keewatin (rarely to Cape Prince of
Wales, Alaska) south to Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
northern Michigan. In winter to Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama,
Texas, and Illinois. Accidental in Connecticut.

Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing. [498(^.]

Agelaius pha;niceus fortis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Ill, April,
1901, 153. (Omaha, Nebraska.)

Range. — Breeds from Idaho, Wyoming, and South Dakota to Colorado and
northern Texas. Winters principally in the southern part of its breeding range,
wandering to Louisiana and Arkansas.

Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell. Nevada Red-wing. [498i.]

Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVII,
No. 24, May 11, 1914, 107. (Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County,
Nevada.)

Range. — Breeds in the Great Basin region, from southeastern British
Columbia and northern Idaho, south through California (chiefly east of the
Sierra Nevada) to San Bernardino County and through Nevada to eastern
Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. Winters in the southern part of
its breeding range south at least to Chihuahua.

Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway. Northwestern Red-wing. [498/.]

Agelaius phoEniceus caurinus Ridgway, Proc, Wash. Acad. Sci., Ill,
April, 1901, 153. (Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, B. C.)

Range. — Northwest coast from southwestern British Columbia to Mendoci-
no County, California.

Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardonun van Rossem. San Francisco Red-wing.

[498A;.]

Agelaius phoeniceus mailH ardor um van Rossem, Condor, XXVIII, No. 5,
Sept. 21, 1926, 223. (Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, Cahfornia.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 305

Range. — Central coast region of California from Sherwood, Mendocino
County, south to central Monterey County, and eastward including Suisun Bay
and the valleys between the inner Coast ranges.

Agelaius phoeniceus califomicus Nelson. Bicolored Red-wing. [499.]

Agelai2is gubernator califomicus Nelson, Auk, XIV, No. 1, Jan., 1897, 59.
(Stockton, California.)

Range. — Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of California from Tehama
County south to Kern County and extreme northern Los Angeles County.

Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard. Kern Red-wing. [498L]

Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard, Condor, XVII, No. 1, Jan. 30,
1915, 13. (Isabella, Kern County, California.)

Range. — South Fork Valley of the Kern River, Kern County, California.

Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway. San Diego Red-wing. [498e.]

Agelaius phomiceus neutralis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Ill, April,
1901, 153. (Jacumba, San Diego Co., California.)

Range. — Pacific slope of southern California and Lower California from
San Luis Obispo County south to El Rosario, lat. 30°.

Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway. Sonera Red-wing. [498a.]

Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887,
370. (Southern California and Arizona to Mexico = Camp Grant,
Arizona.)

Range. — Southern California (lower Colorado Valley), northeastern Lower
California, and southern Arizona south over the coastal plain of Sonora. In
winter to Cape San Lucas.

Agelaius tricolor (Audubon). Tricolored Red-wing. [500.]

Icterus tricolor AvBVBON, Birds Amer. (folio), pi. 388, fig. 1, 1837 (Orn.
Biog., V, 1839, 1). (Santa Barbara, Upper California.)

Range. — Valleys of northwestern Oregon (west of the Cascade Range) south
through California (west of the Sierra Nevada) to northwestern Lower Cali-
fornia.

Genus ICTERUS Brisson.

Icterus Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 30; II, 85. Type, by tautonymy. Icterus
Brisson = Oriolus icterus Linnaeus.

21

306 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). Orchard Oriole. [506.]

Oriolus spurius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 162. Based mainly
on The Bastard Baltimore, Icterus minor Catesby, Carolina, I, 49. (in
America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — -Breeds from North Dakota, northwestern Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Michigan, southeastern Ontario, central New York, and Massachusetts south
to southern Florida, the GuK coast to southern Texas, and in Mexico to
Oaxaca and Jalisco; also west to central Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and
western Kansas. Winters from southern Mexico to northern Colombia.
Casual in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, and Colorado.
Occasional in southern Florida and Cuba in spring migration.

Icterus melanocephalus auduboni Giraud. Audubon's Oriole. [.503.]

Icterus audubonii Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, not paged or
numbered [3 (no plate)]. (Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (casually to San Antonio), and
south in Mexico to Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, and, at least in winter, to
San Luis Potosl. [An allied race is found in the southern part of the Mexican
Plateau.]

Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway. Semiett's Oriole. [505.]

Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Ill, April,
1901, 152. (Brownsville, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Winters south of the United States to Morelos.

Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgw'ay. Arizona Hooded Oriole. [505fl.]

Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 19
[May 6]. (Tucson, Arizona.)

Range. — Southwestern California, southern Arizona, and southwestern New
Mexico south to northern Lower California and Nayarit. Winters south of the
United States. Casual in central California.

Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell. San Lucas Hooded Oriole. [5056.]

Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell, Auk, XLIV, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1927,
70. (Triunfo, about lat. 23° 45', Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to about lat. 27°.
[Additional races of /. cucullatus occur in Mexico and Central America and on
Cozumel Island.]

Icterus parisorum Bonaparte. Scott's Oriole. [504.]

Icterus Parisorum Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1837, No. 59
[June 14, 1838], 110. (Calandria Mexic. = Mexico.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 307

Range. — Upper Austral Zone from interior southern California, southern
Nevada, southwestern Utah, central eastern New Mexico, and central western
Texas south to Lower California, Michoacan, Hidalgo, and Vera Cruz. Win-
ters south of the United States.

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole. [507.]

Coracias Galbula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 108. Based on the
Baltimore-Bird, Icterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby, Carolina, I,
48. (in America = Virginia.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from
central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Ontario, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to southern Texas, central Louisiana,
northern Alabama, and northern Georgia and west to eastern Montana, Wyo-
ming, and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains. Migrates through eastern
Mexico and winters from southern Mexico through Central America to Colom-
bia; casually in Massachusetts, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Accidental at York
Factory, Hudson Bay, and in Cuba.

Icterus buUocki (Swainson). Bullock's Oriole. [508.]

Xanthornus Bullockii Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 6, June, 1827,
436. (Tableland of Mexico = Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the lower part of the Transition Zone from southern
British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan to southern
Texas, northern Lower California, Sonora, and northern Durango, and from
the Pacific to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, and western Kansas.
Winters in Mexico south to Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero, and Puebla, casually
to eastern Kansas in migration. Accidental in New York and Maine.

Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin.

Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVIII] 1866, No. 5, Nov.-
Dec. [July 20, 1867], 413. Type, by monotypy, Psarocolius cyano-
cephalus Wagler.

Euphagus carolinus (Muller). Rusty Blackbird. [509.]

Turdus Carolinus P. L. S. MtJLLER, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 140. (Caro-
lina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Boreal Zone from the Kowak River, Alaska, northern
Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec south to central British
Columbia, central Alberta, central Manitoba, central Ontario, New York,
northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, northern Maine, New Bruns-
wick, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. Winters mainly south of the Ohio and
Delaware valleys to the Gulf coast; west in migration to the Plains; casual in
southern British Columbia, Montana, and Colorado. Accidental in California,
Lower California, and Greenland.

308 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). Brewer's Blackbird. [510.]

Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXII, 1829, Heft vii
(July), col. 758. (Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia, Athabaska Landing,
southern Alberta, and central Manitoba to northern Lower California, New
Mexico, and western Texas, and from the Pacific to northwestern Minnesota,
western Nebraska, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and Kansas. Winters from
southern British Columbia and Wisconsin and Kansas south to Guatemala.
Casual in Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, southern Florida, and South Carolina.

Genus CASSIDIX Lesson.

Cassidix Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 6, Feb. 1, 1831, 433. Type, by subs,
desig., Cassidix mexicanus Lesson = Corvus Mexicanus Gmelin
(Gray, 1840).

Cssidix mexicanus mijor (Vieillot). Boat-tailed Grackle. [513.]

Quiscahis major Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXVIII,
1819, 487. (le Mexique et la Louisiane = Louisiana.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the South Atlantic and Gulf States from
southern Delaware and Chesapeake Bay to the Florida Keys and west to the
eastern coast of Texas.

Cassidix mexicanus mexic'nus (Gj elin). Great-tailed Grackle. [513a.]

Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 375. Based on the
Hoitzanatl Hernandez, Nov. Plant. Anim. Min. Mex. Hist., 1651.
(Mexico.)

Range. — Southern Texas south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan, and
Central America to northern Colombia, and west over the southern part of
the Mexican tableland to Michoacan and Jalisco.

[Allied races of C. mexicanus occur in western Mexico.]

Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot.

Quiscalus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 36. Type, by subs, desig., Gracula
quiscula Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linnaeus). Purple Grackle. [511.]

Gracula Quiscula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 109. Based
mainly on The Purple Jack-Daw, Monedula purpurea Catesby, Carolina,
I, 12. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone from the north shore of Long
Island Sound and the lower Hudson Valley west to the AUeghanies and south to
northern Georgia, northern Alabama, and eastern Tennessee. Winters mainly
south of the Delaware Valley.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 309

Quiscalus quiscula aglaeus Baird. Florida Grackle. [511a.]

Quiscalus aglseus Baird, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLI, Jan., 1866, 84.
(Cape Florida, Key Biscayne, Florida.)

Range. — South Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida, and west in
the southern part of the Gulf States to southeastern Texas.

Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. Bronzed Grackle. [5116.]

Quiscalus seneu^ Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXI] 1869, No.
2, April- July [July 30], 134. (Mississippi region of U. S. = Mount
Carmel, Illinois.)

Range. — Breeds from Great Slave Lake, northern Manitoba, Nova Scotia,
and Newfoundland south to Montana and Colorado (east of the Rocky Moun-
tains) and southeast to northwestern Georgia, Pennsylvania (west of the
Alleghanies), New York, Massachusetts, and northern Connecticut. Winters
mainly from the Ohio Valley south to southern Texas; casual in migration and
in winter east of the Alleghanies.

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson.

Molothrus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
II, 1831 [1832], 277. Type, by orig. desig., Fringilla pecoris Gmelin =
Oriolus ater Boddaert.

Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert). Eastern Cowbird. [495.]

Oriolus ater Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 37. Based on the Troupiale,
de la Caroline Daubenton, PI. Enl., 606, fig. 1. ([South] Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds from southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Nova Scotia, and
New Bnmswick south to central Virginia, southeastern Kentucky, central
Tennessee, south-central Arkansas, Louisiana, and central Texas, and west to
Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, southwestern Kansas,
and New Mexico. Winters from the Ohio and Potomac valleys, casualty to
New York and Michigan south to Florida and the Gulf coast.

Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell. Nevada Cowbird. [4956.]

Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 5,
Dec. 31, 1909, 276. (Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County,
Nevada.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from
southern Manitoba, southwestern Mackenzie, and central British Columbia
south to east-central California, southern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, and
from central Minnesota, southeastern South Dakota, and western Nebraska
west to western Washington, central Oregon, and northeastern California.
Winters south to Texas, Vera Cruz, and Michoacan.

310 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Molothrus ater califomicus Dickey and van Rossem. California Cowbird.
[495c.]

Molothrus ater califomicus Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, XXIV, No.
6, Dec. 19, 1922, 108. (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of the San Joaquin Valley of California, from
Merced County south to Kern County. Casual in Los Angeles, Ventura, and
Santa Barbara counties and on Los Coronados Islands, Lower California.

Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin). Dwarf Cowbird. [49.5a.]

Sturnus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 804. Based on
Sturnus novse-hispanise Brisson, Orn., II, 448. (.in Nova Hispania
= Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of southern California (from Ventura and Inyo
counties, south), southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico, and
southern Texas south to northern Lower California, Colima, Oaxaca, and Vera
Cruz. In winter to the Cape district of Lower California.

Genus TANGAVIUS Lesson.

Tangavius Lesson, Revue Zool., II, [No. 2] Feb. [March], 1839, 41. Type,
by monotypy, Tangavius involucratu^ Lesson.

Tangavius aeneus aeneus (Wagler). Bronzed Cowbird. [496a.]

Psarocolius seneus "Lichtenst.", Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXII, 1829,
Heft vii (July), col. 758. (in Mexico.)

Range. — Northwestern Mexico to southern Arizona (near Tucson, breed-
ing).

Tangavius aeneus involucratus Lesson. Red-eyed Cowbird. [496.]

Tangavius involucratus Lesson, Revue Zool., II, [No. 2] Feb. [March],
1839, 41. (Mexico.)

Range. — San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan,
and central America to Panama.

order passeriformes. 311

Family THRAUPIDAE. Tanagers.
Subfamily THRAUPINAE. Typical Taxagers.

Genus PIRANGA Vieillot.

Piranga Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], iv. Type, by
monotypy, Muscicapa rubra Linnaeus, 1766 = Frincjilla rubra Lin-
naeus, 1758.

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson) . Western Tanager. [607.]

Tanagra Ludoviciana Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 27 (pi. 20, fig. 1).
(Prairies of the Missouri = mouth of Lolo Creek Fork of Clearwater
River, western Idaho.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian, Transition, and sometimes Upper Sonoran
zones from northwestern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, and
southwestern South Dakota to the mountains of southern California, northern
Lower California, southern Arizona, and central western Texas. Winters
southward from central Mexico and Cape San Lucas through the highlands to
Costa Rica. Casual or accidental in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New
York, Wisconsin, and Louisiana.

Piranga erythromelas Vieillot. Scarlet Tanager. [608.]

Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed.,
XXVIII, 1819, 293. (America to Canada = eastern North America.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from
southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern
Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to southern Kansas, northern
Arkansas, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, and the mountains of Virginia
and South Carolina. Winters from Colombia to Bolivia and Peru; migrates
through Cuba, Jamaica, and Yucatan, and along the east coast of Central
America. Casual in Wyoming, Colorado, the Bahamas, and Lesser Antilles.

Piranga fiava hepatica Swainson. Hepatic Tanager. [609.]

Pyranga hepatica Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 438.
(Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.) ^

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone of the mountains from northwestern
Arizona, north-central New Mexico, and central western Texas south to
Nayarit, Jalisco, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon. Winters from southern Sonora
to Michoacan and State of Mexico. [Allied forms occur in eastern and south-
ern Mexico and in Central and South America.]

^ The birds of northern Mexico and the United States have been separated as
P.f. oreophasma Oberholser (Auk, XXXVI, 1919, 74).

312 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). Summer Tanager. [610.]

Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 181. Based on The
Summer Red-Bird, Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Carolina, I, 56. (in
America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones from southeastern
Nebraska, southern Iowa, southeastern Wisconsin, central Indiana, central
Ohio, Maryland (formerly New Jersey), and Delaware south to northeastern
Mexico and southern Florida. Winters from central Mexico and Yucatan to
Ecuador, Peru, and Guiana; migrant in western Cuba. Casual in New
Brunswick, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, and Penn-
sylvania, accidental in southern California, Lower California, and in the
Bahamas.

Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway. Cooper's Tanager. [610a.]

Pyranga cooperi Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXI] 1869, No.
2, April- July [July 30], 130. (Los Pinos, New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern California, northeastern Lower Cali-
fornia, southern Nevada, central Arizona, and central New Mexico south to
central Nuevo Leon and northern Durango. Winters in Mexico south to
Colima and Morelos. Casual in Colorado.

Family FRINGILLIDAE. Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows,
AND Buntings.

Subfamily RICHMONDENINAE. Cardinals and Allies.

Genus RICHMONDENA Mathews and Iredale.

Richmondena Mathews and Iredale, Austral Avian Record, III, No. 6,
June 25, 1918, 145. Type, by orig. desig., Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus.

Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). Eastern Cardinal. [593.]

Loxia Cardinalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 172. Based
mainly on The Red-Bird, Coccothraustes ruber Catesby, Carolina, I, 38.
(in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones east of the Great Plains from
southeastern South Dakota, southern Iowa, northern Indiana, northern Ohio,
southern Ontario (locally), southeastern and southwestern Pennsylvania,
and the southern Hudson Valley south to the northern parts of the Gulf states
(resident in Bermuda). Casual in Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan,
New Brunswick, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. This or a Mexican race
introduced in southern California (vicinity of Los Angeles).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 313

Richmondena cardinalis floridana (Ridgway) . Florida Cardinal. [593d.]

Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus RrocwAT, Manual N. Ainer. Birds, ed. 2,
1896, 606. (Enterprise, Florida.)

Range. — Peninsular Florida.

Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris (Baxgs). Louisiana Cardinal. [593e.]

Cardinalis cardinalis 'magnirostris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
IV, 6, March 24, 1903. (West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana.)

Range. — Eastern Texas and southern Louisiana.

Richmondena cardinalis canicauda (Chapman) . Gray-tailed Cardinal. [593c.]

Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Ill, Art. 22, Aug. 27, 1891, 324. (30 miles west of Corpus Christi,
Texas.)

Range. — Central and central western Texas south to Puebla and Michoacan,
central Mexico.

Richmondena cardinalis superba (Ridgway). Arizona Cardinal. [593a.]

Cardinalis cardinalis superhus RroGWAY, Auk, II, No. 4, Oct., 1885, 344.
(Fuller's Ranch, a few miles east of Camp Lowell, Arizona.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and contiguous
parts of Sonora. Casual or introduced in southern California (Redlands).

Richmondena cardinalis ignea (Baird). San Lucas Cardinal. [5936.]

Cardinalis igneus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI] 1859, sig. 21-
23, Oct.-Nov. [Jan 12, 1860], 305. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cahfornia.)

Range. — Arid Tropical and Lower Austral zones of the Cape district of
Lower California, north to about lat. 27°.

[Additional races of R. cardinalis occur in Mexico, on Cozumel Island, and on
the Tres Marias Islands.]

Genus PYRRHULOXIA Bonaparte.

Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 63, Aug. 15, 1850 [Feb. 3,
1851], 500. Type, by monotypy, Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana Ridgway. Texas Pyrrhuloxia. [594a.]

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana Ridgway, Auk, XIV, No. 1, Jan., 1897, 95.
(Corpus Christi, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from Nueces, Bee, Bexar, Kendall, and
Tom Green counties, Texas, south through eastern Mexico to Puebla.

314 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (Bonaparte). Arizona F*yiThuloxia. [594.]

Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1837, No.
59 [June 14, 1838], 111. (Western parts of Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from soutliern Arizona, southern New
Mexico, and central western Texas south through western Mexico to Zaca-
tecas and Sinaloa.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulae Ridgway. San Lucas Pyrrhuloxia. [594&.]

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata -peninsuls Ridgway, Auk, IV, No. 4, Oct., 1887, 347.
(San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.)

Range. — ^Arid Tropical Zone of the Cape district of Lower California north
locally to lat. 26° 40'.

Genus HEDYMELES Cabanis.

Hedymeles Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, sig. 19, for June [Oct.?], 1851, 152.
Type, by subs, desig., Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus (Gray, 1855).

Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linnaeus). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. [595.]

Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 306. Based on
Le Grosbec de la Louisiane, Coccothraustes Ludoviciana Brisson, Orn.,
Ill, 247. (in Ludovicia = Louisiana.)

Range. — Breeds in lower Canadian and Transition zones from south-
central Mackenzie, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec,
and Cape Breton Island south to central Kansas, southern Missouri, central
Ohio, central New Jersey, and in the mountains to northern Georgia. Winters
from southern Mexico and Yucatan to Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
Casual in migration in Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Bahamas; accidental in
Arizona, Colorado, and California.

Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson). Black-headed
Grosbeak. [596.]

Guiraca melanocephala Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827,
438. (Tableland of Mexico = Temascaltepec, Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from Vancouver Island and the mainland of southern
British Columbia south through California and northern Lower California; also
in western Mexico to Oaxaca and Vera Cruz. Winters in southern Lower Cali-
fornia and in Mexico to Chiapas.

Hedymeles melanocephalus papago Oberholser. Rocky Moimtain Gros-
beak. [596a.]

Hedymeles melanocephalus papago Oberholser, Auk, XXXVI, No. 3,
July [June 28], 1919, 412. (Santa Cruz River, west of Patagone
[= Patagonia] Mountains, near the Mexican boundary line, southern
Arizona.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 315

Range. — Breeds from southern Saskatchewan to eastern Idaho, Nevada,
western Arizona, and the northern states of Mexico, and east to central North
Dakota, central Nebraska, central Kansas, and western Texas.

Genus GUIRACA Swainson.

Guiraca Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 438. Type,
by subs, desig., Loxia caeridea Linnaeus (Swainson, 1827).

Guiraca caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Eastern Blue Grosbeak. [597.]

Loxia caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 175. Based on The
blew Gross-beak, Coccothrausles cserulea Cate^by, Carolina, I, 39. (in
America = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones from western
Nebraska, Missouri, southern Illinois, and Maryland south to eastern Texas,
southern Alabama and central Florida (rarely). Winters from southern
Mexico to Honduras and casually in Guatemala and Costa Rica. Casual in
southern Indiana, southern Ohio, and southern Pennsylvania; accidental in
Wisconsin, New England, the Maritime Provinces, and Cuba.

Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom. Western Blue Grosbeak.

[597a.]

Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
No. 257, March 14, 1927, 4. (Fort Lowell, Arizona.)

Range. — ^Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from extreme southern Nevada,
southeastern California, and northeastern Lower California east to Colorado
(?), New Mexico and central Texas and south into northern Mexico. Winters
south of the United States to Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico.

Guiraca caerulea salicaria Grinnell. California Blue Grosbeak. [5976.]

Guiraca caerulea salicarius Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV,
No. 27, June 16, 1911, 163. (Santa Ana River bottom, near Colton,
San Bernardino Co., Calif.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from the head of the Sacramento
Valley and Owens Valley in California south to about lat. 31° in Lower
California. Winters south of the United States in the Cape district of Lower
California and in northwestern Mexico.

Genus PASSERINA Vieillot.

Passerina Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 30. Type, by subs, desig., Ministre —
Ortolan de riz — de neige Buffon = Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus (Gray,
1840).

316 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus). Indigo Bunting. [598.]

Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 315. Based on
The blew Linnet, Linaria cserulea Catesby, Carolina, I, 45. (in
Carolina = South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Transition and Austral zones from central
eastern North Dakota, central Minnesota, northwestern Michigan, southeast-
ern Ontario, southern Quebec, and southern New Brunswick south to central
Texas, southern Louisiana, central Alabama, central Georgia and northern
Florida (casually). Winters from Morelos and Yucatan through Central
America to Panama, and in Cuba. Occasional in the Bahamas in migration;
casual in eastern Colorado, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba.

Passerina amoena (Say) . Lazuli Bunting. [599.]

Emberiza amoena Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 47 (note).
(Rocky Mts., source of the Arkansas = near Canyon City, Colorado.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from southern
British Columbia, southern Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, and north-
western North Dakota south to northwestern Lower California and central
western Texas. Winters in Mexico, south to the Valley of Mexico. Acciden-
tal or casual in Minnesota and southern Mackenzie (Fort Providence).

Passerina versicolor versicolor (Bonaparte). Varied Bimting. [600.]

Spiza versicolor Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1837, No. 59
[June 14, 1838], 120. (near Temascaltepec [Mexico].)

Range. — Valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas south to southern Mexico.
Accidental in Michigan (?).

Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway. Beautiful Bunting. [600a.]

Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds., 1887, 448.
(Miraflores, Lower California.)

Range. — Extreme southeastern California, northwestern Mexico, and
southern Lower California. Accidental in southeastern Arizona.
[An allied race of P. versicolor occurs in Guatemala.]

Passerina ciris (Linnaeus). Painted Bunting. [601.]

Emberiza Ciris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 179. Based mainly
on the Painted Finch, Fringilla tricolor Catesby, Carolina, I, 44.
(Carolina not far from the sea = South Carolina.)

Range. — ^Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from southern Kansas, central
Arkansas, northern Mississippi, and southeastern North Carolina south to
southern Louisiana, southern Georgia, northern Florida, southeastern New
Mexico, and Texas. Casual in southern Arizona and southern Illinois (re-

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 317

ported occasionally farther north but doubtless on basis of escaped cage birds).
Winters in the Bahamas and Cuba (rarely), and from central Florida, central
Mexico, and Yucatan to Panama; occasional in winter in southern Louisiana.

Genus TIARIS Swainson.

Tiaris Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 438. Type, by
monotypy, Tiaris pusillus Swainson.

• Tiaris bicolorbicolor (Linnaeus). Bahama Grassquit. [603.]

Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 324. Based mainly
on Passer bicolor bahamensis Catesby, Carolina, I, 37. (in America =
Bahama Islands.)

Range. — Bahamas. Accidental at Miami, Florida (Jan. 19, 1871). ^ [Closely
allied races occur in the West Indies.]

• Tiaris canora (Gmelin). Melodious Grassquit. [603.1.]

Loxia canora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 858. Based mainlj^ on
the Brown-cheeked Grosbeak Latham, General Synops., II, Pt. i, 155.
(in nova Hispania = Cuba.)

Range. — Cuba. Accidental on Sombrero Key, Florida (April 17, 1888) .^

Genus SPIZA Bonaparte.

Spiza Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IV, 45 [Aug. 1824].
Type, by subs, desig., Emberiza americana Gmelin (Bonaparte, 1827).

Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissel. [604.]

Emberiza americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 872. Based on the
Black-throated Bimting Latham, Synops., II, Pt. i, 197. (in Nove-
boraco = New York.)

Range. — ^Breeds chiefly in Austral zones from northeastern Wyoming,
northwestern North Dakota, northwestern Minnesota, southern Michigan,
and southeastern Ontario south to southern Texas, southern Mississippi,
central Alabama and northern Georgia (casually); formerly bred on the At-
lantic coastal plain from Massachusetts (casually wandering to Maine) to
South Carolina, but now ex-tremely rare and irregular east of the AUeghanies-
Winters from Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad, migrating
through Mexico and Central America. Accidental in Lower California,
Arizona, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Jamaica.

1 Maynard, Birds East. N. Amer., 1881, 87.

2 Merriam, Auk, V, 1888, 322.

318 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE. Finches.

Genus FRINGILLA Linnaeus.

Fringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 179. Type, by subs,
desig., Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

• Fringflla montifringilla Linnaeus. Brambling. [514.1.]

Fringilla Montifringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 179.
(in Europa = Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Subarctic regions of northern Scandinavia, northern
Russia, and northern Asia. Winters in central and southern Europe, the
British Isles, and northern Asia. Accidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilof
Islands, Alaska (Northeast Point, October 25, 1914) .i

Subfamily CARDUELINAE. Purple Finches, Goldfinches, and Allies.

Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson.

Coccothraustes Brisson, Orn., 1760, 1, 36; III, 218. Type, by tautonymy,
Coccothraustes Brisson = Loxia Coccothraustes Linnaeus.

* Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus Temminck and Schlegel. Jap-

anese Hawfinch. [514.2.]

Coccothraustes vxilgaris japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, 90 (pi. 51), 1850 [1848]. (Japan.)

Range. — -Breeds in eastern Siberia, Japan, and probably Manchuria,
Chosen [Korea], and northern China. Winters south to southern China. Ac-
cidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska (November 1, 1911). ^
[Closely allied races occur in Em-ope, northern Africa, and northern India.]

Genus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte.

Hesperiphona Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 64, Aug. 30, 1850
[Feb. 3, 1851], 505. Type, by orig. desig., Fringilla vcspertina W.
Cooper.

Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper). Eastern Evening Grosbeak.

[514.]

Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1825, 220.
(Near Lake Superior, Sault Ste. Marie [Michigan].)

1 Hanna, Auk, XXXIII, 1916, 402.

2 Evermann, Auk, XXX, 1913, 15.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 319

Range. — ^Breeds in western Alberta east to northern Michigan and once at
Woodstock, Vermont. Winters in the interior of North America, south of
the Saskatchewan and east of the Rocky Mountains, and more or less irregu-
larly to Quebec, New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and south
sporadically to Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, Maryland, the District of Columbia,
Delaware, and New Jersey.

Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell. Western Evening Grosbeak.

[5146.]

Hesperipho7ia vespertina brooksi Grinnell, Condor, XIX, No. 1, Jan.
15, 1917, 20. (Okanagan, B. C.)

Range. — -Breeds in the Canadian Zone in the mountains from central
British Columbia and Montana south to the central Sierra Nevada of Cali-
fornia, and mountains of New Mexico and northern Arizona. Winters ir-
regularly in the lowlands of its breeding area and south to southern California.

Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway. Mexican Evening Grosbeak.

[514fl.]
Hesperiphona vespertina viontana Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, I, 1874, 449 (pi. 22, fig. 4). (Southern
Rocky Mountains and mountains of Mexico = Mirador, near Vera Cruz,
Mexico.)

Range. — Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains, Arizona, south in the
mountains to southern Mexico.

Genus PYRRHULA Brisson.

Pyrrhula Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 36; III, 308. Type, by tautonymy,
Pyrrhula Brisson = Loxia pyrrhula Linnaeus.

• Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassini Baird. Cassin's Bullfinch. [516.]

Pyrrhula coccinea var. cassinii Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, Pt. ii,
1869, 316 (pi. xxix, fig. 1). (Nulato, Alaska.)

Range. — Kamchatka and Copper Island, Siberia. Accidental in Alaska
(Nulato, Jan. 10, 1867 1 and on Nunivak Island, Oct. 12, 13, and 16, 1927 =>).
[Allied races occur in northern Europe and Asia.]

Genus CARPODACUS Kaup.

Carpodacus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 161. Type,
by subs, desig., Loxia rosea Pallas (Gray, 1842).

1 Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1869, 281.

2 Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XVII, 1928, 248.

320 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus CARPODACUS Kaup.

Carpodacuspurpureuspurpureus (Gmelin). Eastern Purple Finch. [517.]

Fringilla 'purpurea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 923. Based mainly
on the Purple Finch Catesby, Carolina, I, 41. (in Carolina = South
Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from northwestern
British Columbia, northeastern Alberta, northern Ontario (Moose Factory),
southern Quebec (Gaspe Basin), and Newfoundland to southern Alberta,
North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), central Minnesota, northern Illinois,
Maryland (mountains), northern New Jersey, and New York (Long Island).
Winters from considerably north of the southern boundary of its breeding
range to the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida. Accidental in Colorado.

Carpodacus purpureas califomicus Baird. California Purple Finch. [517a.]

Carpodacus califomicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 41.3. (Pacific coast of U. S.
= Fort Tejon, Kern County, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from south-central British Colum-
bia south to the Sierra Juarez, Lower California, and east to the Cascade
Mountains and Sierra Nevada. In winter more widely scattered throughout
the breeding range and south to lat. 30° 45' in Lower California and (casually)
to central southern Arizona.

Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch. [518.]

Carpodacus cassinii BaIrd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 3, May-
June, 1854, [July 3], 119. (Camp 104, Pueblo Creek, N. M. = about 10
miles east of Gemini Peaks, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones of the mountains from southern British
Columbia, northwestern Montana, and northeastern Wyoming to northern
Lower California (Sierra San Pedro M^rtir), central Arizona, and northern New
Mexico. Winters irregularly in the lowlands of its breeding range south
through Arizona and over the Mexican plateau to San Luis PotosI, Mt.
Orizaba, and the Valley of Mexico.

Subgenus BURRICA Ridgwat.

BtXrrica Ridgwat, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887, 390. Type, by orig.
desig., Fringilla mexicana MIjller.

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say) . Common House Finch. [519.]

Fringilla frontalis Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 40 (note).
(Arkansas River near the mountains = near Pueblo, Colorado.)

Range. — Upper and Lower Austral zones from Oregon, Idaho, and northern
Wyoming south through California and New Mexico to Lower California

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 321

(northern half), Sonora, northern Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas,
and east to the edge of the Great Phiins (western Kansas and middle Texas).

Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus Ridgway, San Lucas House Finch.
[5196.]

Car podacus frontalis rnherritmis Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1S87,
391 (note). (Cape St. Lucas = La Paz, Lower California.)

Range.— Southern half of Lower California.

Carpodacus mexicanus dementis Mearns. San Clemente House Finch.
[519c.]

Carpodacus dementis Mearns, Auk, XV, No. .3, July, 189S, 258. (San
Clemente Island, California.)

Range. — San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and Santa Barbara islands,
California, and Los Coronados Islands, Lower California.
[Allied races of C. mexicanus occur in Mexico.]

Carpodacus mcgregori Anthony. McGregor's House Finch. [520.1.]

Carpodacus mcgregori Anthony, Auk, XIV, No. 2, April, 1897, 165. (San
Benito Island, Lower California.)

Range. — San Benito Island, Lower California. Casual on Cedros Island.

Carpodacus amplus Ridgway. Guadalupe House Finch. [520.]

Carpodacus amplus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., II,
No. 2, April, 1870, 187. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)

Range. — ^Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis.

Sporophila Cabanis, Archiv fiir Naturg., X, Pt. i, 1844, 291. Type, by
subs, desig., Spermophlla luctuosa Lafresnaye (Sharpe, 1888).

Sporophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence. Sharpe's Seedeater. [602.]

Spoi-ophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence, Auk, VI, No. 1, Jan., 1889, 53.
(Lomita, Texas.)

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and Nuevo Leon and Tamauli-
pas, Mexico. [An allied race occurs in southern Mexico.]

Genus PINICOLA Vibillot.

Pinicola Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], iv. Type, by

monotypy, Pinicola rubra Vieillot = Loxia enucleator Linnaeus^
22

322 CHECK-LIST or NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Pinicola enucleator leucura (Muller). Canadian Pine Grosbeak. [515.]

Loxia leucura P. L. H. MtJLLER, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 150. (Canada )

Range. — Breeds in Boreal forests from northwestern Mackenzie (Great
Bear Lake), northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland to Manitoba, the
White Mountains of New Hampshire, Maine, central New Brunswick, southern
Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton Island. Winters more or less irregularly south
to eastern Nebraska, Iowa, Indiana, Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, and
southern New England, casually to Kentucky, and west to Manitoba, North
Dakota, Minnesota, and eastern Kansas.'

• Pinicola enucleator kamtschatkensis (Dybowski). Kamchatka Pine Gros-
beak. [515/.]

Corythiis enucleator kamischathensis B. Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
VIII, 1883, 367. New name for Corylhos enucleator (?) Dybowski,
op. cit., VII, 394, 1882. (Kamtschatka.)

Range. — -Breeds in Kamchatka. Accidental on St. George Island, Pribilof
Islands, Alaska (October, 19 15) .2

Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ridgway. Alaska Pine Grosbeak. [515c.]

Pinicola enucleator alascetms Ridgway, Auk, XV, No. 4, Oct., 1S9S, 319.
(Nushagak, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from northwestern Alaska and northwestern
Mackenzie to northern British Columbia. Winters south to Washington,
eastern British Columbia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), southern North
Dakota, and northwestern Minnesota.

Pinicola enucleator flammula Homeyer. Kodiak Pine Grosbeak. [515(/.]

Pinicola flammula Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., XXVIII, No. 150, April,
1880, 156. (Nordwest-amerika = Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on Kodiak Island and in the coast region of Alaska south at
least to Sitka. Winters along the coast, south to British Ccjluinbia.

Pinicola enucleator carlottae Brooks. Queen Charlotte Pine Grosbeak.

[515e.]

Pinicola enucleator carlottae Brooks, Condor, XXIV, No. 3, June 10,
1922, 86. (Masset, Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia.)

Range. — -Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

I The Newfoundland bird has been separated as P. e. eschatosus Oberholser
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVII, 51, March 20, 1914).
= Riley, Auk, XXXIV, 1917, 210,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 323

Pinicola enucleator montana RiixiWAY. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak.

[515a.]

Pinicola enucleator montniia Ridgway, Auk, XV, No. 4, Oct., 1898, .319.
(Bear Creek, GaUatin Co., Montana.)

Range. — Boreal summits of the Rocky Mountains from west-central
Alberta, southeastern British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana, to northern
New Mexico. In winter east to northwestern Nebraska.

Pinicola enucleator califomica Price. California Pine Grosbeak. [5156.]

Pinicola enucleator califomica Price, Auk, XIV, No. 2, April, 1897, 182.
(Pyramid Peak, at 7500 ft., near Echo, Eldorado Co., California.)

Range. — Boreal zones of the Sierra Nevada from near Gold Lake, Plumas
County, to Mammoth Pass, Mono County, California.
[An allied race of P. enucleator occurs in Europe.]

Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swain.son.

Leucosticte Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
II, 1831 [1832], 265. Type, by monotypy, Linaria (Leucosticte)
tephrocotis Swainson.

Leucosticte griseonucha (Brandt). Aleutian Rosy Finch. [523.]

Fringilla {Linaria) griseonucha Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-
Petersb., X, No. 14-15-16, 1842, col. 252. (Insulae Aleuticae = Aleu-
tian Islands, Alaska.)

Range. — ^Islands of Bering Sea (St. Matthew, Commander, Pribilof) and
the Aleutian chain, western part of the Alaska Peninsula, and the Shumagin
Islands. Winters east to Kodiak Island.

Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis Baird. Hepburn's Rosy Finch. [524o.]

Leucosticte littoralis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, Pt. ii, 1869, 318
(pi. 28, fig. 1). (Port Simpson, B. C.)

Range. — Occurs in summer and probably breeds above timberline on
mountains from the Alaska Peninsula east and south to central Oregon.
Winters along the Pacific coast from Kodiak Island to Vancouver Island, and
southeastward in the mountains to Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyo-
ming, Utah, and Colorado. Accidental in Minnesota.

Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis (Swainson). Gray-crowned Rosy Finch.

[524.]

Linaria {Leucosticte) tephrocotis Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 265 (pi. 50). (on the Saskatche-
wan = near Carlton House, Saskatchewan.)

324 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Alpine Zone of central eastern Alaska, central
\'vikon, and western Alberta south to northwestern Montana. In winter and
in migration west to the Cascade Range, east to the Saskatchewan plains and
Manitoba, north to Great Slave Lake, and south to Utah, Colorado, and
western Nebraska.

Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnkll. Sierra Nevada Rosy Finch.
[5246.]

Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell, Condor, XV, No. 2, March 25,
1913, 77. (Whitney Meadows, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County,
California, 9800 ft.)

Range. — ^Alpine and Hudsonian zones of the Sierra Nevada, from Pyramid
Peak, Eldorado County, south to Cottonwood Pass, Tulare County, Cali-
fornia.

Leucosticte atrata Ridgway. Black Rosy Finch. [525.]

Leucosticte atrata Ridgway, Amer. Sportsman, IV, July 18, 1874, 241
(Canon City, Colorado.)

Range. — Breeds in the Salmon River Mountains, Idaho, Uinta Mountains,
northern Utah, mountains of western Wyoming, and probably other northern
ranges. Winters south to southern Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and south-
eastern WyoTning, Montana, and west (casually?) to Mono County, California.

Leucosticte australis Ridgw^ay. Brown-capped Rosy Finch. [526.]

Leucosticte tephrocotis var. australis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12,
Dec, 1873, 197. (Mt. Lincoln, at 12,000 ft., Colorado'tsrritory.)

Range. — Breeds in the Alpine Zone of the mountains of Colorado and prob-
ably northern New Mexico. Winters mostl}' in the valleys of Colorado,
southward into New Mexico.

Genus CARDUELSI Brisson.

Carduelis Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 36; III, 53. Type, by tautonymy,
Carduelis Brisson = Fringillu carduelis Linnaeus.

•• Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hartert). British Goldfinch. [526.1.]

Acanthis carduelis hritannicus Hartert, \'ogel pal. Fauna, I, 1903, 68.
(Rottingdean, [Sussex] England.)

Range. — The British Isles, naturalized in Bermuda. This or the European
race [C. c. carduelis (Linn.)] was introduced into the United States and
for a time became established about New York City but has now apparently
become extinct in this region.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 325

Genus ACANTHIS Borkhausen.

Acanthis Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1797, 248. Type, by subs,
desig., Fringilla linaria Linnaeus (A. O. U. Comm., Check-List (3rd.
ed.), 1910).

Acanthis homemannihomemanni (Hole oell). Homemann's Redpoll. [527.]

Linota hornemanni Holboell, Naturh. Tidsskr., IV, 1843, 398. (North
Greenland, above Lat. 69° N. in summer.)

Range. — Breeds in Greenland north to lat. 70°, and in Iceland. Winters in
its breeding area and southward to Ungava. Casual at Fort Churchill, Hudson
Bay, and Gait, Ontario; accidental in England and France.

Acanthis hornemanni exilipes (Coues). Hoary Redpoll. [.527«.]

Aegiothus exilipes Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIII] 1861,
sig. 26-36, Nov.-Dec. [March 31, 1862], 385. (Fort Simpson [Macken-
zie].)

Range. — Breeds from western Alaska to Ungava, and on the Chukches
Peninsula, northeastern Siberia. Winters occasionally southward to British
Columbia, Montana, northern Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, Ontario, Maine,
Massachusetts, southern New York, and Connecticut; also in Asia to the
Commander Islands and northern Japan.

Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus). Common Redpoll. [528.]

Fringilla Linaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 182. (in Europa
= Sweden.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from northwestern Alaska, northern
Mackenzie, and northern Quebec south to northern Alberta, northern Mani-
toba, and islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; also through northern Europe
and Asia; has occurred in Michigan and western Pennsylvania in summer.
Winters in the northern parts of the United States, irregularly south to south-
eastern Oregon, northeastern California, Colorado, Kansas, Indiana, Ohio,
Alabama, and South Carolina; also over the greater part of Europe and south
to central Asia. Accidental in Bermuda.

Acanthis linaria holboelli (Brehm). Holboell's Redpoll. [528cf.]

Linaria Holboellii C. L. Brehm, Handbuch Naturg. VogelDeutschl., 1831,
280. (Middle Germany = winter migrant.)

Range. — -Breeds on Herschel Island, Siberia. South in winter to Germany,
Japan, and southeastern Siberia. Occasional in winter or in migration to
northwestern Alaska and southeast to northern Manitoba, British Columbia,
Montana, Iowa, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, and Quebec.

326 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Acanthis linaria rostrata (CouEs). Greater Redpoll. [5285.]

Aegiothus rosiratus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIII] ISBl,
sig. 26-36, Nov.-Dec. [March 31, 1862], .378. (Jakobshavn, Green-
land.)

Range. — Resident in Greenland. Irregularly in winter south through
Manitoba, Ontario, Quel)ec, and Ungava to Montana, Colorado, northern
Illinois, Michigan, northern Indiana, southern New York, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut.

[Additional races occur in the mountains of middle and western Europe.]

Genus SPINUS Koch.

Spinus Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1816, 233. Type, by tautonymy, Frin-
gilla spinus Linnaeus.

Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson). Northern Pine Siskin. [533.]

Fringilla pinus Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 133 (pi. 17, fig. 1). (Bush
hill in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pa.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian Zone from central Alaska, southern
Mackenzie, central Manitoba, and central Quebec south through the higher
mountains of western United States to southern California and southern New
Mexico; also to southeastern Nebraska, northern Minnesota, northern Michi-
gan, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, northern Maine, northern New Hampshire,
northwestern Pennsylvania, and the mountains of North Carolina; casually in
the lower Hudson Valley and in Massachusetts. Occurs in winter over most
of the United States south to southern Florida and northern Mexico.

Spinus pinus macropterus (Du Bus). Mexican Pine Siskin. [533a.]

Carduelis macroptera Du Bus, Esquisses Orn., 1849, pi. 23. (Guatemala,
Mexico = Mexico.)

Range. — -Higher mountains of southern Mexico in the states of Vera Cruz,
Puebla, Mexico, Zacatecas, and Michoacan; also in the Sierra San Pedro
Mdrtir and Sierra Judrez, Lower California.

Spinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus). Eastern Goldfinch. [529.]

Fringilla tristis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 181. Based on
The American Goldfinch, Carduelis americanus Catesby, Carolina, I,
43. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.)

Range. — ^Breeds from southern Manitoba, southern Quebec, and New-
foundland south to eastern Colorado, southern Oklahoma, central Arkansas,
northern Alabama, and northern Georgia. Winters over most of its breeding
area and southward to the Gulf coast,

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 327

Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns. Pale Goldfinch. [529o.]

Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns, Auk, VII, No. 3, July, 1890, 244. (Fort
Verde, Yavapai County, central Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southeastern British
Columbia and southwestern Manitoba south to central Nevada and southern
Colorado. In winter south to Vera Cruz.

Spinus tristis salicamans Grinnell. Willow Goldfinch. [5296.]

Spinus tristis salicamans Grinnell, Auk, XIV, No. 4, Oct., 1897, 397.
(Pasadena, California.)

Range. — Transition Zone of the Pacific coast from extreme southwestern
British Columbia south to northwestern Lower California, chiefly west of the
Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.

Spinus psaltria psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch. [530.]

Fringilla psaltria Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 40 (note).
(Arkansas River near the mountains = near Pueblo, Colorado.)

Range. — Northern Colorado to central northern Texas and south through-
out Mexico, except the northwestern and extreme southern portions. Casual
in Wyoming.

Spinus psaltria hesperophilus (Oberholser). Green-backed Goldfinch. [530«.]

Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XVI, No. 29, Sept. 30, 1903, 116. (San Bernardino, California.)

Range. — -Breeds in the Upper Austral and Transition zones from southern
Oregon and Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora, and extreme south-
western New Mexico. Winters from northern California to Cape San Lucas.

Spinus lawrencei (Cassin) . Lawrence's Goldfinch. [531.]

Carduelis Lawrencei Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 1850 [Dec. 7], 105 (pi. v). (Sonoma and San Diego, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones of California, west
of the Sierra Nevada, from about lat. 40° south to northern Lower California.
Winters over most of its breeding range and east to Arizona and western New
Mexico.

Genus LOXIA Linnaeus.

Loxia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., cd. 10, I, 1758, 171. Type, by subs, desig.,
Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

328 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Loxia curvirostra pusilla Gloger. Red Crossbill. [521.]

Loxia 'pusilla Gloger, Vollst. Handb. Nat. Vogel Europa's, 1834, 356.
(Georgia.)

Range. — Breeds from central Alaska, northern Mackenzie, and central
Quebec south to Michigan, and locally and irregularly in the Alleghanies to
northern Georgia (casually in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Virginia).
Winters irregularly south to northern Texas, Louisiana, and Florida (birds in
Dwight collection approaching stricldandi) . Casual in Bermuda.

Loxia curvirostra petcna Bent. Newfoundland Crossbill. [5216.]

Loxia curvirostra pcrcna Bent, Smithson. Misc. Coll., LX, No. 15,
Dec. 12, 1912, 1. (Flatbay River, Newfoundland.)

Range. — Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. South in winter to the District
of Columbia and northern Virginia.

Loxia curvirostra sitkensis Grinnell. Sitka Crossbill. [521c.]

Loxia curvirostra sitke7ms Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 2,
Feb. IS, 1909, 223. (Windfall Harbor, Admiralty Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Sitkan district of Alaska and southward along the coast to central
California.

Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgw ay. Bendire's Crossbill. [521(i.]

Loxia curvirostra bendini Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. ^^'ash., II, 101,
April 28, 1884. (Ft. Klamath, e. Oregon.)

Range. — -Breeds in the mountains of the western United States from
northern British Columbia, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado to the Cascade
Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Ranges in winter to Nebraska, Kansas, New
Mexico, the coast district of California, and casually to Lower California and
Guadalupe Island.

Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway. Mexican Crossbill. [521a.]

Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885,
354 [Sept. 17]. (Near City of Mexico, Mexico.)

Range. — Transition and Canadian zones of the higher mountains of northern
Lower California, southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and central
western Texas south to Guatemala.

[Additional races of L. curvirostra occur in Europe, Asia, the Philippines, and
northern Africa.]

Loxia leucoptera Gmelin. White-winged Crossbill. [522.]

Loxia leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 844. Based on the
White-winged Crossbill Latham, General Synops., II, Pt. i, 108. (in
sinu Hudsonis et Noveboraco = Hudson Bay and New York.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 329

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from the limit of trees in northwest Alaska,
northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec south to south-
ern British Columbia, southern Alberta, central Ontario, New York (Adiron-
dacks), New Hampshire (White Mountains), southern Maine, and southern
Nova Scotia. Winters in much of its breeding area and southward irregularly
to northern Oregon (Cascades), Nevada, Colorado, Kansas, southern Illinois,
southern Ohio, and North Carolina. Casual in Greenland, the British Isles,
and Heligoland.

Subfamily EMBERIZINAE. Sparrows and Buntings.

Genus ARREMONOPS Ridgway.

ArremoHops Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, -134, 605.
Type, by orig. desig., Embernagra rufivirqala Lawrence.

Arremonops rufivirgatusrufivirgatus (Lawrence). Texas Sparrow. [586.]

Embernagra rufivirg ta Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1851,
112 (pi. V, fig. 2). (Rio Grande in Texas = Brownsville, Texas.)

Range. — Southeastern Texas (Fort Clark, Corpus Christi, and San Pa-
tricio) south to Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosi. [A closely
allied race occurs in Vera Cruz.]

Genus OBERHOLSERIA Richmond.

Oberholseria Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVIII, No. 39, Nov. 29,
1915, 180. Type, by orig. desig., Fringilla chlorura Audubon.

Oberholseria chlorura (Audubon) . Green-tailed Towhee. [592.1.]

Fringilla chlorura Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 336. (Ross' Creek =
about 20 miles southwest of Blackfoot, Idaho.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone from central Oregon and south-
central Montana to southern California, southeastern New Mexico, and cen-
tral western Texas. Winters from southern California and western Texas to
Cape San Lucas and Guanajuato, Mexico. Accidental in Virginia and South
Carolina.

Genus PIPILO Vieillot.

Pipilo Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32. Type, by monotypy, Pinson aux
yeux rouges Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Towhee.

[587.]

Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 180.
Based on the Towhe-bird, Passer niger ocidis riibris Catesby, Carolina,
I, 34. (in America = South Carolina.)

330 CHECK-LIST or NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Ujipcr Austral zones east of the Great
Plains from southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern On-
tario, and southern Maine south to central Kansas and northern Georgia.
Winters from southeastern Nebraska, Wisconsin, and the Ohio and Potomac
valleys (casually New England) to central Texas, the Gulf coast, and central
Florida.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell. Alabama Towhee. [5876.]

Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI,
No. 52, Oct. 23, 1913, 202. (Spring Hill, near Mobile, Alabama.)

Range. — Alabama and central Georgia.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Coues. White-eyed Towhee. [5S7a.]

Pipilo alleni Coues, Amer. Nat., V, No. 6, Aug., 1871, 366 (note).
(Florida = Dummitt, north Merritt's Island, Florida.)

Range. — Coast region from about Charleston, South Carolina, southward
to and including Florida.

Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson). Arctic Towhee. [588.]

Pyrgita {Pipilo) arctica Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 260 (pll. 51, 52). (Carlton House, plains
of Saskatchewan.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from southern
Alberta and the Forks of the Saskatchewan south to west-central Montana and
northwestern Nebraska. Occurs in migration in western Wyoming and north-
eastern Utah and winters from eastern Colorado and southeastern Nebraska
to southern Texas. Casual in Illinois and \Msconsin.

Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth. Spurred Towhee. [o88a.]

Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth, Condor, VII, No. 6, Nov. 22, 1905,
172. (Miller Canon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones from Wyoming south to
Sonora and Tamaulijjas, Mexico, and southeastern California, and east to
Colorado, New Mexico, and central western Texas.

Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell. Nevada Towhee. [588/.]

Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., VII, No. 8,
Aug. 2-i, 1911, 309. (Big Creek Ranch, base of Pine Forest Mountains,
Humboldt County, Nevada, 4350 ft.)

Range. — Breeds in central southern British Columbia to eastern Oregon,
Nevada, and northeastern California. Winters south to the Colorado River
Valley, in southeastern California.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 331

Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bkll. Oregon Towhee. [5886.]

Pipilo Oregonus Bell, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1849, 6. (Oregon
territory = Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone of the Pacific coast region from
southwestern British Columbia to southwestern Oregon.

Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth. Sacramento Towhee. [588^.]

Pipilo maculatus fnlcimllus Swarth, Condor, XV, No. 5, Oct. 15,
1913, 172. (Marysville Buttes, four miles northwest of Sutter, Sutter
County, California.)

Range. — Interior of California from Tulare County north to southwestern
Oregon (Jackson County).

Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor. San Francisco Towhee. [588/i.]

Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor, Condor, II, No. 2, March 16, 1900,
43. (Palo Alto, California.)

Range. — Coast region of central and northern California.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird. San Diego Towhee. [588(/.]

Pipilo megalonyx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 515. (Fort Tejon, Cal[ifornia].)

Range. — Transition and Upper Austral zones of southwestern California.

Pipilo maculatus clementae Grinnell. San Clemente Towhee. [58Sc.]

Pipilo clementae Grinnell, Auk, XIV, No. 3, July, 1897, 294. (Smug-
gler's Cove, San Clemente Island, California.)

Range. — San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands, California.

Pipilo maculatus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth. Cape Colnett Towhee.

[588i.]

Pipilo maculatus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth, Condor, XXVIII,
No. 3, May 15, 1926, 131. (Colnett, lat. 31°, Lower California.)

Range. — Northwestern Lower California, north of lat. 30°.

Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Brewster. Large-billed Towhee. [588e.]

Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Brewster, Auk, VIII, No. 2, April, 1891
(separates publ. Feb. 17), 146. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — Upper Austral Zone in the Cape district of Lower California.
[Additional races of P. maculatus occur in Mexico.]

332 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Pipilo consobrinus Ridgway. Guadalupe Towhee. [589.]

Pipilomaculaius connobrinusIiiBGW AY, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,
II, No. 2, April, 1876, 189. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Now probably extinct.

Pipilo fuscus bullatus Grinnell and ywARXH. Oregon Brown Towhee.

[.5916.]

Pipilo J use us bullatus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
XXI, No. 18, April 6, 1926, 431. (Eagle Point, Jackson County,
Oregon.)

Range. — Upper Austral valleys of Josephine and Jackson counties, south-
western Oregon.

Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor. Sacramento Brown Towhee, [591c.]

Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, I, No. 1, Jan.,
1899, 11. (Battle Creek [boundary line between Shasta and Tehama
counties], California.)

Range. — Interior valleys and foothills west of the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia, from Kern County north to Shasta County.

Pipilo fuscus petulans Grinnell and Swarth. San Francisco Brown Towhee.

[.591r/.]

Pipilo fuscus petulans Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
XXI, No. 18, April 6, 1926, 430. (Palo Alto, Santa Clara County,
California.)

Range. — Northwestern coast region of California from Humboldt Bay to the
vicinity of Santa Cruz.

Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vigors). California Towhee. (59 1.1.]

Fringilla crissalis Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 19. (California
= Monterey.)

Range. — Austral zones of the coast district of California from Monterey
south to the Mexican boundary and east to the western margins of the San
Joaquin Valley and the southeastern deserts.

Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony. Anthony's Towhee. [591.1a.]

Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony, Auk, XII, No. 2, April, 1895, 111. (San
Fernando, Lower Calif [or nia].)

Range. — Pacific side of Lower California south at least to lat. 29°.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 333

Pipilo fuscus aripolius Oberholser. San Pablo Towhee. [5916'.]

Pipilo fuscus aripolius Oberholser, Condor, XXI, No. 5, Sept. 30, 1919,
210. (San Pablo, Lower California.)

Range. — Middle portion of the Lower California ])eninsula.

Pipilo fuscus albigula Baird. San Lucas Towhee. [591a.]

Pipilo albigula Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XI] 1859, sig. 21-23,
Oct.-Nov., 1859 [Jan. 12, 1860], 305. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower Califor-
nia.)

Range. — Cape region of Lower California.

Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus Baird. Canon Towhee. [591.]

Pipilo mesoleucus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 3, May-
June, 1854 [July 3], 119. (Bill Williams Fork [ = Big Sandy, just
south of lat. 35° N.], Arizona.)

Range. — LTpper Austral Zone from west-central Arizona and southeastern
Colorado south to northeastern Sonora and western Texas.
[An additional race of P. fuscus occurs in Mexico.]

Pipilo aberti Baird. Abert's Towhee. [592.]

Pipilo aberti Baird, in Stansbury, Rep. Exped. Utah, 1852, 325. (New
Mexico.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from southeastern California (Colorado River
valley and delta), southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah to northeastern
Lower California, northwestern Sonora, southern Arizona, and southwestern
New Mexico.

Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte.

Calamospiza Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 30. Type, by
monotypy, Fringilla bicolor J. K. Townsend = Calamospiza tnelano-
corys Stejneger.

Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. Lark Bunting. [G05.]

Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger, Auk, II, No. 1, Jan., 1885, 49. New
name for Fringilla bicolor Townsend nee Linnaeus. (Plains of the
Platte river [Nebraska].)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from southern
Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to south-
eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, and east to eastern Nebraska and
west-central Minnesota. Winters southward from southern Texas and south-
ern Arizona, as far as Sonora, Guanajuato, and Zacatecas on the Mexican

334 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

tableland, and in southern Lower California; in migration, to Wyoming and
California and east, occasionally, to Ontario, western Iowa and southeastern
Minnesota. Accidental in Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina.

Genus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte.

Passerculus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. Type, by subs,
desig., Fringilla savanna Wilson (Gray, 1840).

Passerculus princeps Maynard. Ipswich Sparrow. [541.]

Passerculus princeps Maynard, Amer. Nat., VI, No. 10, Oct., 1872, 637.
(Ipswich, Mass.)

Range.— Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Winters from Sable Island
south along the sand dunes of the Atlantic coast to Georgia.

Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). Eastern Savannah Sparrow.

[542a.]

Fringilla Savanna Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ill, 1811, 55 (pi. 22, fig. 3).
(Savannah, and Great Egg Harbor, N. J. = Savannah, Ga.)

Range. — ^Breeds mainly in the Boreal and Transition zones from northern
Manitoba and northern Quebec south to northern Iowa (casually Missouri),
northern Indiana, the mountains of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and New
York (Long Island), and casually on the coast of southern New Jersey,
Winters from southern Indiana and southern New Jersey south to northeastern
Mexico, the Gulf coast, Bahamas, and Cuba, and in migration to North
Dakota. Casual in Bermuda.

Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe. Labrador Savannah Sparrow.

[.542(/.]

Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe, Contrib. N. Amer. Orn., I,
l,Oct. 14, 1901. (Lance au Loup, Labrador.)

Range. — Breeds in Labrador. Winters southward along the Atlantic coast.

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte. Western Savannah
Sparrow. [5426.]

Passerculus alaudinus Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris),
XXXVII, No. 25 (for Dec. 19), 1853, 918. (California = San Fran-
cisco.)

Range. — Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska and Mackenzie to British
Columbia and Alberta. Winters in California and Lower California and from
Texas to Guatemala, and in migration east to the middle of the Great Plains.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 335

Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis (Gmelin). Aleutian Savannah
Sparrow. [542.]

Emheriza sandmchentiis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 17S9, S7a. Based
on the Sandwich Bunting Latham, General Synop.s., II, Pt. i, 202.
(in Unalaschca et sinu Sandwich, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on Unalaska and contiguous islands, Alaska. Winters
eastward and southward along the coast of British Columbia to central
California.

Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell. Nevada Savannah
Sparrow. [o42(.]

Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pul)l. Zool..
V, No. 9, Feb. 21, 1910, .312. (Soldier Meadows, Humboldt County,
Nevada.)

Range.— Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones of the Great
Basin district from extreme southern British Columbia, eastern Oregon, and
northeastern California, east to northern Colorado, Montana, and North
Dakota, and south to the Kern River Valley, California, southern Nevada,
and northern New Mexico. Winters south to northern Lower California and
northern Mexico.

Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway. Bryant's Sparrow. [542c.]

Passerculus sandwichensis hryanti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII,
1884, 517 [Feb. 25, 1885]. (Oakland, Cal[ifornia].)

Range. — Coast of Curry County, Oregon and coast district of California
(Transition and Upper Austral zones) from Humboldt Bay, south to Morro
Bay, San Luis Obispo County, and east in the San Francisco Bay district to
Solano County.

Passerculus beldingi Ridgway. Belding's Sparrow. [543.]

Passerculus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 516
[Feb. 25, 1885]. San Diego, Cal[ifornial.)
Range.— Salt marshes of southern California and Lower California from
Santa Barbara to Todos Santos Islands and San Quintin Bay.

Passerculus rostratus rostratus (Cassin). Large-billed Sparrow. [544.]

Emheriza rostraki Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 1852 [Dec. 31], 184. (San Diego, California.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone about the head of the Gulf of
California, in northeastern Lower California and northwestern Sonora. In
winter spreads widely, reaching the entire coast line of Lower California and
north from San Diego to Morro, California (casually to Santa Cruz), and south
to southern Sonora.

336 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Passerculus rostratus guttatus Lawrence. San Lucas Sparrow. [.544a.]

Passerculus guttatus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1867,
473. (San Jose [del Cabo], Lower California.) ^

Range. — Breeds on the San Benito Islands, Lower California. In winter
spreads widely along the coast south to San Jose del Cabo and to San Jose and
Carmen islands in the Gulf; north to San Pedro and Monterey County, Cali-
fornia.

Passerculus rostratus halophilus (McGregor). Abreoj03 Sparrow. [5445.]

Avimodramus halophilus McGregor, Auk, XX, No. .3, July, 1898, 265.
(Abreojos Point, Lower California.)

Range. — Breeds on the western coast of Lower California from Scammon
Lagoon south to Magdalena Bay. In winter ranges to San Jose del Cabo, in
the Cape district.

Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson.

Ammodrnimis Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 435.
Type, by monotypy, Atnmodratnus bimaculatus Swainson.

Ammodramus savannarum australis Mavnard. Eastern Grasshopper Spar-
row. [546.]

Ammodramus australis Maynard, Amer. Exch. and Mart, III, No. 3,
Jan. 15, 1887, 33. (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas.)

Range. — Breeds in Austral zones (sporadically in Transition) east of the
Great Plains from southern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and southern New
Hampshire south to southern Louisiana, central Alabama, northern Georgia,
and northern South Carolina. Winters from southern Illinois and North
Carolina south to the Bahamas, Cuba, Cozumel Island, Yucatan and Guate-
mala. Casual in Maine.

Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson. Western Grasshopper
Sparrow. [546a.]

Ammodramus bimaculatus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 6, June,
1827, 435. (Temascaltepec, Tableland of Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from southeastern
British Columbia, northwestern Montana, North Dakota, and southern Min-
nesota south to southern California and southern Texas. Winters from
central California and southern Texas south to Cape San Lucas, Guatemala,
and Costa Rica.

' Includes P. r. sanctorum Ridgway, of the 1910 ed. of the Check-List.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 337

Ammodramus savannarum floridanus (Mearns). Florida Grasshopper
Sparrow. [5466.]

Coturniculus savannarum Jloridanus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXIV, No. 1274, Oct. 3, 1902, 915. (Kissimmee Prairie, 7 miles east
of Alligator Bluff, Osceola County, Florida.)

Range. — Central Florida in the Kissimmee Prairie region.
[Additional races of A. savanriarum occur in the Greater Antilles.]

Ammodramus bairdi (Audubon). Baird's Sparrow. [545.]

Emberiza Bairdii Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), VII, 1844, 359
(pi. 500). (Prairie of the upper Missouri = near Old P'ort Union,
North Dakota.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southwestern Sas-
katchewan and central Manitoba to central Montana, central North Dakota,
and northwestern Minnesota. Migrates through Arizona and New Mexico
and winters from central Texas to Chihuahua and northern Sonora. Acci-
dental on Long Island, New York.

Genus PASSERHERBULUS Stone.

Fasserherbulus "Maynard," Stone, Auk, XXIV, No. 2, April, 1907, 193.
Type, by orig. desig., Aininodrainus lccontci = Fringilla caudacuta
Latham.

Passerherbulus caudacutus (Latham). Leconte's Sparrow. [548].

Fringilla caudacuta Latham, Index Orn., I, 1790, 459. (interior of
Georgia.) ^

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from Great Slave
Lake, Mackenzie, southern Saskatchewan, and Manitoba southward to North
Dakota and southern Minnesota. Winters from southern Kansas, southern
Missouri, and western Tennessee to Texas, Florida, and the coast of South
Carolina, and occasionally to North Carolina. Casual in Ontario, Illinois and
New York; accidental in Idaho, Utah, and Colorado.

Passerherbulus henslowi susurrans Brewster. Eastern Henslow's Spar-
row. [547.]

Passerherbulus henslowi susurrans Brewster, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club,
VI, 78, Feb. 6, 1918. (Falls Church, Fairfax Co., Virginia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from New York
and southern New Hampshire south to northern Virginia. Winters in the
southeastern states to Florida.

^ This name is not affected by Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin, based on the
Sharp-tailed Sparrow, as the birds are not congeneric and the names were pro-
posed in different genera.
23

338 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi (Audubon). Western Henslow's Spar-
row. [547a.]

Embcnza Hensloivii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), I, pi. 70, 1S29 (Orn.
Biog., I, 1831, 360). (Opposite Cincinnati, in the state of Kentucky.)

Range. — Breeds from South Dakota and Ontario to northern Texas and
Ohio. Winters from southeastern Texas to northwestern Florida.

Genus AMMOSPIZA Oberholser.

Amniospiza Oberholser, Smithson. Misc. Coll., XLVIII, May 13, 1905,
68. Type, by orig. desig., Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin.

Ammospiza caudacuta subvirgata (Dwight). Acadian Sparrow. [549. lo.]

Amniodramus caudacutus subinrgatus Dwight, Auk, IV, No. 3, July,
1887, 233. (Hillsborough, Albert Co., New Brunswick.)

Range. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from southeastern
Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island south to Penobscot
Bay, Maine. Winters on the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and north-
western Florida, keeping close to tidewater in migration.

Ammospiza caudacuta caudacuta (Gmelin). Sharp-tailed Sparrow. [549.]

Oriolus catidacutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 394. Based on the
Sharp-tailed Oriole Latham, General Synops., I, Pt. ii, 448. (in Nove-
boraco = New York.)

Range. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from New Hampshire
to Virginia. Winters on salt marshes from New Jersey (casually Massa-
chusetts) to Florida.

Ammospiza caudacuta nelsoni (Allen). Nelson's Sparrow. [549.1.]

Ammodromus caudacutus var. Nelsoni Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XVII, 1875, 293. (Calumet Marshes, Ainsworth [now South Chicago],
111.)

Range. — Breeds in marshes in the Canadian and Upper Transition zones
from Great Slave Lake and west-central Alberta to southwestern Manitoba,
Minnesota, and northeastern South Dakota. Winters on the Atlantic and Gulf
coasts from North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Occurs during migration on
the Atlantic coast from Maine southward. Accidental in California.

Ammospiza maritima maritima (Wilson). Northern Seaside Sparrow. [550.]

Fringilla maritima Wilson, Amer. Orn., IV, 1811, 68 (pi. 34, tig. 2),
(Sea islands along our Atlantic coast = New Jersey.)

Ran(;e. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from southern Massa-
chusetts to Virginia. Winters from Virginia to northern Florida, rarely in
Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 339

Ammospiza maritima macgillivraii (Audubon). Macgillivray's Seaside
Sparrow. [550f/.]

FringiUa Macgillivraii Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 285 (Birds Amer.
(folio), pi. 355, 1837). (Charleston [South Carolina].)

Range. — Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Georgia
and northern Florida. Casual in winter on the Gulf coast of Florida.

Ammospiza maritima peninsulae (Allen). Scott's Seaside Sparrow. [550a. ]

Ainmodramus marilimus peninsulae Allen, Auk, V, No. 3, July, 1888, 284.
(Tarpon Springs, Fla.)

Range. — Salt marshes of the west coast of Florida, from Tampa Bay to
Lafayette County.

Ammospiza maritima jimcicola (Griscom and Nichols). Wakulla Seaside
Sparrow. [550f.]

Passerherbulus marilimus juncicola Griscom and Nichols, Abstract
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, Nov. 3, 1920, 25. (East Goose Creek,
Wakulla County, Florida.)

Range. — Gulf coast of Plorida, from St. Andrews Bay to southern Taylor
County and probably farther.

Ammospiza maritima howelli (Griscom and Nichols). Howell's Seaside
Sparrow. [550/.]

Passerherbulus marilimus howelli Griscom and Nichols, Abstract Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, Nov. 3, 1920, 22. (Dauphine Island, Ala-
bama.)

Range. — Coasts of Alabama and Mississippi, spreading to the coasts of
northern Florida and Te.xas in winter.

Ammospiza maritima fisheri (Chapman). Louisiana Seaside Sparrow.

[550c.]

Ammodramns niari lim us fisheri Cuapman, Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1899, 10.
(Grand Isle, Louisiana.)

Range. — Breeds in salt marshes on the Gulf coast from Grande Isle,
Louisiana, to High Island, Texas. Winters southwestward along the coast to
Corpus Christi, Texas.

Ammospiza maritima semietti (Allen). Texas Seaside Sparrow. [5506.]

Ammodramus marilitnus sennetii Allen, Auk, V, No. 3, July, 1888, 286.
(Corpus Christi, Texas.)

Range. — Coast of Texas from Galveston southwest at least to Corpus
Christi.

340 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Ammospiza nigrescens (Ridgway). Dusky Seaside Sparrow. [551.]

Ammodromus maritimus var. nigrescens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V,
No. 12, Dec, 1873, 198. (Indian River, Ha. = Merritt Island,
Florida.)

Range. — Marshes at the northern end of Indian River, east coast of
Florida.

Ammospiza mirabilis (Howkll). Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow. [551.1.]

Thryospiza nnrabiUs Howell, Auk, XXXVI, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1919, 86.
(Cape Sable, Florida.)

Range. — Coastal marshes in the vicinity of Cape Sable, Florida.

Genus POOECETES Baird.

Pooecetes Baird, in Baird. Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xx, xxxix [Pooc-dcs, 439, 447]. Type, by mono-
typy, Fringilla graminea Gmelin.

Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). Eastern Vesper Sparrow. [540.]

Fringilla graminea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 922. Based on the
Grass Finch Latham, General Synops., II, Pt. i, 273. (in Noveboraco
= New York.)

Range. — Breeds from central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton
l.'-land south to eastern Nebraska, central Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia, and
North Carolina and west to western Minnesota. Winters from the southern
part of its breeding range to the Gulf coast, southern Florida and middle
Texas. Casual in Bermuda and Yucatan.

Pooecetes gramineus affinis (Miller). Oregon Vesper Sparrow. [5406.]

Poocsetes gramineus affinis G. S. Miller, Auk, V, No. 4, Oct., 1888, 404.
(Salem, Ore[gon].)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition Zone of the Pacific Coast district from
extreme southern British Columbia south to southwestern Oregon. \\'inters
from central California to northwestern Lower California and Arizona.

Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird. Western Vesper Sparrow. [540a.]

Poocsetes gramineus var. confinis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Law-
rence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 448. (Western
U. S. = Loup Fork of the Platte River, Nebraska.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, northeastern Alberta,
and southern Saskatchewan to middle eastern California, Arizona, New
Mexico, and Texas and east to the middle of the Great Plains. Winters from

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 341

southern California and central Texas to southern Lower California and
southern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca) and occasionally to
Louisiana.

Genus CHONDESTES Swainson.

Chondestes Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., I, No. 6, June, 1827, 435. Type,
by monotypy, Chondestes strigatus Sw.'VINSOn.

Chondestes grammacus grammacus (S.\y). Eastern Lark Sparrow. [552.]

FringiUa grammaca Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., I, 1823, 139 (note).
(Prairies on the Missouri between the Kansas and Platte = Bellefon-
taine, four miles from the mouth of the Missouri River, Missouri.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in Austral zones from eastern Nebraska, north-
western Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and southern Ontario south to southern
Louisiana and central Alabama, east to extreme western Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and northwestern West Virginia. Winters in southern Mississippi,
southeastern Texas, and eastern Mexico. Casual in Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, eastern Maryland, Dis-
trict of Columbia, North Carolina, and Florida.

Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swain.son. Western Lark Sparrow.

[552a.]

Chorulestes strigatus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, No. 6, June, 1827,
435. (Temascaltepec, tableland of Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in Austral zones from southern British Columbia
and southern Saskatchewan south to the Mexican tableland (Coahuila, Chi-
huahua, Durango), and from the Pacific east to central North Dakota and
eastern Texas. Winters from northern California and southern Texas through
Lower California and southern Mexico to Guatemala.

Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson.

Aimophila Swainson, Classif. Birds, II, [July 1] 1837, 287. Type, by
subs, desig., Pipilo rufescens Swainson (Gray, 1840).

Aimophila carpalis (CouEs) . Rufous-winged Sparrow. [579.]

Peucaea carpalis CouES, Amer. Nat., VII, No. 6, June, 1873, 322 (note).
(Tucson, Arizona.)

Range. — Southern Arizona (formerly) and Sonora south to northern Sinaloa.

Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin). Rufous-crowned Sparrow. [580.]

Ainmodromus ruficeps Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 5,
Sept.-Oct., 1852 [Dec. 31], 184. (Calaveras River [east of Stockton],
California.)

342 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Upper Austral Zone of California west of the Sierra Nevada from
Sonoma, Solano, Sutter, and Placer counties south to Kern County.

Aimophila ruficeps obscura Dickey and van Rossem. Santa Cruz Sparrow.

[580/.]

Aimophila obscura Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, XXV, No. 4, July
28, 1923, 128. (Prisoner's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, California.)

Range. — Santa Cruz Island and probably Santa Catalina and Santa Rosa
islands, California.

Aimophila ruficeps canescens Todd. Ashy Sparrow. [oSOd.]

Aimophila ruficeps canescens Todd, Condor, XXIV, No. 4., July 29, 1922,
126. (San Diego, California.)

Range. — San Diegan district of southern California (Austral zones) from
Ventura Coimty south across the Mexican boundary into extreme northwestern
Lower California.

Aimophila ruficeps Iambi Grinnell. Cape Colnett Sparrow. [580e.]

Aimophila ruficeps Iambi Grinnell, Auk, XLII I, No. 2, April 7, 1926, 244.
(Colnett, Lower California, lat. 31°.)

Range. — Northern Lower California, west of the Colorado desert from lat.
30° 30' nearly to the United States boundary.

Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway. Laguna Sparrow. [580c.]

Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway, Auk, XV, No. 3, July, 1898, 226.
(Victoria Mts., Lower California.)

Range. — Mountains of the Cape district of Lower California, in the Upper
Austral Zone.

Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca (Brown). Rock Sparrow. [5806.]

Peucita ruficeps eremoeca N. C. Brown, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VII,
No. 1, Jan., 1882, 26. (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas.)

Range. — Breeds in the Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, and from Cook
County, Texas, southwest to the Pecos River. Winters in Mexico south to
Puebla and Vera Cruz.

Aimophila ruficeps scotti (Sennett). Scott's Sparrow. [580a.]

Peucaea ruficeps scottii Sennett, Auk, V, No. 1, Jan., 1888, 42. (Pinal
County, Arizona.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, northern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado,
and southwestern Texas south to Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango. Casual
in Colorado.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 343

Aimophila aestivalis bachmani (Audubon). Bachman's Sparrow. [575a.]

Fringilla Bachmani Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), II, pi. 165, 18.3.3
(Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 366). (Six miles north of Charleston [S. C.].)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper and Lower Austral zones in central Illinois
(locally to southeastern Iowa), southern Indiana, southern Ohio, extreme
southwestern Pennsylvania, and central Virginia south to central Texas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and northwestern Florida. Winters from
southern North Carolina southward into Florida. Casual near Washington,
D. C; accidental in Ontario and northern New Jersey.

Aimophila aestivalis aestivalis (Lichtenstein). Pine-woods Sparrow. [575.]

Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 25. (Georgia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone of southeastern Georgia and
peninsular Florida. Winters in central and southern Florida.

Aimophila botterii botterii (Sclater). Botteri's Sparrow. [576.]

Zonotrichia hotlerii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXV, 1857, No. 311
[Jan. 12, 1858], 214. (Vicinity of Orizaba [Vera Cruz], in southern
Mexico.)

Range. — Southern Arizona (formerly only?) and the Lower Rio Grande
Valley, Texas, south over the Mexican tableland to Chiapas, [.\llied races
occur in Mexico and Central America.]

Aimophila cassini (Woodhouse). Cassin's Sparrow. [578.]

Zonotrichia Cassinii Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 2,
March-April, 1852 [June 9], 60. (Near San Antonio [Texas].)

Range. — Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone from southeastern Nevada,
southeastern (casually central) Colorado, and southwestern Kansas south to
northern Sonora and the mouth of the Rio Grande. Winters from southern
Arizona to southern Sinaloa and central Tamaulipas.

Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues.

Amphisfiza CouES, Birds Northwest, 1874, 234. Type, by orig. desig.,

Emheriza bilineata Cassin.

Amphispiza bilineata bilineata (Cassin). Black-throated Sparrow. [573.]

Einberiza bilineata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct., 18.50 [Dec. 7], 104 (pi. 3). (Te.xas, on the Rio Grande.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone of northern middle Texas south into Nuevo
Leon and Tamaulipas.

344 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway. Desert Sparrow. [573a.]

Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway, Auk, XV, No. .3, July, 1898,
229 (separates publ. May 13). (Tucson, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds from northeastern California, northern Nevada, northern
Utah, northwestern Colorado, and central western Texas south to northern
Lower California (about lat. 27°), Sonora, and Chihuahua. Winters from
southeastern California, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico south-
ward.

Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell. Bangs's Sparrow. [5736.]

Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell, Auk, XLIV, No. 1, Jan. 5, 1927,
71. (La Paz, Lower California.)

Range. — Cape district of Lower California north to lat. 26°, in the Lower
Sonoran Zone.

Amphispiza belli belli (Cassin). Bell's Sparrow. [574.]

Emberiza Belli Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, No. 5, Sept.-Oct..
1850 [Dec. 7], 104 (pi. 4). (California near Sonoma and San Diego.)

Range.^ — -Upper Austral Zone of California, west of the Sierra Nevada, south
in the interior from Shasta County and on the coast from Marin County,
through the San Diegan district to lat. 29° 30' in Lower California; also on
San Clemente and other of the coastal islands.

Amphispiza belli cinerea Townsend. Gray Sage Sparrow. [574.1a.]

Amphispiza belli cinerea C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII,
No. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 136. (Ballaenas Bay, Lower CaHfornia.)

Range. — Middle Lower California, between lat. 29° and lat. 26° in the
lower Austral Zone.

Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis (Ridgway). Northern Sage Sparrow.

[574.1.]

Poospiza Bella var. Nevadensis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 11,
Nov., 1873, 191, (of. also No. 12, 198). (West Humboldt Mts.,
Nevada.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Upper Austral Zone of the Great Basin dis-
trict, from east-central Washington, eastern Oregon, northeastern California,
central Idaho, southwestern Montana, and western Colorado south to central
eastern California, southern Nevada, Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
Winters from the southern portion of the breeding range to southwestern
California, extreme northeastern Lower California, Arizona, New Mexico,
central western Texas, and Chihuahua.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 345

Amphispiza nevadensis canescens Grinnell. California Sage Sparrow.

[574.16.]

Amphispiza belli canescens Grinnell, Condor, VII, No. 1, Jan. 17, 1905,
18. (Seymour Creek Meadow, 5500 ft., Mount Pinos, Ventura County,
California.)

Range. — Breeds in Austral zones of east-central California from Fresno
south at least to Mount Pinos, Ventura County, west to Carrizo Plain, San
Luis Obispo County; and east to Owens VaUey. In winter more widely
distributed, reaching extreme northeastern Lower California. '

Genus JUNCO Wagler.

Junco Wagler, Isis von Oken, [XXIV] 1831, Heft v (May), col. 526.
Type, by monotypy, Junco phaeonotus Wagler.

Junco aikeni Ridgway. White-winged Junco. [566.]

Junco hyemalis var. Aikeni Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VII, No. 10, Oct.,
1873, 613, 615. (Near Fountain = El Paso County, Colorado.)

Range. — ^Breeds in the Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming, the Black Hills,
South Dakota, and in northwestern Nebraska. Winters from the Black Hills
to southern Colorado and western Kansas and casually to Oklahoma, eastern
Kansas, and New Mexico.

Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus). Slate-colored Junco. [567.]

Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 183. Based on
The Snow-bird, Passer nivalis Catesby, Carolina, I, 36. (in America
= South Carolina.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones in northwestern
Alaska (Pt. Barrow), northern Mackenzie (tree limit), northern Manitoba, and
central Quebec south to the base of the Alaska Peninsula, southern Yukon,
central Alberta, northern Minnesota, central Michigan, Ontario, Maine, Nova
Scotia and in the mountains of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania.
Winters throughout the eastern United States and in southern Ontario south to
the Gulf coast. Casual in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Lower Cali-
fornia; accidental in Siberia.^

Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster. Carolina Junco. [567e.]

Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster, Auk, III, No. 1, Jan., 1S86, 108.
(Black Mountain [Buncombe County], N. C.)

' Includes Junco hyemalis connectens Coues, variously regarded as based on
a hybrid or as a synonym and also considered to be a distinct race breeding in
the Stikine region of southeastern Alaska and northern British Columbia. Cf.
Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXXIV, No. 2, 1922, p. 243.

346 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Canadian Zone of the mountains from
western Maryhind, Virginia, and West Virginia south to northern CJeorgia.
Winters in the adjacent lowlands.

Junco oreganus oreganus (Townsend). Oregon Junco. [567a.]

Fringilla Oregana J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, pt.
ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 188. (Forests near the Columl)ia River = Fort
Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to the Queen Charlotte
Islands and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Winters southward along
the coast to Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties, California; casually to
Nevada.

Junco oreganus shufeldti Coale. Shufeldt's Junco. [567b.]

Junco hyemulis shufeldti Coale, Auk, IV, No. 4, October, 1887, 330.
(Fort Wingate, New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from the interior of central British Columbia (Skeena
Valley) east to western central Alberta and south to northern Oregon. Win-
ters over the entire Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona,
New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora. Casual in Illinois and
northern Lower California.

Junco oreganus montanus Ridgway. Montana Junco. [567/.]

Junco montanus Ridgway, Auk, XV, No. 4, Oct., 1898, 321. (Columbia
Falls, Montana.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone from southern Alberta south to
northern Idaho, eastern Oregon, and northwestern Montana. Winters south
to Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Texas. East casually to Kansas,
lUinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Maryland.

Junco oreganus thurberi Anthony. Thurber's Jimco. [567c.]

Junco hyemalis thurhen Anthony, Zoe, I, No. 8, Oct. [Nov.], 1890, 238.
(Wilson Peak [San Gabriel Range], Cal[ifornia].)

Range. — Breeds from southern Oregon south through the Sierra Nevada,
the mountains immediately east, and many of the coast ranges to San Diego
County, California. Winters at lower levels within the breeding area south-
ward to Arizona, and to lat. 30° in Lower California.

Junco oreganus pinosus Loomis. Point Pinos Junco. [567(/.]

Junco pinosus Loomis, Auk, X, No. 1, Jan., 1893, 47. (Vicinity of
Monterey, Cal. = Point Pinos.)
Range.— Transition Zone of the coastal district of California from San
Mateo and Alameda counties to southern Monterey County.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 347

Junco oreganus pontilis Oberholser. Hanson Lagiina Junco. [567/.]

Junco oreganus pontilis Oberholser, Condor, XXI, No. 3, June 6, 1919,
119. (El Rayo, Hanson Laguna Mountains, northern Lower Cali-
fornia.)

Range. — Sierra Judrez, northern Lower California, in the Transition Zone.

Junco oreganus townsendi Anthony. Townsend's Junco. [567i.]

Junco townsendi Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, H, sig. 6, Oct. 11,
1889, 76. (San Pedro [Martir] Mountains, L[ower] C[alifornia].)

Range. — Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California, in the Transition and
Canadian zones.

Junco insularis Ridgway. Guadalupe Junco. [572.]

Junco insularis Ridgway, Bull. Ceol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., II, No. 2,
April, 1876, 188. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

Junco bairdi Ridgway. Baird's Jimco. [571.]

Junco bairdi "Belding, MS.," Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., VI, 1883,
155 [Oct. 5]. (Laguna, Lower California.)

Range. — Mountains of the Cape region of Lower California.

Junco meamsi Ridgway. Pink-sided Junco. [567^.]

Junco meamsi Ridgway, Auk, XIV, No. 1, Jan., 1897, 94. (Fort
Bridger, Wyoming.)

Range. — Breeds from southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and
northern Wyoming. Winters south through Wyoming, northwestern Ne-
braska, and Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and north-
eastern Sonora.

Junco c&niceps (Woodhouse). Gray-headed Junco. [5706.]

Struthus caniceps Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, No. 6,
Nov.-Dec, 1852 [Feb. 7, 18.53], 202. (San Francisco mountain, New
Mexico [ = Arizona].)

Range. — Breeds in southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and north-
ern New Mexico. Winters at lower elevations and south to Sonora and
Chihuahua. Casual in southern California and southern Nebraska.

Junco phaeonotus dorsalis Henry. Red-backed Junco. [570a.]

Junco dorsalis Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [X] 1858, sig. 7-9,
April-May [after April 19], 117. (Fort Thorn, New Mexico.)

348 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Canadian zones of high mountains in
northern Arizona and New Mexico. Winters south to southwestern Texas,
Sonora, and Chihuahua.

Junco phaeonotus palliatus Ridgway. Arizona Jiinco. [570.]

Junco cinereus palliatus Ridgway, Auk, II, No. 4, Oct., 1885, 364.
(Mount Graham, Arizona.)

Range. — Mountains of southern Arizona and northern Mexico (Coahuila,
Chihuahua, and Sonora).

[An additional race of J. phaeonotus occurs in Mexico.]

Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte.

Spizella Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, LII, 1832, 205. Type, by
monotypy, Fringilla pusilla Wilson.

Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson) . Eastern Tree Sparrow. [559.]

Fringilla arborea Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 123 (pi. XVI, fig. 3).
(eastern Pennsylvania.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian Zone from central Mackenzie (Great
Bear Lake) and northern Quebec to Great Slave Lake, northern Manitoba,
northern Quebec, and Newfoundland. Winters from southern Minnesota,
Ontario, and the Maritime Provinces south to eastern Oklahoma, central
Arkansas, South Carolina, and Georgia (rarely).

Spizella arborea ochracea Brewster. Western Tree Sparrow. [559a.]

Spizella monlicola ochracea Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club., VII,
No. 4, Oct., 1882, 228. (Fort Walla Walla, Washington territory.)

Range. — Breeds from the coast of Bering Sea and Point Barrow east to the
Anderson River and south in the mountains to northern British Columbia.
Winters in western North America, from New Mexico and central Texas to
eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas. Casual in northeastern California and
Arizona.

Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein). Eastern Chipping Sparrow. [5(30.]

Fringilla passerina Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem. Ueb. Vogel, III, Pt. ii,
1798, 544 (pi. 120, fig. 1). (Canada.)

Range. — Breeds from Yukon, Mackenzie, northern British Columbia,
Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and
Cape Breton Island to central Texas, southern Mississippi, and central Georgia.
Winters chiefly in the Southern States, occasionally as far north as Oklahoma
and southern New Jersey. Casual in Cuba and northeastern Mexico.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 349

Spizella passerina arizonae Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow. [560a.]

Spizella socialis var. arizonae Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 143.
(Fort Whipple, Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia and central Alberta to the
tableland and mountains of Chihuahua, northern Mexico. Winters from
central California and central Texas south to Cape San Lucas, Puebla, IMicho-
acan, and Oaxaca; casual on Guadalupe Island and at Point Barrow, Alaska.

Spizella pallida (Swainson) . Clay-colored Sparrow. [561.]

Embcriza pallida Swainson, in Swainson and IIichardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 251. (Carlton House [Saskatchewan].)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones from southern
Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Manitoba, and Michigan (Isle Royale)
to western Montana, southeastern Colorado, northern Nebraska, and north-
western Illinois. Winters from southern New Mexico, and southern Texas
to Cape San Lucas, Guanajuato, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, Mexico.
Casual in British Columbia, Arizona, Ontario, Massachusetts, South Carolina,
and Indiana.

Spizella breweri taverneri Swarth and Brooks. Timberline Sparrow.

[562a.]

Spizella taverneri Swarth and Brooks, Condor, XXVII, No. 2, March 15,
1925, 67. (Spruce Mountain, ten miles east of Atlin, British Columbia,
5000 ft.)

Range. — Breeds at high altitudes in the Atlin district of northwestern
British Columbia. Occurs in southeastern British Columbia and Madison
County, Montana, in migration. Winter range not determined.

Spizella breweri breweri Cassin. Brewer's Sparrow, [562.]

Spizella Breweri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, No. 1, Jan.-
Feb., 1856 [March 25], 40. (California and New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from southeastern British
Columbia, southern Alberta, east-central Montana, and northwestern
Nebraska south to southern California, southern Arizona, and central western
Texas. Winters from southern California and central Texas south through
Lower California and Mexico to Jalisco. Accidental in Massachusetts.

Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Eastern Field Sparrow. [563.]

Fringilla pusilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 121 (pi. 16, fig. 2). (Penn-
sylvania = Philadelphia.)

Range. — -Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from southern Minne-
sota, southern Michigan, southern Quebec, Magdalen Islands, and southern

350 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Maine to central Texas, central Louisiana, and northern Florida (casually).
Winters from Missouri, Illinois, southern Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, to
the Gulf coast; casually farther north,

Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne. Western Field Sparrow. [563o.]

Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne, Auk, III, No. 2, April, 1S86, 248.
(Laredo, southern Texas.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone from southeastern Montana and
southwestern North Dakota to central Nebraska. Winters from south of its
breeding range to southern Texas, Louisiana, and Nuevo Leon.

Spizella wortheni Ridgway. Worthen's Sparrow. [564.]

Spizella wortheni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 259 [Sept.
19]. (Silver City, New Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds from Silver City, New Mexico, south to Tamaulipas,
Mexico. Winters south to southern Puebla.

Spizella atrogularis atrogularis (Cabanis). Mexican Black-chinned Sparrow.

[565.]

Spinites atrogularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, sig. 17, for April [Oct. ?] 1851,
133 (note). (Mexico.)

Range. — Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone from Arizona and southern New
Mexico south over the Mexican tableland to Puebla and Michoacan. Winters
south of the Mexican boundary.

Spizella atrogularis cana Coues. California Black-chinned Sparrow. [565a.]

Spizella cana Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVIII] 1866, No. 1,
Jan.-March [June 11], 88. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.)

Range.— Breeds in the Upper Austral Zone of California, from Alameda,
Mariposa, and Inyo counties south to lat. 30° in northern Lower California.
Winters in Lower California south to Cape San Lucas.'

Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson.

Zonotrichia Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
II, 1831 [1832], 493. Type, by subs, desig., Fringilla pensylvanica
Latham = Fringilla albicollis Gmelin (Bonaparte, 1832).

Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). Harris's Sparrow. [553.]

Fringilla querula Nuttall, Manual Orn. U. S. and Canada, ed. 2, I, 1840,
555. (near Independence, Missouri.)

1 The bird of the San Francisco Bay district has been separated as S. a.
caurina A. H. Miller (Condor, XXXI, 1929, 206).

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 351

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian Zone at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay,
Artillery Lake, Mackenzie, and probably at Great Bear Lake and in the district
just south of the Barren Groiuids. In migration ranges east to western
Ontario, southwestern Ohio, eastern Illinois, Michigan, and west to central
Montana, Wyoming, and eastern Colorado (casual in South Dakota in July).
Winters from northern Kansas, southern Nebraska, and western Missouri to
southern Texas. Casual in British Columbia; accidental in California, Oregon,
Washington, Ohio, and Massachusetts.

Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. [554.]

Emheriza leucophrys J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, Art. 29
(read June 18 and 25), 426. (Severn River, west shore of Hudson Bay.)

Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones of Rocky Mountains
of British Columbia and in high mountains from southern Oregon to central
California, east to Wyoming and southern New Mexico, and from limit of
trees in northern Manitoba and northern Quebec to central Manitoba, southern
Quebec, and southern Greenland. Winters from southern Lower California,
southern Arizona, southern Kansas, and the Ohio Valley (casually from the
Potomac Valley) south to Florida (casual), Louisiana, and Mississippi, and
over the Mexican plateau to Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Guanajuato.

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall). Gambel's Sparrow. [554a.]

Fringilla gambelii Nuttall, Manual Orn. U. S. and Canada, ed. 2, I, 1840,
556. (Near Fort Walla Walla, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from limit of trees in northwestern Alaska
and northern Mackenzie (rarely outside the mountains south of Great Slave
Lake) south to central Montana and west to the coast mountains of south-
western Alaska and southeastern British Columbia. Winters from northern
California and Utah south to San Luis Potosi, Mazatlan, Lower California,
and outlying islands. Casual east in migration to South Carolina, Minnesota,
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, and eastern Texas.

Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensisGRiNNELL. Puget Sound Sparrow. [554c.]

Zonotrichia leucophrys pugclensis Grinnell, Condor, XXX, No. 3, May
15, 1928, 187. (Parksville, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Pacific coast belt from Vancouver Island and the
mouth of the Fraser River, British Columbia, south to Mendocino County,
California. Winters south to San Diego County.

Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway. Nuttall's Sparrow. [5546.]

Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway (new name for Z. gambeli auct.,
nee Nuttall), Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1899, 36. (No locality = Santa
Cruz, California.)

352 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Humid Transition Zone of tho California coast district from
Mendocino County to Point Conception, Santa Barbara County, including the
San' Francisco Bay region.

Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas). Golden-crowned Sparrow. [557.]

Emberiza coronata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 44 (and pi.),
(in insula Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds from Kotzebue Sound to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska
Peninsula, and Kodiak Island, and southeast at least to central British Colum-
bia. Winters from central Oregon south throughout California west of the
Sierra Nevada to about lat. 30°, rarely to the Cape district of LovAer California;
also on the Santa Barbara Islands and casually on Guadalupe Island; in migra-
tion east to central eastern Alaska and western Alberta, straggling east to
Nevada and Colorado. Accidental in Massachusetts and Wisconsin.

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-throated Sparrow. [558.]

FringiUa albicollis Gmelin, Sj'st. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 921. Based mainly
on the White-throated Sparrow Edwards, Gleanings, II, 198. (in
Pennsylvania = Philadelphia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Lower Hudsonian zones from northern
Mackenzie (Fort Good Hope), northern Manitoba, central Quebec and New-
foundland to central Alberta, southern Montana, central Minnesota, central
A\'isconsin, southern Ontario, northern New England, Nova Scotia, and the
mountains of northeastern Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts;
casual in summer in British Columbia. Winters from Missouri, the Ohio
Valley, southern Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts (casually
Maine), south to northeastern Mexico and Florida. Casual in Oregon, Cali-
fornia, Utah, and Colorado, and on Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

Genus PASSERELLA Swainson.

Passerella Swainson, Classif. Birds, II, [July 1] 1837, 288. Type, by
monotypy, Fringilla iliaca Merrem.

Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem). Eastern Fox Sparrow. [585.]

Fringilla iliaca Merrem, Avium Rar. Icones et Descrij)., II, 1786, 37
[pi. xj. (North America.)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from tree limit in northwestern Alaska,
northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario (Moose Factory),
and northern Quebec south to northern Manitoba, Magdalen Islands, and
Newfoundland. Winters from the lower Ohio and Potomac Valleys (oc-
casionally farther north) to central Texas and central P^lorida; west to North
Dakota in migration. Casual or accidental in Greenland, on the coast of
southern Alaska, and in Arizona and California.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 353

Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley. Alberta Fox Sparrow. [585/i.]

Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, No. 45,
Nov. 28, 1911, 234. (Moose Branch of Smoky River, Alberta, 7000 ft.)
Range. — Breeds in interior of British Columbia and extreme western Al-
berta (Hudsonian Zone). Winters in California chiefly west of the desert
divides and south in northwestern Lower California to about lat. 30° 30'.

Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin). Shumagin Fox Sparrow. [585a.]

Emberiza unalaschcensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 875. Based

on the Unalascha Bunting Pennant, Arct. Zool., 364. (Unalascha

= Unalaska, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on the base of the Alaska Peninsula and on the Shumagin

Islands and Unalaska. Winters chiefly in California (recorded from Tacoma,

Washington) south to the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower C'alifornia.

Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway. Kodiak Fox Sparrow. [585/.]

Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway, Auk, XVII, No. 1, Jan., 1900, 30.
(Kodiak, Alaska.)
Range. — Breeds on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Winters chiefly in the coast
district of California from Marin County south to Los Angeles County.

Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell. Valdez Fox Sparrow. [585^-.]

Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 12,
March 5, 1910, 405. (Drier Bay, Knight Island, Prince William Sound,
Alaska.)
Range. — Breeds in the Prince William Sound region (islands and main-
land), on Middleton Island, and on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Winters
chiefly in Cahfornia (recorded from central Oregon) south to northern Lower
California.

Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway. Yakutat Fox Sparrow. [585Z.]

Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway, Auk, XVII, No. 1, January, 1900, 30.

(Yakutat, Alaska.)

Range.— Breeds in the coast district of Alaska in the vicinity of Yakutat

Bay. Winters chiefly in the coast district of central California from Marin

County south through Monterey County, casually to Los Angeles and San

Bernardino counties.

Passerella iliaca townsendi (Audubon). Townsend's Fox Sparrow. [SSSgr.]

Plectrophanes Townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer. (foUo), IV, pi. 424, fig. 7,
1838 (Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 23G). (Shores of the Columbia River = Ft.
Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds in the southern coast district of Alaska (mainland and
islands) from Glacier Bay and Lynn Canal south over the Alexander Archi-
24

354 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

pelago to Forrester Island; also on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Winters in
the coast district of Oregon and of California from Humboldt County south to
Santa Cruz County. Casual in Arizona.

Passerella iliaca fuliginosa RiofiWAV. Sooty Fox Sparrow. [585e.]

Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway, Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1S99, .36.
(Neah Bay, Washington.)

Range. — Breeds from southeastern Alaska (mainland only) south along the
mainland coast of British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and northwestern
Washington. Winters south from Vancouver Island to central California,
rarely to the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California.

Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. [5S5r.]

Passerella schistacea Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1S5S, xl, 4SS, 490. (Head of the
Platte = south fork of Platte River, about 25 miles east of the north-
eastern corner of Colorado, in Nebraska.)

Range. — Breeds in mountains of the Great Basin district (Canadian and
Transition zones) from extreme southeastern British Columbia and south-
western Alberta south to Nevada and probably eastern Wyoming. Winters
south to southern California, northern Lower California, southern Arizona, and
New Mexico.

Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth. Warner Mountains Fox Sparrow. [585i.]

Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXI, No. 40,
Dec. .30, 1918, 162. (Sugar Hill, Warner Mountains, Modoc County,
California, 5000 ft.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian Zone in extreme northeastern California
(mountains of Modoc and Lassen counties), north in Oregon east of the Cas-
cades to Crook County. Occurs in winter in Los Angeles County, California,
and in northern Lower California.

Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird. Thick-billed Fox Sparrow. [5856.]

Passerella megarhynchus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xl, 925. (Fort Tejon [Kern
County, California].)

Range. — Breeding range unknown. Winters in California, west of the high
Sierras, from Tehama County south to the Mexican boundary and in north-
western Lower California.

Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard. Trinity Fox Sparow. [585j.]

Passerella iliaca hreincauda Mailliard, Condor, XX, No. 4, July 22, 1918,
139. (Half a mile south of South YoUa BoUy Mountain, Trinity Coun-
ty, California.)

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 355

Range. — Breeds in the inner northern Coast ranges of California (Canadian
and Transition zones) from North Yolla Bolly Mountain, Trinity County,
south to Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino County, and Snow Mountain, Colusa
County. Winters in the coast district from Marin and Napa counties south
to Los Angeles County.

Passerella iliaca canescens SwARTH. Inyo Fox Sparrow. (585w.]

Passerella iliaca canescejis Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXI,
No. 40, Dec. 30, 1918, 163. (Wyman Creek, east slope of the White
Mountains, Inyo County, California, 8250 ft.)

Range. — Breeds in the White Mountains of Inyo and Mono counties,
California (Transition and Canadian zones). Winters in southern California
and northern Lower California.

Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer. Mono Fox Sparrow.

[5857i.]

Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer, Condor, XIX, No. 5,
Sept. 25, 1917, 165. (Mono Lake Post Office, 6.500 ft.. Mono County,
California.)

Range. — Breeds on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of
Mono Lake and possibly in the Panamint Mountains. Winters in the western
foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in southern California (west of the deserts), and
in northern Lower California.

Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth. Yosemite Fox Sparrow. [585o.]

Passerella iliaca ?nariposae Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXI,
No. 40, Dec. 30, 1918, 161. (Near Chinquapin, Yosemite Park, Cali-
fornia, 7000 ft.)

Range. — -Breeds in the northern and central Sierra Nevada of California
(Canadian and high Transition zones) from the vicinity of Mt. Shasta south
to Kearsarge Pass, Inyo County. Winters in southern California and northern
Lower California.

Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony. Stephens's Fox Sparrow. [585(/.]

Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony, Auk, XII, No. 4, Oct., 1895, 348.
(San Jacinto Mts. [Tahquitz Valley], Cal[ifornia].)

Range. — -Breeds in the southern Sierra Nevada of California (Canadian and
high Transition zones) from Horse Corral Meadow, Fresno County, south
through Tulare County; also on Mount Pinos, Ventura County, and in the San
Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains, southern California.
In winter has been found at lower altitudes in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara
counties.

356 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus MELOSPIZA Baird.

Melospiza Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xx, xl, 440, 476. Type, by orig. desig.,
Fringilla melodia Wilson.

Subgenus HELOSPIZA Baird.

Helospiza Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xx, xl, 476. Type, by orig. desig., Fringilla palus-
tris Wilson = Fringilla georgiana Latham.

Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon). Lincoln's Sparrow. [583.]

Fringilla Lincolnii ■ Avvvbon, Birds .\njer. (folio), II, pi. 193, 1834
(Orn. Biog., 11, 1834, 539). ([Near the mouth of the Natashquan River]
Lal)rador [(iuebet^).)

Range. — Breeds in Boreal zones from the Kowak and Yukon valleys,
Alaska, southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Quebec and New-
foundland to northern Minnesota, central Ontario, northern New York, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, and south in the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, and
Rocky Mountains to southern California and northern New Mexico. Winters
from central California, southern Oklahoma, and northern Mississippi (occa-
sionally northern Illinois and eastern Pennsylvania) to southern Lower Cali-
fornia, southern Mexico, and central Guatemala. Casual south of Washington,
D. C, east of the Alleghany Mountains; accidental in Panama.

Melospiza lincolni gracilis (Kittlitz.) Forbush's Sparrow. [583«.]

Emberiza {Zonotrichia) gracilis Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise russ. Amer.,
Mikrones. und Kamtsc, I, 1858, 199. (Sitka, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds from Prince William Sound to the Sitkan district, Alaska.
Winters south to southern Lower California and western Guatemala.

Melospiza georgiana (Latham). Swamp Sparrow. [584.]

Fringilla georgiana Latham, Index Orn., I, 1790, 460. (Georgiae ameri-
canae interioribus = Georgia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian, Transition, and part of the Upper Austral
zones from west-central Alberta, central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba,
southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to ntirthern Nebraska, northern
Missouri, northern Illinois, West Virginia (mountains), southern Pennsylvania,
and New Jersey. Winters from Nebraska, the Ohio Valley, and New Jersey
(New York rarely, Massachusetts rarely) south to the Gulf coast from southern
Florida to southern Texas, southern Tamaulipas, and Jalisco, Mexico. Acci-
dental in Utah, Colorado, and California; casual in Bermuda.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 357

Subgenus MELOSPIZA Baird.

Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson). Eastern Song Sparrow. [581.]

Fringilla melodia Wilson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 125 (pi. xvi, fig. 4).
(Canada to Georgia.)

Range. — Breeds in the Canadian, Transition, and Upper Austral zones
from southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to southern Virginia,
southern North Carolina (mountains), and northern Georgia. Winters from
Massachusetts (locally) and New Jersey south to southern Florida and the
Gulf coast, and sporadically north to Nova Scotia and Labrador.

Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd. Atlantic Song Sparrow. [58K.]

Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd, Auk, XLI, No. 1, Jan. 10, 1924, 147.
(Smith's, Island [Northampton County], Virginia.)

Range. — Atlantic coastal islands and edge of the mainland from New York
(Long Island) to North Carolina, apparently resident.

Melospiza melodia beata Bangs. Mississippi Song Sparrow. (581 «.]

Melospiza melodia beata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, IV, 87,
June 5, 1912. (Enterprise, Plorida.)

Range. — Mississippi Valley region. Casual east to Florida in winter and
during migration.

Melospiza melodia juddi Bishop. Dakota Song Sparrow. [581J.I

Melospiza Jasciaia juddi Bishop, Auk, XIII, No. 2, April, 1896, 182.
(Rock Lake, Towner Co., North Dakota.)

Range. — Breeds from southwestern Saskatchewan and eastern Montana to
the Turtle Mountains, North Dakota. In winter south to Texas and New
Mexico.

Melospiza melodia fallax (Baird). Motmtain Song Sparrow. [5816.]

Zonotrichia fallax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, No. 3, May-
June, 1854 [July 3], 119. (Pueblo Creek [New Mexico] = lat. 35° N.,
long. 113° W., Arizona.)

Range. — Breeds from western Montana to northeastern Oregon south to
Utah, northern New Mexico, and southern Nevada. Winters from Montana to
western Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, Arizona, and southeastern California.

Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser. Modoc Song Sparrow. [581i'.]

Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV,
No. 49, Dec. 23, 1911, 251. (Honey Lake, near Millford, California.)

358 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Breeds from southeastern Oregon, northwestern Nevada, and
southwestern Idaho, south through eastern Cahfornia to Owens Valley, and
west to Shasta Valley. Winters widely through western and southern Cali-
fornia.

Melospiza melodia merrilli Brewster. Merrill's Song Sparrow. [581A;.]

Melospiza fnscinia merrilli Brewster, Auk, XIII, No. 1, Jan., 1896, 46.
(Fort Sherman, Idaho.)

Range. — Breeds in Idaho and eastern Washington. Winters irregularly
through California, chiefly in the eastern portions, and in eastern Oregon,
Arizona, and New Mexico.

Melospiza melodia sanaka McGregor. Aleutian Song Sparrow. [58b-.]

Melospiza sanaka McGregor, Condor, III, No. 1, Jan. 15, 1901, 8
(separates publ. Nov. 25, 1900). (Sanak Island, Alaska.)

Range. — Shumagin Islands and adjacent parts of the Alaska Peninsula, and
Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, Atka, Adak, and Attu).

Melospiza melodia insignis Baird. Bischoff's Song Sparrow. [581^.]

Melospiza insignis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci.. I, Pt. ii, 1869, 319
(pi. xxix, fig. 2). (Kodiak [Island, Alaska].)

Range. — Kodiak Island, Alaska, and adjacent coast of the Alaska Peninsula.

Melospiza melodia kenaiensis Riduway. Kenai Song Sparrow. [581o.]

Melospiza melodia kenaiensis Ridgway, Auk, XVII, No. 1, Jan., 1900, 29.
(Port Graham, Cook's Inlet, Alaska.)

Range. — Coast of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from the east side of Cook
Inlet to Prince William Sound.

Melospiza melodia caurina Ridgway. Yakutat Song Sparrow. [58bi.]

Melospiza fasciaia caurina Ridgway, Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1899, 36.
(Yakutat, Alaska.)

Range. — Coast of southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay.
In winter occurs on the coast of British Columbia and south to San P'ran-
cisco Bay, California.

Melospiza melodia rufina (Bonaparte). Sooty Song Sparrow. [581/.]

Passerella rufina Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, sig. 60, July 15, 1850 [Feb.
3, 1851], 477. (Sitka, Alaska.)

Range. — ^Southeastern Alaska on the outer islands from Chichagof to
Forrester and Duke islands, and on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British
Columbia.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 359

Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser. Rusty Song Sparrow. [581e.]

Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser, Auk, XVI, No. 2, April, 1S99,
183. New name for M.fasciata guttata (Nuttall), nee FrittgUla guttata
ViEiLLOT. (No locality = near Fort Vancouver, Washington.)

Range. — Glacier Bay, Alaska, southeast nearly throughout British Colum-
bia and south through western Washington and Oregon (to Jackson County
and Goldbeach, Curry County). Scatters somewhat in winter, casually as far
as Riverside County, California.

Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor. Mendocino Song Sparrow.

[581p.]

Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, I,
No. 5, Sept. 15, 1899, 87. (Westport, Mendocino County, California.)

Range. — The narrow coast belt of northwestern California from Del Norte
County to Mendocino County; casually to Olema, Marin County, and to
Curry County, Oregon.

Melospiza melodia samuelis (Baird). Samuels's Song Sparrow. [581c?.]

Ammodromus samuelis Baird, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, Aug.,
1858, 379. (Petaluma, California.)

Range. — Pacific slope of middle California from southern Mendocino
County to the Sur River, Monterey County, and east to Solano and Yolo
counties, Berkeley, and the Santa Clara Valley.^

Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell. Suisim Song Sparrow. [581s.]

Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 3,
April 9, 1909, 265. (Tule marsh west of Suisun, Solano County,
California.)

Range. — -Lowlands surrounding Suisun Bay, west-central California, from
Benicia and Port Costa east to the vicinity of the confluence of the Sacramento
and San Joaquin rivers.

Melospiza melodia maQliardi Grinnell. Modesto Song Sparrow. [581?/.]

Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., VII,
No. 5, Feb. 18, 1911, 197. (Rancho Dos Rios, near Modesto, Stanislaus
County, California.)

1 Grinnell limits M. m. samuelis to the salt marshes on the northern side of
San Francisco Bay and the southern side of San Pablo Bay, while the birds to
the north are regarded as M. m. gouldi Baird (Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac,
IX, 1858, 479) and those to the south as M. m. santaecrucis Grinnell (Condor,
III, No. 4, July 15, 1901, 92).

360 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — Sacramento and lower San Joaquin valleys of California (except
the vicinity of Suisun Bay) south from Tehama County to Stanislaus County.

Melospiza melodia pusillula Ridgway. Alameda Song Sparrow. [581L]

Melospiza fascial a pxisillula Ridgway, Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1899, 35.
(Alameda Co., California.)

Range. — Salt marshes around the south arm of San Francisco Bay, Cali-
fornia, from Islais Marsh, San Francisco County, to Richmond, Contra Costa
County.

Melospiza melodia heermanni Baird. Heermann's Song Sparrow. [5Slf .]

Melospiza heermanni Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xli, 477, 478. (Tejon Valley (in
winter), California.)

Range. — Upper San Joaquin Valley, California, from Merced County to
Kern County.

Melospiza melodia cooperi Ridgway. San Diego Song Sparrow. [581»(.]

Melospiza fasciata cooperi Ridgway, Auk, XVI, No. 1, Jan., 1899, 35.
(San Diego, California.)

Range. — Coast district of southern California and northwestern Lower
California, from Monterey County (?), Santa Barbara, and southern San Luis
Obispo counties, south to lat. 30°.

Melospiza melodia graminea Townsend. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow.
[58U.]

Melospiza fasciatu graminea C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIII, No. 799, Sept. 9, 1S9U, 139. (Santa Barbara Island [California].)
Range. — Santa Barbara Island, California.

Melospiza melodia clementae Townsend. San Clemente Song Sparrow.

[581i.]

Melospiza fasciata clevienlae C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIII, No. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 139. (San Clemente Island [California].)

Range. — San Clemente, Sautz Cruz, and Santa Rosa islands, California.
Accidental at Santa Barbara, California.

Melospiza melodia micronyx Grinnell. San Miguel Song Sparrow. [581^;.]

Melospiza inclodia micronyx Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XLI,
No. 8, March 16, 1928, 37. (San Miguel Island, California.)

Range. — San Miguel Island, California.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 361

Melospiza melodia coronatorum Grinnell and Daggktt. Coronados Song
Sparrow. [581x.]

Melospiza melodia coronatorum. Grinnell and Da(;gett, Auk, XX,
No. 1, Jan., 1903, 34. (Los Coronados Islands (North Island), Lower
California.)

Range. — Los Coronados Islands, Lower California.

Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell. Desert Song Sparrow. [581o.]

Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., V, No. 3,
April 9, 1909, 268. (One mile southeast of Mecca, Colorado desert,
California.)

Range. — Lower Austral Zone from southern Nevada and southwestern
Utah to southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, northeastern Lower
California, and Sonora.

Melospiza melodia rivularis Bryant. Brown's Song Sparrow. [581^.]

Melospiza fasciata rivularis W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 1,
197, Sept. 29, 1888. (Comondu, Lower California.)

Range. — South-central Lower California from San Ignacio to Comondu.

Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird.

Rhynchophanes Bairv, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xx, xxx-viii, 432. Type, by monotypy,
Plectrophanes mccoivnii Lawrence.

Rhynchophanes mccowni (Lawrence). McCown's Longspur. [539.]

Plectrophanes McCou-nii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., V, 1851,
122. (High prairies of western Texas.)

Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition Zone from central Alberta and
southern Saskatchewan to southeastern Wyoming, northeastern Colorado,
northern North Dakota, and southwestern Minnesota. Winters from Colo-
rado and Kansas south through Arizona and Texas to northern Sonora and
Durango. Casual in migration to eastern British Columbia, Idaho, and
Illinois.

Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein.

Calcarius Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., 1, 1802, 130. Type, by
monotypy, Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus.

Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus). Lapland Longspur. [536.]

Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 180. (in Lap-
ponia = Lapland.)

362 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Range. — In North America breeds from about lat. 73° on Arctic i.slands and
in West Greenland, and from lat. 75° in East Cireenland south to the limit of
trees in Mackenzie (at least as far west as long. 120°), northern Manitoba, and
in northern Quebec; also in Lapland, Jan Meyen, Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya,
Franz Josef Land, and northern Siberia. Winters from southern Quebec and
north-central United States (west to North Dakota in migration), irregularly
south to the Middle States and Texas, rarely to Kentucky and South Carolina;
also in eastern Europe and Asia south to about lat. 30°.

Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway. Alaska Longspur. [536a.]

Calcariiis lapponicus alascensis Ridgway, Auk, XV, No. 4, Oct., 1S9S, 320.
(St. Paul's Island, Prybilov [= Pribilof] group, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds in northern Alaska, including the Pribilof, Aleutian, and
Shumagin islands, and east to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Winters
south to eastern Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, and western Kansas; in migration
east to Fort Resolution, Northwest Territory, North Dakota, New Mexico, and
eastern Kansas. Accidental in California.

Calcarius pictus (Sw^ainson). Smith's Longspur. [.537.]

Emberiza {Plcctrophanes) picla Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 250 (pi. 49). (Carlton House,
Saskatchewan.)

Range. — Breeds in the Arctic Zone on the barren grounds from Mackenzie
(B'ort Anderson) east to Hudson Bay (Fort Churchill); has been taken west to
Fort Yukon. Winters from Kansas to central Texas; east in migration to the
prairies of Illinois and southwestern Indiana. Casual in South Carolina and
British Columbia.

Calcarius omatus (Townsend). Chestnut-collared Longspur. [538.]

Plcctrophanes ornata J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII,
Pt. ii [Nov. 21, 1837], 189. (prairies of Platte [River] = near the
forks of the Platte, in western Nebraska.)

Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from Montana,
southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and Manitoba south to east-
central W^yoming, central Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and western Minnesota.
Winters from Colorado, Nebraska, and Iowa to Arizona, Sonora, and the
southern end of the Mexican tableland. Acc'dental in British Columbia,
California, Maine, Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and Maryland.

Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger.

Plectrophenax Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 33 [June 5].
Type, by orig. desig., Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus.

ORDER PASSERIFORMES. 363

Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus). Eastern Snow Btinting. [534.]

Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 176. (in Alpibus
Lapponiae, etc. = Lapland.)

Range. — In North America breeds in the Arctic Zone from at least lat. 83°
north (including Greenland) to the northern parts of the mainland from Alaska
to northern Quebec; also in the Arctic and Sub-arctic regions of the Eastern
Hemisphere south to about lat. 60° N. in Scandinavia and in northern Scotland.
Winters from LTnalaska, southern Alberta, central Manitoba, and central
Quebec south to the northern LTnited States and irregularly or sporadically to
eastern Oregon, Colorado, Kansas, southern Indiana, southern Ohio, South
Carolina, and Florida; also in Europe south to the Mediterranean Sea, north
Africa, the Canary Islands, and the Azores. Casual in Bermuda.

Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway. Pribilof Snow Bunting. [534a.]

Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway, Manual N. Amer. Birds, 1887,
403. (Otter Island [Pribilof Islands], Bering's Sea.)

Range. — Commander Islands, the Siberian coast of Bering Sea; also the
Pribilof, Aleutian, and Shumagin islands, Alaska.

Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway. McKay's Snow Bunting. [535.]

Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884,
68. (St. Michael's, Alaska.)

Range. — Breeds on Hall and St. Matthew islands, Bering Sea. Migrates in
winter to the mainland of western Alaska (St. Michael, Kuskokwim River, and
Nushagak).

Genus EMBERIZA Linnaeus.

Emberiza Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 176. Type, by subs,
desig., Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus (Bonaparte, 1834).

• Emberiza rustica Pallas. Rustic Bunting. [535.1.]

Emberiza rustica Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, III, 1776, 698. (Trans-
baikalia.)

Range. — Breeds from Finland throughout Siberia to Kamchatka. Winters
south to Japan, China, and Turkestan. Casual in Europe and accidental on
Kiska Island, Aleutian chain, Alaska (June 19, 191 1).^

1 Bent, Smithson. Misc, Coll., LVI, No. 32, 1912, 19.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST.

'THIS list which has appeared in each of the three preceding editions of the
Check-List has been supposed to consist "of species which have been
recorded as North American, but whose status as North American birds is
doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of their occurrence within the
prescribed limits of the present Check-List, or from absence of satisfactory
proof of their validity as species."

It might be better to divide them into three categories instead of two, viz:
I. Valid species the record of whose occurrence in North America is open to
question. II. Forms described as distinct species or subspecies but which
are now regarded as hybrids, color phases or individual variations. III.
Alleged species based on plates of Audubon and Wilson which have never
been satisfactorily identified.

Occasionally subspecies upon the validity of which the Committee has not
been able to decide have been referred to this list instead of being held in
abeyance as has usually been the custom. With additional information avail-
able these have been properly disposed of while other forms originally in the
Hypothetical List have been restored to the Check-List or have been dropped
entirely. As it seems important to keep a record of such action all species
that have at any time appeared in the Hypothetical List are included in the
present edition, those which have been removed in previous editions being
placed in brackets with a statement as to their disposition, while some of this
information is also contained in foot notes to the preceding pages. Species
which have been restored to the regular List are also marked with a star.

The separate series of numbers for the Hypothetical List has been abandoned
and only those species are numbered which are now or have been included in
the regular List.^

^ Of the species listed in the Hypothetical List of the third edition four have
been transferred to the regular List viz: Anas rubripes trisiis, Pisobia ruficoUis,
Numenius arquatus (as N. arquatus arquatus) and Totanus totanus (as T.
totanus robustus) while eleven species have been transferred from the regular
List of the third edition to the Hypothetical List viz: Phoebetria palpebrata
(as P. p. auduboni), PrioceUa glacialoides (as P. antardica), Macronedes
giganteus, Ixobrychus neoxenus, Jabiru mycteria, Mergellus albellus, Glottis nebu-
laria, Larus nelsoni, Larus kumlieni, Starnoenas cyanocephala, and Spinus
notatus. Three species: Thalassogeron dirysostonms (see explanation p. 366),
Thyellodroma pacifica, and Mesophoyx intermedia which did not appeal' in any
part of the third edition have been added.

365

366 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[Aechmophorus clarki (Lawrence). Clark's Grebe.

Podiceps clarkii Lawrence, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1S5S, 895. (San Pablo Bay, California.)

Now regarded as a plumage phase of Ae. occidenlalL^ (Lawrence) and
dropped from the List in the third edition.]

Diomedea exulans Linnaeus. Wandering Albatross.

Diomedea exulans Linn.\eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 152. (Cape of
Good Hope region.)

Entered in the Hypothetical List in the second edition. North American
records of this species of the southern oceans are regarded as unsatisfactory.

Thalassogeron chrysostomus (Forster), Flat-billed Albatross.

Diomedea chrysostoma J. R. Forster, Ali'm. Math. Phys. (Paiis), X,
1785, 571 (pi. xiv). (voisinage du cercle polaire antarctique it dans
rOcean pacifique = Off Cape of Good Hope.)

North American records of this species of the southern oceans are unsatis-
factory. They consist of a specimen supposed to have been taken off the
Oregon coast by Townsend (cf. Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 326, and Stone,
Auk, XLVII, 1930, 414) and a skull supposed to belong to this species found
on the California coast (cf. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 186S, 12). This species
appears as T. cidminatus, Yellow-nosed Albatross, in the third edition of the
Check List and is there confused with T. chlororlnjnchiis to which the name
Yellow-nosed Albatross moie properly belongs.

Phoebetriai palpebrata auduboni Nichols and Murphy. American Sooty
Albatross. [84.]

Phoebetria palpebrata auduboni Nichols and Murphy, Auk, XXXI, No.
4, Oct., [Sept. 30], 1914, 531. (Oregon = probably central or southern
Pacific Ocean.

Audubon's record of specimens supposed to have been taken by Townsend
off the coast of Oregon regarded as not satisfactory (cf. Audubon, Orn.
Biog., V, 1839, 116, and Stone, Auk, XLVII, 1930, 414.). Appeared in the
third edition as P. palpebrata; now transferred to the Hypothetical List.

Pufiinus kuhli (Boie). Cinereous Shearwater.

Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis von Oken, [XXVIII] 1835, Heft v (March),
col. 257. (corsicanischen Kiiste = Coast of Corsica.)

American records of this ea.stern Atlantic species are apparently based on
misidentifications.

^Phoebetria Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [18.53], v. Type by
orig. desig., Diomedia fuliejinosa Gmelin = D. palpebrata Forster.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 367

Thyellodroma pacifica (Gmelin). Pacific Petrel.

Procelluria pacifica CJmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 560. (circa, insulam
Euopoa aliasque maris pacifica ex. LuiJvim = Pacific Ocean breeding on
Kermadec Islands.)

Specimen procured from a taxidermist laljelled "Van Couver, B. C." (Cf.
Jewett, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 224.)

Priocellai antarctica (Stephens). Slender-billed Fulmar. [87.]

Fulmarus antardicus Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. i,
Feb. 18, 1826, 236. Based on Procellan'a glacialis Latham, Index Orn.,
II, 823. (Antarctic Ocean, pretty far to the south, ex Latham.)

The locality of Townsend's specimen of this southern species as recorded
by Audubon believed to be in error (cf. Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 333, and
Stone, Auk, XLVII, 1930, 414.) Appeared in the third edition as P. gla-
cialoides and now transfeiied to the Hypothetical List.

Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray). Hornby's Petrel.

Thalassidroma hornbyi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXI, 1853, No.
251 [July 25, 1854], 62. (Northwest coast of America.)

The alleged type locality of this south Pacific species is apparently erroneous
as no further specimens have been taken in North American waters.

Macronectes 2 giganteus (Gmelin). Giant Fulmar. [85.]

Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 563. Based
largely on the Giant Petrel Latham, General Synops., Ill, Pt. ii, 296,
locality quoted from Cook, Voyage, II, 205. (in oceano, potissimum
australi, circa Staatenland, Terra del Fuego, insulam desolationis, etc.
= Staten Island, off Terra del Fuego.)

The locality of Townsend's specimen of this species of the southern oceans
as quoted by Audubon is believed to be erroneous (cf. Audubon, Orn. Biog.,
V, 320, and Stone, Auk, XLVII, 1930, 414).

[Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas. Pallas's Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, II, 1811, 305.
(Bering Island.)

North American records of this extinct species of the Asiatic coast regarded
as unsatisfactory. Dropped from the List in the third edition.]

1 Priocella Hombron and Jacqiiinot, Comptes Rendus, XVIII, 1844, 357.
Type, by monotypy, Priocella garnoti Hombron and Jacquinot = Procellaria
glacialoides Smith.

- Macronectes Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, 1905, 76. Type
by orig. desig., Procellaria gigantea Gmelin.

368 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[Ardea wurdemanni Baird. Wiirdemann's Heron.

Ardea wiirdemannii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl.
and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 669. (Florida.)

Now regarded as a hybrid between Ardea ocddentalis Audubon and Ardea
herodias wardi Ridgway (cf. Holt, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., I,
No. 1, July 28, 1928, 1-35 (pis. 1-4). Dropped in third edition.]

Mesophoyxi intermedia (Wagler). Plumed Egret.

Ardea intermedia Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXII, 1829, Heft vi (June),
col. 659. (Java.)

There seems to be some uncertainty whether the specimen of this Old
World species alleged to have been taken at Vancouver, British Columbia,
was really shot there (cf. Brooks, Condor, XXV, No. 5, Oct. 3, 1923, 180).
Consequently the species is now entered in the Hyi)othetical List.

[Dichromanassa pealei (Bonaparte). Peale's Egret.

Ardea pealii Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1826, 154.
(Florida.)

Now regarded as a color phase of Dichromanassa rufesceus (Gmelin).
Dropped from the List in the third edition.]

Ixobrychus neoxenus (Cory). Cory's Least Bittern. [191.1]

Ardeita neoxena Cory, Auk, III, No. 2, April, 1886, 262. (Caloosahatchie
River, near Lake Okeechobee, Florida.)
Breeds in Ontario and Florida and has occurred in Massachusetts, Michigan,
New York, Wisconsin, and Ohio. Now regarded as a melanistic foim of
Ixobrtjchus exilis (Gmelin), and transferred to the Hypothetical List.

Jabiru- mycteria (Lichtenstein). Jabiru. [189.]

Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Phys. Kl.),
1816-17 [1819], 163. (Brazil.)

The record of this tropical species from Austin, Texas (cf. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1867, 248) is regarded as unsatisfactoiy and it is therefore trans-
ferred to the Hypothetical List. The species is known only from Aigentina
to Nicaragua with one record each from Guatemala and Vera Cruz, Mexico.

1 Mesophoyx Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, III, No. XVII, April 30, 1894,
xxxviii. Type, by monotypy, Ardea intermedia Wagler.

2 Jabiru Hellmayr, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II, Kl., XXII, May, 1906,
711. Type, by orig. desig., Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 369

[Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). Blue Goose. [169.1]

Originally in the Hypothetical List as a questionable species. Transferred
to the regular List in the second edition. See p. 41, antea.]

* [Anas rubripes tristis Brewster. Common Black Duck. [133.]'

Entered in the Hypothetical List in the third edition as questionably dif-
ferent from A. rubripes and now transferred to the regular List. See p. 44,
antea.]

Mergellus 2 albellus (Linnaeus). Smew. [131.1]

Mergus albellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129. (in Europa
= Island of Gina near Smyrna, Turkey.)

Audubon's sight record of this Old World species and several other alleged
occurrences in America are regarded as unsatisfactory and the species is there-
fore transferred to the Hypothetical List.

Sarcoramphus ^ papa (Linnaeus). King Vulture.

Vultur Papa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 86. (Mexico?)

The record of this tropical American species from Arizona (cf. Coues, Bull.
Nuttall Orn. Club, VI, No. 4, Oct., 1881, 248) is regarded as unsatisfactory.
It has not been definitely recorded north of Mexico. Oiiginally entered as
Gypagus papa.

Cathartes burrovianus Cassin. Burrough's Vulture.

Cathartes Burrovianus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, No. 8,
[June 24, 1845], 212.

The type specimen taken by Dr. M. Burrough near Vera Cruz, Mexico, is
now regarded as Cathartes aura aura (Linnaeus), but all alleged North Amer-
ican specimens prove to be C. a. septentrionalis Wied (cf. Nelson, Pioc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., No. 19, Apiil 18, 1905, 122). Dropped from the List in the thiid
edition.]

1 Erroneously called "Red-legged Black Duck" in the Hypothetical List of
the third edition. While both forms of the Black Duck were included under
the name rubripes in the regular List of that edition, with the vernacular name
of Black Duck, if they are to be separated "Red-legged" belongs exclusively
to the northern form, true rubripes, while tristis is the "Common" or southern
Black Duck.

2 Mergellus Selby, Catal. Gen. and Subgen. Types Birds, 1840, 47. Type,
by monotypy, Mergus albellus Linnaeus.

^Sarcoramphus Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, 32. Type, by subs,
desig., Vultur papa Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825).
25

370 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Buteo cooperi Cassin. Cooper's Henhawk.

Buteo cooperi Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1856, No. 5
[April 25, 1857], 253. (Near Mountain View, Santa Clara Co., Cali-
fornia.)

Known only from the type specimen which is probably an abnormally
colored Buteo borealis harlani (Audubon) (cf. Ridgway, Auk, 1, 1884, 253, and
II, 1885, 165; also Grinnell, Condor, XXXII, No. 5, Sept. 15, 1930, 259).

[Buteo fuliginosus Sclater. Little Black Hawk.

Buteo fuliginosus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., XXVI, 1858, No. 369,
Nov. 9, 356. (Tamaulipas, Mexico.)

Now regarded as a melanistic phase of Buteo brachyurus Vieillot. Dropped
from the List in the second edition.]

* [Numenius arquatus (Linnaeus). European Curlew. [264.1]

Referred to the Hypothetical List in the second edition and now placed in
the regular List, see p. 112, antea.]

* [T6tanus totanus (Linnaeus). Redshank. [253.1.]

Entered in the Hypothetical List in the third edition and now transferred
to the regular List as T. t. robustus Schi0ler. See p. 117, antea.]

Glottis 1 nebulaiia (Gunnerus). Green-shank. [253.]

Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 251
(note). (District of Trondhjem, Norway.)

Audubon's record of this Old World species from Sand Key, six miles from
Cape Sable, Florida (Orn. Biog., Ill, 1835, 483), is regarded as unsatisfactory.
There is no other evidence of its occurrence in North America, and it is now
transferred to the Hypothetical List.

Pisobia cooperi (Baird). Cooper's Sandpiper.

Tringa cooperi Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 716. (Long Island [New York].)

Known only from the type specimen taken May, 1833, the identity of which
is in doubt (cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. viii, June 26, 1919,
289).

* [Pisobia ruficollis (Pallas). Rufous-necked Sandpiper. [242.2.]

Entered in the Hypothetical List in the third edition and now transferred
to the regular List. See p. 120, antea.]

' Glottis Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., 1816, 304. Type, by tautonymy, Totanus
glottis Becbstein = Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus,

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 371

Creagrus • furcatus (Neboux). Swallow-tailed Gull.

Lams furcatus Neboux, Zool. Voy. Venus, Atlas, Livr. 2, 1842, pi. 10.
(Monterey, California.)

The type locality of this tropical species is apparently incorrect. There is
no other evidence of its occurrence in North America. Originally entered as

Xema (Creagrus) furcatus.

Larus nelsoni Henshaw. Nelson's Gull. [46.]

Lams nelsoni Henshaw, Auk, I, No. 3, July, 1884, 250. (St. Michael,
Alaska.)

Now regarded as a hybrid between Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus and Larus
argentatus vegae Palmen (cf. Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LII,
Art. 3, Dec. 31, 1925, 250) and transferred to the Hypothetical List.

Larus kumlieni Brewster. Kumlien's Gull. [45.]

Larus kumlieni Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, VIII, No. 4, Oct.,
1883, 216. (Cumberland Sound, Arctic America.)

Now regarded as a hybrid between Larus leucopterus Faber and Larus
argentatus thayeri Brooks (cf. Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LII,
Art. 3, Dec. 31, 1925, 254), and transferred to the Hypothetical List.

[Cepphus carbo Pallas. Sooty Guillemot.

Cepphtis carbo Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, 11, 1811, 350. (circa
insulas Aleuticas = Aleutian Islands.)

Type locality regarded as probably erroneous as there is no other evidence
of the occurrence of the species on the American side of the north Pacific.
It was dropped from the List in the third edition.]

Cepphus motzfeldi (Benicken). Black-winged Guillemot.

Uria motzfeldi Beni ken, Isis von Oken, XV, 1824, Heft viii (Aug.), col.
889. (Greenland seas.)

Now Ijelieved to be a melanistic phase of Cepphus grylle (Linn.a.eus).

Starnoenas- cyanocephala (Linnaeus). Blue-headed Quail-Dove. [323.]

Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 163.
(Jamaica = Cuba.)

Audubon's record of this Cuban species on the Florida Keys is regarded
as unsatisfactory ; and as it has never been confirmed the species is now trans-
ferred to the Hypothetical List.

1 Creagrus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 213. Type, by orig. desig., Larus
furcatus Neboux.

^Starnoenas Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41. Type, by
monotypy, Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus.

372 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

* [Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson). Thick-billed Parrot. [3S2.1.]

Originally regarded as of questionable occurrence north of Mexico. Trans-
ferred to the regular List in the third edition; see p. 158 antea.]

* [Chordeiles minor sennetti Coues. Bennett's Nighthawk. [420f.]

Entered in the Hypothetical List in the second edition as C virginianus
sennetti and tiansferied to the legular List in the third edition (cf. p. 176
antea).)

Regulus cuvieri Audubon. Cuvier's Kinglet.

Regulus cuvieri Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), I, pi. 55, 1829. (Orn.
Biog., I, 1831, 288.) (Fatland Ford, about ten miles west of Norris-
town, Pennsylvania.)

Known only from Audubon's description and plate of a specimen obtained
June, 1812. From the fact that a number of his drawings of birds obtained
about this time were later destroyed the published plate may have been based
to some extent upon memory. No similar bird has ever Ijeen seen since.

[Hylophilus' decurtatus (Bonaparte). Short-winged Hylophilus.

Sylvicola dcc.urtata Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., V, 1837, No. 59
[June 14, 1838], 118. (Guatemala.)

Supposed occurrence in Texas (Giraud, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 1851,
40.), not verified and the species was dropped from the List in the third edition.]

[Vermivora leucobronchialis (Brewster). Brewster's Warbler.

Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewster, Amer. Sportsman, V, No. 3,
Oct. 17, 1874, 33. (Newtonville, Mass.)

Now regarded as a hybrid between Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus) and
Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus). A number of additional and intermediate
specimens have been taken (cf. Trotter, Auk, IV, No. 4, Oct., 1887, 307-310;
and Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zocil., XL, No. 6, Aug., 1913, 311-316 (plate).

Dropped from the List in the third edition.]

[Vermivora lawrencei (Herrick). Lawrence's Warbler.

Helminthophaga Lawrencii Herrick, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXVI]
1874, 220 [Feb. 2, 1875]. (bank of the Passaic, near Chatham, N. J.)

Also regarded as a hybrid between V. pinus Linnaeus and V. chrysoptera
Linnaeus but a much rarer form (cf. references above). Dropped from the
List in the third edition.)

» Hylophilus Temmin k, Planch. Col., HI, Livr. 29, Dec, 1822, pi. 173.
Type, by subs, desig., H. poicilotus Temminck (Gray, 1840J.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST, 373

[Vermivora cincinnatiensis (Langdon). Cincinnati Warbler.

H ehninthophaga cincinnntiensis Langdon, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat.
Hist., Ill, No. 2, July, 1880, 119. (Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio.)

The unique type is regarded as a hj'biid between Vermivora pinus
(Linnaeus) and Oporornis fonnosa (Wilson) (cf. Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall
Orn. Club, V, No. 4, Oct., 1880, 237.) Dropped from the List in the third
edition.]

Dendroica carbonata (Audubon). Carbonated Warbler.

Sylvia carbonata Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), I, pi. 60, 1829. (Orn.
Biog. I, 1831, 308.) (Near Henderson, Kentucky.)

Known only from Audubon's description and plate of two specimens
obtained in May, 1811. As a number of his di-awings of birds ol^tained about
this time were later destroyed it is possible that the published plate may ha\ e
been based to some extent upon memory.

Dendroica montana (Wilson). Blue Mountain Warbler.

Stjlvia montana Wilson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 113 (pi. 44, fig. 2). (Near
the Blue Mountains, Virginia.)

Known only from the plates of Wilson and Audubon. Not yet satisfactorily
identified with any known species. Originally entered as Dendroica {Perisso-
glossa) montana.

Wilsonia (?) microcephala (Ridgway). Small-headed Flycatcher.

Sylvania microcephala Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 354
[Sept. 17]. New name for Muscicapa tninuta Wilson, Amer. Orn., VI,
1812, 62 (pi. 50, fig. 5), nee Gmelin, 1789.

Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon whose specimens came
from New Jersey and Kentucky respectively. There is some question whether
they represent the same species. Wilson's description and small figure have
never been satisfactorily identified with any known species Originally
entered as Sylvania (?) microcephala.

icterus icterus (Linnaeus). Troupial. [502.]

Oriolus icterus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 161. (Cayenne.)

Audubon's record of this species from Charleston, South Carolina, and
Bowles's record for Santa Barbara, California (Condor, XIII, 1911, 109)
are the only instances of its occurrence in North America and may well have
been based on escaped cage birds.

Transferred to the Hypothetical List in the third edition.

374 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Piranga rubriceps Gray. Gray's Tanager.

Pyranga rubriceps Gray, Genera of Birds, II, Pt. 3, July, 1844, pi. 89.
(No locality cited = Colombia.)

The only North American record is based on a specimen taken, about 1871,
at Dos Pueblos [ = Naples], Santa Barbara County, California, which was
probably an escaped cage bird (Bryant, Auk, IV, 1887, 78 .

Entered in the Hypothetical List in the third edition.

Acanthis brewsteri (Ridgway). Brewster's Linnet.

Aegioihus {flai'iroslris var.) breivsterii Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VI, No. 7,
July, 1872, 434. (Waltham, Mass.)

Known only from the type specimen, taken Nov. 1, 1870. Possibly a
hybrid between Acanthis linaria (Linnaeus) and Spinus pinus (Wilson).

Spinus notatus (Du Bus). Black-headed Goldfinch. [532.]

Carduelis notata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., XIV, Pt. 2, 1847, 106.
(Mexico.)

Audubon's record of this Middle American species at Hendersonville,
Kentucky, is not satisfactory and it is now tiansfeired to the Hypothetical List.

Spua townsendi (Audubon). Townsend's Bunting.

Emberiza toivnsendi Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 183. (New Garden,
Chester County, Pennsylvania.)

Known only from the type specimen, taken May 11, 1833, by John K.
Townsend. Its peculiarities cannot be accounted for by hybridism nor
probably by individual variation (cf. Check-List, ed. I, 1886, 354.)

While a number of Old World or South American birds have from time to
time been included in the Hypothetical List on the basis of captures of sup-
posed escaped cage birds in North America other cases have been dismissed
at once as escapes and never having been brought before the Committee were
not included in the List although quite as much entitled to such treatment as
those which have been included. Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1881,
84) gives a "very incomplete" list of ten such species and others have been
recorded more recently such as the Calandra Lark, Melanocorijpha calandra
(Linnaeus) (Gillespie, Auk, XLV, July, 1928, 375; and the Mexican Paro-
quet Aralinga h. holochlora (Sclater) (Barbour, Auk, XLII, Jan., 1925, 132)
etc., etc.

There are also additional cases of foreign birds alleged to have been taken
in North America but which were probably wrongly attributed to that con-
tinent. While these have been rejected by the Committee or never came

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 375

before it for consideration they were for some reason not entered in the
Hypothetical List although others with no better claim were so entei'ed, such
as Baird's Flycatcher, Myiodynastes hairdi (Gambel) (Journ. Acad. Nat.
Phila. I, Pt. 1, 1847, 40), a specimen alleged to have been taken in California
and Morton's Finch Brachyspiza mortoni (Audubon) (Orn. Biog. V, 1839,
312) said to have been taken in Oregon but undoubtedly from Chile, etc., etc.

The above statement is presented here simply to show that the Committee
has not overlooked these occurrences though it is not considered that they
have any place in the Check List.

While a list of species or subspecies which appeared in the third edition
of the Check-List and which have been either cancelled or removed to the
Hypothetical List in the present edition is given on p. 400 there were certain
others which appeared in the first and second editions and were cancelled in
the third. In order to make the record complete these are listed below:

(A) Cancelled as Erroneously Credited to the Range of the Check-
List:
22. Synthliboraynphus wumizusume Temminck's Murrelet.
290. Colinus graysoni Grayson's Bob-white.

350. Thrasaetus harpyia Harpy Eagle.

450. Myiozetetes texensis Giraud's Flycatcher.

577. Puecaea mexicana Mexican Sparrow.

606. Eitphonia elegantiss'unn Blue-headed Euphonia.

691. Ergaticus ruber Red Warbler.

692. Basileuterus culicivnrus Brasher's Warbler.

693. Basileuterus belli Bell's Warbler.

(B) North American Specimens Found Referable to Other Forms:

51. Larus argentatus European Herring Gull, referable to 51a. L. a. smith-

sonianus.
173. Branta bernida European Brant, referable to 173a. B. b. hrota.
336. Buteo buteo European Buzzard, referable to 342. Buieo swainsoni.
455. Myiarchus lawrendi Lawrence's Flycatcher, referable to 455a. M.

tuberculifer olivascens.
470. Empidonax fulvifrons Fui.vous Flvcatcher, referable to 470a. E. f.

pygmaeus.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES, ADDITIONS AND

ELIMINATIONS IN THE PRESENT

EDITION OF THE CHECK-LIST

AS COMPARED WITH THE

THIRD EDITION.

Rather than prepare a supplement to the Check-List for pubUcation in
'The Auk' the Committee has thought best to present a Ust of all changes
in nomenclatui'e, additions, and eliminations as an appendix to the Check-Ijst
itself where it will be available for convenient reference while in some cases
this information has been added also in footnotes to the main text.

By referring to the index any name contained in the last edition which is not
found in the present Check-List may be located in this appendix where an
explanation of the change, elimination, etc., is given.

The number of species and subspecies recognized in the two editions arranged
by families is as follows:

o ^ 5 'S

^ CO ^ .i=l

Gaviidae 5 G 2 1

Colymbidae 6 6 0 0

Diomedeidae 5 4 0 1

Procellariidae 23 22 3 4

Hydrobatidae 13 14 10

Phaethontidae 3 3 0 0

Pelecanidae 3 3 0 0

Sulidae 6 7 10

Phalacrocoracidae. 11 10 0 1

Anhingidae 1 1 0 0

Fregatidae 1 1 0 0

Ardeidae 19 24 6 1

Ciconiidae 2 1 0 1

Threskiornithidae .5 5 0 0

Phoenicopteridae .1 10 0

Anatidae G4 77 14 1

Cathartidae 3 3 0 0

Accipitriidae 53 55 6 4

Cracidae 1 10 0

Tetraonidae 34 4G 12 0

o .-<
^ CO

Perdicidae 13 19

Phasianidae 0 1

Meleagrididae .... 4 4

Gruidae 3 4

Aramidae 1 1

Rallidae 20 22

Jacanidae 1 1

Haematopodidae . . 4 4

Charadriidae 19 21

Scolopacidae 48 56

Phalaropodidae ... 3 3

Recurvirostridae . . 2 2

Stercorariidae 4 5

Laridae 43 46

Rynchopidae 1 1

Alcidae 25 25

Columbidae 17 21

Psittacidae 2 3

Cuculidae 9 10

Tytonidae 1 1

377

■-P .9

'S S

< W

6 0

1 0

0 0

1 0
0 0
3 1
0 0
0 0

2 0
9 1
0 0

0 0

1 0
6 3
0 0
0 0

0 0

378

CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

-3 TS

T3 ^

Strigidae 43 55 13

Caprimulgidae . ... 13 17 5

Micropodidae 4 5 1

TrochUidae 18 19 1

Trogonidae 1 1

Alcedinidae 3 4

Picidae 46

Cotingidae 1

Tyiannidae 36 42

Alaudidae 15 17

Hirundinidae 17 18

Corvidae 39 41

Paridae 30 39

Sittidae 9 13

Certhiidae. 5 5

Charaaeidae 4 5

Cinclidae 1 1

•5 .S

^ s
< w
1
1

0
0

0 0

1 0
64 18 0

1 0 0

6 0

2 0

9 0

4 0

0 0

1 0
0 0

-3 -a 2

i> <u . o

n ^ .2 e

— ■ — ' -ts .S

o '-' ^ S

^ CO 3 .S

,-1 ^ < w

Troglodytidae 34 46 13 1

Mimidae 15 18 3 0

Turdidae 30 34 4 0

Sylviidae 10 15 5 0

Piunellidae 0 110

Motacillidae 7 9 2 0

Bombycillidae 2 2 0 0

Ptilogonatidae .... 1 1 00

Laniidae 6 8 2 0

Sturnidae 1 2 10

Vireonidae 25 25 1 1

Coerebidae 1 1 0 0

Mniotiltidae 74 82 9 1

Ploceidae 0 2 2 0

Icteridae 34 42 8 0

Thraupidae 5 5 0 0

Fringillidae 191 240 51 2

1200 1420 250 30

I. CHANGES IN NAMES.

(A) Species which have been divided into several Sub-
species AND which now APPEAR AS TRINOMIALS
INSTEAD OF BiNOMIALS.

(a) Where the original specific name applies to the North Ameiican race and
that name is simply repeated as Gavia immer, which now becomes Gavia
immer immer. In all such cases other laces, eithei' Noith Ameiican or extra-
limital, have been described which while they retain the same specific name
have a diffei'ent subspecific name as Gavia immer elasson and the doubling of
the specific name has been necessary to distinguish the older race. There are
102 cases of this sort.

(b) Where the original specific name applies to an extra-limital race so
that the North American form (or forms) has to have a different subspecific
name appended, as Puffinus assimilis which now becomes Puffinus assimilis
barolii due to the division of the species into several subspecies and the fact
that the name P. assimilis assimilis belongs to an Australian form, our bird
being distinguished as P. a. barolii. Changes of this sort are as follows:

Puffinus assimilis
Pelagodroma marina
Phaethon rubricatus

becomes P. a. barolii
" P. in. hypoleuca
" P. r. rolhschildi

SUMMARY OF CHANGES.

379

Dafila acuta
Dendrocygna bicolor
Erismatura jamaicensis
Elanus leucuriis
Rostrhamus sociabilts
Aquila chrysaetos
PolyhoriLS cheriway
Falco fusco-coerulescens
Creciscus jamaicensis
Sterjia anaetheta
Sterna caspia
Jacana sjrinosa
Aegialitis dubia
Tringa canutus
Larus argentatus
Gelochelidon nilotica
Platypsaris aglaiae
Myiodynastes luteiventris
Petrochelidon fulva
Penthestes sclateri
Baeolophns ivollweberi
Acaidhopneuste borealis
Bombycilla garrulus
Phainopepla nitens

becomes D. a. izitzihoa

" D. b. helva

" E. j. rubida

" E. I. majusculus

" R. s. plumbeus

" A. c. canadensis

" P.O. auduboni

" F . f . septentrionalis

" C. j. stoddardi

" S. anaethetus melanoptera

" Hydroprogne c. imperator

" J. s. gymnostoma

" Charadri)is dubius curonicus

" Calidris canutus rufus

" L. a, smit/isonianus

" G. n. aranea

" P. a. albiventris

" M. I. swarthi

" P- f- cavicola

" P. s. eidos

" B. w. annexus

" A.b. kennicolti

" B. g. pallidiceps

" P. n. lepida

(B) Species which have become Subspecies of other Species.

Gavia pacifica
Colymbus holboelli
Puffin us borealis
Fulmarus rodgersi
Oceanodrotna kaedingi
Phaethon americanus
Pelecanus californicus
Herodias egretta
Soniateria dresseri
Mergus americanus
Falco islandus
Lagopus welchi
Tytupanuchus americanus
Grus mexicanus
Rallus levipes
Rail us beldingi
Creciscus coturniculus
GalUnula galeata
Cepphus mandti
Tyto pratincola
Otus xantusi

becomes G. arctica pacifica

" C. grisegena holboelli

" P. diomedea borealis

" F. glacialis rodgersi

" 0. leucorhoa kaedingi

" P. lepturus catesbyi

" P. occidentalis californicus

" Casmerodius alba egretta

' ' »S'. niollissima dresseri

" M. merganser americanus

" F. rusticolus candicans

" L. rupestris welchi

" T. cupido americanus

" G. canadensis tabida

" R. obsoletus levipes

" R. obsoletus beldingi

" C. jamaicensis coturniculus

" G. cJdoropus cachinnatLS

" C. grylle mandti

" T. alba pratincola

" O. asio xantusi

380 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Glaucidium hoskinsi becomes G. gnoma hosJcinsi

Glaucidium phalaenoides " G. brasilianimi ridgwayi

Haematopus frazari " H . pallialus frazari

Larus vegae " L. argentatus vegae

Larus brachyrhynchus " L. canus hrachyrhynchns

Colapies rufipileus " C. cafer rufipileus

Stelgidopteryx serripennis " S. ruficollis serripennis

Aphelocoma woodhousei " A. califormca woodhousei

Aphelocoma texana " A. calif or nica texana

Corvus caurinus " C. brachyrhynchos caurinus

Psaltriparus plumbeus " P. minimus plumbeus

Nannus meliger " N. hiemalis meligerus

Thryomanes leucophryi " T. bewicki leucophrys

Salpindes guadeloupensis " S. obsoletus guadeloupensis

Polioptila californica " P. melanura calif ornica

Motacilla ocularis " M. alba ocularis

Anth'us rubescens " A. spinoletta rubescens

Piranga hepatica " P . Jlava hepatica

Pyrrhula cassini " P. pyrrhula cassini

Passerherbuliis nclsoni " P. caudacutus nelsoni

(C) Names that have been radically changed.

Puffinus has been divided and P. cuneata and bidleri are referred to Tliyello-
droma. (p. 10) *

Priofinus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1844, becomes Adamastor Bonaparte, 1856.
The type of the former proves to be Procellaria cinerca Forster not P.
dnerea Gmelin, a different bird, so that it does not apply to this genus,
the earliest available name for which is Adamastor. (Cf. Bonaparte,
Comptes Rendus, 1856, XLIII, 594.) (p. 10)

Aestrelata Bonaparte, 1856, Ijeeonies Plerodroma Bonaparte, 1856.

The latter has page priority, the former being erroneously supposed to
date from 1855. (Cf. Mathews, Birds Austral, II, 1912, 131.) (p. 11)

Thalassidroma Vigors, 1825, becomes Hydrobafes Boie, 1822.

The latter is considered not invalidated Ijy Hydrobata Vieillot, and has
piiority. (Cf. Hartert, Hand-List Brit. Birds, 1912, 149.) (p. 15)

Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot), 1817, becomes Frcgetta tropica tropica (Gould),
1844.
Our bird is apparently F. tropica and not Cymodroma grallaria. (p. 16)

Phacthon americanus Grant, 1897, becomes P. Upturns catesbyi Brandt, 1838.
Brandt's name catesbyi has many years priority for this bird which is now
regarded as a subspecies of P. lepturus Daudin, of the Indian Ocean. (Cf .
Mathews, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 195.) (p. 18)

* These heavy-face numbers refer to the pages of the present work upon
which the accepted names will be found.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 381

Sula ci/anops (Sundevall), 1S38, becomes Sulci dactylatra dadylatra Lesson,
1831.
On grounds of priority. The specific name has also been repeated as
several races have been distinguished and a trinomial form is required.
(Cf. Mathews, Novitates ZooL, XVIII, No. 1, 9.) (p. 20)

Sula has been divided and »S'. hassana referred to Moris, (p. 21)

Phalacrocorax vigua mcxicanus (Brandt) becomes P. olivaccus mcxicanus
(Brandt).
On grounds of priority, (Cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXIX,
1926, 142.) (p. 23)

Fregata aquila (Linnaeus^ 1758, becomes Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914.
F. aquila has been divided into a number of forms ours being as above.
(Cf. Oberholser, Auk, XXXIV, 1917, 468.) (p. 25)

Egretta candidissima candidissima (Gmelin\ 1789, becomes Egrcita Ihula
thula (Molina\ 1782.
Our Snowy Egret of eastern North America proves identical with the
South American bird and the name thula, based on the latter, must be
adopted on grounds of priority. The western race will stand as E. thula
brewsteri. (Cf. A. M. Bailey, Auk, XLV, 1928, 430.) (p. 28)

Nyciicorax nydicorax nacvius [ Boddaert), 1783, becomes A", n. honcili ( Gmelin),
1789.
The former name, proposed in the genus Ardca, is invalidated by Ardea
nacvia Miller, 1782, and the first available name for our Night Heron is
hoactli. (Cf. Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIX, 1930, 265.)
(p. 30)

Olor A\'aglkr, 1832, becomes Cygnus Bechstein, 1803.

The type of the latter proves to be A7ias cygnus and as it has priority
over Olor with the same type it replaces it. (Cf. B. O. U. Comm., List
Brit. Birds, 1915, 382.) (p. 36)

Chen hyperhorea nivalis (Forster', 1772. becomes C. h. atlunHca Kennard,
1927.
Forster's name is found to apply to the Lesser Snow Cloose and not to the
Greater and atlantica is accepted for the latter. (Cf. Kennard, Proc.
New Engl. Zool. Club, IX, 1C27, 93.) (p. 41)

Marila Oken, 1817, becomes Nyroca Fleming, 1822. (p. 50)

Clangula Oken, 1817, l)ecomes Glaucionetta Stejneger, 1884.

Oken's names being regarded as nomina nuda, the next available name
in each case has been adopted. (Cf. B. O. U. Comm., List Brit. Birds,
1915, 384.) (p. 52)

382 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Harelda Stephens, 1824, becomes Clangula Leaoh, 1819.

The earlier Clangula Oken being a nomen nudum restores Leach's name
to consideration, which has priority over Harelda Stephens. (Cf. B. O.
U. Comm., List Brit. Birds, 1915, 384.) (p. 54)

Oidemia has been divided and 0. fusca, deglandi,, and perspicillala are referred
to Melamtta. (p. 57)

Cathai'isla Vieillot, 1816, becomes Coragyps Le Maout, 1853.

The type of the former is found to be Vidtur aura Linnaeus, making it a
synonym of Cathartcs; Cnragyps is adojited as the earhest available
name for the present genus. (Cf. Stone, Princeton Patag. Exped., II,
1915, 540.) (p. 61)

Catharisla urubii (Vieillot), 1807, becomes Coragyps atraius alraius (Meyer)
1794.
Meyer's name based on Bartram is held to be valid and antedates tirubu.
(p. 61)

Buteo abhreviatus Cabanis, 1848, l:)ecomes Buieo albnuolalns Kaup, 1847.

On grounds of priority. (Cf. Swann, Synops. Accipitres, Pt. 2, 1922, 83.)
(p. 68)

Buleo albicaudatus scnnctli Allen, 1893, becomes Buteo a. Iiypospodius Gurney,
1876.
On grounds of priority, (p. 68)

Archibuteo has been combined with Buteo. (p. 69)

Archihutco ferrugincus (Lichtenstein), 1839, becomes Buteo regalis (Gray),
1844.
The former name originally proposed as Falco Jerrugitwus is invalidated by
the earlier Falco f err ugineus Nordmann, 1835, and is replaced by the ear-
liest available name regalis. (Stresemann, Ornith. Monats., XXX, No. 4,
1922, 87.) (p. 69)

Falco islandus Brunnich, 1764, becomes Falco rusticolus candicans Gmelin,
1788.
It is considered that the former name does not apply to any North
American Gyrfalcon and the latter is accepted as the first one available
for our bird which is now regarded as a subspecies of the European F.
rusticolus. (Hartert, Novitates ZocL, XXII, 167.) (p. 73)

Ortalis vetula mccalli Baird, 1858, becomes 0?'/oKs vetula vetula (Wagler), 1830.
It is now considered that Wagler's bird belonged to the northern race
which enters the United States and not the one occurring in southern
Mexico, consequently his name replaces mccalli over which it has priority.
(Cf. Miller and Griscom, Auk, XXXVIII, 1921, 44.) (p. 78)

SUMMARY or CHANGES. 383

Dendragapus obscurus fidiginosiis (Ridgway), 1873, becomes D. fuliginosus
fuliginosus .

Dendragapus obscurvs sicrrae Chapman, 1904, becomes D. fuliginosus sierrae.
These Grouse are now grouped under two species instead of one and
fuliginosus being regarded as a species these two races become subspecies
of it. (Cf. A. Brooks, Auk, XLIII, 1926, 281. (p. 79)

Lagopus lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus), 1758, becomes Lagopus lagopus albus
(Gmelin), 1789.
The American and European Willow Ptarmigan are now considered sub-
specifically separable, albus being accepted for the former, (p. 82)

Callipepla squaviata squaniata (Vigors), 1830, becomes C. s. pallida Brewster,
1881.
True squamata is now restricted to southern Mexico and the Arizona bird
designated by Brewster's name as above. (Cf. Bangs, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Club, IV, 1914, 100.) (p. 89)

Oreortyx pida picta (Douglas), 1829, becomes Orcortyx pi da pahncri Ober-
HOLSER, 1923.

Oreortyx pida plumifcra (Gould), 1837, l)ecomes Oreortyx pida picta (Douglas).
It is clear that the bird secured and described by Douglas from interior
Oregon must have been the Plumed Quail and not the Mountain Quail
so that his name must be transferred to that race, while the Mountain
Quail will be known as palmcri, the first available name based upon it.
(Cf. Oberholser, Auk, XL, 1923, 80.) (p. 90)

Grus mexicana (Muller), 1776, becomes Gr us canadc7isis tabida (Peters), 1925.
Midler's name is regarded as unidentifiable and for the Sandhill Crane
the name tabida is adopted; furthermore it is considered only subspeci-
fically different from the Little Brown Crane and therefore is made a
subspecies of canadensis. (Cf. Peters, Auk, XLII, 1925, 122.) (p. 94)

Aratnus vocifcrus (Latham), 1801, becomes /ira?«ws pidus jjidus (Meyer), 1794.
By reason of priority, (p. 94)

Rallus crepitajis crepitans Gmelin, 1789, etc., become R. longirostris crepitans,
etc.
All the Clapper Rails formerly subspecies of crepitans are now regarded
as subspecies of R. longirostris Boddaert, the South American form,
(p. 96)

Rallus virginianus Linnaeus, 1766, becomes Rallus limicola limicola Vieillot,
1819.
It develops that the basis of the former name (Catesby's plate) represents
the Sora and not the Virginia Rail so that virginianus becomes a synonym
of Porzana Carolina and Vieillot's name must be adopted for the present
species. (Cf. Stone, Auk, XLVII, 1930, 560.) (p. 97)

384 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein), 1818, becomes Gallinula chloropus cackinnans
Bangs, 1915.
The South American GalHnule {galeata) is now regarded as distinct from
that of North America and the name cackinnans is used for the latter, but
as both are considered only subspecifically different from the European
bird and from each other they become subspecies of chloropus. (Cf.
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, V, 1915, 96.) (p. 99)

Aegialitis Boie, 1822, becomes Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758.

The type of the latter having been determined as C. hiaticula by the
International Commission, the name becomes inapplicable to the genus
to which it had been applied and must replace Aegialitis. (Cf. Mathews,
Novitates Zool., XVIII, 1911, No. 1, 5-6.) (p. 103)

Charadrius "Linnaeus," of the last edition of the Check-List, becomes Pluvi-
alis Brisson, 1760.
This follows from the last, Pluvialis being the earliest available name,
(p. 106)

Ochthndrnmiis Reichenbach, 1853, Ijecomes Pagolla Mathews, 1913.

The former is invalidated by Ochthedmiiius LeConte, 1848, and Pagolla is
the earliest available name. (Cf . Oberholser, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. etc,
XIX, 520.) (p. 105)

Podasocys has been combined with Eupoda. (p. 105)

Gallinago Koch, 1816, becomes Capella Frenzel, 1801.

On grounds of priority. (Cf. Mathews and Iredale, Austral Avian
Record, IV, 131.) (p. 110)

Niunenius has been divided and A^. phaeopus, tahitiensis, hudsouius and
borealis referred to Phaeopus. (p. 112)

Hclodronias Kaup, 1829, becomes Tringa Linnaeus, 1758.

The type of the latter having been determined as T. ocrnphus hy the
International Commission the name becomes inapplicable to the genus to
which it had been applied and must replace Hclodronias. (Cf. Mathews,
Novatates Zool., XVIII, 1911, No. 1, 5-6.) (p. 114)

Tringa "Linnaeus,"' of the last edition of tlic Check-List, becomes Calidris
Anonymous, 1804.
This follows from the last, Calidris being the earliest available name.

Calidris Illicer, 1811, becomes Crocelhia Billberg, 1828.

The former is invalidated by the earlier Calidris Anonymous (above) and
Crocelhia is the earliest available name for the genus. (Cf. Richmond,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIII, 581.) (p. 117)

Heteractitis Stejneger, 1884, becomes Heteroscelus Baird, 1858.

It is held that the latter is not invalidated by Hctcroscelis Latreille,
1825, and being prior to Heteractitis must replace it. (Cf. Mathews,
Novitates Zool., XVIII, No. 1, 5.) (p. 115)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 385

Arqnntella marilima ptilocncmis (CouEs), 1873, becomes A. pHlocncmis pHloc-
nemis.

Arquatella maritima couesi Ridgway, 1880, becomes A . ptilocnemis couesi.
These two races are regarded as specifically different from A. maritima
and therefore take the specific name ptilocnemis. (Cf. Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. VIII, 247.) (p. 118)

Arquatella maritima maritima becomes A. maritima.

By establishing A . ptilocnemis as a distinct species there remains only one
race of maritima and the trinomial form is unnecessary, (p. 118)

Pisobia aurita (Latham), 1819, becomes Pisobia acuminata Horsfield, 1821.
The drawing upon which the former name was based proves to represent
Actitis hypoleuca (Linnaeus) and hence is not available for this species
for which acuminata seems to be the first valid name. (p. 119)

Pisobia maculata (Vieillot\ 1819, becomes Pisobia melanotos (Vieillot), 1919.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 133.
153.) (p. 119)

Pisobia damacensis (Horsfield), 1821, becomes Pisobia subminuta (Midden-
dorff), 1851.
The former name proves to be a synonym of P. ruficollis and unavailable
for this species for which subminuta is the earliest name. (Cf. Hartert,
Novitates Zool., XXIII, 1916, 92.) (p. 120)

Erolia ferruginea (Brunnich), 1764, becomes Erolia testacea (Pallas), 1764.
On grounds of priority, (p. 121)

Macrorhaniphus Forster, 1817, becomes Limnodro^nus Wied, 1833.

The former is invalidated by Macrorhamphus Fischer, 1813, and Limno-
dromus is the earliest available name. (Cf. Mathews, Novitates Zool.,
XVIII, No. 1, 22.) (p. 122)

Machetes Cuvier, 1817, becomes Philomachus Anonymous, 1804.

On grounds of priority. (Cf. Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIII,
581.) (p. 125)

Megalestiis Bonaparte, 1856, becomes Catharacta Brxjnnich, 1764.

It is held that the latter is not invalidated by Catarractes Brisson, 1760,
and is prior to Megalestris. (Cf. Mathews, Novitates Zool., XVII, No.
3, 498.) (p. 129)

Larus franklini Richardson, 1832, becomes Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Mathews and Iredale, Austral Avian Rec-
ord, IV, No. 6, Aug. 1, 1921, 156.) (p. 134)

Sterna has been divided; S. maxima, elegans and sandviceiisis are referred to
Thalasseus and caspia to Hydroprogne. (p. 141)

26

386 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Hydrochelidon BoiE, May, 1822, becomes Chlidonias Rafinesque, Feb., 1822.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Rhoads, Auk, XXIX, 1912, 197-198.)
(p. 142)

Uria iroille troille (Linnaeus), 1761, becomes Uria anlge aalge (Pontoppidan),

1763.
Uria troille calif ornica (Bryant), becomes l^ria aalge calif ornica.

The specific name troille is found to refer to Briinnich's Murre and not the

present species for which the earhest availaljle name is aalge. (Cf . Jour-

dain, British Birds, XVI, 332.) (p. 144)

Brachyram-phus has been divided and B. hypoleucAis and craverii are referred
to Endomychura. (p. 147)

Phaleris Temminck, 1820, becomes Cyclorrhynchvs Kaup, 1829.

The type of the former is now found to be Alca cristatella Pallas and it
therefore becomes a synonym of Aethia Merrem, while the earliest avail-
able name for the present genus is Cyclorrhynchus. (p. 148)

Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827, becomes Columbigallina Boie, 1826.

Columbigallina Oken, 1817, being regarded as a nomen nudum, Colum-
higallina Boie, becomes available and as it has priority over Chaeinepelia
must replace it. C. p. hermudiana Bangs and Bradlee = C. p. baham-
ensis (Maynard). (p. 155)

Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera Salvadori, 1893, becomes L. fultiventris
angelica Bangs and Penard, 1922.
The former name is found to apply to true L. fulviventris and for the
bird of southern Texas the name angelica is accepted. (Cf. Bangs and
Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, VIII, 1922, 29.) (p. 156)

Geotrygon has been divided and G. chrysea and montana referred to Oreopeleia.
(p. 157)

Cuculus canorus telephomis Heine, 1863, becomes Cucuhis optatus Gould, 1845.
The Alaskan specimen has been reexamined and the original identification
proves to be erroneous. (Cf. Friedmann and Riley, Auk, XLVIII,
1931, 269.) (p. 158)

Otus flammeolus flammeolus becomes 0. flammeoliis.

Because of the suppression of the race O.f. idahoensis leaving only one race
and obviating the necessity for the trinomial, (p. 164)

Surnia idula ulula (Linnaeus), 1758, becomes S. u. pallasi Buturlin, 1907.
Several races of these owls are now recognized and the Alaskan specimen
proves to be pallasi. (Cf. Hartert, Vogel pal. Fauna, VIII, Aug., 1913,
1012.) (p. 167)

Glaucidium gnoyna gnoma Wagler, 1832, becomes G. gnoma pinicola Nelson,
1910.
True gnoma is now restricted to southern Mexico and the northern form
has been named pinicola. (p. 167)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 387

Glauddium phalaenoides (Daudin), 1800, becomes G. hradlianvm ridgivayi
Sharpe, 1875.
The race phalaenoides has been restricted to southern Mexico and the
northern form named ridgwayi; while both are now regarded as subspecies
of the South American brasib'anum Gmehn, 1788. (Cf. Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. VI, April 8, 1914, 798.) (p. 168)

Strix varia albogilva Bangs, 1908, becomes S. varia helveola Bangs, 1899.

The former name was proposed under the assumption that helveola was
invalidated by an earlier helvola but this view is not sustained and the
original name is restored, (p. 170)

Scotiaptex nebulosa lapponica (Thunberg), 1798, becomes S. n. harhata (La-
tham), 1790.
The birds of eastern Siberia and Alaska are found to differ from those of
northern Europe and are separated under the name barbata. (Cf. Ridg-
way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. VI, April 8, 1914, 635.) (p. 170)

Cryptoglaux acadica scotaea (Osgood), 1901, becomes C. a. brooksi Fleming,
1916.
The type of scotaea proves not to belong to the race resident on the Queen
Charlotte Islands but is a stray from the mainland referable to acadica
and the island race must be known as brooksi. (Cf . Ridgway, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., No. 50, Pt. VI, April 8, 1914, 629.) (p. 172)

Antrostomus vodferus macromystax (Wagler), 1831, becomes A. v. arizonae
Brewster, 1881.
A. c. macromystax is now restricted to southern Mexico and the northern
form separated under Brewster's name. (Cf. Oberholser, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., No. 86, April 6, 1914, 12.) (p. 174)

Chordeiles virginianus virginianus (Gmelin), 1789, becomes C. minor minor
(Forster), 1771.
The latter name is found to be based on exactly the same references as
virginianus and has many years priority; all subspecies of virginianus
become subspecies of minor. (Cf. Richmond, Auk, XXXIV, 1917, 88.)
(p. 175)

Cypseloides has been divided and C. niger borealis referred to Nephoecetes.
(p. 177)

Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird), 1854, becomes A. saxatalis saxatalis (Wood-
house), 1853.
Woodhouse described the bird from life but as he did not secure a specimen
and as the description was somewhat inaccurate his name has hitherto
been rejected. It is now accepted and a trinomial form adopted as there
is another race in Central America. (Cf. Oberholser, Auk, XXXVII,
1920, 294.) (p. 179)

Cyanolaemus has been combined with Lampornis. (p. 182)

388 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Amizilis Gray, 1840, becomes AmnzUia Lesson, 1843.

The type of the former proves to be Cynanthus latirostris Swainson which
makes it a synonym of Cynanthus and Amazilia as the earUest name for
the present genus takes its place. (Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1918, 256.) (p. 183)

Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota Oberholser, 1898, becomes A. yucatanensis
chalconota.
A. cerviniventris and yucatanensis are now considered only subspecifically
different and the latter being the prior name all the races become sub-
species of it. (Cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 50, Ft. V, Nov.
29,1911,415.) (p. 183)

Uranomitra has been combined with Amazilia. (p. 183)

Basillina has been combined with H ylocharis. (p. 183)

Cola-ptes cafer saluratior Ridgway becomes C. c. cafer (Gmelin), 1788.

It has been determined that the type specimen of cafer came from Nootka
Sound, Vancouver Island, and not from Mexico as supposed, so that the
name replaces the nmch later saturatior. (Cf. Palmer, Auk, XXXIII,
1916, 322.) (p. 187)

Pldoeotomus has been combined with Ceophloeus. (p. 189)

Melanerpes has been divided and M. formicivorus and its subspecies referred
to Balanosphyra. (p. 191)

Sphyrapicus ruber nolkensis (SucKOw), 1800, becomes S. varius ruber (Gmelin),
1788.

Sphyrapicus ruber ruber " (Gmelin) " becomes S. varius daggetti Grinnell, 1901 .
A similar case to Cohptesc'fer. It is now considered that the type of ruber
came from Nootka Sound and the name will therefore replace notkensis
of later tlate, while "ruber" of the last edition of the Check-List will
become daggetti the earliest name for the southern form. Both become
subspecies of varius instead of ruber because these two are now regarded
as only subspecifically different and varius is the older name. (Cf.
Grinnell, Condor, III, 1901, 12 and Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No.
50, Pt. VI, April 8, 1914, 282.) (p. 193)

Dryobates villosus leucomelas (Boddaert), 1783, becomes D. v. seplentrionaUs

(NUTTALL), 1840.

The former name proves to be based on a specimen of true mllosus and
hence not available for this race for which septentrionalis is the earliest
name. (Cf. Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, June 3, 1911, 604.)
(p. 194)

Dryobates pubescens homorus Cabanis and Heine, 1863, becomes D. p.
leucurus (Hartlaub), 1852.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Giinnell, Condor, XXV, 1923, 30.) (p. 197)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 389

Dryobates scala7-is hairdi (Malherbe), 1861, becomes D. s. sympleclus Ober-

HOLSER, 1911.

The former name is invalidated by bairdii of Giraud, 1844, a synonym of
the Downy Woodpecker, and symplrctus is the earhest available name for
the present bird. (Cf. Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLI, 1911, 155.)
(p. 198)

Xenopicus has been combined with Dryobates, (p. 199)

Picoides americanus americanns Brehm, 1831, becomes P. Iridadylus haccatus
Bangs, 1900.
The name americanus is not satisfactorily identifiable and probably was
not based on an American bird therefore the earliest available name
baccatus is adopted. This race as well as P. a. dorsalis and P. a. fnsciatus
all become races of the European tridactylus, as it and the American forms
are regarded as only subspecifically different and tridactylus is the oldest
name. (Cf. Bangs^ Auk, XVII, 1900, 136.) (p. 200)

Myiarchus magister magister Ridgway, 1884, becomes M. tyrannuUis inagistcr.

Myiarchus magister nelsoni Ridgway, 1907, becomes M. tyrannulus nelsoni.
The two former species magister and tyrannulus are now considered to
differ only subspecifically and all of their races become subspecies of
lyrannidus the older name. (Cf. Hellmayr, Birds of the Americas, V, April
11,1927,162). (p. 205)

Myiarchus lawrencei olivasccns Ridgway, 1884, becomes M. tuberculifer olivas-
cens.
As in the last case laurcncei and tuberculifer are now regarded as differing
only subspecifically and all races become subspecies of the latter. (Cf.
Hellmayr, Birds of the Americas, V, 180.) (p. 205)

Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon), 1828, becomes E. t. brewsteri Oberholser,
1918.

Empidonax trailli alnorum Brewster, 1895, becomes E. t. trailli (Audubon).
The type specimen of trailli proves to be referable to the eastern race
named abiorurn by Brewster and must replace it, while for the western
I'ace the earliest available name, brewsteri, has been adopted. (Cf. Ober-
holser, Ohio Jour. Sci., XVIII, 1918, 93.) (p. 208)

Nuttallornisborealis (Swainson), 1832, becomes N.mesoleucus (Lichtenstein),
1830.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Hellmayr, Birds of the Americas, V, April
11,1927,189.) (p. 211)

Otocoris alpestris pallida D wight becomes 0. a. leucansiptila Oberholser,
1902.
The former name is invalidated by an earlier pallida and has been replaced
by dwighti Stresemann (Orn. Monatsb., XXX, No. 4, July 1, 1922, 88)
but all specimens fiom north of the Mexican boundary seem to be referable
to leucansiptila. (p. 215)

390 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Petrochelidon lunifrons himfrons (Say), 1823, becomes P. alhtfrons albifrons
(Rafinesqtje), 1822.
The specific name albifrons has priority. It follows that the two other
races of lunifrons also become races of albifrons. (Cf. Rhoads, Auk,
XXIV, 1912, 192.) (p. 218)

Aphdocoma cyanea (Vieillot), 1817, becomes A. caerulescens (Bosc), 1795.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Hellmayr, Alauda, II, No. 2, April 20, 1930.)
(p. 223)

Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi Sennett, 1888, becomes P. minimus lloydi.

The two former species melanotis and minimus are now considered to be
only subspecifically different so that all our Bush-tits become subspecies
of the latter, (p. 236)

Thryomanes beivicki bairdi (Salvin and Godman), 1880, becomes T. b. crcmo-
philus Oberholser, 1898.
The former name is now restricted to the bird of southern Mexico and the
northern form is known as eremophilus, the earliest available name. (Cf.
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1898, 427.) (p. 244)

Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway, 1903, becomes T. p. dissacptus Bangs,
1902.
On grounds of priority, as the two names are now considered to apply to
the same race. (p. 248)

Toxostoma crissale crissale Henry, 1858, becomes T. dorsalc dorsale Henry,
1858.
The latter was the name as originally published and a strict interpretation
of the rules forbids the emendation to crissale which was formerly
accepted, (p. 254)

Planesticus Bonaparte, 1854, becomes Turdus Linnaeus, 1758.

The type of Turdus now proves to be T. vierula Linnaeus and the name
must be transferred to the genus formerly known as Planesticus over
which name it has long priority. (Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
XXXIV, No. 19, June 30, 1921, 105.) (p. 258)

Turdus "Linnaeus," of the last edition of the Check-List, becomes Arceu-
thornis Kaup, 1829.
This follows from the preceding action, the latter name being the earhest
available for this genus, (p. 255)

Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cabanis), 1847, becomes H. g. faxoni Bangs and
Penard, 1921.
The former name proves to be a synonym of true pallasi for which it
was proposed as a substitute, and we adopt the earliest available name
for the Eastern Hermit Thrush which is faxoni. (Cf . Bangs and Penard,
Auk, XXXVIII, 1921, 433.) (p. 259)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 391

Hylocichla aliciac aliciac (Baird), 185S, becomes H. miyiima aliciae.

Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli Ridgway, 1882, becomes H. minima minima
(Lafresnaye), 1848.
The type specimen of minima proves to be Bicknell's Thrush and therefore
takes the place of bicknelli of Ridgway by virtue of priority. As it is
also a much older name than aliciae of Baird, it replaces that as the specific
name of both races. (Cf. Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
LXIII, 1919, 30.) (p. 259)

Cyanosylvia succica robusta becomes C. suecica.

Because by the suppression of the race robusta as equivalent to true
suecica the trinomial form becomes unnecessary, (p, 262)

Polioptila plumbea (Baird), 1854, becomes P. melanura melanura Lawrence,
1857.
The former name is found to be invalidated by the much earlier plumbea
Gmelin, 1788, and the earliest available name for our Plumbeous Gnat-
catcher is melanura Lawrence. (Cf. Penard, Auk, XL, 1923, 334.)
(p. 265)

Regulus has been divided and R. calendula and its subspecies referred to
Corlhylio. (p. 266)

Budytes has been combined with Molucilla. (p. 268)

Lanivireo and Vircosylva have been combined with Vireo. (pp. 276, 277)

Helinaia Audubon, 1839, becomes Limnolhlyjris Stone, 1914.

The type of the former proves to be Motacilla vcrmivora Gmelin, which
makes it a synonym of Helmitheros Rafinesque, and Linuwthlypis as the
earliest available name must replace it. (Cf. Stone, Science, XL, 1914,
26.) (p. 280)

Vermivora ruhricapilla rubricapilla (Wilson), 1812, becomes V.ruficapilla rufi-
capilla (Wilson), 1811.
Wilson used both names (in the genus Sylvia) for his Nashville Warbler
and we adopt the earlier. This was previously rejected on the ground that
it was invalidated by the earlier Sylvia ruficapilla Latham, 1790, but the
latter proves to be merely a nomenclatural combination and not an original
description while the bird so named is not a Vermivora. (Cf. Cooke,
Auk, XXIX, 1912, 545.) (p. 283)

Vermivora rubricapilla guUuralis (Ridgway), 1874, becomes V. ruficapilla
ridgwayi van Rossem, 1929.
This subspecies also changes its specific name to ruficapilla while the name
guUuralis, owing to the merging of OreotJdypis and Vermivora, is now
invalidated by the earlier Vermivora (Oreothlypis) gutturalis (Cabanis).
(Cf. van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XLII, 1929, 179.) (p. 283)

392 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

CoDipsuthlijpis amcricana usncac Brewster, 1896, becomes C, a. pusilla
(Wilson), 1811.
Wilson's name being based on the northern lace has priority over that
of Brewster. (Cf. Brewster, Auk, XXXV, 1918, 228.) (p. 284)

Dendroica hryanti castaneiceps Ridgway, 1885, becomes D. erithachoridcs
castaneiceps.
The former species hryanti and erithachoridcs are now regarded as only
subspecifically different and all races of the two thus become subspecies
of the earlier erithachorides. (Cf. Oberholser, Auk, XXXVI, 1919, 85.)
(p. 286)

Dendroica vigorsi (Atjdubon), 1828, becomes D. pinus pinus (Wilson), 1811.
Wilson's name (proposed in the genus Sylvia) was rejected as it was sup-
posed to be invalidated by the earlier Sylvia pitius Latham, but the latter
proves to be merely a nomenclatural combination and not an original
description and consequently does not affect Wilson's name which has
now been restored (Stone, Auk, XXXVIII, 1921, 280). The specific
name has been repeated to distinguish this race from others recently
described, (p. 291)

Agelaius phoeniceus jloridanus Maynard, 1895, becomes^, p. mearnsi Howell
AND van Rossem, 1928.

Agelaius phoeniceus hryanti Ridgway, 1887, becomes A. p. jloridanus.

Maynard's name was originally based on the bird of the Florida Keys to
which it is now restored, replacing hryanti which is restricted to the
Bahaman race; while for the bird of the Florida peninsula the name
mearnsi the first to be proposed is adopted. (Howell and van Rossem,
Auk, XVL, 1928, 155.) (p. 303)

Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi Nelson, 1897, becomes A. p. megapotamus
Oberholser, 1919.
The former name has been restricted to the bird of the Vera Cruz region
and the form reaching the United States is separated as megapotamus.
(Cf. Oberholser, Wilson Bull, XXXI, 1919, 20.) (p. 304)

Agelaius gubernator californicus Nelson, 1897, becomes .4. phoeniceus cali-
Jornicus.
The former species guhernator and phoeniceus are now regarded as differing
only subspecifically and all races of the former become subspecies of the
latter, (p. 305)

Megaquiscalus major major (Vieillot), 1819, becomes Cassidix mexicanus major.

Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Swainson), 1838, becomes Cassidix mexicanus
mexicanus (Gmelin), 1789.
It develops that Corvus mexicanus Gmelin is based on the Great-tailed
Grackle so that the name mexicanus, long antedating major, becomes the
specific name for both the Great-tailed and Boat-tailed Crackles and, of
course, also the subspecific name of the former. Furthermore the generic
name Cassidix being based on Corvus mexicanus becomes the proper
generic name for these birds, replacing Megaquiscalus proposed many years
later. (Cf. Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XLII, 1929, 121.) (p. 308)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 393

Cardinalis Bonaparte, 1838, becomes Richmondcna Mathews and Iredale,
1918.
The former is rendered invalid by Cardinalis Jarocki, 1821, which is a
synonym of Piranga, and must be replaced by Richmondcna, the earliest
name available. (Cf. Mathews and Iredale, Austral Avian Record, III,
No. 6, June 25, 1918, 145.) (p. 312)

Zamelodia Coues, 1880, becomes Hcdymelcs Cabanis, 1851.

It is held that the latter is not invalidated by Hedymcla Sundevall, 1847,
as formerly supposed, and must replace Zamelodia as it has many years
priority. (Cf. Oberholser, Auk, XXXVI, 1919, 115.) (p. 314J

Astragalinus has been combined with Spimis. (p. 326)

Loxia curvirostra minor (Brbhm), 1846, becomes L. c. piisilla Gloger, 1834.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsb., XXX, 1922,
41.) (p. 328)

Oreospiza Ridgway, 1896, becomes Oberholseri-a Richmond, 1915.

The former is invalidated by Orcospiza Keitel, 1857, and Obrrholseria
must replace it as the first available name. (Cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., XXVIII, 1915, 180.) (p. 329)

Pipilo crissalis crissalis (Vigors), 1S3'.), becomes P.fu^cus crissalis.

Pipilo crissalis senicnla Anthony, 1895, becomes P. fuscus senicula.

The former species crissalis and fuscus are now considered to differ only
subspecifically and all races of the former now become subspecies of the
latter. (Cf. Oberholser, Condor, XXI, 1919, 211.) (p. 332)

Passerherbuhis lecontei (Audubon), 1844, becomes P. caudacutus (Latham),
1790. On grounds of priority. It should be pointed out that Latham's
name proposed as Fringilla caudacuta is an entirely original and separate
description and has nothing to do with Oriolus caudacutus proposed and
adopted for the Sharp-tailed Sparrow. (Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., XXXII, 1919, 47.) (p. 337)

Passerherbulus henslowi hensloivi (Audubon), 1829, becomes P. h. susurrans
Brewster, 1918.

Passerherbulus henslowi occidentalis (Brewster), 1891, becomes P. h. henslowi.
The type specimen of henslowi proves to belong to the western and not
the eastern race and the name must be transferred accordingly and
susurrans be adopted for the eastern form as the earliest available name.
(Cf. Brewster, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, VI, Feb. 6, 1918, 78.) (p. 337)

Passerherbidns has been divided and /'. caudacutus and maritimus with their
subspecies are referred to Ammospiza. (p. 338)

Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni (Allen), 1875, becomes ^1. caudacuta nelsoni.

394 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Passerherbulus nclsoni subvirgatus (Dwight), 1887, becomes A. caudacuta sub-
virgala.
Ammospiza nelsoni being now regarded as only subspecifically different
from caudacuta, becomes a subspecies of it, as does also suhvirgata. (p. 338)

Peucaea has been combined with Aimophila. (p. 343)

Junco hyemalis oreganus (Townsend), 1837, becomes J. oreganus oreganus.
The species hyemalis is now divided into several species and the races
montanus, ihurberi, pinosus and toionsendi become subspecies of oreganus
which is elevated to specific rank. (p. 346)

Junco hyemalis connecte7is Coues, 1884, becomes J. oreganus shufeldti Coale,
1887.
The former name is considered to be based on a hybrid and not applicable
to the present race for which the first available name is shufeldti. (p. 346)

Junco hyemalis mearnsi becomes J. mearnsi.

Junco phaenotus caniceps becomes J. caniceps.

These two forms are now considered distinct from the species with which
they were associated as subspecies in the last edition of the Check-List
and now stand as species, (p. 347)

Spizella monticola monticola (Gmelin), 1789, becomes Spizella arborea arborea
(Wilson), 1810.
The name monticola seems to be based mainly on the White-crowned
Sparrow and is therefore not applicable to the Tree Sparrow for which the
earliest available name is arborea Wilson. The western race ochracea of
course becomes a subspecies of arborea. (Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., XXXII, 1919, 139.) (p. 348)

Melospiza lincolni striata Brewster, 1884, becomes M. I. gracilis (Kittlitz),
1858.
On grounds of priority. (Cf. Willett, Condor, XVI, 1914, 87.) (p. 356)

Melospiza melodia montana Henshaw, 1884, becomes M. m. fallax (Baird),

1854.
Melospiza melodia fallax "(Baird)," of the lust edition of the Check -List, be-
comes M. m. saltonis Grinnell, 1909.
The type specimen of fallax proves to be a specimen of montana and the
former name being earlier must be adopted. For the Desert Song Spar-
row, formerly known as fallax, Grinnell's name is accepted. (Cf. Grin-
neU, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XII, 1914, 173-175.) (pp. 357, 361)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES. 395

II. GENERA ADDED TO THE LIST SINCE 1910.

(a) Through Division of Old Genera

Thyellodroma formerly in Puffinus
Moris formerly in Sula
Melanitta formerly in Oidemia
Thalasseiis formerly in Sterna
Hydroprogne formerly in Sterna
Endomychura formerly in Brachyramphus
Oreopeleia formerly in Geotrygon
Phaeopus formerly in Numenius
Nephoecefes formerly in Cypseloides
Balanosphyra formerly in Melanerpes
Corthylio formerly in Regidus
A mmospiza formerly in Passerherbulus

(b) Through Additions to the Fauna

Sthenelides Calliope

Tadorna Locustella

Eunettn Prunella

Thallasoaetus Aelhiopsar

Perdix Euthlypis

Phasianus * Passer *

Lymnocryptes Carduelis *

Spilopelia Fringilla

Streptopelia Coccothraustes

Micropus Emberiza

III. SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES ADDED TO THE LIST

SINCE 1910.

(A) Resident in Greenland.

A nas platyrhynchos conboschas

(B) Old World Birds Casual or Accidental in Greenland
OR Eastern North America.

Puffinus diomedea diomedea Lymnocryptes minimus

Tadorna tadorna Limosa lapponica lapponica

Rallus aquaticus aquations Larus ridibundus ridibundus

Totanus totanus robustus Turdus merula merula
Numenius arquatus arquatus

* See footnote, p. 396.

396

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(C) Old World Birds Casual or Accidental in Alaska.

Gavia arctica viridigularis
Eunctla falcata
Nettion formosum
Nyroca ferina
Nyroca fuligula
Glaucionetta clangula clangula
Thallasoaetus pelagicus
Falco rusticolus xiralensis
Heieroscelus brevipes
Calidris lenidrostris
Arquatella ptilocncmis quarla
Pisobia ruficollis

Cucuhis canorus bakeri
Cryptoglaux funerea magna
Calliope calliope camtschatkensis
Locustella ochotensis
Prunella montanella
Motacilla alba lugens
Anthus spinolcita japoniciis
Micropus pacificus pacificus
Fringilla monlifringilla
Coccothranstes c. japnnicns
Pinicola enucleator kamschatkensis
Emberiza rustica

(D) Species Introduced from the Old World or from
Domesticated Stock.

Sthenelidcs olor
Perdix perdix perdix
Phasianus colchicus lorqualus
Coltimba livia livia
Spilopelia chinensis chinerisis

Streptopclia risoria
Aethiopsar cristatellus cristatellus
Passer dornesticus domesticus *
Passer montanns montanus *
Carduelis carduelis brittanica *

(E) Resident in Bermuda.
Pterodroma cahow

(F) Tropical and South Sea Birds of Accidental
Occurrence.

Puffinus carncipes

Dendrocygna viduata

Dafila bahamensis bahamensis

Cathnraeta chilensis

Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus

(G) Mexican Birds entering our Territory on the
Southwest.

Sula dadylatra californica

Anas diazi novimexicana

Larus occidentalis livens

Sterna fuscata crissalis

Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis

Petrochelidon fulva pallida
Vermivora crissalis
Compsothlypis graysoni
Eidhlypis lachrymosa tephra
Spinus pinus macropterus

* While no introduced species were included in previous regular editions
of the Check List, there was a list added to the " Abridged Edition, Re-
vised," published in 1889, which included these species.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES.

397

(H) Newly Described or Revived Subspecies.

Buteo borealis umbrinus
Buteo lineatus extimus
Colinus virginianus insulanus
Grus canadensis pratensis
Rallus longirostris insularum
Ceophloeus pileatus floridanus

(a) From Florida

Cyanocitta cristata semplei
Sitta pusilla caniceps
Dendroica piniis florida
Dendroica discolor collinsi
Ammospiza maritimn jiincicola
Ammospiza mirahilis

(b) From the Eastern States
Anas ruhripes tnstis Geothlypis trichas brachydactyla

Utus asio naeviits Mtlospiza melodia atlanfica

Myiarchus crinitiis boreus

(c) From the Southeastern States

Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris
Conuropsis carolinensis ludovicianvs
Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus
Toxostoma curvirostre oberholseri
Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus

Dendroica virens waynei
Agelaius phoeniceiis littoralis
Richmondena cardinalis tnagnirosfris
Pipilo erythrophthahnus canaster
Ammospiza maritima howelli

(d) From the

Buteo lineatus texanus
Zenaidura macroura marginella
Melopelia asiatica mearnsi
Otus asio hasbroucki
Otus asio gilmani
Micropallas whitneyi idonens
Chordeiles minor aserneiisis

Southwestern States

Lampomis clemenciae bessophihis
Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi
Balanosphyra formicivora aculeata
Dry abates villosua leucothoreciis
Dryobates villas us icastiis
Dryobates scalaris cactophiliis
Vireo belli arizonae

(e) From
Branta canadensis leucopareia
Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus
Dendragapus fidiginosus sitkensis
Canachites canadensis atraius
Bonasa umbellus yukonensis
Lagopus lagopus alascensis
Lagopus rupestris sanfordi
Lagopus rupestris kelloggae

Alaska

Dryobates villosiis sitkensis
N annus hiemalis kiskensis
Nannus hiemalis tanagensis
N annus hiemalis petrophilus
Nannus hiemalis semidiensis
Loxia curvirostra sitkensis
Passerella iliaca sintwsa
Passerella iliaca annectens

(f) From the Northwestern
Dendragapus obscurus flemingi
Lagopus leucurus rainierensis
Bubo virginianus lagophonus
Glaucidium gnoma sivarthi
Megaceryle alcyon caurina
Ceophloeus pileatus picinus
Pentliestes gambeli grinnelli

States and British Columbia
Penthestes hudsonius coluntbianus
Turd us migratorius caurinus
Pinicola enucleator carlottae
Pipilo fuse us bidlaius .
Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis
Spizella breweii taverneri
Passerella iliaca altivagans

398

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

(g) From Central North America. Rocky Mountains to Mississippi

Valley

Gavia immer elasson
Ardea herodias treganzai
Falco columbarius bendirei
Lagopus leucurus altipetens
Lophortyx gambeli sanus
Numenius americanus ocddentalis
Bubo virginianns ocddentalis
Strix ocddentalis lucida
Chordeiles minor howelli
Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae

Lanius borealis invictus
Agclaius phoeniceus arctolegus
Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis
Molothrus ater artemisiae
Hedymeles melanocephalus papago
Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi
Loxia cumrostra bendirei
Pipilo macidatus curtatus
Passer cuius sandwichensis nevadensis
Melosjyiza ynelodia beata

Bonasa umbellus thayeri
Lagopus lagopus ungavus
Larus argentatus thayeri

(h) From Eastern Canada

Telmatodytes palustris laingi

Loxia curvirostra percna

Passerculus sandurichensis labradorius

(i) From Lower California

Ardea herodias sancti-lucae
Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi
Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti
Lophortyx calif ornica plumbea
Lophortyx calijornica achrustera
Pagolla ivilsonia beldirigi
Crotophaga suldrostris pallidula
Micropallas whitneyi sanfordi
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli dickeyi
Chordeiles acutipennis inferior
Colaptes cafer marlirensis
Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens
Centurus uropygialis cardonensis
Centurus uropygialis brewsteri
Balanosphyra formidvora rnartirensis
Dryobates villosus scrippsae
Dryobates scalaris eremicus
Sayornis nigricans salictaria
Sayornis nigricans brunnescens
Sayornis saya quiescens

(j) From
Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali
Ardea herodias hyperonca
Ixobrychus exilis hesperus
Dendragapus fuUginosus howardi
Lopfwrtyx californica catalinensis
Rail us longirostris yumanensis
Larus ocddentalis wymani

Otocoris alpestris enertera
Penthestes gambeli atratus
Baeolophus inornatus murinxis
Psaltriparus minimus melanurus
Sitta carolinensis alexandrae
Chamaea fasdata canicauda
Thryomanes beidcki cerroensis
Toxostoma dorsale trinitatis
Polioptila melanura margaritae
Polioptila melanura abbreviata
Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni
Geothlypis beldingi goldmani
Icterus cucullatus trochiloides
Pipilo maculatus umbraticola
Pipilo fuscus aripolius
Passerculus rostratus halophilus
Aimophila ruficeps Iambi
Amphispiza bilineata bangsi
Junco oreganus pontilis
Melospiza melodia coronatorum

California

Thryomanes bewicki catalinae
Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus
Toxostoma redivivum sonomae
Hylodchla guttata polionota
Polioptila caerulea amoenissima
Corthylio calendula dneraceus
Geothlypis trichas sdrpicola

SUMMARY OF CHANGES.

399

Sterna antillarum hroumi
Otus asio breivsteri
Otus asio qiiercinus
Glaucidiurn gnoma grinnelU
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli hueyi
Dryobates villosiis oii-us
Dryobates albolarvatus gravirostris
Otocoris alpestris ammoph'la
Aphelocoma calif ornica immanis
Aphelocoma cab' f ornica oocleptica
Penthestes garnbeli abbreviatus
Penthestes gambeli inyoensis
Baeolophus inornatus sequestratus
Baeolophus inornatus transpositus
Sitta carolinensis tenuissima
Sitta pygmaea melanotis
Thryomanes beivicki marinensis
Thryomanes beivicki drymoecus
Thryomanes beivicki correctus
Thryomanes bewicki nesophilus

Agelaius phoenicens mailliardorum
Agelaius phoenicens acicidatus
Molothrus ater californiciis
Guiraca caeridea salicaria
Leucosticte tephrocotis daivsoni
Pipilo maculatus falcinellus
Pipilo fuscus carolae
Pipilo fuscus petulans
Passerella ilaca fulva
Passerella iliaca brevicauda
Passerella iliaca canescens
Passerella iliaca monoensis
Passerella iliaca mariposae
Ammophila ruficeps obscura
Ammophila ruficeps canescens
Spizella atrogularis cana
Afelospiza melodia fisherella
Melospiza melodia mailliardi
Melospiza melodia micronyx

IV. GENERA OF THE THIRD EDITION WHICH HAVE
BEEN REMOVED.

(a) By Combination with Other Genera.

Archibuteo combined

Podasocys

Xenopicus

Phloeotomus

Budytes

Lanivireo

Vireosylva

Astragalinus

Peucaea

Uranomitra

Basilinna

Cyanolaemus

with Buteo

" Eupoda

" Dryobates

' ' Ceophloeus

" Motacilla

" Vireo

" Vireo

" Spinus

" Aimopkila

" Amazilia

" Hylocharis

" Lampornis

(b) By Removal to the Hypothetical List.

Phoebetria
Macronectes
Priocella
Jabiru

Mergellus

Glottis

Starnoenas

400 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

V SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES OF THE THIRD EDITION
WHICH HAVE BEEN REMOVED.

(A) Cancelled.

Clavia ardica. Alleged North American specimens prove to be G. a. jmcifica
Aeslrelata fisheri. Considered identical with Ae. scalaris now called Ptero-

droma inexpedata.
F. glacialis glu-pischa = Fuhnarus rodgersi, but as the bird is a subspecies of

glacialis it stands as F. g. rodgersi, that name bein»; older than glupisrh'i.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus 7-obu.stus = P. p. pelagicus.
Buteo borealis alascensis = B. h. calurus.
Falco rudicolus rusticolus = F. r. candicans.
Falco rusticolus gtjrfalco = F. r. candicans.
Falco sparveroides. Alleged North American specimens prove to be F. spar-

verius paulus.
Rallus longirostris caribaeus. Alleged North American specimens prove to be

R. longirostns saturatus.
Larus canus. North American record erroneous.

Coccyzus minor minor. Alleged Florida specimens prove to be C. m. maynardi.
Otus flamnieolus idahoensis = 0. fiammeolus.
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nitidus = P. n. nuttalli.
Perisoreus canadensis nigricapfillus = P. c. canadensis.
Aphelocoma cyanoHs. Alleged Texas specimens prove to be A. calif ornica

texana.
Vireo huttoni obscurus = V. h. huttoni.
Salpindes obsoletus pulverius = S. o. obsoletus.
Geothlypis trichas arizela = G. t. occidentalis.
Junco Jiyemalis annedens = J. mewnsi X cnniceps.
Passerculus rostratus sanctorum = P. r. guttatus.

(B) Transferred to the Hypothetical List.*

Phoebetria palpebral! auduboni Mergellus albellus

Macronedes giganteus ' Glottis nebidaria

Priocella glacialoides (as P. antardica) Larus kumlieni

Jabiru myderia Larus nelsoni

Lvobrychus neoxenus Starnoenas cyanocephalvs

VI. ADDITIONAL SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES ADDED TO
THE HYPOTHETICAL LIST.

Thalassogeron chrysostomus (Forster). (Cf. p. 366.)

Thyellodroma pacifica (Gmelin). Specimen secured from a taxidermist labelled
"Vancouver, B. C." (S. G. Jewett, Auk, XLVI, 1929, 224.)

Mesophoyx intermedia (Wagler). Specimen supposed to have been taken in
British Columbia.
* The Committee also voted to transfer Capella media and Tringa ocrophus
but through a misunderstanding the page proof was made up without removing
them from the regular List.

THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA

In the following list allocation of the various species follows
the latest information available, from published observations or
from personal investigation of the compiler. Present treatment
in a number of cases is not considered final, particularly among the
forms longest known, but it has not been practicable in the time
available to review all of the material under consideration.

An innovation in the present list over that in previous editions
is the inclusion of species still living whose remains have been
found fossil in the Pleistocene, these being distinguished from
those known only in a fossil state by the common name following
the Latin designation, and by a suitable phrase in the range. Most
of these have been placed under specific names without regard to
subspecies, since, aside from a few instances, it is not practicable at
present to identify their geographic races except on the basis of
modern distribution, a method of procedure of doubtful value since
it might lead to confusion and misunderstanding. It will be re-
membered in examining these recent forms that the specific name
has been used in its inclusive sense so that with such birds as Cor-
vus corax, for example, there is no intention to indicate that the Old
World Raven has been recorded from North America. In some in-
stances, for example, the Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus, found in
Pleistocene deposits in Pennsylvania, Maryland and California
there is little doubt that two geographic forms are included.

Proofs of this list have been examined and checked by Dr.
Loye Miller, and Dr. Hildegarde Howard.

The list has been made complete so far as present information
allows to June, 1931.

A. Wetmore.

27 40X

402 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Class AVES. Birds.

Subclass NEORNITHES. Typical Birds.

SuPERORDER ODONTOGNATHAE. New World
Toothed Birds.

Order HESPERORNITHIFORMES.

Hesperornithes.

Family HESPERORNITHIDAE. Hesperornithes.

Genus HESPERORNIS Marsh.

Hespcrornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, 1S72, 360. Type, by
monotypy, Hcspcrornis rcgalis Marsh.

Hesperornis crassipes (Marsh).

Lestornis crassipes Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XI, 1876, 509.
Cretaceous (Niobrara) : Western Kansas.

Hesperornis montana Shufejldt.

Hesperornis montana Shufeldt, Auk, XXXII, No. 3, July, 1915, 293, pi.
18, figs. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.

Cretaceous (Claggett Formation): one mile above mouth of Dog Creek,
Fergus County, Montana.

Hesperornis regalis Marsh.

Hesperornis regalis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, 1872, 357.
Cretaceous (Niobrara); Smoky Hill River, near Wallace, Kansas.

Genus CONIORNIS Marsh.i

Coniornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XLV, 1893, 82. Type, by
monotypy, Coniornis altus Marsh.

Coniornis altus Marsh.

Coniornis altus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XLV, 1893, 82 (text fig.) .

Cretaceous (Claggett) : Judith River, Montana.

1 Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 16, 75, considers
this a synonym of Hesperornis.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 403

Genus HARGERIA Lucas.

Hargeria Lucas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 552, Type, by orig.
desig., Hesperornis gracilis Marsh.

Hargeria gracilis (Marsh).

Hesperornis gracilis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XI, 1876, 510.
Cretaceous (Niobrara): Western Kansas.

Family BAPTORNITHIDAE. Baptornithes.

Genus BAPTORNIS Marsh.

Baptornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XIV, 1877, 86. Type, by
monotypj', Baplortiis advenus Marsh.

Baptornis advenus Marsh.

Baptornis advenus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XIV, 1877, 86.

Cretaceous (Niobrara): Wallace County,^ and Butte] Creek, Logan County,
Kansas.

Order ICHTHYORNITHIFORMES.

ichthyornithes.

Family ICHTHYORNITHIDAE. Ichthyornithes.

Genus ICHTHYORNIS Marsh.

Ichthyornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Nov., 1872, 344. Type,
by monotypy, Ichihyornis dispar Marsh.

Ichthyomis agilis (Marsh).

Graculavus agilis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, V, 1873, 230.
Cretaceous (Niobrara): Butte Creek, Western Kansas.

Ichthyomis anceps (Marsh).

Graculavus anceps Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, 1872, 364.

Cretaceous (Niobrara): North Fork Smoky Hill River, east of Wallace,
Kansas.

Type locality.

404 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Ichthyornis dispar Marsh.

Ichthijornis dispar Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, 1872, 344
Cretaceous (Niobrara) : near Solomon River, Kansas.

Ichthyornis I entus (Marsh).

Graculavus Icntus Marsh, Amer. Journ. 8ci., ser. 3, XIV, 1877, 253.
Cretaceous: near "Fort McKinney", Texas.

Ichthyornis tener Marsh.

Ichthyornis tener Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 151, 198, pi. XXX, fig. 8.
Cretaceous (Niobrara) : Wallace County, Kansas.

Ichthyornis validus Marsh.

Ichthyornis validus Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 147, 153, 198, pi. XXX,
figs. 11-14.

Cretaceous (Niobrara) : near Solomon River, Kansas.

Ichthyornis victor Marsh.

Ichthyornis victor Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XI, 1876, 511.
Cretaceous (Niobrara): Wallace and Gove Counties, Kansas.

Genus APATORNIS Marsh.

Apatornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, V, Jan. 21, 1873, 162. Type,
by monotypy, Ichthyornis ccler Marsh.

Apatornis celer (Marsh).

Ichthyornis celer Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, V, 1873, 74.
Cretaceous (Niobrara) : Butte Creek, near Smoky Hill River, Kansas.

SuPERORDER NEOGNATHAE. Non-Struthious

Birds

Order GAVIIFORMES. Loons.

Family GAVIIDAE. Loons.

Genus GAVIA Forster.

Gavia J. R. Forster, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., 1788, 38. Type, by subs,
desig., Colymbus imbcr Gunnerus = C. immer Brxjnnich (Allen, 1907).

FOSSIL BIRDS. 405

Gavia pusflla Shufeldt.

Gavia pusilla Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
70, pi. XIII, fig. 106.

Geologic age uncertain: Wyoming?

Order COLYMBIFORMES. Grebes.
Family COLYMBIDAE. Grebes.

Genus COLYMBUS Linnaeus.

Colymbus Linnaeus, 8yst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 135. Type, by subs,
desig., Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
1884).

Subgenus COLYMBUS Linnaeus.
Colymbus grisegena Boddaert. Holboell's Grebe.

Colymbus grisegena Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 55.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Subgenus DYTES Kaup.

Dijtes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 41. Tj^ie, by subs,
desig., Colymbus auritus Linnaeus (Gray, 1842).

Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. Horned Grebe.

Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 135.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Cavern deposits of Tennessee;
Seminole Field and Itchtucknee River, Florida; Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Colymbus nigricollis (Brehm). Eared Grebe.

Podiceps nigricollis C. L. Brehm, Handbuch Naturg. Vogel Deutschl.,
1831, 963.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Colymbus oligoceanus Shufeldt.

Colymbus oligoceanus Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb.,
1915, 54.

? Oligoeene (John Day): Lower Willow Creek, Oregon.

406 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Colymbus parvus Shufeldt.

Colymbus parvus Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 6,
July 9, 1913, 136, pi. XXXIX, figs. 474-477, 481-483.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues.

Mchmophorus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XIV] 1862, No. 5,
April-May [Aug. 1], 229. Type, by orig. desig., Podiceps occidentalis
Lawrence.

Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). Western Grebe.

Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, liv, 892, 894.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; San Francisco
Bay region (Rodeo) and Upper San Pedro, near San Pedro, California.

Aechmophorus lucasi Miller.

Aechmophorus lucasi L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
VI, No. 4, Feb. 4, 1911, 83, figs. 1-3.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus PODILYMBUS Le.s,son.

Podilymbus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 8, June 11, 1831, 595. Type, by
monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham = Colyiubus podiceps Lin-
naeus.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe.

Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field and Itchtucknee
River, Florida; Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick, California.

Podilymbus magnus Shufeldt.

Podilymbus magnus Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art.
6, July 9, 1913, 136, pi. XXXVIII, figs. 439-440, 449.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 407

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES. Tube-nosed
Swimmers.

Family PRO CELL ARII DAE. Shearwaters, Fulmars, and

Petrels.

Genus PUFFINUS Brisson.i

Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 56; VI, 130. Type, by tautonymy,
Puffinus Brisson = Procellaria puffinus Brunnich.

Subgenus PUFFINUS Brisson.

Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). Sooty Shearwater.

Procellai-ia grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 564,

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro, near San Pedro,
California.

Puffinus puffinus (BRiJNNrcH). Manx Shearwater.

Procellaria Puffinus BrDnnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, 29.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Melbourne, Florida.

Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Black-vented Shearwater.

Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., [XVI], 1864,
No. 2, March-April [.June .30], 139.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro, San Pedro,
California.

Puffinus inceptor Wetmore.

Puffinus inceptor Wetmore, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XIX, No. 8,
July 15, 1930, 86, figs. 1-3.

Miocene (Temblor) : Sharkt-ooth Hill, about seven miles northeast of Bakers-
field, California.

Puffinus diatomicus Miller.

Puffinus diatomicus L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug.,
i925. 111, pis. 1, 2, 7a.

Miocene (Temblor, Turritclla ocoyana Zone): Lompoc, California.

1 Puffinus parvus Shufeldt, Ibis, Oct., 1916, 632, fron\ Recent deposits in
the bone caves of Bermuda is considered a synonym of Puffinus Iherminieri.
Puffinus mcgalli Shufeldt, Ibis, Oct., 1916, 630, from Recent deposits in
the bone caves of Bermuda is seemingly Puffinus puffinus.

408 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus ARDENNA Reichenbach.

Ardenna Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], iv. Type, by
monotypy, Priocella majnr Faher = P. gravis O'Reilly.

Puffinus conradi Maksh.

Puffmiis conradi Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, 1870, 212.
Miocene (Calvert Formation) : Maryland.

Genus FULMARUS Stephens.

Fulmarus "Leach," Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XIII, Pt. i,
Feb. 18, 1826, 233. Type by subs, desig., Procellaria gladalis Linnaeus
(Gray, 1844).

Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus). Fulmar.

Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, 1761, 51.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: upper San Pedro, San Pedro,
California.

Order PELECANIFORMES. Totipalmate
Swimmers.

Suborder PELECANI. Pelicans, Boobies, Gannets,
Cormorants, and Darters.

Superfamily PELECANOIDEA. Pelicans.

Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans.

Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus.

Pelecanm Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 132. Type, by subs,
desig., Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Subgenus CYRTOPELICANUS Reichenbach.

Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], vii. Type,
by orig. desig., Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham = P. erythrorhynchos
Gmelin.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 409

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. White Pelican.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmblin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 17S9, 571.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Family CYPHORNITHIDAE. Cyphornithes.

Genus CYPHORNIS Cope.

Cyphornis Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhUa., ser. 2, IX, sig. 58, May 31,
1894, 449. Type, by monotypy, Cyphornis magnus Cope.

Cyphornis magnus Cope.

Cyphornis magm/s Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, IX, sig.
58, May 31, 1894,451.

Miocene?: Carmanah Point, Vancouver Island.

Genus PALAEOCHENOIDES Shufeldt.

Palaeochenoides Shufeldt, Geol. Mag., n. s., 4, III, Aug., 1916, 347.
Type, by monotypy, Palaeochenoides mioceanus Shufeldt.

Palaeochenoides mioceanus Shufeldt.

Palaeochenoides mioceanus Shufeldt, Geol. Mag., n. s., 4, III, Aug., 1916,
347, pi. 15.

Miocene: Near source of Stono River, South Carolina.

SuPERFAMiLY SULOIDEA. Boobies, Gannets, Cormorants,

AND Darters.

Family SULIDAE. Boobies and Gannets.

Genus SULA Brisson.

Sula Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 60; VI, 494. Type by tautonymy, Sula
Brisson = Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus.

Sula lompocana Miller.

Sula lompocana L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug.,
1925, 114, pis. 4, 7b, 9.

Miocene (Temblor, Turritella ocoyana zone) : Lompoc, California.

410 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Sula wflletti Miller.

Stila willetti L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug., 1925,
112, pis. 3, 8, fig. 1.

Miocene (Temblor, Turritella ocoyana zone); Lompoc, California.

Genus MIOSULA Miller.

Miosvla L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug., 1925, 114.
Type by monotypy, Miosula vu'dia Miller.

Miosula media Miller.

Miosula media L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug., 1925,
114, pi. 5.

Miocene (Temblor, Turritella ocoyana zone): Lompoc, California.

Genus MORIS Leach.

Moris Leach, Syst. Catal. Spec. Indig. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816,
[after Aug.], 35. Type, by monotypy, Moris bassana Leach = Pele-
canus haasanus Linnaeus.

Moris loxostyla (Cope).i

Sula loxostyla Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, n. s., XIV, Dec, 1870, 236,
fig. 53.

Miocene: Calvert County, Maryland; and New Jersej'.

Moris vagabundus Wetmore.

Moris vagabundus Wetmore, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XIX, No. 8,
July 15, 1930, 89, fig. 4.

Miocene (Temblor); Sharktooth Hill, about seven miles northeast of Bakers-
field, California.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants.

Genus GRACULAVUS Marsh. 2

Graculavus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, 1872, 363. Type, by
subs, desig., Graculavus velox Marsh (Hay, 1902).

1 Sula allantica Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 62,
pi. XV, fig. 123, from the Miocene of New Jersey, is considered a synon^-m of
M. loxostyla, cf. Wetmore, Auk, 1926, 465.

2 Ldmosavis Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 19,
proposed as a new genus for Graculavus velox Marsh, is a synonym of Gracu-
lavus Marsh.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 411

Graculavus pumilus Marsh.

Graculavus pumilus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, 1872, 364.
Eocene (Hornerstown) : Hornerstown, New Jersey.

Graculavus velox Marsh.

Graculavus velox Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, 1872, 363.
Eocene (Hornerstown) : Hornerstown, New Jersey.

Genus PHALACROCORAX Bris.son.'

Phalacrocorax Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 60; VI, 511. Type, by tautonymy,
Phalacrocorax Brisson = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.

Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson). Double-crested Cormorant.

Carbo auritus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 8, June 11, 1831, 605.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Melbourne (Stratum 2), Sarasota,
Seminole Field and Itchtucknee River, Florida; Santa Monica, California.

Phalacrocorax femoralis Miller.

Phalaa-ocorax femoralis L. H. Miller, Condor, XXXI, No. 4, July 15,
1929, 167, figs. 58, 59.

Late Miocene or early Pliocene (Modelo Formation): Calabasas, California.

Phalacrocorax idahensis (Marsh).

Graculus idahensis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, 1870, 216.
Pleistocene: Castle Creek, Idaho.

Phalacrocorax macropus (Cope).

Graculus macropus Cope, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., IV, No. 2,
1878, 386.

Lower Miocene (Base of Arikaree) : North side of Cottonwood Creek, south-
eastern Montana; ^ Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Phalacrocorax marinavis Shufeldt.

Phalacrocorax marinavis Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX,
Feb., 1915, 56, pi. XIV, figs. 114, 116-118, 122.

?01igocene (John Day) : Willow Creek, Oregon.

1 P^urther study is required before the fossil Cormorants listed here can be
assigned to subgenera.

^ Shufeldt, Auk, 1915, pp. 485-488, has identified material from the Miocene
of Montana as of this species. The type locality is in the Pleistocene.

412 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Phalacrocorax mediterraneus Shufeldt.

Phalacrocorax mediterraneus Shufeldt, Trans. Conn, Acad. Arts Sci.,
XIX, Feb., 1915, 58, pi. XV, fig. 138.

Oligocene (White River); Gerry's Ranch, Northern Colorado.

Family ANHINGIDAE. Darters.

Genus ANHINGA Brisson.

Anhinga Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 60: VI, 476. Type, by monotypy,
Anhinga Brisson = Plotus anhinga Linnaeus.

Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). Water-Turkey.

Plotus Anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 218.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Melbourne (Stratum 2), Florida.

Order CICONIIFORMES. Herons, Storks, Ibises,
Flamingos, and Allies.

Suborder ARDEAE. Herons, Bitterns, and Allies.

Family ARDEIDAE. Herons and Bitterns.

Subfamily ARDEINAE. Herons and Egrets.

Genus ARDEA Linnaeus. ^

Ardea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 141. Type, by subs, desig.,
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Ardea herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron.

Ardea Herodias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 143.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Vero (Stratum 3), Melbourne,
Itchtucknee River, Bradenton and Seminole Field, Florida; Fossil Lake,
Oregon; Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and McKittrick, California.

1 Ardea sellardsi Shufeldt (Journ. Geol., Jan.-Feb. (Jan.), 1917, 19) de-
scribed from Vero (Stratum 3), Florida, proves to be based on the tibio-tarsus
of Meleagris gallopavo. See Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 85, No. 2, April 13,
1931, 32.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 413

Ardea paloccidentalis Shufeldt.

Ardea -paloccidentalis Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891,
820.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus CASMERODIUS Gloger.

Casmerodius Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 [pp. 1-450,
1841], 412. Type, by subs, desig., Ardea cgretta Gmelin (Salvadori,
1882).

Casmerodius albus (Gmelin). American Egret.

Ardea cgretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, p. 629.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Melbourne, Seminole Field, and

Venice, Florida.

Genus EGRETTA Forster.

Egretta T. Forster, Synop. Catal. Brit. Birds, 1817, 59. Type by mono-
typy, Ardea garzetta Linnaeus.

Egretta thula (Molina). Snowy Egret.

Ardea Thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, 235.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Bradenton, Florida.

Genus HYDRANASSA Baird.

Hydranassa Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 660. Type, by orig. desig., Ardea ludovi-
ciana Wilson = Egretta ruficollis Gosse.

Hydranassa tricolor (Muller). Louisiana Heron.

Ardea tricolor Mtjller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, 111,
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Genus FLORIDA Baird.

Florida Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxi, xlv, 659, 671. Type, by monotypy, Ardea

caerulca Linnaeus.

Florida caerulea (Linnaeus). Little Blue Heron.

Ardea caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 143.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

414 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus BUTORIDES Blyth.

Buloridcs Blyth, Catal. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc, 1849 [1852?], 281. Type,
by monotypy, Ardca javanica Horsfield.

Butorides virescens (Linnaeus). Green Heron.

Ardea vircscc7is Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 144.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Genus NYCTICORAX Forster.

Nydicorax T. Forster, Synop. Catal. Brit. Birds, 1817, 59. Type, by
monotypy, Nydicorax infaustus Forster = Ardca nydicorax. Linnaeus.

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus). Black-crowned Night Heron.

Ardea nydicorax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 142.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Bradenton, and Itchtucknee River,
Florida; Ilancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus NYCTANASSA Stejneger.

Nydanassa Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 295 (note)
[Aug. 3]. Type, by orig. desig., Ardea violacea Linnaeus.

Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus). Yellow-crowned Night Heron.
Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 143.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Vero and Seminole Field, Florida.

Genus EOCEORNIS Shufeldt.

Eoceornis Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts. Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 39.
Type, by monotypy, Eoceornis ardetla Shufeldt.

Eoceornis ardetta Shufeldt.

Eoceornis ardetta Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb.,
1915, 39, pi. XIII, fig. 102.

Eocene (Bridger); Henry's P'ork, Wyoming.

Subfamily BOTAURINAE. Bitterns.

Genus BOTAURUS Stephens.

Botaurus Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XI, Pt. ii, Aug., 1819, 592.
Type, by subs, desig., Ardea steUaris Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

FOSSIL BIRDS. 415

Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). American Bittern.

Ardea Icnliginosa Montagu, Suppl. Orn. Diet., 1S13, not paged, see under
Heron, Freckled.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and Sarasota,
Florida; Fossil Lake, Oregon; Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus BOTAUROIDES Shufeldt.

Bolauroidcs Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 33.
Type, by monotypy, Botauroides parvus Shufeldt.

Botauroides parvus Shufeldt.

Bolauroidcs pai'vus Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb.,
1915, 33.

Eocene (?Bridger); "Spanish John Meadow," Wyoming.

Suborder CICONIAE. Storks, Ibises, and Allies.

SuPERFAMiLY CICONIOIDEA. Storks and AVood Ibises.

Family CICONIIDAE. Storks and Wood Ibises.

Subfamily CICONIINAE. Storks.

Genus JABIRU IIellmayr.i
Jabiru Hellmayr, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II Kl., XXII, May, 1906,
711. Type, by orig. desig., Ciconia myctcria Lichtenstein.

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein). Jabiru.

Ciconia myctcria Lichtenstein, Alihandl. Kon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin [Phys.
Klass.], for 1816-1817 [1819], 163.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Vero (Stratum 2), Melbourne
(Stratum 2), Itchtucknee River, Seminole Field, and Venice, Florida.

Genus CICONIA Brisson.

Ciconia Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 48; V, 361. Type, by tautonymy, Ciconia
alba — Ardea ciconia Linnaeus.

1 Jabiru weillsi Sellards, Florida State Geol. Surv., Sth Ann. Rep., 1916, 14,
pi. 26, figs. 1-4, text-fig. 15, fig. C, is a synonym of Jabiru mycteria (Lichten-
stein). See Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 85, no. 2, April 13, 1931, 17.

416 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Ciconia maltha Miller.

Ciconia maltha L. H, Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., V, No.
30, Aug. 5, 1910, 440, figs. 1-7.

Pleistocene: Carpinteria, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.
Subfamily MYCTERIINAE. Wood Ibises.

Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus.

Mycteria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 140. Type, by monotypy,
Myclcria amcricana Linnaeus.

Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Wood Ibis.

Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 140.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

SuPERFAMiLY THRESKIORNITHOIDEA. Ibises and Spoon-
bills.

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE. Ibises and Spoonbills.
Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE. Ibises.

Genus PLEGADIS Kaup.

Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 82. Type, by
monotypy, Tantalus falcincllus Linnaeus.

Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus). White-faced Glossy Ibis.

Scolopax Guarauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 242.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles*
California.

Genus GUARA Reichenbach.

Guara Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xiv. Type, by orig.
desig., Scolopax rubra Linnaeus.

Guara alba (Linnaeus). White Ibis.

Scolopax alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 145.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

FOSSIL BIRDS, 417

Suborder PHOENICOPTERI. Flamingos.
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE. Flamingos.

Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus.

PJioenicopterus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 139. Type, by
monotypy, Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus.

Phoenicopterus copei Shufeldt.

Phoenicopterus copei Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891,
820.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Order ANSERIFORMES. Screamers, Swans,
Geese, and Ducks.

Suborder ANSERES. Swans, Geese, and Ducks,
AND Allies.

Family ANATIDAE. Swans, Geese, and Ducks.
Subfamily CYGNINAE, Swans.

Genus CYGNUS Bechstein.

Cygmis Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., II, 180.3, 404, footnote.
Type, by tautonymy, Ajias cygnus Linnaeus.

Subgenus CYGNUS Bechstein.

Cygnus columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan.

Anas columbianus Ord, in Guthrie, Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida; Fossil Lake,
Oregon.

Subgenus CLANGOCYCNUS. Oberholser.

Clangocycnus Oberholser, Emu, VIII, Ft. 1, July, 1908, 3. Type, by
monotypy, Cygnus buccinator Richardson.

28

418 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Cygnus buccinator Richardson. Trumpeter Swan.

Cygnus buccinator Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn.,
Jameson ed., IV, Aug., 1831, 345.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Itchtucknee River, Florida; Fossil
Lake, Oregon.

Cygnus matthewi (Shufeldt).i

Olor matthewi Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, July 9,
1913, 1.51, pis. XXVI, fig. 309, pi. XXXV, fig. 422.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Cygnus paloregonus Cope.*

Cygnus paloregonus Cope, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., IV, No. 2,
1878, 388.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon;- Froman Ferry, Idaho.

Subfamily ANSERINAE. Geese.

Genus BRANTA Scopoli.

Brania Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, 67. Type by tau-
tonymy, Anas bernicla Linnaeus {Branta Aldrovandus, insynonymjO-

Branta canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Goose.

Amis canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 123.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and Itchtucknee
River, Florida; Fossil Lake, Oregon; Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County,
Alameda County, Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and Upper San Pedro
formation, San Pedro, California.

Branta canadensis htitchinsi (Richardson). Hutchins' Goose.

Anser Hutchinsii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 470.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Itchtucknee River,
and Melbourne, Florida.

Branta minuscula Wetmore.

Branta minuscula Wetmore, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., LXIV, Art. 5, Jan. 15,
1924, 6, figs. 3-4.

Upper Pliocene: Near Benson, Arizona.

' Subgeneric allocation doubtful.
2 Type locality.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 419

Branta esmeralda Burt.

Branta esmeralda Burt, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. iSci., XVIII,
No. 6, March 19, 1929, 222, pi. 20.

Lower Pliocene (Esmeralda beds) ; Fish Lake Valley, Nevada.

Branta howardae Miller.

Branta hoivardae L. H. Miller, Condor, XXXII, No. 4, July 15, 1930, p.
208, fig. 74.

Early Pliocene (Ricardo formation) : Mojave Desert area, California.

Branta bernicia (Linnaeus). Brant.

Anas bernicia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Branta dickeyi Miller.

Branta dickeyi L. H. Miller, Condor, XXVI, No. 5, Sept. 15, 1924, 179,
fig. 46.

Pleistocene: McKittrick, California.

Branta hypsibata (Cope).

Anser hypsibatus Cope, Bull. Ceol. and Oeog. Surv. Terr., IV, No. 2, 1878,
387.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Branta propinqua Shufeldt.

Branta propinqua Shufeldt, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, IX, sig.
53, Oct. 20, 1892, 407, pi. xv, fig. 17.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus PRESBYCHEN Wetmore.

Presbychen Wetmore, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XIX, No. 8, July 15,
1930, 92. Type, by orig. desig., Presbychen abavus Wetmore.

Presbychen abavus Wetmore.

Presbychen abavus Wetmore, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, XIX, No. 8,
July 15, 1930, 92, figs. 5-7.

Miocene (Temblor) : Sharktooth Hill, about seven miles northeast of Bakers-
field, California.

420 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus ANSER Brisson.

Anser Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 58; VI, 261. Type, by tautonymy, Anser
domestica Brisson = Anas anser Linnaeus.

Anser filbifrons (Scopoli). White-fronted Goose.

Branta albifrons Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, 69.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; Upper San
Pedro formation, San Pedro, California.

Anser condoni Shufeldt.

Anser condoni Shufeldt, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, IX, sig. 53,
1892, 406, pi. xvi, figs. 19, 26, 27.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus CHEN Boie.

Chen Boie, Isis von Oken [X], 1822, Heft v (May), col. 563. Type, by
monotypy, Anser hyperboreits Pallas.

SuBGENDS CHEN Boie.

Chen hyperborea (Pallas). Snow Goose.

A^iser hyperboreus Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. vi, 1769, 25.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick,
California.

Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). Blue Goose.

Anas CctrulesceJis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE. Tree-ducks.

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson.

Dendrocygna Swainson, Classif. Birds, II [July 1], 1837, 365. Type, by
subs, desig., A7ias arcuata Horsfield (Gray, 1840).

Dendrocygna eversa Wetmore.

Dendrocygna eversa Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXIV, Art. 5, Jan.
15, 1924, 3, figs. 1-2.

Upper Pliocene: Near Benson, Arizona.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 421

Subfamily ANATINAE. Surface-feeding Ducks.

Genus ANAS Linnaeus.

Anas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 122. Type, by subs, desig.,
Anas boschas Linnaeus = A. pla'yrhynchos Linnaeus (Lesson, 1828).

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Mallard.

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick,
and Upper San Pedro formation, San Pedro, California.

Anas rubripes Brewster. Black Duck.

A7ias obscura rubripes Brewster, Auk, XIX, No. 2, April, 1902, 184.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Itchtucknee River, Florida.

Anas fulvigula Ridgway. Florida Duck.

Anas obscura wax. fulvigula Ridgway, Amer. Nat., VIII, No. 2, Feb., 1874,
111.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and Bradenton,
Florida.

Genus CHAULELASMUS Bonaparte.

Chaulelasmus "G. R. Gray," Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 56.
Type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus,

Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus). Gadwall.

Anas strepera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Itchtucknee River, Florida; Rancho
La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus MARECA Stephens.

Mareca Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XII, Pt. ii, 1824, 130.
Type, by subs, desig., Mareca fistularis Stephens = Anas penelope
Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838).

Mareca americana (Gmelin). Baldpate.

Anas americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 526.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick,
California.

422 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus DAFILA Stephens.

Dafila Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XII, Pt. ii, 1824, 126. Type,
by monotypy, Dafila caudacuta Stephens = Anas acuta Linnaeus.

Dafila acuta (Linnaeus). Pintail.

Anas acuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus NETTION Kaup.

Nettion Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 95. Type, by
monotypy, Anas crecca Linnaeus.

Nettion carolinense (Gmelin). Green-winged Teal.

Anas carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 533.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida; Fossil
Lake, Oregon; Havvver Cave, Eldorado County, McKittrick, and Upper
San Pedro formation, San Pedro, California.

Genus QUERQUEDULA Stephens.

Querquedula Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XII, Pt. ii, 1824, 142.
Type, by tautonymy. Anus circia Linnaeus = Anas querquedula
Linnaeus.

Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). Blue-winged Teal.

Anas discors Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 205.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot). Cinnamon Teal.

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. cd., V, 1816,
104.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick,
and Upper San Pedro formation, San Pedro, California.

Querquedula floridana Shufeldt.

Querquedula floridana Shufeldt, Ninth Ann. Rep. Florida State Geol.
Surv., 1917, 36, pi. 1, fig. 4, pi. 2, fig. 25.

Pleistocene: Vero ' (Stratum 2), Melbourne, Seminole Field, Venice, and
Itchtucknee River, Florida.

1 Type locality.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 423

Genus SPATULA Boie.

Spatula Boie, Isis von Oken, [X] 1822, Heft v (May), col. 564. Type, by
monotypy, Anas clypeata Linnaeus.

Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). Shoveller.

Anas clypeata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick,

California.

Genus AIX Boie.

Aix Boie, Isis von Oken, XXI, 1828, Heft iii-iv (March-April), col. 329.
Type, by subs, desig., Anas sponsa Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838).

Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). Wood Duck.

Anas Sponsa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 128.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Subfamily NYROCINAE. Diving Ducks.

Genus NYROCA Fleming.

Nyroca Fleming, Philos. Zool., IT, 1822, 260. Type, by tautonyray. Anas
nyroca GtJLDENSTADT.

SuBGENu.'s NYROCA Fleming.

Nyroca americana (Evton). Redhead.

Fuligula americana Eyton, Monogr. Anatidtc, 1838, 155.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, California.

Subgenus ARISTONETTA Baird.

Aristonetta Baikd, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, 793. Type by orig. desig.. Anas valisineria
Wilson.

Nyroca valisineria (Wilson). Canvasback.

Anas valisineria Wilson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 103, (pi. 70, fig. 5).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Itchtucknee River, Florida; Fossil
Lake, Oregon.

424 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus FULIX Sundevall.

Fulix Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1835 [1836], 129.
Type by subs, desig., Anas niarila Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way, 1884).

Nyroca affinis (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck.

Fuligula affinis Eyton, Monogr. Anatidae, 1838, 157.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Melbourne (Stratum 2), Itchtucknee
River, Seminole Field, Venice, and cave deposits near Lecanto, Florida.

Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger.

Glaucioneiia Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 409 [Oct. 3].
Type, by orig. desig., Anas clangula Linnaeus.

Glaucionetta islandica (Gmelin). Barrow's Golden-eye.

Anas islandica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 541.
INIodern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus CHARITONETTA Stejneger.

Charitonelta Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 29, 1885, 163. Type,
by orig. desig.. Anas albeola Linnaeus.

Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus). Buffle-head.

Anas Albeola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus CLANGULA Leach.

Clangula Leach, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, 1819, App., xlviii. Type, by
monotypy, Clangula glacialis = Anas hyemalis Linnaeus.

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). Old-squaw.

Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson.

Histrionicus Lesson, Manuel d'Orn., II, 1828, 415. Type, by orig. desig.,
Anas histrionica Linnaeus.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 425

Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus). Harlequin Duck.

Anas histrionica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 127.
IModern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton.

Polystida Eyton, Catal. Brit. Birds, 1836, 58. Type, by monotypy, Anas
stellcri Pallas.

Polysticta stelleri (Pallas). Steller's Eider.

Anas stelleri Pallas, Spic. Zool., I, Fasc. vi, 1769, 35 (pi. v).
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: P^ossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus MELANITTA Boie.

Melanitta Boie, Isis von Oken [X], Heft v (IMay), 1822, col. 564. Type,
by subs, desig.. Anas fusca Linnaeus (Ej-ton, 1838).

Subgenus PELIONETTA Kaup.

Pelionetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 107, Type,
by monotypy, Anas pcrspicillata Linnaeus.

Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter.

Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro formation, San
Pedro, California.

Genus CHENDYTES Miller.

ChemJytes L. H. Miller, Condor, XXVII, No. 4, July 15, 1925, 145.
Type, by monotypy, Chcndytcs lawi L. H. Miller.

Chendytes lawi Miller.

Chendytes lawi L. H. Miller, Condor, XXVII, No. 4, July 15, 1925, 145,
fig. 40.

Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro formation, near Santa Monica, and San Pedro,
California.

Subfamily ERISMATURINAE. Ruddy and Masked Ducks.

Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte.

Erismatura Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, LII, 1832, 208. Type, by
monotypy, Anas rubidiis Wilson.

426 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin). Ruddy Duck.

Anas jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 519.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Venice, Florida; Fossil Lake,
Oregon; McKittrick, California.

Subfamily MERGINAE. Mergansers.

Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach.

Lophixlyle.s Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], ix. Type, by
orig. desig., Mcrgus cucullatus Linnaeus.

Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser.

Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Itchtucknee River, Florida; Fossil
Lake, Oregon.

Genus MERGUS Linnaeus.

MerguH Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., cd. 10, I, 1758, 129. Type, by subs, desig.,
Mergus nurganscr Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Mergus serrator Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser.

Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Order FALCONIFORMES. Birds of Prey.

Suborder CATHARTAE. American Vultures.

Family CATHARTIDAE. American Vultures.

Genus CATHARTES Illiger.

Calhartcs Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, 236. Type, by subs, desig., Vultur
aura Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825).

Cathartes aura aura (Linnaeus). Mexican Turkey Vulture.
Vultur aura Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 86.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 427

Cathartes aura septentrionalis (Wied). Turkey Vulture.

Catharies septentrionalis Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., I, 18.39, 162.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene : Vero (Stratum 2), Melbourne, and
cavern deposits near Lecanto, Florida; Potter Creek and Samwel Caves,
Shasta County; Haw ver Cave, Eldorado County; Carpinteria; Ranchp La
Brea, Los Angeles, and Upper San Pedro formation, San Pedro, California.

Genus CORAGYPS Le Maout.

Coragyps "Geoffroy Ms" Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1853, 57, 66.
Type, by monotypy, Vultur atratus Wilson = VuUur atralus Meyer.

Coragyps atratus (Meyer). Black Vulture.

Vultur atratus "Bartram," F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, 171)4, 290,

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and cavern deposits
near Lecanto, Florida.

Coragyps occidentalis (Miller).

Ccitharista occidentalis L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,

V, No. 21, Sept. 10, 1909, 306.

Pleistocene: Carpinteria and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Coragyps shastensis (Miller).

Catharista shastensis L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,

VI, No. 16, Oct. 28, 1911, 388, fig. 1.

Pleistocene: Potter Creek and Samwel Caves, Shasta County, and Haw ver
Cave, Eldorado County, California.

Genus PHASMAGYPS Wetmore.

Phasinagyps Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No. 2, July
15, 1927, 3. Type, by monotypy, Phas7nagyps patritus Wetmore.

Phasmagyps patritus Wetmore.

Phasmagyps patritus Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No.
2, July 15, 1927, 3, figs. 1-4.

Oligocene (Chadron); Weld County, Colorado.

Genus PALAEOGYPS Wetmore.

Palaeogyps W'etmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No. 2, July
15, 1927, 5. Type, by monotypy, Palaeogyps prodromus Wetmore.

428 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Palaeogyps prodromus Wetmore.

Palaeogyps ■prodromus Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII,
No. 2, July 15, 1927, 5, figs. 5-14.

Oligocene (Chadron) : Weld County, Colorado.

Genus GYMNOGYPS Lesson.

Gyinnogyps Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, ser. 2, VI, Dec. 8, 1842, col.
1037. Type, by monotypy, Vultur californianus Shaw.

Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw). California Condor.

Vultur californianus Shaw, in Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc., IX, 1797,
text to pi. 301.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Sarasota and Seminole Field,
Florida; Carpinteria and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Gymnogyps amplus Miller.

Gymnogyps amplus L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
VI, No. 16, Oct. 28, 1911, 390, fig. 2.

Pleistocene: Samwel Cave, Shasta County, California.

Genus VULTUR Linnaeus.

Vultur Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, 86. Type, by subs,
desig., Vultur gryphus Linnaeus (Allen, 1907).

Vultur clarki (Miller).

Sarcorhamphus clarki L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
VI, No. 1, Nov. 28, 1910, 11, figs. 3a, 36.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus SARCORAMPHUS Dumeril.

Sarcoramphus Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, 32. Type, by subs,
desig., Vultur papa Linnaeus (Froriep, 1806).

Sarcordmphus kemensis (Miller),

Vultur kemensis L. H. Miller, Condor, XXXIII, March 18, 1931, 70,
fig. 16.

Pliocene: Pozo Creek, Kern River Divide, Kern County, about nine miles
northeast of Bakersfield, California.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 429

Genus CATHARTORNIS Miller.

Cathartornis L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., VI,
No. 1, Nov. 28, 1910, 14. Type, by monotypy, Calhartornin gracilis
L. H. Miller.

Cathartornis gracilis Miller.

Cathartornis gracilis L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
VI, No. 1, Nov. 28, 1910, 14, figs. 4a, 46.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, Calif.

Family TERATORNITHIDAE. Teratornithes.
Genits TERATORNIS Miller.

Teratornis, L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., V, No. 21,
Sept. 10, 1909, 307. Type, by monotypy, Teratornis merriami Miller.

Teratornis merriami Miller.'

Teratornis merriami L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
V, No. 21, Sept. 10, 1909, 307, te.\t figs. 1-9.

Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and Bradenton, Florida; Rancho La Brea, Los
Angeles, McKittrick, and Carpinteria, California.

Suborder FALCONES. Kites, Hawks, Buzzards,
Eagles, Harriers, and Falcons.

SuPERFAMiLY FALCONOIDEA. Hawks and Allies.

Family ACCIPITRIIDAE. Kites, Hawks, and Allies.

Genus PALAEOBORUS Coues.

Palaeoborus Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 822, Type, by orig.
desig., Cathartes umb7-osus Cope.

Palaeoborus umbrosus (Cope).^

Cathartes umbrosus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXVI, 1874, sig.
10, Oct. 20, 151.

Pliocene: North of Pojauque, New Mexico.

' Pleistogyps rex L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol., VI, No. 1, Nov. 28,
1910, 16, figs. 5a, 5b is based on the tarso-metatarsus of Teratornis merriami, cf.
L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 349, Aug., 1925, 65, 87, 92.

2 The statement of F. A. Lucas, in Zittel's Text-book of Palaeontology, Engl.
Transl., 2, 1902, 277, that this form is allied to Polyborus seems questionable.
Further study is required before it can be assigned definitely to subfamily.

430 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subfamily AEGYPIINAE. Old World Vultures.

Genus NEOGYPS Miller.

Neogyps L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ.. Bull. Dept.. Geol., IX, No. 9,
March 10, 1916, 108. Type, by monotypy, Neogyps errans L. H. Miller.

Neogyps errans Miller.

Neogyps errans L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., IX, No.
9, March 10, 191G, 108, fig. 2.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, Carpinteria, and McKittrick,
California.

Genus NEOPHRONTOPS Miller.

Neophrontops L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept., Geol., IX, No.
9, March 10, 1916, 106. Type, by monotypy, Neophronlops ainericanus
L. H. Miller.

Neophrontops americanus Miller.

Neophrontops americanus L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept.
Geol., IX, No. 9, March 10, 1916, 106, fig. 1.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, Carpinteria, and McKittrick,
California.

Subfamily ELANINAE. White-tailed Kites.

Genus ELANUS Savigny.

Elanus Savigny, Descr. de I'Egypte, I, 1809, 69, 97. Type, by mono-
typy, Elauus c .csius Savigny = Falco melanopterus Daudin.

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot). White-tailed Kite.

Milvus leucurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. I'd., XX, 1818,
563 [= errore 556].

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Subfamily MILVINAE. True Kites.

Genus PROICTINIA Shufeldt.

Proictinia Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 16, Aug.
4, 1913, 301. Type, by monotypy, Proictinia gilmorei Shufeldt.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 431

Proictinia effera Wetmore.

Proictinia effera Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVIII, Art. 12,
Dec. 3, 1923, 504, figs. 19-20.

Lower Miocene (Harrison beds); Agate Fossil Quany, Sioux County, Ne-
braska.

Proictinia gflmorei Shufeldt.

Proictinia ffilmorei Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. IMus. Nat. Hist., XXXH, Art.
16, Aug. 4, 1913, 301, pi. LV, fig. 27.

Lower Pliocene (Loup Fork formation); Long Island, Phillips County,
Kansas.

Subfamily ACCIPITRIINAE. Bird Hawks.

Genus ASTUR Lacepede.

Astur Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 4. Type, by subs, desig.,
Falco pilumbarius Linnaeus (Vigors, 1824).

Astur atricapillus (Wilson). Goshawk.

Falco atricapillus Wilson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 80 (pi. 52, fig. 3).
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Carpinteria, California.

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson.

Acdpiter Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 28; VI, 310. Type by tautonymy,
Accipiter Brisson = Falco nisus Linnaeus.

Accipiter velox (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Falco velox Wilson, Amer. Orn., V, 1S12, 116 (pi. 45, fig. 1).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel Cave, Shasta Count}', and
Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper's Hawk.

Falco cooperii Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., II, 1828, 1, (pi. x, fig. 1).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Subfamily BUTEONINAE. Buzzards and Eagles.

Genus BUTEO Lacepede.

Buteo Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 4, Type, by tautonymy, Falco
buteo Linnaeus.

432 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus BUTEO LACfipfeDE.

Buteo borealis (Gmelin). Red-tailed Hawk.

Falco borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, Pt. i, 1788, 266.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Venice, and Mel-
bourne (Stratum 2), Florida; Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, and
Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Buteo lineatus (Gmelin). Red-shouldered Hawk.

Falco liiwatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 268.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Venice, and Mel-
bourne, Florida.

Buteo platypterus (Vieiliot). Broad- winged Hawk.

Spandus platypterus Vieillot, Tableau Eneycl. Meth., Ill, 1823, 1273.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 3.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Buteo typhoius Wetmore.

Buteo typhoim Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVIII, Art. 12,
Dec. 3, 1923, 489, figs. 3-5.

Miocene: Snake Creek beds ^ and Lower Harrison beds south of Agate, Sioux
County, Nebraska.

Subgenus TRIORCHIS Kaup.

Triorchis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 84. Type, by
monotypy, Falco lagopus Gmelin = Falco lagopus Pontoppidan.

Buteo regalis (Gray). Ferruginous Rough-leg.

Arch'ibuteo regalis Gray, Genera of Birds, I, Pt. i. May, 1844, pi. vi.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Hawver Cave, Eldorado Count}',
and McKittrick, California.

Genus GERANOAETUS Kaup.

Geranoaetus Kaup, Class. Siiug. und Vogel, 1844, 122. Type, by mono-
typy, Falco aguia Temminck = Spizaetus melanoleucus Vieillot.

' Type locality.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 433

Geranoaetus ales Wetmore.

Geranoaetus ales Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XVI, No. 4, April 10,
1926, 403, pi. 38, figs. 1-5.

Miocene (Lower Harrison beds); Quarry No. 2, Agate Springs Fossil Quar-
ries, Sioux County, Nebraska.

Geranoaetus conterminus Wetmore.

Geranoaetus conterminus Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVIII,
Art. 12, Dec. 3, 1923, 497, figs. 11-13.

Lower Pliocene (Snake Creek beds); 20 miles south of Agate, Sioux County,
Nebraska.

Geranoaetus contortus Wetmore.

Geranoaetus contortus Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XLVIII,
Art. 12, Dec. 3, 1923, 492, figs. 6-9.

Upper Miocene (Snake Creek beds); 20 miles south of Agate, Sioux County,
Nebraska.

Geranoaetus dananus (Marsh).

Aquita danana Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, II, Aug., 1871, 125.
Miocene (Loup Fork) : Loup Fork River, Nebraska.

Geranoaetus fragilis Miller.

Geranoaetus fragilis L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.
VI, No. 12, Oct. 9, 1911, 315, figs. 5a, 56.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and Carpinteria, California.

Geranoaetus grinnelli Miller.

Gcrarwaetus grinjiclli L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
VI, No. 12, Oct. 9, 1911, 314, figs. 4a, 46.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and Carpinteria, California.

Genus URUBITINGA Lafresnaye.

Urubitinga Lafresnaye, Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat., II, 1843, 786. Type, by
tautonymy, L'Aigle Autour, Urubitinga do Cuvier = Falco urubitinga,
Gmelin.

Urubitinga enecta Wetmore.

Urubitinga enecta Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVIII, Art.
12, Dec. 3, 1923, 500, figs. 14-18.

Early Middle Miocene (Sheep Creek Beds); 20 miles south of Agate, Sioux
County, I*Jebraska.
29

434 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus WETMOREGYPS Miller.

Wetmoregyps L. H. Miller, Condor, XXX, No. 4, July 16, 1928, 255.
Type, by orig. desig., Morphnus daggetti L. H. Miller.

Wetmoregyps daggetti (Miller).

Morphnus daggetti L. H. Miller, Condor, XVII, No. 5, Oct. 10, 1915,
179, fig. 63.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea,^ Los Angeles, and Carpinteria, California.

Genus AQUILA Brisson.

Aqiiila Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 28, 419. Type, by tautonymy, Aqulla
Brisson = Falco chrysactos Linnaeus.

Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle.

Falco chrysaetos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 88.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; Rancho La
Brea, Los Angeles, Carpinteria, and McKittrick, California.

Aquila ferox Shufeldt.-

Aquila ferox Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 16,
Aug. 4, 1913, 297.

Eocene (Bridger) : Henry's Fork, Wyoming.

Aquila l^dekkeri Shufeldt.^

Aquila lydekkeri Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 16,
Aug. 4, 1913, 298.

Eocene (Bridger): Lower Cottonwood Creek, Wyoming.

Aquila pliogryps Shufeldt.

Aquila pliogryps Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891, 821,
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Aquila sodalis Shufeldt.

Aquila sodalis Shufeldt, Amer, Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891, 821.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus HALIAEETUS Savigny.

Haliaeelus Savigny, Descr. de I'Egypte, I, 1809, 68, 85. Type, by
monotypy, Haliaeetv^ nisus Savigny = Falco albicilla Linnaeus,

1 Type locality.

^ Generic allocation doubtful.

FOSSIL BIRDS, 435

Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus). Bald Eagle.

Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 124.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Venice, Melbourne,
and cavern deposits near Lecanto, Florida; Niobrara River, near Peters,
Sheridan County, Nebraska; Fossil Lake, Oregon; Rancho La Brea, Los
Angeles, and Upper San Pedro, near San Pedro, California.

Genus MORPHNUS Dumont.

Morpfmus Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., I, October, 1816, 88. Type, by subs,
desig., Morphnus gidanensis (Daudin) (Chubb, 1916).

Morphnus woodwardi Miller.

Morphnus woodwardi L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
VI, No. 12 ,Oct. 9, 1911, 312, figs, 3o, 36.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.
Subfamily CIRCINAE. Harriers.

Genus CIRCUS Lacepede.

Circus Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 4. Type, by subs, desig.,
Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus (Lesson, 1828).

Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk.

Falco hudsonius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 128.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; McKittrick,
and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Subfamily PANDIONINAE. Ospreys.

Genus PANDION Savigny.

Pandion Savigny, Descr. de I'Egypte, I, 1809, 69, 95. Type, by mono-
typy, Pandion fluvialis Savigny = Falco haliaetus Linnaeus.

Pandion haliaetus Linnaeus. Osprey.

Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 91.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Melbourne (Stratum 2), Florid^.

436 check list of north american birds.

Family FALCONIDAE. Caracaras and Falcons.
Subfamily POLYBORINAE. Caracaras.

Genus POLYBORUS Vikillot.

Polyborus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 22. Type, by monotypy, Caracara,
Bu; FON = Falco tharus Molina.

Polyborus cheriway (Jacquin). Audubon's Caracara.

Falco (cheriway) Jacquin, Bcytr. Gesch. Vogel, 1784, 17, pi. 4.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and Melbourne,
Florida; McKittrick, Carpinteria, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Subfamily FALCO NINAE. Falcons.

Genus FALCO Linnaeus.

Falco Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 88. Type, by subs, desig.,
Falco subbuteo Linnaeus (A. O. U. Coram., 1886).

Subgenus HIEROFALCO Cuvier.

Hierofalco Cuvier, Rcgne Animal, I, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 312. Type, by
monotypy, Falco candicans Gmelin.

Falco mexicanus Schlegel. Prairie Falcon.

Falco mexicanus "Lichtenstein," Schlegel, Abh. Geb. Zool., Heft iii,
1850, 15.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, and Rancho La Brea,
Los Angeles, California.

Falco swarthi Miller.

Falco sivarlhi L. H. Miller, Condor, XXIX, No. 3, May 15, 1927, 152,
fig. 54.

Pleistocene: McKittrick, California. •

Subgenus RHYNCHODON Nitzsch.

Rhynchodon Nitzsch, Obs. Avium Art. Carot. Comm., 1829, 20, Type,
by subs, desig., Falco pcrcgrinus Tunstall (A. O. U. Comm., 1886).

FOSSIL BIRDS. 437

Falco peregrinus Tunstall. Duck Hawk.

Falco Peregrinus Txjnstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, 1.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County,
McKittrick, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Subgenus TINNUNCUXUS Vieillot.

Tinnunculus Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 39. Type, by subs,
desig., Falco columbarius Linnaeus (Walden, 1872),

Falco columbarius Linnaeus. Pigeon Hawk.

Falco columbarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 90.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Subgenus CERCHNEIS Boie.

Ceichneis Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 1826, Heft x (Oct.), col. 970.
Type, by monotypy, Falco rupicolus Daudin.

Falco sparverius Linnaeus. Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 90.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Cavern deposits near Lecanto,
Florida; Samwel and Potter Creek Caves, Shasta County, McKittrick,
Carpi nteria, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

^alco falconellus Shufeldt.^

Falco falconella Shufeldt, Trjins. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
40, pi. XV, figs. 139-143.

Eocene (Bridger); Wyoming.

1 Generic allocation doubtful.

438 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order GALLIFORMES. Gallinaceous Birds
and hoatzins.

Suborder GALLI. Gallinaceous Birds.

superfamily cracoidea. curassows and guans.

Family GALLINULOIDIDAE. Gallinuloides.

Genus GALLINULOIDES Eastman.^

Gallinuloides Eastman, Geol. Mag., Feb. 1900, 54. Type, by monotypy,
Gallinuloides wyoiningensis Eastman.

Gallinuloides wyomingensis Eastman.

Gallintdoides ivyomingensis Eastman, Geol. Mag., n. s., Pt. 4, VII, No. 2,
Feb., 1900, 54, pi. iv.

Eocene (Bridger, Green River Shales); Fossil,- and Henry's Fork, Wyoming.

Family CRACIDAE. Curassows and Guans.
Subfamily PENELOPINAE. Guans.

Genus ORTALIS Merrem.

Ortalida { = Ortalis] Meerem, Avium Rar. Icones et Descrip., II, 1786, 40.
Type, by subs, desig., Phasianus motmot Linnaeus (Lesson, 1829).

Ortalis phengites Wetmore. •

Ortalis phengites Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVIII, Art. 12,
Dec. 3, 1923, 487, figs. 1-2.

Lower Pliocene (Snake Creek beds): South of Agate, Sioux County, Ne-
braska.

1 Palaeobonasa Shufeldt, Journ. Geol., XXXIII, 1915, 633, type Gallinu-
loides wyomingensis Eastman is a direct synonym of Gallinuloides.

2 Type locality.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 439

SupERFAMiLY PHASIANOIDEA. Grouse, Quails,
Pheasants, and Turkeys.

Family TETRAONIDAE. Grouse and Ptarmigans.

Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot,

Dendragapus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVI] 1864, No. 1,
Jan.-Feb. [April 23], 23. Type, by subs, desig., Tetrao obscuriis Say
(Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1874) .

Dendragapus obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse.

Tetrao obscurm Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 14 (note).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel and Potter Creek Caves,
Shasta County, California.

Genus BO NASA Stephens.

Bonasa Stephens, in Shaw, General Zoology, XI, Pt. ii, Aug., 1819, 298.
Type, by subs, desig., Tetrao umhelliis Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus). Ruffed Grouse.

Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 275.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Cave near Frankstown, Pennsyl-
vania; Cumberland Cave, near Corriganville, Alleghany County, Mary-
land; Caves of Tennessee; Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California.

Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger.

Tympanuchus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 [pp. 1-450,
1841], 396. Type, by monotypy, Tetrao cupido Linnaeus.

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway). Lesser Prairie Chicken.

Cupidonia cupido var. pallididncta Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, No. 12,
Dec, 1873, 199.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Tympanuchus lulli Shufeldt.

Tympanuchus lulli Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb.,
1915, 69, pi. XII, fig. 90.

? Pleistocene: Hornerstown, New Jersey.

440 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus PEDIOECETES Baird.

Pedioecetes Baird, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxi, xliv, [Pediocietes] 619, 625. Type, by orig.
desig., Tetrao phasianellm Linnaeus.

Pedioecetes phasianellus (Linnaeus). Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Tetrao Phasianellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 160.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Pedioecetes lucasi Shufeldt.

Pediocsetes lucasi Shufeldt, Auk, VIII, No. 4, Oct., 1891, 367.
Pleistocene; Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Pedioecetes nanus Shufeldt.

Pediocsetes nanus Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891, 821.
Pleistocene; Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson.

Centrocercus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., II, 1831 [1832], 358, 496. Type, by orig. desig., Tetrao uro-
phasianus Bonaparte.

Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). Sage Hen.

Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., Ill, No. 10, April-Sept.,
1827, 213.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus PALAEOTETRIX Shufeldt.

Palaeotetrix Shufeldt, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, IX, sig. 53,
Oct. 20, 1892, 415, Type, by monotypy, Palaeotetrix gilli Shufeldt.

Palaeotetrix gflli Shufeldt.

Palaeotetrix gilli Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891, 821.
Pleistocene; Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus PALAEALECTORIS Wetmore.

Palaealectoris Wetmore, Condor, XXXII, No. 3, May 15, 1930, 152.
Type, by monotypy, Palaealectoris incertus Wetmore.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 441

Palaealectoris incertus Wetmore.

Palaealectoris incertus Wetmore, Condor, XXXII, No. 3, May 15, 1930,
152, figs. 51-53.

Lower Miocene: Agate fossil quarry, near Agate, Sioux County, Nebraska.

Genus PALAEOPHASIANUS Shufeldt.

Palaeophasiamts Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 16,
Aug. 4, 1913, 291. Type, by monotypy, Palaeophasianus meleagroides
Shufeldt.

Palaeophasianus meleagroides Shufeldt.

Palaeophasianus meleagroides Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXII, Art. 16, Aug. 4, 1913, 291, pi. LVIII, figs. 81-84, 86-88.

Eocene (Wasatch ^ and Bridger) : Elk Creek, Big Horn Basin, and Henry's
Fork, Wyoming.

Family PERDICIDAE. Partridges and Quails.
Subfamily ODONTOPHORINAE. American Quails.

Genus COLINUS Goldfuss.

Colinus Goldfuss, in Schubert, Handbuch Naturg., Ill, (Zool.) Abth. ii,
1820, 220. Type, by monotypy, Perdix mexicanus, Caille de la Louisi-
ana, PI. Enl. 149 = Tetrao virginianioi Linnaeus.

Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus). Bob-white.

Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 161.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Melbourne, and
cavern deposits near Lecanto, Florida; caves of Tennessee.

Colinus eatoni Shufeldt.

Colinus eatoni Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
70, pi XIII, fig. 103.

Geologic age uncertain: Western Kansas.

Genus LOPHORTYX Bonaparte.

Lophartyx Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 42. Type, by subs,
desig., Tetrao califoriiicus Shaw (Gray, 1840).

Described from specimen from the Wasatch of Elk Creek.

442 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Lophortyx calif omica (Shaw). California Quail.

Tetrao californiais Shaw, in Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc., IX, 1798,
text to pi. 345,

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Hawver Cave, Eldorado County,
Carpinteria, McKittrick, and upper San Pedro formation, San Pedro,
California.

Genus OREORTYX Baird.

Oreortyx Baird, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv.
R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xxi, xlv, 638, 642. Type, by orig. desig., Ortyx
pida Douglas.

Oreortyx picta (Douglas). Pliuned Quail.

Ortyx pida Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XVI, Pt. i, 1829, 143.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Potter Creek and Samwel Caves,
Siiasta County, and Hawver Cave, Eldorado County, California.

Family PHASIANIDAE. Pheasants.

Genus PHASIANUS Linnaeus.^

Phasianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 158. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Phasianiis colchicus Linnaeus.

Phasianus alfhfldae Shufeldt.

Phasiamis alfhildae Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb.,
1915, 71.

Geologic age uncertain: 100 feet below horizon of Haystack Butte, Haystack
Mountain, Wyoming.

Phasianus roberti Stone.

Phasianus roberti Stone, Auk. XXXII, No. 3, July (June 29), 1915, 376.

Upper Oligocene (Middle John Day) : Parilina Creek, six miles from junction
with Beaver Creek, Oregon.

Phasianus mioceanus Shufeldt.

Phasianus mioceantis Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX,
Feb., 1915, 60, pi. xiii, figs. 94, 96.
Miocene: Chimney Rock and Scott's Bluff, Nebraska.

1 Allocations of the following species to the Old Word genus Phasianus fol-
lows the usage of the original describers, and is subject to verification.

fossil birds. 443

Family MELEAGRIDIDAE. Turkeys.

Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus.

Meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 175S, 156. Type, by subs.
desig., Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

M eleagris gallopavo Linnaexs. Wild Turkey.

Meleagris Gallopavo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 156.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Hartman, or Crystal Hill Caves,
and Durham Cave, Bucks County, and caves near Carlisle, Pennsylvania;
caves of Tennessee; fissure beds, Arkansas; Seminole Field, Sarasota,
Bradenton, Itchtucknee River, Vero, Melbourne, and cavern deposits at
Ocala and Lecanto, Florida.

Meleagris antiqua Marsh.

Meleagris antiquus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, II, Aug., 1871, 126.
Oligocene (White River); "G Ranch," Colorado.

Meleagris celer Marsh.

Meleagris celer Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 261.
Pleistocene: Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Meleagris richmondi Shufeldt.

Meleagris richmondi Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb.,
1915, 67, pi. II, fig. 19.

Pleistocene: near Mission San Jose, California.

Meleagris superba Cope.

Meleagris superbus Cope, Trans. Amer. PhUos. Soc, n. s., XIV, Pt. i,
Dec, 1870, 239.

Pleistocene: Monmouth County, New Jersey; Frankstown and Port Ken-
nedy Caves, Pennsylvania.

Meleagris tridens Wetmore.

Meleagris tridens Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 85, No. 2, April 13, 1931,
33, fig. 13.

Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Pinellas County, Florida.

444 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus PARAPAVO Miller.

Parapavo L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., IX, No. 9,
March 10, 1916, 96. Type, by monotypy, Pavo californicus Miller.

Parapavo californicus (Miller).

Pavo californicus L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.,
V, No. 19, Aug. 14, 1909, 285, pi. 25.

Pleistocene: Carpinteria, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Order GRUIFORMES. Cranes, Rails, and Allies.

Suborder GRUES. Cranes, Rails, and Limpkins.

SupERFAMiLY GRUOIDEA. Cranes and Limpkins.

Family GRUIDAE. Cranes.

Subfamily GRUINAE. Cranes.
Genus ALETORNIS Marsh.i

Aleiornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. .3, IV, Oct., 1872, 256. Tj^pe, by
subs, desig., Aleiornis nohilis Marsh (Hay, 1902).

Aletornis bellus Marsh.-

Aletornis belhis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 258.
Eocene (Bridger): Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.

Aletornis gracilis Marsh.^

Aletornis gracilis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 258.
Eocene (Bridger); Henry's Fork, Wyoming.

Aletornis nobilis Marsh. ^

Aletornis nobilis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 256.
Eocene (Bridger); Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.

1 Allocation in the subfamily Gruinse provisional.

2 Considered by Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 32,
76, as possibly a species of Scolopacidae.

3 Placed by Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 30-31,
in the genus Grus, a doubtful procedure.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 445

Aletomis pemix Marsh.

Aletornis pemix Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 256.
Eocene (Bridger); Henry's Fork, Wyoming.
Aletomis veniistus Marsh. ^

Aletomis venustus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 257.
Eocene (Bridger): Henry's Fork, Wyoming.

Genus GRUS Pallas,

Grus Pallas, Misc. Zool., 1766, 66. Type, by tautonymy, Ardca gnu,
Linnaeus.

Grus americana (Linnaeus). Whooping Crane.

Ardea americana Linnaeus, 8yst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 142.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Itchtucknee River,
and Melbourne (Stratum 2), Florida.

Grus canadensis (Linnaeus). Brown Crane.-

A7-dca canadc7isis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 141.
Modern form reported from Pliocene: (Upper Snake Creek formation) of
Sioux County, Nebraska; from ?Pleistocene of the Niol)rara River,
Nebraska;^ from ?Pleistocene of Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming; and from
Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and McKittrick, California,
and Seminole Field and Bradenton, Plorida.

Grus marshi Shufeldt.*

Grm marshi Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 77,
pi. XV, figs. 144-147.

Eocene (Bridger) : Henry's Fork, Wyoming.

1 Placed by Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 31-32,
76, in the genus Fulic.a, a doubtful procedure.

^ Grus canadensis is used as a group name to cover records of Cranes of this
type from the Pliocene and Pleistocene, including specimens that range in size
from the modern Little Brown Crane to the Sandhill Crane. A small Crane
of uncertain identity is reported by Wetmore from the Pleistocene of Florida.

Grus minor L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., V, Aug.,
1910, 446, fig. 8, from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea, is now considered
by the describer as a synonym of Grus canadensis.

5 This specimen, from either Pliocene or Pleistocene deposits, is the basis of
Grus haydeni Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, 1870, 214, considered
by Wetmore, Amer. Mus. Nov., 302, Feb. 29, 1928, 4, as a synonym of Grus
canadensis.

^ Generic allocation doubtful.

446 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Grus proavus Marsh.

Grus -proavus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 261.
Pleistocene: Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Grus nannodes Wetmore and Martin.

Grus nannodes Wetmore and Martin, Condor, XXXII, No. 1, Jan. 20,
1930, 62, figs. 23-25.

Pliocene: Sherman County, Kansas.

Grus prentici (Loomis).^

Gallinuloides prentici F. B. Loomis, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, XXII, Dec,
1906, 481, figs. 1-3.

Eocene (Wasatch) : Head of Elk Creek, 10 miles west of Otto, Wyoming.

Family ARAMIDAE. Limpkins.

Genus ARAMUS Vieillot.

Aramus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 58. Type, by monotypy, Courliri,
BuFFON = Ardea scolopacea Gmelin.

Aramus pictus (Meyer). Limpkin.

Tantalus pictus "Bartram," F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, I, 1794, 287.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, and Itchtucknee
River, Florida.

Genus ARAMORNIS Wetmore.

Aramornis Wetmore, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 211, March 11, 1926, 1.
Type, by orig. desig., Aramornis longurio Wetmore.

Aramornis longurio Wetmore.

Aramornis longurio Wetmore, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 211, March 11,
1926, 1, figs. 1-4.

Early Middle Miocene (Mcrychippus pri7nus zone of Sheep Creek beds);
Snake Creek Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska.

1 Placed in Grus by Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
42, Generic allocation here doubtful,

FOSSIL BIRDS. 447

SuPERFAMiLY RALLOIDEA. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.

Family RALLIDAE. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
Subfamily RALLINAE. Rails.

Genus TELMATORNIS Marsh.i

Telmafornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March, 1870, 210.
Type, by subs, desig., Telmatornis priscus Marsh (Ha^^ 1902).

Telmatomis affinis Marsh.

Telmatornis affinis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March, 1870,
211.

Eocene: Hornerstown, New Jersey.

Telmatornis priscus Marsh.

Telmatornis priscus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March,
1870, 210.

Eocene: Hornerstown, New Jersey.

Telmatomis rex Shufeldt.

Telmatornis rex Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
27, pi. XIII, fig. 101.

Eocene: Hornerstown, New Jersey.

Genus PALAEORALLUS Wetmore.

Palaeorallus Wetmore, Condor, XXXIII, No. 3, May 15, 1931, 108.
Type, by orig. desig., Palaeorallus iroxelli Wetmore.

Palaeorallus troxelli Wetmore.

Palaeorallus troxelli Wetmore, Condor, XXXIII, No. 3, May 15, 1931,
108, figs. 26-29.

Eocene (Wasatch) : Northwest of Little Tatman Mountain, near Burlington,
Wyoming.

Genus CRECCOIDES Shufeldt.

Creccoides Shufeldt, in Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXX, April 14,
1892, 125. TjTJe, by monotypy, Creccoides osbornii Shufeldt.

Allocation in this subfamily provisional.

448 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Creccoides osborni Shufeldt.

Creccoides osbornii Shufeldt, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXX, April 14,
1892, 125.

Pleistocene: Blanco Canyon, Crosby County, Texas.

Genus RALLUS Linnaeus.

Rallus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 153. Type, by subs, desig.,
Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus (Fleming, 1821).

Rallus elegans Audubon. King Rail.

Rallus clcgans Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), III, pi. 203, 1834.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole area and Itchtucknee
River, Florida.

Rallus longirostris Boddaert. Clapper Rail.

Rallus longirostris Boddaert, Table PI. Enl., 1783, 52.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Rallus limicola Vieillot. Virginia Rail.

Rallus limicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., XXVIII,
1819, 558.

Modern form recorded from Pleistocene: McKittrick, California.

Genus ARAMIDES Pucheran.

Aramides Pucheran, Rev. Zool., VIII, for Aug., 1845, 277. Type, by
subs, desig., Rallus cayanensis Gmelin (Gray, 1855).

Aramides cajanea (Muller). Wood Rail.

Fulica cajanea MOller, Natursyst Suppl., 1776, 119.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Subfamily GALLINULINAE. Gallinules.
Genus GALLINULA Brisson.

Gallinula Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 50; VI, 2. Type, by tautonymy,
Gallinula Brisson = Fulica chloropus Linnaeus.

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus). Florida Gallinule.

Fulica chloropus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 152.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field and Itchtucknee
River, Florida.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 449

Genus PALAEOCREX Wetmore.i

Palaeocrex Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No. 2, July 15,
1927, 9. Type, by monotypy, Palaeocrex fax Wetmore.

Palaeocrex fax Wetmore.

Palaeocrex fax Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No. 2,
July 15, 1927, 9, figs. 15-lS.

Oligocene (Chadron): Weld County, Colorado.

Genus EOCREX Wetmore.

Eocrex Wetmore, Condor, XXXIII, No. 3, May 15, 1931, 107. Type, by
orig. desig., Eocrex primus Wetmore.

Eocrex primus Wetmore.

Eocrex primus Wetmore, Condor, XXXIII, No. 3, May 15, 1931, 107,
figs. 21-25.

Eocene (Wasatch) : Near Steamboat Springs, Sweetwater County, Colorado
(Sec. 13, T. 24 N., R. 102 W., in Cathedral Bluffs).

Subfamily FULICINAE. Coots.

Genus FULICA Linnaeus.

Fulica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 175S, 152. Type, by subs, desig.,
Fulica atra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Fulica minor Shufeldt.

Fulica minor Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1S91, 820.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Fulica americana Gmelin. American Coot.

Fulica americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 704.

Modern form recorded from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Bradenton, and
Itchtucknee River, Florida; Fossil Lake, Oregon.

1 Subfamily allocation provisional.

30

450 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order DIATRYMIFORMES. Diatrymas.

Family DIATRYMIDAE. Diatrymas.

Genus BARORNIS Marsh.

Barornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XLVIII, 1894, 344. Type, by
monotypy, Barornis regens Marsh.

Barornis regens Marsh. ^

Barornis regens Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XLVIII, 1894, 344, text
fig-
Eocene: "Squankum," New Jersey.

Genus DIATRYMA Cope. 2

Diatnjma Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXVIII] 1876, sig. 2,
April 18, 11. Type, by monotypy, Diatnjma gigantea Cope.

Diatryma ajax Shifeldt.

Diatryma ajax Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 16,
Aug. 4, 1913, 287, pis. LII, figs. 4-5, LIII, figs. 8-10, LIV, figs. 13-14.

Lower Eocene (basal Wasatch): 3 miles southeast of mouth of Pat O'Hara
Creek, Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming.

Diatryma giganteum Cope.

Diatryma gigantea Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XXVIII] 1876, sig.
2, AprQ 18, 11.

Lower Eocene: (Lower Wasatch) New Me.xico.

Diatryma steini Matthew and Granger.

Diatryma steini Matthew and Granger, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVII, Art. 11, May 28, 1917, 322, pis. 20-33.

Lower Eocene (Gray Bull Horizon, Lower Wasatch): South Elk Creek,
Bighorn Basin, Wyoming.

1 Considered by Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
37-38, a species of Diatryma.

2 Diatnjma (?) fdifera Cockerell, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 62, March 16,
1923, 1, described from the Green River Eocene of Colorado is not avian.
See Wetmore, Auk, 1930, 579-580.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 451

Genus OMORHAMPHUS Sinclair.

Omorhamphus Sinclair, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, LXVII, 192S, 51.
Type, by monotypy, Omorhamphus storchii Sinclair.

Omorhamphus storchi Sinclair.

Omorhamphus storchii Sinclair, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, LXVII, 1928,
52, pis. 1-2, figs. 1-3.

Lower Eocene (Lower Gray Bull Horizon, Lower Wasatch): one and one
half miles southeast of Dorsey Creek, about two miles south of Otto-
Basin Road, Bighorn County, Wyoming.

Order CHARADRIIFORMES. Shore Birds, Gulls,
Auks, and Allies.

Suborder CHARADRII. Jacanas and Shore Birds.

SuPERFAMiLY CHARADRIOIDEA. Shore Birds.

Family HAEMATOPODIDAE. Oyster-Catchers.

Genus PARACTIORNIS Wetmore.

Paraciiornis Wetmore, Condor, XXXII, No. 3, May 15, 1930, 153.
Type, by monotypy, Paraciiornis perpusillus Wetmore.

Paractiomis perpusillus Wetmore.

ParacHornis perpusillus Wetmore, Condor, XXXII, No. 3, May 15, 1930,
153, figs. 54-56.

Lower Miocene: Carnegie Hill, Agate fossil quarry, near Agate, Sioux
County, Nebraska.

Family CHARADRIIDAE. Plovers, Turnstones and
Surf-Birds.

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE. Plovers.

Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus.

Charadrius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 150. Type, by tau-
tonymy, Charadrius kiaticula Linnaeus.

452 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Charadrius sheppardianus Cope.*

Charadrius sheppardianus Cope, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., VI,
No. 1, Feb. 11, 1881, 83.

Upper Miocene (Florissant): Florissant, Colorado.

Genus OXYECHUS Reichenbach.

Oxyechus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 [1853], xviii. Type, by
orig. desig., Charadrius vocijerus Linnaeus.

Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus). KiJldeer.

Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 150.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKit trick, and Rancho La Brea,
Los Angeles, California.

Genus LIMICOLAVIS Shufeldt.^

Limicolavis Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 55.
Type, by monotj'py, Limicolavis pluvianella Shufellt.

Limicolavis pluvianella Shufelet.

Limicolavis pluvianella Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX,
Feb., 1915, 55, pi. XV, fig. 129.

?01igocene: Lower Willow Creek, Oregon.
Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers.

Genus PALAEOTRINGA Marsh.^

Palaeotringa Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March, 1870, 208.
Type, by subs, desig., Palaeotringa littoralis Marsh (Hay, 1902).

Palaeotringa littoralis Marsh.''

Palaeotringa littoralis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March,
1870, 208.

Eocene: Hornerstown, New Jersey.

* Subgeneric relationships not entirely certain at present.

2 Family relations not wholly certain.

2 No attempt is made to indicate the subfamily relationship of this genus,
as at present this is uncertain.

4 Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb. 1915, 23, 77, pi. VI,
fig. 35, believes this to be a gull, but this is open to question.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 453

Palaeotringa vagans Marsh.

Palaeotringa vagans Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, III, May, 1872, .365.
Eocene: Hornerstown, New Jersey.

Palaeotringa vetus Marsh.

Palaeotringa vetus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March, 1870,
209.

Eocene: Arneytown, New Jersey.

Subfamily NUMENIINAE. Curlews, Yellow-legs, and Allies.

Genus TOTANUS Bechstein.

Totanus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutsclil., II, 1803, 282. Type, by
tantonymy, Totanus maculatus Bechstein = Scolopax totanus Lin-
naeus.

Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs.

Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 659.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, California.

Subfamily CALIDRIINAE. Sandpipers, Godwits, and Allies.

Genus PELIDNA Cuvier.

Pelidna Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817, [Dec. 7, 1816] 490. Type, by
subs, desig., Tringa cinclus Linnaeus, 1766 = Tringa alpina Linnaeus,
1758 (Gray, 1840).

Pelidna alpina (Linnaeus). Red-backed Sandpiper.

Tringa alj/ina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 149.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, California,

Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied.

Limnodromus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil, IV, Abth. ii, 1833, 716. Type,
by monotypy, Scolopax grisea Gmelin.

Limnodromus griseus (Gmelin). Dowitcher.

Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 658.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, and Ilancho La Brea,
Los Angeles, California.

454 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

Genus MICROPALAMA Baird.

Micropnlama Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 185S, xxii, xlvii, 714, 726. Type, by orig. desig.,
Tringa himantopus Bonaparte.

Micropalama hestemus Wetmore.

Micropalama hestemus Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXIV, Art. 5,
Jan. 15, 1924, 11, figs. 6-7.

Upper Pliocene: Two miles south of Benson, Arizona.

Genus LIMOSA Brisson.

Limosa Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 261; V, 48. Type, by tautonymy, Liinosa
Brisson = Scolopax limosa Linnaeus.

Lim6sa vanrossemi Miller.

Limosa vanrossemi L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug.,
1925, 116, pi. 6.

Miocene (Temblor, Turritella ocoijana zone); Lompoc, California.
Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts.

Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaeus.

Recurvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 151. Type, by mono-
typy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus.

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. Avocet.

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 693.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, California.

Family PRESBYORNITHIDAE. Presbyornithes.

Genus PRESBYORNIS Wetmore.

Presbyornis Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XVI, April 10, 1926, 396.
Type, by monotypy, Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore.

Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore.

Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XVI, April 10, 1926,
396, pi. 37, figs. 10-20.

Eocene (bottom of Green River Formation) : White River, Utah, two miles
from Colorado State Line.

fossil birds. 455

Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes.
Genus LOBIPES Cuvier.

Lobipcs Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817 [Dec. 7, 1816], 495. Type, by
orig. desig., Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus = Tringa lobata Linnaeus.

Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope.

Tringa lobata [sic] Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

SuPERFAMiLY OEDICNEMOIDEA. Thick-knees.

Family OEDICNEMIDAE. Thick-knees.

Subfamily BATHORNITHINAE. Bathornithes.

Genus BATHORNIS Wetmore.

Bathornis Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No. 2, July 15,
1927, 11. Type, by monotypy, Bathornis veredus Wetmore.

Bathornis veredus Wetmore.

Bathornis veredus Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, No. 2,
July 15, 1927, 11, figs. 19-24.

Oligocene (Chadron): Weld County, Colorado.

. Suborder LARI. Skuas, Gulls and Terns.

Family LARIDAE. Gulls and Terns.
Subfamily LARINAE. Gulls,

Genus LARUS Linnabus.i

Larus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. Type, by subs, desig.,
Larus canus Linnaeus (Selby, 1840).

1 Larus vero Shufeldt, (Jour. Geol., Jan.-Feb., 1917, 18) has been identified
by Wetmore as Nyctanassa violacea Linnaeus (Smiths. Misc. Coll., LVXXXV,
No. 2, April 13, 1931, 16).

456 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Subgenus LARUS Linnaeus.

Larus glaucescens Naumann. Glaucous-winged Gull.

Larus glaucescens Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschl., X, 1840, 351.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro, near San Pedro,
California.

Larus argentatus Pontoppidan. Herring Gull.

Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, I, 1763, 622.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Larus oregonus Shufeldt.'

Larus oregonus Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891, 820.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Larus pristinus Shufeldt. ^

Larus pristinus Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915,
54, pi. XIV, fig. 112.

?01igocene (John Day) : Willow Creek, Oregon.

Larus robiistus Shitfeldt.^

Larus robuslus Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., XXV, No. 297, Sept., 1891, 819.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Subgenus CHROICOCEPHALUS Eyton.

Chroicocephalus Eyton, Hist. Rarer Brit. Birds, 1836, 57. Type, by subs,
desig., Larus capistratus Temminck = L. ridibundus Linnaeus (Gray,
1840).

Larus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull.

Sterna Philadelphia Ord, in Githeie, Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Genus XEMA Leach.

Xetna Leach, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, 1819, App., Ivii. Type, by
monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine.

1 Subgeneric allocation provisional.

2 Generic assignation in original description tentative.
^ Subgeneric allocation provisional.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 457

Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine's Gull.

Larus sabini J. Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., XII, Pt. ii, 1819, 522,
(pi. 29).
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns.

Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque.

Chlidonias Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n. s., I, No. 8, Feb. 21, 1822,
3, col. 5. Type, by monotypy, Chlidonias mdaiwps Rafinesque =
Sterna surinanicnsis Gmelin.

Chlidonias nigra (Linnaeus). Black Tern.

Sterna nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 137.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Suborder ALCAE. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

Family ALCIDAE. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

Subfamily NAUTILORNITHINAE. Nautilornithes.

Genus NAUTILORNIS Wetmore.

Naidilornis Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XVI, April 10, 1926, 392.
Type, by orig. desig., Nautilornis avus Wetmore.

Nautilornis avus Wetmore.

Nautilornis avus Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XVI, April 10, 1926, 392,
pi. 36, figs. 1-8.

Eocene (bottom of Green River Formation): White River, Utah, 2 miles
from Colorado state line.

Nautilornis proavitus Wetmore.

Naviihrnis proavitus Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XVI, April 10, 1926,
394, pi. 36, fig. 9.

Eocene (bottom of Green River Formation); White River, Utah, 2 miles
from Colorado state line.

458 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Genus HYDROTHERIKORNIS Miller.

Hydrolherikornis A. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci.,
XX, No. 3, April 21, 1931, 24. Type, by orig. desig., Hydrolherikornis
oregonns Miller.

Hydrotherikomis oregonus Miller.

Hydrolherikornis oregonus A. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept.
Geol. Sci., 20, No. 3, April 21, 1931, 24, fig. 1.

Upper Eocene (Arago Series) : Sunset Bay, near Coos Bay, Coos County
Oregon.

Subfamily ALCINAE. Auks and Murres.

Genus URIA Brisson.

Uria Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 52; VI, 70. Type, by tautonymy, Uria
Brisson = Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan.

Uria affinis (Marsh).

Calarractes affinis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 259.
Pleistocene: Near Bangor, Maine.

Uria antiqua (Marsh).

Calarractes anliquus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March,
1870, 213.

Miocene: Tarboro, Edgecombe County, North Carolina.

Genus MANCALLA Lucas.

Mancalla Lucas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, Art. 1245, Sept. 27,
1901, 133. Type, by orig. desig., Mancalla calif or niensis Lucas.

Mancalla califomiensis Lucas.

Mancalla californiemis Lucas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, Art. 1245,
Sept. 27, 1901, 133, figs. 1, 2.

Pliocene: Third Street tunnel, Los Angeles, California.

Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt.

Synthliboramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., II, No.
22, March 19, 1837, col. 347. Type, by subs, desig., Alca antiqua
Gmelin (Gray, 1840).

FOSSIL BIRDS. 459

Synthliboramphus antlquus (Gmelin). Ancient Murrelet.

Alca antiqua Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. ii, 1789, 554.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro formation, San
Pedro, California.

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte,

Cerorhinca Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1828, 427. Type,
by monotypy, Cerorhinca occidcnialis Bonaparte = Alca monocerata
Pallas.

Cerorhinca dubia Miller.

Cerorhinca dubia L. H. Miller, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 349, Aug.,
1925, 115, pi. 2.

Miocene (Temblor horizon, Turritella ocoyana zone): Lompoc, California.

Order COLUMBIFORMES. Pigeons and Doves.

Suborder COLUMBAE. Pigeons and Doves.

SuPERFAMiLY COLUMBOIDEA. Pigeons and Doves.

Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons and Doves.

Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus.

Columba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 162. Type, by subs, desig.,
Columba oenas Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825).

Subgenus? CHLOROliNAS Reichenbach.

Chhroenas Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852, [1853], xxv. Type,
by monotypy, Columba monilis Vigors = Columba fasicata Say.

Columba micula (Wetmore).

Chhroenas micula Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXIV, Art. 5, Jan. 15,
1924, 13, figs. 8-9.

Upper Pliocene: 14 miles southeast of Benson, Arizona.

460 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Columba fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon.

Columba fasciata Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., II, 1823, 10 (note).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
and Carpinteria, California.

Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte.

Zenaidura Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, II, sig. 11, Dec. 10, 1854 [April 15,
1855], 84. Type, by monotypy, Columba carolinensis Linnaeus.

Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus). Mourning Dove.

Columba macroura Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 164.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida; McKit-
trick, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson.

Ectopides Swainson, Zool. Journ., Ill, 1827, 362. Type, by subs, desig.,
Columba migratoria Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon.

Columba migratoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 285.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Cave deposits of Tennessee.

Order PSITTACIFORMES. Parrot-like Birds.

Family PSITTACIDAE. Parrots, Macaws and Paroquets.
Subfamily ARINAE. Paroquets and Macaws.

Genus CONUROPSIS Salvadori.

Conuropsis Salvadori, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., XX, 1891, 146, 203. Type,
by orig. desig., Psittacus carolinensis Linnaeus.

Conuropsis fratercula Wetmore.

Conuropsis fraicrcula Wetmore, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 211, March
11, 1926, 3, figs. 5-6.

Early Middle Miocene {Merychippus primus Zone, Sheep Creek Beds);
Snake Creek Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 461

Order CUCULIFORMES. Cuckoo-like Birds.

Suborder CUCULI. Cuckoos, Road-runners

AND Anis.

Family CUCULIDAE. Cuckoos, Road-runners and Anis.
Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE. Road-runners.

Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler.

Geococcyx Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXIV, 1831, Heft v (May), col. 524.
Type, by monotypy, Geococcyx variegata Wagler = Snurothera calijor-
niana Lesson.

Geococcyx calif ornianus (Lesson). Road-runner.

Saurothera californiana Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, VI, 1829, 420.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, McKittrick and
Carpinteria, California.

Order STRIGIFORMES. Owls.
Family TYTONIDAE. Barn Owls.

Genus TYTO Billberg.

Tyto Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scand., I, Pt. ii, 1828, tab. A. Type, by
monotypy, Sirix alba Scopoli.

Tyto alba (Scopoli). Barn Owl.

Strix alba Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, 21.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Vei-o (Stratum 3), and cavern de-
posits near Lecanto, Florida; Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and Carpin-
teria, California.

Family STRIGIDAE. Horned Owls and Allies.

Genus MINERVA Shufeldt.

Minerva Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 43.
Type, by monotypy, Aquila antiqua Shufeldt.

462 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Minerva antiqua (Shitfeldt).

Aquiln antiqua Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, Art. 16,
Aug. 4, 1913, 297, pi. LV, fig. 20.

Eocene (Bridger): Church Buttes, Wyoming.

Minerva saurodosis Wet.more.

Minerva saurodosis Wetmore, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LXXIII,
1921, 455, figs. 1-2 (April 6, 1922).

Eocene (Bridger): Near Lodge-Pole Trail crossing on Dry Creek, about 10
miles from Fort Bridger, Wyoming.

Genus OTUS Pennant.

Otus Pennant, Indian Zoology, 1769, 3. Type, by monotypy, Otiis bak-
kamoena Pennant.

Otus asio (Linnaeus). Screech Owl.

Slrix asio Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 92.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Cavern deposits near Lecanto,
Florida; cave deposits of Tennessee; Pottei- Creek Cave, Shasta County,
and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus BUBO Dumeril.

Bubo Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, 34. Type, by tautonymy, Strix
b)ibo Linnaeus.

Bubo leptosteus Marsh.^

Bubo leptosteus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, II, Aug., 1871, 126.
Eocene (Bridger) : Grizzly Buttes, near Fort Bridger, Wyoming.

Bubo sinclairi Miller.

Bubo sinclairi L. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol., VI, No.
16, Oct. 28, 1911, 393, figs. 4-5,

Pleistocene: Samwel and Potter Creek Caves, Shasta Countj^, California.

Bubo virginianus (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl.

Strix virginiana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 287.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon; Samwel
Cave, Shasta County, Carpinteria, McKittrick, and Rancho La Brea,
Los Angeles, California.

1 Generic allocation open to question.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 463

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Bote.

Glauddium Boie, Isis von Oken, [XIX] 182G, Heft x (Oot.), 970. Type,
by monotypy, Slrix passerina Linnaeus.

Glaucidium gnoma Wagler. Pygmy Owl.

Glauddium gnoma Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXV, 18.32, Heft .3 (March),
275.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel Cave, Shasta County, and
Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus MICROPALLAS Coues.

Micropallas Coues, Auk, VI, No. 1, Jan., 1889, 71. Type, by orig. desig.,
Athene whitneyi Cooper.

Micropallas whitneyi (Cooper). Elf Owl.

Athene whitneyi J. G. Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [ser. 1], I, sig. 8 [be-
fore Dec], 1861, 118.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel Cave, Shasta County,
California.

Genus SPEOTYTO Gloger.

Speotyto Gloger, Hand-und Ililfsbuch, 1842 [pp. 1-450, 1841], 226.
Type, by monotypy, Sirix cunicularia Molina.

Speotyto cunicularia (Molina). Burrowing Owl.

Strix Cunicularia Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, 263.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Genus STRIX Linnaeus.

Strix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed, 10, I, 1758, 92. Type, by tautonymy,
Slrix stridula Linnaeus = Strix aluco Linnaeus.

Strix varia Barton. Barred Owl.

Sti-ix varius Barton, Fragm. Nat. Hist. Penn., 1799, 11.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Melbourne, and
cavern deposits near Lecanto, Florida.

Genus ASIO Brisson.

Asio Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 28, 477. Type, by tautonymy. Asio Bris-
son = Strix otus Linnaeus.

464 CHECK -LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Asio wilsonianus (Lesson). Long-eared Owl.

Otiis Wilsonianus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 2, May 8, 1830, 110.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel Cave, Shasta County, and
Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan). Shoit-eared Owl.

Strix flammea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, I, 1763, G17 (pi. xxv).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Order PICIFORMES. Woodpeckers, Jacamars,
AND Allies.

Suborder PICI. Woodpeckers and Wrynecks.

Family PICIDAE. Woodpeckers.
Subfamily PICINAE. Woodpeckers.

Genus COLAPTES Vigors.

Colaptes Vigors, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, Pt. iii, 1825, 457 (note).
Type, by orig. desig., Cuculus auratus Linnaeus.

Colaptes cafer (Gmelin). Red-shafted Flicker.

Picas cafer Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 431.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel and Potter Creek Caves,
Shasta County, Hawver Cave, Eldorado County, Carpinteria and Rancho
La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus CEOPHLOEUS Cabanis.

Ceophloeus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., XII, No. 5, May, 1862, 176. Type,
by orig. desig., F-'iciis linealus Linnaeus.

Subgenus PHLOEOTOMUS. Cabanis and Heine.

Phloeotnmus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., IV, Pt. ii, sig. 13, for July
11, 1863, 102. Type, by orig. desig.. Picas pileatus Linnaeus.

Ceophloeus pileatus (Linnaeus). Plicated Woodpecker.

Picus pileatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113. (Carolina.)
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Cave deposits of Tennessee.

FOSSIL BIRDS, 465

Genus ASYNDESMUS Coxjes.

Asyndesmus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVII] 1866, No. 1,
Jan.-March [June 11], 55. Type, by orig. desig., Picus torquatus
Wilson = Picus lewis Gray.

Asyndesmus lewis (Gray). Lewis' Woodpecker.

Picus Lewis "Drapiez," Gray, Gen. Birds, III, 1849, App., 22.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Order PASSERIFORMES. Perching Birds.
Suborder PASSERES. Song Birds.

Family ALAUDIDAE. Larks.

Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte.

Otocoris Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bologna), II, 1838, 407.
Type, by monotypy, Phileremos cornutus Bonaparte = Alauda cornuta
Wilson = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus.

Otocoris alpestris (Linnaeus). Homed Lark.

Alauda alpestris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 166.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Family PALAEOSPIZIDAE. Palaeospiza.

Genus PALAEOSPIZA Allen.

Palaeospiza Allen, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., IV, No. 2, May
3, 1878, 443. Type, by monotypy, Palaeospiza bella Allen.

Palaeospiza bella Allen.

Palaeospiza bella Allen, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., IV, No. 2,
May 3, 1878, 443, pi. i, figs. 1, 2.

Upper Miocene (Florissant lake beds) : Florissant, Colorado.
Family HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows.

Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis.

Petrochelidon Cabanis, Mus. Hein., I, Oct., 1851, 47. Type, by subs.

desig., Hirundo melanogasler Swainson (Gray, 1855).
31

466 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Petrochelidon albifrons (Rafinesque). Cliff Swallow.

Hirundo albifrons Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n, s., I, No. 7, Feb. 14,
1822, 3.

Modem form reported from Pleistocene: McKittrick, California.

Family CORVIDAE. Jays, Magpies and Crows.
Subfamily GARRULINAE. Jays and Magpies.

Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland.

Cyanocitta Strickland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, XV, No. 98,
April, 1845, 261. Type, by orig. desig., Corvus cristaius Linnaeus.

Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmelin). Steller's Jay.

Corvus stelleri Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 370.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Samwel Cave, Shasta County, and
Hawver Cave, Eldorado County, California.

Genus PICA Brisson.

Pica Brisson, Orn., 1760, I, 30; II, 35. Type, by tautonymy. Pica
Brisson = Corvus pica Linnaeus.

Pica nuttalli (Audubon). Yellow-billed Magpie.

Corvus nuttallii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), IV, 1836 [1837?], pi. 362,
fig. 1.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Subfamily CORVINAE. Crows and Ravens.

Genus CORVUS Linnaeus.

Corvus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 105. Type, by subs, desig.,
Corvus corax Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Corvus corax Linnaeus. Raven.

Corvus corax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 105.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Hawver Cave, Eldorado County,
Carpinteria, McKittrick, and Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 467

Corvus shufeldti Sharpe.'

Corvus shufeldti Sharpe, Hand-list Gen. Spec. Birds, V, 1909, 599.
Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.

Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm. Crow.

Corvus brachyrhynchos C. L. Brehm, Beitr. Vogelkunde, II, 1822, 56.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida; Potter
Creek Cave, Shasta County, Carpinteria and Rancho La Brea, Los Ang-
eles, California.

Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus Baird. Northwestern Crow.

Corvus caurinus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and
Surv. R. R. Pac, IX, 1858, xiii, 559, 569.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Carpinteria, and Rancho La Brea,
Los Angeles, California.

Corvus ossifragus Wilson. Fish Crow.

Corvus ossifi-agus Wilson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 27 (pi. 37, fig. 2).
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole P"'ield, Florida.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE. Waxwings.

Genus BOMBYCILLA Vieillot.

Bombycilla Vieillot, Oiseaux Amcr. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 88. Type, by
monotypy, Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot.

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing,

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, Oiseaux Amer. Sept., I, 1807 [1808], 88,
(pi. 57).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

' Known formerly as Corvus annectens Shufeldt, Amer. Nat., Sept., 1891,
821; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, IX, 1892, 419, pi. XV, figs.
14-16, a name preoccupied by Corvus annectens Bruggemann, Abh. Naturwiss.
Ver. Bremen, 5, 1876, 75.

468 check list of north american birds.

Family LANIIDAE. Shrikes.
Subfamily LANIINAE. Shrikes.

Genus LANIUS Linnaeus.

Lanius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 93. Type, by subs, desig.,
Lanius excubiior Linnaeus (Swainson, 1824).

Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus. Loggerhead Shrike.

Laniiis ludovicianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 1.34.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles,
California.

Family ICTERIDAE. Meadowlarks, Blackbirds and
Troupials.

Genus STURNELLA Vieillot.

Sturnella Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 34. Type, by monotypy, Stourne, ou
Merle a fer-a-cheval Buffon = Alauda magna Linnaeus.

Sturnella neglecta Audubon. Western Meadowlark.

Sturnella neglecta Audubon, Birds Amer., octavo ed., VII, 1844, 339 (pL
489).

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, and
Upper San Pedro, San Pedro, California.

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot.

Agelaius Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, by subs, desig., Troupiale
commandeur Buffon = Oriolus phocniceus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Agelaius phocniceus (Linnaeus). Red-winged Blackbird.

Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 161.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin.

Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [XVIII] 1866, No. 5, Nov.-
Dec. [July 20 1867], 413. Type, by monotypy, Psarocolius cyano-
cephalus Waglbr.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 469

Euphagus affinis (Shufeldt).

Scolecophagus affinis Shufeldt, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, IX,
sig. 53, Oct., 20, 1892, 418, pi. xv, fig. 10.

Pleistocene: Fossil Lake, Oregon.
Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). Brewer's Blackbird.

Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler, Isis von Oken, XXII, 1829, Heft vii
(July), col. 758.

Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Hav/ver Cave, Eldorado County,
California.

Euphagus magnirostris Miller.

Euphagus magnirostris A. H. Miller, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol.
Sci., XIX, No. 1, Dec. 21, 1929, 14, pi. 1 /, h.

Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California.

Genus CASSIDIX Lesson.

Cassidix Lesson, Traite d'Orn., Livr. 6, Feb. 1, 1831, 433. Type, by
subs, desig., Cassidix mexicanus Lesson = Corvus Mexicanus Gmelin
(Gray, 1840).

Cassidix mexicanus (Gmelin). Great-tailed Grackle.

Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, Pt. i, 1788, 375.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot.

Quiscalus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 36. Type, by subs, desig., Gracula
quiscula Linnaeus (Gray, 1840).

Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus). Purple Grackle.

Gracula quiscula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 109.
Modern form reported from Pleistocene: Seminole Field, Florida.

Family FRINGILLIDAE. Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows,
AND Buntings.

Subfamily EMBERIZINAE. Buntings.

Genus PALAEOSTRUTHUS Wetmore.

Palaeostruthus Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXVII, May, 1925,
192. Type, by orig. desig., Palaeospiza hatcheri Shufeldt.

470 CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Palaeostruthus hatched (Shufeldt).

Palceospiza hatcheri Shufeldt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII,
Art. 16, Aug. 4, 1913, 301, pi. LV, fig. 28.

Miocene: Near Long Island, Kansas.

INCERTAE SEDIS.

Genus CIMOLOPTERYX Marsh.

Cimolopteryx Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XXXVIII, 1889, 83, foot-
note. Type, by monotypy, Cimolupteryx varus Marsh.

Cimolopteryx rarus Marsh. '

Cimulopteryx rams Marsh, Amer. Journ. Soi., .ser. 3, XXXVIII, 1889, 83,
footnote.
Cretaceous (Laramie) : Converse County, Wyoming.

Cimolopteryx retusus Marsh.^

Cimolopteryx retusus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XLIV, Aug., 1892,
175.
Cretaceous (Laramie) : Converse County, Wyoming.

Genus EOPTERYX Meyer.

Eopteryx Meyer, Ber. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt am Main,
1887, 14. Type, by monotypy, Eopteryx mississippieiisis Meyer.

Eopteryx mississippiensis Meyer. ^

Eopteryx mississippie7isis Meyer, Ber. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. Frank-
furt am Main, 1887, 14, pi. 2, figs. 22a-22c.

Eocene: Jackson, Mississippi.

Genus FONTINALIS Lesquereux.

Fontinalis Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., VIII, 1883, 135.
Type, by monotypy, Fontinalis pristina Lesquereux.

1 According to Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 11-
12, 76, possibly a remote relative of Ichthyornis.

- Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 12, 76, considers
this probably generically distinct from Cimolopteryx rarus.

3 Described from a fragmentary vertebra.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 471

Fontinfilis pristina Lesquereux.^

Fontinalis -pristina Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 8, 188.3, 135,
pi. 21, fig. 9.

Upper Miocene (Florissant lake beds) : Florissant, Colorado.

Genus HEBE Shufeldt.

fl'ebeSHUFELDT, Journ. Geol., XXI, Oct.-Nov. (Nov. 1), 191,3, 644. Type,
by monotypy, Hebe schucherti Shufeldt.

Hebe schucherti Shufeldt.^

Hebe schucherti Shufeldt, Journ. Geol., XXI, Oct.-Nov. (Nov. 1), 1913,
644, fig. 10, a, b.
Eocene: ' Five miles west of Green River, Wyoming.

Genus LAOPTERYX Marsh.

Lnopteryx Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XXI, April, 1881, 341, Type,
by monotypy, Laopteryx prisciis Marsh.

Laopteryx priscus Marsh.*

Laopteryx priscus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, XXI, April, 1881, 341.
Upper Jurassic (Morrison) : Como Bluff, southern Wyoming.

Genus LAORNIS Marsh.

Laornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March, 1870, 206. Type,
by monotypy, Laornis edvardsianus Marsh.

1 Type a fragment of a fossil feather, described originally as a species of moss.
See Knowlton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 51, Nov. 24, 1910, 245, and Wetmore,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXVII, May, 1925, 184.

2 Said to be a passeriform bird with four notches in the posterior border of
the sternum; of uncertain affinity. Hebe Shufeldt 1913, is preoccupied by
Hebe Risso 1826 (applied to a genus of crustaceans) so that should the form here
under consideration be definitely identified it may require a new generic
appellation. There is no necessity for action at this time in view of its uncer-
tain relationships.

3 From data furnished by Dr. M. R. Thorpe of the Feabody Museum, Yale
University.

^ J. D. Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 5, XII, July, 1926, 3, 4, considers the
avian affinity of this supposed species as not definitely certain.

472 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Laomis edvardsianus Marsh. ^

Laornis edvardsianus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, XLIX, March,
1870, 206.

Eocene: near Birmingham, New Jerse}\

Genus PALAEONORNIS Emmons.

Palaeonornis Emmons, Amer. Geology, Pt. vi, 1857, 148. Type, by
monotypy, Palaeonornis struthionoides Emmons.

Palaeonornis struthionoides Emmons.^

Palaeonornis Struthionoides Emmons, Amer. Geology, Pt. vi, 1857, 148,
fig. 114.

?Triassic; Anson County, North Carolina.

Genus UINTORNIS Marsh.

Uintornis Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 259. Type, by
monotypy, Uintornis lucaris Marsh.

Uintornis lucaris Marsh.'

Uintornis lucaris Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, IV, Oct., 1872, 259.
Eocene (Bridger): near Henry's Fork, Wyoming.

Genus YALAVIS Shufeldt.

Yalavis Shufeldt, Journ. Geol., XXI, Oct.-Nov. (Nov. 1), 1913, 649.
Type, by monotypy, Yalavis tenuipes Shufeldt.

Yalavis tenuipes Shufeldt.^

FaZavis^enwipes Shufeldt, Journ. Geol., XXI, Oct.-Nov. (Nov. 1), 1913,
649, figs, lie and 12c.

Geologic age and locality of occurrence not known.

1 Doubtfully related to Anseriformes.

2 Affinity doubtful: possibly not avian.

' According to Shufeldt, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, Feb., 1915, 50-52,
77, pi. VI, fig. 42, this species is of uncertain affinity, and is not a woodpecker
as suggested by Marsh.

* Said in the original description to be a passeriform bird of uncertain affin-
ity.

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS.

IN the original edition of the Check-List each species and sub-
species was provided with a number which was placed before
the name. In the third edition while the same numbers were
maintained they were added in brackets after the name and this
practice has been continued in the present edition. These num-
bers have been used extensively in marking eggs in order to insure
their identity and to change them now would involve endless
confusion and inconvenience.

The adoption of a new classification has, however, thrown them
entirely out of sequence and in order to ascertain quickly to what
species a given number pertains the following list has been pre-
pared giving the numbers in regular sequence with the page of the
present edition of the Check-List on which each will be found.
It has not been thought necessary to include the letters which
indicate the subspecies.

Numbers which refer to species that have been dropped from
the List or referred to the Hypothetical List are included in
brackets while those applying to species which are now regarded
as identical with other species are so indicated. In a few cases
where species were reduced to subspecies the numbers were
inadvertently changed in the third edition. Such numbers are
here included with their equivalents.

1.— p. 4 14.— p. 150

27.-

-p. 146

38.— p. 129

2.-3 15.-149

28.-

-146

39.— 135

3.-3 16.— 148

29.-

-146

40.-136

4.-4: 17.— 148

30.-

-144

41.-136

S.— 4 18.-149

30.-

-144-145

42.— 130

6.-5 19.-149

31.-

-145

43.— 130

7.— 1 20.-149

32.-

-144

44.-131

8.-2 21.-148

33.-

-143

[45.]t

mt [22.]*

34.-

-135

[46.]t

10.-2 23.— 147

35.-

-129

47.— 131

11.-2 24.-147

35.1

—130

48.— 131

12.-1.51 25.-147

36.-

-128

49.-131-132

13.-150 26.-147

37.-

-129

50.-132

* Eliminated as not North American.

t Transferred to Hypothetical List.

X North American birds all = 10.

473

474

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS.

51.Jt— p. 132

91.— p. 9

122.— p. 23

157.— p. 55

52.-132

92.-8

123.— 24

158.-57

53.-133

92.1—8

124.-24

159.— 56

54.-133

93.-8

125.— 19

160.— 56

55.-133

93.1—8

126.— 19

161.-56

55.1—133

[94. = 95]

127.-19

162.— 57

[56.]*

95.-7

128.-25

163.-58

57.— 135

95.1—9

129.-60

164.-57

58.-134

96.-7

130.— 60

165.-58

59.-134

96.1—10

131.— 60

166.-58

60.— 134

96.2—10

[131.1]t

167.-59

60.1—135

97.-10

132.— 43-44

168.— 59

61.-137

98.-11

133.— 44

169.-40-41

62.-137

99.— 11

133.1—44

169.1—41

63.— 137

[100. = 99]

134.— 45

170.— 41

64.— 141

101.— 11

135.— 45

171.-39-40

65.-141

102.-13

136.— 45

171.1—40

66.-141

103.-16

137.^6

171.2—40

67.— 141

104.— 15

137.1—47

172.-37-38

68.— 138

105.— 13

138.— 47

173.t— 38

69.— 138

105.2—14

139.— 47

174.-38

70.-138

106.-13

139.1-^8

175.-39

71.-139

106a.— 14

140.^8

176.-39

72.— 139

106.1—14

141.^8

177.— 42

73.— 139

106.2—14

141.1^3

178.— 42

74.— 140

107.— 15

141.2—43

178.1-^2

75.-139-140

108.— 15

142—49

178.2—35

76.— 140

108.1—15

143.-^6

179.— 36

77.-142

109.-16

143.1—46

180.-36

78.-142

110.— 16

144.-^9

181.-36

79.-143

111.— 17

145.— 52

182.-35

80.-143

112.-18

146.— 50

183.-34

81.-5

113.-17

146.1—50

184.-34

82.-6

113.1—18

147.-51

185.-34

82.1—6

114.— 20

148.-51

186.— 33

83.-6

114.1—20

149.-51

187.-33

[84.lt

115.-21

149.1—52

188.-32

[85.]t

115.1—21

150.— 50

[189.]t

86.-12

116.— 21

151.-53

190.-31

[86.1=86bl

117.-21

152.-53

191.— 32

[87.]t

118.-24

153.-54

[191.1]t

88.-9

119.-22

154.-54

192.— 26

89.-9

120.— 22-23

155.-54-55

193. = 194b

90.— 7

121.— 23

156.-55

194.-26-27

* Eliminated as

not North American

t Transferred to Hypothetical List.

X North American birds all = 173a.

Jt North American birds all = 51a.

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS. 475

195.— p. 27 234.— p. 117 270.— p. 107 311.— p. 78

196.-27 234.1—118 271.— 106 312.-152

197.-28 235.-118-119 272.-107 313.-152

198.— 28 [236.=235a] 273.-106 313.1—153

199.-29 [237.=235b] 274.-105 314.-151

200.-29 238.-119 275.-103 314.1—152

201.-30 239.-119 276.— 103 315.— 154

202.-30 240.-119 277.— 103 315.1—154

203.— 31 241.-120 278.-104 315.2—154

204.— 93 242.-120 279.-104 316.-153

205.— 93 242.1—120 280.-105 317.-153

206.— 94 242.2—120 281.— 105 318.— 156

207.— 94 243.— 122 282.— 108 319.— 155

208.— 95 244.-121 283.— 108 320.— 155-156

209.— 95 245.-126 284.-109 321.— 156

210.-9,5-96 246.-123 285.-101 322.-157

210.1—95 247.— 123 286.-102 322.1—157

211.-96 248.— 123 286.1—102 [323.]t

212.— 97 249.-124 287.-102 324.-62

212.1—97 250.— 124 288.— 101 325.— 01

213.-97 251.— 124 288.1—87 326.— 61

214.— 97 252.-125 289.-88 327.-63

215.— 98 [253.]t [290.]* 328.-62

216.-98 253.1—117 291.— 88 329.-63

216.1—98 254.— 116 292.-90-91 " 330.— 64

217.— 99 255.— 117 293.-89 331.-72

218.— 99 256.-114 294.-89 332.-65

219.-99 257.-115 295.— 90 333.-65

220.— 100 257.1—115 296.— 91 334.-64

221.— 100 258.-116 297.-78-79 335.-69

222.— 127 259.— 115 298.— 80 [336.]t

223.— 128 259.1—115 299.-80 337.-65-66

224.— 127 260.-125 300.— 81-82 [338.=337d]

225.-126 261.-113 301.— 82-83 339.-66-67

226.— 126 262.-123 302.-83-84 340.— 68

227.— 109 263.-114 303.— 83 341.— 68

228.-109 264.— Ill 304.-84^85 342.-68

229.-110 264.1—112 305.-85-86 343.-67

230.— 110 265.-112 306.-85 344.-68

230.1—110 266.-113 307.— 86 345.— 70

230.2—111 267.— 112 308.-86 346.-70

231.-121 268.— 112 309.-87 347.tt— 69

232.-121 269.-102 309.1—91 348.-69

233.— 122 269.1—106 310.-92 349.— 70

* Eliminated as not North American.
t Transferred to Hypothetical List.
X North American birds all = 342.
II North American birds all = 347a.

476

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS.

[350.]*

382.-

-p. 157-158

418.-

-p. 174-175

454.-

-p. 205

351.-

-p. 71

382.1

—158

419.-

-175

455.tt— 205

352.-

-71

383.-

-160

420.-

-175-176

456.-

-206

352.1

—71

384.-

-161

421.-

-177

457.-

-206-207

353.-

-73

385.-

-160

422.-

-177

458.-

-206

354.t-

-73

386.t

—159

423.-

-178

459.-

-211

354b.

—74

387.-

-159

424.-

-178

460.-

-210

355.-

-74

388.-

-160

424.1

—178

461.-

-210

356.-

-74-75

388.1

—158

425.-

-179

462.-

-210

357.-

-75-76

388.2

—159

426.-

-182

463.-

-207

[358. =

=357b]

389.-

-184

427.-

-182

464.-

-209

358.1

—70

390.-

-185

428.-

-179

465.-

-207

359.-

-75

390.1

—186

429.-

-180

466.-

-208

359.1

—77

391.-

-186

430.-

-180

467.-

-208

360.-

-77

392.-

-201

431.-

-180

468.-

-208

[361.]tt

393.-

-194-196

432.-

-180

469.-

-209

362.-

-73

394.-

-196-197

433.-

-181

469.1

—209

363.-

-73

395.-

-199

434.-

-181

470.§

—209

364.-

-72

396.-

-198

435.-

-181

471.-

-211

365.-

-161

397.-

-198

436.-

-182

472.-

-211

366.-

-171

398.-

-198

437.-

-179

473.-

-212

367.-

-171

399.-

-199

438.-

-183

474.-

-212-215

368.-

-169-170

400.-

-199

439.-

-183

475.-

-225

369.-

-170

401.-

-200

439.1

—183

476.-

-225

370.-

-170

■ 402.-

-193

440.-

-183

477.-

-221

371.-

-171-172

403.-

-193

440.1

—184

478.-

-221-222

372.-

-172

404.-

-193-194

441.-

-184

479.-

-223

372.1

-164

405.-

-189

441.1

—201

480.-

-224

372.2

—164

406.-

-191

442.-

-203

[480.1]§§

373.-

-161-164

407.-

-191-192

443.-

-203

480.2

—224

373.1

—164

408.-

-192

444.-

-201

481.-

-223

374.-

-164

409.-

-190

445.-

-202

481.1

—224

375.-

-164-166

410.-

-190

446.-

-202

482.-

-224

376.-

-166

411.-

-190

447.-

-203

483.-

-225

377-

-167

412.-

-187

448.-

-203

484.-

-220

378.-

-169

413.-

-187-188

449.-

-204

485.-

-221

379.-

-167-168

414.-

-188

[450.]=*

486.-

-225-226

379.1

—168

415.-

-188

451.-

-204

487.-

-226

380.-

-168

416.-

-173

452.-

-204-205

488.-

-226-227

381.-

-168

417.-

-173-174

453.-

-205

489.-

-227

* Eliminated as not North American.

t North American birds all = 353 as also 354a.

tt Florida birds all = 360c.

X Florida birds all = 386a.

II North American birds all = 455a.

§ North American birds all = 470a.

§§ North American birds all = 480.2.

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS.

477

490.— p. 227

527.— p. 325

[569. = 570b]

610.— p. 312

490.1—227

528.-325-326

570.-351

611.-219

490.2—227

529.-326-327

571.-350

611.1—219

491.— 228

530.-327

572.-350

611.2—219

492.-228

531.— 327

573.-347

612.-218

493.-273

[532.lt

574.-347

612.1—218-219

493.1—274

533.-326

574.1—347-348

613.-217

494.— 301

534.-363

575.-346

613.1—217

495.— 309-310

535.-363

576.-346

614.-216

496.-310

535.1—363

[577.]*

615.— 215-216

497.-302

536.-361-362

578.-346

615.1—215

498.-303-305

537.-362

579.-345

615.2—217

499.-305

538.-362

580.-34.5-346

616.-216

500.-305

539.-361

581.-357-361

617.— 217

501.-301-302

540.-340

[582.=581r]

618.— 270

501.1—302

541.— 334

583.-356

619.— 270

[502. ]t

542.-334-335

584.-356

620.— 271

503.-306

543.-335

585.— 341-344

621.-271

504.— 306

544.-33.5-336

586.-329

622.-272-273

505.-306

545.-337

587.-329-330

623.-278

506.-306

546.-336-337

588.— 330-331

624.-278

507.-307

547.-337-338

589.-332

625.-278

508.— 307

548.-337

[590. = 592.1]

626.-278

509.— 3C7

549.-338

591.— 332-333

627.-279

510.-308

549.1—338

591.1—332

628.-276

511.-308-309

550.-338-339

592.-333

629.-276-277

[512. =5 13a]

551.-340

592.1—329

630.-274

513.— 308

551.1—340

593.-312-313

631.— 274r-275

514.-318-319

552.-341

594.-313-314

632.-275

514.1—318

553.-354

595.— 314

633.-275-276

514.2—318

554.-354-355

596.-314

634.-276

515.— 322-323

[555. = 554a]

597.-315

635.-279

516.-319

[556. = 554b]

598.-316

636.-280

517.— 320

557.-355

599.-316

637.-280

518.— 320

558.-355

600.-316

638.-280

519.— 320-321

559.-351

601.— 316

639.-281

520.-321

560.-352

602.-321

640.-282

520.1—321

561.— 352

603.-317

641.-281

521.-328

562.-352-353

603.1—317

642.-281

522.-328.

563.-353

604.-317

643.-284

523.-323

564.-353

605.-333

644.-283

524.-323-324

565.-353

[606.]*

645.-283

525.-324

566.-348

607.-311

646.-282-283

526.-324

567.-348-350

608.-311

647.-282

526.1—324

[568. = 367g]

609.-311

647.1—284

* Eliminated as not North American,
t Transferred to Hypothetical List.

478

INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS.

648.— p. 284

681.— p. 295-296

708.-

-p. 253

740.— p. 232

649.-285

682.-297

709.-

-252

741.— 232-233

649.1—285

682.1—297

710.-

-253-254

742.— 240-241

650.-287

683.-297-298

711.-

-254

743.-235-236

651.-285

684.-298

712.-

-254

744.-236

652.— 285-280

685.-299

713.-

-247

745.-236

653.-286

686.-299

[714. :

= 713b.l

746.-235

654.-287

687.-300

715.-

-250

747.-264

655.-287

688.— 300

716.-

-251

747.1—264

656.-288

688.1—298

717.-

-250

748.-266

657.-286

688.2—300

718.-

-246-247

749.-266-267

658.-289

688.3—301

719.-

-246

749.1—267

659.— 291

689.

720.-

-246

[750. = 749bj

660.-291

690.— 298

721.-

-242

751.-264-265

661.-291

[691.]*

722.-

-242-244

752.-265

662.-290

[692.]*

723.-

-243

753.-266

663.— 290

[693.]*

723.]

,—243

754.-263

664.-290

694.-268

724.-

-249

755.-257

665.-288

695.-268

725.-

-248-249

756.— 260

666.-289

695.1—268

726.-

-239-240

757.— 259-260

667.-289

696.-268

727.-

-237-238

758.-259

668.-288

697.-269

728.-

-238

759.-258-259

669.-289

697.1—269

729.-

-238

760.-255

670.— 292

698.-269

730.-

-239

761.— 255-256

671.— 291-292

699.-269

731.-

-233

761.1—256

672.-293

700.-270

732.-

-233-234

762.-256

673.-292

701.-241

733.

-234

763.-257

674.-293

702.— 255

734.-

-235

764.-262

675.-293-294

703.-251

735.-

-229-230

764.1—263

676.-294

704.— 251

736.

-230

765.-262

677.-294

705.— 252

737.

-230

766.-260-261

678.-295

706.-252

738.

—230-231

767.-261

679.-295

707.— 253

739.-

-232

768.-262

680.— 295

.

* Eliminated us not North American.

INDEX.

All names of species, subspecies, genera and higher grou])s, as avoII as
Englisli names, whether they occur in the List proper, Hypothetical List,
Fossil List, or Summary of Changes, are indexed. In the case of trinomials
both the specific and subspecific names are entered if they differ but not if
they are identical, i.e., Branta canadensis canadensis appears as ' ' canaden-
sis, Branta" but not with the additional entry "canadensis, Branta cana-
densis." In the case of English names all are indexed exactly as they
appear in the Check-List while an additional entry is made wherever it
has seemed necessary, i.e., in addition to ' ' Eastern and Western Sparrow
Hawk " " Sparrow Hawk ' ' also appears ; all three of course under ' ' Hawk, ' '
while a name like "Malhird" is also entered under "Duck" where it
might naturally be looked for.

AALGE, Uria, 144, 386.
abavus, Presbychen, 419.
abbreviata, Polioptila melanura,

265.
abbreviatus Buteo, 382.

Penthestes gambeli, 231.
aberti, Pipilo, 333.
abieticola, Ceophloeus pileatus, 189.
acadica, Cryptoglaux, 172.
Acauthis, 325, 374.
Acanthopneuste, 264.
Accentor, Mountain, 267.
Accipiter, 04, 431.
Accipitriidae, 62, 429.
Accipitriinae, 64, 431.
achrustera, Lophortyx californica,

90.
achrusterus, Turdus migratorius,

256.
abbreviata, Polioptila melanura, 265.
aciculatus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 305.
actia, Otocoris alpestris, 214.
Actitis, 113.
acuflavidus, Thalasseus sandvicensis,

141.
aculeata, Balanosphyra formici-

vora, 191.
Sitta carolinensis, 237.

acuminata, Pisobia, 119, 385.

acuta, Dafila, 46, 379, 422.

acutipennis, Cliordeiles, 177.

Adamastor, 10, 380.

adamsi, Gavia, 2.

adusta, Otocoris alpestris, 214. .

advenus, Baptornis, 403.

Aechmophorus, 4, 366, 406.

aedon, Troglodytes, 242.

Aegialeus, 104.

Aegialitis, 384.

Aegypiinae, 430.

aeueus, Quiscalus quiscula, 309.

Tangavius, 310.
Aeronautes, 179.
aesalon, Falco, 76.
aestiva, Dendroica, 285.
aestivalis, Aimophila, 343.
Aestrelata, 11, 380.
aestuarinus, Telmatodytes paluetris,

249.
aethereus, Phaethon, 17.
Aethia, 148.
Aethiopsar, 273.
affinis, Campylorhynchus, 247.

Euphagus, 469.

Heleodytcs brunneicapillus, 247.

Nyroca, 51, 424.

479

480

INDEX

affinis, Pooecetes gramineus, 340.

Telmatornis, 447.

Uria, 458.
Agelaius, 303, 468.
agilis, Iclithyornis, 403.

Oporornis, 295.

Penthestes carolinensis, 230.
aglaeus, Quisealus quiscula, 309.
aglaiae, Platypsaris, 201, 379.
aikeni, Junco, 345.

Otus asio, 162.
Aiuiophila, 341, 393.
Aix, 49, 423.
Ajaia, 34.
ajaja, Ajaia, 34.
ajax, Diatryma, 450.
alascanus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus,

71.
alascensis, Butco borealis, 400.

Calearius lapponicus, 362.

Lagopus lagopus, 82.

Motacilla flava, 268.

Nannus liiemalis, 243.

Penthestes cinctus, 232.

Pinicola enucleator, 322.
Alauda, 212.
Alaudidae, 212, 465.
alaudinus, Passerculus sandwichen-

sis, 334.
alba, Crocethia, 125.

Guara, 34, 416.

Pagopliila, 135.

Motacilla, 268.

Tyto, 161, 461.
Albatross, American Sooty, 366.

Black-footed, 5.

Flat-billed, 366.

Laysan, 6.

Short-tailed, 6.

Sooty, 366.

Wandering, 366.

Yellow-nosed, 6.
albatrus, Diomedea, 6.
albellus, Mergellus, 369.
albeola, Cliaritonetta, 54, 424.
albescens, Certliia familiaris, 240.

Perisoreus canadensis, 220.

albicaudatus, Buteo, 68.
albicilla, Haliaeetus, 71.
albicollis, Nyctidromus, 175.

Zonotriehia, 352.
albifrons, Anser, 39, 420.

Catherpes mexicanus, 250.

Petroehelidon, 218, 390, 466.
albigula, Pipilo fuscus, 333.
albilora, Dendroica dominica, 290.
albiventris, Platypsaris aglaiae, 201.
albociliatus, Phalacrocorax auritus,

23.
albogilva, Strix varia, 387.
albolarvatus, Dryobates, 199.
albonotatus, Buteo, 68, 382.
albus, Casmerodius, 413.

Lagopus lagopus, 82, 383.
Alca, 144.
Alcae, 143, 457.
Alcedines, 185.
Alcedinidae, 185.
Alcedinoidea, 185.
Alcella, 149.
Alcidae, 143, 457.
Alcinae, 144, 458.
alcyon, Megaceryle, 185.
ales, Geranoaetus, 433.
Aletornis, 444.
aleutica. Sterna, 139.
aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 148.
alexandrae, Lagopus lagopus, 83.

Sitta carolinensis, 238.
alexandri, Archilochus, 180.
alfhildae, Pliasianus, 442.
algistus, Bubo virginianus, 165.
aliciae, Hylocichla, 391.

Hylocichla minima, 259.
Alle, 145.
alle, Alle, 145.
alleni, Buteo lineatus, 67.

Lagopus lagopus, 82.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 330.

Selaspliorus, 181.

Strix varia, 169.
alnorum, Empidonax trailli, 389.
alpestris, Otocoris, 213, 465.
alpina, Pelidna, 121, 453.

INDEX

481

alticola, Vireo solitarius, 277.
altipetens, Lagopus leucurus, 85.
altivagans, Passeiella iliaca, 353.
altus, Coniornis, 402.
Amazilia, 183, 388.
ambiguus, Trogon, 184.
americana, Certhia familiaris, 239.

Chloroceryle, 186.

Compsotlilypis, 284.

Fulica, 100, 449.

Glaucionetta clangula, 53.

Grus, 93, 445.

Mareca, 46, 421.

Mycteria, 32, 416.

Nyroca, 50, 423.

Oidemia, 58.

Eecurvirostra, 126, 454.

Spiza, 317.
amerieanus, Coccyzus, 159.

Mergus, 379.

Mergus merganser, 60.

Neophrontops, 430.

Numenius, 111.

Phaethon, 379, 380.

Picoides, 389.

Tympanuclius, 379.

Tympanuclms cupido, 85.
Amizilis, 388.
Ammodramus, 336.
ammophila, Otocoris alpestris, 215.
Ammospiza, 338, 393.
amoena, Passerina, 316.
amoenissinia, Polioptila caerulea,

265.
Amphispiza, 343.
amplus, Carpodacus, 321.

Gymnogyps, 428.
anabelae, Sialia mexicana, 261.
anaethetus. Sterna, 140, 379.
Anas, 43, 369.
Anatidae, 35, 417.
Anatinae, 42, 421.
anatum, Falco peregrinus, 75.
anceps, Ichthyornis, 403.
angelica, Leptotila fulviventris,

156, 386.
angustifrons, Balanosphyra formi-
eivora, 192.

Anliinga, 24, 412.
anhinga, Anhinga, 24, 412.
Anliingidae, 24, 412.
ani, Crotophaga, 160.
Ani, Groove-billed, 161.

San Lucas, 161.

Smooth-billed, 160.
anna, Calypte, 180.
annectens, Corvus, 467.

Cyanocitta stelleri, 222.

Jun£o hyemalis, 400.

Passerella iliaca, 353.
annexus, Baeolophus wollweberi,

235.
Anous, 142.
Anser, 39, 420.
Anseres, 35, 417.
Anseriformes, 35, 417.
Anserinae, 27, 418.
antarctica, Priocella, 367.
anthonyi, Butorides vireseens, 30.

Lanius ludovicianus, 273.
antliracina, Urubitinga, 70.
Anthus, 269.
antillarum, Sterna, 140.
antiqua, Meleagris, 443.

Minerva, 462.

Uria, 458.
antiquus, Syntliliboramphus, 148,

459.
Antrostomus, 173.
Apatornis, 404.
Apheloeoma, 223.
Aphriza, 108.
Aphrizinae, 108.
apricaria, Pluvialis, 106.
aquaticus, Rallus, 97.
Aquila, 70, 434.
aquila, Fregata, 25, 381.
Aramidae, 94, 446.
Aramides, 448.
Aramornis, 446.
Aramus, 94, 446.
aranea, Gelochelidon nilotica, 137.
arborea, Spizella, 348, 394.
Arceutliornis, 255, 390.
Archilochus, 179, 382.
arctica, Fratereula, 150.

32

482

INDEX

arctiea, Gavia, 2, 400.

Pelidna alpiiia, 121.
arcticola, Otocoris alpestris, 212,
arcticus, Picoides, 199.

Pipilo maeulatus, 330.
arctolegus, Agelaius phoeniccus, 304.
Aretonetta, 57.
Ardea, 25, 368, 412.
Ardeae, 25, 412.
Ardeidae, 25, 412.
Ardeinae, 25, 412.
Ardenua, 8, 408.
ardetta, Eoceornis, 414.
arenacea, Spizella pusilla, 350.
Arenaria, 108.
Arenariinae, 108.

arenicola, Toxostoma lecontei, 254.
argeutatus, Larus,- 132, 379, 450.
argutula, Sturnella magna, 302.
ariborius, Thryomanes bewieki, 245.
Arinae, 157, 460.
aripolius, Pipilo fuscus, 333.
Aristonetta, 51, 423.
arizela, Geothlypis trichas, 400.
arizonae, Antrostomus vociferus, 174,
387.

Aphelocoma sieberi, 224.

Dryobates, 198.

Peucedramus olivaceus, 285.

Spizella passerina, 349.

Vireo belli, 276.
Arquatella, 118.
arquatus, Numenius, 112, 370.
arra, Uria lomvia, 145.
Arremonops, 329.
artemisiae, Molotlirus ater, 309.
arvensis, Alauda, 212.
Asarcia, 101.

aserriensis, Cliordeiles minor, 176.
asiatiea, Melopelia, 155.
Asio, 171, 463.
asio, Otus, 162, 462.
assimilis, Puffinus, 8, 378.
Astragalinus, 393.
Astur, 64, 431.
Asturina, 69.
Asyndesmus, 192, 465.

ater, Molothrus, 309.
atkhensis, Lagopus rupestris, 83.
atkinsi, Sitta earolinensis, 237.
atlantica, Chen liyperborea, 41, 381.

Melospiza melodia, 357.
atra, Fulica, 100.
atrata, Leucosticte, 324.
atratus, Canachites canadensis, 80,

Coragyps, 61, 382, 427.

Penthestes gambeli, 231.
atricapillus, Astur, 64, 431.

Penthestes, 229,

Vireo, 274.
atricilla, Larus, 134.
atricristatus, Baeolophus, 233.
atrogularis, Spizella, 350
Atthis, 181.

attwateri, Tympanuehus eupido, 86.
auduboni, Dendroica, 288.

Dryobates villosus, 195.

Hylociclila guttata, 258.

Icterus melanocephalus, 306.

Phoebetria palpebrata, 366.

Polyborus cheriway, 73.
Auk, Great, 143.

Eazor-billed, 144.
Auklet, Cassin's, 148,

Crested, 149.

Least, 149.

Paroquet, 148.

Ehinoceros, 149.

Whiskered, 149.
aura, Cathartes, 61, 426.
auratus, Colaptes, 187.
auricularis, Puffinus, 8.
aurifrons, Ccuturus, 190,
Auriparus, 235.
aurita, Pisobia, 385.
auritus, Colyrabus,. 3.

Phalacrocorax, 22, 411,
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 293.
australis, Ammodramus savanna-
rum, 336.

Leucosticte, 324,
autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 42.
Avocet, 126, 454.
avus, Nautilornis, 457.

INDEX

483

BACATUS, Pieoiclos tridactylus, 200,

389.
bachmani, Aimopliila aestivalis,
343.

Haematopus, 102.

Vermivora, 282.
Baeolophus, 233.
bahamensis, Coereba, 279.

Columbigallina passerina, 156.

Dafila, 46.
baileyae, Penthestes gambeli, 231.
bairdi, Ammodranius, 337.

Balanospliyra formicivora, 191.

Dryobates scalaris, 388,

Junco, 347.

Myodyiiastes, 375.

Pisobia, 120,

Sialia mexicana, 261.

Thryomanes bewicki, 390.
bakeri, Cuculus canorus, 159.
Balanospliyra, 191, 388.
Baldpate, 46, 421.

bancrofti, Nyctanassa violacea, 31.
bangsi, Amphispiza bilineata, 344.
Baptoinis, 403.
Baptornithidae, 403.
barbata, Seotiaptcx nebulosa, 170,

387.
barbatulus, Vireo calidris, 278.
barbouri, Perisoreus canadensis, 220.
barlowi, Penthestes rufescens, 233.
barolii, Puffinus assimilis, 8.
Barornis, 450.
Bartramia, 113.
Basileuterus, 375.
Basilinna, 183, 388.
bassana, Moris, 21.
Bathornis, 455.
Batlioruitliidae, 455.
baueri, Limosa lapponica, 124.
beali, Oceanodroma leucorlioa, 14.
beata, Melospiza melodia, 357.
Becard, Xantus's, 201.
beldingi, Geothlypis, 297.

Pagolla wilsonia, 105.

Passerculus, 335.

Eallus, 379,

beldingi, Eallus obsoletus, 95.
bella, Palaeospiza, 465.
belli, Amphispiza, 344.

Basileuterus, 375.

Vireo, 275.
bellus, Aletornis, 444.
bendirei, Palco columbarius, 76.

Loxia curvirostra, 328.

Otus asio, 163.

Toxostoma, 253,
bermudiana, Chaemepelia passerina,

386.
bormudianus, Vireo griseus, 274.
bernicla, Branta, 419.
bessophilus, Lampornis clemenciae,

182.
bemcki, Thryomanes, 244.
bicknclli, Hyloeichla alieiae, 391.
bicolor, Baeolophus, 233.

Dendrocygna, 42, 379.

Iridoprocne, 216.

Tiaris, 317,
bilineata, Amphispiza, 343.
bimaculatus, Ammodranius savanna-
rum, 336,
Bittern, American, 31, 414.

Cory 's Least, 368.

Eastern Least, 32.

Western Least, 32.
Blackbird, Brewer's, 308, 469.

European, 256.

Eed-winged, 303, 468.

Eusty, 307.

Yellovr-headed, 302.
Blasipus, 135.
Bluebird, Azure, 261.

Chestnut-backed, 261.

Eastern, 260.

Mountain, 262.

San Pedro, 261.

Western, 261.
Blue throat, Eed-spotted, 262.
Bobolink, 301.
Bob-white, 88, 441.

Eastern, 88.

Florida, 88,

Grayson's, 375.

484

INDEX

Bob-whife, Key West, 88.

Masked, 88.

Texas, 88.
Bombycilla, 270, 467.
Bombycyillidae, 270, 467.
Bonasa, 81, 439.
Booby, Atlantic Blue-faced, 20.

Blue-faced, 20.

Blue-footed, 20.

Brewster's, 21.

Pacific Blue-faced, 20.

Eed-footed, 21.

White-bellied, 21.
borealis, Acanthopneuste, 264, 379.

Buteo, 65, 432.

Dryobates, 199.

Lanius, 271.

Nephoecetes niger, 177.

Nuttallornis, 389.

Phaeopus, 113.

Puffinus, 379.

Puffinus diomedea, 9.

Soniateria moUissima, 56.
boreus, Myiarchus crinitus, 204.
Botaurinae, 31, 414.
Botauroides, 415.
Botaurus, 31, 414.
botterii, Aimopliila, 343.
brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas,

295.
brachyptera, Leptotila fulviventris,
386.

Tachycineta thalassina, 216,
brachypterus, Colymbus dominicus,

4.
Brachyramphus, 146, 386.
bracliyrhynchos, Corvus, 226, 467.
brachyrliynclius, Anser, 40.

Larus, 386.

Larus canus, 133.
Bracliyspiza, 375.
brachyurus, Buteo, 68.
Brambling, 318.
Brant, 419.

American, 38.

Black, 38.

European, 375.

Branta, 37, 418.
brasilianum, Glaucidium, 168.
brevicauda, Passerella iliaca, 354.

Tliryomanes, 246.
brevipes, Heteroseelus, 115.
brevirostris, Bracliyramphus, 147.

Eissa, 136.
breweri, Spizella, 349.
brewsteri, Acanthis, 374.

Centurus uropygialis, 190.

Dendroica aestiva, 286.

Egretta thula, 28.

Empidonax trailli, 208, 389.

Gtus asio, 163.

Sula, 21.
Brewsteria, see Buteo.
britannica, Carduelis carduelis, 324.
brooksi, Cryptoglaux, acadica, 172,
387.

Hesperiphona vespertina, 319.
browni, Sterna antillarum, 140.
brunneicapillus, Heleodytes, 247.
brunneseens, Colaptes chrysoides,
188.

Sayornis nigricans, 206.
bryanti, Agelaius phceniceus, 392.

Dendroica, 392.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus, 247.

Passerculus sandwichensis, 335.
Bubo, 164, 462.
buccinator, Cygnus, 36, 418.
Budytes, 391.
Buffle-head, 54, 424.
buUatus, Pipilo fuscus, 332.
bulleri, Thyollodroma, 10.
Bullfinch, Cassin's, 319.
bullocki, Icterus, 307.
bulweri, Bulweria, 11.
Bulweria, 11.
Bunting, Beautiful, 316.

Eastern Snow, 363.

Indigo, 316.

Lark, 333.

Lazuli, 316.

McKay's Snow, 363.

Painted, 316.

Pribilof Snow, 363.

INDEX

485

Bunting, Rustic, 363.

Snow, 363.

Townsend's, 374.

Varied, 316.
Burrica, 320.

burrovianus, Cathartes, 369.
Bush-Tit, Black-tailed, 236,

California, 236.

Coast, 235.

Grinda's 236.

Lead-colored, 236.

Lloyd's, 236.
Buteo, 65, 370, 431.
buteo, Buteo, 375.
Buteola, 68,
Buteoninae, 65, 431.
Butorides, 29, 414.

CACHINNANS, Gallinula cliloropus,

99, 384.
cactophilus, Dryobates scalaris, 198.
caerulea, Florida, 29, 413,

Guiraca, 315.

Polioptila, 264.
caerulescens, Aphelocoma, 390,

Chen, 41, 369, 420,

Dendroica, 287.
cafer, Colaptes, 187, 388, 464.
cahow, Pterodroma, 11.
cairnsi, Dendroica caerulescens, 287.
cajanea, Aramides, 448.
Calamospiza, 333.
calandra, Melancorypha, 374.
Calcarius, 361.
calendula, Corthylio, 266.
Calidridiinae, 117, 453.
Calidris, 117, 384.
calidris, Vireo, 278.
californianus, Geococcyx, 160, 461.

Gynogyps, 62, 428.
californica, Aphelocoma, 223.

Lophortyx, 89, 442.

Pinicola enucleator, 323.

Polioptila, 380.

Polioptila melanura, 266.

Sula dactylatra, 20.

Uria aalge, 144,

californica, Uria troille, 386.
californicum, Glaucidium gnoma,

168.
californicus, Agelaius phoeniceus,
305, 392.

Carpodacus purpureus, 320.

Colymbus nigricoUis, 4,

Larus, 133,

Molothrus ater, 310.

Parapavo, 444.

Pelecanus occidentalis, 19, 379.

Phalaenuptilus nuttalli, 174.

Psaltriparus minimus, 236.
californiensis, Mancalla, 458.
Callichelidon, 215.
Calliope, 263.
calliope. Calliope, 263,

Stelluia, 182.
Callipepla, 88,
Calonectris, 9.
calophonus, Thryothorus bevvicki,

245,
Calothorax, 179,
calurus, Buteo borealis, 66.
Calypte, 180.
Campephilus, 200.
campestris, Pedioecetes phasianel-

Jus, 86.
Camptorhynchus, 55.
Camptostoma, 211.
camtschatkensis, Calliope calliope,

263.
cana, Spizella atrogularis, 350.
canace, Canachites canadensis, 80,
Canachites, 80,
canadensis, Aquila chrysaetos, 70.

Branta, 37, 418.

Canachites, 80,

Grus, 93, 445.

Perisoreus, 220.
Sitta, 238.

Wilsonia, 299.
canagica, Philacte, 39.
canaster, Pipilo erythrophthalmus,

330.
candicans, Falco rusticolus, 73, 382,
candidissima, Egretta, 381,

486

INDEX

canesccns, Ainiopliila ruficeps, 342.
Ampliispiza nevadensis, 345.
Passerella jliaca, 355.
canieauda, Chamaea fasciata, 241.

Eichmondena cardinalis, 313.
canieeps, Junco, 347, 394.

Sitta pusilla, 238.
eanoia, Tiaris, 317.
canus, Larus, 133, 400.
canutus,' Calidris, 117.

Tringa, 379.
Canvas-back, 51.
caparocli, Surnia ulula, 167.
Capella, 110, 384.
capense, Daption, 13.
capitalis, Perisoreus canadensis, 220.
Caprimulgi, 173.
Capriniulgidae, 173.
Caprimulgiformos, 173.
C'aprimulginae, 173.
Caracara, Audubon 's, 73, 436.

Guadalupe, 73.
carbo, Cepphus, 371.

Phalacroeorax, 22.
carbonacea, Cyanocitta stellori, 222.
carbonata, Dendroica, 373.
CardelHna, 298.
Cardinal, Arizona. 313.
Eastern, 312.
Florida, 313.
Gray-tailed, 313.
Louisiana, 313.
San Lucas, 313.
Cardinalis, 393.
cardinalis^ Riclimondena, 312.
cardonensis, Centurus uropygialis,

190.
Carduelinae, 318.
Carduelis, 324.
carduelis, Carduelis, 324.
carlottae, Cyanocitta stellcri, 222.

Pinicola enucleator, 322.
carneipes, Puffinus, 9.
carolae, Pipilo fuscus, 332.
Carolina, Porzana, 97.
carolinense, Nettion, 47, 482.

carolinensis, Antrostomus, 173.

Conuropsis, 157.

Dumetella, 251.

Junco hyemalis, 345.

Pandion haliaetus, 72.

Penthestes, 230.

Sitta, 237.

Zenaidura macroura, 153.
carolinus, Centurus, 190.

Euphagus, 307.
carpalis, Ainiopliila, 341.
Carpodacus, 319,

caribaeus, Rallus longirostris, 400.
Casarca, 43.
Casmcrodius, 27, 413.
caspia, Hydroprogne, 141, 379.
Cassidix, 308, 392, 469.
cassini, Aimophila, 343.

Carpodacus, 320.

Pyrrlmla, 380.

Pyrrhula pyrrlmla, 319.

Vireo solitarius, 277.
castanea, Dendroica, 291.
castaneiceps, Dendroica bryanti, 392.

Dendroica erithacliorides, 286.
castanogastris, Callipepla squamata,

89.
castro, Oceanodroma, 14.
catalinae, Tliryomanes bcwicki, 246.
eatalinensis, Lopliortyx californica,

89.
Catbird, 251.
catesbyi, Phaethon Icpturus, 18,

380.
Catharacta, 129, 385.
Catliarista, 382.
Cathartae, 61, 426.
Catliartes, 61, 369, 426.
Catharlidae, 61, 426.
Cathartornis, 429. .
Catherpes, 249.
Catoptropliorus, 116.
caudacuta, Ammospiza, 338.
caudacutus, Passerlierbulus, 337,

393.
caurina, Megaceryle alcyon, 185.
Melospiza melodia, 358.

INDEX

487

caurina, Wtrix varia, 170.

caurinus, Agelaius phoeniccus, 304.

Corvus, 380, 467.

Corvus brachyrhynchos, 227.

Turdus niigratorius, 256.
cavicola, Petrochelidon fulva, 218.
cedrorum, Bombycilla, 270, 467.
eelata, Vermivora, 282.
celer, Apatornis, 404.

Meleagris, 443.
Centrocercus, 87, 440.
Ccnturus, 190.
Ccophloeus, 189, 388, 464.
Cepphus, 146, 371.
Cerclineis, 76, 437.
Cerorliinca, 149, 459.
cerroensis, Thryoniaucs bewieki,

246.
Certhia, 239.
Certliiidae, 239.
Certhiinae, 239.
cerulea, Dendroica, 289.
cervinus, Antlius, 269.
Cerylinae, 185.
Chachalaca, 78.
Chaemepelia, 386.
Chaetura, 178.
Chaeturinae, 177.

clialconota, Amazilia yucatanensis,
183, 388.

Amazilis cervinivcntris, 388.
Chamaea, 240.
Chainaeidae, 240.
Chamaethlypis, 297.
chamberlaini, Lagopus lupcstris,

84.
cliapmani, Chordeiles minor, 175.
Charadrii, 101, 451.
Charadriidae, 102, 451.
Cliaradriiformes, 101, 451.
Charadriinae, 103, 451.
Cliaiadrioidea, 101, 451.
Charadrius, 103, 384, 451,
charienturus, Tliryomaiies bcwicki,

246,
Charitonetta, 53, 424,
Chat, Long-tailed, 298,

Cliat, Yellow-breasted, 297.

Chaulelasmus, 45, 421.

Chelidonaria, 217.

Chen, 40, 369, 420.

Chendytes, 425.

cheriway, Polyborus, 73, 379, 436.

Chickadee, Acadian, 232.

Alaska, 232.

Bailey's, 231.

Barlow's, 233.

Black-capped, 229.

Carolina, 230.

Chestnut-backed, 232.

Columbian, 232.

Florida, 230.

Grinnell's, 230.

Hudsonian, 232.

Inyo, 231.

Long-tailed, 229.

Mexican, 230.

Mountain, 231.

Nicasio, 233.

Oregon, 229.

Plumbeous, 230.

San Pedro, 231.

Short-tailed, 231.

Yukon, 230.
Chicken, Attwater's Prairie, 86.

Greater Prairie, 85.

Lesser Prairie, 86.
chilensis, Catliaraeta, 130.
chinensis, Spilopelia, 154.
Chlidonias, 142, 386.
Chloroceryle, 186.
Chloroenas, 152, 459.
chloronotus, Tyrannus melancholi-

cus, 202.
chloropus, Gallinula, 99, 448.
chlororhynehos, Tlialassogeron, 6.
chlorura, Oberholseria, 329.
chlorurus, Pipilo, 329.
Chondestes, 341.
Cliordeiles, 175, 372.
Cliordeilinae, 175.
Chroicoeephalus, 133, 456.
chrysaetos, Aquila, 70, 379, 434.
chryseola, Wilsonia pusilla, 299.

488

INDEX

chrysia, Oreopeleia, 157.
ehrysoides, Colaptes, 188.
clirj'soparia, Dendroica, 289.
chrysoptera, Vermivora, 281.
chrysostomus, Thalassogeron, 366.
Chuek-Avill 's-widow, 173.
Ciceronia, 149.
Ciconia, 415.
Ciconiae, 32, 415.
Ciconiidae, 32, 415.
Ciconiiformes, 25, 412.
Ciconiinae, 415.
Ciconoidea, 32, 415.
Cimolopteryx, 470.
cincinatus, Phalacrocorax auritus,

23.
cincinnatensis, Vermivora, 373.
Cinclidae, 241.
Cinclus, 241.
cinctus, Penthestes, 232.
ciueraceus, Baeolophus iuoriiatus,
234.

Corthylio calendula, 267.

Otus, asio, 163.
cinerascens, Myiarclius, 205.
cinerea, Ardea, 27.

Ampliispiza belli, 344.
cinereum, Toxostoma, 252.
cinereus, Adamastor, 10.
cineritius, Empidonax difficilis, 209.
cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria, 114.
Circinae, 72, 435.
Circus, 72, 435.
ciris, Passerina, 316.
Cirrepidesmus, 104.
cirrhata, Lunda, 151.
Cistothorus, 249.
citrea, Protonotaria, 280.
citrina, Wilsonia, 298.
Clangocycnus, 36, 417.
Clangula, 54, 381, 382, 424.
elangula, Glaucionetta, 53.
clarki, Aechmophorus, 366.

Vultur, 428.
clemenciae, Lampornis, 182.
clementae, Melospiza melodia, 360.

clemeiitae, Pipilo maculatus, 331.
dementis, Carpodacus mexicanus,

321.
cleonensis, Melospiza, melodia, 359.
clypeata, Spatula, 49, 423.
Coceotliraustes, 318.
t'oceothraustes, Coeeothraustes, 318.
Coccyzus, 159.
Coereba, 279.
Coerebidae, 279.
Coerebinae, 279.
coerulescens, Aphelocoma, 223.
coguatus, Vireo huttoni, 275.
Colaptes, 187, 464.
colchicus, Phasianus, 91.
Colinus, 87, 441.
collaris, Colaptes cafer, 188.

Nyroca, 50.
collinsi, Dendroica discolor, 292.
colubris, Archilochus, 179.
Columba, 151, 459.
columba, Cepphus, 146.
Columbae, 151, 459.
columbarius, Falco, 75, 437.
Columbiana, Nucifraga, 228.
columbianus, Cygnus, 36, 417.

Pedioecetes pliasianellus, 86.

Penthestes hudsonicus, 232.
Columbidae, 151, 459.
Columbiformes, 151, 459.
Columbigallina, 155, 386.
Colymbidae, 3, 405.
Columboidea, 151, 459.
Colymbiformes, 3, 405.
Colymbus, 3, 405.
Compsohalieus, 23.
Compsothlypidae, 280.
Compsothlypis, 284.
conboschas. Anas platyrhynchos, 44.
condoni, Anser, 420.
Condor, California, 62, 428.
confinis, Oreortyx picta, 91.

Pooecetes gramineus, 340.

Turdus, 256.
Coniornis, 402.
connectens, Junco hyemalis, 394.

INDEX

489

eouradi, Puffinus, 408.
consobrinus, Pipilo, 332.
conspersus, Catlierpes mexicanus,

250.
conterminus, Gerauoaetus, 433.
contortus, Geranoaetus, 433.
Conuropsis, 157, 460.
cooperi, Accipiter, 65, 431.

Buteo, 370.

Melospiza melodia, 360.

Piranga rubra, 312.

Pisobia, 370.
Coot, American, 100, 449.

European, 100.
copei, Phoenicopterus, 417.
Coraciiformes, 185.
Coragyps, 61, 382, 427.
corax, Corvus, 225, 466.
Cormorant, Baird's 24.

Brandt's, 23.

Double-crested, 22, 411.

European, 22.

Farallon, 23.

Florida, 22.

Mexican, 23.

Pallas 's, 367.

Pelagic, 24.

Eed-faced, 24.

White-crested, 23.
corniculata, Fratercula, 150.
cornix, Corvus, 227.
coronata, Dendroica, 287.

Zonotrichia, 352.
coronatorum, Melospiza melodia,

361.
correctus, Tliryomanes bewicki, 245.
Corthylio, 266, 391.
Corvidae, 220, 466.
Corvdnae, 225, 466.
Corvus, 225, 466.
costae, Calypte, 180.
Cotingidae, 201.
Coturuicops, 98.
coturniculus, Creeiscus, 98.
couchi, Aphelocoma sieberi, 224.

Tyrannus melancholicus, 202.
couesi, Arquatella maritima, 385.

couesi, Arquatella ptilocnemis, 118.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus, 247.
Cowbird, Bronzed, 310.

California, 310.

Dwarf, 310.

Eastern, 309.

Nevada, 309.

Eed-eyed, 310.
Cracidae, 78, 438.
Cracoidea, 78, 438.
Crake, Corn, 99.

Spotted, 97.
Crane, Brown, 93, 445.

Florida, 94.

Little Brown, 93.

Sandhill, 94.

Whooping, 93, 445.
crassipes, Hesperornis, 402.
craverii, Endomychura, 147.
Creagrus, 371.
creatopus, Puffinus, 9.
crecca, Nettion, 47.
Creccoides, 447.
Creeiscus, 98, 379.
Creeper, Bahama Honey, 279.

Brown, 239.

California, 240.

Mexican, 240.

Rocky Mountain, 240.

Sierra, 240.
crepitans, Rallus, 383.

Eallus longirostris, 96.
Crex, 99.
crex, Crex, 99.
crinitus, Myiarchus, 205.
crissale, Toxostoma, 390.
crissalis, Pipilo, 393.

Pipilo fuscus, 332.

Sterna fuscata, 140.

Vermivora, 284.
cristata, Cyanocitta, 221.
cristatella, Aethia, 149.
cristatellus, Aethiopsar, 274.
Crocethia, 125, 384.
Crossbill, Bendire's, 328.

Mexican, 328.

490

INDEX

Ciossljill, Nowfoundlaud, 328,

Eed, 328.

Sitka, 328.

White-winged, 328.
Crotopliaga, 160.
Crotopliaginae, 160.
Crow, 226, 467.

Eastern, 226.

Fish, 227, 467.

Florida, 227.

Hooded, 227.

Northwestern, 227, 467.

Southern, 226.

Western, 227.
Cryptoglaux, 171.
crjptoleuca, Progne, 219.
cryptoleucus, Corvus, 226.
cryptus, Thryomanes bcwicki, 244.
Cuckoo, Baker's 159.

Black-billed, 160.

California, 159.

Himalaya, 158.

Maynard's, 159.

Yellow-billed, 159.
Cuculi, 158, 461.
Cueulidae, 158, 461.
Cuculiformes, 158, 461.
Cuculinae, 158.
cucullatus, Icterus, 306.

Lophodytes, 60, 426.
Cuculus, 158.

culicivorus, Basileuterus, 375.
cunoata, Thyellodroma, 10.
cunicularia, Speotyto, 169, 463.
eupido, Tympanuchus, 85.
Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 112.

Esldmo, 113.

European, 112, 370.

Hudsonian, 112.

Long-billed, 111.

Northern, 111.
curonicus, Charadrius dubius, 103.
currueoides, Sialia, 262.
curtatus, Pipilo maculatus, 330.
curvirostra, Loxia, 328.
curvirostre, Toxostoma, 253.
cuvieri, Eegulus, 372.

cyanea, Aphclocoma, 390.

Passerina, 316.
cyaneoviridis, Callichelidon, L15.
cyanocephala, Starnoenas, 371.
Cyanocephalus, 228.
cj^anocephalus, Cyanocephalus, 228.

Euphagus, 308, 469.
Cyanocitta, 221, 466.
Cyanolaemus, 387.
cyanops, Sula, 381.
cyanoptera, Querquedula, 48, 422.
Cyanosylvia, 262.
cyanotis, Aphelocoma, 224, 400.
Cyclorrhynchus, 148, 386.
Cygninae, 35, 417.
Cygnus, 36, 381, 417.
cygnus, Cygnus, 36.
Cymochorea, 13.
Cynanthus, 184.
Cyphornis, 409.
Cyphornithidae, 409.
Cypseloides, 387.
Cyrtonyx, 91.
Cyrtopelicanus, 19, 408.

DACTYLATRA, Sula, 20, 381.

Dafila, 46, 422.

daggetti, Sphyrapieus varius, 193,

388.
Wetmoregyps, 434.
damaccnsis, Pisobia, 385.
dananus, Geranoaetus, 433.
Daption, 12.
dawsoni, Leucosticte tephrocotis,

324.
decurtatus, Hylophilus, 372.
deglandi, Melanitta, 58.
delawareusis, Larus, 133.
delicata, Gallinago, 110.
Dendragapus, 78, 439.
Dendrocygna, 42, 420.
Dendrocygninae, 42, 420.
Dendroica, 285, 373.
derbianus, Pitangus sulphuratus,

204.
deserticola, Amphispiza bilineata,

344.
diademata, Cyauocitta stelleri, 222.

INDEX

491

diatomicus, Puflfiiius, 407.
Diatryma, 450,
Diatrymidae, 450.
Diatrymiformes, 450.
diazi, Anas, 44.
Dichromanassa, 28, 368.
dickeyi, Branta, 419.

Dichromanassa rufesecns, 28.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, 175.
Dickcissel, 317.
difficilis, Empidonax, 209.
Diomedea, 5, 366.
diomedea, Puffinus, 9.
Diomedeidae, 5.
Dipper, 241.

discolor, Dendroiea, 292.
discors, Querquedula, 48, 422.
dispar, Iclitliyornis, 404.
dissaeptus, Telmatodytcs palustris,

248, 390.
dixoni, Lagopus rupestris, 84.
Dolichonyx, 301.
domesticus. Passer, 300.
dominica, Dendroiea, 290.

Pluvialis, 107.
dominiccnsis, Tyrannus, 202.
doniinicus, Colymbus, 4.

Nomonyx, 59.
dorsale, Toxostoma, 254, 390.
dorsalis, Junco phaeonotus, 347.

Picoides tridactylus, 200.
Dotterel, 106.
dougalli. Sterna, 139.
Dove, Bahama Ground, 156.

Blue-headed Quail, 371.

Chinese Spotted, 154.

Eastern Ground, 155.

Eastern Mourning, 153.

Eastern White-winged, 155.

Ground, 156.

Inca, 156.

Mexican Ground, 156.

Mourning, 153, 460.

Einged Turtle, 154.

Eock, 153.

Western Mourning, 153.

Western White-winged, 155.

Wliite-fronted, 156.

Zcnaida, 153.
Dovekie, 145.
Dowitcher, Eastern, 122, 453.

Long-billed, 122.
dresseri, Somateria, 379.

Somateria mollissima, 56.
drymoecus, Thryomanes bewicki, 245.
Dryobates, 194.
dubia, Aegialitis, 379,

Cerorhinca, 459.
dubius, Charadrius, 103.
Duck, Black, 44, 421.

Buffie-head, 51, 424.

Canvas-back, 51, 423.

Common Black, 44, 369.

Eastern Harlequin, 54.

Eider, 55, 56, 425.

Florida, 45, 421.

Golden-eye, 53, 424.

Greater Scaup, 51.

Labrador, 55.

Lesser Scaup, 51.

Mallard, 43, 421.

Masked, 59.

Mottled, 45.

New Mexican, 44.

Old-squaw, 54, 424.

Pintail, 46, 422.

Eedhead, 50, 423.

Eed-legged Black, 44.

Euddy, 59, 426.

Eufous-crested, 52.

Scaup, 51, 424.

Scoter, 57, 425.

Shoveller, 49, 423.

Tree, 42.

Tufted, 52.

Western Harlequin, 55.

Wood, 49, 423,
Dumetella, 251,
Dunlin, 121.
dwighti, Otocoris, 389.
Dytes, 3,

Eagle, Golden, 70, 343,
Gray Sea, 71.

492

INDEX

Eagle, Harpy, 375.

Northern Bald, 71.

Southern Bald, 71.

Steller's Sea, 71.
eatoni, Golinus, 441.
Ectopistes, 154, 460.
edvardsianus, Laornis, 472.
effera, Proictinia, 441.
Egret, American, 27, 413.

Brewster's 28.

Dickey's 28.

Peale's, 368.

Plumed, 368.

Reddish, 28.

Snowy, 28, 413.
Egretta, 28, 413.
egretta, Casmerodius albus, 27.

Ilerodias, 379.
Eider, 56.
Eider, American, 56.

King, 57.

Northern, 56.

Pacific, 56.

Spectacled, 57.

Steller's, 55.
eidos, Penthestes sclateri, 230.
elachistus, Bubo virginianus, 166.
Elaninae, 62, 430.
Elanoides, 63.
Elanus, 62, 430.
elasson, Gavia immer, 1.
elegans, Buteo lineatus, 67.

Rallus, 95, 448.

Thalasseus, 141.
elegantissima, Euphonia, 375.
Emberiza, 363.
Emberizinae, 329, 469.
Empidonax, 207.
Endomychura, 147, 386.
enecta, Urubitinga, 433.
enertera, Otocoris alpestris, 214.
Eoceornis, 414.
Eocrex, 449.

eremicus, Dryobates scalaris, 198.
eremoeca, Aimophila ruficeps, 342.
eremophilus, Thryomanes bewicki,
244, 390.

Ereunetes, 123.

Ergaticus, 375.

Erismatura, 59, 425.

Erismaturinae, 59, 425.

erithachorides, Dendroica, 286, 392.

Erolia, 121.

errans, Neogyps, 430.

erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 191.

erythrogaster, Hirundo, 217.

erythromelas, Piranga, 311.

crythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 329.

erythropthalmus, Coccyzus, 160.

erythrorhynchos, Peleeanus, 19, 409.

esmeralda, Branta, 419.

evermanni, Lagopus rupestris, 84.

eversa, Dendrocygna, 420.

Eudromias, 106.

Eugenes, 182.

Eunetta, 47.

Euphagus, 307, 468.

Euphonia, 375.

Euphonia, Blue-headed, 375.

Eupoda, 105, 384.

Eurynorhynchus, 126.

Euthlypis, 298.

Exanthemops, 41.

excubitorides, Lanius ludovicianus,

272.
exilipes, Acantliis hornemanni, 325.
exilis, Ixobrychus, 32.
extimus, Buteo lineatus, 67.
exulans, Diomedea, 366.

FABAXis, Anser, 40.

falcata, Eunetta, 47.

falcifer, Pipilo maculatus, 331.

falcinellus, Pipilo maculatus, 331.

Plegadis, 33.
Falco, 73, 436.
Falcon, Aplomado, 75.

Peale's, 75.

Peregrine, 74.

Prairie, 74, 436.
falconellus, Falco, 437.
Falcones, 62, 429.
Falconidae, 73, 436.
Faleoniformes, 61, 426.

INDEX

493

Falconinae, 73, 436.

Falconoidea, 62, 429.

fallax, Melospiza melodia, 357, 394.

familiaris, Certhia, 239.

faiinini, Ardea herodias, 26.

fasciata, Cliamaea, 241.

Columba, 152, 460.
fasciatus, Picoides tridaetylus, 200.
fax, Palaeocrex, 449.
faxoni, Hyloeichla guttata, 259, 390.
fedoa, Liniosa, 124.
femoralis, Phalacrocorax, 411.
ferina, Nyroca, 50.
ferox, Aquila, 434.
ferruginea, Casarca, 43.

Erolia, 385.
feiTugineus, Arcliibuteo, 382.
Pinch, Aleutian Rosy, 323.

Black Rosj^ 324.

Brown-capped Rosy, 324.

California Purple, 320.

Cassin's Purple, 320.

Common House, 320.

Eastern Purple, 320.

Gray-crowned Rosy, 323.

Guadalupe House, 321.

Hepburn 's Rosy, 323.

House, 320.

McGregor's House, 321.

Morton's 375.

Rosy, 323.

San Clemente House, 321.

San Lucas House, 321.

Sierra Nevada Rosy, 324.
fischeri, Arctonetta, 57.
fisherella, Melospiza melodia, 357.
fisheri, Aestrelata, 11, 400.

Ammospiza maritima, 339.
Flamingo, 35.
tiammeolus, Otus, 164.
flammeus, Asio, 171, 464.
flammula, Pinieola enucleator, 322.
flava, Piranga, 311.
flavieeps, Auriparus, 235.
flavifrons, Vireo, 276.
liavipes, Totanus, 117.
flavirostris, Columba, 152.

flaviventris, Empidonax, 207.
flavoviridis, Vireo, 278.
flemingi, Dendragapus obscurus, 79.
Flicker, Cape Gilded, 188.

Guadalupe, 188.

Mearns's Gilded, 188.

Northern, 187.

Northwestern, 187.

Red-shafted, 188, 464.

San Fernando, 188.

San Pedro, 188.

Southern, 187.
Florida, 29, 413.
florida, Dendroica pinus, 292.
floridana, Querquedula, 422.

Richmondena cardinalis, 313.

Speotyto cunicularia, 169.
fioridanus, Agelaius phoenieeus, 303,
392.

Animodramus savannarum, 337.

Ceophloeus pileatus, 189.

Colinus vlrginianus, 88.

Otus asio, 162.

Phalacrocorax auritus, 22.
florincola, Cyanocitta cristata, 221.
Flycatcher, Acadian, 207.

Alder, 208.

Arizona Crested, 205.

Ash-throated, 205.

Baird's, 375.

Beardless, 211.

Buff-breasted, 209.

Coues's, 210.

Crested, 204.

Derby, 204.

Fork-tailed, 203.

Fulvous, 375.

Giraud's, 375.

Gray, 209.

Hammond's, 208.

Lawrence's, 375.

Least, 208.

Little, 208.

Lower California, 205.

Mexican Crested, 205.

Northern Crested, 204.

494

INDEX

Flycatcher, Olivaceous, 20;".

Olive-sided, 211.

San Lucas, 209.

Scissor-tailed, 203.

SmalMieaded, 373.

Southern Crested, 20;'),

Sulphur-bellied, 204.

Traill's, 208.

Vermilion, 211.

Western, 209.

Wright's, 209.

Yellow-bellied, 207.
Fontinalis, 470.
forficata, Muscivora, 203.
forficatus, Elanoides, 03.
formicivora, Balanosphyra, 191.
formosum, Nettion, 48.
formosus, Oporornis, 294.
forsteri, Sterna, 138.
fortis, Agelaius i)hoenieeus, 304.
fragilis, Geranoaetus, 433.
franklini, Canachites, 80.

Larus, 385.
Fratercula, 150.
fratercula, Conuropsis, 460.
Fraterculinae, 150.
frazari, Butorides virescens, 30.

Haematopus, 380.

Haematopus palliatus, 102.
Fregata, 25.
Fregatae, 25.
Fregatidae, 25.
Fregetta, 16.
Fringilla, 318.
Fringillidae, 312, 469.
Fringillinae, 318.

frontalis, Carpodaeus mexicanus,
320.

Cyanocitta stelleri, 222.
frugilegus, Corvus, 227.
fulgens, Eugenes, 182.
Fulica, 100, 449.
fulicarius, Phalaropus, 127.
Fulcinae, 100, 449.
fuliginosa, Passerella iliaca, 354.
fuliginosus, Butco, 370.

Dendragapus, 79, 383.

fuliginosus, Dendragapus obscurus,

383.
Fuligula, 52.
Fulix, 51, 424.
Fulmar, 408.

Atlantic, 12.

Giant, 367.

Pacific, 12.
Fulmarus, 12, 408.
fulva, Passerella iliaca, 354.

Petrochelidon, 218, 379.

Pluvialis dominica, 107.

Sialia sialis, 261.
fulvifrons, Empidonax, 209, 375.
fulvigula. Anas, 45, 421.

Nyroca, 52.
fulviventris, Leptotila, 156.
fumifrons, Perisoreus canadensis,

220.
funerea, Cryptoglaux, 171.
furcata, Oceanodroma, 13.
furcatus, Creagrus, 371.
fusca, Dendroica, 290.

Melanitta, 57.
fuscata. Sterna, 139.
fusceseens, Hylocichla, 260.
fuseicollis, Pisobia, 119.
fusco-coerulesc-ens, Faleo, 75, 379.
fuscus, Larus, 132.

Pipilo, 332.

Gadwall, 45, 421.

gairdneri, Dryobates pubescens,

197.
galbula. Icterus, 307.
galeata, Gallinula, 379, 384.
Galli, 78, 438.
Galliformes, 78, 438.
Gallinago, 384.
gallinago, Capella, 110.
Gallinula, 99, 448.
Gallinule, Florida, 99, 448.

Purple, 99.
Gallinulinae, 99, 448.
Gallinuloididae, 438.
Gallinuloides, 438.
gallopavo, Meleagris, 92, 443.
gambeli, Anser albifrons, 40.

INDEX

495

gambeli, Lanius ludoviciainis, 272.
Lophortyx, 90.
Penthestes, 231.
Zonotricliia leueophrys, 351.
gambelli, Anser albifions, 40.
garuoti, Procellaria, 367.
Gaiinet, 21.

garrula, Bombycilla, 270, 379.
Garrulinae, 220, 466.
Gavia, 1, 404.
Gaviidae, 1, 404.
Gaviiformes, 1, 404.
Gelochelidon, 137.
Geoeoccyx, 160, 461.
georgiana, Melospiza, 356,
Geothlypis, 295.
Geotrygon, 386.
Geranoaetus, 432.
gigantea, Macronectos, 307.
giganteum, Diatryma, 450.
gilli, Palaeotetrix, 440.
gilmani, Otus asio, 164.
gilmorei, Proictinia, 431.
gilvus, Vireo, 279.
giraudi, Otocoris alpestris, 213.
glacialis, Fulmarus, 12, 408.
glacialoides, Priocella, 307.
glareola, Ehyacophilus, 115.
glaucescens, Larus, 131, 456.

Xanthoura luxuosa, 225.
Glaucidiuin, 167, 463.
Glaucionetta, 52, 381, 424.
Glottis, 370.
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 266.

Blue-gray, 264.

Margarita, 265.

Plumbeous, 265.

San Lucas, 265.

Western, 265.

Xantus's, 265.
gnoma, Glaucidium, 167, 386, 463.
Godwit, Bar-tailed, 124.

Black-tailed, 125.

Hudsonian, 124.

Marbled, 124.

Pacific, 124.
Golden-eye, American, 53.

Golden-eye, Barrow's, 53, 424.

European, 53.
Goldfinch, Arkansas, 327.

Black-headed, 374.

British, 324.

Eastern, 326.

Green-backed, 327.

Lawrence's, 327.

Pale, 327.

Willow, 327.
goldmani, Geothlypis beldingi, 297.
Goose, Barnacle, 39.

Bean, 40.

Blue, 41, 369, 420.

Cackling, 38.

Canada, 37, 418.

Common Canada, 37.

Emperor, 39.

Greater Snow, 41.

Hutchins's, 38, 418.

Lesser Canada, 37.

Lesser Snow, 40, 420.

Pink-footed, 40.

Eoss's, 41.

Tule, 40.

White-cheeked, 37.

White-fronted, 39, 420.
Goshawk, Eastern, 64, 431.

Mexican, 70.

Western, 64.
graciae, Dendroica, 290.
gracilis, Aletornis, 444.

Catliartornis, 429.

Hargeria, 403.

Melospiza lincolni, 356, 394.
Grackle, Boat-tailed, 308, 469.

Bronzed, 309.

Florida, 309.

Great-tailed, 308.

Purple, 308, 469.
Graculavus, 410.
graellsi, Larus fuscus, 132.
grallaria, Fregetta, 380.
graminea, Melospiza melodia, 360.
gramineus, Pooecetes, 340.
grammacus, Chondestes, 341.

496

INDEX

Grasshopper-Warbler, Middendorff 's,

2G4.
Grassquit, Bahama, 317.

Melodious, 317.
grata, Sialia sialis, 261.
gravirostris, Dryobates albolarva-

tus, 199.
gravis, Puffinus, 9.
graysoni, Colinus, 375.

Compsothlypis, 285.
Grebe, Clark's, 366.

Eared, 4, 405.

Holboell's, 3, 405.

Horned, 3, 405.

Mexican, 4.

Pied-billed, 5, 406.

Western, 5.
Green-shank, 370.

grindae, Psaltriparus minimus, 236.
grinnelli, Corthylio calendula, 267.

Geranoaetus, 433.

Glaucidium gnoma, 167.

Penthestes gambeli, 230,
grisegena, Colymbus, 3, 405.
griseonucha, Leucosticte, 323.
griseus, Baeolophus iuornatus, 234.

Empidonax, 209.

Limnodromus, 122, 453.

Perisoreus obseurus, 221.

Puffinus, 7, 407.

Telmatodytes palustris, 248.

Vireo, 274.
Grosbeak, Alaska, Pine, 322.

Black-headed, 314.

Blue, 315.

California Blue, 315.

California Pine, 323.

Canadian Pine, 322.

Eastern Blue, 315.

Eastern Evening, 318.

Evening, 318.

Kamchatka Pine, 322.

Kodiak Pine, 322.

Mexican Evening, 319.

Pine, 322.

Queen Charlotte Pine, 322.

Rocky Mountain, 314.

Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, 323.

Rose-breasted, 314.

Western Blue, 315.

Western Evening, 319.
Grouse, Alaska Spruce, 80.

Canada Ruffed, 81.

Canada Spruce, 80.

Columbian Sharp-tailed, 86.

Dusk}', 78, 439.

Eastern Ruffed, 81.

Fleming 's, 79.

Franklin's, 80.

Gray Ruffed, 81.

Hudsonian Spruce, 80.

Mount Pinos, 79.

Northern Sharp-tailed, 86.

Nova Scotia Ruffed, 81.

Oregon Ruffed, 82.

Prairie Sharp-tailed, 86.

Richardson's, 79.

Ruffed, 81, 439.

Sharp-tailed, 86, 440.

Sierra, 79.

Sitka, 79.

Sooty, 79.

Valdez Spruce, 80.

Yukon Ruffed, 81.
Grues, 93, 444.
Gruidae, 93, 444.
Gruiformes, 93, 444.
Gruinae, 93, 444.
Gruoidea, 93, 444.
Grus, 93, 445.
grylle, Cepphus, 146.
guadeloupensis, Salpinctes, 380.

Salpinctes obsoletus, 251.
Guara, 33, 416.
guarauna, Plegadis, 33, 416.
Guillemot, Black, 146.

Black-winged, 371.

Mandt's, 146.

Pigeon, 146.

Sooty, 371.
Guiraca, 315.
Gull, Black-headed, 133.

Bonaparte's, 134, 456.

California, 133.

INDEX

497

Gull, Franklin's, 134.

Glaucous, 130, 456.

Glaucous-mnged, 131.

Great Black-backed, 131.

Heermann's, 135.

Herring, 132, 375, 456.

Iceland, 130.

Ivory, 135.

Kumlien's, 371.

Laughing, 134.

Lesser Black-backed, 132.

Little, 135.

Nelson's, 371.

Eing-billed, 133.

Boss's, 137.

Sabine's 137, 457.

Short-billed, 133.

Slaty-backed, 131.

Swallow-tailed, 371.

Thayer's, 132.

Vega, 132.

Western, 131.

Wyman's, 131.

Yellow-footed, 132.
guttata, Hylocichla, 258.
guttatus, Passereulus rostratus,

336.
gutturalis, Vermivora ruficapilla,

391.
Gvmnogyps, 62, 428.
gyninostoma, Jacana spinosa, 101.
gyrfalco, Falco, 400.
Gyrfalcon, Asiatic, 74.

Black, 74.

White, 73.

HAEMASTICA, Limosa, 124.

Haematopodidae, 101, 451.

Haematopus, 101.

Haliaeetus, 70.

haliaetus, Pandion, 72, 435.

Ilalocyptena, 16.

halophilus, Passereulus rostratus,

336.
hammondi, Empidonax, 208.
Harclda, 382.
Hargeria, 403.

33

harlani, Buteo borealis, 66.
harpyia, Thrasaetus, 375.
harrisi, Dryobates villosus, 195.

Parabuteo unicinctus, 69.
hasbroucki, Otus asio, 162.
hasitata, Pterodroma, 11.
batcheri, Palaeostruthus, 470.
Hawfinch, Japanese, 318.
Hawk, American Rough-legged, 69.

Black Pigeon, 76.

Broad-winged, 67, 432.

Cooper's, 65, 431.

Cooper's Hen, 370.

Desert Sparrow, 77.

Duck, 75, 437.

Eastern Pigeon, 75.

Eastern Red-tailed, 65.

Eastern Sparrow, 77.

Ferruginous Rough-legged, 69>
432.

Florida Red-shouldered, 67, 432.

Florida Red-tailed, 66.

Harlan's, 66.

Harris's, 69.

Insular Red-shouldered, 67.

Little Black, 370.

Krider's, 66.

Little Sparrow, 77.

Marsh, 72, 435.

Mexican Black, 70.

Northern Red-shouldered, 66.

Pigeon, 75, 437.

Red-bellied, 67.

Red-shouldered, 66.

Red-tailed, 65, 432.

Richardson's Pigeon, 76.

Rough-legged, 69.

San Lucas Sparrow, 77.

Sennett's White-tailed, 68.

Sharp-sliinned, 65, 431.

Short-tailed, 68.

Sparrow, 77, 437.

Swainson's, 68, 432.

Texas Red-shouldered, 67.

Western Pigeon, 76.

Western Red-tailed, 66.

Zone-tailed, 68.

498

INDEX

haydcni, Grus, 445.
Heath Hen, 85.
Hebe, 471.
Hedymeles, 314, 392.
heermanni, Larus, 135.

Melospiza melodia, 360.
Heleodytes, 247.
Helinaia, 391.

helleri, Nannus hiemalis, 244.
Helraitheros, 281.
Helodromas, 384.
lieloisa, Atthis, 181.
Helospiza, 356.

helva, Dcndrocygna bicolor, 42.
helveola, Strix varia, 170, 387.
Hen, Heath, 85.

Sage, 87, 440.
henryi, Chordeiles minor, 176.
henshawi, Chamaea fasciata, 241.
henslowi, Passerherbulus, 338, 393.
hepatica, Piranga, 380.

Piranga flava, 311.
herodias, Ardea, 26, 412.
Heron, Anthony's Green, 30.

Bancroft's Night, 31.

Black-crowned Night, 30, 414.

California, 27.

Eastern Green, 30.

Espiritu Santo, 27.

European, 27.

Frazar's Green, 30.

Great Blue, 27, 412.

Great Wkite, 26.

Green, 30, 414.

Little Blue, 29, 413.

Louisiana, 29, 413.

Northwestern, 26.

Treganza's, 26.

Ward's, 26.

Wiirdemann 's, 368.

Yellow-crowned Night, 31, 414.
hesperia, Progne subis, 219.
Hesperiphona, 318.
liesperis, Chordeiles minor, 176.

Corvus bracliyrhynchos, 227.

Ixobrychus exilis, 32.
hesperophilus, Spinus psaltria, 327.

Hesperornis, 402.

Hesperornithidae, 402.

Hesperornithiformes, 402.

hesternus, Micropalama, 454.

Heteractitis, 384.

heterocnemis. Bubo virginianus, 164.

Heteroscelus, 115, 384.

hiaticula, Charadrius, 103.

hiemalis, Nannus, 242.

Hierofalco, 73.

Himantopus, 126.

himantopus, Micropalama, 122.

Hirundinidae, 215, 465.

Hirundo, 217.

hirundo, Sterna, 138.

Histrionicus, 54, 424.

histrionicus, Histrionicus, 54, 425.

hoactli, Nycticorax nycticorax, 30,

381.
liolboelli, Acanthis linaria, 325.

Colymbus, 379.

Colymbus grisegena, 3.
holochlora, Aratinga, 374.
homochroa, Oceanodroma, 15.
homorus, Dryobates pubescens, 388.
Honey-Creeper, Bahama, 279.
hoopesi, Sturnella magna, 302.
hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 367.
hornemanni, Acanthis, 325.
hoskinsi, Glaueidium, 168, 380.

Glaucidium gnoma, 168.
howardae, Branta, 419.
howardi, Dendragapus fuliginosus,

79.
howelli, Ammospiza maritima, 339.

Chordeiles minor, 176.
hoyti, Otocoris alpestris, 212.
hrota, Branta bernicla, 38.
hudsonia, Pica pica, 225.
hudsonicus, Penthestes, 232.

Phacopus, 112.
hudsonius, Circus, 72, 435.
hueyi, Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, 174.
Hummingbird, Allen's, 181.

Anna's, 180.

Arizona Blue-throated, 182.

INDEX

499

Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 180.

Blue-throated, 182.

Broad-billed, 184.

Broad-tailed, 180.

Buff-bellied, 183.

Calliope, 182.

Costa's, 180.

Heloise's, 181.

Lucifer, 179,

Rieffer's, 183.

Eivoli's, 182.

Euby-throated, 179.

Rufous, 181.

Salvin's, 183.

Texas Blue-throated, 182,

White-eared, 184.

Xantus 's, 183.
hutchinsi, Branta canadensis, 38,

418.
huttoni, Vireo, 275,
Hydranassa, 29, 413,
Hydrobates, 15, 380.
Hydrobatidae, 13.
Hydrobatinae, 13.
Hydrochelidon, 386.
Hydrocoloeus, 135.
Hydroprogne, 141, 385.
Hydrotherikornis, 458.
hyemalis, Clangula, 54, 394, 424.

Junco, 345.
Hylocharis, 183, 388.
Ilylocichia, 257.
Hylophilus, 372.
Hylophilus, Short-winged, 372.
hyloscopus, Dryobates villosus, 195.
hyperborea, Chen, 40, 420.
hyperboreus, Larus, 130.

Plectrophenax, 363.
hyperonca, Ardea herodias, 27,
hypochrysea, Dendroica palmarum,

293.
hypoleuca, Aphelocoma californica,
223.

Endomychura, 147.

Pelagodroma marina, 17.
hypospodius, Buteo albicaudatus,
68, 382.

hypsibata, Branta, 419.
hypugaea, Speotyto cunicularia,
169,

Ibis, Eastern Glossy, 33.

Glossy, 33.

Scarlet, 34,

White, 34, 416,

White-faced Glossy, 33, 416.

Wood, 32, 416,
icastus, Dryobates villosus, 196.
Ichthyornis, 403,
Ichthyornithidae, 403,
Ichthyornithiformes, 403.
Icteria, 297.
Icteridae, 301, 468.
Icterus, 305, 373,
icterus. Icterus, 373,
Ictinia, 63.

idahensis, Phalacrocorax, 411,
idahoensis, Otus flammeolus, 386,

400,
idoneus, Micropallas whitneyi, 168,
ignea, Richmondena cardinalis, 313,
ignota, Geothlypis trichas, 296.
iliaca, Passerella, 352,
iliacus, Telmatodytes palustris, 390,
imberbe, Camptostoma, 211,
imnianis, Aphelocoma californica,

223.
immer, Gavia immer, 1.
immutabilis, Diomedea, 6.
impennis, Plautus, 143.
imperator, Hydroprogne caspia, 141.
impiger, Penthestes carolinensis,

230,
inca, Scardafella, 156.
incanus, Heteroscelus, 115.
inceptor, Puflfinus, 407,
incertus, Palaealectoris, 441.
inexpectata, Pterodroma, 11.
inferior, Chordeiles acutipennis, 177.
inornatus, Baeolophus, 234,

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus,
116,
lonornis, 99,
insignis, Melospiza melodia, 358.

500

INDEX

insulanus, Colimis, virginiiinus, 88.
insularis, Aplielocoina, 224.

Junco, 347.

Otoeoris alpestris, 214.

Passerella iliaea, 353.
instilarum, Eallus longirostris, 96.
iiitorfusa, tUiirat-a cacrulea, 31.1.
intermedia, Melcagris gallopavo,
92.

Mesoplioyx, 368.
interprcs, Arenaria, 108.
iiivictus, Lanius borealis, 271.
iuvolucratus, Tangavius aeneus, 310.
inyoensis, Pcntliestes gambeli, 231.
Iiidoproene, 216.
islandiea, Glaucioiietta, 53, 424.
islaiidiis, Falco, 74, 379, 382.
Ixobrychus, 32, 368.
Ixoreus, 2.')7.

Jabiru, 368, 415.
Jacana, 101.

Mexican, 101.
Jacanidae, 101.
Jaeanoidca, 101.
.Jaeger, Long-tailed, 129,

Parasitic, 129.

Pomarine, 128.
jamaicensis, Buteo, 65.

Creciseus, 98, 379.

Erismatura, 59, 379, 426.
japonicua, Antlius spinoletta, 269.

Coceotliraustes coccotliraustes,
318.
Jay, Alaskan, 220.

Arizona, 224.

Belding's, 223.

Black-lieaded, 222.

Blue, 221.

Blue-fronted, 222.

California, 223.

Canada, 220.

Coast, 222.

Couch's, 224.

Florida, 223.

Florida Blue, 221.

Jay, Gray, 221. ,

Green, 225.

Long-crested, 222.

Long-tailed, 223.

Nicasio, 223.

Northern Blue, 221.

Oregon, 221.

Pinon, 228.

Queen Charlotte, 222.

Eocky Mountain, 220.

Santa Cruz, 224.

Semple's, 221.

Steller's 221, 466.

Texas, 224.

Xantus's, 223.
juddi, Melospiza melodia, 357,
juncicola, Aniniospiza maritima, 339.
Junco, 345.

Arizona, 348.

Baird's, 347.

Carolina, 345.

Gray-headed, 347.

Guadalupe, 347.

Hanson Laguna, 347.

Montana, 346.

Oregon, 346.

Pink-sided, 347.

Point Pinos, 347.

Eed-backed, 347.

Shufeldt's, 346.

Slate-colored, 345.

Thurber's, 346.

Townsend's, 347.

White-winged, 345.

KAEDiNGi, Oceanodroma, 379.

Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 14.
kamtschatkensis, Pinicola enuclc-

ator, 322.
kelloggae, Lagopus rupcstris, 84.
kenaiensis, Melospiza melodia, 358.
kennicotti, Acantliopneuste bore-
alis, 264.

Otus asio, 163.
kernensis, Sarcoramphus, 428.
Kestrel, 77.

INDEX

501

Killdeer, 106, 452.
Kingbird, Arkansas, 203.

Cassin's, 203.

Couch's, 202.

Eastern, 201.

Gray, 202.

Liehtenstein 's, 202.

West Mexican, 202.
Kingfisher, Belted, 185.

Eastern Belted, 185.

Ringed, 186.

Texas, 186.

Western Belted, 185.
Kinglet, Cuvier's, 372.

Dusky, 267.

Eastern Golden-cro^vned, .266.

Eastern Ruby-crowned, 266.

Sitka, 267.

Western Golden-crowned, 266.

Western Ruby-crowned, 267.
kirtlandi, Dendroica, 292.
kiskensis, Nannus hienialis, 242.
Kite, Everglade, 64.

Mississippi, 63.

Swallow-tailed, 63.

White-tailed, 62, 430.
Kittiwake, Atlantic, 136.

Pacific, 136.

Red-legged, 136.
Knot, American, 117.

Eastern Asiatic, 118.
krideri, Buteo borealis, 66.
kuhli, Puffinus, 366.
kumlieni, Larus, 371.

LABRADORius, Cauiptorhynchus, 55.

Passerculus sandwichensis, 334.
lachrymosa, Euthlypis, 298.
lagophonus, Bubo virginianus, 165.
Lagopus, 82.
lagopus, Buteo, 69.

Lagopus lagopus, 383.
lagunae, Sitta carolinensis, 238.
laingi Telmatodytes palustris, 248.
Iambi, Aimopliila ruficeps, 342.
Lampornis, 182, 387.
lamprocephalus, Auriparus flaviceps,

235.

Laniidae, 271, 468.
Laniinae, 271, 468.
Lanius, 271, 468.
Lanivireo, 276, 391.
Laopteryx, 471.
Laornis, 471.
lapponica, Limosa, 124.

Scotiaptex nebulosa, 387.
lapponicus, Calcarius, 361.
Lapwing, 102.
Lari, 128, 455.
Laridae, 130, 455.
Larinae, 130, 455.
Lark, Calandra, 374.

California Horned, 214.

Desert Horned, 213.

Dusky Homed, 213.

Horned, 213.

Hoyt's Horned, 212.

Island Horned, 214.

Magdalena Horned, 214.

Mohave Horned, 215.

Montezuma Horned, 214.

Nortliern Horned, 213, 465.

Pallid Horned, 212.

Prairie Horned, 213.

Ruddy Horned, 214.

Scorched Horned, 214.

Ronora Horned, 215.

Streaked Horned, 213.

Texas Horned, 213.
Larus, 130, 371, 455.
latirostris, Cynanthus, 184.
lawi, Chendytes, 425.
lawrencei, Myiarchus, 375.

Spinus, 327.

Vermivora, 372.
lecontei, Passerherbulus, 393.

Toxostoma, 254.
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 31, 414.
Icntus, Ichthyornis, 404.
lepida, Phainopepla nitens, 271.

Tachycineta thalassina, 215.
Leptophaethon, 18.
Leptopelicanus, 19.
leptosteus. Bubo, 462.
Leptotila, 156.
lepturus, Phaethon, IS.

502

INDEX

leucansiptila, Otocoris alpestris, 215,

389.
leucobronchialis, Vermivora, 272.
leucocephala, Columba, 151.
leucocephalus, Haliaeetus, 71.
leueogaster, Sula, 21.
leucolaema, Otocoris alpestris, 213.
leucomelas, Dryobates villosus, 388.
leuconucha, Sitta pygmaea, 239.
leucopareia, Branta canadensis, 37.
leueophrys, Tliryomanes, 380.

Thryomanes bewicki, 246.

Zonotrichia, 351.
Leucopolius, 104.
leucopsis, Branta, 39.
leucoptera, Chlidonias, 142.

Loxia, 328.
leueopterus, Larus, 130.

Mimus polyglottos, 251.
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 13.

Oenanthe oenenthe, 262.
Leucosticte, 323.
leucothorectis, Dryobates villosus,

196.
leucotis, Hylocharis, 184.
leucura, Pinicola enucleator, 322.
leucurus, Dryobates pubescens, 197,
388.

Elanus, 379, 430.

Lagopus, 85.
levipes, Rallus obsoletus, 95.

Rallus, 379.
lewis, Asyndesmus, 192, 465.
Iherminieri, Puffinus, 8.
limicola, Rallus, 97, 383, 448.
Limicolavis, 452.
Limnodromus, 122, 385, 453.
Limnothlypis, 280, 391,
Limosa, 124, 454.
limosa, Limosa, 125.
Limpkin, 94, 446.
linaria, Acanthis, 325.
lineolni, Melospiza, 356.
lineatus, Buteo, 66, 432.
Linnet, Brewster's, 374.
Lithoenas, 152.
littoralis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 303.

littoralis, Leucosticte tephrocotis,
323.

Palaeotringa, 452.

Penthestes hudsonicus, 232.
livens, Larus occidentalis, 132.
livia, Columba, 153.
lloydi, Psaltriparus melanotis, 390.

Psaltriparus minimus, 236.
lobatus, Lobipes, 128, 455.
Lobipes, 128, 455.
Locustella, 264.
lomitensis, Thryothorus ludovici-

anus, 247.
lompocana, Sula, 409.
lomvia, Uria, 145.
longicauda, Bartramia, 113.

Icteria virens, 298.
longicaudus, Stercorarius, 129.
longirostre, Toxostoma, 252.
longirostris, Rallus, 96, 383, 448.
Longspur, Alaska, 362.

Cliestnut-collared, 362.

Lapland, 361.

McCown's, 361.

Smith's, 362.
longurio, Aramornis, 446.
Loon, Common, 1.

Green-throated, 2.

Lesser, 1.

Pacific, 2.

Red-throated, 2.

Yellow-billed, 2.
Lophodytes, 59, 426.
Lophortyx, 89, 441.
Loxia, 327.
loxostyla, Moris, 410.
lucaris, Uintornis, 472.
lucasanus, Dryobates scalaris, 198.

Vireo solitarius, 277.
lucasi, Aechmophorus, 406.

Pedioecetes, 440.
luciae, Vermivora, 284.
lucida, Strix varia, 170.
lucifer, Calothorax, 179.
ludoviciana, Piranga, 311.
ludovicianus, Conuropsis carolinen-
sis, 158.

INDEX

503

ludovieianus, Hedymeles, 314.

Lanius, 272, 468.

Thryothorus, 246.
lugens, Motacilla alba, 268.
lulli, Tyrapanuchus, 439.
Lunda, 150.

lunifrons, Petroehelidon, 390.
luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 204, 379.
lutescens, Verniivora celata, 282.
luteus, Colaptes auratus, 187.
lutosus, Polyborus, 73.
luxuosa, Xantlioura, 225.
lydekkeri, Aquila, 434.
Lymnoeryptes, 111.

MACFARLANEi, Otus asio, 163.
macgillivraii, Ammospiza maritima,

339.
Machetes, 385.

maerodaetyla, Oceanodroma, 14.
niacromystax, Autiostomus vocifer-

us, 387.
Macronectes, 367.
macropterus, Spinus pinus, 326.
macropus, Phalacrocorax, 411.
Maerorhamphus, 385.
macroura, Zenaidura, 153, 460.
macrourus, Megaquiscalus major,

392.
Megaquiscalus, 392.
macularia, Actitis, 114.
maculata, Pisobia, 385.
maculosa. Anas fulvigula, 45.
magister, Myiarchus, 389.

Myiarchus, tyrannulus, 205.
magna, Cryptoglaux funerea, 172.

Sturnella, 301.
magnificens, Fregata, 25, 381.
magnirostris, Euphagus, 469.

Pipilo maculatus, 331.

Riclimondena eardinalis, 313.
magnolia, Dendroiea, 286.
magnus, Podilymbus, 406.
Magpie, American, 225.

Yellow-billed, 225, 466.
mailliardi, Melospiza melodia, 359.
mailliardorum, Agelaius phoeniceus,

major, Cassidix mexicanus, 308.
Megaquiscalus major, 392.
majorinus, Nuttallornis mesoleueus,

211.
majusculus, Elanus leucurus, 62.
Mallard, Common, 43, 421.

Greenland, 44.
maltha, Ciconia, 416.
Mancalla, 458.
mandti, Cepphus, 379.

Cepphus grylle, 146.
Man-o 'war-bird, 25.
Mareca, 45, 421.
margaritae, Polioptila melanura,

205.
marginella, Zenaidura macroura,

153.
marianae, Telmatodytes palustris,

248.
Marila, 381.
marila, Nyroca, 51.
marina, Pelagodroma, 17, 378.
marinavis, Phalacrocorax, 411.
marinensis, Thryomanes bewicki,

245.
marinus, Larus, 131.
mariposae, Passerella iliaea, 355.
maritima, Ammospiza, 338.

Arquatella, 118, 385.
marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 147.
marshi, Grus,
Martin, Cuban, 219.
European, 217.
Gray-breasted, 219.
Purple, 219.
Western, 219.
martiuica, lonornis, 99.
martirensis, Balanosphyra formici-
vora, 192.
Colaptes cafer, 188.
mathewi, Cygnus, 418.
maurii, Ereunetes, 123.
maxillaris, Melospiza melodia, 359.
maximus, Thalasseus, 141.
maxwelliae, Otus asio, 162.
maynardi, Coccyzus minor, 159.
Vireo griseus, 274.

504

INDEX

mccalli, Ortalis vetula, 382.

Olus asio, 162.
mccowni, Ehynchoplianes, 361.
)ncgregori, Carpodacus, 321.
Meadowlark, Eastern, 301.

Eio Grande, 302.

Southern, 302.

Western, 302, 468.
mearnsi, Agelaius plioeniceus, 303,
392.

Colaptes chrysoides, 188.

Gyrtonyx mearnsi, 91.

Junco, 347, 394.

Melopelia asiatica, 155.

Toxostoma cinereum, 252.
inedia, Capella, 110.

Gallinago, 110.

Miosula, 410.
medianus, Dryobates, pubescens,

196.
mediterraneus, Phalaerocorax, 412.
medius, Vireo belli, 275.
Megaceryle, 185.
Megalestris, 385.
inegalonyx, Pipilo maculatus, 331.
megapotamus, Agelaius plioeniceus,

304, 392.
Megaquiscalus, 392.
megarhyncha, Passerella iliaca, 354.
niclancholicus, Tyrannus, 202.
Melaneorypha, 374.
Melanerpes, 191, 388.
melania, Oceanodroma, 15.
Melanitta, 57, 382, 425.
melanocephala, Arenaria, 109.
melanoceplialus, Hedymeles, 314.

Icterus, 306.
melanocorys, Calamospiza, 333.
melanogaster, Petrochelidon albi-

frons, 218.
melanoleueus Aeronautes, 387.

Totanus, 116, 453.
melanoptera. Sterna anaethetus, 130.
melanotis, Sitta pygmaea, 239.
melanotos, Pisobia, 119, 385.
melninirn, Polioptila, 205, 391.

melanurus, Psaltriparus minimus,

236.
Meleagrididae, 92, 443.
Meleagris, 92, 443.
meleagroides, Palaeophasianus, 441.
meliger, Nannus, 380.
meligerus, Nannus hiemalis, 243.
melodia, Melospiza, 357.
melodus, Charadrius, 103.
Melopelia, 155.
Melospiza, 356.
Merganser, American, 60.

Hooded, 60, 426.

Eed-breasted, 60, 426.
merganser, Mergus, 60.
Mergellus, 369.
Merginae, 59.
Mergus, 60.
Merlin, 76.
merriami, Meleagris gallopavo, 92.

Teratornis, 429.
merrilli, Melospiza melodia, 358.

Nyctidromus albicollis, 175.

Otocoris alpestris, 213.
merula, Turdus, 256.
meruloides, Ixoreus naevius, 257.
mesoleucus, Nuttallornis, 211, 389.

Pipilo fuscus, 333.
Mesoplioyx, 368.
mexicana, Grus, 379, 383.

Peucaoa, 375.

Sialia, 261.
mexicanus, Carpodaeus, 320.

Cassidix, 308, 469.

Cinclus, 241.

Falco, 74, 436.

Himantopus, 126.

Phalaerocorax olivaceus, 23,
381.

Phalaerocorax vigua, 381.

Pyrocephalus rubinus, 211.
miamensis, Thryothorus ludovici-

anus, 247.
microcephala, Wilsonia, 373.
micronyx, Melospiza melodia, 360.
Micropalama, 122, 464.
Micropallas, 168, 463.

INDEX

505

Mieropodidae, 177.

Micropodii, 177.

Micropodiformes, 177.

Micropodinae, 178.

Micropus, 178.

microsoma, Halocyptena, 16.

inicrus, Vireo griseus, 275.

micula, Columba, 459.

migrans, Lauius ludovicianus, 272.

migratorius, Turdus, 255.

Ectopistes, 154, 460.
Milvinae, 63, 430.
Mimidae, 251.
Mimus, 251.
Minerva, 461.
minima, Branta canadensis, 38.

Hylocichla, 260, 391.
minimus, Empidonax, 208.

Lymnocryptes, 111.

Psaltriparus, 235.
minor, Chordeiles, 175, 387.

Coceyzus, 159, 400.

Fregata, 25.

Fulica, 449.

Loxia eurvirostra, 393.

PMloliela, 109.
minuscula, Branta, 418.
miuutilla, Pisobia, 120.
minutus, Larus, 135.
mioceanus, Palaeoehenoides, 409.

Phasianus, 442.
Miosula, 410.

mirabilis, Ammospiza, 340.
misisippiensis, Ictinia, 63.
mississippiensis, Eopteryx, 470.
Mniotilta, 280.
Mockingbird, Eastern, 251.

Western, 251.
mollissima, Somateria, 56.
Molotbrus, 309.
monoeerata, Cerorliinca, 149.
mongolus, Charadrius, 104.
monoensis, Passerella iliaca, 35.").
montana, Certhia familiaris, 240.

Dendroica, 373.

Eupoda, 105.

Hesperipliona vespertina, 319.

montana, Hesperornis, 402.

Melospiza melodia, 394.

Oreopeleia, 157.

Pinicola enucleator, 323.
montanella. Prunella, 267.
montanus, Junco oreganus, 346.

Oreoscoptes, 255.

Passer, 301.

Pipilo maculatus, 330.
monticola, Dryobates villosus, 196.

Spizella, 394.
montifringilla, Fringilla, 318.
morelleti, Sporopliila, 321.
morinella, Arenaria interpres, 108.
morinellus, Eudromias, 106.
Moris, 21, 410.

morplina, Melospiza melodia, 359.
Morplmus, 435.
mortoni, Bracliyspiza, 375.
Motacilla, 268.
motacilla, Seiurus, 294.
Motacillidae, 268.
motzfeldi, Cepphus, 371.
murinus, Baeolophus iiiornatus, 234.
Murre, Atlantic, 144.

Briinnicli 's, 145.

California, 145.

Pallas 's, 145.
Murrulet, Ancient, 148, 459.

Craveri's, 147.

Kittlitz's, 147.

Marbled, 147.

Tcmminck 's, 375.

Xantus's, 147.
Muscivora, 203.
musicus, Arceutliornis, 255.
mustelina, Hylocichla, 257.
nmtus, Lagopus, 83.
Myadestes, 263.
Mycteria, 32, 416.
mycteria, Jabiru, 415.
Mycteriinae, 32, 416.
Myiarchus, 204.
Myioclianes, 210.
Myiodynastes, 204, 375.
Myiozetetes, 375.
Mynali, Crested, 274.

506

INDEX

NAEVius, Ixoreus, 257.

Nycticorax nycticorax, 381.

Otus asio, 161.
nannodes, Grus, 446.
Nannus, 242,
nanus, Hylociehla guttata, 257.

Pedioecetes, 440.
nataliae, Sphyrapicus thyroideus,

194.
naumanni, Fratercula arctica, 150.
Nautilornis, 457.
Nautiloinithidae, 457.
nebouxi, Sula, 20.
nebulana, Glottis, 370, 400.
nebulosa, Scotiaptex, 170.
neglecta, Stuinella, 302, 468.
neglectus, Penthestes rufescens, 233.
nelsoni, Ammospiza, 394.

Ammospiza caudacuta, 338.

Dryobates pubescens, 197.

Icterus cucullatus, 306.

Lagopus, rupestris, 83.

Lanius ludovicianus, 273.

Larus, 371.

Myiarchus, magister, 389.

Myiarehus tyrannulus, 205.

Passerherbulus, 380, 394.

Sitta carolinensis, 237.
Neognathae, 1, 404.
Neogyps, 430.
Neomorphinae, 160, 461.
Neophrontops, 430.
Neornithes, 1, 402.
neoxenus, Ixobrychus, 368.
Nephoecetes, 177, 387.
nesophilus, Tliryomanes bewieki, 245.
Netta, 52.
Nettion, 47, 422.

neutralis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 305.
nevadensis, Agelaius phoeniceus,
304.

Amphispiza, 344.

Passerculus sandwichensis, 335.
niger, Neplioecetes, 177.
Nighthawk, Cherrie's, 176.

Eastern, 175.

Florida, 175.

Howell's, 176.

Nighthawk, Pacific, 176.

San Lucas, 177.

Sennett's, 176, 372.

Texas, 177.

Western, 176.
Nightingale, Greater Kamehatkan,

263.
nigra, Chlidonias, 142, 457.

Rynchops, 143.
nigrescens, Ammospiza, 340.

Dendroica, 288.

Penthestes hudsonicus, 232.
nigricans, Branta, 38.

Sayornis, 206.
nigricapillus, Perisoreus canaden-
sis, 220, 400.
nigricollis, Colymbus, 4.
nigrifrons, Dendroica auduboni, 288.
nigrilora, Compsothlypis pitiayumi,

285.
nigripes, Diomedea, 5.
nilotica, Gelochelidon, 137, 379.
nitens, Phainopepla, 271, 399.
nitidus, Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, 400.
nivalis, Chen hyperboreus, 381.

Plectrophenax, .363.
nivosus, Charadrius, 104.
nobilis, Aletornis, 446.
Nomonyx, 59.
notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis,

294.
notatus, Spinus, 374.
notkensis, Sphyrapicus ruber, 388.
noveboracensis, Coturnicops, 98.

Seiurus, 293.
novimexicana. Anas diazi, 44.
nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 193.
Nucifraga, 228.
Numeniinae, 111, 452.
Numenius, 111, 370, 384.
Nutcracker, Clark's, 228.
Nuthatch, Black-eared, 239.

Brown-headed, 238.

Florida, 237.

Gray-headed, 238.

Inyo, 238.

Pygmy, 239.

INDEX

507

Nuthatch, Ked-breasted, 238,

Rocky Mountain, 237.

San Lucas, 238.

San Pedro, 238.

Slender-billed, 237.

White-breasted, 237.

White-naped, 239.
nuttalli, Dryobates, 198.

Phalaenoptilus, 174.

Pica, 225, 466.

Zonotrichia leucophrya, 352,
Nuttallornis, 210.
Nyctanassa, 31, 414,
Nyctea, 166,
nyctea, Nyctea, 166,
Nycticorax, 30, 414.
nycticorax, Nycticorax, 30, 414.
Nyctidromus, 175,
Nyroca, 50, 381, 423.
Nyrocinae, 50, 423.

OBERHOLSERi, Toxostoma curviroatre,

253.
Oberholseria, 329, 393.
obseura, Aimophila ruficeps, 342.

Aphelocoma californica, 223.

Polioptila caerulea, 265.
obscurus, Corthylio calendula, 267.

Dendragapus, 78, 439.

Molothrus ater, 310.

Perisoreus, 221.

Vireo huttoni, 400.
obsoletus, Falco rusticolua, 74.

Rallus, 95.

Salpinctes, 250,
oceanicus, Oceanitea, 16,
Oeeanites, 16.
Oceanitinae, 16.
Oceanodroma, 13, 367.
occidentalis Aechmophorua, 4, 406.

Ardea, 26.

Branta canadensis, 37.

Bubo virginianua, 165.

Certhia familiaris, 240.

Coragyps, 427.

Cuculus americanus, 159,

Dendroica, 289.

occidentalis, Geothlypis trichas, 296,

Hydranassa tricolor, 29.

Larus, 131.

Numenius, americanus, 111.

Otocoris alpestris, 214.

Passerherbulus henslowi, 393.

Pelecanua, 19.

Penthestea atricapillua, 229.

Sialia mexicana, 261.

Strix varia, 170.

Tyrannus melancholicus, 202.
ochracea, Spizella arborea, 348.

Spizella montieola, 394.
ochotensia, Locustella, 264.
ochrophua, Tringa, 115.
Ochthodromus, 384.
ocularis, Motacilla, 380.

Motaeilla alba, 268.
Odontognathae, 402.
Odontophorinae, 87, 441.
Oenanthe, 262.
oeuanthe, Oenanthe, 262,
Oidemia, 58, 382.
Old-squaw, 54.
oligoeeanua, Colymbus, 405.
olivaceus, Peueedramua, 285.

Phalacrocorax, 23.

Regulus satrapa, 266.

Vireo, 278.
olivaseens, Myiarchus lawrencei,
389.

Myiarchus tuberculifer, 205.
Olor, 381.

olor, Sthenelides, 35.
Omorhamphus, 451.
ooeleptiea, Aphelocoma californica,

223.
opisthomelas, Puffinus, 8, 407.
Oporornis, 294,
optatus, Cuculus, 158, 386,
oreganus, Junco, 346, 394.

Junco hyemalis, 394.
oregonus, Hydrotherikornis, 458.

Larus, 456.

Pipilo maculatua, 331.
Oreopeleia, 157, 386.

508

INDEX

Oreortyx, 90, 442.
Oreoscoptes, 254.
Oreospiza, 393.
Oreothlypis, 391.
Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 306.

Audubon's, 306.

Baltimore, 307.

Bullock's, 307.

Hooded, 306.

Orchard, 306.

San Lucas Hooded, 306.

Scott's, 306.

Sennett's, 306.
orius, Dryobates villosus, 196.
ornatus, Calearius, 362.
Ortalis, 78, 438.
oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 301.
osborni, Creceoides, 448.
osceola, Meleagris gallopavo, 92.
osgoodi, Canachites canadensis, 80.
Osprey, 72, 435.
ossifragus, Corvus, 227, 467.
ostralegus, Haematopus, 101.
Otocoris, 212, 465.
Otus, 161, 462.
Oven-bird, 293.
Owl, Aiken's, Screech, 162.

American Hawk, 167.

Arctic Horned, 164.

Barn, 161, 461.

Barred, 169, 463.

Brewster's Screech, 163.

Burrowing, 169, 463.

California Pygmy, 168.

California Screech, 163.

California Spotted, 170.

Coast Pygmy, 167.

Dusky Horned, 165.

Dwarf Horned, 166.

Eastern Screech, 161.

Elf, 168, 463.

Ferruginous Pygmy, 168.

Flammulated Screech, 164.

Florida Barred, 169.

Florida Burrowing, 169.

Florida Screech, 162.

Great Gray, 170,

Owl, Great Horned, 165, 462.

Hasbrouck's, Screech, 162.

Hawk, 167.

Hoskins's Pygmy, 168.

Kennicott's Screech, 163.

Labrador Horned, 164.

Long-eared, 171, 464.

MacFarlane's Screech, 163.

Mexican Screech, 163.

Mexican Spotted, 170.

Montana Horned, 165.

Northern Barred, 169.

Northern Spotted, 170.

Northwestern Horned, 165.

Pacific Horned, 165.

Pasadena Screech, 163.

Pygmy, 167, 463.

Queen Cliarlotte, 172.

Eichardson's, 171.

Eocky Mountain Pygmy, 167.

Eocky Mountain Screech, 162.

Sahuaro Screech, 164.

Saint Michael Horned, 165.

Sanford's Elf, 168.

Saw-whet, 172.

Screech, 161, 462.

Short-eared, 171, 464.

Siberian Gray, 170.

Siberian Hawk, 167.

Snowy, 166.

Southern Screech, 162.

Spotted, 170.

Spotted Screech, 164.

Tengmalm's, 172.

Texas Barred, 170.

Texas Elf, 168.

Texas Screech, 162.

Vancouver Pygmy, 167.

Western Burrowing, 169.

Western Horned, 166.

Whitney's Elf, 168.

Xantus's Screech, 164.
Oxyechus, 106, 452.
Oyster-catcher, American, 102.

Black, 102.

European, 101.

Frazar's, 102.

INDEX

509

PACHRYNCHA, Eliynchopsitta, 158,

372.
pacifica, Gavia, 379.
Gavia arctica, 2.
Pelidna alpina, 122.
pacificus, Bubo virginianus, 165.
Histrionicus histrionicus, 55.
Micropus, 178.
Nannus Memalis, 244.
Pagolla, 105, 384.
Pagophila, 135.
Palaealectoris, 440.
Palaeoborus, 429.
Palaeochenoidps, 409,
Palaeocrex, 449.
Palaeogyps, 427.
Palaeonornis, 472.
Palaeopliasianus, 441.
Palaeorallus, 447.
Palaeospiza, 465.
Palaeostrutlius, 469.
Palacotetrix, 440.
Palaeotringa, 452.
pallasi, Hyloeichla guttata, 390.

Surnia ulula, 167, 386.
pallescens, Bubo virginianus, 166.

Columbigallina passerina, 156.
palliatus, Haematopus, 102.
Junco phaeonotus, 348.
pallida, Callipepla squamata, 89,
383.
Otocoris alpestris, 389.
Petrochelidon fulva, 219.
Spizella, 349.
pallidiceps, Bombycilla garrula, 270.
pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus, 86,

439.
pallidiventris, Myioclianes pertinax,

210.
pallidula, Crotophaga sulcirostris,

161.
pallidus, Spinus tristis, 327.
palmarum, Dendroica, 293.
palmeri, Oreortyx, picta, 90, 383.

Toxostoma curvirostre, 253.
palmerstoni, Fregata minor, 25.
paloceidentals, Ardea, 413.
paloregonus, Cygnus, 418.

palpebrata, Phoebetria, 366.
paludieola, Telmatodytes palustris,

249.
palustris, Telmatodytes, 248.
Pandion, 72, 435.
Pandioninac, 72, 435.
papa, Sarcorlianiphus, 469.
papago, Hedymeles melanocephalus,

314.
Parabuteo, 69.
Paractiornis, 451.
paradisaea. Sterna, 139.
Parapavo, 444.
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 129.
Paridae, 229.
Parinae, 229.
parisorum, Icterus, 306.
parkmani, Troglodytes ai'dou, 242.
Paroquet, Carolina, 157.
Louisiana, 158.
Mexican, 375.
Parrot, Tliick-billed, 158, 372.
Partridge, European, 87.
parvus, Butoroides, 415.
Colymbus, 406.
Numenius amerieanus. 111.
pascuus, Corvus bracliyrliynchos,

227.
Passer, 300.
Passerculus, 334.
Passerella, 352.
Passeres, 212, 465.
Passerherbulus, 337, 393.
Passeriformes, 201, 465.
Passerina, 315.
passerina, Columbigallina, 155.

Spizella, 348.
Passerinae, 300.
Patagioenas, 151.
patritus, Pliasmagyps, 427.
paulus, Corvus bracliyrliynchos, 226.

Palco sparverius, 77.
Pauraque, Merrill's, 175.
pealei, Dichromanassa, 368.

Falco peregrinus, 75.
Pedioecetes, 86, 440.
pelagiea, Cliaetura, 178.

510

INDEX

pelagicus Thallasoaetus, 71.

Hydrobates, 15.

Phalacrocorax, 24.
Pelagodroma, 17.
Pelecani, 18, 408.
Pelecanidae, 18, 408.
Peleccaniformes, 17, 408.
Pelecanoidea, 18, 408.
Pelecanus, 18, 408.
Pelican, California Brown, 19.

Eastern Brown, 19.

White, 19, 409.
Pelidna, 121, 453.
Pelionetta, 58, 425.
penelope, Mareca, 45.
Penelopinae, 78.
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 23.
peninsulae, Ammospiza maritima,
339.

Myiochanes peninsularis, 210.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 314.
peninsularis, Palco sparverius, 77.

Lagopus leucurus, 84.
pensylvanica, Dendroica, 291.
Penthestes, 229.
percna, Loxia curvirostra, 328.
Perdix, 87.
perdix, Perdix, 87.
Perdicidae, 87, 441.
Perdicinae, 87.
peregrina, Vermivora, 282.
peregrinus, Falco, 74, 437.
Perisoreus, 220.
Perninae, 63.
pernix, Aletornis, 445.
perpusillus, Paractiornis, 451.
perspicillati, Melanitta, 58, 425.

Phalacrocorax, 367.
pertinax, Myiarchus cinerascens,
205.

Myiochanes, 210.
pervetus, Presbyornis, 454.
Petrel, Ashy, 15.

Beal's, 14.

Bermuda, 11.

Black, 15.

Blackrcapped, 11.

Petrel, Bulwer's, 11.

Fork-tailed, 13.

Guadalupe, 14.

Hornby's, 367.

Kaeding's, 14.

Leach's, 13.

Least, 16.

Madeira, 14.

Pacific, 367.

Pintado, 13.

Scaled, 11.

Socorro, 15.

Storm, 15.

White-bellied, 16.

White-faced, 17.

Wilson's, 16.
Petrochelidon, 218, 465.
petrophilus, Nannus hiemalis, 243.
petulans, Pipilo fuscus, 332.
Peucaea, 393.
Peucedramus, 285.
Pewee, Eastern Wood, 210.

Large-billed, 210.

Western Wood, 210.

Wood, 210.
phaea, Chamaea faseiata, 240.
phaeonotus, Junco, 348.
Phaeopus, 112, 384.
phaeopus, Phaeopus, 112.
Phaethon, 17.
Phaethontes, 17.
Phaethontidae, 17.
Phainopepla, 271.
Phalacrocoracidae, 22, 410.
Phalacrocorax, 22, 367, 411.
phalaena, Falco sparverius, 77.
phalaenoides, Glaucidium, 380, 387.
Phalaenoptilus, 174.
Phaiarope, Northern, 128, 455.

Red, 127.

Wilson's, 127.
Phalaropodidae, 127, 455.
Phalaropus, 127.
Phaleris, 386.

phasianellus, Pedioecetes, 86, 440.
Phasianidae, 91, 442.
Phasianoidea, 78, 439,

INDEX

511

Phasianus, 91, 442.
Phasmagyps, 427.
Pheasant, Eing-necked, 91.
phengites, Ortalis, 438.
Philacte, 39.
Philadelphia, Larus, 134, 456.

Oporornis, 295.
philadelphicus, Vireo, 278.
Philohela, 109.
Philomachus, 125, 385.
Phloeotomus, 189, 388, 464.
Phoebastria, 5, 366.
Phoebe, Black, 206.

Eastern, 206.

San Jose, 207.

San Lucas, 206.

San Quintin, 206.

Say's, 206.
phoebe, Sayornis, 206.
phoeniceus, Agelaius, 303, 468.
Phoenicopteri, 35, 417.
Phoenicopteridse, 35, 417,
Phoenicopterus, 35, 417.
Phrenopicus, 199.
Plea, 225, 466.
pica, Pica, 225, 466.
Pici, 187, 464.
Picicorvns, 228.
Picidae, 187, 464.
Piciformes, 187, 464.
Picinae, 187, 464.
picinus, Ceophloeus pileatus, 189.
Picoides, 199.

picoides, Dryobates villosua, 195.
picta, Oreortyx, 91, 383, 442.

Setophaga, 300.
pictus, Aramus, 94, 383, 446.

Calcarius, 362.
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 152, 460.

Passenger, 154, 460.

Red-billed, 152.

Scaled, 152.

Viosca's, 152.

White-crowned, 151.
pileatus, Ceophloeus, 189, 464.
pileolata, Wilsonia pusilla, 299.
Pinicola, 321.

pinicola, Glaucidium gnoma, 167,

386.
pinosus, Junco oreganus, 347.
Pintail, 46, 422.

American, 46.

Bahama, 46.
pinus, Dendroica, 291, 392.

Spinus, 326.

Vermivora, 281.
Pipilo, 329.
Pipit, American, 269.

Japanese, 269.

Meadow, 269.

Red-throated, 269.

Sprague's, 270.
pipixcan, Larus, 134, 385.
Piranga, 311.
piscator, Sula, 21.
Pisobia, 119, 370.
Pitangus, 204.

pitiayunii, Compsothlypis, 285.
plagiata, Asturina, 70.
Planesticus, 390.
Plataleinae, 34.
platycercus, Selasphorus, 180.
Platypsaris, 201.
platypterus, Buteo, 67, 432.
platyrhnchos. Anas, 43, 421.
Plautinae, 143.
Plautus, 143.
Plectrophenax, 362.
Plegadis, 33, 416.

plesius, Telmatodytes palustris, 249.
pliogyps, Aquila, 434.
Ploceidae, 300.
Plover, American Golden, 107.

Belding's, 105.

Black-bellied, 107.

Cuban Snowy, 104.

European Golden, 106.

Golden, 107.

Greenland Ringed, 103.

Little Ringed, 103.

Mongolian, 104.

Mountain, 105.

Pacific Golden, 107.

Piping, 103.

512

INDEX

Plover, Semipalmated, 105.

Snowy, 104.

Upland, 113.

Western Snowy, 104.

Wilson's, 105.
I)lumbea, Lophortyx ealifornica, 90.

Polioptila, 391.
plumbeus, Psaltriparus, 380.

Psaltriparus minimus, 236.

Rostrhamus sociabilis, 64.

Vireo solitarius, 277.
plumifera, Oreortyx picta, 383.
Pluvialis, 106, 384.
pluvianella, Limicolavis, 452.
podiceps, Podilymbus, 5, 406.
Podilymbus, 5, 406.
Podosocys, 384.

poliocephala, Chamactlilypis, 297.
polionota, Hylocichla guttata, 258.
Polioptila, 264.
Polioptilinae, 264.
pollicaris, Eissa tridactyla, 136.
Poiyborinae, 73, 436.
Polyborus, 73, 436.
polyglottos, Mimus, 251.
Polysticta, 55, 425.
pomnrinus, Stercorarius, 128.
pontilis, Junco oreganus, 347.
Pooecetes, 340.
Poor-will, Desert, 174.

Dusky, 174.

Nuttall's, 174.

San Ignacio, 175.
Porzana, 97.
porzaua, Porzana, 97.
Prairie Chicken, 85, 439.

Attwater's, 86.

Greater, 85.

Lesser, 86.
pratensis, Anthus, 269.

Grus canadensis, 94.
praticola, Otocoris alpestris, 213.
pratincola, Tyto, 380.

Tyto alba, 161.
prentici, Grus, 446.
Presbyclicn, 419.
Presbyornis, 454.

Presbyornithidae, 454.
primus, Eocrex, 449.
princeps, Passerculus, 334.
j)rincipalis, Campephilus, 200.

Corvus corax, 225.
Priocella, 367.
Priofinus, 380.
priscus, Laopteryx, 471.

Telniatornis, 447.
pristina, Fontinalis, 471.
pristinus, Larus, 456.
proavitus, Nautilornis, 457.
proavus, Grus, 446.
Procellariidae, 7, 407.
Procellariiformes, 5, 407.
prodromus, Palaeogyps^ 428.
Progne, 219.
Proictinia, 430.
projirinqua, Branta, 419.
propinquus, Turdus migratorius,

256.
Protonotaria, 280.
Prunella, 267.
Prunellidae, 267.
psaltria, Spinus, 327.
Psaltriparinae, 235.
Psaltriparus, 235.
Psittacidae, 157, 460.
Psittaciformes, 157, 460.
psittacula, Cyclorrhynclius, 148.
Ptarmigan, Alaska, 82.

Alexander's, 83.

Allen's, 82.

Chamberlain's, 84.

Dixon's, 84.

Evermann's, 84.

Kellogg 's, 84.

Kenai Wliite-tailed, 84.

Nelson's, 83.

Northern White-tailed, 85.

Eeinhardt's, 83.

Eock, 83.

Sanford's, 84.

Southern WMte-tailed, 85.

Townsend's, 84.

Turner's, 83.

Ungava, 82.

INDEX

513

Ptarmigan, Washington White-
tailed, ST).

Welch's, 83,

White-tailed, 85.

Willow, 82.
Pterodroma, 11, 380.
ptilocnemis, Arquatella, 118, 385.

Arquatella maritima, 385.
Ptilogonatidae, 271.
Ptychoramphus, 148.
pubescens, Dryobates, 197.
Puffinus, 7, 366, 407.
puffinus, Puffinus, 7, 407.
Puffin, Atlantic, 150.

Horned, 150.

Large-billed, 150.

Tufted, 151.
pugetensis, Zonotricliia leucophrys,

351.
pugnax, Philomachus, 125.
pulchra, Passerina versicolor, 316.
pulverius, Salpinctes obsoletus, 400.
pumilus, Graculavus, 411.
punctulatus, Catherpes mexieanus,

250.
purpureus, Carpodacus, 320.
pusilla, Aethia, 149.

Compsothlypis americana, 284,
392.

Gavia, 405.

Loxia curvirostra, 328, 393.

Sitta, 238.

Spizella, 350.

Wilsonia, 299.
pusillula, Melospiza melodia, 360.
pusillus, Ereunetes, 123.

Vireo belli, 276.
pygmaea, Aethia, 149.

Sitta, 239.
pygmaeus, Empidonax fulvifrons,
209.

Eurynorhynchus, 126.
Pyrocephalus, 211.
Pyrrhula, 319.
pyrrhula, Pyrrhula, 319.
Pyrrhuloxia, 313.

Arizona, 314.

34

Pyrrliuloxia, San Lucas, 314.
Texas, 313.

Quail, Arizona Scaled, 89.

California, 89, 442.

Catalina, 89.

Chestnut-bellied, 89.

Gambel 's, 90.

Mearns's, 91.

Mountain, 90.

Olathe, 90.

Plumed, 91, 442.

San Lucas, 90.

San Pedro, 91.

San Quintin, 90.

Scaled, 89.

Valley, 89.
Quail-dove, Blue-headed, 371.

Key West, 157.

Euddy, 157.
quarta, Arquatella ptilocnemis, 119.
quercinus, Otus asio, 163.
Querquedula, 48, 422.
querula, Zonotricliia, 351.
quiescens, Sayornis saya, 207.
Quisealus, 308, 469.
quiscula, Quisealus, 308, 469.

Eail, Belding's, 95.

Black, 98.

California Clapper, 95, 448.

Clapper, 96.

Farallon, 98.

Florida Clapper, 96.

King, 95, 448.

Light-footed, 95.

Louisiana Clapper, 96.

Mangrove Clapper, 96.

Northern Clapper, 96.

Virginia, 97, 448.

Water, 97.

Wayne's Clapper, 96.

Wood, 448.

Yellow, 98.

Yuma Clapper, 96.
rainierensis, Lagopus leucurus, 85.
Eallidae, 95, 447.

514

INDEX

Eallinae, 95, 447.

Ealloidea, 95, 447.

Eallus, 95, 448.

ramalinae, Compsothlypis ameri-

cana, 284.
rarus, Cimolopteryx, 470.
Eaven, 226, 466.

American, 226.

Northern, 225.

White-necked, 226.
Eecurvirostra, 126, 454.
Eecurvirostridae, 126, 454.
Eed-head, 50, 423.
redivivum, Toxostoraa, 25.3.
EedpoU, Common, 325.

Greater, 326.

Hoary, 325.

Holboell's, 325.

Hornemann's, 325.
Eedshank, Iceland, 117, 370.
Eedstart, American, 300.

Painted, 300.
Eed-wing, Bicolored, 305.

Eastern, 303.

Florida, 303.

Giant, 304.

Gulf Coast, 303.

Kern, 305.

Maynard's, 303.

Nevada, 304.

Northwestern, 304.

Eio Grande, 304.

San Diego, 305.

San Francisco, 304.

Sonora, 305.

Thick-billed, 304.

Tricolored, 305.
regalis, Buteo, 69, 382, 432.

Hesperornis, 402.
regens, Barornis, 450.
Eegulinae, 266.
Eegulus, 266, 372, 391.
reinhardi, Lagopus rupestris, 83.
Eemizinae, 235.
rcsplendens, Phalacrocorax pelagi-

cus, 24.
retusus, Cimolopteryx, 470.

rex, Telmatornis, 447.
Ehodostethia, 136.
Ehyacophilus, 115.
Ehynchodon, 74.
Ehynchofalco, 75.
Ehyuchophanes, 361.
Ehynchopsitta, 158, 372.
richardsoni, Cryptoglaux funerea,
171.

Dendragapus obseurus, 79.

Falco, 76.

Falco colunibarius, 76,

Myiochanes, 210.
Eiehmondena, 312, 393.
Eichmondeninae, 312.
richmondi, Agelaius plioenieens,
392.

Meleagris, 443.
ridg^vayi, Colinus, 88.

Glaucidium brasilianum, 168,
387.

Vermivora ruficapilla, 283.
ridibundus, Larus, 133.
Eiparia, 216.
riparia, Eiparia, 216.
Eissa, 136.

risoria, Streptopelia, 154.
rivularis, Melospiza melodia, 361.
Eoad-runner, 160, 461.
roberti, Phasianus, 442.
Eobin, Eastern, 255.

Northwestern, 256.

San Lucas, 256.

Southern, 256.

"Western, 256.
robusta, Cyanosylvia suecica, 391.
robustus, Larus, 456.

Phalacrocorax peragieus, 400.

Totanus totanus, 117, 370.
rodgersi, Fulmarus, 379, 400.

Fulmarus glacialis, 12.
Eook, 227.

rosea, Ehodostethia, 137.
rossi, Clien, 41.
rostrata, Acanthis linaria, 326.
rostratus, Passerculus, 335.
Eostrhamus, 63.

INDEX

515

rothscliildi, Phaethon rubrioollis, IS.
Eough-leg, Ferruginous, 69.
rubea, Otocoris alpestris, 214.
ruber, Ergaticus, 375.

Phoenicopterus, 35.

Sphyrapicus ruber, 388.

Sphyrapicus varius, 193.
ruberrimus, Carpodacus mexicanus,

321.
rubescens, Antlius, 380.

Anthus spinoletta, 269.
Eubicola, 109,

rubida, Erismatura jamaicensis, 59.
rubiginosa, Dendroica aestlva, 28(5.
rubiuus, Pyrocephalus, 211.
rubra, Guara, 34.

Piranga, 312.
rubricapilla, Vermivora, 391.
rubricaudus, Phaethon, IS, 378.
rubriceps, Piranga, 374.
rubrifrons, Cardellina, 298.
rubripes, Anas, 44, 421.
rufesceus, Diehromanassa, 28.

Penthestes, 232.
Ruff, 125.

ruficapilla, Vermivora, 283, 391.
ruficeps, Aimophila, 342.
ruficollis, Hydranassa tricolor, 29.

Pisobia, 120, 370.

Stelgidopteryx, 217.
rufina, Melospiza melodia, 358.

Netta, 52.
rufipileus, Colaptes, 380.

Colaptes cafer, 188.
rufivirgatus, Arremonops, 329.
rufula, Chamaea fasciata, 241.
rufum, Toxostoma, 252.
rufus, Calidris canutus, 117.

Selasphorus, 181.
rupestris, Lagopus, 83.
rustica, Emberiza, 363.

Hirundo, 217.
rusticola, Scolopax, 109.
rusticolus, Falco, 73, 400.
ruticilla, Setophaga, 300.
Ryncliopidae, 143.
Rynchops, 143.

s. JOHANNis, Buteo lagopus, 69.
sabini, Bonasa umbellus, 82.

Xema, 137, 457.
Sage Hen, 87, 440.
salicamans, Spinus tristis, 327.
salicaria, Guiraca eaerulea, 315.
salicicola, Hyloeichla fuscescens,

260.
salictaria, Sayornis nigricans, 206.
sakhaliua, Pelidna alpina, 121.
Salpinctes, 250.
saltonis, Melospiza melodia, 361,

394.
salvini, Amazilia, 183.
samuelis, Melospiza melodia, 359.
sanaka, Melospiza melodia, 358.
sancti-joliannis, Buteo lagopus, 69.
sancti-lucae, Ardea herodias, 27.
sanctorum, Passerherbulus rostra-

tus, 400.
Sander ling, 125.
Sandpiper, Aleutian, 118.

Baird's, 120.

Buff-breasted, 123.

Commander, 119.

Cooper's, 370.

Curlew, 121.

Eastern Solitary, 114.

Green, 115.

Long-toed, 120.

Pectoral, 119.

Pribilof, 118.

Purple, 118.

Red-backed, 121, 453.

Rufous-necked, 120, 370.

Semipalmated, 123.

Sharp-tailed, 119.

Solitary, 114.

Spoon-bill, 126.

Spotted, 114.

Stilt, 122.

Western, 123.

Western Solitary, 114.

White-rumped, 119.

Wood, 115.
sandvicensis, Tlialasseus, 141.

516

INDEX

sandwiehensis, Passercuhis, 334-

335.
saiifordi, Lagopus rupestris, 84.

Micropallas whitneyi, 168.

Perisoreus canadensis, 220.
sanus, Lopliortyx gambeli, 90,
Sapsucker, Natalie 's 194.

Northern Eed-breasted, 193,

Eed-breasted, 193.

Eed-naped, 193.

Southern Red-breasted, 193.

Yellow-bellied, 193.

Williamson's, 193.
Sarcoramphus, 369, 4l!S.
satrapa, Regulus, 266.
saturatior, Colaptes cafer, 388.
saturatus, Bubo virginianus, 165.

Eallus longirostris, 96.
saurodosis, Minerva, 362.
savanna, Passerculus sandwiehensis,

334.
savannarum, Animodramus, 336.
saxatalis, Aeronautes, 179, 387.
saya, Sayornis, 206,
Sayornis, 206.
Scaeophaethon, 18.
scalaris, Aestrelata, 11.
Scardafella, 156.
schinzi, Pelidna alpina, 121.
schistacea, Passerella iliaca, 354.
schistisagus, Larus, 131.
schucherti, Hebe, 471.
scirpicola, Geothlypis trichas, 296.
sclateri, Penthestes, 230, 379.
scolopaceus, Limnodromus griseus,

122.
Seolopacidae, 109, 452.
Scolopacinae, 109.
Seolopax, 109,

scotaea, Cryptoglaux acadica, 387.
Scoter, American, 58,

Surf, 58.

Velvet, 57.

White-winged, 58.
Scotiaptex, 170.
scotti, Aimophila ruficeps, 343,

Eallus longirostris, 96,

scrippsae, Dryobates villosus, 196,

Seedeater, Sliarpe's, 321,

Seiurus, 293.

Selasphorus, 180.

semidiensis, Nannus hiemalis, 243.

semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 116.

Charadrius, 105.
semplei, Cyanocitta cristata, 221,
senicula, Pipilo crissalis, 393.

Pipilo fuscus, 332.
sennetti, Ammospiza maritima, 339.

Baeolophus atricristatus, 233.

Buteo albicaudatus, 382.

Cliordeiles minor, 176, 372.

Icterus cucullatus, 306,

Toxostoma longirostre, 252.
septentrionalis, Catliartes aura, 61,
427.

Charadrius hiaticula, 103.

Cliloroeeryle americana, 186.

Dryobates villosus, 194, 338.

Falco fusco-coeruleseens, 75.

Penthestes atricapillus, 229,
sequestratus, Baeolophus inornatus,

234.
sequoyensis, Hylocichla guttata,

serrator, Mergus, 60, 426.
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx, 380

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, 217,
Setochalcis, 173.
Setophaga, 300.

sharpei, Sporophila morelleti, 321.
shastensis, Coragyps, 427,
Shearwater, Allied, 8.

Audubon's, 8.

Black-tailed, 10,

Black-vented, 8,

Cinereous, 366.

Cory's, 9.

Flesh-footed, 9.

Greater, 9,

Manx, 7,

Mediterranean, 9,

New Zealand, 10,

Pink-footed, 9,

Slender-billed, 7.

INDEX

517

Sliearwater, Sooty, 7.

Townsend's, 8.

Wedge-tailed, 10.
Sheldrake, Buddy, 43.
Sheld-Duck, 43.

sheppardianus, Cliaradrius, 452.
Shoveller, 49, 423.
Shrike, California, 272.

Island, 273.

Loggerhead, 272, 468.

Migrant, 272.

Nelson's, 273.

Northern, 271.

Northwestern, 271.

White-rumped, 272.
shufeldti, Corvus, 4fi7.

Junco oreganus, 346.
Skimmer, Black, 143.
skua, Catharaeta, 129.
Skua, Chilean, 130.

Northern, 129.
Skylark, 212.

slevini, Hylocichla guttata, 258.
smithsonianus, Larus argentatus,

132.
Sialia, 260.
sialis, Sialia, 260.
sieberi, Aphelocoma, 224.
Sieberocitta, 224.
sierrae, Dendragapus obscurus, 383.

Dendragapus fuliginosus, 79.
Sinclair! Bubo, 462.
sinuata, Pyrrhuloxia, 314.
sinuatus, Corvus corax, 226.
sinuosa, Geothlypis trichas, 296.

Passerella iliaca, 353.
Siskin, Mexican Pine, 326.

Northern Pine, 326.
sitkensis, Dendragapus fuliginosus,
79.

Dryobatesvillosus, 195.

Loxia curvirostra, 328.
Sitta, 237.
Sittidae, 237.
Sittinae, 237.
Smew, 369.
Snipe, European, 110.

Snipe, European Jack, 111.

Great, 110.

"Wilson's 110.
sociabilis, Eostrhamis, 64, 379.
socorroensis, Oceanodroma, 15.
sodalis, Aquila, 434.
Solitaire, Townsend's, 263.
solitaria, Tringa, 114.
solitarius, Vireo, 276.
Somateria, 56.

sonomae, Toxostoma redivivum, 254.
sonorana, Dendroica aestiva, 286.
sonoriensis, Agelaius phoeniceus,

305.
Sora, 97.

sordida, Vermivora celat.a, 283.
sororia, Aimopliila ruficeps, 342.
Sparrow, Abrejos, 336.

Acadian, 338.

Alameda Song, 360.

Alberta Fox, 353.

Aleutian Savanna, 335.

Aleutian Song, 358.

Ashy, 342.

Atlantic Song, 357.

Bachman's, 343.

Baird's, 337.

Bangs 's, 344.

Belding's, 335.

Bell's, 344.

BischofC's Song, 358.

Black-chinned, 350.

Black-throated, 344.

Botteri's, 343.

Brewer's, 349.

Brown's Song, 361.

Bryant's, 335.

California Black-chinned, 350.

California Sage, 345.

Cape Colnett, 342.

Cape Sable Seaside, 340.

Cassin's, 343.

Chipping, 348.

day-colored, 349.

Coronados Song, 361.

Dakota Song, 357.

Desert, 344.

518

INDEX

Sparrow, Desert Song, ?)()1.
Dusky Seaside, 340.
Eastern Chipping, 348.
Eastern Field, 350.
Eastern Fox, 352.
Eastern Grasshopper, 336.
Eastern Henslow's, 337.
Eastern Lark, 341.
Eastern Savannah, 334.
Eastern Song, 357.
Eastern Tree, 348.
Eastern Vesper, 340.
English, 300.
European Tree, 301.
Field, 350.

Florida Grasshopper, 337.
Forbush's, 356.
Fox, 352.
Gambel's, 351.
Golden-crowned, 352.
Grasshopper, 336.
Gray Sage, 344.
Harris's, 351.
Heermann's Song, 360.
Henslow's, 337.
Howell's Seaside, 339.
Inyo Fox, 355.
Ipswich, 334.
Kenai Song, 358.
Kodiak Fox, 353.
Labrador Savannah, 334.
Laguna, 342.
Large-billed, 335.
Lark, 341.
Leconte's, 337.
Lincoln's, 356.
Louisiana Seaside, 339.
Macgillivray's Seaside, 339.
Mendocino Song, 359.
Merrill's Song, 358.
Mexican, 375.

Mexican Black-chinned, 350.
Mississippi Song, 357.
Modesto Song, 359.
Modoc Song, 357.
Mono Fox, 355.
Mountain Song, 357.

Sparrow, Nelson's, 338.

Nevada Savannah, 335.

Northern Sage, 344.

Northern Seaside, 338.

Nuttall's, 352.

Oregon Vesper, 340.

Pine-woods, 343.

Puget Sound, 351.

Eock, 342.

Rufous-crowned, 342.

Rufous-winged, 341.

Rusty Song, 359.

Sage, 345.

Samuels 's Song, 3")9.

San Clemente Song, 360.

San Diego Song, 360.

San Lucas, 336.

San Miguel Song, 360.

Santa Barbara Song, 260.

Santa Cruz, 342.

Savannah, 334.

Scott's, 343.

Scott's Seaside, 339.

Seaside, 338.

Sharp-tailed, 338.

Shumagin Fox, 353.

Slate-colored Fox, 354.

Song, 357.

Sooty Fox, 354.

Sooty Song, 358.

Stephens's Fox, 355.

Suisun Song, 359.

Swamp, 356.

Texas, 329.

Texas Seaside, 339.

Thick-billed Fox, 354.

Timberline, 349.

Townsend's Fox, 354.

Tree, 348.

Trinity Fox, 355.

Valdez Fox, 353.

Vesper, 340.

Wakulla Seaside, 339.

Warner Mountains Fox, 354.

Western Chipping, 349.

Western Field, 350.

Western Grasshopper, 336.

INDEX

519

Sparrow, Western Heiislow 's, 338.

Western Lark, 341.

Western Savannah, 334.

Western Vesper, 340.

White-crowned, 351.

White-throated, 352.

Worthen's, 350.

Yakutat Fox, 353.

Yakutat Song, 358.

Yosemite Fox, 355.
sparverius, Falco, 77, 437.
sparveroides, Falco, 400.
Spatula, 49, 423.
spectabilis, Somateria, 57.
Speotyto, 169, 463.
Sphyrapicus, 192.
Spilopelia, 154.

spilurus, Thryomanes bewicki, 245.
spinoletta, Anthus, 269.
spinosa, Jacana, 101, 379.
Spinus, 326, 374, 393.
Spiza, 317, 374.
Spizella, 348.
Spoonbill, Eoseate, 34.
sponsa, Aix, 49, 423.
Sporophila, 321.
spraguei, Anthus, 270.
spurius, Icterus, 30G.
squamata, Callipepla squamata, 383.
squamosa, Columba, 152.
Squatarola, 107.
squatarola, Squatarola, 107.
Starling, 273.
Starnoenas, 371.
Steganopus, 127.
steini, Diatryma, 450.
Stelgidopteryx, 216.
stellaris, Cistothorus, 249.
stelleri, Cyanocitta, 221, 466.

Polysticta, 55, 385.
Stellula, 182.
stephensi, Passerella iliaca, 355.

Vireo huttoni, 275.
Stercorariidae, 128.
Stercorarius, 128.
Sterna, 138, 385.
Sterninae, 137, 457.

Sternula, 140.

Sthenelides, 35.

Stilt, Black-necked, 126.

stoddardi, Creciscus jamaicensis, 98.

stolidus, Anous, 143.

storchi, Omorhamphus, 541.

streperus, Chaulelasmus, 45, 421.

Streptoceryle, 185.

Streptopelia, 154.

striata, Dendroica, 291.

Melospiza lincolni, 394.
striatulus, Astur atricapillus, 64.
Strickland!, Loxia curvirostra, 328.
strigata, Otocoris alpestris, 213.
strigatus, Chondestes grammacus,

341.
Strigidae, 161, 461.
Strigiformes, 161, 461.
Strix, 169, 463.

struthionoides, Palaeonornis, 472.
Sturnella, 301, 468.
Sturnidae, 273.
Sturnus, 273.

subarcticus, Bubo virginianus, 164.
subis, Progne, 219.
submiuuta, Pisobia, 120, 385.
subruficollis, Tryngites, 123.
subvirgata, Ammospiza caudacuta,
338.

Passerherbulus, nelsoni, 394.
suckleyi, Falco columbarius, 76.
suecica, Cyanosylvia, 262.
Sula, 20, 409.

sulcirostris, Crotopliaga, 161.
Sulidae, 20, 409.
Suloidea, 20, 409.
sulphuratus, Pitangus, 204.
superba, Meleagris, 443.

Eichniondena cardinalis, 313.
Surf -bird, 108.

surinamensis, Chlidonias nigra, 142.
Surnia, 166.
susurrans, Passerherbulus henslowi,

337, 393.
swainsoni, Buteo, 6S, 432.

Hylocichla ustulata, 259.

Limnothlypis, 280.

520

INDEX

swainsoni, Virro gilvus, 279.
Swallow, Bahama, 215.

Bank, 216.

Barn, 217.

Cliff, 218, 466.

Coahuila Cliff, 219.

Cuban Cliff, 218.

European, 217.

Lesser Cliff, 218.

Mexican Cliff, 218.

Northern Cliff, 218.

Rough-winged, 217.

San Lueas, 216.

Tree, 216.

Violet Green, 215.

Western Tree, 348.
Swan, Mute, 35.

Trumpeter, 36, 418.

Whistling, 36, 417.

Whooper, 36.
svvarthi, Falco, 436.

Glaueidium gnoma, 167.

Myiodynastes luteiventris, 204.
Swift, Black, 177.

Chimney, 178.

Vaux's, 178.

White-rumpcd, 178.

White-throated, 179.
sylvestris, Meleagris gallopavo, 92.
Sylviidae, 264.
Sylviinae, 264.
symplectus, Dryobates scalaris, 198,

389.
Synthliboramphus, 147, 458.

TABIDA, Grus canadensis, 94, 383.
tacliina, Petrochelidon melanogaster,

218.
Tachybaptus, 4.
Tachycineta, 215.
Tachytriorehis, 68.
Tadorna, 42.
tadorna, Tadorna, 43.
tahitiensis, Phaeopus, 112.
tanagensis, Nannus hiemalis, 243.
Tanager, Cooper's, 312.
Gray's, 374.

Tauagcr, Hepatic, 311.

Scarlet, 311.

Summer, 312.

Western, 311.
Tangavius, 310.
Tattler, Polynesian, 115.

Wandering, 115.
taverneri, Spizella breweri, 349.
Teal, Baikal, 48.

Blue-winged, 48, 422.

Cinnamon, 48, 422.

European, 47.

Falcated, 47.

Green-winged, 47, 422.
telephonus, Cuculus canorus, 386.
Telmatodytes, 247.
Telmatornis, 447.
tener, Ichthyornis, 404.
tenuipes, Yalavis, 472.
tenuirostris, Calidris, 118.

Charadrius nivosus, 104.

PufSnus, 7.
tcnuissima, Sitta carolinensig, 238.
tephra, Euthlypis lachrymosa, 298.
tephrocotis, Leucosticte, 323.
Teratornithidae, 429.
Teratornis, 429.
Tern, Aleutian, 139.

Arctic, 139.

Black, 142, 457.

Bridled, 140.

Brown's, 140.

Cabot's, 141.

Caspian, 141.

Common, 138.

Eastern Sooty, 139.

Elegant, 141.

Forster's, 138.

Gull-billed, 137.

Least, 140.

Noddy, 143.

Eoseate, 139.

Royal, 141.

Socorro Sooty, 140.

Sooty, 139.

Trudeau's, 138.

White-winged, 142.

INDEX

521

terraenovae, Dryobates vallosus, 194.
testacea, Erolia, 121, 385.
Tetraonidae, 78, 439.
texana, Aphelocoma, 380.

Aphelocoma californica, 224.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 313.
texanus, Buteo lineatus, 67.

Colinus virginianus, 88.
texensis, Chordeiles acutipennis, 177.

Myiozetetes, 375.
Thalasseus, 141, 385.
Thalassidroma, 380.
thalassina, Tachycineta, 215.
Thallasoaetus, 71.
Thalassogeron, 6, 366.
thayeri, Bonasa umbellus, 81.

Larus argentatus, 132.
Thrasaetus, 375.
Thrasher, Bendire's, 253.

Brown, 252.

Brownsville, 253.

California, 253.

Crissal, 254.

Curve-billed, 253.

Desert, 254.

Leconte's, 254.

Mearns's, 252.

Palmer's, 253.

Sage, 255.

San Lucas, 252.

Sennett's 252.

Sonoma, 254.

Trinidad, 254.
Thraupidae, 311.
Thraupinae, 311.
Threskiornithidae, 33, 416.
Threskiornithinae, 33, 416.
Threskiornithoidea, 33, 416.
Thryomanes, 244.
thryophilus, Telmatodytes palustris,

248.
Thyellodroma, 10.
thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, 193.
Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 258.

Audubon's Hermit, 258,

BickneH's, 260.

Dwarf Hermit, 258.

Tluush, Eastern Hermit, 259.

Gray-cheeked, 259.

Hermit, 259.

Mono Hermit, 258.

Monterey Hermit, 258.

Northern Varied, 257.

Olive-backed, 259.

Pacific Varied, 257.

Red-vdnged, 255.

Russet-backed, 259.

Sierra Hermit, 258.

Varied, 257.

Willow, 260.

Wood, 257.
timla, Egretta, 28, 381, 413.
thurberi, Junco oreganus, 346.
Thyellodroma, 10, 367, 380.
Tiaris, 317.

tigrina, Dendroica, 287.
Tinnunculus, 75, 437.

tinnunculus, Falco, 77.
Titmouse, Ashy, 234.

Black-crested, 233.

Bridled, 235.

Gray, 234.

Oregon, 234.

Plain, 234.

San Diego, 234.

San Pedro, 234.

Sennett's, 233.

Tufted, 233.
togata, Bonasa umbellus, 81.
tolmiei, Oporornis, 295.
torda, Alca, 144.
torquata, Megaceryle, 186.
torquatus, Phasianus colchicus, 91.
Tetanus, 116, 370, 453.
tetanus. Tetanus, 117, 370.
townsendi, Dendroica, 288.

Junco oreganus, 347.

Lagopus rupestris, 84.

Myadestes, 263.

Passerella iliaca, 354.

Pleetroplienax nivalis, 363.

Spiza, 374.
Toxostoma, 252.
Towhee, Abert's, 333.

Alabama, 330.

522

INDEX

Towhee, Anthony's, 332.

Arctic, 330.

Brown, 332.

California, 332.

Canon, 333.

Cape Colnett, 331.

Green-tailed, 329.

Guadalupe, 332.

Large-billed, 331.

Nevada, 330.

Oregon, 331.

Oregon Brown, 332.

Eed-eyed, 329.

Sacramento, 331.

Sacramento Brown, 332.

San Clemente, 331.

San Diego, 331.

San Francisco, 331.

San Francisco BroAvn, 332.

San Lucas, 333.

San Pablo, 333.

Spurred, 330.

White-eyed, 330.
trailli, Empidonax, 208, 389.
transpositus, Baeolophus inornatus,

234.
treganzai, Ardea herodias, 26.
trichas, Geothlypis, 296.
trichopsis, Otus, 164.
tricolor, Agelaius, 305,

Hydranassa, 29, 413.

Steganopus, 127.
tridaetyla, Eissa, 136.
tridactylus, Picoides, 200.
tridens, Meleagris, 443.
Tringa, 114, 384.

trinitatis, Toxostoma dorsale, 254.
Triorchis, 68, 432.
tristis. Anas rubripes, 44, 369.

Spinus, 326.
Trochili, 179.
Trochilidae, 179.
Trochilinae, 179.

trochiloides, Icterus cucullatus, 306.
Troglodytes, 242.
Troglodytidae, 242.
Trogon, 184.

Trogon, Coppery-tailed, 184.
Trogonidae, 1S4.
Trogoniformes, 184.
troille, Uria troille, 386.
tropica, Fregetta, 16, 380.
Tropic-bird, Eed-billed, 17.

Eed-tailed, 18.

Yellow-billed, 18.
troxelli, Palaeornis, 447.
Troupial, 373.
trudeaui. Sterna, 138.
Tryngites, 123.

tuberculifer, Myiarclius, 205, 389.
turatii, Dryobates pubescens, 197.
Turdidae, 255.
Turdus, 255, 390.
Turkey, Eastern, 92.

Florida, 92.

Merriam's, 92.

Eio Grande, 92.

Wild, 443.
turneri, Penthestes atricapillus, 230.
Turnstone, Black, 109.

European, 108.

Euddy, 108.
Tympanuchus, 85, 439.
typhoius, Buteo, 432.
Tyranni, 201.
Tyrannidae, 201.
tyrannulus, Myiarchus, 205, 389.
Tyrannus, 201.
tyrannus, Muscivora, 203.

Tyrannus, 201.
Tyto, 161, 461.
Tytonidae, 161, 461.
tzacatl, Amazilia, 183.
tzitzihoa, Dafila acuta, 46.

UlNTOUNIS, 472.
ulula, Surnia ulula, 386.
umbelloides, Bonasa umbellus, 81.
umbellus, Bonasa, 81, 439.
umbraticola, Pipilo maculatus, 331.
umbrinus, Buteo borealis, 66.
umbrosus, Palaeoborus, 429.
un.'ilaschcnsis, Passerella iliaca, 353.
ungavus, Lagopus lagopus, 82.

INDEX

523

unicolor, Cinclus mexicanus, 241,

uralensis, Falco rusticolus, 74.

Uranomitra, 388.

urbica, Chelidonaria, 217.

Uria, 144, 458.

Urile, 23.

urile, Phalacroeorax, 24.

urophasianus, Centrocercus, 87, 440.

iiropygialis, Centurus, 190.

Urubitinga, 70, 433.

urubu, Catharista, 382.

usneae, Compsothlypis anicricana,

392.
ustulata, Hylociehla, 259.

VAGABUNDUS, Moris, 410.
vagans, Palaeotringa, 453.
validus, lelitliyornis, 404.
valisineria, Nyroca, 51, 423.
vallicola, Lophortyx californica, 89.
Vanellinae, 102.
Vanellus, 102.
vanellus, Vanellus, 102.
vanrossenii, Limosa, 454.
varia, Mniotilta, 280.

Strix, 169, 463.
variiis, Spliyrapicus, 193.
vauxi, Chaetura, 178.
Veery, 260.
vegae, Larus, 380.

Larus argentatus, 132.
velox, Accipiter, 65, 431.

Graculavus, 411.
venustus, Aletornis, 445.
Verdin, Arizona, 235.

Cape, 235.
veredus, Batliornis, 455.
Vermivora, 281, 372.
vermivorus, Helmitlieros, 281.
vero, Larus, 455.
versicolor, Passerina, 316.
verticalis, Tyrannus, 203.
vespertina, Hesperiphona, 318.
vetula, Ortalis, 78, 382.
vetus, Palaeotringa, 453.
vieinior, Vireo, 276.
\dctor, Ichthyornis, 404.

viduata, Dendrocygna, 42.
vigorsi, Dondroica, 392.
vigua, Phalacroeorax, 381.
villosus, Dryobates, 194.
violacea, Jacana spinosa, 101.

Nyctanassa, 31, 414.
vioscae, Columba fasciata, 152.
virens, Dendroica, 289.

Myiochanes, 210.

Icteria, 297.
Vireo, 274.
Vireo, Arizona, 276.

Bell's, 275.

Bermuda, 274.

Black-capped, 274.

Black-wliisl^ered, 270.

Blue-headed, 276.

Cassin's, 277.

Eastern Warbling, 279.

Frazar's, 275.

Gray, 2^6.

Hutton's, 275.

Key West, 274.

Least, 276.

Mountain, 277.

Philadelphia, 278.

Plumbeous, 277.

Red-eyed, 279.

Eio Grande, 275.

San Lucas, 277.

Stephens's, 275.

Texas, 275.

Warbling, 279.

Western Warbling, 279.

White-eyed, 274.

Yellow-green, 278.

Yellow-throated, 276.
Vireonidae, 274.
Vireoninae, 274.
Vireosylva, 277, 391.
Tirescens, Butorides, 30, 414.

Empidonax, 207.
virgata, Aphriza, 108.
Virginia e, Vermivora, 283.
viridigularis, Gavia arctica, 2.
virginianus, Bubo, 165, 462.

Cliordeiles, 387.

524

INDEX

virginianus, Colinus, 88, 441.

Eallus, 383.
v-nigra, Somateria, 56.
\ociferans, Tyrannus, 203.
vociferus, Antrostomus, 173.

Aramus, 383.

Oxyechus, 106, 452.
vulgaris, Sturnus, 272.
Vultur, 428.
Vulture, Black, 61, 427.

Burrougli 's, 369.

King, 369.

Mexican, 369.

Turkey, 61.

/
Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, 268.

Black-backed, 268.

Swinhoe's, 268.

White, 268.
Warbler, Alaska Yellow, 286.

Audubon's, 288.

Baehman's, 282.

Bay-breasted, 291.

Bell's, 375.

Black and White, 280.

Blackburnian, 290.

Black-fronted, 288.

Black-poll, 291.

Black-throated Blue, 287.

Black-throated Gray, 288.

Black-throated Green, 289.

Blue Mountain, 373.

Blue-winged, 281.

Brasher 's, 375.

Brewster's, 372.

Cairns 's, 287.

Calaveras, 283.

California Yellow, 286.

Canada, 299.

Cape May, 287.

Carbonated, 373.

Cerulean, 289.

Chestnut-sided, 291.

Cincinnati, 373.

Colima, 284.

Connecticut, 295,

Dusky, 283.

Warbler, Eastern YelloAV, 285.
Florida Pine, 292.
Florida Prairie, 292.
Golden Pileolated, 299.
Golden-cheeked, 289.
Golden-winged, 281.
Grace's, 290.
Hermit, 289.
Hooded, 298.
Kennicott's Willow, 264.
Kentucky, 294.
Kirtland's, 292.
Lawrence's, 372.
Lucy's, 284.
Lutescent's, 282.
Macgillivray 's, 295.
Magnolia, 286.
Mangrove, 286.
Mourning, 295.
Myrtle, 287.
Nashville 283,
Northern Parula, 284.
Northern Pileolated, 299.
Northern Pine, 291.
Northern Prairie, 292.
Olive, 285.
Orange-crowned, 282.
Pine, 291.
Prairie, 292.
Prothonotary, 280.
Bed, 375.
Red-faced, 298.
Sennett's, 285.
Socorro, 285.
Sonora Yellow, 286.
Southern Parula, 284.
Swainson's, 280.
Sycamore, 290.
Tennessee, 282.
Townsend's, 288.
Virginia's, 283.
Wayne's, 289.
Western Fan-tailed, 298.
Western Palm, 293.
Wilson's, 299.
Worm-eating, 281.
Yellow, 285.

INDEX

525

Warbler, Yellow Palm, 293.

Yellow-throated, 290.
warili, Ardea, 26.

Ardea herodias, 2G.
Water-Thrush, Grinnell's, 294.

Louisiana, 294.

Northern, 293.
Water-Turkey, 24, 412.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 270.

Cedar, 270, 467.
waynei, Dendroica virens, 289.

Rallus longirostris, 96.
vvelchi, Lagopus, 379.

Lagopus rupestris, 83.
Wetmoregyps, 434.
Wheatear, European, 262.

Greenland, 262.
Whimbrel, 112.
Whip-poor-will, Eastern, 173.

Stephens's, 174.
whitneyi, Micropallas, 168, 463.
Widgeon, American, 46.

European, 45.
wilsonia, Pagolla, 105.
Willet, Eastern, 116.

Western, 116.
willetti, Sula, 410.
Wilsonia, 373.
wilsonianus, Asio, 171, 464.
wollweberi, Baeolophus, 235, 379.
Woodcock, American, 109.

European, 109.
woodhousei, Aphelocoma, 380.

Aphelocoma californica, 224.
Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, 200.

Alpine Three-toed, 200.

American Three-toed, 200.

Ant-eating, 191.

Arctic Three-toed, 199.

Arizona, 198.

Batchelder 's, 197.

Brewster's, 190.

Cabanis's, 195.

Cactus, 198.

California, 191.

CMhuahua, 196.

Downy, 196.

Woodpecker, Eastern Hairy, 194.

Florida Pileated, 189.

Gairdner 's, 197.

Gila, 190.

Golden-fronted, 190.

Hairy, 194.

Harris's, 195.

Ivory-billed, 200.

Lewis's, 192, 465.

Lower California Hairy, 196.

Mearns's, 191.

Modoc, 196.

Narrow-fronted, 192.

Nelson's Downy, 197.

Newfoundland, 194.

Northern Downy, 196.

Northern Hairy, 194.

Northern Pileated, 189.

Northern White-headed, 199.

Nuttall's, 198.

Pileated, 189, 464.

Queen Charlotte, 195.

Red-beUied, 190.

Eed-cockaded, 199.

Red-headed, 191.

Rocky Mountain Hairy, 196.

Rosario, 190.

San Fernando, 198.

San Lucas, 198.

San Pedro, 192.

Sitka Hairy, 195.

Southern Downy, 197.

Southern Pileated, 189.

Southern Hairy, 195.

Southern White-headed, 199.

Texas, 198.

Three-toed, 200.

Western Pileated, 189.

Wliite-breasted, 196.

Willow, 197.
woodwardi, Morphnus, 435.
wortheni, Spizella, 350.
Wren, Alaska, 243.

Alberta Marsh, 248.

Aleutian, 243.

Baird's, 244.

Bewick's, 244.

526

INDEX

Wren, Bryant's Cactus, 247.
Cactus, 247.
Canon, 250.
Carolina, 246.
Catalina, 246.
Cedros Island, 246.
Common Eock, 250.
Dotted, 25'0.
Eastern House, 242.
Eastern Winter, 242.
Florida, 247.
Guadalupe, 246.
Guadalupe Roek, 251.
House, 242.
Kiska, 243.
Kodiak, 244.
Lomita, 247.
Long-billed Marsh, 248.
Louisiana Marsh, 248.
Marian's, Marsh, 248.
Nicasio, 245.
Northern Cactus, 247.
Prairie Marsh, 248.
Rock, 250.
San. Clemente, 246.
San Diego, 245.
San Joaquin, 245.
San Lucas Cactus, 247.
Santa Cruz, 245.
Seattle, 245.
Semidi, 243.
Short-billed Marsh, 249.
Sooty, 246.
Suisun Marsh, 249.
Tanaga, 243.
Texas, 244.
Tule, 249.
Unalaska, 243.
Vigors 's, 245.
Western House, 242.
Western Marsh, 249.
Wes' ern Winter, 244.
White-throated, 250.
Winter, 242.

Wren, Worthington's Marsh, 248.
Wren-Tit, Coast, 240.

Gambel's, 241.

Pallid, 241.

Ruddy, 241.

San Pedro, 241.
wrighti, Empidonax, 209.
wumizusume, Synthliboramplius, 375.
wiirdemanni, Ardea, 36S.
wymani, Larus oceidentalis, 131.
wyoiningensis, Gallinuloides, 438.

Xanthocephalus, 302.
xanthocephalus, Xanthocephalus,

302.
Xanthoura, 225.
xantusi, Hylocharis, 183.
xantusi, Otus, 380.
xantusi, Otus asio, 164.
Xema, 137, 456.
Xenopicus, 199, 389.

Yalavis, 472.

Yellow-legs, Greater, 116, 453.

Lesser, 117.
Yellow-throat, Belding's, 297.

Florida, 296.

Goldman's, 297.

Maryland, 296.

Northern, 295.

Rio Grande, 297.

Salt Marsh, 296.

Tule, 296.

Western, 296.
yucatanensis, Amazilia, 183.
yukonensis, Bonasa unibellus, 81.
yumaneusis, Rallus obsoletus, 96.

Zamelodia, 393.

zelotes, Certhia familiaris, 240.

Zenaida, 153.

zenaida, Zenaida, 153.

Zenaidura, 153, 460.

Zonotrichia, 350.